Reballion of Rebels in New Carthage
Proclaims himself spokesman for the Senate & the people of Rome
Historical events in April
7,067 historical records across all years
Succession
Vespasian is nominated as Emperor by the legates of Egypt & Syria
Battle of Bedriacum, 1st
Defeats Othos forces then marches on Rome & recognized as Emperor by the Senate
Birth of Marcus Aurelius
Birth of Marcus Aurelius in Rome.
Birth of Septimus Severus
Septimus Severus is born at Lepcis Magna to Publius Septimius Geta and Fulvia Pia.
Birth of Septimus Severus
Septimus Severus was born at Lepcis Magna in Roman Africa on April 11, 145.
Rome Anniversary
Celebrates the 900th anniversary of the foundation of Rome
Rome Anniversary
Celebrates the nine-hundredth anniversary of Rome.
Birth of Caracalla
Julia Domna gives birth to Severus's elder son, later known as Caracalla.
Proclaimed Emperor at Carnuntum
The Pannonian army proclaimed Septimus Severus emperor after the murder of Pertinax.
Army Acclamation
The Pannonian legions acclaim Septimus Severus emperor at Carnuntum.
March on Rome
Marches on Rome after being proclaimed emperor by troops.
Abdication
Severus surrenders at Ravenna and relinquishes the imperial title after the failure of his campaign against Maxentius.
Death of Licinius
Licinius eliminates the Caesar Maximin Daia
Unification
Licinius unifies the whole of the Eastern Empire under his rule
Body Cast into River Alsa
A later account states that Constantine II's body is thrown into the River Alsa after he is killed near Aquileia.
Body Recovered after Battle
Traditional accounts state that Constantine II's body is later recovered following his death in the civil war against Constans.
Death of Constantine II
Troops loyal to Constans ambush and kill Constantine II near Aquileia during his invasion of northern Italy.
Privileges Revoked after Death
Posthumous imperial legislation treats Constantine II as a public enemy and withdraws privileges granted during his final campaign.
Advance toward Aquileia
Constantine II advances through northern Italy toward Aquileia after beginning his attempt to seize territory from Constans.
Constans Absent at Naissus
Constans is away from the immediate invasion route when Constantine II enters Italy, leaving selected troops to confront the invader.
Constans Sends Troops
When Constantine II invades Italy, Constans sends troops to confront his brother while Constans himself is away from the immediate invasion route.
Invasion of Italy
Constantine II invades territory ruled by his brother Constans during a dispute over the division of the empire.
Battle of Pollentia
Alaric I is defeated by Stilicho who retreats to Tuscany & agrees to leave Italy
Siege of Milan
Defeated by Stilicho & forced to leave Italy
Battle of Pollentia
Alaric I is defeated by Stilicho who retreats to Tuscany & agrees to leave Italy
Codex Iustinianus
The first draft of the Codex Iustinianus, a codification of imperial constitutions from the 2nd century onward, is issued
Constitution of Roman Empire
The first draft of the Codex Iustinianus, a codification of imperial constitutions from the 2nd century onward, is issued
Baptism
Baptized at York by St Paulinus
Baptism
Caedwalla is baptised by Pope Sergius on Easter Day
Death of Caedwalla
Death of Caedwalla
Succession
Succeeds as King of Kent. After Wihtreds death Kent is divided between his 3 sons Aethelbert, Eadbert & Ealric
Succession
Succeeds as King of Kent, rules west Kent
Birth of Charlemagne
Charlemagne is traditionally dated to April 2, with modern scholarship generally placing his birth in 747 or 748 rather than securely in 742.
Easter Visit to Rome
During the siege of Pavia, Charlemagne visits Rome at Easter and renews his alliance with Pope Adrian I.
Abdication
Forced to abdicate in favour of Eardwulf
Succession
Alfred succeeded Aethelred during the struggle against the Danish army.
Kingship
Alfred begins ruling Wessex during a severe military crisis caused by renewed Viking attacks.
Succession
Alfred succeeds his brother Aethelred as King of Wessex during the Danish invasion.
Athelney
Alfred builds a fortified base at Athelney and launches raids against the Danish occupation.
Battle of Edington
Alfred conducts guerrilla operations from Athelney before gathering his army for the Edington campaign.
Visit to Aachen
Louis travels to Aachen during the political struggle that brings Lotharingia under his kingship.
Grant at Odstock
At Easter, Athelstan granted twelve hides at Odstock to his minister Byrhtferth.
Grant at Medmerry
Athelstan granted Bishop Beornheah land at Medmerry with woodland and meadow in Sussex.
Grant at Sandford
Athelstan granted Bishop Eadulf and the community of Crediton three hides at Sandford.
Coronation
Crowned by Dunstan at Kingston
Assassination of Alphege
Killed by the Danes during a drunken feast in Greenwich
Death of Alphege
Killed by the Danes during a drunken feast in Greenwich
Battle of Glentarf
Killed in battle but defeats the forces of Leinster & the Dublin Norse. Danish rule is ended in Ireland
Death of Brian Boru
Death of Brian Boru, killed in the Battle of Glentarf
Coronation
Crowned at St Pauls Cathedral
Succession
Succeeds as King of England
Succession
Eldest surviving son of Ethelred. Chosen as King by the people of London
Burial
Buried in St Pauls chapel "after a life of much hardship & many difficulties"
Death of Ethelred II the Unready
Dies while fighting the Viking invaders
Death of Alfege
The anniversary of Alfeges martyrdom (St Alfeges Day) is 19 April
Coronation
Crowned King of Wessex
Coronation
Edward the Confessor is crowned King
Death of Godwin of Wessex
Death of Godwin of Wessex
Death of Harold II
Death of Godwin, Harold Godwineson succeeds to the Earldom of Wessex
Death of Edward the Confessor
Death of Godwin, Harold Godwineson succeeds to the Earldom of Wessex
Constitution of Italy
Decrees papal elections should be conducted by the College of Cardinals
Election
Decrees papal elections should be conducted by the College of Cardinals
Reform of Papal Elections
Decrees papal elections should be conducted by the College of Cardinals
Halley's Comet
The Bayeux Tapestry shows a comet interpreted by onlookers as a threatening omen for Harold's reign.
Deposition of Stigand
William supports the removal of Archbishop Stigand during a church council at Winchester.
Capture of Bari
Bari was reduced in April 1071, and Byzantine forces were finally ousted from southern Italy
Coronation
Crowned King of Scotland
Rule of Cumberland
Stephen cedes Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmoreland to David
Rule of Northumberland
Stephen cedes Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmoreland to David
Rule of Westmoreland
Stephen cedes Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmoreland to David
Treaty of Durham
Stephen cedes Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmoreland to David. Signed between Stephen & David I, Stephen makes peace
Treaty of Durham
Signed between Stephen & David I, Davids son is given Northumberland
Lateran Council, 2nd
Many of the canons relating to these matters were mostly a restating of the decrees of the Council of Reims and the Council of Clermont
Lateran Council, 2nd
The council also condemned the teachings of the Petrobrusians and the Henricians, the followers of Peter of Bruys and Henry of Lausanne. Finally, the council drew up measures for the amendment of ecclesiastical morals and discipline which the council fathers considered had grown lax.
Lateran Council, 2nd
The immediate task was to neutralise the after-effects of the schism which had arisen after the death of Pope Honorius II in 1130 and the papal election in the same year that set up Petris Leonis as the antipope Anacletus II.
Succession
Declared "lady of the English" by Henry of Blois as a preliminary to the coronation
Election
Elected Queen of England, supported by Bishop Henry of Winchester
Exile of Theobald
Flees to France refusing to pay homage to Stephens son Eustace as heir to the throne
Rule of Gascony
Under the Treaty of Toledo Alfonso is prepared to give up Gascony to England
Battle of Danoura
Becomes undisputed Emperor but Japan sinks into civil war between the Shoguns
Battle of Danoura
Defeats the Taira clan
Battle of Danoura
Defeated in battle & drowned, & loses the Imperial Sword
Imperial Army
In April 1191 in Rome, Henry and Constance were crowned emperor and empress by Pope Celestine III, and now the pair turned south to claim the Kingdom of Sicily. Constance accompanied her husband at the head of a substantial imperial army that descended into the Regno
Imperial Army
Once Henry had withdrawn with the bulk of the imperial army, the towns that had supposedly fallen to the empire immediately declared their allegiance to Tancred, for the most part now fearing his retribution. The populace of Salerno saw an opportunity to win some favour with Tancred and delivered Constance to him in Messina
Invasion of Sicily
In April 1191 in Rome, Henry and Constance were crowned emperor and empress by Pope Celestine III, and now the pair turned south to claim the Kingdom of Sicily. Constance accompanied her husband at the head of a substantial imperial army that descended into the Regno
Invasion of Sicily
Once Henry had withdrawn with the bulk of the imperial army, the towns that had supposedly fallen to the empire immediately declared their allegiance to Tancred, for the most part now fearing his retribution. The populace of Salerno saw an opportunity to win some favour with Tancred and delivered Constance to him in Messina
Coronation
Crowned King of England, 2nd time
Chief Justiciar
Richard I leaves England in the hands of Hubert Walter when he returns to the Crusades
Diet
Persuades the Diet to recognize his 2 year old son Frederick as King of the Romans
Birth of son
Death of Frederick I Duke of Austria (Babenberg), the son of Duke Leopold V of Austria and Helena of Hungary
Death of John
In Brittany with Richards nephew Arthur of Brittany when he hears of Richards death
Assassination of Richard I the Lionheart
Killed in a minor skirmish at Chalus Castle in the Limousin by a mercenary crossbowman
Death of Richard I the Lionheart
Death of Richard I the Lionheart, assassinated during his siege of Chalus. Death of Richard I the Lionheart, assassinated
Siege of Chalus
Killed in a minor skirmish at Chalus Castle in the Limousin by a mercenary crossbowman
Battle of Chalus
Philip plays off Prince Arthur of Brittanny against John Lackland
Succession
Invested as the Duke of Normandy
Rule of France
Phillip II grants Johns French lands, except Normandy, to Arthur of Brittany. Philip II captures Johns French lands
Rule of Normandy
Phillip II grants Johns French lands, except Normandy, to Arthur of Brittany
Rule of France
Grants Johnss former lands, except for Normandy, to Johns nephew Arthur of Brittany
Rule of France
Philip II completes the capture of Johns French lands
Assassination of Arthur of Brittany
John has Arthur of Brittany killed to prevent Arthur from claiming the English throne
Siege of Rouen
John has Arthur of Brittany killed to prevent Arthur from claiming the English throne
Assassination of Arthur of Brittany
John has Arthur of Brittany killed to prevent Arthur from claiming the English throne. After the Battle of Mirabeau rumour circulates that, drunk & possessed, John had slain Arthur & thrown his body into the Seine
Death of Arthur of Brittany
Death of Arthur of Brittany, assassinated
Hostages
From 1203 to 1212, is a hostage at the court of King John as a guarantee of his fathers behaviour
Siege of Constantinople
Tries to defend Constantinople from the Crusaders but it falls & is sacked
Capture of Constantinople
The conquest and sack of Constantinople, an event at which Dandolo was present and in which he played a directing role
Rule of Byzantine Empire
The Catholic Crusaders take permanent control of the Eastern Orthodox capital of Constantinople (or Byzantium) and established a Catholic state, the Latin Empire, the Byzantine Empire is never again as powerful
Siege of Constantinople
The conquest and sack of Constantinople, an event at which Dandolo was present and in which he played a directing role
Arrest of Alexius V Ducas
Arrested by the Crusaders
Death of Alexius V Ducas
Death ov Alexius V Ducas, executed by the Crusaders
Execution
Executed by the Crusaders
Arrest of Baldwin I
Arrested by the Bulgars then blinded, dies in captivity
Battle of Adrianople
Defeated & captured by the Bulgarian King Kaloyan. Arrested by the Bulgars then blinded, dies in captivity. After victory over Baldwin I at Adrianople, the Bulgars overrun Thrace & Macedonia
Invasion of Macedonia
After victory over the Baldwin I at Adrianople, the Bulgars overrun Thrace & Macedonia
Invasion of Thrace
After victory over the Baldwin I at Adrianople, the Bulgars overrun Thrace & Macedonia
Scutage-Payment
The Pope writes to the barons telling them to pay the scutage owed to the King
Diplomatic Correspondence
Writes to the English barons instructing them to pay off the scutage owed to John
Capture of Northampton
Rebellious barons seize Northampton
Council of Oxford
The Council of Oxford establishes April 23 as St George's Day
Marriage
Eleanor of England, youngest daughter of King John of England and Isabella of Angouleme, thereby strengthening the familys connection with the Plantagenets
Death of William Marshal
Death of William Marshall, 1st Earl of Pembroke
Burial
Buried at New Temple Church, London
Peerage
Created Earl of Leicester, 6th
Exile of Bela IV
Seeks exile in the Islands of Dalmatia
Battle of Sajo
Defeats King Bela of Hungary at the Sajo River
Battle of Sajo
Victory brings mastery over the Baltic to the Danube & the Dneiper to the Oder
Capture of Transylvania
Transylvania is captured by the Mongol forces
Battle of River Sajo
Defeats King Bela of Hungary, 100 miles north east of Buda
Battle of Lake Peipus
Defeats the Teutonic Knights on the frozen ice of Lake Peipus
Teutonic Knights
Defeats the Teutonic Knights on the frozen ice of Lake Peipus
Mobilization
Louis IX begins to assemble a force at Chinon
Arrest of Louis IX
Louis IX surrenders to a eunuch named al-Salihi after he was promised he would not be killed and together with his two brothers Charles dAnjou and Alphonse de Poitiers is taken to Al Mansurah where he is imprisoned in the House of Ibrahim
Siege of Damietta
Louis IX surrenders to a eunuch named al-Salihi after he was promised he would not be killed and together with his two brothers Charles dAnjou and Alphonse de Poitiers is taken to Al Mansurah where he is imprisoned in the House of Ibrahim
Arrest of Louis IX
Turanshah captures Louis IX at the Battle of Fariskur
Battle of Fariskur
Imprisoned in the House of Ibrahim.
Battle of Fariskur
Louis IX surrenders to a eunuch named al-Salihi after he was promised he would not be killed and together with his two brothers Charles dAnjou and Alphonse de Poitiers is taken to Al Mansurah where he is.
Battle of Fariskur
The Egyptian forces rout Louis IXs Crusade force.
Battle of Fariskur
With the full support of Pope Innocent IV during the First Council of Lyon, King Louis IX of France accompanied by his brothers Charles dAnjou and Robert dArtois launches the 7th Crusade against Egypt.
Arrest of Louis IX
Turanshah captures Louis IX at the Battle of Fariskur
Battle of Fariskur
The Egyptian forces rout Louis IXs Crusade force. Louis IX surrenders to a eunuch named al-Salihi after he was promised he would not be killed and together with his two brothers Charles dAnjou and Alphonse de Poitiers is taken to Al Mansurah where he is imprisoned in the House of Ibrahim. Fought between the Crusaders led by Louis IX King of France and Egyptian forces led by Turanshah
Rule of Gascony
Under the Treaty of Toledo Alfonso renounces Gascony. Alfonso renounces claims to Gascony if Henry consults him in dealing with the Gascons
Treaty of Toledo
Alfonso renounces claims to Gascony if Henry consults him in dealing with the Gascons
Treaty of Toledo
Renounces claim to Gascony provided Henry consults Alfonso in dealing with the Gascons
Interregnum
A rival group of electors chose Alfonso X of Castile as King of the Romans.
Peace
Returns to England, is reconciled with Edward & Simon de Montfort
Reballion of Rebels in London
Demands Henry III reform his administration. Demands Henry III free himself from the Popes Sicilian campaign
Provisions of Oxford
Henry refuses to observe the provisions of Oxford
Siege of London
Montforts Party take arms & subdue south England
Siege of Northampton
The Royal Army attacks Simon Montfort but is held back on the first day
Capture of Northampton
Prince Edward captures Northampton from the rebellious barons
Capture of Rochester
Helps Simon de Montfort capture Rochester
Capture of Leicester
Leicester surrenders to Henry III
Capture of Northampton
Nottingham surrenders to Henry III
Capture of Rochester
Simon de Montfort captures Rochester
Siege of Nottingham
The Royal Army captures Nottingham
Death of Richard of Cornwall
Death of Richard of Cornwall, at Berkhamsted Castle
Interregnum
Richard of Cornwall died, removing the only claimant who had exercised any authority in Germany.
Burial
Buried at Hayles Abbey
Constitution of England
Begins reforms which over a 20 yrs establish the foundation of a formal Parliament
Parliament
Edward I opens his 1st Parliament
Statute of Westminster
Begins reforms which over a 20 yrs establish the foundation of a formal Parliament. 1st Statute of Westminster deals with administritive abuses
Persecution
Ordains that each Jew over 7 will wear a distinguishing mark on his outer garment. 1st Parliament forbids Jews to practise usury
Execution
About 300 Jews are hanged in London for clipping the coinage
Persecution
About 300 Jews are hanged in London for clipping the coinage
Reballion of Rebels in Bere Castle
Finally defeats the Welsh at Bere castle, Merionethshire
Birth of Edward II
Birth of Edward II, Caernarvon Castle, 4th son of Edward I & Eleanor of Castille
Birth of Edward II
Birth of Edward II, Caernarvon Castle, 4th son of Edward I & Eleanor of Castille
Birth of Edward II
Birth of Edward II, Caernarvon Castle, 4th son of Edward I & Eleanor of Castille
Death of Alfonso
Death of Alfonso, makes the future Edward II heir to the throne
Wet Nurse
Appointed Wet Nurse for Edward II
Interregnum
William Fraser became one of six Guardians appointed to govern during Margaret's minority.
Birth of Roger Mortimer
Birth of Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, grandson of Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer, was born at Wigmore Castle, Herefordshire, England, the firstborn of Edmund Mortimer, 2nd Baron Mortimer and his wife, Margaret de Fiennes
Succession
Meets Edward I to help settle the Scottish succession
Succession
Summoned by Edward I to meet him to settle the Scottish succession
Succession
Summoned by Edward I to meet him to settle the Scottish succession
Succession
Summoned by Edward I to meet him to settle the Scottish succession
Battle of Bourg
The castle of Penne in the Agenais and the twin cities of Blaye and Bourg upon the Garonne fall to the French, opening up the Duchy for an attack from the north
Invasion of Garonne
The castle of Penne in the Agenais and the twin cities of Blaye and Bourg upon the Garonne fall to the French, opening up the Duchy for an attack from the north
Siege of Blaye
The castle of Penne in the Agenais and the twin cities of Blaye and Bourg upon the Garonne fall to the French, opening up the Duchy for an attack from the north
Siege of Bourg
The castle of Penne in the Agenais and the twin cities of Blaye and Bourg upon the Garonne fall to the French, opening up the Duchy for an attack from the north
Battle of Dunbar
The Earl of Surrey defeats the Scots at Dunbar, John Balliol is defeated
Capture of Dunbar
Captures Dunbar castle
Battle of Dunbar
The Earl of Surrey routes the Scottish army at the Battle of Dunbar and by 11th July Edinburgh Castle had fallen and John had surrendered. Defeated by King John who then declares himself King of Scotland
Siege of Hexham
Scotish Lords devastate Tynedale & Redesdale & reach as far as Hexham
Invasion of Scotland
Edward I receives the surrender of some prominent Scottish Lords & returns to London
Rule of Scotland
Edward I receives the surrender of some prominent Scottish Lords & returns to London
Death of Joan of Acre
Death of Joan of Acre, at the manor of Clare in Suffolk
Death of Clement V
Death of Clement V
Landing at Youghal
Mortimer landed at Youghal with a large army to restore English authority during the Bruce invasion.
Siege of Berwick
Earl of Douglas captures Berwick castle during the conflicy between Lancaster & Douglas
Siege of Berwick
Threatens to conquer the whole of northern England
Constitution of Scotland
Symbolic of the Scottish constitution in the 17th Century
Declaration of Arbroath
Symbolic of the Scottish constitution in the 17th Century. Declares Scottish independence. Addressed to the Pope to lift the excommunication from Robert I the Bruce
Forfeiture of Louis IV Rights
John declared Louis IV's rights to the German crown and church-derived fiefs forfeited.
Birth of Blanche
Posthumous daughter of Charles IV is born and cannot inherit under French custom
Independence of Scotland
Under the Treaty of Northampton Edward III recognizes Scottish independence
Stone of Scone
Under the Treaty of Northampton the English agree to return the Stone of Scone & surrender the Ragman Roll
Treaty of Northampton
Under the Treaty of Northampton the English agree to return the Stone of Scone & surrender the Ragman Roll. Ratifies Robert the Bruces right to the Scottish throne. Provides for marriage between Edward's sister Joan & Bruces son David. Edward III recognizes Roberts victory in the Scottish War of Independence
Deposition of John XXII
Louis declares John XXII deposed during the Roman confrontation
Accession Recognized
Philip of Valois is accepted as King of France after Blanche's birth
Coronation
Casimir III is crowned King of Poland
Polish Claim Pressed
John of Bohemia maintains claims connected to the Polish succession
Government Begins
Casimir begins a long reign focused on law administration and territorial recovery
Bohemian Claim Managed
Casimir faces the continuing Bohemian claim to the Polish crown
Teutonic Dispute Inherited
Casimir inherits disputes with the Teutonic Order over Pomerelia and Kujawy
Refusal to Absolve Louis IV
Benedict declared that he could not absolve Louis IV after repeated negotiations failed to produce an acceptable settlement.
Death of Benedict XII
Benedict XII died at Avignon after a pontificate centred on ecclesiastical and administrative reform.
Birth of Andronicus IV Palaeologus
Birth of Andronicus IV Palaeologus
Knight of the Garter
Establishes the Knights of the Garter
Battle of Taillebourg
Guy de Nesle, Marshal of France, is captured by the English & ransomed. Defeats a French army invading Gascony
Battle of Taillebourg
Guy de Nesle, Marshal of France, is captured by the English & ransomed
Birth of John I
Birth of John I, son of Peter I
Black Monday Storm
A violent storm struck Edward III's army near Chartres during the 1360 French campaign and helped accelerate negotiations that led toward peace.
Peerage
Inherits the rest of the Lancaster property when Blanche's sister Maud, Countess of Leicester (married to William V, Count of Hainaut), died without issue
Birth of Henry IV
Birth of Henry IV, son of John of Gaunt & grandson of Edward III. Birth of Henry IV
Birth of Henry IV
Birth of Henry IV, son of Blanche of Lancaster
Battle of Najera
Fought between an Anglo-Gascon army and Franco-Castilian forces near Najera, in the province of La Rioja, Castile. The English were led by Edward, the Black Prince, and John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, allied with Peter of Castile (sometimes called "Peter the Cruel") against his brother Henry of Trastรกmara (Spanish: Enrique II). Restores Peter the cruel to the throne of Castille
Battle of Najera
English forces led by Edward of Woodstock defeated Henry of Trastamara at Najera while supporting Pedro of Castile during the Castilian civil conflict.
Battle of Najera
Fought between an Anglo-Gascon army and Franco-Castilian forces near Najera, in the province of La Rioja, Castile. The English were led by Edward, the Black Prince, and John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, allied with Peter of Castile (sometimes called "Peter the Cruel") against his brother Henry of Trastรกmara (Spanish: Enrique II). Restores Peter the cruel to the throne of Castille
Guangdong Campaign
Liao Yongzhong supports the Ming conquest of Guangdong
Capture of Brittany
Philip IV captures Brittany, except for Brest
Invasion of Brittany
Philip IV captures Brittany, except for Brest
Parliament
Appointed Speaker of the Commons "to speak" for the Commons in the Good Parliament
Speaker of House of Commons
Appointed Speaker of the Commons "to speak" for the Commons in the Good Parliament
Parliament
Presides over the "good Parliament", the Treaty of Bruges is renewed for another year
Good Parliament
The Good Parliament criticized royal taxation and several of Edward III's advisers, reflecting growing political pressure during the king's final years.
Succession
The Council of the Kingdom (the Portuguese Cortes) meets in Coimbra and declares John, then Master of Aviz, King of Portugal
Treaty of Windsor
Concludes the Treaty of Windsor with Portugal
Succession
Succeeds as King of Scotland, changes his name from John to Robert
Death of Thomas Netherlands, The
Death of Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent, 3rd Baron Holland
Marriage
Henry IV marries Joan, daughter of Charles II of Navarre, by proxy
Marriage
Henry IV marries Joan, daughter of Charles II of Navarre, by proxy
Birth of John Wenlock
Birth of John Wenlock, son of William Wynell de Wenlock, commonly called William Wenlock, knight of the shire for Bedfordshire
Death of Robert III
Death of Robert III, after capture of younger son James by the English
Regency
A Regency is assumed by the Duke of Albany
Succession
His successor, James, is held by the English
Coronation
Crowned King of Scotland
Invasion of France
At a Great Council meeting Beaufort announces Henry V has decided to invade France
Treaty of Troyes
Declares the Dauphin Charles of France illegitimate
Knighthood
Knighted by Henry V
Constable of Vernon
Appointed Constable of Vernon
Siege of Orleans
Enters the city of Orleans
Siege of Orleans
Enters the city of Orleans
Arrest of Francis Guise
Released by Bedford after his capture at Verneuil
Siege of Orleans
Commands the French forces against the English
Siege of Orleans
Joan of Arc is given a banner & armour at Tours, then arrives at Blois, where the army is gathering to raise the siege of Orleans
Siege of Orleans
Joan of Arc is given a banner & armour at Tours, then arrives at Blois, where the army is gathering to raise the siege of Orleans
Siege of Orleans
Joan of Arc leaves for Orleans with an army & a large quantity of food supplies for the hungry city
Siege of Orleans
Joan of Arc leaves for Orleans with an army & a large quantity of food supplies for the hungry city
Siege of Orleans
Joan of Arcs forces arrive at Orleans, she leads a relief army of 4,000 men
Siege of Orleans
The King supplies Joan with armour & horses & sends her to the army outside Orleans
Invasion of France
Henry VI lands in Calais to claim the French throne
Siege of Paris
The French army enters Paris, without Burgundy the English cannot defend it
Siege of Paris
The French army enters Paris, without Burgundy the English cannot defend it
Birth of Edward IV
Birth of Edward IV, son of Richard, Duke of York
Birth of Margaret Beaufort
Birth of Margaret Beaufort, daughter of Margaret Beauchamp of Bletsoe and John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset. Margarets father was a great-grandson of King Edward III through his third surviving son, John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster
Marriage
Marries Margaret of Anjou, daughter of Rene Duke of Anjou
Battle of Formigny
Leads a force which is defeated by the French in Normandy
Birth of Leonardo da Vinci
Birth of Leonardo da Vinci
Siege of Constantinople
Leads a force of 80,000 against only 7,000 defenders. 1st day of the siege of Constantinople which lasts 8 weeks
Siege of Constantinople
A naval attack fails
Siege of Constantinople
An imperial transport flottila frustrates Turkish attempts to mine the Harbour
Lord Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor during the protectorate of Richard Plantagenet
Battle of Hedgley Moor
Defeated & killed by Lord Montague, Warwicks brother
Battle of Hedgley Moor
Somerset has to escape from the rout
Battle of Hedgley Moor
Montagu is attacked by Somerset & Percy but inflicts a rout on them
Invasion of England
George the Duke of Clarence deserts the Earl of Warwick & joins Edward IV
Result of Surrender of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence
Clarence's submission strengthens Edward IV by adding about 4,000 men to the Yorkist army.
Siege of London
Marches Yorkists on London while Warwick is in Coventry
Surrender of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence
Clarence submits to Edward & increases the Yorkist army by 4,000
Restoration
Edward IV is restored to the throne
Arrest of Henry VI
Edward & his brothers enter London & capture Henry VI
Battle of Barnet
Edward exhibited the brothers naked corpses in St. Pauls Cathedral for three days to quell any rumours that they had survived, before allowing them to be laid to rest in the family vault at Bisham Abbey.
Battle of Barnet
He brought Henry VI along to prevent the Lancastrians from retaking their king. The bodies of the two Neville brothers were brought back to London. They did not suffer the customary fate accorded to traitors quartering and display at the city gates.
Battle of Barnet
Lancastrian scouts probed Barnet, which lay 19 kilometres (12 mi) north of London, but were beaten off.
Battle of Barnet
On 13 April their main army took up positions on a ridge of high ground north of Barnet to prepare for battle the next day. Warwick arrayed his army in a line from east to west, on either side of the Great North Road running through Barnet
Battle of Barnet
Warwicks army heavily outnumbered Edwards, although sources differ on exact numbers. Lancastrian strength ranges from 10,000 to 30,000 men, with 7,000 to 15,000 on the Yorkist side. Facing this disadvantage, Edward hurried to meet the Lancastrians with a surprise attack.
Death of Richard Neville Kingmaker
Death of Richard Neville
Battle of Barnet
Commands the Lancastrian right
Battle of Barnet
Killed in battle by Edward VI
Battle of Barnet
Although he had defeated the Neville brothers, Edward had little time to rest; Margaret landed at Weymouth on the day of the battle.
Battle of Barnet
At around 4 o'clock in the morning, both armies woke. Edward had planned for an early attack, however, and quickly roused his men to engage the Lancastrians. Both sides fired their cannon and arrows before laying into each other with polearms.
Battle of Barnet
Despite the defeat at Barnet, Lancastrians who fled from the battle looked to the queen to restore their house to the throne
Battle of Barnet
Edward exhibited the brothers naked corpses in St. Pauls Cathedral for three days to quell any rumours that they had survived, before allowing them to be laid to rest in the family vault at Bisham Abbey.
Battle of Barnet
He brought Henry VI along to prevent the Lancastrians from retaking their king. The bodies of the two Neville brothers were brought back to London. They did not suffer the customary fate accorded to traitors quartering and display at the city gates.
Battle of Barnet
Lancastrian scouts probed Barnet, which lay 19 kilometres (12 mi) north of London, but were beaten off.
Battle of Barnet
On 13 April their main army took up positions on a ridge of high ground north of Barnet to prepare for battle the next day.
Battle of Barnet
She feigned a march to London while augmenting her army with recruits from Wales and the Welsh Marches. The Lancastrian queen was disheartened by the news of Warwicks demise, but Somerset suggested that they were better off without the earl.
Battle of Barnet
The morning fog was thick and the night movements of the two forces had displaced them laterally with each other. Neither group was facing the other; each was offset slightly to the right.
Battle of Barnet
This displacement meant that the right end of either army could outflank the other by wrapping around the opposing left end. The Lancastrians were the first to exploit this advantage; Oxfords group quickly overwhelmed Hastings.
Battle of Barnet
Warwick arrayed his army in a line from east to west, on either side of the Great North Road running through Barnet. Kills the Earl of Warwick & Lord Montagu, the Lancastrians are defeated. Kills the Earl of Warwick.
Battle of Barnet
Warwicks army heavily outnumbered Edwards, although sources differ on exact numbers. Lancastrian strength ranges from 10,000 to 30,000 men, with 7,000 to 15,000 on the Yorkist side. Facing this disadvantage, Edward hurried to meet the Lancastrians with a surprise attack.
Battle of Barnet
The Yorkists win the battle for access to London
Invasion of England
Although he had defeated the Neville brothers, Edward had little time to rest; Margaret landed at Weymouth on the day of the battle.
Invasion of England
Despite the defeat at Barnet, Lancastrians who fled from the battle looked to the queen to restore their house to the throne.
Invasion of England
She feigned a march to London while augmenting her army with recruits from Wales and the Welsh Marches.
Invasion of England
The Lancastrian queen was disheartened by the news of Warwicks demise, but Somerset suggested that they were better off without the earl.
Invasion of England
She briefly wished to return to France, but Prince Edward persuaded her to gamble for victory.
Invasion of England
Somerset and the Earl of Devon had already raised an army for Lancaster in the West Country.
Invasion of England
Their best hope was to march northwards and join forces with the Lancastrians in Wales, led by Jasper Tudor.
Invasion of England
While Margaret sheltered at nearby Cerne Abbey, the Duke of Somerset brought news of the disaster at Barnet to her.
Invasion of England
Urged on by Louis XI, Margaret had finally sailed on 24 March. Storms forced her ships back to France several times, and she and Prince Edward finally landed at Weymouth in Dorsetshire on the same day that the Battle of Barnet was fought. Lands with a Lancastrian force in Weymouth, same day as the Battle of Barnet
Invasion of England
King Edward had learned of Margarets landing only two days after she arrived. Although he had given many of his supporters and troops leave after the victory at Barnet, he was rapidly able to muster a substantial force at Windsor, just west of London
Burial
The 2 Neville brothers bodies are laid to rest in the family vault at Bisham Abbey
Arrest of George Neville
Edward IV has George Neville the Archbishop of York arrested
Battle of Sodbury Hill
However, the Lancastrians made a feint towards Little Sodbury, about 12 miles (19 km) north-east of Bristol.
Battle of Sodbury Hill
King Edward reached Cirencester.
Battle of Sodbury Hill
Nearby was Sodbury Hill, an Iron Age hill fort which was an obvious strategic point for the Lancastrians to seize.
Battle of Sodbury Hill
On hearing that Margaret was at Bristol, he turned south to meet her army.
Battle of Sodbury Hill
When Yorkist scouts reached the hill, there was a sharp fight in which they suffered heavy casualties
Invasion of England
Margarets army had reached Bath, on its way towards Wales. She turned aside briefly to secure guns, reinforcements and money from the city of Bristol
Capture of Bristol
By the end of April raises an army & enters Bristol
Death of Edward IV
Death of Edward IV
Peerage
Made a knight of the Bath
Death of Edward IV
Edward IV names Richard as the Protector for his son Edward V. Death of Edward IV, from a chill caught during a fishing trip
Succession
Leaves the crown to his 12 yr old son Edward Prince of Wales & names Richard protector
Succession
Leaves the crown to his 12 yr old son Edward. Appoints Richard of York as Protector because of his wifes unpopularity
Coronation
Holds the title until July but is never crowned
Succession
Succeeds as King of England. Holds the title until July but is never crowned. Edward IV had appointed Richard of Gloucester as his Protector
Death of Richard III
Edward IV names Richard as the Protector for his son Edward V
Protector
Appointed Protector over the 12 year old Edward V by the late Edward IV
Burial
Buried at St George's Chapel Windsor
Mobilization
Departs from York with a force of 600 to meet Earl Rivers at Northampton
Coronation
Richard III joins Lord Rivers who is escorting Edward V to London to be crowned
Arrest of Anthony Woodville
Rivers is arrested by Richard III on the advice of Buckingham
Arrest of Richard Grey
Richard III arrests Edward Vs half brother Lord Richard Grey
Arrest of Edward V
Richard travels to Stratford & returns with the heir, Edward Prince of Wales
Arrest of Richard Grey
Richard III arrests Edward Vs half brother Lord Richard Grey
Queen Dowager
Following Edward IVs sudden death, possibly from pneumonia, in April 1483, Elizabeth Woodville became Queen Dowager for 63 days as her young son, Edward V became king, with his uncle, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, acting as Lord Protector
Death of Richard III
Death of Edward Prince of Wales, Richard's only son & heir
Reballion of Rebels in Brittany
Without an heir & a wife who cannot have children support rallies to Henry Tudor
Death of Edward
Death of Edward Prince of Wales, Richard's only son & heir
Prince of Wales
Edward of Middleham, Richard III's only legitimate son, dies at Middleham Castle.
Death of Edward
Anne Neville suffers the death of her only son, Edward of Middleham, weakening the Yorkist succession.
Succession
After the death of her only son, Anne Neville effectively adopted Edward, Earl of Warwick, the mutual nephew of Richard III and Anne Neville. Richard III made the boy his heir presumptive, probably in deference to Anne Neville's wishes
Death of Anne Neville
Death of Edward, Richard III & Anne's only son, at Middleham Castle
Stafford and Lovell Rising
Francis Lovell and the Stafford brothers launch the first armed Yorkist challenge to Henry VII's new regime.
Stafford Rising near Worcester
Humphrey Stafford raises opposition around Worcester while coordinating with Yorkist dissidents who remain hostile to the new Tudor monarchy.
Lovell Rising in Yorkshire
Lovell attempts to revive Yorkist resistance in northern England, but the movement gains insufficient support to threaten Henry VII's government.
German Mercenaries Sail for Ireland
Schwartz leads a force of German mercenaries to Ireland, providing experienced infantry for the Yorkist campaign organised around Lambert Simnel.
Burgundian Support for Simnel
Margaret of York finances the Yorkist expedition and provides professional German troops to strengthen the attempt to overthrow Henry VII.
Marriage
Granted a commission to negotiate marriage between Catherine of Aragon & Prince Arthur
Redon Treaty Ratified
Ratifies the Anglo-Breton agreement after its February conclusion, formally authorising the English commitment to defend Brittany.
Northumberland Killed by Rebels
Rebels kill the Earl of Northumberland after he fails to secure relief from the unpopular subsidy imposed by the crown.
Death of Northumberland
A tax-resistant crowd kills Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland, while he attempts to enforce the king's financial demands.
Northumberland Attempts Tax Collection
Percy attempts to enforce the royal subsidy in Yorkshire, where communities argue that local burdens already make the new demand excessive.
Yorkshire Commons Mobilised
John a Chambre emerges as a leader of the uprising and helps organise armed resistance to the royal tax collectors.
Egremont Joins Yorkshire Rising
Sir John Egremont lends gentry support to the tax rebellion, giving the movement a more dangerous political character.
Discovery of America
Arrives at the court of Ferdinand & Isabella with news of his voyage to America
Discovery of America
Arrives at the court of Ferdinand & Isabella with news of his voyage to America
Death of Charles VIII
Death of Charles VIII, the last of the elder branch of the House of Valois. Death of Charles VIII, he throne passes to a cousin, the duc dOrleans, who reigns as King Louis XII
Discovery of America
Completes a map of Colombus discoveries in America, was Colombus pilot
Death of Prince Arthur
Prince Arthur dies at Ludlow Castle, leaving Henry VII's younger son Henry as heir to the throne.
Succession after Arthur
News of Arthur's death leaves Prince Henry as Henry VII's only surviving son and heir.
Succession
Arthur's death makes Henry, Duke of York, the surviving male heir to Henry VII.
Death of Henry VIII
Death of Prince Arthur, Henry becomes heir to the throne
Succession
Prince Arthur dies & Henry becomes heir to the throne
Death of Arthur of Wales
Death of Arthur of Wales, at Ludlow Castle of TB & the plague
Succession
After the death of Death-Arthur of Wales, Henry VIII becomes heir to the throne
Death of Arthur
Death of Arthur
Death of Catherine of Aragon
Becomes the Princess Dowager of Wales
Death of Catherine of Aragon
Death of Prince Arthur dies at Ludlow Castle. Catherine of Aragon claims that their marriage was never consumated
Battle of Cerignola
Forces commanded by Gonzalo Fernendez de Cordoba defeat forces led by Louis dArmagnac, Duke of Nemours, who is killed
Battle of Cerignola
Forces commanded by Gonzalo Fernendez de Cordoba defeat forces led by Louis dArmagnac, Duke of Nemours, who is killed
Battle of Cerignola
Serves in de Cordobas Spanish army during their victory against the French
Birth of Francis Xavier
Birth of Francis Xavier
Imprisonment of Edmund de la Pole
Edmund de la Pole is imprisoned after Philip of Burgundy surrenders the Yorkist claimant to Henry VII.
Malus Intercursus Signed
Henry secures exceptionally favourable proposed trading terms from Philip of Burgundy during the latter's enforced stay in England.
Malus Intercursus Signed
Extracts a highly favourable commercial settlement from Philip of Burgundy after the Burgundian ruler is unexpectedly detained in England.
Treaty of Friendship
Visits James VI who refuses a Treaty of friendship until Arran & Hamilton are released
Arrest of Arran and Hamilton
Refuses to negotiate a Treaty with England until Arran & Hamilton are released
Treaty of Friendship
Visited by Wolsey. Refuses to negotiate a Treaty of friendship until Arran & Hamilton are released
Last Will and Testament
A seriously ill Henry VII makes his final will, signalling that the end of the reign is approaching.
Death of Henry VII
Henry VII dies at Richmond Palace after ruling England since 1485.
Succession of Prince Henry
Henry VII's death leaves the throne to his seventeen-year-old son, who succeeds as Henry VIII.
Accession
Accedes to the throne on the day of the death of his father Henry VII
Succession
Succeeds as King of England after the death of Henry VII.
Death of Henry VII
Henrys death is announced at his court at Richmond Palace
Coronation
Rides to the Tower with an escort led John de Vere with fears of unrest
Arrest of Edmund Dudley
Empson & Dudley are scapegoats for the extortion of Henry VIIs ministers
Arrest of Richard Empson
Richard Empson & Edmund Dudley are scapegoats for Henry VIIs ministers extortion
Arrest of Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley
Richard Empson & Edmund Dudley are scapegoats for Henry VIIs ministers extortion
Arrest of Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley
Empson & Dudley are scapegoats for the extortion of Henry VIIs ministers
Birth of James V
Birth of James V, son of Queen Margaret
Battle of Ravenna
The French defeat the Holy League but they are forced to withdraw from northern Italy by August 1512
Rule of Italy
The French defeat the Holy League but they are forced to withdraw from northern Italy by August 1512
Battle of Ravenna
French forces under Gaston de Foix inflict an overwhelming defeat on a Spanish army at the Battle of Ravenna
Declaration of War
Declares war on France
Capture of Navarre
The English arFerdinand captures Navarre
Invasion of Gascony
The English archers keep the French pinned down while Ferdinand captures Navarre
Invasion of Gascony
The invasion force sets sails but Henry does not accompany his army
Invasion of France
Maximiliann agrees to be a mercenary in Henry's invasion of France. Leaves the Earl of Surrey in the north of England to defend the border from the Scots. England is unable to invade because Ferdinand fails to keep his promise of support
Alliance Henry VIII and the Burgundians
The Burgundians also agree to become mercenaries in Henrys invasion of France
Invasion of France
The Burgundians also agree to become mercenaries in Henrys invasion of France
Birth of Alexander
Birth of Alexander, son of Margaret
Francis I Peace Renewal
Renews peace and friendship with the new French king Francis I after the death of Louis XII threatens the previous settlement.
French Financial Obligations Renewed
Preserves outstanding French payments owed to England while maintaining the diplomatic peace established under Louis XII.
Buckingham Arrested for Treason
Edward Stafford is arrested on suspicion of treason after accusations that he entertained prophecies concerning Henry VIII's death and his own royal prospects.
Diet of Worms
The German Princes come out in Luthers favour. Rejects the belief that bread & wine can become the body & blood of Christ. Charles V opens a Diet to discuss what to do with Luther. Challenges the papal claim to be the sole authority on the scriptures
Battle of Mactan
Marks the first organized resistance of the Filipinos against foreign invaders, Raha Lapu-Lapu, a chieftain of Mactan Island, defeats Spanish sailors under Portuguese sea captain and explorer Ferdinand Magellan
Arrest of Edward Stafford
Wolsey has Buckingham arrested for "compassing" the death of Henry VIII
Arrest of Buckingham
Edward Stafford is arrested after allegations that he discussed prophecies and the succession, placing one of England's highest-ranking nobles under royal investigation.
Arrest of Edward Stafford
Wolsey has Buckingham arrested for "compassing" the death of Henry VIII
Execution
Execution of Edward Stafford for high treason
Treason
Execution of Edward Stafford for high treason
Trial
Tried before the Emperor at the Diet of Worms & put under the ban of the Empire
Battle of Bicocca
Repulses Marshal Lautrecs attack but with heavy loss
Battle of Bicocca
The French are able to move eastward into Venetian territory. Defeated by the Spannish who retake Milan
Capture of Milan
Captures Milan after the Battle of Bicocca
Parliament
Opening of Henry VIIIs 4th Parliament
More Requests Freedom of Speech
Speaker Thomas More asks Henry VIII to interpret parliamentary speeches favourably, the earliest well-known Commons claim associated with freedom of debate.
Thomas More Chosen Speaker
Thomas More becomes Speaker of the Commons during Henry VIII's major wartime Parliament and represents the House before the king.
Succession
Succeeds as Duke of Germany. Leader of the Teutonic order assumes the title "Duke of Prussia"
Reform of Government
Henry renounces the Amicable Grant
Amicable Grant
Opposition to the Amicable Grant spreads through Essex and threatens wider disorder.
Amicable Grant
Resistance to the Amicable Grant appears in Kent as taxpayers object to the forced contribution.
Amicable Grant
Taxpayers in Suffolk refuse payment and resistance grows in the cloth-making districts.
Tax Resistance
Opposition to the Amicable Grant extends into Essex and weakens the government's attempt to collect the levy.
Tax Resistance
Resistance to the Amicable Grant spreads in Suffolk as taxpayers refuse the forced loan.
Tax Resistance
Resistance to Wolsey's forced loan spreads in Essex as taxpayers reject the levy for the French campaign.
Amicable Grant
Thomas Howard supports royal authority as the government seeks money for Henry VIII's planned French campaign.
Muster
Thomas Howard supports royal authority as the government tries to enforce payments for the French war plan.
Muster
Charles Brandon is associated with government mobilisation in East Anglia as resistance to the Amicable Grant grows.
Marriage
Asks the Pope for an annulment
Birth of Philip II
Birth of Philip II
Alliance Henry VIII and King Francis
Signs the Treaty of Westminster with King Francis against Emperor Charles V. Signs the Treaty of Westminster with Henry VIII against Emperor Charles V
Alliance Henry VIII and King Francis
Signs the Treaty of Westminster with King Francis against Emperor Charles V. Signs the Treaty of Westminster with Henry VIII against Emperor Charles V
Treaty of Westminster
Agrees to perpetual peace with England ending the hostilities commenced in 1522
Dynastic Marriage Negotiations at London
Arrangements are made for Princess Mary to marry Henry, Duke of Orleans
Westminster Anti-Imperial Alliance
Forms a closer alliance with France directed against Imperial pressure and intended to support the release of the French king's sons.
Marriage
Mary Tudor marries Henry Stewart, 1st Lord Methven, her 3rd marriage
Discovery of Llama
The Spanish see for the first time, the Peruvian Llama which Pizarro called the "little camels"
Invasion of Peru
The Spanish see for the first time, the Peruvian Llama which Pizarro called the "little camels". By April 1528, they finally reaches the northwestern Peruvian Tumbes Region, Tumbes became the territory of the first fruits of success the Spanish had so long desired, as they were received with a warm welcome
Diet
Princes are not allowed to decide the religious allegiance of their states. At the 2nd Diet of Speyer the Imperial decree of the 1st Diet is repealed
Treaty of Saragossa
Fixes line between the Portugal & Spain in the Pacific 17 degrees east of the Moluccas
Battle of Puna
3000 native warriors on the island of Puna attacked the camp of 160 Spaniards, the superior arms and discipline of the Spaniards won the day and over 3000 natives were slaughters with the loss of only three Spaniards
Battle of Quipaipain
Battle of Quipaipain forces of Atahualpa defeat and capture Hauscar
Birth of Atahualpa
The final Battle in the Incan civil war occured in April 1532, during which Huascar was defeated and captured
Battle of Quipaipain
Battle of Quipaipain forces of Atahualpa defeat and capture Hauscar
Birth of Huascar
The final Battle in the Incan civil war occured in April 1532, during which Huascar was defeated and captured
Act in Restraint of Appeals
The Act gives final authority in matrimonial and ecclesiastical causes to courts within the king's realm.
Act in Restraint of Appeals
The Act in Restraint of Appeals declares England an empire and forbids appeals from English courts to Rome.
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer
Act in Restraint of Appeals
Parliament passes the Act in Restraint of Appeals, ensuring that any verdict concerning the King's marriage could not be challenged in Rome
Legislation
Parliament passes the Act in Restraint of Appeals, ensuring that any verdict concerning the King's marriage could not be challenged in Rome
Reformation Parliament
Parliament passes the Act in Restraint of Appeals, ensuring that any verdict concerning the King's marriage could not be challenged in Rome
Reformation, The
Parliament passes the Act in Restraint of Appeals, ensuring that any verdict concerning the King's marriage could not be challenged in Rome
Appeals to Rome Prohibited
The Act in Restraint of Appeals declares England an empire and prevents major ecclesiastical cases from being appealed to Rome.
Restraint of Appeals Act Passed
Parliament prohibits appeals from English ecclesiastical courts to Rome and declares England an empire governed by its own sovereign authority.
Dissolution
An Act in Restraint of Appeals eliminated the right of clergy to appeal to "foreign tribunals" (Rome) over the King's head in any spiritual or financial matter. All ecclesiastical charges and levies that had previously been payable to Rome, would now go to the King. Those who refused to assent to the Royal Supremacy were liable to execution for treason
Execution
All ecclesiastical charges and levies that had previously been payable to Rome, would now go to the King. Those who refused to assent to the Royal Supremacy were liable to execution for treason. All ecclesiastical charges and levies that had previously been payable to Rome, would now go to the King, those who refused to assent to the Royal Supremacy were liable to execution for treason
Legislation
An Act in Restraint of Appeals eliminated the right of clergy to appeal to "foreign tribunals" (Rome) over the King's head in any spiritual or financial matter. All ecclesiastical charges and levies that had previously been payable to Rome, would now go to the King, those who refused to assent to the Royal Supremacy were liable to execution for treason
Supremacy
All ecclesiastical charges and levies that had previously been payable to Rome, would now go to the King. Those who refused to assent to the Royal Supremacy were liable to execution for treason. All ecclesiastical charges and levies that had previously been payable to Rome, would now go to the King, those who refused to assent to the Royal Supremacy were liable to execution for treason
Supremacy
An Act in Restraint of Appeals eliminated the right of clergy to appeal to "foreign tribunals" (Rome) over the King's head in any spiritual or financial matter. All ecclesiastical charges and levies that had previously been payable to Rome, would now go to the King, those who refused to assent to the Royal Supremacy were liable to execution for treason
Supremacy
An Act in Restraint of Appeals eliminated the right of clergy to appeal to "foreign tribunals" (Rome) over the King's head in any spiritual or financial matter. All ecclesiastical charges and levies that had previously been payable to Rome, would now go to the King. Those who refused to assent to the Royal Supremacy were liable to execution for treason
Treason
All ecclesiastical charges and levies that had previously been payable to Rome, would now go to the King. Those who refused to assent to the Royal Supremacy were liable to execution for treason. All ecclesiastical charges and levies that had previously been payable to Rome, would now go to the King, those who refused to assent to the Royal Supremacy were liable to execution for treason
Legislation
Asks to appear before a commission and swear allegiance to the Act of Succession, More accepts Parliaments right to declare Anne the legitimate Queen of England, but refuses to take the oath because of an anti-papal preface to the Act
Act of Succession
The London clergy accept the oath. The commissioners offer the Oath to Sir Thomas More and John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, both of whom refuse it
Oath of Succession
Thomas More accepts Parliament's power over succession but refuses the oath because it rejects papal authority.
Oath of Succession
Thomas More is summoned to swear the oath recognising Henry VIII's marriage settlement and succession.
Interrogation at Lambeth Palace
More is questioned at Lambeth Palace over the oath connected with the Act of Succession.
Act of Succession
Asserts Parliaments authority to legislate in matters of religion by denying the authority of the Pope, which More would not accept. Asks to appear before a commission and swear allegiance to the Act of Succession, More accepts Parliaments right to declare Anne the legitimate Queen of England, but refuses to take the oath because of an anti-papal preface to the Act
Arrest of Thomas More
Thomas More is arrested after refusing to swear the oath required by the succession settlement.
Arrest of Thomas More
Sir Thomas More is arrested for refusing to take the oath of succession
Imprisonment
Thomas More is imprisoned in the Tower of London after refusing the oath of succession.
Imprisonment in the Tower
More is committed to the Tower of London after refusing the required oath.
Act of Succession
Imprisoned in the Tower of London, where he writes his devotional Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation
Arrest of Thomas More
Imprisoned in the Tower of London, where he writes his devotional Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation
Imprisoned in the Tower of London, where he
Imprisoned in the Tower of London, where he writes his devotional Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation
Act of Succession
An order is issued that all citizens of London are to swear the Oath
Execution
Elizabeth Barton, the Nun of Kent, is executed for treason.
Death of Edward Bocking
Death of Edward Brocking, executed
Execution
Edward Bocking is hanged at Tyburn for heresy
Death of Elizabeth Barton
Death of Elizabeth Barton, executed
Execution
Elizabeth Barton is hanged at Tyburn for heresy
Arrest of John Fisher
John Fisher is arrested for refusing to take the oath of succession
Arrest of John Fisher
Sent to the Tower for refusing to take the oath of succession
Oath of Succession
Sent to the Tower for refusing to take the oath of succession. Like Thomas More, Fisher takes the line that since the statute condemns only those speaking maliciously against the King's new title, there is safety in silence
President of the Council
Appointed President of the Council of Marches & Wales
Master of the Jewels
Appointed Master of the Jewels to Henry VIII
Reformation Parliament
Henry confirms Cromwell as his Principal Secretary and Chief Minister, a position he had held in all but name for some time
Reformation, The
Henry confirms Cromwell as his Principal Secretary and Chief Minister, a position he had held in all but name for some time
Principal Secretary
Appointed Principle Secretary to Henry VIII
Bill of Attainder
Parliament attaints Elizabeth Barton and her supporters after her prophecies against Henry VIII's marriage policy.
Dissolution
Henry had Parliament authorise Thomas Cromwell to "visit" all the monasteries, including those like the Cistercians previously exempted by Papal dispensation, to purify them in their religious life, and to instruct them in their duty to obey the King
Dissolution
Henry had Parliament authorise Thomas Cromwell to "visit" all the monasteries, including those like the Cistercians previously exempted by Papal dispensation, to purify them in their religious life, and to instruct them in their duty to obey the King
Invasion of Peru
After the Spanish had sealed the conquest of Peru by taking Cuzco in 1533, Jauja in the fertile Mantaro Valley was established as Perus provisional capital in April 1534
Rule of Peru
After the Spanish had sealed the conquest of Peru by taking Cuzco in 1533, Jauja in the fertile Mantaro Valley was established as Perus provisional capital in April 1534
Arrest of Clergy preaching papal supremacy
Orders the imprisonment of the Clergy preaching Papal supremacy
Arrest of Clergy preaching papal supremacy
Cromwell orders the imprisonment of the Clergy preaching Papal supremacy
Richard Reynolds Arrested for Supremacy Opposition
Richard Reynolds is taken into custody for rejecting the king's religious supremacy and defending continued obedience to papal authority.
Augustine Webster Arrested over Supremacy Oath
Augustine Webster is arrested after refusing the royal supremacy demanded from religious communities during Henry VIII's break with Rome.
Robert Lawrence Arrested over Royal Supremacy
Robert Lawrence is detained with fellow Carthusians after maintaining that spiritual authority cannot be transferred from the pope to the king.
John Houghton Taken into Custody
John Houghton is arrested after refusing to recognise Henry VIII as supreme head of the English Church and is committed for treason proceedings.
Dissolution of Parliament
Henry VIIIs 5th Parliament closes
Dissolution of Lesser Monasteries Act
Parliament authorises the dissolution of smaller monasteries and transfers their property to the Crown.
Unification
Royal Assent is given to the bill uniting Wales & England
Arrest of Manco II
Manco is able to escape from Cuzco on April 18, this time with success
Dissolution
Richs own share of the spoil, acquired either by grant or purchase, included Leez (Leighs) Priory and about a hundred manors in Essex. Rich became the Chancellor of the Court of Augmentations established for the disposal of the monastic revenues
Divorce
commissions Cromwell to prepare the case for a divorce
Arrest of Mark Smeaton
Mark Smeaton is arested for having an affair with Anne Boleyn
Arrest of Mark Smeaton
Mark Smeaton is arrested during the investigation into allegations against Anne Boleyn.
Arrest of Mark Smeaton
Mark Smeaton is arrested for having an affair with Anne Boleyn
Smeaton Arrest and Confession
Mark Smeaton is arrested and interrogated during the case against Anne Boleyn, later confessing to an illicit relationship that becomes central to the prosecution.
Arrest of Mark Smeaton
Mark Smeaton is arested for having an affair with Anne Boleyn
Court of Augmentations
The Court of Augmentations is created to manage monastic property taken into royal hands.
Arrest of Robert Aske and northern leaders
Robert Aske and other northern leaders are arrested after renewed unrest gives Henry VIII grounds for reprisals.
Aske Arrested after Renewed Unrest
Aske is arrested after renewed northern disturbances allow the government to treat former leaders as implicated in further rebellion.
Parliament
Opening of Henry VIIIs 7th Parliament
Great Bible Authorised
The Great Bible receives royal authorisation for church use, providing the first officially approved English Bible intended for widespread parish access.
Great Bible
The first edition of The Great Bible is a run of 2,500 copies begun in Paris where the printed sheets are seized by the French authorities on grounds of heresy (since relations between England and France were somewhat troubled at this time), publication is completed in London in April 1539
Reformation, The
The first edition of The Great Bible is a run of 2,500 copies begun in Paris where the printed sheets are seized by the French authorities on grounds of heresy (since relations between England and France were somewhat troubled at this time), publication is completed in London in April 1539
Great Chamberllain
Appointed Great Chamberlain
Knight of the Garter
Created Knight of the Garter
Death of Robert Stewart
Mary's younger son Robert Duke of Albany dies in infancy
Death of James Stewart
Mary's son James Duke of Rothesay dies in infancy
Birth of Robert
Birth of Robert, Duke of Albany, son of Mary of Guise & James V
Birth of Robert
Birth of Robert, Duke of Albany, son of Mary of Guise & James V
Garter Appointment
Receives one of the monarchy's highest chivalric honours.
Order of the Garter
Is appointed a Knight of the Garter.
Dudley Sworn to Council
His council membership marks his rise to senior political influence.
Privy Council
Is sworn as a member of Henry VIII's Privy Council.
Invasion of Austria
Suleyman I the Magnificent invades Austria
Rough Wooing
The Privy Council issues instructions for Hertford's punitive expedition against Scotland.
Battle of Certesole
The Imperial Army of Charles V is defeated by the French south of Turin
Imperial Army
The Imperial Army of Charles V is defeated by the French south of Turin
Resignation of Thomas Audley
Resigns the Great Seal
Death of Thomas Audley
Death of Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden
Invasion of Scotland
Edward Seymour, Lord Hertford, gathers English forces for the invasion of southern Scotland.
Fleet Sails for Scotland
Seymour assembles troops and shipping at Tynemouth before sailing north with the invasion force ordered to devastate Scottish centres and compel the royal marriage.
Potosi Silver
Discovery of rich silver deposits at Cerro Rico begins the rise of Potosi
Death of William Stewart
William Stewart, Bishop of Aberdeen and royal servant of James V, dies at Aberdeen.
Succession
Succeeds as King of France, 2nd son of Francis I
Succession
Secret marriage to Catherine Parr, Elizabeth's guardian, is viewed as an attempt to become close to the young Princess. Acquires the guardianship of Elizabeth and also of Lady Jane Grey, another young member of the household
Marriage to Anne d Este
Francis of Guise marries Anne d Este and strengthens Italian dynastic links
Bishop of London
Becomes Bishop of London after Bonner is deprived.
Duke of Guise Succeeds
Francis succeeds Claude as Duke of Guise
Evacuation of Boulogne
English forces evacuate Boulogne under the terms of the peace settlement with France.
Execution of George van Parris
George van Parris is burned after condemnation for denying the divinity of Christ during Edward VI's Protestant reign.
Second Act of Uniformity
Parliament authorises the revised prayer book and strengthens legal requirements for uniform Protestant worship.
Parliament
Edward VI's first Parliament, which originally opened in November 1547, reaches its final dissolution.
Edward's Serious Illness Raises Heir Question
Edward suffers a serious illness, reminding the council that the unmarried teenage king has no direct heir and that Mary remains next by statute.
Second Act of Uniformity Passed
Parliament authorises a revised Book of Common Prayer and imposes stronger requirements for conformity to the national liturgy.
Illness of Edward VI
Edward suffers serious infectious illness during the year; later accounts connect this period with measles and smallpox.
Wyatt Rebellion
Orders the execution of Thomas Wyatt after the rebellion fails.
Wyatt Rebellion
Is executed after refusing to implicate Elizabeth conclusively.
Wyatt Rebellion
Is executed after the failure of the Wyatt Rebellion.
Wyatt Rebellion
Leads the main Kentish rising against Mary's planned Spanish marriage.
Regency Begins
Mary of Guise replaces Arran as regent for Mary Queen of Scots
Oxford Disputations
Faces formal disputation over Protestant doctrine.
Wyatt Rebellion
Is acquitted of treason despite government suspicion.
Oxford Disputation
Defends Protestant doctrine during public disputations at Oxford.
Disputation on Eucharist
Rejects Catholic teaching on the mass.
Condemnation
Is condemned after the Oxford disputations.
Marriage Articles Ratified
Parliament accepts marriage terms limiting Philip's independent authority in England
Regnal Power Act Confirms Female Sovereignty
Parliament confirms that royal authority belongs fully to a reigning queen, rejecting doubts that government powers require a male monarch.
Robert Brooke Chosen Commons Speaker
Robert Brooke becomes Speaker during the Parliament debating Mary's Spanish marriage and the political terms surrounding Philip's position.
Philip Marriage Prepared
Maryโs marriage settlement with Philip supports Catholic diplomacy.
Condemnation
Is condemned after refusing to recant Protestant doctrine.
Real Presence Debate
Rejects Catholic doctrine on transubstantiation.
Execution of George Marsh
George Marsh is burned outside Chester after refusing to recant beliefs defended throughout his imprisonment and examinations.
Elizabeth at Hampton Court
Brings Elizabeth to Hampton Court where she is secluded but politically important
Elizabeth to Hampton Court
Mary brings Elizabeth from Woodstock to Hampton Court during the pregnancy crisis
Phantom Pregnancy
Rumours spread that Mary has given birth but her pregnancy proves false
Moved to Hampton Court
Moved to Hampton Court while Mary considers the succession
Royal Birth Preparations Intensify
The court prepares for Mary's expected confinement, including arrangements appropriate for the anticipated birth of a royal heir.
International Agreement
Bishop Reid and his fellow commissioners agreed on the marriage contract on 11 April that protected Scotland's rights this contract prevailed despite an attempt by the French to subvert the final outcome by obtaining an agreement directly with Queen Mary to Scotland's detriment
Treaty of Marriage
Bishop Reid and his fellow commissioners agree to the marriage contract which protects Scotland's rights
Treaty of Marriage
The marriage contract prevails despite an attempt by the French to subvert it by obtaining an agreement directly with Queen Mary
Marriage to Mary of Scots
Francis marries Mary Queen of Scots and strengthens the Franco Scottish alliance
French Marriage
Mary marries Francis and later becomes Queen Consort of France
Marriage to Francis
Mary Queen of Scots marries the French dauphin Francis
Anglo French Peace
Elizabeth accepts peace with France and temporary French possession of Calais
Calais Clause
Treaty provides that Calais may be restored after eight years or compensated
Calais Eight-Year Compensation Clause
Accepts a peace formula allowing France to retain Calais subject to a future compensation arrangement if the town is not restored.
French Hostilities Formally Ended
Concludes a separate peace with France that ends the war inherited from Mary's reign and stabilises Elizabeth's new government.
Rule of Calais
Under the Treaty of Cateau Cambresis Calais is ceded to France for 8 yrs
Treaty of Cateau Cambresis
Agrees an Anglo-French truce over Scotland
Treaty of Cateau Cambresis
Elizabeth I cedes Calais to France for 8 yrs
Treaty of Cateau Cambresis
Philip II marries Henry II's daughter Elizabeth. Henry II's sister marries Emmanuel Comte de Savoy. Ends war between the Valois of France & the Habsburg Empire
Treaty of Cateau Cambresis
Henry II ends the long Habsburg Valois war by treaty with Spain and England
Treaty of Cateau Cambresis
Spain retains Franche-Comte, Milan, Naples & Sicily. Philip II marries Henry II's daughter Elizabeth. Ends war between the Valois of France & the Habsburg Empire
Rule of Franche-Comte
Under the Treaty of Cateau Cambresis Spain retains Franche-Comte
Rule of Milan
Under the Treaty of Cateau Cambresis Spain retains Milan
Rule of Naples
Under the Treaty of Cateau Cambresis Spain retains Naples
Rule of Sicily
Under the Treaty of Cateau Cambresis Spain retains Sicily
Treaty of Cateau Cambresis
Philip II makes peace with France after decades of Habsburg Valois warfare
Treaty of Cateau Cambresis
Spain retains Franche-Comte, Milan, Naples & Sicily. Philip II marries Henry II's daughter Elizabeth. Henry II's sister marries Emmanuel Comte de Savoy. Ends the war between the Valois of France & the Habsburg Empire
Elizabethan Supremacy Restored
Parliament restores royal authority over the English Church and gives Elizabeth the title Supreme Governor rather than Supreme Head.
Supreme Governor Title Adopted
Elizabeth adopts the title Supreme Governor of the Church of England, framing royal ecclesiastical authority in language acceptable to a broader constituency.
Siege of Leith
Grey's English army and its Scottish allies begin siege operations against the fortified French position at Leith.
Siege of Leith Begins
English and Scottish Protestant forces begin formal operations against Leith
French Garrison Holds Leith
Mary of Guise relies on French troops defending Leith against English and Scottish forces
Siege of Leith
Mary of Guise relies on French troops besieged by English and Scottish Protestant forces
Catholic Triumvirate
Montmorency joins Guise and Saint Andre in a Catholic triumvirate
Catholic Triumvirate
Saint Andre joins the Catholic triumvirate opposing Protestant concessions
Catholic Triumvirate
Guise joins Montmorency and Saint Andre in a Catholic triumvirate
Catholic Triumvirate
Guise forms a Catholic triumvirate with Montmorency and Saint Andre
Triumvirate
The Catholic triumvirate organizes opposition to concessions for French Protestants
Capture of Orleans
Conde makes Orleans the main Huguenot stronghold
Massacre
As Guise passes through Wassy-sur-Blaise on his way to Paris a massacre of Protestants takes place kindling open military conflict in the French Wars of Religion
Huguenot Command
Coligny joins the Huguenot military leadership during the first war
Catholic Command
Montmorency joins Guise in command of Catholic forces
Catholic Command
Saint Andre serves as a senior Catholic commander
Huguenot Rising
Conde takes leadership of the Huguenot military cause
Catholic Army Mobilized
Guise helps organize Catholic forces against the Huguenots
Catholic Alignment
Antoine of Navarre sides with the Catholic royal army
Apostol Printing Begins
Fyodorov begins printing the Apostol at the Moscow Print Yard
Defence of Mers el Kebir
Spanish defenders hold Mers el Kebir during the Ottoman attack
Defence of Oran
Spanish forces resist the Ottoman aligned siege of Oran
Siege of Oran
Hasan Pasha leads forces against Oran and Mers el Kebir
Siege of Mers el Kebir
Piyale Pasha supports the naval side of the Oran campaign
Siege of Oran
Ottoman aligned forces attempt to seize Spanish held Oran
Demonstrations
About 200 of the League of Comprimise demand an end to religious persecution
Birth of William Shakespeare
Shakespeares actual birthdate is unknown, but is traditionally observed on 23 April, St George's Day. Birth of William Shakespeare, son of John Shakespeare, a successful glover and alderman originally from Snitterfield, and Mary Arden
Troyes Financial Settlement
Helps negotiate the payment due from France under the peace settlement that ends the Le Havre conflict.
Troyes Calais Recognition
Recognises continued French possession of Calais in return for a financial payment, ending the immediate English attempt to recover the port.
Troyes Peace Settlement
Concludes peace with Charles IX after the failed English occupation of Le Havre and restores formal relations with France.
Reballion of Rebels in Madrid
Calvinists, led by William of Orange, demand the abolition of the Inquisition
Trial
Brought to trial for the assassination of Lord Darnley & acquitted
Marriage
28 Lords & prelates sign a docuement supporting Bothwells marriage to Mary
Arrest of Mary of Scots
Intercepts Mary with 800 men & takes her to Dunbar Castle informing her of a rebellion
Marriage
Escorted by Bothwell to Dunbar Castle believing there may be a rebellion in Edinburgh
Marriage
Intercepted by Bothwell with 800 men on her return to Edinburgh
Trial
Norfolk plans to marry Mary & secure a Scottish alliance
Trial
Elizabeth moves the trial to London
Birth of Guy Fawkes
Birth of Guy Fawkes
Baptism
Baptised in the church of St. Michael le Belfrey
Christopher Wray Chosen Speaker
Christopher Wray becomes Speaker during a Parliament responding to Catholic conspiracy fears and the papal excommunication of Elizabeth.
Capture of Brill
Captures Brill in Zeeland
Blois Anti-Spanish Strategy
Supports the French alliance as a means of reducing the risk that England will face Spain without a major continental partner.
Blois Defensive Alliance Terms
Agrees mutual defensive obligations with France, creating a diplomatic counterweight to Spanish power in western Europe.
Treaty of Blois
Signed with France, both countries wil support each other if attacked. England is freed from French support of an invasion by Mary Queen of Scots
Treaty of Blois
England signs an alliance with France while Mary is in captivity. England is freed from French support of an invasion on behalf of Mary Queen of Scots
Flemish Invasion Supports Revolt
Louis of Nassau supports operations in Flanders as the revolt against Spanish rule widens.
Invasion of Flanders
Helps William the Silent invade Flanders
Battle of Mookerheyde
Louis of Nassaus Army is routed by a Spanish Army of 6,000 under Sancho de Avila
Battle of Mookerheyde
The Spanish destroy Louis army & both Louis & his brother Henry are killed in battle. Louis of Nassaus Army is routed by a Spanish Army of 6,000 under Sancho de Avila
Death of Louis of Nassau-Dietz
Killed during the Battle of Mookerheyde
Order of the Garter
Elected to Order of the Garter
Birth of Philip III
Son of King Philip II of Spain and his fourth wife and niece Anna, the daughter of the Emperor Maximilian II and Maria of Spain. Birth of Philip III, son of Philip II
Death of Mary Grey
Mary Grey dies childless, removing the youngest Grey sister from the succession landscape and leaving Catherine Grey's disputed sons as the principal Suffolk descendants.
Knighthood
Knighted for circumnavigation of the globe. Elizabeth I knights Drake on the deck of the Golden Hind at Deptford, London
Knighthood
Knighted for circumnavigation
Alexander Briant Arrested
Alexander Briant is arrested because authorities suspect he can provide information about Catholic missionary networks and Edmund Campion.
Execution of John Paine
John Paine is executed after conviction for alleged treason connected with his Catholic priestly ministry.
Treason Trial
Tried for treason at Trim after accusations connected with the Nugent rebellion
Treason Conviction
Convicted of treason at Trim after the crown pressed the case against him
Execution
Hanged at Trim on Easter eve while protesting his innocence
Capture of Ypres
The garrison at Ypres surrenders to Parma.
Capture of Ypres
Captures Ypres during the Spanish reconquest of the southern Netherlands
Capture of Ypres
Captures Ypres for Spain during the Dutch Revolt.
Bachelor of Arts
Receives his Bachelor of Arts degree at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
Pope
Appointed Pope
Death of Thomas Bromley
Death of Thomas Bromley
Death of John Foxe
John Foxe dies in London.
Raid on Cadiz
Drake attacks Cadiz and destroys or captures shipping and stores, disrupting Spanish preparations for the planned Armada invasion of England.
Piracy
A further twenty merchantmen and armed pinnaces joined forces with the expedition.
Piracy
Queen Elizabeth gave the English privateer, Sir Francis Drake, the command of a fleet whose mission was to inspect the Spanish military preparations, intercept their supplies, attack the fleet and if possible the Spanish ports.
Piracy
The cost of these boats was met by a group of London merchants, whose profits were to be calculated in the same proportions as their investment in the fleet; the Queen, as owner of the four Royal Naval vessels, was to receive 50% of the profits
Piracy
To that end, the Queen put at Drake's disposal four Royal Naval galleons: the Elizabeth Bonaventure, which was under Drake's own command; Golden Lion, captained by William Burroughs; Rainbow, under Captain Bellingham; and Dreadnought under Captain Thomas Fenner.
Piracy
A further twenty merchantmen and armed pinnaces joined forces with the expedition.
Piracy
Queen Elizabeth gave the English privateer, Sir Francis Drake, the command of a fleet whose mission was to inspect the Spanish military preparations, intercept their supplies, attack the fleet and if possible the Spanish ports.
Piracy
The cost of these boats was met by a group of London merchants, whose profits were to be calculated in the same proportions as their investment in the fleet; the Queen, as owner of the four Royal Naval vessels, was to receive 50% of the profits
Piracy
To that end, the Queen put at Drake's disposal four Royal Naval galleons: the Elizabeth Bonaventure, which was under Drake's own command; Golden Lion, captained by William Burroughs; Rainbow, under Captain Bellingham; and Dreadnought under Captain Thomas Fenner.
Invasion of England
A raid on Cadiz, led by Francis Drake had captured or destroyed some thirty ships and great quantities of supplies, setting preparations back by a year
Piracy
A further twenty merchantmen and armed pinnaces joined forces with the expedition.
Piracy
Queen Elizabeth gave the English privateer, Sir Francis Drake, the command of a fleet whose mission was to inspect the Spanish military preparations, intercept their supplies, attack the fleet and if possible the Spanish ports.
Piracy
The cost of these boats was met by a group of London merchants, whose profits were to be calculated in the same proportions as their investment in the fleet; the Queen, as owner of the four Royal Naval vessels, was to receive 50% of the profits
Piracy
To that end, the Queen put at Drake's disposal four Royal Naval galleons: the Elizabeth Bonaventure, which was under Drake's own command; Golden Lion, captained by William Burroughs; Rainbow, under Captain Bellingham; and Dreadnought under Captain Thomas Fenner.
Siege of Cadiz
A raid on Cadiz, led by Francis Drake had captured or destroyed some thirty ships and great quantities of supplies, setting preparations back by a year
Singeing the King of Spains Beard
A Spanish treasure ship, returning from the Indies, was also captured.
Singeing the King of Spains Beard
Much of the Spanish fleet was destroyed, and substantial supplies were destroyed or captured.
Singeing the King of Spains Beard
Singeing the King of Spain's Beard is the name given in the Bay of Cadiz, by the English privateer Francis Drake against the Spanish naval forces assembling at Cadiz.
Singeing the King of Spains Beard
The damage caused by the English delayed Spanish plans to invade England by more than a year.
Singeing the King of Spains Beard
There followed a series of raiding parties against several forts along the Portuguese coast.
Piracy
A further twenty merchantmen and armed pinnaces joined forces with the expedition.
Piracy
Queen Elizabeth gave the English privateer, Sir Francis Drake, the command of a fleet whose mission was to inspect the Spanish military preparations, intercept their supplies, attack the fleet and if possible the Spanish ports.
Piracy
The cost of these boats was met by a group of London merchants, whose profits were to be calculated in the same proportions as their investment in the fleet; the Queen, as owner of the four Royal Naval vessels, was to receive 50% of the profits
Piracy
To that end, the Queen put at Drake's disposal four Royal Naval galleons: the Elizabeth Bonaventure, which was under Drake's own command; Golden Lion, captained by William Burroughs; Rainbow, under Captain Bellingham; and Dreadnought under Captain Thomas Fenner.
Invasion of England
A raid on Cadiz, led by Francis Drake had captured or destroyed some thirty ships and great quantities of supplies, setting preparations back by a year
Siege of Cadiz
A raid on Cadiz, led by Francis Drake had captured or destroyed some thirty ships and great quantities of supplies, setting preparations back by a year
Birth of Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes is born at Westport near Malmesbury in Wiltshire.
Siege of Cadiz
Says he has "singed the King's beard". Destroys 36 Spanish ships & intercepts barrel staves intended for the armada. Delays the Armada by 1 year
Birth of Thomas Wentworth
Thomas Wentworth was born into a prominent Yorkshire landowning family.
Act against Seditious Sectaries Passed
Parliament acts against separatist religious groups whose refusal of established worship is treated as a threat to church and state order.
Edict of Nantes
Issues the Edict of Nantes making limited concessions to the Huguenots
Huguenots
Issues the Edict of Nantes making limited concessions to the Huguenots
Civil Rights
Offers freedom of conscience to individuals & specific concessions to the Protestants, such as amnesty and the reinstatement of their civil rights, including the right to work in any field or for the State and to bring grievances to the King
Edict of Nantes
Marks the end of eight religious wars that tore apart the population of France during the second half of 16th century. Issues the Edict of Nantes making limited concessions to the Huguenots
Edict of Nantes
Offers freedom of conscience to individuals & specific concessions to the Protestants, such as amnesty and the reinstatement of their civil rights, including the right to work in any field or for the State and to bring grievances to the King
Edict of Nantes
The Edict of Nantes is Issued by Henry IV of France to grant the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in a nation still considered essentially Catholic
Edict of Nantes
The Edict separates civil from religious unity, treats some Protestants for the first time as more than mere schismatics and heretics, and opens a path for secularism and tolerance
Huguenots
Issued by Henry IV of France to grant the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in a nation still considered essentially Catholic
Huguenots
Marks the end of eight religious wars that tore apart the population of France during the second half of 16th century. Issues the Edict of Nantes making limited concessions to the Huguenots.
Huguenots
Offers freedom of conscience to individuals & specific concessions to the Protestants, such as amnesty and the reinstatement of their civil rights, including the right to work in any field or for the State and to bring grievances to the King.
Huguenots
The Edict separates civil from religious unity, treats some Protestants for the first time as more than mere schismatics and heretics, and opens a path for secularism and tolerance.
Civil Rights
Offers freedom of conscience to individuals & specific concessions to the Protestants, such as amnesty and the reinstatement of their civil rights, including the right to work in any field or for the State and to bring grievances to the King
Edict of Nantes
Offers freedom of conscience to individuals and specific concessions to the Protestants such as amnesty and the reinstatement of their civil rights
Edict of Nantes
The Edict separates civil from religious unity, treats some Protestants for the first time as more than mere schismatics and heretics, and opens a path for secularism and tolerance. Signs the Edict of Nantes establishing the rights of the Protestants.
Edict of Nantes
including the right to work in any field or for the State and to bring grievances to the King. Marks the end of eight religious wars that tore apart the population of France during the second half of 16th century
Legislation
The Act legalising the Edict of Nantes is signed
Edict of Nantes
The Act legalising the Edict of Nantes is signed
Birth of Oliver Cromwell
Birth of Oliver Cromwell
Battle of Kinsale
After the failure of the Spanish invasion of Ireland, leading to the defeat at the Battle of Kinsale, Philip accepts that further attacks on England are unlikely to succeed
Invasion of England
After the failure of the Spanish invasion of Ireland, leading to the defeat at the Battle of Kinsale, Philip accepts that further attacks on England are unlikely to succeed
Union of Crowns
Accession of James VI of Scotland to the throne of England as James I
Constitution of Scotland
All those born in Scotland after the succession will become English citizens
Coronation
Accession of James VI to the throne of England as James I
Unification
All those born in Scotland after the succession will become English citizens. Accession of the Union of the Crowns
Parliament
The lower house has 406 members representing 90 county seats & 370 borough seats
Burial
Elizabeths funeral takes place in Westminster Abbey
Hampton Court Conference
While many of the main Puritan goals were rebutted, the Millenary Petition culminates in the Hampton Court Conference, which eventually led James to commission a new English translation of the bible, now known as the King James Version
Millenary Petition
It is claimed, but not proven, that this petition had 1,000 signatures of Puritan ministers. This carefully worded document expressed Puritan distaste regarding the state of the Anglican Church
Millenary Petition
The Millenary Petition is a list of requests given to James I by Puritans in 1603 when he was travelling to London in order to claim the English throne.
Millenary Petition
While many of the main Puritan goals were rebutted, the Millenary Petition culminates in the Hampton Court Conference, which eventually led James to commission a new English translation of the bible, now known as the King James Version.
Legislation
James I introduces a Bill to classify all catholics as excommunicates
Excommunication
James I introduces a Bill to classify all catholics as excommunicates
Death of John Stow
John Stow dies in London.
Death of Charles Blount
Death of Christopher Mount
Unification
Designs the Union Jack with the crosses of St George & St Andrew
Ceasefire
The United Provinces and the Habsburg Netherlands agree to a ceasefire, valid for eight months and taking effect on 4 May
Truce
The United Provinces and the Habsburg Netherlands agree to a ceasefire, valid for eight months and taking effect on 4 May
Twelve Years Truce
A truce with the Dutch is agreed
Parliament
James opens Parliament
Battle of Mingolsheim
Defeated at the Battle of Mingolsheim
General
Ferdinand hires Wallenstein to defend the Habsburg lands
General
Ferdinand hires Wallenstein to defend the Habsburg lands
Birth of Jan van Kessel
Birth of Jan van Kessel
Death of Francis Bacon
Francis Bacon dies at Highgate near London.
Battle of Dessau
Defeats the Danish under Ernst of Mansfeldt
Treaty of Suze
England makes peace with France after supporting the French Hugenots
Battle of Lech
Occupies Augsburg, Munich & southern Bavaria after the Battle of Lech. Defeats Tilly & Maximilian of Bavaria
Capture of Augsburg
Occupies Augsburg, Munich & southern Bavaria after the Battle of Lech
Capture of Bavaria
Occupies Augsburg, Munich & southern Bavaria after the Battle of Lech
Capture of Munich
Occupies Augsburg, Munich & southern Bavaria after the Battle of Lech
Rule of Mantua
Under the Treaty of Cherazco France gains Mantua
Battle of Lech
Withdraws to Bavaria but is injured holding to crossings of the River Lech
Death of Johann Tserclaes
Death of Johan Tserclaes Graf von Tilly, wounded holding the River Lech
Heilbronn League
The Treaty forming the League was signed at Heilbronn in Germany. The Heilbronn League, which consisted of the Upper and Lower Rhenish, Swabian and Franconian military circles required to provide 2.5 million Reichstaler annually, while the Swedes retained their position as overall military commanders
Rule of Rhineland, The
Sweden recognizes French ownership of the Rhine from Breisach to Strasboug
Rule of Rhineland, The
Sweden recognizes French ownership of the Rhine from Breisach to Strasboug
Battle of Chemnitz
Commands Swedish forces to victory over a Saxon Imperial army after crossing the Elbe
Imperial Army
Commands Swedish forces to victory over a Saxon Imperial army after crossing the Elbe
Capture of Saxony
Overruns western Saxony after the Battle of Chemnitz
Election to Short Parliament
Ashley-Cooper sits for Tewkesbury when the Short Parliament assembles.
Short Parliament Counsel
Strafford urged the Short Parliament to grant supplies before debating wider political grievances.
First Parliament in Eleven Years
Charles addresses his first English Parliament since dissolving Parliament in 1629.
Short Parliament Opening Address
Charles asks both Houses to provide rapid financial support against Scotland.
Short Parliament Opens
Charles summons Parliament after eleven years to seek funds for war against the Covenanters.
Short Parliament Recalled
Charles ends eleven years of Personal Rule by meeting the Short Parliament.
Short Parliament Seeks War Funds
The King asks the Commons to finance military operations against the Scottish Covenanters.
First Parliament in Eleven Years
Charles addresses his first English Parliament since dissolving Parliament in 1629.
Short Parliament Opening Address
Charles asks both Houses to provide rapid financial support against Scotland.
Short Parliament Opens
Charles summons Parliament after eleven years to seek funds for war against the Covenanters.
Short Parliament Recalled
Charles ends eleven years of Personal Rule by meeting the Short Parliament.
Short Parliament Seeks War Funds
The King asks the Commons to finance military operations against the Scottish Covenanters.
Election to Short Parliament
St John enters the Short Parliament after his prominent legal opposition to ship money.
Election for Buckinghamshire
Hampden returns to Parliament as a prominent opponent of ship money.
Short Parliament
Hampden opposes granting subsidies before the Commons examines national grievances.
Election to Short Parliament
Holles is returned for Dorchester when Parliament meets in April.
Short Parliament Opposition
Holles participates in opposition to unconditional subsidies during the Short Parliament.
Election to Short Parliament
Pym is returned for Tavistock and prepares to lead opposition in the Commons.
Leadership of Short Parliament
Pym emerges as a leading Commons spokesman when the Short Parliament opens.
Election as Speaker
The Commons elects Glanville to preside over the Short Parliament.
Short Parliament Proceedings Begin
Glanville opens Commons business during the first Parliament held since 1629.
Commons Refuses Immediate Supply
The Commons insists that grievances must be addressed before voting money for war.
Pym Challenges War Policy
Pym links the Commons refusal of supply to abuses committed during Personal Rule.
Commons Refuses Immediate Supply
The Commons insists that grievances must be addressed before voting money for war.
Pym Challenges War Policy
Pym links the Commons refusal of supply to abuses committed during Personal Rule.
Ship Money Debate
St John supports parliamentary opposition to taxation imposed without parliamentary approval.
Opposition to Immediate Subsidies
Hampden supports examining grievances before granting the King new taxation.
Catalogue of Grievances
Pym identifies religious innovation, arbitrary taxation and ministerial misconduct as national grievances.
Grievances before Supply
Pym argues that constitutional grievances must precede any grant of taxation.
Long Speech to Short Parliament
Pym catalogues political, financial and religious grievances before discussing supply.
Short Parliament Supply Speech
Pym delivers the central Commons argument against voting subsidies before redress.
Warning to Commons
Charles presses the Commons to decide quickly whether it will grant subsidies.
Warning to Commons
Charles presses the Commons to decide quickly whether it will grant subsidies.
Lords Support Immediate Supply
Arundel supports the Lords recommendation that the Commons grant money before debating grievances.
Commons Rejects Lords Intervention
Pym opposes the Lords attempt to influence taxation proceedings in the Commons.
Legal Case against Ship Money
St John explains the constitutional objections to ship money during parliamentary debate.
Irish Government under Wandesford
Wandesford administered Ireland after Strafford returned to England for the parliamentary and military crisis.
Raising Irish Army
Strafford raised an Irish army intended to support Charles against the Scottish Covenanters.
Introduction of Bill of Attainder
Pym introduced a bill of attainder when conviction through the impeachment process appeared uncertain.
Strafford Defends His Conduct
Strafford delivers a forceful defence against the parliamentary accusations.
Strafford Attainder Debate
Strode supports parliamentary action intended to secure Strafford's conviction.
Strafford Attainder Support
Haselrig supports replacing the difficult impeachment with a bill of attainder.
Commons Attainder Proceedings
Lenthall presides during decisive Commons proceedings against Strafford.
Bill of Attainder Advances
The Commons advances a bill of attainder after difficulties proving statutory treason.
Disclosure of Council Notes
Vane the Younger helped Parliament obtain notes from his father's record of the royal council meeting.
Privy Council Notes Evidence
Notes from Vane's council papers were used to support the allegation that Strafford proposed using the Irish army in England.
Hotham Declared a Traitor
Charles denounces Hotham after being refused entry to Hull.
Hotham Declared a Traitor
Charles denounces Hotham after being refused entry to Hull.
King Refused Entry to Hull
Hotham refuses Charles entry to Hull and denies him access to the town's magazine.
King Refused Entry to Hull
Hotham refuses Charles I entry to Hull and its military magazine.
King Approaches Hull
Charles travels from York to demand entry to Hull and its military magazine.
King Refused Entry to Hull
Hotham refuses Charles entry to Hull under Parliament's instructions.
King Approaches Hull
Charles travels from York to demand entry to Hull and its military magazine.
King Refused Entry to Hull
Hotham refuses Charles entry to Hull under Parliament's instructions.
Defence of Hull Magazine
Hotham denies the King access to Hull's large store of weapons and ammunition.
Message from Beverley on Hull
Charles reports Hotham's refusal to Parliament and demands redress.
Message from Beverley on Hull
Charles reports Hotham's refusal to Parliament and demands redress.
Parliament Supports Hull Governor
Parliament endorses Hotham's refusal and maintains control of the Hull magazine.
Covenanters
Begins to secure a base for the Covenanters in Down
Siege of Down
Begins to secure a base for the Covenanters in Down
Battle of Birmingham
Helps defend Birmingham during Prince Rupertโs Royalist attack.
Battle of Birmingham
Attacks Birmingham after the town supplies Parliamentarian forces.
Battle of Birmingham
Rupert leads Royalist forces in an attack on Parliamentarian Birmingham.
Burning of Birmingham
Royalist troops burn parts of Birmingham after overcoming local resistance.
Capture of Tewkesbury
Capures Tewkesbury for Parliament
Capture of Upton Bridge
Captures Upton Bridge to maintain his communications with Oxford across the Severn
Covenanters
Created the Duke of Hamilton for neutralizing the Covenanters
Neutrality
Created the Duke of Hamilton for neutralizing the Covenanters
Peerage
Created the Duke of Hamilton for neutralizing the Covenanters
Battle of Ripple Field
Driven back by Prince Maurice to Tewkesbury
Battle of Ripple Field
Driven back by Prince Maurice to Tewkesbury
Battle of Ripple Field
Drives Waller & Massey back to Tewkebury
Capture of Lichfield
Lichfield surrenders to Rupert & the route from York to Oxford is opened for the Queen
Siege of Lichfield
Lichfield surrenders to Rupert & the route from York to Oxford is opened for the Queen
Capture of Reading
Surrenders Reading to the Parliamentarians under Essex
Capture of Reading
Captures Reading for the Parliamentarians & prevents Charles I from reaching London
Battle of Selby
Fairfax defeats Royalist forces at Selby, helping open the way for Parliamentarian pressure on York.
Battle of Selby
Defeats the Royalists under Lord Bellasis & captures Selby
Battle of Selby
Lord Newcastles Royalist force of 5,000 is trapped in York
Covenanters
The Covenanters & Parliament join forces at Tadcaster
Mobilization
The Covenanters & Parliament join forces at Tadcaster
Civil War
The Covenanters & Parliament join forces at Tadcaster
Covenanters
The Covenanters & Parliament join forces at Tadcaster
Capture of Montrose
Captures most of Montrose for the Royalists
Siege of York
Begins the siege where Newcastle is stranded with 5,000 men but is relieved by Rupert
Covenanters
Covenanters & Parliament raise the siege of York to destroy Devonshires army
Siege of York
Covenanters & Parliament raise the siege of York to destroy Devonshires army
Civil War
The Covenanters & Parliament raise the siege & threaten to destroy Newcastles army
Civil War
Jons the Parliamentarians under Fairfax at York
Covenanters
The Covenanters & Parliament raise the siege & threaten to destroy Newcastles army
Death of Chung Chen
The Ming Dynasty, which has dominated China since the 1380s, comes to an end
Exile of Henrietta Maria
Leaves her husband for the safety of the West Country, never sees him again
Civil War
Arrives at the Highlands with 1,100 Irish to join up with Montroses Royalist army
Civil War
Assists Montroses invasion of Scotland for the Royalists
Battle of Morepeth
Routes the Covenanter garrison at Morpeth & takes the town
Capture of Dumfries
Captures Dumfries for the Royalists but later forced out by Argyll
Siege of Dumfries
Captures Dumfries for the Royalists but later forced out by Argyll
Siege of Morepeth
Routes the Covenanter garrison at Morpeth & takes the town
Invasion of England
Leads a Royalist force of 1,300 militia from Cumberland & Northumberland
Self-Denying Ordinance
Cromwell is exempted from resignation pressure and continues military service with Parliament's army.
Second-in-Command
Appointed 2nd-in-Command of the New Model Army under Sir Thomas Fairfax
Dismissal
Removes the existing Generals
Lieutenant
Fairfax succeeds Essex as Captain General & Cromwell becomes Lt General
Self-Denying Ordinance
Removes the existing Generals. Creates a New Model Army becoming 2nd-in-Command under Sir Thomas Fairfax. All MPs except Cromwell must relinquish military commissions within 40 days
Self-Denying Ordinance
A modified Self-Denying Ordinance is passed by the Lords
New Model Army
Fairfax becomes commander of the New Model Army created to improve Parliament's war effort.
Second-in-Command
Appointed 2nd-in-Command of the New Model Army
Lieutenant
Fairfax succeeds Essex as Captain General & Cromwell becomes Lt General
Capture of Dundee
Captures Dundee
Civil War
Captures Dundee
Siege of Dundee
Captures Dundee
Battle of Islip
Cromwell routs a detachment of Royalist horse at Islip during his raid against the king's artillery train.
Alliance Charles I and the Scots
Leaves to Royalist stronghold of Oxford to negotiate with the Scots
Mobilization
Marches out from Windsor prior to the Battle of Naseby
New Model Dragoon Regiment
Okey receives command of the New Model Army's dragoon regiment as Parliament forms its national field army.
New Model Cavalry Regiment
Whalley receives command of a cavalry regiment in the New Model Army during Parliament's military reorganisation.
New Model Army Cavalry Command
Ireton receives senior cavalry command in the New Model Army as Parliament reorganises its field forces.
New Model Army Appointment
Skippon becomes Major-General of Foot in the New Model Army and encourages experienced soldiers to enter the reorganised force.
Resignation of Edward Montagu
Anticipating the Self-denying Ordinance, Manchester resigned his command
Exile of Charles II
Sets sail for Jersey from the Scilly Isles on the Proud Black Eagle
Peace
Will disband his forces if he can live as a King & have a few friends in service. Offers peace to the Independents
Arrest of James Hamilton
Freed from captivity in St Michaels Mount by Thomas Fairfax
Arrest of Charles I
Leaves Oxford to surrender himself to the Scots at Newark
Escape of Charles I
Departs from Oxford in disguise
Result of Surrender of Charles I
Charles I enters Scottish custody, changing the political and military balance of the Civil War.
Result of Surrender of Charles I
Charles I abandons Oxford and moves toward eventual surrender to the Scots.
Surrender of Charles I
Charless supporters believe he is heading for London but he surrenders to the Scots
Surrender of Charles I
Slips out of Oxford in disguise
Alliance Charles I and the Scots
Sends Montreuil to Newark to prepare the Scots for his reception
Covenanters
The French send Montreuil to Scotland to negotiate peace with the Covenanters
Peace
The French send Montreuil to Scotland to negotiate peace with the Covenanters
Sent by Charles I to Newark to help prepare the Scots for
Sent by Charles I to Newark to help prepare the Scots for his reception
Result of Surrender of John Berkley at Exeter
The surrender at Exeter allows Fairfax to declare the western campaign effectively finished.
Surrender of John Berkley at Exeter
Surrenders at Exeter, Fairfax declares that the Western War is over
Capture of Exeter
Captures the garrison ar Exeter & Princess Henrietta becomes a prisoner of Parliament
Arrest of Princess Henrietta
Princess Henrietta is surrendered to Parliament
Result of Surrender of John Berkley and Princess Henrietta
The surrender ends Royalist resistance in the west and places Princess Henrietta in Parliamentarian hands.
Surrender of John Berkley and Princess Henrietta
John Berkley surrenders & surrenders Princes Henrietta to Parliament. John Berkley surrenders & ends the war in the west
Arrest of Princess Henrietta
Princess Henrietta is surrendered to Parliament
Birth of illegitimate son
Born in Rotterdam, eldest illegitimate son of Charles II and Lucy Walter during the royal exile after the execution of Charles I
Manifestation
Walwyn joins Lilburne, Overton and Prince in issuing a Leveller Manifestation defending their principles while under prosecution
Refusal to March from Bishopsgate
Lockyer joins soldiers at Bishopsgate who resist orders to leave London before grievances over pay and service are resolved.
Levellers
Elizabeth Lilburne helps lead Leveller women petitioners demanding the release of imprisoned Leveller leaders and asserting that women also have an interest in the liberties of the Commonwealth
Court Martial
Lockyer is condemned by court martial after the Bishopsgate mutiny and becomes a symbol of Leveller-linked military resistance.
Execution
Lockyer is executed by firing squad after the Bishopsgate mutiny, becoming a Leveller martyr
Levellers
Lockyer is executed after the Bishopsgate mutiny, becoming a Leveller martyr whose funeral draws a large London demonstration marked by sea-green ribbons and rosemary
Funeral
Lockyer's funeral becomes a large Leveller demonstration, with mourners wearing sea-green ribbons and rosemary in memory of the cause
Leveller Constitutional Campaign
Wildman remains associated with Leveller efforts to secure constitutional guarantees as conflict grows between radicals and the Commonwealth government.
Civil War
Reaches Strath Oykel waiting to be joined by the Monroes & Rosses
Battle of Carbisdale
Wounded & defeated in battle, the invasion is defeated & Montrose flees to the hilss. Wounded & defeated in battle, the invasion is defeated & Montrose flees to the hills
Battle of Strath Oykel
Defeated by a royalist cavalry led by Colonel Strachan
Invasion of Scotland
Wounded & defeated in battle, the invasion is defeated & Montrose flees to the hills
Siege of Carbisdale
Wounded & defeated in battle, the invasion is defeated & Montrose flees to the hilss
Civil War
Defeated by a royalist cavalry led by Colonel Strachan
Arrest of James Graham
Arrested & taken to Ardvreck Castle
Arrest of James Graham
Montrose is betrayed his host Neil Macleod of Assynt at Ardvreck Castle
Arrest of James Graham
Montrose is betrayed his host Neil Macleod of Assynt at Ardvreck Castle
Arrest of James Graham
Arrested at Ardvreck Castle on Loch Assynt & handed over to the Covenanters
Covenanters
Arrested at Ardvreck Castle on Loch Assynt & handed over to the Covenanters
Siege of Ardvreck
Arrested at Ardvreck Castle on Loch Assynt & handed over to the Covenanters
Invasion of Scotland
Montrose lands from the Orkneys with 1,500 in the service of Charles II
Siege of Caithness
Montrose lands from the Orkneys with 1,500 in the service of Charles II
Civil War
Arrives at Thurso with the intention of joining up with the Mackenzies in Inverness
Constitution of England
Cromwell holds a conference to discuss a new provisional Government
Provisional Government
Cromwell holds a conference to discuss a new provisional Government
Constitution of England
The Council of State is dissolved, the army is left in power
Council of State
The Council of State is dissolved, the army is left in power
Parliament
Enters the Commons & forcefully expels the Rump Parliament
Interregnum
Cromwell dissolved the Rump Parliament after denouncing its continued rule.
Treaty Negotiations
Works within Commonwealth diplomacy during the settlement with the Dutch
Treaty of Westminster
Concludes peace with the Dutch Republic, ending the First Anglo-Dutch War
Commander in Chief Scotland
Takes overall command of the English army in Scotland after the Cromwellian conquest.
Governor of Scotland
Consolidates English military government in Scotland after Royalist resistance is suppressed.
Attack on Tunis
Destroys Barbary shipping at Porto Farina and demonstrates English naval power
Failure at Hispaniola
Fails to capture Hispaniola before the expedition turns toward Jamaica
Failure at Hispaniola
Leads the land attack on Hispaniola that ends in failure
Peerage
Belasyse is created Earl Fauconberg, 1st
Constitution of England
Makes clear that Gods providence had spoken against his office of king, "I would not seek to set up that which Providence hath destroyed and laid in the dust, and I would not build Jericho again"
English Brigade Lands for Flanders Campaign
Reynolds leads an English contingent sent to reinforce French operations against Spanish positions in Flanders.
Invasion of Flanders
Sent to Flanders with an Army of about 6,000
Invasion of Flanders
Sent to Flanders as the 2nd in Command of an Army of about 6,000
Second-in-Command Joins English Flanders Force
Morgan serves as second-in-command of the English force committed to the campaign in Flanders.
Treaty of Charles II
Will support Irish Catholics & give Spain support against France after his restoration. The Spanish agree to help restore Charles II. Spain agrees to support the exiled King & his brother James. Spain agrees to open its ports to Royalist privateers & supports restoration. Charles agrees to revoke anti-Catholic laws
Death of Robert Rich
Death of Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick
Dissolution of Parliament
The 3rd Protectorate Parliament is dissolved & Cromwell later goes into exile. The Protectoral Parliament is dissolved & Cromwell later goes into exile
Dissolution of Parliament
The republicans in Parliament allied with the army forced Richard Cromwell to dissolve Parliament
Dissolution of Parliament
The republicans in Parliament allied with the army forced Richard Cromwell to dissolve Parliament
Declaration of Breda
Hyde helps shape the moderate royal policy offered in the Declaration of Breda.
Drafting Declaration of Breda
Hyde helped formulate the declaration's promises and political language.
Breda Terms
The Declaration of Breda offers terms that make restoration acceptable to Parliament and the army.
Declaration of Breda
Charles II promises pardon, religious toleration and settlement of soldiers' arrears in the Declaration of Breda.
Letter to General Monck
Charles addressed Monck directly to encourage army support for an orderly restoration.
Declaration of Breda
Charles II issues the declaration offering pardon, religious moderation, property settlement and army arrears.
Declaration of Breda
Issues the Declaration of Breda promising pardon, religious toleration and settlement of army arrears.
Army Arrears Promise
Charles promised that Parliament would arrange payment of arrears owed to the army.
Declaration of Breda Issued
Charles issued proposals designed to secure a peaceful restoration of monarchy.
General Pardon Promise
Charles promised a broad pardon while leaving Parliament to identify limited exceptions.
Liberty to Tender Consciences
Charles promised religious indulgence for peaceful differences of conscience, subject to parliamentary legislation.
Property Settlement Promise
Charles proposed that disputed property transfers should be resolved by Parliament.
Declaration of Breda
Nicholas assists the royal administration as Charles II prepares the declaration for England.
Royal Correspondence from Breda
Nicholas assisted with the letters and administrative documents accompanying the declaration.
Dispatch of Declaration
Grenville carried Charles's declaration and letters from Breda to England.
Interregnum
Charles issued the Declaration of Breda promising a parliamentary settlement and qualified clemency.
Peerage
Created Earl of Clarendon on the day of the Coronation of Charles II
Succession
Succeeds as King of England
Convention Parliament Assembly
The Convention Parliament assembles to decide the constitutional settlement and the restoration terms.
Convention Parliament Election
The Convention Parliament is elected on the traditional franchise with Lords and Commons represented.
Convention Parliament
Monck's political settlement allows a new Parliament to meet with Lords and Commons.
Election
The Convention Parliament is elected and prepares to settle the return of monarchy.
Traditional Franchise
The Convention Parliament is chosen under the traditional county and borough franchise.
Election
Opening day of Parliament after a general election which returns a monarchist majority
Parliament
Opening day of Parliament after a general election which returns a monarchist majority
Convention Parliament
Monck's pressure for a free Parliament helps make the Convention Parliament possible.
Convention Parliament
Grimston serves as Speaker when the Convention Parliament assembles to settle the return of monarchy.
Convention Parliament
Grimston is chosen Speaker as the Convention Parliament assembles to settle the Restoration.
Restoration
Charles's restoration is now certain
Scottish Advice at Breda
Maitland joined Charles's exiled court during the negotiations preceding the Restoration.
Savoy Conference
Frewen acts as nominal chairman during the Savoy Conference on church settlement.
Savoy Conference
Frewen is named among episcopal commissioners for the conference on church settlement.
Savoy Conference
Sheldon convenes the Savoy Conference to seek agreement between bishops and Presbyterian ministers.
Savoy Conference
Sheldon leads the episcopal side as the Savoy Conference opens to review church settlement.
Savoy Conference
King serves among the bishops defending the restored Church of England settlement.
Savoy Conference
Henchman participates in the episcopal delegation at the Savoy Conference.
Savoy Conference
Cosin serves among the bishops defending the restored Church of England liturgy.
Savoy Conference
Warner joins the episcopal commissioners at the Savoy Conference.
Savoy Conference
Calamy joins Presbyterian delegates seeking changes to the restored church settlement.
Savoy Conference
Baxter represents Presbyterian concerns during the Savoy Conference on church settlement.
Savoy Conference
Baxter represents Presbyterian ministers and argues for revisions to the Prayer Book.
Savoy Conference
Manton joins Presbyterian representatives pressing for changes to the Prayer Book.
Savoy Conference
Bates serves among the Presbyterian commissioners at the Savoy Conference.
Savoy Conference
Pearson assists the episcopal side during debate over the restored liturgy.
Peerage
Ashley-Cooper is created Baron Ashley in the Restoration peerage.
Coronation
James Duke of York takes part in the coronation ceremony of his brother Charles II.
Coronation
Charles II is crowned at Westminster Abbey on Saint George's Day.
Coronation
Charles II is crowned at Westminster Abbey, formalising the restored monarchy.
Coronation
Juxon crowns Charles II at Westminster Abbey during the Restoration coronation.
Coronation Regalia
New coronation regalia is prepared because the old Crown Jewels had been destroyed under the Commonwealth.
Birth of Mary II
Anne Hyde gives birth to Mary, the future Queen Mary II, at St James Palace.
Birth of Mary II
James Duke of York becomes father of Mary, later Queen Mary II.
Birth of eldest child
Mary II, eldest child of James Duke of York and Anne Hyde, is born at St James Palace.
Marriage
Marries Anne Scott, wealthy heiress and Countess of Buccleuch.
Marriage
Marries James Scott and brings the Buccleuch inheritance into the new ducal settlement.
Duke of Buccleuch
Created Duke of Buccleuch and Earl of Dalkeith in the Scottish peerage.
Fellow of the Royal Society
Evelyn is elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.
Second Royal Society Charter
Wren is associated with the early Royal Society as its formal status is confirmed.
Second Royal Society Charter
Wilkins is among the early fellows as the Royal Society receives its second charter.
Second Royal Society Charter
Issues a second charter to the Royal Society, naming the king as founder and patron.
Second Royal Society Charter
Boyle is among the fellows active as the Royal Society secures its chartered status.
Second Royal Society Charter
Hooke works as curator of experiments during the Society's early chartered years.
Second Royal Society Charter
Brouncker serves as president as the Royal Society receives its second charter.
Triennial Parliaments Act
Ashley-Cooper participates in government as Parliament reshapes the rules for future sessions.
Repeal of Triennial Act
Repeals the 1641 Triennial Act while replacing it with a weaker parliamentary-meeting requirement.
Triennial Parliaments Act
Gives assent to the Triennial Parliaments Act requiring Parliament at least once every three years.
Triennial Parliaments Act
Presides over the Commons during the Parliament that passes the Triennial Parliaments Act.
Birth of James Butler
Birth of James Butler, later 2nd Duke of Ormond.
Child of State
The States of Holland declare William III of Orange a Child of State and place his political education under closer public supervision.
Peerage
Created 7th Earl of Worcester
Civil Ordinance
Issues the civil ordinance known as the Code Louis.
Sweden Joins Triple Alliance
Sweden joins England and the Dutch Republic in the Triple Alliance against French expansion.
Sweden Joins Triple Alliance
Sweden joins England and the Dutch Republic in the Triple Alliance against French expansion.
Burial
Buried in Westminster Abbey after a state funeral honouring his role in the Restoration.
Reballion of Rebels in River Don
The peasant leader, Razin, is captured by the Cossacks on the Don
Reballion of Rebels in River Don
The peasant leader, Razin, is captured by the Cossacks on the Don
Reballion of Rebels in River Don
The peasant leader, Razin, is captured by the Cossacks on the Don
Reballion of Rebels in River Don
The peasant leader, Razin, is captured by the Cossacks on the Don
Franco-Dutch War
Begins war against the Dutch Republic.
Treaty of Stockholm with France
Sweden concludes a subsidy alliance with Louis XIV's France.
Treaty of Stockholm with France
Sweden concludes a subsidy alliance with Louis XIV's France.
Privy Council
Appointed Privy Counsellor
Privy Council
Appointed Privy Counsellor
Peerage
Created Earl Arlington, 1st
Colonel in French Service
Receives a French commission as colonel of an English regiment.
Hereditary Stadtholder of Utrecht
William III of Orange gains hereditary recognition of the stadtholdership in Utrecht.
Battle of Augusta
Injutred during an incoclusive Battle against Duquesne off the Gulf of Augusta
Reform of Royal Succession
Chalrles attempts to prevent the passing of the Exclusion Bill. Agrees Catholic Sovereigns will lose control of Church & Government appointments
Death of Shivaji
Shivaji dies at Raigad after building a durable Maratha kingdom with fortified inland and coastal defenses.
Pregnancy
Annes 1st pregnancy ends in a miscarriage
Reform of Parliament
Fails to persuade Parliament to repeal the 1673 Test Act
Coronation
Crowned alongside Mary of Modena, using Anglican rights in Westminster Abbey
Declaration of Indulgence
Issues the Declaration of Indulgence, grants toleration to Catholics & non-conformists. By allying himself with the Catholics, Dissenters, and nonconformists, James hoped to build a coalition that would advance Catholic emancipation. Abandoning the Tories, James looked to form a King's party as a counterweight to the Anglican Tories, so in 1687 James supported the policy of religious toleration and issued the Declaration of Indulgence
Legislation
Fails to persuade Parliament to repeal the 1673 Test Act
Reform of Parliament
Fails to persuade Parliament to repeal the 1673 Test Act
Death of George Villiers
Death of George Villiers
Elector of Brandenburg
Succeeds as Elector Frederick III of Brandenburg before becoming King in Prussia.
Succession
Becomes Elector Frederick III of Brandenburg and Duke in Prussia.
Pregnancy
Anne miscarries, 4th time
Succession
James II has a son, Anne had no living heirs & a Catholic succession is probable
Mutiny Act
Accepts Parliament's annual control over military discipline through the Mutiny Act
Mutiny Act
Shares in the new constitutional settlement limiting standing-army authority
Succession
Acknowledged King by an Irish Parliament
Succession
Succeeds as King of England
Earl of Marlborough
Created Earl of Marlborough by William III.
Peerage
Created Earl of Marlborough by William III
Coronation Oath
Swears the coronation oath under the Revolution settlement
Revised Coronation Oath
At his coronation, William III of Orange swears the revised oath to govern according to statutes agreed in Parliament.
Legislation
The Scottish Estates pass the Claim of Right making Anne succeeed William & Mary
Coronation Oath
Swears the coronation oath jointly with William III
Coronation
Crowned jointly with Mary II at Westminster Abbey
Coronation
William III of Orange and Mary II are crowned jointly at Westminster Abbey as King and Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland.
Claim of Right
The Scottish Estates pass the Claim of Right making Anne succeeed William & Mary
Succession
The Scottish Estates pass the Claim of Right making Anne succeeed William & Mary
Succession
Succeeds as Queen of Scots (as Mary II of Scotland)
Coronation
Crowned jointly with William III at Westminster Abbey
Refusal to Crown William and Mary
Refuses to recognize the removal of James II and does not crown William and Mary
Coronation of William and Mary
Performs the coronation of William III and Mary II after William Sancroft refuses
Scottish Crown Offer
Presides over the convention that offers the Scottish crown to William and Mary
Forfeiture of the Crown
The Scottish Claim of Right declares that he forfeited the crown
Claim of Right Succession
Recognized in the Scottish succession after the heirs of William and Mary
Introduction to House of Lords
Is formally introduced into the House of Lords four days after becoming Earl of Marlborough.
Death of Aphra Behn
Dies and is buried in Westminster Abbey
Siege of Londonderry
His forces begin the main siege of Londonderry
Invasion of Ireland
James II arrives at Dublin
Invasion of Ireland
James II lands at Kinsale
Capture of Nice
Catinat's campaign secures Nice after the citadel capitulates, extending French control along the Savoyard coast.
Capture of Mons
Louis XIV receives the successful conclusion of the siege as the Mons garrison marches out under agreed terms.
Attempt to Relieve Mons
William III of Orange campaigns with the Allied army as Louis XIV captures Mons during the Nine Years' War.
Small Tithes Conference
Is appointed to manage a conference on legislation intended to simplify recovery of small tithes.
Death of Mary II
Dies of smallpox at Kensington Palace
Bank of England Legislation
William III of Orange gives assent to the legislation that creates the Bank of England as part of the wartime financial system.
Cooke Inquiry Joint Committee
Is elected to the joint parliamentary committee investigating Sir Thomas Cooke and East India Company affairs.
Accession
Succeeds Charles XI as king of Sweden while still a teenager.
Death of Charles XI
Charles dies at Stockholm Palace after suffering from stomach cancer.
Death of Charles XI
Charles dies at Stockholm Palace after suffering from stomach cancer.
Stock-Jobbers Bill Protest
Protests after the Lords reject an amendment intended to prevent stock-jobbing legislation from operating retrospectively.
Birth of George Anson
Birth of George Anson
Billingsgate Market Committee
Is appointed to help prepare the Lords' reasons for insisting on their amendment to the Billingsgate Market bill.
Invasion of Holstein-Gottorp
Frederick IV invades Holstein-Gottorp, Sweden's ally, at the opening of the Great Northern War.
Alliance with Savoy
Louis concludes an alliance linking Savoy to the Bourbon war effort.
Bourbon Alliance
Victor Amadeus joins the Franco-Spanish alliance and promises military support.
Coronation
Anne is crowned at Westminster Abbey while suffering from gout.
Battle of Pultusk
Charles XII defeats a joint Polish-Saxon Army
Opening of 1703 Campaign
Marlborough begins his second campaign in the Low Countries.
Black Forest March
Villars marches eastward to join the Bavarian army.
Siege Engineering at Bonn
Coehoorn directs important siege works against Bonn.
Battle of Calcinato
Vendome wins a sharp victory over an Imperial force near Calcinato in Lombardy.
Battle of Almansa
Is defeated by Bourbon forces at Almansa.
Battle of Almansa
Berwick commands Bourbon forces in the decisive victory at Almansa.
Battle of Almansa
The Duke of Berwick commands Bourbon forces in the decisive victory over the Grand Alliance near Almansa.
Battle of Almansa
Bourbon forces win a major victory at Almansa during the Spanish campaign.
Occupation of Valencia
After the victory at Almansa, Bourbon authority is strengthened in Valencia.
Battle of Almanza
A Bourbon victory
Meeting with Charles XII
Meets Charles XII of Sweden at Altranstadt to assess Swedish intentions and reduce the risk of intervention against the Grand Alliance.
Siege of Douai
The Allied army invests Douai, beginning a siege that ends with the town's surrender in June.
Douai Siege Presses French Frontier
Marlborough supports the siege of Douai as the Allies continue reducing the French defensive barrier.
Holy Roman Emperor
Succeeds as Holy Roman Emperor
Succession
Succeeds as Holy Roman Emperor
Rule of Milan
Austria gains Milan in the Italian settlement linked to Utrecht.
Rule of Naples
Austria gains Naples under the wider peace settlement.
Rule of Naples
Under the Treaty of Utrecht Naples is assigned to Austria.
Rule of Reggio
Under the Treaty of Utrecht Reggio is assigned to Austria.
Rule of Sardinia
Austria receives Sardinia in the postwar settlement.
Rule of Spanish Netherlands
Austria is positioned to receive the former Spanish Netherlands.
Treaty of Utrecht
Austria gains Milan in the Italian settlement linked to Utrecht.
Treaty of Utrecht
Austria gains Naples under the wider peace settlement.
Treaty of Utrecht
Under the Treaty of Utrecht Naples is assigned to Austria.
Treaty of Utrecht
Under the Treaty of Utrecht Reggio is assigned to Austria.
Treaty of Utrecht
Austria receives Sardinia in the postwar settlement.
Treaty of Utrecht
Austria is positioned to receive the former Spanish Netherlands.
Treaty of Utrecht
Does not accept the Utrecht settlement and continues the war until Rastatt.
Treaty of Utrecht
Naples and Reggio are assigned to Austria in the Utrecht settlement.
Utrecht Settlement
Backs the ministry's peace settlement with France and Spain.
Asiento Contract
Gains the asiento trading privilege in the peace settlement.
Gibraltar Settlement
Secures Spanish cession of Gibraltar to Britain.
Minorca Settlement
Secures Spanish cession of Minorca to Britain.
Atlantic Losses
France loses important North American claims to Great Britain.
Balance of Power
France accepts limits intended to preserve the European balance of power.
Commercial Treaty
France agrees commercial arrangements with Great Britain during the settlement.
French Shore Rights
Retains limited fishing rights on the Newfoundland coast.
Guiana Boundary
France accepts limits on claims near Portuguese Brazil.
Hanoverian Succession
Recognises the Protestant succession in Great Britain.
Jacobite Exile
Agrees not to support James Francis Edward Stewart against Britain.
Loss of Saint Kitts
Cedes French claims on Saint Kitts to Great Britain.
Renunciation of Spain
French princes renounce claims that could unite France and Spain.
Rule of Acadia
Cedes mainland Acadia to Great Britain under the treaty.
Rule of Hudson Bay
Recognises British claims to Hudson Bay territory.
Rule of Newfoundland
Cedes Newfoundland claims while retaining limited French fishing rights.
Treaty of Utrecht
Cedes mainland Acadia to Great Britain under the treaty.
Treaty of Utrecht
Agrees not to support James Francis Edward Stewart against Britain.
Treaty of Utrecht
France accepts limits on claims near Portuguese Brazil.
Treaty of Utrecht
Recognises British claims to Hudson Bay territory.
Treaty of Utrecht
Cedes Newfoundland claims while retaining limited French fishing rights.
Treaty of Utrecht
Retains limited fishing rights on the Newfoundland coast.
Treaty of Utrecht
Cedes French claims on Saint Kitts to Great Britain.
Treaty of Utrecht
Accepts peace while Philip V keeps Spain.
Treaty of Utrecht
Accepts peace with Great Britain while preserving Philip V's Spanish crown.
Treaty of Utrecht
France accepts limits intended to preserve the European balance of power.
Treaty of Utrecht
France agrees commercial arrangements with Great Britain during the settlement.
Treaty of Utrecht
France loses important North American claims to Great Britain.
Treaty of Utrecht
France reaches peace terms at Utrecht while Philip V keeps the Spanish crown.
Treaty of Utrecht
French princes renounce claims that could unite France and Spain.
Treaty of Utrecht
Philip V renounces his claim to the French throne and France renounces union with Spain.
Treaty of Utrecht
Recognises the Protestant succession in Great Britain.
Treaty Negotiations
Conducts French diplomacy during the Utrecht peace settlement.
Treaty of Utrecht
Conducts French diplomacy during the Utrecht peace settlement.
Royal Title Recognised
Prussia receives recognition of its royal title in the Utrecht settlement.
Royal Title Recognised
Prussia's royal title is recognised in the Utrecht settlement.
Rule of Neuchatel
Prussian claims to Neuchatel receive international recognition.
Rule of Upper Guelders
Prussia receives part of Upper Guelders after the peace settlement.
Treaty of Utrecht
Prussian claims to Neuchatel receive international recognition.
Treaty of Utrecht
Prussia receives part of Upper Guelders after the peace settlement.
Treaty of Utrecht
Prussia receives recognition of its royal title in the Utrecht settlement.
Treaty of Utrecht
Prussia's royal title is recognised in the Utrecht settlement.
Treaty Ratification
Supports the ministry during the final peace settlement.
Treaty of Utrecht
Supports the ministry during the final peace settlement.
Treaty of Utrecht
The Treaty of Utrecht ends Britain's participation in the War of the Spanish Succession while Marlborough remains abroad.
Treaty Policy
Backs the Tory ministry's decision to settle peace at Utrecht.
Treaty of Utrecht
Backs the Tory ministry's decision to settle peace at Utrecht.
Succession Recognised
The settlement recognises the Hanoverian succession before his accession.
Treaty of Utrecht
The settlement recognises the Hanoverian succession before his accession.
Atlantic Empire
Acadia Newfoundland and Hudson Bay expand Britain's Atlantic empire.
Balance of Power
The settlement prevents union of the French and Spanish crowns.
Commercial Treaty
Britain secures commercial advantages alongside the peace treaty.
Hanoverian Succession
France recognises the Protestant succession established in Britain.
Rule of Acadia
Gains French recognition of British control in Acadia.
Rule of Acadia
Under the Treaty of Utrecht France cedes Acadia to Great Britain.
Rule of Hudson Bay
Gains French recognition of British claims around Hudson Bay.
Rule of Hudson Bay
Under the Treaty of Utrecht France cedes Hudson Bay claims to Great Britain.
Rule of Newfoundland
Receives French recognition of British sovereignty over Newfoundland.
Rule of Newfoundland
Under the Treaty of Utrecht France recognises British sovereignty over Newfoundland.
Rule of Saint Kitts
Britain gains sole possession of Saint Kitts in the Caribbean.
Treaty of Utrecht
Gains French recognition of British control in Acadia.
Treaty of Utrecht
Under the Treaty of Utrecht France cedes Acadia to Great Britain.
Treaty of Utrecht
Gains French recognition of British claims around Hudson Bay.
Treaty of Utrecht
Under the Treaty of Utrecht France cedes Hudson Bay claims to Great Britain.
Treaty of Utrecht
Receives French recognition of British sovereignty over Newfoundland.
Treaty of Utrecht
Under the Treaty of Utrecht France recognises British sovereignty over Newfoundland.
Treaty of Utrecht
Britain gains sole possession of Saint Kitts in the Caribbean.
Treaty of Utrecht
Acadia Newfoundland and Hudson Bay expand Britain's Atlantic empire.
Treaty of Utrecht
Britain secures commercial advantages alongside the peace treaty.
Treaty of Utrecht
France recognises the Hanoverian succession and accepts British gains in North America.
Treaty of Utrecht
France recognises the Protestant succession established in Britain.
Treaty of Utrecht
The settlement prevents union of the French and Spanish crowns.
Treaty of Utrecht
Concludes peace terms ending Britain's role in the war.
Treaty of Utrecht
Concludes the British peace with France and helps end Britain's part in the war.
Treaty Negotiations
Helps negotiate the British settlement with France and Spain.
Treaty of Utrecht
Bolingbroke helps negotiate the peace settlement ending Britain's part in the war.
Treaty of Utrecht
Helps negotiate the British peace settlement at Utrecht.
Treaty of Utrecht
Helps negotiate the British settlement with France and Spain.
Royal Title
The Duke of Savoy gains recognition as King of Sicily.
Rule of Sicily
Receives Sicily and a royal title through the settlement.
Treaty of Utrecht
Receives Sicily and a royal title through the settlement.
Loss of Sicily
The Papal States loses suzerainty claims as Sicily passes to Savoy.
Treaty of Utrecht
The Papal States loses suzerainty claims as Sicily passes to Savoy.
Dutch Barrier
Dutch diplomacy seeks barrier fortresses against future French expansion.
Treaty of Utrecht
Dutch diplomacy seeks barrier fortresses against future French expansion.
Treaty of Utrecht
Helps secure Dutch participation in the peace settlement.
Barrier Settlement
The Dutch Republic receives security guarantees in the southern Netherlands.
Treaty of Utrecht
The Dutch Republic receives security guarantees in the southern Netherlands.
Amazon Boundary
Portugal strengthens its Amazon frontier claims in the settlement with France.
Brazil Frontier
Portuguese claims in northern Brazil are strengthened against French Guiana.
Treaty of Utrecht
Portugal strengthens its Amazon frontier claims in the settlement with France.
Treaty of Utrecht
Portuguese claims in northern Brazil are strengthened against French Guiana.
Treaty of Utrecht
Portugal reaches peace with France during the Utrecht settlement.
Treaty with France
Portugal reaches peace with France during the Utrecht settlement.
Jacobite Claim
French recognition of the Protestant succession weakens his claim.
Jacobite Claim
James refuses to renounce Catholicism and remains excluded from the British crown.
Succession
Under the Treaty of Utrecht Louis XIV recognises the Protestant succession.
Treaty of Utrecht
French recognition of the Protestant succession weakens his claim.
Treaty of Utrecht
James refuses to renounce Catholicism and remains excluded from the British crown.
Treaty of Utrecht
Under the Treaty of Utrecht Louis XIV recognises the Protestant succession.
Loss of Milan
Spain loses Milan as part of the European settlement.
Loss of Naples
Spain loses Naples to Austria under the peace settlement.
Loss of Sardinia
Spain loses Sardinia in the postwar territorial settlement.
Loss of Spanish Netherlands
Spain loses the Spanish Netherlands to Austrian Habsburg authority.
Treaty of Utrecht
Spain loses Milan as part of the European settlement.
Treaty of Utrecht
Spain loses Naples to Austria under the peace settlement.
Treaty of Utrecht
Spain loses Sardinia in the postwar territorial settlement.
Treaty of Utrecht
Spain loses the Spanish Netherlands to Austrian Habsburg authority.
Sanction-Pragmatic
The succession will go to Charles daughters starting with Maria Theresa. Issues the Pragmatic Sanction because he does not have a male heir
Succession
The succession will go to Charles daughters starting with Maria Theresa. Issues the Pragmatic Sanction because he does not have a male heir
Austrian Netherlands
Bruges passes into the Austrian Netherlands after the peace settlement.
Rejects Utrecht Terms
Does not accept all Utrecht terms before later settlements at Rastatt and Baden.
Treaty of Utrecht
Does not accept all Utrecht terms before later settlements at Rastatt and Baden.
Peace Negotiation
Acts for French interests during the Utrecht negotiations.
Treaty of Utrecht
Acts for French interests during the Utrecht negotiations.
Treaty Negotiation
Represents British interests in negotiations at Utrecht.
Treaty of Utrecht
Represents British interests in negotiations at Utrecht.
Opposition to Peace
From continental exile, Marlborough and his allies oppose peace terms they believe abandon Allied gains.
Peace Policy
Bolingbroke defends the peace settlement against Whig criticism.
Treaty of Utrecht
Bolingbroke defends the peace settlement against Whig criticism.
Battle of Fehmarn
Wachtmeister commands the Swedish squadron defeated by the Danish fleet at Fehmarn.
Reform of Parliament
Extends the life of Parliament to 7 years
Resignation of Robert Walpole
Resigns over the dimissal of Charles Townshend
Reform of Currency
A Council decree proclaims bank-notes will not be subject to devaluation
1st Prime Minister
Britains 1st Prime Minister
Constitution of Great Britain
Britains 1st Prime Minister
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 1st term
Birth of William Augustus
Birth of William Augustus, 2nd surviving son of George II & Caroline of Ansbach
Archbishop
Appointed Archbishop of Bologna
Reform of Taxation
Drops scheme to impose internal tax rather than duties on tobacco & wine. Attempts to tackle smuggling
Maiden Speech
Pitt delivers his maiden speech in the Commons on the congratulatory address to George II on the marriage of his son Frederick, Prince of Wales. Pitt pays his compliments
Austrian Cavalry Attack
Neippergโs cavalry initially broke the Prussian right wing but could not overcome the disciplined Prussian infantry.
Battle of Mollwitz
Neippergs Austrian army is defeated by the Prussians under Frederick the Great
Battle of Mollwitz
The Battle of Mollwitz turns the Silesian campaign ino the War of Austrian Succession. Marshal Neipperg is defeated by the Prussian Generals
Command at Mollwitz
Schwerin retained control of the Prussian infantry and completed the victory after Frederick left the battlefield.
Battle of Mollwitz
Marshal Neipperg is defeated by Marshal Schwerin after Frederick fled the field
Battle of Mollwitz
The Austrians are defeated in their attempt to recapture Silesia
Departure from Mollwitz
Frederick left Mollwitz when defeat seemed likely, before Schwerinโs infantry secured a Prussian victory.
Battle of Mollwitz
Marshal Neipperg is defeated by Marshal Schwerin after Frederick fled the field
Assault on Fort San Lazaro
Wentworthโs troops failed in a costly assault against Fort San Lazaro outside Cartagena.
Fort San Lazaro
De Lezo reinforced the Spanish defence that defeated the British assault on Fort San Lazaro.
Bombardment of Cartagena
Knowles participated in naval operations and bombardments against Cartagenaโs defensive works.
Wounding of Blas de Lezo
De Lezo suffered further wounds during the defence and died later in the year after the British withdrawal.
Death of James Douglas
Death of James Douglas
Messiah
The premiere performance of the Messiah in Dublin
Birth of Thomas Jefferson
Birth of Thomas Jefferson
Birth of Edmund Cartwright
Birth of Edmund Cartwright
Treaty of Fussen
The Treaty was signed by Joseph Furst zu Furstenberg of Bavaria and Rudolf Graf von Colloredo of Austria
Battle of Pfaffenhofen
Maximilian III Joseph signs a preliminary peace with Austria continued after defeat in the Battle of Pfaffenhofen
Treaty of Fussen
The Treaty was signed by Joseph Furst zu Furstenberg of Bavaria and Rudolf Graf von Colloredo of Austria
Pragmatic Sanction, The
Under the Treaty of Fussen Maximilian abandons his father's claim to Bohemia and recognizes the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713
Rule of Bohemia
Under the Treaty of Fussen Maximilian abandons his father's claim to Bohemia and recognizes the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713
Treaty of Fussen
Under the Treaty of Fussen Bavaria pulls out of the War of Austrian Succession on the side of France against Austria
Treaty of Fussen
Under the Treaty of Fussen Maximilian abandons his father's claim to Bohemia and recognizes the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713
Holy Roman Emperor
Under the Treaty of Fussen Austria did not demand any reparations and recognized the legitimacy of Charles VII's election as Holy Roman Emperor. Maximilian III promised to support the imperial candidacy of Maria Theresa's husband, Francis Stephen of Lorraine, and to influence the votes of the Electorate of the Palatinate and the Electorate of Cologne, both ruled by the Wittelsbach
Succession
Under the Treaty of Fussen Austria did not demand any reparations and recognized the legitimacy of Charles VII's election as Holy Roman Emperor. Maximilian III promised to support the imperial candidacy of Maria Theresa's husband, Francis Stephen of Lorraine, and to influence the votes of the Electorate of the Palatinate and the Electorate of Cologne, both ruled by the Wittelsbach
Treaty of Fussen
Under the Treaty of Fussen Austria did not demand any reparations and recognized the legitimacy of Charles VII's election as Holy Roman Emperor. Maximilian III promised to support the imperial candidacy of Maria Theresa's husband, Francis Stephen of Lorraine, and to influence the votes of the Electorate of the Palatinate and the Electorate of Cologne, both ruled by the Wittelsbach
Rule of Bavaria
Under the Treaty of Fussen Austria recognizes the legitimacy of Charles VII's election as Holy Roman Emperor
Rule of Bavaria
Under the Treaty of Fussen Austria restores all Bavaria's lost land
Treaty of Fussen
Peace between Austria & Bavaria
Treaty of Fussen
Renounces the Austrian crown & promises his vote to Francis Stephen. Peace between Austria & Bavaria. Austria restores all Bavaria's lost land
Treaty of Fussen
Under the Treaty of Fussen Bavaria pulls out of the War of Austrian Succession on the side of France against Austria
Rule of Bavaria
Under the Treaty of Fussen Austria recognizes the legitimacy of Charles VII's election as Holy Roman Emperor
Rule of Bavaria
Under the Treaty of Fussen Maximilian III promises to support the imperial candidacy of Maria Theresa's husband and future Habsburgs, Francis Stephen of Lorraine, and to influence the votes of the Electorate of the Palatinate and the Electorate of Cologne
Battle of Littleferry
The Jacobites are defeated at the Battle of Littleferry
Battle of Culloden Moor
Cut down by the English dragoons and killed on the spot
Battle of Culloden Moor
Present at the Battle of Culloden
Battle of Culloden Moor
The last land Battle in Britain. In 40 minutes 20% of the 5,000 Highland army is killed, Cumberland loses 50 from 9,000. Charles & Murray attempt to surprise Cumberland but the Stuarts are defeated
Battle of Culloden Moor
In 40 minutes 20% of the 5,000 Highland army is killed, Cumberland loses 50 from 9,000. Ends the Stuart efforts to regain the British throne, the last land Battle in Britain
Battle of Culloden Moor
The Hanoverian victory at Culloden halted the Jacobite intent to overthrow the House of Hanover and restore the House of Stuart to the British throne; Charles Stuart never again tried to challenge Hanoverian power in Great Britain.
Battle of Culloden Moor
The Jacobite forces of Charles Edward Stuart are decisively defeated by Hanoverian forces commanded by William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland.
Battle of Culloden Moor
The conflict was the last pitched battle fought on British soil.
Battle of Culloden Moor
The final confrontation of the Jacobite rising of 1745.
Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle
A congress assembles at the Free Imperial City of Aachen, called Aix-la-Chapelle, in the west of the Holy Roman Empire
A Dictionary of the English Language
Publication of "English Dictionary"
Dismissal
Pitt is dismissed from office on account of his opposition to the continental policy and the circumstances surrounding the court-martial and execution of Admiral John Byng
Succession
Mirza Mohammad Siraj succeeds Ali Vardi Khan as the Nawab of Bengal at the age of 23, and took the name Siraj-Ud-Daulah
Invasion of Bohemia
Leads the left group of Frederick the Greats invasion of Bohemia
Invasion of Bohemia
Lanches an invasion of Bohemia with a force of 175,000 troops
Invasion of Germany
The French, who were allied with Austria, Russia, Sweden and Saxony, invaded Germany with two armies, altogether about 100,000 soldiers
Capture of Schweidnitz
Prussia captures Schweidnitz
Battle of Bengal
Takes part in the Battle of Bengal
Capture of Saint-Louis
British forces capture the ill-defended fort of Saint-Louis in Senegal
Invasion of West Africa
British forces capture the ill-defended fort of Saint-Louis in Senegal
Death of George Frederick Handel
Death of George Frederick Handel
Capture of Belle Ile
Pitt's plan for an expedition to capture Belle Ile is put into force and it is captured after a siege
Siege of Belle Ile
Pitt's plan for an expedition to capture Belle Ile is put into force and it is captured after a siege
Resignation of John Stewart
Resigns over the unpopular cider tax
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain
First Lord of the Treasury
Appointed First Lord of the Treasury
Birth of Daniel Murray
Daniel Murray is born near Arklow in County Wicklow and later becomes one of the leading Catholic churchmen in nineteenth-century Dublin.
Birth of Marc Isambard Brunel
Marc Isambard Brunel is born at Hacqueville in Normandy to Jean Charles Brunel and Marie-Victoire Lefebvre.
Birth of William Wordsworth
Birth of William Wordsworth
Birth of George Canning
Birth of George Canning
Birth of Edward Codrington
Birth of Edward Codrington
Battle of Lexington
Sends soldiers to capture a military store, they are intercepted by "minute men"
Battle of Lexington
The first shots of the American war of Independence are fired
Battle of Lexington
The Comm of Public Safety sends Revere & Dawes to warn Hancock & Adams of danger
Battle of Lexington
The Comm of Public Safety sends Revere & Dawes to warn Hancock & Adams of danger
Battle of Lexington
The Comm of Public Safety sends Revere & Dawes to warn Hancock & Adams of danger
Battle of Lexington
Paul Revere supposedly rouses them about midnight before the British troops arrive at dawn for the Battle of Lexington and Concord. Hancock and Samuel Adams slip away from Boston to elude capture, staying in the Hancock-Clarke House in Lexington. Following the battle a proclamation is issued granting a general pardon to all who would demonstrate loyalty to the crown-with the exceptions of Hancock and Adams
Siege of Concord
Gage decides to send a 800-man force on a march to Concord to seize arms, gunpowder, cannons, and provisions from the provincials
Minutemen
Gage underestimates the Minutemen, Paul Revere spreads the news that "the regulars are coming," but as captured before completing his mission when the British march towards the arsenal in Lexington and Concord to collect the patriots weapons
Siege of Concord
Gage underestimates the Minutemen, Paul Revere spreads the news that "the regulars are coming," but as captured before completing his mission when the British march towards the arsenal in Lexington and Concord to collect the patriots weapons
Siege of Lexington
Gage underestimates the Minutemen, Paul Revere spreads the news that "the regulars are coming," but as captured before completing his mission when the British march towards the arsenal in Lexington and Concord to collect the patriots weapons
Minutemen
Gage underestimates the Minutemen, Paul Revere spreads the news that "the regulars are coming," but as captured before completing his mission when the British march towards the arsenal in Lexington and Concord to collect the patriots weapons
Siege of Concord
Gage underestimates the Minutemen, Paul Revere spreads the news that "the regulars are coming," but as captured before completing his mission when the British march towards the arsenal in Lexington and Concord to collect the patriots weapons
Siege of Lexington
Gage underestimates the Minutemen, Paul Revere spreads the news that "the regulars are coming," but as captured before completing his mission when the British march towards the arsenal in Lexington and Concord to collect the patriots weapons
Midnight Ride
Dispatches William Dawes and Paul Revere to warn Patriot leaders of the British march.
Boston Neck
Leaves Boston by the land route through Boston Neck to avoid British attention.
Cambridge Route
Rides through Roxbury and Cambridge on the way to Lexington.
Concord Road
Leaves Lexington with Revere and Samuel Prescott to continue the warning toward Concord.
Hancock-Clarke House
Reaches Lexington and warns John Hancock and Samuel Adams of danger.
Midnight Ride
Joseph Warren sends William Dawes and Paul Revere to warn John Hancock and Samuel Adams of the British march.
Battle of Lexington
Uses troops to seize military stores & precipitates the Battle of Lexington
Battle of Lexington
Commands the Minutemen
Battle of Concord
His warning forms part of the alert network before fighting at Concord.
Battle of Lexington
His warning helps Patriot leaders and militia prepare before fighting begins at Lexington.
Escape
Avoids capture after British patrols interrupt the riders beyond Lexington.
Il re pastore
Il re pastore is performed in Salzburg.
Famine
Famine in Paris, April-May
Sargeant
Appointed Sargeant
Lieutenant Examination
Passes his examination for lieutenant in the Royal Navy.
Battle of Porto Praya
Defeated by the Dutch on his way to attack the Dutch colony of Cape of Good Hope
Battle of Saints
Loses control of the Caribbean to the British
Battle of Saints
Final sea Battle of the War of American Independence fought between the British West Indies fleet commanded by Admiral Rodney
Battle of Saints
Introduces the tactic of breaking the line, this Rodney did against de Grasse as the two fleets passed on opposing courses and the French line was forced into more open order by a change of wind.
Battle of Saints
Rodney's flagship, Formidable has 98 guns. Restores control of Caribbean by defeating a French fleet under de Grasse off Dominica.
Battle of Saints
with 36 ships of the line and his French counterpart Vice Admiral the Comte de Grasse with 30 ships of the line. Captures 7 ships
Battle of Saints
Rear-Admiral Sir Samuel Hoods flagship Barfleur, 98 guns. Hood is made an Irish peer for his role in the victory at the Battle of the Saintes
Peace
American-British Peace talks begin when Benjamin Franklin meets Richard Oswald
Capture of Great Britain
Captures the French ship of the line, Pegase
Reform of State Symbols
Congress adopts the Great Seal of the United States
Foreign Secretary of England
Appointed Foreign Secretary
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary
Resignation of William Petty
Censured over the Treaty of Versailles with America
Peace
Congress formally proclaims end to War against Britain
Quartermaster
Appointed Quartermaster
Capture of Mississippi
Britain relinquishes all land east of the Mississippi
Constitution of Great Britain
Acknowledges the exclusive right of the Irish Parliament to legislate for Ireland
Foreign Secretary of England
Appointed Foreign Secretary, 2nd term
Election
Returned as Member of Parliament for Yorkshire at the age of twenty-four
Invention of Power Loom
Patents his invention, the Power Loom
Patent
Patents his invention, the Power Loom
Dismissal
Dismissed due to failure of finance reforms
Brienne enters central reform debate
Brienne emerged as an alternative figure in the search for solutions to royal insolvency. The consequences of calonne's reform programme loses confidence reached well beyond the palace and its neighbouring legislative chambers.
Calonne loses office after tax dispute
Calonne's plan for broadening the tax burden failed to win support from the notables. This development concerning calonne's reform programme loses confidence exposed the limits of the old regime's political arrangements.
Louis XVI dismisses Calonne
The king removed his finance minister when elite resistance made the proposed fiscal rescue politically untenable. The calonne's reform programme loses confidence made Versailles a focal point in the struggle over royal and representative authority.
Dismissal of Calonne
Louis XVI dismissed Charles Alexandre de Calonne after opposition to the comptroller-general's proposed fiscal reforms intensified.
Talleyrand enters Estates General for clergy
The Bishop of Autun brought administrative experience and a reformist outlook to the clerical delegation. The talleyrand elected clergy deputy formed part of the transition from estate-based consultation toward claims of national sovereignty.
King summons divided First Estate representation
The clergy assembled at Versailles with internal disagreements about privilege, voting and social policy. The consequences of talleyrand elected clergy deputy helped redefine the place of the three orders in French public life.
Gregoire represents reform-minded parish clergy
Grรฉgoire's participation highlighted differences between ordinary parish priests and senior church dignitaries. The debate over talleyrand elected clergy deputy demonstrated why electoral rules and parliamentary procedure mattered to constitutional reform.
Election as Clergy Deputy
Talleyrand was elected as a clergy deputy for Autun to the Estates General.
Lieutenant
Appointed Commander of a detachment of his regiment
Lieutenant
Placed in charge of a detachment in Seure
Election to Estates General
Bertrand Barere was elected to the Estates General as a Third Estate deputy for Bigorre.
Barnave joins cohort of elected reformers
Barnave's parallel election helped bring articulate provincial lawyers into the constitutional movement. The debate over barere elected third estate deputy demonstrated why electoral rules and parliamentary procedure mattered to constitutional reform.
Barere gains parliamentary mandate from Bigorre
Barรจre entered the national assembly process as a commoner representative from southwestern France. The barere elected third estate deputy formed part of the transition from estate-based consultation toward claims of national sovereignty.
Mounier contributes provincial constitutional agenda
Mounier carried experience from the Dauphinรฉ reform movement into the gathering of national deputies. The consequences of barere elected third estate deputy helped redefine the place of the three orders in French public life.
Gregoire joins reformist clerical representation
Grรฉgoire's own election reflected a strand of the clergy prepared to challenge inherited privilege. The debate over robespierre elected to estates general demonstrated why electoral rules and parliamentary procedure mattered to constitutional reform.
Election for Artois
Artois electors sent Robespierre to the Estates General as one of their Third Estate representatives.
Robespierre becomes deputy from Artois
Robespierre's election enabled the Arras lawyer to argue for reform within a national legislature. The robespierre elected to estates general formed part of the transition from estate-based consultation toward claims of national sovereignty.
Sieyes's reform ideas gain new parliamentary allies
The election of reformers such as Robespierre strengthened the prospects for constitutional change. The consequences of robespierre elected to estates general helped redefine the place of the three orders in French public life.
Inauguration
Takes the oath of office on the balcony of Frederick Hall, New York
Popular Sovereignty
Petion and other members debate constitutional monarchy representation and popular sovereignty within the club
Popular Sovereignty
Petion and other members debate constitutional monarchy representation and popular sovereignty within the club.
Lieutenant
Appointed Premier Lieutenant
Death of Honore Gabriel Mirabeau
Dies in Paris, weakening moderate constitutional monarchy politics
Death of Honore Gabriel Mirabeau
Dies in Paris, weakening moderate constitutional monarchy politics.
Pantheon Funeral
Mirabeau received a major public funeral and was interred in the newly designated Pantheon after his death.
Excommunication
Excommunicated by Pope Pius VI after consecrating constitutional bishops
Excommunication of Talleyrand
Excommunicates Talleyrand and other clergy connected with the Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Royal departure for Saint-Cloud prevented
A crowd prevented the royal family from leaving for Saint-Cloud amid fears that the king and queen intended to escape. The confrontation showed how far freedom of movement had been curtailed within constitutional monarchy.
Saint-Cloud Departure Blocked
A Parisian crowd prevented Louis XVI and the royal family from leaving the Tuileries for Saint-Cloud, demonstrating the king's limited freedom of movement.
Slave Trade Bill
Introduces a parliamentary bill to abolish the slave trade
Complaint over Restricted Movement
Louis XVI complained to the Assembly after crowds prevented his planned departure for Saint-Cloud.
Resignation of Francis Godolphin Osborne
Resigns as Foreign Secretary amid the Russian armament crisis
Birth of Samuel F
Birth of Samuel F. B. Morse
Religious Toleration Report
Sieyes presented a report supporting religious toleration during the final phase of the Constituent Assembly.
Slavery
Wilberforce introduces the first Parliamentary Bill to abolish the slave trade with a closely-reasoned speech which he used to present the facts and evidence that had been gathered, and which lasted four hours. After two evenings of debate, the bill was easily defeated by 163 votes to 88
Lieutenant
Appointed 2nd Lieutenant Colonel of Second Battalion of Corsican Volunteers
Legislation
Henry Dundas, Home Secretary, proposes a compromise of so-gradual abolition over a number of years, passsed by 230 to 85 votes, but the compromise is la clever ploy to indefinitly delay final abolition
Reform of Electoral System
Henry Dundas, Home Secretary, proposes a compromise of so-gradual abolition over a number of years, passsed by 230 to 85 votes, but the compromise is la clever ploy to indefinitly delay final abolition
Slavery
Wilberforce again presents a bill calling for abolition, the memorable debate that followed brought contributions from the greatest orators in the house, William Pitt and Charles Fox, as well as Wilberforce himself. Henry Dundas, Home Secretary, proposes a compromise of so-gradual abolition over a number of years, passsed by 230 to 85 votes, but the compromise is la clever ploy to indefinitly delay final abolition
Slavery
Henry Dundas, Home Secretary, proposes a compromise of so-gradual abolition over a number of years, passsed by 230 to 85 votes, but the compromise is la clever ploy to indefinitly delay final abolition
Coinage Act
The Coinage Act establishes the United States Mint and a decimal national currency.
Coinage Act Monetary Framework
The Coinage Act establishes a bimetallic dollar system whose legal gold-silver ratio later becomes central to the American transition toward effective gold monometallism.
French declaration of war against Austria
France declared war on Austria, the monarchy from which Marie Antoinette came. The conflict fueled claims that the queen might favor French defeat or foreign intervention.
France declares war on Austria: General directs opening campaigns
Dumouriez served in the early revolutionary wartime government and became central to military planning. Initial French setbacks exposed the risks in the expansive strategy advocated by pro-war deputies.
France declares war on Austria: Parliamentary support for hostilities
Vergniaud favored the national effort against powers perceived as threatening the Revolution. The conflict soon strained relations among the Legislative Assembly, the monarchy and senior generals.
War declaration against Austria
The Legislative Assembly supported war against Austria after months of argument in which Brissot had been influential. The conflict marked the start of a new and dangerous phase of the Revolution.
France declares war on Austria: War advocacy culminates
Brissot was a leading supporter of the policy that produced France's declaration of war against Austria. His prestige became increasingly dependent on military success and the republic's security.
War with Austria
Jacobins and Girondins debate the war after France declares war on Austria
War with Austria
Jacobins and Girondins debate the war after France declares war on Austria.
Declaration of War
The Legislative Assembly declares war on the "King of Bohemia & Hungary"
Declaration of War
The Legislative Assembly declares war on the "King of Bohemia and Hungary".
War Proposal to Legislative Assembly
Louis XVI formally proposed war against the King of Bohemia and Hungary, and the Legislative Assembly approved the declaration.
Invasion of Flanders
Fighting begins along the Flanders frontier, Lafayette commands the French forces
Invasion of Flanders
Fighting begins along the Flanders frontier, Lafayette commands the French forces.
Biron Advance Toward Mons Fails
Biron's French column advanced toward Mons but withdrew in confusion after contact with coalition forces. The setback illustrated the failure of the first invasion attempts.
Dillon Column Retreats from Belgian Frontier
Theobald Dillon commanded an early French thrust toward Tournai which collapsed in disorder. Mutinous troops killed the general after the retreat, exposing weaknesses in the revolutionary army.
Early military defeats intensify accusations
French setbacks in the opening campaigns increased public suspicion of an alleged Austrian network inside the court. Marie Antoinette's nationality made her a particular focus of revolutionary denunciations.
Army of Rhine Receives Patriotic War Song
Rouget de Lisle composed the song later known as La Marseillaise during the first months of war. Its original association with the Army of the Rhine linked revolutionary music to military mobilization.
Bonaparte's Ajaccio Guard campaign
Bonaparte became embroiled in struggles involving Corsican volunteer and National Guard forces during disturbances in Ajaccio. His involvement highlighted the contentious local politics of revolutionary military service.
Early French military setbacks provoke controversy
French reverses near the frontier brought Brissot's policy under scrutiny. He and his allies argued that failures reflected treachery and unreliable command as well as battlefield difficulties.
Lieutenant
Appointed 2nd Lieutenant Colonel of Second Battalion of Corsican Volunteers
Lieutenant
Napoleon I was appointed 2nd Lieutenant Colonel of Second Battalion of Corsican Volunteers.
Committee of Public Safety
Girondin leader Maximin Isnard proposes the creation of a nine-member Committee of Public Safety
Committee of Public Safety
Girondin leader Maximin Isnard proposes the creation of a nine-member Committee of Public Safety.
Defection
Dumouriez defects to the Allies
Defection
Dumouriez defects to the Allies.
Committee of Public Safety
Georges Jacques Danton helped form the committee of public safety which assumes dictatorial powers.
Committee of Public Safety
Helps form the committee of public safety which assumes dictatorial powers
Constitution of France
Helps form the committee of public safety which assumes dictatorial powers
Committee of Public Safety
The Committee of Public Safety is formed based upon Isnards proposal
Committee of Public Safety
The Committee of Public Safety is formed based upon Isnards proposal.
Constitution of France
The Committee of Public Safety is formed based upon Isnards proposal
Committee of Public Safety Established
Danton becomes a leading member of the new Committee of Public Safety after the Convention creates an emergency executive body.
Siege of Mainz
Fights at the siege of Mainz
Trial
Brought to trial but acquited
Trial
Jean Paul Marat was brought to trial and acquitted.
Declaration of Neutrality
A declaration of neutrality to keep America out of the war between Britain & France
Death of Jacques Rene Hebert
Death of Jacques Rene Herbert, executed
Execution
Hebert is executed alongside some of his fellow Hebertists
Marat Acquitted of Political Charges
The Revolutionary Tribunal acquitted Marat after hearing the charges against him. Supporters celebrated the judgment and strengthened his public standing.
Marat Appears Before Revolutionary Tribunal
Jean Paul Marat faced prosecution after Girondin deputies accused him of inciting violence. His trial became a major confrontation between parliamentary factions.
Declaration of Rights Draft
Robespierre presents the Convention with a radical draft declaration emphasizing equality, popular sovereignty and social obligations.
Marat acquitted before popular celebration
Marat's acquittal by the Revolutionary Tribunal was celebrated by his supporters. The outcome demonstrated how little influence Brissot's camp held over mobilized Parisian crowds.
Marat Acquitted by Revolutionary Tribunal
The court acquitted Marat after examining the allegations against him. Enthusiastic supporters then celebrated the judgment, worsening the struggle between Girondins and the Mountain.
Major
Appointed Major
Committee of Public Safety formed: Convention reports consolidated
Barรจre participated in developing the Committee's role as a coordinating body of national defence. Official reports supplied legislators with a political account of emergency decisions.
Committee of Public Safety formed: First emergency leadership
Danton became an influential member of the Committee of Public Safety created to supervise the war and executive action. Its initial membership differed from the later Robespierrist leadership.
Marat acquitted by Tribunal: Girondin and Mountain estrangement deepens
Danton witnessed the increasingly bitter use of judicial proceedings in parliamentary disputes. The confrontation suggested that normal legislative competition was becoming impossible.
Army of the North
Escapes an accusation of treason after the defeat of the Army of the North
Treason
Escapes an accusation of treason after the defeat of the Army of the North
Dampierre Organizes French Counterattacks near Valenciennes
Dampierre attempted to disrupt Coalition positions before the town could be fully invested. His troops faced an opponent strengthened by experienced cavalry and artillery.
Dumouriez defects to Coalition: General turns against Convention
Dumouriez broke with the Republic and defected after military reverses and a failed move against the Convention. His betrayal shocked politicians who had regarded him as a major military asset.
Dumouriez defects to Coalition: Girondin military credibility collapses
Guadet and other parliamentary allies faced suspicions that their political judgment had endangered the Republic. Accusations gained force as the government feared both invasion and internal subversion.
Girondins pursue Marat prosecution: Radical deputy indicted
Guadet helped the Girondin effort to challenge Marat through Convention procedures. The journalist's eventual acquittal undermined the faction's attempt to restrain the Parisian left.
Girondins pursue Marat prosecution: Legislative leadership asserts authority
Isnard joined deputies demanding that the Convention resist intimidation by the Commune and clubs. Their intervention intensified the struggle over who could speak for the Republic.
Dumouriez defects to enemy forces
General Dumouriez's defection intensified allegations that Girondin leaders were unreliable. Brissot's association with an aggressive war policy became a political liability.
Marat impeachment becomes factional confrontation
Girondin deputies pushed to prosecute Jean-Paul Marat, escalating conflict with Paris radicals. Brissot belonged to the faction that regarded Marat's agitation as dangerous to representative government.
Marat Prosecuted on Girondin Charges
The Revolutionary Tribunal heard charges prompted by Girondin opponents who accused Marat of inciting violence. The proceedings became a contest over the legitimacy of radical journalism and popular agitation.
Dumouriez defects to Coalition: Association with general weaponized
Brissot's opponents used his faction's prior support for Dumouriez to question Girondin loyalty. Defection magnified the political damage caused by defeats in the Low Countries.
Girondins pursue Marat prosecution: Press war becomes judicial fight
Brissot's political circle treated Marat's incendiary writings as a threat to national representation. The prosecution instead increased Marat's popularity among radical supporters.
Girondin Conflict
Marat and radical Jacobins attack Girondin leaders as civil war and foreign invasion threaten the Republic
Girondin Conflict
Marat and radical Jacobins attack Girondin leaders as civil war and foreign invasion threaten the Republic.
Committee of Public Safety formed: Mountain debates central control
Robespierre was a powerful Convention voice but did not join the Committee when it was first established. His later inclusion transformed the balance within the emergency government.
Marat acquitted by Tribunal: Trial exposes factional weakness
Robespierre's allies interpreted Marat's acquittal as a defeat for politicians seeking to curb the Parisian left. The episode weakened prospects for reconciliation inside the Convention.
Revolutionary Tribunal
Forms the Revolutionary Tribunal & leads it until July
Revolutionary Tribunal
Forms the Revolutionary Tribunal and leads it until July.
Mainz Becomes Target of Coalition Siege
Coalition armies invested the French held city of Mainz during the spring offensive. The siege threatened a major strategic bridgehead established by French troops the previous year.
Revolutionary Tribunal
Forms the Revolutionary Tribunal & leads it until July
Coalition Army Threatens Valenciennes Defences
After regaining territory in the Austrian Netherlands, Coburg's army advanced against northern French fortresses. Valenciennes became a major target because it guarded strategic routes into France.
Marat acquitted by Tribunal: Girondin prosecution fails
Marat was brought before the Revolutionary Tribunal after Girondin opponents secured accusations against him. His acquittal turned the prosecution into a triumph for radical supporters.
Commander of Artillery
Appointed Commander of the Artillery in the Army of Italy
Commander of Artillery
Napoleon I was appointed Commander of the Artillery in the Army of Italy.
General
Joins the Army of Italy under Dumerbion
Danton Confronts Revolutionary Tribunal
Danton defended himself vigorously after arrest with associates accused of political and financial misconduct. The prosecution turned the emergency justice machinery against one of its former champions.
Battle of Raclawice
Defeats a superior Russian army
Danton and Associates Executed After Trial
Danton was guillotined with Desmoulins and other convicted associates. Their deaths removed influential critics of revolutionary repression.
Death of Georges Jacques Danton
Danton is executed
Death of Georges Jacques Danton
Danton is executed.
Execution
Death of George's Jacques Danton
Execution
Georges Jacques Danton was executed.
Execution of Dantonists
Danton and several allies are executed leaving Robespierre and the committees more isolated
Execution of Dantonists
Danton and several allies are executed leaving Robespierre and the committees more isolated.
Dantonists executed: Emergency regime eliminates dissent
Billaud-Varenne stood among leading revolutionaries who favored uncompromising security measures. The Dantonist trial demonstrated how accusations of conspiracy could be deployed against former allies.
Chabot Corruption Case Fuels Factional Trials
Accusations involving Chabot and financial speculation contributed to the atmosphere of suspicion around revolutionary leaders. The government used scandal and alleged conspiracy to justify wider prosecutions.
Philippeaux Included among Dantonist Accused
Deputy Philippeaux faced charges alongside figures associated with the call for greater moderation. His prosecution also reflected bitter disputes about military policy in the Vendรฉe.
Army of Rhine Renews Offensive Planning
French commanders prepared operations along the eastern frontier after the recovery of Alsace. Securing routes and magazines remained essential to maintaining pressure on Coalition forces.
Desmoulins Tried for Indulgent Opposition
Camille Desmoulins was prosecuted with Danton's allies after advocating clemency in his journalism. His writing had become evidence of alleged disloyalty to the revolutionary government.
Dantonists executed: Charges presented against Danton
Saint-Just presented accusations against Danton and his associates in the Convention. Their prosecution eliminated influential figures who had urged a less punitive revolutionary policy.
Dantonist Hearing Curtails Defendant Speeches
The prosecution of Danton and his allies proceeded under restrictions that curtailed their ability to challenge proceedings. The exceptional treatment exposed tensions between revolutionary necessity and judicial fairness.
Herman Oversees Emergency Judicial Administration
Herman held important responsibilities in the revolutionary justice apparatus before moving into government administration. His work illustrates the close connection between judicial institutions and the committees directing the Terror.
Dantonists executed: Former ally destroyed
Robespierre accepted the elimination of Danton's faction as divisions within the revolutionary leadership sharpened. The executions left the governing coalition politically more isolated.
Saorgio Campaign Planning
Napoleon contributed operational plans used by the Army of Italy during the campaign toward Saorgio and the Alpine passes.
Germinal crowd invades Convention - Longer-term significance
Jean-Lambert Tallien figured in events surrounding germinal crowd invades convention at Paris. Tallien and other deputies confronted renewed pressure from Parisian popular movements. It formed part of the unsettled transition that eventually produced the Constitution of Year III and the Directory.
Germinal crowd invades Convention
Hungry demonstrators entered the Convention during the Germinal uprising demanding bread and the democratic constitution of 1793. Tallien and other deputies confronted renewed pressure from Parisian popular movements.
Germinal Rising
The Germinal rising shows continuing popular anger after the Thermidorian settlement
Pichegru called to secure Paris - Institutional consequence
Jean-Charles Pichegru figured in events surrounding pichegru called to secure paris at Paris. The use of regular military authority indicated the regime's mistrust of radical street politics. This episode contributed to the replacement of centralized Jacobin emergency rule with a less unified, more conservative Convention.
Pichegru called to secure Paris
General Pichegru was summoned to assist the Convention in restoring order after the Germinal disturbances. The use of regular military authority indicated the regime's mistrust of radical street politics.
Birth of Henry Havelock
Birth of Henry Havelock
Marriage
Marries Caroline of Brunswick at the Chapel Royal, St James
Government Mobilizes against Germinal Unrest
The post Thermidor government relied on troops and armed supporters when popular crowds challenged the Convention. Control of the capital's armed units remained essential to the survival of the ruling deputies.
Law of General Police
Sieyes helped advance a law of general police as the Convention tried to stabilise government after the Terror.
Invasion of Italy
Leads the Army into Italy
Battle of Montenotte
Napoleon won at Montenotte, opening the Italian campaign with a victory that separated Austrian and Piedmontese forces.
Battle of Montenotte
Massena played a leading role at Montenotte during the opening French victories of Bonaparte's first Italian campaign.
Battle of Montenotte
Commands the Army of Italy against the Austrians & Sardinians
Battle of Millesimo
Commands the Army of Italy against the Austrians & Sardinians
Battle of Dego
Fights at the Battle of Dego in Italy
Battle of Dego
Commands the Army of Italy against the Austrians & Sardinians
Battle of Dego
Massena fought at Dego as French forces continued separating the Austrian and Piedmontese armies in northern Italy.
Battle of Dego
Distinguishes himself at Dego in Italy
Battle of Mondovi
Napoleon defeated the Piedmontese at Mondovi, increasing pressure on the Kingdom of Sardinia to seek an armistice.
Battle of Mondovi
Commands the Army of Italy against the Austrians & Sardinians
Armistice of Cherasco
Napoleon concluded the Armistice of Cherasco with Sardinia, securing French gains and freeing his army to concentrate against Austria.
Armistice
Secures an Armistice with the Aerdinians
Moreau Takes Command Army of Rhine Moselle
Moreau led the main French force campaigning across the upper Rhine during the Directory. His appointment placed a successful general in charge of an ambitious offensive.
Treaty of Leoben
The Treaty of Loeben is concluded after the armistice of Judenbourg
Armistice
The armistice of Judenbourg is concluded after the Battle of Tagliamento
Election to Council of Five Hundred
Jourdan was elected to the Council of Five Hundred for Haute-Vienne after returning to political life.
Assassination Attempt
An attacker shot Sieyes in the wrist during an assassination attempt, but he survived the attack.
Rule of Netherlands, The
Under the Treaty of Leoben Austria cedes The Netherlands to France
Treaty of Leoben
Under the Treaty of Leoben Austria gains some Venetian territory. Under the Treaty of Leoben Austria cedes The Netherlands to France
Hoche Leads Spring Offensive across Rhine
Hoche crossed the river in April as French armies resumed attacks against Austrian positions. The campaign unfolded shortly before news of armistice arrangements arrived.
Victory at Neuwied Opens German Advance
Hoche's forces defeated Austrian troops near Neuwied and pressed eastward. The success strengthened France's bargaining position at the close of the campaign.
Invasion of Germany
Hoche crosses the River Rhine
Preliminaries of Leoben
Napoleon agreed preliminary peace terms with Austria at Leoben after advancing toward the Habsburg heartlands.
Moreau Crosses Rhine at Kehl Again
French troops crossed near Kehl during the resumed 1797 operations. The offensive aimed to regain military pressure against Austria before diplomatic negotiations concluded.
Peace Preliminaries Halt Rhine Operations
Military action slowed after diplomatic agreements between France and Austria altered the strategic situation. Hoche's spring advance consequently did not develop into a long campaign.
Royalist Election Crisis
Barras confronted a legislature strengthened by royalist electoral gains and increasingly feared a reversal of the republican settlement.
Resignation of George Canning
Resigns as Under Secretary at the Foreign Office
Commander of Danube and Helvetia Armies
Massena became provisional commander in chief of the combined Armies of the Danube and Helvetia after Jourdan left command.
Birth of James Clark Ross
Birth of James Clark Ross
Birth of George Charles Binghan
Birth of George Charles Binghan
Battle of Copenhagen
Parker orders retreat, Nelson holds a telescope to a blind patch saying he cannot see. Parker & Nelson defeat the Danish fleet
Battle of Copenhagen
Commands the Baltic expedition at Copenhagen.
Battle of Copenhagen
British forces destroy or capture many Danish ships during the battle.
Battle of Copenhagen
Nelson attacks Danish ships to keep Baltic ports open to Britain.
Battle of Copenhagen
Parker orders retreat, but Nelson famously puts the telescope to his blind eye.
Battle of Copenhagen
The Battle of Copenhagen helps end the League of Armed Neutrality.
Neutrality
The battle weakens the League of Armed Neutrality of Denmark, Sweden, Russia and Prussia.
Blind Eye
Ignores Parker's signal by putting the telescope to his blind eye.
Battle of Copenhagen
The British victory at Copenhagen helps end the League of Armed Neutrality during the opening weeks of Alexander's reign.
Grand Mastership of the Knights of Malta
Alexander abandons Paul I's controversial Russian claim to the Grand Mastership of the Knights of Malta.
Neutrality
The League of Armed Neutrality collapses as Alexander seeks improved relations with Britain.
Maharaja
Ranjit Singh assumes the title of Maharaja and establishes a sovereign Sikh monarchy centred on Lahore.
Peerage
Created Viscount Palmerston. The young 3rd Lord Palmerston also inherited a vast country estate in the north of County Sligo in the west of Ireland
Portsmouth Block Mills
Samuel Bentham recommends installation of Brunel's block-making machinery at Portsmouth Dockyard.
Birth of Albrecht von Roon
Birth of Albrecht von Roon
Pursuit of Villeneuve
Pursues Villeneuve after the French fleet escapes Toulon.
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament or Rye
Birth of Isambard Kingdom Brunel
Isambard Kingdom Brunel is born in Portsea, Portsmouth, the son of engineer Marc Isambard Brunel and Sophia Kingdom.
Birth of Isambard Kingdom Brunel
Brunel's son Isambard Kingdom Brunel is born and later becomes a leading civil and mechanical engineer.
Marriage
Marries Kitty Pakenham, St George's Church, Dublin, Ireland
Death of Villeneuve
Dies after returning to France from captivity.
Chief Secretary
Appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland
Lieutenant General
Appointed Lieutenant General
Lieutenant General
Appointed Lieutenant General
Invasion of Bavaria
The Austrians under the Archduke invade Bavaria
Invasion of Bavaria
The Austrians under the Archduke invade Bavaria
Invasion of Bavaria
Napoleon leaves Paris to wage war against Austria for the 4th time
Invasion of Bavaria
Napoleon arrives in Donauworth, Bavaria
Battle of Eckmuhl
Napoleon drives the Austrians out of Bavaria
Battle of Eckmuhl
Napoleon drives the Austrians out of Bavaria
Invasion of Bavaria
Napoleon drives the Austrians out of Bavaria
Death of Theodor von Reding
Death of Theodor von Reding
Invasion of Portugal
Lands at Lisbon with a new British army
Embargo
The US declares a 90 day embargo in preparation for war with Britain
Embargo
The US declares a 90 day embargo in preparation for war with Britain
Siege of Assaye
Captures the Spanish city of Assaye, 250 miles south west of Madrid
Siege of Badajoz
The defenders of Badajoz surrender, Wellington has lost 5,000 during the siege
Siege of Badajoz
Captures Badajoz but the British sustain 5,000 casualties
Battle of Mockern
Fights at the Battle of Mockern
Restoration
The Bourbon monarchy is restored after the exile of Napoleon to Elba
Succession
Succeeds as King of France, the younger brother of Louis XVI
Abdication
Forced to abdicate for the 1st time by the army
President of Switzerland
Appointed President of the Diet
Battle of Toulouse
Defeated by Wellington
Battle of Toulouse
Defeated at the Battle of Toulouse & loses command
Battle of Toulouse
The Allies attack Toulouse which forces the French to evacuate
Battle of Toulouse
Defeats Soult
Succession
Taken by the Empress to Chateau Blois
Invasion of Catalonia
Leads the French withdrawal from Catalonia
Abdication of Napoleon
Supports the allied settlement that compels Napoleon to abdicate and ends his first rule over France.
Second Bank of the United States
Madison signs the charter creating the Second Bank of the United States.
Death of Andre Massena
Death of Andre Massena
Battle of Maipo
San Martin routs Osorios troops
Battle of Maipu
Leads the government when the patriot victory at Maipu secures Chilean independence from renewed royalist attack.
Battle of Maipo
San Martin routs Osorios troops
Electromagnetism Demonstration
Observes an electric current deflecting a nearby compass needle.
Magnetic Effect of Electric Current
Establishes an experimental connection between electricity and magnetism.
Filiki Eteria
Alexander Ypsilantis takes over leadership of Filiki Eteria and makes preparations for a revolt, as well as for setting up a military unit towards that purpose named as the Sacred Band
Sacred Band
Alexander Ypsilantis takes over leadership of Filiki Eteria and makes preparations for a revolt, as well as for setting up a military unit towards that purpose named as the Sacred Band
Filiki Eteria
Alexander Ypsilantis, a Phanariote serving in the Russian army as general and adjutant to Alexander, agrees to become leader of the Filiki Eteria
Filiki Eteria Leadership
Ypsilantis accepts leadership of Filiki Eteria and plans revolt against Ottoman rule
Spetses Joins Revolt
Bouboulina commits ships and wealth from Spetses to the Greek revolt
Battle of Alamana
Diakos fights Ottoman forces at Alamana and is captured after defeat
Battle of Alamana
Vrioni defeats Greek forces at Alamana during the early Ottoman response
Independence of Mexico
Mexico is proclaimed independent
Siege of Tripolitsa Begins
Kolokotronis directs rebel pressure against the Ottoman stronghold of Tripolitsa
Hydra Fleet Mobilized
Miaoulis emerges as a leading naval commander for the Greek revolutionary fleet
Chios Massacre
Ottoman forces devastate Chios after the island joins the revolt
Supreme Director of Chile
Assumes office as Supreme Director following the resignation of Bernardo O'Higgins.
Birth of Abdulmecid I
Birth of Abdulmecid I, son of Sultan Mahmud II
Death at Missolonghi
Lord Byron dies while supporting the Greek cause at Missolonghi
Rule of Danube
Recieves an ultimatum from Russia to restore the status quo to the Danube. Forced to obey Russias ultimatum by Britain & France
Landing of the Thirty-Three Orientals
Lands with the Thirty-Three Orientals and begins the campaign against Brazilian rule in the Banda Oriental
Independence of Great Britain
Wellington signs the Saint Petersburg Protocol with Russia to intervene in the Greek revolt against Turkey
Independence of Greece
Wellington signs the Saint Petersburg Protocol with Russia to intervene in the Greek revolt against Turkey
Protocol-Saint Petersburg
Wellington signs the Saint Petersburg Protocol with Russia to intervene in the Greek revolt against Turkey
Exodus of Missolonghi
Defenders attempt a breakout as Missolonghi falls after a long siege
Missolonghi Captured
Ottoman forces capture Missolonghi after the failed Greek exodus
La Cosiata
Jose Antonio Paez led the La Cosiata movement, challenging the authority of Gran Colombia's central government.
Invasion of Greece
The city of Messolonghi, under siege by the Turks since April 1825 falls in April 1826
Siege of Messolonghi
The city of Messolonghi, under siege by the Turks since April 1825 falls in April 1826
Resident Engineer
Brunel takes over as resident engineer of the Thames Tunnel after John Armstrong resigns through illness.
Thames Tunnel
Brunel becomes resident engineer after John Armstrong resigns because of illness and exhaustion.
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain for three months
Governor Elected
The Third National Assembly elects Kapodistrias Governor of Greece.
Seven-Year Governorship Approved
The Third National Assembly elects Kapodistrias Governor for a seven-year term.
Death of Karaiskakis
Karaiskakis is mortally wounded before the battle for Athens
Death of Joaquin Blake y Joyes
Death of Joaquin Blake y Joyes
Election as Governor
Is elected Governor of Greece as the Great Powers pursue a diplomatic settlement of the independence struggle.
Chuquisaca Mutiny
Sucre is wounded during a military mutiny that accelerates his resignation.
Resignation of Antonio Jose de Sucre
Sucre resigns after a mutiny and political opposition weaken his presidency.
Convention of Akkerman
The war broke out after the Sultan, incensed by the Russian participation in the Battle of Navarino, closed the Dardanelles for Russian ships and revoked the Akkerman Convention
Declaration of War
The war broke out after the Sultan, incensed by the Russian participation in the Battle of Navarino, closed the Dardanelles for Russian ships and revoked the Akkerman Convention. Russia declares war on the Porte, starting the 11th Russo-Turkish War (1828-1829)
Declaration of War
Russia declares war on the Porte, starting the 11th Russo-Turkish War (1828-1829)
Declaration of War
Russia declares war on the Porte, starting the 11th Russo-Turkish War (1828-1829)
Reform of Catholic Rights
The Catholic Emancipation Act, becomes law & the vote is extended to Catholics
Reform of Catholic Rights
Reform for Roman Catholic subjects receives Royal assent
President of Chile
Assumes provisional leadership after Francisco Ruiz-Tagle leaves office.
Church of Christ Organized
Organizes the Church of Christ, later known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
Church of Christ Organized
Participates in formally organizing the Church of Christ.
Birth of Eadweard Muybridge
Eadweard Muybridge is born and later pioneers photographic studies of motion.
Jefferson Day Toast
Declares that the federal Union must be preserved during the Jefferson Day dinner.
Jefferson Day Toast
Responds at the Jefferson Day dinner with a toast emphasizing liberty and states' rights.
Battle of Lircay
Heads the provisional government when conservative forces win the Battle of Lircay and end the civil war.
Battle of Lircay
Defeats liberal forces at Lircay and secures conservative political ascendancy.
Battle of Lircay
Is defeated by conservative forces at the Battle of Lircay.
Birth of John Gordon Sprigg
John Gordon Sprigg is born in Ipswich, England.
Reform of Land Settlement
The Preemption Act offers settlers cultivating land $1.25 an acre
Trade Treaty at Washington
A commercial Treaty is concluded with Mexico
Treaty of Commercial
A commercial Treaty is concluded with Mexico
Conference of London
Persuades France to accept the Bases de Separation for Belgian frontiers
Frontiers
Persuades France to accept the Bases de Separation for Belgian frontiers
Independence of Belgium
Persuades France to accept the Bases de Separation for Belgian frontiers
Independence of Great Britain
Persuades France to accept the Bases de Separation for Belgian frontiers
Conference of London
The "perpetual neutrality" of Belgium is guaranteed by the major powers, including Prussia, at the London Conference of 1838-39
Neutrality
The "perpetual neutrality" of Belgium is guaranteed by the major powers, including Prussia, at the London Conference of 1838-39
Parliament
Goes to the Country after the Lords defeat of the first reform bill
Parliament
Parliament is dissolved after the defeat of the 1st Reform Bill in the Commons
Constitution of Great Britain
Grey asks William IV to dissolve Parliament so that the Whigs could secure a larger majority in the House of Commons, Grey explains this would help his Government to carry their proposals for Parliamentary reform
Dissolution of Parliament
Grey asks William IV to dissolve Parliament so that the Whigs could secure a larger majority in the House of Commons, Grey explains this would help his Government to carry their proposals for Parliamentary reform
Reform of Parliament
Grey asks William IV to dissolve Parliament so that the Whigs could secure a larger majority in the House of Commons, Grey explains this would help his Government to carry their proposals for Parliamentary reform
Declaration of War
War begins when Sauks under Black Hawk recross the Mississippi & retake ceded land
Birth of Alfred Ludwig Heinrich Karl Graf von Waldersee
Birth of Alfred Ludwig Heinrich Karl Graf von Waldersee
Reform of Parliament
Reform Bill, 3rd, passes through the Lords, 12 Bishops for & 16 against
Convention of Kutahya
Receives authority over Syria and Adana under the Convention of Kutahya.
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 1st term
Quadruple Alliance
Britain, France, Spain & Portugal counter the "Holy Alliance"
Resignation of Robert Peel
Stanley & Graham do not join the Government. Resigns after a 33 vote defeat on Irish Church revenue
Battle of Jacinto
Defeated by General sam houston & taken prisoner
Battle of Jacinto
Inflicts a crushing defeat on the Mexicans & takes General Santa Anna prisoner
Fairy Tales Told for Children
Introduces a story about sacrifice, transformation and an immortal soul.
Royal Vanity Fairy Tale
Satirizes vanity and conformity through a ruler deceived by false weavers.
The Emperors New Clothes
Publishes The Emperors New Clothes alongside The Little Mermaid.
The Little Mermaid
Publishes The Little Mermaid in a new childrens fairy-tale booklet.
Battle of Jamrud
Afghan forces challenge Sikh control near the Khyber Pass and kill commander Hari Singh Nalwa.
Battle of Jamrud
Leads Sikh forces defending Jamrud against an Afghan attack.
Defense of Jamrud Fort
Dies after helping prevent the Afghan capture of the strategic fort.
SS Great Western
SS Great Western departs Bristol on her first Atlantic voyage to New York.
SS Great Western
SS Great Western reaches New York and demonstrates the commercial practicality of regular steamship crossings.
Austrian Guarantee
Signs for Austria in the Great Power settlement guaranteeing the Belgian arrangements.
Belgian Territorial Settlement
Accepts the territorial provisions defining the kingdom after separation from the Netherlands.
Belgian Treaty Signature
Signs the definitive separation treaty on behalf of Leopold I and the Kingdom of Belgium.
Debt Settlement
Accepts financial provisions allocating part of the former United Kingdom of the Netherlands debt to Belgium.
Boundary Demarcation
Accepts treaty provisions requiring Belgian and Dutch commissioners to mark the agreed frontier.
Independence of Belgium
The final London settlement recognises Belgium as independent and perpetually neutral under the guarantee of the five Great Powers.
Limburg Partition
Accepts the territorial settlement dividing Limburg between Belgium and the Netherlands.
Luxembourg Partition
Accepts the partition of Luxembourg, with a substantial western part remaining within Belgium.
Perpetual Neutrality
Accepts Belgium's obligation to remain an independent and perpetually neutral state.
Recognition of Belgium
Receives final international recognition of Belgium as a separate kingdom under the London settlement.
Scheldt Navigation
Receives treaty provisions governing free navigation of the Scheldt and joint supervision of its channel.
Territorial Renunciation
Accepts mutual renunciation of claims to territories assigned to the Netherlands under the final settlement.
Treaty of London
Accepts the definitive settlement recognising Belgian independence, fixing borders and placing the kingdom under guaranteed permanent neutrality.
French Guarantee
Signs for France in the international guarantee attached to the Belgian settlement.
Prussian Guarantee
Signs for Prussia in the Great Power treaty guaranteeing the Belgian settlement.
Belgian Neutrality
Prussia joins the international guarantee of Belgium's independence and perpetual neutrality.
Luxembourg Settlement
Accepts the partition of Luxembourg incorporated into the final Belgian-Dutch settlement.
Treaty of London
Prussia joins the other Great Powers in guaranteeing the settlement that recognises Belgian independence and permanent neutrality.
Belgian Neutrality Guarantee
Commits Britain to the international settlement guaranteeing Belgium as an independent and permanently neutral state.
Belgian Settlement
Helps conclude the final settlement between Belgium, the Netherlands and the five Great Powers.
Guarantee of Neutrality
Commits Britain to the Great Power guarantee of Belgium's independence and perpetual neutrality.
Scheldt Navigation
Accepts provisions protecting navigation on the Scheldt as part of the Belgian-Dutch settlement.
Scheldt Navigation
Supports treaty provisions regulating navigation and commerce on the Scheldt after Belgian independence.
Treaty Signature
Signs the 1839 guarantee settlement for Britain as Foreign Secretary.
Twenty-Four Articles Settlement
Helps complete the definitive arrangement based on the Twenty-Four Articles negotiated by the Great Powers.
European Guarantee
Accepts Britain's place among the five powers guaranteeing the Belgian settlement.
Neutrality
Melbourne's government accepts Britain's role in guaranteeing Belgian independence and perpetual neutrality.
Treaty of London
His government signs the final international settlement recognising Belgium and guaranteeing its permanent neutrality.
Dutch Treaty Signature
Signs the definitive territorial separation treaty on behalf of the King of the Netherlands.
Limburg Settlement
Signs provisions dividing Limburg between Belgium and the Netherlands under the final settlement.
Luxembourg Settlement
Accepts arrangements dividing Luxembourg and resolving its relationship with Belgium and the German Confederation.
Definitive Separation
Concludes the settlement that finally recognises the political separation of Belgium from the Netherlands.
Russian Guarantee
Signs for Russia in the international treaty guaranteeing Belgium's definitive settlement.
Invasion of Afghanistan
Kandahar is captured
Treaty Negotiations
Represents Belgian interests during the final negotiations settling relations with the Netherlands.
First de Theux Government
The First de Theux Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.
Second Joseph Lebeau Government
Begins the Second Joseph Lebeau Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.
Jean-Baptiste Nothomb Government
Begins the Jean-Baptiste Nothomb Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.
Second Joseph Lebeau Government
The Second Joseph Lebeau Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.
Doctorate from Jena
The University of Jena awards Marx a doctorate in philosophy in absentia.
Box Tunnel
The opposing tunnel workings meet with an alignment error of less than two inches and construction is completed.
Assassination of Shah Shuja Durrani
Shah Shuja is assassinated after the collapse of the British-backed government.
Medical Emergency
Brunel accidentally inhales a half-sovereign coin and later designs equipment to help remove it.
Poet Laureate Appointment
Appointed Poet Laureate
Birth of Alice
Birth of Alice, 2nd child of Queen Victoria & Prince Albert
Birth of Alice
Birth of Alice, 2nd child of Queen Victoria & Prince Albert
Prime Minister of Greece
Mavrokordatos begins his third premiership after constitutional government is established.
Annexation of Texas
Polk takes office supporting completion of Texas annexation
President of USA
Inaugurated President of the USA, 11th President
Annexation of Texas
Texas Constitutional Convention votes to accept the United States annexation proposal
Siege of Fort Texas
United States defenders hold Fort Texas while General Taylor marches to relieve the garrison
Rule of Oregon
The US Senate resolves to end the British occupation of Oregon
Thornton Affair
Arista's forces engage American troops in the clash that helps trigger formal war
Rio Grande Campaign
Taylor's army is drawn into war after fighting breaks out north of the Rio Grande
Battle of Cerro Gordo
Defeated by General Scott
Battle of Cerro Gordo
Santa Anna is defeated by Scott at Cerro Gordo during the advance from Veracruz
Battle of Cerro Gordo
Lee conducts reconnaissance that helps Scott find a route around the Mexican position
Battle of Cerro Gordo
Defeats Santa Anna
Battle of Cerro Gordo
Scott defeats Santa Anna at Cerro Gordo by using a flanking movement through difficult terrain
Constitution of Hungary
Appointed Prime Minister of Hungary, the first Prime Minister of Hungary
Prime Minister of Hungary
Appointed Prime Minister of Hungary, the first Prime Minister of Hungary. Appointed by Ferdinand I to be the first Prime Minister of the new Parliamentary Government of Hungary
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Proclaims the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in force for the United States
Constitution of Austria
The Hungarian Kingdom becomes a constitutional monarchy
Reform of Taxation
Signs laws which abolish serfdom & makes peasants owners of the land they cultivate. Revokes the tax-free status of the nobility & ends censorship
Serfdom
Signs laws which abolish serfdom & makes peasants owners of the land they cultivate
Franklin Ships Abandoned
Crozier and James Fitzjames direct the abandonment of Erebus and Terror after prolonged entrapment in ice and lead the surviving crews southward.
Election
Half the Deputies are monarchists divided into 300 Orleanists & 150 Legitimists. Elections take place to the Constituent Assembly
Royal Albert Bridge
Brunel launches a survey cylinder into the River Tamar to investigate foundations for the future bridge.
Siege of Cracow
Austrian troops bombard Cracow
Frankfurt Parliament
Supports unification for a time, leading the Frankfurt Parliament to offer him the crown of Germany, which he refuses, purportedly saying that he would not accept "a crown made of mud and clay"
Unification
Supports unification for a time, leading the Frankfurt Parliament to offer him the crown of Germany, which he refuses, purportedly saying that he would not accept "a crown made of mud and clay"
Constitution of Germany
Rejects the Imperial Crown offered by the Parliament of Frankfurt
Panama Railroad Company
Aspinwall incorporates the Panama Railroad Company to build a railway across the isthmus.
Reform of Government
Introduces a law reducing the power of the Catholic Church
Independence of Austria
The Hungarians proclaim Hungary independent of Austria
Independence of Hungary
The Hungarians proclaim Hungary independent of Austria
Independence of Austria
The "House of Habsburg is for ever deposed from sovereignty over Hungary". Hungary declares its independence
Independence of Hungary
The "House of Habsburg is for ever deposed from sovereignty over Hungary". Hungary declares its independence
Declaration of Independence
Author of Hungarys declaration of independence
Declaration of Independence
Author of Hungarys declaration of independence
Independence of Hungary
Says that the "House of Habsburg is for ever deposed from sovereignty over Hungary". Declares independence from Habsburg rule, although this proves to be temporary. Author of Hungarys declaration of independence
Siege of Rome
Oudinot lays siege to Rome
Rebellion Losses Bill
Gives royal assent to the Rebellion Losses Bill despite violent opposition.
Siege of Rome
Takes command of Rome & repels a French attack
Siege of Rome
Repulses a French attack on Rome. Repels a French attack on Rome
Alliance Austria and Russia
Austria invites Russia to intervene in Hungary
Death of William Wordsworth
Death of William Wordsworth, 80
Birth of Edward Walter Maunder
Birth of Edward Walter Maunder
Relief Party Reaches Investigator
Lieutenant Bedford Pim reaches McClure's isolated expedition by sledge from HMS Resolute, ending years without direct contact with other search parties.
รrsted Government
Begins the รrsted Government in Copenhagen and serves as Prime Minister of Denmark.
First Bluhme Government
The First Bluhme Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Flag of Truce Incident
Sends a boat under a flag of truce into Odessa, where Russian fire triggers a diplomatic and naval confrontation.
Flag of Truce Dispute
Rejects British complaints after Russian batteries fire during the flag-of-truce incident at Odessa.
Oxford University
Makes Maiden Speech in Parliament agaist the 2nd Reading of the Oxford University Bill
Speech
Makes Maiden Speech in Parliament agaist the 2nd Reading of the Oxford University Bill
Alliance Britain and France
Britain and France agree an alliance.
Birth of Paul von Rennenkampf
Birth of Paul von Rennenkampf
Alliance Austria and Prussia
Austria enters into a defensive alliance with Prussia against Russia.
Mobilization
Austria masses an army of 50,000 in Galicia and Transylvania.
Bombardment of Odessa
Directs French naval participation in the Allied bombardment of Odessa.
Bombardment of Odessa
Commands HMS Arethusa and engages Russian batteries during the Allied attack on Odessa.
Bombardment of Odessa
Directs British ships in the Anglo-French bombardment of Russian military facilities at Odessa.
Defence of Odessa
Commands Russian land defences during the Anglo-French bombardment of Odessa.
Siege of Sevastopol
Commands British forces as the Allies renew their bombardment of Sevastopol in April.
Visit to Dover
Arrives in Dover to begin a state visit of Britain.
People's Paper Anniversary Speech
Marx speaks about industrial progress, social contradiction and working-class emancipation.
Declaration of Paris
Signs rules affecting privateering and maritime war.
Birth of Henri Philippe Petain
Birth of Henri Philippe Petain, in the Pas de Calais, son of a peasant familly
Birth of the Xianfeng Emperor's only surviving
Gives birth to Zaichun, the Xianfeng Emperor's only surviving son
Execution of Mangal Pandey
Mangal Pandey is executed at Barrackpore after his attack on British officers helped expose unrest within the Bengal Army.
Constitution of Venezuela
A new constitution lengthened the presidential term and strengthened executive authority.
Escape from Jhansi
Rani Lakshmibai escapes from Jhansi after British forces breach the city's defences.
Death of James Abercromby
Death of James Abercromby
Recapture of Jagdishpur
Kunwar Singh returns to Jagdishpur and defeats the British force sent against him shortly before his death.
Death of Kunwar Singh
Kunwar Singh dies at Jagdishpur after returning from a final campaign against British forces.
Alliance at Kalpi
Tatya Tope joins Rani Lakshmibai and other rebel leaders at Kalpi after the fall of Jhansi.
Capture of Tatya Tope
Tatya Tope is captured after betrayal by Man Singh of Narwar, ending his long guerrilla campaign.
Royal Albert First Test Train Crosses
A South Devon locomotive makes the first test crossing of Brunel's Royal Albert Bridge.
Execution
Tatya Tope is executed at Shivpuri after capture, trial by military court, and conviction.
Royal Albert Bridge
The Royal Albert Bridge passes its official Board of Trade inspection and load tests.
Construction of Suez Canal
Allows construction to begin at Port Said under the Suez Canal Company concession.
Port Said
Work starts on the shore of the future Port Said
Suez Canal
Work starts on the shore of the future Port Said. The excavation takes some 10 years using forced labor (corvee) of Egyptian workers, sources estimate that over 30,000 people were working on the canal at any given period, that more than 1.5 million people from various countries were employed, and that thousands of laborers died
Construction of Suez Canal
Opens construction work at Port Said, beginning the excavation of the Suez Canal.
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of Venezuela
Birth of Archibald James Murray
Birth of Archibald James Murray
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
First Inaugural Address
Lincoln declares that the Union is perpetual and appeals for preservation of the Constitution
Inauguration
Lincoln is inaugurated as the 16th President of the United States
President of USA
Lincoln begins his first term as President of the United States
Union Preservation
Lincoln states that his constitutional duty is to preserve protect and defend the Union
Inauguration
Federal troops protect the capital during Lincolns first inauguration
Special Session of Congress
Lincoln addresses a special session of Congress at the start of his presidency
Death of James Clark Ross
Death of James Clark Ross
Battle of Shiloh
An indecisive battle
Battle of Shiloh
Grant defeats Confederate troops led by Johnston who is killed
Birth of Leopold Berchtold
Birth of Leopold Berchtold
Treaty of Coche
The Treaty of Coche ended the Federal War and provided for a national assembly.
Commissioner of Immigration
Immigration Act creates federal machinery to encourage immigrant labor and settlement
Immigration Act
Lincoln signs legislation encouraging immigration to the United States
Succession
Puppet of Napoleon III who wishes to establish a Catholic Empire in Mexico
Siege of Dybbol
Wins a major victory by capturing the fortress of Dybbol
Siege of Fredericia
The Danish army commanded by General Niels Christian Lunding, on direct order from the Minister of War, abandons Fredericia, which was besieged by Austrians
President of USA
Lincoln begins his 2nd term as President of the United States
Second Inaugural Address
Lincoln delivers his second inaugural address as victory over the Confederacy approaches
Second Inauguration
Lincoln is inaugurated for his second presidential term
Second Term
Lincoln begins his 2nd term as President of the United States
Second Inaugural Address
Lincoln speaks of reunion and reconstruction in his second inaugural address
Burial
Lincoln is buried in Springfield Illinois
The President of Mankind
Publishes The President of Mankind during his political work for the First International.
Battle of Appomattox
The remains of the Army of Northern Virginis are defeated
Result of Surrender of Army of Northern Virginia
Lee's surrender to Grant effectively ends the principal Confederate field army in Virginia.
Surrender of Army of Northern Virginia
General Lee surrenders to General Grant at Appomattox courthouse
Result of Surrender of Army of Northern Virginia
The Army of Northern Virginia is removed from the war, ending major Confederate resistance in Virginia.
Surrender of Army of Northern Virginia
The army of Northern Virginia, 29,000, are under Unionist control. General Lee surrenders to General Grant at Appomattox courthouse. Defeat ends the war in Virginia
Corrientes Invasion
Orders Paraguayan forces into Corrientes after Argentina refuses passage toward Uruguay.
Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
Assassinates President Lincoln by shooting him in the back at Fords Theatre
War Entry
Leads Argentina into war after Paraguayan forces occupy Corrientes.
Death of John Wilkes Booth
Death of John Wilkes Booth, shot in a barn refusing to surrender
Franchise
Informs Liverpool the Government is staking its life on the Franchise Bill
Reform of Electoral System
Informs Liverpool the Government is staking its life on the Franchise Bill
Prussian-Italian Alliance
Bismarck concludes a three-month offensive alliance linking Prussia with Italy against Austria.
Alliance Victor Emmanuel II and Prussia
Joins an alliance with Prussia against Austria
Prussian-Italian Alliance
La Marmora's government promises to attack Austria if Prussia begins war within three months.
Rule of Venetia
Acquires Venetia after making an alliance with Prussia against Austria
Franchise
1st test of the Franchise Bill, the Government wins the 1st reading in the Commons
Reform of Parliament
1st test of the Franchise Bill, the Government wins the 1st reading in the Commons
Reform of Parliament
The Government has a majority of 5 & many in cabinet wish to dissolve Parliament
Franchise
Attempts to remove personal rating from the Franchise Bill but defeated by Disraeli
Reform of Electoral System
Attempts to remove personal rating from the Franchise Bill but defeated by Disraeli
North German Constitution
Bismarck accepts French mediation after Kรถniggrรคtz while insisting upon Prussia's essential terms.
Reform of Church Governance
Carries resolution to go into committee for reform. Carries a resolution to reform the Irish Anglican Church for disestablishment. Boosts popular support & reunites the Liberals
Franchise
The "Tea Room Revolt" of 50 Liberal MP over Gladstones franchise reforms. Forced to withdraw plans to enfranchise borough householders with rates higher than ล5
Reform of Electoral System
The "Tea Room Revolt" of 50 Liberal MP over Gladstones franchise reforms. Forced to withdraw plans to enfranchise borough householders with rates higher than 5 pounds
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of Venezuela
The Belgian Massacres
Helps issue an International address to European and American workers condemning violence in Belgium.
April Revolution
Antonio Guzman Blanco entered Caracas after the April Revolution and established a new administration.
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of Venezuela, 1st term
Marshal
Appointed Commander the forces against the Paris Commune
Birth of Alexander John Charles
Birth of Alexander John Charles, 6th child of Edward & Princess Alexandria
Franchise
Reform of the Franchise in favour of Germans
Legislation
Reform of the Franchise in favour of Germans
Franchise
Reform of the Franchise in favour of Germans
Reform of Electoral System
Reform of the Franchise in favour of Germans
Demonstrations
Monarchist demonstrations
Political Support
Louis Decazes seeks support from Russia & Britain against Bismarck, war is averted
Political Support at Berlin
Starts a war scare with France. Louis Decazes seeks support from Russia & Britain against Bismarck, war is averted. Creates tension with France whe he asks "is war in sight?" in the Berlin Post
Reform of Parliament
The Commons votes to exclude strangers by 1 vote
Home Rule
Charles Stewart Parnell is first elected to the House of Commons (the lower level of British legislature), as a Home Rule League Member of Parliament for Meath
Member of Parliament
Charles Stewart Parnell is first elected to the House of Commons (the lower level of British legislature), as a Home Rule League Member of Parliament for Meath
Indian Act
His government consolidates laws affecting First Nations under the Indian Act.
Death of Karl Friedrich von Steinmetz
Death of Karl Friedrich von Steinmetz
Annexation of Transvaal
Annexes the Transvaal for Britain, creating Boer resentment.
Annexation of Transvaal
Proclaims British annexation of the South African Republic.
British Rule Proclaimed
The action fuels Boer resistance that later develops into war.
Annexation of Transvaal
Loses the republic when Britain annexes the Transvaal.
Appointed Archbishop of Dublin
McCabe is appointed Archbishop of Dublin after Cullen's death and assumes responsibility for the capital's Catholic archdiocese.
War of the Pacific
Declares war on Peru and Bolivia after the Antofagasta dispute escalates.
Marriage to Margaret Carlisle
Marries Margaret Montgomery Carlisle, linking him more closely with a family already prominent in Belfast shipbuilding circles.
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Queen Victoria asks Lord Hartington to form a ministry, but he persuades her to send for Gladstone. Appointed Prime Minister, 2nd term
Execution of Sophia Perovskaya
Is executed for participating in Alexander II's assassination.
People's Will Leaders Executed
She is hanged with other convicted People's Will conspirators.
Constitution of 1881
Promulgates the Constitution of 1881.
Constitution of Venezuela
The Constitution of 1881 reorganized the states into larger political sections and strengthened federal administration.
Venezuelan Federal Reorganisation
The constitution reorganizes Venezuelan states into larger federal sections.
Capture of Kandahar
Abdur Rahman takes control of Kandahar and strengthens his claim to national rule.
Birth of Kurt von Schleicher
Birth of Kurt von Schleicher
Constitutional Progressive Party Organised
Becomes a leading figure in Japan's new Progressive Party.
Rikken Kaishinto Founded
Helps found the Rikken Kaishinto constitutional party.
Birth of Getulio Vargas
Birth of Getulio Vargas
Birth of Getulio Vargas
Getulio Vargas is born in Sao Borja, Rio Grande do Sul.
Getulio Vargas Born
The future Brazilian president is born in southern Brazil.
Birth of Hugh Dowding
Hugh Dowding is born in Moffat, Scotland.
Hugh Dowding Born
The future commander of RAF Fighter Command is born.
Capture of Hanoi Citadel
Seizes the Hanoi citadel with a small French force.
French Seizure of Hanoi
The action intensifies French intervention in northern Vietnam.
Liquid Oxygen
Co-achieves the first stable liquefaction of oxygen.
Permanent Gas Liquefaction
Demonstrates laboratory production of a previously permanent gas in liquid form.
Excellent Gunnery Command Begins
Fisher takes command of HMS Excellent, strengthening his association with naval gunnery and technical training.
Cryogenic Gas Liquefaction
Advances low-temperature chemistry through successful production of liquid nitrogen.
Liquid Nitrogen
Co-achieves the first stable liquefaction of nitrogen.
President of South Africa
Appointed President of South Africa
Christian Schweigaard Government
Begins the Christian Schweigaard Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Christian Selmer Government
The Christian Selmer Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Truce with Chile
Campero's government signs a truce ending active warfare with Chile.
Truce with Bolivia
Signs a truce ending active hostilities between Chile and Bolivia.
Birth of Bronislaw Kasper Malinowski
Birth of Bronislaw Kasper Malinowski
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of Venezuela, 1st term
Home Rule
Home Rule Bill, first, Introduced to the House of Commons
Reform of Parliament
Home Rule Bill, first, Introduced to the House of Commons
Home Rule
Gladstone introduces the First Irish Home Rule Bill, his object to establish an Irish legislature
Independence of Great Britain
Gladstone introduces the First Irish Home Rule Bill, his object to establish an Irish legislature
Independence of Ireland
Gladstone introduces the First Irish Home Rule Bill, his object to establish an Irish legislature
Irish Home Rule
Gladstone introduces the First Irish Home Rule Bill, his object to establish an Irish legislature
Legislation
Gladstone introduces the First Irish Home Rule Bill, his object to establish an Irish legislature
Rule of Ireland
Gladstone introduces the First Irish Home Rule Bill, his object to establish an Irish legislature
FA Cup Final Goal
Hunter scores Villa's second goal in the 1887 FA Cup final.
First FA Cup Victory
Hunter captains Aston Villa to its first FA Cup after defeating West Bromwich Albion.
First FA Cup Final Goal
Hodgetts scores Aston Villa's first goal in an FA Cup final.
Conference of Commonwealth
A meeting of Imperial Prime Minister's held in London
Plot
Parnell says the Times letter linking him to the Phoenix Park murders is a forgery. Accused by the British newspaper The Times of support for the brutal murders in May 1882 of the Chief Secretary for Ireland, Lord Cavendish and the Under Secretary Burke in Dublins Phoenix Park
Budget
Cuts the interest on Britains National debt
Foundation of Football League
McGregor helps establish the Football League with Aston Villa among its twelve founders.
Canal Promoter
French Panama Canal company enters liquidation after financial and engineering failure
Birth of Adrian Boult
Birth of Adrian Boult
Hemsoborna
August Strindbergs "Hemsoborna" premiered in Copenhagen
Birth of Charlie Chaplin
Birth of Charlie Chaplin
Birth of Adolf Hitler
Birth of Adolf Hitler, Brannau, Austria, son of Alois Hitler & Klara Polz
Rule of Oklahoma
The Oklahoma land rush officially starts at noon as thousands of homesteaders stake claims
Birth of Ludwig Wittgenstein
Birth of Ludwig Wittgenstein
Succession
Succeeds as head of the Bonaparte family
Purge
Decrees the expulsion of Jews from Moscow
Budget
Goschens budget has a surplus of ล2,000,000
Birth of Robert Watson-Watt
Birth of Robert Watson-Watt
Birth of Arthur Travers Harris
Birth of Arthur Travers Harris
Kullervo Premiere
Conducts the first public performance of Kullervo in Helsinki.
Death of Edward Henry Stanley
Death of Edward Henry Stanley
Budget
Introduces death duties
Birth of Nikita Sergeyevich Khruschev
Born in Kalinovka in the Kursk Governorate of the Russian Empire.
Birth of Jomo Kenyatta
Birth of Jomo Kenyatta
Nicholas and Alix Engagement
Approves the engagement of his heir Nicholas to Princess Alix of Hesse.
Invasion of Cuba
The expedition, composed of Marti, Gomez, Angel Guerra, Francisco Borreo, Cesar Salas and Marcos del Rosario, leaves Montecristi for Cuba
Invasion of Cuba
The expedition, composed of Marti, Gomez, Angel Guerra, Francisco Borreo, Cesar Salas and Marcos del Rosario, leaves Montecristi for Cuba
Invasion of Cuba
The expedition, composed of Marti, Gomez, Angel Guerra, Francisco Borreo, Cesar Salas and Marcos del Rosario, leaves Montecristi for Cuba
Invasion of Cuba
The expedition, composed of Marti, Gomez, Angel Guerra, Francisco Borreo, Cesar Salas and Marcos del Rosario, leaves Montecristi for Cuba
Invasion of Cuba
The expedition, composed of Marti, Gomez, Angel Guerra, Francisco Borreo, Cesar Salas and Marcos del Rosario, leaves Montecristi for Cuba
Invasion of Cuba
Makes contact with the Cuban rebels, who are headed by the Maceo brothers, and started fighting against Spanish troops. Lands at Playitas, near Maisi Cape, Cuba
Birth of Arthur William Fadden
Birth of Arthur William Fadden
President of Ecuador
Appointed acting President of Ecuador
Second FA Cup Victory
Devey captains Villa to a 1-0 FA Cup final victory over West Bromwich Albion.
Fast FA Cup Final Goal
Chatt scores the winning goal during the opening minute of the 1895 final.
1st Circumnavigation
Begins the 1st single handed yacht voyage around the world
Gold Contracts Authorised
New rules permit contracts to be settled in gold, an important legal step in Witte's programme for introducing a fully convertible gold ruble.
Death of Heinrich von Treitschke
Death of Heinrich Gotthard von Treitschke
League and FA Cup Double
Devey captains Villa to the league and FA Cup Double.
Opening Match at Villa Park
Villa defeats Blackburn Rovers 3-0 in its first match at Aston Lower Grounds.
Birth of Theodor August Otto Wilhelm Habicht
Birth of Theodor August Otto Wilhelm Habicht
Atbara Camp Assault Prepared
Completes preparations for a dawn assault against the strongly defended Mahdist camp on the Atbara.
Battle of Atbara
Horatio Kitchener defeats the Khalifa, leader of the dervishes in Sudan, at the Battle of Atbara. Angloian forces crush 6,000 Sudanese
Emir Mahmud Captured
Takes Emir Mahmud prisoner after the Anglo-Egyptian victory at Atbara.
Declaration of War
McKinley asks Congress for a declaration of war against Spain
Declaration of War
Congress passes a resolution recognizing Cuban independence and demanding that Spain relinquish authority over Cuba, McKinley was also authorizes to use military force to put the resolution into effect
Independence of Cuba
Congress passes a resolution recognizing Cuban independence and demanding that Spain relinquish authority over Cuba
Independence of United States of America
Congress passes a resolution recognizing Cuban independence and demanding that Spain relinquish authority over Cuba
Declaration of War
McKinley signs a congressional resolution recognizing Cuban independence from Spain & signs the Joint Resolution for War with Spain that authorizes US military intervention to Cuban independence
Independence of Cuba
McKinley signs a congressional resolution recognizing Cuban independence from Spain & signs the Joint Resolution for War with Spain that authorizes US military intervention to Cuban independence
Independence of United States of America
McKinley signs a congressional resolution recognizing Cuban independence from Spain & signs the Joint Resolution for War with Spain that authorizes US military intervention to Cuban independence
Joint Resolution for War
McKinley signs a congressional resolution recognizing Cuban independence from Spain & signs the Joint Resolution for War with Spain that authorizes US military intervention to Cuban independence
Blockade of Havana
The USA begins to blockade Havana
Declaration of War
Congress declares war against Spain
Havana Maritime Access Restricted
United States naval forces begin restricting shipping into Havana as hostilities intensify around Cuba.
Indian Currency Committee Appointed
The Fowler Committee is appointed to examine Indian currency reform and determine how the rupee can be placed on a stable gold basis.
Atbara Victory Opens Road to Omdurman
Uses the Atbara victory to prepare the final advance against the Khalifa's main army.
Federal War
Pando's Liberal forces defeat the constitutional government during the Federal War.
Symphony No 1 Premiere
Conducts the first performance of the original version of Symphony No 1 in Helsinki.
First Car Above 100 Kilometres Per Hour
Sets a landmark land-speed record using a streamlined battery-powered vehicle.
La Jamais Contente
Drives an electric car beyond one hundred kilometres per hour.
Southern Cross Expedition
The Southern Cross visits other Ross Sea islands before turning for home, reaching New Zealand on 1 April 1900
Battle of Reddersburg
De Wet surrounds a British detachment near Reddersburg and compels its surrender after sustained fighting.
Siege of Wepener
Dalgety organizes the defence of Wepener and holds the position against repeated Boer attacks.
Siege of Wepener
De Wet attacks the colonial garrison at Wepener but fails to force it to surrender.
Relief of Wepener
Brabant's colonial troops take part in operations that relieve the besieged garrison at Wepener.
Relief of Wepener
Rundle advances toward Wepener and helps force De Wet to abandon the siege.
Discovery of North Pole
Reaches latitude 86 34, setting a new record by surpassing Nansens result of 1895 by 35-40 kilometres
Sehested Government
Begins the Sehested Government in Copenhagen and serves as Council President of Denmark.
Hรธrring Government
The Hรธrring Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Council President of Denmark.
Birth of Hirohito
Birth of Hirohito
British Diplomatic Support for Concession
Receives active diplomatic support from British minister Sir Arthur Hardinge during negotiations in Tehran.
Assassination of Dimitri Sergeevich Sipiagin
Assassination of Dimitri Sergeevich Sipiagin
Death of Dimitri Sergeevich Sipiagin
Death of Dimitri Sergeevich Sipiagin, assassinated
Minister of Interior
Appointed Minister of the Interior
The Origin of Fire Premiere
Conducts the first public performance of The Origin of Fire in Helsinki.
Klerksdorp Conference Opened
Meets Boer representatives as serious negotiations begin over possible peace terms.
Battle of Rooiwal
Kekewich's entrenched force defeats a mounted Boer attack at Rooiwal in one of the war's final major battles.
Battle of Rooiwal
Hamilton coordinates the wider British operations that bring Kemp's commandos against the prepared position at Rooiwal.
Battle of Rooiwal
Rawlinson commands one of the British columns participating in the western Transvaal operations around Rooiwal.
Battle of Rooiwal
Kemp leads a mounted Boer attack against the entrenched British position at Rooiwal and is repulsed.
Second Johannes Steen Government
The Second Johannes Steen Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
First Otto Blehr Government
Begins the First Otto Blehr Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Assassination of Vyacheslav Konstantinovich Plehve
Assassinated by a student from Kiev University who had been expelled
Death of Vyacheslav Konstantinovich Plehve
Death of Vyacheslav Konstantinovich Plehve, assassinated
Iskra Printing
Helps arrange Iskra printing at Clerkenwell Green in London.
Massacre
Plehve blames the Jews for revolutionary feeling. 50 Jews are killed during an anti-Jewish pogrom
Birth of Ronglu
Death of Ronglu
Discovery of Typhus Vaccine
Discovers the typhus vaccine
Entente Cordiale
Instrumental in negotiating the Entente Cordiale
Accession
Succeeds Zakarine as king of Luang Prabang under the French protectorate
Radar Patent
Files a patent for radio detection of distant metallic objects.
Election
Adopted as a Liberal Candidate in Manchester North West
Madam Butterfly
1st performance of, "Madam Butterfly"
FA Cup Captaincy
Spencer captains Villa to its fourth FA Cup triumph.
Fourth FA Cup Victory
Hampton scores twice as Villa defeats Newcastle United 2-0 in the FA Cup final.
First Copa de Espana Winning Goal
Scores the only goal against Athletic Club as Madrid win their first national title.
Palau de la Musica Construction Begins
Begins construction of the Palau de la Musica Catalana after the foundation stone is laid.
Third Congress
Leads Bolshevik delegates at the Third Congress in London.
Third Congress
Leads Bolshevik delegates at the Third Congress.
Doctoral Dissertation Submitted
Submits A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions as his doctoral dissertation at the University of Zurich.
Geneva Conference
Mensheviks hold a separate conference instead of joining the Bolshevik congress.
Geneva Conference
Mensheviks meet separately from the Bolshevik congress.
Election
Final day of polling of the general election
Unity Congress
Attends the Fourth Congress, known as the Unity Congress.
Unity Congress
Supports attempts to restore formal party unity.
Unity Congress
Mensheviks gain influence at the Unity Congress.
Battle of Rawdat Muhanna
Defeats the Rashidi army and strengthens Saudi control of Qassim.
Battle of Rawdat Muhanna
Supports Saudi forces during the decisive fighting at Rawdat Muhanna.
Birth of Samuel Beckett
Birth of Samuel Beckett
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Council of Minister's, 1st term
Resignation of Sergei Yulyevich Witte
Nicholas II accepts Witte's resignation under conservative pressure.
Resignation of Sergei Yulyevich Witte
Resigns as chairman of the Council of Ministers.
Resignation of Sergei Yulyevich Witte
Nicholas II responds to pressure from conservatives & dismisses Witte
Death of Pierre Curie
Dies after a street accident in Paris.
Constitution of Russia
The first Russian constitution, known as the Fundamental Laws was enacted on the eve of the opening of the first State Duma
Fundemental Laws
The first Russian constitution, known as the Fundamental Laws was enacted on the eve of the opening of the first State Duma
Fundamental Laws
Leaves office as the new constitutional framework is imposed.
Constitution of Russia
The first Russian constitution, known as the Fundamental Laws was enacted on the eve of the opening of the first State Duma
Fundemental Laws
The Fundemental Laws declare the autocracy of the Russian Emperor, including Emperors supremacy over the Law, the Church, and Duma. The first Russian constitution, known as the Fundamental Laws was enacted on the eve of the opening of the first State Duma
Minister of Interior
Appointed Minister of the Interior
Constitution of Russia
The new fundemental laws for the constitution are made public
Duma
The 1st Duma is opened by the Tsar
First Duma
The first Duma opens shortly after Witte's fall.
First Duma
Represents Social Democratic activity around the First Duma period.
Patent Office Promotion
Promoted to Technical Expert, second class, at the Swiss Patent Office.
Panama Canal Leadership
Goethals assumes command as chief engineer and chairman of the Isthmian Canal Commission.
Birth of Patrick Chrestien Gordon Walker
Birth of Patrick Chrestien Gordon Walker
Sinn Fein
Griffiths founds an organisation called the Sinn Fein League
Afrikaner Loyalty Speech
Publicly emphasizes Afrikaner loyalty within the British Empire.
Imperial Conference
Attends the Imperial Conference as Transvaal prime minister.
First Premiership Begins
Is appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain.
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 1st term
Cabinet
Appointed Member of Cabinet for the 1st time, age 33
Board of Trade
Appointed President of the Board of Trade
Election
Must be elected to Parliament since offerred a place in the Cabinet
Election
Loses a bi-election in Manchester North West
President of Board of Trade
Appointed President of the Board of Trade
Election
Accepts an invitation to stand as prospective Liberal Member of Parliament for Dundee
Election
Loses the North-West Manchester by-election by just 429 votes
Reform of Parliament
Introduces a Bill to the House of Commons to set up Wage Boards
Death of Henry Campbell-Bannerman
Dies after having been dogged by ill health
Discovery of North Pole
Becomes the 1st person to reach the North Pole
Birth of Alain Poher
Birth of Alain Poher
Canonization
Joan of Arc is beatified at a Vatican ceremony
Independence of Bulgaria
Turkey recognizes Bulgarian independence
Independence of Bulgaria
The Triple Alliance recognizes the independence of Bulgaria
Legislation
Churchills Bill has its 2nd reading in the House of Commons
People's Budget
Lloyd George presents a redistributive budget financing welfare and naval expenditure through higher taxation.
Peoples Budget Introduced
Introduces the Peoples Budget to the House of Commons.
Redistributive Finance Programme
Proposes new taxes on land, high incomes and estates.
People's Budget
Introduces welfare finance later linked to social reform thinking.
Liberal Finance Programme
Links taxation reform with social spending and naval requirements.
Peoples Budget Cabinet Support
Backs Lloyd Georges radical budget in Cabinet and Parliament.
Finance and Social Spending Programme
Links taxation reform with social spending and naval requirements.
Peoples Budget Cabinet Backing
Supports Lloyd George's radical budget in Cabinet and Parliament.
Anglo-Persian Oil Company Incorporated
The Anglo-Persian Oil Company is incorporated to develop the D'Arcy concession and the Masjed Soleyman discovery.
Burmah Oil Majority Holding
Burmah Oil takes the majority of ordinary shares in the newly formed Anglo-Persian Oil Company.
D'Arcy Exploration Costs Compensated
Receives company shares compensating him for the heavy costs previously incurred in Persian exploration.
D'Arcy Joins Anglo-Persian Board
Becomes a director of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company after transfer of his concession interests.
For Unity Beyond All Obstacles
Publishes For Unity: Beyond All Obstacles in Vienna Pravda, pressing his campaign for Social Democratic reunification.
Budget
The Commons votes in favor of the Peoples Budget of 1909, including the whisky duty
Peoples Budget Commons Vote
The Commons votes in favour of the People's Budget.
Budget
Churchill wants strong measures against the Lords if they reject the Budget
Budget
The Budget is presented to the House of Commons & passes by 324 votes to 231
Budget
The Budget is presented to the House of Commons & passes by 324 votes to 231
Finance Bill Commons Majority
The Budget passes the Commons by 324 votes to 231.
Budget
The Lords passes the Budget without a division
Budget Reaches Lords
The Lords receives the Budget and passes it without a division.
Budget
The Lords is presented with the Budget & passes it without a division
FA Cup Victory
Captains Newcastle United to victory in the FA Cup replay.
Newcastle United Cup Captain
Helps defeat Barnsley by two goals at Goodison Park.
Newcastle United First FA Cup
Oversees Newcastle United's first FA Cup triumph after a 2-0 replay victory over Barnsley at Goodison Park.
Finance Act Royal Assent
Secures Royal Assent for the Finance Act.
Peoples Budget Enacted
Finally enacts the disputed People's Budget after constitutional conflict.
Commissioned Cavalry Officer
Receives a commission in the First Uhlan Regiment.
First Uhlan Regiment
Begins active service as a Prussian cavalry officer.
WSPU
Davison hides in a cupboard in the Palace of Westminster overnight so that on the census form she could legitimately give her place of residence that night as the "House of Commons", Tony Benn Member of Parliament placed a plaque there to commemorate the event
Census Protest
Hides overnight in Parliament during the national census.
House of Commons Cupboard Protest
Records the House of Commons as her census residence.
Nationalization
Creates the National Insurance Institute as the state expands control over life insurance
Birth of Feodor Lynen
Feodor Lynen is born in Munich.
German Biochemist Born
The future Nobel-winning biochemist is born in Bavaria.
First Western Party Returns
Taylor returns from the first Western Party journey after extended geological fieldwork west of McMurdo Sound.
Western Party Returns
Taylor and his companions complete the first Western Party journey by returning across the sea ice to Cape Evans.
Birth of George de Mohrenschildt
Birth of George de Mohrenschildt. Birth of George de Mohrenschildt
Cape Evans Geological Study
Debenham examines the local terrain around Cape Evans as part of the expedition's geological programme.
Agadir Crisis
A rebellion breakss out In Morocco against the Sultan, Abdelhafid. by April the Sultan is besieged in his palace in Fez and the French prepare troops to help put down the rebellion under the pretext of protecting European lives and property
Agadir Crisis
Britain tries to restrain France from adopting over-hasty measures and to disuade her from sending troops to Fez, the efforts fail but Edward Grey the British Foreign Secretary felt that his hands were tied and that he is forced to support France.
Agadir Crisis
The French dispatch a flying column at the end of April 1911 and Germany gives approval for the occupation of Fez.
Rule of Fez
The French dispatch a flying column at the end of April 1911 and Germany gives approval for the occupation of Fez
Winter Stable Reorganisation
Oates enlarges and reorganises the pony stalls to improve animal management during the Antarctic winter.
Winter Zoological Work
Wilson continues zoological study, drawing and specimen work as the expedition settles into Antarctic winter.
Cape Evans Topographic Study
Taylor uses the remaining light to examine local geology and topography around the Cape Evans base.
Upper-Air Balloon Observations
Simpson conducts balloon experiments to investigate atmospheric conditions above Cape Evans.
Cape Evans Winter Photography
Ponting works from his Cape Evans studio to document expedition life, equipment, animals and surrounding landscapes.
Winter Parasitology Work
Atkinson sets up laboratory equipment for medical and parasitological investigations at Cape Evans.
Agadir Crisis
A rebellion breakss out In Morocco against the Sultan, Abdelhafid. by April the Sultan is besieged in his palace in Fez and the French prepare troops to help put down the rebellion under the pretext of protecting European lives and property
Agadir Crisis
A rebellion breakss out In Morocco against the Sultan, Abdelhafid. by April the Sultan is besieged in his palace in Fez and the French prepare troops to help put down the rebellion under the pretext of protecting European lives and property
Rule of Morocco
A rebellion breakss out In Morocco against the Sultan, Abdelhafid. by April the Sultan is besieged in his palace in Fez and the French prepare troops to help put down the rebellion under the pretext of protecting European lives and property
Teaty of Fez
A rebellion breakss out In Morocco against the Sultan, Abdelhafid. by April the Sultan is besieged in his palace in Fez and the French prepare troops to help put down the rebellion under the pretext of protecting European lives and property
Titanic Completion
Harland and Wolff completes Titanic after more than three years of construction and fitting out.
Starboard Lifeboat Inspection
Inspects starboard lifeboats and their equipment with Sixth Officer Moody before the maiden voyage.
Titanic Delivery Trip
Travels aboard Titanic on the delivery voyage from Belfast to Southampton.
Titanic Lifeboat Gear Test
Supervises tests in which Titanic's lifeboats are swung out and selected boats are lowered.
Titanic Sea Trials
Takes part in Titanic's sea trials, including turning-circle work and compass adjustment.
Titanic Lifeboat Inspection
Inspects port-side lifeboats and their equipment before Titanic enters passenger service.
Titanic Sea Trials Officer
Joins Titanic's officers for sea trials before the ship leaves Belfast for Southampton.
Titanic Accepted by White Star Line
White Star Line accepts Titanic after successful sea trials and completion at Belfast.
Titanic Sea Trials Command
Commands Titanic during her sea trials in Belfast Lough before the ship is accepted for service.
Titanic Delivery Voyage from Belfast
Travels aboard Titanic after the sea trials as the ship begins her delivery voyage from Belfast toward Southampton.
Titanic Handed Over
Titanic is completed and handed over to White Star Line after her sea trials.
Titanic Sea Trials
Joins Titanic during sea trials in Belfast Lough before the ship is handed over.
Titanic Chief Officer Appointment
Is assigned to Titanic as chief officer shortly before the maiden voyage, prompting a reshuffle of the senior officers.
Titanic First Officer Assignment
Becomes Titanic's first officer after the late appointment of Henry Wilde as chief officer causes a senior-officer reshuffle.
Home Rule
Pledges Conservative-Unionist support for Ulster resistance to Home Rule proposals
Rule of Ireland
Pledges Conservative-Unionist support for Ulster resistance to Home Rule proposals
Titanic Musician Embarkation
Boards Titanic at Southampton as a Belgian violinist assigned to the ship's musical ensemble.
Titanic Maiden Voyage Cancelled by Illness
Misses Titanic's maiden voyage because his doctors consider him insufficiently recovered from surgery to travel.
Titanic Musician Embarkation
Embarks at Southampton as the orchestra's French cellist for Titanic's first Atlantic crossing.
Titanic Musician Embarkation
Boards Titanic at Southampton as bandmaster and violinist for the ship's orchestra.
Titanic Musician Embarkation
Boards Titanic at Southampton as an English bass player in the ship's orchestra.
Titanic Maiden Voyage Departure
Commands Titanic as she leaves Southampton on 10 April 1912 for her maiden voyage to New York.
Titanic Reaches Cherbourg
Commands Titanic during the first scheduled stop of her maiden voyage at Cherbourg.
Titanic Musician Embarkation
Joins the maiden voyage at Southampton as a cellist in Titanic's contracted orchestra.
Titanic Duty Report
Reports for duty aboard Titanic on the morning of departure from Southampton.
Titanic Departure Duty
Serves as Titanic's fourth officer when the liner departs Southampton on her maiden voyage.
Titanic Musician Embarkation
Embarks at Southampton as one of Titanic's pianists for the transatlantic maiden voyage.
Titanic Musician Embarkation
Joins Titanic at Southampton as a pianist, having previously worked as a professional shipboard musician.
Second Class Cabin D56
Occupies second-class cabin D56 during Titanic's maiden voyage.
Titanic Embarkation
Boards Titanic at Southampton as a second-class passenger bound for North America.
Titanic Musician Embarkation
Boards Titanic at Southampton as a Scottish violinist in the ship's orchestra.
Titanic Maiden Voyage Passenger
Boards Titanic at Southampton as a first-class passenger for the maiden voyage.
Titanic Cherbourg Call
Commands Titanic during the evening call at Cherbourg, where additional passengers join the maiden voyage.
Titanic Southampton Departure
Commands Titanic as the liner departs Southampton on her maiden voyage to New York.
Guarantee Group Maiden Voyage
Remains aboard for the maiden voyage so the Guarantee Group can test systems and address problems.
Guarantee Group Maiden Voyage
Sails with Harland and Wolff's Guarantee Group to observe Titanic's performance and identify defects during the maiden voyage.
Titanic Embarkation
Boards Titanic at Cherbourg with her husband John Jacob Astor and members of their travelling party.
Titanic Embarkation
Boards Titanic at Cherbourg for an urgent return journey to the United States.
Urgent Return to America
Takes passage on Titanic after receiving news that her first grandchild is ill in the United States.
Titanic Leaves Queenstown
Commands Titanic as she leaves Queenstown for the open Atlantic and New York.
Carpathia Command
Commands Carpathia after the ship departs New York on her eastbound voyage on 11 April 1912.
Titanic Queenstown Departure
Commands Titanic as the liner leaves Queenstown on the final European leg of the maiden voyage.
Home Rule
Home Rule Bill, The Irish Home Rule Bill is introduced in the House of Commons
Independence of Great Britain
Home Rule Bill, The Irish Home Rule Bill is introduced in the House of Commons. Asquith renews Liberal efforts to establish Irish Home Rule
Independence of Ireland
Home Rule Bill, The Irish Home Rule Bill is introduced in the House of Commons. Asquith renews Liberal efforts to establish Irish Home Rule
Irish Home Rule Bill Introduced
Introduces the Irish Home Rule Bill in the House of Commons.
Irish Home Rule
Home Rule Bill, The Irish Home Rule Bill is introduced in the House of Commons. Asquith renews Liberal efforts to establish Irish Home Rule
Legislation
Home Rule Bill, The Irish Home Rule Bill is introduced in the House of Commons
First Class Atlantic Passage
Travels as a first-class passenger aboard Titanic during the ship's maiden Atlantic crossing.
Pregnancy During Voyage
Makes the voyage while pregnant with the child she is expecting with John Jacob Astor.
Travelling with Maid
Travels with maid Rosalie Bidois as part of the Astor party aboard Titanic.
Travelling with Nurse
Travels with nurse Caroline Endres as part of the Astor party aboard Titanic.
First Class Atlantic Passage
Travels as a first-class passenger aboard Titanic during the maiden Atlantic voyage.
Maiden Voyage Technical Notes
Continues making technical notes and assisting the crew with minor difficulties as Titanic proceeds across the Atlantic.
Titanic Collision Response
Returns to the bridge and takes charge after Titanic strikes the iceberg.
Titanic Ice Warnings
Receives information that ice has been reported ahead on Titanic's North Atlantic route.
Iceberg Evasive Manoeuvre
Orders an emergency change of course and engine action when the iceberg is reported directly ahead.
Iceberg Helm Order
Orders the helm hard to starboard immediately after the lookout warning of an iceberg directly ahead.
Night Bridge Watch
Takes over Titanic's bridge watch from Second Officer Lightoller at ten o'clock on the night of 14 April.
Titanic Bridge Watch Begins
Takes charge of Titanic's bridge watch at 10 p.m. on the night of the collision.
Titanic Collision Manoeuvre
Directs emergency manoeuvring after the lookout reports the iceberg ahead.
Titanic Collision Watch
Has charge of Titanic's bridge watch when the iceberg is sighted.
Bridge Watch Responsibilities
Performs fourth-officer duties aboard Titanic during the final day of the voyage.
Collision Response
Reports to the bridge immediately after Titanic strikes the iceberg and assists the senior officers.
Damage Assessment Assistance
Assists with the officers' efforts to determine Titanic's condition after the collision.
Iceberg Observation
Joins officers on the bridge and observes the iceberg after the collision.
Boiler Room Six Collision
Is on duty in boiler room 6 when seawater enters rapidly after Titanic strikes the iceberg.
Lookout Warning
Rings the warning bell and telephones the bridge.
Three Bell Iceberg Signal
Strikes three bells from the crow's nest immediately after sighting the iceberg ahead.
Titanic Bridge Iceberg Warning
Telephones the bridge after sighting the iceberg ahead of Titanic.
Titanic Iceberg Sighting
Sights the iceberg directly ahead of Titanic.
Titanic Lookout Watch
Keeps lookout from Titanic's crow's nest with Reginald Lee on the night of the collision.
Titanic Crow's Nest Watch
Shares the crow's nest watch with Frederick Fleet shortly before Titanic strikes the iceberg.
Collision Manoeuvre
Carries out the helm order during the attempted avoidance manoeuvre.
Titanic Helm During Collision
Stands at Titanic's wheel while the bridge attempts to avoid the iceberg.
Collision Sensation
Notices a slight movement and a change in the engines rather than a violent impact when the collision occurs.
Reading at Collision
Is reading in his cabin when Titanic strikes the iceberg late on 14 April.
Steward Reassurance
Questions a steward after the collision and is initially told that there is no cause for alarm.
Bridge Watch Handed Over
Hands the evening bridge watch to First Officer Murdoch at 10 p.m. before retiring to his cabin.
Bridge Watch Handed to Murdoch
Hands the bridge watch to First Officer Murdoch and tells him that Titanic is entering the reported ice region.
Ice Lookout Warning
Has a warning passed to the crow's nest to keep a sharp lookout for ice during the evening watch.
Iceberg Telephone Warning
Receives the crow's-nest telephone warning of an iceberg ahead and repeats the warning to First Officer Murdoch.
Receives Iceberg Warning
Receives the lookout's telephone warning from the crow's nest and passes the danger to the bridge watch.
Californian First Watch
Keeps the first watch on Californian while the ship remains stopped among field ice.
Morse Lamp Call Attempted
Attempts to call the nearby steamer with Californian's Morse lamp but receives no confirmed reply.
Nearby Ship Observation
Observes a nearby passenger vessel while Californian is stopped for ice and tries to signal it by Morse lamp.
Nearby Steamer Lights Diminish
Observes the nearby steamer's deck lights diminish around the time the vessel appears to stop.
Nearby Steamer Report to Captain
Reports the approaching steamer to Captain Lord while Californian remains stationary in the ice.
Passenger Steamer Identified
Observes the lights of a nearby vessel and concludes that she is a passenger steamer.
Baltic Ice Warning Received
Receives the Baltic ice warning from Captain Smith during the afternoon of 14 April.
Antillian Ice Report Transmitted
Transmits Californian's report to Antillian describing large icebergs seen near the ship's track.
Californian Ice Warning
Sends Titanic a wireless message warning that Californian is stopped among ice.
Cape Race Traffic Monitored
Continues hearing Titanic communicate with Cape Race before ending his wireless watch for the night.
Ice Report Offered to Titanic
Offers Titanic the iceberg information after noticing that the liner is within wireless range.
Stopped and Surrounded by Ice Message
Transmits to Titanic that Californian is stopped and surrounded by ice.
Titanic Ice Report Acknowledgment
Receives confirmation that Titanic's operator has already copied Californian's earlier iceberg report.
Titanic Intercepts Ice Report
Learns that Titanic has intercepted Californian's wireless ice report sent to Antillian.
Titanic Keep Out Reply
Receives Titanic's curt reply while her operator is working Cape Race traffic.
Titanic Nearby Identification
Tells Captain Lord that Titanic appears to be near Californian based on the strength of the wireless signals.
Wireless Watch Ends Before Distress
Turns in for the night before Titanic begins transmitting her distress calls.
Wireless Watch Before Distress
Keeps his wireless headphones on while preparing to retire and consequently hears Titanic's distress traffic.
Additional Iceberg Sighted
Records another large iceberg and further ice visible to the southward during the evening passage.
Californian Boston Passage
Commands Californian on her westbound voyage from London to Boston when the Titanic disaster occurs.
Californian Head Turned East Northeast
Turns Californian's head toward the east-northeast after stopping for the night among the ice.
Californian Stops for Ice
Stops Californian for the night after encountering a field of ice in the North Atlantic.
Californian Stops in Field Ice
Stops and reverses Californian after the ship reaches field ice extending across her intended course.
Large Icebergs Logged
Records large icebergs encountered during Californian's passage on the evening before Titanic sinks.
Nearby Steamer Report Received
Receives reports that a steamer is approaching while Californian remains stopped among the ice.
Stopped in Ice Message Ordered
Orders Evans to advise Titanic that Californian is stopped and surrounded by ice.
Titanic Proximity Discussed with Evans
Asks wireless operator Cyril Evans what ships are nearby and is told that Titanic appears to be close.
Baltic Ice Message Acknowledged
Receives Baltic's detailed ice report and acknowledges the message during the afternoon of 14 April.
Baltic Ice Warning Reviewed
Receives the Baltic warning reporting icebergs and field ice near Titanic's intended route.
Baltic Wireless Reply
Sends Baltic a reply thanking the ship for its message and good wishes and reporting fine weather.
Bridge Return after Collision
Returns to Titanic's bridge immediately after the iceberg collision and begins assessing the ship's condition.
Caronia Ice Warning Received
Receives and acknowledges Caronia's warning reporting icebergs, growlers and field ice ahead of Titanic's route.
Ice Conditions Discussed with Lightoller
Discusses the reported ice with Second Officer Lightoller before leaving standing instructions for the night watch.
Collision Response from Cabin
Responds after feeling the collision and becomes involved in determining the seriousness of the damage to Titanic.
Final Evening Blueprint Review
Returns to his cabin after dinner and reviews plans and technical notes during the evening before the collision.
Passenger Areas Inspection
Continues inspecting Titanic's passenger spaces and technical systems during the voyage before the collision.
Collision Night
Is aboard Titanic with her husband when the ship strikes the iceberg late on 14 April.
Collision Night
Is aboard Titanic when the liner strikes the iceberg late on 14 April.
Death in Titanic Disaster
Perishes with Titanic after the Belgian violinist remains with the musical ensemble during the emergency.
Descent into Lifeboat Six
Climbs down a rope into lifeboat 6 after offering his sailing experience to help the short-handed boat.
Death in Titanic Disaster
Dies in the sinking after performing with Titanic's musicians during the evacuation.
Emergency Lifeboat One Survival
Escapes in emergency lifeboat 1 and helps crew the lightly loaded boat.
Californian Midnight Watch
Begins the midnight-to-four watch with Second Officer Herbert Stone while Californian is stopped.
Captain Rocket Message Delivered
Goes to Captain Lord and reports that eight white rockets have been seen from the nearby vessel's direction.
Morse Lamp Signalling
Attempts to contact the nearby vessel from Californian by Morse lamp but receives no reply.
Morse Reply Attempt
Attempts to answer what initially appears to be Morse signalling from the nearby vessel.
Nearby Steamer Lights Sighted
Sees a masthead light, a red sidelight and a glare of white lights from the nearby vessel.
Rocket Colour Confirmed to Captain
Confirms to Captain Lord that the rockets reported from the bridge appeared to be white.
Rocket Report to Captain Lord
Reports to Captain Lord that eight white rockets have been observed and that the nearby ship has disappeared from view.
Rocket Watch Continues
Continues observing the nearby vessel with Stone while white rockets appear in its direction.
Vessel Observation Resumed
Returns to the bridge after reporting to Captain Lord and continues watching until the nearby vessel disappears.
Passenger Steamer Seen from Deck
Observes the nearby vessel from Californian's deck and considers it large enough to be a passenger ship.
Two Rockets Seen from Californian
Reports seeing two rockets rise from the direction of the vessel he had been observing after midnight.
Death in Titanic Disaster
Dies in the sinking after leading the musicians during the evacuation.
Death in Titanic Disaster
Dies in the sinking after continuing his duties as a musician during the evacuation.
Death of Edward Smith
Dies during Titanic's sinking after directing the evacuation and distress response.
Sinking of RMS Titanic - Lifeboat Evacuation
After the iceberg collision, Smith ordered lifeboats uncovered and passengers mustered; Titanic sank at about 02:20 on 15 April 1912.
Sinking of RMS Titanic
Titanic founders at about 2:20 a.m. on 15 April after striking an iceberg; Smith dies with the ship.
Titanic Distress Order
Orders Titanic's wireless operators to call for assistance after the collision.
Death in Titanic Disaster
Dies in the disaster after playing with Titanic's orchestra during the evacuation.
Chief Baker Rescue
Is later recovered after supporting evacuation efforts.
Titanic Final Plunge Survival
Survives after entering the freezing sea during Titanic's final sinking.
Titanic Lifeboat Provisioning
Helps supply lifeboats with bread while passengers and crew prepare to abandon ship.
Death of Joseph Bell
Dies with the ship after remaining below with members of Titanic's engineering department.
Titanic Engine Room Command
Leads Titanic's engineering department as the crew works to maintain power and pumping after the collision.
Captain Called After Rocket Report
Calls Captain Lord before dawn and tells him that rockets had been observed during the previous watch.
Chief Officer Takes Morning Watch
Relieves Herbert Stone at four in the morning and receives an account of the rockets seen during the middle watch.
Morning Steamer Observation
Observes another steamer before dawn and discusses whether it is the same vessel associated with the earlier rockets.
Chief Officer Lost with Titanic
Dies in the disaster after remaining on duty during Titanic's evacuation.
Collapsible D Evacuation
Helps supervise collapsible D during the final lifeboat operations on Titanic's port side.
Lifeboat Eight Evacuation
Assists with lifeboat 8 on the port side during the evacuation.
Lifeboat Fourteen Assistance
Assists Fifth Officer Lowe with preparations around lifeboat 14.
Titanic Boat Deck Assistance
Assists the senior officers with lifeboat preparation and evacuation work on Titanic's boat deck.
Titanic Lifeboat Preparation
Helps organize lifeboat preparation and evacuation after the collision.
Lifeboat Fourteen Command
Takes command of lifeboat 14 after supervising its loading and lowering from Titanic's port side.
Return to Titanic Wreckage
Rows back toward the wreckage after Titanic sinks to search for people still alive.
Return to Wreckage Rescue
Returns toward the wreckage in lifeboat 14 and rescues several people who remain alive in the water.
Titanic Lifeboat Fourteen
Takes command of lifeboat number 14 during Titanic's evacuation.
Titanic Lifeboats Consolidated
Transfers passengers between boats so he can organize a return toward the wreckage.
Titanic Water Survivors
Recovers several people from the water during the post-sinking search.
Warning Shots During Evacuation
Fires warning shots while controlling a crowd near lifeboat 14 during the evacuation.
Lifeboat Thirteen Escape
Escapes Titanic in lifeboat 13 after leaving the engineering spaces.
Lifeboat Six Escape
Survives Titanic in lifeboat 6 during the port-side evacuation.
Collapsible C Evacuation
Supervises work around collapsible C during the final stages of the starboard evacuation.
Emergency Lifeboat One Lowering
Helps supervise emergency lifeboat 1 as it is lowered from the starboard side.
Lifeboat Five Lowering
Helps supervise the loading and lowering of lifeboat 5 on Titanic's starboard side.
Lifeboat Seven Lowering
Supervises the starboard evacuation and helps send lifeboat 7 away, the first boat lowered from that side.
Lost in Titanic Sinking
Dies during the sinking after serving on the boat deck throughout the emergency.
Starboard Lifeboat Evacuation
Directs the loading and lowering of lifeboats from Titanic's starboard side during the evacuation.
Carpathia Guided by Green Lights
Uses the green lights from lifeboat 2 to help guide Carpathia toward the first survivors.
Carpathia Rockets Sighted
Sees rockets from the approaching Carpathia while lifeboat 2 waits in the darkness.
Continued Rocket Signalling
Continues sending distress rockets while officers watch the lights of a nearby steamer.
Distress Position Delivery
Carries Titanic's calculated position to the wireless room so it can be transmitted to other ships.
Distress Rocket Preparation
Helps prepare and fire the regulation distress rockets from Titanic's bridge area.
Emergency Boat Two Departure
Leaves Titanic in emergency lifeboat 2 and directs the boat away from the sinking liner.
Emergency Boat Two Loading
Takes charge of emergency lifeboat 2 as passengers are placed aboard during the evacuation.
First Boat Alongside Carpathia
Brings lifeboat 2 alongside Carpathia at about 4:10 in the morning as the rescue begins.
Green Flare Signalling
Displays bright green pyrotechnic lights from lifeboat 2 while waiting for a rescue ship.
Green Pyrotechnics Loaded
Has a box of green pyrotechnic lights placed in lifeboat 2 before it leaves Titanic.
Lifeboat Command
Commands a lifeboat and later signals the approaching Carpathia.
Morse Lamp Signal
Uses Titanic's Morse lamp in an attempt to communicate with the nearby steamer.
Nearby Steamer Observation
Observes the sidelights and masthead lights of a nearby steamer while Titanic is sinking.
Passengers Assisted from Boat Two
Helps the occupants of lifeboat 2 climb from the boat and board Carpathia safely.
Titanic Distress Rockets Fired
Helps send distress rockets from Titanic to attract the attention of nearby vessels.
Titanic Lifeboat Two
Survives the disaster after taking charge of lifeboat number 2.
Titanic Position Calculation
Calculates the position supplied for Titanic's wireless distress traffic after the collision.
Titanic Position Calculation
Works out Titanic's position for distress messages and communication with responding ships.
White Distress Rockets
Fires white distress rockets intended to attract the attention of a nearby vessel.
Emergency Lifeboat One Survival
Escapes in emergency lifeboat 1 with other crew members and first-class passengers.
Boiler Room Five Withdrawal
Retreats through the engineering spaces as flooding spreads and the boiler-room situation becomes untenable.
Lifeboat Thirteen Survival
Escapes in lifeboat 13 and helps manage the heavily loaded boat after it reaches the water.
Lifeboat Six Survival
Escapes Titanic in lifeboat 6 after completing lookout duties on the night of the collision.
Lifeboat Seven Survival
Escapes Titanic in lifeboat 7 after earlier serving as a lookout.
Emergency Lifeboat One Command
Takes charge of emergency lifeboat 1 after it is lowered from Titanic.
Death in Titanic Disaster
Dies when Titanic founders after performing with the musicians during the emergency.
Death in Titanic Disaster
Dies when Titanic sinks after playing with the ship's musicians during the emergency.
Distress Signalling Assistance
Assists officers with emergency signalling from the after part of Titanic during the distress response.
Titanic Lifeboat Six
Survives Titanic's sinking aboard lifeboat number 6.
Carpathia Boarding
Boards Carpathia from lifeboat 13 at about 4:45 in the morning.
Carpathia Rescue Observed
Observes Carpathia collecting other Titanic lifeboats and survivors during the morning rescue.
Carpathia Sighted
Sees Carpathia approaching from the southeast and turns with the boat toward the rescue ship.
Discharge Water Danger
Experiences lifeboat 13 being pushed away from a powerful discharge of water from Titanic's side.
Falls Cut from Lifeboat Thirteen
Witnesses the falls being cut so lifeboat 13 can move clear beneath the descending boat 15.
Iceberg Near Carpathia
Observes an iceberg near Carpathia as lifeboat 13 approaches the rescue ship at daybreak.
Lifeboat Fifteen Danger
Survives the danger of lifeboat 15 descending almost directly onto lifeboat 13.
Lifeboat Thirteen Boarding
Boards lifeboat 13 after men are permitted to fill remaining places in the boat.
Lifeboat Thirteen Escape
Escapes Titanic in lifeboat 13 after men are permitted to fill remaining places on the starboard side.
Lifeboat Thirteen Lowered
Leaves Titanic in lifeboat 13 as it is lowered from the starboard side.
Nearby Lifeboat Contact
Maintains intermittent contact with several nearby lifeboats in the darkness after Titanic sinks.
Return for Warm Clothing
Returns to his cabin for warmer clothing before going back toward the boat deck.
Search for Lifeboat Light
Searches lifeboat 13 for a useful lamp and finds that effective signalling light is unavailable.
Ship List Observed
Notices Titanic's increasing list while moving through the ship during the evacuation.
Titanic Sinking Witnessed
Watches Titanic's lights disappear and witnesses the liner sink from lifeboat 13.
Californian Middle Watch
Takes charge of Californian's bridge for the middle watch while the ship remains stopped in ice.
Californian Midnight Watch
Takes the midnight watch aboard Californian while the ship is stopped among ice.
Continued Morse Signalling Ordered
Directs continued Morse-lamp signalling toward the nearby steamer after reporting the rockets to Captain Lord.
Eight Rockets Message Sent to Captain
Sends James Gibson to tell Captain Lord that eight white rockets have been observed in all.
Five White Rockets Reported
Reports to Captain Lord that five white rockets have been seen in the direction of the nearby steamer.
Nearby Vessel Appears Unusual
Remarks that the nearby vessel's appearance and lights look unusual while continuing to observe her.
Nearby Vessel Bearing Watch
Keeps the nearby steamer under observation after receiving instructions to report changes in her bearing or distance.
Nearby Vessel Disappearance Report
Reports to Captain Lord that the vessel associated with the rockets has disappeared from view to the southwest.
Three Further White Rockets Seen
Observes three additional white rockets after Californian again attempts to signal the nearby vessel.
Titanic Rockets Observed
Observes a series of white rockets in the direction of the nearby vessel and reports them to Captain Lord.
Collapsible B Survival
Survives on overturned collapsible lifeboat B after Titanic disappears beneath the water.
Collapsible D Loading
Supervises loading of collapsible D during the final minutes of Titanic's evacuation.
Lifeboat Eight Loading
Oversees the port-side departure of lifeboat 8, one of the earlier boats lowered during the evacuation.
Lifeboat Four Loading
Supervises preparations for lifeboat 4 and directs women and children into the boat.
Lifeboat Six Loading
Directs women into lifeboat 6 and sends the under-manned boat away from Titanic's port side.
Lifeboat Sixteen Loading
Helps supervise lifeboat 16 during the port-side evacuation.
Port Lifeboat Evacuation
Supervises the loading and lowering of lifeboats from Titanic's port side during the evacuation.
Port-Side Evacuation
Survives after reaching an overturned collapsible boat.
Titanic Lifeboat Loading
Supervises loading and lowering lifeboats on Titanic's port side.
Lifeboat Eleven Preparation
Assists with lifeboat 11 as passengers are moved toward the starboard boats.
Lifeboat Fifteen Preparation
Assists with lifeboat 15 during the evacuation from Titanic's starboard side.
Lifeboat Nine Preparation
Helps prepare and load lifeboat 9 during the evacuation.
Lifeboat Thirteen Preparation
Helps oversee lifeboat 13 during the crowded starboard evacuation.
Sixth Officer Lost with Titanic
Dies in the disaster after assisting with lifeboat operations during Titanic's evacuation.
Titanic Evacuation Assistance
Helps other officers prepare and launch lifeboats during the evacuation.
Lifeboat Fifteen Survival
Escapes in lifeboat 15 after assisting third-class passengers toward the boat deck.
Third Class Passenger Guidance
Guides a group of third-class women and children toward lifeboat 15 during the evacuation.
Middle Watch Handover to Stone
Points out the nearby steamer to Herbert Stone when handing over the bridge watch shortly after midnight.
Lifeboat Five Command
Takes command of lifeboat 5 after First Officer Murdoch orders him to leave Titanic with the boat.
Titanic Lifeboat Five
Leaves Titanic in lifeboat number 5 while assisting the evacuation.
Death in Titanic Disaster
Perishes in the sinking after the young Scottish violinist continues performing during the ship's final evacuation.
Lifeboat Five Loading Assistance
Helps Third Officer Pitman bring women forward while lifeboat 5 is being loaded.
Lifeboat Seven Loading Assistance
Assists near lifeboat 7 by helping keep a passage clear for women during the evacuation.
Titanic Collapsible C
Survives the sinking after leaving Titanic in collapsible lifeboat C.
Morning Wireless Recall
Is awakened before dawn and returns to the wireless set after officers report that rockets were seen during the night.
Titanic Loss Learned by Wireless
Learns by wireless that Titanic has sunk after resuming duty aboard Californian in the morning.
Baltic Contact after Rescue
Communicates with Baltic after Carpathia reaches the wreck area and survivors are recovered.
Baltic Rescue Report
Informs Baltic that Carpathia has reached the wreck area and recovered survivors from Titanic's boats.
Bridge Alert
Immediately reports Titanic's distress message to Carpathia's bridge.
CQD Interception
Unexpectedly intercepts Titanic's CQD announcing that the liner has struck an iceberg.
Californian Contact
Handles wireless communication involving Californian after the rescue operation is underway.
Captain Alerted
Ensures Captain Rostron is informed that Titanic has struck an iceberg and requires assistance.
Captain's Coming Message
Transmits Rostron's assurance that Carpathia is coming to Titanic's assistance.
Carpathia Position Sent
Transmits Carpathia's position during the wireless exchange with Titanic.
Continuous Wireless Duty
Remains at the wireless apparatus for prolonged duty as ships seek information about Titanic and the rescue.
Destination Requests Answered
Handles wireless questions from other ships asking where Carpathia intends to take the survivors.
Destination Revised to New York
Communicates the later decision that Carpathia will carry Titanic's survivors back to New York.
Frankfurt Inquiry Heard
Hears Frankfurt ask Titanic what is wrong during the wireless traffic surrounding the distress call.
Frankfurt Traffic Monitored
Monitors wireless exchanges between Titanic and Frankfurt during the emergency.
Full Speed Wireless Reply
Tells Titanic by wireless that Carpathia is steaming toward her as fast as possible.
Further Titanic Messages
Receives several additional wireless messages from Titanic after the initial distress call.
Iceberg Collision Message
Receives Titanic's warning that the ship has struck an iceberg and needs immediate assistance.
Initial Halifax Possibility
Passes information reflecting Rostron's initial consideration of Halifax as a possible destination after the rescue.
Last Message Without Reply
Sends a final message toward Titanic but receives no further answer from the sinking liner.
Lifeboat Readiness Message
Relays Rostron's message telling Titanic that Carpathia is coming and that rescue preparations are being made.
Multiple Titanic Signals Heard
Receives about four additional messages from Titanic after the initial CQD according to his later testimony.
Nearby Ships Contacted
Communicates with ships in the vicinity as information about the disaster and rescue is exchanged.
Official Messages Prioritized
Handles official messages authorized by Rostron concerning the sinking, survivors and Carpathia's destination.
Olympic Call Monitored
Hears Olympic attempting to call Titanic and helps draw Titanic's wireless operator's attention to the call.
Olympic Service Message
Hears Olympic calling Titanic with a master's service message during the developing emergency.
Rescue Communications Begin
Continues operating Carpathia's wireless station while survivors are being brought aboard.
Rescue Course Reply
Sends confirmation that Carpathia is steaming toward Titanic at the greatest speed possible.
Rescue Outcome Transmitted
Reports that Carpathia has picked up the survivors found in Titanic's small boats.
Titanic Alerted to Olympic
Tells Titanic's operator that Olympic is calling when the call has not initially been noticed.
Titanic CQD Heard by Chance
Hears Titanic's distress call largely by chance while still wearing his wireless headphones before retiring.
Titanic Communications End
Notes that Titanic stops answering wireless calls before Carpathia reaches the transmitted position.
Titanic Distress Call Received
Receives Titanic's distress traffic and alerts Carpathia's bridge so the ship can turn toward the reported position.
Titanic Lifeboat Warning Relayed
Relays Rostron's instruction that Titanic should have her lifeboats ready while Carpathia approaches.
Titanic Position Received
Receives Titanic's reported position for Carpathia's emergency run toward the liner.
Virginian Contact
Handles wireless communication with Virginian while ships exchange information about the Titanic disaster.
Wireless Position Exchange
Exchanges positional information needed for Carpathia's run toward Titanic.
Wireless Silence from Titanic
Recognizes that direct wireless communication with Titanic has ceased before Carpathia reaches the scene.
Titanic Distress Assistance
Assists Phillips in transmitting Titanic's distress calls.
Titanic Wireless Operator Survival
Survives the sinking after remaining at the wireless set late into the evacuation.
Wireless Operator Survival
Survives aboard the overturned collapsible lifeboat.
CQD and SOS Transmission
Continues wireless work until electrical power fails.
Titanic CQD Distress Call
Transmits CQD distress calls from Titanic's wireless room after the collision.
Titanic SOS Signal
Uses the newer SOS distress signal while continuing to seek assistance.
Additional Lookouts Posted
Posts additional lookouts because Titanic's collision indicates dangerous ice ahead.
All Survivors Aboard
Completes the survivor recovery after the last occupied Titanic boat reaches Carpathia during the morning.
Blankets Distributed for Rescue
Orders blankets placed in saloons, at gangways and in boats for use during the rescue.
Boat Two Located
Closes on the green lights displayed from Boxhall's boat and makes it the first Titanic boat recovered.
Boats Cleared for Emergency
Has spare gear removed from Carpathia's boats so they can be turned out rapidly if required.
Californian Search Request
Arranges for Californian to search the area for a Titanic boat believed still to be unaccounted for.
Carpathia Arrival at Disaster Position
Reaches the vicinity of Titanic's transmitted position shortly after four in the morning.
Carpathia Lifeboats Readied
Orders Carpathia's lifeboats prepared and made ready for immediate use if needed.
Carpathia Reaches Titanic Lifeboats
Brings Carpathia to the disaster area and begins recovering people from Titanic's lifeboats.
Carpathia Receives Titanic Distress Call
Responds after Carpathia receives Titanic's wireless distress message.
Carpathia Rescue Preparations
Orders Carpathia prepared to receive large numbers of survivors while the ship races toward Titanic's reported position.
Carpathia Turns Westward
Turns Carpathia from her eastbound route onto a course toward Titanic's transmitted position.
Course Changes Around Ice
Makes repeated course alterations as icebergs are sighted during Carpathia's final approach.
Cunard Rescue Report
Authorizes an official wireless report to Cunard describing the rescue and the decision to return west.
Deck Work Suspended
Orders ordinary deck work stopped so Carpathia's crew can concentrate on preparations for a mass rescue.
Emergency Course Order
Orders Carpathia turned toward Titanic immediately after learning of the distress call.
Engine Room Emergency Alert
Sends an urgent engine-room order explaining that Titanic is in distress and that maximum speed is required.
Extra Stokers Called
Orders the chief engineer to call an additional watch of stokers for the emergency run.
First Class Medical Reception
Stations the English doctor and assistants in Carpathia's first-class dining room for incoming survivors.
First Lifeboat Recovery
Directs the first recovery as Titanic's lifeboat 2 reaches Carpathia shortly after four in the morning.
Gangway Blankets Readied
Has blankets positioned at Carpathia's gangways for cold survivors arriving from the lifeboats.
Gangway Reception Organized
Directs the purser and stewards to organize reception of survivors at Carpathia's gangways.
Green Flare Sighted
Sees a green flare from Boxhall's lifeboat while Carpathia closes on the disaster area.
Hot Drinks Prepared
Orders coffee, tea and soup prepared for survivors and crew during the rescue operation.
Iceberg Avoidance Approach
Alters Carpathia's course repeatedly while approaching Titanic's position through an ice field.
Lifeboat Recovery Sequence
Keeps Carpathia maneuvering among the scattered lifeboats as survivors are taken aboard through the morning.
Lookout Reinforcement
Strengthens the lookout arrangements while Carpathia runs at high speed through waters known to contain ice.
Maximum Speed Order
Directs the engine room to make every possible speed toward Titanic's reported position.
Medical Stations Assigned
Assigns Carpathia's doctors to first, second and third-class dining rooms to receive survivors.
Medical Supplies Prepared
Orders restoratives, stimulants and medical supplies prepared for injured or exhausted survivors.
Memorial Service
Arranges a short service of thanksgiving for those rescued and remembrance for those lost.
Missing Boat Search Arranged
Asks Californian to search the surrounding sea when a Titanic boat is believed to remain unaccounted for.
New York Destination Chosen
Decides to return to New York because it offers the most practical destination for Titanic's survivors.
Officer Added to Bridge
Keeps an additional officer on Carpathia's bridge during the dangerous approach to Titanic's position.
Passenger Areas Controlled
Orders Carpathia's own passengers managed away from rescue areas to reduce confusion on deck.
Rescue Area Departure Decision
Leaves the disaster area after the lifeboats and survivors have been accounted for as fully as possible.
Rescue Boat Blankets Readied
Has additional blankets prepared for use in boats during the recovery operation.
Rescue Through Daybreak
Continues maneuvering Carpathia among ice and lifeboats as daylight spreads across the disaster area.
Second Class Medical Reception
Stations the Italian doctor and assistants in Carpathia's second-class dining room for incoming survivors.
Steerage Area Cleared
Orders Carpathia's steerage staff to keep their own passengers clear of the third-class rescue area.
Survivor Registration Ordered
Orders the purser's staff to record the names of Titanic survivors as soon as practicable.
Third Class Medical Reception
Stations the Hungarian doctor and assistants in Carpathia's third-class dining room for incoming survivors.
Titanic Boats Hoisted Aboard
Has thirteen of Titanic's wooden lifeboats hoisted aboard Carpathia during the rescue operation.
Titanic Rescue Completed
Completes recovery of Titanic survivors before Carpathia turns toward New York.
White Star Rescue Report
Authorizes an official wireless message to White Star reporting survivors aboard and Carpathia's return course.
Californian Proceeds to Titanic Position
Gets Californian under way at full speed through the ice toward the reported position of Titanic.
Morning Rocket Report Received
Is informed again before dawn that rockets had been observed during the middle watch.
Reports of White Rockets
Receives reports from the bridge that white rockets are being seen in the direction of a nearby vessel.
Virginian Titanic Report Received
Learns by wireless from Virginian that Titanic has struck an iceberg and that passengers are in boats.
White Rocket Report Received
Receives a bridge report that white rockets are being seen in the direction of the nearby steamer.
CQD Distress Transmission Ordered
Authorizes transmission of CQD distress calls so nearby ships can be summoned to Titanic's position.
Damage Reports Received
Receives reports of water entering forward compartments and learns that Titanic's damage is severe.
Distress Rockets Ordered
Orders or authorizes distress rockets to be fired at intervals in an attempt to attract nearby vessels.
Final Command during Sinking
Remains responsible for Titanic during the final evacuation as the ship settles lower and the remaining boats are launched.
Lost with Titanic
Dies when Titanic sinks after remaining aboard during the evacuation and final emergency.
Megaphone Evacuation Direction
Uses a megaphone on the boat deck while directing passengers and reinforcing the women-and-children evacuation priority.
Rescue Ships Boat Readiness Message
Has a wireless message sent advising responding ships to prepare their boats because Titanic is sinking.
Titanic Evacuation Ordered
Directs officers to uncover and load the lifeboats after the seriousness of Titanic's damage becomes clear.
Wireless Distress Calls Authorized
Orders Titanic's wireless operators to call for assistance after the seriousness of the flooding becomes apparent.
Women Entering Boats Wireless Report
Has wireless traffic report that women are being placed into Titanic's lifeboats during the evacuation.
Women and Children Priority
Directs that women and children receive priority as Titanic's lifeboats are loaded and lowered.
Lifeboat Eight Steering
Escapes in lifeboat 8 and assists with steering and rowing after the boat leaves Titanic.
Emergency Lifeboat One Escape
Escapes Titanic with her husband in emergency lifeboat 1.
Emergency Lifeboat One Escape
Escapes with his wife in emergency lifeboat 1, which is lowered with only twelve occupants.
Collision Damage Report to Captain
Reports to Captain Smith that the flooding is beyond Titanic's designed ability to remain afloat.
Death in Titanic Disaster
Dies when Titanic sinks after remaining aboard during the evacuation, and his body is never identified.
Deckchairs Thrown Overboard
Is reported throwing deckchairs overboard so they might provide flotation for people forced into the water.
Etches Passenger Warning Instructions
Directs steward Henry Etches to tell passengers where their lifebelts are stored and to help them put the belts on.
Flooding Extent Evaluation
Uses his detailed knowledge of Titanic's subdivision to assess how flooding of multiple forward compartments threatens the ship.
Passenger Lifebelt Warning
Urges stewardess Annie Robinson to wear her lifebelt visibly so passengers understand the seriousness of the emergency.
Steerage Passengers Directed Upward
Is observed giving instructions intended to help steerage passengers move upward during the emergency.
Stewardess Emergency Warning
Warns stewardesses to hurry on deck and take precautions after the extent of Titanic's flooding becomes clear.
Titanic Damage Inspection
Inspects the ship after the collision and assesses flooding in the forward compartments.
Titanic Foundering Assessment
Advises Captain Smith that the damaged ship cannot remain afloat.
Titanic Final Hours
Remains aboard Titanic during the final evacuation and dies in the sinking.
Lifeboat Seven Escape
Survives Titanic in lifeboat 7, the first standard lifeboat lowered from the starboard side.
Lifeboat Eleven Escape
Escapes in lifeboat 11 while carrying her musical toy pig.
Death of Francis Millet
Dies in the Titanic disaster while travelling home from Europe.
Lifeboat Six Escape
Survives Titanic in lifeboat 6 after leaving the ship during the port-side evacuation.
Titanic Straus Couple
Chooses to remain with her husband Isidor rather than leave him aboard Titanic.
Titanic Lifeboat Refusal
Declines to take a lifeboat place while other passengers still await evacuation.
Death of Jacques Futrelle
Dies in the Titanic disaster after his wife May reaches a lifeboat.
Death of John Jacob Astor
Dies in the Titanic disaster after helping his pregnant wife reach a lifeboat.
Titanic Madeleine Astor Evacuation
Helps his pregnant wife Madeleine reach a lifeboat before remaining aboard Titanic.
Astor Request to Accompany Wife
Witnesses her husband's attempt to accompany her because of her condition being refused during the evacuation.
Boat Deck with John Jacob Astor
Reaches the evacuation area with John Jacob Astor while the ship continues to settle in the water.
Carpathia Medical Care
Receives shelter and assistance aboard Carpathia after the exposure and shock of the disaster.
Carpathia Rescue
Is rescued from lifeboat 4 and taken aboard Carpathia after Titanic has sunk.
Evacuation Preparation
Prepares to leave Titanic as officers begin loading women and children into the remaining lifeboats.
Husband Missing after Sinking
Reaches Carpathia without John Jacob Astor and waits for news of her missing husband.
Lifeboat Four Boarding
Boards lifeboat 4 during the final phase of Titanic's evacuation.
Lifeboat Four Lowering
Leaves Titanic in lifeboat 4 as the boat is lowered from the ship.
Night in Lifeboat Four
Waits in lifeboat 4 during the cold hours between Titanic's evacuation and Carpathia's arrival.
Separation from Husband
Separates from John Jacob Astor when she enters lifeboat 4 and he remains aboard Titanic.
Titanic Lifeboat Four Rescue
Escapes the sinking aboard lifeboat number 4 while her husband remains aboard Titanic.
Carpathia Approach
Rows with the occupants of lifeboat 6 as the boat approaches Carpathia.
Carpathia Boarding
Boards Carpathia after being rescued with the occupants of lifeboat 6.
Carpathia Survivor Assistance
Helps organise assistance for fellow survivors after being rescued by Carpathia.
Dispute with Robert Hichens
Challenges Quartermaster Robert Hichens during disagreements over rowing and whether the boat should return.
Evacuation Assistance
Helps other passengers during the evacuation before entering a lifeboat herself.
Immigrant Survivor Assistance
Uses her organisational skills and language ability to assist distressed survivors aboard Carpathia.
Lifeboat Morale
Encourages the occupants of lifeboat 6 during the cold wait for rescue.
Lifeboat Six Boarding
Boards lifeboat 6 during Titanic's evacuation from the port side.
Lifeboat Six Lowering
Leaves Titanic in lifeboat 6 under the command of Quartermaster Robert Hichens.
Lifeboat Six Rowing
Helps row lifeboat 6 as its occupants move away from the sinking Titanic.
Return Debate in Lifeboat Six
Argues that lifeboat 6 should return toward the wreck area to search for people in the water.
Survivor Relief Work
Begins helping fellow Titanic survivors soon after reaching Carpathia.
Titanic Lifeboat Six Passenger
Escapes Titanic aboard lifeboat number 6 and helps other survivors during the disaster.
Titanic Foundering Report Received
Receives the report that Titanic has foundered and that Carpathia is returning to New York with survivors.
Titanic Survivor Information Request
Sends a wireless request to Olympic seeking immediate information about Titanic's passengers and where survivors will be landed.
Collapsible B Survival
Survives the sinking by reaching overturned collapsible B after being swept into the sea.
Lifeboat Thirteen Escape
Survives in lifeboat 13 after boarding from A deck during the starboard evacuation.
Death of Archibald Butt
Dies in the Titanic disaster while returning to the United States from Europe.
Carpathia Return Voyage Account
Records observations of life aboard Carpathia while the rescue ship carries the survivors toward New York.
Relay Through Other Ships
Uses other ships as relays when direct communication with distant shore stations is difficult.
Survivor Lists Prepared for Radio
Receives survivor names gathered aboard Carpathia for transmission to anxious relatives and authorities.
Survivor Names Transmission
Transmits names of Titanic survivors from Carpathia as lists are assembled aboard the rescue ship.
Titanic Operator Assists
Shares the heavy post-rescue wireless workload with surviving Titanic operator Harold Bride.
Wireless Work with Harold Bride
Works with Titanic operator Harold Bride after the rescue to handle the exceptional volume of wireless traffic.
Survivors Carried West
Carries hundreds of Titanic survivors westward while Carpathia proceeds toward New York.
Survivor List Identification
Is identified among the first-class survivors carried by Carpathia after the sinking.
Survivor Voyage to New York
Travels aboard Carpathia toward New York with the other Titanic survivors.
Survivor Fundraising
Helps raise money aboard Carpathia for Titanic survivors who lost possessions in the sinking.
Titanic Survivors Committee
Helps organize a committee of survivors to provide practical assistance to people rescued from Titanic.
Carpathia Survivor Names Request
Uses Cunard agent Sumner's name in a wireless request asking Carpathia to send the names of Titanic survivors.
Cedric Return Request
Sends a wireless request from Carpathia asking that Cedric be held so Titanic crew can return to Britain.
Carpathia Wireless Continuity
Keeps Carpathia's wireless service operating during the voyage toward New York with Titanic's survivors aboard.
Wireless Traffic toward New York
Continues transmitting rescue information as Carpathia steams west with Titanic's survivors.
Carpathia Voyage Relief
Continues relief work among Titanic survivors while Carpathia proceeds toward New York.
Incomplete Survivor List Received
Receives incomplete survivor information while White Star's New York office seeks confirmed names from Carpathia.
Ismay Cedric Message Received
Receives Ismay's wireless request that Cedric be held so surviving Titanic crew can return to Britain quickly.
Senate Titanic Investigation Resolution
Leads the move for a Senate investigation immediately after news of Titanic's loss reaches the United States.
Titanic Inquiry Resolution Authorized
Leads the Senate effort after passage of the resolution authorizing an investigation into the Titanic disaster.
Titanic Sinking News Received
Learns of Titanic's loss while recovering from surgery at Witley Park in England.
Titanic Sympathy Statement
Issues a public expression of sympathy after learning of Titanic's loss and the deaths of passengers, crew and Harland and Wolff staff.
Carpathia Arrival in New York
Disembarks from Carpathia in New York after surviving Titanic in lifeboat 13.
Arrival Communications Completed
Completes the emergency voyage's wireless work as Carpathia reaches New York and the survivors prepare to land.
New York Approach Communications
Maintains wireless traffic as Carpathia approaches New York with survivors, officials and relatives awaiting news.
Carpathia Arrives New York
Brings Titanic survivors to New York aboard Carpathia.
New York Harbor Entry
Brings Carpathia into New York Harbor on the evening of 18 April with Titanic survivors aboard.
Pier 54 Docking
Docks Carpathia at Cunard's Pier 54 in New York and enables the rescued passengers to disembark.
Carpathia Arrival in New York
Arrives in New York aboard Carpathia after surviving Titanic in lifeboat 4.
New York Harbor Approach
Approaches New York aboard Carpathia as relatives, officials and reporters await the Titanic survivors.
Widowhood after Titanic
Returns from the disaster as the surviving widow of John Jacob Astor, who is lost in the sinking.
New York Harbor Relief Work
Continues assisting survivors as Carpathia approaches New York and arrangements are made for disembarkation.
Senate Wireless Evidence
Gives evidence about Marconi wireless operations and shipboard communications during the Titanic disaster.
Senate Officer Evidence
Gives evidence about Titanic's officers, navigation, lifeboats and evacuation on the inquiry's opening day.
Senate Inquiry Opening Testimony
Gives testimony on the opening day of the Senate inquiry about White Star management and Titanic's voyage.
Titanic United States Testimony
Gives evidence on the opening day of the United States Senate investigation into the disaster.
Senate Carpathia Wireless Evidence
Describes receiving Titanic's distress traffic and Carpathia's subsequent wireless work for the Senate inquiry.
Senate Rescue Evidence
Explains Carpathia's response to Titanic's distress call and the rescue of survivors to the Senate inquiry.
Titanic Senate Hearings Opened
Opens the Senate investigation at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel and begins taking testimony about Titanic's loss.
United States Titanic Inquiry Opens
Leads the United States Senate inquiry into the Titanic disaster as hearings begin.
Senate Titanic Wireless Testimony
Describes Titanic's wireless distress work and the final communications sent before the ship sank.
Senate Lifeboat Testimony
Gives Senate evidence about Titanic's lifeboats, evacuation procedures and his experience after leaving the ship.
United States Senate Testimony
Gives evidence to the United States Senate inquiry about Titanic's officers, lifeboats and the evacuation.
Titanic Witness Subpoenas Announced
Announces subpoenas for surviving Titanic officers, wireless operators and crew members needed for further testimony.
Senate Navigation Testimony
Gives evidence about Titanic's position, distress signals, nearby lights and the evacuation of the ship.
Wreck Commissioner Requested
Requests appointment of a Wreck Commissioner to investigate the loss of Titanic.
Pravda
Works with Bolshevik press activity around Pravda.
Senate Company Communications Testimony
Gives evidence about White Star and International Mercantile Marine communications following the disaster.
United States Senate Company Evidence
Gives Senate evidence about company communications, survivor information and White Star's relationship with International Mercantile Marine.
Titanic Senate Hearings in Washington
Continues the Senate investigation after hearings move from New York to Washington.
Washington Titanic Hearings Opened
Resumes the Titanic investigation in Washington so the full subcommittee can participate in the hearings.
Titanic Senate Inquiry Service
Serves on the Senate investigation examining crew testimony and the circumstances of Titanic's loss.
Titanic Senate Inquiry Service
Participates in the Senate inquiry into the causes of the Titanic disaster and related safety issues.
Titanic Senate Inquiry Service
Serves on the Senate subcommittee reviewing evidence concerning Titanic's sinking.
Titanic Senate Inquiry Service
Serves on the Senate Commerce subcommittee and participates in the investigation of Titanic's loss.
Titanic Senate Inquiry Service
Serves on the Senate Commerce subcommittee examining testimony about the Titanic disaster.
Titanic Senate Inquiry Service
Participates in the Senate investigation and questions witnesses about Titanic and maritime safety.
Senate Passenger Testimony
Gives passenger evidence about Titanic's evacuation and his experience leaving the ship in a lifeboat.
Senate Lookout Testimony
Describes sighting the iceberg and reporting it to Titanic's bridge during the Senate investigation.
Senate Officer Recalled
Returns to the witness stand and provides additional evidence during the fourth day of the investigation.
Wreck Commissioner Appointment
Appoints Lord Mersey as Wreck Commissioner to investigate the loss of Titanic.
Disestablishment Legislation Introduced
Renews the Liberal programme for Welsh religious reform.
Welsh Church Bill
Introduces legislation to disestablish the Church in Wales.
Welsh Church Bill Introduced
Introduces legislation to disestablish the Church in Wales.
Appointed Titanic Wreck Commissioner
Is appointed Wreck Commissioner to conduct the British formal investigation into Titanic's loss.
Senate Fifth Officer Testimony
Gives evidence about lifeboat loading, his return toward the wreckage and the rescue of people from the water.
Senate Lookout Recalled
Returns for further questioning about visibility, lookout conditions and the iceberg sighting.
Senate Quartermaster Testimony
Gives evidence about steering Titanic, lifeboat 6 and events before and after the collision.
Senate Second Officer Recalled
Returns to the inquiry for additional questioning about Titanic's navigation and evacuation procedures.
Titanic Survivor Papers Entered
Requests that survivor lists and Herbert Pitman's memoranda be entered into the official Senate inquiry record.
Oceanic Steam Navigation Ownership Evidence
Explains to the Senate that the Oceanic Steam Navigation Company was the legal owner of Titanic.
Titanic Cost Evidence
States during Senate questioning that Titanic cost approximately one and a half million pounds.
Late Crew Testimony Session
Takes separate evening testimony from Albert Haines, Samuel Hemming and Frank Evans concerning Titanic's evacuation.
Titanic Steward Witness Session
Questions John Hardy, William Ward, James Widgery and Edward Buley in a separate evening session.
Titanic Seamen Witness Session
Examines Edward Wheelton, William Taylor, George Moore and Thomas Jones in a separate inquiry session.
Titanic Quartermaster Group Testimony
Takes group testimony from George Symons, George Hogg and Walter Perkis concerning Titanic's evacuation.
Titanic Crew Examination Session
Takes testimony from six Titanic crew members during a separate part of the Senate investigation.
Titanic Crew Witness Session
Takes separate testimony from George Rowe, Alfred Olliver and Frank Osman during the Senate investigation.
Senate Californian Wireless Testimony
Explains Californian's wireless traffic and communications with Titanic before the disaster.
Senate Californian Testimony
Gives evidence about Californian's position, ice conditions and the ship's actions during Titanic's distress.
Titanic Inquiry Assessors Nominated
Nominates five assessors to assist Lord Mersey during the formal investigation into Titanic's loss.
Senate Steward Testimony
Gives evidence about conditions aboard Titanic and the actions of crew members during the evacuation.
Senate Mount Temple Testimony
Gives evidence about Mount Temple's response to Titanic's distress calls and the surrounding ice conditions.
Crawford Recall Questioning
Questions steward Alfred Crawford about what he observed when the iceberg passed alongside Titanic.
Senate Ismay Recalled Testimony
Returns to the Senate inquiry for further questioning about Titanic, White Star practices and the evacuation.
Formal Titanic Investigation Ordered
The Board of Trade formally orders an investigation under the Merchant Shipping Act into Titanic's loss.
Senate Gracie Testimony
Provides detailed survivor evidence about the sinking, collapsible boats and conditions on Titanic's decks.
Senate Dickinson Bishop Testimony
Gives survivor evidence about Titanic's final hours and the evacuation during the Senate hearings.
Senate Helen Bishop Testimony
Describes the evacuation and praises the conduct of Titanic's crew during her Senate inquiry testimony.
Ismay Recalled Examination
Questions Joseph Bruce Ismay after the White Star chairman is recalled during the Senate hearings.
Titanic Loss Response
Responds publicly and corporately to the loss of Titanic as chairman of Harland and Wolff.
Rutherford Laboratory Research
Joins Ernest Rutherford's laboratory in Manchester, where research on radioactive phenomena and the nuclear atom strongly redirects his theoretical work.
Carpathia Captain Senate Testimony
Describes Carpathia's response and rescue work to the United States Senate inquiry.
United States Senate Evidence
Gives evidence to the United States Senate investigation about Carpathia's response and rescue of Titanic survivors.
Blue Ensign Entitlement
Carries the distinction associated with his Royal Naval Reserve status while commanding Titanic.
Royal Naval Reserve Status
Serves as an honorary commander of the Royal Naval Reserve while holding command of Titanic.
Board of Trade Investigation
Places maritime safety and lifeboat regulation under public examination.
Ulster Hall Speech
Addresses Unionist supporters against the Home Rule Bill.
Unionist Home Rule Opposition
Uses parliamentary and public advocacy to defend the Ulster position.
Titanic Senate Inquiry Evidence
Gives evidence to the Senate investigation about ownership, operations and communications involving Titanic and White Star Line.
Letter to Chkheidze
Writes to Nikolay Chkheidze during continuing disputes over Bolshevik organization and Social Democratic unity.
Arrest of Emily Pankhurst
Imprisoned for inciting people to place explosives outside Lloyd George's house
Conspiracy Conviction
Is sentenced for inciting the bombing of Lloyd George's house.
Three-Year Prison Sentence
Begins hunger striking after receiving a three-year sentence.
Constitution of USA
Resumes the "State of the Union Address" to Congress after a break of 112 years
State of the Union Address
Resumes the "State of the Union Address" to Congress after a break of 112 years
First Issue Published
Directs the weekly magazine from its first issue.
New Statesman Editor
Becomes founding editor of the New Statesman.
New Statesman Founded
Co-founds the New Statesman with Sidney Webb.
Progressive Weekly Launched
Creates a weekly review of politics, society and literature.
Sunderland Double Chase Ends at Crystal Palace
Gladwin appears in Sunderland's defence during the FA Cup final against Aston Villa; a 1โ0 loss denies the league champions a domestic double.
FA Cup Winning Goal
Barber scores the decisive goal in the 1913 FA Cup final.
FA Cup Final Clean Sheet
Keeps a clean sheet as Aston Villa defeat Sunderland.
Capture of Scutari
Assists Montenegro in capturing Scutari from the Turks
Cat and Mouse Act
Introduces temporary release for hunger-striking prisoners in poor health.
Temporary Prisoner Discharge
Allows recovered prisoners to be returned to complete their sentences.
Football League Championship
Helps Sunderland win the Football League championship.
Sunderland League Title
Contributes important goals during the club's title-winning campaign.
Football League Championship
Manages Sunderland to the Football League championship.
Sunderland Managerial Title
Guides the club close to a league and cup double.
Birth of Alec Guinness
Alec Guinness is born as Alec Guinness de Cuffe
Federal Reserve Districts Announced
The Reserve Bank Organization Committee announces the boundaries of twelve Federal Reserve districts and names the cities in which the Reserve Banks will be located, establishing the geographic structure of the new central banking system.
Problems of Unity
Publishes Problems of Unity while continuing his effort to bridge divisions in Russian Social Democracy.
Battle of Shiala
Beys Turkish XIII Corps are driven back into the Jebel Hamlin Mountains
Drama
Dramatization of, "Pygmalion"
President of Venezuela
Appointed acting President of Venezuela
Capture of Vera Cruz
US forces bombard & seize the Mexican port of Vera Cruz
Naval and Military Movements Inquiry
Responds in the Commons during an inquiry into reported naval and military movements.
Chief of Imperial General Staff (CIGS)
Resigns as Chief of the Imperial General Staff after the Curragh Mutiny
Curragh Mutiny
Resigns as Chief of the Imperial General Staff after the Curragh Mutiny
Birth of McKinley Morganfield
Birth of McKinley Morganfield, Mississippi
Birth of Billie Holiday
Birth of Billie Holiday
Anzac Landing Coast Reconnoitred
Birdwood and senior ANZAC officers inspect the Gallipoli coast from HMS Queen Elizabeth before the landings.
Retired Naval Captains Employment Reviewed
Churchill answers parliamentary questions concerning the wartime employment of retired Royal Navy captains.
Brusilov Offensive
Formulates the idea for the Brusilov Offensive. At the GHQ in front of the Tsar advocates an attack on all fronts
War Office Production Committee Reviewed
Addresses a War Office committee examining production and supply for the Army.
War Production Acceleration Committee Backed
Supports committee work intended to accelerate the production of equipment required by the armed forces.
Invasion Fleet Assembled at Mudros
Hamilton oversees final preparations as more than two hundred vessels assemble at Mudros for the invasion.
Merchant Ship Submarine Attacks Reported
Churchill supplies information concerning attacks by submarines on British and neutral merchant ships.
Naval Engineer Recognition Policy Reviewed
Churchill answers questions concerning honours and promotion for Royal Navy engineer officers.
Battle of Ypres, 2nd
Belgian forces hold positions near Ypres.
Battle of Ypres, 2nd
Currie commands Canadian troops under gas attack at Ypres.
Battle of Ypres, 2nd
Alderson commands the Canadian Division at Ypres.
Battle of Ypres, 2nd
French troops are hit by the first gas attack at Ypres.
Poison Gas
Haber helps prepare chlorine gas use at Ypres.
Gas Offensive Opens at Ypres
German forces release chlorine gas during the opening attack of the Second Battle of Ypres.
Battle of Ypres, 2nd
Albrecht commands German forces during Second Ypres.
Battle of Ypres, 2nd
Poison gas is first used on the Western Front, in a German attack on Canadian troops at Ypres
Poison gas
Poison gas is first used on the Western Front, in a German attack on Canadian troops at Ypres
Western Front
Poison gas is first used on the Western Front, in a German attack on Canadian troops at Ypres
Battle of Ypres, 2nd
Deimling commands units during the gas attack at Ypres.
Army Estimates War Requirements Addressed
Addresses wartime Army estimates and the resources required for expanding operations.
British Prisoner Treatment Raised
Addresses reports concerning the treatment of British prisoners held in Germany.
Business Expertise for Military Supply Supported
Supports greater use of business expertise in Army and Navy equipment supply.
Wartime Press Censorship Reviewed
Answers questions about press censorship and restrictions on military information.
Second Ypres Reinforcements Ordered
French sends reinforcements toward Ypres after German gas attacks rupture sections of the Allied line.
Battle of Ypres, 2nd
Smith-Dorrien warns about the danger around Ypres.
Landing Delayed Two Days by Weather
Hamilton delays the invasion from 23 to 25 April because rough weather disrupts the assault timetable.
Australian Division Landing Orders Issued
Bridges issues final instructions for the 1st Australian Division's role in the ANZAC landing.
Naval Gunfire Support Allocated to Landing Beaches
Hamilton coordinates with naval commanders to allocate bombardment and transport support for the landings.
New Zealand Division Embarks from Lemnos
Godley's New Zealand and Australian Division prepares to follow the first Australian waves ashore.
Covering Force Embarks for Anzac
Sinclair-MacLagan's 3rd Australian Brigade embarks as the covering force for the ANZAC landing.
Bigali Reserve Maintained before Landing
Mustafa Kemal keeps the 19th Division ready as a mobile reserve on the eve of the Allied landings.
First Brigade Directed toward Left Flank
MacLaurin's brigade moves into the left side of the expanding ANZAC perimeter.
First Australian Division Comes Ashore
Bridges lands with the 1st Australian Division and attempts to organise the scattered troops above ANZAC Cove.
Second Ridge Delay Challenged
Bridges questions the halt on the second ridge while the original objectives remain beyond the ANZAC foothold.
Fourth Brigade Reinforces ANZAC Line
Monash brings the 4th Australian Brigade ashore and helps fill gaps in the developing ANZAC perimeter.
Second Brigade Diverted to Right Flank
McCay's brigade is diverted toward the southern flank as the landing plan breaks down.
Kum Kale Diversion Launched
D'Amade directs the French diversionary landing on the Asian shore at Kum Kale.
French Ships Support Kum Kale Landing
Guepratte's warships bombard Ottoman positions supporting the French diversion at Kum Kale.
Invasion Convoys Escorted to Gallipoli
De Robeck provides naval escort, bombardment and landing craft support for the invasion.
Anzac Corps Lands North of Gaba Tepe
Birdwood's ANZAC Corps lands north of its intended objective and establishes a precarious beachhead.
Evacuation Advice Sent after First Day
Birdwood reports his divisional commanders' recommendation to evacuate after the confused first day ashore.
AE2 Dardanelles Passage Begun
Stoker takes submarine AE2 into the defended Dardanelles on the morning of the Allied landings.
AE2 Reaches Sea of Marmara
Stoker succeeds in taking AE2 through the Dardanelles into the Sea of Marmara.
Anzac Evacuation Rejected after Landing
Hamilton orders the Anzacs to hold their ground rather than abandon the beachhead on the first night.
Cape Helles Landings Launched
Hamilton launches the main British landings on five beaches around Cape Helles.
Third Brigade Lands before Dawn
Sinclair-MacLagan's brigade lands before dawn and begins securing the ridges above ANZAC Cove.
Third Ridge Advance Halted
Sinclair-MacLagan halts the covering force on the second ridge rather than pressing toward the third ridge.
River Clyde Landing Crisis Managed
Hunter-Weston attempts to reinforce troops trapped around the River Clyde landing at V Beach.
V Beach Assault Directed
Hunter-Weston directs 29th Division operations as troops assault heavily defended V Beach at Sedd el Bahr.
W Beach Assault Directed
Hunter-Weston's 29th Division lands at W Beach and fights to secure the Helles foothold.
X Beach Landing Secured
Hunter-Weston's troops secure X Beach and begin expanding the northern side of the Helles perimeter.
Battle of Gallipoli
Commands the 1st troop landings on Gallipoli with the 29th Div & Australian & NZ corps
ANZAC
Lands a force of Australians & New Zealanders subsequently know as ANZAC Cove
Battle of Gallipoli
Lands a force of Australians & New Zealanders subsequently know as ANZAC Cove
ANZAC
Celebrated as ANZAC day
Battle of Gallipoli
Responsible for the Gallipoli front by leading the Mediterranean expeditionary force. Expects a 2 day advantage in which the Turks would be confused but is dissappointed. Celebrated as ANZAC day
Battle of Gallipoli
With the failure of the naval assault, the idea that land forces could advance around the backs of the Dardanelles forts and capture Istanbul gained support as an alternative, on 25 April, the Gallipoli Campaign is launched
AE2 Ordered to Disrupt Ottoman Reinforcements
Stoker receives instructions to enter the Sea of Marmara and attack Ottoman communications.
AE2 Signals Successful Passage to Fleet
Stoker reports that AE2 has passed the Narrows, encouraging Allied commanders during the first landing day.
Wellington Battalion Lands at Anzac
Malone brings the Wellington Battalion ashore and begins organising defensive positions within the ANZAC perimeter.
Conkbayiri Heights Reached ahead of Anzacs
Mustafa Kemal reaches the high ground and commits reserves before the Anzacs can secure the crest.
Fifty-Seventh Regiment Counterattack Ordered
Mustafa Kemal orders the 57th Regiment to counterattack the advancing ANZAC troops.
Fifty-Seventh Regiment Sent toward Chunuk Bair
Mustafa Kemal sends the 57th Regiment toward the heights after learning of the ANZAC landing.
Retreating Ottoman Troops Rallied
Mustafa Kemal rallies retreating Ottoman soldiers and orders them to hold the high ground above Anzac.
Sedd el Bahr Defence Reinforced
Halil Sami reinforces Ottoman defenders resisting the British landings around Sedd el Bahr.
Anzac Reinforcements Released from Ottoman Reserve
Esat releases additional troops to contain the ANZAC beachhead during the first day.
Third Corps Responds to Multiple Landings
Esat directs Ottoman reserves as Allied troops land at Helles and Anzac.
V Beach Defenders Hold Landing Force
Sefik's regiment helps inflict severe losses on troops attempting to land at V Beach.
Battle of ANZAC Cove
Commands the resistence to Allied landings at "Anzac Cove" near Gaba Tepe
Kum Kale Force Withdrawn to Helles
D'Amade withdraws the French diversionary force from Kum Kale after completing its task.
Treaty Signature
Signs the secret agreement for France, committing the Allies to the negotiated concessions to Italy.
African Compensation Clause
Accepts in principle possible colonial compensation for Italy if France and Britain gain German territory in Africa.
Naval Assistance Clause
Accepts provisions for French and British naval assistance to Italy against the Austro-Hungarian fleet.
No Separate Peace
Signs the accompanying declaration binding the four governments not to conclude a separate peace.
Treaty Signature
Signs the secret Treaty of London on behalf of France.
Italian Intervention
Approves the agreement intended to bring Italy into the war on the Allied side.
Holy See Clause
Accepts a clause supporting Italy's opposition to participation by representatives of the Holy See in diplomatic action over the final peace.
Treaty Signature
Signs the secret agreement with the Italian, French and Russian representatives.
Helles Beachheads Joined
Hunter-Weston consolidates several Helles landing beaches into a continuous Allied foothold.
Italy Joins Entente
Asquith's government concludes the secret London agreement promising territorial gains to Italy in return for entering the war against the Central Powers.
Treaty of London
His government joins France and Russia in the secret agreement promising territorial gains if Italy enters the war against the Central Powers.
Italian Loan Clause
Accepts Britain's undertaking to facilitate a large loan for Italy on the London financial market.
Military Convention Clause
Signs terms calling for immediate military coordination among Britain, France, Italy and Russia.
Treaty Secrecy
Signs provisions requiring the agreement itself to remain secret while Italy's eventual adherence to the Allied declaration becomes public.
Treaty Signature
Signs the secret agreement for Britain alongside the Italian, French and Russian representatives.
Albanian Arrangement
Accepts provisions concerning Valona, a reduced neutral Albanian state and possible territorial changes around Albania.
Dodecanese Promise
Obtains Allied recognition of future Italian sovereignty over the Dodecanese islands then occupied by Italy.
Trieste and Istria Promise
Secures promised Italian acquisition of Trieste, Gorizia, Gradisca and most of Istria under the secret settlement.
Dalmatian Claims
Accepts the agreement promising Italy substantial parts of Dalmatia and specified Adriatic islands.
Bolshevik Party
The Treaty is secret until later exposed by the Russian Bolsheviks
Adalia Interest
Obtains recognition of an Italian interest in the region around Adalia if Ottoman territory in Asia is partitioned.
Albanian Arrangements
Accepts provisions allowing a reduced neutral Albanian state while giving Italy a privileged position around Valona and in Albanian foreign affairs.
Dalmatian Claims
Obtains extensive promised territorial gains along the Dalmatian coast and islands.
Dodecanese
Secures Allied recognition of Italian ownership of the Dodecanese islands already occupied by Italy.
London Loan
Obtains a British undertaking to facilitate an immediate Italian loan of at least fifty million pounds on the London market.
Treaty Secrecy
Accepts that the agreement and its territorial promises will remain secret.
Treaty of London
Negotiates the secret agreement promising Italy Trentino, South Tyrol, Trieste, Istria and other gains in return for entering the war.
Trentino and South Tyrol
Secures Allied promises that Italy will receive Trentino and South Tyrol to the Brenner after victory.
Trieste and Istria
Obtains promises of Trieste, Gorizia, Gradisca and most of Istria in the future peace settlement.
Valona and Saseno
Secures a promise that Italy will receive Valona, Saseno and surrounding strategic territory.
War Contribution
Secures a promise that Italy will receive a share of any war contribution proportionate to its sacrifices.
Decision for Intervention
Supports the secret agreement that aligns Italy with the Entente and promises territorial rewards after victory.
One-Month Entry Commitment
Commits Italy to take the field within one month of signing the agreement.
Treaty Signature
Signs the Treaty of London for Italy after presenting his government's memorandum of conditions.
Trentino Promise
Secures the Allied promise that Italy should receive the Trentino and the frontier toward the Brenner after victory.
Valona Promise
Secures a promise of full Italian sovereignty over Valona, Saseno and surrounding territory.
War Indemnity Clause
Obtains recognition that Italy should receive a share of any eventual war indemnity reflecting its sacrifices.
Treaty Signature
Imperiali places Italy's signature on the secret accord binding Italy to enter the war alongside the Entente.
Holy See Exclusion Clause
The treaty contains a clause supporting Italian opposition to Holy See representation in future peace negotiations concerning the war.
Entry Commitment
Approves Italy's commitment to begin active operations against the enemies of the Entente within one month.
Treaty Signature
Benckendorff commits Russia to the concessions promised to Italy in return for Italian intervention.
Adalia Interest Clause
Accepts provisions recognising Italian interests around Adalia if Ottoman territory in Asia is partitioned or occupied.
Independent Muslim Holy Places
Accepts the declaration that Arabia and the Muslim Holy Places should remain under an independent Muslim power.
Treaty Signature
Signs the secret agreement on behalf of Russia.
MacLaurin Killed above Anzac
MacLaurin is killed by Ottoman fire while commanding the 1st Australian Brigade at Anzac.
Helles Advance Timetable Pressed
Hamilton urges the Helles force forward before Ottoman reinforcements can consolidate.
Admiralty War Progress Statement Delivered
Churchill gives Parliament a wide review of naval operations and Britain's command of the sea.
Sturdee Falklands Dispatch Published
Churchill presents Admiral Sturdee's official dispatch describing the Falkland Islands victory.
Postwar Employment for Soldiers Considered
Addresses future employment arrangements for servicemen returning after the war.
E14 Enters Dardanelles Minefields
Boyle takes submarine E14 beneath the Dardanelles minefields toward the Sea of Marmara.
E14 Reaches Sea of Marmara
Boyle successfully reaches the Sea of Marmara and begins attacking Ottoman communications.
Walker's Ridge Defences Strengthened
Malone strengthens exposed positions on Walker's Ridge as the ANZAC beachhead settles into defensive warfare.
First Krithia Offensive Fails
Hamilton's first Helles offensive fails to break the Ottoman line despite heavy Allied casualties.
First Krithia Attack Launched
Hunter-Weston launches the first Allied attempt to capture Krithia and advance toward Achi Baba.
Capture of Kornilov
Is captured by Austro-Hungarian forces after heavy fighting.
AE2 Patrols Marmara before Loss
Stoker searches for Ottoman shipping while remaining submerged for long periods to avoid patrols.
AE2 Disabled by Sultanhisar
AE2 is damaged by the Ottoman torpedo boat Sultanhisar and forced to surface.
AE2 Scuttled after Capture Threat
Stoker scuttles AE2 after ordering the crew to abandon the disabled submarine.
French Kum Kale Diversion Prepared
D'Amade prepares the French landing on the Asian shore to divert Ottoman reserves.
Italian Alliance Negotiations
Supports negotiations bringing Italy into the Entente coalition under the London agreement.
Commander of Eleventh Army
Appointed Commander of the Eleventh Army
Fifth Army Defence Sectors Assigned
Liman von Sanders assigns divisions to protect Bulair, the peninsula and the Asian shore.
Commander of Eleventh Army
Appointed Commander of the Eleventh Army
Anzac Corps Assigned Gaba Tepe Sector
Birdwood's corps is assigned a landing north of Gaba Tepe to threaten the peninsula's central communications.
Helles Five-Beach Assault Planned
Hunter-Weston prepares simultaneous landings at five beaches around Cape Helles.
Prolonged Dardanelles Commitment Opposed
Fisher becomes increasingly hostile to a prolonged Dardanelles commitment that threatens his planned northern offensive preparations.
Ypres Salient Defence Reorganised
Plumer takes a major role in reorganising the defence of the Ypres salient during the gas crisis.
Artillery Shell Production Pressure Increased
Presses industry and the War Office to increase shell output as battlefield consumption rises sharply.
Second Ypres Corps Command
Commands V Corps during the Second Battle of Ypres.
Italian Entry Negotiations
Directs the government that negotiates Italy's move from neutrality toward intervention alongside the Entente.
Italian Alliance Negotiations
Represents Russian policy during negotiations over territorial concessions required to secure Italian intervention.
Carpathian Retreat
His division is caught during the Russian retreat.
Cape Helles Defence Prepared
Halil Sami prepares the 9th Division to defend the southern peninsula and landing beaches.
Gallipoli Third Corps Defence Coordinated
Esat coordinates Ottoman formations defending the peninsula before the Allied invasion.
Twenty-Sixth Regiment Covers Helles Beaches
Sefik deploys the 26th Regiment across key beaches and ridges around Cape Helles.
Lifeboat Escape from Pack Ice
Crean joins the expedition's lifeboat escape after the drifting ice begins breaking apart and the men are forced to seek solid land.
Elephant Island Landing
Crean reaches Elephant Island with the Endurance party, giving the men their first secure landfall after months on drifting ice.
Elephant Island Landing
Shackleton's entire party reaches Elephant Island by lifeboat, gaining solid ground after months living on drifting sea ice.
James Caird Voyage
Leaves Elephant Island in the James Caird with five companions to seek rescue from South Georgia
Arrest of Roger Casement
Returns to Ireland with a brigade of German POWs in a German submarine
James Caird Voyage Begins
Shackleton leaves Elephant Island with five companions in the James Caird to seek rescue assistance from South Georgia.
James Caird Rescue Voyage Begins
Crean leaves Elephant Island with Shackleton and four other men aboard James Caird on an open-boat voyage to seek rescue assistance.
Siege of Dublin
24-29 April, leads 125 men & captures the Boland mill during the Easter Rebelion
Easter Rebellion
24-29 April, during the Easter Rebellion seeks immediate independence for Ireland
Declaration of Government
Declaration of Provisional Government of the Irish Republic from the rebel held GPO
Easter Rebellion
Declaration of Provisional Government of the Irish Republic from the rebel held GPO. 24-29 April, the rebellion seeks independence for Ireland
Provisional Government
Declaration of Provisional Government of the Irish Republic from the rebel held GPO
Compulsory Service Decision
The government decides upon compulsory conscription, except for Ireland.
Easter Rising Begins
The Easter Rebellion breaks out in Dublin.
Reballion of Easter
The Easter Rebellion breaks out in Dublin
Reform of Armed Forces
Decides upon compulsory conscription, except for Ireland
First ANZAC Corps Deploys to France
Birdwood's I ANZAC Corps deploys from Egypt to the Western Front.
Siege of Kut-al-Imara
Surrnders to the Turks after a siege of 147 days
Easter Rebellion
Fights alongside Patrick Pearse and others in the General Post Office. Collins railed against what he perceived as its ham-fisted amateurism, notably the seizure of indefensible and very vulnerable positions such as St Stephens Green that were impossible to escape from and difficult to supply. Collins, like many of the risings participants, is arrested, almost sent to the gallows and winds up at Frongoch internment camp
Bolshevik Party
Opening of the Kienthal Conference of anti-war socialists
Conference of Kienthal
Opening of the Kienthal Conference of anti-war socialists
Exile of Joseph Stalin
At Byelo-Ostrov Station, Finland Railway, Stalin, Ulyanova and a delegation of Petrograd and Sestroretsk working men and women meet Lenin on his return from exile and accompany him to Petrograd
Return from Switzerland
Lenin arrives at Finland Station after returning from exile and immediately challenges support for the Provisional Government.
Bolshevik Party
Lenin, Zinoviev, and other Bolsheviks arrive in Petrograd from exile in Switzerland, they are met at the train station by a large contigent of jubilent workers, soldiers, and party members
Congress of Soviets
Kerensky wishes to convene the Constituent Assembly to institute more Liberal reforms
Exile of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov Lenin
Lenin, Zinoviev, and other Bolsheviks arrive in Petrograd from exile in Switzerland, they are met at the train station by a large contigent of jubilent workers, soldiers, and party members
Exile of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov Lenin
At Byelo-Ostrov Station, Finland Railway, Stalin, Ulyanova and a delegation of Petrograd and Sestroretsk working men and women meet Lenin on his return from exile and accompany him to Petrograd
Bolshevik Party
Lenin, Zinoviev, and other Bolsheviks arrive in Petrograd from exile in Switzerland, they are met at the train station by a large contigent of jubilent workers, soldiers, and party members
Exile of Grigory Yevseyevich Zinoviev
Lenin, Zinoviev, and other Bolsheviks arrive in Petrograd from exile in Switzerland, they are met at the train station by a large contigent of jubilent workers, soldiers, and party members
Arras Preparatory Bombardment Opened
Haig's armies begin intensive artillery preparation before the planned Arras offensive.
Bolshevik Party
Stalin takes part in the conference of leading members of the Bolshevik Party and in the joint meeting of Bolshevik and Menshevik delegates to the Alln Conference of Soviets where Lenin expounds his April Theses
Congress of Soviets
Stalin takes part in the conference of leading members of the Bolshevik Party and in the joint meeting of Bolshevik and Menshevik delegates to the Alln Conference of Soviets where Lenin expounds his April Theses
Menshevik Party
Stalin takes part in the conference of leading members of the Bolshevik Party and in the joint meeting of Bolshevik and Menshevik delegates to the Alln Conference of Soviets where Lenin expounds his April Theses
April Theses
Calls for all power to pass to the Soviets.
Presentation of April Theses
Lenin presents the April Theses, rejecting support for the Provisional Government and demanding transfer of power to the Soviets.
April Theses
Asserts that Russia is "passing from the first stage of the revolutionwhich, owing to the insufficient class consciousness and organisation of the proletariat, placed power in the hands of the bourgeoisieto its second stage, which must place power in the hands of the proletariat and
April Theses
Calls for a new "revolutionary International, an International against the social-chauvinists and against the Center" which later becomes the Comintern (Third International) formed in 1919.
April Theses
Condemns the Provisional Government as bourgeois and urges "no support" for it, as "the utter falsity of all its promises should be made clear" & condemns World War I as a "predatory imperialist war" and the "revolutionary defensism" of foreign social democrat parties, calling for
April Theses
In Russian the "Aprelskiye Tezisy", the April Theses formed a programme developed by Lenin during the 1917 Russian Revolution in which Lenin calls for Soviet control of the state & When published the theses contributed to the July Days rising and to the subsequent coup
April Theses
Lenin delivers his April Thesis, states that Russia will become a republic of soviets.
April Theses
Lenin succeeded in persuading the Bolsheviks of his arguments as laid out in the April Theses and they provided much of the ideological groundwork that later led to the October Revolution.
April Theses
The April Theses are published in the Bolshevik newspaper Pravda and read by Lenin at two meetings of the All-Russia Conference of Soviets of Workers and Soldiers Deputies.
April Theses
of October 1917, bringing the Bolsheviks to power.
April Theses
revolutionary defeatism.
April Theses
the poorest sections of the peasants"
Bolshevik Party
In Russian the "Aprelskiye Tezisy", the April Theses formed a programme developed by Lenin during the 1917 Russian Revolution in which Lenin calls for Soviet control of the state & When published the theses contributed to the July Days rising and to the subsequent coup
Bolshevik Party
Lenin succeeded in persuading the Bolsheviks of his arguments as laid out in the April Theses and they provided much of the ideological groundwork that later led to the October Revolution.
Bolshevik Party
The April Theses are published in the Bolshevik newspaper Pravda and read by Lenin at two meetings of the All-Russia Conference of Soviets of Workers and Soldiers Deputies.
Bolshevik Party
of October 1917, bringing the Bolsheviks to power
Comintern
In the April Theses Lenin calls for a new "revolutionary International, an International against the social-chauvinists and against the Center" which later becomes the Comintern (Third International) formed in 1919. Calls for a new "revolutionary International, an International against the social-chauvinists and against the Center" which later becomes the Comintern (Third International) formed in 1919
International, 3rd
In the April Theses Lenin calls for a new "revolutionary International, an International against the social-chauvinists and against the Center" which later becomes the Comintern (Third International) formed in 1919. Calls for a new "revolutionary International, an International against the social-chauvinists and against the Center" which later becomes the Comintern (Third International) formed in 1919
Pravda
The April Theses are published in the Bolshevik newspaper Pravda and read by Lenin at two meetings of the All-Russia Conference of Soviets of Workers and Soldiers Deputies
Provisional Government
Condemns the Provisional Government as bourgeois and urges "no support" for it, as "the utter falsity of all its promises should be made clear" & condemns World War I as a "predatory imperialist war" and the "revolutionary defensism" of foreign social democrat parties, calling for revolutionary defeatism
The April Theses
Publication of "The April Theses"
April Theses
Rejects Lenin's demand for Soviet power.
April Theses Discussion
Takes part in Bolshevik discussions after Lenin presents his theses
April Theses
Presents a program rejecting support for the Provisional Government
April Theses Support
Supports Lenin's demand for a new revolutionary course
Pursuit to the Hindenburg Line
Allied troops face the outer defences of the Hindenburg Line after the German withdrawal.
Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD)
The USPD was founded at a conference in Gotha, with Hugo Haase as the party's first chairman
Party Chairman
The USPD was founded at a conference in Gotha, with Hugo Haase as the party's first chairman
United States Entry Welcomed
Welcomes American entry into the war as a major reinforcement of the Allied coalition.
April Policy
Defends cooperation with the Provisional Government.
Declaration of War
Signs the declaration of war against Germany
Declaration of War
Declares war on Germany after approval by the Senate & House of Representatives. Declares war as an "associated power" giving the US independence from France & Britain
Program Publication
Uses the Bolshevik newspaper to press a new revolutionary program
Bolshevik Soviet Line
Supports Bolshevik work inside the Soviet movement.
Bolshevik Soviet Line
Debates Lenin's radical Soviet policy.
April Theses Debate
Moves from cautious support for the Provisional Government toward Lenin's line
April Theses Debate
Challenges Lenin's theses as too radical for immediate Bolshevik policy
Battle of Vimy Ridge
Commands Canadian Corps forces that help capture Vimy Ridge.
Battle of Arras
Commands Canadian Corps during the successful assault on Vimy Ridge.
Battle of Arras
The British begin the Nivelle offensive against the German 6th under von Falkenhausen. A British tactical victory
Nivelle Offensive
The British begin the Nivelle offensive against the German 6th under von Falkenhausen
Battle of Arras
Commands German Sixth Army defending the Arras sector against British and Canadian attacks.
Battle of Arras
Commands British First Army as Canadian Corps attacks and captures Vimy Ridge.
Battle of Arras
Attacks the German 6th Army under von Falkenhausen, wins a tactical victory
Offensive
9-15 April, the British begin the Nivelle Offensive under Generals Horne & Allenby
Sixth Army
Attacks the German 6th Army under von Falkenhausen, wins a tactical victory
Battle of Arras
Launches the Arras offensive to support wider Allied operations on the Western Front.
First Scarpe Offensive Opened
Haig directs the opening First Army attack along the Scarpe during the Arras offensive.
Vimy Ridge Assault Supported
Haig supports the Canadian Corps assault that captures most of Vimy Ridge.
Arras Initial Breakthrough
Third Army achieves an important initial breakthrough during the Battle of Arras.
Arras Offensive Command
Commands Third Army in the Arras offensive.
Battle of Arras
Commands British Third Army in the main assault east of Arras.
Battle of Arras
The British 1st & 3rd Armies attack the German 6th Army, British tactical victory. Leads the 3rd Army into battle, the battle results in a stalemate. 9-15 April, preliminary to the Nivelle offensive
Hindenburg Defences Breached
Third Army breaches German defensive positions associated with the Hindenburg Line.
Hindenburg Line
Breaks through the Hindenburg Line. Breaches the Hindenburg Line
Sixth Army
The British 1st & 3rd Armies attack the German 6th Army, British tactical victory
Third Army
Leads the 3rd Army into battle, the battle results in a stalemate
Capture of Vimy Ridge
Leads the Canadian Corps in capturing Vimy Ridge, 1st day of the Arras Offensive
Offensive
Leads the Canadian Corps in capturing Vimy Ridge, 1st day of the Arras Offensive
First Bullecourt Attack Directed
Holmes's 4th Australian Division attacks the Hindenburg Line at First Bullecourt.
First Bullecourt Failure Reviewed
Haig reviews the failed British-Australian attack against the Hindenburg Line at Bullecourt.
Battle of Marne, 1st
Plans to use 27 French Divisions but his plans are intercepted & the Allies advance 4 miles
Foreign Propaganda Controls Defended
Defends wartime controls intended to prevent hostile material circulating through foreign channels.
July Days
His April Theses help shape slogans later used during the July Days.
Theoretical Physics Institute Proposal
Submits a detailed application to the university science faculty seeking a dedicated institute for theoretical physics with stronger research and laboratory facilities.
Battle of Arras
British Fifth Army advances against villages near the Hindenburg Line during the wider Arras operations.
Milyukov Note Debate
Kerensky opposes interpretations of Milyukov's note that suggest Russia will continue an expansionist war policy.
Miliukov Note
Miliukov assures the Allies that Russia will continue the war and honour its existing international commitments.
Miliukov Note
In the Milyukov note, Milyukov tells allies that the war aims are unchanged
In the Milyukov note, Milyukov tells allies that the war aims are
In the Milyukov note, Milyukov tells allies that the war aims are unchanged
Miliukov Note
In the Milyukov note, Milyukov tells allies that the war aims are unchanged
Second Gaza Mounted Operations Directed
Chauvel directs mounted operations during the unsuccessful Second Battle of Gaza.
April Crisis Demonstrations
Kerensky faces mass demonstrations in Petrograd after publication of Milyukov's war aims statement.
April Crisis Demonstrations
Public demonstrations erupt after Miliukov's war-policy note becomes known, deepening the first major crisis of the Provisional Government.
April Days
Helps calm demonstrations against the government.
April Days
His note promising to honour Allied war commitments sparks street demonstrations
April Days
Presses Bolshevik opposition to the Provisional Government during the crisis
April Days
Faces public anger over the war policy of the Provisional Government
April Days
Opposition to the Foreign Minister Milyukov boils over due to his refusal to renounce annexations
April Days
Opposition to the Foreign Minister Milyukov boils over due to his refusal to renounce annexations
Milyukov Crisis
Kerensky survives the political crisis caused by Milyukov's war aims note and supports a compromise between the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet.
Milyukov Crisis
Survives the crisis caused by Milyukovโs war aims note.
Bolshevik Party
1st Bolshevik demonstrations in Petrograd & Moscow
Demonstrations
1st Bolshevik demonstrations in Petrograd & Moscow
April Crisis
His war aims note intensifies Soviet opposition.
April Days
Argues for preserving coalition influence over the revolution.
April Days
Tsereteli works within the Soviet to calm political unrest.
April Days
Helps manage Soviet authority during the April crisis.
April Days
Helps steer Bolshevik responses during the demonstrations
April Days
Works to restrain demonstrations and preserve Soviet influence.
April Days
Appeals for order as demonstrations challenge the government and Soviet leaders
April Days
Appeals for order as demonstrations challenge the government.
April Days
Criticizes revolutionary excesses and warns against disorder after the demonstrations
April Days
Survives the crisis by moving toward a broader coalition government
Second Scarpe Attack Continued
Haig continues Arras operations despite stronger German resistance and mounting casualties.
Bolshevik Party
Lenin and Stalin guide the work of the 7th Alln Conference of the Bolshevik Party
Congress of Soviets
Lenin and Stalin guide the work of the 7th Alln Conference of the Bolshevik Party
Demonstrations
The Provisional Government concedes that it cannot maintain order
Provisional Government
The Provisional Government concedes that it cannot maintain order
Coalition Government Talks
Kerensky supports negotiations to bring socialist representatives into the Provisional Government after the April crisis.
Arleux Operations Supported
Haig supports British and Canadian attacks around Arleux during the later Arras fighting.
Bolshevik Party
The Bolsheviks organize the Red Guard
Mobilization
The Bolsheviks organize the Red Guard
Eighth Army Command
Receives command of the Eighth Army on the Southwestern Front.
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
During April the BEF loses 120,070, the heaviest since July 1917
Casualties
During April the BEF loses 120,070, the heaviest since July 1917
Resignation as War Minister
Guchkov resigns as war minister amid military breakdown and the political crisis over continuation of the war.
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD)
Peace Negotiations
Demands immediate peace negotiations
Capture of Vimy Ridge
Captures Vimy Ridge
Grand Fleet Readiness Maintained during U-Boat Crisis
Beatty keeps the battlefleet ready for German surface action while unrestricted submarine warfare intensifies.
Anglo-American War Cooperation Expanded
Promotes closer cooperation with the United States on finance, shipping and military supply.
Arras Offensive Policy Reviewed
Reviews the British offensive at Arras within the wider Allied spring strategy.
Convoy Policy Pressed against U-Boats
Supports stronger convoy protection as submarine losses threaten Britain's supply system.
Imperial War Cabinet Meets
Presides over meetings bringing British and Dominion leaders together for common wartime policy.
Imperial War Conference Opens
Supports wider imperial discussions on war policy and the future constitutional relationship of the Empire.
Nivelle Offensive Prospects Reassessed
Reassesses Allied strategy as the French spring offensive fails to produce the expected breakthrough.
Arras Exploitation Failure
Third Army fails to fully exploit its initial breakthrough at Arras.
Coup
After the Russian monarchy was overthrown during the February Revolution, returns to Russia in a sealed train with Lenin and other revolutionaries opposed to the war
Exile of Grigory Yevseyevich Zinoviev
After the Russian monarchy was overthrown during the February Revolution, returns to Russia in a sealed train with Lenin and other revolutionaries opposed to the war
Coup
After the Russian monarchy was overthrown during the February Revolution, returns to Russia in a sealed train with Lenin and other revolutionaries opposed to the war
Exile of Grigory Yevseyevich Zinoviev
After the Russian monarchy was overthrown during the February Revolution, returns to Russia in a sealed train with Lenin and other revolutionaries opposed to the war
Commander in Chief
Dimissed by the provisional Government
Provisional Government
Dimissed by the provisional Government
Amherst Internment
Is detained by British authorities in Canada while returning from New York to revolutionary Russia.
Commander in Chief
Dimissed by the provisional Government
Provisional Government
Dimissed by the provisional Government
Transferred to Europe to liaise with the Allied navies
Transferred to Europe to liaise with the Allied navies
RAF
The Royal Airforce is founded
Execution
arrested and executed
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland
Avre Defensive Line Stabilised
Haig's forces help stop the German advance toward Amiens during the Battle of the Avre.
Siege of Amiens
The German push for Amiens is halted
Ancre Defensive Battle Stabilised
Haig's armies check the final major thrust of Operation Michael along the Ancre.
Birth of Alfredo Ovando Candia
Birth of Alfredo Ovando Candia
Red Cross
Counters the Red Cross efforts to stop the French use of chemical weapons
Reform of Chemical Warfare
Counters the Red Cross efforts to stop the French use of chemical weapons
Peace
Clemanceau discloses Charles peace note of 9th April
Battle of Lys
1st day of the Battle of Lys, part of Operation Georgette
Lys Offensive Opens in Flanders
Ludendorff launches Operation Georgette against British and Portuguese positions in the Flanders sector.
Operation Georgette
1st day of the Battle of Lys, part of Operation Georgette
Battle of the Lys
German forces attack near Ypres during the Lys offensive.
Spring Offensive
Ludendorff opens the Lys offensive near Ypres.
Estaires Defensive Crisis Managed
Haig directs reinforcements after German forces break into British and Portuguese positions near Estaires.
Lys Offensive Emergency Measures Ordered
Haig shifts reserves north as the German offensive opens against the Flanders front.
Dominion Reinforcements Praised
Highlights the contribution of Dominion troops during the German spring offensive.
Emergency Military Service Legislation Introduced
Introduces emergency legislation to expand the pool of men available for military service.
Irish Conscription Proposal Announced
Argues that Ireland can no longer remain excluded from compulsory military service.
Irish Home Rule Linked with Manpower Policy
Combines the conscription proposal with a renewed commitment to Irish self-government legislation.
Military Age Extension Proposed
Proposes raising the maximum military service age in response to the manpower emergency.
Picardy Battle Reviewed in Commons
Reviews the German spring offensive and warns that the war has entered a critical phase.
Fourth Battle of Ypres
Plumer commands British defence near Ypres.
Ekaterinodar Campaign
Begins the assault on Ekaterinodar against Bolshevik forces.
Flanders Reserves Shifted during Lys Crisis
Haig moves reserves north as the German Lys offensive threatens the British position in Flanders.
Assault on Ekaterinodar
Orders attacks against the Bolshevik-held city.
Backs to the Wall Order Issued
Haig issues his famous order calling on every position to be held during the Flanders crisis.
Backs-to-the-Wall Order Addresses Flanders Crisis
Haig issues his emergency order while German advances threaten British communications and positions in Flanders.
Backs to the Wall Order
Haig issues his order during the Ypres crisis.
Peace
The French publish Charles peace offer of 12th April
Bailleul Sector Reinforced
Haig sends reserves toward Bailleul as German attacks threaten the northern British front.
Command of Volunteer Army
Denikin assumes command of the Volunteer Army after Kornilov is killed during the fighting around Ekaterinodar.
Death of Lavr Kornilov
Kornilov is killed by artillery fire during the Volunteer Army's assault on Ekaterinodar.
Commander of Volunteer Army
Appointed Commander of the Volunteer Army
Death of Kornilov
Is killed by artillery fire during the siege of Ekaterinodar.
General
Appointed General in Chief of the Allied Armies, extending his powers
General
Appointed General in Chief, extending his powers to "strategic direction"
Volunteer Army Aftermath
His death leaves Denikin to assume command of the Volunteer Army.
Capture of Kars
Ottoman occupation of the Kars region
Rule of Kars
Ottoman occupation of the Kars region
Enigma Machine
Offers a prototype rotor cipher machine to the German Navy as military communications security becomes a wartime concern.
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of XX Corps
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of XX Corps
First Kemmel Defence Supported
Haig supports British and French resistance during the first major German attack around Kemmel.
Peace
Discloses the peace offer made by Emperor Charles I
Bethune Defence Reinforced
Haig reinforces the Bethune sector where German attacks are repelled during the Lys offensive.
Military Service Act Extension Secured
Secures expanded military service powers during the emergency on the Western Front.
Rule of Vilna
A dispute between Poland & Lithuania takes place over the Polish rule of Vilna
Second Zahle Council Presidency
The Second Zahle Council Presidency ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Council President of Denmark.
Economy of Russia
A Decree outlaws the purchase & leasing of industrial & commercial business. A Decree compels all securities & bonds to be registered with the Government
Second Zahle Premiership
Begins the Second Zahle Premiership in Copenhagen and serves as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Compulsory Military Training Decree
The Soviet government introduces compulsory military training for workers as it builds a more disciplined Red Army.
Fifteenth Brigade Counterattacks Villers-Bretonneux
Elliott's 15th Australian Brigade counterattacks at night during the recapture of Villers-Bretonneux.
Villers-Bretonneux Counterattack Supported
Haig supports the counterattack that restores the Allied position east of Amiens.
Kemmel Offensive Pressed
German forces seize Kemmel Hill but fail to convert the gain into a decisive breakthrough in Flanders.
Second Kemmel Fighting Coordinated
Haig coordinates British and French resistance during renewed German attacks around Kemmel.
Succession
Declared the ruler of Russia by the Whites
German Offensive Losses Reviewed
Reports on losses and reinforcements after the first phase of the German spring offensives.
Arrival at Ekaterinburg
Nicholas II and Alexandra arrive in Ekaterinburg and are confined in the Ipatiev House under tighter Bolshevik control.
Arrest of Nicholas II
Under arrest at Ekaterinburg, now Sverdlosk, in the Urals
Second Transjordan Operation Directed
Chauvel directs mounted formations during the second Transjordan operation against Es Salt.
Offensive
Launches a counter-attack in the Lys-Aisne sector, April-May
Operation Georgette Preparations Finalised
Ludendorff finalises the Flanders offensive intended to seize key railways and threaten the Channel ports.
Foch Allied Commander Role Supported
Supports the elevation of Foch to wider command authority over Allied operations.
Demonstrations
Suppresses civil disobedience & labour movements
Invasion of Russia
Japan attempts to gain a military foothold in Siberia
Kornilov Legacy
Becomes a symbol of White resistance after his death.
Diplomatic Mission
Russia & Germany exchange diplomatic missions
President of Dail Eireann
Is elected President of Dail Eireann and forms the second ministry of the First Dail.
Dail Eireann
2nd session of the Dail, Valera elected Priomh-Aire
Minister for Finance
Becomes Minister for Finance in de Valera's reorganized First Dail government.
Exile of Charles I
The Habsburgs are banished
Rule of Kars
Kars is incorporated into Armenia
Declaration of Afghan Independence
Amanullah publicly declares Afghanistan independent and challenges the restrictions imposed on Afghan foreign relations by earlier Anglo-Afghan agreements.
Reballion of Rebels in Munich
Proclaims the "dictatorship of the proletariat". Forms an Executve Council, the Council lasts for 2 weeks
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Eastern Frontier Report
Lloyd George receives Allied proposals defining a provisional eastern limit for Polish administration north of Kholm while reserving claims farther east.
President of South Korea
Appointed President of Korea of the Hansong Provisional Government
Provisional Government
Appointed President of Korea of the Hansong Provisional Government
Arrest of Adolf Hitler
Red Guards attempt to arrest Hitler
Reballion of Rudolf Eglhofer
Leads a "Red Army" of 20,000 workers from Munichs factories
Declaration of Independence
Amanullah declares Afghanistan fully independent in foreign affairs.
Proclamation of Jihad
Amanullah calls for holy war against British power and encourages resistance among tribes along the North-West Frontier.
Minister for Labour
Serves as Minister for Labour in the First Dail government.
Arrest of Michael John "Mick" Collins
Cathal Brugha is elected Priomh Aire (literally Prime Minister, translated as "President of Dail Eireann"), to be replaced by de Valera, when Collins helps him escape from Lincoln prison, in April, 1919
Dail Eireann
Cathal Brugha is elected Priomh Aire (literally Prime Minister, translated as "President of Dail Eireann"), to be replaced by de Valera, when Collins helps him escape from Lincoln prison, in April, 1919
Reballion of Rebels in Korea is suppressed
An insurrection in Korea is suppressed
Reballion of Rebels in Korea is suppressed
An insurrection in Korea is suppressed
Conference of Paris
Demands complete independence for South Africa at Paris Conference
Friis Caretaker Government
Begins the Friis Caretaker Government in Copenhagen and serves as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Liebe Caretaker Government
The Liebe Caretaker Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Army Reform
Kerensky develops his views through army reform after 1917.
Sixth FA Cup Victory
Ducat captains Villa to an extra-time FA Cup final victory over Huddersfield Town.
Rule of Mosul
Mosul is declared part of Iraq
Mandate for Syria
France receives the Syria and Lebanon mandate.
Mandate for Mesopotamia
Britain receives the Mesopotamia mandate after Ottoman defeat.
Mandate for Palestine
Britain receives the Palestine mandate at San Remo.
Invasion of Russia
Poland invades Russia
Reballion of Rebels in Crimea
Last White army under Wrangel evacuates the Crimea
Reballion of Start of peasant
Start of peasant insurrection in Tambov
Rule of Crimea
Last White army under Wrangel evacuates the Crimea
Great Debate Andromeda Argument
Uses spiral nebulae including Andromeda in the Great Debate, arguing that they are external galaxies rather than small objects inside the Milky Way.
Birth of Liam Cosgrave
Birth of Liam Cosgrave
Conference of San Remo
The League awards Mosul to Iraq despite Turkish claims and Kurdish opposition.
First Arrival in New York
Arrives in New York during his first visit to the United States, including lectures and fundraising.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Death of William Joseph Walsh
Walsh dies in Dublin after more than three decades as archbishop and is buried in Glasnevin Cemetery.
Council of Advisers
The first Transjordanian government was formed on 11 April 1921 as a Council of Advisers, giving Abdullah an executive body for the new emirate.
Transjordan Mandate
The first central government of Transjordan was formed under Rashid Tali. Abdullah used this administration to consolidate authority over districts that previously had separate local arrangements.
Prime Minister of Hungary
Appointed Prime Minister of Hungary by the Regent, Horthy
Allied Reparations Committee
Allied Reparations Committee levels 33 billion war reparations debt onto Germany; commands the handing over of 26% of all exports for 42 years and puts the Germans immediately into 12 billion in arrears
Reparations
Allied Reparations Committee levels 33 billion war reparations debt onto Germany; commands the handing over of 26% of all exports for 42 years and puts the Germans immediately into 12 billion in arrears
Reparations
The reparations bill is tallied when the Reparations Commission determines that damages caused by Germany amount to $33 billion or 133 billion gold marks. Reparations payments are to be made in cash or by such in-kind commodities as steel and coal
Transjordan Mandate
Rules Transjordan within the British mandate framework.
Death of Charles I
Death of Charles I, dies of pneumonia
Transfer of Government Functions
Oversees finance as administrative functions are transferred to the Provisional Government.
Birth of Elmer Bernstein
Elmer Bernstein, movie music composer is born in NYC
Genoa Agenda Cabinet Meeting
Meets Wirth and senior ministers to review Germany's agenda and negotiating position for the forthcoming Genoa Conference.
Einstein-Bergson Time Debate
Debates Henri Bergson over the meaning of time, confronting philosophical objections to the operational treatment of simultaneity in special relativity.
Genoa Conference
Leads the German government delegation as the Genoa Conference opens with representatives from 34 countries.
Conference of Genoa
Represents Germany at the Genoa Conference, where European economic reconstruction and relations with Soviet Russia dominate negotiations.
Gold Exchange Standard
Horne supports international plans for central-bank cooperation and economical use of monetary gold.
Genoa Conference
The Genoa Conference endorses a gold-exchange standard using reserve currencies alongside gold.
Birth of Julius Kambarage Nyerere
Birth of Julius Kambarage Nyerere
Reballion of Irish Republic
Irish Republic rebels occupy 4 Government courts in Dublin
Treaty of Rapallo
Signs the Treaty of Rapallo alongside Foreign Minister Rathenau, restoring diplomatic relations with Soviet Russia.
Treaty of Rapallo
Signs the Treaty of Rapallo, restoring German-Soviet diplomatic relations and mutually renouncing war-related financial claims.
Rapallo Negotiations
Plays a leading Foreign Office role in the German-Soviet negotiations that produce the Treaty of Rapallo.
Birth of Kingsley Amiss
Kingsley Amis, novelist and poet, is born
A German Treaty
A German Treaty is signed in Italy, recognizes the Soviet Union
Treaty of Russia
A German Treaty is signed in Italy, recognizes the Soviet Union
Rapallo Cabinet Review
Reviews the diplomatic consequences of the Rapallo agreement with cabinet ministers two days after its signature.
Reparations White Book
His government publishes documents explaining German reparations policy from May 1921 through March 1922.
Dr Mabuse the Gambler
Premiere of Dr Mabuse, der Spieler in Berlin.
Genoa Gold Exchange Resolution
The Genoa Conference endorses an international gold-exchange standard intended to economise monetary gold while rebuilding fixed exchange-rate relationships after the war.
Paris Relativity Lecture Series
Presents relativity to French scientific audiences during a highly publicised Paris visit, explaining both the special theory and the geometric theory of gravitation.
Arrest of Adolf Hitler
Imprisoned for 5 yrs in Landsberg fortress
Transjordan Mandate
An early consultative council was formed to consider and interpret laws within the developing emirate. Its creation reflected attempts to build governmental institutions under the mandate arrangement.
First Constitution
Amanullah promulgates Afghanistan's first written constitution and defines a centralized constitutional state.
Adkins v Children's Hospital
Writes the majority opinion invalidating a District of Columbia minimum-wage law for women.
Jews
Blames the Jews for the loss of the war, inflation & the occupation of the Ruhr
Speech
Blames the Jews for the loss of the war, inflation & the occupation of the Ruhr
Constitution of Egypt
Promulgates a constitution establishing a hereditary constitutional monarchy and elected Parliament.
Birth of John Mortimer
Birth of John Mortimer
Transjordan Mandate
High Commissioner Herbert Samuel announced British willingness to recognize a separate government under Abdullah, subject to constitutional conditions and British international obligations. The announcement marked an important advance in the emirateโs formal status.
Marriage
Marries Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, youngest daughter of the 14th Earl of Strathmore
Trial
Ludendorf is acquitted for his part played in the Munich Beer Hall putsch
NSDAP
Given 5 years for the Munich Beer Hall putsch, reduced to 6 months
Trial
Given 5 years for the Munich Beer Hall putsch, reduced to 6 months
Trial
Given 5 years for the Munich Beer Hall putsch, reduced to 6 months
Trial
Ludendorf is acquitted for his part played in the Munich Beer Hall putsch
Gold Convertibility Restored
Sweden formally restores gold convertibility at the old parity, completing its postwar return to the gold standard.
Dawes Plan
The Dawes Plan is put forward to stabilize the economic situation in Europe, to enable the Germans to pay their reparations and the Allies to pay their debts to the US. Sets an upper limit for payment of reparations and limits the time to 37 years, the Motto is "Business, not politics"
Economy of Germany
The Dawes Plan is put forward to stabilize the economic situation in Europe, to enable the Germans to pay their reparations and the Allies to pay their debts to the US
Allied Debt Payments
The plan is intended to help Allied governments repay debts owed to the United States.
American Loans
The Dawes Plan makes foreign loans, mainly from the United States, available to Germany.
Business Not Politics
The Dawes Plan is promoted under the motto Business, not politics.
Currency Stability
The Dawes arrangements contribute to German currency stabilization.
Customs Revenue
Customs taxes are included among the sources for reparations payments.
Dawes Plan Acceptance
Accepts the Dawes Plan for German reparations.
Dawes Plan
Accepts the Dawes Plan form German reparations
Dawes Plan
Reparation payments would begin at 1 billion marks for the first year and should rise over a period of four years to 2. 5 billion marks per year. Foreign loans (primarily from the United States) would be made available to Germany.
Dawes Plan
The Dawes Plan provides short term economic benefits to the German economy, It softens the burdens of war reparations, stabilizes the currency, and attracts increased foreign investments and loans to the German market.
Dawes Plan
The sources for the reparation money should include transportation, excise, and custom taxes. The Ruhr area is to be evacuated by Allied occupation troops. The German Reichsbank would be reorganized under Allied supervision.
European Stabilization Plan
Supports the Dawes Plan as a means to stabilise Europe's economic situation.
Excise Tax Revenue
Excise taxes are assigned as one source of reparations revenue.
First Year Payment
Reparations begin at one billion marks in the first year under the Dawes arrangements.
Foreign Credit
Germany gains access to foreign credit under the Dawes arrangements.
Foreign Investment
The plan helps attract increased foreign investment into Germany.
Loan Inflows
Foreign lending to Germany increases under the Dawes framework.
Reichsbank Supervision
The German Reichsbank is to be reorganized under Allied supervision.
Reparations Burden Eased
The plan softens the immediate burden of German reparations.
Reparations Capacity
The Dawes Plan is designed to enable Germany to meet reparations payments.
Reparations Ceiling
The Dawes Plan places an upper limit on German reparations payments.
Reparations Timetable
The plan limits the reparations timetable to 37 years.
Rising Reparations Schedule
Annual reparations are scheduled to rise toward 2.5 billion marks over four years.
Ruhr Evacuation
The Dawes arrangements provide for Allied occupation troops to leave the Ruhr.
Short Term Recovery
The Dawes Plan provides short-term economic benefits to Germany.
Transport Tax Revenue
Transportation taxes are identified as a source for reparations payments.
Dawes Plan
The Dawes Committee proposes a reparations plan to stabilize German payments after World War I.
Dawes Plan
The Dawes Plan provides for annual German reparations; Dawes later shares the 1925 Nobel Peace Prize.
Economy of Germany
Submits the committee report on German reparations and financial stabilization.
Foreign Loans
The Dawes Plan supports foreign lending to stabilize the German economy.
Reichsbank Reform
The Dawes Plan recommends changes to stabilize German finance and support reparations.
Reparations Schedule
The Dawes Plan reduces annual German payments at first and lets them rise over time.
Republic Confirmed by Referendum
Voters approve the abolition of the monarchy and establishment of a republic.
Mein Kampf
Puplication of "Mein Kampf", helped by Herman Hess
Mein Kampf
Puplication of "Mein Kampf", written mainly in Landsberg prison. Puplication of "Mein Kampf", helped by Herman Hess
Birth of Roy Mason
Birth of Roy Mason
Second Neergaard Premiership
The Second Neergaard Premiership ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Denmark.
First Stauning Premiership
Begins the First Stauning Premiership in Copenhagen and serves as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Greater German Youth Movement
The Jugendbund der NSDAP is renamed Grossdeutsche Jugendbewegung (Greater German Youth Movement)
Grossdeutsche Jugendbewegung
The Jugendbund der NSDAP is renamed Grossdeutsche Jugendbewegung (Greater German Youth Movement)
Hitler Youth
The Jugendbund der NSDAP is renamed Grossdeutsche Jugendbewegung (Greater German Youth Movement)
Jugendbund der NSDAP
The Jugendbund der NSDAP is renamed Grossdeutsche Jugendbewegung (Greater German Youth Movement)
Building Industry Apprenticeship
Addresses apprenticeship and labour supply in the building industry.
Citizenship
Renounces Austrian citizenship
Citizenship
Brunswick makes Hitler a German citizen on the eve of the Presidential election. Avoids deportation from Germany by becoming "staatenlos",
Election
Brunswick makes Hitler a German citizen on the eve of the Presidential election
President of Germany
Appointed President of Germany, 1st term
Return to Gold
Churchill announces restoration of sterling's pre-war gold parity.
Budget
Churchill presents his first budget and announces the Government's intention to restore sterling's gold parity.
Economy of Great Britain
The budget announces sterling's return at the pre-war rate of approximately 4.86 United States dollars per pound.
Income Tax
Churchill's budget combines the gold-standard announcement with reductions in the standard rate of income tax.
Return to Gold Standard
The Netherlands restores the guilder to the gold standard at its pre-war parity immediately after Britain's return to gold.
Marriage
Marries Chou En-Lai
Eastern Arbitration Approach Developed
Germany favors arbitration treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia rather than guaranteeing its eastern frontiers.
Buenos Aires Relativity Lectures
Lectures in Buenos Aires on relativity and modern theoretical physics, bringing his account of spacetime and gravitation to large South American audiences.
Montevideo Relativity Lectures
Visits Montevideo and discusses relativity with university and public audiences, extending the international circulation of his gravitational and spacetime ideas.
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
Second Eigenvalue Paper
Publishes the second paper in his wave-mechanics series and extends the new formalism beyond the first hydrogen calculations.
Birth of Ian Richard Kyle Paisley
Birth of Ian Richard Kyle Paisley
Birth of Alexander Butterfield
Birth of Alexander Butterfield
Plot
Failed attempt to assassinate Mussolini
Unemployment Insurance Amendment
Debates an amendment affecting eligibility under unemployment insurance law.
Economy Provisions
Opposes or scrutinises economy measures affecting public expenditure and social services.
Birth of Elizabeth II
Birth of Elizabeth II, at 17 Bruton St, London,1st child of the Duke & Duchess of York
Treaty Negotiations
Persia, Turkey & Afghanistan sign a Treaty for mutual security
Treaty of Security
Persia, Turkey & Afghanistan sign a Treaty for mutual security
Treaty of Berlin
Germany and the Soviet Union sign the Treaty of Berlin, renewing the neutral relationship established after Rapallo.
Berlin Treaty
Berlin Treaty of friendship & neutrality between Germany & Russia
Neutrality
Berlin Treaty of friendship & neutrality between Germany & Russia
Treaty of Friendship
Berlin Treaty of friendship & neutrality between Germany & Russia
Treaty of Berlin with Soviet Union
Stresemann signs the Treaty of Berlin with the Soviet Union while maintaining Germany's western Locarno policy.
German Soviet Pact
A German-Soviet non-aggression pact is concluded.
Berlin Treaty
Berlin Treaty of friendship & neutrality between Germany & Russia
Neutrality
Berlin Treaty of friendship & neutrality between Germany & Russia
Treaty of Friendship
Berlin Treaty of friendship & neutrality between Germany & Russia
Duca degli Abruzzi
Founds the Villaggio Duca degli Abruzzi, an agricultural settlement experimenting new cultivation techniques
President of Greece
Theodoros Pangalos assumes the presidency during his dictatorship.
Coronation
Crowned Shah of Shahs
Birth of Ferenc Puskas Biro
Birth of Ferenc Puskas Biro
Alliance Chiang Kai-Shek and cooperation with Chiang shortly
Soviet policy continues to support cooperation with Chiang shortly before the Nationalist-Communist split becomes open.
Reballion of Rebels in Shanghai
Holds a meeting of the Workers Committee & refuses to surrender to Chiang Kai-shek
Reballion of Rebels in Shanghai
Holds a meeting of the Workers Committee & refuses to surrender to Chiang Kai-shek
Massacre
Chiang Kai-sheks & warlord armies enter Shanghai & begin shooting rebellious workers
Reballion of Rebels in Shanghai
Chiang Kai-sheks & warlord armies enter Shanghai & begin shooting rebellious workers
Reballion of Rebels in Wuhan
Drafts a telegram to the Politburo in Wuhan to denounce Chian Kai-shek after his death
Arrest of Chou En-Lai
Arrested by the forces under Chiang Kai-Shek in Shanghai
Reballion of Rebels in Wuhan
Drafts a telegram to the Politburo in Wuhan to denounce Chian Kai-shek after his death
Arrest of Chou En-Lai
Arrests Chou En-Lai in Shanghai
Massacre
Nationalist forces and allied groups carry out a violent purge of Communists and labor activists in Shanghai.
Reballion of Rebels in Shanghai
Nationalist troops enter labor districts in Shanghai as Chiangโs purge of Communist and union organizations begins.
Arrest of Chou En-Lai
Escapes from his captors
Birth of Benedict XVI
Birth of Benedict XVI, Joseph Alois Ratzinger
Coup
Establishes a rival Nationalist government at Nanjing after breaking with the Communist and left-wing factions.
Constitution of China
The Kuomintang splits between the Wuhan left and Chiangโs Nanjing faction during the breakdown of the First United Front.
Creation of Carabineros
Creates Carabineros de Chile by merging existing national police forces.
Shanghai Purge Aftermath
Continues underground Communist work after Chiang Kai-shek's forces suppress Communist and labour organisations in Shanghai.
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan
Northern Expedition
Resumes the Northern Expedition as Nationalist forces advance toward Beijing.
Birth of James Garner
Birth of James Garner
Birth of Alan Clark
Birth of Alan Clark
Helen Dukas Becomes Assistant
Employs Helen Dukas as his secretary and assistant, beginning a long professional association.
Basic Law Enacted
The Basic Law of Transjordan was promulgated on 16 April 1928, establishing a constitutional basis for government and a legislative council.
Birth of Alexis Korner (born Alexis Andrew Nicholas Koerner
Birth of Alexis Korner (born Alexis Andrew Nicholas Koerner)
Budget
Churchill makes his 4th budget speech
Budget
Accompanies Churchill during his 4th budget speech
Alliance Maustafa Kemal Ataturk and Italy
Establishes a non-aggression pact with Italy
Death of Lo Yinung
Death of Lo Yinung, executed
Execution
Betrayed & then executed in Shanghai
Transjordan Mandate
The Organic Law supplied a constitutional framework for Transjordanโs government and made provision for a legislative council. It formalized institutions that operated within the limitations of British treaty supervision.
Exile of Leon Trotsky
Trotsky is refused political asylum in Germany
Smith Scores in FA Cup Final Defeat
Smith represents Portsmouth in their first FA Cup final, although Bolton Wanderers win 2โ0 at Wembley.
Tinn Oversees First Portsmouth Cup Final
Tinn manages Portsmouth during the club's first appearance in the FA Cup final, where Bolton Wanderers deny them the trophy.
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor of Austria
Madsen-Mygdal Government
The Madsen-Mygdal Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Second Stauning Premiership
Begins the Second Stauning Premiership in Copenhagen and serves as Prime Minister of Denmark.
The Blue Angel
Directs The Blue Angel, starring Marlene Dietrich and Emil Jannings.
Local Government Act Implementation
Supervises implementation of the Local Government Act 1929 as Poor Law functions, including many infirmaries, pass to local authorities.
Concerto for Two Violins and Orchestra
Composes, "Concerto for Two Violins & Orchestra"
London Naval Treaty Signature
Signs the naval limitation treaty as Japan's ambassador at the British court.
London Naval Treaty Signature
Signs the treaty as a senior member of the Japanese delegation.
London Naval Treaty Signature
Signs the London Naval Treaty for Japan while serving as Navy Minister.
London Naval Treaty Signature
Signs the naval limitation agreement as a member of the American delegation.
London Naval Treaty Signature
Signs the naval limitation treaty as a member of the United States delegation.
London Naval Treaty Signature
Signs the London Naval Treaty as part of the United States delegation.
London Naval Treaty
His administration supports the naval limitation agreement signed in London by the United States, Britain, Japan, France and Italy.
London Naval Treaty
Supports the treaty extending naval limitation to cruisers, destroyers and submarines.
Naval Armament
The London Naval Treaty limits American cruiser, destroyer and submarine tonnage while establishing agreed ratios with Britain and Japan.
Cruiser Tonnage
Accepts treaty limits setting total American cruiser tonnage at 323,500 tons by the end of 1936.
London Naval Treaty Signature
Signs the London Naval Treaty as chairman of the American delegation.
London Naval Treaty Signature
Signs the treaty for the United States while serving as Secretary of the Navy.
London Naval Treaty Signature
Signs the London Naval Treaty as an American delegate and senator.
London Naval Treaty Signature
Signs the treaty as one of the United States Senate members in the American delegation.
Captain of Arsenal's First Major Trophy
Captains Arsenal to the club's first major trophy in the FA Cup final victory over Huddersfield Town.
1930 FA Cup Final Opening Goal
Scores Arsenal's opening goal as the club defeat Huddersfield Town to win their first major trophy.
1930 FA Cup Final Second Goal
Scores Arsenal's second goal in the 2-0 FA Cup final victory over Huddersfield Town.
Convention on Certain Questions Relating to the Conflict of Nationality Laws
Signs the Convention on Certain Questions Relating to the Conflict of Nationality Laws
Naval Treaty Support
Supports acceptance of the London naval limits despite criticism from officers who argue that the settlement weakens Japan's fleet.
Naval Ratio
Defends the London compromise granting Japan a higher relative ratio in several auxiliary ship categories than under earlier proposals.
Constitution of Spain
A Republic is proclaimed
Abdication
Discredited by the fall of Primo de Rivera
Exile of Alfonso XIII
Goes into self imposed exile in Italy
Treaty of Friendship
Approves a treaty of friendship between Egypt and Iraq.
Treaty of Friendship
Concludes the Egyptian-Iraqi Treaty of Friendship.
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan
Constitution of Spain
Heads the Government pending the adoption of a republican constitution
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain, forms a provisional Government
Provisional Government
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain, forms a provisional Government
Austrian Nazi Party Membership
Begins formal participation in National Socialist organizations.
Joins the SS
Joins the SS and Austrian Nazi movement.
Election
2nd round presidential elections, wins 53% to Hitler's 36.8%
Election
Wins 13.42 million votes, Hindenburg wins 19.36 million votes. Presidential elections, 2nd round
Budget
Includes low expenditure on Defence
Budget
Sets up an Exchange Equalization Fund to prevent sudden fluctuations in sterling
Wakefield By-Election
Returns to the Commons by winning the Wakefield by-election for Labour.
1932 FA Cup Final Goal
Scores Arsenal's goal in the FA Cup final before Newcastle United recover to win 2-1.
Soviet Criticism
Kerensky develops his views through soviet criticism after 1917.
Hawthorns School
Works as a teacher at The Hawthorns school.
Exchange Equalisation Account
The Exchange Equalisation Account is created to manage sterling and official reserves after Britain leaves gold, replacing automatic gold-standard intervention with discretionary exchange management.
Jewish Bank Accounts
The Nazis seize Jewish bank accounts
Jewish Boycott
Approves a national boycott of Jewish businesses, lawyers and doctors as an early public act of antisemitic Nazi policy.
Persecution
National boycott of all Jewish businesses & professions
Executive Order 6102
The order requires most privately held monetary gold to be delivered to authorised institutions.
Gold Surrender
Executive Order 6102 requires most privately held monetary gold to be surrendered for currency.
Monetary Gold Surrender Order
Executive Order 6102 requires most privately held monetary gold to be delivered to banks or the Treasury, centralising the nation's gold stock under federal control.
Constitution of Germany
Appoints Nazi Reich Governors to run all German states subjecting them to the Reich
Civil Service Law
Introduces the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, removing Jews and political opponents from public posts.
Prussian Government
Becomes Minister President of Prussia, consolidating Nazi control over Germany's largest state.
Economy of USA
Roosevelt prohibits gold exports and redemption, formally suspending the United States gold standard.
Gestapo
Creates the Gestapo in Prussia, establishing a secret police instrument for surveillance and repression.
Trade Agreement
Anglo-German trade agreement
New Persian Oil Concession Signed
Signs a new concession replacing the 1901 D'Arcy agreement after negotiations with the Persian government.
Reich Air Ministry
Goering is placed in charge of the Reich Air Ministry and the secret development of German air power
Neutrality
Russia & Germany renew the 1926 Treaty of Neutrality & Non-Aggression
Treaty of Neutrality
Russia & Germany renew the 1926 Treaty of Neutrality & Non-Aggression
League of Nations
Russia joins the League of Nations
Election
The Government does badly at the municipal elections
Constitution of Germany
Abolishes state assemblies & transfers all sovereign power to the Reich
Birth of Ulrike Marie Meinhof
Birth of Ulrike Marie Meinhof
Demonstrations
Suspends the campaign of civil disobedience
Japanโs Amau statement warns foreign powers against actions in China that Tokyo
Japanโs Amau statement warns foreign powers against actions in China that Tokyo considers contrary to Japanese interests.
Armament
The French refuse to negotiate & allow any increase in German arms. Attempts a 4 power convention for a rearmament settlement with the Germans
Gestapo
Goering forms a partnership with Himmler and Heydrich, placing the Gestapo under their control, in order to crush the SA
Sicherheitsdienst
Goering forms a partnership with Himmler and Heydrich, placing the Gestapo under their control, in order to crush the SA
Reform of Secret Police
Goering hands over the Gestapo to Himmler
Reform of Policing
Himmler has control over the SS, Gestapo (political police) & SD (secret police). Goering hands over the Gestapo to Himmler
Death of Carsten Borchgrevink
Death of Carsten Borchgrevink
Rutherford Opens Scoring in FA Cup Final
Rutherford puts Portsmouth ahead against Manchester City in the FA Cup final before Fred Tilson's two goals reverse the contest.
Portsmouth Returns to Wembley
Tinn again leads Portsmouth into the FA Cup final, but Manchester City wins 2โ1 after overturning an early deficit.
Japan issues the Amu-Settlement, a hands off China warning to the USA
Japan issues the "Amu-Settlement", a "hands off" China warning to the USA & Britain
Settlement-Amu
Japan issues the "Amu-Settlement", a "hands off" China warning to the USA & Britain
Japan issues the Amu-Settlement, a hands off China warning to the USA
Japan issues the "Amu-Settlement", a "hands off" China warning to the USA & Britain
Rule of China
Japan issues the "Amu-Settlement", a "hands off" China warning to the USA & Britain
Settlement-Amu
Japan issues the "Amu-Settlement", a "hands off" China warning to the USA & Britain
Amu-Settlement
Japan issues the "Amu-Settlement", a "hands off" China warning to the USA & Britain
Japan issues the Amu-Settlement, a hands off China warning to the USA
Japan issues the "Amu-Settlement", a "hands off" China warning to the USA & Britain
Rule of China
Japan issues the "Amu-Settlement", a "hands off" China warning to the USA & Britain
Government
5 members of CEDA, including Gil Robles, in new Government formed by Lerroux
Government
Forced to resign after the "straperlo" gambling scandal & widespread corruption
Birth of Peter Grant
Birth of Peter Grant, later Led Zeppelin's manager.
Alliance Italy, Britain and France
The Stresa Front is formed which condemns Germany's violations of Versailles. A conference at Maggiore attended by Italy, Britain & France
Treaty of Versailles
The League of Nations condemns the German violation of the Versailles Treaty, no action is taken
Legislation
A Jewish tenant can be evicted if an alternate lodging is available
Stresa Diplomacy
League-era diplomacy struggles against German rearmament.
Alliance USSR and France
The USSR & France sign a mutual assistance & non-aggression pact. The USSR & Czech sign a mutual assistance & non-aggression pact
Resignation of Niceto Alcala Zamora
Deposed after failing to end political violence, deposed by the Cortes
Meeting with Zhang Xueliang
Meets Zhang Xueliang and discusses ending civil conflict in order to resist Japanese aggression.
Appointment by George II
King George II appoints Metaxas Prime Minister after political deadlock.
Prime Minister of Greece
King George II appoints Ioannis Metaxas Prime Minister.
Appointment of Metaxas
King George II appoints Ioannis Metaxas to form a government.
Keep the Aspidistra Flying
Publishes Keep the Aspidistra Flying.
Armament
Advocates a the creation of a Ministry of Supply
1936 FA Cup Final Winning Goal
Scores the only goal as Arsenal defeat Sheffield United to win the FA Cup.
Bombing of Geurnica
The kondor legion bombs the basque town of Geurnica killing over 6,000
Succession
Succeeds Fuad I as King while still a minor.
Occupation
At the League of Nations Russia proposes sanctions after occupation of the Rhineland
Birth of Colin Powell
Birth of Colin Powell
Bombing of Guernica
The Condor Legion takes part in the bombing of Guernica
Bombing of Guernica
The Condor Legion bomb rebel lines & civilian centres during the Spanish Civil War
Civil War
The Condor Legion bombs Guernica
National Maritime Museum Opens
Opens the National Maritime Museum at Greenwich.
National Maritime Museum Opening
Attends the opening of the National Maritime Museum.
Abdication
Opens the National Maritime Museum, 1st public appearence since the abdication. George VIs 1st public apearence since the abdication
National Maritime Museum
Opens the National Maritime Museum, 1st public appearence since the abdication. Opens the National Maritime Museum. George VIs 1st public apearence since the abdication
National Maritime Museum
Present at George Is opening of the National Maritime Museum
Birth of Saddam Hussein
Birth of Saddam Hussein, near Tikrit
Harworth Colliery Dispute
Intervenes in the Commons over the Harworth colliery dispute.
Peace
Promises Chiang Kaishek will join a Government of national defense against Japan
Enigma Machine
Breaks a modified commercial Enigma system used by forces supporting Franco in the Spanish Civil War.
Trial
An independent "Commission of Inquiry" into the charges made against Trotsky and others at the "Moscow Trials" was held in Coyoacan, with John Dewey as chairman, the findings were published in the book Not Guilty
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the Falange, Fascist Party
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the Falange, Fascist Party
First Hermann Jonasson Government
The First Hermann Jonasson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Second Hermann Jonasson Government
Begins the Second Hermann Jonasson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Invasion of Catalonia
Francos forces reach the Catalan border
Czechoslovakia Questions
Responds for the government to further Commons questions concerning Czechoslovakia and European security.
Foreign Policy
Sets out Labour criticism of the governmentโs foreign policy.
Prime Minister of France
Forms a popular front coalition of radicals, Socialists & Communists
Prime Minister of France
Appointed Prime Minister of France, 3rd term
Scotland Victory at Wembley
Shankly represented Scotland against England at Wembley in April 1938 and took part in a 1-0 victory, one of his notable international appearances.
Anschluss
99.08% of Austrians & Germans vote in favour of the Anschluss
Plebiscite
99.08% of Austrians & Germans vote in favour of the Anschluss
Nationalization
The Uskudar & Kadikoy Water Companies are purchased
Czechoslovakia Questions
Sets out the government's position in Commons questioning about the developing Czechoslovak crisis.
Czechoslovakia Questions
Rejects a proposal for a population exchange between Germany and Czechoslovakia while answering for the Foreign Office.
Capture of Vinaroz
Francos forces capture Vinaroz, cutting off the Government from Barcelona & Catalonia
Invasion of Catalonia
The Republican zone is cut in two by the rebels
Anglo-Italian Agreement
Concludes the Anglo-Italian Agreement, treating improved relations with Italy as part of a broader policy of European appeasement.
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Minister
Treaty of Anglo-Italian
Italy agrees to withdraw troops from Spain. Britain recognizes the King of Italy as Emperor of Ethiopia
Agreement on Withdraw from the Spanish Civil War
Italy agrees to withdraw from the Spanish Civil War. Britain & Italy make a pact recognizing Italian rule in Ethiopia
Olympia
Releases Olympia, her two-part documentary on the 1936 Olympic Games.
Political Support
Stalin promises to support Czech if it is attacked by Germany
Sudeten Germans demands for autonomy is rejected by the Prague Government
The Sudeten Germans demands for autonomy is rejected by the Prague Government
President of Estonia
Appointed President of Estonia
Sudeten Germans demands for autonomy is rejected by the Prague Government
The Sudeten Germans demands for autonomy is rejected by the Prague Government
Independence of Germany
Henlein demands full independence for the Sudeten Germans
Independence of Sudetenland
Henlein demands full independence for the Sudeten Germans
Homage to Catalonia
Publishes Homage to Catalonia.
Anglo-Irish Agreement
Settles trade & financial questions, deprives the Royal Navy of Irish bases
Anglo-Irish Agreements
Concludes agreements with Britain resolving the economic dispute and providing for the return of the Treaty Ports.
Daladier & Bonnet invite Britain to defend Czech from German invasion, Britain
Daladier & Bonnet invite Britain to defend Czech from German invasion, Britain refuses
Invasion of Czech
Daladier & Bonnet invite Britain to defend Czech from German invasion
Agreement on Joint diplomatic action
Chamberlain fears a break with France & agrees to joint diplomatic action
Anschluss
Cardinal Theodor Innitzer of Vienna meets with Hitler and then directs all Catholic clergy and laity to "unconditionally support the great German State and the Fuhrer"
Promotion to Generalmajor
Jodl is promoted to Generalmajor while serving as Artillery Commander 44.
Peace
Declares the end of the Civil War
Invasion of Poland
Adolf Hitler orders the German military to start planning for Fall Weiss, the codename for the invasion of Poland
Invasion of Poland
Issues "Case White", secret plans to be carried out from 1st September 1939
European Situation
Supports a firmer policy of resistance to further aggression after the collapse of the Munich settlement.
European Situation after Prague
Speaks after the destruction of Czechoslovakia and supports a firmer system of commitments against further German aggression.
European Situation
Supports stronger commitments against further aggression following the abandonment of the previous appeasement approach.
Death of Ghazi
Death of Ghazi, drives his car into a lamppost
Ultimatum Rejected
Zog refuses to accept the full Italian ultimatum before the invasion
European Situation
Supports a firmer European policy after Germany's occupation of Prague destroys the assumptions behind Munich.
Alliance Josef Beck and Britain creating a temporary Pact of mutual assistance
Signs an agreement with Britain creating a temporary Pact of mutual assistance
Government Crisis
Kotta's government faces collapse as Italian forces invade Albania
Invasion of Albania
22,000 Italian troops land in 4 Albanian ports
Exile of Ahmet Zog
Zog leaves Albania after the Italian invasion
Invasion of Albania
Italian forces land in Albania and force Zog into exile
Army Mobilization
Aranitasi faces the Italian invasion with limited and poorly prepared Albanian forces
Durres Defence
Kupi helps organize resistance against Italian troops landing at Durres
Death in Battle
Ulqinaku is killed resisting the Italian landing at Durres
Defence of Durres
Ulqinaku fights against Italian troops during the defence of Durres
Appeal for Resistance
Zog calls for resistance as Italian forces land on the Albanian coast
Invasion of Albania
Italian forces invade Albania and begin the collapse of Zog's monarchy
Italian Invasion
Italian troops land at Albanian ports and overthrow Zog's kingdom
Invasion of Albania
Sends troops into Albania
Expedition Command
Guzzoni commands the Italian expeditionary force sent against Albania
Landing at Durres
Italian troops land at Durres as the main invasion force enters Albania
Landing at Sarande
Italian troops land at Sarande as Albania is attacked from several ports
Landing at Shengjin
Italian forces land at Shengjin to widen the invasion front
Landing at Vlore
Italian troops land at Vlore during the opening phase of the invasion
Landing Force
Messe participates in the Italian landing operations at Durres
Occupation Support
Jacomoni supports Italian political plans during the invasion
Invasion Ordered
Mussolini orders the invasion of Albania to expand Italian control across the Adriatic
Invasion Approved
Victor Emmanuel III supports Mussolini's move to occupy Albania
Flight from Tirana
Zog leaves Tirana as Italian troops advance toward the capital
Royal Family Flees
Queen Geraldine flees Albania with the royal family during the invasion
Army Collapse
Albanian army resistance breaks down after Italian forces advance inland
Tirana Occupied
Italian forces enter Tirana after the Albanian government collapses
Provisional Committee
Ypi heads a provisional committee under Italian pressure after Zog leaves
Government Falls
Kotta's government falls after Italian occupation of the capital
Exile Begins
Zog crosses into exile after Italian occupation makes resistance impossible
Occupation Administration
Jacomoni helps organize the Italian occupation administration in Albania
Royal Authority Suspended
Ypi's committee prepares the political transfer from Zog's monarchy to Italian control
Annexation Planned
Ciano supports plans to attach Albania to the Italian crown
Crown Offered to Italy
Assembly offers the Albanian crown to Victor Emmanuel III
Collaboration Government
Verlaci forms a collaboration government under Italian domination
Prime Minister Appointed
Verlaci becomes Prime Minister of the Italian-backed Albanian government
Deposed by Assembly
Albanian assembly deposes Zog after the Italian occupation
Albanian Crown Offered
The Albanian crown is offered to Victor Emmanuel III after Zog is deposed
Invasion Completed
Italian forces complete the occupation and secure control of Albania
Alliance Britain, France, Romania and Greece
Britain & France pledge to support Romania. Britain & France pledge to support Greece
European Situation
Speaks for stronger European security commitments as Britain moves away from territorial appeasement.
European Situation
Presses for effective deterrence and wider international cooperation against further German advances.
Invasion of Albania
Italy captures Albania
Birth of Dusty Springfield
Birth of Dusty Springfield
Albania Annexed
Mussolini incorporates Albania into the Italian sphere under the Savoy crown
Succession
Succeeds as the King of Albania after the Italian occupation
King of Albania
Victor Emmanuel III accepts the Albanian crown under Italian occupation
Invasion of Albania
Succeeds as the King of Albania after the Italian occupation
Second Hermann Jonasson Government
The Second Hermann Jonasson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Third Hermann Jonasson Government
Begins the Third Hermann Jonasson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Alliance Agreement
The Soviet Union offers a Soviet-British-French alliance which would guarantee the integrity of Poland, the consulations are unproductive
Alliance Soviet-British-French alliance
The Soviet Union offers a Soviet-British-French alliance which would guarantee the integrity of Poland, the consulations are unproductive
Alliance Agreement
The Soviet Union offers a Soviet-British-French alliance which would guarantee the integrity of Poland, the consulations are unproductive
Alliance Soviet-British-French alliance
The Soviet Union offers a Soviet-British-French alliance which would guarantee the integrity of Poland, the consulations are unproductive
Alliance Agreement
The Soviet Union offers a Soviet-British-French alliance which would guarantee the integrity of Poland, the consulations are unproductive
Alliance Soviet-British-French alliance
The Soviet Union offers a Soviet-British-French alliance which would guarantee the integrity of Poland, the consulations are unproductive
Alliance Agreement
The Soviet Union offers a Soviet-British-French alliance which would guarantee the integrity of Poland, the consulations are unproductive
Alliance Soviet-British-French alliance
The Soviet Union offers a Soviet-British-French alliance which would guarantee the integrity of Poland, the consulations are unproductive
Birth of Simon Napier-Bell
Birth of Simon Napier-Bell
Occupation Rule Begins
Jacomoni begins governing Albania as Italy's royal representative
Royal Lieutenant Appointed
Jacomoni becomes royal lieutenant representing Victor Emmanuel III in Albania
Alliance Neville Chamberlain and Poland in the event of an attack
Warns Hitler Britain will support Poland in the event of an attack
European Situation
Continues challenging the government to build a credible anti-aggression front in Europe.
Prime Minister of Australia
Appointed Prime Minister of Australia, 1st term
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the United Australia Party
Military Training Announcement
Announces compulsory military training as Britain accelerates preparation for a possible European war after the collapse of the Munich settlement.
Conscription
Conscription is introduced
Mobilization
Conscription is introduced
Anglo-German Naval Agreement
The Anglo-German Naval Agreement is renounced by Adolf Hitler
Anglo-German Naval Agreement
The Anglo-German Naval Agreement is renounced by Adolf Hitler. Hitler says all he requests from Poland is Danzig & the Polish Corridor
Polish Corridor
Hitler says all he requests from Poland is Danzig & the Polish Corridor
Rule of Gdansk
Hitler says all he requests from Poland is Danzig & the Polish Corridor
Rule of Polish Corridor
Hitler says all he requests from Poland is Danzig & the Polish Corridor
Hitler denounces Germany's non-aggression pact with Poland
Hitler denounces Germany's non-aggression pact with Poland. Hitler accuses Britain of "encirclement"
Creation of CORFO
Establishes the Production Development Corporation to support reconstruction and industrialization.
Mobilization
Conscription is created for 6 months service for men aged 20
Reform of Armed Forces
Conscription is created for 6 months service for men aged 20
Barlow Opens Cup Final Scoring
Barlow scores Portsmouth's opening goal as the side defeats Wolverhampton Wanderers 4โ1 in the FA Cup final.
Parker Completes Four Goal Cup Final
Parker supplies Portsmouth's fourth goal against Wolverhampton Wanderers, sealing their first victory in an FA Cup final.
Anderson Hits Cup Final Double
Anderson scores twice in Portsmouth's commanding FA Cup final win against Wolverhampton Wanderers, creating a decisive lead.
Tinn Leads Portsmouth to First FA Cup
Tinn oversees Portsmouth's 4โ1 victory over Wolverhampton Wanderers, delivering the club's first FA Cup after earlier final defeats.
Resignation as Congress President
Subhas Chandra Bose resigns the Congress presidency after prolonged disagreement with the party leadership.
Constitution of Switzerland
Switzerland applies to the League of Nations for unconditional neutrality
Neutrality
Switzerland applies to the League of Nations for unconditional neutrality
Italian-Albanian Union
Verlaci's government accepts political union with Fascist Italy
Resistance Ends
Kupi's local resistance ends as Italian occupation forces consolidate control
Alliance Agreement with Russia & France
Campaigns with Eden for an immediate alliance with Russia & France
Alliance Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill and Russia and France
Campaigns with Eden for an immediate alliance with Russia & France
Alliance Neville Chamberlain and Poland providing for reciprocal guarantees
An alliance is signed with Poland providing for reciprocal guarantees
Lieutenant General
Appointed Lieutenant General
Lieutenant General
Appointed Lieutenant General
Invasion of France
The British Expeditionar Force capitulates at Dunkirk
Mountain Troops Embark
Embarks mountain troops on destroyers bound for Narvik.
Destroyer Group Narvik
Commands the destroyer group carrying Dietl's troops to Narvik.
Operation Weserubung
Lutjens commands the distant cover force as German warships sail for Norway.
Admiral Hipper Action
Commands Admiral Hipper during actions linked to the Norway invasion.
Invasion of Norway
Soldiers in the British Army land at Namsos in Norway
HMS Glowworm Loss
His action warns the Royal Navy of German movement toward Norway.
Barttle of Narvik
Oversees naval preparations as Operation Wilfred begins before the German invasion.
Operation Wilfred Begins
Oversees the opening of mining operations off Norway.
Operation Wilfred
Churchill backs the Royal Navy mining operation intended to disrupt German access to Swedish iron ore.
Sinking of Pol III
Welding-Olsen is killed when the patrol boat Pol III challenges German invasion ships approaching Oslofjord.
Operation Weserรผbung Launch Coordinated
Jodl's OKW staff coordinates the opening of the invasions of Denmark and Norway.
Invasion of Denmark
With operation "Weserubung" Germany occupies Denmark and Norway
Invasion of Norway
With operation "Weserubung" Germany occupies Denmark and Norway
Operation Weserubung
With operation "Weserubung" Germany occupies Denmark and Norway
Sinking of Blucher
Woldag commands the cruiser Blucher when Norwegian guns and torpedoes sink the ship in Oslofjord.
Destroyer Georg Thiele
Commands a German destroyer in the Narvik invasion force.
Destroyer Hans Ludemann
Commands a German destroyer during the Narvik operation.
Invasion of Norway
Germany launches Operation Weserubung and German forces land at Narvik to secure the northern ore route.
Operation Weserubung
Hitler launches the invasion of Denmark and Norway to secure bases and protect the Swedish iron ore route.
Battle of Narvik
Lands mountain troops from German destroyers and seizes Narvik.
Capture of Narvik
Seizes Narvik with mountain troops landed from German destroyers.
Capture of Narvik
Dietl's mountain troops land from German destroyers and seize Narvik during the opening invasion.
Operation Weserubung
Dietl's mountain troops land at Narvik and seize the port during the opening German invasion.
Operation Weserubung
Kaupisch commands German forces in Denmark as the invasion quickly forces Danish surrender.
Operation Weserubung
Falkenhorst directs the wider Norwegian invasion as German forces attack Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim and Narvik.
Battle of Narvik
Commands the German destroyer force carrying Dietl's troops into Narvik.
Landing at Narvik
Brings the German naval force into Narvik during the invasion.
Landing at Narvik
Bonte commands the German destroyer force carrying mountain troops into Narvik at the start of Operation Weserubung.
Operation Weserubung
Bonte commands the destroyer group carrying Dietl's mountain troops to Narvik.
Battle of Drobak Sound
Kummetz leads the German naval force toward Oslo when Oscarsborg blocks the attack.
Invasion of Norway
Launches torpedoes at Admiral Hipper to protect Britsh troops
Invasion of Norway
The Germans invade Norway, British intervention is too late
Barttle of Narvik
Responds to the German landing at Narvik during Operation Weserubung.
Operation Weserubung
Responds to the German invasion of Norway and Denmark.
Government
Forms a new Government in Norway
Flight from Oslo
Haakon VII leaves Oslo with the government, preventing German forces from capturing the monarchy.
Government Evacuation
Nygaardsvold's government leaves Oslo as German forces advance on the capital.
Quisling Coup
Quisling announces a coup by radio while German forces are invading Norway.
Rule of Norway
Forms a pro-German Government after the Invasion of Norway
Rule of Norway
Forms a pro-German Government after the Invasion of Norway
Government
Forms a new Government in Norway
Battle of Narvik
Commands Eidsvold before the ship is sunk by German torpedoes.
Battle of Drobak Sound
Eriksen orders Oscarsborg Fortress to fire on Blucher and delays the German capture of Oslo.
Battle of Narvik
Commands Norwegian forces at Narvik when German troops arrive.
German Landing at Narvik
Commands Norwegian forces at Narvik as German troops arrive.
Battle of Narvik
Commands the coastal defence ship Norge during the German attack.
Northern Norway Command
Begins organising Norwegian resistance in northern Norway.
Invasion of Norway
Rejects a German ultimatum
Battle of Narvik, 1st
Berger brings German destroyers out of Ballangen Bay and joins the counterattack against Warburton-Lee's flotilla.
Battle of Narvik
Brings German destroyers out of Ballangen Bay for the counterattack.
Battle of Narvik, 1st
Bonte is killed when HMS Hardy's flotilla attacks the German destroyers in Narvik harbour.
Battle of Narvik
Is killed when HMS Hardy's force attacks German destroyers.
Death of Bonte
Is killed when Wilhelm Heidkamp is destroyed in Narvik harbour.
Battle of Narvik, 1st
Warburton-Lee leads the British destroyer attack into Ofotfjord and is killed after HMS Hardy is hit.
Battle of Narvik
Leads the British destroyer attack in the first naval battle.
First Battle of Narvik
Leads British destroyers in a surprise attack on German ships at Narvik.
Operation Weserubung
Warburton-Lee leads the Royal Navy destroyer attack against German forces at Narvik after the invasion begins.
Battle of Narvik, 1st
Layman commands HMS Hotspur during the destroyer action and withdraws after heavy damage.
Battle of Narvik
Commands HMS Hotspur during the first naval battle.
HMS Hotspur Damaged
Withdraws HMS Hotspur after heavy damage in the first naval battle.
Barttle of Narvik
Receives reports of Warburton-Lee's destroyer attack in the first naval battle.
Battle of Narvik, 1st
Receives reports of Warburton-Lee's destroyer attack at Narvik.
Battle of Narvik, 1st
The Royal Navy attacks German destroyers at Narvik during the first naval battle in Ofotfjord.
Battle of Narvik, 1st
Courage commands HMS Havock during the British destroyer attack on German ships at Narvik.
Battle of Narvik
Commands HMS Havock during the destroyer attack.
HMS Havock Attack
Commands HMS Havock in the destroyer attack at Narvik.
Commander in Chief
Ruge is appointed commander in chief and begins organising Norwegian resistance to the German invasion.
Capture of Oslo
The Germans occupy Oslo
Invasion of Norway
The Germans occupy Oslo
Siege of Oslo
The Germans occupy Oslo
Battle of Narvik, 2nd
Gadow's 3rd Destroyer Flotilla is destroyed or scuttled during the second naval battle at Narvik.
Battle of Narvik
His destroyer force is destroyed or scuttled after the British attack.
Destroyer Scuttled
His destroyer force is destroyed or scuttled after the second battle.
Battle of Narvik, 2nd
Bey commands surviving German destroyers as the Royal Navy destroys the remaining Narvik destroyer force.
Battle of Narvik
Commands surviving German destroyers during the second naval battle.
Destroyer Force Destroyed
Commands surviving German destroyers as the Royal Navy attacks.
Battle of Narvik, 2nd
Crutchley commands HMS Warspite as the battleship supports the second naval attack on Narvik.
Battle of Narvik
Commands HMS Warspite during the second naval attack.
HMS Warspite at Narvik
Commands HMS Warspite during the second naval battle.
Battle of Narvik, 2nd
Sherbrooke commands HMS Cossack during Whitworth's attack against the remaining German destroyers.
Battle of Narvik
Commands HMS Cossack during the attack on German destroyers.
HMS Cossack Attack
Commands HMS Cossack during Whitworth's attack on German destroyers.
Barttle of Narvik
Welcomes the second naval attack that destroys the remaining German destroyers.
Battle of Narvik, 2nd
Welcomes the destruction of German destroyers at Narvik.
Battle of Narvik, 2nd
British naval forces destroy or force the scuttling of the remaining German destroyers at Narvik.
Battle of Narvik, 2nd
Whitworth leads HMS Warspite and destroyers into Ofotfjord to destroy the remaining German destroyers.
Battle of Narvik
Leads HMS Warspite and destroyers in the second naval battle.
Operation Weserubung
Whitworth leads HMS Warspite and destroyers in the second naval attack on the German Narvik force.
Second Battle of Narvik
Leads HMS Warspite and destroyers into Ofotfjord.
Operation Yellow
Leads right hand column of the 7th, "Ghost Division"
Battle of Narvik
Commands Allied naval forces supporting the Narvik campaign.
Rupertforce Command
Commands naval and expeditionary forces assembling for operations near Narvik.
Namsos Campaign
Carton de Wiart commands British forces landed at Namsos to threaten German-held Trondheim.
President of Bolivia
Penaranda begins his constitutional presidency.
Dismissal
Dimissed by Hitler after he had declared himself head of the Norwegian Government
Battle of Narvik
Leads 24th Guards Brigade in the Allied Narvik force.
Guards Brigade Lands
Leads 24th Guards Brigade as Allied troops land near Narvik.
Narvik Land Campaign
Fraser's 24th Guards Brigade forms part of Rupertforce during the Allied build-up around Narvik.
Barttle of Narvik
Supports the Allied landing at Harstad for operations against Narvik.
Narvik Expedition
Supports the Allied expedition being assembled around Harstad.
Battle of Narvik
Commands British land forces sent against Narvik.
Narvik Expedition
Commands British land forces sent to invest Narvik.
Narvik Expedition
Mackesy leads the British force sent to invest Narvik after German troops seize the port.
Allied Landing
Allied troops begin landing in northern Norway to support operations against Narvik.
Dismissal
Dimissed by Hitler after he had declared himself head of the Norwegian Government
Council of Berggrav
Appointed Member of ruling administritive council by the Germans
Council of Berg
Appointed Member of ruling administritive council by the Germans
Council of Berggrav
Appointed Member of ruling administritive council by the Germans
Council of Berg
Appointed Member of ruling administritive council by the Germans
Dismissal
Dimissed by Hitler after he had declared himself head of the Norwegian Government
Battle of Hegra Fortress
Holtermann leads the defence of Hegra Fortress against German attacks in central Norway.
Invasion of Norway
The Allied Expeditionary Force lands at Namsos
Battle of Narvik
Directs Norwegian forces resisting the German occupation of northern Norway.
Northern Norway Command
Fleischer directs Norwegian forces in northern Norway while the Allied Narvik campaign develops.
Invasion of Norway
The Allied Expeditionary Force lands at Andalsnes
Andalsnes Campaign
Paget commands Sickleforce after British troops land at Andalsnes to support Norwegian resistance.
Norway Campaign
Defends naval operations as the Norway campaign develops.
Namsos Campaign
French troops deploy around Namsos as part of the Allied attempt to retake Trondheim.
Battle of Gratangen
Loken directs Norwegian forces in the first counterattack toward Narvik during the Gratangen fighting.
Battle of Narvik
Commands Norwegian troops in the counterattack near Gratangen.
Gratangen Counterattack
Directs Norwegian forces in the first counterattack toward Narvik.
Reich Commissioner
Appointed Reich Commissioner for Norway
Reich Commissioner
Appointed Reich Commissioner for Norway
Reich Commissioner
Appointed Reich Commissioner for Norway
Barttle of Narvik
Presses for stronger action while Allied commanders delay a frontal assault.
Delayed Assault
Faces frustration over delays in the Allied attack on Narvik.
Battle of Narvik
Delays a frontal assault because of terrain and troop readiness.
Delayed Assault
Resists an immediate frontal assault because of terrain and troop readiness.
Delayed Assault
Mackesy resists an immediate frontal assault on Narvik because of the risks to his troops.
Narvik Front
Coordinates Norwegian pressure on Dietl's isolated mountain troops.
Battle of Gratangen
Bockman's battalion suffers heavy losses after German troops counterattack the Norwegian advance at Gratangen.
Birth of Alfredo James Al Pacino
Birth of Alfredo James "Al" Pacino
Third Roosevelt Letter
Sends another letter to Roosevelt concerning the need for effective action on uranium research.
Invasion of Norway
General Mackesy is forced to call off the pincer assault on Trondheim
Siege of Trondheim
General Mackesy is forced to call off the pincer assault on Trondheim
Battle of Narvik
Commands French mountain troops deployed for the Narvik campaign.
French Expeditionary Force
Commands French mountain troops deployed for the Narvik campaign.
Battle of Narvik
Commands Chasseurs Alpins battalions during the Narvik campaign.
Chasseurs Alpins
Commands Chasseurs Alpins battalions operating near Narvik.
Narvik Land Campaign
Valentini commands Chasseurs Alpins battalions deployed with the French expeditionary force near Narvik.
Invasion of Norway
Taken aboard the Glasgow & conveyed to the new provisional capital at Tromso
Invasion of France
The French military attache warns that the centre of the German assault would come on the Meuse at Sedan, between 8 and 10 May
Constitution of China
Heads a Japanese puppet Government at Nanking
Head of State
Appointed Head of State for China
Head of State
Appointed Head of State for China
Norway Campaign Crisis Managed at OKW
Jodl participates in high-level decisions as German forces face uncertainty during the Norwegian campaign.
Invasion of Norway
Leads a German invasion force
Coup
Leads a right wing coup
Coup
"The Seven" announce a coup in Iraq, Rashid Ali al-Kaylani is made head of the Government
Prime Minister of Iraq
"The Seven" announce a coup in Iraq, Rashid Ali al-Kaylani is made head of the Government
Invasion of Russia
Churchill warns Stalin the Germans have regrouped in Poland to invade Russia
Invasion of Russia
Churchill warns Stalin the Germans had regrouped in order to invade Russia
Capture of Benghazi
Recaptures Benghazi from the Allies
Treaty of Friendship
Signs the Treaty of Friendship with the new Government of Yugoslavia
Treaty of Friendship
An alliance is agreed with the USSR
Operation Marita Opens
Jodl's OKW staff coordinates high-level operations as German forces invade Yugoslavia and Greece.
Invasion of Greece
Begins the invasion of Greece
Bombing of Belgrade
Starting on April 6, 1941, Axis armies invaded from all sides and the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) bombed Belgrade. Luftflotte Four of the German Air Force (Luftwaffe), with a strength of seven Combat Formations (Kampfgruppen) had been committed to the campaign in the Balkans
Coup
After the unexpected March 27 coup against the Yugoslav Government, orders for the future campaign in Yugoslavia are drafted, as well as changes to the plan for the attack on Greece
Invasion of Greece
The German & Italian Armies take up their positions for the invasion of Yugoslavia & Greece. After the unexpected March 27 coup against the Yugoslav Government, orders for the future campaign in Yugoslavia are drafted, as well as changes to the plan for the attack on Greece
Invasion of Yugoslavia
Hitler gives the order for the Axis powers to invade Yugoslavia. After the unexpected March 27 coup against the Yugoslav Government, orders for the future campaign in Yugoslavia are drafted, as well as changes to the plan for the attack on Greece
Invasion of Yugoslavia
Starting on April 6, 1941, Axis armies invaded from all sides and the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) bombed Belgrade. Launched to secure Geramanys Balkan flank for Operation Barbarossa. Hitler, infuriated at Yugoslavias defiance, ordered the implementation of Operation Punishment (Unternehmen Strafgericht).
Invasion of Yugoslavia
The German & Italian Armies take up their positions for the invasion of Yugoslavia & Greece. The German Army falls on Yugoslavia & Greece in overwhelming strength.
Luftwaffe
Starting on April 6, 1941, Axis armies invaded from all sides and the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) bombed Belgrade. Luftflotte Four of the German Air Force (Luftwaffe), with a strength of seven Combat Formations (Kampfgruppen) had been committed to the campaign in the Balkans
Operation Marita
After the unexpected March 27 coup against the Yugoslav Government, orders for the future campaign in Yugoslavia are drafted, as well as changes to the plan for the attack on Greece
Operation Punishment
Hitler, infuriated at Yugoslavias defiance, ordered the implementation of Operation Punishment (Unternehmen Strafgericht)
Bombing of Belgrade
For 3 days Belgrade ie ceaslesly bombed, it is razed to the ground killing 17,000
Invasion of Ethiopia
General Cunningham, commander of allied forces in East Africa, enters Addis Ababa
Siege of Addis Ababa
General Cunningham, commander of allied forces in East Africa, enters Addis Ababa
Invasion of Ethiopia
General Cunningham, commander of allied forces in East Africa, enters Addis Ababa
Invasion of Greece
Operation Marita begins as German forces invade Greece through Bulgaria, intervening after the failure of the Italian campaign.
Operation Marita
German forces launch Operation Marita through Bulgaria against Greece, transforming the Balkan campaign.
Invasion of Yugoslavia
The hostilities by Germany commence when Belgrade is bombed
Capture of Derna
Rommel occupies Derna
Battle of Mechili
Wins the battle but fails to capture the deep sea port of Tobruk
Battle of Bardia
Begins to fight for Bardia, 60 miles east of Torbruk
Battle of Tobruk
Rommel begins to attack Tobruk
Commander of Second Armored Division
Appointed Commanding General of the Second Armored Division at Fort Benning, Georgia
Commander of Second Armored Division
Appointed Commanding General of the Second Armored Division at Fort Benning, Georgia
Invasion of Yugoslavia
Italian, Hungarian & Bulgarian troops invade Yugoslavia
Invasion of Yugoslavia
Issues a directive dividing up Yugoslavia between Germany, Italy, Hungary & Bulgaria
Rule of Yugoslavia
Issues a directive dividing up Yugoslavia between Germany, Italy, Hungary & Bulgaria
Battle of Bardia
Rommel captures Bardia
Birth of Bobby Moore
Birth of Bobby Moore
Capture of Belgrade
German forces enter Belgrade during the invasion whose planning Jodl helped coordinate at OKW.
Battle of Tobruk
Ordered to consolidate on the Egyptian border & concentrate on capturing Tobruk
Japan & Russia sign a neutrality pact
Japan & Russia sign a neutrality pact
Neutrality
Japan & Russia sign a neutrality pact
Japan & Russia sign a neutrality pact
Japan & Russia sign a neutrality pact
Neutrality
Japan & Russia sign a neutrality pact
Invasion of Yugoslavia
German & Hungarian troops enter Belgrade
Exile of Peter II
Escapes by plane to Greece after the surrender of Yugoslavia to the Germans
Coup
The Anglo War of 1941, also known as the Rashid Ali Coup, is a relatively small, but very significant part of the Second World War
Coup
Rashid Ali, seizes power in Baghdad and refuses British requests to allow British military forces to enter Iraq
Independence of Iraq
Rashid Ali, seizes power in Baghdad and refuses British requests to allow British military forces to enter Iraq.
Independence of Iraq
Since the ending of the British Mandate and the advent of full Iraqi independence in 1932, Britain retained a great deal of military influence in Iraq, despite lingering opposition from many Arab nationalists.
Independence of Iraq
The Anglo War of 1941, also known as the Rashid Ali Coup, is a relatively small, but very significant part of the Second World War.
Invasion of Greece
The C-in-C of Luftflotte Four, Generaloberst Alexander Lehr receives orders from Hermann Goering to wind down the air-offensive and transfer the bulk of the dive-bomber force to support the campaign in Greece
Invasion of Yugoslavia
The C-in-C of Luftflotte Four, Generaloberst Alexander Lehr receives orders from Hermann Goering to wind down the air-offensive and transfer the bulk of the dive-bomber force to support the campaign in Greece
Luftflotte Four
The C-in-C of Luftflotte Four, Generaloberst Alexander Lehr receives orders from Hermann Goering to wind down the air-offensive and transfer the bulk of the dive-bomber force to support the campaign in Greece
Invasion of Greece
The C-in-C of Luftflotte Four, Generaloberst Alexander Lehr receives orders from Hermann Goering to wind down the air-offensive and transfer the bulk of the dive-bomber force to support the campaign in Greece
Invasion of Yugoslavia
The C-in-C of Luftflotte Four, Generaloberst Alexander Lehr receives orders from Hermann Gring to wind down the air-offensive and transfer the bulk of the dive-bomber force to support the campaign in Greece
Luftflotte Four
The C-in-C of Luftflotte Four, Generaloberst Alexander Lehr receives orders from Hermann Gring to wind down the air-offensive and transfer the bulk of the dive-bomber force to support the campaign in Greece. The C-in-C of Luftflotte Four, Generaloberst Alexander Lehr receives orders from Hermann Goering to wind down the air-offensive and transfer the bulk of the dive-bomber force to support the campaign in Greece
Invasion of Yugoslavia
The C-in-C of Luftflotte Four, Generaloberst Alexander Lehr receives orders from Hermann Goering to wind down the air-offensive and transfer the bulk of the dive-bomber force to support the campaign in Greece
Luftflotte Four
The C-in-C of Luftflotte Four, Generaloberst Alexander Lehr receives orders from Hermann Goering to wind down the air-offensive and transfer the bulk of the dive-bomber force to support the campaign in Greece
Invasion of Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia is subsequently divided amongst Germany, Hungary, Italy and Bulgaria, with most of Serbia being occupied by Germany. The last of the Yugoslav troops surrender to the Germans
Rule of Serbia
Yugoslavia is subsequently divided amongst Germany, Hungary, Italy and Bulgaria, with most of Serbia being occupied by Germany
Independence of Croatia
The Italian-backed Croatian fascist leader Ante Pavelic declared an Independent State of Croatia
Independence of Yugoslavia
The Italian-backed Croatian fascist leader Ante Pavelic declared an Independent State of Croatia
Invasion of Yugoslavia
The Italian-backed Croatian fascist leader Ante Pavelic declared an Independent State of Croatia
Invasion of Yugoslavia
The Yugoslav Army capitulates at Sarajevo, Simovic escapes to Greece
Government Formed during German Invasion
Tsouderos forms a government as German forces advance into Greece.
Invasion of Greece
The Northern Greek armies surrender to the Germans
Free French
Approves Operation Ironclad in Cabinet, invasion of Madagascar with the Free French. Agrees the invasion of Madagascar with the Free French
Invasion of Madagascar
Approves Operation Ironclad in Cabinet, invasion of Madagascar with the Free French. Agrees the invasion of Madagascar with the Free French
Operation Ironclad
Approves Operation Ironclad in Cabinet, invasion of Madagascar with the Free French
Battle of Halfaya Pass
The British are driven out of Halfaya Pass
Mercury
Hitler issues a directive to capture Crete
Accession as King
Chosen as king after the death of Sisowath Monivong
Invasion of Greece
The Germans march into Athens & hoist the swastika over the Acropolis
Battle of Greece
German forces enter Athens after the collapse of organized Greek and British Commonwealth resistance in mainland Greece.
Capture of Athens
Athens falls to Axis forces after the Greek and British Commonwealth withdrawal from mainland Greece.
Commonwealth
British Commonwealth forces continue their evacuation as Axis troops complete the conquest of mainland Greece.
Invasion of Greece
The Axis conquest of mainland Greece is effectively completed as Athens falls and Allied forces continue withdrawing south.
Invasion of Greece
Germany occupies Yugoslavia and Greece
Rule of Greece
Germany occupies Yugoslavia and Greece
Presidential Election
Congress elected Isaias Medina Angarita president under the indirect electoral system.
Arrest of German spies
Informed that 3 groups of German spies had been caught inside the Russian border
Free French
Approves the British support of the Free French in capturing Madagascar
Operation Ironclad
Approves the British support of the Free French in capturing Madagascar
Invasion of Russia
Sets the date for the German invasion of Russia, June 22
Operation Barbarossa
Sets the date for the German invasion of Russia, June 22
Greek Campaign Operational Coordination
Jodl monitors the rapid German advance through Greece from the OKW operations staff.
Bombing of Belgrade
Commands the bombing of Belgrade, 17,000 civilians are killed
Invasion of Croatia
Greater Croatia becomes an independent pro-Axis state ruled by the Ustase
Invasion of Yugoslavia
Greater Croatia becomes an independent pro-Axis state ruled by the Ustase
Rule of Croatia
Greater Croatia becomes an independent pro-Axis state ruled by the Ustase
Invasion of Greece
Kleist commands 1st Panzergruppe, comprising XVIII and XL Panzer Corps, which spearheads the Blitzkrieg-style invasions of Yugoslavia and Greece
Invasion of Yugoslavia
Kleist commands 1st Panzergruppe, comprising XVIII and XL Panzer Corps, which spearheads the Blitzkrieg-style invasions of Yugoslavia and Greece
Siege of Tobruk
Besieges Tobruk, seeking to open the route east toward Egypt and the Suez Canal.
Bristol Air Raids
Bristol suffers further heavy bombing during the Blitz.
Commonwealth
Wilson is appointed to lead a Commonwealth expeditionary force of two infantry divisions and an armoured brigade to help Greece resist Italy and the subsequent German invasion in April 1941
Invasion of Greece
Wilson is forced to make a tactical withdrawal to Crete. Wilson is appointed to lead a Commonwealth expeditionary force of two infantry divisions and an armoured brigade to help Greece resist Italy and the subsequent German invasion in April 1941
Treaty of Angloi
"The Seven" break the Treaty by refusing to allow passage of British troops through Iraqi territory and the Government begins to express support for Germany
Neutrality
Japan & Russia sign a mutual neutrality pact
Pact between Japan and Soviet Union
Japan & Russia sign a mutual neutrality pact
Neutrality
Japan & Russia sign a mutual neutrality pact
Pact between Japan and Soviet Union
Japan & Russia sign a mutual neutrality pact
President of Chile
Takes office as President of Chile during the Second World War.
Invasion of Russia
Army Group Centre would conduct holding attacks, Army Group North would capture Leningrad and link with Finland, and Army Group South would capture the Caucasus.
Invasion of Russia
Hitler laid out the elements of the plan now known as "Case Blue" (Fall Blau) in Fuhrer Directive No. 41.
Invasion of Russia
Hitler's HQ issues orders for the "final victory in the East."
Invasion of Russia
The directive set the 1942 summer campaign's goals on Germany's Eastern Front.
Operation Case Blue
Hitler laid out the elements of the plan now known as "Case Blue" (Fall Blau) in Fuhrer Directive No. 41. The directive stated the main goals of the 1942 summer campaign on Germany's Eastern Front: holding attacks for Army Group (AG) Centre, the capture of Leningrad and the link-up with Finland for AG North, and the capture of the Caucasus region for Army Group South
Battle of Wadi Akarit
Leads the Eighth Armys to victory at Wadi Akarit
Fall of Bataan
Homma's forces secure Bataan after the exhausted American and Filipino defenders surrender.
Battle of Bataan
The US surrenders to the Japanese on Bataan. MacArthur is evacuated but Allied prisoners are forced on the Bataan Death March
Battle of Bataan
The US surrenders to the Japanese on Bataan
Result of Surrender of American Forces on Bataan
American forces surrender and Parker enters Japanese captivity for the remainder of the war.
Surrender of American Forces on Bataan
Surrenders to the Japanese, spends the rest of the war in a prisoner of war camp
Operation Bolero
US and British military commanders discuss the build-up of US forces in the UK for an eventual invasion of German-occupied Europe, the build-up phase is codenamed Bolero
Capture of Konigstein
Escapes from Konigstein, becomes an national hero in France
Bombing of Tokyo
Leads the B52 bombing of Tokyo & other Japanese cities
National Service
Registers for national service
Conscription Plebiscite
Asks voters to release the government from its anti-conscription pledge.
General Maximum Price Regulation
The OPA imposes broad price ceilings to restrain wartime inflation.
Axis Conference
Ciano attends the Klessheim meetings with Mussolini and the German leadership during discussions of Axis strategy.
Axis Conference
Mussolini meets Hitler at Klessheim near Salzburg to discuss Axis strategy, including operations in the Mediterranean and Soviet Union.
Axis Conference
Cavallero accompanies Mussolini to the Klessheim conference, where Italian and German leaders review Mediterranean and Eastern Front plans.
Operation C3 Planning
Cavallero presses plans for the projected Axis assault on Malta, known in Italy as Operation C3, during high-level talks with Germany.
Treasury Bill Rate Support
The Federal Reserve directs Reserve Banks to purchase Treasury bills offered at a fixed three-eighths percent discount rate, supporting wartime government financing and anchoring short-term interest rates.
Enigma Machine
Visits U.S. Navy cryptanalysts and argues for closer sharing of Enigma results and methods.
Dieppe Army Planning Responsibility
Takes responsibility for Army planning connected with the proposed Dieppe raid before leaving home command.
Siege of Dieppe
Made responsible for the Army planning for the raid on Dieppe
Operations Division Appointment
Appointed Assistant Chief of Staff in charge of the Operations Division for Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall.
Conference of London
At a General Staff Conference the US is given the task of planning entry into Europe. At a General Staff Conference the US is given planning mobilization in Britain
Decatur Barrier Plant Construction
Construction begins on a plant in Decatur, Illinois, intended to manufacture gaseous-diffusion barrier material for K-25.
Oak Ridge Reservation Closed
Fencing of the Oak Ridge reservation is completed and the secret production site is closed to normal public access.
Battle of Rhzev
The Russians lose 42,000 men. Awarded the Swords to the Oak Leaf for the withdrawal from Rhzev
Medal
Awarded the Swords to the Oak Leaf for the withdrawal from Rhzev
Los Alamos Primer Lectures
Serber begins a series of introductory lectures explaining bomb physics and design to the newly arriving Los Alamos scientific staff.
Bombing of U-boat Bases
The bombing of U-boat bases is removed from the priority list
Battle of Wadi Akarit
Defeats Rommel in the Wadu Akarit in Tunisia
Wadi Akarit Position Broken
Eighth Army breaks the Wadi Akarit position and continues north toward the remaining Axis bridgehead.
Mobilization
The British & US forces join up in North Africa
Eighth Army Links with Western Allied Forces
Montgomery's advancing army links with Allied formations approaching from western Tunisia.
Link-Up with Allied Forces in Tunisia
Eighth Army links with Allied forces advancing from the west as the Tunisian campaign closes on the Axis.
Strongly criticized by Truman for Russias behaviour in eastern Europe
Strongly criticized by Truman for Russias behaviour in eastern Europe
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, Combined Fleet
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, Combined Fleet
Birth of Alan James Beith
Birth of Alan James Beith
University of California Los Alamos Contract
A contract is concluded with the University of California to manage Los Alamos administration, procurement and payroll.
Invasion of Sicily
Withdraws from the battle in Tunisia to make detailed plans for the invasion of Sicily
Operation Husky
Withdraws from the battle in Tunisia to make detailed plans for the invasion of Sicily
Theoretical Division Leadership
Bethe is selected to head the Los Alamos Theoretical Division, which develops calculations needed for fission-weapon design.
Exile of Heinrich Himmler
Surrounds the Hungarian capital with Einsatzgruppen to deport 800,000 Jews
Fascist Party Secretary
Serves as the final secretary of the National Fascist Party during the regime's collapse.
Operation I-Go
Yamamoto directs Operation I-Go, a major Japanese air offensive against Allied positions in the Solomons and New Guinea.
Massacre
Evidence by the Nazis emerges of a massacre of Polish officers & soldiers by Russia
Recognition of the Union of Polish Patriots
Stalin uses the Katyn massacre to sever relations with the Polish Government. Stalin recognizes the "Union of Polish Patriots", the core of a Soviet puppet regime
Recognition of the Union of Polish Patriots
Stalin recognizes the "Union of Polish Patriots", the core of a Soviet puppet regime
Implosion Research Begins
Neddermeyer begins experimental work on implosion as a method of rapidly compressing a hollow fissile assembly.
Commander of Army Group Ukraine
Reaches his new HQ with orders to hold the Carpathian Mountains
Commander of Army Group Ukraine
Reaches his new HQ with orders to hold the Carpathian Mountains
Advance on Kohima
Sato's Thirty-First Division reaches the Kohima area and begins operations against the Allied position.
Commander of Twentieth US Air Force
Appointed Commander of the Twentieth US Air Force
Commander of Twentieth US Air Force
Appointed Commander of the Twentieth US Air Force
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
During the two week escape, Hubes men had destroyed 357 tanks, 42 assault guns and 280 artillery pieces, as well as causing severe casualties to the enemys attacking forces
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
In over two weeks of heavy combat, during horrid weather and with few supplies, the 1st Panzer Army had managed to escape encirclement while suffering only moderate casualties.
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
The advanced guards of both the northern and southern columns had reached the Strypa River, and on the 6th, near the town of Buczacz, they linked up with the probing reconnaissance elements of Haussers SS Divisions.
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
The quick thinking of Manstein, and the operational planning and skill of Hube had resulted in the 200,000 troops of the Army escaping the fate of Stalingrad.
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
The quick thinking of Manstein, and the operational planning and skill of Hube had resulted in the 200,000 troops of the Army escaping the fate of Stalingrad
Army Group South
Appointed Supreme of Commander Army Group South in the Ukraine
Commander of Army Group South
Appointed Supreme of Commander Army Group South in the Ukraine
Commander of Army Group South
Appointed Supreme Commander of Army Group South
Operation Overlord
Montgomery presents his strategy for the invasion at St Pauls School, a ninety day battle, ending when all the forces reach the Seine, pivoting on an Allied-held Caen, with British and Canadian armies forming a shoulder & US armies wheeling right
St Pauls School Overlord Briefing
Explains the intended Normandy battle to senior commanders at his headquarters in St Paul's School.
Operation Overlord
Montgomery presents his strategy for the invasion at St Pauls School, a ninety day battle, ending when all the forces reach the Seine, pivoting on an Allied-held Caen, with British and Canadian armies forming a shoulder & US armies wheeling right
Birth of Robert Calvert
Birth of Robert Calvert
Siege of Odessa
Soviet forces liberate Odessa from Nazis
Siege of Sevastopol
The Germans withdraw into Sevastopol. The Germans withdraw from Sevastopol with 80.000 lost during the siege
October Crisis
Kerensky develops his views through october crisis after 1917.
INA Flag at Moirang
Shaukat Malik's INA unit reaches Moirang, where the INA flag is raised on Indian soil during the Imphal campaign.
Reactor Plutonium High Fission Rate
Measurements of reactor-produced plutonium show a spontaneous-fission rate far above expectations because of plutonium-240 contamination, threatening the gun method.
Death of Hans-Valentin Hube
Death of Hans-Valentin Hub
Death of Hans-Valentin Hube
Death of Hans-Valentin Hub
Death of Anastasi Siouli
Death of Anastasi Siouli, executed by the Nazis
Execution
Executed by the Germans during a raid on Greek parisans
Birth of Anthony Visconti
Birth of Anthony Visconti. Birth of Anthony Edward Visconti
Birth of Anthony Edward Visconti
Birth of Anthony Edward Visconti, later record producer, arranger, musician and major glam rock collaborator.
Commander of 91st Air Land Division
Appointed Commander of the 91st Air Landing Division
Government of National Unity Formed
Papandreou forms a government intended to unite resistance and exile political forces.
Operation Overlord
German torpedo boats nearly discover a mock landing but all 600 soldiers are drowned
Deportation Preparations Intensify
Jewish communities are concentrated in ghettos and transit sites.
Hungarian Ghettoisation Coordination
Coordinates German planning with Hungarian authorities before mass deportations.
Dismissal
Relieved of his command in March 1944 for ordering the Eighth Army to retreat when it was in danger of destruction by the Soviet Red Army, in explicit violation of Adolf Hitler's orders
Red Army
Relieved of his command in March 1944 for ordering the Eighth Army to retreat when it was in danger of destruction by the Soviet Red Army, in explicit violation of Adolf Hitler's orders
Visit to Hitler & is blamed for defeat on
Mussolini visits Hitler & is blamed for defeat on the Russian front
Explosive Lens Proposal
Tuck proposes using explosive lenses to shape detonation waves into the spherical convergence required for implosion.
Subhas Brigade Campaign
Shah Nawaz Khan commands INA troops operating toward India during the Imphal campaign alongside Japanese forces.
Abdication
Promises to retire when the Allies enter Rome
Visit to Hitler & is blamed for defeat on
Mussolini visits Hitler & is blamed for defeat on the Russian front
Polonium Production for Initiators
Monsanto's Dayton project begins supplying polonium for neutron-initiator research at Los Alamos.
Defense in Depth on Okinawa
Yahara's operational planning emphasizes defense in depth, conservation of forces, and attritional fighting in southern Okinawa.
Defense of Okinawa
Ushijima allows the American landing to proceed largely unopposed while preserving his main forces in fortified southern positions.
Battle of Okinawa
Begins landing forces on the island of Okinawa, involves 550,000
Minister of Interior
Appointed Minister of the Interior
Constitution of Czechoslovakia
Establishes a provisional Government with the aid of the Russian liberation forces
President of Czechoslovakia
Appointed President of Czechoslovakia. After the Prague uprising at the end of World War II, Benes returned home and reassumed his former position as President
Provisional Government
Establishes a provisional Government with the aid of the Russian liberation forces
Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia
Appointed Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia
Bratislava-Brno Operation
Soviet forces capture Bratislava from German control.
Kosice Programme
Approves the programme for the restored state.
Denounces the neutrality pact with Japan signed Thirteenth April
Denounces the neutrality pact with Japan signed Thirteenth April
Neutrality
Denounces the neutrality pact with Japan signed Thirteenth April
Restored Czechoslovakia
Approves the Kosice programme for restored Czechoslovakia.
Battle of Okinawa
The Japanese fortified HQ at Okinawa is discovered
Invasion of Japan
Appointed Commander of the Army forces against Japan
Army Group South
Appointed Commander Army Group South by Hitler in the Fuhrer Bunker
Commander of Army Group South
Appointed Commander Army Group South by Hitler in the Fuhrer Bunker
Army Group South
Appointed Commander Army Group South by Hitler in the Fuhrer Bunker
Commander of Army Group South
Appointed Commander Army Group South by Hitler in the Fuhrer Bunker
Yamato Sortie
Aruga commands battleship Yamato as it sails with the Surface Special Attack Force toward Okinawa.
Yahagi Sortie
Hara commands light cruiser Yahagi as it accompanies Yamato during Operation Ten-Go.
Destroyer Escort in Ten-Go
Komura commands the destroyer screen accompanying Yamato and Yahagi on Operation Ten-Go.
Kikusui No. 1
Ugaki directs massed naval kamikaze operations as the first Kikusui attack strikes American forces off Okinawa.
Operation Ten-Go Departure
Ito leads Yamato and its escorts from Tokuyama on the one-way Operation Ten-Go sortie toward Okinawa.
Loss of Yamato
Aruga orders Yamato abandoned after uncontrollable flooding and remains aboard when the battleship capsizes and explodes.
Loss of Yahagi
Hara survives the sinking of Yahagi after repeated American carrier-aircraft attacks during Operation Ten-Go.
Death of Seiichi Ito
Ito cancels the failed Ten-Go mission after catastrophic air attacks and dies aboard Yamato when the battleship sinks.
Election
Holds Japans 1st post war election
Optimal Implosion Compression
Kistiakowsky reports that sub-scale tests have achieved the desired symmetrical compression for the implosion system.
Uranium Zero Yield Tests
Frisch completes criticality and zero-yield experiments with uranium-235 needed to confirm weapon-core behaviour.
Death of Theodore Roosevelt
Death of Theodore Roosevelt
President of USA
Appointed President of the USA, 33rd President, 1st term
Ohrdruf Concentration Camp Inspection
Visits the liberated Ohrdruf concentration camp and urges extensive documentation of Nazi atrocities.
Provisional Government
Russia establishes a provisional coaltion Government with Renner as Prime Minister
Capture of Vienna
Soviet forces take Vienna
Government
Russia establishes a provisional coaltion Government with Renner as Prime Minister
First Manhattan Project Briefing
Truman learns of the secret atomic-bomb development programme from Secretary of War Henry Stimson shortly after becoming president.
Liberation of Bergen-Belsen
The Allies liberate Bergen-Belsen
Liberation of Bergen-Belsen
The Allies liberate Bergen-Belsen
General
Hodges is promoted to general making him only the second man, behind Walter Krueger, to rise to full General from enlisted private
Siege of Berlin
Ordered to bring his forces to halt, might have reached Berlin before the Soviets
General
Hodges is promoted to general making him only the second man, behind Walter Krueger, to rise to full General from enlisted private
Battle of Berlin
The Red Army start the Battle of Berlin by attacking German front line positions on the rivers Oder and Neisse
Fuhrerbunker
The Red Army start the Battle of Berlin by attacking German front line positions on the rivers Oder and Neisse
Red Army
The Red Army start the Battle of Berlin by attacking German front line positions on the rivers Oder and Neisse
Battle of Seelow Heights
Weidling prepared to take part in the Battle of the Seelow Heights, which was part of the broader Battle of the Oder-Neisse. Weidlings LVI Panzer Corps was in the centre, flanked by the CI Army Corps to his left and the XI SS Panzer Corps to his right. All three corps were part of General Theodor Busses 9th Army, which was defending the heights above the River Oder
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Liberation of Buchenwald
Liberates Buchenwald concentration camp
Liberation of Prague
Enters Czechoslovakia & liberates Prague
Battle of Berlin
Soviet spearheads had break through the German lines and start to encircle Berlin
Fuhrerbunker
Soviet spearheads had break through the German lines and start to encircle Berlin
Battle of Seelow Heights
By 19 April, Schorners Army Group Centre was collapsing, and the position of Army Group Vistula was becoming untenable.
Battle of Seelow Heights
Heinrici was forced to pull back what was left of his forces, including Weidlings LVI Panzer Corps.
Battle of Seelow Heights
The defensive line on the Seelow Heights was the last major defensive line outside of Berlin.
Battle of Seelow Heights
To escape envelopment and total annihilation, Weidling pulled his corps back with the rest of Army Group Vistula.
Battle of Seelow Heights
With the loss of this position, the road to Berlin lay wide open to the Soviet advance.
Battle of Okinawa
Orders a counterattack which fails & loses 1,000 casualties
Battle of Berlin
The German defences are mainly led by Helmuth Weidling and consisted of several depleted, badly equipped, and disorganised Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS divisions, as well as many Volkssturm and Hitler Youth members
Wehrmacht
The German defences are mainly led by Helmuth Weidling and consisted of several depleted, badly equipped, and disorganised Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS divisions, as well as many Volkssturm and Hitler Youth members
Battle of Berlin
On his birthday Hitler makes his last trip to the surface to award Iron Crosses to some boy soldiers of the Hitler Youth
Fuhrerbunker
On his birthday Hitler makes his last trip to the surface to award Iron Crosses to some boy soldiers of the Hitler Youth
Battle of Berlin
The 1st Belorussian Front led by Marshal Georgy Zhukov starts shelling Berlins city centre
Battle of Berlin
Marshal Ivan Konevs 1st Ukrainian Front had pushed in the north through the last formations of Army Group Centre
Death of Ludwig Stumpfegger
Death of Ludwig Stumpfegger, suicide
Suicide
Provides cyanide capsules to Hitler. Kills himself by taking a cyanide capsule in the bunker. Death of Ludwig Stumpfegger, suicide
Exile of Theo Morell
Flees from the bunker & escapes to Bavaria
Burial
Shoots himself in woods near Rattingen, buried where he had shot himself under an oak
Death of Otto Moritz Walter Model
Death of Otto Moritz Walter Model, commits suicide
Suicide
Shoots himself in woods near Rattingen, buried where he had shot himself under an oak. Death of Otto Moritz Walter Model, commits suicide
Capture of Berlin
Russian troops reach the suburbs of Berlin
Soviet Treaty with Polish Provisional Government
Signs a Soviet treaty with the Polish provisional government as disputes continue over implementation of the Yalta settlement.
Battle of Berlin
Declares that the war is lost, he blames the generals and announces that he will stay on in Berlin until the end and then kill himself
Fuhrerbunker
Declares that the war is lost, he blames the generals and announces that he will stay on in Berlin until the end and then kill himself
Battle of Seelow Heights
Hitler ordered that Weidling be executed by firing squad on receiving a report that he had fled in the face of advancing Soviet forces, which was in defiance of standing orders to the contrary. As such, Weidlings actions required a death sentence. Weidling had not fled, and the sentence was called off when he dramatically appeared at the Fuhrerbunker to clear up the misunderstanding
Battle of Berlin
Each sector was commanded by a colonel or a general, but most of the colonels and generals had no combat experience. The forces available to Weidling for the citys defence included roughly 45,000 soldiers in several severely depleted German Army and Waffen-SS divisions.
Battle of Berlin
These depleted divisions were supplemented by the Berlin police force, boys in the Hitler Youth, and about 40,000 elderly men of the Home Guard (Volkssturm)
Battle of Berlin
Weidling was ordered by Hitler to defend the city of Berlin. Specifically, he was ordered not to surrender, but to fight to the last man. Weidling organised the defences into eight sectors designated "A" through to "H".
Commander of Berlin Defence Area
Hitler appoints Weidling as the Commander of the Berlin Defence Area. Weidling replaces Lieutenant General (Generalleutnant) Helmuth Reymann, Colonel (Oberst) Ernst Kaether, and Hitler himself
Battle of Berlin
Hitler appoints Weidling as the Commander of the Berlin Defence Area. Weidling replaces Lieutenant General (Generalleutnant) Helmuth Reymann, Colonel (Oberst) Ernst Kaether, and Hitler himself
Dismissal
Stripped of all offices by Hitler after asking if he could succeed
Battle of Berlin
1st day of the battle, defends Berlin with 4 Divs, 60,000 men & 50-60 tanks
Siege of Berlin
1st day of the battle, defends Berlin with 4 Divs, 60,000 men & 50-60 tanks
Liberation of Buchenwald
Arranges for photograps of Buchenwald camp victims to be circulated around the Cabinet
Battle of Berlin
1st day of the Battle of Berlin with 1,000,000 plus Russians against 60,000 Germans
Battle of Berlin
Hitler summons Field Marshall Robert Ritter von Greim from Munich to Berlin to take over command of the Luftwaffe from Goering
Luftwaffe
Hitler summons Field Marshall Robert Ritter von Greim from Munich to Berlin to take over command of the Luftwaffe from Goering
Luftwaffe
Hitler summons Greim to Berlin to take command of the Luftwaffe from Goering
Battle of Berlin
The Soviets had consolidated their investment of Berlin and leading Soviet units were probing and penetrating the S-Bahn defensive ring. Hitler summons Field Marshall Robert Ritter von Greim from Munich to Berlin to take over command of the Luftwaffe from Goering
Luftwaffe
Hitler summons Field Marshall Robert Ritter von Greim from Munich to Berlin to take over command of the Luftwaffe from Goering
Result of Surrender of Heinrich Himmler's Proposed Peace Negotiation
Himmler's approach reveals fragmentation inside the Nazi leadership but does not produce a separate peace.
Surrender of Heinrich Himmler's Proposed Peace Negotiation
Informed Heinrich Himmler wishes to open his own peace negotiations with the Allies
Alliance Soviet and United States forces
Konevs units make contact with Omar Bradleys Twelfth Army
Battle of Berlin
The US & Russian troops meet at the River Elbe
Mobilization
The US & Soviet troops meet Leckwitz & Torgau on the River Elbe
Berlin Defence Area
General der Artillerie Helmuth Weidling is appointed commander of the Berlin Defence Area
Battle of Berlin
I have no intentions of wandering around in the woods. I am staying here and I will fall at the head of my troops. You, for your part, will carry on with your defence.".
Battle of Berlin
In the depths of the Bendlerblock, Weidlings staff did not know whether it was day or nigh. Helmuth Weidling is appointed Commander of the Berlin Defence Area
Battle of Berlin
Weidling chose as his base of operations the old army headquarters on the Bendlerstrasse, the "Bendlerblock." This location had well-equipped air-raid shelters and was close to the Reich Chancellery.
Battle of Berlin
Weidling presented Hitler with a detailed proposal for a breakout from Berlin. When Weidling finished, Hitler shook his head and said: "Your proposal is perfectly all right. But what is the point of it all?
Commander of Berlin Defence Area
Helmuth Weidling is appointed Commander of the Berlin Defence Area
Battle of Berlin
General der Artillerie Helmuth Weidling is appointed commander of the Berlin Defence Area
General der Artillerie
Helmuth Weidling is appointed Commander of the Berlin Defence Area
Invasion of Germany
American & Russian troops link forces at the River Elbe
President of Austria
Appointed President of Austria, 2nd term
Battle of Berlin
By the end of the day on 27 April, Weidling and the forces under his command in Berlin found themselves completely cut off from the rest of Germany
Arrest of Clara Petacci
Captured by Italian partisans, Mussolinis mistress
Arrest of Benito Amilicare Andrea Mussolini
Captured by Italian partisans
Target Committee First Meeting
The Target Committee holds its first meeting to evaluate potential Japanese targets and the military conditions for atomic-bomb use.
Battle of Berlin
General Hans Krebs makes his last telephone call from the Fuhrerbunker to Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel Chief of OKW (German Armed Forces High Command) in Fuerstenberg, Krebs tells Keitel that if relief does not arrive within 48 hours all would be lost
Arrest of Heinrich Himmler
Hitler orders von Greim and Reitsch to fly to Doenitzs headquarters at Ploen, Field Marshal von Greim is ordered by Hitler to arrest the "traitor" Himmler
Siege of Berlin
Heinrici rejects Hitler's command to hold Berlin at all costs & is relieved of his command
Arrest of Heinrich Himmler
Hitler orders von Greim and Reitsch to fly to Doenitzs headquarters at Ploen, Field Marshal von Greim is ordered by Hitler to arrest the "traitor" Himmler
Battle of Berlin
General Hans Krebs makes his last telephone call from the Fuhrerbunker to Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel Chief of OKW (German Armed Forces High Command) in Fuerstenberg, Krebs tells Keitel that if relief does not arrive within 48 hours all would be lost
Arrest of Heinrich Himmler
Hitler orders von Greim and Reitsch to fly to Doenitzs headquarters at Ploen, Field Marshal von Greim is ordered by Hitler to arrest the "traitor" Himmler
Peace
Himmler asks Count Bernadotte to convey a peace proposal to US General Dwight David Eisenhowerr
Death of Clara Petacci
Executed by Italian partisans, Mussolinis mistress
Execution
Executed by Italian partisans, Mussolinis mistress
Death of Benito Amilicare Andrea Mussolini
Mussolini, his mistress & members of his entourage are shot by Italian partisans
Death of Benito Amilicare Andrea Mussolini
Death of Benito Amilicare Andrea Mussolini, shot by Italian partisans
Execution
Mussolini, his mistress & members of his entourage are shot by Italian partisans. Captured & shot by Italian partisans while attempting to escape to Switzerland
Battle of Berlin
300,000 Russian soldiers are killed
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor of Austria by the Soviet forces
Hitler's Will
A witness to the last will and testament of Adolf Hitler
Hitler's Will
It was dictated by Adolf Hitler to his secretary Traudl Junge in his Berlin Fuhrerbunker on 29 April 1945, the day he and Eva Braun married.
Hitler's Will
The last will and testament of Adolf Hitler was prompted by Hitler receiving a telegram from Reichsmarschall Hermann Goring asking for confirmation of Goring's succession.
Hitler's Will
combined with news of Heinrich Himmler's attempted negotiations of surrender with the western Allies, and reports that Red Army troops were within a block or two of the Reich Chancellery.
Hitler's Will
A witness to the last will and testament of Adolf Hitler
Battle of Berlin
On 29 April, the Soviet Information Bureau announced that troops of the 1st Belorussian Front continued to clear the streets of Berlin, occupied the northwest sector of Charlottenburg as far as Bismarck Street, the west half of Moabit, and the east part of Schoeneberg. Russian troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front occupied Friedenau and Grunewald in northwest Berlin
Battle of Berlin
At 04:00 hours, in the Fuhrerbunker, Hitler signs his last will and testament and, shortly afterwards, married Eva Braun
Hitler's Will
It was dictated by Adolf Hitler to his secretary Traudl Junge in his Berlin Fuhrerbunker on 29 April 1945, the day he and Eva Braun married.
Hitler's Will
The last will and testament of Adolf Hitler was prompted by Hitler receiving a telegram from Reichsmarschall Hermann Goring asking for confirmation of Goring's succession.
Hitler's Will
combined with news of Heinrich Himmler's attempted negotiations of surrender with the western Allies, and reports that Red Army troops were within a block or two of the Reich Chancellery.
Liberation of Dachau
The Allies liberate Dachau
Marriage
Marries his mistress Eva Braun in the Bunker
Result of Surrender of German Army in Italy
The German army in Italy ceases resistance, ending the Italian campaign.
Surrender of German Army in Italy
The German Army on the Italian Front surrenders
Churchill appeals to Stalin not to unilaterally impose Russian rule on Yugoslavia
Churchill appeals to Stalin not to unilaterally impose Russian rule on Yugoslavia. Churchill appeals to Stalin not to unilaterally impose Russian rule on Poland
Liberation of Dachau
The Allies liberate Dachau
Death of Benito Amilicare Andrea Mussolini
Mussolinis body is displayed in Milan
Execution
Mussolinis body is displayed in Milan
Churchill appeals to Stalin not to unilaterally impose Russian rule on Yugoslavia
Churchill appeals to Stalin not to unilaterally impose Russian rule on Yugoslavia. Churchill appeals to Stalin not to unilaterally impose Russian rule on Poland
Rule of Poland
Churchill appeals to Stalin not to unilaterally impose Russian rule on Poland
Battle of Berlin
The Soviet 3rd Shock Army crossed the Moltke bridge and started to fan out into the surrounding streets and buildings
Flensburg Government
Doenitz forms what becomes known as the Flensburg Government, which controlled only a tiny area of Germany near the Danish border, including the town of Flensburg
Government
Forms a new Cabinet & orders an unconditional surrender
President of Germany
Doenitz forms what becomes known as the Flensburg Government, which controlled only a tiny area of Germany near the Danish border, including the town of Flensburg
President of Germany
Appointed President of the Reich & Hitler's successor, on the day of Hitler's death
Constitution of Germany
In Hitler's 1945 political testament he appoints Admiral Karl Doenitz to succeed him, but he names Doenitz as President, not Fuhrer, thereby re-establishing a constitutional office which had lain dormant since Hindenburgs death in 1934. Hitler commits suicide and is briefly succeeded as Chancellor by Joseph Goebbels, as dictated in Hitler's Last Will and Testament
Suicide
Hitler commits suicide and is briefly succeeded as Chancellor by Joseph Goebbels, as dictated in Hitler's Last Will and Testament
Constitution of Germany
Hitler commits suicide and is briefly succeeded as Chancellor by Joseph Goebbels, as dictated in Hitler's Last Will and Testament
Suicide
Hitler commits suicide and is briefly succeeded as Chancellor by Joseph Goebbels, as dictated in Hitler's Last Will and Testament
Urchin Initiator Selection
The Initiator Committee selects the Urchin concept as the most promising neutron initiator for the implosion weapon.
Burial
The bodies of Hitler & Eva Braun are taken into the Chancellery garden & burnt
Death of Eva Braun
Death of Eva Braun, commits suicide with Hitler at the Fuhrerbunker
Suicide
Death of Eva Braun, commits suicide with Hitler at the Fuhrerbunker
Battle of Berlin
After Hitler and Brauns suicides, Weidling reached the Fuhrerbunker and was met by Goebbels, Bormann and Krebs. They took him to Hitler's room, where the couple had committed suicide.
Battle of Berlin
Late in the morning of 30 April, with the Soviets less than 500 metres from the bunker, Hitler had a meeting with Weidling, who informed him that the Berlin garrison would probably run out of ammunition that night.
Battle of Berlin
They told him that their bodies had been burned and buried in a shell crater in the Reich Chancellery garden above.
Battle of Berlin
Weidling asked Hitler for permission to break out, a request he had made unsuccessfully before. Hitler did not answer at first, and Weidling went back to his headquarters in the Bendlerblock, where at about 13:00, he received Hitler's permission to try a breakout that night.
Battle of Berlin
Weidling was forced to swear that he would not repeat this news to anybody. The only person in the outside world who was to be informed was Joseph Stalin. An attempt would be made that night to arrange an armistice, and General Krebs would inform the Soviet commander so that he could inform the Kremlin
Battle of Berlin
The Soviets rapidly advance through the city and reach the city centre, conquering the Reichstag on 30 April after fierce fighting
Burial
Hitler & Eva Brauns bodies are taken into the Chancellery garden & burnt
Death of Adolf Hitler
Hitler & Eva Braun shoot themselves
Siege of Berlin
Commits suicide when the Russians reach Potsdamerplatz a block from the Bunker, 3:30PM
Suicide
Hitler & Eva Braun shoot themselves. Commits suicide when the Russians reach Potsdamerplatz a block from the Bunker, 3:30PM
President of Germany
Appointed President of the Reich & Hitler's successor, on the day of Hitler's death
Admiral
Appointed Successor to Adolf Hitler
Battle of Berlin
The Soviets rapidly advance through the city and reach the city centre, conquering the Reichstag on 30 April after fierce fighting
Capture of Berlin
The Red Army hoists the Red Flag over the Reichstag in Berlin
Red Army
The Red Army hoists the Red Flag over the Reichstag in Berlin
Seventh CCP Congress
Participates in the Seventh National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party.
Constitution of Germany
In Hitler's 1945 political testament he appoints Admiral Karl Doenitz to succeed him, but he names Doenitz as President, not Fuhrer, thereby re-establishing a constitutional office which had lain dormant since Hindenburgs death in 1934
President of Germany
In Hitler's 1945 political testament he appoints Admiral Karl Doenitz to succeed him, but he names Doenitz as President, not Fuhrer, thereby re-establishing a constitutional office which had lain dormant since Hindenburgs death in 1934
Health of Ernst Gunther Schenck
Concludes that Hitler will be a cripple within a year
Health of Adolf Hitler
Schenk concludes that Hitler will be a cripple within a year
Hitler's Doctor
Appointed Hitler's Doctor
Arrest of Franz von Papen
Arrested in the Ruhr by the Allies
Peace
After Hitler's suicide Goebbels & Bormann make attempt to negotiate with the Russians
Suicide
After Hitler's suicide Goebbels & Bormann make attempt to negotiate with the Russians
OKW Operations Staff Evacuates toward Flensburg
Jodl and the OKW Operations Staff move north as the German state collapses under Allied advances.
Peace
Peace negotiations fail & Goebbels decides to commit suicide. After Hitler's suicide Goebbels & Bormann attempt to negotiate with the Russians
Suicide
Peace negotiations fail & Goebbels decides to commit suicide. After Hitler's suicide Goebbels & Bormann attempt to negotiate with the Russians
Suicide
Advises Hitler to remain in the bunker & die in a blinding Gotterdammerung
Purge
Expelled from the Nazi party after trying to seize power
Battle of Ruhr
The Allies encircle Models Army. Model holds out for 18 days until handing over 300,000 troops. Hitler refuses to let Army Group B withdraw. Hitler orders the destruction of the Ruhr, Model refuses
Dachau Concentration Camp
Visits Dachau shortly after Allied forces liberate the concentration camp.
Advance across North German Plain
Pushes 21st Army Group rapidly across northern Germany after breaking out from the Rhine bridgehead.
INA Retreat from Burma
Prem Kumar Sahgal serves with INA forces during the retreat from Burma as the Allied advance breaks the Japanese-INA campaign.
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan
Battle of Okinawa
Commands the Japanese defense HQ of 85,000 troops
Capture of Okinawa
US troops land on Okinawa Island
Neutrality
Russia informs Japan it will not renew the Sovietese neutrality pact
Russia informs Japan it will not renew the Sovietese neutrality pact
Russia informs Japan it will not renew the Sovietese neutrality pact
Arrest of Elie Wiesel
Liberated from Buchenwald by the US 3rd Army
Buchenwald
Liberated from Buchenwald by the US 3rd Army
Neutrality
Russia informs Japan it will not renew the Sovietese neutrality pact
Russia informs Japan it will not renew the Sovietese neutrality pact
Russia informs Japan it will not renew the Sovietese neutrality pact
Capture of Munich
Captures Munich
Battle of Elbe
Secures a bridgehead over the Elbe, 60 miles west of Berlin
Cross Examination Tests Ribbentrop Soviet Pact Account
Questions from defence counsel for other defendants and prosecutors tested Ribbentrop's description of the German-Soviet agreements and his part in negotiating their secret provisions.
Maxwell Fyfe Begins Cross Examination of Ribbentrop
British prosecutor David Maxwell-Fyfe began cross-examining Ribbentrop about his diplomatic career, relations with Britain and knowledge of German plans for expansion and war.
Maxwell Fyfe Challenges Ribbentrop on British Intentions
Maxwell-Fyfe challenged Ribbentrop's account of Anglo-German relations and questioned whether he had understood before the war that Britain would resist further German expansion.
Amen Questions Ribbentrop Loyalty to Hitler
American prosecutor John Amen questioned Ribbentrop about his pledge not to create difficulties for Hitler and his willingness to carry out decisions even after voicing disagreement.
French Prosecution Questions Ribbentrop on Occupied Europe
French prosecutor Edgar Faure questioned Ribbentrop about Foreign Office involvement in occupied European territories and the diplomatic administration of German control.
Ribbentrop Cross Examination Concludes
After questioning by British, French, American and Soviet prosecutors, Ribbentrop's extended appearance as a defendant witness came to an end.
Rudenko Questions Ribbentrop on Soviet Invasion Policy
Soviet chief prosecutor Roman Rudenko challenged Ribbentrop over the attack on the Soviet Union and his claim that the invasion should be regarded as preventive rather than aggressive.
Death of Masaharu Homma
Death of Masaharu Homma, executed
Execution
Executed for war crimes, held responsible for the "Bataan Death March"
Nationalization
Electricity and gas undertakings are nationalized, creating EDF and GDF
Lammers Testifies on Hitler Government Machinery
Lammers explains the Reich Chancellery's role, Hitler's working methods and the transmission of decisions through the Nazi government.
Lammers Returns for Extended Defence Testimony
Lammers continues detailed evidence about cabinet procedure, Hitler's decrees and the functioning of central government under the Nazi dictatorship.
Wielen Testifies on Stalag Luft III Murders
Wielen testifies about the investigation and aftermath of the killing of escaped Allied airmen from Stalag Luft III.
Permanent General of the Army Rank
His wartime five-star rank of General of the Army is made permanent.
Riecke Testifies on Eastern Food Policy
Riecke answers questions about food administration and agricultural policy in territories occupied by Germany in eastern Europe.
Hoess Testifies about Auschwitz Extermination Operations
Former Auschwitz commandant Rudolf Hoess testifies about mass killing procedures, deportations and the operation of the extermination camp.
Second Battle of Siping
Lin Biao defends Siping against Nationalist attacks in a major Manchurian battle
Second Battle of Siping
Bai Chongxi advises and supports Nationalist operations in Manchuria during the Siping fighting
Second Battle of Siping
Du Yuming commands Nationalist forces in the second major battle for Siping
Second Battle of Siping
Liao Yaoxiang commands Nationalist units during the Siping campaign
Second Battle of Siping
Sun Li-jen's New First Army participates in the Nationalist pressure on Siping
Siping Strategy
Mao urges Communist forces to hold Siping as a strategic position in Manchuria
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Frank testified before the Tribunal about his rule in occupied Poland.
General
Appointed General Secretary of the SED, Socialist Unity Party
General
Appointed General Secretary of the SED, Socialist Unity Party
Buehler Testifies on General Government
Buehler gives evidence about administration in occupied Poland and the authority exercised within Hans Frank's General Government.
Restoration
Restored by French forces after the defeat of the Lao Issara government
Witness Testimony at Nuremberg
Gisevius testified as a defence witness about opposition circles and the Nazi leadership.
Witness Testimony at Nuremberg
Gisevius testified as a defence witness about opposition circles and the Nazi leadership.
Witness Testimony at Nuremberg
Gisevius testified as a defence witness about opposition circles and the Nazi leadership.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Streicher testified before the Tribunal about his propaganda activities and political career.
FA Cup Final Defensive Contribution
Jack Howe represents Derby County in the 1946 FA Cup final, contributing to the back line in a historic 4-1 victory over Charlton Athletic.
FA Cup Final Defensive Assignment
Jack Nicholas plays in Derby Countyโs defence during the 1946 FA Cup final and helps resist Charlton Athletic before Derby pull clear in extra time.
FA Cup Final Extra-Time Double
Jack Stamps scores twice in extra time against Charlton Athletic, turning a close FA Cup final into a 4-1 victory for Derby County.
FA Cup Final Captain
Raich Carter captains Derby County against Charlton Athletic and contributes the attacking experience that helps the club secure its first FA Cup trophy.
1946 Wembley Goalkeeping Duty
Vic Woodley keeps goal for Derby County as they overcome Charlton Athletic after extra time to win the 1946 FA Cup final.
FA Cup Final Half-Back Role
Walter Chick Musson helps anchor Derby Countyโs half-back line in the 1946 FA Cup final as the club earns its first victory in the competition.
1946 FA Cup Final Midfield Work
Jimmy Bullions starts for Derby County at Wembley and works through a demanding midfield contest before his side wins in extra time.
FA Cup Final Holding Role
Leon Leuty plays as part of Derby Countyโs 1946 cup-winning side, providing defensive support during the final against Charlton Athletic.
Cup Final Wing Play
Dally Duncan features in Derby Countyโs attack as the Rams beat Charlton Athletic 4-1 in the 1946 FA Cup final.
FA Cup Final Wide Attacking Role
Reg Harrison appears on Derby Countyโs wing against Charlton Athletic, stretching play during the clubโs extra-time FA Cup final success.
FA Cup Winning Forward
Northern Ireland international Peter Doherty starts Derby Countyโs FA Cup final win, providing movement and creativity alongside the other forwards.
Capture of Harbin
Communist forces consolidate control of Harbin after the Soviet withdrawal from Manchuria
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Streicher testified before the Tribunal about his propaganda activities and political career.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Schacht testified in his defence about economic policy, rearmament and his break with the Nazi leadership.
Wurzbacher Testifies during Schacht Defence
Wurzbacher appears during Schacht's case and gives evidence concerning economic and financial matters examined by the defence.
NHS Second Reading
Defends the National Health Service Bill at second reading.
Birth of Charles XVI
Birth of Charles XVI
Politics and the English Language
Publishes Politics and the English Language.
Some Thoughts on the Common Toad
Publishes Some Thoughts on the Common Toad.
Accession of King Paul
Paul succeeds his brother George II as King of Greece.
Becomes Crown Prince
After King George II dies and Paul becomes king, Constantine becomes heir apparent to the Greek throne.
Oberheuser Testifies on Ravensbrueck Medical Work
Oberheuser described her duties at Ravensbrueck and answered evidence concerning treatment of prisoners subjected to wound, drug and surgical experiments.
Oberheuser Defence Case Begins
Oberheuser begins her defence concerning medical experiments performed on women imprisoned at Ravensbrueck.
Birth of Florian Schneider
Birth of Florian Schneider, later Kraftwerk co-founder and electronic sound innovator.
Death of Henry Ford
Death of Henry Ford
Pohl Trial Opens
The Pohl Case opened against officials of the SS Economic and Administrative Main Office.
Poppendick Testifies on SS Medical Administration
Poppendick testified about SS medical administration and denied exercising the degree of control over experimental programmes alleged by the prosecution.
Poppendick Defence Case Begins
Poppendick opens his defence against charges connected with SS racial institutions and criminal medical experimentation.
Birth of Stephen James Howe
Birth of Stephen James Howe, later Yes guitarist and key progressive rock figure.
Sievers Testifies on Ahnenerbe Medical Projects
Sievers gave evidence about Ahnenerbe research, its links with SS medical projects and the administrative chain behind experiments and the Jewish skeleton collection.
Doebig Testifies in Justice Case
Friedrich Doebig gives evidence on the transformation of German judicial institutions and pressures placed on judges under the Nazi regime.
Sievers Defence Case Begins
Sievers begins his defence over the Ahnenerbe's role in medical experiments and the Jewish skeleton collection project.
Birth of Fabian Ernesto Alarcon Rivera
Birth of Fabian Ernesto Alarcon Rivera
Borkenau Testifies during Sievers Defence
Borkenau testified during the Sievers case and supplied background evidence intended to assist the defence in interpreting the defendant's political and institutional circumstances.
May Testifies for Sievers Defence
May gave evidence concerning the Ahnenerbe and the institutional setting in which Sievers carried out administrative duties connected with research projects.
Topf Testifies on Sievers Activities
Topf gave evidence about Sievers's wartime activities and relationships, adding testimony to the defence case concerning the Ahnenerbe administrator.
Hielscher Testifies for Sievers Defence
Hielscher described his contacts with Sievers and provided personal and political evidence that the defence used to characterize Sievers's conduct under the Nazi regime.
Milch Trial Judgment Delivered
Military Tribunal II delivers judgment, acquitting Milch on medical-experiment allegations but convicting him on forced-labour charges.
Block Testifies for Gerhard Rose Defence
Block testified about infectious-disease research and professional circumstances relevant to Gerhard Rose's defence against charges connected with typhus and malaria experimentation.
Rose Defence Case Begins
Rose opens his defence concerning typhus research, vaccine testing and experiments carried out on concentration-camp prisoners.
Birth of Lee Kirslake
Birth of Lee Kirslake
Toms Presides over Milch Judgment
Toms presided when Military Tribunal II announced its judgment in the Milch Case after completing the evidentiary and argument stages of the trial.
Milch Trial Sentence
Milch was sentenced to life imprisonment after conviction on two counts.
Hoering Testifies on Rose Medical Research
Hoering discussed scientific work associated with Rose and addressed medical research practices that the defence argued were distinct from coercive camp experimentation.
Minister without Portfolio
Moves from the office of Lord Privy Seal to serve again as Minister without Portfolio.
Rose Testifies on Typhus and Malaria Research
Rose testified about infectious-disease research and defended his actions concerning typhus and malaria work that prosecutors connected with experimentation on prisoners.
Flick Trial Opens
The fifth Subsequent Nuremberg Proceeding opened against Friedrich Flick and five associates.
Flick Arraigned before Military Tribunal IV
Flick is arraigned with the other defendants and enters a plea as the industrialist prosecution moves into open court.
Dixon Serves as Alternate Judge in Flick Case
Dixon served as alternate judge for the Flick Tribunal, standing ready to preserve continuity of the trial if a regular member could no longer sit.
Sears Presides as Flick Trial Opens
Sears presided when the Flick Case opened against industrialist Friedrich Flick and five associates accused of wartime exploitation and support for criminal organizations.
Richman Joins Flick Tribunal
Richman joined the sitting judicial panel as the Flick proceedings commenced and the prosecution began presenting its case against the industrial defendants.
Christianson Takes Seat on Flick Tribunal
Christianson took his seat on the tribunal at the opening of the Flick Case and began hearing evidence concerning industrial conduct during the war.
Ruff Defence Case Begins
Ruff begins his defence regarding aviation medicine and the high-altitude experiments conducted at Dachau.
Ruff Testifies on High Altitude Research
Ruff described aviation-medicine research and sought to separate his scientific work from the lethal high-altitude experiments conducted on prisoners at Dachau.
JPS
Appointed as Joint Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries
Parliamentary Private Secretary
Appointed PPS for Chancellor of the Exchequer Hugh Dalton
Berlin Land Routes Blocked
Soviet restrictions close major land routes into the Western sectors of Berlin.
Blockade of Berlin
The Russians blockade land routes to Berlin
Nationalisation of Electricity
The British Electricity Authority and regional boards assume control of the electricity supply industry.
Berlin Emergency Air Supply Tested
Clay orders an early emergency air-supply operation to test whether Berlin can be sustained without unrestricted land access.
Blockade of Berlin
General Clay orders a "baby airlift" into Berlin of enough supplies for 45 days
Russia halts 2 US & British trains
Russia halts 2 US & British trains after theiy refuse access to Russian inspectors
European Recovery Program
Marshall Plan assistance begins supporting European reconstruction and American export markets.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Signs the Treaty establishing the NATO alliance
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Signs the Treaty establishing the NATO alliance
Treaty of NATO
Present at the signing ceremony
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
The North Atlantic Treaty is signed
Rule of Germany
The western powers & the US are committed to the defense of Germany & Berlin
Treaty of NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty is signed
western powers & the US are committed to the defense of
The western powers & the US are committed to the defense of Germany & Berlin
Treaty of NATO
Describes the Treaty as a "sheild against agression & the fear of agression"
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Signs the Treaty establishing the NATO alliance
Treaty of NATO
Signs the Treaty establishing the NATO alliance
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Signs the Treaty establishing the NATO alliance
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
The North Atlantic Treaty is signed
Rajauri Road Clearance
Rama Raghoba Rane clears mines and roadblocks under fire, enabling Indian armour to advance toward Rajauri.
Wyatt Presides over Einsatzgruppen Judgment
Wyatt presided when the tribunal delivered its judgment in the Einsatzgruppen Case after considering responsibility for organized mass executions in the occupied Soviet territories.
Crawford Participates in Einsatzgruppen Sentencing
Crawford participated when the tribunal imposed sentences on the convicted Einsatzgruppen defendants two days after the judgment was announced.
Constitution of Romania
Groza's government adopts the first communist constitution.
McCabe Becomes Federal Reserve Chairman
Thomas McCabe begins his term as chairman of the Federal Reserve Board during a period of growing disagreement between the central bank and the Treasury over the continued wartime policy of supporting government security prices.
Presidential Election
The National Assembly elects Chiang Kai-shek as the first President under the new Constitution.
Award
Awarded by George VI marking the 600th anniversary of the Order of the Garter
Capture of San Jose
Leads the National Liberation Party which captures San Jose
Resignation of Teodoro Picado
Picado resigns & the regular army is disbanded
Capture of Mandalay
The Government recaptures Manadalay from the Kachin rebels
Reballion of Kachin
The Government recaptures Manadalay from the Kachin rebels
Baby of the House
Enters the Commons as one of the youngest MPs of the post-war Parliament.
House of Commons Entry
Begins his first period of service in the House of Commons.
Southwark Central By-election
Wins the Southwark Central by-election and enters the House of Commons.
Siege of Yanan
Communist forces reoccupy Yanโan after Nationalist troops withdraw from the area.
OEEC Participation
Iceland joins the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation and participates in the post-war European recovery framework associated with Marshall Plan assistance.
Manifesto
Issues his draft manifesto for the Conservative Party, "The Right Road For Britain"
Peace
Israel signs an armistice with Syria. Israel signs an armistice with Jordan
Jordan Israel Armistice
Jordan and Israel signed an armistice agreement on 3 April 1949 that established military demarcation lines without resolving the territory's ultimate sovereignty.
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Signs the Treaty establishing the NATO alliance
Treaty of NATO
Signs the Treaty establishing the NATO alliance
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Signs the Treaty establishing the NATO alliance
North Atlantic Treaty
Signs the North Atlantic Treaty on Canada behalf.
North Atlantic Treaty
Signs the North Atlantic Treaty for Canada.
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Signs the Treaty establishing the NATO alliance. Schuman was instrumental in the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). Schuman also signed the Treaty of Washington for France
Treaty of NATO
Signs the Treaty establishing the NATO alliance
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Signs the Treaty establishing the NATO alliance. Schuman was instrumental in the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). Schuman also signed the Treaty of Washington for France
Treaty of North Atlantic
Participation of the United States was thought necessary both to counter the military power of the USSR and to prevent the revival of nationalist militarism, so talks for a new military alliance results in the North Atlantic Treaty, signed in Washington, D.C. on 4 April 1949. It included the five Treaty of Brussels states plus the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Signs the Treaty establishing the NATO alliance
Treaty of NATO
Signs the Treaty establishing the NATO alliance
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Signs the Treaty establishing the NATO alliance
Treaty of North Atlantic
Participation of the United States was thought necessary both to counter the military power of the USSR and to prevent the revival of nationalist militarism, so talks for a new military alliance results in the North Atlantic Treaty, signed in Washington, D.C. on 4 April 1949. It included the five Treaty of Brussels states plus the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland
NATO
Supports the creation of NATO as a cornerstone of Western security policy
NATO Founding Membership
Iceland signs the North Atlantic Treaty as a founding NATO member despite maintaining no standing armed forces of its own.
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Signs the Treaty establishing the NATO alliance
Treaty of NATO
Signs the Treaty establishing the NATO alliance
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Signs the Treaty establishing the NATO alliance
Ministries Trial Sentence
The tribunal announced sentences in the Ministries Case after delivering its judgment.
Republic of Ireland
The Republic of Ireland Act becomes effective under Costello, marking the state's internationally recognized republican status.
Capture of River Yangtze
The Communists cross the River Yangtze
Capture of River Yangtze
Communist forces cross the Yangtze River after peace negotiations fail, opening the final drive into Nationalist-held southern China.
KMT Government Liaison
Acts as liaison between the Kuomintang and government while continuing to influence Nationalist strategy after leaving the presidency.
Capture of Nangking
The Communists capture Nanking
Capture of Nanjing
Communist forces capture Nanjing, ending Nationalist control of the former capital.
Economy of Japan
Joseph Dodge announces a fixed rate of 360 yen/dollar
Exile of Bao Dai
Returns to Vietnam in after a 3 year self-imposed exile
Scientific American Generalized Gravitation Article
Explains his latest generalized theory of gravitation in Scientific American, placing the work within his long search for a unified foundation of field physics.
Liaquat-Nehru Pact
Nehru and Liaquat Ali Khan sign the Delhi Pact to protect minority rights in India and Pakistan.
Liaquat-Nehru Pact
Pakistan and India sign a pact protecting religious minorities.
1st Glider Crossing
1st to make a glider crossing across the Channel
Centrist Coalition Government
Plastiras forms a coalition government after an inconclusive election.
General
Appointed General Secretary of the SED, Socialist Unity Party
Capture of Hainan Island
China completes the capture of Hainan Island
West Bank Union Resolution
Jordan's parliament formally approved the union of the East Bank and West Bank under the Hashemite crown, a disputed annexation that received limited international recognition.
Prime Minister Appointed
Begins a short prime ministerial term while still king
Two Goals in 1950 FA Cup Final
Scores both goals as Arsenal defeat Liverpool 2-0 in the FA Cup final.
Martin Becomes Federal Reserve Chairman
William McChesney Martin begins his long tenure as Federal Reserve chairman, taking office shortly after the Treasury-Federal Reserve Accord restored greater flexibility to monetary policy.
NHS Charges
Proposes charges for dentures and spectacles in the Budget.
Dismissal
Dismissed after publicly demanding the right to bomb Chinese targets in Manchuria
Dismissal
Dimisses MacArthur as Commander of United Nations forces because of his support of war with China
Invasion of Korea
Appointed Commander of the United Nations forces in Korea
Death of Ernest Bevin
Death of Ernest Bevin
Treaty of Paris
Signs the European Coal and Steel Community treaty for Belgium.
ECSC Founding Treaty
Schuman represented France's commitment to the Treaty of Paris and the new supranational Coal and Steel Community.
European Coal and Steel Community
France and five partner states signed the Treaty of Paris, establishing the European Coal and Steel Community.
European Coal and Steel Community
On 18 April 1951 six founder members sign the Treaty of Paris (1951) that formed the basis of the European Coal and Steel Community. They declared this date and the corresponding democratic, supranational principles to be the 'real foundation of Europe'
Treaty of Paris
On 18 April 1951 six founder members sign the Treaty of Paris (1951) that formed the basis of the European Coal and Steel Community. They declared this date and the corresponding democratic, supranational principles to be the 'real foundation of Europe'
European Coal and Steel Community
On 18 April 1951 six founder members sign the Treaty of Paris (1951) that formed the basis of the European Coal and Steel Community. They declared this date and the corresponding democratic, supranational principles to be the 'real foundation of Europe'
Treaty of Paris
On 18 April 1951 six founder members sign the Treaty of Paris (1951) that formed the basis of the European Coal and Steel Community. They declared this date and the corresponding democratic, supranational principles to be the 'real foundation of Europe'
Treaty of Paris
Signs the treaty creating the European Coal and Steel Community, a precursor to the Treaty of Rome.
Treaty of Paris
Signs the European Coal and Steel Community treaty as West Germany enters postwar European cooperation.
Treaty of Paris
Signs the European Coal and Steel Community treaty for Italy.
Treaty of Paris
Supports Luxembourg's participation in the European Coal and Steel Community framework.
Treaty of Paris
Signs the European Coal and Steel Community treaty for the Netherlands.
US Military Assistance Advisory Group
The United States announces plans to establish a Military Assistance Advisory Group in Taiwan to strengthen Nationalist defense capabilities.
Bevanite Resignation
Resigns and becomes the focus of Labour left opposition.
Resignation of Aneurin Bevan
Resigns in protest over health charges and rearmament spending.
Resignation of John Freeman
Resigns alongside Bevan and Wilson over the charges dispute.
Resignation of Harold Wilson
Resigns with Bevan over the health charges dispute.
Resignation of Harold Wilson
Resigns from the Cabinet in protest against health service charges to pay defence
Resignation of Harold Wilson
Wilson becomes a left-winger and joins Aneurin Bevan and John Freeman in resigning from the Government in protest at the introduction of National Health Service (NHS) health service charges to meet the financial demands imposed by the Korean War
Resignation of Harold Wilson
Wilson becomes a left-winger and joins Aneurin Bevan and John Freeman in resigning from the Government in protest at the introduction of National Health Service (NHS) health service charges to meet the financial demands imposed by the Korean War.
Battle of Imjin River
Carries out a defensive action against the North Koreans
Capital
Parliament ratifes Amman becoming capital of an enlarged Jordan
Rule of Bethlehem
Bethlehem, Hebron, Nablus and Ramallah become part of the Kingdom of Jordan
Rule of Hebron
Bethlehem, Hebron, Nablus and Ramallah become part of the Kingdom of Jordan
Rule of Jerusalem
The eastern part of Jerusalem will be ruled by Jordan
Rule of Nablus
Bethlehem, Hebron, Nablus and Ramallah become part of the Kingdom of Jordan
Rule of Palestine
The Jordanian Parliament ratifies a proposal to annex Palestinian land
Rule of Ramallah
Bethlehem, Hebron, Nablus and Ramallah become part of the Kingdom of Jordan
Prime Minister of Iran
Appointed Prime Minister of Iran
Prime Minister of Iran
Appointed Prime Minister of Iran after two weeks of rioting in Abadan
Competitive Barcelona Debut
Makes his competitive Barcelona debut in a Copa victory away to Sevilla.
ECSC Treaty Negotiations
Monnet helped shape the supranational institutions incorporated into the Treaty of Paris establishing the ECSC.
NHS Charges
Proposes charges for dentures and spectacles in the 1951 Budget.
Cabinet Dispute
Opposes health charges linked to rearmament spending.
First Five-Year Plan
Nehru's government launches the First Five-Year Plan with a strong emphasis on agriculture, irrigation and development.
Prime Minister of Iran
Appointed Prime Minister of Iran
First Lok Sabha Constituted
The first Lok Sabha is constituted following India's inaugural general election.
Birth of Gary Moore
Birth of Gary Moore
Revolutionary Government
Siles Zuazo leads the provisional revolutionary authority before Paz Estenssoro returns.
President of Bolivia
Paz Estenssoro begins his first presidency after the National Revolution.
Government
Japan becomes self-governing after a Treaty marking the end of WW II in the Pacific
Bolivian Workers Central
The revolutionary government recognises the newly created Bolivian Workers Central.
Bolivian Workers' Center
Lechin helps found the COB as organised labour gains power after the revolution
Government
The biggest atomic bomb yet is exploded watched on television by 35 million
Nuclear Power
The biggest atomic bomb yet is exploded watched on television by 35 million
Apartheid
Passes legislation making Parliament a high court ensuring Apartheids legality
Legislation
Passes legislation making Parliament a high court ensuring Apartheids legality
Treaty of Taipei
The Republic of China and Japan sign the Treaty of Taipei, formally ending the state of war between them.
Independence of Japan
Japan is self-governing after a Treaty marking the end of World War II in the Pacific
Occupation
The US occupation of Japan officially ends
Peace Treaty
Japan becomes self-governing after a Treaty marking the end of WW II in the Pacific
Rule of Japan
The US occupation of Japan officially ends
Rule of Japan
Japan is self-governing after a Treaty marking the end of World War II in the Pacific
Security Treaty
The Security Treaty with the USA comes into effect
Treaty of Security
The Security Treaty with the USA comes into effect
Treaty of Security
Signs a peace Treaty with the USA
Government
The US occupation of Japan comes to an end. Japan is self-governing after a Treaty marking the end of World War II in the Pacific
Rule of Japan
The US occupation of Japan comes to an end. Japan becomes self-governing after a Treaty marking the end of WW II in the Pacific
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Steps down as the military chief of NATO
Resignation of Dwight David Eisenhower
Steps down as the military chief of NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Steps down as the military chief of NATO
Independence of Cyprus
Begins a guerrilla war against the British for union with Greece, enosis
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor of Austria
Trial
Found guilty of organizing a terrorist campaign to drive out white settlers from Kenya
Trial
The court sentences Kenyatta to seven years of hard labor, sent into exile on probation in Lodwar, a remote part of Kenya
General
Appointed General Secretary of the United Nations
Constitution of Venezuela
A new constitution renamed the country the Republic of Venezuela and formalized the presidential government.
Election
The National Party majority in the House of Assembly increases from 13 to 29. The National Party increases its seats in the House of Assembly from 86 to 94. The election is dominated by the political rights of Coloureds
Chance for Peace Address
Delivers the Chance for Peace address, calling for reduced international tensions and warning about the economic burden of armaments.
Youth House Remand
A New York judge declared Oswald a truant on April 16, 1953, and remanded him to Youth House for psychiatric study.
Dismissal
Governor-General Ghulam Muhammad dismisses Prime Minister Nazimuddin.
Prime Minister of Pakistan
Muhammad Ali Bogra becomes Prime Minister.
Budget
Reduces the standard rate of tax to 9 shillings in the pound. Due to a trade surplus 6d is taken off the standard rate of income tax
Income Tax
Due to a trade surplus 6d is taken off the standard rate of income tax
Knighthood
Churchill is knighted
Federal Employee Security Program
Issues Executive Order 10450 establishing a government-wide security program for federal employment.
Debut
Charlton plays in the Leeds senior team for the first time
Hartogs Treatment Recommendation
Psychiatrist Renatus Hartogs recommended probation, child-guidance treatment for Lee, and family-agency assistance rather than immediate institutional placement.
Youth House Psychological Testing
While remanded to Youth House, Lee underwent psychological tests and interviews with a social worker, probation officer, and psychiatric staff.
Upper Laos Campaign
Giap directs Viet Minh forces into northern Laos
Siege of Dien Bien Phu
Dien Bien Phu falls & marks the end of French rule in Indochina
Prime Minister Appointed
Begins another short term as Prime Minister after Chan Nak
Government
Supports continued use of foreign aid for France in Indochina
Domino Theory
Publicly frames Indochina in terms of the domino theory
Economy of France
France becomes the 1st country to introduce VAT
Reform of Government
France becomes the 1st country to introduce VAT
Appointment as Prime Minister
King Idris appoints Ben Halim to lead the Libyan government.
Prime Minister of Egypt
Becomes Prime Minister after Mohamed Naguib temporarily resigns.
Prime Minister of Egypt
Takes office as Prime Minister during his power struggle with Mohamed Naguib.
Prime Minister Term Ends
Ends his brief 1954 premiership before Penn Nouth returns
Birth of Trevor John Francis
Birth of Trevor John Francis
Fourth Van Acker Government
Begins the Fourth Van Acker Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Jean Van Houtte Government
The Jean Van Houtte Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Geneva Conference Opens
Heads the Chinese delegation when the Geneva Conference opens to discuss Korea and Indochina.
Geneva Conference
Directs US diplomacy during the Geneva Conference on Indochina
Owen Falls
Opens Owen Falls
Panchsheel Agreement
India and China sign an agreement incorporating the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, widely known as Panchsheel.
Operation Anvil
Operation Anvil leads to the detention of over 16,000 Mau Mau suspects in Kenya
Colorado Party Crisis
Faces a party and military crisis before his overthrow.
Reform of Education
Education is transferred to the Native Affairs Dept. A school boycott begins in response to the education reforms
Resignation of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
Resigns due to ill health. Chairs the Cabinet for the last time & announces his resignation
Health of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
Resigns due to ill health
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 1st term
Prime Minister
Succeeds Churchill as Prime Minister
Prime Minister
Succeeds Winston Churchill as Prime Minister.
Election
Calls a general election, the 1st in which television is extensively used
Independence of Austria
Austria makes an agreement with Russia to remain neutral, Russian troops will withdraw
Neutrality
Austria makes an agreement with Russia to remain neutral, Russian troops will withdraw
Bandung Conference
Heads China's delegation to the Asian-African Conference and promotes cooperation among newly independent states.
Death of Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein dies in Princeton, New Jersey, aged 76.
Government
Asks Congress for $3,530 million for foreign aid
Offer of Talks with United States
States that China is willing to negotiate with the United States to reduce tension in the Far East.
Conference of Bandung
Says Asia will never forget the 1st atom bomb dropped by the USA. Resolutions passed include arms reduction & abolition of nuclear weapons
Conference of Bandung
Speaks out in support of unification between Cyprus & Greece
Conference of Bandung
Attends the Bandung Conference and promotes Afro-Asian cooperation and non-alignment.
Conference of Bandung
Nehru participates in the Bandung Conference, whose final declaration promotes peaceful coexistence and international cooperation.
Declaration of War
War breaks out in Saigon
Reballion of Binh Xuyen
Supporters of Diem defeat Bao Dai & force Binh Xuyen rebels out of the capital
Bandung Common Ground Diplomacy
Advocates seeking common ground while reserving differences during talks with Asian and African delegations.
State of Emergency
A state of emergency is declared in Algeria
Sangkum Founded
Founds Sangkum Reastr Niyum as his dominant political movement
Independence of Morocco
Spain recognizes the independence of Morocco
Independence of Spain
Spain recognizes the independence of Morocco
Prime Minister of Tunisia
Habib Bourguiba became prime minister after independence and formed a national government.
Cominform
The Cominform is dissolved after the Soviet rapprochement with Yugoslavia and the process of De-Stalinization
United Kingdom Visit
Begins a state visit to Britain with Premier Nikolai Bulganin for talks on East-West relations.
Birth of Sue Barker
Birth of Sue Barker
Spaak Report
Presents the Spaak Report recommending a common market and atomic energy community.
Treaty of Rome
Snoy contributes to the Belgian delegation's work behind the Spaak Report on the common market and Euratom.
Alliance Gamal Abdel Nasser and Saudi Arabia amid growing regional tensions
Concludes a defence agreement with Saudi Arabia amid growing regional tensions.
Defence Agreement
Signs a defence agreement with Saudi Arabia as Egypt expands regional military cooperation.
Visit to To Elizabeth II
Khrushchev pays a visit to Elizabeth II
Visit to London
Khrushchev pays a visit to Elizabeth II
Provisional Government
Kerensky develops his views through provisional government after 1917.
Vice Presidency
Announces candidacy for 2nd term as Vice President
Treaty of Rome
Schaus reports to Bech on amendments Luxembourg wishes to make to the newly published Spaak Report.
Industrial Policy Resolution
Nehru's government adopts the Industrial Policy Resolution, expanding the planned role of the public sector.
Foreign Affairs Added to Fourth Cabinet Role
A cabinet reshuffle expanded al-Rifaiโs duties to include the foreign affairs portfolio in addition to the premiership and interior ministry. His responsibilities consequently covered domestic administration and international relations.
Coup
Batista suppresses the Barquin officers' conspiracy within the army.
Coup
Batista suppresses the Barquin officers' conspiracy within the army.
Spaak Report Negotiations
Pineau represented France as negotiations moved from the Spaak Report toward treaties for a common market and atomic-energy community.
Battle of Santiago
Deploys security forces during violent protests against transport fare increases and rising living costs.
Prime Minister of Iran
Appointed Prime Minister of Iran
Prime Minister Appointed
Becomes Prime Minister for another short Sangkum government
1st Manned Satellite
Becomes the 1st man to travel in an Earth satellite, in Sputnik I
Reappointment Under Ibrahim Hashem
Al-Rifai was named deputy prime minister and foreign minister in Ibrahim Hashemโs fifth government. The appointment returned him to cabinet leadership during a period of political instability in Jordan.
Suez Canal Reopens under Egyptian Control
The canal reopens after clearance operations, with Egypt retaining control of the waterway.
Visit to Paris
Pays a state visit to France
General Strike
The 26th of July Movement calls a general strike against Batista, but the April 9 action fails to gain nationwide support and is quickly suppressed.
General Strike
Calls for a general strike against Batista.
General Strike
Helps organise the April strike against Batista.
First Court Martial
Oswald faced a court-martial on April 11, 1958, for possessing an unregistered privately owned weapon in violation of orders.
Birth of Benjamin Zephaniah
Benjamin Zephaniah is born in Birmingham and later becomes a prominent performance poet.
Atomium
Designs the Atomium as an enlarged iron-crystal structure for Expo 58.
Expo 58 Engineering Structure
Creates an engineering landmark representing scientific and industrial progress.
Komsomol
Appointed 2nd Secretary of the Komsomol Krai Committee
Second Secretary
Appointed 2nd Secretary of the Komsomol Krai Committee
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
First Court Martial Sentence
Lee received a sentence including reduction to private and financial forfeitures following his first Marine court-martial.
Promotion to Commander
Fidel Castro promotes Cienfuegos to commander after successful guerrilla operations against government communications and positions in Oriente.
AFPFL Split
Political split weakens U Nu's government and leads to caretaker rule
Underground Test Detection Concerns
McCone raised concerns about verifying underground nuclear explosions and supported further experiments to improve detection methods before relying on a comprehensive test ban.
Project Mercury Astronaut Selection
NASA presents Shepard as one of the seven pilots selected for Project Mercury, America's first human spaceflight programme.
Project Mercury Astronaut Selection
NASA names Slayton among the seven original astronauts selected for Project Mercury.
Project Mercury Astronaut Selection
NASA introduces Cooper as one of the original seven astronauts selected for Project Mercury flight training.
Project Mercury Astronaut Selection
NASA introduces Carpenter as one of the seven military test pilots selected for Project Mercury.
Project Mercury Astronaut Selection
NASA presents Grissom as one of the original seven astronauts chosen to train for Project Mercury missions.
Marriage
Marries Michiko Shoda
Arrest of Jomo Kenyatta
Completes his sentence for the Mau Mau risings
Birth of Emma Thompson
Birth of Emma Thompson
Health of John Foster Dulles
Resigns due to ill health, evidence of bone metastasis after developing colon cancer
Resignation of John Foster Dulles
Resigns due to ill health, evidence of bone metastasis after developing colon cancer
Saint Lawrence Seaway Opens
The Saint Lawrence Seaway opens to navigation, completing a major United States-Canadian infrastructure project backed by Eisenhower.
Execution
Summary executions of suspected Batista collaborators and members of the opposition through the "paredones" take place after show trials
Meeting with With the Cuban leader
Castro flies to Washington DC but was not met by President Eisenhower, who decides to attend a golf tournament rather than meet with the Cuban leader
Budget
Cuts income tax, purchase tax & the price of beer & restores investment allowances
Income Tax
Cuts income tax, purchase tax & the price of beer & restores investment allowances
Birth of Linford Christie
Birth of Linford Christie
Caretaker Premiership Ends
Transfers power back to elected civilian government
Third Premiership Begins
U Nu returns as Prime Minister after the 1960 election
Pass Laws Reinstated
Government restores enforcement of pass laws after temporary suspension.
Pass Suspension Ends
Pass controls resume during the post-Sharpeville emergency.
Death of Henri Guisan
Death of Henri Guisan
ANC and PAC Banning Announced
Announces the banning of the ANC and PAC.
Unlawful Organisations Enforcement
Enforces legislation prohibiting both liberation organisations.
ANC and PAC Banned
Government bans the ANC and PAC under new legislation.
ANC
The ANC & PAC are banned by the Unlawful Organisations Act
Legislation
The ANC & PAC are banned by the Unlawful Organisations Act
PAC
The ANC & PAC are banned by the Unlawful Organisations Act. Membership of the ANC & the PAC is punishable by imprisonment
Unlawful Organisations Act Enforcement
Open political activity by both liberation movements becomes illegal.
ANC
The ANC is banned until 1990. Membership of the ANC & the PAC is punishable by imprisonment
PAC
The ANC & PAC are banned by the Unlawful Organisations Act. Membership of the ANC & the PAC is punishable by imprisonment
Plot
Verwoerd is shot in the head by a Transvaal farmer
Assassination Attempt
David Pratt shoots Verwoerd at the Rand Easter Show.
Plot
Verwoerd resumes duties 5 weeks later. Verwoerd is shot in the head by a Transvaal farmer
Rand Easter Show Shooting
Verwoerd survives serious injuries and later resumes office.
Prime Minister Term Ends
Ends his 1958 to 1960 prime ministerial term
Francistown Transit
Arrives in Francistown while travelling north from South Africa.
Journey into Exile
Continues toward Tanganyika on the ANC external mission.
Birth of Rafael Benรญtez
Rafael Benรญtez Maudes is born in Madrid before building a coaching career that will take him across Spain, England and Italy.
Siege of Algiers
Paratroopers of the French Foreign Legion occupy the public buildings in Algiers
Assassination of Charles Andre Marie Joseph de Gaulle
Narrowly escapes an assassination attempt
Death of Charles Andre Marie Joseph de Gaulle
Narrowly escapes an assassination attempt
Reballion of Rebels in Algiers
Calls upon the rest of the Army to join the resistance to Algerian independence
Constitution of France
Under article 16 of the Constitution de Gaulle assumes dictatorial emergency powers
State of Emergency
Under article 16 of the Constitution de Gaulle assumes dictatorial emergency powers
Reballion of Rebels in Algiers
Calls upon the rest of the Army to join the resistance to Algerian independence
Algeria Economic Isolation Planned
French authorities agree in principle to financial and economic measures intended to isolate Algeria.
Blockade of Algeria
A financial & economic blockade of Algeria is agreed in principle
Broadcast
Forbids anyone to follow the orders of the rebellious generals in Algeria. Condemns the 4 retired generals leading the rebellion in Algeria
Exile of Raul Salan
Goes into exile after the collapse of the third Algiers rebellion
Sino-Indian Border Talks
Meets Jawaharlal Nehru in New Delhi for extensive but inconclusive discussions of the disputed Himalayan border.
Exile of Raul Salan
Flies to Algiers from Spain
Beatles, The
Sutcliffe stays with Astrid Kirchherr when it was time to go home, so McCartney takes over bass
Beatles, The
Sutcliffe stays with Astrid Kirchherr when it was time to go home, so McCartney takes over bass
Legislation
The Referendum Act is passed
Referendum Act
The Referendum Act is passed
Referendum
The Referendum Act is passed
Election
Resigns afte alleged election irregularities
Resignation of Syngman Rhee
Resigns afte alleged election irregularities
Cuban Exile Liaison Work
Droller recruits and maintains contact with anti-Castro exile organisations.
Exile Organisations Contacted
Droller establishes contacts with anti-Castro organisations considered for CIA support.
Cuban Exile Recruitment
Hunt helps recruit Cuban exiles for political and paramilitary preparation.
Exile Recruitment Organised
Hunt helps organise recruitment of Cuban exiles for the covert programme.
Cuban Exile Recruitment Begins
Dulles oversees CIA recruitment of anti-Castro Cuban exiles in Florida.
Movement to Nicaragua Delayed
Bissell coordinates a twenty-four-hour delay in moving the strike force from Guatemala toward Nicaragua.
Puerto Cabezas Preparations
Arrives at Puerto Cabezas and prepares small boats for the invasion force
Puerto Cabezas Preparations
Arrives at Puerto Cabezas and helps prepare landing craft for the invasion force
Propaganda Plan Briefed
Braddock receives a briefing on propaganda arrangements intended to accompany the invasion.
Strike and Diversion Plans Briefed
Bissell receives a war-room briefing on the main strike force and the separate Diaz diversion.
Cuba Historical Exception or Vanguard
Guevara publishes an essay assessing the Cuban Revolution's significance for anti-colonial struggle in Latin America.
General
Appointed General Secretary of the United Nations
China Exposition Closing Remarks
Guevara speaks at the closing of a Chinese exhibition in Havana shortly before the Bay of Pigs invasion.
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor of Austria
Eichmann Trial Opens
His trial begins before the Jerusalem District Court.
Jerusalem District Court Proceedings
He faces fifteen counts under Israeli law.
First Human Spaceflight
The achievement marks first human spaceflight as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Vostok 1
Pilots Vostok 1 during the first human journey into outer space.
Yuri Gagarin First Human Spaceflight
Yuri Gagarin completes the first human orbital spaceflight, a major Soviet achievement under Khruschev.
1st Orbit of the Earth
1st man to orbit the Earth, Vostok -1
Vostok
1st man to orbit the Earth, Vostok -1
Briefing of Landing Force
The CIA-chartered invasion fleet moves toward Cuba before the landing.
Briefing of Landing Force
Receives final briefings on the Barbara J role in the landing plan
Automatic Recognition Ruled Out
Miro Cardona is told that a provisional government proclaimed in Cuba would not receive automatic United States recognition.
No Overt US Troops Warning
Berle and Schlesinger tell Miro Cardona that United States troops will not be sent to support the anti-Castro operation.
Radio Moscow Predicts Invasion
A Radio Moscow broadcast predicts an imminent CIA-supported invasion of Cuba.
Radio Moscow Warning Received
Kennedy advisers note a Soviet broadcast predicting an imminent invasion of Cuba.
Invasion of Cuba
During the night of 14/15 April, a diversionary landing was planned near Baracoa, Oriente Province, by about 164 Cuban exiles commanded by Higinio 'Nino' Diaz
Baracoa Diversion Launched
Diaz attempts a diversionary landing intended to distract Cuban defenders.
First Baracoa Diversion Attempt
Diaz commands an attempted diversionary landing near Baracoa.
Gagarin Kremlin Celebration
Hosts national celebrations for Yuri Gagarin after the first human orbital flight.
Invasion of Cuba
On the night of 15/16 April, the Nino Diaz group failed in a second attempted diversionary landing at a fresh location near Baracoa
Second Baracoa Diversion Attempt
Diaz leads a second unsuccessful diversionary landing attempt near Baracoa.
B-26 Strike Formation Led
Herrera leads exile bombers during the pre-invasion attacks on Cuban airfields.
Bay of Pigs Air Strike
Leads a B-26 formation with Alabama Air National Guard advisers during the pre-invasion air strike.
Cuban Complaint at United Nations
Roa accuses the United States of responsibility for the air attacks on Cuba.
False Defector Story Challenged
Roa challenges the claim that a Cuban pilot independently attacked government airfields.
United Nations Protest Filed
Roa formally protests the air attacks before the United Nations.
Invasion of Cuba
At about 06:00 Cuban time, eight Douglas B-26B Invader bombers attacked three Cuban airfields in three groups.
Invasion of Cuba
They struck San Antonio de los Banos, Ciudad Libertad near Havana, and Antonio Maceo International Airport at Santiago de Cuba.
Bay of Pigs Air Operations
Volunteers as an Alabama Air National Guard aircrew member supporting the Bay of Pigs operation.
Bay of Pigs Air Operations
Volunteers as an Alabama Air National Guard aircrew member supporting the exile air force.
Bay of Pigs Air Operations
Volunteers as an Alabama Air National Guard pilot supporting Bay of Pigs air operations.
Operation Puma Air Plan
Operation Puma calls for sustained strikes against Cuban aircraft and airfields.
Operation Puma Air Strikes
Exile B-26 aircraft attack three Cuban airfields before the main landing.
Three Cuban Airfields Targeted
Kennedy is informed that strikes hit airfields near Havana and Santiago de Cuba.
Ambassador Misled by Cover Story
Stevenson discovers that intelligence officials supplied him with inaccurate information.
Cover Story Exposed to Stevenson
Stevenson later learns that the official account of the air strikes was false.
Cuban Charges Heard at United Nations
Stevenson responds after Cuba accuses the United States of directing air attacks.
False Defector Evidence Presented
Stevenson confronts Cuban evidence challenging the defector cover story.
No Intervention Pledge
Stevenson publicly denies that United States forces will intervene in Cuba.
United States Denial at United Nations
Stevenson states that United States armed forces will not intervene in Cuba.
United States Involvement Denied
Stevenson presents the administration claim that Cuban defectors conducted the attacks.
Air Strike Advisers Support Mission
Goodwin supports exile B-26 crews during the opening air operation.
Bay of Pigs Air Strike
Commands a formation of B-26 bombers during the pre-invasion air strike.
Invasion of Cuba
Merardo Leon, Jose Leon, and 14 others staged an armed uprising at Las Delicias Estate in Las Villas, with only four surviving. Leonel Martinez and three others took to the countryside
Invasion of Cuba
Merardo Leon, Jose Leon, and 14 others staged an armed uprising at Las Delicias Estate in Las Villas, with only four surviving. Leonel Martinez and three others took to the countryside
Invasion of Cuba
Merardo Leon, Jose Leon, and 14 others staged an armed uprising at Las Delicias Estate in Las Villas, with only four surviving. Leonel Martinez and three others took to the countryside
Las Delicias Uprising
Jose Leon joins an armed anti-Castro uprising at the Las Delicias estate.
Escape from Las Delicias
Martinez escapes into the countryside after the Las Delicias uprising is defeated.
Las Delicias Resistance
Merardo Leon participates in the armed uprising at Las Delicias.
Cancellation of Second Air Strike
Cancels or limits further overt air strikes before the landing phase of the operation
Cancellation of Second Air Strike
Supports caution over additional air strikes because of diplomatic and deniability concerns
D-Day Air Strike Protest
Bissell joins Cabell in arguing that cancellation of the dawn strikes leaves Castro's remaining aircraft able to attack the brigade.
D-Day Air Strikes Cancelled
Bundy informs Cabell that dawn air strikes are not to proceed until they can be launched from the beachhead.
Landing Diversion Deadline Passed
Bundy confirms that no presidential diversion order has been issued, allowing the landing operation to proceed.
Political Grounds for Strike Cancellation
Rusk explains the political reasons preventing the planned dawn strikes before the beachhead airfield is secured.
Air Strike Cancellation Challenged
Cabell goes to Rusk with Bissell to challenge cancellation of the planned D-Day air strikes.
Invasion of Cuba
The CIA assumed that the invasion would spark a popular uprising against Castro, however by the time the invasion began, Castro had already executed some who were suspected of colluding with the American campaign. President Kennedy withdraws support for the invasion at the last minute by canceling several bombing sorties that could have crippled the entire Cuban Air Force
Treason
1,209 captured exiles are tried, a few executed and the rest sentenced to 30 yrs in prison for treason, after 20 months of negotiation with the USA, Cuba releases the exiles in exchange for dollars & medicine
Coup
Lands a force of 1,500 Cuban exiles in an attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro
Front Command Established
Fernandez establishes a command post directing forces toward the invasion area.
T-33 Combat Patrol
Prendes flies combat patrols against exile aircraft and shipping.
Sea Fury Combat Mission
Rudd flies a Sea Fury against the invasion force.
Air Defense of Cuba
Commands or flies in Cuban air operations defending the Bay of Pigs area.
Invasion Shipping Attacked
Carreras attacks brigade ships and landing positions in a Cuban combat aircraft.
Playa Giron Field Headquarters
Perez San Roman directs Brigade 2506 field operations from the Playa Giron sector after the landing.
Defense of Cuba
Commands revolutionary forces mobilized during the Bay of Pigs emergency.
Defense of Cuba
Takes part in revolutionary command arrangements during the Bay of Pigs emergency.
Playa Larga Beachhead Command
Oliva commands brigade forces establishing the eastern beachhead at Playa Larga.
San Blas Road Center Seized
Del Valle's paratroop battalion seizes the San Blas road centre and is reinforced by other brigade elements.
Cuban Air Force Retains Combat Capability
Castro's government retains enough operational aircraft after the preliminary strikes to attack invasion shipping and bombers.
Direct Command of Cuban Counterattack
Castro directly commands Cuban armed forces responding to the Brigade 2506 landings.
Mass Mobilisation against Invasion
Castro mobilises Cuban military and militia forces against the exile landings on the southern coast.
Invasion of Cuba
Bomber aircraft displaying Cuban Fuerza Aerea Revolucionaria markings bomb the Cuban airfields of San Antonio de Los Bacos, Antonio Maceo International Airport, and the airfield at Ciudad Libertad
Invasion of Cuba
Kennedy decides against giving the faltering invasion US air support (though four US pilots were killed in Cuba during the invasion) because of his opposition to overt intervention.
Invasion of Cuba
Operation Puma, the code name given to the offensive counter air attacks against the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces, called for 48 hours of air strikes.
Blagar Landing Operations Directed
Lynch helps direct the landing from the Blagar and remains involved as Cuban aircraft repeatedly attack the vessel.
Barbara J Landing Operations Directed
Robertson helps direct the landing phase from the Barbara J during the opening hours of the invasion.
Invasion Political Support
As Brigade 2506 landed at the Bay of Pigs, Hunt's political work remained focused on the exile leadership intended to support a post-Castro government.
Political Action Planning
Hunt helps organise the political component of the failed exile operation.
Invasion Situation Briefed after Return
Dulles is briefed late on the invasion crisis, including men ashore, undelivered supplies and two ships lost to Cuban aircraft.
Overt Military Support Withheld
Kennedy permits the exile operation but refuses deployment of conventional United States forces.
Defense Department Crisis Deliberations
McNamara participates in discussions as Cuban forces attack the landing area.
Restricted Air CAP Ordered
Wheeler orders restricted carrier air cover for Cuban Expeditionary Force shipping outside Cuban territorial waters.
Naval Air Cover Request Relayed
Gray relays the urgent request for carrier air protection after cancellation of the planned Cuban exile air strikes.
Early Warning Destroyers Positioned
Clark positions destroyers offshore to provide early warning for the Cuban Expeditionary Force ships.
Invasion of Cuba
By about 10:30 on 18 April, Cuban troops and militia, supported by tanks, took Playa Larga after Brigade forces had fled towards Giron in the early hours. During the day, Brigade forces retreated to San Blas along the two roads from Covadonga and Yaguaramas. By then, both Fidel Castro and Jose Ramon Fernandez had re-located to that battlefront area
Invasion of Cuba
By about 10:30 on 18 April, Cuban troops and militia, supported by tanks, took Playa Larga after Brigade forces had fled towards Giron in the early hours. During the day, Brigade forces retreated to San Blas along the two roads from Covadonga and Yaguaramas. By then, both Fidel Castro and Jose Ramon Fernandez had re-located to that battlefront area
Beachhead Crisis Briefing
Miro Cardona and Revolutionary Council members are briefed that the beachhead is under attack by Cuban tanks and aircraft.
Playa Larga Recaptured
Fernandez directs Cuban troops that retake Playa Larga and force a brigade retreat.
Playa Larga Recaptured
Fernandez leads Cuban forces that retake Playa Larga.
Beachhead Counterattack Intensified
Castro orders large Cuban forces toward the beachhead while armour and aircraft increase pressure on Brigade 2506.
Soviet Protest over Cuban Invasion
Khrushchev protests the invasion, calls on Kennedy to end the attack and promises assistance to Cuba.
One-Hour Navy Air Cover Authorised
Kennedy authorises a limited one-hour Navy fighter cover mission for the brigade's final B-26 operation.
Reply to Khrushchev on Cuba
Kennedy tells Khrushchev that the United States intends no military intervention while defending the aspirations of anti-Castro Cubans.
Response to Khrushchev
Kennedy denies intended United States military intervention while defending Cuban exiles.
CEF Ships Recalled toward Point Zulu
Clark works to turn surviving Cuban Expeditionary Force ships back toward Point Zulu after the landing force comes under heavy attack.
Caribe Located and Turned North
Clark sends aircraft to locate the distant Caribe and persuade its master to turn north toward the operational area.
Air Defense of Cuba
Flies a Cuban T-33 during air combat against Bay of Pigs invasion aircraft.
Air Defense of Cuba
Flies a Cuban Sea Fury during air combat against Bay of Pigs invasion aircraft.
Air Defense of Cuba
Rafael del Pino is separately recorded during air defense of cuba at Bay of Pigs.
Emergency Resupply Requested
Perez San Roman urgently requests an aircraft landing with ammunition and evacuation space for wounded brigade members.
Playa Giron Resupply Co-Pilot
Pellon serves as co-pilot on the C-46 that successfully lands supplies at Playa Giron.
C-46 Resupply Landing
Navarro lands a C-46 at Playa Giron, unloads badly needed supplies and assists evacuation of wounded personnel.
Withdrawal toward Playa Giron Organised
Oliva helps organise withdrawing brigade elements as Cuban forces close on the remaining invasion positions.
Bay of Pigs Victory Secured
Cuban forces under Castro's command defeat the remaining Brigade 2506 resistance at the Bay of Pigs.
Government-in-Exile Plan Fails
The defeat of Brigade 2506 ended the immediate plan for the exile political organization Hunt had helped assemble to assume authority in Cuba.
Limited Air Umbrella Approved
Kennedy authorises limited fighter protection for the final exile B-26 mission.
Killed after B-26 Crash
Baker is killed after surviving the crash of his B-26.
Mad Dog Flight
Killed after surviving the crash of a B-26 bomber during the final Bay of Pigs air mission.
Killed during Final Air Mission
Gray dies when his B-26 crashes after being hit by Cuban fire.
Mad Dog Flight
Killed when his B-26 bomber crashed into the ocean after being hit by Cuban air defense.
Final B-26 Mission
Ray flies an American-crewed B-26 during the final mission.
Mad Dog Flight
Killed after his B-26 bomber was shot down during the final air mission of the Bay of Pigs operation.
B-26 Shot Down
Shamburger is killed when a Cuban fighter shoots down his B-26.
Mad Dog Flight
Killed when his B-26 bomber was shot down by a Cuban T-33 fighter.
Destroyer Evacuation Attempt
Clark sends destroyers toward the beaches to attempt evacuation of brigade survivors.
Destroyer Evacuation Move Ordered
Clark sends destroyers toward the beaches in an effort to evacuate surviving brigade members.
Invasion of Cuba
The invasion force of Cuban exiles has been killed or captured by Castro
Public Responsibility Accepted
Kennedy states that responsibility for the operation rests with the President.
Survivor Search Continued
Dennison continues naval and aerial searches for scattered brigade survivors.
Cuba Study Group
President Kennedy asked General Maxwell D. Taylor, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, Admiral Arleigh Burke and CIA Director Allen Dulles to form the Cuba Study Group, to report on lessons to learn from the failed operation
Invasion of Cuba
President Kennedy asked General Maxwell D. Taylor, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, Admiral Arleigh Burke and CIA Director Allen Dulles to form the Cuba Study Group, to report on lessons to learn from the failed operation
Cuba Study Group
Serves on the Cuba Study Group even as CIA leadership comes under criticism for the failed invasion
Cuba Study Group
Kennedy forms the Cuba Study Group to review the failed invasion.
Cuba Study Group Appointment
Robert Kennedy serves on the inquiry reviewing the failed operation.
Cuba Study Group Service
Burke serves on the presidential group examining the failed invasion.
Cuba Study Group Chaired
Taylor chairs the presidential inquiry into the planning and execution of the invasion.
Taylor Inquiry Begins
Taylor begins examining decisions, intelligence and military assumptions behind the failure.
Cuba Study Group
President Kennedy asked General Maxwell D. Taylor, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, Admiral Arleigh Burke and CIA Director Allen Dulles to form the Cuba Study Group, to report on lessons to learn from the failed operation
Second to Fourth Eyskens Governments
The Second to Fourth Eyskens Governments ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Theo Lefevre Government
Begins the Theo Lefevre Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Governor-General Appointed
Becomes first Governor-General and representative head of state at independence
Head of State Representative
Represents the monarch as Sierra Leone begins independence as a Commonwealth realm
First Independent Cabinet
Leads the first cabinet after independence from Great Britain
Marriage to Marina Prusakova
Oswald married Marina Prusakova in Minsk on April 30, 1961, after completing the required civil registration procedures.
Crimes against Humanity Charges
The indictment also includes crimes against humanity and war crimes.
Fifteen-Count Indictment
Faces charges including crimes against the Jewish people.
Brigade Air Force Command
Villafana commands the exile air arm supporting Brigade 2506 operations.
Brigade Chief of Staff Duties
Ferrer Mena serves as chief of staff for Brigade 2506 during final invasion preparations.
Political Leader Assigned to Main Force
Artime is designated as the exile political leader expected to enter Cuba with the main invasion force.
Brigade 2506 Field Command
Perez San Roman serves as field commander of Brigade 2506 for the planned amphibious assault.
Brigade Deputy Command
Oliva serves as deputy commander of Brigade 2506 as the force prepares for the invasion.
First Paratroop Battalion Command
Del Valle commands the Brigade 2506 First Paratroop Battalion before the airborne phase of the invasion.
Fourth Armoured Battalion Command
Bacallao Ponte commands the Brigade 2506 armoured battalion assigned to the invasion force.
Heavy Gun Battalion Command
Roberto Perez San Roman commands the Brigade 2506 heavy-gun battalion.
Brigade Prisoners Held after Defeat
Castro's government imprisons most surviving Brigade 2506 members captured after the invasion.
Second Infantry Battalion Command
Sueiro Rios commands the Brigade 2506 Second Infantry Battalion.
Puerto Cabezas Base Support
Somoza permits the exile air and maritime force to operate from Nicaragua.
Commonwealth
South Africa leaves the Commonwealth. Despite leaving the Commonwealth preferential trade would continue
Bay of Pigs Policy Review
Robert Kennedy participates in administration discussions about the invasion.
Naval Planning Oversight
Burke oversees naval advice and support arrangements for the operation.
Atlantic Fleet Support Arranged
Dennison directs Atlantic Fleet support positioned outside Cuban waters.
Joint Chiefs Review of Invasion Plan
Lemnitzer represents the Joint Chiefs during reviews of the operation.
Task Group 81.8 Command
Clark commands the naval task group assigned to support and monitor the operation.
Invasion of Laos
Kennedy suggests reconnaissance spying flights using Laotian markings
Accords of Evian
The Evian Accords are overwhelmingly accepted in a French referendum
Independence of Algeria
The Evian Accords are overwhelmingly accepted in a French referendum
Independence of France
The Evian Accords are overwhelmingly accepted in a French referendum
Referendum
The Evian Accords are overwhelmingly accepted in a French referendum
Beatles, The
Stuart Sutcliffe dies of a brain hemorrhage
Death of Stuart Sutcliffe
The Beatles return to Hamburg to play at the Star-Club, but they learn that Stuart Sutcliffe had died a few hours before they arrived, this was another shock for Lennon, after losing Uncle George and Julia
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
CBS
Cronkite succeeds Douglas Edward's as anchorman of the CBS Evening News, a job in which he became an American icon
African Agricultural Cooperation
Taiwan begins agricultural and economic cooperation programs with eleven African countries as part of the governmentโs diplomatic strategy.
Liverpool Return to First Division
Shankly completed the rebuilding of Liverpool by leading the club out of the Second Division in 1962, restoring top-flight status after eight seasons outside the elite.
Nationalization
The military government announces socialist policies leading to extensive nationalization of trade and industry
Death of John Winston Lennon
The Beatles return to Hamburg to play at the Star-Club, but they learn that Stuart Sutcliffe had died a few hours before they arrived, this was another shock for Lennon, after losing Uncle George and Julia
Assassination of Quinim Pholsena
Assassinated after serving as neutralist foreign minister
Assassination of Quinim Pholsena
Assassinated amid factional tension after the coalition settlement
Birmingham Campaign Organisation
Shuttlesworth coordinates local activists with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.
Birmingham Campaign Begins
King helps launch coordinated demonstrations against segregation in Birmingham.
Project C
King and Southern Christian Leadership Conference organisers begin Project C in Birmingham.
Regional Diplomacy
bin Abdullah participates in regional diplomacy connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Backyard Photos
Mohrenschildt assumed that Marina had written it sarcastically.
Backyard Photos
On the back was written To my friend George from Lee Oswald, and the date -5/IV/63- (5 April 1963) along with the words -Copyright Geo de M- and a Russian phrase translated as -Hunter of fascists.
Backyard Photos
ha-ha-ha!- Handwriting specialists later concluded that the words -To my friend George-- and Oswalds signature were written by Lee Harvey Oswald, but could not determine whether the rest was the writing of Lee Oswald, Mohrenschildt.
Backyard Photos
or Marina Oswald.
Backyard Photos
Mohrenschildt assumed that Marina had written it sarcastically.
Backyard Photos
On the back was written To my friend George from Lee Oswald, and the date -5/IV/63- (5 April 1963) along with the words -Copyright Geo de M- and a Russian phrase translated as -Hunter of fascists.
Backyard Photos
ha-ha-ha!- Handwriting specialists later concluded that the words -To my friend George-- and Oswalds signature were written by Lee Harvey Oswald, but could not determine whether the rest was the writing of Lee Oswald, Mohrenschildt.
Backyard Photos
or Marina Oswald.
Polaris Sales Agreement
The Polaris Sales Agreement is signed to implement the Nassau understanding between Britain and the United States
Polaris Sales Agreement
The United States signs the Polaris Sales Agreement with Britain to supply Polaris missile systems
Jaggars Employment Termination
Jaggars-Chiles-Stovall dismissed Lee for inadequate work and difficulty getting along with fellow employees.
Constitution of Yugoslavia
The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is proclaimed. The new Yugoslavian constitution declares Tito President for life
Birth of Julian Lennon
John Charles Julian Lennon is born to John and Cynthia Lennon at Sefton General Hospital in Liverpool.
Birth of Julian Lennon
John Charles Julian Lennon is born to John and Cynthia Lennon at Sefton General Hospital in Liverpool.
Assassination of Edwin Walker
Victim of an assassination attempt in his Dallas home, later claimed that Lee Harvey Oswald was the assassin
Oswald Shooting at Edwin Walker
According to Marina's testimony and the Warren Commission, Oswald fired a rifle at General Edwin Walker on April 10, 1963, but missed.
Walker Assassination Attempt
Marina Oswald later claims that Oswald attempted to assassinate General Edwin Walker
From Me to You
Produces From Me to You, helping secure the Beatles' rise in the British singles market.
Walker Assassination Attempt
Claims to have seen 2 cars & 2 men involved in the shooting of Major General Walker
Arrest during Birmingham Campaign
Police arrest King for participating in nonviolent demonstrations without a permit.
Purcell Reconnaissance Panel
CIA initiated the Purcell Panel to advise McCone on the future course of the National Reconnaissance Program and advanced technical collection.
Dallas Unemployment Claim Denied
Texas employment officials denied Lee's unemployment claim because he lacked sufficient wage credits.
Research and Development Review Board
CIA established a Research and Development Review Board to coordinate scientific and technical programs across Agency components during McCone's reorganization.
Letter from Birmingham Jail
King completes his defence of nonviolent direct action while imprisoned in Birmingham.
Letter from Birmingham Jail
Writes Letter from Birmingham Jail, defending nonviolent civil disobedience against unjust laws.
Ipswich Town
Leaves Ipswich Town after eight seasons having guided them from the 3rd Division South to the very top of English football
Final Premiership Ends
Al-Rifaiโs sixth government ended, bringing his final tenure as prime minister to a close. He had headed six cabinets spanning the period from the Emirate of Transjordan to the independent Hashemite Kingdom.
Fair Play for Cuba Contact
The FBI's New York office was advised that Oswald had contacted the Fair Play for Cuba Committee and claimed to have distributed its literature in Dallas.
Prime Minister of Canada
Forms a Liberal minority government.
Demonstrations
Soldiers are called out & 11 people are killed, with more than a hundred wounded. Palestinians want a Jordanian Republic on both sides of the Jordan
Departure for New Orleans
Lee left Dallas by bus for New Orleans after failing to secure new employment in the Dallas area.
Lillian Murret Temporary Residence
After reaching New Orleans, Lee stayed temporarily with his aunt Lillian Murret while searching for work.
Ruth Paines Garage
Lee Harvey Oswald rents a room in Dallas but stores some of his possessions in Ruth Paines garage
Louisiana Employment Registration
Oswald registered with the Louisiana Department of Labor on April 26, 1963, seeking work in photography, shipping, or darkroom occupations.
Federal System Abolished
Constitutional amendments replace the federal provinces with a unitary administrative system.
Bristol Bus Boycott
Stephenson helps launch the boycott against bus company discrimination.
Management
Becomes manager and helps shape the Rolling Stones's rebellious public image.
Bristol Bus Boycott
Bailey is refused a bus crew interview, prompting boycott action.
Debut
Makes England debut against Scotland
Assassination of Edwin Walker
An attempt is made on the life of Major General Edwin Walker by Oswald
Backyard Photos
Discovers a photo of Oswald holding his guns prior to the Walker shooting
Hunter of Fascists
Inscribed with "Hunter of fascists", discoverred at the end of the Warren Commission
Father Grave Visit
During his return to New Orleans, Lee visited the cemetery where his father was buried and searched for surviving paternal relatives.
Stay with Murret Family
Oswald stayed with Charles and Lillian Murret while seeking work after returning to New Orleans, demonstrating continuing close contact with his underworld-associated uncle.
Marina Stay in Irving
Paine invited Marina Oswald and her daughter to stay at her Irving home while Lee Oswald went to New Orleans seeking employment.
Support for Marina Oswald
Marina and her child lived with Paine for a little over two weeks while Oswald sought work in New Orleans.
Coup
Overthrown after Goulart distributed federal lands to peasants & doubled minimum wages
Manager
Appointed Manager of Hibernian
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor of Austria
President of Brazil
Appointed acting President of Brazil after the overthrow of Joao Goulart
Nationalization
Lays out a programme for Parliament including further nationalization
Bringuier Testimony Review
The Warren Commission received Carlos Bringuier's testimony about Oswald's visits to his store, the August confrontation, and the later WDSU debate.
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil
Appointment as Prime Minister of Rhodesia
Smith becomes Prime Minister of Rhodesia after succeeding Winston Field.
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil after the 1964 military takeover
Chisnall Makes United-to-Liverpool Transfer
Phil Chisnall moved from Manchester United to Liverpool in April 1964, an uncommon transfer directly between the clubsโ first teams.
The Rolling Stones Album
The Rolling Stones release their debut UK album.
You Still Want Me
The Kinks release You Still Want Me.
Interview on Cuban Politics and Brazil
Guevara gives an interview discussing the Cuban revolutionary party, regional politics and the crisis in Brazil.
Anfield Five-Goal Championship Clincher
Liverpool defeated Arsenal 5-0 at Anfield to secure the 1963-64 league championship, marking Shanklyโs first top-flight title as a manager.
Trial
Tried alongside Nelson Mendella
Trial
Tried alongside Nelson Mendella
Trial
Tried alongside Nelson Mendella
Trial
Tried alongside Nelson Mendella
Trial
Opening day of Mandellas defence
Trial
Tried alongside Nelson Mendella
Trial
Tried alongside Nelson Mendella
Trial
Tried alongside Nelson Mendella
I Am Prepared to Die Speech
Defends democracy and explains the turn toward sabotage.
Statement from the Dock
Delivers his famous statement from the dock.
Beloyarsk Nuclear Power
The achievement marks beloyarsk nuclear power as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Beloyarsk Unit 1 Grid Connection
Supports reactor development as Beloyarsk Unit 1 connects to the electrical grid.
Cabinet Formed
Forms a new SLPP government after taking office as Prime Minister
Prime Minister Appointed
Appointed Prime Minister after the death of Milton Margai
Keith Moon Joins The Who
Replaces Doug Sandom and completes the classic line-up.
Election
A National Opinion Poll shows Wilson with a commanding lead, 71% "brilliant"
OECD
Japan joins the Prganisation for Economic Cooperation & Development
Revill Dispute Published
Public reporting brought attention to Revill's memorandum alleging that Hosty had made a stronger statement about Oswald than Hosty acknowledged.
Nosenko Warren Commission Decision
McCone was persuaded that Nosenko should not appear before the Warren Commission while CIA counterintelligence officers continued challenging the defector's credibility.
Warren Commission
Inscribed with "Hunter of fascists", discovered at the end of the Warren Commission
Farewell Letter to Fidel Castro
Guevara gives Fidel Castro a farewell letter renouncing his Cuban government posts before leaving on an international mission.
Help!
John Lennon composes "Help!" the title song for the Beatles second film. He later confides that the lyrics are a cry for help and a clue to the confusion and despondency he feels
Greenwich Borough Created
The London Borough of Greenwich is created under local government reorganisation.
Regional Diplomacy
Razzaz participates in regional diplomacy connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Mobilization
The decision to allow offensive operations is kept secret from the American press & public for 2 months. President Johnson authorizes sending 2 more Marine battalions & up to 20,000 logistical personnel to Vietnam
Troop Increase Request
Westmoreland presses for additional US ground forces as the war intensifies
Vietnam Strategy Letter to Johnson
McCone warned President Johnson against relying on an expanded ground war and argued that military pressure on North Vietnam required a broader strategic approach.
Steel Tiger Coordination
Coordinates US embassy approval for air operations over Laos
Operation Steel Tiger
Approves air interdiction against Ho Chi Minh Trail routes in southern Laos
Operation Steel Tiger
US air operations expand against infiltration routes connected to the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Laos
Operation Steel Tiger
Johnson approves expanded air interdiction against infiltration routes through Laos
Corporation Tax
Callaghan announces corporation tax as a separate charge on company profits.
TSR-2 Cancellation
Healey announces the cancellation of the costly TSR-2 strike and reconnaissance aircraft programme.
TSR-2
Healey announces cancellation of the TSR-2 strike aircraft programme.
Speech
Delivers "Peace Without Conquest" Speech offering Hanoi "unconditional discussions" to stop the war in return for massive modernization of Vietnam
Merger Treaty Signature
France joined the agreement to create a single Commission and Council for the three European Communities.
Merger Treaty
Heads the West German government when the Six sign the Merger Treaty creating a single Council and Commission.
Merger Treaty
Represents Italian foreign policy as the Merger Treaty is signed in Brussels.
Merger Treaty
Heads the Italian government when the Six sign the Merger Treaty for the European Communities.
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
Signs the Elementary and Secondary Education Act near his former school in Stonewall, Texas.
Mr Tambourine Man
The Byrds turn Dylan's Mr Tambourine Man into a folk-rock hit.
C-Energy of Gravitational Waves
Thorne develops a measurable energy description for cylindrical systems and shows that Einstein-Rosen gravitational waves transport this energy through spacetime.
Harrisongs Ltd
Brian Epstein is appointed Director of Harrisongs Ltd
Mobilization
McNamara, Westmoreland, Wheeler, William Bundy & Ambassador Taylor recommend to the President sending another 40,000 combat soldiers
Bombing of Vietnam
McNamara & Westmorland agree to use B52s for conventional bombing in South Vietnam
Mobilization
McNamara, Westmoreland, Wheeler, William Bundy & Ambassador Taylor recommend to the President sending another 40,000 combat soldiers
Bombing of Vietnam
McNamara & Westmorland agree to use B52s for conventional bombing in South Vietnam
Mobilization
McNamara, Westmoreland, Wheeler, William Bundy & Ambassador Taylor recommend to the President sending another 40,000 combat soldiers
Mobilization
President Johnson raises America's combat strength in Vietnam to more than 60,000
Final Vietnam Intelligence Review
McCone participated in a senior review of an Intelligence Community assessment on Vietnam while continuing to challenge assumptions behind the administration's escalation plans.
Scottish Cup Winning Captain
Captains Celtic to Scottish Cup victory over Dunfermline at Hampden.
Scottish Cup Victory
Wins the Scottish Cup in his first weeks as Celtic manager, defeating Dunfermline at Hampden.
Final Meeting and Retirement
McCone met President Johnson for the final time as DCI, urged stronger personal intelligence briefings for his successor, and retired as William Raborn took office.
Congo Mission under Alias Tatu
During the Congo mission, Guevara operates under the name Tatu while working with Cuban and Congolese guerrillas.
Scottish Cup
Following a barren period of 8 years without a trophy for Celtic, just six weeks after becoming manager, leads Celtic to Scottish Cup success in a 3-2 victory over his old club Dunfermline
Rule of Rann of Kutch
Fighting in the Rann of Kutch precedes the wider 1965 India-Pakistan war and ends with international mediation.
First Lunar Satellite
The achievement marks first lunar satellite as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Luna 10 Orbit
Leads the programme placing Luna 10 into lunar orbit.
Defence Minister Appointment
Is appointed minister of defence after Verwoerd's premiership.
Defence Portfolio
Begins fourteen years directing South African defence policy.
Election
The Conservatives make gains in the Local Government elections
Aftermath
The Rolling Stones release Aftermath, their first album of entirely Jagger-Richards songs.
Constitution of Great Britain
Paisley, along with Noel Doherty establishes the Ulster Constitution Defence Committee, which in turn establishes the paramilitary organisation Ulster Protestant Volunteers at a parade in the Shankill area of Belfast
Ulster Constitution Defence Committee
Paisley, along with Noel Doherty establishes the Ulster Constitution Defence Committee, which in turn establishes the paramilitary organisation Ulster Protestant Volunteers at a parade in the Shankill area of Belfast
Ulster Protestant Volunteers
Paisley, along with Noel Doherty establishes the Ulster Constitution Defence Committee, which in turn establishes the paramilitary organisation Ulster Protestant Volunteers at a parade in the Shankill area of Belfast
Federal Vice Chancellor
Appointed Federal Vice Chancellor
Shadow Minister
Appointed Shadow Treasury Spokesman, deputy to Iain Macleod
Beatles, The
The Beatles start recording George Harrisons, "Taxman"
Nationalization
The Queen's Speech includes the nationalization of steel
Speech
The Queen's Speech includes the nationalization of steel
University of Aston Charter
The College of Advanced Technology receives a royal charter as the University of Aston.
Twenty-Third CPSU Congress
Leads the Twenty-Third Party Congress as the title General Secretary is restored.
Battambang Unrest
Faces rural unrest in Battambang during growing Communist resistance
Beyond Vietnam Speech
Delivers a major speech opposing the Vietnam War at Riverside Church
April Ambush of Bolivian Troops
Guevara's force conducts another successful ambush against Bolivian troops during the early campaign.
Budget
James Callaghan presents a cautious Budget intended to preserve economic stability while sterling remains vulnerable.
Scotland Wembley Victory Over England
Law scored for Scotland as the side beat reigning world champions England 3-2 in a celebrated Wembley international.
Baxter Wembley Ball Control Against England
Baxter's famous possession and technique helped Scotland celebrate a 3-2 win over England in a team whose scorers included Denis Law.
McCalliog Scores Scotland Wembley Winner
McCalliog scored Scotland's third goal as the visitors beat world champions England 3-2 at Wembley in April 1967.
Lennox Wembley Goal With Law
Lennox scored one of Scotland's goals against England as Law and Jim McCalliog also found the net in a memorable Wembley victory.
Death of Toto Prince
Death of Toto Prince
Demonstrations
Over 100,000 in New York & over 50,000 in San Francisco demonstrate against the War
Message to the Tricontinental
Guevara's Message to the Tricontinental is published, calling for wider revolutionary struggle in the developing world.
Separation of Joaquin Detachment
Joaquรญn's detachment separates from Guevara's main group and the two forces are unable to reunite.
Colonels' Coup
A group of army officers seizes power in Greece, confronting Constantine II with the military regime later known as the Colonels' junta.
Constitution of Greece
Constitutional rule is suspended
Coup
Helps a coup placing Brigadier General Styliano Patakos in power. Constitutional rule is suspended. Arrests George Papanreou & his son Andreas
Pictures of Lily
Release Pictures of Lily.
Regional Diplomacy
Al-Khasawneh participates in regional diplomacy connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Expo 67
Opens Expo 67 during Canada centennial year.
Peasant Unionization
Promulgates legislation protecting the organization of agricultural workers.
President of Hungary
Appointed President of the Presidential Council of the Republic
Apollo 204 Review
Serves on the review board investigating the Apollo 1 fire.
Operation Pegasus
Operation Pegasus begins to relieve the Marine base at Khe Sanh.
Siege of Khe Sanh
Operation Pegasus begins to relieve the Marine base at Khe Sanh.
Arrest of Andraes Baader
Bombs placed by Andreas Baader and Gudrun Ensslin explode at midnight in 2 department stores in Frankfurt-am-Main; they are later arrested and sentenced for arson
Bombing of Frankfurt
Bombs placed by Andreas Baader and Gudrun Ensslin explode at midnight in 2 department stores in Frankfurt-am-Main; they are later arrested and sentenced for arson
Frankfurt Arson
A group of terrorists set fire to a Frankfurt store in protest against consumerism
Arrest of Gudrun Ensslin
Bombs placed by Andreas Baader and Gudrun Ensslin explode at midnight in 2 department stores in Frankfurt-am-Main; they are later arrested and sentenced for arson
Bombing of Frankfurt
Bombs placed by Andreas Baader and Gudrun Ensslin explode at midnight in 2 department stores in Frankfurt-am-Main; they are later arrested and sentenced for arson
Arson
Member of group who set fire to a Frankfurt dept store in protest against consumerism
Assassination of Martin Luther King
Johnson declares a national day of mourning for the lost civil rights leader
Assassination of Martin Luther King
King is booked in room 306 at the Lorraine Motel, owned by Walter Bailey, in Memphis, while standing on the motel's 2nd floor balcony, King is shot at 6:01 p.m. Five days later, President Lyndon B.
Assassination of Martin Luther King
King is pronounced dead at St. Joseph's Hospital at 7:05 p.m.
Assassination of Martin Luther King
King returns to Memphis and addresses a rally, delivering his "I've been to the Mountaintop" address at Mason Temple (Church of God in Christ, Inc. - World Headquarters), King's flight to Memphis had been delayed by a bomb threat against his plane.
Assassination of Martin Luther King
The assassination led to a nationwide wave of riots in more than 60 cities.
Assassination of Martin Luther King
Five days later, President Lyndon B. Johnson declares a national day of mourning for the lost civil rights leader
Arrest of Andreas Baader
Police arrest Baader and his comrades for the arson
Rule of Hebron
Establishment of the Jewish settlemet in Hebron
Venue Motion Denied
The Criminal District Court denied Shaw's change-of-venue motion on April 4, 1968.
Death of Martin Luther King
Death of Martin Luther King Jr
Assassination of Martin Luther King
Shot dead while stepping out onto a motel room balcony in Memphis
Death of Martin Luther King
Shot dead while stepping out onto a motel room balcony in Memphis
Apollo 6
Apollo 6 conducts the second uncrewed Saturn V test.
Central Committee
Appointed Member of Central Committee
Action Programme
Launches reforms known as socialism with a human face.
Polka Tulk
Tony Iommi & Bill Ward were in a band called Mythology and Geezer Butler with Ozzy in a band called Rare Breed, these groups broke up and form the Polka Tulk Blues Band
Polka Tulk
Tony Iommi & Bill Ward were in a band called Mythology and Geezer Butler with Ozzy in a band called Rare Breed, these groups broke up and form the Polka Tulk Blues Band
Polka Tulk
After the dissolution of Mythology, Ward and Iommi, along with Ozzy Osbourne and Geezer Butler, found a new band, the Polka Tulk Blues Band, later called Earth and finally renamed Black Sabbath
Polka Tulk
Tony Iommi & Bill Ward were in a band called Mythology and Geezer Butler with Ozzy in a band called Rare Breed, these groups broke up and form the Polka Tulk Blues Band.
Departure
Pink Floyd announce that Barrett has left the band
Pink Floyd
A statement is issued to the press announcing that Syd has left the band
First Cernik Government
Begins the First Cernik Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Democratic Opposition
Kerensky develops his views through democratic opposition after 1917.
Lenart Government
The Lenart Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Battle of Khe Sanh
The Viet Cong try to capture a 6,000 man U.S. base with a force of 40,000. The Viet Cong lose 10,000 & are defeated
Operation Complete Victory
Over 100,000 begin an offensive against communist forces in 11 provinces around Saigon
Death of Martin Luther King
A crowd of 300,000 attend Martin Luther King's funeral
President of Poland
Appointed President of Poland
Civil Rights Bill
Civil Rights Bill, signs a bill for open housing
Civil Rights
Civil Rights Bill, signs a bill for open housing
Legislation
Civil Rights Bill, signs a bill for open housing
Reform of Housing
Civil Rights Bill, signs a bill for open housing
Fair Housing Act
Signs the Civil Rights Act of 1968, including the Fair Housing Act.
Meeting with Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin & proposes a negotiating
Meets Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin & proposes a negotiating channel with North Vietnam
Military Council Appointed
Takes power through the Anti-Corruption Revolutionary Movement
Debora
Debora is released and reaches number 34 in the UK chart.
Prime Minister of Canada
Becomes prime minister after winning the Liberal leadership.
Dismissal from Shadow Cabinet
Edward Heath dismisses him from the Conservative shadow cabinet one day after the controversial Birmingham immigration speech.
Civilian Rule Restored
Presides as constitutional civilian government is restored
Governor-General Appointed
Restores the governor-general office after military rule ends
Louisiana Supreme Court Writ Denied
The Louisiana Supreme Court denied Shaw's application for review of the venue decision on April 23, 1968.
Prime Minister Restored
Restored as Prime Minister after the military regime collapses
Restored Cabinet Formed
Forms a restored APC government after returning to office
Prague Spring
Dubcek launches an Action Programme of liberalisations which include increased freedom of the press, emphasis on consumer goods, and the possibility of a more democratic multi-party Government
International Monetary Fund
The Government secures further international financial support while seeking to rebuild confidence in sterling.
Economy of Zambia
The Mulungushi Reforms, the Government declares its intention to acquire an equity holding (51% or more) in key foreign-owned firms, controlled by the Industrial Development Corporation (INDECO)
Industrial Development Corporation
The Mulungushi Reforms, the Government declares its intention to acquire an equity holding (51% or more) in key foreign-owned firms, controlled by the Industrial Development Corporation (INDECO)
Mulungushi Reforms
The Mulungushi Reforms, the Government declares its intention to acquire an equity holding (51% or more) in key foreign-owned firms, controlled by the Industrial Development Corporation (INDECO)
Ninth Party Congress
Mao opens the Ninth Party Congress, which declares the Cultural Revolution victorious but does not end its consequences
Ninth Party Congress
Lin Biao is confirmed as Mao's successor at the Ninth Party Congress
Civil Rights
Gaoled for organising an illegal counter-demonstration against a Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association march in Armagh
Ulster Resistance
Gaoled for organising an illegal counter-demonstration against a Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association march in Armagh
Burial at Place of Meditation
Buried at the Place of Meditation on the grounds of the Eisenhower Presidential Library in Abilene, Kansas.
Tenth Kuomintang National Congress
The Tenth Kuomintang National Congress again confirms his leadership while the government begins limited supplementary elections for national representative bodies.
Law of Treaties Conference Second Session
Returns to Vienna for the second session of the treaty-law conference that produces the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.
Constitution of China
In the Politburo introduces a motion to retain the office of President
Budget
Roy Jenkins presents another restrictive Budget with taxation increases of approximately 340 million pounds.
Something
Begins recording, "Something"
First Secretary
Replaces Dubcek and begins Normalisation.
Normalisation
Replaces Dubcek and begins Normalisation politics.
Birth of Sayako
Birth of Sayako, daughter of Akihito
United Nations
De Gaulle meets Manach & says Washington will talk with China & support United Nations membership
Meeting with Manach & says Washington will talk with
De Gaulle meets Manach & says Washington will talk with China & support United Nations membership
Meeting with Manach & says Washington will open talks
Meets Manach & says Washington will open talks with China & support its United Nations membership
Regional Diplomacy
Tai participates in regional diplomacy connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Lloyd Signs to Reinforce Central Defence
Liverpool purchased Larry Lloyd from Bristol Rovers in April 1969, adding a powerful centre-half to their changing defensive unit.
Bombing of Kampuchea
About 100 B-52s drop bombs northwest of Saigon near the Kampuchean border
Referendum
In a broadcast to the French nation says he will resign if the Government is defeated
Referendum
Says de Gaulles "suicide-by-referendum" was a manoeuvre for him to exit public life
Suicide
Says de Gaulles "suicide-by-referendum" was a manoeuvre for him to exit public life
Death of Rene Barrientos
Barrientos dies in a helicopter crash near Arque, Cochabamba.
President of Bolivia
Siles Salinas assumes the presidency after Barrientos dies.
Referendum
Loses the referendum on "participation" by 53% to 47%. France rejects the Governments plans for regional & Senate reform
Pink Floyd
Pink Floyd perform at Mothers Club in Birmingham; recordings later appear on Ummagumma.
Resignation of Charles Andre Marie Joseph de Gaulle
Reads out de Gaulles resignation communique to the French nation
Resignation of Charles Andre Marie Joseph de Gaulle
Makes a broadcast saying, "I am ceasing to exercise my functions as President"
PBS Critique Appearance
Appears with The Doors on the PBS programme Critique.
Hockey Riots
Following the Czechoslovak Hockey Riots, Dubcek is forced to resign as First Secretary
Resignation of Alexander Dubcek
Following the Czechoslovak Hockey Riots, Dubcek is forced to resign as First Secretary
Debut Album With a Little Help from My Friends
Releases his debut studio album With a Little Help from My Friends.
Bombing of Kampuchea
Orders air strikes against the North Vietnamese within 5 miles of the border, April-May
Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act
Signs legislation banning cigarette advertising on radio and television
Cigarette Ad Ban
Network broadcasters prepare for the end of cigarette advertising on radio and television
Smoking Warning
Serves as Surgeon General as cigarette broadcast advertising is phased out
Air West Purchase
Purchases Air West, later renamed Hughes Airwest
Arrest of Andraes Baader
The leader of a "Red Army faction", arrested
Instant Karma (We All Shine On)
"Instant Karma (We All Shine On)," credited to John Ono Lennon and produced by Phil Spector is released and becomes a huge hit
Sihanoukville Closed
Closes Sihanoukville to North Vietnamese military supply routes and requests modern weapons
US Alliance Sought
Seeks closer military and diplomatic support from the United States
US Diplomacy
Requests American support against Vietnamese communist forces in Cambodia
Beatles Breakup Statement
Publicly signals the breakup of the Beatles
Apollo 13 Crew Change
Is assigned to replace Ken Mattingly as Apollo 13 command module pilot one day before launch after measles exposure concerns.
Apollo 13 Crew Replacement
Is assigned to replace Ken Mattingly as command module pilot shortly before launch.
Apollo 13 Launch
Launches as lunar module pilot on Apollo 13's planned Fra Mauro landing mission.
Apollo 13 Launch
Launches with Lovell and Haise as command module pilot of Apollo 13.
Apollo 13 Launch
Commands Apollo 13 as it launches toward the Moon.
Apollo 13 Translunar Injection
Commands Apollo 13 as the Saturn V sends Odyssey and Aquarius toward the Moon.
Apollo 13 Crisis
Survives the Apollo 13 emergency after the lunar landing is aborted.
Apollo 13 Lunar Module Activation
Helps activate Aquarius as the crew transfers into the lunar module after the oxygen tank failure.
Apollo 13 Crisis
Reports the oxygen tank failure aboard Apollo 13.
Apollo 13 Oxygen Tank Explosion
Reports spacecraft warnings after an oxygen tank explosion cripples Apollo 13โs service module.
Houston Problem
Reports that Apollo 13 has had a problem.
Apollo 13 Crisis
Leads the crew after Apollo 13 loses an oxygen tank.
Apollo 13 Lunar Module Activation
Moves into Aquarius and helps activate the lunar module as an emergency lifeboat after the oxygen tank failure.
Apollo 13 Support
Helps develop power-up procedures after being removed from the Apollo 13 crew.
Aquarius Early Checkout
Checks lunar module Aquarius earlier than originally planned to assess its helium tank pressure.
Budget
Roy Jenkins presents a cautious Budget after the balance of payments has moved into surplus.
Harry Blackmun Nomination
Nominates Harry Blackmun to the Supreme Court
Lunar Module Lifeboat
Uses Aquarius as a lifeboat after Apollo 13 is damaged.
Apollo 13 Command Module Shutdown
Helps shut down Odyssey to conserve its batteries and consumables for reentry.
Apollo 13 Free-Return Burn
Commands a lunar module engine burn that restores Apollo 13 to a free-return trajectory around the Moon.
Apollo 13 Procedures
Coordinates teams developing emergency procedures for Apollo 13.
Odyssey Shutdown
Helps shut down command module Odyssey to preserve power for Earth re-entry.
Apollo 13 Carbon Dioxide Adapter
Helps use improvised equipment that adapts command module carbon-dioxide canisters to the lunar module system.
Apollo 13 Lunar Flyby
Passes around the Moon with Lovell and Swigert during the emergency return to Earth.
Apollo 13 PC Plus Two Burn
Helps operate Aquarius during the long engine burn that speeds Apollo 13โs return to Earth.
Apollo 13 Lunar Flyby
Leads the crew as Apollo 13 swings around the Moon on its emergency return trajectory.
Apollo 13 Sun Alignment
Uses the Sun to verify lunar module guidance alignment when debris makes star sightings difficult.
SALT Vienna Talks
The main round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks opens in Vienna
Apollo 13 Power-Up
Works in simulators on command module power-up procedures.
Apollo 13 Reentry Preparation
Helps prepare the spacecraft and crew for separation from Aquarius and Earth reentry.
Apollo 13 Command Module Power-Up
Helps reactivate Odyssey using emergency procedures developed by Mission Control.
Apollo 13 Command Module Power-Up
Helps execute newly developed procedures to power Odyssey for reentry after days of minimal electrical use.
Apollo 13 Service Module Jettison
Helps separate the damaged service module, allowing the crew to inspect the explosion damage before reentry.
Apollo 13 Splashdown
Returns safely with Haise and Swigert after the aborted lunar landing mission.
Apollo 13 Recovery
Leads Mission Control teams during Apollo 13 recovery.
Apollo 13 Review
Heads NASA during Apollo 13 and orders review of the accident.
Apollo 13 Review Board
Chairs the review board examining the Apollo 13 accident.
Odyssey Power-Up
Helps power up the cold command module using emergency procedures developed by Mission Control.
Troop Withdrawal Announcement
Announces further US troop withdrawals from Vietnam
Chancellor
The SPO forms a minority Government with Bruno Kreisky as Chancellor
Luxembourg Budget Treaty
Heads the German government when the Luxembourg Treaty expands the European Parliament's budgetary powers.
Fairs Cup Final Away Goal
Scores Arsenal's crucial away goal in the 3-1 first-leg defeat by Anderlecht in the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup final.
Luxembourg Budget Treaty
Heads the Italian government when the Luxembourg Treaty expands the European Parliament's budgetary powers.
Indochina Peoples Conference
Urges coordination among Indochinese movements against US-backed governments
Arsenal's First European Trophy
Manages Arsenal to the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup after a 4-3 aggregate victory over Anderlecht.
Whitham Joins Liverpool Forward Ranks
Jack Whitham moved from Sheffield Wednesday to Liverpool in April 1970, joining a club in the process of renewing its attacking resources.
Fairs Cup Trophy-Clinching Goal
Scores the goal that completes Arsenal's 3-0 comeback victory over Anderlecht and secures the Fairs Cup.
Cambodian Campaign
United States and South Vietnamese forces enter Cambodia against communist base areas
CIA Retirement
Hunt voluntarily retired from CIA after more than twenty years of Agency service and later entered private public-relations work.
Cambodia Campaign
Commands US forces during the Cambodia campaign
Cambodia Incursion
Announces US & South Vietnamese forces have attacked communist sanctuaries in Kampuchea
Cambodia Incursion
Announces US and South Vietnamese operations into Cambodia
Cambodia Incursion
Announces that US and South Vietnamese forces are entering Cambodia
Cambodia Incursion
Decides to expand US ground operations into Cambodia
Cambodia Incursion
Supports South Vietnamese operations into Cambodia against communist sanctuaries
Community Own Resources
France accepted arrangements giving the European Communities an independent system of budgetary own resources.
Shagrat
Shagrat is formed (named after an Orc in The Lord of the Rings)
FANK Expansion
Expands the Khmer National Armed Forces after the coup
Lenin Centenary Address
Uses the centenary of Lenin's birth to reaffirm Communist Party leadership and Soviet international priorities.
INIS Initial Output Distributed
The International Nuclear Information System distributes its first output to participating Member States.
Diplomatic Protest
Pakistan protests India's support for the Bengali independence movement.
Diplomatic Protest
The government condemns Indian assistance to the emerging Bangladeshi state.
Rolling Stones Records
The Rolling Stones launch their own label with the release of Brown Sugar.
Massacre
Frees Lt William Calley after his conviction of killing civilians at My Lai
Invasion of Vietnam
Nixon announces the withdrawal of a further 100,000 troops
Vietnamization
Announces on TV that "Vietnamization has succeeded"
The Man Who Sold the World
Releases The Man Who Sold the World in Britain, marking an important step toward his glam and hard rock period.
Politburo Membership
Remains a senior foreign-policy figure as the new Central Committee begins work.
Central Committee
Continues as KGB chairman after the 24th Congress renews central party organs.
Central Committee
Elected a member of the CPSU Central Committee after the 24th Party Congress.
Politburo Membership
Continues as defence minister during Brezhnev's consolidated leadership.
Visit to China
A US table tennis team arrives in China
Visit to China
A US table tennis team arrives in China
Arrest of Ilse "Tinny" Stachowiak
Ilse "Tinny" Stachowiak is arrested at the train station in Frankfurt, she is recognized from her photograph on one of the millions of ubiquitous wanted posters seen throughout the Federal Republic
Trade Relations
The US relaxes trade & travel with China
Trade Relations
The US relaxes trade & travel with China
Britain restores a telephone link with China, cut off in 1949
Britain restores a telephone link with China, cut off in 1949
Regional Diplomacy
I participates in regional diplomacy connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Salyut 1
Salyut 1 is launched as the first space station.
Acting President Appointed
Becomes acting President when Sierra Leone becomes a republic
Republic Transition
Serves during the brief transition from monarchy to republic
L.A. Woman
Releases L.A. Woman.
Premiership Ends
Leaves the prime ministership as Sirik Matak takes over government leadership
Marshal Rank Conferred
Khmer Parliament confers the rank of Marshal on Lon Nol
Executive Presidency Begins
Transfers from Prime Minister to President under the republican constitution
President Appointed
Becomes first executive President of the Republic of Sierra Leone
Prime Minister Appointed
Appointed Prime Minister under President Siaka Stevens
Republican Cabinet Formed
Forms the first prime ministerial office under the republic
White House Tape 485-004
John Mitchell appears with Richard Nixon in the 3-minute White House recording numbered 485-004; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 485-004
Richard Nixon appears with John Mitchell in the 3-minute White House recording numbered 485-004; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
Soyuz 10
Commands Soyuz 10, the first crewed mission sent to Salyut 1.
Sticky Fingers
The Rolling Stones release Sticky Fingers.
Demonstrations
Vietnam veterans return medals & military decorations in anti war protests on Capitol
Demonstrations
200,000 people attend an anti war demonstrations in Washington DC
London Airport
The Government decides to build the 3rd London airport at Foulness
Ping-Pong Diplomacy
Receives and supports the opening created by exchanges between Chinese and American table-tennis teams.
Trial
Horst Mahler, Irene Goergens, and Ingrid Schubert go on trial, for their involvement in the release of Baader, in the court of Moabit prison, Mahler is acquitted (though he still has two other charges pending), and Goergens and Schubert are convicted
Trial
Horst Mahler, Irene Goergens, and Ingrid Schubert go on trial, for their involvement in the release of Baader, in the court of Moabit prison, Mahler is acquitted (though he still has two other charges pending), and Goergens and Schubert are convicted
Trial
Horst Mahler, Irene Goergens, and Ingrid Schubert go on trial, for their involvement in the release of Baader, in the court of Moabit prison, Mahler is acquitted (though he still has two other charges pending), and Goergens and Schubert are convicted
Eastern Command
A. A. K. Niazi assumes command of Pakistan's Eastern Command during the Bangladesh Liberation War.
Eastern Command Replacement
Tikka Khan is replaced in the Eastern Command as the conflict in East Pakistan intensifies.
24th CPSU Congress
Reports on directives for economic development under the Ninth Five-Year Plan.
Ninth Five-Year Plan
Presents the Ninth Five-Year Plan, emphasizing growth in consumer goods.
Intelligence Budget Review
A White House review of campaign decisions includes the approximately $250,000 budget for the CRP intelligence program headed by Liddy.
Capture of Loc Ninh
Loc Ninh falls to North Vietnamese forces
Loc Ninh Captured
PAVN forces capture Loc Ninh during the Easter Offensive
Deputy Leadership Resignation
Resigns as Labour's deputy leader after the party turns against European entry.
Shadow Treasury Appointment
Healey becomes Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer after Roy Jenkins leaves the post.
Biological Weapons Convention Opens
The Biological Weapons Convention opens for signature in Washington, London and Moscow.
Rolling Stones, The
Rolling Stones release the single, "Tumbling Dice" which reaches no 5 in the UK charts
Tumbling Dice
Rolling Stones release the single, "Tumbling Dice" which reaches no 5 in the UK charts
Kilometre-Scale Interferometer Design
Weiss documents a kilometre-scale interferometric detector, identifies fundamental noise sources and describes methods capable in principle of reaching astrophysically useful gravitational-wave sensitivity.
Apollo 16 Launch
Commands Apollo 16, the fifth crewed lunar landing mission.
Apollo 16 CSM-LM Docking
Pilots Casper during transposition and docking with lunar module Orion after launch.
Bombing of Hanoi
US bombers attack Hanoi, 1st raid on a North Vietnamese city by the US since 1968
Birth of Dandelion
Anita Pallenberg gives birth to a daughter, Dandelion
Rolling Stones, The
Anita Pallenberg gives birth to a daughter, Dandelion
Bombing of Hanoi
Senate debates the bombing of Hanoi & refuses to support Nixon's policy in Vietnam
Apollo 16 Lunar Landing
Commands Orion to a landing in the Descartes Highlands after Mission Control clears the delayed descent.
Apollo 16 SPS Oscillation Check
Helps evaluate service propulsion system yaw oscillations before Mission Control clears Orion to land.
Descartes Landing
Pilots Orion to the Descartes Highlands after a delay caused by command-module propulsion concerns.
Interim Constitution
Pakistan adopts an Interim Constitution pending a permanent settlement.
Martial Law Revocation
Bhutto lifts martial law and begins civilian constitutional government.
Apollo 16 ALSEP Deployment
Helps deploy the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package during the first surface EVA.
Apollo 16 First EVA
Explores the Descartes Highlands with Young during the first lunar surface excursion.
Apollo 16 Landing
Explores the Descartes Highlands during Apollo 16.
Apollo 16 First EVA
Begins the first surface excursion, deploying equipment and exploring the Descartes landing area.
Apollo 16 Heat Flow Cable Break
Accidentally breaks the heat-flow experiment cable while moving near the ALSEP site.
Apollo 16 Rover Grand Prix
Performs the planned Lunar Roving Vehicle Grand Prix exercise to evaluate rover handling.
Apollo 16 Solar Wind Composition Deployment
Participates in deploying the Apollo 16 Solar Wind Composition experiment near the lunar module to collect solar-wind particles on exposed foil.
Apollo 16 Lunar Orbit
Conducts command module science during Apollo 16.
Flag Crater Sampling
Collects samples and photographs terrain during the first rover traverse near Flag Crater.
Bombing of Haiphong
Haiphong is bombed
Lunar Rover
Uses the lunar rover during Apollo 16 exploration.
Stone Mountain Traverse
Drives the rover toward Stone Mountain during Apollo 16โs second surface EVA.
French Enlargement Referendum
French voters approved enlargement of the European Communities in a referendum called by Pompidou.
Apollo 16 Lunar Module Liftoff
Leaves the Moon with Young aboard Orion after completing three lunar surface excursions.
Apollo 16 North Ray Crater Traverse
Explores North Ray Crater and nearby House Rock with Young during the third surface excursion.
Apollo 16 Lunar Module Liftoff
Commands Orion's ascent stage as it leaves the Moon for rendezvous with Casper.
North Ray Crater Traverse
Explores the North Ray Crater area and samples large rocks during the final surface EVA.
Apollo 16 Subsatellite Deployment
Deploys the Particles and Fields subsatellite from Casper before the return to Earth.
Apollo 16 Trans-Earth Injection
Pilots Casper during the burn that sends Apollo 16 from lunar orbit toward Earth.
Death of George Henry Sanders
Suicide note reads, "Dear World, I am leaving because I am bored. I feel I have lived long enough. I am leaving you with your worries in this sweet cesspool. Good luck.". Death of George Henry Sanders
Suicide
Suicide note reads, "Dear World, I am leaving because I am bored. I feel I have lived long enough. I am leaving you with your worries in this sweet cesspool. Good luck."
Apollo 16 Deep-Space EVA
Performs an EVA during the return flight to retrieve film from the service module scientific instrument bay.
Death of Kwame Nkrumah
Death of Kwame Nkrumah
Apollo 16 Splashdown
Returns with Young and Duke after the fifth successful Apollo lunar landing mission.
Starman
Releases Starman as a single, helping introduce the Ziggy Stardust persona to a wider British audience.
Constitution Approved
New republican constitution approved by referendum
Shadow Minister
Healey is appointed Shadow Chancellor after Roy Jenkins resigned in a row over Europe.
Vincent
Don McLean writes & sings a musical tribute to the artistic genius, titled "Vincent"
Apollo 16 Ultraviolet Camera
Helps operate the far-ultraviolet camera and spectrograph used for astronomical observations from the lunar surface.
Apollo 16 Guidance Workaround
Continues toward the Moon after a programming change neutralizes an erroneous guidance-system gimbal-lock indication.
Apollo 16 Orbital Photography
Conducts extensive lunar photography from Casper while Young and Duke explore the surface.
Apollo 16 SIM Bay Science
Operates scientific instruments in the service module's SIM bay during lunar orbit.
Bombing of Vietnam
Bombers are ordered north for the 1st time since 1968
Operation Arc Light
The monthly sortie rate is increased to 2,500
Dakota
John Lennon and Yoko Ono purchase an apartment at the Dakota on Central Park West and West 72nd Street in New York
Value Added Tax
Value Added Tax replaces purchase tax and selective employment tax.
Value Added Tax Introduction
Introduces VAT as part of the shift from direct to indirect taxation.
Project Tiger
Indira Gandhi's government launches Project Tiger to protect India's remaining wild tiger populations and their habitats.
Civil Contempt
The district court holds Liddy in civil contempt for refusing to testify before the Watergate grand jury despite receiving immunity and a court order.
Pioneer 11 Launch
NASA launches Pioneer 11 toward Jupiter on a trajectory later extended to Saturn.
President of Turkey
Appointed President of Turkey, acting
Death of John Charles McQuaid
McQuaid dies fifteen months after leaving office, ending a career that profoundly shaped church-state relations in modern Ireland.
Watergate
The New York Times reports that McCord told Senate investigators that payments for Watergate defendants came through the Committee to Re-Elect the President.
Watergate
The New York Times reported that James McCord told the Senate Watergate Committee that the cash payoffs for the burglars came directly from the Republican Committee to Re-Elect the President (CREEP).
Constitution Approval
The National Assembly unanimously approves the 1973 Constitution.
National Assembly
The National Assembly passes the consensus Constitution before its August commencement.
White House Tape 044-158
Charles Colson appears with Richard Nixon in the 15-minute White House recording numbered 044-158; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 044-158
Richard Nixon appears with Charles Colson in the 15-minute White House recording numbered 044-158; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
Ervin Committee Testimony Strategy
Reviews possible Senate testimony by Magruder and other figures as the White House considers how to respond to new Watergate disclosures.
Haldeman Watergate Statement
Discusses the timing and possible effect of a public statement by Haldeman before the opening of the Senate Watergate hearings.
Magruder Testimony Strategy
Discusses Jeb Magruder's expected testimony, reports reaching the White House and possible public statements as the Watergate investigation intensifies.
White House Tape 038-034
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon in the 12-minute White House recording numbered 038-034; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 428-019
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon and John Ehrlichman in the 126-minute White House recording numbered 428-019; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 428-028
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon and John Ehrlichman in the 57-minute White House recording numbered 428-028; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 896-004
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon and John Ehrlichman in the 47-minute White House recording numbered 896-004; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 896-005
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon and John Ehrlichman in the 43-minute White House recording numbered 896-005; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 038-037
John Ehrlichman appears with Richard Nixon in the 29-minute White House recording numbered 038-037; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 428-019
John Ehrlichman appears with Richard Nixon and H. R. Haldeman in the 126-minute White House recording numbered 428-019; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 428-028
John Ehrlichman appears with Richard Nixon and H. R. Haldeman in the 57-minute White House recording numbered 428-028; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 896-004
John Ehrlichman appears with Richard Nixon and H. R. Haldeman in the 47-minute White House recording numbered 896-004; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 896-005
John Ehrlichman appears with Richard Nixon and H. R. Haldeman in the 43-minute White House recording numbered 896-005; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 038-034
Richard Nixon appears with H. R. Haldeman in the 12-minute White House recording numbered 038-034; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 038-037
Richard Nixon appears with John Ehrlichman in the 29-minute White House recording numbered 038-037; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 428-019
Richard Nixon appears with H. R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman in the 126-minute White House recording numbered 428-019; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 428-028
Richard Nixon appears with H. R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman in the 57-minute White House recording numbered 428-028; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 896-004
Richard Nixon appears with H. R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman in the 47-minute White House recording numbered 896-004; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 896-005
Richard Nixon appears with H. R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman in the 43-minute White House recording numbered 896-005; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
Cultural Revolution Campaign
Gaddafi calls for popular committees, legal revision and ideological mobilisation throughout Libya.
Popular Revolution Proclaimed
Gaddafi proclaims a Popular Revolution intended to transform administration, law and political participation.
White House Tape 038-042
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon and John Ehrlichman in the 18-minute White House recording numbered 038-042; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 038-042
John Ehrlichman appears with Richard Nixon and H. R. Haldeman in the 18-minute White House recording numbered 038-042; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 896-006
John Ehrlichman appears with Richard Nixon in the 31-minute White House recording numbered 896-006; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 038-042
Richard Nixon appears with H. R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman in the 18-minute White House recording numbered 038-042; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 896-006
Richard Nixon appears with John Ehrlichman in the 31-minute White House recording numbered 896-006; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 897-003
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon and John Ehrlichman in the 19-minute White House recording numbered 897-003; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 897-009
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon and John Dean in the 12-minute White House recording numbered 897-009; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 897-011
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon in the 22-minute White House recording numbered 897-011; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 427-010
John Dean appears with Richard Nixon in the 19-minute White House recording numbered 427-010; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 897-004
John Dean appears with Richard Nixon in the 37-minute White House recording numbered 897-004; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 897-009
John Dean appears with Richard Nixon and H. R. Haldeman in the 12-minute White House recording numbered 897-009; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 427-005
John Ehrlichman appears with Richard Nixon and Ronald Ziegler in the 29-minute White House recording numbered 427-005; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 897-003
John Ehrlichman appears with Richard Nixon and H. R. Haldeman in the 19-minute White House recording numbered 897-003; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 427-005
Richard Nixon appears with Ronald Ziegler and John Ehrlichman in the 29-minute White House recording numbered 427-005; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 427-010
Richard Nixon appears with John Dean in the 19-minute White House recording numbered 427-010; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 897-003
Richard Nixon appears with H. R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman in the 19-minute White House recording numbered 897-003; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 897-004
Richard Nixon appears with John Dean in the 37-minute White House recording numbered 897-004; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 897-009
Richard Nixon appears with H. R. Haldeman and John Dean in the 12-minute White House recording numbered 897-009; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 897-011
Richard Nixon appears with H. R. Haldeman in the 22-minute White House recording numbered 897-011; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 427-005
Ronald Ziegler appears with Richard Nixon and John Ehrlichman in the 29-minute White House recording numbered 427-005; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 429-003
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon and John Ehrlichman in the 94-minute White House recording numbered 429-003; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 898-006
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon and Rose Mary Woods in the 11-minute White House recording numbered 898-006; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 898-012
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon, John Ehrlichman, and Ronald Ziegler in the 107-minute White House recording numbered 898-012; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 898-023/899-001
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon, Ronald Ziegler, and John Ehrlichman in the 43-minute White House recording numbered 898-023/899-001; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 429-003
John Ehrlichman appears with Richard Nixon and H. R. Haldeman in the 94-minute White House recording numbered 429-003; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 898-012
John Ehrlichman appears with Richard Nixon, H. R. Haldeman, and Ronald Ziegler in the 107-minute White House recording numbered 898-012; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 898-023/899-001
John Ehrlichman appears with Richard Nixon, H. R. Haldeman, and Ronald Ziegler in the 43-minute White House recording numbered 898-023/899-001; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 429-003
Richard Nixon appears with H. R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman in the 94-minute White House recording numbered 429-003; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 898-006
Richard Nixon appears with H. R. Haldeman and Rose Mary Woods in the 11-minute White House recording numbered 898-006; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 898-012
Richard Nixon appears with H. R. Haldeman, John Ehrlichman, and Ronald Ziegler in the 107-minute White House recording numbered 898-012; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 898-023/899-001
Richard Nixon appears with H. R. Haldeman, Ronald Ziegler, and John Ehrlichman in the 43-minute White House recording numbered 898-023/899-001; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 898-012
Ronald Ziegler appears with Richard Nixon, H. R. Haldeman, and John Ehrlichman in the 107-minute White House recording numbered 898-012; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 898-023/899-001
Ronald Ziegler appears with Richard Nixon, H. R. Haldeman, and John Ehrlichman in the 43-minute White House recording numbered 898-023/899-001; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 898-006
Rose Mary Woods appears with Richard Nixon and H. R. Haldeman in the 11-minute White House recording numbered 898-006; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Watergate Response
Records intensive discussions with Nixon about a public response to accelerating Watergate disclosures and the need for action by the President.
Senate Watergate Committee
He announced his own ongoing investigation, and promised to reveal "major new developments" in the future.
Senate Watergate Committee
President Nixon made a brief statement before the White House Press Corps that his White House aides and staff would appear before the Senate Watergate Committee if asked.
Senate Watergate Committee
Announces that White House aides will appear before the Senate committee if requested and promises major new developments from his own review.
White House Tape 900-026
John Ehrlichman appears with Richard Nixon in the 18-minute White House recording numbered 900-026; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 900-026
Richard Nixon appears with John Ehrlichman in the 18-minute White House recording numbered 900-026; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 038-125
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon in the 15-minute White House recording numbered 038-125; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 902-001
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon and John Ehrlichman in the 34-minute White House recording numbered 902-001; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 429-018
John Ehrlichman appears with Richard Nixon in the 26-minute White House recording numbered 429-018; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 902-001
John Ehrlichman appears with Richard Nixon and H. R. Haldeman in the 34-minute White House recording numbered 902-001; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 902-009
John Ehrlichman appears with Richard Nixon in the 30-minute White House recording numbered 902-009; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 038-125
Richard Nixon appears with H. R. Haldeman in the 15-minute White House recording numbered 038-125; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 429-015
Richard Nixon appears in the 71-minute White House recording numbered 429-015; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 429-018
Richard Nixon appears with John Ehrlichman in the 26-minute White House recording numbered 429-018; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 902-001
Richard Nixon appears with H. R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman in the 34-minute White House recording numbered 902-001; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 902-002
Richard Nixon appears in the 11-minute White House recording numbered 902-002; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 902-009
Richard Nixon appears with John Ehrlichman in the 30-minute White House recording numbered 902-009; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
Aladdin Sane
Releases Aladdin Sane, the first album written and issued after the breakthrough of Ziggy Stardust.
White House Tape 903-001
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon in the 16-minute White House recording numbered 903-001; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 903-006
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon in the 22-minute White House recording numbered 903-006; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 903-019
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon and John Ehrlichman in the 17-minute White House recording numbered 903-019; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 903-019
John Ehrlichman appears with Richard Nixon and H. R. Haldeman in the 17-minute White House recording numbered 903-019; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 903-001
Richard Nixon appears with H. R. Haldeman in the 16-minute White House recording numbered 903-001; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 903-006
Richard Nixon appears with H. R. Haldeman in the 22-minute White House recording numbered 903-006; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 903-019
Richard Nixon appears with H. R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman in the 17-minute White House recording numbered 903-019; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
Death of Arthur William Fadden
Death of Arthur William Fadden
Watergate
Dean suspected he was on the cusp of becoming the Watergate scapegoat, and so he went to Camp David, but did not write the report
Watergate
Dean suspected he was on the cusp of becoming the Watergate scapegoat, and so he went to Camp David, but did not write the report.
Watergate
Nixon requested that White House Counsel John Dean write him a report about everything he knew about the Watergate matter, and he sent Dean to Camp David to write it.
Watergate
Dean suspected he was on the cusp of becoming the Watergate scapegoat, and so he went to Camp David, but did not write the report.
Watergate
Nixon requested that White House Counsel John Dean write him a report about everything he knew about the Watergate matter, and he sent Dean to Camp David to write it.
Camp David Report
Is sent to Camp David to prepare a Watergate report for Nixon but suspects he is being positioned as the administration's scapegoat.
Watergate
Dean suspected he was on the cusp of becoming the Watergate scapegoat, and so he went to Camp David, but did not write the report.
Watergate
Nixon requested that White House Counsel John Dean write him a report about everything he knew about the Watergate matter, and he sent Dean to Camp David to write it.
White House Tape 038-150
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon in the 17-minute White House recording numbered 038-150; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 038-156
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon in the 8-minute White House recording numbered 038-156; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 430-004
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon and John Ehrlichman in the 150-minute White House recording numbered 430-004; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 430-022
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon in the 42-minute White House recording numbered 430-022; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 038-151
John Ehrlichman appears with Richard Nixon in the 2-minute White House recording numbered 038-151; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 038-154
John Ehrlichman appears with Richard Nixon in the 14-minute White House recording numbered 038-154; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 430-004
John Ehrlichman appears with Richard Nixon and H. R. Haldeman in the 150-minute White House recording numbered 430-004; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 038-150
Richard Nixon appears with H. R. Haldeman in the 17-minute White House recording numbered 038-150; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 038-151
Richard Nixon appears with John Ehrlichman in the 2-minute White House recording numbered 038-151; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 038-154
Richard Nixon appears with John Ehrlichman in the 14-minute White House recording numbered 038-154; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 038-156
Richard Nixon appears with H. R. Haldeman in the 8-minute White House recording numbered 038-156; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 430-004
Richard Nixon appears with H. R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman in the 150-minute White House recording numbered 430-004; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 430-022
Richard Nixon appears with H. R. Haldeman in the 42-minute White House recording numbered 430-022; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
Agnew Watergate Call
Records a call from Vice President Spiro Agnew concerning how to respond publicly to Watergate as pressure on the administration continues.
Itaipu Treaty
Signs the Itaipu Treaty with Brazil to develop a major hydroelectric project.
White House Tape 431-009
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon, John Ehrlichman, and Ronald Ziegler in the 309-minute White House recording numbered 431-009; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 905-008
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon in the 89-minute White House recording numbered 905-008; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 431-009
John Ehrlichman appears with Richard Nixon, H. R. Haldeman, and Ronald Ziegler in the 309-minute White House recording numbered 431-009; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 431-009
Richard Nixon appears with H. R. Haldeman, John Ehrlichman, and Ronald Ziegler in the 309-minute White House recording numbered 431-009; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 905-008
Richard Nixon appears with H. R. Haldeman in the 89-minute White House recording numbered 905-008; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 431-009
Ronald Ziegler appears with Richard Nixon, H. R. Haldeman, and John Ehrlichman in the 309-minute White House recording numbered 431-009; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
Fielding Break-In Disclosure
During the Ellsberg prosecution, receives disclosure that White House operatives had burglarized Daniel Ellsberg's psychiatrist's office, widening concern about administration misconduct.
Death of Jacques Maritain
Jacques Maritain dies in Toulouse.
Resignation
Nixonโs top White House staffers, H.R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman, and Attorney General Richard Kleindienst resign over the scandal. White House counsel John Dean is fired.
Resignation
Nixonโs top White House staffers, H.R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman, and Attorney General Richard Kleindienst resign over the scandal. White House counsel John Dean is fired.
Resignation as White House Chief of Staff
Resigns as White House Chief of Staff as the Watergate investigation reaches Nixon's senior aides.
Watergate
Nixonโs top White House staffers, H.R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman, and Attorney General Richard Kleindienst resign over the scandal. White House counsel John Dean is fired.
Watergate
Nixon's top White House staffers, H.R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman, and Attorney General Richard Kleindienst resign over the scandal. White House counsel John Dean is fired.
White House Resignations
Announces the departures of H. R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman, fires John Dean, and accepts Attorney General Richard Kleindienst's resignation.
Economy of Great Britain
For the remainder of the year pay rises are to be 1 pound & 4% pa, maximum rise of 250 pounds pa
Phnom Penh Offensive
Khmer Rouge offensive pushes toward the suburbs of Phnom Penh
Alliance Agreement
Sadat & al-Assad make an alliance to win back land lost to Israel
NHS Reorganisation Implementation
Castle oversees implementation of the reorganised NHS structure, with regional and area health authorities replacing much of the previous administrative system.
Nigel Lawson Maiden Speech
Delivers his maiden speech in the House of Commons during debate on the Budget and addresses economic policy, trade unions and inflation.
Death of Georges Pompidou
Death of Georges Pompidou
Health and Safety Bill
Presents arguments for workplace safety legislation built around recognised trade unions.
Constitution of Great Britain
Announces the new Government will implement the Northern Ireland Constitution
Rule of Northern Ireland
Announces in Parliament will continue policies of the previous Government
Death of Richard Crossman
Dies from liver cancer at the age of sixty-six.
National Political Council
Heads the National Political Consultative Council under the coalition settlement
Coalition Cabinet
Presides over a new coalition cabinet including Pathet Lao ministers
National Political Council
Heads the National Political Consultative Council in the coalition arrangement
Coalition Cabinet
Presides over a coalition cabinet including Pathet Lao ministers
Resignation of Golda Meir
Golda Meir announces her resignation as Prime Minister of Israel, Yitzhak Rabin replaces Golda Meir
Prime Minister of Israel
Golda Meir announces her resignation as Prime Minister of Israel, Yitzhak Rabin replaces Golda Meir. Appointed Prime Minister of Israel
Judiciary Committee Tape Subpoena
Issues the House Judiciary Committee's subpoena to Nixon for recordings and materials considered necessary to the impeachment inquiry.
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 1st term
Sixty-Four Tape Subpoena
Issues a subpoena seeking sixty-four additional White House recordings for the Watergate grand jury and criminal prosecution.
Terrorism
1st visit to Ulster, asseses power sharing, the extent of terrorism & local support
President of Austria
Appointed President of Austria
Edmond Leburton Government
The Edmond Leburton Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Leo Tindemans Government
Begins the Leo Tindemans Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Old Trafford Derby Backheel Goal
Law back-heeled Manchester City's winner against United and declined to celebrate in a match associated with his former club's relegation.
Tape Transcript Address
Announces that edited transcripts of subpoenaed Watergate conversations will be released while refusing to surrender all original recordings demanded by the House committee.
Watergate Transcripts Released
Provides more than twelve hundred pages of edited presidential conversation transcripts to the House Judiciary Committee and makes them public.
White House Tapes
The White House releases more than 1,200 pages of edited transcripts of the Nixon tapes to the House Judiciary Committee, but the committee insists that the tapes themselves must be turned over.
Saukham Khoy Acting President
Saukham Khoy becomes acting president after Lon Nol leaves Cambodia
Exile of Lon Nol
Resigns and leaves Cambodia before the Khmer Rouge capture Phnom Penh
Ho Chi Minh Campaign
Commands the final North Vietnamese offensive toward Saigon
Sturgis Rockefeller Interview
Sturgis was interviewed during the Rockefeller Commission's examination of allegations connecting him with the Kennedy assassination.
Death of Chiang Kai-Shek
Dies of a heart attack at his Shilin residence in Taipei.
Commons EEC Membership Vote
The Commons votes by 396 to 170 to stay in the EEC
Vietnam Aid Appeal
Asks Congress for emergency aid for South Vietnam
Khmer Rouge
The Khmer Rouge attack Phnom Penh
Siege of Phnom Penh
The Khmer Rouge attack Phnom Penh
Invasion of Kampuchea
The American Ambassador & his staff are evacuated by helicopter from Phnom Penh
Assassination of Ngarta Tombalbaye
13-15 April, killed during a coup led by Felix Malloum, an army Chief of Staff
Coup
13-15 April, killed during a coup led by Felix Malloum, an army Chief of Staff
Death of Ngarta Tombalbaye
13-15 April, killed during a coup led by Felix Malloum, an army Chief of Staff
Outbreak of Lebanese Civil War
Violence following the Ain el-Remmaneh bus incident helps trigger the full-scale Lebanese Civil War, forcing President Suleiman Frangieh to govern as fighting spreads across Beirut and other regions.
Rolling Stones, The
It is announced that Ronnie Wood will join as a guest on the Rolling Stones tour of America
Sikkim Referendum
A referendum in Sikkim produces overwhelming support for ending the monarchy and joining India as a state.
Prime Minister of Chad
Appointed Prime Minister of Chad
Coup
Takes part in the military coup
Head of Armed Forces
Appointed Head of the Armed Forces
April Budget
Healey presents a Budget focused on inflation control, public expenditure restraint and industrial recovery.
Social Contract
Healey uses the Budget to support anti-inflation policy within the Social Contract framework.
Budget
Healey presents a crisis Budget as inflation rises and unemployment worsens.
Income Tax
The Budget raises the basic rate of income tax from 33 percent to 35 percent.
Vice President
Is appointed Vice President of Egypt by President Anwar Sadat.
Head of State Office Begins
Becomes head of state after Khmer Rouge victory and the end of the Khmer Republic
Head of State Office Begins
Becomes nominal head of state after Khmer Rouge victory and the end of the Khmer Republic
Fall of Phnom Penh
Khmer Rouge capture Phnom Penh, beginning Democratic Kampuchea
Capture of Phnom Penh
The Khmer Rouge capture Phnom Penh
Khmer Rouge
The Khmer Rouge captures Phnom Penh. The Khmer Rouge capture Phnom Penh
Siege of Phnom Penh
The Khmer Rouge captures Phnom Penh
Coup
The communist forces of the Khmer Rouge overthrow the Lon Government after a civil war
Khmer Rouge
The communist forces of the Khmer Rouge overthrow the Lon Government after a civil war
Capture of Phnom Penh
The Khmer Rouge capture Phnom Penh
Khmer Rouge
The Khmer Rouge capture Phnom Penh
Evacuation of Cities
Forced evacuation of Phnom Penh population to rural zones
Aryabhata Satellite
During Satish Dhawan's chairmanship, Aryabhata becomes India's first satellite to reach orbit.
Abolition of Currency
Khmer Rouge abolish money, markets, and private property
Capture of Saigon
Captures the last South Vietnamese defense line before Saigon
Paris Peace Accords
Says US Secretary of State Kissinger had tricked him into signing the Paris Peace Agreement two years ago, promising military aid which failed to materialise
Provisional Revolutionary Government
The communist Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG) has said President Thieu must step down before any peace talks with Saigon could begin
Resignation of Nguyen van Thieu
Nine days after Nguyen Van Thieus resignation, the Vietnam war ends with the fall of Saigon
Resignation of Nguyen van Thieu
On TV & radio address, outgoing President Nguyen Van Thieu says his forces failed to stop the advance of the Vietcong because of lack of funds promised to him by the USA.
Resignation of Nguyen van Thieu
Says US Secretary of State Kissinger had tricked him into signing the Paris Peace Agreement two years ago, promising military aid which failed to materialise.
Resignation of Nguyen van Thieu
The President of South Vietnam is forced to resign accusing the United States of betrayal. The communist Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG) has said President Thieu must step down before any peace talks with Saigon could begin.
Siege of Saigon
North Vietnamese troops have surrounded Saigon and military expert are predicting the city will fall within weeks if not days. 5 divisions of South Vietnamese infantry troops, a division of US Rangers & 2 brigades of US Marines in position around Saigon are outnumbered by more than 2 ro 1
Resignation of Nguyen Van Thieu
Resigns as South Vietnam collapses under the final offensive
Brief Presidency
Becomes president after Nguyen Van Thieu resigns
Drama
Harold Pinters "No Mans Land," premiers in London
Invasion of Vietnam
Speaking in New Orleans says that the war is "finished"
Assassination of Andreas von Mirbach
Occupation of the West German embassy & murder of Andreas von Mirbach and Dr. Heinz Hillegaart
Assassination of Andreas von Mirbach
Occupation of the West German embassy & murder of Andreas von Mirbach and Dr. Heinz Hillegaart
Siege of Stockholm
The West German embassy in Stockholm was seized by members of the RAF; two of the hostages are murdered as the German Government under Chancellor Helmut Schmidt refuses to give in to their demands
Soap Opera
The Kinks release Soap Opera.
Establishment of DK
Democratic Kampuchea declared under Angkar leadership
Watergate
Hunt eventually spent 33 months in prison at the low-security Federal Prison Camp at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, on a conspiracy charge, arriving there on April 25, 1975
Watergate
Hunt eventually spent 33 months in prison at the low-security Federal Prison Camp at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, on a conspiracy charge, arriving there on April 25, 1975.
Watergate
Hunt eventually spent 33 months in prison at the low-security Federal Prison Camp at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, on a conspiracy charge, arriving there on April 25, 1975.
Watergate Imprisonment
Arrives at the federal prison camp at Eglin Air Force Base to serve imprisonment arising from his Watergate conspiracy conviction.
Referendum
Addresses the NEC Conference on Europe but it votes 2 to 1 to stay out of Europe
Social Contract
Presents the Employment Protection Bill as part of Labour's industrial relations programme.
Anfield Testimonial Celebrates Shankly
Liverpool hosted a testimonial honouring Shankly against a Don Revie representative side, allowing supporters to salute the former managerโs transformation of the club.
Saigon Evacuation
Oversees the final US embassy evacuation from Saigon
Death of Charles McMahon
Killed in a rocket attack at Tan Son Nhut during the final evacuation period
Death of Darwin Judge
Killed in a rocket attack at Tan Son Nhut during the final evacuation period
Siege of Saigon
Nine days after Nguyen Van Thieus resignation, the Vietnam war ends with the fall of Saigon
Final Attack on Saigon
Commands one of the main forces attacking Saigon
Agrarian Reforms
Collectivization and forced labor begin nationwide
Fall of Saigon Response
Sees North Vietnam victory as a success for a Soviet backed ally
US Involvement
Faces the fall of Saigon and the end of the Vietnam War
Siege of Saigon
Ambassador Graham Martin and 7100 US & SV personnel are evacuated
Postwar Provisional Government
Represents the revolutionary government after the collapse of South Vietnam
Postwar Control
Helps consolidate communist control in the South after Saigon falls
Victory Assessment
Celebrates communist victory after decades of war
Surrender of Saigon
Orders South Vietnamese forces to surrender as Saigon falls
Surrender Reception
Receives the surrender of Duong Van Minh at the presidential palace
Victory
North Vietnam achieves victory as Saigon falls
Surrender of Saigon
Orders South Vietnamese forces to surrender
Reunification Policy
Supports policy toward national reunification after the end of the war
SEX
McLaren returns to Britain, by which time he had renamed his King's Road shop SEX, selling S&M (sadomasochistic) style clothing
Unemployment
Unemployment reaches one million, intensifying criticism of the Government's economic management.
Rockefeller Photographic Comparison
The Rockefeller Commission examined photographic comparisons used to claim that Sturgis was one of the three men detained near Dealey Plaza.
Resignation from Office
Resigns as head of state and is placed under Khmer Rouge house arrest
House Arrest Begins
Placed under house arrest after resigning as head of state
101ers
The then-unknown band called the Sex Pistols open for The 101ers at a venue called "The Nashville Rooms"
Nashville Rooms
Performs with the Sex Pistols when they support The 101ers, influencing Joe Strummer's move toward punk.
Dismissal
A demonstration turns into a riot & the "Gang of Four" depose Xiaoping
Tiananmen Incident
Deng Xiaoping is blamed by radicals after public mourning for Zhou Enlai becomes political protest
Tiananmen Incident
Crowds mourning Zhou Enlai clash with authorities during the Tiananmen Incident
Labour Leadership Election
After receiving 30 votes in the first ballot and 38 in the second, Healey is eliminated and supports James Callaghan in the final ballot.
Pay Policy
Becomes Prime Minister and inherits the pay policy and sterling crisis.
Social Contract
Inherits the Social Contract after becoming Prime Minister.
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain
Prime Minister
Becomes Prime Minister after Harold Wilson resigns.
Resignation from Office
Resigns as head of state before Khieu Samphan assumes the State Presidium
Death of Howard Hughes
Death of Howard Hughes, en route by private jet to a hospital in Houston
Estate-Hughes
Leaves an estate estimated at $2 billion
April Budget
Healey presents a Budget linking tax reductions to agreement on a further round of wage restraint.
Dismissal of Deng
Mao approves Deng Xiaoping's removal from all posts after the Tiananmen Incident
Secretary of State for the Environment
Appointed Secretary of State for the Environment
Coup
FROLINAT guerrillas fail to assassinate Malloum
Assembly Confirmation
People's Representative Assembly confirms Khieu Samphan as head of state
Government Announcement
Democratic Kampuchea government announced with Khieu Samphan as head of state
Office Begins
Khieu Samphan begins office as President of the State Presidium
State Presidium Formed
State Presidium becomes the formal head of state institution
Pol Pot as PM
Pol Pot formally becomes Prime Minister of Democratic Kampuchea
Black and Blue
Rolling Stones release the album, "Black and Blue"
Rolling Stones, The
Rolling Stones release the album, "Black and Blue"
Black and Blue
Rolling Stones release the album, "Black and Blue"
Rolling Stones, The
Rolling Stones release the album, "Black and Blue"
Order of the Garter
Created Sir Harold Wilson as a Knight of the Garter
Death of Sid James
Death of Sid James
Backyard Photos
Gives the House Select Committee on Assassinations a photograph taken of Oswald by his wife Marina holding a rifle
Backyard Photos
Jeanne de Mohrenschildt gave the House Select Committee on Assassinations a print of a photograph showing Lee Harvey Oswald standing in his Dallas backyard holding two newspapers and a rifle
Backyard Photos
While similar to other prints which had been found among Oswalds effects on November 23, 1963, the existence of this particular print was previously unknown. Hands over a photo with the words "Copyright Geo do M" & a Russian phrase,"Hunter of fascists, ha-ha-ha! ".
Backyard Photos
and with a pistol on his hip - a photograph taken by Oswald's wife Marina.
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
Jeanne de Mohrenschildt gave the House Select Committee on Assassinations a print of a photograph showing Lee Harvey Oswald standing in his Dallas backyard holding two newspapers and a rifle
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
and with a pistol on his hip - a photograph taken by Oswald's wife Marina. While similar to other prints which had been found among Oswald's effects on November 23, 1963, the existence of this particular print was previously unknown
Hunter of Fascists
Hands over a photo with the words "Copyright Geo do M" & a Russian phrase,"Hunter of fascists, ha-ha-ha!"
Backyard Photographs
Provides the committee with a print of an Oswald backyard photograph.
White Riot Chart Entry
White Riot becomes the Clash's first Official Singles Chart entry and reaches the UK Top Forty.
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
Russell, who was Mohrenschildt's attorney, said "I definitely feel there was a conspiracy and that definitely was the opinion of George."
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
Willem Oltmans told the House Select Committee on Assassinations that Mohrenschildt had implicated himself in the conspiracy to kill President Kennedy. And Pat S.
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
Russell, who was Mohrenschildt's attorney, said "I definitely feel there was a conspiracy and that definitely was the opinion of George."
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
Willem Oltmans told the House Select Committee on Assassinations that Mohrenschildt had implicated himself in the conspiracy to kill President Kennedy. And Pat S.
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
"De Mohrenschildt told me that Oswald acted at his (De Mohrenschildt's) instructions and that he knew Oswald was going to kill Kennedy"
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
Oltmans testified for three hours behind closed doors and told the committee that Mohrenschildt had told him he had discussed the assassination of Kennedy with Oswald from A to Z.
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
Russell, who was Mohrenschildt's attorney, said "I definitely feel there was a conspiracy and that definitely was the opinion of George.".
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
Willem Oltmans told the House Select Committee on Assassinations that Mohrenschildt had implicated himself in the conspiracy to kill President Kennedy. And Pat S.
Mohrenschildt Statement
Reports his opinion that George de Mohrenschildt believed in a conspiracy.
Mohrenschildt Statement
Gives committee testimony about claims attributed to George de Mohrenschildt.
Sex Pistols
Sid Vicious debuts with the band at the Screen on the Green in London
Screen on the Green
Makes his live debut with the Sex Pistols at the Screen on the Green.
US Tour
Begins Led Zeppelin's difficult 1977 North American tour.
Assassination of Siegfried Buback
Assassination of the federal prosecutor-general Siegfried Buback, claimed by the Ulrike Meinhof Commando, in revenge for the suicide of Ulrike Meinhof
Suicide
Assassination of the federal prosecutor-general Siegfried Buback, claimed by the Ulrike Meinhof Commando, in revenge for the suicide of Ulrike Meinhof
Assassination of Siegfried Buback
Federal Prosecutor Siegfried Buback, his driver, and his bodyguard are shot and killed by two RAF members while waiting at a red traffic light. Assassination of the federal prosecutor-general Siegfried Buback, claimed by the Ulrike Meinhof Commando, in revenge for the suicide of Ulrike Meinhof
Death of Siegfried Buback
Federal Prosecutor Siegfried Buback, his driver, and his bodyguard are shot and killed by two RAF members while waiting at a red traffic light
Suicide
Assassination of the federal prosecutor-general Siegfried Buback, claimed by the Ulrike Meinhof Commando, in revenge for the suicide of Ulrike Meinhof
Assassination of Siegfried Buback
Assassination of the federal prosecutor-general Siegfried Buback, claimed by the Ulrike Meinhof Commando, in revenge for the suicide of Ulrike Meinhof
Suicide
Assassination of the federal prosecutor-general Siegfried Buback, claimed by the Ulrike Meinhof Commando, in revenge for the suicide of Ulrike Meinhof
Uranium Enrichment Policy
Defers commercial reprocessing to limit weapons risks.
Watergate
Liddy's sentence with those of all others convicted in Watergate related prosecutions", leaving the fine in effect
Watergate
On April 12, 1977, President Jimmy Carter commuted Liddy's sentence to eight years, "in the interest of equity and fairness based on a comparison of Mr.
Watergate
President Jimmy Carter commutes Liddy's Watergate prison sentence to eight years while leaving the monetary fine in effect.
Nicholl Captaincy in Villa League Cup
Nicholl supplies defensive leadership in Villa's three-match League Cup final against Everton, culminating in victory at Old Trafford.
Little Hat-Trick in League Cup Replay
Little scores a hat-trick against Everton in the second replay of the League Cup final, securing a 3โ2 victory for Saunders's Villa.
Villa Wins Second League Cup Under Saunders
Saunders leads Aston Villa to a second League Cup title after a drawn final and two replays against Everton.
Cropley Villa Cup Winner Against Everton
Cropley provides creativity from midfield as Aston Villa finally overcome Everton in the second League Cup final replay.
Mortimer Midfield Support in Cup Replay
Mortimer anchors the midfield as Saunders's Aston Villa defeat Everton 3โ2 in an extraordinary League Cup final replay.
Nuclear Power
Desai says India will consider the Non-Proliferation Treaty only if established nuclear powers accept meaningful disarmament.
Trial
On the trials 192nd day, the three remaining defendants are convicted of several murders, more attempted murders, and of forming a terrorist organisation; they are sentenced to life imprisonment
Assassination of Jurgen Ponto
Jurgen Ponto, Head of Dresdner Bank, is shot and killed in front of his house in Oberursel in a kidnapping that went wrong, those involved are Brigitte Mohnhaupt, Christian Klar, and Susanne Albrecht
Assassination of Jurgen Ponto
Jurgen Ponto, Head of Dresdner Bank, is shot and killed in front of his house in Oberursel in a kidnapping that went wrong, those involved are Brigitte Mohnhaupt, Christian Klar, and Susanne Albrecht
Trial
On the trials 192nd day, the three remaining defendants are convicted of several murders, more attempted murders, and of forming a terrorist organisation; they are sentenced to life imprisonment
Assassination of Jurgen Ponto
Jurgen Ponto, Head of Dresdner Bank, is shot and killed in front of his house in Oberursel in a kidnapping that went wrong, those involved are Brigitte Mohnhaupt, Christian Klar, and Susanne Albrecht
Assassination of Jurgen Ponto
Jurgen Ponto, Head of Dresdner Bank, is shot and killed in front of his house in Oberursel in a kidnapping that went wrong, those involved are Brigitte Mohnhaupt, Christian Klar, and Susanne Albrecht, the last bei
British Aerospace Public Ownership
British Aerospace is formed from nationalised aircraft companies under the Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act.
The Clash Debut Album
The Clash's self-titled debut enters the UK albums chart and peaks at number twelve.
Requests Moroccan Aid in First Shaba War
Requests foreign military help after FNLC forces penetrate deeply into Shaba province.
And Then There Were Three
Continues Genesis as a trio with Banks and Collins after Hackett's departure.
Generation X Debut Album
Generation X's self-titled debut enters the UK albums chart and peaks at number twenty-nine.
April Budget
Healey delivers a Budget providing tax reductions, industrial support and increased social spending.
Amnesty Decree
Issues an amnesty covering many crimes committed during the first years of military rule.
PDPA Demonstrations
A large communist funeral procession for Mir Akbar Khyber prompts Daoud to arrest senior PDPA leaders.
Coup
Rebel armour and aircraft attack government positions as Daoud orders loyal forces to resist.
Saur Revolution
PDPA-aligned military units begin the Saur Revolution against Daoud's government.
General
Taraki assumes the Presidency, Prime Minister'ship and General Secretary of the PDPA
Coup
The banned pron PDPA stages a coup during which Daud is killed
Constitution of Afghanistan
Nur Muhammad Taraki, Secretary General of the PDPA, becomes President of the Revolutionary Council and Prime Minister of the newly established Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
Coup
Takes charge as President of the Revolutionary Council. Imprisoned leader of the Khalk faction of the banned PDPA
Coup
Takes charge as President of the Revolutionary Council. Imprisoned leader of the Khalk faction of the banned PDPA. Daud is assassinated in a military coup
Revolutionary Council
Nur Muhammad Taraki, Secretary General of the PDPA, becomes President of the Revolutionary Council and Prime Minister of the newly established Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
Coup
Overthrown & assassinated during a left-led military coup
Arrest of Alexander Ginzburg
1 of 5 prominent dissidents released & flown to the USA
Arrest of Eduard Kuzentsov
1 of 5 prominent dissidents released & flown to the USA
Arrest of George Gins
1 of 5 prominent dissidents released & flown to the USA
Arrest of Mark Dymshitz
1 of 5 prominent dissidents released & flown to the USA
Arrest of Valentyn Moroz
1 of 5 prominent dissidents released & flown to the USA
Assassination of Mohammad Daoud Khan
Revolutionary troops kill Daoud, ending the first Republic of Afghanistan.
Death of Mohammad Daoud Khan
Daoud is killed with members of his family after loyalists are overwhelmed inside the presidential palace.
Defence of Arg Palace
Daoud refuses to surrender and remains with loyal guards during the final assault on the palace.
Siege of Arg Palace
Government resistance collapses after revolutionary forces surround and storm the presidential palace.
The Day the World Turned Day-Glo
The Day the World Turned Day-Glo enters the Official Singles Chart and reaches number twenty-three.
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
The Revolutionary Council proclaims the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan under Taraki.
President of Afghanistan
Taraki becomes head of the Revolutionary Council and prime minister after the Saur Revolution.
Prime Minister of Afghanistan
Taraki assumes the offices of head of state, prime minister, and PDPA general secretary.
Child Benefit
Healey raises child benefit and directs additional assistance toward working families.
Islamic Republic
Khomeini announces the establishment of the Islamic Republic after the referendum result
Islamic Republic
Khomeini announces the establishment of the Islamic Republic after the referendum result
Islamic Republic
Khomeini announces the new Islamic Republic from Tehran after the national vote
Islamic Republic
Khomeini proclaims the Islamic Republic after the March referendum
Islamic Republic
Khomeini proclaims the Islamic Republic of Iran after the referendum
Islamic Republic
Khomeini declares the establishment of the Islamic Republic after the national referendum
Islamic Republic
Khomeini proclaims the Islamic Republic after the referendum result
Islamic Republic
Khomeini proclaims the Islamic Republic of Iran in Tehran
Meeting with With President Sadat
Israeli PM Menachem Begin visits Cairo, Egypt, and meets with President Sadat
Sverdlovsk Anthrax Accident
An accidental release of anthrax spores from a Soviet military biological facility causes a lethal outbreak.
Death of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
Bhutto dies by hanging at Rawalpindi Central Jail.
Execution
The execution of the former Prime Minister provokes lasting political controversy.
Execution
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto is executed after conviction in a disputed murder case.
Islamization and Execution
Bhutto's execution occurs while Zia's government expands Islamic criminal legislation.
Arrest of Benazir Bhutto
Bhutto, who had returned to Pakistan after completing her studies, is placed under house arrest in the wake of her fathers imprisonment and subsequent execution
Execution
Despite the accusation being "widely doubted by the public" and despite many clemency appeals from foreign leaders, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto is hanged. Bhutto, who had returned to Pakistan after completing her studies, is placed under house arrest in the wake of her fathers imprisonment and subsequent execution
Islamic Penal Code
The Islamic penal code is introduced; Bhutto hanged
Valley of the Dolls Single
Valley of the Dolls enters the Official Singles Chart and reaches number twenty-three.
Execution
Former prime minister Hoveyda is executed after a revolutionary court trial
Black Rose
Produces Black Rose for Thin Lizzy during Gary Moore's return to the band.
Highly Inflammable Chart Entry
Highly Inflammable enters the Official Singles Chart during X-Ray Spex's final original-period releases.
Bryukhanov First Ten Billion Kilowatt Hours
Marks the station's production of its first ten billion kilowatt-hours of electricity as output from the first two units expands.
Joy Division
The band begin recording their debut album Unknown Pleasures at Strawberry Studios, producer Martin Hannett contributes significantly to the final sound
Parisienne Walkways
The combination of Moores blues-based guitar and Lynotts voice produced "Parisienne Walkways", which reached the Top Ten in the UK Singles Chart in April 1979
Joy Division
The band begin recording their debut album Unknown Pleasures at Strawberry Studios, producer Martin Hannett contributes significantly to the final sound
Joy Division
The band begin recording their debut album Unknown Pleasures at Strawberry Studios, producer Martin Hannett contributes significantly to the final sound
Joy Division
The band begin recording their debut album Unknown Pleasures at Strawberry Studios, producer Martin Hannett contributes significantly to the final sound
Voyager 2 Jupiter Science Phase Begins
Voyager 2 begins its dedicated Jupiter observation campaign during approach to the Jovian system.
St Pauls Riot
Handles policing questions after the St Pauls riot.
St Pauls Riot
Faces urban unrest after the St Pauls riot in Bristol.
St Pauls Riot
Residents clash with police after a raid on the Black and White Cafe.
St Pauls Riot
Whitelaw faces questions after disorder in St Pauls.
Education Act
Sees the Education Act receive Royal Assent.
President of Turkey
Appointed President of Turkey
Joy Division
Joy Division is set to play a gig at the Derby Hall in Bury, Curtis had attempted suicide the previous night by overdosing on phenobarbitone prescribed for his epilepsy
Suicide
Joy Division is set to play a gig at the Derby Hall in Bury, Curtis had attempted suicide the previous night by overdosing on phenobarbitone prescribed for his epilepsy
Border Agreement at Gibraltar
Spain agrees to re-open its border with Gibraltar
Lisbon Agreement
Supports the Lisbon Agreement on easing the Gibraltar frontier.
Lisbon Agreement
Agrees with Carrington on steps toward easing the Gibraltar border.
Governor Appointed
David Kenneth Hay Dale becomes Governor of Montserrat
Academy Award
The Tin Drum wins the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.
Death of Jean-Paul Sartre
Jean-Paul Sartre dies in Paris, aged seventy-four.
Zimbabwe Independence
Recognises Zimbabwe's independence after the Lancaster House settlement.
Zimbabwe Independence
Sees the Lancaster House settlement produce Zimbabwe's independence.
Zimbabwe Independence
Completes his role as governor during the transition to Zimbabwe.
Appointment as President
Banana becomes Zimbabwe's first President at independence.
Independence and Commonwealth Membership
Mugabe leads Zimbabwe into independence and Commonwealth membership.
Independence of Zimbabwe
Mugabe leads the first government of the independent Republic of Zimbabwe.
Internationally Recognised Independence
Zimbabwe gains internationally recognised independence under Mugabe's government.
Fundamental Principles
Karmal promulgates the Fundamental Principles of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan as an interim constitutional framework.
European Semi-Final Winner at Juventus
Scores the late goal that gives Arsenal a 1-0 victory at Juventus and a place in the Cup Winners' Cup final.
Prime Minister of Tunisia
Mohamed Mzali became prime minister of Tunisia.
Heaven and Hell
Sings on Heaven and Hell, restoring Black Sabbath's commercial and critical momentum.
Heaven and Hell
Leads the renewed Black Sabbath sound on Heaven and Hell with Ronnie James Dio.
Deadline for Libyan Dissidents
Gaddafi orders dissidents abroad to return by June or face revolutionary punishment.
Birth of Bradley Wiggins
Birth of Bradley Wiggins
Government
Resigns after a US commando mission fails to rescue hostages from Iran, 8 lives lost
Iranian Embassy Siege
Faces the start of the Iranian Embassy siege at Princes Gate.
Abdication
Abdicates aged 71 in favor of her 42 year old daughter Beatrix
Crisis
Dissidents occupy the Peruvian Embassy & Cuba allows a mass exodus from Port Mariel
Crisis
125,000 migrant Cubans board US bound vessels at Port Mariel
Joy Division
With Martin Hannett again producing, the band record their second album Closer Britannia Row Studios
Joy Division
With Martin Hannett again producing, the band record their second album Closer Britannia Row Studios
Joy Division
With Martin Hannett again producing, the band record their second album Closer Britannia Row Studios
Joy Division
With Martin Hannett again producing, the band record their second album Closer Britannia Row Studios
GLC
When the time came to choose who would lead London Labour in GLC election, Livingstone put his name down, but was challenged by the moderate Andrew McIntosh, McIntosh beat Livingstone by 14 votes to 13
GLC
When the time came to choose who would lead London Labour in GLC election, Livingstone put his name down, but was challenged by the moderate Andrew McIntosh, McIntosh beat Livingstone by 14 votes to 13
Third Force
Paisley establishes another paramilitary group, 3rd Force
Ulster Resistance
Establishe the paramilitary group Ulster Resistance
Fighting breaks out between Lebanese christian militia & Syrian peacekeeping troops
Fighting breaks out between Lebanese christian militia & Syrian peacekeeping troops
Constitution of Philippines
Voters approve the new constitution giving sweeping powers to President Marcos
Death of Omar Nelson Bradley
Death of Omar Nelson Bradley
Parliamentary Business Statement
Announces the following week's Commons timetable, covering the Finance Bill, Transport Bill, regional policy debate and several consolidation measures.
Demonstrations
!st day of a weekend of riots in Brixton. Lord Scarman is later appointed to review the causes of the riots
Government
Returns to the Whitehouse 12 after being shot
Demonstrations
Visits Brixton & expresses "extreme distress & horror"
Death of Joe Louis
Death of Joe Louis
Reform of Trade
Polish farmers win the right to form an independent trades union
Strike
Clashes worsen as Sands hunger strike reaches its 52st day
Government
Says that Russia is the primary source of danger to the world
Government
Ends curbs on grain exports to Russia
Revised Commons Business
Makes a revised business statement scheduling a timetable motion on the British Nationality Bill and further government legislation for 29 April.
Syria installs Russian made surface-to-air missiles in Lebanon
Syria installs Russian made surface-to-air missiles in Lebanon
General Election Victory
Leads the National Party to another parliamentary election victory.
National Party Majority Retained
Retains a commanding white parliamentary majority.
Resignation of Joe Gormley
Joe Gormley resigned as President of the NUM to be replaced by leftwinger Arthur Scargill
Reagan warns Argentine junta leader General Galtieri not to take military action
Reagan warns Argentine junta leader General Galtieri not to take military action
Night Landing
Leads a small amphibious commando and tactical-diver patrol ashore during the night before the main Argentine landing.
Cabinet Appearance
Accompanies Margaret Thatcher to a Cabinet meeting and presents the naval case for a determined response to the Argentine seizure.
Cabinet Reception
Receives strong Cabinet support after explaining the Navy's ability and determination to mount a South Atlantic operation.
Falklands Task Force
Leach sends orders to a Royal Navy force carrying out exercises in the Mediterranean to prepare to sail south.
Meeting with At Britain's request and calls for restraint
UN Security Council meets at Britain's request and calls for restraint and avoidance of force
UN Security Council
UN Security Council meets at Britain's request and calls for restraint and avoidance of force
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
Governor Hunt is informed at 3.30pm FI time that Britain now believes a full invasion is planned and summons an immediate meeting of Government heads of department.
State of Emergency
Warns islanders and mobilises local defences.
UN Security Council
UN Security Council meets at Britains request and calls for restraint and avoidance of force
United Nations
UN Security Council meets at Britains request and calls for restraint and avoidance of force
Reagan warns Argentine junta leader General Galtieri not to take military action
Reagan warns Argentine junta leader General Galtieri not to take military action
Invasion of Falklands
Brigadier General Mario Menendez is appointed Governor of Islas Malvinas and Dependencies
Capture of Falklands
Galtieri hails the "recovery" of the Malvinas, saying Argentina had been left no option other than military action, while Carrington tells Parliament "Port Stanley is now occupied by Argentine military forces"
Invasion of Falklands
Argentina puts Operation Rosario into action by bringing ships into position off the Falkland Islands
Invasion of Falklands
Argentine special forces land at Mullet Creek at 4.30am, more troops land at York Bay at 5.30am, and by 6am are engaged in battle with the Royal Marines - 3 Argentines are killed.
Invasion of Falklands
Brigadier General Mario Menendez is appointed Governor of Islas Malvinas and Dependencies.
Invasion of Falklands
Galtieri hails the "recovery" of the Malvinas, saying Argentina had been left no option other than military action, while Carrington tells Parliament "Port Stanley is now occupied by Argentine military forces". Forces the garrison of 18 Royal Marines to surrender.
Invasion of Falklands
Governor Hunt orders the surrender at 9.15am - by now the whole town other than Government House is under Argentine control.
Rosario
Argentina puts Operation Rosario into action by bringing ships into position off the Falkland Islands
Rule of Falkland Islands
Galtieri hails the "recovery" of the Malvinas, saying Argentina had been left no option other than military action, while Carrington tells Parliament "Port Stanley is now occupied by Argentine military forces"
Commando Medical Support
Provides medical support within Giachino's assault patrol during the fighting around Government House.
Wounded at Government House
Is wounded during the Government House firefight while accompanying the Argentine special-force patrol.
Advance on Government House
Leads his patrol toward Government House with orders to compel the British governor to surrender before the main force enters Stanley.
First Argentine Combat Fatality
Dies from wounds received at Government House, becoming the first Argentine combat fatality of the Falklands conflict.
Government House Firefight
Is mortally wounded during the firefight around Government House while attempting to obtain the governor's surrender.
Advance from Airport Area
Directs marine infantry advancing from the airport area as Argentine forces expand control around Stanley.
Amphibious Vehicle Assault
Oversees BIM 2 troops landing from ARA Cabo San Antonio in tracked and wheeled amphibious vehicles.
BIM 2 Landing
Commands the 2nd Marine Infantry Battalion, the core unit of the Argentine amphibious landing force during Operation Rosario.
Airport Security
His regiment contributes troops to secure Stanley Airport and support the arrival of additional Argentine forces.
Operation Rosario Deployment
Deploys elements of the 25th Infantry Regiment during Operation Rosario as Argentine Army forces join the amphibious assault.
Advance on Moody Brook
Leads the main commando element overland toward the Royal Marines barracks at Moody Brook.
Moody Brook Secured
Finds the Royal Marines barracks abandoned after British defenders move toward Government House.
Mullet Creek Landing
Lands with the main amphibious commando group from ARA Santisima Trinidad in inflatable craft.
Reinforcement Toward Stanley
Redirects commandos from Moody Brook toward Stanley as fighting develops around Government House.
Airport Reconnaissance
Participates in securing and reconnoitring the approaches to Stanley Airport before the main amphibious force arrives.
Airport Secured for Reinforcement
Helps establish control around the airport so follow-on Argentine forces can be landed and flown into the islands.
Tactical Divers Landing
Leads Argentine tactical divers ashore from ARA Santa Fe during the opening phase of Operation Rosario.
Evacuation After Wounding
Is evacuated for treatment after being wounded in the Government House action.
Government House Assault
Is seriously wounded while serving with Giachino's patrol during the attempt to take Government House.
Army Follow-On Deployment
Oversees Army participation as follow-on forces move into the islands after the initial amphibious assault.
Operation Rosario Command
Serves as a senior commander in the joint Argentine operation that captures the Falkland Islands.
British Surrender Received
Receives the British surrender after Argentine forces secure key objectives around Stanley.
Landing Force Orders
Directs the landing force under orders intended to capture the islands while avoiding British and civilian casualties.
Operation Rosario Command
Commands the Argentine amphibious landing force assigned to seize the Falkland Islands during Operation Rosario.
Cat People
Releases Cat People with Giorgio Moroder for the film of the same name.
Invasion of Falklands
1st day of the Falklands War when the Argentines capture the Falklands
Commons Recall Contingency
Tells the Commons that he will seek an emergency recall if developments in the Falklands require Parliament to meet during the weekend following the Argentine invasion.
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
Destroyers and frigates exercising off Gibraltar under Rear Admiral Sandy Woodward were ordered south. They were joined by the carriers Hermes and Invincible, loaded with Sea Harrier fighters as well as amphibious ships and merchant ships
Falklands Task Force
Destroyers and frigates exercising off Gibraltar under Rear Admiral Sandy Woodward were ordered south. They were joined by the carriers Hermes and Invincible, loaded with Sea Harrier fighters as well as amphibious ships and merchant ships
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
In overall command is Commander in Chief Fleet, Admiral Sir John Fieldhouse at his headquarters at Northwood near London
Falklands Task Force
In overall command is Commander in Chief Fleet, Admiral Sir John Fieldhouse at his headquarters at Northwood near London
Operation Corporate
Commands Operation Corporate from Northwood.
Falklands Task Force
Following the Argentine invasion, Cabinet approval is given for formation of a task force to retake the islands, implementing the naval response Leach had advocated.
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
Galtieri hails the "recovery" of the Malvinas, saying Argentina had been left no option other than military action, while Carrington tells Parliament "Port Stanley is now occupied by Argentine military forces"
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
Galtieri hails the "recovery" of the Malvinas, saying Argentina had been left no option other than military action, while Carrington tells Parliament "Port Stanley is now occupied by Argentine military forces"
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
Galtieri hails the "recovery" of the Malvinas, saying Argentina had been left no option other than military action, while Carrington tells Parliament "Port Stanley is now occupied by Argentine military forces".
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
MPs are recalled for an emergency Saturday sitting after the invasion.
Emergency Cabinet
Cabinet approves dispatch of a task force.
Falklands Task Force
After an emergency meeting of the cabinet, approval is given for the formation of a task force to retake the islands
Mobilization
Cabinet approves the sending of the task force
Rule of Falkland Islands
Galtieri hails the "recovery" of the Malvinas, saying Argentina had been left no option other than military action, while Carrington tells Parliament "Port Stanley is now occupied by Argentine military forces"
Suez Canal
MPs are recalled for a special Saturday sitting of the House of Commons (first since Suez)
Amphibious Task Group
Commands the amphibious shipping for the campaign.
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
Commodore Mike Clapp is in charge of the amphibious ships
Falklands Task Force
Commodore Mike Clapp is in charge of the amphibious ships
Defence of Government House
Commands Royal Marines resisting the Argentine landing.
Falklands War
Authorises military action after Argentina invades the Falkland Islands.
Carrier Battle Group
Orders his ships south to join the task force.
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
Governor Hunt orders the surrender at 9.15am - by now the whole town other than Government House is under Argentine control.
State of Emergency
Governor Hunt advises Islanders that Galtieri has rejected Reagan's intervention, and declares a State of Emergency at 3.25am
Surrender of Stanley
Orders surrender after Argentine troops control Stanley.
United Nations
Britains United Nations ambassador Sir Anthony Parsons puts a draft resolution to the Security Council condemning the hostilities and demanding immediate Argentine withdrawal from the Islands
United Nations
Britains United Nations ambassador Sir Anthony Parsons puts a draft resolution to the Security Council condemning the hostilities and demanding immediate Argentine withdrawal from the Islands
Invasion of Falklands
UN Security Council passes Resolution 502 by 10 votes to 1 (with 4 abstentions) demanding immediate Argentine withdrawal from the Islands - Argentina refuses to comply
UN Security Council
UN Security Council passes Resolution 502 by 10 votes to 1 (with 4 abstentions) demanding immediate Argentine withdrawal from the Islands - Argentina refuses to comply
Grytviken Firefight
Directs Guerrico during a close-range engagement with Royal Marines defending South Georgia.
Guerrico Battle Damage
Keeps command after Guerrico is damaged by British small-arms and anti-tank fire during the Grytviken action.
South Georgia Reinforcement
Commands ARA Guerrico as the corvette supports Argentine operations to seize Grytviken.
Grytviken Landing
Leads marine troops ashore during the Argentine occupation of South Georgia.
South Georgia Marine Reinforcement
Commands an Argentine marine detachment sent to reinforce the operation against the British position at Grytviken.
UN Security Council
UN Security Council passes Resolution 502 by 10 votes to 1 (with 4 abstentions) demanding immediate Argentine withdrawal from the Islands - Argentina refuses to comply
United Nations
UN Security Council passes Resolution 502 by 10 votes to 1 (with 4 abstentions) demanding immediate Argentine withdrawal from the Islands - Argentina refuses to comply
Invasion of Falklands
The United Nations directive 502 is passed through the House of Commons
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
UN Security Council passes Resolution 502 by 10 votes to 1 (with 4 abstentions) demanding immediate Argentine withdrawal from the Islands - Argentina refuses to comply
Falklands Task Force
Backed by an emergency session of the House of Commons
UN Security Council
The United Kingdom's United Nations ambassador Sir Anthony Parsons submits a draft resolution to the United Nations Security Council, the resolution, which condemned the hostilities and demanded immediate Argentine withdrawal from the Islands
UN Security Council
UN Security Council passes Resolution 502 by 10 votes to 1 (with 4 abstentions) demanding immediate Argentine withdrawal from the Islands - Argentina refuses to comply
UN Security Council Resolution 502
Resolution 502 demands Argentine withdrawal from the islands.
UN Security Council
The United Kingdom's United Nations ambassador Sir Anthony Parsons submits a draft resolution to the United Nations Security Council, the resolution, which condemned the hostilities and demanded immediate Argentine withdrawal from the Islands
UN Security Council
Submits a British draft resolution after the invasion.
UN Security Council
UN Security Council passes Resolution 502 by 10 votes to 1 (with 4 abstentions) demanding immediate Argentine withdrawal from the Islands - Argentina refuses to comply
United Nations Security Council
The United Kingdoms United Nations ambassador Sir Anthony Parsons submits a draft resolution to the United Nations Security Council, the resolution, which condemned the hostilities and demanded immediate Argentine withdrawal from the Islands
United Nations
UN Security Council passes Resolution 502 by 10 votes to 1 (with 4 abstentions) demanding immediate Argentine withdrawal from the Islands - Argentina refuses to comply
UN Security Council
UN Security Council passes Resolution 502 by 10 votes to 1 (with 4 abstentions) demanding immediate Argentine withdrawal from the Islands - Argentina refuses to comply
United Nations Security Council
The United Kingdoms United Nations ambassador Sir Anthony Parsons submits a draft resolution to the United Nations Security Council, the resolution, which condemned the hostilities and demanded immediate Argentine withdrawal from the Islands
United Nations
The United Nations passes Resolution 502 demanding Argentine withdrawal from the Falklands
United Nations
The United Nations directive 502 is passed through the House of Commons
United Nations
UN Security Council passes Resolution 502 by 10 votes to 1 (with 4 abstentions) demanding immediate Argentine withdrawal from the Islands - Argentina refuses to comply
3 Commando Brigade
Prepares 3 Commando Brigade for South Atlantic deployment.
UN Security Council Resolution 502
The United Kingdom's United Nations ambassador Sir Anthony Parsons submits a draft resolution to the United Nations Security Council, the resolution, which condemned the hostilities and demanded immediate Argentine withdrawal from the Islands
HMS Conqueror Sails
HMS Conqueror sails south from Faslane.
UN Security Council Resolution 502
The United Nations resolution is adopted by the council United Nations Security Council Resolution 502, which passes with ten votes in support, one against (Panama) and four abstentions (China, the Soviet Union, Poland and Spain)
UN Security Council
The United Nations resolution is adopted by the council United Nations Security Council Resolution 502, which passes with ten votes in support, one against (Panama) and four abstentions (China, the Soviet Union, Poland and Spain)
UN Resolution 502
The United Nations resolution is adopted by the council United Nations Security Council Resolution 502, which passes with ten votes in support, one against (Panama) and four abstentions (China, the Soviet Union, Poland and Spain)
United Nations Security Council
The United Nations resolution is adopted by the council United Nations Security Council Resolution 502, which passes with ten votes in support, one against (Panama) and four abstentions (China, the Soviet Union, Poland and Spain)
United Nations
Lighthousekeeper and radio ham Reg Silvey makes radio contact with the UK and continues clandestine broadcasts throughout the occupation
UN Resolution 502
The United Kingdoms United Nations ambassador Sir Anthony Parsons submits a draft resolution to the United Nations Security Council, the resolution, which condemned the hostilities and demanded immediate Argentine withdrawal from the Islands
Invasion of Falklands
The task force sails for the Falklands
Resignation of Peter Alexander Rupert Carrington
Lord Carrington resigns as Foreign Secretary after the Argentine invasion of the Falkland Islands, creating the vacancy that Francis Pym fills the following day.
Resignation of Richard Luce
Junior Foreign Office Minister's Richard Luce and Humphrey Atkins resign
Falklands Task Force
The aircraft carriers HMS Hermes and HMS Invincible leave Portsmouth with escorts as leading elements of the task force whose mobilization Leach had urged.
Resignation of Humphrey Atkins
Junior Foreign Office Minister's Richard Luce and Humphrey Atkins resign
Resignation of Peter Alexander Rupert Carrington
Resigns as Foreign Secretary after the invasion.
Resignation of Peter Alexander Rupert Carrington
Carrington resigns and is replaced as Foreign Secretary by Francis Pym
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
British Government announces it will impose a 200-mile exclusion zone around the Islands on 26 April
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
Aircraft carriers Hermes and Invincible set sail from Portsmouth
Exclusion Zone
British Government announces it will impose a 200-mile exclusion zone around the Islands on 26 April
Exclusion Zone
Announces a 200-mile maritime exclusion zone.
Resignation of Peter Alexander Rupert Carrington
Carrington resigns and is replaced as Foreign Secretary by Francis Pym
Reagan approves Haig peace mission
Reagan approves Haig peace mission
Appointment as Foreign Secretary
Appointed Foreign Secretary after Lord Carrington resigned following the Argentine invasion of the Falkland Islands, taking responsibility for Britain's diplomatic response during the crisis.
Opening Message to Alexander Haig
Writes to Alexander Haig stressing close Anglo-American cooperation, demanding Argentine withdrawal and restoration of British administration while describing United States influence as critical to the diplomatic effort.
Chief of Defence Staff
Advises the War Cabinet on military strategy.
War Cabinet
The British Government sets up a War Cabinet to provide day-to-day political oversight of the campaign
War Cabinet
Creates a small War Cabinet for daily campaign control.
First Commons Falklands Debate as Foreign Secretary
Opens a Commons debate less than two days after taking office, acknowledging the circumstances of Carrington's departure and the exceptional responsibility created by the Falklands crisis.
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
A task force is sent by Britain to recapture the Falkland Islands from Argentina
Reagan approves the Haig peace mission
Reagan approves the Haig peace mission
BIM 5 Arrives
Arrives with the 5th Marine Infantry Battalion to reinforce the Argentine defence of Stanley.
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Minister
Downing Street Meeting with Haig
Joins Margaret Thatcher and Alexander Haig at Downing Street as the British government sets out its demand for Argentine withdrawal and considers possible diplomatic formulas.
Private Meeting with Alexander Haig
Meets Alexander Haig at the Foreign Office before Haig travels to Buenos Aires, discussing withdrawal, administration and possible American mediation between Britain and Argentina.
Visit to London
The Haig peace mission arrives in London
Visit to Buenos Aires
The Haig peace mission arrives in Buenos Aires
Second Haig Mission Talks
Participates in renewed Downing Street discussions after Haig returns from Buenos Aires, examining Argentine positions, British requirements and possible terms for avoiding a military confrontation.
Declaration of Exclusion Zone
The maritime exclusion zone comes into operation
Exclusion Zone
200 mile maritime exclusion zone around the Islands declared by Britain to prevent Argentine reinforcements and supplies reaching the Islands from the mainland
Visit to London
The Haig peace mission arrives in London, 2nd time
Argentine Autonomy Proposal Review
Discusses with Haig a new Argentine formulation involving autonomy and United Nations decolonisation language, treating it as movement from Buenos Aires that still required British examination.
Early Morning Haig Consultation
Speaks with Haig shortly after 1 a.m. as negotiations encounter Argentine objections, agreeing that the diplomatic stakes are high and further consultation with Thatcher is necessary.
Final Haig Consultation Before Departure
Agrees to meet Haig privately before the American Secretary leaves London, allowing another detailed exchange on revised ideas before Haig reports to President Reagan.
Invasion of Falklands
The Argentine fleet leaves Puerto Belgrano
Mobilization
The Argentine fleet leaves Puerto Belgrano
Diplomatic Plan at London
Argentina rejects Haig's 5 point peace plan and London is informed
Returns to London to brief President Reagan
Returns to London to brief President Reagan
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
Reagan terminates Haig's peace mission, declares US support for Britain, imposes economic sanctions on Argentina, and offers Britain materiel and other aid. British destroyer group takes up holding position in mid-Atlantic
Visit to Buenos Aires
The Haig peace mission arrives in Buenos Aires, 2nd time
United Nations
Defines rules of engagement as self-defense under United Nations Charter Article 41
Constitution Act
Proclaims patriation of the Constitution and the Charter of Rights.
Operation Sutton Planning
Plans the land campaign with naval commanders.
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
Admiral Sir John Fieldhouse chairs conference at Ascension Island with Admiral Sandy Woodward and 3 Commando Brigade which sets out detailed plans for the retaking of the Islands by force
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
The main task force sails south from Ascension Island. Admiral Sir John Fieldhouse chairs conference at Ascension Island with Admiral Sandy Woodward and 3 Commando Brigade which sets out detailed plans for the retaking of the Islands by force
Ascension Conference
Chairs planning talks with Woodward and Thompson.
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
Admiral Sir John Fieldhouse chairs conference at Ascension Island with Admiral Sandy Woodward and 3 Commando Brigade which sets out detailed plans for the retaking of the Islands by force
Diplomatic Plan at Buenos Aires
Presents the Junta with a 5 point peace plan
Revised Argentine Text Received
Receives Haig's report of a revised Argentine negotiating text and is informed that, although still unsatisfactory, Washington believes it shows movement toward a potentially workable settlement.
Salisbury Renamed Harare
The capital is officially renamed Harare on the second independence anniversary.
Agreement on Transfer sovereignty by 31 December 1982 and
Argentina rejects Haigs plan unless Britain agrees to transfer sovereignty by 31 December 1982 and allow Argentine nationals to settle in the Islands. Argentina rejects Haigs 5 point peace plan & London is informed
Rule of Falkland Islands
Argentina rejects Haigs plan unless Britain agrees to transfer sovereignty by 31 December 1982 and allow Argentine nationals to settle in the Islands
Sanctions
President Ronald Reagan reinstates the trade embargo with Cuba
Buenos Aires Proposal Assessment
Receives Haig's current negotiating text from Buenos Aires together with the American assessment that it retreats from earlier understandings on withdrawal, interim administration and long-term negotiations.
Declaration of Exclusion Zone
The exclusion zone comes into force
Sovereignty Diplomacy
Argentina rejects Haig's plan unless Britain agrees to transfer sovereignty by 31 December 1982 and allow Argentine nationals to settle in the Islands
Sanctions
President Ronald Reagan reinstates the trade embargo with Cuba
Trade Embargo
President Ronald Reagan reinstates the trade embargo with Cuba
Agreement on Transfer sovereignty by 31 December 1982 and
Argentina rejects Haigs plan unless Britain agrees to transfer sovereignty by 31 December 1982 and allow Argentine nationals to settle in the Islands
Diplomatic Plan at Buenos Aires
Argentina rejects Haigs 5 point peace plan & London is informed
Acceptance of Washington Talks Invitation
Agrees to travel to Washington for two days of talks after Haig asks for direct discussions to identify Britain's negotiating bottom line and avoid diplomatic stalemate.
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
British War Cabinet orders repossession of Islands
War Cabinet Order
Orders the repossession of the Falkland Islands.
Derelict Land Policy
Addresses the Commons on derelict-land reclamation policy.
London Docklands Development Corporation
Addresses Commons questions on the London Docklands Development Corporation.
Operation Paraquet
The first landings of SAS troops took place, the weather is so bad that their landings and others made the next day are all withdrawn after several helicopters crash into the Fortuna glacier
Invasion of South Georgia
The South Georgia operation begins
Fortuna Glacier Flight
Pilots HMS Antrim's Wessex during the difficult special-forces operation on Fortuna Glacier.
Fortuna Glacier SAS Insertion
Serves as observer in HMS Antrim's Wessex helicopter during the hazardous insertion of SAS troops onto Fortuna Glacier.
Operation Paraquet
SAS landings on Fortuna Glacier are abandoned in bad weather.
Bombing of PLO
Strikes the PLO in Lebanon as retaliation for PLO guerrilla activities within Israel
Visit to Washington
Travels to Washington for direct talks with Alexander Haig on the American peace proposals, British withdrawal requirements and arrangements for interim administration of the Falkland Islands.
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
British task force arrives in Falklands waters
Fortuna Glacier Mass Rescue
Pilots the overloaded Wessex that rescues SAS troops and helicopter crews from severe weather on the glacier.
Fortuna Glacier Rescue Crew
Serves in the Wessex crew during the rescue of SAS soldiers and stranded helicopter personnel from Fortuna Glacier.
Fortuna Glacier Rescue
Helps navigate the Wessex during the rescue of SAS personnel and crews from two helicopters lost on Fortuna Glacier.
Invasion of Falklands
Britain warns Argentina that any military or civilian ship or aircraft representing a threat to the task force will be destroyed
Falkland Islands Framework Review
Works through the proposed Falkland Islands Framework with Haig and senior officials paragraph by paragraph, testing provisions on withdrawal, interim administration and the islands' future status.
Operation Paraquet
A submarine alert is sounded and operations are halted, with the Tidespring being withdrawn to deeper water to avoid interception
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
Britain warns Argentina that any military or civilian ship or aircraft representing a threat to the task force will be destroyed
Washington Negotiations Report
Returns with the American framework and gives Thatcher and senior colleagues a full report on the Washington negotiations, including unresolved concerns about Argentine participation in interim administration.
Return of Sinai
Receives most remaining occupied Sinai territory after Israel completes its scheduled withdrawal.
Invasion of Falklands
South Georgia is recaptured & the nation is told to "rejoice!"
Operation Paraquet
After a short forced march by the British force ordered by Sheridan, the Argentine forces surrendered without resistance, Prime Minister Thatcher breaks the news to the media, telling them to "Just rejoice at that news!"
Capture of South Georgia
Announces the recovery of South Georgia.
Capture of South Georgia
South Georgia recaptured by Royal Marines - Thatcher tells Britain to "rejoice"
ARA Santa Fe Attack
Pilots the Wessex during the attack that helps disable ARA Santa Fe near South Georgia.
ARA Santa Fe Attack
Serves in the Wessex crew whose depth-charge attack severely damages the Argentine submarine ARA Santa Fe.
South Georgia Air Support
Continues helicopter operations supporting British forces during the recapture of South Georgia.
Operation Paraquet
Leads British forces as South Georgia is retaken.
Capture of South Georgia
South Georgia is recaptured from the Argentinians
Camp David Agreement
In accordance with Camp David agreements, Israel completes the Sinai withdrawal
Rule of Sinai
In accordance with Camp David agreements, Israel completes the Sinai withdrawal
Camp David Agreement
Ariel Sharon, as defense minister, directs the dismantling of Israeli settlements in the Sinai Peninsula
Rule of Sinai
Ariel Sharon, as defense minister, directs the dismantling of Israeli settlements in the Sinai Peninsula
Leith Surrender
Surrenders the Argentine detachment at Leith Harbour after British forces retake South Georgia.
Tug of War
Produces Tug of War, reuniting with Paul McCartney for a successful early-1980s album.
Guarantee Proposal Withdrawn
Accepts Haig's judgment that the proposed American security guarantee has little chance of agreement and returns to the latest Washington framework as the basis for further negotiations.
United States Security Guarantee Proposal
After Britain retakes South Georgia, proposes that Argentina withdraw from the Falklands while the United States militarily guarantees the islands' security during a renewed diplomatic process.
Falklands Task Force
Admiral Woodward's task group rendezvous with mid-Atlantic destroyers
Declaration of Defence Area
A "defence area" is declared around the fleet
Defence Area
Declares a defence area around the British fleet.
Task Group Rendezvous
Rendezvous with destroyers moving south.
Operation Sutton
Operation Sutton is presented to the cabinet
Invasion of Falklands
Organisation of American States supports Argentina's sovereignty claim but calls for peaceful negotiations
Organisation of American States
Organisation of American States supports Argentina's sovereignty claim but calls for peaceful negotiations
Rule of Falkland Islands
Organisation of American States supports Argentina's sovereignty claim but calls for peaceful negotiations
OAS Resolution Response
Thanks Haig for American efforts at the OAS but rejects provisions limiting British self-defence, urging Washington to defend Security Council Resolution 502 against competing diplomatic initiatives.
Diplomatic Proposal
Argentina rejects Haig proposals
Reservations on United States Peace Proposal
Communicates fundamental British reservations about the American peace proposal while stopping short of rejecting it, allowing Washington to present Argentina as the party refusing the negotiated framework.
Mobilization
The task force arrives at the exclusion zone
Alliance Reagan declares US for Britain
Reagan declares US for Britain and promises "materiel aid"
Exclusion Zone
Maritime exclusion zone is declared a total exclusion zone, applicable to all ships and aircraft supporting the Argentine occupation of the Islands
International Sanctions at London
Reagan terminates Haig's peace mission, declares US support for Britain, imposes economic sanctions on Argentina, and offers Britain materiel and other aid
Total Exclusion Zone
Extends restrictions to ships and aircraft supporting Argentina.
International Sanctions at Falkland Islands
Reagan terminates Haigs peace mission, declares US support for Britain, imposes economic sanctions on Argentina, and offers Britain materiel and other aid
Alliance Ronald Wilson Reagan and for Britain
Reagan declares US support for Britain & promises "material aid"
International Sanctions
Reagan terminates Haigs peace mission, declares US support for Britain, imposes economic sanctions on Argentina, and offers Britain materiel and other aid
Naval Campaign Direction
Directs the Argentine Navy during the opening naval phase of the Falklands conflict.
Air Force War Direction
Directs the Argentine Air Force as it prepares for combat against the approaching British task force.
Tumbledown Defence Assigned
Deploys BIM 5 across Mount Tumbledown, Mount William and Sapper Hill as part of the Stanley defensive perimeter.
Apostadero Naval Malvinas Established
Takes command of the naval support installation created at Stanley after Operation Rosario.
Naval Logistics at Stanley
Coordinates naval support and logistics for Argentine surface units operating from Stanley during the occupation.
Leith Harbour Garrison
Commands the Argentine detachment remaining at Leith Harbour during the South Georgia crisis.
South Georgia Garrison Duty
Remains involved in Argentine garrison operations on South Georgia after the initial fighting.
European Cup Semi-Final
Villa eliminates Anderlecht to reach its first European Cup final.
Naval Losses
Vulnerable to Argentine aircraft, both carrier and land based, missile armed surface ships and submarines Woodward's approval is given to sink any Argentine warships outside Argentine territorial waters
HMS Conqueror Deployment
As the Royal Navy mobilizes for the Falklands campaign, the nuclear-powered submarine HMS Conqueror sails from Faslane before the main carrier force departs.
Merchant Shipping Request
Requests merchant shipping support for Operation Corporate because the Royal Navy alone does not possess enough transport capacity for the rapid deployment.
Merchant Troop Transport
The naval plan Leach advocates depends on requisitioned civilian vessels to carry substantial elements of the landing force toward the South Atlantic.
Naval Lift Shortfall
Recognizes that the fleet requires civilian shipping to move troops, equipment, supplies, and specialist support over the long South Atlantic route.
SS Canberra Support
The merchant-shipping mobilization requested under Leach's naval response helps bring SS Canberra into Operation Corporate as a major troop transport.
Ships Taken Up From Trade
Supports the rapid use of ships taken up from trade to augment Royal Navy and Royal Fleet Auxiliary capacity for the Falklands campaign.
Sea Harrier Squadron Command
Commands 801 Naval Air Squadron aboard HMS Invincible during the Falklands air campaign.
SAS Deployment to Task Force
Commands 22 SAS as the regiment deploys with the British task force for operations in the South Atlantic.
ARA Santa Fe Explosive Clearance
Leads a five-man diving team clearing explosives and hazardous material from the damaged Argentine submarine ARA Santa Fe.
South Georgia Helicopter Operations
Participates in HMS Antrim's Wessex operations during the campaign to recover South Georgia.
Operation Paraquet Aircrew
Serves throughout the opening South Georgia phase aboard HMS Antrim's Wessex HAS.3 helicopter Humphrey.
South Georgia Special Forces
Commands D Squadron, 22 SAS, during special-forces operations connected with the recapture of South Georgia.
Ajax First-Team Debut
Makes his Ajax first-team debut and scores after coming on as a substitute for Johan Cruyff.
Premiership Ends
Thiam leaves office when the prime ministership is abolished again
Prime Minister Office Abolished
Diouf abolishes the prime ministership and consolidates executive authority
Government
Peace talks in the Middle East collapse when Jordan withdraws
Arrest of Leopoldo Galtieri
Sentenced to sixty days imprisonment
Academy Award
Wins 8 Oscars for "Ghandi", more than any other British film
Let's Dance
Releases Let's Dance, a Nile Rodgers-produced album that gives him his biggest commercial success.
United States Embassy Bombing
A suicide bombing destroys much of the United States Embassy in Beirut, adding a major international security crisis to the challenges confronting President Amin Gemayel's government.
Government
39 die in a bomb explosion at the US Embassy in Beirut
Arrest of Lech Walesa
Walesa returns to work at the Lenin Shipyard
Diplomatic Negotiations at Moscow
The US announces readiness to negotiate long term grain sales to Russia
Government
The US announces readiness to negotiate long term grain sales to Russia
Political Parties
Turkeys military Government permits the foundation of political parties
Election
The Socialists lose their absolute majority in the Nationalrat, Kreisky declines to form a minority Government and resigns, nominating Fred Sinowatz, his Minister of Education, as his successor
Resignation of Bruno Kreisky
The Socialists lose their absolute majority in the Nationalrat, Kreisky declines to form a minority Government and resigns, nominating Fred Sinowatz, his Minister of Education, as his successor
Amnesty International
Sentenced to 14 years in prison, the verdict is strongly criticised by Western human rights organisations, including Amnesty International and Helsinki Watch, claiming the case was based on communist propaganda
Arrest of Alija Izetbegovic
Accused of intending to create "an ethnically pure Muslim Bosnia-Herzegovina".
Arrest of Alija Izetbegovic
Izetbegovic & 12 other Bosniak activists (including Melika Salihbegovic, Edhem Bicakcic, Omer Behmen, Mustafa Spahic and Hasan Cengic) are tried before a Sarajevo communist court for "hostile activity inspired by Muslim nationalism".
Arrest of Alija Izetbegovic
Sentenced to 14 years in prison, the verdict is strongly criticised by Western human rights organisations, including Amnesty International and Helsinki Watch, claiming the case was based on communist propaganda.
Helsinki Watch
Sentenced to 14 years in prison, the verdict is strongly criticised by Western human rights organisations, including Amnesty International and Helsinki Watch, claiming the case was based on communist propaganda
Politics
Sentenced to 14 years in prison, the verdict is strongly criticised by Western human rights organisations, including Amnesty International and Helsinki Watch, claiming the case was based on communist propaganda
Pulp Debut Album It
Releases Pulp's debut mini-album It.
Indian Manned Spaceflight
Satish Dhawan leads ISRO when Rakesh Sharma begins the first spaceflight by an Indian citizen aboard Soyuz T-11.
Coup
General Conte assumes power in Guinea
Rakesh Sharma Spaceflight
Rakesh Sharma becomes the first Indian citizen to travel into space aboard the Soviet Soyuz T-11 mission.
The NeverEnding Story
Directs The NeverEnding Story.
Strike
London demonstration in support of the miners
Zee
Rick Wright releases a self-titled album of his collaboration with Dave Harris, "Zee"
5.01 a.m. (The Pros And Cons Of Hitch Hiking)
Roger Waters releases his first solo single, "5.01 a.m. (The Pros And Cons Of Hitch Hiking)"
Strike
Scargill vetoes a national ballot on the miners strike
Strike
Scargill vetoes a national ballot on the miners strike
Operation Meghdoot
India launches Operation Meghdoot and deploys troops to secure strategic positions on the Siachen Glacier.
Bilafond La Deployment
Sanjay Kulkarni reaches Bilafond La during Operation Meghdoot as Indian troops establish positions on the Saltoro Ridge.
Yvonne Fletcher Shooting
A shot from the Libyan diplomatic mission kills police officer Yvonne Fletcher during a protest.
NUM Conference Rejects Ballot
Delegates at a special conference supported continuing action without a new national strike ballot.
Siachen Armed Clash
Pakistani and Indian troops clash on the Siachen front after both sides establish positions in the high mountains.
Yorkshire Coal For Steel
Yorkshire NUM leader Jack Taylor helped arrange limited coal supplies for the steel industry.
Strike
The NUM Special Delegate Conference votes to reduce the majority needed for a strike
President of Iceland
Appointed President of Iceland, 2nd term
Siachen Conflict
Zia-ul-Haq's government deploys Pakistani forces after India occupies key positions on the Saltoro Ridge near Siachen.
Heathrow
Opens Terminal 4 at Heathrow airport
Deportation
The US charges Israel with violating the Geneva Convention for deporting Shiites
Government
The US charges Israel with violating the Geneva Convention for deporting Shiites
Begins an 11 day tour of the Far East
Begins an 11 day tour of the Far East
Assassination of Shahnawaz Bhutto
Benazir Bhuttos brother Shahnawaz is killed under suspicious circumstances in France
Armament
Russia announces a unilateral freeze of medium-range nuclear missiles
Nuclear Power
Russia announces a unilateral freeze of medium-range nuclear missiles
Nuclear Power
Announces the suspension of the deployment of SS-20 missiles in Europe
Economy of Japan
Nakasone advises the Japanese to buy foreign products
Nakasone advises the Japanese to buy foreign products
Nakasone advises the Japanese to buy foreign products
Chief Minister of Punjab
Nawaz Sharif becomes Chief Minister of Punjab after non-party elections.
Death of Enver Hoxha
Death of Enver Hoxha
Death of Enver Hoxha
Death of Enver Hoxha
Death of Enver Hoxha
Death of Enver Hoxha ends four decades of party leadership
Government
The US announces that Reagan will visit a Nazi cemetery
First Secretary
Appointed party leader after the death of Enver Hoxha
Debut
Makes his first team debut at home to Queens Park Rangers, coming on as a substitute
Pravda
Pravda calls Regans visit to Bitburg Nazi cemetry an "act of blasphemy"
Visit to Bitburg
Pravda calls Regans visit to Bitburg Nazi cemetry an "act of blasphemy"
Reform of Racial Laws
South Africa pledges to abolish bans on mixed-race sex
Politburo
Appointed Member of Politburo
Politburo
Appointed Member of Politburo
Politburo
Appointed Member of Politburo
European Semi Final Comeback
Andy Gray scores during Evertonโs 3โ1 victory over Bayern Munich in the European Cup Winnersโ Cup semi-final second leg, helping the club reach the final.
Government
Reagan stands by his plans to lay a wreath on the graves of Nazi SS soldiers
European Fighter Aircraft
Addresses Commons questions on the European Fighter Aircraft programme.
Strategic Defence Initiative
Addresses Commons questions on British policy toward the United States Strategic Defence Initiative.
Transfer to Central Committee Apparatus
Moves from Sverdlovsk to Moscow to head the Communist Party Central Committee construction department.
Constitution of Uruguay
The National Agreement is signed by the Colorado Party, National Party, Broad Front and Union Civica
National Agreement
The National Agreement is signed by the Colorado Party, National Party, Broad Front and Union Civica
Union Civica
The Union Civica joins the National Agreement with the main parties after the democratic transition
Berlin Discotheque Bombing Allegation
The United States accuses Libya of directing the bombing of the La Belle discotheque.
Government
A bomb kills 2 US servicemen in West Berlin, Libyan involvement is suspected
Government
Requests permission from Margaret Thatcher to use US aircraft in Britain to bomb Libya
Mayor Election
Wins election as mayor of Carmel-by-the-Sea, California.
Bombing of Libya
Agrees to President Reagan's request to use US aircraft based in Britain to bomb Libya. Agreed due to US support in the Falklands & Article 51 of the United Nations Treaty
Demonstrations
Disorders in Tbilisi, 20 demonstrators are killed by Soviet troops
Death of Simone de Beauvoir
Simone de Beauvoir dies in Paris, aged seventy-eight.
Bombing of Libya
The US confirms that it will be using British bases to bomb Libya. Carried out by 16 F1-11s based in the UK on 5 terrorist targets
Government
Carried out by 16 F1-11s based in the UK on 5 terrorist targets. A US air strike is launched against Libya in retaliation for its acts of terrorism
Bombing of Tripoli
The US uses Britain as a base to launch an 11 minute attack on Gadaffis HQ in Tripoli
Operation El Dorado Canyon
The United States attacks Libyan facilities after linking the government to international terrorism.
United States Bombing of Benghazi
United States aircraft strike military targets around Benghazi during Operation El Dorado Canyon.
United States Bombing of Tripoli
Gaddafi survives United States air strikes on Tripoli during Operation El Dorado Canyon.
European Communities Amendment Bill
Explains the Single European Act to the House of Commons while moving legislation needed to give its treaty changes effect in United Kingdom law.
Death of Wallis Simpson
Death of Wallis Simpson
Fomin Continued Unit Operation Permission
Permits Unit 4 to continue operating at reduced power while preparations for the planned test and maintenance shutdown continue.
Dyatlov Grid Delay Response
Remains responsible for the planned Unit 4 shutdown after grid dispatchers delay further power reduction during the afternoon of 25 April.
Dyatlov Night Shift Test Briefing
Reviews the remaining test work with outgoing supervisor Yuri Tregub and incoming supervisor Alexander Akimov before the final shutdown sequence.
Dyatlov Returns for Resumed Shutdown
Returns to Unit 4 late on 25 April after being informed that the delayed reactor power reduction can resume.
Dyatlov Test Supervision Begins
Supervises preparations for the Unit 4 turbine rundown test during the planned reactor shutdown.
Ignatenko Injured Firefighter Assistance
Helps weakened colleagues descend from the roof after they begin showing severe radiation sickness symptoms.
Ignatenko Pripyat Fire Crew Response
Responds from Pripyat as part of Viktor Kibenok's firefighting unit during the first hours of the disaster.
Ignatenko Unit Three Roof Firefighting
Fights fires on the roof areas near Unit 3 where radioactive debris from Unit 4 has landed.
Birth of Prince Philippos
Prince Philippos, the youngest child of Constantine II and Anne-Marie, is born in London.
Davletbayev Accident Survival
Survives his involvement in the immediate response inside the damaged turbine and reactor complex.
Davletbayev Electrical Damage Report
Reports loss of electrical power, torn cables and electrical arcing after inspecting the damaged turbine hall.
Davletbayev Turbine Fire Assessment
Assesses multiple fires and damaged systems in the turbine building during the first emergency response.
Davletbayev Turbine Hall Response
Moves into the turbine hall with colleagues after the explosion to assess fires and equipment damage.
Telyatnikov Emergency Callout
Responds to the Chernobyl emergency and travels to the plant after learning of the Unit 4 fire.
Telyatnikov Fireground Command
Takes overall command of firefighting operations around Units 3 and 4 during the early morning emergency.
Telyatnikov Radiation Illness
Develops symptoms of severe radiation exposure after spending hours directing firefighting operations at the plant.
Telyatnikov Reactor Fire Reconnaissance
Inspects the fire situation while crews work on roofs and plant structures threatened by burning radioactive debris.
Telyatnikov Unit Three Protection
Coordinates efforts intended to prevent fires from spreading to the still-intact Unit 3 reactor building.
Kostin Destroyed Reactor Image
Produces one of the earliest widely known photographic records showing the destruction of Unit 4.
Kostin First Chernobyl Aerial Photography
Flies over the destroyed plant and photographs the exposed Unit 4 reactor during the first day of the disaster.
Kostin Radiation-Damaged Film
Finds that intense radiation has damaged most of the photographic film exposed during his early Chernobyl flight.
Fomin Accident Cleanup Participation
Participates in the early management of cleanup and stabilization work after the destruction of Unit 4.
Fomin Continuous Water Order
Orders personnel to continue feeding water toward the damaged reactor while management still believes cooling may be possible.
Fomin Emergency Arrival
Arrives during the early morning emergency and joins senior plant management handling the Unit 4 accident.
Fomin Emergency Staffing Coordination
Coordinates replacement personnel and technical staff as the plant attempts to maintain essential systems during the expanding emergency.
Fomin Learns of Unit Four Accident
Learns of the Unit 4 accident at about four in the morning and travels to the plant to join the emergency response.
Fomin Reactor Destruction Report Received
Receives Sitnikov's report that the Unit 4 reactor has been destroyed after the inspection.
Fomin Reassigns Personnel to Unit Four
Transfers additional staff to Unit 4 as radiation exposure and injuries remove members of the original operating team from duty.
Fomin Receives Initial Reactor Status Report
Receives early reports indicating that the reactor may still be intact despite growing evidence of catastrophic structural damage.
Fomin Sitnikov Inspection Order
Directs Anatoly Sitnikov to inspect the damaged reactor area and determine the condition of Unit 4.
Bryukhanov Emergency Arrival
Arrives at the plant after the Unit 4 explosion and takes part in the emergency management response.
Bryukhanov Moscow Accident Report
Passes early information about the accident through the Soviet nuclear-management chain toward Moscow.
Bryukhanov Plant Bunker Command
Works from the plant emergency bunker as incomplete reports underestimate the extent of reactor destruction and radiation.
Bryukhanov Reactor Damage Confirmation
Receives increasingly clear evidence that the Unit 4 reactor has been destroyed despite earlier assumptions that it remained intact.
Chernobyl Initial Briefings
Receives initial government briefings as Soviet authorities begin assessing the scale of the Chernobyl reactor accident.
Shcherbina Arrival in Pripyat
Arrives in the Chernobyl area to lead the Government Commission during the first day of the emergency.
Shcherbina Chernobyl Commission Chairmanship
Is appointed chairman of the Soviet Government Commission created to investigate and manage the Chernobyl disaster.
Legasov Armoured Vehicle Inspection
Approaches the damaged reactor in an armoured vehicle to obtain a closer assessment of Unit 4 and the surrounding radiation conditions.
Legasov Arrival in Pripyat
Arrives in Pripyat during the afternoon and begins evaluating the destroyed reactor and radiological conditions.
Legasov Commission Technical Briefing
Briefs other members of the Government Commission on the reactor condition and the technical dangers posed by radioactive releases.
Legasov Departure for Chernobyl
Leaves Moscow as a member of the newly formed Government Commission assigned to investigate and respond to the Chernobyl accident.
Legasov Government Commission Appointment
Joins the Soviet Government Commission sent to investigate the Chernobyl accident and direct technical response measures.
Legasov Initial Reactor Inspection
Examines the condition of Unit 4 and helps the Government Commission establish the seriousness of the reactor destruction.
Legasov Journey to Ukraine
Travels with the Government Commission to Ukraine while officials gather the first reliable information about the scale of the reactor accident.
Legasov Meeting with Shcherbina
Meets Government Commission chairman Boris Shcherbina before travelling with the commission toward the Chernobyl disaster zone.
Legasov Radiation Assessment
Reviews radiation measurements from around the plant as the commission determines the hazards facing workers and nearby residents.
Legasov Reactor Criticality Assessment
Is tasked with assessing whether the destroyed reactor could become critical again and cause further energy release.
Legasov Reactor Emission Assessment
Evaluates the source and intensity of emissions from the destroyed Unit 4 core for the Government Commission.
Legasov Reactor Shutdown Confirmation
Helps establish from observations and technical evidence that the destroyed reactor is no longer operating as a functioning nuclear reactor.
Dyatlov 200 MW Test Continuation
Accepts carrying out the test after reactor power is stabilized at roughly 200 megawatts thermal.
Dyatlov Backup Control Room Check
Checks the backup control area and attempts further shutdown actions after the Unit 4 explosions.
Dyatlov External Damage Survey
Goes outside with radiation-monitoring staff to inspect damage around the destroyed Unit 4 building.
Dyatlov Low-Power Test Decision
Supports continuing the turbine rundown test after reactor power falls far below the originally intended level.
Dyatlov Manual Control Rod Order
Orders personnel to investigate whether jammed control rods can be lowered manually after the explosions disrupt the normal drive mechanisms.
Dyatlov Manual Rod Order Cancelled
Abandons the attempted manual control-rod intervention after the scale of structural destruction makes the task impractical and dangerous.
Dyatlov Operating Logs Collected
Collects operating records from the control room before leaving to report the developing situation to senior plant management.
Dyatlov Post-Explosion Cooling Order
Orders emergency efforts to keep water flowing toward the damaged reactor after the explosions.
Dyatlov Radiation Sickness Symptoms
Develops weakness and vomiting after prolonged exposure in contaminated plant areas during the first hours following the accident.
Dyatlov Sends Injured Workers for Treatment
Directs injured workers encountered in the plant corridors toward medical treatment as the emergency response spreads through the damaged unit.
Dyatlov Turbine Hall Damage Inspection
Observes fallen roofing, fires and leaking oil while examining damage in and around the turbine-hall area after the explosions.
Dyatlov Turbine Rundown Supervision
Remains in the Unit 4 control room as the turbine rundown test begins at 01:23.
Dyatlov Unit Four Staff Reduction
Orders personnel no longer needed in the Unit 4 control room to move away from the increasingly hazardous operating area.
Dyatlov Unit Three Shutdown Order
Orders Unit 3 to be shut down as the scale of the emergency around Unit 4 becomes clearer.
Sitnikov Cooling Assistance
Assists continuing efforts to establish cooling water flows after confirming the catastrophic reactor damage.
Sitnikov Emergency Duty Call
Is called into the plant during the emergency as senior engineering staff gather to assess Unit 4.
Sitnikov Reactor Destroyed Report
Reports to senior plant management that Unit 4 has been destroyed after carrying out his inspection.
Sitnikov Reactor Roof Inspection
Inspects the damaged reactor area from an elevated position despite extremely dangerous radiation levels.
Nuclear Power
Reporting restrictions are restored, only Tass bulletins are published
Kudryavtsev Control Room Observation
Observes Unit 4 operations as a reactor-control trainee during the night of the accident.
Kudryavtsev Manual Rod Mission
Is sent with Viktor Proskuryakov toward the reactor hall to investigate and attempt manual control-rod action.
Kudryavtsev Reactor Destruction Report
Returns after seeing the devastated reactor area and reports that Unit 4 has been destroyed.
Kudryavtsev Reactor Hall Approach
Climbs through the damaged building and approaches the reactor hall despite intense radiation and structural destruction.
Proskuryakov Control Room Observation
Observes Unit 4 operations as a reactor-control trainee during the turbine rundown test.
Proskuryakov Damage Report
Returns from the reactor area and reports catastrophic damage to personnel in the Unit 4 control room.
Proskuryakov Manual Rod Mission
Accompanies Aleksandr Kudryavtsev toward the reactor hall to investigate the control-rod mechanism after the explosions.
Proskuryakov Reactor Hall Inspection
Reaches the damaged reactor-hall area and sees the destruction around the exposed Unit 4 core.
Perevozchenko Control Room Arrival
Reaches the Unit 4 control room after the explosions and reports extensive damage in the reactor section.
Perevozchenko Control Room Damage Warning
Reports back that the reactor area is destroyed after entering zones with extremely high radiation levels.
Perevozchenko Dosimetry Request
Seeks radiation information from dosimetry staff while moving through the damaged Unit 4 building.
Perevozchenko Khodemchuk Search
Searches highly contaminated areas near the collapsed pump hall in an attempt to locate Valery Khodemchuk.
Perevozchenko Reactor Hall Mission
Moves toward the reactor hall with trainees attempting to determine whether manual control-rod action is possible.
Akimov Ambulance Request
Requests medical assistance as injured workers and firefighters begin showing the effects of burns, trauma and intense radiation exposure.
Akimov Automatic Regulator Transition
Oversees the control room when transfer to the automatic regulating system is followed by an unexpected collapse in reactor power.
Akimov Continued Power Reduction
Supervises the continued reduction of Unit 4 power after the reactor reaches about 720 megawatts thermal shortly after midnight.
Akimov Control-Rod Stall Response
Responds when the emergency shutdown rods stop before full insertion and attempts further action through the control-rod drive system.
Akimov Department Chief Notifications
Contacts electrical and other plant department chiefs to obtain power, cooling support and other resources required for emergency stabilization.
Akimov Electrical Damage Briefing
Receives Razim Davletbayev's report of lost electrical power, torn cables and electrical arcing in the damaged turbine area.
Akimov Emergency Feedwater Direction
Instructs operators to start emergency feedwater equipment because the control room still believes reactor cooling may be possible.
Akimov Emergency Shutdown Action
Orders the AZ-5 emergency shutdown as Unit 4 enters the final seconds before the destructive power surge.
Akimov Feedwater Valve Work
Works with Leonid Toptunov on manual feedwater valves in contaminated plant areas after normal cooling controls become unusable.
Akimov Fire Brigade Call
Summons the plant fire service after the explosions and begins contacting specialist departments needed for the emergency.
Akimov Left-Circuit Pump Startup
Supervises the test configuration as a standby main circulation pump is started in the left cooling circuit at about 01:03.
Akimov Low-Power Test Concern
Questions the safety of continuing after reactor output falls unexpectedly to a very low level during test preparations.
Akimov Metlenko Valve Mission
Sends Igor Metlenko toward the turbine hall to assist with manual opening of cooling-system valves after electrical controls fail.
Akimov Midnight Shift Handover
Assumes responsibility for the Unit 4 night shift at midnight after the turbine rundown test has been delayed by grid demand.
Akimov Night Shift Command
Takes charge of Unit 4 during the night shift, inheriting responsibility for the delayed turbine rundown test.
Akimov Palamarchuk Communication Mission
Sends Pyotr Palamarchuk to contact radiation-monitoring staff after damaged internal telephone lines disrupt normal plant communications.
Akimov Power Recovery Supervision
Directs control-room work while Leonid Toptunov raises reactor output from the unexpected low-power condition.
Akimov Pripyat Hospital Admission
Is admitted to the hospital in Pripyat after prolonged emergency work at Unit 4 leaves him seriously affected by radiation exposure.
Akimov Pump Failure Indications
Sees control-panel indications showing failed pumps and loss of normal coolant flow immediately after the reactor explosions.
Akimov Reactor Damage Reports
Receives eyewitness reports of catastrophic structural damage while trying to reconcile them with incomplete control-room instrument readings.
Akimov Right-Circuit Pump Startup
Oversees addition of another main circulation pump to the right cooling circuit as preparations for the rundown test continue.
Akimov Steam Drum Level Response
Supervises corrective action as operators increase feedwater flow to recover the falling steam-drum water level before the test.
Akimov Turbine Test Start
Allows the turbine rundown sequence to proceed once the operating team considers preparations complete at about 01:23.
Pikalov Chemical Troops Deployment
Organizes deployment of Soviet chemical-defense troops needed for radiation survey, decontamination and emergency operations.
Pikalov Chernobyl Arrival
Arrives in the Chernobyl area within hours of the explosion to direct specialized military radiological-response units.
Pikalov Radiation Reconnaissance Circuit
Personally conducts radiation reconnaissance around the plant to identify dangerous areas and the direction of contamination.
Antoshkin Chernobyl Helicopter Reconnaissance
Carries out a helicopter reconnaissance flight over the damaged Chernobyl plant shortly after the accident.
Shashenok Death at Pripyat Hospital
Dies at Pripyat hospital without regaining consciousness after being rescued from the damaged Unit 4 building.
Shashenok Explosion Injuries
Suffers severe traumatic, thermal and radiation injuries when the explosion destroys his work area.
Shashenok Instrument Room Duty
Works in an instrument room monitoring turbine and reactor-related systems when Unit 4 explodes.
Shashenok Rescue from Room 604
Is recovered unconscious from the damaged plant by colleagues who carry him from the wrecked instrument area.
Palamarchuk Dosimetrist Contact
Locates radiation-monitoring technician Vladimir Gorbachenko so they can continue the rescue attempt.
Palamarchuk Shashenok Rescue
Helps recover the unconscious Vladimir Shashenok from the damaged Unit 4 area.
Palamarchuk Shashenok Search
Searches for Vladimir Shashenok after communications with his instrument room are lost.
Palamarchuk Turbine Area Evacuation Warning
Warns personnel in the turbine area to leave as fires, structural damage and radiation make continued work dangerous.
Palamarchuk Turbine Hall Inspection
Moves into the turbine hall after the explosions and sees fires, damaged pipes and radioactive debris.
Titenok Pripyat Fire Response
Responds with the Pripyat fire brigade to the Chernobyl plant after the Unit 4 explosion.
Titenok Radiation Collapse
Becomes seriously ill during roof firefighting and is helped down by fellow firefighters.
Titenok Ventilation Roof Firefighting
Fights radioactive fires on the roof near the ventilation block and Unit 3.
Vashchuk Pripyat Brigade Response
Responds with Pripyat firefighters to the burning Unit 4 complex after the reactor explosion.
Vashchuk Radiation Exposure
Receives a severe radiation dose while fighting fires among highly radioactive reactor debris.
Vashchuk Roof Firefighting
Works on roof fires threatening Unit 3 and nearby structures during the first emergency response.
Tishura Acute Radiation Collapse
Collapses after developing severe symptoms during the high-radiation roof firefighting operation.
Tishura Pripyat Fire Brigade Response
Responds with the Pripyat fire brigade to fires around the damaged Unit 4 reactor.
Tishura Unit Three Roof Firefighting
Fights burning radioactive debris on the roof near Unit 3 and the ventilation block.
Khodemchuk Body Unrecovered
Remains missing beneath the destroyed Unit 4 structure because rescuers cannot safely recover his body.
Khodemchuk Killed in Reactor Explosion
Is killed when the Unit 4 explosion destroys part of the main circulation pump building.
Khodemchuk Night Shift Pump Duty
Works in the main circulation pump area of Unit 4 during the night shift before the explosion.
Yuvchenko Explosion Shock Wave
Experiences the blast wave between Units 3 and 4 as doors and walls are damaged by the explosion.
Yuvchenko Exterior Reactor Inspection
Goes outside with Yuri Tregub and sees that a large part of the Unit 4 building has been destroyed.
Yuvchenko Pump Hall Rescue Attempt
Attempts to help after a badly injured pump operator reports that Valery Khodemchuk is missing.
Yuvchenko Reactor Door Support
Holds open a heavy door while colleagues inspect the devastated reactor-hall area.
Yuvchenko Reactor Hall Warning
Warns colleagues that the reactor area has been destroyed when they are sent toward the central hall.
Gorbachenko Dosimetry Duty
Works as a radiation-monitoring technician during the first hours after the Unit 4 explosion.
Gorbachenko Hospital Treatment
Receives medical attention after completing emergency dosimetry and rescue duties during the first response.
Gorbachenko Radiation Burn
Receives radiation exposure while carrying out monitoring and rescue work in highly contaminated areas.
Gorbachenko Radiation Survey with Dyatlov
Accompanies Anatoly Dyatlov during an external inspection of the damaged Unit 4 complex.
Gorbachenko Shashenok Rescue
Helps Pyotr Palamarchuk rescue the badly injured Vladimir Shashenok from the damaged plant.
Toptunov Control Rod Withdrawal
Withdraws control rods as operators attempt to maintain reactor power against xenon poisoning and changing coolant conditions.
Toptunov Emergency Feedwater Work
Operates feedwater valves with Alexander Akimov after the explosion, remaining in contaminated areas while attempting to restore cooling flow.
Toptunov Power Increase Warning
Reports abnormal reactor power behaviour immediately before the emergency shutdown sequence and explosions.
Toptunov Reactor Control Duty
Operates Unit 4 reactor controls during the night shift assigned to carry out the turbine rundown test.
Toptunov Reactor Power Collapse
Responds when reactor power unexpectedly falls to a very low level during transfer of the regulating system.
Toptunov Reactor Power Recovery
Works to restore reactor power until Unit 4 stabilizes at roughly 200 megawatts thermal.
Brazhnik Turbine Emergency Work
Returns to the turbine area and participates in emergency actions around damaged machinery and burning equipment.
Brazhnik Turbine Fire Report
Runs to the control room and reports that fires have broken out in the turbine hall.
Brazhnik Turbine Hall Duty
Works in the turbine section when the Unit 4 explosion damages the adjoining plant structures.
Stolyarchuk Accident Survival
Survives the Unit 4 accident and becomes one of the control-room personnel able to describe the night's events.
Stolyarchuk Coolant System Monitoring
Monitors coolant and feedwater conditions as reactor parameters change during the low-power test preparations.
Stolyarchuk Emergency Feedwater Pump Order
Responds to orders to establish emergency feedwater after the Unit 4 explosions.
Stolyarchuk Post-Explosion Control Room Duty
Remains at his control-room post while operators attempt to understand the damage and stabilize plant systems.
Stolyarchuk Reactor Cooling Effort
Supports efforts intended to maintain water flow toward the damaged reactor during the first hours of the accident.
Stolyarchuk Unit Four Control Duty
Works in the Unit 4 control room during the night of the turbine rundown test.
Tregub Control Room Damage Report
Returns toward the control room to report the severe destruction observed around the reactor building.
Tregub Emergency Response Survival
Survives his involvement in the immediate Unit 4 emergency response after receiving radiation exposure at the site.
Tregub Post-Explosion Inspection
Moves through the damaged plant with colleagues after the explosions to assess the condition of Unit 4.
Tregub Reactor Destruction Observation
Sees the extensive destruction outside Unit 4 and recognizes that the reactor building has suffered catastrophic damage.
Tregub Remains for Test
Remains near Unit 4 after his shift so he can observe the turbine rundown test and assist if required.
Tregub Shift Handover
Hands responsibility for Unit 4 to the incoming night shift while remaining at the plant during the delayed test.
Pravik First Fire Crew Arrival
Leads one of the first firefighting crews to reach the damaged Unit 4 complex after the alarm.
Pravik Major Fire Alarm
Calls for extensive reinforcements after recognizing that fires threaten multiple structures around the reactor.
Pravik Turbine Hall Fire Direction
Directs firefighters toward fires affecting the turbine-hall roof and nearby structures.
Pravik Unit Three Roof Team
Leads firefighters onto the roof near Unit 3 to stop burning debris from spreading the fire.
Kibenok Firefighter Rescue Assistance
Helps weakened firefighters descend after radiation sickness symptoms begin affecting crews on the roof.
Kibenok Pripyat Brigade Arrival
Arrives from Pripyat with firefighters responding to the expanding emergency at Units 3 and 4.
Kibenok Roof Firefighting Command
Supervises firefighters tackling highly radioactive burning debris on the roofs near Unit 3.
Kibenok Ventilation Block Deployment
Deploys his crew toward the ventilation-block area after receiving directions from Vladimir Pravik.
Chernobyl Crisis Management
Oversees central government crisis management as evacuation and emergency-response measures expand around Chernobyl.
Shcherbina Pripyat Evacuation Decision
Leads the commission as it orders evacuation of Pripyat and residents within the initial ten-kilometre zone.
Shcherbina Reactor Suppression Coordination
Coordinates government resources as helicopters begin dropping protective materials toward the destroyed Unit 4 reactor.
Legasov Evacuation Support
Supports the decision to remove residents from Pripyat after measurements demonstrate that continued occupation would expose the population to unnecessary radiation.
Legasov Pripyat Evacuation Advice
Participates in commission discussions that lead to evacuation of Pripyat as radiation levels continue rising.
Legasov Reactor Covering Advice
Contributes to technical discussions about covering the exposed reactor with neutron-absorbing and heat-control materials.
Akimov Transfer to Moscow Hospital
Is transferred from Pripyat to specialist treatment in Moscow as the severity of his radiation injuries becomes apparent.
Antoshkin Helicopter Group Organization
Organizes the helicopter group assigned to support emergency operations over the destroyed Unit 4 reactor.
Antoshkin Reactor Material Drops
Directs helicopter crews dropping sand, lead and neutron-absorbing material toward the open reactor.
Chernobyl Evacuation Oversight
Receives reports as Soviet authorities extend evacuation measures beyond Pripyat into the surrounding contaminated region.
Akimov Severe Radiation Syndrome
Shows symptoms consistent with the most severe category of acute radiation syndrome while receiving specialist hospital treatment in Moscow.
Chernobyl Initial IAEA Response
Directs the IAEA's initial international response as information about radioactive releases from Chernobyl begins reaching member states.
Chernobyl Information Policy
Faces growing pressure to provide fuller public information as radioactive fallout from Chernobyl is detected outside the Soviet Union.
Chernobyl Information Request
Seeks authoritative technical information from Soviet authorities about the Chernobyl accident and its radiological consequences.
UEFA Cup Final First-Leg Brace
Scores twice as Real Madrid build a 5-1 first-leg lead over Cologne in the UEFA Cup final.
UEFA Cup Final First-Leg Equaliser
Scores Real Madrid's first goal in the 5-1 UEFA Cup final first-leg victory over Cologne.
Chernobyl Foreign Notification
Approves wider disclosure as the Soviet government acknowledges the Chernobyl accident to foreign governments and international organizations.
Ignatenko Moscow Hospital Treatment
Is transferred to Moscow for specialist treatment after receiving a very high radiation dose at Chernobyl.
Rangers Player-Manager Appointment
Becomes Rangers player-manager and begins a major rebuilding of the club.
Telyatnikov Moscow Treatment
Receives specialist medical treatment for radiation injuries after surviving the first-night firefighting response.
Chernobyl Government Commission
Supports the work of the state commission investigating the causes, consequences and emergency response to the Chernobyl disaster.
Legasov Boron Use Assessment
Supports using boron-containing material as part of efforts intended to reduce the possibility of renewed neutron multiplication in the damaged core.
Legasov Heat Control Assessment
Participates in evaluating materials and procedures intended to reduce heat and limit further releases from the destroyed reactor.
Legasov Helicopter Drop Strategy
Supports the emergency strategy of dropping boron, dolomite, sand, clay and lead toward the destroyed reactor.
Legasov Reactor Material Analysis
Assesses how graphite, nuclear fuel and structural materials within the destroyed reactor could affect continuing heat generation and radioactive releases.
Dyatlov Acute Radiation Hospitalization
Is transferred for specialist treatment after receiving a serious radiation dose during the accident response.
Antoshkin High-Radiation Flight Procedures
Adjusts helicopter procedures as crews face dangerous radiation exposure while crossing directly above Unit 4.
Chernobyl International Coordination
Coordinates IAEA communication with member states concerned about radioactive fallout spreading across national borders.
Yuvchenko Radiation Injury Treatment
Receives extensive hospital treatment for serious radiation burns and whole-body exposure after the accident.
Toptunov Moscow Hospital Transfer
Is transferred from the local medical response to specialist treatment in Moscow for severe radiation injuries.
Pravik Radiation Hospitalization
Is transferred to Moscow for treatment after receiving an extremely high radiation dose during firefighting.
Kibenok Moscow Hospital Treatment
Receives specialist treatment after sustaining a fatal radiation dose during the roof firefighting operation.
Reform of Local Taxation
Levying of the community charge begins in Scotland
Visited by the King & Queen of Spain
Visited by the King & Queen of Spain
Visited by the President of Korea at Windsor Castle
Visited by the President of Korea at Windsor Castle
Vistis the British Queen & addreses the Houses of Lords & Commoms
Vistis the British Queen & addreses the Houses of Lords & Commoms at Westminster
League Cup Final Brace
Scores twice as Arsenal come from behind to defeat Liverpool 2-1 and win their first League Cup.
Pink Floyd
Roger Waters lawyers issue a statement that Roger believes himself to be the creative driving force behind Pink Floyd and therefore he will contest the use of the name by anyone else
Kvant-1 Module Docking
Supervises station operations as Kvant-1 attaches to Mir, creating the first major expansion of the modular complex.
International Agreement
An agreement is signed returning Macao to China in 1999
Armament
Proposes cuts to the US by offering to remove short range missiles from Eastern Europe
Diplomatic Proposal at Moscow
Proposes removing Russias short range missiles from Eastern Europe
Nuclear Power
Proposes removing Russias short range missiles from Eastern Europe
Never Let Me Down
Releases Never Let Me Down, followed by the large-scale Glass Spider tour.
Assassination of Maurice Neave
Killed with his wife by an IRA bomb
Death of Maurice Neave
Killed with his wife by an IRA bomb
IRA
Killed with his wife by an IRA bomb
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Palestine National Council Unity Session
Arafat presides over a Palestine National Council session that restores cooperation among several Palestinian factions after years of division.
Fomin Pretrial Psychiatric Assessment
Undergoes psychiatric assessment and treatment before proceedings resume against him and the other Chernobyl defendants.
Legasov Chernobyl Public Interview
Gives an interview discussing the condition of Chernobyl, radiation effects and lessons that the Soviet nuclear industry should learn from the accident.
Legasov Reactor Safety Lessons
Explains publicly that the Chernobyl disaster requires improvements in nuclear safety practices, emergency preparedness and the operation of Soviet nuclear facilities.
Invasion of Afghanistan
Announces Russias withdrawal from Afghanistan
This Note's for You
Releases This Note's for You, criticising commercial sponsorship and advertising in music.
Mayor Term Ends
Ends his two-year term as mayor and does not seek another term.
Geneva Accords
Afghanistan and Pakistan sign the Geneva Accords, establishing a timetable for Soviet withdrawal.
Invasion of Afghanistan
Signs as a guarantor in Geneva of the Russian withdrawal from Afghanistan
Afghan Refugee Agreement
Noorani signs the bilateral agreement covering the voluntary return of Afghan refugees as part of the Geneva settlement.
Geneva Accords
Zain Noorani signs the Geneva Accords for Pakistan, providing a framework for Soviet military withdrawal from Afghanistan.
Non-Intervention Agreement
Noorani signs the Pakistan-Afghanistan agreement on non-interference and non-intervention as one component of the Geneva settlement.
Accords of Geneva
Pakistan and Afghanistan sign the Geneva Accords, with the United States and Soviet Union acting as guarantors.
Assassination of Abu Jihad
Arafat loses senior PLO commander Khalil al-Wazir, known as Abu Jihad, after an Israeli commando operation kills him at his Tunis home.
Fifth Strougal Government
The Fifth Strougal Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Sixth Strougal Government
Begins the Sixth Strougal Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Twenty-Third La Liga Title
Coaches Real Madrid to their twenty-third Spanish league championship.
La Liga Title-Clinching Brace
Scores twice in a 6-0 victory over Real Betis as Real Madrid secure the league title.
Legasov Death
Dies two years and one day after the Chernobyl accident, after continuing to document lessons from the disaster.
Reform of Taxation
The Poll tax is introduced in Scotland
Elected President of State of Palestine
The PLO Central Council elects Arafat President of the proclaimed State of Palestine, adding a state title to his existing leadership roles.
Legislative Election
Tunisia held a legislative election in which the governing Constitutional Democratic Rally won every seat.
Presidential Election
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali was elected president in the first presidential election after the 1987 transition.
Crisis
Leon Brittan reveals PMs Private Secretary & Press Officer leaked the Westland letter
Crisis
Leon Brittan reveals PMs Private Secretary & Press Officer leaked the Westland letter
Legislation
Solidarity & the Government sign an agreement legalizing Solidarity. Solidarity is legalized
Legislation
The Government legalizes Solidarity
Solidarity
Solidarity & the Government sign an agreement legalizing Solidarity. Solidarity is legalized
Solidarity
The Government legalizes Solidarity
Constitution of Poland
Jaruzelski creates a 2nd Senate Chamber to be freely elected
Legislation
Solidarity is legalized
Reform of Government
Jaruzelski creates a 2nd Senate Chamber to be freely elected
Solidarity
Solidarity must not strike for 2 yrs. Solidarity is legalized
Solidarity
The ban on Solidarity is lifted. Solidarity & the Government sign an agreement legalizing Solidarity. Solidarity must not strike for 2 yrs
Labour Scheme
Abolition of the National Dock Labour Scheme announced
Reballion of Rebels in Tiblisi
A Nationalist demonstration is suppressed by army intervention
Reballion of Rebels in Tiblisi
A Nationalist demonstration is suppressed by army intervention
Nahalin Raid
Israeli forces conduct a raid in Nahalin during unrest, and the deaths of Palestinian residents deepen tensions in the West Bank.
Hillsborough Disaster
Leads Liverpool through the aftermath of the Hillsborough disaster.
Three-Stage Monetary Union Plan
The Delors Committee recommended a three-stage route to Economic and Monetary Union.
Demonstrations
Students demand the resignations of Deng Xiaoping & Li Peng. Students demand greater democratic freedom
Demonstrations
Students demand the resignations of Deng Xiaoping & Li Peng. Students demand greater democratic freedom
Demonstrations
A crowd of 10,000 gathers at Tiananmen Square
Demonstrations
A crowd of 10,000 gathers at Tiananmen Square
Tour de France
Brother-in-law accidentally discharges his shotgun, striking LeMond in the back just over two months before the 1987 Tour de France, LeMond misses the following two Tours while recovering
Federal Vice Chancellor
Appointed Federal Vice Chancellor
Headless Cross
Sings on Headless Cross, strengthening the late-1980s Black Sabbath line-up.
Demonstrations
100,000 defy Government troops by marching through the streets & shouting slogans
Demonstrations
100,000 defy Government troops by marching through the streets & shouting slogans
Death of Hu Yaobang
Death of Hu Yaobang. Death of Hua Yaobang
Central Committee
Appointed Member of Central Committee
Reform of Local Taxation
The Community Charge takes effect in England & Wales
New Presidential Term
Mugabe begins a new presidential term after the national election.
Presidential Election Victory
Mugabe wins Zimbabwe's presidential election and begins another term.
Election
Mladenovs reformed Communist Party wins a narrow majority in Parliament
Head of State
Appointed Head of State for the GDR
Barcelona Copa del Rey as Coach
Coaches Barcelona to a 2-0 Copa del Rey final victory over Real Madrid, delivering an important trophy during the early construction of his Dream Team.
Songs for Drella
Releases Songs for Drella with John Cale, a tribute to Andy Warhol.
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Council of Minister's for the GDR
Prime Minister of Germany
Sworn in as Prime Minister of the GDR
Massacre
The Kremlin admits to the massacre of 15,000 Polish army officers by the NKVD in 1940
Death of Greta Garbo
Death of Greta Garbo
Legislation
44 Conservative MPs rebel against the Hong Kong Citizenship Bill
Reballion of Conservative MPs
44 Conservative MPs rebel against the Hong Kong Citizenship Bill
Restoration of Multiparty Politics
Mobutu announces an end to the formal one-party system and permits political pluralism.
Head of State Takes Office
Nazarbayev becomes republican head of state before independence
President Created
Nursultan Nazarbayev becomes President of the Kazakh SSR
Hubble Space Telescope
The Hubble Space Telescope, named in honour of astronomer Edwin Hubble, is launched aboard Space Shuttle Discovery on mission STS-31. It is deployed into orbit the following day.
Rettig Commission
Creates the National Commission for Truth and Reconciliation to investigate deaths and disappearances.
Head of State Takes Office
Mircea Snegur becomes Chairman of the Supreme Soviet before the presidency is created
Special Dublin European Council
Represents Germany at the special European Council discussing German unification and the changing political order in Europe.
German Unity in European Community
Links German unification with continued commitment to European integration during the special Dublin meeting.
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
The Who are inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Special Dublin European Council
Represents Greece as leaders discuss German unification and Europe's changing political order.
Special Dublin European Council
Hosts the special European Council that agrees a common approach to German unification.
German Unity and European Integration
Supports linking German unification with continued progress toward deeper European integration.
Special Dublin European Council
Represents Italy at the special European Council discussing German unification and Europe's changing political order.
Martial Law
China announces the lifting of martial law in Lhasa after more than a year.
UN Security Council Resolution 687
The United Nations establishes the formal ceasefire and Iraq's disarmament obligations.
Formal Gulf War Ceasefire
The resolution addresses borders, weapons controls and compensation.
UN Resolution 687
Security Council establishes the formal ceasefire framework with Iraq.
Voyager 2 Photopolarimeter Shutdown
Voyager 2's photopolarimeter is switched off after degraded performance ends the experiment.
Independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina
War breaks out between the Bosnian Government and local Serbs, who start 1992-1995 siege of capital Sarajevo
Independence of Serbia
War breaks out between the Bosnian Government and local Serbs, who start 1992-1995 siege of capital Sarajevo
Siege of Sarajevo
War breaks out between the Bosnian Government and local Serbs, who start 1992-1995 siege of capital Sarajevo
Government Leadership Returns
Thiam leads the government under President Diouf
Prime Minister Restored
Habib Thiam returns as Prime Minister when the office is restored
Resolution 681 Follow-Up Report
Perez de Cuellar submits further recommendations on civilian protection and implementation of Security Council Resolution 681.
Independence of Georgia
Georgia proclaims independence from Moscow
Independence of Russia
Georgia proclaims independence from Moscow
General Strike
Georgia proclaims a general strike
Independence of Georgia
Georgia proclaims a general strike
Independence of Georgia
Troops are moved into Ossetia to reassert control over Georgia
Independence of Russia
Georgia proclaims a general strike
Independence of Russia
Troops are moved into Ossetia to reassert control over Georgia
Invasion of Georgia
Troops are moved into Ossetia to reassert control over Georgia
Reballion of Rebels in Ossetia
Troops are moved into Ossetia to reassert control over Georgia
Siege of Ossetia
Troops are moved into Ossetia to reassert control over Georgia
Formal Gulf War Ceasefire
Bush recognises the formal ceasefire after Iraq accepts Security Council Resolution 687.
Symphony Hall
Symphony Hall opens as the principal home of the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra.
Havens-Kurds
US forces move into northern Iraq to set up safe havens for Kurdish refugees
Invasion of Iran
US forces move into northern Iraq to set up safe havens for Kurdish refugees
Kurdish Refugees
US forces move into northern Iraq to set up safe havens for Kurdish refugees
Kurds
US forces move into northern Iraq to set up safe havens for Kurdish refugees
Invasion of Iraq
US forces move into northern Iraq to set up safe havens for Kurdish refugees
Kurdish Refugees
US forces move into northern Iraq to set up safe havens for Kurdish refugees
Council Tax Consultation
Publishes consultation proposals for a new council tax and for review of local-government structure.
Council Tax Consultation
Publishes consultation proposals for the council tax and for reform of local-government structure.
Council Tax No Personal Register
Designs the proposed council tax so that no register equivalent to the community-charge register is required.
Council Tax Personal Element
Proposes that the council tax combine a property element with a personal element based on an assumed two-adult household.
Council Tax Property Element
Proposes a replacement council tax in which liability varies according to the value band assigned to each property.
Council Tax Single-person Discount
Proposes a 25 percent council-tax discount for households containing only one countable adult.
Council Tax Valuation Bands
Proposes broad property-value bands so homes need not undergo precise individual valuation for council-tax purposes.
Prime Minister
Leads the Slovak government during federal negotiations.
Assembly of the Serb People
The Serb deputies form the Assembly of the Serb People in Bosnia and Herzegovina representative of the Bosnian Serb population, ending the tripartite coalition
Republic of the Serbian People of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The Serb deputies form the Assembly of the Serb People in Bosnia and Herzegovina representative of the Bosnian Serb population, ending the tripartite coalition
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
1st US aircraft since 1979 lands in Iran with blankets for Kurdish
1st US aircraft since 1979 lands in Iran with blankets for Kurdish refugees
Kurdish Refugees
1st US aircraft since 1979 lands in Iran with blankets for Kurdish refugees
Democratic Transition
Albania changes from communist dictatorship toward a multiparty republic
President Appointed
Becomes President of Albania during the democratic transition
President Elected
Elected President by the new parliament after the first multiparty election
Union
Returns under the Yes name for Union and the large multi-member tour.
Union
Appears on Union, bringing together the Yes and Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe camps.
Reform of Parliament
The House of Lords rejects the War Crimes Bill for the 2nd time
First David Oddsson Government
Begins the First David Oddsson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Third Steingrimur Hermannsson Government
The Third Steingrimur Hermannsson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Monitoring Commission
The Angolan Government and UNITA form the Joint Verification and Monitoring Commission and the Joint Commission on the Formation of the Angolan Armed Forces
UNITA
UNITA and the Angolan Government began six rounds of negotiations, the Portuguese Government mediates the discussion while officials from the US and Soviet Governments observe. The Angolan Government and UNITA form the Joint Verification and Monitoring Commission and the Joint Commission on the Formation of the Angolan Armed Forces
Rangers Manager Appointment
Succeeds Graeme Souness as Rangers manager.
Visit to Japan
The 1st Russian President to visit Japan
Eastern War Begins
Government forces struggle to contain RUF attacks in the eastern districts
Apartheid
The ANC rules out any veto for minority groups in a post-apartheid society
Constitution of South Africa
The ANC rules out any veto for minority groups in a post-apartheid society
UN Resolution 687
United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) was an inspection regime created with the adoption of United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 in April 1991 to oversee Iraq's compliance with the destruction of Iraqi chemical, biological, and missile weapons facilities and to cooperate with the International Atomic Energy Agency's efforts to eliminate nuclear weapon facilities all in the aftermath of the Gulf War
UNSCOM
United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) was an inspection regime created with the adoption of United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 in April 1991 to oversee Iraq's compliance with the destruction of Iraqi chemical, biological, and missile weapons facilities and to cooperate with the International Atomic Energy Agency's efforts to eliminate nuclear weapon facilities all in the aftermath of the Gulf War.
Alliance George Herbert Walker Bush and to Hanoi
The US gives aid to Hanoi when it helps account for 2,276 missing US soldiers
Military Aid
The US gives aid to Hanoi when it helps account for 2,276 missing US soldiers
Siege of Sarajevo
Sarajevo is encircled by Bosnian Serb forces.
Siege of Sarajevo Begins
Directs Bosnian Serb political policy during the siege's opening.
Siege of Sarajevo Begins
Leads the Bosnian government as Sarajevo comes under siege.
Siege of Sarajevo
Sarajevo is besieged by the Army of Republika Srpska from 5 April 1992 to 29 February 1996 (1,425 days) during the Bosnian War
Siege of Sarajevo
When Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence from Yugoslavia after the Bosnian independence referendum the Bosnian Serbs encircle Sarajevo with a force of 13,000
Siege of Sarajevo
Fought during the Bosnian War between poorly equipped defending forces of the Bosnian Government, who had declared independence from Yugoslavia, and the Yugoslav Peoples Army (JNA) and Bosnian Serb forces (Army of Republika Srpska) (VRS)
Siege of Sarajevo
It is estimated that of the more than 12,000 people who were killed and 50,000 who were wounded during the siege, 85% were civilians, because of killing and forced migration, by 1995 the population decreased to 334,663 - 64% of the prewar population.
Siege of Sarajevo
The Siege of Sarajevo becomes the longest siege in the history of modern warfare, conducted by the Serb forces of self-proclaimed Republika Srpska and Yugoslav Peoples Army, lasting from April 5, 1992 to February 29, 1996.
Independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia is recognized by the United Nations as an independent state
Independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The republic's independence is recognized by the European Community
Rule of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia is recognized by the United Nations as an independent state
International Recognition of Bosnia
Leads Bosnia and Herzegovina as international recognition is announced.
Sovereign National Conference Reopens
The national conference resumes and asserts authority over the political transition.
Presidency Ends
Heng Samrin's head of state role ends as Chea Sim takes over
Appointed President
Chea Sim becomes President of the Council of State after Heng Samrin
International Recognition of Bosnia
Faces widening conflict after Bosnia and Herzegovina gains recognition.
Republic of the Serbian People of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The Serbs' assembly in session in Banja Luka declared a severance of governmental ties with Bosnia and Herzegovina
Head of State Role
Chea Sim serves as head of state during the transitional period
Bosnian Serb Republic
Declares Bosnian Serb separation from Bosnia.
Air Crash
Survives an aircrash in the Sahara
President Appointed
Appointed President of Albania after Democratic Party victory
Election
The Government majority is cut to 21. Conservatives 336, Labour 271, Liberal democrats 20 & others 24
Trident
Major's election victory maintains Government commitment to bringing Trident into service
House of Commons Service Ends
Ends his House of Commons career after representing Bebington, Reigate and East Surrey during separate periods between 1964 and 1992.
House of Commons Service Ends
Ends his service in the House of Commons after representing Blaby continuously from February 1974 through the 1992 general election.
Father of the House
Becomes Father of the House as the longest continuously serving MP.
Election
Wins a Conservative majority in the general election.
General Election Re-election
Brown is re-elected for Dunfermline East after Labour's fourth consecutive defeat.
Appointment
Appointed President of the Board of Trade and Secretary of State for Trade and Industry.
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Conservative Party
Chief Secretary
Appointed Chief Secretary of the Treasury
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary
Minister of Duchy of Lancaster
Appointed Minister of the Duchy of Lancaster
Secretary of State for Employment
Appointed Minister of Employment
Minister of National Heritage
Appointed Minister of National Heritage
Minister of Social Security
Appointed Minister of Social Security
Minister of Transport
Appointed Minister of the Transport
Secretary of State for Defence
Appointed Minister of Defence
Secretary of State for Employment
Appointed Minister of Employment
Secretary of State for Health
Appointed Minister of Health
Secretary of State for Northern Ireland
Appointed Minister of Northern Ireland
Secretary of State for Scotland
Appointed Secretary of State for Scotland
Secretary of State for Wales
Appointed Secretary of State for Wales
Secretary of State for the Environment
Appointed Secretary of State for the Environment
National Pact
The transitional government signs a national pact with northern armed movements.
Peace
Agrees to a United Nations peace keeping force. Agrees reparations, destruction of chemical, nuclear & biological weapons. Agrees cease-fire with the Allies, abandons claims to Iraq
Resignation of Mohammad Najibullah
Najibullah announces his resignation as government authority collapses and opposition forces approach Kabul.
Order of the Garter
Is appointed a Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter.
Head of State Takes Office
Than Shwe becomes chairman of SLORC and head of state
Removed from Power
Saw Maung is removed by senior military leaders
Prime Minister Takes Office
Than Shwe becomes Prime Minister after Saw Maung's removal
COBE
Smoot announces COBE detection of tiny microwave background temperature fluctuations
COBE
Mather helps present COBE results confirming the blackbody spectrum and anisotropy evidence
Presidential Election Victory
Konare wins the presidential runoff concluding Mali's transition to elected civilian government.
Head of State
Mojaddedi becomes interim head of the Islamic State of Afghanistan after the communist government collapses.
President of Italy
Appointed President of Italy, acting
Military Coup
Junior officers overthrow Joseph Momoh after military failures against the RUF
NPRC Takes Power
Valentine Strasser becomes head of the National Provisional Ruling Council
NPDC Chairman Appointed
Briefly chairs the National Provisional Defence Council after the coup
Night Calls Album
Night Calls enters the UK albums chart and becomes one of his stronger later British chart releases.
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for Huntingdon, majority 36,230
Return from Exile
Returns to the West Bank and becomes active in Fatah politics after the First Intifada.
Prime Minister of Slovenia
Appointed Prime Minister of Slovenia, 1st term
Vancouver Summit with Clinton
Meets Bill Clinton at Vancouver for their first presidential summit and discusses economic reform, aid and strategic security.
Vancouver Assistance Package
Welcomes a United States assistance package supporting privatization, humanitarian aid and nuclear dismantlement after the Vancouver summit.
Suede Number One Debut Album
Suede's self-titled debut album enters the UK albums chart at number one.
Assassination of Christ Hani
Assassination of Christ Hani
Death of Christ Hani
Death of Christ Hani, assassinated
MTV Plugged
Releases In Concert MTV Plugged after performing with his early-1990s touring band.
Srebrenica Safe Area
Welcomes United Nations protection for Srebrenica's civilian population.
Srebrenica Safe Area
Oversees implementation of the Security Council's safe-area policy.
Hamas
In Israel 20 soldiers and civilians are injured in Hamass first suicide attack against Israelis
Suicide
In Israel 20 soldiers and civilians are injured in Hamass first suicide attack against Israelis
President of Turkey
Appointed President of Turkey, acting
1993 League Cup Final Winning Goal
Scores Arsenal's winning goal against Sheffield Wednesday in the League Cup final.
Caretaker Prime Minister
Mir Balakh Sher Mazari leads a caretaker government after Sharif's dismissal.
Dismissal of Sharif Government
President Ghulam Ishaq Khan dismisses Nawaz Sharif's government and dissolves Parliament.
Dismissal
President Ghulam Ishaq Khan dismisses Sharif and appoints a caretaker government.
Government Dismissal
Sharif challenges the presidential dismissal of his government.
National Assembly Dissolution
The President dissolves the National Assembly while removing Sharif.
Siege of Waco
The 51 day siege ends after the Waco compund is stormed & 72 cult members killed
The Who's Tommy Broadway
The Who's Tommy opens on Broadway.
1992 QB1 Discovery Published
Luu and Jewitt publish their discovery of 1992 QB1 as evidence for the long-suspected population beyond Neptune.
Bombing of Bishopsgate
The IRA bomb Bishopsgate, 1 killed & 40 injured, 300 million pounds worth of damage
IRA - Bombing of Bishopsgate
Government record concerning the IRA: The IRA bomb Bishopsgate, 1 killed & 40 injured, 300 million pounds worth of damage
IRA - Bombing of Bishopsgate
Historical IRA record under Conservative Party Government: The IRA bomb Bishopsgate, 1 killed & 40 injured, 300 million pounds worth of damage
IRA - Bombing of Bishopsgate
IRA context for John Roy Major: The IRA bomb Bishopsgate, 1 killed & 40 injured, 300 million pounds worth of damage
IRA
The IRA bomb Bishopsgate, 1 killed & 40 injured, 300 million pounds worth of damage
April Confidence Referendum
Wins a nationwide referendum vote of confidence in his presidency and reform programme.
Crazy Diamond - The Complete Syd Barrett
EMI release "Crazy Diamond - The Complete Syd Barrett" as a box set
April Referendum Reform Mandate
Treats the referendum result as political backing for continued reform despite persistent conflict with parliament.
Election
South Africas 1st ever multi-racial election
Peace Negotiations at Washington
After a hiatus of more than four months, Israeli and Arab delegates resume Middle East peace talks in Washington
Economy of Great Britain
The recession that had started just before Major came to office is declared over when the first quarter of the year had seen economic growth return for the first time since the second quarter of 1990
DPRK Board Non-Compliance Finding
The Board finds North Korea in non-compliance after inspectors encounter unresolved safeguards inconsistencies.
Insomniac Chart Entry
Echobelly's Insomniac enters the UK singles chart during the band's early Britpop rise.
High Commissioner
Appointed High Commissioners for Human Rights for the United Nations
Politics
Appointed High Commissioners for Human Rights for the United Nations
Death of Kurt Donald Kobain
Death of Kurt Donald Kobain
Death of Cyprien Ntaryamira
The crash kills both the Rwandan and Burundian presidents.
Killed in Presidential Aircraft
Dies aboard Habyarimana's aircraft near Kigali.
Bombing of Afula
A car rigged with explosives detonates next to a bus in Afula, Israel. 8 Israelis are killed and 45 wounded in Hamass 1st car bombing
Hamas
A car rigged with explosives detonates next to a bus in Afula, Israel. 8 Israelis are killed and 45 wounded in Hamass 1st car bombing
Death of Juvenal Habyarimana
Death of Juvenal Habyarimana
Crisis Committee Influence
Participates in meetings shaping the extremist response to the crash.
Post-Crash Military Authority
Emerges as a senior military authority after Habyarimana's death.
Death of President Habyarimana
His death triggers the final collapse of the peace process.
Presidential Aircraft Shot Down
Dies when his aircraft is shot down near Kigali airport.
Belgian Peacekeepers Deployed
Commands Belgian UNAMIR personnel during the opening violence.
Protection of Prime Minister
Peacekeepers are assigned to protect Prime Minister Uwilingiyimana.
Ten Belgian Peacekeepers Killed
Ten Belgian peacekeepers are murdered after being disarmed.
UNAMIR Battalion Crisis
Their deaths contribute to Belgium's decision to withdraw.
Holocaust
Pope John Paul II makes remarks at the conclusion of a concert in commemoration of the Shoah (holocaust), in which he acknowledges the Nazi Holocaust killing of Jews
Attempt to Address Nation
Attempts to address the nation after the president's death.
Moderate Government Resistance
UNAMIR seeks to protect her amid escalating violence.
Murder of Agathe Uwilingiyimana
Is murdered by government soldiers in Kigali.
Prime Minister Killed
Her killing removes a prominent moderate political leader.
Genocide-Era Government Formed
Heads the interim government during the genocide.
Interim Presidency
Becomes interim president after Habyarimana's death.
Civil War Intensifies
RPF forces move to defeat the interim government.
RPF Offensive Resumes
Orders renewed RPF military operations after the massacres begin.
Extremist Military Leadership
Exercises significant authority within the defence establishment.
Genocide-Era Command Influence
Later tribunals hold him responsible for major atrocities.
Genocide-Era Cabinet Formed
Leads the cabinet during the genocide.
Interim Prime Minister
Becomes prime minister of the interim government.
Bombing of Hadera
A Palestinian blows himself up on a bus in Hadera in central Israel, six Israelis are killed and 25 wounded, Hamass 1st suicide bombing
Hamas
A Palestinian blows himself up on a bus in Hadera in central Israel, six Israelis are killed and 25 wounded, Hamass 1st suicide bombing
Suicide
A Palestinian blows himself up on a bus in Hadera in central Israel, six Israelis are killed and 25 wounded, Hamass 1st suicide bombing
Belgian UNAMIR Withdrawal
Government decides to withdraw Belgium's UNAMIR contingent.
Peacekeeper Withdrawal Decision
The move follows the murder of ten Belgian peacekeepers.
Marrakesh Agreement
India signs the Marrakesh Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization framework.
Civilian Rescue Operations
Conducts repeated rescue missions through militia checkpoints.
UN Peacekeeper Saves Civilians
Saves numerous civilians trapped during the genocide.
Genocide in Kibuye Prefecture
He is later convicted of genocide by the ICTR.
Kibuye Massacres
Participates in violence against Tutsi civilians in Kibuye.
Genocide in Taba
He is later convicted for genocide and crimes against humanity.
Taba Commune Violence
Exercises local authority as killings spread through Taba commune.
Popular Participation Law
The Popular Participation Law decentralises resources and recognises municipal and community participation.
Rule of Gaza
Israeli and PLO negotiators wrapped up an agreement transferring civilian Government powers to Palestinians in the Gaza Strip and Jericho
Rule of Jericho
Israeli and PLO negotiators wrapped up an agreement transferring civilian Government powers to Palestinians in the Gaza Strip and Jericho
Security Council Rwanda Policy
The Council sharply reduces UNAMIR while genocide is underway.
UNAMIR Reduction Debate
Participates in Security Council decisions during the Rwanda crisis.
Death of Richard Milhous Nixon
Death of Richard Nixon
International Accord
Israeli and PLO negotiators agreed on an accord to give the Palestinians control of health care, taxation, education and other services in West Bank areas still controlled by Israel
Rule of West Bank
Israeli and PLO negotiators agreed on an accord to give the Palestinians control of health care, taxation, education and other services in West Bank areas still controlled by Israel
Election
Mandela votes for the 1st time in his life
First Democratic Vote
Casts a ballot for the first time in his life.
Mandela Votes for First Time
Votes during South Africa first democratic national election.
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, heads a minority coalition Government
Civic Accord Signed
Supports a Civic Accord intended to reduce political confrontation and stabilize relations among major institutions and political groups.
Independence of Israel
Israel and the PLO sign an agreement in Paris granting Palestinians broad authority to set taxes, control trade and regulate banks under self-rule in the Gaza Strip and Jericho
Rule of Gaza
Israel and the PLO sign an agreement in Paris granting Palestinians broad authority to set taxes, control trade and regulate banks under self-rule in the Gaza Strip and Jericho
Rule of Jericho
Israel and the PLO sign an agreement in Paris granting Palestinians broad authority to set taxes, control trade and regulate banks under self-rule in the Gaza Strip and Jericho
Civilian Protection Efforts
Keeps remaining UNAMIR forces focused on protecting civilians.
UNAMIR Safe Areas
Peacekeepers shelter thousands despite severe operational restrictions.
Rwanda Crisis
Peacekeeping department faces severe criticism during the Rwandan genocide
Peacekeeping Department Response
The UN response later receives severe criticism.
UNAMIR Crisis Management
Oversees peacekeeping administration during the rapidly worsening Rwanda crisis.
His 'n' Hers Album
Releases His 'n' Hers, Pulp's first UK top-ten studio album.
Government
6 change portfolios, 4 are dismissed & 3 new members are appointed
Constitution of Great Britain
At a special Conference Clause 4 of the Party is changed to reflect the "New Labour"
Reform of Political Party
At a special Conference Clause 4 of the Party is changed to reflect the "New Labour"
Government Confirmed
Sangheli continues as Prime Minister after the 1994 parliamentary election
ANC
Mandela contests the election as the head of the ANC for the National Assembly
Election
Mandela contests the election as the head of the ANC for the National Assembly
National Assembly
Mandela contests the election as the head of the ANC for the National Assembly
Debut
Makes Premier League debut for Manchester United in a goalless draw against Leeds United
Operation Deny Flight
NATO initiates Operation Deny Flight tasked with enforcing the no-fly zone over Bosnia
Constitution of Turkey
The Kurdistan Parliament in exile is founded in the Hague
Independence of Kurdistan
The Kurdistan Parliament in exile is founded in the Hague
Independence of Turkey
The Kurdistan Parliament in exile is founded in the Hague
Rule of Kurdistan
The Kurdistan Parliament in exile is founded in the Hague
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
International Sanctions
The United Nations Council votes easier sanctions for Iraq
Sanctions
The United Nations Council votes easier sanctions for Iraq
Pantheon Reburial
Is reburied in the Pantheon with Pierre Curie.
Cup Winners' Cup Semi-Final Shootout Saves
Makes decisive saves as Arsenal defeat Sampdoria on penalties to reach a second consecutive Cup Winners' Cup final.
KG
Created a Knight of the Order of the Garter (KG)
First David Oddsson Government
The First David Oddsson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Prime Minister of Iceland
Appointed Prime Minister of Iceland
Second David Oddsson Government
Begins the Second David Oddsson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Speech
Taunts Prime Minister John Major at PMQs saying I lead my party he follows his
Treaty of Schengen
Derycke backs Austria's accession to the Schengen arrangements in Brussels. Brussels also stresses coordinated policing and external-border safeguards.
Treaty of Schengen
Juppe endorses Austria's formal move into the Schengen agreements. Paris also emphasises effective controls at the Schengen area's external frontier.
Treaty of Schengen
Kinkel welcomes Austria's Brussels accession to the Schengen Convention. Bonn also backs intensive police cooperation between participating states.
Treaty of Schengen
van Mierlo backs Austria's accession agreement as Schengen continues to widen. The Hague also supports common visa rules and effective external controls.
Constitution of Great Britain
Party backs rewriting of clause IV Labours historic commitment to nationalization
New Labour
At a special Conference Clause 4 of the Party is changed to reflect the "New Labour"
Term Extended
Referendum extends Nazarbayev's presidential term
Some Might Say Number One
Some Might Say becomes Oasis first UK number one single, written by Noel Gallagher.
Parliamentary Election Victory
ZANU-PF wins an overwhelming majority in the parliamentary election.
Stone Roses
Band infighting and rumoured cocaine abuse led to his departure from The Stone Roses on April Fools Day 1996
Russia-Belarus Community Agreement
Signs an integration agreement with Belarus creating a Community of Russia and Belarus.
Registered as Presidential Candidate
Is formally registered as an independent candidate for re-election as Russian president.
Amir of the Faithful
Taliban supporters proclaim Omar Amir of the Faithful during a gathering in Kandahar.
Coup
The Taliban, under the leadership of Mullah Muhammad Omar, seizes control of Kabul and implements a strict interpretation of Islamic law
Siege of Kabul
The Taliban, under the leadership of Mullah Muhammad Omar, seizes control of Kabul and implements a strict interpretation of Islamic law
Coup
The Taliban, under the leadership of Mullah Muhammad Omar, seizes control of Kabul and implements a strict interpretation of Islamic law
Mullah
Appointed Emir, spiritual ruler
Siege of Kabul
Wrapped in the cloak of the Prophet & proclaimed Emir, spiritual ruler. The Taliban, under the leadership of Mullah Muhammad Omar, seizes control of Kabul and implements a strict interpretation of Islamic law
One EP
Mansun's One EP enters the UK Top Forty during the band's breakthrough year.
You've Got It Bad Top Ten
You've Got It Bad becomes a UK Top Ten single during Ocean Colour Scene's breakthrough year.
Election
Labour wins the Staffs South East byelection reducing the Government majority to 3
Agenda Venezuela
The government announced Agenda Venezuela, introducing exchange-rate, fiscal, and price reforms supported by international lenders.
Moseley Shoals Number Two
Moseley Shoals enters the UK albums chart and peaks at number two.
St Petersburg Nuclear Safety Summit
Hosts G7 leaders for a summit focused on nuclear safety and holds bilateral talks with Bill Clinton.
Priroda Module Launch
Prepares the station for the arrival of Priroda, the final major Mir module and an important Earth-observation laboratory.
Palestinian Charter Amendment Vote
Arafat oversees a Palestine National Council vote cancelling charter provisions incompatible with the PLO's mutual-recognition commitments to Israel.
Priroda Final Module Docking
Supports operations as Priroda docks automatically with Mir, completing the station's principal modular configuration for scientific research.
Death of William Egan Colby
Death of William Egan Colby
Something Changed UK Top Ten
Pulp's Something Changed reaches number ten on the UK singles chart.
Political Crisis
Challenges President Wasmosy during a military political crisis.
Chernobyl Decade Review
Marks a decade since Chernobyl as the IAEA reviews improvements in nuclear safety, emergency notification and international cooperation.
Final Appointment as Prime Minister
Mobutu briefly reappoints Tshisekedi as rebel forces advance toward the capital.
Russia-Belarus Union Treaty
Signs a union treaty with Belarus that deepens political and economic integration.
Ganymede April Flyby
Galileo conducts another Ganymede encounter, extending surface, plasma and magnetic observations.
League Cup Final Equaliser
Heskey scores Leicester City's late equalizer against Middlesbrough in the 1997 League Cup final, forcing the match to a replay.
Marriage
Liam Gallagher marries Patsy Kensit
Marriage
Liam Gallagher marries Patsy Kensit
Appointment as Prime Minister
Mobutu appoints General Likulia to organise the government's final resistance.
1997 League Cup Replay Winner
Claridge scores in extra time during the League Cup final replay against Middlesbrough, securing a 1-0 victory and Leicester City's second triumph in the competition.
Prime Minister of India
I.K. Gujral becomes Prime Minister after the fall of the Deve Gowda government.
United States Ratifies Chemical Weapons Convention
Ratifies the Chemical Weapons Convention for the United States after Senate consent.
Chemical Weapons Convention Enters Force
The Chemical Weapons Convention enters into force, establishing a verified global chemical disarmament regime.
First United States-Russian Mir Spacewalk
Performs a spacewalk with commander Vasily Tsibliev to install an optical materials experiment outside the station.
Capture of Lubumbashi
Takes control of Lubumbashi as AFDL advances collapse Mobutu's authority across the country.
Russia-China Strategic Partnership Talks
Meets Jiang Zemin as Russia and China deepen their strategic partnership and coordinate on international issues.
UK Debt Management Office
The new Debt Management Office assumes responsibility for government debt operations.
Bloody Sunday
Is appointed to chair the Saville Inquiry.
From the Earth to the Moon
Produces a television miniseries about the Apollo program.
President of Armenia
Appointed President of Armenia
Accords of Good Friday
Cross-border links & constitutional & ecomomic changes in North Ireland are agreed
Constitution of Great Britain
The Good Friday agreement for Northern Ireland is signed. Cross-border links & constitutional & ecomomic changes in North Ireland are agreed
Peace
A Northern Ireland peace deal is reached
Accords of Good Friday
Cross-border links & constitutional & ecomomic changes in North Ireland are agreed
Constitution of Great Britain
Cross-border links & constitutional & ecomomic changes in North Ireland are agreed
Good Friday Agreement
Helps conclude the Good Friday Agreement after intensive multi-party and British-Irish negotiations.
Constitution of USA
Cross-border links & constitutional & ecomomic changes in North Ireland are agreed
Good Friday Accord
Cross-border links & constitutional & ecomomic changes in North Ireland are agreed. Chairs negotiations which lead to the Good Friday Accord
Belfast Peace Agreement
Leads a commission that establishes the principles of non-violence to which all parties in Northern Ireland adhere and chairs the all-party peace negotiations leading to the Belfast Peace Agreement signed on Good Friday
Good Friday Accord
Leads a commission that establishes the principles of non-violence to which all parties in Northern Ireland adhere and chairs the all-party peace negotiations leading to the Belfast Peace Agreement signed on Good Friday
Death of Ian Kinloch MacGregor
Death of Ian Kinloch MacGregor
Death of Pol Pot
Death of Pol Pot while held under house arrest by the Ta Mok faction of the Khmer Rouge
Death of Pol Pot
Death of Pol Pot, while held under house arrest by the Ta Mok faction of the Khmer Rouge
Death of Pol Pot
Death of Pol Pot
Walking into Clarksdale
Releases Walking into Clarksdale with Robert Plant.
Constitution of Great Britain
The Northern Ireland Electons Bill is introduced to the House of Commons
Bank of England Act
The Bank of England Act places monetary-policy independence on a statutory basis.
Kiriyenko Confirmed after Duma Standoff
Secures State Duma confirmation of Sergei Kiriyenko after repeated parliamentary resistance.
Cassini Venus Flyby
Cassini performs its first Venus gravity assist while travelling toward Saturn and conducts limited observations of the planet.
Barcelona Copa del Rey Victory
Helps Barcelona's coaching staff secure the Copa del Rey after a penalty shootout against Mallorca.
This Is Hardcore Number One Album
Pulp's This Is Hardcore enters the UK albums chart at number one.
Economy of Japan
By April a record 17,500 businesses in Japan have gone bankrupt
War Resumes
Fighting continues despite restoration of the elected government
Nunavut
Nunavut becomes Canada newest territory.
Declaration of Hillsborough
Ahern & Blaire make the Hillsborough declaration
NICE Established
Rawlins chairs the new National Institute for Clinical Excellence, which begins producing national guidance on the clinical and cost effectiveness of treatments.
GP Fundholding Abolished
GP fundholding is formally abolished and replaced by broader primary-care commissioning arrangements intended to reduce differences between participating and non-participating practices.
Primary Care Groups Begin
Primary care groups begin operating across England, giving local doctors and other professionals a larger role in commissioning services for defined populations.
Duma
The Duma postpones a scheduled vote on START II ratification to protest NATO's bombing campaign against Yugoslavia, which started after Serbia refused to halt military actions against Kosovar Albanians seeking autonomy
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
The Duma postpones a scheduled vote on START II ratification to protest NATO's bombing campaign against Yugoslavia, which started after Serbia refused to halt military actions against Kosovar Albanians seeking autonomy
START II
The Duma postpones a scheduled vote on START II ratification to protest NATO's bombing campaign against Yugoslavia, which started after Serbia refused to halt military actions against Kosovar Albanians seeking autonomy
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
The Duma postpones a scheduled vote on START II ratification to protest NATO's bombing campaign against Yugoslavia, which started after Serbia refused to halt military actions against Kosovar Albanians seeking autonomy
Death of Lionel Bart
Death of Lionel Bart
Lockerbie Suspects Surrendered
Libya transfers the two Lockerbie suspects for trial before a Scottish court.
United Nations Sanctions Suspended
United Nations sanctions are suspended after Libya surrenders the Lockerbie suspects.
Death of Anthony Newley
Death of Anthony Newley
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Regional Diplomacy
I participates in regional diplomacy connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Sirte Peace Agreement
Participates in a Libyan-mediated agreement seeking to reduce regional involvement in the Congo war.
Reichstag
The new Reichstag opens
Turin Semi-Final Comeback
Scores as Manchester United recover from two goals down against Juventus to reach the final.
Metallica
Metallica records two performances with the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra, then conducted by Michael Kamen, Kamen, had previously worked with Bob Rock on "Nothing Else Matters"
Metallica
Metallica records two performances with the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra, then conducted by Michael Kamen, Kamen, had previously worked with Bob Rock on "Nothing Else Matters"
Metallica
Metallica records two performances with the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra, then conducted by Michael Kamen, Kamen, had previously worked with Bob Rock on "Nothing Else Matters"
Metallica
Metallica records two performances with the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra, then conducted by Michael Kamen, Kamen, had previously worked with Bob Rock on "Nothing Else Matters"
Metallica
Metallica records two performances with the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra, then conducted by Michael Kamen, Kamen, had previously worked with Bob Rock on "Nothing Else Matters"
Constituent Referendum
Voters approved holding elections for a national constituent assembly.
Death of Alfred Ernest Alf Ramsey
Death of Alf Ramsey
Insurgency
Insurgency officially declared over
First Nuclear Safety Convention Review Meeting
The first review meeting of parties to the Convention on Nuclear Safety is held under IAEA support.
Visit to Tokyo
Visits the USA to discuss Japanese rearament
Presidency Ends
Diouf leaves office after losing the presidential election
President Takes Office
Abdoulaye Wade becomes President after Senegal's first democratic alternation
Premiership Ends
Loum leaves office after Wade's presidential victory
Prime Minister Takes Office
Moustapha Niasse becomes Prime Minister under President Wade
Ecstasy
Releases Ecstasy, continuing his late-career focus on long-form guitar-based songwriting.
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, 1st term
Election
Shevardnadze wins re-election with some 82% of the vote
Final Mir Expedition Docking
Docks aboard Soyuz TM-30 with Aleksandr Kaleri and reactivates the uncrewed station for its final resident expedition.
Organizational Plan Submitted
Submits the organizational plan for UNMOVIC.
UNMOVIC Structure Proposed
Defines structures for inspection, analysis, training and verification.
Constitutional Amendment Sixteen
The amendment changes compensation obligations for compulsorily acquired agricultural land.
Constitutional Amendment on Land
Parliament authorises compulsory acquisition of agricultural land without government compensation.
Death of Claire Trevor
Death of Claire Trevor
Chairman
Appointed Chairwoman of the Christian Democratic Union
Cochabamba Water Conflict
Banzer's government cancels the water concession after sustained protests in Cochabamba.
Cochabamba Water War
Olivera becomes a leading figure in protests against water privatisation in Cochabamba
Death of Andre Deutsch
Death of Andre Deutsch
Organizational Plan Approved
Receives Security Council approval for UNMOVIC's organizational plan.
Security Council Endorses Structure
The Commission proceeds with recruitment and operational preparations.
Duma
The Russian Duma (lower house of Parliament) overwhelmingly approves the START II ratification legislation 288-131 with four abstentions. The Duma finally raties the Treaty, in a largely symbolic move since the ratification was made contingent on preserving the ABM Treaty, which it was clear the US was not prepared to do
START II
The Russian Duma (lower house of Parliament) overwhelmingly approves the START II ratification legislation 288-131 with four abstentions. The Duma finally raties the Treaty, in a largely symbolic move since the ratification was made contingent on preserving the ABM Treaty, which it was clear the US was not prepared to do
Duma
The Duma finally raties the Treaty, in a largely symbolic move since the ratification was made contingent on preserving the ABM Treaty, which it was clear the US was not prepared to do
START II
The Duma finally raties the Treaty, in a largely symbolic move since the ratification was made contingent on preserving the ABM Treaty, which it was clear the US was not prepared to do
Meeting with Tony Blair and promises to implement economic
Putin meets Tony Blair and promises to implement economic reforms and root out corruption
Meeting with Tony Blair and promises to implement economic
Putin meets Tony Blair and promises to implement economic reforms and root out corruption
Death of Alan James Ball
Death of Alan James Ball Jr
Witney Selection
Selected as Conservative candidate for Witney.
Chief Minister Returns
John Osborne returns as Chief Minister after the 2001 election
Constitutional Revision of 2001
Parliament completes an extensive consensual revision of constitutional rights and institutions.
Presidency Ends
Lucinschi leaves office after one presidential term
President Takes Office
Vladimir Voronin becomes President after parliamentary election by the communist majority
Regional Diplomacy
al-Fayez participates in regional diplomacy connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
GSLV-D1
The first developmental GSLV flight takes place during K. Kasturirangan's chairmanship, testing India's new geosynchronous launch capability.
Premiership Ends
Braghis leaves office after the communist parliamentary victory
Prime Minister Takes Office
Vasile Tarlev becomes Prime Minister under President Vladimir Voronin
Orion Protoplanetary Disks
Hubble images provide direct visual evidence of planet-building material in dusty disks around young stars in the Orion Nebula.
Acting Governor Appointed
Howard Fergus serves briefly as acting Governor
Mitchell Report
Issues recommendations for ending violence and rebuilding confidence.
Mitchell Report Submitted
Mitchell submits recommendations calling for an end to violence, confidence-building measures and a renewed path toward Israeli-Palestinian negotiations.
Visit to Shui-bian
The Dalai Lama visits Shui-bian which China objects to. President Bush pledges to help Taiwan in the event of a Chinese invasion
Independence of Taiwan
President Bush pledges to help Taiwan in the event of a Chinese invasion
Independence of United States of America
President Bush pledges to help Taiwan in the event of a Chinese invasion
President Bush pledges to help Taiwan in the event of a Chinese
President Bush pledges to help Taiwan in the event of a Chinese invasion
Primary Care Trusts Established
Primary care trusts become the main local NHS commissioners, controlling substantial budgets and taking responsibility for planning many community and hospital services.
Strategic Health Authorities Established
Strategic health authorities replace earlier regional arrangements and take responsibility for overseeing performance and strategic development across groups of local NHS organisations.
Church of Nativity Siege Begins
Arafat's administration faces another major crisis as armed Palestinians and civilians take refuge inside Bethlehem's Church of the Nativity during Israeli operations.
Jenin Operation Begins
Sharon's government sends Israeli forces into Jenin as Operation Defensive Shield expands through major West Bank population centers.
UN Security Council Resolution 1403
Receives Council demands for implementation of Resolution 1402 during West Bank fighting
UN Security Council Resolution 1403
Annan works amid continuing fighting as Resolution 1403 demands implementation of the earlier ceasefire and withdrawal requirements.
Nablus Old City Fighting
Israeli troops enter the Old City of Nablus during intense urban fighting associated with Operation Defensive Shield.
Jenin Reservist Ambush
Thirteen Israeli reserve soldiers are killed in an ambush during fierce fighting in Jenin refugee camp, increasing domestic attention on the battle.
Al-Qaeda
Two bombs rip through a nightclub area in the Balinese town of Kuta killing 202 people most of them foreign tourists, Indonesian authorities believe the attacksare carried out by the South East Asian network Jemaah Islamiah, linked to Al-Qaeda
Bombing of Djerba
A fuel tanker is blown up outside a synagogue on the Tunisian island of Djerba killing 19 people including 14 German tourists, an al Qaeda spokesman later says the organisation is behind the suicide attack
Bombing of Kuta
Two bombs rip through a nightclub area in the Balinese town of Kuta killing 202 people most of them foreign tourists, Indonesian authorities believe the attacksare carried out by the South East Asian network Jemaah Islamiah, linked to Al-Qaeda
Suicide
A fuel tanker is blown up outside a synagogue on the Tunisian island of Djerba killing 19 people including 14 German tourists, an al Qaeda spokesman later says the organisation is behind the suicide attack
Al-Qaeda
Two bombs rip through a nightclub area in the Balinese town of Kuta killing 202 people most of them foreign tourists, Indonesian authorities believe the attacksare carried out by the South East Asian network Jemaah Islamiah, linked to Al-Qaeda
Bombing of Kuta
Two bombs rip through a nightclub area in the Balinese town of Kuta killing 202 people most of them foreign tourists, Indonesian authorities believe the attacksare carried out by the South East Asian network Jemaah Islamiah, linked to Al-Qaeda
President of Venezuela
Appointed acting President of Venezuela during the April 2002 coup
President of Venezuela
Appointed acting President of Venezuela until Hugo Chavez was restored
Seam Zone Construction Decision
Sharon's cabinet orders immediate construction of barrier sections in several areas as part of measures intended to prevent attacks inside Israel.
President of Venezuela
Restored as President of Venezuela after the failure of the April 2002 coup
Arrest of Marwan Barghouti
Is arrested by Israel during the Second Intifada.
Healthcare Funding Settlement
Brown announces sustained real-terms NHS funding increases backed by higher contributions.
National Insurance Increase
Brown raises National Insurance contributions to fund higher National Health Service spending.
UN Briefing
Briefs the Security Council on conditions during Israeli operations in Palestinian cities.
UN Security Council Resolution 1405
Is asked to develop accurate information on events in Jenin
UN Security Council Resolution 1405
Annan receives Security Council support for efforts to establish facts concerning events in Jenin after the major West Bank fighting.
Presidential Referendum
Musharraf holds a disputed referendum intended to extend his presidential tenure.
Presidential Referendum
Opposition parties boycott Musharraf's referendum and dispute its official result.
Election
"We must reject extremism in the name of the honor of France in the name of the unity". Parties outside the National Front call for opposing Le Pen in favour of Chirac
Bad Cover Version Single
Pulp release Bad Cover Version, one of the final singles before the band enter a long hiatus.
Securing Our Future Health Report
Wanless publishes his final report on long-term health funding, arguing that sustained investment should be accompanied by productivity gains and stronger public-health engagement.
Delivering the NHS Plan
Delivering the NHS Plan sets out further reforms, including foundation trusts, new financial flows and a stronger relationship between investment and organisational performance.
Operation Defensive Wall
Israel conducts operation Defensive Wall in the West Bank, following a large number of Palestinian suicide attacks on civilian targets
Suicide
Israel conducts operation Defensive Wall in the West Bank, following a large number of Palestinian suicide attacks on civilian targets
Peace Mission
Travels to the region to press for a ceasefire after Operation Defensive Shield.
Death of Leslie Cheung
Death of Leslie Cheung
Colin Powell leads a fact-finding mission for co-operation in a war with
Colin Powell leads a "fact-finding" mission for co-operation in a war with Iraq
Colin Powell leads a fact-finding mission for co-operation in a war with
Colin Powell leads a "fact-finding" mission for co-operation in a war with Iraq
Battle of Nasiriyah
Fighting continues in the city until 1st April when Iraqi resistance in the city is finally defeated
Transitional Constitution
Promulgates the transitional constitutional framework governing institutions created by the peace settlement.
Diplomatic Expulsion
Turkey expels 3 Iraqi diplomats
Meeting with Turkish officials to discuss the war &
Kharrazi meets Turkish officials to discuss the war & the Kurdish enclave in Iraq
Meeting with Turkish officials to discuss the war &
Kharrazi meets Turkish officials to discuss the war & the Kurdish enclave in Iraq
Kurds
Tells the US forces that the Kurds will not claim the oil rich city of Kirkuk
Kurds
Tells the US forces that the Kurds will not claim the oil rich city of Mosul
Siege of Kirkuk
Tells the US forces that the Kurds will not claim the oil rich city of Kirkuk
Siege of Mosul
Tells the US forces that the Kurds will not claim the oil rich city of Mosul
Invasion of Iraq
Most of the Iraqi military is quickly defeated and Baghdad was occupied on April 9th
Fall of Baghdad
Saddam Hussein's government collapses as coalition forces enter Baghdad during the invasion of Iraq.
Rule of Cyprus
The Turkish & Greek Prime Minister meet but reject each others proposals
Neutrality
Gul denies $1 billion aid from the US is to keep Turkey out of the war
Capture of Baghdad
The Iraqi military is defeated & Baghdad falls. Most of the Iraqi military is quickly defeated and Baghdad was occupied on April 9th. Bush declares the end of major combat operations, terminating the Baath Party's rule and removing Iraqi President Saddam Hussein from office
Invasion of Iraq
Bush declares the end of major combat operations, terminating the Baath Party's rule and removing Iraqi President Saddam Hussein from office
Invasion of Iraq
Most of the Iraqi military is quickly defeated and Baghdad was occupied on April 9th
Presidency Member Takes Office
Borislav Paravac becomes Serb member of the Presidency after Sarovic leaves office
Prime Minister of Estonia
Appointed Prime Minister of Estonia
Battle of Kirkuk
Kurdish forces opposed to Saddam Hussein had already occupied for years an autonomous area in northern Iraq & with the assistance of US. Special Forces and air strikes, are able to rout the Iraqi units near them and to occupy oil-rich Kirkuk
Capture of Kirkuk
Kurdish forces opposed to Saddam Hussein had already occupied for years an autonomous area in northern Iraq & with the assistance of US. Special Forces and air strikes, are able to rout the Iraqi units near them and to occupy oil-rich Kirkuk
Invasion of Iraq
Kurdish forces opposed to Saddam Hussein had already occupied for years an autonomous area in northern Iraq & with the assistance of US. Special Forces and air strikes, are able to rout the Iraqi units near them and to occupy oil-rich Kirkuk
Regional Diplomacy
Kabariti participates in regional diplomacy connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Siege of Kirkuk
Gul tells the US that Turkish observers will ensure Kurdish fighters leave Kirkuk
Capture of Green Line
The occupation of Kirkuk came as a result of approximately two weeks of fighting that included the Battle of the Green Line (the unofficial border of the Kurdish autonomous zone) and the subsequent Battle of Kani Domlan Ridge
Capture of Kani Domlan Ridge
The occupation of Kirkuk came as a result of approximately two weeks of fighting that included the Battle of the Green Line (the unofficial border of the Kurdish autonomous zone) and the subsequent Battle of Kani Domlan Ridge
Capture of Kirkuk
Kurdish forces opposed to Saddam Hussein had already occupied for years an autonomous area in northern Iraq & with the assistance of US. Special Forces and air strikes, are able to rout the Iraqi units near them and to occupy oil-rich Kirkuk
Capture of Kirkuk
Operations occurred against pockets of the Iraqi army including the capture and occupation of Kirkuk on April 10th, and the attack and capture of Tikrit on April 15th.
Capture of Kirkuk
The occupation of Kirkuk came as a result of approximately two weeks of fighting that included the Battle of the Green Line (the unofficial border of the Kurdish autonomous zone) and the subsequent Battle of Kani Domlan Ridge.
Capture of Tikrit
Operations occurred against pockets of the Iraqi army including the capture and occupation of Kirkuk on April 10th, and the attack and capture of Tikrit on April 15th
Rule of Kirkuk
The occupation of Kirkuk came as a result of approximately two weeks of fighting that included the Battle of the Green Line (the unofficial border of the Kurdish autonomous zone) and the subsequent Battle of Kani Domlan Ridge. Operations occurred against pockets of the Iraqi army including the capture and occupation of Kirkuk on April 10th, and the attack and capture of Tikrit on April 15th
Rule of Kirkuk
Operations occurred against pockets of the Iraqi army including the capture and occupation of Kirkuk on April 10th, and the attack and capture of Tikrit on April 15th
Battle of Kirkuk
US forces invade Iraq after disputed intelligence claims.
Capture of Kirkuk
US forces invade Iraq after disputed intelligence claims.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
US forces invade Iraq after disputed intelligence claims.
Invasion of Iraq
US forces invade Iraq after disputed intelligence claims.
Turkish EU Reform Assessment
Schwimmer says Turkeys reform plans should be sufficient for EU membership
Turkish EU Reform Assessment
Schwimmer says Turkeys reform plans should be sufficient for EU membership
Diplomatic Plan at Ankara
Schwimmer says Turkeys reform plans should be sufficient for EU membership
Turkish EU Reform Assessment
Schwimmer says Turkeys reform plans should be sufficient for EU membership
Diplomatic Plan at Ankara
Schwimmer says Turkeys reform plans should be sufficient for EU membership
Kurds
Observers are sent into Iraq to review Turkeys intervention if Kurds stay in Kirkuk
Siege of Kirkuk
Observers are sent into Iraq to review Turkeys intervention if Kurds stay in Kirkuk
Battle of Baghdad
Many Iraqis celebrated the downfall of Saddam by vandalizing the many portraits and.
Battle of Baghdad
The final resistance to US forces is mounted but by late afternoon, all fighting had ceased & a total of 34 US soldiers and 2,320 Iraqi soldiers and Fedayeen were killed.
Battle of Baghdad
statues of him together with other pieces of his cult of personality & the dramatic toppling of a large statue of Saddam in Baghdads Fardus Square.
Invasion of Iraq
The final resistance to US forces is mounted but by late afternoon, all fighting had ceased & a total of 34 US soldiers and 2,320 Iraqi soldiers and Fedayeen were killed
Siege of Baghdad
The final resistance to US forces is mounted but by late afternoon, all fighting had ceased & a total of 34 US soldiers and 2,320 Iraqi soldiers and Fedayeen were killed
Battle of Baghdad
Many Iraqis celebrated the downfall of Saddam by vandalizing the many portraits and.
Battle of Baghdad
The final resistance to US forces is mounted but by late afternoon, all fighting had ceased & a total of 34 US soldiers and 2,320 Iraqi soldiers and Fedayeen were killed.
Battle of Baghdad
statues of him together with other pieces of his cult of personality & the dramatic toppling of a large statue of Saddam in Baghdads Fardus Square.
Capture of Baghdad
The final resistance to US forces is mounted but by late afternoon, all fighting had ceased & a total of 34 US soldiers and 2,320 Iraqi soldiers and Fedayeen were killed
Invasion of Iraq
The final resistance to US forces is mounted but by late afternoon, all fighting had ceased & a total of 34 US soldiers and 2,320 Iraqi soldiers and Fedayeen were killed
Siege of Baghdad
The final resistance to US forces is mounted but by late afternoon, all fighting had ceased & a total of 34 US soldiers and 2,320 Iraqi soldiers and Fedayeen were killed
World Record
Breaks the London Marathon world record, 2 hrs 15 mins 25 secs
Capture of Kirkuk
US forces take control of Tikrit, the last major outpost in central Iraq, with an attack led by the Marines Task Force Tripoli
Capture of Tikrit
US forces take control of Tikrit, the last major outpost in central Iraq, with an attack led by the Marines Task Force Tripoli
Invasion of Iraq
US forces take control of Tikrit, the last major outpost in central Iraq, with an attack led by the Marines Task Force Tripoli
Treaty of Accession
Schussel backs Austria's participation in the Athens treaty settlement preparing the 2004 expansion.
Treaty of Accession
Verhofstadt represents Belgium as the Union signs the Athens treaty admitting ten new member states.
Treaty of Accession
Papadopoulos leads Cyprus at the Athens signing that sets the legal terms for Cypriot EU membership.
Treaty of Accession
Spidla leads the Czech government at the treaty ceremony setting the country's path to membership in May 2004.
Treaty of Accession
Rasmussen backs Denmark's approval of the Athens enlargement settlement with the ten candidate states.
Treaty of Accession
Parts leads Estonia when the Athens treaty formally sets the terms for Estonian accession.
Treaty of Accession
Lipponen represents Finland at the Athens settlement concluding accession negotiations with ten applicants.
Treaty of Accession
Chirac backs France's participation in the treaty opening the final route to the 2004 enlargement.
Treaty of Accession
Schroder represents Germany as the Union completes the treaty framework for its eastward enlargement.
Treaty of Accession
Blair represents Britain when the Athens treaty completes the accession framework for ten incoming states.
Athens Enlargement Treaty Ceremony
Participates as ten accession countries sign their treaties during the Greek Presidency.
Athens Informal European Council
Hosts an informal European Council during the Greek Presidency as leaders discuss the future of Europe.
Treaty of Accession
Simitis hosts the Athens ceremony as Greece holds the Council Presidency during the historic enlargement agreement.
Treaty of Accession
Medgyessy leads Hungary at the Athens ceremony establishing the treaty basis for Hungarian membership.
Treaty of Accession
Ahern represents Ireland as the Athens agreement prepares ten candidate countries for Union membership.
Treaty of Accession
Berlusconi represents Italy when the accession treaty for the ten-state enlargement is concluded.
Treaty of Accession
Repse heads Latvia's government as the country signs its accession settlement at Athens.
Treaty of Accession
Brazauskas leads Lithuania when the Athens treaty completes the legal framework for Lithuanian accession.
Treaty of Accession
Juncker represents Luxembourg as the Union concludes the accession agreement with ten candidate countries.
Treaty of Accession
Fenech Adami heads Malta's government as the country concludes its accession treaty with the European Union.
Treaty of Accession
Balkenende represents the Netherlands in the Union's formal agreement for the ten-state enlargement.
Treaty of Accession
Miller leads Poland as the accession treaty fixes the terms under which Poland will enter the European Union.
Treaty of Accession
Barroso represents Portugal when the Union signs the treaty admitting ten countries in the following year.
Treaty of Accession
Dzurinda heads Slovakia as the accession treaty establishes the final legal basis for Slovak membership.
Treaty of Accession
Rop leads Slovenia during the Athens treaty ceremony completing Slovenia's membership negotiations.
Treaty of Accession
Aznar represents Spain as the Union signs accession terms with ten Central European and Mediterranean states.
Treaty of Accession
Persson backs Sweden's participation in the treaty enabling the European Union's major 2004 enlargement.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Arrest of Barzan Ibrahim El-Hasan al Tikriti
Arrested by US forces, officials characterize him as a member of what they called "Saddams Dirty Dozen", responsible for torture and murder in Iraq
Arrest of Barzan Ibrahim El-Hasan al Tikriti
Arrested by US forces, officials characterize him as a member of what they called "Saddams Dirty Dozen", responsible for torture and murder in Iraq
Economy of Turkey
The International Monetary Fund releases $701 million in loans to Turkey
Erdogan says Turkey is the best country to rebuild Iraq
Erdogan says Turkey is the best country to rebuild Iraq
Constitution of Turkey
Says he would like the Parliamentary system to be replaced by a presidential system
Neutrality
Gul says Turkey has agreed with the US to provide a postwar peacekeeping force
Aid to Iraq
UN trucks filled with lentils & sugar enter north Iraq from Turkey
UNMOVIC Return Readiness Briefing
Tells the Security Council that meaningful verification would require inspectors to return physically to Iraq rather than rely on remote document review.
French Foreign Miniser states the benefits of allowing Turkey into the
The French Foreign Miniser states the benefits of allowing Turkey into the EU
French Support for Turkish EU Membership
The French Foreign Miniser states the benefits of allowing Turkey into the EU
French Foreign Miniser states the benefits of allowing Turkey into the
The French Foreign Miniser states the benefits of allowing Turkey into the EU. The French Foreign Miniser praises Turkeys moderation & restraint during the war
Metallica
Metallicas eighth full-length recording, St. Anger, debuts at number one on the album charts
Constitution of Turkey
Celebrations all over Turkey mark the 83rd anniversary of the foundation of Parliament
Demonstrations
3,000 Greek & Turkish Cypriots cross the internal divide for the 1st time in 30 yrs
Siege of Kirkuk
US forces catch a Turkish special team entering Krkuk
Election
Wins the presidential election ahead of Julio Cesar Franco Pedro Fadul and Guillermo Sanchez.
Presidential Election
Wins the election and keeps the Colorado Party in office.
Meeting with Blair & disagrees with the coalitions reasons
Putin meets Blair & disagrees with the coalitions reasons for going to war with Iraq
Meeting with Blair & disagrees with the coalitions reasons
Putin meets Blair & disagrees with the coalitions reasons for going to war with Iraq
Peace
Israel & Palestine are handed a "road map" to peace in the Middle East
Road Map for Peace
Receives the Quartet Road Map as the first Palestinian Prime Minister.
Mahmoud Abbas Cabinet Sworn In
Arafat swears in Mahmoud Abbas's cabinet as the Palestinian Authority adopts a new division of executive responsibilities.
Chief Prosecutor
Appointed Chief Prosecutor
Economy of Turkey
The Greek-Cypriot Government will lift its trade embargo on the Turkish-Cypriots
Rule of Cyprus
The Greek-Cypriot Government will lift its trade embaro on the Turkish-Cypriots
Trade Embargo
The Greek-Cypriot Government will lift its trade embargo on the Turkish-Cypriots
Road Map for Peace
Helps present the Quartet Road Map for a two-state settlement.
Road Map Published
Bush's administration joins the Quartet in presenting a phased Road Map intended to end violence and lead toward a negotiated two-state settlement.
Battle of Baghdad
Three weeks into the invasion, US-led Coalition forces move into Baghdad, units of the Iraqi Special Republican Guard led the defence of the city
Invasion of Iraq
Three weeks into the invasion, US-led Coalition forces move into Baghdad, units of the Iraqi Special Republican Guard led the defence of the city
Republican Guard
Three weeks into the invasion, US-led Coalition forces move into Baghdad, units of the Iraqi Special Republican Guard led the defence of the city
Siege of Baghdad
Three weeks into the invasion, US-led Coalition forces move into Baghdad, units of the Iraqi Special Republican Guard led the defence of the city
Attends the Peace Summit
Attends the Peace Summit in Northern Ireland, fails to secure a breakthrough
Summit
Attends the Peace Summit in Northern Ireland, fails to secure a breakthrough
Battle of Baghdad
Three weeks into the invasion, US-led Coalition forces move into Baghdad, units of the Iraqi Special Republican Guard led the defence of the city
Invasion of Iraq
US-led Coalition troops promptly began searching for the key members of Saddam Husseins Government identified by a variety of means, most famously through sets of most-wanted Iraqi playing cards. Three weeks into the invasion, US-led Coalition forces move into Baghdad, units of the Iraqi Special Republican Guard led the defence of the city
Siege of Baghdad
Three weeks into the invasion, US-led Coalition forces move into Baghdad, units of the Iraqi Special Republican Guard led the defence of the city
Invasion of Iraq
US-led Coalition troops promptly began searching for the key members of Saddam Husseins Government identified by a variety of means, most famously through sets of most-wanted Iraqi playing cards. US General Tommy Franks assumed control of Iraq as the supreme commander of the coalition occupation forces
Chile-South Korea Free Trade Agreement
Leads Chile when its free trade agreement with South Korea enters into force.
First NHS Foundation Trusts
The first NHS foundation trusts are authorised, giving selected hospitals greater financial and managerial autonomy while retaining them within the publicly funded NHS.
Quality and Outcomes Framework
The new GP contract introduces the Quality and Outcomes Framework, linking part of practice income to measured achievement in clinical care and service organisation.
Genesis Solar Wind Sampling Complete
Completes the Genesis solar-wind sampling phase after more than two years of exposing specialized collector materials to particles flowing from the Sun.
Acting Governor Appointed
Howard Fergus serves a second acting term as Governor
National Commission on Terrorist Attacks
Testifies that there was no concrete evidence to show the 9/11 attack was imminent, the first sitting National Security Adviser to testify on matters of policy
Bush-Sharon Disengagement Letters
Sharon presents his Gaza disengagement plan to President Bush and receives American assurances concerning elements of a future territorial settlement.
Four Goals Against Leeds United
Scores four times in Arsenal's 5-0 league victory over Leeds United during the unbeaten title campaign.
Killing of Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi
Israel kills Hamas leader Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi in an airstrike less than a month after the killing of Ahmed Yassin.
Assassination of Abdel Aziz al- Rantissi
Rantissi is assassinated by the Israeli Army after they fire hellfire missiles from an Apache helicopter at his car
Death of Abdel Aziz al- Rantissi
Rantissi is assassinated by the Israeli Army after they fire hellfire missiles from an Apache helicopter at his car
Death of George Hardwick
Death of George Hardwick
Gravity Probe B
Leads the mission launched to test geodetic precession and frame dragging predicted by general relativity.
Premiership Ends
Seck leaves the prime ministership after tensions with President Wade
Prime Minister Takes Office
Macky Sall becomes Prime Minister under President Wade
Invincibles Premier League Title
Clinches the Premier League title at Tottenham during Arsenal's unbeaten 2003-04 league campaign.
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
UN Resolution 1540 recognizes the threat posed to international peace and security by nuclear, chemical and biological weapons, as well as their means of delivery, It calls upon greater effort by nations to limit proliferation of such weapons
Darfur Warning
Warns of grave humanitarian abuses in Darfur
ANC
The ANC win a landslide victory
Election
The ANC win a landslide victory
President of South Africa
Appointed President of South Africa, 2nd term
Election
Rice becomes the first National Security Adviser to campaign for an incumbent President
Death of John Paul II
Death of John Paul II
Death of John Paul II
Death of Pope John Paul II
Marriage
As the wife of the Prince of Wales, Mrs Parker Bowles will be styled Her Royal Highness Duchess of Cornwall and that upon the Princes accession to the throne.
Marriage
It is was announced that the wedding will be delayed for one day to 9 April to allow the Prince of Wales and some of the invited dignitaries to attend the funeral of Pope John Paul II.
Marriage
she would not be known as Queen Camilla but as Her Royal Highness The Princess Consort.
Re-Elected President
Parliament re-elects Voronin for a second presidential term
Regional Diplomacy
bin Abdullah participates in regional diplomacy connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
MG Rover Administration
MG Rover enters administration, ending large-scale vehicle production at Longbridge.
Marriage
Charles marries Camilla Parker Bowles
Marriage
Charles marries Camilla Parker Bowles
National Rural Health Mission
The government launches the National Rural Health Mission to strengthen public health services, particularly in rural areas.
Pope
Appointed Pope, 1st German Pope since the 11th century
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador after the removal of Lucio Gutierrez
Inauguration
Formally inaugurated during the Papal Inauguration Mass
Treaty of Accession
Represents Bulgarian foreign policy as the country's EU accession treaty is signed.
Treaty of Accession
Leads Bulgaria when its Treaty of Accession to the European Union is signed in Luxembourg.
Paroubek Government
Begins the Paroubek Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czech Republic.
Gross Government
The Gross Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czech Republic.
Treaty of Accession
Represents Romania's state leadership when the EU accession treaty is concluded in Luxembourg.
Treaty of Accession
Heads Romania's government when the accession treaty providing for 2007 membership is signed.
Syrian Military Withdrawal
The final Syrian military and security forces leave Lebanon after nearly three decades of direct deployment, substantially altering the political environment of President Emile Lahoud's administration.
Devils and Dust
Releases Devils and Dust, a solo-oriented album focused on war, faith and private moral conflict.
ECCC Agreement Enters Force
UN-Cambodia agreement for the ECCC enters into force
First Chelsea Premier League Title
Chelsea defeat Bolton Wanderers to secure their first English league championship for fifty years.
European Constitutional Treaty Ratification
Heads the government as Italy completes parliamentary ratification of the European Constitutional Treaty.
Second Tarlev Cabinet
Tarlev continues as Prime Minister after the 2005 parliamentary election
Nuclear Power
Ahmadinejad announces, "I am officially announcing that Iran has joined the group of those countries which have nuclear technology"
Venus Express Orbit Insertion
Venus Express enters orbit around Venus and begins preparations for a long-term atmospheric and plasma investigation.
Sanctions
President Barack Obama loosens the travel ban, now allowing Cuban-Americans to travel freely to the country
Comet 73P Breakup
Weaver helps lead Hubble observations showing the detailed fragmentation of Comet 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3 as it approaches the Sun.
Reform of Government
Announces that a ruling which prevented women from watching men playing sports in stadiums would soon be reversed
Champions League Semi-Final Penalty Save
Saves Juan Roman Riquelme's late penalty to send Arsenal into their first Champions League final.
We Shall Overcome
Releases We Shall Overcome The Seeger Sessions, interpreting songs associated with Pete Seeger.
Spallation Neutron Source First Neutrons
Directs SNS when proton pulses strike the mercury target and produce the facility first neutrons.
Consecutive Domestic Doubles
Claudio Pizarro scores as Bayern defeat Eintracht Frankfurt 1-0 in the DFB Cup final and complete a second successive domestic double.
Second Chelsea Premier League Title
Chelsea defeat Manchester United 3-0 to secure a second consecutive Premier League championship.
Footballer of the Year
Becomes the first Liverpool player since John Barnes to be voted PFA Player of the Year.
Uranium Enrichment
Ahmadinejad announces that Iran had successfully refined uranium to a stage suitable for the nuclear fuel cycle
Uranium Enrichment
Ahmadinejad announces that Iran had successfully refined uranium to a stage suitable for the nuclear fuel cycle
Rolling Stone Allegations
In the issue of Rolling Stone, St. John Hunt detailed a number of individuals purported to be implicated by his father including Sturgis.
Rolling Stone Allegations
The two sons of Howard Hunt alleged that their father cut the information from his memoirs, "American Spy: My Secret History in the CIA, Watergate and Beyond", to avoid possible perjury charges.
Rolling Stone Allegations
as well as Lyndon B. Johnson, Cord Meyer, David Sanchez Morales, David Atlee Phillips, Lucien Sarti, and William Harvey.
Rolling Stone Allegations
In the issue of Rolling Stone, St. John Hunt detailed a number of individuals purported to be implicated by his father including Sturgis.
Rolling Stone Allegations
The two sons of Howard Hunt alleged that their father cut the information from his memoirs, "American Spy: My Secret History in the CIA, Watergate and Beyond", to avoid possible perjury charges.
Rolling Stone Allegations
as well as Lyndon B. Johnson, Cord Meyer, David Sanchez Morales, David Atlee Phillips, Lucien Sarti, and William Harvey.
Rolling Stone Allegations
In the issue of Rolling Stone, St. John Hunt detailed a number of individuals purported to be implicated by his father including Sturgis.
Rolling Stone Allegations
The two sons of Howard Hunt alleged that their father cut the information from his memoirs, "American Spy: My Secret History in the CIA, Watergate and Beyond", to avoid possible perjury charges.
Rolling Stone Allegations
as well as Lyndon B. Johnson, Cord Meyer, David Sanchez Morales, David Atlee Phillips, Lucien Sarti, and William Harvey.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
In the issue of Rolling Stone, St.
Rolling Stone Allegations
In the issue of Rolling Stone, St. John Hunt detailed a number of individuals purported to be implicated by his father including Sturgis.
Rolling Stone Allegations
The two sons of Howard Hunt alleged that their father cut the information from his memoirs, "American Spy: My Secret History in the CIA, Watergate and Beyond", to avoid possible perjury charges.
Rolling Stone Allegations
as well as Lyndon B. Johnson, Cord Meyer, David Sanchez Morales, David Atlee Phillips, Lucien Sarti, and William Harvey.
Rolling Stone Allegations
In the issue of Rolling Stone, St. John Hunt detailed a number of individuals purported to be implicated by his father including Sturgis.
Rolling Stone Allegations
The two sons of Howard Hunt alleged that their father cut the information from his memoirs, "American Spy: My Secret History in the CIA, Watergate and Beyond", to avoid possible perjury charges.
Rolling Stone Allegations
as well as Lyndon B. Johnson, Cord Meyer, David Sanchez Morales, David Atlee Phillips, Lucien Sarti, and William Harvey.
Rolling Stone Allegations
In the issue of Rolling Stone, St. John Hunt detailed a number of individuals purported to be implicated by his father including Sturgis.
Rolling Stone Allegations
The two sons of Howard Hunt alleged that their father cut the information from his memoirs, "American Spy: My Secret History in the CIA, Watergate and Beyond", to avoid possible perjury charges.
Rolling Stone Allegations
as well as Lyndon B. Johnson, Cord Meyer, David Sanchez Morales, David Atlee Phillips, Lucien Sarti, and William Harvey.
Rolling Stone Allegations
The two sons of Howard Hunt alleged that their father cut the information from his memoirs, "American Spy: My Secret History in the CIA, Watergate and Beyond", to avoid possible perjury charges.
Rolling Stone Allegations
The two sons of Howard Hunt alleged that their father cut the information from his memoirs, "American Spy: My Secret History in the CIA, Watergate and Beyond", to avoid possible perjury charges.
Rolling Stone Allegations
The two sons of Howard Hunt alleged that their father cut the information from his memoirs, "American Spy: My Secret History in the CIA, Watergate and Beyond", to avoid possible perjury charges.
Rolling Stone Allegations
The two sons of Howard Hunt alleged that their father cut the information from his memoirs, "American Spy: My Secret History in the CIA, Watergate and Beyond", to avoid possible perjury charges.
Rolling Stone Allegations
The two sons of Howard Hunt alleged that their father cut the information from his memoirs, "American Spy: My Secret History in the CIA, Watergate and Beyond", to avoid possible perjury charges.
Rolling Stone Allegations
The two sons of Howard Hunt alleged that their father cut the information from his memoirs, "American Spy: My Secret History in the CIA, Watergate and Beyond", to avoid possible perjury charges.
First Champions League Goals
Scores twice against Roma after going more than thirty Champions League appearances without a goal.
Siege of Baghdad
Eight people, including two Iraqi legislators, die when a suicide bomber strikes inside the Parliament building, which is located in Baghdads fortified International Zone
Suicide
Eight people, including two Iraqi legislators, die when a suicide bomber strikes inside the Parliament building, which is located in Baghdads fortified International Zone
Constitution of Bangladesh
Bangladeshs military-backed emergency Government exile opposition leader Sheikh Hasina Wajed as it steps up a massive purge of the crisis-wracked countrys political hierarchy
Exile of Sheikh Hasina Wajed
Bangladeshs military-backed emergency Government exile opposition leader Sheikh Hasina Wajed as it steps up a massive purge of the crisis-wracked countrys political hierarchy
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Exile of Khaleda Zia
Bangladesh issues an arrest warrant for opposition leader Sheikh Hasina Wajed as a plane arrives to take her arch rival, the countrys last Prime Minister Khaleda Zia, into exile in Saudi Arabia
Arrest of Sheikh Hasina
Bangladesh issues an arrest warrant for opposition leader Sheikh Hasina Wajed as a plane arrives to take her arch rival, the countrys last Prime Minister Khaleda Zia, into exile in Saudi Arabia
Exile of Sheikh Hasina Wajed
Bangladesh issues an arrest warrant for opposition leader Sheikh Hasina Wajed as a plane arrives to take her arch rival, the countrys last Prime Minister Khaleda Zia, into exile in Saudi Arabia
Death of Boris Yeltsin
Dies in Moscow at age seventy-six after a long period of declining health.
State Funeral
Receives a state funeral in Moscow attended by Russian leaders and foreign dignitaries.
Exile of Khaleda Zia
Bangladeshs emergency Government backtracks on plans to exile two feuding former Prime Minister's but appears to threaten the women with corruption charges if they stay in the country
Exile of Sheikh Hasina Wajed
Bangladeshs emergency Government backtracks on plans to exile two feuding former Prime Minister's but appears to threaten the women with corruption charges if they stay in the country
Presidential Re-Election
Toure wins re-election for a second constitutional presidential term.
Leaves Congo after Kinshasa Clashes
Leaves the country after fighting between his guards and government forces ends his armed political challenge in Kinshasa.
Defence Agreement
Iceland and Norway agree to expand defence cooperation to help secure future shipments of oil and gas
Feyenoord First-Team Debut
Makes his Feyenoord first-team debut as a sixteen-year-old midfielder.
President of Botswana
Seretse Ian Khama, the half-white son of Botswanas first president, is sworn in as President
Death of Norberto Collado Abreu
Norberto Collado Abreu, the helmsman of the Granma yacht that carried Fidel Castro from Mexico to Cuba to launch his revolution in 1956, dies in Havana
Granma
Norberto Collado Abreu, the helmsman of the Granma yacht that carried Fidel Castro from Mexico to Cuba to launch his revolution in 1956, dies in Havana
Economy of Cuba
Cubans snapped up DVD players, motorbikes and pressure cookers for the first time as Raul Castros new Government loosens controls on consumer goods and invites private farmers to plant tobacco, coffee and other crops on unused state land
Nationalization
Cubans snapped up DVD players, motorbikes and pressure cookers for the first time as Raul Castro's new Government loosens controls on consumer goods and invites private farmers to plant tobacco, coffee and other crops on unused state land
Death of Charlton Heston
Death of Charlton Heston
Olympic Games Position
The Dalai Lama supports Beijing hosting the Olympics while opposing repression in Tibet.
Economy of Cuba
New regulations allow thousands of Cubans to get title to state-owned homes, a step that might lay the groundwork for broader housing reform
Reform of Housing
New regulations allow thousands of Cubans to get title to state-owned homes, a step that might lay the groundwork for broader housing reform
Economy of Cuba
Lines stretch for blocks outside phone centres as the Government allows ordinary Cubans to sign up for cellular phone service for the first time
Credit Crunch
JP Morgan profits dive 50 per cent
A Government spokesman says that South Africa has waived Cuban debt totaling
A Government spokesman says that South Africa has waived Cuban debt totaling more than 100 million dollars
Economy of Cuba
A Government spokesman says that South Africa has waived Cuban debt totaling more than 100 million dollars
Presidential Election
Wins the election and breaks Colorado Party control of the presidency.
Special Liquidity Scheme Launched
Mervyn King leads the Bank of England as it launches the Special Liquidity Scheme allowing banks to exchange eligible illiquid assets for Treasury bills.
Credit Crunch
The Bank of England launches the Special Liquidity Scheme, allowing banks to exchange high-quality mortgage-backed assets temporarily for Treasury bills.
Death of John Mills
Death of John Mills
Bundestag Lisbon Approval
Heads the government as the Bundestag approves legislation accompanying German ratification of the Lisbon Treaty.
PFA Merit Award
Awarded the PFA Merit Award
Credit Crunch
The Federal Reserve reduces the federal funds target to two percent as the economy weakens and credit conditions remain unusually strained.
Official Visit
On the final day of the Pope's visit, he visited the World Trade Center site and later celebrated Mass at Yankee Stadium.
Patrick's Cathedral, met with disabled children and their families, and attended an
Patrick's Cathedral, met with disabled children and their families, and attended an event for Catholic youth, where he addressed some 25,000 young people in attendance.
Pope also met privately with victims of sexual abuse by priests
The Pope also met privately with victims of sexual abuse by priests. The Pope travelled to New York where he addressed the United Nations General Assembly. Also while in New York, the Pope celebrated Mass at St.
Visit to Washington
Arrives in Washington, DC where he was received at the White House and met President Bush.
While in Washington, he addressed representatives of US Catholic universities, met with
While in Washington, he addressed representatives of US Catholic universities, met with leaders of other world religions, and celebrated Mass at the Washington Nationals' baseball stadium with 47,000 people.
Hamas
Between Khaled Meshal and Jimmy Carter an understanding is reached in which Hamas agreed it would respect the creation of a Palestinian state in the territory seized by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War, provided this were ratified by a referendum
Referendum
Between Khaled Meshal and Jimmy Carter an understanding is reached in which Hamas agreed it would respect the creation of a Palestinian state in the territory seized by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War, provided this were ratified by a referendum
Diplomatic Mission
King Abdullah told US ambassador to Iraq Ryan Crocker and US General David Petraeus to "cut off the head of the snake" about Iran
Free Swimming Programme
Burnham's department launches free swimming for eligible young and older residents.
Care Quality Commission Begins
The Care Quality Commission begins operating as the integrated regulator for health and adult social care, replacing several previous inspection bodies.
G20 Resource Agreement
G20 leaders pledge additional international resources worth approximately 1.1 trillion dollars.
G20 Financial Regulation Programme
Brown secures international commitments on financial supervision, resources and economic recovery.
Prague Nuclear Disarmament Speech
Calls for concrete steps toward a world without nuclear weapons while maintaining deterrence during the transition.
NDC Re-election
Is re-elected as National Defence Commission chairman.
Hillsborough Disaster
Presents a memorial wreath to the Kop for the Liverpool supporters who died after Hillsborough.
Sanctions
President Barack Obama loosens the travel ban, now allowing Cuban-Americans to travel freely to the country
Hillsborough Memorial Speech
Burnham responds to demands for full disclosure at the twentieth-anniversary Hillsborough memorial.
Death of James Graham Ballard
Death of James Graham Ballard
FA Cup Semi Final Penalty
Phil Jagielka converts the decisive shootout penalty against Manchester United to send Everton into the FA Cup final.
Vehicle Scrappage Scheme
The Budget introduces incentives encouraging consumers to replace older vehicles.
Death of Bea Arthur
Death of Bea Arthur, actress in the "Golden Girls"
Together Through Life
Releases Together Through Life.
UK Combat Operations in Iraq
British combat operations in Iraq formally conclude under Brown's premiership.
Premiership Ends
Soumare leaves office after local election setbacks for the ruling party
Prime Minister Takes Office
Souleymane Ndene Ndiaye becomes Prime Minister
St Paul's Cathedral Speech
Brown delivers a prime-ministerial address on responsibility, fairness and shared moral principles.
Interfaith Ethical Principles
Brown compares shared ethical teachings across Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism and Sikhism.
Legal Right to Eighteen-Week Treatment
The NHS Constitution is strengthened so eligible patients gain a legal right to start consultant-led treatment within eighteen weeks unless specified exceptions apply.
Quality Accounts Requirement
NHS providers are required to publish annual Quality Accounts describing priorities, performance and evidence about the quality of services they deliver.
Assassination of Eugene Ney TerreBlanche
TerreBlanche, who had lived in relative obscurity since the collapse of his organisation, is murdered on his farm Villana, just outside Ventersdorp, beaten to death with pipes and pangas (machetes), while napping
Death of Eugene Ney TerreBlanche
Death of Eugene Ney TerreBlanche
General Election - General Election Called
Brown announces that the general election will be held on 6 May.
General Election Called Election Outcome
General election outcome recorded for James Gordon Brown: Brown announces that the general election will be held on 6 May.
General Election Called Government
Government context for this general election: Brown announces that the general election will be held on 6 May.
General Election Called
Brown announces that the general election will be held on 6 May.
Late Champions League Winner at Old Trafford
Arjen Robben scores a spectacular volley against Manchester United to send Bayern through to the Champions League semi-finals on away goals.
Death of Malcolm McLaren
Death of Malcolm McLaren
New START Treaty Signed
Signs the New START treaty with Dmitry Medvedev to limit deployed strategic nuclear forces.
Death of Lech Kaczynski
Death of Lech Kaczynski
Piquionne Scores Twice in FA Cup Semifinal
Piquionne scores in extra time against Tottenham Hotspur as Portsmouth wins 2โ0 to reach the FA Cup final despite its league struggles.
Grant Guides Portsmouth to FA Cup Final
Grant leads Portsmouth to a surprise semi-final victory over Tottenham and a place in Wembleyโs FA Cup final, despite administration and league relegation.
Dissolution of Parliament
Parliament is dissolved and formal general-election campaigning begins.
First Nuclear Security Summit
Hosts the first Nuclear Security Summit focused on securing vulnerable nuclear material and reducing nuclear terrorism risks.
Sanctions
74 of Cuba's dissidents sign a letter to the United States Congress in support of a bill that would lift the US travel ban for Americans wishing to visit Cuba
First Televised Leaders' Debate
Brown participates in Britain's first televised general-election leaders' debate.
Election
Instant polling after the 1st of 3 Prime Ministerial debates unanimously declared Nick Clegg the winner
Eighteenth Amendment
Zardari signs the Eighteenth Amendment restoring parliamentary authority and provincial autonomy.
Barcelona Semi-Final Goal
Scores Inter's equaliser in a 3-1 first-leg victory over defending champions Barcelona.
Hat-Trick Against Lyon
Ivica Olic scores a hat-trick in Bayernโs 3-0 win away to Lyon, securing a place in the Champions League final.
Gillian Duffy Incident
Brown apologises after a private remark about voter Gillian Duffy is broadcast.
Televised Leaders Debate
Takes part in the first televised general-election leaders' debates during the 2010 campaign.
Re-Elected President
Nazarbayev wins early presidential election
First Woman Prime Minister
Sidibe becomes the first woman appointed Prime Minister of Mali.
MESSENGER Science Mission
MESSENGER begins its primary year-long orbital science campaign to map Mercury and study its composition, magnetic field and environment.
Governor Appointed
Adrian Davis becomes Governor of Montserrat
Second Icesave Referendum
Icelandic voters reject a revised Icesave repayment agreement, leaving the dispute to continue through the EFTA legal process.
Petroleum Revenue Management Act Assented
Mills assents to legislation establishing rules for collecting, allocating, saving and reporting Ghana's petroleum revenues.
Paris Libya Coordination
Meets President Nicolas Sarkozy to discuss military, diplomatic and political pressure on the Qadhafi regime.
Copa del Rey Final Victory
Real Madrid defeat Barcelona after extra time to win the Copa del Rey.
Large Hadron Collider Beam Intensity Record
Announces that the Large Hadron Collider has surpassed the Tevatron's hadron-collider luminosity record, increasing its discovery potential.
Bernabeu Semi-Final Brace
Scores twice against Real Madrid, including a celebrated solo goal, in the semi-final first leg.
2011 Bundesliga Title
Guides Borussia Dortmund to the 2010-11 Bundesliga championship through an aggressive high-pressing style and a young squad.
Presidency Ends
Wade leaves office after losing the presidential election
President Takes Office
Macky Sall becomes President after defeating Abdoulaye Wade
Second Fico Government
Returns as prime minister after Smer wins elections.
Large Hadron Collider 8 TeV Collisions
Sees the Large Hadron Collider begin proton collisions at a total centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV.
Premiership Ends
Ndiaye leaves office after the presidential transition
Prime Minister Takes Office
Abdoul Mbaye becomes Prime Minister under President Macky Sall
Resignation from Presidency
Toure resigns under an ECOWAS-mediated agreement following the March military coup.
First Secretary
Becomes First Secretary of the Workers Party.
Appointment as Interim President
Traore takes office as interim president under the constitutional transition agreement.
National Defence Commission
Becomes First Chairman of the National Defence Commission.
Faces Induction
Is inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame again as a member of Faces.
Nationalization
Announces the expropriation of a controlling stake in YPF from Repsol
Appointment as Transitional Prime Minister
Traore appoints Diarra to lead the transitional government.
Appointment as Prime Minister
Kabila appoints former finance minister Matata Ponyo to head the government.
Agni-V Test
Tessy Thomas contributes to the Agni programme as Agni-V completes its first successful flight test.
MESSENGER Orbit
Mission controllers reduce MESSENGER's orbital period to about eight hours, increasing the number of close Mercury passes each day.
2012 Bundesliga Title Defence
Captains Borussia Dortmund as the club successfully defends its Bundesliga title and completes a record-setting 81-point season.
Prudential Regulation Authority Begins Operations
Mervyn King serves as Governor when the Prudential Regulation Authority begins operating as the prudential regulator for banks, building societies, insurers and major investment firms.
Death of Margaret Hilda Thatcher
Death of Margaret Thatcher
Malaga Last-Gasp Winner
Scores the decisive stoppage-time goal against Mรกlaga to send Borussia Dortmund into the Champions League semifinals.
Malaga Quarterfinal Comeback
Scores deep into stoppage time against Mรกlaga before Felipe Santana adds another goal, completing a dramatic Champions League quarterfinal turnaround.
Europa League Goal against Tottenham
Scores for Basel against Tottenham in the Europa League quarter-final second leg, helping the Swiss club reach its first major European semi-final.
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of Venezuela after the 2013 special election
Presidential Election
Wins the presidential election for the Colorado Party.
Four Goals Against Real Madrid
Scores all four Borussia Dortmund goals in the Champions League semi-final first leg.
Lewandowski Scores Four Against Madrid
Lewandowski scores all four goals as Dortmund defeat Real Madrid 4โ1 in the Champions League semi-final first leg under Klopp.
Acting Prime Minister Takes Office
Iurie Leanca becomes acting Prime Minister after Filat leaves office
Premiership Ends
Filat leaves office after a government crisis
Premier League Title
Wins the Premier League with Manchester United and finishes the season as the division's leading scorer.
Premiership Ends
Akhmetov leaves the prime ministership
Second Premiership Begins
Karim Massimov returns as Prime Minister
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
The E Street Band is inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for musical excellence.
Wickham Scores Twice Against Manchester City
Wickham strikes twice in Sunderland's 2โ2 draw at Manchester City, a result that helps ignite an unlikely Premier League escape.
Completion of UNOCI Command
Muhammad Iqbal Asi completes his two-year tenure as Force Commander of the United Nations operation in Cote d'Ivoire.
Victory at Liverpool
Chelsea win 2-0 at Anfield with a disciplined tactical performance against the league leaders.
Mercury Hollows
Detailed MESSENGER imagery of Zeami basin shows extensive fields of Mercury's distinctive bright hollows.
IMF Economic Reform Programme Approved
The IMF approves a three-year Extended Credit Facility arrangement supporting Mahama's government's programme for fiscal adjustment, stability and economic recovery.
Civil Union Agreement
Promulgates legislation establishing civil unions for same-sex and opposite-sex couples.
FA Cup Semi-Final Victory
Villa defeats Liverpool 2-1 to reach its first FA Cup final since 2000.
Campaign Phase Renamed
Military operations continue alongside stated political and humanitarian goals.
Operation Restoring Hope
Announces transition from Decisive Storm to Restoring Hope.
Re-Elected President
Nazarbayev wins another early presidential election
Electoral System Reform
Replaces the binomial congressional electoral system with a proportional representation system.
Pluto
Approach images begin showing distinct surface features on Pluto with steadily improving detail.
MESSENGER Mission End
Mission controllers receive MESSENGER's final telemetry before the spacecraft impacts Mercury after more than four years in orbit.
MESSENGER Impact
MESSENGER ends its mission by impacting Mercury after completing 4,105 orbits and transforming knowledge of the planet.
Panama Papers Political Crisis
Large demonstrations follow publication of the Panama Papers, which disclose offshore financial interests linked to Prime Minister Gunnlaugsson and his family.
Resignation Announced after Panama Papers
Gunnlaugsson announces that he will step aside as prime minister after the Panama Papers disclosures trigger intense political pressure.
State Counsellor Takes Office
Aung San Suu Kyi becomes State Counsellor and de facto head of government
Panama Papers
Faces questions over family finances after the Panama Papers revelations.
Sigmundur David Gunnlaugsson Government
The Sigmundur David Gunnlaugsson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Sigurdur Ingi Johannsson Government
Begins the Sigurdur Ingi Johannsson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Closest Images of 1994 JR1
New Horizons images 1994 JR1 from about 111 million kilometres away, then the closest spacecraft observations of a small Kuiper Belt object.
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Is inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Deep Purple.
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Is inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as part of Deep Purple's recognised classic membership.
Brexit
Vote Leave is designated the official Leave campaign.
Brexit
Vote Leave is designated the official campaign for leaving the European Union.
Remain Campaign Designated
Designated official campaign for remaining in the European Union.
Leave Campaign Designated
Designated official campaign for leaving the European Union.
Origi Scores Against Dortmund
Origi pulls a goal back early in Liverpool's dramatic 4โ3 Europa League win over Dortmund under Klopp.
Coutinho Scores Dortmund Comeback Goal
Coutinho scores from distance to bring Liverpool back into their Europa League quarter-final against Dortmund.
Lovren Stoppage-Time Winner Against Dortmund
Lovren heads a late winner against Dortmund to complete a remarkable Europa League comeback under Klopp.
Sakho Header Levels Dortmund Tie
Sakho scores Liverpool's third goal of the night as Klopp's team press toward a remarkable turnaround against Dortmund.
Liverpool Beats Dortmund After Dramatic Comeback
Klopp's Liverpool recover from 3โ1 down on the night to beat his former club Dortmund 4โ3 and advance in the Europa League.
Brexit
Campaigns for Remain after Labour confirms its position.
Voyager 1 Ultraviolet Spectrometer Shutdown
Voyager 1's ultraviolet spectrometer is switched off as part of long-term power conservation.
Remain Campaign Fundraising
Attends a Britain Stronger in Europe fundraising event alongside business and political figures supporting continued European Union membership.
President of Laos
Becomes president of Laos
Prime Minister
Becomes prime minister of Laos
Brexit
Gives a speech supporting remaining in the European Union.
Saudi Vision 2030
Presents the national programme for economic and social transformation.
Saudi Vision 2030
Chairs the cabinet session approving Saudi Vision 2030.
Makemake Moon Discovery
Parker leads Hubble observations discovering a small dark moon orbiting the dwarf planet Makemake.
Makemake Moon Discovery
Parker leads Hubble observations revealing a small dark moon orbiting the Kuiper Belt dwarf planet Makemake.
Townsend Free Kick Against Crystal Palace
Townsend scores a vital free kick against Crystal Palace as Benรญtez's Newcastle battle to avoid Premier League relegation.
Di Marรญa Contributes to Monaco Final Win
Di Marรญa scores and creates goals as Paris Saint-Germain defeat Monaco in the League Cup final under Emery.
Cavani Scores in Monaco Cup Final
Cavani scores twice as Emery's Paris Saint-Germain defeat Monaco 4โ1 in the Coupe de la Ligue final.
Halfway to Arrokoth
New Horizons reaches the halfway point in distance between Pluto and its next Kuiper Belt target, 2014 MU69.
Appointment as Prime Minister
Kabila appoints Tshibala under the framework of the Saint Sylvester Agreement.
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Is inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Yes.
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Is inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Yes.
Syria Airstrikes
Orders missile strikes on a Syrian airbase after a chemical weapons attack.
Gorsuch Sworn In
Neil Gorsuch is sworn in as Supreme Court Justice.
Brexit
Calls for an early general election during the Brexit process.
Five Hundredth Barcelona Goal
Scores his five-hundredth competitive Barcelona goal with a stoppage-time Clasico winner.
Tax Cuts Proposal
Unveils outline of major tax cuts.
Icarus Farthest Star
Kelly leads the Hubble discovery of the gravitationally magnified star Icarus, then the most distant individual star ever observed.
Bicycle Kick Against Juventus
Scores an overhead kick during Real Madrid's quarter-final victory at Juventus.
President Sworn In
Sworn in as President after winning the 2018 election
SLPP Presidency Begins
Begins elected presidency after the 2018 transfer of power
Wenger Announces Arsenal Departure
Wenger announced that he would leave Arsenal at the end of the season, bringing his long managerial association with the club toward a close.
Pรฉrez Hat-Trick Against Southampton
Pรฉrez scores three times in Newcastle's 3โ1 Premier League victory over Southampton during Benรญtez's final season at the club.
First Dortmund Bundesliga Goal
Scores his first Bundesliga goal for Borussia Dortmund against Bayer Leverkusen, demonstrating the attacking potential of the young English winger.
Copa del Rey Final Goal
Scores in Barcelona's 5-0 Copa del Rey final victory over Sevilla.
PFA Players' Player of the Year
Wins the PFA Players' Player of the Year award after an exceptional first season with Liverpool.
Arrival at MINURSO
Zia Ur Rehman arrives at MINURSO headquarters to begin operational command of the mission's military component.
LIGO Observation Run
LIGO and Virgo begin the O3 observing run for gravitational waves.
Resignation of Abdelaziz Bouteflika
Resigns after mass protests against his rule.
Article 50 Extension Bill
Secures legislation requiring the government to seek an Article 50 extension.
Tripoli Offensive
Sarraj's Government of National Accord confronts Khalifa Haftar's offensive against Tripoli.
Tripoli Offensive
Launches an offensive toward Tripoli.
General Election - General Election
Leads Likud in the first Israeli general election of 2019.
General Election Election Outcome
General election outcome recorded for Benjamin Netanyahu: Leads Likud in the first Israeli general election of 2019.
General Election Government
Government context for this general election: Leads Likud in the first Israeli general election of 2019.
General Election
Leads Likud in the first Israeli general election of 2019.
M87 Horizon-Scale Modelling
Contributes horizon-scale modelling used to interpret the ring structure and physical environment around the M87 black hole.
M87 Black Hole Shadow
As EHT Science Council chair, helps lead the collaboration that reveals the first direct image of a black hole shadow in M87.
Article 50 Further Extension
The European Council grants a further extension to 31 October 2019.
M87 General Relativity Test
Contributes tests comparing the M87 black hole shadow with predictions of general relativity using Event Horizon Telescope data.
M87 Imaging Pipelines
Helps develop and validate independent imaging pipelines used to reconstruct the Event Horizon Telescope image of M87*.
Gun Law Reform
Oversees passage of gun law reforms after the Christchurch attack.
M87 Black Hole Modelling
Contributes theoretical modelling used to interpret the Event Horizon Telescope image and infer properties of the M87 black hole.
First Image of M87 Black Hole
As EHT project director, announces the first image of a black hole shadow, obtained from the supermassive black hole M87*.
M87 Black Hole Imaging
Contributes imaging methods used by the Event Horizon Telescope collaboration to reconstruct the first black hole image from M87 data.
Moon Landing Attempt
The Beresheet lunar lander crashes during its landing attempt.
State Affairs Re-election
Is re-elected chairman of the State Affairs Commission.
Brexit Party Launch
Launches the Brexit Party ahead of the European Parliament election.
Notre-Dame Fire
Responds to the Notre-Dame Cathedral fire.
Presidential Election
Wins re-election as President of Indonesia.
Easter Bombings
Faces the Easter Sunday bombings in Sri Lanka.
Appointment as Prime Minister
Keita appoints Cisse to form a government following the previous cabinet's resignation.
Constitutional Referendum
Wins approval for constitutional amendments extending presidential terms and strengthening executive authority.
2020 Campaign Announcement
Announces his 2020 presidential campaign.
WSL Title Winning Campaign
Scores the opening goal at Brighton as Arsenal secure the Women's Super League championship.
General Election - General Election
Wins the first Spanish general election of 2019 without a majority.
General Election Election Outcome
General election outcome recorded for Pedro Sanchez: Wins the first Spanish general election of 2019 without a majority.
General Election Government
Government context for this general election: Wins the first Spanish general election of 2019 without a majority.
General Election
Wins the first Spanish general election of 2019 without a majority.
Abdication
Abdicates the Japanese throne.
COVID-19 Relief Programme
The government expands emergency cash assistance during the pandemic.
COVID-19
Sets a target to expand COVID-19 testing capacity.
Mask Guidance Briefings
Holds briefings as federal health agencies update mask guidance.
Becomes Leader of the Opposition
Starmer assumes the constitutional role of Leader of His Majesty's Official Opposition.
Election as Labour Leader
Labour members elect Starmer as party leader.
COVID-19
Admitted to hospital after continuing COVID-19 symptoms.
COVID-19
Ethiopia declares a state of emergency over COVID-19.
Second Anti-Epidemic Fund Package Announced
Lam announces a second large package of wage subsidies, business assistance and household support to counter the economic effects of the pandemic.
Main Street and Municipal Lending Expansion
The Federal Reserve announces programs capable of supporting up to 2.3 trillion dollars in lending, including the Main Street Lending Program and Municipal Liquidity Facility, while expanding other credit facilities for businesses and households.
BepiColombo Earth Flyby
BepiColombo performs an Earth gravity-assist flyby that adjusts its trajectory toward the inner Solar System.
COVID-19
Narendra Modi announces an extension of India's nationwide COVID-19 lockdown.
COVID-19
Holds parliamentary elections under pandemic safety measures.
April Prisoner Exchange
Welcomes another exchange that returns Ukrainians held in the occupied parts of Donbas.
Economic Reopening Guidelines
Announces phased guidelines for reopening the U.S. economy.
Second Anti-Epidemic Fund Approved
Legislative Council funding approval allows the Government to implement the second round of Anti-epidemic Fund measures and the Employment Support Scheme.
Interstellar Comet Borisov Composition
Jewitt uses Hubble observations to help show that interstellar Comet Borisov contains unusually abundant carbon monoxide.
Death of Florian Schneider
Dies after illness, prompting tributes to his pioneering role in electronic music.
First Prime Minister's Questions
Starmer questions the Government at Prime Minister's Questions for the first time.
COVID-19
Oxford researchers begin human trials of the ChAdOx1 COVID-19 vaccine.
Oxford Vaccine
Oxford researchers begin human trials of the ChAdOx1 COVID-19 vaccine.
Venus Super-Rotation
Analysis of Akatsuki data shows that thermal tides play a major role in maintaining Venus's atmospheric super-rotation.
Agricultural Land Market Law
Signs legislation establishing a regulated agricultural land market in Ukraine.
COVID-19
Announces he has tested positive for COVID-19.
Heger Government
Becomes prime minister after Matovic resigns.
First Biden Presidential Call
Holds his first presidential phone conversation with Joe Biden and discusses security and democratic reform.
Electoral Reform Bill Gazetted
The Government gazettes legislation to implement the revised electoral arrangements mandated by the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee.
Afghanistan Withdrawal Decision
Announces U.S. troops will leave Afghanistan.
Sixty Percent Uranium Enrichment
The IAEA verifies that Iran has begun producing uranium enriched up to 60 percent U-235 at the Natanz pilot enrichment plant.
FA Cup Semi Final Winning Goal
Iheanacho scores the only goal against Southampton at Wembley to send Leicester City into the 2021 FA Cup final for the first time in more than five decades.
Tottenham Hotspur Departure
Is dismissed by Tottenham six days before the club's League Cup final.
New Direction in Pandemic Strategy
Lam announces a revised pandemic strategy linking gradual reopening and restoration of normal activity with vaccination progress and continued infection controls.
Parker Crosses Alfven Critical Surface
Leads analysis showing that Parker Solar Probe crosses the Alfvรฉn critical surface and directly samples solar-wind plasma while inside the Sun's outer atmosphere.
Growing Exoplanet PDS 70b
Zhou leads Hubble ultraviolet observations of the young planet PDS 70b actively accreting material from its surrounding disk.
Election Postponement
Abbas postpones planned Palestinian elections citing disputes over voting in East Jerusalem
Bucha Massacre Revealed
Bodies are found after Russian forces leave Bucha.
Kyiv Region Liberation
Announces that Ukrainian forces have regained control of the Kyiv region after Russia's withdrawal.
Bucha Atrocities Revealed
Reports mass civilian killings after Russian forces withdraw from Bucha
War Crimes Justice Mechanism
Initiates a special national and international mechanism to investigate crimes committed during the invasion.
Bucha Visit
Visits Bucha after its liberation and calls international attention to killings of civilians.
Romanian Parliament Address
Addresses Romania's Parliament after visiting liberated communities around Kyiv.
Spanish Parliament Address
Addresses Spain's Cortes Generales and seeks weapons and stronger sanctions.
UN Security Council Bucha Address
Addresses the United Nations Security Council and demands accountability for atrocities discovered in Bucha.
Governor Appointed
Sarah Tucker is sworn in as Governor of Montserrat
Address to Ireland's Oireachtas
Urges Ireland to support stronger sanctions and help rebuild Ukraine after Russian attacks.
Presidential Leadership Council Support
Supports the transfer to Yemen's Presidential Leadership Council.
Saudi Backing for Yemeni Transition
Saudi Arabia backs the new anti-Houthi executive structure.
Greek Parliament Address
Addresses Greece's Parliament and discusses the destruction of Ukrainian cities including Mariupol.
Ketanji Brown Jackson Confirmation
Jackson is confirmed to the Supreme Court.
Al-Alimi Named Chairman
The council assumes executive powers from President Hadi.
Presidential Leadership Council Formed
Becomes chairman of the new Presidential Leadership Council.
Presidential Leadership Council Created
His formal presidency effectively ends.
Presidential Powers Transferred
Transfers presidential powers to a new leadership council.
Hey Hey Rise Up
Pink Floyd release Hey Hey Rise Up in support of Ukraine with Andriy Khlyvnyuk's vocal
Kramatorsk Station Strike
Condemns the missile strike on Kramatorsk railway station.
Kramatorsk Station Strike
Missile strike hits civilians at Kramatorsk railway station.
Vote of No Confidence
The National Assembly removes Imran Khan through a no-confidence vote.
Southern Commander
Is reported as commander of Russian operations in Ukraine.
Prime Minister of Pakistan
Shehbaz Sharif begins his first term as Prime Minister.
South Korean Parliament Address
Addresses South Korea's National Assembly and asks for equipment and support against Russian aggression.
Largest Known Comet Nucleus
Hui uses Hubble measurements to confirm the enormous nucleus size of Comet C/2014 UN271, then the largest known comet nucleus.
Chukwueze Stuns Bayern in Munich
Chukwueze scores a late equaliser against Bayern Munich to send Villarreal into the Champions League semi-finals under Emery.
Loss of Moskva
Russian flagship Moskva sinks after fire and Ukrainian strike claims.
Loss of Moskva
Faces the loss of the Black Sea Fleet flagship Moskva after Ukrainian missile strikes
Sinking of Moskva
Ukrainian forces strike the Russian cruiser Moskva in the Black Sea
Sinking of Moskva
Ukraine says missiles hit and sink Russia's cruiser Moskva.
Azovstal Defense
Commands defenders inside the Azovstal steelworks.
Mariupol Claimed Captured
Reports Mariupol largely captured while Azovstal still resists.
Portuguese Parliament Address
Addresses Portugal's Assembly of the Republic and calls for stronger international action.
Large Hadron Collider Restart
Sees proton beams circulate in the Large Hadron Collider again after more than three years of maintenance, consolidation and upgrades.
Chornobyl Nuclear Assistance Mission
Leads an IAEA assistance mission to restore safeguards systems and assess safety and security at Chornobyl.
Ramstein Meeting
Convenes allies to coordinate military support for Ukraine.
Ukraine Contact Group
Joins allied planning for long-term Ukrainian defense support.
Azovstal Appeal
Appeals for evacuation from the Azovstal steelworks.
FWA Footballer of the Year
Wins the Football Writers' Association Footballer of the Year award for a second time after leading Liverpool's attack throughout the season.
La Liga Title-Clinching Brace
Scores twice against Espanyol as Real Madrid secure their thirty-fifth league title.
Death of Nigel Lawson
Dies on 3 April 2023 after a long career in journalism, Conservative politics, government, business and the House of Lords.
Finland NATO Accession
Welcomes Finland joining NATO.
Warsaw State Visit
Visits Poland and thanks its leaders and people for extensive support to Ukraine.
Solid Fuel ICBM Test
North Korea tests a solid-fuel ICBM.
JUICE Launch
ESA launches JUICE on a mission to study Jupiter and its large icy moons.
Forty-Hour Workweek Law
Promulgates legislation reducing the standard working week gradually to forty hours.
Watkins Scores Twice Against Newcastle
Watkins strikes twice in Aston Villa's 3โ0 win over Newcastle, an important result in Emery's push for European qualification.
US Submarine Service Visits Authorized
The government authorizes service visits by United States submarines under conditions reflecting Iceland's defence commitments and national nuclear-free policy.
Patriot First Use
Ukraine begins using Patriot air defense systems.
Second Quaoar Ring
Pereira and colleagues report a second ring around Quaoar, also orbiting beyond the classical Roche limit.
Presidential Election
Wins the presidential election as the Colorado Party candidate.
Appointment as Prime Minister
Tshisekedi appoints Suminwa as the country's first woman prime minister.
Hypersonic Missile Claim
Claims a successful hypersonic missile test.
President Takes Office
Bassirou Diomaye Faye becomes President after winning the 2024 election
Prime Minister Takes Office
Ousmane Sonko becomes Prime Minister under President Faye
National Drought Disaster Declared
Mnangagwa declares a nationwide state of disaster after severe drought.
DESI Expansion Precision
Palanque-Delabrouille highlights DESI measurements of the expansion history in seven cosmic-time intervals, demonstrating percent-level precision relevant to dark-energy evolution.
DESI First Year Dark Energy Results
Levi announces DESI first-year cosmology results measuring expansion across 11 billion years and revealing subtle differences that could indicate evolving dark energy.
Zimbabwe Gold Currency Introduced
Mushayavanhu introduces the Zimbabwe Gold currency under a new monetary framework.
Death
Dies at home in Edinburgh at the age of ninety-four, leaving a central legacy in the Standard Model of particle physics.
Second Bjarni Benediktsson Government
Bjarni Benediktsson becomes prime minister after Katrin Jakobsdottir leaves office to campaign in the presidential election.
Second Katrin Jakobsdottir Government
The Second Katrin Jakobsdottir Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Taoiseach of Ireland
Takes office as Taoiseach following Leo Varadkar's resignation.
Mousinho Clinches League One Championship
Mousinho guides Portsmouth to promotion and the League One title after a 3โ2 win against Barnsley at Fratton Park.
Shaughnessy Scores Title Clinching Winner
Shaughnessy scores a late headed winner against Barnsley to secure Portsmouth's 3โ2 victory, League One title and Championship return.
Gaia BH3
Leads the discovery of Gaia BH3, a dormant roughly 33-solar-mass stellar black hole in the Milky Way identified through Gaia astrometry.
Mobilization Law
Signs legislation intended to strengthen mobilization for Ukraine's armed forces.
Hubble Asteroid Citizen Science
Garcia Martin leads analysis using citizen science and artificial intelligence to identify more than one thousand uncatalogued asteroids in Hubble images.
Voyager 1 Engineering Data Restored
A software-memory workaround restores usable Voyager 1 engineering data after five months of troubleshooting.
Ukraine Aid Vote
House passes long-delayed military aid for Ukraine.
Southampton Championship Hat Trick
Fatawu scores a hat-trick in Leicester City's 5-0 Championship victory over Southampton, helping the Foxes close in on promotion to the Premier League.
Ukraine Aid Package
Signs a major aid package after congressional approval.
Promotion Clinching Carlisle Goal
James Collins scores Derby Countyโs second goal against Carlisle United, ending the 2023-24 League One campaign with nineteen league goals.
League One Automatic Promotion
Paul Warne guides Derby County to second place in League One in 2023-24, returning the club to the Championship with 92 points.
Promotion Clinching Long Range Goal
Max Bird scores a striking long-range goal against Carlisle United on the final day of the season as Derby County secure automatic promotion.
Russian Spring Campaign
Russia continues offensive pressure in Donetsk Oblast.
Place First Speech
Burnham argues for a state organised around places rather than isolated Whitehall departments.
Reciprocal Tariffs
Trump announces a ten-percent baseline tariff and higher country-specific reciprocal rates.
Appointments Protected after Doctor Settlement
The Government estimates that ending resident-doctor strikes protected half a million NHS appointments.
Waiting List Reduction
The Government reports that the elective waiting list has fallen by 193,000.
Two Champions League Free Kicks Against Real Madrid
Scores two direct free kicks as Arsenal defeat Real Madrid 3-0 in the Champions League quarter-final first leg.
Acting Governor Appointed
Lindorna Sweeney serves as acting Governor before Harriet Cross arrives
Uranus Rotation Rate
Lamy leads analysis of long-term Hubble auroral observations that determines Uranus's interior rotation rate with improved precision.
Juno Safe Mode Recovery
NASA reports Juno restored to normal operations after safe-mode events during its 71st close Jupiter pass.
New Liverpool Contract
Signs a new Liverpool contract that extends his stay at the club beyond the 2024-25 season.
February GDP Growth
ONS estimates that monthly GDP grew by 0.5 percent in February 2025.
British Steel Emergency Legislation
Starmer recalls Parliament to protect continued steel production at Scunthorpe.
Masters Tournament
Wins the Masters and completes the career grand slam.
Tielemans Header Spurs PSG Fightback
Tielemans scores Villa's first goal against PSG in a spirited home victory that falls one goal short of forcing extra time.
Konsa Scores Against PSG
Konsa finishes a Rashford pass to put Aston Villa ahead on the night against Paris Saint-Germain in a dramatic European quarter-final.
Rashford Assists PSG Comeback Goals
Rashford supplies two assists as Aston Villa beat Paris Saint-Germain 3โ2 in their Champions League quarter-final second leg, although the French club advance on aggregate.
Free Breakfast Clubs Open
Free breakfast clubs begin operating in hundreds of primary schools across England.
Governor Appointed
Harriet Cross becomes Governor of Montserrat
Trump Meeting at Pope Francis Funeral
Meets Donald Trump before Pope Francis's funeral and discusses efforts to end the war.
Premier League Title
Contributes in midfield as Liverpool win the Premier League title.
Premier League Title
Helps Liverpool win the Premier League under Arne Slot.
London Marathon
Wins the women's London Marathon.
Premier League Title
Helps Liverpool secure the Premier League title before leaving the club.
Premier League Title
Liverpool win the Premier League title under Arne Slot.
London Marathon
Wins the men's London Marathon.
Premier League Title
Guides Liverpool to the 2024-25 Premier League title.
Premier League Title
Captains Liverpool during their 2024-25 Premier League title season.
Canadian Federal Election
Leads the Liberal Party to victory in the federal election.
NHS App Expansion
Starmer welcomes NHS App expansion credited with preventing 1.5 million missed appointments.
Victory Day Ceasefire
Declares a three-day ceasefire to mark the eightieth anniversary of victory in World War II
US-Ukraine Minerals Agreement
Welcomes the signing of a United States-Ukraine minerals and reconstruction investment agreement.
Spike Island Single
Pulp release Spike Island as the first single from their first new studio album in decades.
President Elected
Military-backed parliament elects Min Aung Hlaing as President
Premiership Ends
Prime minister office ends as Min Aung Hlaing assumes the presidency
President Sworn In
Min Aung Hlaing is sworn in as President of Myanmar
Elective Waiting List Progress
Government data shows the waiting list more than 206,000 lower than in July 2024.
National Breakfast Club Rollout
The Government begins the first national rollout phase of free primary-school breakfast clubs.
DESI Planned Five Year Map Completed
Levi announces completion of DESI's planned five-year mapping programme, providing the full survey dataset for stronger tests of whether dark energy evolves.
Voyager 1 LECP Shutdown
Engineers switch off Voyager 1's low-energy charged particle experiment to extend spacecraft operations.