Birth of Claudius
Claudius is born at Lugdunum in Gaul on August 1, 10 BCE.
Historical events in August
6,832 historical records across all years
Birth of Caligula
Birth of Gaius, later known as Caligula.
Death of Augustus
Dies at Nola after founding the principate.
Death of Trajan
Trajan dies at Selinus in Cilicia in August 117 while returning from his eastern campaigns.
Succession of Hadrian
Supports the announcement of Hadrian as Trajan successor.
Succession
Is acclaimed emperor after Trajan death.
Birth of Pertinax
Birth of Pertinax, later emperor during the Year of Five Emperors.
Birth of Commodus
Commodus is born at Lanuvium as a son of Marcus Aurelius and Faustina the Younger.
Twin Brother
Commodus is born with a twin brother, Titus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus, who dies in childhood.
Birth of Commodus and Twin Brother
Faustina gave birth to the twins Commodus and Titus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus at Lanuvium.
Death of Magnentius
Death of Magnentius, falls on his own sword
Death of Valens
Death of Valens, in battle against the Visigoths
Battle of Adrianople
Victory of the Goths leads to a settlement of frontiers with Rome & fall of the Empire. The Visigoths defeat the Roman Army & kill the Emperor. The power of cavalry is demonstrated for the 1st time
Death of Valens
Death of Valens, the Visigoths defeat the Roman Army & kill the Emperor
Death of Stilicho
Death of Stilicho, executed by Honorius
Execution of Stilicho
Death of Stilicho, executed by Honorius
Siege of Rome
Begins a siege of Rome
Siege of Rome
The Visigoths under Alaric sack & destroy Rome
Siege of Rome
The Visigoths under Alaric sack & destroy Rome. Rome is overrun by Visigoths, symbolized as the fall of the Western Roman Empire
Siege of Rome
Rome is overrun by Visigoths, symbolized as the fall of the Western Roman Empire
Capture of Rome
1st ever capture of Rome, proclaims Attalus Emperor
Capture of Spain
1st ever capture of Rome, proclaims Attalus Emperor
Death of Odoacer
Odoacer has Romulus father, Orestes, put to death
Execution
Odoacer has Romulus father, Orestes, put to death
Death of Orestes
Odoacer has Romulus father, Orestes, put to death
Execution
Odoacer has Romulus father, Orestes, put to death
Pope
Appointed Pope
Succession
Upon Justins death Justinian becomes the sole sovereign
Consecration
Consecrated Boniface IV
Battle of Maserfeld
Penda kills Oswald & Eowa
Battle of Maserfeld
Where Oswald falls becomes known as "Oswestry", "Oswalds Tree". The Battle establishes Mercia as the leading Anglo-Saxon kingdom. Oswalds feat day becomes 5th August. Oswald becomes regarded as a martyr & saint. Defeated & killed by Penda. After Maserfeld Northumbria divides, Oswine rules Deira & Oswy rules Bernicia
Death of Oswald
Death of Oswald, killed at the Battle of Maserfeld
Oswestry
Where Oswald falls becomes known as "Oswestry", "Oswalds Tree"
Battle of Maserfeld
The Battle establishes Mercia as the leading Anglo-Saxon kingdom. Defeats & kills Oswald
Battle of Oswestry
Killed in battle by King Penda of Mercia
Death of Oswine
Death of Oswine
Battle of Adwinescliffe
Defeats Oswin for the throne of Northumbria
Birth of Heizei
Heizei, whose personal name is Ate, is born as the eldest son of the future Emperor Kanmu and Fujiwara no Otomuro.
Spanish Campaign
Charlemagne's Spanish expedition ends with the destruction of his rearguard at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass.
Rule of Italy
Under the Treaty of Meerssen Lothar's only surviving son Emperor Louis II controls Frankish Italy
Rule of Kingdom of France
Under the Treaty of Meerssen Charles the Bald receives West Francia (which would evolve into the Kingdom of France)
Rule of West Francia
Under the Treaty of Meerssen Charles the Bald receives West Francia (which would evolve into the Kingdom of France)
Treaty of Meerssen
Under the Treaty of Meerssen Charles the Bald & Louis the German divide Louis II's kingdom
Treaty of Meerssen
Under the Treaty of Meerssen Charles the Bald receives West Francia (which would evolve into the Kingdom of France)
Treaty of Meerssen
Under the Treaty of Meerssen Lothar's only surviving son Emperor Louis II controls Frankish Italy
Rule of East Francia
The Treaty of Meerssen is confirmed, Louis receives East Francia (which would evolve into the Kingdom of Germany)
Rule of Kingdom of Germany
The Treaty of Meerssen is confirmed, Louis receives East Francia (which would evolve into the Kingdom of Germany)
Treaty of Meerssen
The Treaty of Meerssen is confirmed, Louis receives East Francia (which would evolve into the Kingdom of Germany). Louis II the Stammerer secures his succession with Louis the Young. A Treaty of partition of the realm of Lothair II by his uncles Louis the German of East Francia and Charles the Bald of West Francia, the two surviving sons of Emperor Louis I the Pious
Rule of Lotharingia
Lotharingia is shared between Louis II & Charles the Bald by the Treaty of Meerssen
Treaty of Meerssen
Lotharingia is shared between Louis II & Charles the Bald by the Treaty of Meerssen
Rule of Italy
Under the Treaty of Meerssen Lotharingia is shared between Louis II & Charles the Bald and Louis II recieves the Imperial Crown and Italy
Rule of Lotharingia
Lotharingia is shared between Louis II & Charles the Bald by the Treaty of Meerssen
Succession
Under the Treaty of Meerssen Lotharingia is shared between Louis II & Charles the Bald and Louis II recieves the Imperial Crown and Italy
Treaty of Meerssen
Under the Treaty of Meerssen Lotharingia is shared between Louis II & Charles the Bald and Louis II recieves the Imperial Crown and Italy
Treaty of Meerssen
Lotharingia is shared between Louis II & Charles the Bald by the Treaty of Meerssen
Reunification of Lotharingia
After Zwentibold is killed, Lotharingia is incorporated under Louis the Child's kingship without a prolonged succession crisis.
Frankish-Thuringian Defeat
Magyar forces defeat a Frankish-Thuringian army, killing several senior nobles and churchmen during Louis the Child's reign.
Death at Tettenhall
Eowils was killed when the Northumbrian Danish army was defeated at Tettenhall.
Death at Tettenhall
Halfdan died with other Danish leaders during the decisive defeat at Tettenhall.
Death at Tettenhall
Ingwaer was among the Danish kings killed at Tettenhall.
Battle of Tettenhall
Edwardโs allies destroyed a major Northumbrian Danish army returning from raids in Mercia.
Battle of Tettenhall
The allied army scores a great victory over the Viking force, the last major army sent by the Danes to ravage England. Northumbrians attack Mercia. Met by the combined Mercian and West Saxon army at the Battle of Tettenhall
Invasion of England
The allied army scores a great victory over the Viking force, the last major army sent by the Danes to ravage England
Invasion of Mercia
Northumbrians attack Mercia
Death of Aelfweard
Aelfweard died shortly after Edward, removing Athelstanโs principal rival for the West Saxon throne.
Grant at West Meon
Athelstan granted twelve hides at West Meon to his minister Aethelweard.
Coronation
Crowned at Kingston-on-Thames by Archbishop Oda
Battle of Lechfeld
Ottos victory ends the Magyars invasion of German states. Defeats the Hungarians & ends their raids across Europe. 50,000 Magyars invade Bavaria but are defeated by Otto when they besiege Augsburg
Battle of Rechnitz
Defeats the Magyars & Slavs during their Invasion of Germany
Invasion of Bavaria
50,000 Magyars invade Bavaria but are defeated by Otto when they besiege Augsburg
Siege of Augsburg
50,000 Magyars invade Bavaria but are defeated by Otto I when they besiege Augsburg
Battle of Maldon
Leads an army which is defeated by the Danes
Battle of Maldon
Vikings are paid the 1st Danegeld after victory at Maldon
Danelaw
Vikings are paid the 1st Danegeld after victory at Maldon
Battle of Maldon
The English agree to pay the 1st Danegeld. Ethelred makes a Treaty of peace & mutual assistance with Olaf. About 93 Viking ships raid south east England
Assassination of Duncan I
Led an army north into Moray, traditionally seen as Macbeths domain, there he is killed, at Pitgaveny near Elgin, by his own men led by Macbeth
Death of Duncan I
Led an army north into Moray, traditionally seen as Macbeths domain, there he is killed, at Pitgaveny near Elgin, by his own men led by Macbeth. Duncan is depicted as an elderly King in Macbeth by William Shakespeare & is killed in his sleep by the protagonist, Macbeth
Death of Macbeth
Duncan is depicted as an elderly King in Macbeth by William Shakespeare & is killed in his sleep by the protagonist, Macbeth
Succession
Succeeds as King of Scotland, elected without any opposition
Battle of Pitgaveny
Encounters Duncan whi is then killed in battle
Coronation
A usurper who seizes the throne, probably after killing Duncan
Battle of Pitgaveny
Duncan is killed & his army defeated by Macbeth
Invasion of Moray
Duncan led an army into Moray, where he was killed by Macbeth on 15 August 1040 at Pitgaveny (then called Bothnagowan) near Elgin
Succession
Duncan led an army into Moray, where he was killed by Macbeth on 15 August 1040 at Pitgaveny (then called Bothnagowan) near Elgin
Assassination of Duncan I
Macbeth kills Duncan I because Duncans father had killed Macbeths wifes grandfather
Death of Malcolm III
Malcolm takes refuge in the Court of Edward the Confessor. Macbeth kills Malcolms father in battle
Exile of Malcolm III
Malcolm takes refuge in the Court of Edward the Confessor
Exile of Malcolm III
Goes into exile with his uncle Siward of Northumbria after the defeat of Duncan I
Death of Damasus II
Death of Damasus II
Battle of Lumphanan
Supports Malcolm Canmore who defeats & kills Macbeth
Assassination of Macbeth
Kills Macbeth for the throne
Death of Malcolm III
Macbeth is defeated and killed by Malcolm III in battle at Lumphanan, on the north side of the Mounth
Coronation
Crowned King of Scotland
Battle of Lumphanan
Macbets stepson Lulach is installed as King soon after the Battle of Lumphanan
Battle of Lumphanan
Macbeth made his final stand on the north side of the Mounth after retreating over the Cairnamounth Pass with his men.
Battle of Lumphanan
Macbeth was defeated and killed by the future Malcolm III at the Battle of Lumphanan in 1057.
Battle of Lumphanan
Macbeth's stepson Lulach is installed as King soon after the Battle of Lumphanan.
Battle of Lumphanan
Scotland loses its purely Celtic nature and becomes more Anglo-Norman.
Battle of Lumphanan
Macbeth is defeated and killed by Malcolm III in battle at Lumphanan, on the north side of the Mounth
Peace
Henry I never enters Normandy again. Henry I agrees a humiliating peace with William of Normandy
Rule of Normandy
Henry I agrees a humiliating peace with William of Normandy
Siege of Caen
Henry Is army is massacred by William Duke of Normandy after leaving Caen
Invasion of Normandy
Henry Is army crosses the frontier into Normandy
Peace
Henry I agrees a humiliating peace with William of Normandy
Siege of Caen
Henry Is army sacks Caen. Henry Is army is massacred by William Duke of Normandy after leaving Caen
Assassination of Lulach
King Lulach is assassinated & Malcolm III becomes heir to the throne
Peerage
At the Council of Melfi Pope Nicholas II invested Guiscard as Duke of Apulia, Calabria, and Sicily
Council of Melfi
At the Council of Melfi Pope Nicholas II invested Guiscard as Duke of Apulia, Calabria, and Sicily
Battle of Niz
Harald III Hardrada defeats Sweyn II at Niz before the rulers later recognise each other's kingdoms.
Battle of Niz
Harald III Hardrada defeats Sweyn of Denmark at Niz, the two rulers recognize each other as sovereign in their respective countries
Capture of Maine
Captures Maine
Siege of Le Mans
Le Mans surrenders to William
Royal Hunting Lodge
Harold supervises construction of a royal hunting residence at Portskewet for Edward the Confessor.
Portskewet Hunting Residence
Edward commissions a hunting residence at Portskewet, where Harold oversees construction during the summer.
Loss of Workmen
Harold loses workmen when Caradoc's force attacks the royal construction site at Portskewet.
Raid on Portskewet
Caradoc ap Gruffydd attacks the works at Portskewet while Harold's royal building project is underway.
Seizure of Building Supplies
Raiders carry off goods and supplies gathered for Harold's royal building project at Portskewet.
Destruction at Portskewet
Edward's planned hunting residence is disrupted when Caradoc ap Gruffydd attacks the construction site.
Fleet Assembly at Dives
William gathers ships and troops at Dives while waiting for conditions suitable for crossing the Channel.
Invasion of England
Sets sail for St Valery-sur-Somme but loses some ships blown ashore by a westerly wind. Moves his fleet from Dives to St Valery at the mouth of the River Somme
Invasion of England
Moves his fleet from Dives to St Valery at the mouth of the River Somme
Channel Defence Maintained
Harold keeps land and naval forces ready against William while the Norman fleet remains delayed across the Channel.
Expedition Support
Odo supports his half-brother William during the organisation of the invasion and helps sustain the Norman war effort.
Coalition Service
Eustace of Boulogne joins William's multinational expedition and contributes forces to the campaign for the English throne.
Breton Forces Join
Breton allies join William's army and are later assigned to the left division at Hastings.
Dives Army Assembly
William concentrates troops near the mouth of the Dives as the invasion army gathers during late summer.
Fleet
William gathers ships and supplies on the Norman coast while waiting for favourable winds
Flemish Forces Join
Flemish allies assemble with William's expedition and later fight with the right division at Hastings.
Frankish Forces Join
Frankish troops join William's coalition and strengthen the non-Norman elements of the invasion army.
Horse Transport Preparations
William's expedition prepares ships and loading arrangements so mounted troops and their horses can cross the Channel together.
Invasion Shipbuilding
William directs preparations for a large transport fleet capable of carrying cavalry, infantry, horses, weapons and supplies.
Invasion Supplies Collected
William's forces collect armour, weapons, food and other supplies needed to sustain the cross-Channel expedition.
Fleet
Harald Hardrada prepares a Norwegian fleet for the invasion of England
Invasion of England
Makes contact with King Harald III Hardrada of Norway and persuaded him to invade England
Lanfranc Appointed Archbishop
William appoints Lanfranc as Archbishop of Canterbury, giving a trusted reformer a central role in church and government.
Battle of Manzikert
Romanos is unaware of the loss of Tarchaneiotes and continues to Manzikert, which he easily captures
Battle of Manzikert
The Armenian general Basilaces was sent out with some cavalry, as Romanos did not believe this was Arslans full army; the cavalry was destroyed and Basilaces taken prisoner. Romanos draws up his troops into formation and sends the left wing out under Bryennios, who was almost surrounded by the Turks and is forced to retreat once more
Battle of Manzikert
Romanos rejects a Seljuk peace embassy as he wanted to settle the Turkish problem with a decisive military victory and understood that raising another army would be both difficult and expensive
Battle of Manzikert
The Byzantine army gathers itself into a battle formation and marches on the Turkish positions with the left wing under Bryennios the right wing under Theodore Alyates and the centre under the Emperor
Battle of Manzikert
The decisive defeat of the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert and the capture of the Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes undermines Byzantine control Anatolia and Armenia and allows for the gradual Turkification of Anatolia
Battle of Manzikert
The Byzantine army gathers itself into a proper Battle formation and marches on the Turkish positions, with the left wing under Bryennios, the right wing under Theodore Alyates, and the centre under the Emperor
Arrest of Romanus IV
Isolated from the bulk of his army, which turns to flight, believing that the Emperor had been killed, the withdrawal of the Byzantine army allows the Seljuk Sultan Alp Arslan to capture Romanos IV
Battle of Manzikert
Doukas escapes from the Battle of Manzikert and marches back to Constantinople where he leads a coup against Romanos and proclaimed Michael VII as basileus
Battle of Manzikert
The decisive defeat of the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert undermines Byzantine control of Anatolia and Armenia and allows for the gradual Turkification of Anatolia
Battle of Manzikert
The fallout from Manzikert was disastrous for the Byzantines, resulting in civil conflicts and an economic crisis that severely weakened the Byzantine Empire's ability to adequately defend its borders
Siege of Manzikert
Romanos IV launches a large scale expedition against the Seljuk stronghold of Manzikert
Battle of Manzikert
The decisive defeat of the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert undermines Byzantine control of Anatolia and Armenia and allows for the gradual Turkification of Anatolia
Battle of Manzikert
Victory at the Battle of Manzikert cuts off pilgrim routes to Jerusalem, prompts the 1st Crusade
Battle of Manzikert
Victory at the Battle of Manzikert enables the Turks to consolidate control of the central Anatolian plateau
Battle of Manzikert
Victory at the Battle of Manzikert opens up Asia Minor to the Turks
Battle of Manzikert
Victory at the Battle of Manzikert over the Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV who is captured
Rule of Anatolia
The decisive defeat of the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert undermines Byzantine control of Anatolia and Armenia and allows for the gradual Turkification of Anatolia
Rule of Armenia
The decisive defeat of the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert undermines Byzantine control of Anatolia and Armenia and allows for the gradual Turkification of Anatolia
Direct Loyalty of Tenants
The Salisbury gathering emphasizes that major landholders owe allegiance to William regardless of intermediate feudal relationships.
Oath of Salisbury
William summons leading landholders to Old Sarum, where they swear loyalty directly to him.
Oath
On Lammas Day William I summons 170 of his tenants-in-chief and other landowning men of any account to Old Sarum, where they all swore allegiance in person to him and to be faithful against all other men, this establishes feudalism
Peasants Crusade
Emperor Alexius of Constantinople ships the Peasants Crusade over the Bosporus
Pope
Appointed Pope
Death of Henry I
William II dies as a result of a hunting accident in the New Forest
Succession
Succeeds as King of England
Succession
Henry rides to Winchester & takes possession of the Treasury
Death of William II Rufus
Death of William II, in a hunting accident in the New Forest
Succession
Death of William Rufus, Robert should have inherited the Kingdom of England but his younger brother Henry siezes the throne while William returns the Crusades
Coronation
Crowned in Westminster Abbey
Arrest of Ralph de Flambard
Arrested by Henry I for extortion, the Towers 1st recorded prisoner
Battle of Ascalon
50,000 Egyptians under al-Adfal are defeated by 10,000 under Godfrey de Bouillon
Battle of Ascalon
Ends Muslim resistance to to Christian occupation of the Holy Land
Capture of Ascalon
Captures Ascsalon from the Saracens, Muslim resistance in the Holy Land ends
Battle of Ascalon
Ends Muslim resistance to to Christian occupation of the Holy Land. 50,000 Egyptians under al-Adfal are defeated by 10,000 under Godfrey de Bouillon
Capture of Ascalon
Captures Ascsalon from the Saracens, Muslim resistance in the Holy Land ends
Birth of son
Has a son, the future Duke of Normandy
Battle of Bermule
Defeats Louis VI who had been assisting the Norman rebels
Consecration
Eleanor of Aquitaine & Louis VII are consecrated Duchess & Duke of Aquitaine
Consecration
Eleanor of Aquitaine & Louis VII are consecrated Duchess & Duke of Aquitaine
Succession
Succeeds as Duchess of Aquitaine
Battle of Standard
Defeats the Scots at the Battle of the Standard
Invasion of England
Gathers an army at York to defend the North of England from incursions by the Scots
Battle of Northallerton
Stephen defeates the Scots under David I near Northallerton
Battle of Northallerton
The Battle of Northallerton, better known as the Battle of the Standard, is the first major engagement between English and Scots since the Norman Conquest. Stephen defeates the Scots under David I near Northallerton
Battle of Northallerton
David I is defeated near Northallerton while invading England in support of Matilda against Stephen
Invasion of England
David I is defeated near Northallerton while invading England in support of Matilda against Stephen
Invasion of England
David I invades England in support of Matilda against Stephen
Death of Erik III
Death of Erik III
Death of Eustace
Death of Eustace, Stephens son
Death of Stephen
Death of Eustace, Stephens son. Causes Theobald of Canterbury & Henry of Winchester to mediate between Henry & Stephen
Birth of William of Poitiers
Birth of William of Poitiers, 1st child of Henry Plantagenet (later Henry II of England) & Eleanor of Aquitaine
Death of Henry II
Death of Eustace, followed by reconcilliation between Stephen & Henry II
Peace
Eustaces death enables a peaceful settlement between Stephen & Henry of Anjou
Reballion of Tokimasa Hojo
Helps Lead a general uprising against the Taira
Abdication
Forced to abdicate after the Minamoto rebellion
Reballion of Yoritomo
Leads a general uprising against the Taira
Marriage
Sails from Barfleur and lands at Porsmouth after marrying
Regency
Appoints Eleanor as Regent & rules by general edict while fighting in the crusades
Regency
Appointed Regent, rules by edict while Richard fights the Crusades
Marriage
The new King Richard I arranges her marriage in London ito William Marshall, the greatest knight and soldier in the realm
Peace
A truce is declared & Christians allowed to enter Jerusalem unarmed
Marriage
Marries Isabella of Angouleme in Aquitaine, the marriage produces 2 sons & 3 daughters
Battle of Mirabeau
Arthur of Brittany is captured during the Battle of Mirabeau by William de Braose
Arrest of Arthur of Brittany
Captures Arthur & other rebel Barons. Arthur of Brittany is captured during the Battle of Mirabeau by William de Braose
Battle of Mirabeau
John speeds south to surprise the rebels unprepared outside Mirabeau, not a single rebel escaped. John captures over 200 knights & all the leaders of the rebellion, including Arthur and Hugh le Brun. Arthur of Brittany is captured during the Battle of Mirabeau by William de Braose
Reballion of Rebels in Mirabeau
Captures Arthur & other rebel Barons
Siege of Mirabeau
John raises a siege & rescues his mother Queen Eleanor
Battle of Mirabeau
John captures over 200 knights & all the leaders of the rebellion, including Arthur and Hugh le Brun
Battle of Mirabeau
Leads the English forces to victory against the French
Arrest of Arthur of Brittany
Captured by his uncle King John of England during the Battle of Mirabeau
Battle of Mirabeau
Captured by his uncle King John of England during the Battle of Mirabeau. After the Battle of Mirabeau rumour circulates that, drunk & possessed, John had slain Arthur & thrown his body into the Seine
Assassination of Arthur of Brittany
After the Battle of Mirabeau rumour circulates that, drunk & possessed, John had slain Arthur & thrown his body into the Seine
Battle of Mirabeau
Ignores the pleas of William & Aimeri, & treats his captives cruelly by ensuring 22 noblemen die in harsh conditions. After the Battle of Mirabeau rumour circulates that, drunk & possessed, John had slain Arthur & thrown his body into the Seine
Liverpool Charter
Grants Liverpool a royal charter, encouraging a planned borough and port on the Mersey.
Reballion of Rebels in Wales
Before invading Wales orders 28 Welsh hostages to be hanged in Chester
Reballion of Rebels in Wales
Before invading Wales orders 28 Welsh hostages to be hanged in Chester
Magna Carta
Pope Innocent III, following a request from King John, declares the Magna Carta invalid, the Barons of England soon retaliate by inviting King Philip of France to come to England, Philip accepted the offer
Magna Carta
Upholds Johns appeal against the Magna Carta & issues a bull annulling it. Upholds Johns appeal against the Magna Carta & issues a bull annulling it
Battle of Lincoln
Absolved from excommunication and rejoins the royal cause and at the Battle of Lincoln fights with his father
Battle of Lincoln
Victory makes Henry III the undisputed King of England. Leads King Henry IIIs army to victory against Prince Louis
Birth of Richard de Clare
Birth of Richard de Clare
Battle of La Rochelle
Mauleon surrenders La Rochelle to Louis VIII, most devoted Poitevin town to England
Capture of La Rochelle
Mauleon surrenders La Rochelle to Louis VIII, most devoted Poitevin town to England
Rule of La Rochelle
Mauleon surrenders La Rochelle to Louis VIII, most devoted Poitevin town to England
Rule of La Rochelle
Mauleon surrenders La Rochelle to Louis VIII, most devoted Poitevin town to England
Siege of La Rochelle
Mauleon surrenders La Rochelle to Louis VIII, most devoted Poitevin town to England
Exile of Simon de Montfort
Flees with Eleanor after Henry III accuses him of seducing her before the wedding
Death of Gregory IX
Death of Pope Gregory IX, age 94
Truce Agreement
Negotiates a truce between England & Scotland
Truce Agreement
Meets Alexander II of the Scots at Newcastle & renews the truce of 1237
Holy Roman Empire
The Turks expel the Crusaders under Frederick II from Jerusalem
Siege of Jerusalem
The Turks expel the Crusaders under Frederick II from Jerusalem
Siege of Jerusalem
The Turks expel the Crusaders under Frederick II from Jerusalem
Assassination of Erik IV
Eric IV was apparently slain by two of Abels men after a year-long conflict between the two brothers, and even though Abel and twenty-four noblemen swore an official oath. After a dearly-bought victory over Abel, Erik III negotiates a truce with him but the same year he is taken prisoner by his brother as he passes through Schleswig and is assassinated
Assassination of Erik IV
After a dearly-bought victory over Abel, Erik III negotiates a truce with him but the same year he is taken prisoner by his brother as he passes through Schleswig and is assassinated
Death of Erik IV
Death of Erik IV, assassinated
Invasion of Gascony
Defends Gascony against a rumored invasion by King Alfonso of Castille
Invasion of France
Requisitions the Exchequer to finance his campaign in Gascony
Rule of Gascony
Arrives in Bordeaux to concilliate Gascony
Peace
Renews his truce with Henry III
Peace
Government reform is confirmed
Peace
Government reform is confirmed
Siege of Gloucester
"Let us commend our souls to God, because our bodies are theirs"
Siege of Kenilworth
King Edward's supporters succesfully disband Simon de Montforts forces at Kenilworth
Battle of Kenilworth
Defeats Simon de Montforts troops on their way to support his father near Worcester
Battle of Evesham
Defeat outside Worcester decides the outcome of the Battle of Evesham & of the war
Battle of Evesham
Crosses the Severn unaware of the encounter against the barons outside Worcester
Battle of Evesham
Has the Earl of Leicesters troops trapped & heavily outnumbered at Evesham
Battle of Evesham
Killed at the Battle of Evesham fighting for the Barons
Battle of Evesham
Killed at the Battle of Evesham fighting for the Barons
Battle of Evesham
Mortimer himself kills Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester in crushing Montforts army.
Battle of Evesham
Mortimer is awarded Montforts severed head and other parts of his anatomy, which he sent home to Wigmore Castle as a gift for his wife, Lady Mortimer.
Battle of Evesham
Sent by Prince Edward to head off Simon de Montforts route over the Bengeworth Bridge.
Battle of Evesham
de Montforts army is surrounded by the River Avon on three sides, and Prince Edward's army on the fourth, Mortimer had sent his men to block the only possible escape route, at the Bengeworth bridge. Commands the rear guard
Battle of Evesham
Helps free Henry III
Battle of Evesham
Reaches Evesham but is intercepted by Prince Edward before he can reach Kenilworth. Marches to Evesham enclosed by a loop in the River Avon on the road to Kenilworth. Arrives at Evesham unaware his sons forces were disbanded by the King at Kenilworth
Battle of Evesham
Leaves Worcester for Evesham & blocks de Montforts route to Kenilworth
Battle of Evesham
Killed at the Battle of Evesham fighting for the Barons, de Montforts standard bearer
Death of Guy de Baliol
Death of Guy de Baliol, killed at the Battle of Evesham
Battle of Evesham
Arrested by the victorious royalists for ransom
Battle of Evesham
Arrested by the victorious royalists for ransom
Battle of Evesham
Killed at the Battle of Evesham fighting for the Barons
Battle of Evesham
Arrested by the victorious royalists for ransom
Battle of Evesham
Killed at the Battle of Evesham fighting for the Barons
Battle of Evesham
Killed at the Battle of Evesham
Battle of Evesham
Killed at the Battle of Evesham fighting for the Barons
Battle of Evesham
Killed in battle supporting the Earl of Leicester against Edward I
Battle of Evesham
Arrested by the victorious royalists for ransom
Battle of Evesham
The barons lose 180 knights, 220 squires, 2,000 English infantry & 5,000 Welsh infanty. Simon de Montfort is killed in battle, Edward III is restored to the throne. Killed at the Battle of Evesham fighting for the Barons. Escapes from Prince Edward under the cavalry led by Roger Mortimer
Death of Simon de Montfort
Death of Simon de Montfort, at the Battle of Evesham
Restoration
Simon de Montfort is killed in battle, Edward III is restored to the throne
Assassination of Simon de Montfort
Kills the elder Simon de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham
Battle of Evesham
Edwards baronial adversaries, Leicester, Peter Montfort & Hugh Despenser are killed
Battle of Evesham
Pleas for his life at Evesham, "Slay me not! I am Henry of Winchester your King". Henry escapes captivity from Simon de Montfort & joins his son Prince Edward
Restoration
The acts of the revolutionary Government are denounced. Issues a proclamation announcing he is resuming the exercise of royal power. Baronial ministers & sheriffs are replaced by royalists
Arrest of Richard of Cornwall
Released from prison after the Battle of Evesham
Capture of Apulia
Captures Apulia
Battle of Tagliacozzo
Defeats Conradin
Death of Conradin
Death of Conradin, killed at the Battle of Tagliacozzo, last of the Hohenstaufen line
Battle of Tagliacozzo
Defeated & killed in battle by Charles of Anjou, ends the Hohenstaufen line
Coronation
Refuses to attend the coronation of Edward I
Coronation
Crowned at Westminster Abbey by the Archbishop of Canterbury Robert Kilwardby
Coronation
Crowns Edward I at Westminster Abbey
Homage
Edward I moves court & invites Llywelyn III to pay homage, Llywelyn III refuses
Death of Premysl Ottokar II
Death of Ottokar II
Battle on the Marchfeld
Dies fighting Rudolf of Habsburg.
Battle of Marchfeld
Defeated & killed by the forces of Emperor Rudolf of Habsburg & Hungary
Death of Edward II
Death of Alfonso, makes the future Edward II heir to the throne
Treaty of Brigham-on-Tweed
Edward confirms the Treaty of Brigham-on-Tweed at Northampton
Succession
Opening day of the committee of 80 at Berwick to hear the Scottish claimants
Succession
Receives 12 claims to the Scottish throne at Berwick
Succession
The Committee at Berwick to hear the Scottish succession is adjournred for 1 year
Interregnum
Fraser served among the auditors examining the succession claims in the Great Cause.
Capture of Scone
Captures the Stone of Scone, symbol of kingship
Invasion of Scotland
Edward I captures the Stone of Scone, symbol of kingship
Stone of Scone
Takes the Stone of Scone to Westminster where it remains for 700 years. Captures the Stone of Scone, symbol of kingship
Birth of John of Bohemia
John was born in Luxembourg as the son of Henry VII and Margaret of Brabant.
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor of a Government in Scotland established by Edward I
Justiciar
Appointed Justiciar of a Government in Scotland established by Edward I
Treasurer
Appointed Trerasurer in Edward Is Parliament
Oath
Opens a Scottish Parliament at Berwick which swears feality to Edward I
Rule of Scotland
Opens a Scottish Parliament at Berwick which swears feality to Edward I
Invasion of France
Edward I sets sail for France & leaves Edward II to preside over the Regency Council
Invasion of France
Edward I sets sail for France & leaves Edward II to preside over the Regency Council
Mons-en-Pevele Campaign Continues French Pressure
Philip IV fights the Flemish at Mons-en-Pevele as France renews pressure on the county.
Trial
Committed & sentenced to death
Treason
Found guilty of treason despite never being a subject of the English Crown
Trial
Indicted & condemned as a traitor in Westminster Hall without a trial
Trial
Found guilty of treason despite never being a subject of the English Crown
Execution
Edward I has William Wallace executed
Execution
Hanged at Tyburn, diembowelled & quartered
Execution
After the execution of Wallace Scotland rebels under Robert I the Bruce
Execution
After the execution of Wallace Scotland rebels under Robert I the Bruce
Reballion of Wallace Scotland
After the execution of Wallace Scotland rebels under Robert I the Bruce
Assassination of Wenceslas III
Assassinated while preparing for a campaign in Poland
Death of Wenceslas III
Death of Wenceslas III, last in the line of the House of Premysl
Exile of Robert I the Bruce
Forced into exile after being defeated by Prince Edward for a 2nd time
Death of Henry VII
Holy Roman Emperor Henry VII dies at Buonconvento during his Italian campaign.
Count of Luxembourg
John succeeded his father as Count of Luxembourg after Henry VII died.
Succession
Henry's death leaves the imperial succession open, leading to the disputed 1314 election between Louis of Bavaria and Frederick the Fair.
Despensers Banished
Pressure from Mortimer and other opponents of the Despensers helped force Edward II to agree to their banishment in August 1321.
Escape from Tower of London
Mortimer escaped from the Tower of London and reached the Thames with assistance from supporters.
Death of Yesun Temur
Yesun Temur dies and the Yuan succession becomes unstable
Battle of Cassel
Louis of Nevers regains authority after the French victory
Death at Cassel
Zannekin is killed during the defeat of the Flemish rebels
Battle of Cassel
Philip VI defeats Flemish rebels at Cassel
Cassel Campaign against Flemish Rebels
Philip VI defeats Flemish rebels near Cassel and restores the authority of Count Louis.
Royal Legitimacy Strengthened
Victory at Cassel strengthens Philip VI early in his reign
Battle of Cassel
Philip VI crushes the Flemish rebels
Retreat to Viterbo
Nicholas V withdraws from Rome with imperial support
Withdrawal from Rome
Louis leaves Rome as papal supporters regain strength
Battle of Dupplin Muir
Defeated & killed in battle by Edward Balliol
Battle of Dupplin Muir
Helped by Edward II defeats a Scottish army led by Mar during David IIs minority
Balliol Supported
Permits English support for Edward Balliol's invasion of Scotland
Invasion of Scotland
Lands at Kinghorn in Fife & marches towards Dunfermlin
Death of Muhammad IV
Muhammad IV is assassinated after the Gibraltar campaign
Accession of Yusuf I
Yusuf I succeeds Muhammad IV as Nasrid ruler of Granada
Shogun Appointed
Prince Moriyoshi is appointed shogun under Go-Daigo's restoration
Resistance Continues
Andrew Murray becomes central to continued resistance after Halidon Hill
Royal Cause Weakened
David II's party loses many leading nobles after Halidon Hill
Balliol Authority Strengthened
Balliol's position improves after the English victory at Berwick
Gibraltar Truce
Alfonso XI ends his attempt to recover Gibraltar by truce
Perth Destroyed
Destroys Perth's defences during renewed Scottish operations
Siege of Algeciras Begins
Alfonso XI began the long siege of Algeciras in August 1342 with Castilian troops and naval support from allied Christian powers.
Siege of Brest
Edward sent exrra knights and archers under the command of William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton.
Siege of Brest
On Northamptons arrival the French appear to have fled without bothering to engage the smaller English force and the siege of Brest was relieved.
Siege of Brest
When Northampton landed the remnants of Maunys force were besieged at Brest by a large French army under the command of Charles of Blois and a force of Genoese ships.
Invasion of France
Moving off on 1 August, the army marched south to the River Seine, possibly intending to attack Paris. The English army crossed the Seine at Poissy; however it was now between the Seine and the Somme rivers. Philip moved off with his army, attempting to entrap and destroy the English force
Invasion of France
Finds a repairable bridge at Poissy near Paris & crosses it
Siege of Seine
The lower Seine bridges have been destroyed, Edward could be stranded
Retreat
Philip destroys the Somme bridges but a ford is crossed & Edward retreats to Flanders
Crossing of the Somme
Forces a crossing of the Somme before the Battle of Crecy
Invasion of France
Edward and his army successfully forced a crossing at Blanchetaque with few casualties. Such was the French confidence that Edward would not ford the Somme that the area beyond had not been denuded, allowing Edward's army to resupply and plunder: Noyelles-sur-Mer and Le Crotoy were burned
Le Crotoy
Edward and his army successfully forced a crossing at Blanchetaque with few casualties. Such was the French confidence that Edward would not ford the Somme that the area beyond had not been denuded, allowing Edward's army to resupply and plunder: Noyelles-sur-Mer and Le Crotoy were burned
Siege of Noyelles-sur-Mer
Edward and his army successfully forced a crossing at Blanchetaque with few casualties. Such was the French confidence that Edward would not ford the Somme that the area beyond had not been denuded, allowing Edward's army to resupply and plunder: Noyelles-sur-Mer and Le Crotoy were burned
King of Bohemia
Becomes King of Bohemia.
Battle of Crecy
The English army was deployed in three divisions, or "battles". Edward's son, Edward, the Prince of Wales commanded the vanguard with John de Vere, the Earl of Oxford, Thomas de Beauchamp, the Earl of Warwick and Sir John Chandos
Battle of Crecy
Fights at the Battle of Crecy under Edward III.
Battle of Crecy
The English army was deployed in three divisions, or "battles". Edward's son, Edward, the Prince of Wales commanded the vanguard with John de Vere, the Earl of Oxford, Thomas de Beauchamp, the Earl of Warwick and Sir John Chandos
Battle of Crecy
Fights at the Battle of Crecy
Battle of Crecy
The English army was deployed in three divisions, or "battles". Edward's son, Edward, the Prince of Wales commanded the vanguard with John de Vere, the Earl of Oxford, Thomas de Beauchamp, the Earl of Warwick and Sir John Chandos
Battle of Crecy
The rear division was led by William de Bohun, Earl of Northampton
Battle of Crecy
An army of English, Welsh and allied troops from the Holy Roman Empire led by Edward III of England engaged and defeated a much larger army of French, Genoese and Majorcan troops led by Philip VI of France.
Battle of Crecy
Defeats Philip VI in a major English victory
Battle of Crecy
Edward III marches on Calais which surrenders & is used as a base for further attacks. 20,000 English bowmen & infantry defeat Philips army of 60,000.
Battle of Crecy
Emboldened by the lessons of tactical flexibility and utilisation of terrain learned from the earlier Saxons and Vikings and the recent battles with the Scots, the English army won a decisive victory.
Battle of Crecy
The battle crippled the French armys ability to come to the aid of Calais, which fell to the English the following year. Calais would remain under English rule for over two centuries, falling in 1558
Battle of Crecy
The battle saw the rise as the dominant Western European battlefield weapon of the longbow, whose effects were devastating when used en masse. Crecy also saw the use by the English army of some very early cannon.
Battle of Crecy
Commands the right wing at the Battle of Crecy
Battle of Crecy
A following division of knights and men-at-arms was led by Charles II, Count of Alencon, accompanied by the blind King John of Bohemia.
Battle of Crecy
Philip VI's brother, Charles d'Alencon, is killed in battle.
Battle of Crecy
Philip formed his army for battle, with Genoese troops under Antonio Doria and Carlo Grimaldi in the vanguard.
Battle of Crecy
The French army is routed at Crecy.
Battle of Crecy
The next division was led by Rudolph, Duke of Lorraine and Louis II, Count of Blois, while Philip himself commanded the rearguard.
Battle of Crecy
A following division of knights and men-at-arms was led by Charles II, Count of Alencon, accompanied by the blind King John of Bohemia.
Battle of Crecy
Philip VI's brother, Charles d'Alencon, is killed in battle.
Battle of Crecy
Philip formed his army for battle, with Genoese troops under Antonio Doria and Carlo Grimaldi in the vanguard.
Battle of Crecy
The French army is routed at Crecy.
Battle of Crecy
The next division was led by Rudolph, Duke of Lorraine and Louis II, Count of Blois, while Philip himself commanded the rearguard.
Death at Crecy
John fought for France at the Battle of Crecy and was killed in action despite his blindness.
Calais Captured
Captures Calais after an eleven month siege
Burghers of Calais
Spares the burghers of Calais after Philippa intercedes
Capture of Calais
Defeats Philip VI by biding time & overcoming superior forces, a truce is then signed. Calais falls after a year long siege
Capture of Calais
Calais falls after a year long siege, then signs a truce with Edward III
Siege of Calais
Calais falls after a year long siege, then signs a truce with Edward III
Fifth Siege of Gibraltar Begins
Alfonso XI opened a renewed siege of Gibraltar in 1349, establishing a large Castilian camp on the isthmus north of the fortress.
Battle of Winchelsea
Between 14 and 26 Castilian ships were captured, and some were sunk, while 2 English vessels were sunk and many suffered heavy losses
Battle of Winchelsea
Defeats a Castilian fleet in the Channel
Battle of Winchelsea
Edward III and the Black Prince commanded 50 English ships against 44 larger Castilian and Genoese vessels commanded by Don Carlos de la Cerda.
Battle of Winchelsea
The Battle of Les Espagnols sur Mer, also called the Battle of Winchelsea, was an English naval victory.
Battle of Winchelsea
Between 14 and 26 Castilian ships were captured, and some were sunk, while 2 English vessels were sunk and many suffered heavy losses.
Battle of Winchelsea
Edward III and the Black Prince commanded 50 English ships against 44 larger Castilian and Genoese vessels commanded by Don Carlos de la Cerda.
Battle of Winchelsea
The Battle of Les Espagnols sur Mer, also called the Battle of Winchelsea, was an English naval victory.
Battle of Winchelsea
Between 14 and 26 Castilian ships were captured, and some were sunk, while 2 English vessels were sunk and many suffered heavy losses.
Battle of Winchelsea
Edward III and the Black Prince commanded 50 English ships against 44 larger Castilian and Genoese vessels commanded by Don Carlos de la Cerda.
Battle of Winchelsea
The Battle of Les Espagnols sur Mer, also called the Battle of Winchelsea, was an English naval victory.
Invasion of France
Launches raids into central France from Bergerac
Death of Ralph Neville
Death of Ralph Neville
Advance on Dadu
Xu Da resumes the campaign toward the Yuan capital
Death of Philippa of Hainault
Queen Philippa of Hainault, Edward III's wife and consort for more than forty years, died at Windsor Castle in 1369.
Death of Philippa of Hainault
Death of Philippa of Hainault, followed by Edward's decline into premature senility. Had bourne Edward III 12 children, 5 of the 7 sons survived to manhood
Abdication
Marches into Constantinople & takes his father, John V, prisoner
Arrest of John V Palaeologus
Marches into Constantinople & takes his father, John V, prisoner
Siege of Constantinople
Marches into Constantinople & takes his father, John V, prisoner
Election
The election of Urban VI is declared null & void
Western Schism
The Western Schism or Papal Schism was a split within the Roman Catholic Church which lasted from 1378 to 1417. The election of Urban VI is declared null & void
Relief of Ypres
Burgundian forces help relieve Ypres from the crusading army.
Battle of Aljubarotta
John and Nuno Alvares Pereira, John Is Constable and talented supporter, repells the Castillian attack in the decisive Battle of Aljubarotta
Invasion of Portugal
John and Nuno Alvares Pereira, John Is Constable and talented supporter, repells the Castillian attack in the decisive Battle of Aljubarotta
Invasion of Portugal
John and Nuno Alvares Pereira, John Is Constable and talented supporter, repells the Castillian attack in the decisive Battle of Aljubarotta
Battle of Aljubarotta
Helps Joao I defeat John I of Castille in his attempt to capture the Portuguese crown
Battle of Aljubarotta
Joao I defeats John I of Castille in his attempt to capture the Portuguese crown
Battle of Aljubarotta
Defeated by the deposed John I of Portugal & loses the Portuguese throne
Battle of Otterburn
Death of James Douglas, killed at the Battle of Otterburn, the body of Douglas is taken back to Scotland and buried with all honour beside that of his father at Melrose Abbey
Burial
Death of James Douglas, killed at the Battle of Otterburn, the body of Douglas is taken back to Scotland and buried with all honour beside that of his father at Melrose Abbey
Death of James Douglas
Death of James Douglas, killed at the Battle of Otterburn, the body of Douglas is taken back to Scotland and buried with all honour beside that of his father at Melrose Abbey
Battle of Otterburn
Ralph Percy, the brother of Hotspur, is arrested & made prisoner by the Earl Mareschal
Battle of Otterburn
War between the Scots and English turns into a feud between the Douglases & the Percys. Percy is captured & held for ransom by the Scots, Lord Montgomery, at Otterburn
Battle of Otterburn
James Douglas asks his nephew Hugh Montgomery to hide his body under a bush
Battle of Otterburn
The Battle of Otterburne was an incident in the invasion of England by Albany
Ballad of Chevy Chase
Several ballads are later composed in its honour including the Battle of Otterburn and the Ballad of Chevy Chase
Battle of Otterburn
War between the Scots and English turned into a feud between the Douglases & Percys. Several ballads are later composed in its honour including the Battle of Otterburn and the Ballad of Chevy Chase. James Douglas has his body hidden in a bush from the English & wins the battle
Battle of Otterburn
The Bishop of Durham was on his way from Newcastle with 2000 cavalry and 5000 infantry, they arrived at Ponteland where they met groups of men fleeing from the battlefield which demoralised them
Battle of Otterburn
The Bishop of Durham was on his way from Newcastle with 2000 cavalry and 5000 infantry, they arrive at Ponteland, where they meet groups of men fleeing from battle, which forces the Scots to retire
Invasion of England
The Bishop of Durham was on his way from Newcastle with 2000 cavalry and 5000 infantry, they arrive at Ponteland, where they meet groups of men fleeing from battle, which forces the Scots to retire
Battle of Otterburn
After leaving Newcastle Douglas moves in a north-westerly direction, making for the valley of the River Rede, intending to take the same route back to Scotland by which he had entered England
Invasion of England
After leaving Newcastle Douglas moves in a north-westerly direction, making for the valley of the River Rede, intending to take the same route back to Scotland by which he had entered England
Reballion of Rebels in Conway
At Conway castle Richard is tricked into returning Henry Bolingbrokes lands
Arrest of Henry IV
Captured by Richard II
Arrest of Richard II
Surrenders to Henry Bolingbroke at Flint Castle & is then imprisoned in the Tower
Death of Richard II
Richard II is captured & defeated by Bolingbroke
Birth of Humphrey Stafford
Birth of Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, great grandson of King Edward III on his mothers side
Arrest of Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland
Northumberland submits to Henry IV & is arrested, his life is spared
Arrest of Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland
Northumberland submits to Henry IV & is arrested, his life is spared
Invasion of Wales
Launches a short campaign in Wales & returns to London for the winter
Parliament
Opens Parliament in order to increase the defence grant
Invasion of England
60 ships are gathered with provisions intended for Owen Glendower
Treaty of Auxerre
The Treaty of Bourges is agreed between Henry IV & the Dukes of Orleans, Berri, and Bourbon, which was nullified by the Treaty of Auxerre in August
Treaty of Bourges
The Treaty of Bourges is agreed between Henry IV & the Dukes of Orleans, Berri, and Bourbon, which was nullified by the Treaty of Auxerre in August
Plot
Henrys cousin leads a plot to assasinate the King and replace him Earl March. Earl March betrays the plotters to the King
Invasion of France
Sails from Southampton with his army of invasion
Siege of Harfleur
Begins the siege of Harfleur
Invasion of France
Henry V & his army land in France
Treaty of Canterbury
An alliance is made between Henry V & Emperor Sigismund who promises military support
Invasion of France
Henry V invades Normandy after the French refuse his terms, thereby bringing the truce of Leulinghen to an end
Invasion of Normandy
Henry V invades Normandy after the French refuse his terms, thereby bringing the truce of Leulinghen to an end
Peace
Henry V invades Normandy after the French refuse his terms, thereby bringing the truce of Leulinghen to an end
Birth of William Caxton
Birth of William Caxton
Regency
Rules France on behalf of Henry VI who is only 9 months old
Regency
Rules on behalf of Henry VI who is only 9 months old
Death of Henry V
Death of Henry V, after the Siege of Meaux
Succession
Succeeds as King of England. His uncle the Duke of Bedford acts as protector of England & Regent in France
Death of Catherine of Valois
Death of Henry V. Henry V never saw their child (the future Henry VI). Catherine is only 20 and becomes a Queen Dowager
Queen Dowager
Death of Henry V. Henry V never saw their child (the future Henry VI). Catherine is only 20 and becomes a Queen Dowager
Death of Henry V
Death of Henry V, from dysentery in the Bois de Vincennes
Succession
Henry Vs 9 month son Henry VI become King of England & heir to the French throne
Death of Henry VI
Death of Henry V
Succession
Succeeds as King of France. Inherits the thrones of England & France. Henry VIs uncle the Duke of Bedford is appointed Protector of England
Battle of Verneuil
A Scottish leader in the battle with the French who are defeated by the English
Battle of Verneuil
Helps defeat the French in battle
Battle of Verneuil
Defeats a force led by the Duke of Alencon, John Stuart & Earl Archibald of Douglas
Battle of Verneuil
Alencon is captured in battle
Battle of Verneuil
Leads a Scottish contingent in support of Charles VII of France. Douglas is defeated & killed at the Battle of Verneuil
Death of Archibald Douglas
Death of Archibald Douglas, killed at the Battle of Verneuil
Congress of Arras
The English withdraw from the Congres. France demands Henry VI renounce the French throne, the English refuse. France demands Henry VI renounce the French throne
Congress of Arras
The English withdraw from the Congress. France wants Henry VI to renounce the French throne
Succession
Assumes full power as the King of England, declared to be of age
Capture of Cherbourg
The French capture Cherbourg
Death of Charles Talbot
Killed in battle at Castillion
Death of James II
Death of James II
Siege of Roxburgh
Dies during the Siege of Roxburgh
Coronation
Coronation of James III
Capture of Roxburgh
Captures Roxburgh castle
Battle of Bosworth
Alleged to have retrieved Richards lost crown from the battlefield and placed it on the head of his own stepson
Death of Pius II
Death of Pius II, leading a crusade against the Turks
Death of John Woodville
Death of John Woodville
Execution
Executed after Edward's defeat at the Battle of Edgecot
Trial
After a hasty trial Woodville and his 2nd son are beheaded at Kenilworth
Death of Richard Woodville
Death of Richard Woodville
Execution
Pro-Warwick rebels execute Woodville, father of Elizabeth Woodville Edward IVs Queen
Birth of Edward IV
Birth of Edward IV, 2nd son the future Duke of York
Alliance Edward IV and English
The Duke of Burgundy fails to support the English & attacks Champagne
Siege of St Quentin
Count St Pol closes the gates of St Quentin to the English
Peace
Opens negotiations with Louis XI
Invasion of France
Edwards Army leaves France for England
Burgundian Marriage
His son Maximilian marries Mary of Burgundy, linking Habsburg and Burgundian interests.
Battle of Crecy
Defeats Charles the Bold & annexes the Duchy of Burgundy
Marriage Politics
Maximilian's marriage to Mary reshapes power in the Burgundian Netherlands.
Birth of daughter
Birth of daughter, 6th daughter
Battle of Campomorto
The Papal Army defeats the Army of Ferdinand I of Naples
Rule of Berwick
The Scots agree to the permanent cession of Berwick to the English crown
Papal Election
Innocent VIII is elected pope after the death of Sixtus IV.
Invasion of England
Sets sail from Harfleur with Henry Tudor
Invasion of England
Sets sail from Harfleur with Henry Tudor
Invasion of England
Sets sail from Harfleur with Henry Tudor
Invasion of England
Sets sail from Harfleur, his fleet carries 2,000 French mercenaries
Landing at Milford Haven
Henry Tudor lands in west Wales with an invasion force raised in exile and begins the campaign that will challenge Richard III for the English crown.
Invasion of England
Lands with Henry Tudor at Milford Haven
Invasion of England
Lands with Henry Tudor at Milford Haven
Invasion of England
Lands at Milford Haven with the support of Charles VIII of France
Invasion of England
Henry Tudor lands at Milford Haven
Arrival at Shrewsbury
Henry Tudor reaches Shrewsbury as his invasion force advances toward Richard III's army.
Mobilization
Musters his Army at Nottingham Market Place
Mobilization
Joins force with Henry Tudor, Henry VII
Mobilization
Stays overnight at the Three Tuns. Marches from Lichfield to Tamworth where he is joined by John Savage
Mobilization
Greeted by the people of Leicester, rests overnight at the Blue Boar
Mobilization
Arrives at Elmesthorpe, 9 miles from Leicester
Mobilization
Henry VII joins up with Lord Stanley & his brother William Stanley
Arrest of Thomas Howard
Arrested at Bosworth & kept at the Tower for 3 years by Henry VII
Battle of Bosworth
Captured during the Battle of Bosworth
Battle of Bosworth
Killed at the Battle of Bosworth
Mobilization
Henry VII joins up with Lord Stanley & his brother William Stanley
Battle of Bosworth
Leaves from his military HQ for Leicester to do Battle with Henry Tudor
Accession Dated before Bosworth
Henry dates his reign from 21 August, enabling the crown to treat men fighting for Richard III at Bosworth as traitors.
Battle of Bosworth
Guides Henry VII from Atherstone to White Moors on the Tweed prior to the battle
Mobilization
Henry's forces camp near White Moors before the final approach to Bosworth.
Battle of Bosworth
Marches west from Leicester to within about 2 miles of Henry Tudor
Death of John Howard
Death of John Howard
Battle of Bosworth Field
Henry defeats Richard III at Bosworth Field after invading England from exile, securing the throne and establishing the Tudor dynasty.
Death of Richard III
Death of Richard III, killed at Bosworth
Battle of Bosworth
Commands Welsh levies in support of Henry Tudor
Battle of Bosworth
A Commander at Bosworth for Richard III
Battle of Bosworth
Simon Digby deserts Richard III & joins Henry VII giving details of Richards position
Battle of Bosworth
Henry Tudors standard bearer, killed by Richard III
Battle of Bosworth
Supports Henry Tudor at the Battle of Bosworth, allegedly kills Richard III. Stanley changes sides & helps secures Henry VIIs victory & crown
Battle of Bosworth
Commands the Shrophire levies in support of Henry Tudor
Battle of Bosworth
After the Battle of Bosworth, it was Stanley who placed the crown on the head of his stepson (Henry VII), who later made him Earl of Derby.
Battle of Bosworth
Margaret was then styled "Countess of Richmond and Derby".
Battle of Bosworth
Margarets husband Stanley, despite having fought for Richard III during the Buckingham rebellion, did not respond when summoned to fight at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, remaining aloof from the battle.
Battle of Bosworth
even though his eldest son, George Stanley (styled Lord Strange), was held hostage by Richard.
Battle of Bosworth
Supports Richard III at Bosworth. A Commander for Richard III at Bosworth
Battle of Bosworth
A Commander for Richard III at Bosworth
Battle of Bosworth
Supports Henry Tudor at the Battle of Bosworth
Battle of Bosworth
Supports Henry VIIs final victory over Richard III
Battle of Bosworth
Fights for Henry VII at Bosworth
Battle of Bosworth
Fights at Bosworth for Henry VII, Henry Tudor
Battle of Bosworth
Richard III is killed during the fighting at Bosworth. Tradition holds that the recovered crown is presented to Henry Tudor after the battle.
Battle of Bosworth
Stanley intervention helps turn the battle. Henry Tudor defeats Richard III at Bosworth and claims the English throne.
Battle of Bosworth
The last King of England to die in battle. Richards horse sinks in a bog where is surrounded by his enemies & killed. Henry Tudor is challenged by Richard at Bosworth Field. Despite having a larger army Richard is killed after Stanley defects with 7,000 troops
Death of Richard III
Death of Richard III, killed at Bosworth
Arrest of Edward of Warwick
Has the Yorkist heir Edward Earl of Warwick put in the Tower of London
Burial
Displayed for 2 days & then buried in the churcyh of the Greyfriars
Burial
Taken to Leicester from Bosworth
March through Wales
Henry advances through Wales toward the Midlands, gathering Welsh supporters and English defectors as his invading army moves to confront Richard III.
Invasion of England
Marches toward Leicester, winning support on the way
Mobilization
Gathers his forces at Lichfield & threatens to cut Richard III off from London
Elector of Saxony
Succeeds as Elector of Saxony after the death of Ernest.
Succession
Succeeds Ernest as Elector of Saxony.
Henry VII hopes for ties of blood between England & Spain
Henry VII hopes for "ties of blood" between England & Spain. Henry VII congratulates Ferdinand on success against the Moors
Discovery of America
Sails south to the Canary Islands
Discovery of America
Supported by King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella. Sales from Palos with the Nina, Pinta & his flagship the Santa Maria
Santa Maria
Sales from Palos with the Nina, Pinta & his flagship the Santa Maria
Discovery of America
Sets sail under the command of Colombus across the Atlantic
Invasion of Italy
On his way to Naples, Charles crushes every army the Pope & Naples can send against him & massacres any city that resists. Charles VIII leads a French army & Swiss mercenaries & the first train of artillery seen in history into Italy
Diet of Worms
Convenes the Diet of Worms after Frederick III's death.
Cabot Returns to Bristol
John Cabot returns to Bristol after his successful Atlantic voyage and receives recognition from Henry VII.
Siege of Norham Castle
James IV besieges Norham Castle while supporting Warbeck's challenge, bringing the threat of Scottish-backed invasion directly against a major English border fortress.
Discovery of Orinoco
Lands at the mouth of the river Orinoco
Margaret Marries James IV
Henry's daughter Margaret Tudor marries James IV of Scotland, giving dynastic substance to the Anglo-Scottish peace.
Margaret Tudor Marries James IV
Margaret Tudor marries James IV of Scotland, creating the dynastic connection through which the Stuart line later acquires a claim to England.
Marriage
Marries Princess Margaret, Henry VIIs eldest daughter
Marriage
Marries James IV of Scotland
Death of Richard Empson
Death of Richard Empson, executed
Execution
Executed for "constructive treason" & preventing the King removing him from power
Treason
Executed for "constructive treason" & preventing the King removing him from power
Execution
Executed for "constructive treason". A useful scapegoat for Government financial irregularities
Treason
Executed for "constructive treason"
Capture of Tournai
Atter victory at the Battle of the Spurs Henry VIII is able to capture Tournai
Invasion of Gascony
While Henry remains at home his army becomes mutinous
Council of Pontefract
Swears in a war council at Pontefract
War Council
Appointed Adviser to the newly formed war council, advises on finance
Adviser
AppointedAdviser to the newly formed war council, advises on finance
Diplomatic Ultimatum at Paris
Sends an ultimatum to Henry VIII at Therouanne in Flanders but is ignored
Siege of Therouanne
Henry VIII lays siege to Therouanne & with a single cavalry charge manages to disperse the French
Battle of Spurs
Henry VIII & his Austrian mercenaries route the French, at Guinegate, now Enguinegatte, France. English troops under Henry VIII defeat a French army under Marshal La Palice. Called "battle of the Spurs" because of the haste of the French to leave the battlefield. Atter victory at the Battle of the Spurs Henry VIII is able to capture Tournai
Battle of the Spurs
Henry's forces defeat French cavalry at Guinegate during the relief attempt for Therouanne, a victory remembered by the English as the Battle of the Spurs.
Battle of Spurs
English troops under Henry VIII defeat a French army under Marshal La Palice
Battle of Spurs
Henry VIII & Ferdinand of Aragon fight France, French knights lose their spurs. Emperor Maximilian & Henry defeat the French at Guineagate
Invasion of England
Joins the invasion Army at the border
Siege of Norham
Captures the Border Castle of Norham while Henry VIII is fighting in France
Capture of Therouanne
Therouanne surrenders to Henry's invading army, giving the king a major success before English forces move on to Tournai.
Siege of Wark Castle
Wark Castle falls to the Scots
Invasion of England
Hears news of the Scottish invasion of England
Battle of River Tweed
The war council agrees to take the field at Bolton in Glendale
Capture of Norham Castle
James IV captures Norham Castle after a short siege, removing a major English border stronghold during the Scottish invasion.
Scottish Invasion of England
James IV invades northern England in support of France, forcing the Tudor government to fight a major defensive campaign while Henry is overseas.
Battle of River Tweed
Ambushes a Scottish raiding party of 8,000 under the Earl of Home
Siege of Durham
Sends guns to Durham to defend England from the Scots
Battle of Brest
An English fleet lays siege to Brest
Siege of Brest
An English fleet lays siege to Brest
Mobilization
Ordered to hold Norham Castle at all costs if attacked by the Scots
Peace Treaty
Wolsey negotiates for Henry VIII who gains a pension & Tournai
Peace
Wolsey negotiates for the agreed marriage between Louis & Henrys sister Mary. Henry VIII & Louis XII agree peace until a year after the death of either
Rule of Tournai
Wolsey negotiates & gains Tournai under the Treaty of St Germain-en-Laye
Rule of Tournai
Wolsey negotiates & gains Tournai under the Treaty of St Germain-en-Laye
Marriage
Henry VIII's sister Mary marries Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus
Marriage
Henry VIIIs sister Mary marries Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus
Marriage
Marries Margaret, sister of Henry VIII, private ceremony at the church of Kinnoul
Peace Treaty at London
France & England are officially at peace after a peace Treaty is signed
Anglo-French Peace and Friendship
Signs a peace and friendship agreement with Louis XII that ends the current Anglo-French conflict and begins a temporary diplomatic realignment.
French Pension Agreement
Secures continued French financial payments as part of the settlement accompanying the Anglo-French peace and dynastic marriage.
Tournai Peace Settlement
Uses the French peace negotiations to preserve English possession of Tournai while obtaining financial advantages from France.
French Royal Marriage Treaty
Is promised in marriage to Louis XII of France under a dynastic agreement intended to secure the new peace between the two kingdoms.
Peace
Peace between England & Fance is declared after the defection of Henrys allies
Report on the Anglo-French peace to the Pope
Reports the Anglo-French peace to the Pope
Cardinal
Asks Pope Leo in a letter to make Wolsey a Cardinal
Marriage
Marries Louis of France at a proxy wedding. Attended on Louis behalf by the Duke of Longueville
Marriage
Mary marries Louis of France at a "proxy" wedding
Marriage
Princes Mary marries Louis at a "proxy" wedding. Attended on Louis behalf by the Duke of Longueville
Dynastic Marriage Negotiations at London
Louis proposes peace & signs a contract to marry Henrys sister Princess Mary
Anglo-French Maritime Accord
Agrees arrangements intended to reduce maritime conflict and protect peaceful intercourse between English and French subjects.
Archbishop
Appointed Archbishop of York
Marriage
The Council inform Margaret that by marrying Angus she had forfeited her Regency. The Council inform Margaret by marrying Angus she had forfeited custody of her sons
Battle of Chaldiran
Selim I crushes Shah Ismail Is force of 50,000 at Chaldiran. Defeats the Persians in Chaldiran, 1st step in a dramatic rise in Turkish power
Concordat
Signs the Concordat of Bologna which regulates the French Church
Battle of Mercidabik
Defeats the Mamelukes
Battle of Merj-Dabik
Defeats the Marmelukes & kills their leader Kansu
Birth of Ivan the Terrible
Birth of Ivan the Terrible, the 1st Tsar of Russia
Alliance Thomas Wolsey and Emperor Charles V
Discusses an alliance with Emperor Charles V, under instructions from Henry VIII
Peace Negotiations at London
1st session to negotiate peace with the French
Alliance Charles V and Wolsey in Bruges
Meets Wolsey in Bruges where the terms of a possible alliance are discussed
Capture of Mexico City
Captures Mexico City from the Aztecs
Capture of Tenochtitlan
Captures Tenochtitlan from the Aztecs
Alliance Thomas Wolsey and Emperor Charles V
Reaches Bruges to discuss an alliance with the Emperor Charles V
Bruges Invasion Timetable
Negotiates a secret timetable for coordinated Anglo-Imperial action against France if wider peace efforts fail.
Bruges Secrecy Provisions
Accepts provisions requiring the anti-French alliance to remain secret while papal approval and military preparations are arranged.
Breakdown of Treaty of London
Authorizes the Treaty of Bruges alliance with Charles V against France, undermining the universal peace system created in 1518.
Secret Treaty of Bruges
Henry VIII commits England to an alliance with Charles V against France.
Treaty of Bruges
The Treaty of Bruges binds Henry VIII and Charles V to an anti-French alliance.
Treaty of Bruges
The agreement prepares the ground for Henry VIII's Great Enterprise against France.
Treaty of Bruges
The treaty commits England to war against France in support of the Habsburg position.
Treaty of Bruges
Wolsey helps arrange the treaty with Imperial representatives while England moves away from neutrality.
Imperial Marriage Clause
Is designated for marriage to Charles V under the secret Anglo-Imperial alliance, replacing earlier French dynastic arrangements.
Great Enterprise
Signs a secret Treaty with Charles V to launch a "great enterprise" against France
Treaty Signed at Bruges
Signs a secret Treaty with Charles V to launch a "great enterprise" against France
Treaty of Bruges
Signs a secret Treaty with Charles V to launch a "great enterprise" against France
Treaty of Charles V
Signs a secret Treaty with Charles V to launch a "great enterprise" against France
Treaty of Bruges
Charles V agrees an anti-French alliance with Henry VIII's representatives.
Treaty Diplomacy
Margaret of Austria represents Habsburg interests in Bruges diplomacy.
Treaty Negotiation
Wolsey negotiates with Habsburg representatives at Bruges.
Calais Peace Mediation
Mediates between Imperial and French representatives at Calais while publicly presenting England as an arbiter in the European war.
Alliance Great Britain and Austria and France
Wolsey represents England in negotiations with Margaret of Austria for the anti-French alliance.
Great Enterprise
English and Imperial representatives negotiate the secret Treaty of Bruges for war against France.
Great Enterprise
The agreement envisages Henry VIII invading northern France while Charles V attacks French interests elsewhere.
Treaty of Bruges
English and Imperial representatives negotiate the secret Treaty of Bruges against Francis I of France.
Treaty of Bruges
The Treaty of Bruges plans an Anglo-Imperial campaign against Francis I of France.
Dissolution of Parliament
Henry VIIIs 4th Parliament closes
Invasion of France
English forces gather at Calais for the invasion of northern France.
Treaty of Utrecht
Performs a diplomatic reversal and signs a treaty of alliance with France.
Francis I Release Policy
Commits England to help secure the release of Francis I from Imperial captivity, marking a decisive shift away from Charles V.
More French Pension Settlement
Negotiates an annual French pension for Henry VIII as the financial centrepiece of England's renewed accommodation with France.
French Territorial Claims Reduced
Agrees to abandon several immediate English territorial claims in France in return for money and a more useful diplomatic partnership.
Peace of the More Concluded
Reaches a new peace with the French regency after abandoning expectations of major territorial gains from the Imperial victory at Pavia.
Treaty of the More
Wolsey negotiates peace with the French government after the collapse of the war-finance scheme.
Treaty of the More
Henry VIII accepts peace with France after the failure of the Great Enterprise and the Amicable Grant.
Treaty of the More
Henry VIII agrees peace with France after the failure of the Amicable Grant and the Great Enterprise.
Treaty of the More
Peace with France follows the collapse of Henry VIII's attempt to finance a renewed French campaign.
Treaty of the More
The treaty redirects English policy from invasion planning toward diplomatic settlement with France.
Treaty of More
Henry VIII agrees to help release Francis I from Charles V for 2,000,000 Ecus
Princess of Wales Household
Mary is sent to Ludlow with a household associated with the Council of the Marches
Hampton Court Anti-Imperial Alignment
Uses the Hampton Court agreement to strengthen England's alignment with France against the growing dominance of Emperor Charles V.
Hampton Court Reciprocal Alliance
Concludes a reciprocal obligation with France that deepens cooperation between the two kingdoms following the Treaty of the More.
Treaty of Hampton Court
Signs a Treaty agreeing that England & France should deal jointly with Charles V
Battle of Mohacs
Within a few weeks Buda & Pest fall to the Turks. Reaches the Plain of Mohacs & discovers the Hungarian army preparing for battle
Battle of Mohacs
His defeat shifts Slovak lands toward Habsburg rule.
Invasion of Peru
Pizarro left Panama with two ships with 160 men and several horses, reaching as far as the Colombian San Juan River
Treaty of Amiens
The peace Treaty of Amiens between France & England is confirmed
Treaty of More
Signed with France after the Battle of Pavia. Enforced while Francis I is Charles Vs prisoner
French Ransom Cooperation
Negotiates English financial and diplomatic support for efforts to recover the French royal children held as hostages by Charles V.
Treaty of Cambrai
France & Spain make peace with Charles V, Henry is now totally isolated
Treaty of Barcelona
The final Treaty, signed on August 5, removes France from the war, leaving Venice, Florence, and the Pope alone against Charles
Treaty of Barcelona
The final Treaty, signed on August 5, removes France from the war, leaving Venice, Florence, and the Pope alone against Charles
Invasion of Hungary
Joins up with Zapolya who is at the head of an army of 6000 Hungarians. Invades Hungary with a force of 80,000 men
Invasion of Hungary
Joins up with Zapolya who is at the head of an army of 6000 Hungarians
Treaty of Cambrai
Accedes to the Treaty of Cambrai
First Marriage
Mary of Guise marries Louis d Orleans Duke of Longueville
Siege
The Kildare rebels maintain pressure around Dublin while royal forces struggle to restore order.
Siege
The Kildare rebels maintain pressure around Dublin while royal forces work to restore control.
Monastic Visitation Begins
Royal visitors begin inspecting monasteries, gathering evidence about finances, discipline and religious life before parliamentary dissolution measures.
Result of Surrender of Silken Thomas
The failed Kildare rebellion ends with Silken Thomas in English custody.
Result of Surrender of Silken Thomas
The collapse of the Kildare rebellion leaves Silken Thomas in English hands and ends his armed resistance.
Surrender of Silken Thomas
Silken Thomas surrenders after the failure of the Kildare rebellion.
Surrender of Silken Thomas
Silken Thomas surrenders after the collapse of the Kildare rebellion.
Exile of John Calvin
Calvin sets off for Strasbourg, a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire and a refuge for reformers
Ten Articles
The first attempt is made to clarify religious doctrine after the break with Rome, Bishop Edward Foxe, with strong backing from Cromwell and Cranmer, tables proposals in Convocation, which the King later endorses as the Ten Articles and which are printed in August
First Royal Injunctions Issued
Cromwell issues injunctions requiring clergy to teach royal supremacy, discourage certain traditional practices and promote basic religious instruction.
Royal Injunctions
Cromwell issues royal injunctions to enforce obedience to the king's supremacy in parish life.
Ten Articles
The first attempt is made to clarify religious doctrine after the break with Rome, Bishop Edward Foxe, with strong backing from Cromwell and Cranmer, tables proposals in Convocation, which the King later endorses as the Ten Articles and which are printed in August
Order of the Garter
The King confirms his support of Cromwell by appointing him to the Order of the Garter but Cromwell was forced to accept the existence of an executive body, the Privy Council, dominated by his conservative opponents
Privy Council
The King confirms his support of Cromwell by appointing him to the Order of the Garter but Cromwell was forced to accept the existence of an executive body, the Privy Council, dominated by his conservative opponents
Foundation of Asuncion
Founds Asuncion as a Spanish settlement on the Paraguay River.
Matthew Bible Licensed
Royal approval permits circulation of the Matthew Bible, expanding authorised access to English scripture within the national church.
Diplomatic Correspondence
When the Lutheran German delegates sent a letter to the King regarding three items that particularly worried them (compulsory clerical celibacy, the withholding of the chalice from the laity, and the maintenance of private masses for the dead), Tunstall intervenes for the King leading to a dimissal of the Germans concerns, they leave on 1 October having made no substantial achievements
Diplomatic Correspondence
When the Lutheran German delegates sent a letter to the King regarding three items that particularly worried them (compulsory clerical celibacy, the withholding of the chalice from the laity, and the maintenance of private masses for the dead), Tunstall intervenes for the King leading to a dimissal of the Germans concerns, they leave on 1 October having made no substantial achievements
Birth of Catherine Grey
Catherine Grey is born to Frances Brandon and Henry Grey and later becomes an important potential Protestant successor to Elizabeth I.
Battle of Haddon Rig
Leads an English raiding army near Kelso but is defeated and captured when Scottish forces under the Earl of Huntly counterattack at Haddon Rig.
Battle of Haddon Rig
Commands the Scottish force that defeats Sir Robert Bowes's English army at Haddon Rig and captures English officers and men.
Treaty of Greenwich
Regent Arran ratifies the Treaty of Greenwich before Scottish opposition to the English marriage hardens.
Treaty of Greenwich
Regent Arran ratifies the Treaty of Greenwich before Scottish opposition to English influence grows.
Greenwich Treaty Ratified
His support for the English marriage policy soon collapses.
Treaty Ratification
Ratifies the Treaty of Greenwich before opposition strengthens.
Franco-Ottoman Fleet at Nice
Works with French forces against the Habsburg-aligned city.
Siege of Nice
Commands the Ottoman fleet during the combined attack on Nice.
Capture of Gran
Suleyman I the Magnificent captures Gran
Capture of Stuhlweissenber
Suleyman I the Magnificent captures Stuhlweissenberg
Attack on Nice
The operation demonstrates the active military alliance with Francis I.
Capture of Esztergom
Captures the fortress city of Esztergom during the Hungarian campaign.
Franco-Ottoman Campaign
Supports a combined Ottoman-French campaign against Habsburg-held Nice.
Ottoman Conquest of Gran
The conquest strengthens Ottoman control in central Hungary.
Siege of Boulogne
English artillery bombards Boulogne as Henry VIII takes personal command of the siege.
Invasion of Austria
Suleyman I the Magnificent makes peace with Ferdinand. Suleyman I the Magnificent gives up plans to invade Austria
Peace
Suleyman I the Magnificent makes peace with Ferdinand
Birth of Andrew Melville
Andrew Melville is born at Baldovie and later becomes a major Scottish Presbyterian scholar and reformer.
Treaty of Adrianople
Charles V & Suleyman make peace in the Treaty of Adrianople
Death of Etienne Dolet
Death of Etienne Dolet, executed
Execution
Hanged & burned for heresy & blasphemy for publishing the works of Erasmus
Mary Queen of Scots Leaves Scotland
Mary, Queen of Scots, leaves for France, frustrating the English policy of securing her marriage to Edward.
Daughter Sent to France
Mary Queen of Scots is sent to France for safety and marriage to the Dauphin
Departure for France
Mary sails from Scotland to France after the English victories and occupation, frustrating the Tudor plan to force her marriage to Edward VI.
Birth of Mary Seymour
Birth of Mary Seymour, daughter of Catherine Parr & Thomas Seymour
Birth of Mary Seymour
Birth of Mary Seymour, daughter of Catherine Parr & Thomas Seymour
Coup
Thomas Seymour hoped to finance a coup by bribing the vice-treasurer of the Bristol Mint, Sir William Sharington who was responsible for debasing the coinage in Bristol and he had been fiddling the account books and keeping the profits
Succession
When Catherine died in childbirth Thomas renewed his attentions to the Princess Elizabeth. Thomas Seymour hoped to finance a coup by bribing the vice-treasurer of the Bristol Mint, Sir William Sharington who was responsible for debasing the coinage in Bristol and he had been fiddling the account books and keeping the profits
Northampton Campaign Fails
Northampton's royal force is defeated and withdraws from Norwich after failing to dislodge the rebels from the city and surrounding positions.
Battle of Woodbury Common
Royal troops defeat a rebel position on Woodbury Common, opening the route for further operations against the siege of Exeter.
Battle of Clyst St Mary
Russell's army defeats western rebels at Clyst St Mary during the campaign to break resistance around Exeter.
French Declaration of War
Henry II of France declares war on England and renews pressure against English-held Boulogne.
Western Rising Defeated at Sampford Courtenay
Royal forces defeat the remaining organised western rebels at Sampford Courtenay, ending the principal military phase of the Prayer Book rising.
Battle of Sampford Courtenay
Royal forces defeat the remaining Prayer Book rebels at Sampford Courtenay, ending the main western rising.
Foreign Mercenaries Reinforce Warwick
Warwick receives additional professional troops, strengthening the royal army immediately before the decisive confrontation with Kett's forces.
Battle of Dussindale
Warwick defeats Kett's army at Dussindale in a bloody battle that destroys the organised military strength of the Norfolk rebellion.
Battle of Dussindale
An army commanded by the Earl of Warwick defeats Kett's rebels at Dussindale and restores royal control.
Robert Kett Captured
Kett is captured at Swannington after escaping the battlefield, bringing the principal leadership of the Norfolk rising into royal custody.
Warwick Takes Command against Kett
John Dudley assumes command of a stronger royal army after Northampton's failure and prepares a renewed assault on the Norfolk rebels.
Battle of Marciano
Defeated by an Imperial Army during the French invasion of Tuscany
Imperial Army
Defeated by an Imperial Army during the French invasion of Tuscany
Succession
Mary enters London to claim the throne, with the Earl of Arndel beside her
Entry into London
Mary enters London in triumph with Elizabeth beside her
London Entry
Mary enters London in triumph to claim the throne
London Entry
Elizabeth accompanies Mary during the royal entry after the succession crisis
Burial
Edward VI is buried in Henry VII's Lady Chapel at Westminster Abbey using the reformed English service.
Burial
Mary wants to give Edward a Catholic funeral but is persuaded to give a Protestant one
Burial
Attends a private Mass for Edward in the Tower
Edward VI Funeral
Mary permits Edward VI a Protestant funeral while maintaining Catholic worship
Private Mass for Edward
Mary attends a private Catholic Mass for Edward VI in the Tower
Mary Proclaims Catholic Intent
Mary begins restoring Catholic worship after entering London as queen.
Death of John Dudley
Executed by Queen Mary after the fall of Lady Jane Grey after 2 weeks
Death of John Dudley
Death of John Dudley, executed
Execution
Executed for trying to prevent Marys succession
Execution
The Earl of Northumberland & 2 of his accomplices are executed
Execution
Northumberland is executed after the failure of the Jane Grey succession
Northumberland Executed
John Dudley Duke of Northumberland is executed after the succession crisis
Execution of John Gates
John Gates is beheaded for supporting the attempt to place Lady Jane Grey on the throne instead of Mary I.
Execution of Thomas Palmer
Thomas Palmer is beheaded for supporting the Jane Grey succession and opposing Mary's accession.
Proclamations Issued
Mary's government issues proclamations securing the new reign
John Bradford Arrested after Protestant Sermon
John Bradford is arrested after intervening during religious unrest and is subsequently held as the Marian government prosecutes leading Protestants.
Edwardian Religious Policy Suspended
Mary halts further Protestant change and begins restoring Catholic worship after her accession to the throne.
Latin Mass Restored at Court
Traditional Latin worship returns in the royal household as Mary signals reversal of Edward VI's religious settlement.
Mary's Coronation Date Fixed
Mary's government fixes the coronation for the beginning of October after consolidating control following the succession crisis.
Bonner Restored
Edmund Bonner is restored to the bishopric of London.
Day Restored
George Day is restored as Bishop of Chichester.
Edwardian Bishops Removed
Mary's government begins removing leading Protestant bishops.
Gardiner Restored
Stephen Gardiner returns to power as Mary's lord chancellor.
Heath Restored
Nicholas Heath is restored to episcopal authority under Mary.
Tunstall Restored
Cuthbert Tunstall is restored as Bishop of Durham.
Battle of Renty
Defeated by the French who end Charles invasion of Picardy
Battle of Renty
Francis of Guise fights in the French victory at Renty
Royal Entry with Philip
Mary and Philip enter London after their marriage
Marriage
Philip & Mary are greeted with a pageantry in the City of London after their marriage
Marriage
Philip returns to Spain
Battle of Saint Quentin
Clinton takes part in Lord Pembrokes expedition & fights with Spanish forces at the Battle of Saint Quentin
Battle of Saint-Quentin
Pembroke's English soldiers take part in the allied victory at Saint-Quentin, one of the principal military successes of Mary's war with France.
Battle of Quentin
Sees action at the Battle of St Quentin
Battle of Saint Quentin
Fights for the Imperialists against the Dutch during the Dutch Rebellion
Battle of St Quentin
Defeats the French & leaves northern France defenceless
Battle of St Quentin
Defeats the French & leaves north France defenceless
Battle of St Quentin
Captures St Quentin but is ordered by Philip II to withdraw to The Netherlands
Capture of St Quentin
Captures St Quentin but is ordered by Philip II to withdraw to The Netherlands
Invasion of France
Captures St Quentin but is ordered by Philip II to withdraw to The Netherlands
Siege of St Quentin
Captures St Quentin but is ordered by Philip II to withdraw to The Netherlands
Lieutenant General of France
Henry II appoints Guise lieutenant general to defend the kingdom
Recalled from Italy
Guise is recalled from Italy after the French defeat at Saint Quentin
Raid on Conquet
Clinton leads English raids against the French coast
Raid on Le Conquet
Clinton commands the English fleet raiding the French coast near Le Conquet
Marriage Journey
Mary remains in France after marrying the future Francis II
Death of Paul IV
Paul IV dies after a severe and controversial pontificate
Visitations Ordered
Elizabeth's government orders church visitations to enforce religious conformity
Stadholder Appointed
William of Orange is appointed stadholder in the Habsburg Netherlands
Regency Begins
Margaret of Parma begins governing the Spanish Netherlands for Philip II
Margaret Regent Appointed
Philip appoints Margaret of Parma as regent in the Netherlands
Battle of Ergeme
Kettler's order suffers a serious defeat during the Livonian War
Battle of Ergeme
Russian forces defeat the Livonian Order at Ergeme
Reform of Parliament
The Scottish Parliament promulgates a Protestant confession of faith
Mass
The Scottish Parliament prohibits Mass, under pain of death for a 3rd offence
Reform of Parliament
The Scottish Parliament prohibits Mass, under pain of death for a 3rd offence. The Scottish Parliament abolishes the Popes jurisdiction
Scots Confession Approved
Scottish Parliament approves a Protestant confession of faith in Mary's absence
Captured at Fellin
Furstenberg is captured when Russian forces take Fellin
Capture of Fellin
Russian forces capture Fellin during the Livonian War
Mass Prohibited
Scottish Parliament prohibits the Mass under the Protestant settlement
Papal Jurisdiction Rejected
Reformation Parliament rejects papal jurisdiction in Scotland
Parliament
The Scottish Parliament carries out the Scottish Reformation
Reform of Parliament
The Scottish Parliament carries out the Scottish Reformation. Elizabeth I is made Protector of the Scottish Church
Reformation, The
The Scottish Parliament carries out the Scottish Reformation
Fontainebleau Petition
Coligny presents Protestant grievances at the Assembly of Notables
Parliament
The Scottish Parliament carries out the Scottish Reformation
Reform of Parliament
The Scottish Parliament carries out the Scottish Reformation. Elizabeth I is made Protector
Scots Confession Drafted
Knox helps draft the Scots Confession for the Reformation Parliament
Scottish Reformation Parliament
After the treaty the Scottish Parliament proceeds with Protestant reform
Siege of Leith
English troops besiege Leith, held by the queen regent, in aid of the "reformers"
Departure from France
Mary leaves France to return to Scotland after widowhood
Mary Returns to Scotland
Elizabeth monitors Mary of Scots return to Scotland without English safe conduct
Return to Scotland
Mary arrives at Leith to begin personal rule in Scotland
Marriage to Anna of Saxony
Marries Anna of Saxony after the death of his first wife Anna of Egmont
Second Marriage
William marries Anna of Saxony strengthening German Protestant connections
Mass at Holyrood
Mary hears Catholic Mass at Holyrood and alarms Protestant reformers
Opposes Royal Mass
Knox condemns Catholic worship at Mary's court after her return
Arrest of Katherine Grey
Katherine Grey is imprisoned for marrying Edward Seymour without royal permission
Hertford Imprisoned over Secret Marriage
Edward Seymour is imprisoned after his unauthorised marriage to Catherine Grey becomes known, reflecting the crown's concern over uncontrolled succession alliances.
Catherine Grey Pregnancy Revealed
Catherine's pregnancy exposes her secret marriage and alarms Elizabeth because a child could strengthen a competing Protestant claim to the throne.
Katherine Grey Imprisoned
Elizabeth orders Katherine Grey confined after her secret Seymour marriage is discovered
English Safe Conduct Refused
Elizabeth refuses safe conduct after Mary declines to ratify the Treaty of Edinburgh
Treaty of Edinburgh
Refused passage through England because she will not ratify the Treaty of Edinburgh
Earl of Oxford Succeeds
Edward de Vere succeeds his father as Earl of Oxford
Death of John de Vere
John de Vere dies and the Oxford earldom passes to Edward de Vere
Siege of Bourges
Guise helps bring Bourges back under Catholic royal control
Peace with Ottomans
Ferdinand agrees peace terms with Suleyman's empire
Northern Progress
Mary travels north to confront the power of the Earl of Huntly
Huntly Defies Mary
Huntly resists Mary's authority in northern Scotland
Peace
Suleyman I the Magnificent & Ferdinand make peace
Peace
Suleyman I the Magnificent & Ferdinand make peace
Regency Ends Formally
Catherine's formal regency ends when Charles IX is declared of age
Majority Declared
Charles IX is declared of age during a royal session at Rouen
Siege of Senglea
Suleyman I the Magnificent cals off the attack on Senglea & the Fort of St Michael
Siege of Senglea
Suleyman I the Magnificent cals off the attack on Senglea & the Fort of St Michael
Raid
Withdraws from Marys Council & raises a rebellion in "the Chaseabout Raid"
Reballion of Withdraws from Marys Council &
Withdraws from Marys Council & raises a rebellion in "the Chaseabout Raid"
Iconoclastic Fury
Religious violence reaches churches around Ypres.
Iconoclasm
Religious unrest reaches Bruges during the wider iconoclastic movement.
Flemish Unrest Intensifies during Iconoclasm
Religious and political unrest spreads through Flanders during the iconoclastic disturbances of 1566.
Reballion of Rebels in Flanders
Riots break-out in southern Flanders
Siege of Tournai
Tournai surreders to the Spanish, the ringleaders are executed
Siege of Valenciennes
Valenciennes surreders to the Spanish, the ringleaders are executed
Succession
Birth of Indiairth of Nuruddin Salim Jahangir
Execution of John Felton
John Felton is executed for publishing the papal bull that declared Elizabeth I excommunicated.
Treaty of St Germain
Signs the Treaty of St Germain, ends the 3rd War of Religion
Execution of Northumberland
Thomas Percy is executed at York after being surrendered from Scotland, closing the career of the most prominent surviving leader of the Northern Rebellion.
Execution of Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland
Thomas Percy is beheaded for leading the Northern Rebellion and supporting a Catholic challenge to Elizabeth I.
Assassination of Coligny
Orders the assassination of Coligny, the Huguenot leader
Huguenots
Orders the assassination of Coligny, the Huguenot leader. Charles IX & Catherine de Medici sanction the massacre of Huguenots
Massacre
Orders the assassination of Coligny, the Huguenot leader. Charles IX & Catherine de Medici sanction the massacre of Huguenots
Huguenots
Charles IX & Catherine de Medici sanction the massacre of Huguenots
Massacre
Charles IX & Catherine de Medici sanction the massacre of Huguenots
Massacre
Persuaded by his mother Catherine de Medicus to order the St Batholomews day massacre
Massacre
Responsible for the St Bartholomew Days massacre
St Bartholomew Violence
Henry of Guise is associated with Catholic violence during the Saint Bartholomew period
Massacre
The Huguenot massacre in France increases English suspicions of Mary
Edict of Boulogne-sur-Mer
The Edict of Boulogne-sur-Mer is officially registered by the Parlement of Paris
Edict of Boulogne-sur-Mer
The Edict of Boulogne-sur-Mer is officially registered by the Parlement of Paris
Birth of Robert Dudley
Birth of Robert Dudley, son of Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester and his lover Douglas Sheffield, daughter of William Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Effingham
Bristol Damage Claims Settlement
Helps negotiate compensation for property seized during the earlier commercial dispute between England and Spanish interests.
Bristol Anglo-Spanish Settlement
Concludes a settlement with Spain designed to resolve commercial seizures and normalise trade after several years of Anglo-Spanish tension.
Royal Visit
Visits Bristol during a royal progress through western England.
Coup
The workers of Brussels, Antwerp, Bruges & Ghent overthrow their Catholic Magistrates
Magistrates Overthrown
Calvinist supporters help overthrow Catholic magistrates in Bruges.
Reballion of Rebels in Antwerp
The workers of Brussels, Antwerp, Bruges & Ghent overthrow their Catholic Magistrates
FitzMaurice Killed in Munster
FitzMaurice is killed during a clash in Munster, leaving other Geraldine leaders to continue the second Desmond rebellion.
John of Desmond Assumes Rebel Leadership
John FitzGerald assumes a leading military role after FitzMaurice's death and sustains the rebellion across Munster.
Death of Emmanuel Philibert
Death of Emmanuel Philibert
Circumnavigation
1st person to complete the circumnavigation of the World
Arrival in Macau
Arrives in Macau and begins language study for the China mission
China Mission Preparation
Works in Macau as the Jesuit China mission prepares to move beyond the Portuguese settlement
Raid of Ruthven
Leads the Protestant noble faction that abducts James VI at Ruthven Castle
Raid of Ruthven
Helps seize control of James VI during the Raid of Ruthven
Supplication to James VI
Joins the lords who present a supplication justifying the seizure of James VI
Declaration against Lennox
Compelled by the Ruthven lords to accept a declaration against the influence of Esme Stewart, Duke of Lennox
Abduction of James VI
Takes part in the seizure of James VI during the Raid of Ruthven
Raid of Ruthven
Participates in the Ruthven coup against the influence of Lennox and Arran
Captivity
Seized and held by the Ruthven lords during the Raid of Ruthven
Gowrie Regime
Supports the Ruthven lords as James VI is moved under their control to Stirling
Death of Jan Kochanowski
Dies in Lublin
Nonsuch Cautionary Towns Clause
Receives Flushing, Brill and associated positions as security for eventual Dutch repayment of English military expenditure.
Nonsuch Dutch Alliance Signed
Concludes a formal alliance with the Dutch rebels, openly committing England to support resistance against Spanish rule in the Netherlands.
Nonsuch Troop Commitment
Promises English infantry and cavalry for service in the Netherlands under a senior commander paid by the English crown.
Treaty of Nonsuch
Elizabeth signs the Treaty of Nonsuch and commits troops to the Dutch revolt, partly to prevent the Netherlands becoming a secure Spanish invasion base against England.
Capture of Antwerp
Helps the Spanish Duke of Parma capture Antwerp
Arrest of Mary of Scots
Commences her imprisonment in Fotheringay Castle
Anthony Babington Captured after Plot Discovery
Anthony Babington is captured after the government deciphers correspondence connecting his circle with a conspiracy to kill Elizabeth I and release Mary Stuart.
Babington Plot Letters Intercepted
Intercepted correspondence connects Mary to the Babington conspiracy, allowing Elizabeth's ministers to argue that the leading Catholic claimant has endorsed her removal.
Battle of Gravelines
The Spanish Armada is defeated by an English naval force under command of Lord Charles Howard and Sir Francis Drake off the coast of Gravelines, now in France
Battle of Gravelines
The Spanish Armada is defeated by an English naval force under command of Lord Charles Howard and Sir Francis Drake off the coast of Gravelines, now in France
Battle of Gravelines
16 Spanish ships are captured.
Battle of Gravelines
On the day after Gravelines, the wind had backed, southerly, enabling Medina Sidonia to move the Armada northward (away from the French coast), the English pursue the Spanish fleet, to prevent it returning to escort Parma.
Battle of Gravelines
Ordered by Lord Howard to patrol Dunkirk & Nieuport.
Battle of Gravelines
Prevents Parma making a dash for the English coast.
Battle of Gravelines
The Spanish fleet manages to escape to the North Sea due to a sudden squall.
Armada Anchors at Calais
Medina Sidonia anchors the Armada off Calais while awaiting contact with Parma, creating the vulnerable concentration that the English exploit with fireships.
Battle of Gravelines
Perez de Guzman is chased by 2 English ships to the Firth of Forth
Battle of Gravelines
A change in wind direction enables Sidona to flee north west
Battle of Gravelines
The Spanish Armada is defeated by an English naval force under command of Lord Charles Howard and Sir Francis Drake off the coast of Gravelines, now in France. Escapes the English by rounding the Orkneys then returning to Spain
Blockade of Flemish Ports
The Armada is forced to return to Spain via the North Sea & the Atlantic. 29-30 July, cannot break the blockade where the Armada must refit & obtain ammunition
Flemish Port Access Denied
The blockade prevents the Armada from using the Flemish coast for the refit and ammunition it needs before returning toward Spain
Battle of Gravelines
The Spanish Armada is defeated by an English naval force under command of Lord Charles Howard and Sir Francis Drake off the coast of Gravelines, now in France
Spanish Armada, 1st
The Armada is attacked by 200 English ships, assisted by the Dutch navy, in the North Sea at Gravelines, a fire-ship attack drives the Armada ships from their anchorage, and in the ensuing Battle the Spanish abandon their rendezvous with Parma. Anchors off Calais Roads ready to rendezvous with Parma, as instructed
Battle of Flanders Coast
The English and Spanish fleets again engage off the coast of Flanders, the English again are more successful
Battle of Flanders Coast
The English and Spanish fleets again engage off the coast of Flanders, the English again are more successful
Battle of Gravelines
On the day after Gravelines, the wind had backed, southerly, enabling Medina Sidonia to move the Armada northward (away from the French coast), the English pursue the Spanish fleet, to prevent it returning to escort Parma
Calais Fireship Attack
Howard sends fireships into the crowded Spanish anchorage at Calais, forcing Armada captains to cut their cables and scatter before Parma can embark his army.
Battle of Flanders Coast
The Spanish are unable to reach the coast of Flanders to meet up with the army of the Duke of Parma, Medina Sidonia decides to return to Spain. The English and Spanish fleets again engage off the coast of Flanders, the English again are more successful
Spanish Armada, 1st
Parma is trapped in Dunkirk by a shallow harbour. Informed by from Parma that the "Great Enterprise" is hopeless
Spanish Armada, 1st
The Spanish are unable to reach the coast of Flanders to meet up with the army of the Duke of Parma, Medina Sidonia decides to return to Spain. The English and Spanish fleets again engage off the coast of Flanders, the English again are more successful
Battle of Flanders Coast
The Spanish are unable to reach the coast of Flanders to meet up with the army of the Duke of Parma, Medina Sidonia decides to return to Spain. The English and Spanish fleets again engage off the coast of Flanders, the English again are more successful
Spanish Armada, 1st
The English and Spanish fleets again engage off the coast of Flanders, the English again are more successful
Spanish Armada, 1st
Parma is trapped in Dunkirk by a shallow harbour. Informed by from Parma that the "Great Enterprise" is hopeless
Battle of Calais
Sends 8 tarred fireships to attack the Armada where it waits to rendezvous with Parma
Invasion of England
Queen Elizabeth visits Tilbury to encourage her forces and gives to them what is probably her most famous speech
Spanish Armada, 1st
Queen Elizabeth visits Tilbury to encourage her forces and gives to them what is probably her most famous speech. I know I have the body of a weak and feeble woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a king of England too
Battle of Gravelines
Howard's fleet attacks the disordered Armada near Gravelines and inflicts severe damage, preventing the Spanish from restoring the formation needed to cover an invasion.
Gravelines Fighting Forces Armada North
After fighting off Flanders, the Armada is forced northward and abandons the planned junction with Parma.
Tilbury Mobilisation
Elizabeth visits the army assembled at Tilbury and addresses troops prepared to resist any Spanish landing while the Armada remains a threat at sea.
Armada Pursuit Continues beyond Flanders
Drake joins the pursuit as the damaged Armada moves away from Flanders into the North Sea.
English Ammunition Pressure Eases after Gravelines
Howard reduces close pursuit after the Armada is driven clear of Flanders and English ammunition runs low.
Spanish Armada, 1st
Howard calls a halt to the chase in the latitude of the Firth of Forth off Scotland but ut by that point, the Spanish are suffering from thirst and exhaustion, the only option left to Sidonia is to chart a course home to Spain, along the Atlantic
Spanish Armada, 1st
Although their shot lockers were almost empty, the English pursued in an attempt to prevent the enemy from returning to escort Parma.
Spanish Armada, 1st
By that point, the Spanish were suffering from thirst and exhaustion, and the only option left to Medina Sidonia was to chart a course home to Spain, by a very hazardous route
Spanish Armada, 1st
On 2 August Old Style (12 August New Style) Howard called a halt to the pursuit in the latitude of the Firth of Forth off Scotland.
Spanish Armada, 1st
On the day after the Battle of Gravelines, the wind had backed southerly, enabling Medina Sidonia to move his fleet northward away from the French coast.
Spanish Armada, 1st
Howard calls a halt to the chase in the latitude of the Firth of Forth off Scotland but ut by that point, the Spanish are suffering from thirst and exhaustion, the only option left to Sidonia is to chart a course home to Spain, along the Atlantic
Spanish Armada, 1st
Although their shot lockers were almost empty, the English pursued in an attempt to prevent the enemy from returning to escort Parma.
Spanish Armada, 1st
By that point, the Spanish were suffering from thirst and exhaustion, and the only option left to Medina Sidonia was to chart a course home to Spain, by a very hazardous route
Spanish Armada, 1st
On 2 August Old Style (12 August New Style) Howard called a halt to the pursuit in the latitude of the Firth of Forth off Scotland.
Spanish Armada, 1st
On the day after the Battle of Gravelines, the wind had backed southerly, enabling Medina Sidonia to move his fleet northward away from the French coast.
Invasion of England
Earl of Leicester maintained a force of 4,000 soldiers at West Tilbury, Essex, to defend the Thames Estuary against any incursion up-river towards London.
Invasion of England
On 8 August (18 August New Style) Queen Elizabeth went to Tilbury to encourage her forces, and the next day gave to them what is probably her most famous speech.
Invasion of England
The threat of invasion from The Netherlands had not yet been discounted by the English, and Robert Dudley.
Spanish Armada, 1st
Earl of Leicester maintained a force of 4,000 soldiers at West Tilbury, Essex, to defend the Thames Estuary against any incursion up-river towards London.
Spanish Armada, 1st
On 8 August (18 August New Style) Queen Elizabeth went to Tilbury to encourage her forces, and the next day gave to them what is probably her most famous speech.
Spanish Armada, 1st
The threat of invasion from The Netherlands had not yet been discounted by the English, and Robert Dudley.
Invasion of England
Earl of Leicester maintained a force of 4,000 soldiers at West Tilbury, Essex, to defend the Thames Estuary against any incursion up-river towards London.
Invasion of England
On 8 August (18 August New Style) Queen Elizabeth went to Tilbury to encourage her forces, and the next day gave to them what is probably her most famous speech.
Invasion of England
The threat of invasion from The Netherlands had not yet been discounted by the English, and Robert Dudley.
Spanish Armada, 1st
Earl of Leicester maintained a force of 4,000 soldiers at West Tilbury, Essex, to defend the Thames Estuary against any incursion up-river towards London.
Spanish Armada, 1st
On 8 August (18 August New Style) Queen Elizabeth went to Tilbury to encourage her forces, and the next day gave to them what is probably her most famous speech.
Spanish Armada, 1st
The threat of invasion from The Netherlands had not yet been discounted by the English, and Robert Dudley.
Speech
"My loving people, we have been persuaded by some that are careful of our safety, to take heed how we commit ourselves to armed multitudes for fear of treachery; but, I do assure you, I do not desire to live to distrust my faithful and loving people.
Speech
I know I have the body of a weak and feeble woman; but I have the heart and stomach of a king - and of a King of England too, and think foul scorn that Parma or Spain, or any prince of Europe, should dare
Speech
I know already, for your forwardness, you have deserved rewards and crowns, and, we do assure you, on the word of a prince, they shall be duly paid you.
Speech
In the mean time, my lieutenant general shall be in my stead, than whom never prince commanded a more noble or worthy subject; not doubting but by your obedience to my general, by your concord in the camp, and your valour in the field, we shall shortly have a famous victory over those enemies of my God, of my kingdom, and of my people."
Speech
Let tyrants fear, I have always so behaved myself, that under God I have placed my chiefest strength and safeguard in the loyal hearts and goodwill of my subjects; and, therefore, I am come amongst you as you see at this time, not for my recreation and disport, but being
Speech
resolved, in the midst and heat of battle, to live or die amongst you all รขโฌโ to lay down for my God, and for my kingdoms, and for my people, my honour and my blood even in the dust.
Speech
to invade the borders of my realm; to which, rather than any dishonour should grow by me, I myself will take up arms - I myself will be your general, judge, and rewarder of every one of your virtues in the field.
Invasion of England
Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester maintaines a force of 4,000 soldiers at West Tilbury, Essex, to defend the estuary of the River Thames against any incursion up-river towards London
Spanish Armada, 1st
Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester maintaines a force of 4,000 soldiers at West Tilbury, Essex, to defend the estuary of the River Thames against any incursion up-river towards London
English Strategy Prevents Armada Junction with Parma
English naval pressure prevents the Armada from safely joining Parma's invasion army on the Flemish coast.
Assassination of Henry III
Assassinated by a Dominican monk, Henry is the last of the Valois line
Death of Henry III
Death of Henry III, assassinated
Siege of Paris
After Henrys assassination Paris suffers a 4 year siege
Assassination of Henry IV
Assassinated by a Dominican monk, Henry is the last of the Valois line
Marriage
Marries Anne of Denmark
Death of Sixtus V
Death of Sixtus V
Normandy Expedition
Essex takes an English expeditionary force to Normandy to support Henry IV, reinforcing Protestant resistance to the Catholic League and its Spanish allies.
Birth of Isaac Walton
Birth of Isaac Walton
Battle of Calugareni
Defeats Ottoman forces during the Long Turkish War.
Death of William Cecil
Death of William Cecil
Westminster Dutch Debt Settlement
Helps negotiate a revised alliance with the United Provinces that formally addresses Dutch repayment of the large English wartime debt.
Battle of the Yellow Ford
Bagenal's relief army is decisively defeated by O'Neill near the Blackwater, producing one of the crown's worst military reverses in Tudor Ireland.
Irish Revolt Expands after Yellow Ford
O'Neill's victory encourages wider rebellion across Ireland as crown garrisons and allied lords face renewed pressure in several provinces.
Spanish Invasion Alert
Elizabeth's government mobilises troops and strengthens coastal readiness during a major invasion scare caused by reports that a Spanish fleet is approaching England.
Assassination of James VI
Gowrie & Ruthven conspire to kill James VI but are killed in the attempt
Death of James VI
Gowrie & Ruthven conspire to kill James VI but are killed in the attempt
Death of Michael
Is killed near Turda after renewed conflict.
English Peace Delegation
Serves among the principal English commissioners negotiating peace with Spain and the Spanish Netherlands.
English Peace Delegation
Serves as an English commissioner during the final negotiations with the Spanish delegation.
English Peace Delegation
Participates in the conference that agrees the terms ending war between England and Spain.
English Peace Delegation
Takes part in the Somerset House negotiations that end the Anglo-Spanish War.
English Peace Delegation
Represents James I in the English delegation that settles the terms of peace with Spain.
Commercial Peace
Restores formal peaceful relations intended to reopen normal trade and maritime contact with Spanish territories.
English Channel Access
Restores peacetime passage for Spanish shipping through waters controlled by England.
Privateering Restrictions
Accepts peace terms ending official English wartime attacks on Spanish maritime traffic.
Treaty of London
Concludes peace with Spain and the Spanish Netherlands, ending the long Anglo-Spanish War.
Spanish Peace Delegation
Acts as a leading Spanish negotiator during preparations for the final peace agreement.
Spanish Peace Delegation
Represents Philip III in the Spanish delegation negotiating the London peace settlement.
Spanish Delegation
Heads the Spanish royal delegation that concludes the peace settlement with James I's commissioners.
Dutch Revolt Settlement
Obtains an English commitment to end official military and financial support for the Dutch rebellion.
Port Access Agreement
Gains reciprocal access for Spanish ships to English ports for shelter, supplies and repairs under treaty rules.
Recognition of English Monarchy
Accepts James I's Protestant monarchy and abandons wartime hopes of imposing a Catholic settlement on England.
Spanish Shipping Protection
Secures an end to English wartime attacks that had disrupted Spanish Atlantic shipping and colonial commerce.
Status Quo Peace
Accepts a negotiated settlement that largely restores relations without a decisive territorial victory for either crown.
Treaty of London
Accepts peace with James I, ending open war while England ends wartime attacks on Spanish shipping and support for the Dutch revolt.
Commercial Peace
Supports a settlement restoring lawful commerce with Iberian and Spanish-Netherlands markets after years of war.
Dutch Support
Agrees to end official English military and financial support for the Dutch revolt against Spanish rule.
Recognition of English Monarchy
Accepts peace with the Protestant English monarchy and abandons wartime efforts to restore Catholic rule in England.
Invention of Telescope
The Venetian senate examines Galileo's telescope. Demonstrates his first telescope to Venetian lawmakers, his work on the device made for a profitable sideline with merchants who found it useful for their shipping businesses and trading issues
Succession
Ferdinand is officially deposed as King of Bohemia and is replaced by the Palatine Elector Frederick V
Succession
Ferdinand is officially deposed as King of Bohemia and is replaced by the Palatine Elector Frederick V
Rule of Bohemia
The Estates of Bohemia, Lusatia, Moravia and Silesia declare Ferdinand deposed as their King
Rule of Lusatia
The Estates of Bohemia, Lusatia, Moravia and Silesia declare Ferdinand deposed as their King
Rule of Moravia
The Estates of Bohemia, Lusatia, Moravia and Silesia declare Ferdinand deposed as their King
Rule of Silesia
The Estates of Bohemia, Lusatia, Moravia and Silesia declare Ferdinand deposed as their King
Election
The Estates offered the Elector Palatine the Bohemian crown
Birth of James Compton
Birth of James Compton, 3rd Earl of Northampton
Battle of Stadtlohn
Frederick V, in exile in The Hague, and under pressure from his father-in-law James I of England to end his involvement in the war, is forced to abandon any hope of launching further campaigns
Battle of Stadtlohn
Victorious at the Battle of Stadtlohn against Christian of Brunswick where 13,000 out of his army of 15,000 were lost, including fifty of his high ranking officers, and ending virtually all resistance in Germany
Ruling Council
Appointed Leader of the Ruling Council
Birth of John III
Birth of John III, near Lwow
Defence of Breda
Justinus commanded Breda's garrison and organised the city's defence against Spinola.
Siege of Breda Begins
Spinola opened the prolonged Spanish siege of Breda with a large encircling army.
Catholic League
Defeated by the Imperial army under Wallenstein & Catholic League under Tilly. Defeated by the Catholic League
Imperial Army
Defeated by the Imperial army under Wallenstein & Catholic League under Tilly
Catholic League
Danish defeat by the Imperial army under Wallenstein & the Catholic League under Tilly
Imperial Army
Danish defeat by the Imperial army under Wallenstein & the Catholic League under Tilly
Assassination of George Villiers
On the eve of an expedition for the relief of La Rochelle by a discontented soldier
Death of George Villiers
Death of George Villiers, assassinated
Assassination of George Villiers
Assassinates the Duke of Buckingham, on the eve of the siege of La Rochelle. Assassinated the Duke of Buckingham
Capture of Quebec
Quebec is temporarily surrendered to the English
Birth of Thomas Clifford
Birth of Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford of Chudleigh, born in Ugbrooke, the son of Hugh Clifford of Chudleigh, Devon
Dismissal
Reisigns under pressure from Protestant Regenburg electors alarmed by Swedish invasion
Birth of John Dryden
Birth of John Dryden
Birth of John Locke
John Locke is born at Wrington in Somerset.
League of Heilbronn
French control increased in August 1634, when the League agreed to accept French funds in return for French control of the fortress of Philippsburg on the east bank of the Rhine for the duration of the war
Battle of Nordlingen
Louis de Conde & Vicomte Henri de Turenne defeat the German army of Baron von Mercy
Battle of Nordlingen
Louis de Conde & vicomte Henri de Turenne defeat the German army of Baron von Mercy
Battle of Nordlingen
Defeated by a French army under Prince Louis De Conde & Vicomte Henri De Turenne
Siege of Corbie
Spanish troops occupy Corbie, 50 miles north of Paris
Capture of Corbie
A Spanish army from The Netherlands captures Corbie near Amiens
Birth of Nicolas Malebranche
Nicolas Malebranche is born in Paris into a prominent administrative family.
Bronx
1st European settler in the Bronx
Parliament
1st day of Charles 2nd Parliament in Scotland
Parliament
Opposes the policies of Argyll during the Scottish Parliament, August-September
Capture of Arras
Louis XIII captures Arras
Loss of Arras
Serves in Spanish Habsburg military command during the French capture of Arras
King Travels North
Charles leaves London to supervise the English war effort in northern England.
Scottish Invasion of England
The Covenanter army crosses into England and advances through Northumberland.
King Travels North
Charles leaves London to supervise the English war effort in northern England.
Scottish Invasion of England
The Covenanter army crosses into England and advances through Northumberland.
Invasion of England
Launches an invasion of North East England & reaches Durham
Invasion of England
Crosses into England & begins the 2nd Bishops War
Twelve Peers Petition
Mulgrave supports summoning Parliament to address war, finance and religious grievances.
Twelve Peers Petition
Bedford signs the peers petition urging Charles to summon Parliament and negotiate peace.
Twelve Peers Petition
Bristol urges the King to seek parliamentary assistance during the national emergency.
Twelve Peers Petition
Essex joins peers requesting a Parliament after the defeat at Newburn.
Twelve Peers Petition
Warwick signs the request for Parliament and an end to arbitrary government.
Twelve Peers Petition
Howard of Escrick signs the peers petition seeking parliamentary government.
Twelve Peers Petition
Wharton joins the petitioners demanding Parliament and investigation of grievances.
Twelve Peers Petition
Brooke joins the aristocratic opposition demanding constitutional consultation.
Twelve Peers Petition
Paget urges Charles to call Parliament and settle the Scottish conflict.
Twelve Peers Petition
Hertford supports the petition for parliamentary advice and a negotiated settlement.
Twelve Peers Petition
Mandeville supports the peers appeal for Parliament after military defeat.
Twelve Peers Petition
Saye and Sele signs the petition demanding a Parliament and redress of grievances.
Aftermath of Battle of Newburn
Strafford attempted to restore order after the English defeat at Newburn opened northern England to Scottish occupation.
Battle of Newburn
Scottish Covenanters defeat the English army at Newburn.
Battle of Newburn
The Covenanter army defeats English forces attempting to defend the River Tyne crossings.
Battle of Newburn
Scottish Covenanters defeat the English army at Newburn.
Battle of Newburn
The Covenanter army defeats English forces attempting to defend the River Tyne crossings.
Artillery Withdrawal at Newburn
Monck helps preserve English artillery during the retreat from Newburn.
Retreat from Newburn
Monck organises part of the English withdrawal after the position collapses.
Defence of Tyne Crossings
Conway commands English troops defending the River Tyne crossings against the Covenanters.
English Infantry at Newburn
Astley commands infantry supporting the English defensive position near Newburn.
Battle of Newburn
Two days after the battle the city of Newcastle is surrendered to the Scots. Leads to the Treaty of Ripon
Capture of Newcastle
Scottish forces occupy Newcastle after victory at Newburn.
Capture of Newcastle
The Scottish Covenanter army occupies Newcastle after the English defeat at Newburn.
Covenanter Entry into Newcastle
The city admits the Covenanter army after English commanders withdraw.
Capture of Newcastle
Scottish forces occupy Newcastle after victory at Newburn.
Capture of Newcastle
The Scottish Covenanter army occupies Newcastle after the English defeat at Newburn.
Covenanter Entry into Newcastle
The city admits the Covenanter army after English commanders withdraw.
Covenanter Army
Serves in the Scottish army during the occupation of Newcastle
Capture of Newcastle
The Covenanters capture Newcastle
Covenanter Campaign
The Covenanters capture Newcastle
Siege of Newcastle
The Covenanters capture Newcastle
English Army Retreats to York
Charlesโs defeated northern army withdraws toward York after abandoning Newcastle.
English Army Retreats to York
Charlesโs defeated northern army withdraws toward York after abandoning Newcastle.
Illness at York
Strafford's illness restricted his ability to organise the demoralised royal army.
Battle of Newburn
Commands the cavalry under Lord Leven against the forces of Charles I
Ship Money Judgment Reversed
Hampden sees legislation overturn the fiscal principle used against him.
Ship Money Abolition Supported
Pym supports legislation declaring ship money unlawful without parliamentary authority.
Ship Money Legislation
St John supports the legal measure invalidating non-parliamentary ship money.
Ship Money Act Proceedings
Lenthall presides as the Commons completes legislation against ship money.
Ship Money Declared Illegal
Parliamentary legislation declares ship money unlawful without parliamentary consent.
Ship Money Declared Illegal
Parliamentary legislation declares ship money unlawful without parliamentary consent.
Journey to Scotland
Charles leaves London for Scotland amid continuing conflict with the English Parliament.
Journey to Scotland
Charles leaves London for Scotland amid continuing conflict with the English Parliament.
Arrival in Edinburgh
Charles arrives in Edinburgh to negotiate with the Scottish political leadership.
Arrival in Edinburgh
Charles arrives in Edinburgh to negotiate with the Scottish political leadership.
Covenanters
Leslies Army leaves Newcastle & the Covenanters begin to disband their armies
Invasion of England
Leslies Army leaves Newcastle & the Covenanters begin to disband their armies
Covenanters
Leslies Army leaves Newcastle & the Covenanters begin to disband their armies
Siege of Newcastle
Leslies Army leaves Newcastle & the Covenanters begin to disband their armies
Forest Boundary Reform
Hampden supports restrictions on fiscal exploitation of expanded royal forest boundaries.
Knighthood Fines Restricted
Holles supports legislation limiting coercive fines for refusing knighthood.
Scottish Constitutional Concessions
Charles accepts major limitations on royal power within the Scottish kingdom.
Scottish Constitutional Concessions
Charles accepts major limitations on royal power within the Scottish kingdom.
Religious Images Debate
Cromwell supports measures against ceremonial practices regarded as idolatrous.
Clerical Political Power Debate
Pym argues that bishops should not exercise coercive political power.
Hull Commissioners Dismissed
Charles dismisses parliamentary commissioners during renewed disputes over Hull.
Hull Commissioners Dismissed
Charles dismisses parliamentary commissioners during renewed disputes over Hull.
Royal Proclamation against Parliament
Charles declares leading parliamentary opponents traitors and calls for their suppression.
Royal Proclamation against Parliament
Charles declares leading parliamentary opponents traitors and calls for their suppression.
Mobilization
Skippon reviews London regiments at Finsbury Fields during Parliament's mobilisation.
Discovery of New Zealand
Sets sail on his discovery of New Zealand
Declaration of War
Charles raises the Royal Standard at Nottingham and summons supporters to arms.
Royal Standard Raised
Charles raises his standard and formally summons supporters against Parliament.
Royal Standard at Nottingham
Charles arrives at Nottingham and begins formally assembling the Royalist army.
Declaration of War
Charles raises the Royal Standard at Nottingham and summons supporters to arms.
Royal Standard Raised
Charles raises his standard and formally summons supporters against Parliament.
Royal Standard at Nottingham
Charles arrives at Nottingham and begins formally assembling the Royalist army.
Knight of the Garter
Created Knight of the Garter by Charles I
Royal Standard
Present with Charles I in Nottingham when the Royal Standard is raised declaring war
Skirmish near Southam
Northampton's cavalry clashes with Parliamentarian forces during the opening mobilisation.
Commission as Captain of Horse
Cromwell receives authority to command a troop of horse raised around Huntingdon.
Quartermaster
Desborough serves as quartermaster to Cromwell's newly raised troop of horse.
Cavalry Troop Mustered
Cromwell musters a troop of horse for Parliament's army.
Royalist Defence of Portsmouth
Goring prepares Portsmouth to resist Parliamentarian land and naval forces.
Siege of Warwick Castle
Northampton leads Royalist forces attempting to capture Parliamentarian-held Warwick Castle.
Coventry Refuses Royal Entry
Coventry refuses Charles entry and denies the Royalists access to the fortified city.
Parliamentary Peace Conditions
Parliament demands that Charles lower his standard and withdraw treason accusations.
Peace Proposals after Coventry
After failing to secure Coventry, Charles offers negotiations while continuing mobilisation.
Coventry Refuses Royal Entry
Coventry refuses Charles entry and denies the Royalists access to the fortified city.
Parliamentary Peace Conditions
Parliament demands that Charles lower his standard and withdraw treason accusations.
Peace Proposals after Coventry
After failing to secure Coventry, Charles offers negotiations while continuing mobilisation.
Ransom
Rupert of the Rhine demands 2000 marks from the Mayor of Leicester, the Mayor sends Charles I 500 marks
Mobilization
Parliament issues instructions for the impressment of 22,000 in London & the east
New Model Army
Parliament issues instructions for the impressment of 22,000 in London & the east
Capture of Bristol
Breaks through at Brandon Hill followed by the surrender of Bristol to the Royalists
Lord General
Appointed Lord General of the Covenanter Army
Lord General
Appointed Lord General of the Covenanter Army
Siege of Gloucester
Massey directs Gloucester's defence after the Royalist army begins its major siege of the Parliamentarian city.
Mission to Scotland
Vane serves among Parliament's commissioners in Scotland seeking military cooperation against the Royalists.
Solemn League Drafting
Vane helps negotiate the Anglo-Scottish agreement that develops into the Solemn League and Covenant.
Eastern Association
Manchester leads the Eastern Association army as Parliament builds power in East Anglia.
Mobilization
The Convention gives a 48 hr notice to defend "the true protestant religion"
Battle of Blair Atholl
Raises the Royalist Standard at Blair Atholl in the Highlands
Battle of Blair Atholl
Defeats a small Irish force led by Alasdair Macolla MacDonald
Battle of Tarvin
Brereton defeats Royalist forces near Tarvin and frustrates efforts to reinforce the Royalist position around Chester.
Battle of Nordlingen
Turenne & Enghein invade Bavaria & defefeat Mercy
Battle of Nordlingen
Turenne & Enghein invade Bavaria & defefeat Mercy
Battle of Hambledon Hill
Cromwell routs Dorsetshire clubmen at Hambledon Hill
Death of Lionel Cranfield
Death of Lionel Cranfield
Siege of Perth
Moves past Perth to Stirling with the Covenanter Army under Baille in persuit
Siege of Stirling
Moves past Perth to Stirling with the Covenanter Army under Baille in persuit
Capture of Sherborne Castle
Fairfax assaults and captures Sherborne Castle
Siege of Sherborne Castle
Fairfax assaults and captures Sherborne Castle
Invasion of England
Decides to fight Montrose without waiting for Lanark
Civil War
Decides to engage the Covenanters, the Royalists & Covenanters are just 3 miles apart
Covenanters
Decides to engage the Covenanters, the Royalists & Covenanters are just 3 miles apart
Civil War
Helps the Royalists defeat the Covenanters
Covenanters
Helps the Royalists defeat the Covenanters
Civil War
Helps the Royalists under Montrose defeat the Covenanters under Baille
Covenanters
Helps the Royalists under Montrose defeat the Covenanters under Baille
Battle of Kilsyth
Commands the Covenanter Army which is defeated by the Royalists under Montrose who becomes master of Scotland. Baillie and his army were at Perth attending the meeting of the Scottish Estates, he given command of 6,000 foot and 800 horse
Civil War
Helps the Royalists under Montrose defeat the Covenanters under Baille
Covenanters
Helps the Royalists under Montrose defeat the Covenanters under Baille
Battle of Kilsyth
Commands a Royalist defeat of the Covenanters & wrecks the army of Baille & Argyll
Covenanters
Commands a Royalist defeat of the Covenanters & wrecks the army of Baille & Argyll
Siege of Bristol
Fairfax begins Parliament's campaign to retake Bristol.
Siege of Bristol
Siege of Bristol by Fairfax begins
Civil War
The Covenanter Army has been destroyed. Leads a force against the Covenanters. Leads 4,400 infantry & 500 cavalry against 6,000 infantry & 800 horse. In 11 months Montrose has defeated a superior army 6 times & become master in Scotland
Covenanters
Leads a force against the Covenanters
Rule of Scotland
Montrose has defeated a superior army 6 times & become master in Scotland
Levellers
Overton is arrested after attacking the House of Lords, and his imprisonment strengthens the Leveller argument against arbitrary authority and unelected power
Exile of Louis XIV
Receives his cousin Charles II during his exile from the English Civil War
Siege of Raglan Castle
Forced to surrender Raglan Castle to the Parliamentarians
Siege of Raglan
Raglan is surrendered to Parliament, ends military operations of the 1st civil war
Levellers
The soldiers in the New Model Army elect Agitators from each regiment to represent them; the Agitators are recognised by the Army commanders and sit on the General Council. Richard Overton is arrested for publishing a pamphlet attacking the House of Lords; during imprisonment he writes the influential Leveller manifesto "An Arrow Against All Tyrants and Tyranny"
Army Council
Ireton's Heads of the Proposals are advanced as the Army leadership's constitutional settlement, aiming to restore Charles I under limited monarchy while protecting Parliament and the Army
Heads of the Proposals
Cromwell supports the Heads of the Proposals as a moderate Army settlement that would preserve limited monarchy while securing parliamentary and religious safeguards
Heads of the Proposals
Fairfax's Army leadership approves the completed Heads of the Proposals as the New Model Army's official basis for a national settlement
Siege of London
Enters London with an Army & forces Parliament to take him & the other MPs back
Chief Minister
Appointed Chief Minister of Okayama
Custody of Charles I
Whalley commands guards responsible for Charles I at Hampton Court while Parliament and the Army seek a political settlement.
Battle of Preston
Cromwell attacks the Scottish Engager army near Preston and begins the three-day campaign that destroys the invasion supporting Charles I.
Battle of Preston
As a cavalry Commander serving under Cromwell defeats the Scottish-Royalists
Battle of Preston
Cromwell defeats the Engager army and breaks the main Royalist threat in the Second Civil War.
Battle of Preston
Lambert cooperates with Cromwell as Parliamentarian forces defeat the Engagers near Preston.
Battle of Preston
First day of the disastrous Battle of Preston
Battle of Preston
Hamilton commands the Scottish Engager army defeated by Cromwell during the Preston campaign.
Arrest of James Hamilton
Cromwell defeats the Scottish-Royalist invasion Army led by Hamilton
Battle of Preston
A small tributary of the Ribble, causes the poet John Milton later to write of "Darwens stream with blood of Scots imbued"
Battle of Winwick Pass
Fighting in the fields outside the town of Preston, the English Parliamentarian forces of Oliver Cromwell inflict a major reverse on the Anglo-Scottish Royalist army of the Duke of Hamilton
Royalist Army
Fighting in the fields outside the town of Preston, the English Parliamentarian forces of Oliver Cromwell inflict a major reverse on the Anglo-Scottish Royalist army of the Duke of Hamilton
Battle of Preston
The Scots are driven off by a charge of pikemen under Colonels Thomas Pride and Richard Dean
Battle of Preston
The Scots are driven off by a charge of pikemen under Colonels Thomas Pride and Richard Dean
Pursuit after Preston
Lambert leads the pursuit of the defeated Engager army south from Preston as Parliamentarian forces break the invasion apart.
Battle of Preston
The Scots are driven off by a charge of pikemen under Colonels Thomas Pride and Richard Dean. Surrenders at the Battle of Preston after making a final stand at Winwick. A victory by the troops of Oliver Cromwell over the Royalists and Scots commanded by the Duke of Hamilton, the Parliamentarian victory presaged the end of the Second English Civil War
Death of Herbert
Death of Edward Herbert
Arrest of James Hamilton
Captured near Uttoxeter
Court Martial at Colchester
Lucas is condemned after Colchester's surrender for returning to arms despite an earlier undertaking not to fight Parliament again.
Surrender of Colchester
Lucas surrenders with the Royalist garrison after the long siege of Colchester ends following the defeat at Preston.
Execution
Lucas is executed after Colchester's surrender as Parliament punishes renewed Royalist resistance.
Siege of Colchester
Fairfax receives the surrender of Colchester after a hard Royalist siege during the Second Civil War.
The Fronde
Faces parliamentary and noble revolt during childhood.
Interregnum
Cromwell led the Commonwealth campaign to impose parliamentary authority in Ireland.
Invasion of Scotland
Holds a council of war & decides to retreat to Dunbar & fortify the town
Siege of Dunbar
Holds a council of war & decides to retreat to Dunbar & fortify the town. Decides to Fortify Dunbar in the hope of provoking Leslie into battle
Battle of Haddington
Marches to Haddington persued by Leslie who puts Cromwell's rearguard into disorder
Battle of Haddington
Persues Cromwell's forces to Haddington & creates disorder among the rearguard
Edinburgh Campaign
Takes part in operations around Edinburgh before the crisis at Dunbar.
Siege of Perth
Perth surrenders after Cromwell's advance cuts the Scottish army from supplies and reinforcements.
Capture of Perth
Participates in the campaign that captures Perth and cuts Scottish communications.
Invasion of England
Charles II crosses into England with a predominantly Scottish Royalist army, beginning the southward campaign that culminates at Worcester.
Invasion of England
Leslie commands much of the Scottish army as Charles II leads it south into England despite doubts about English Royalist support.
Siege of Stirling
Monck begins operations against Stirling after Cromwell moves south in pursuit of Charles II.
Invasion of England
Crosses the border into England at the head of an Army of 14,000
Proclamation of Sovereignty
Proclaimed as sovereign of England & offers a pardon to all who join him
Guardianship Settlement
A Dutch court establishes a shared guardianship arrangement for the infant William III of Orange after the death of his father.
Mobilization
Lambert & Harrison join south of Preston before the Scots join the Cheshire militia
Mobilization
Lambert & Harrison join south of Preston before the Scots join the Cheshire militia
Battle of Warrington Bridge
Harrison and Lambert attempt to slow Charles II's southward march at Warrington Bridge.
Surrender of Stirling
Monck receives the surrender of Stirling Castle after the garrison mutinies.
Royalist Landing
Stanley lands from the Isle of Man with a small Royalist force and begins raising support for Charles II in Lancashire.
Meeting with Charles II
Stanley meets Charles II during the southward march and receives authority to raise Royalist forces in Lancashire and Cheshire.
Battle of Worcester
Arrives with a force of 16,000 men. Arrives at the Royalist town of Worcester which clears the garrison for him
Occupation of Worcester
Charles II occupies Worcester with fewer than sixteen thousand troops after his expected English support fails to materialize.
Royalist Headquarters
Charles II establishes Worcester as his temporary headquarters while the Royalist army rests, gathers supplies and prepares for battle.
Occupation of Worcester
Leslie enters Worcester with the Scottish army and prepares to defend the city against Cromwell's converging Parliamentarian forces.
Battle of Worcester
Enters Worcester unopposed
Mobilization
Joins forces with Lambert and Harrison at Warwick during the pursuit of Charles II.
Battle of Sedan
Eliminates most of the Earl of Derbys forces
Battle of Wigan Lane
Lilburne defeats the Earl of Derby at Wigan Lane, preventing a substantial Lancashire Royalist force from reinforcing Charles II at Worcester.
Battle of Sedan
Most of Derbys forces are eliminated, Derby joins Charles II at Worcester
Defeat at Wigan Lane
Stanley is wounded and escapes after Lilburne routs his Royalist force at Wigan Lane.
Battle of Wigan Lane
Tyldesley is killed while fighting for the Royalists at Wigan Lane during the defeat of Stanley's Lancashire force.
Mobilization
Joins forces with Cromwell, 15 miles south west of Worcester, a combined force of 28,000
Battle of Worcester
Writes that the enemy in Worcester must fight or be trapped as Parliamentarian forces close around the city.
Encirclement of Worcester
Cromwell tightens the Parliamentarian encirclement, leaving Charles II increasingly confined around Worcester and unable to continue toward London.
Mobilization
Arrives near Evesham south-east of Worcester with the army preparing to close on Charles II.
Capture of Upton Bridge
Captures Upton Bridge enabling Cromwell to advance on both banks of the Severn
Battle of Upton Bridge
Massey is badly wounded when Lambert's Parliamentarian horse and dragoons recapture Upton Bridge south of Worcester.
Wounding at Upton Bridge
Massey is badly wounded while Royalist troops contest Lambert's seizure of Upton Bridge.
Capture of Upton Bridge
Lambert leads horse and dragoons in a daring attack that recaptures the damaged Upton Bridge south of Worcester.
Artillery Deployment
Cromwell positions Parliamentarian artillery on the heights around Red Hill and Perry Wood east of Worcester.
Bombardment of Worcester
Cromwell's artillery begins bombarding Worcester from positions around Perry Wood as the Parliamentarian siege lines tighten.
Crossing of the Severn
Fleetwood moves about eleven thousand Parliamentarian troops to the west bank of the Severn for the southern approach to Worcester.
Repair of Upton Bridge
Lambert's forces repair Upton Bridge after its recapture, restoring a vital Parliamentarian route toward Worcester.
Attack on Parliamentarian Battery
Keith joins the Royalist sortie against Cromwell's artillery positions after bombardment of Worcester begins.
Attack on Parliamentarian Battery
Middleton leads part of a fifteen-hundred-man Royalist sortie against the Parliamentarian artillery, but the attack fails.
Siege of London
Prepares the defences of London after Charles II leads an invasion force into England
Battle of Worcester
Ordered by Cromwell to intercept the Earl of Derby on his march to Worcester
Battle of Worcester
Destroys most of the Bridges surrounding Worcester to defend it for the Royalists
Invasion of England
Sent by Cromwell to harass the Scottish invasion Army headed by Charles II
Battle of Warrington
Joins up with Charles II from the Isle of Man, with a modest force of 250 foot
Royalist Recruitment
Stanley seeks recruits around Warrington, but his refusal to take the Covenant limits support from local Presbyterians.
Siege of Stirling
Ordered to take charge of operations against Stirling after Cromwell moves south.
Stirling Operations
Directs the siege operations that force Stirling to surrender.
Battle of Warrington
Manages to cross the Mersey at Warrington
Defence of Powick Bridge
Charles II assigns troops to defend Powick Bridge, one of the key approaches to Worcester across the River Teme.
Destruction of Upton Bridge
Royalist forces destroy Upton Bridge on Charles II's orders to delay Parliamentarian movement across the River Severn.
Fortification of Worcester
Charles II orders Worcester's defences strengthened as Parliamentarian armies gather around the city.
Rebuilding of Fort Royal
Charles II's forces rebuild and enlarge Fort Royal to protect the London Road and Worcester's vulnerable south-eastern approaches.
Mobilization
Fleetwood mobilizes Parliamentarian troops and militia around London before marching to join the forces concentrating against Charles II.
Mobilization
Disbrowe brings a Parliamentarian contingent from south-west England to reinforce Cromwell's expanding army for the Worcester campaign.
Cavalry Pursuit
Lambert rides ahead with Parliamentarian cavalry to harass the Royalist advance and help block a direct march toward London.
Army Concentration at Warwick
Harrison joins Cromwell, Lambert and Fleetwood as Parliamentarian forces concentrate at Warwick for the pursuit toward Worcester.
Reinforcement March
Harrison marches south to combine his forces with Lambert, strengthening Parliament's effort to contain Charles II's invasion.
Battle of Plymouth
Ruyter wins a victory over George Ayscues channel squadron
Battle of Plymouth
Ruyter wins a victory over George Ayscues channel squadron
Legislation
The Act of Settlement is passed. Irishmen who have killed an Englishman except in war will be executed & lose estates. Anti-English are liable to lose land & be deported
Reform of Government
The Act of Settlement is passed. Irishmen who have killed an Englishman except in war will be executed & lose estates. Anti-English are liable to lose land & be deported
Vice Admiral
Appointed Vice Admiral
Vice Admiral
Appointed Vice Admiral
Rule of the Major-Generals
Orders Major-Generals to be appointed to control local militias and security
Polish Campaign
Commands Swedish cavalry during the early invasion of Poland
Polish Campaign
Serves under Charles X Gustav during the Polish campaign
Discovery of Mars
Discovers the Martian south polar cap
Marriage
Marries Mary Capell, daughter of Arthur Capell, 1st Lord Capell
Death of Robert Blake
Death of Robert Blake, while was entering Plymouth Harbour
Milton
Charles II orders the suppression of pamphlets written by John Milton
Milton
Charles II orders the suppression of pamphlets written by John Milton
Act of Free Pardon
Charles II gives assent to the Act of Indemnity and Oblivion, confirming a broad political pardon.
Act of Indemnity
Gives royal assent to the Act of Indemnity and Oblivion, pardoning most former opponents.
Death of Thomas Fuller
Thomas Fuller dies in London; his Worthies of England is published posthumously the following year.
Health of George Monck
Falls seriously ill, reducing his direct involvement in government affairs.
Death of Blaise Pascal
Blaise Pascal dies in Paris, aged thirty-nine.
Book of Common Prayer
Clergy who refuse the restored Book of Common Prayer are identified as Nonconformists after the Act of Uniformity takes effect.
Nonconformists
Clergy who refuse the restored Book of Common Prayer are identified as Nonconformists after the Act of Uniformity takes effect.
Act of Uniformity
Calamy is ejected from ministry after refusing to comply with the Act of Uniformity.
Great Ejection
Calamy is ejected from ministry after refusing to comply with the Act of Uniformity.
Act of Uniformity
Baxter is among ministers unable to conform when the Act of Uniformity takes effect.
Great Ejection
Baxter is among ministers excluded after refusing full conformity under the Act of Uniformity.
Great Ejection
Manton loses his ministry after refusing the terms imposed by the Act of Uniformity.
Great Ejection
Jenkyn is among Presbyterian ministers removed from public ministry after the Act of Uniformity takes effect.
Translation to Canterbury
Receives royal assent for his translation to the archbishopric of Canterbury.
Archbishop of Canterbury
Confirmed as Archbishop of Canterbury after the Restoration church settlement.
Battle of Saint Gotthard
Commands French troops supporting the Imperial army against the Ottomans.
Expedition to New Netherland
Arrives with the royal commissioners before the peaceful surrender of New Amsterdam.
French East India Company
Authorises a company to expand French trade in Asia.
French East India Company
Authorises the French East India Company to expand French trade in Asia.
French East India Company
Creates the company as part of his mercantilist programme for French overseas trade.
Opposition to Vasvar
Objects to the peace terms after expecting a stronger Habsburg advance against the Ottomans.
Battle of Bergen
Danish policy shapes the outcome when English ships attack a Dutch convoy at Bergen.
Battle of Bergen
Attacks the Dutch East India convoy in Bergen harbour and is repulsed by Danish batteries.
Battle of Bergen
Commands the Dutch merchant convoy that resists the English attack at Bergen.
Regency
Acts as regent for her son Ferdinand Charles after Charles II of Mantua dies.
Death of Charles Gonzaga
Dies, leaving Mantua and Montferrat to his young son Ferdinand Charles.
Succession
Succeeds as Duke of Mantua and Montferrat after his father's death.
Lieutenant Admiral
Appointed lieutenant-admiral after the Dutch defeat at Lowestoft.
Fleet Command
Returns from overseas and is given command to restore Dutch naval fortunes.
Naval Promotion
Raised to the senior rank of lieutenant-admiral after returning from overseas operations.
Battle of Alaboi
Lachit Borphukan commands Ahom resistance during the Battle of Alaboi as Mughal forces press toward Guwahati.
Battle of Alaboi
Ram Singh leads the Mughal army at Alaboi during the renewed imperial attempt to recover Assam.
Battle of Texel
Ordered by William of Orange to protect an East Indies convoy
Battle of Texel
Defeats the Dutch
Battle of Texel
Ruyters victory prevents an Anglo-French invasion. Fends off an attack by Prince Rupert
Birth of Philippe II of Orleans
Birth of Philippe II of Orleans, son of Philippe I
Battle of Seneffe
William III of Orange commands the allied Dutch, Spanish and Imperial army against Condรฉ at the bloody Battle of Seneffe.
Observatory Foundation Stone
Lays the foundation stone of the Royal Observatory.
Danish Capture of Kristianstad
Danish troops storm Kristianstad and hold the fortress for nearly two years.
Danish Capture of Kristianstad
Danish troops storm Kristianstad and hold the fortress for nearly two years.
Battle of Halmstad
Charles defeats a Danish force near Halmstad and protects the province of Halland.
Relief of Halmstad
The Swedish advance forces the Danes to abandon their attempt against Halmstad.
Battle of Halmstad
Charles defeats a Danish force near Halmstad and protects the province of Halland.
Relief of Halmstad
The Swedish advance forces the Danes to abandon their attempt against Halmstad.
Kristianstad Capitulates
The Danish garrison surrenders Kristianstad to Charles after a prolonged blockade.
Kristianstad Capitulates
The Danish garrison surrenders Kristianstad to Charles after a prolonged blockade.
Peace of Nijmegen
The Dutch Republic concludes peace with France at Nijmegen, ending its principal part in the Franco-Dutch War fought under the leadership of William III of Orange.
Battle of Saint-Denis
William III of Orange attacks the French army near Saint-Denis shortly after the peace settlement, in one of the final major actions of the war.
Karlskrona Receives Town Charter
Charles grants town privileges to Karlskrona beside the developing naval base.
Karlskrona Receives Town Charter
Charles grants town privileges to Karlskrona beside the developing naval base.
Halley Visit to Newton
Asks Newton what orbit follows from inverse-square attraction, prompting work leading to Principia.
Battle of Mohacs
Austro-Hungarians defeat the Turks & end Turkish expansion into Europe
Invasion of Europe
Austro-Hungarians defeat the Turks & end Turkish expansion into Europe
Birth of Frederick William I
Birth of Frederick William I, son of Frederick I of Prussia
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief of the expedition to Ireland against the Jacobite supporters of James II
Siege of Londonderry
A 15 week siege of Londonderry by James IIs Irish-French army ends in failure
Failure at Londonderry
His army abandons the failed siege of Londonderry
Death of Innocent Odescalchi
Dies after a pontificate marked by opposition to Louis XIV
Landing in Ireland
Lands at Bangor with Williamite troops for the Irish campaign
Birth of Samuel Richardson
Birth of Samuel Richardson
Battle of Dunbar
Marches towards Perth but checked at Dunkeld
Battle of Dunkeld
The Jacobite rising is checked at Dunkeld on its way to Perth
Battle of Dunkeld
Leads Jacobite forces against the Cameronian regiment at Dunkeld
Battle of Dunkeld
The Jacobite rising in his name is checked at Dunkeld
English Contingent at Walcourt
Churchill leads the English contingent serving in Waldeck's Allied army at Walcourt.
Battle of Walcourt
Commands the English contingent whose attack helps defeat the French at Walcourt.
French Command at Walcourt
Villars serves among the French commanders during the unsuccessful action at Walcourt.
Battle of Walcourt
Humieres commands the French army defeated by Waldeck at Walcourt.
Battle of Walcourt
Waldeck commands the Allied army that defeats the French at Walcourt.
Treaty of Nerchinsk
Serves as interpreter and mediator during the Treaty of Nerchinsk negotiations
Treaty of Nerchinsk
Serves as interpreter in the Treaty of Nerchinsk negotiations
Treaty of Nerchinsk
Authorizes the Treaty of Nerchinsk fixing the Qing-Russian frontier north of the Amur
Treaty of Nerchinsk
Negotiates the Treaty of Nerchinsk for the Kangxi Emperor
Capture of Carrickfergus
Captures Carrickfergus after landing in Ulster
Treaty of Nerchinsk
Negotiates the Treaty of Nerchinsk with Qing representatives
Treaty of Nerchinsk
Her government is still represented in the negotiations concluded at Nerchinsk
Second Marriage
Marries Maria Anna of Neuburg by proxy after the death of his first wife
Marriage Proxy
Marries Charles II of Spain by proxy
Schomberg Sent to Ireland
William III of Orange sends the Duke of Schomberg with a major army to oppose the Jacobite regime supporting James II in Ireland.
Siege of Perth
Leads a Jacobite siege of Perth
Invasion of Ireland
Schomberg lands with a force of 10,000 at Bangor
Battle of Staffarda
Catinat defeats the Savoyard and Imperial army at Staffarda, giving France the initiative in Piedmont.
Battle of Staffarda
Victor Amadeus II commands the Savoyard army defeated by Catinat at Staffarda.
Battle of Staffarda
Eugene of Savoy serves with the Allied army during the defeat at Staffarda.
Departure for Irish Expedition
Leaves London for Portsmouth to take command of the expedition that will operate against Jacobite-held Cork and Kinsale.
First Siege of Limerick
William III of Orange conducts a siege of Limerick but fails to capture the strongly defended Jacobite city.
Siege of Limerick Abandoned
William III of Orange abandons the first siege of Limerick after failed assaults, supply difficulties and worsening weather.
Occupation after Staffarda
After Staffarda, Catinat's forces occupy Savigliano and Saluzzo and extend French control across parts of Piedmont.
Battle of Szalankemen
Mustafa & Thokoloy are defeated, Mustafa & 20,000 Turks are killed
Capture of Galway
Galway next capitulates, its garrison being permitted to retire to Limeric. Galway next capitulated, its garrison being permitted to retire to Limerick
Battle of Steenkirk
William III of Orange commands the Allied attack that is repulsed by Luxembourg at Steenkirk.
Battle of Steinkirk
William III of Orange commands the Allied army at Steinkirk, where Luxembourg defeats the coalition after a hard-fought engagement.
Battle of Steenkerque
The French forces under Marshal Luxemburg defeat the English at Steenkerke
Battle of Steenkirk
Luxembourg repels William III's surprise attack at Steenkirk and holds the French position.
French Reinforcement at Steenkirk
Boufflers helps reinforce the French army during the critical fighting at Steenkirk.
Allied Infantry at Steenkirk
Solms commands Allied infantry during the confused and costly attack at Steenkirk.
Battle of Steenkerque
Fights at the Battle of Steenkerque
Bank of England Opens for Business
John Houblon oversees the Bank of England as it opens for business in temporary accommodation at Mercers' Hall in Cheapside.
Death of Antoine Arnauld
Antoine Arnauld dies in Liege after years of intellectual work in exile.
Bombardment of Brussels
Villeroi begins the French bombardment of Brussels in an unsuccessful attempt to divert Allied pressure from Namur.
Bombardment of Brussels Continues
Villeroi continues the bombardment of Brussels, but the destruction fails to draw the Allies away from Namur.
Brussels Diversion Authorized
Louis XIV authorizes the Brussels bombardment as a diversion intended to pressure the Allies during the siege of Namur.
Stadtholder of Drenthe
William III of Orange gains the stadtholdership of Drenthe, extending his formal position within the Dutch Republic.
Treaty of Turin
Louis XIV concludes peace with Victor Amadeus II, removing Savoy from the coalition against France.
Treaty of Turin
Victor Amadeus II signs a separate peace with France and withdraws Savoy from the Grand Alliance.
Birth of Charles Etienne Camus
Birth of Charles Etienne Camus
Reform of Cultural Policy
Traditional clothing is banned, subjects must wear traditional dress
Loss of Danish Ally
Augustus II loses Denmark as an active ally after Charles XII's landing on Zealand forces the Treaty of Travendal.
Copenhagen Campaign
The landing at Humlebaek threatens Copenhagen and forces Denmark toward the Treaty of Travendal.
Invasion of Zealand
Charles XII's army and fleet advance toward Copenhagen and force Denmark to seek peace.
Landing at Humlebaek
Charles XII lands near Copenhagen with Anglo-Dutch naval support and forces Denmark toward peace.
Landing at Humlebaek
Lands near Copenhagen with naval support and threatens Denmark's capital.
Alliance Weakening
The Treaty of Travendal removes Denmark from Augustus II's anti-Swedish coalition.
Treaty of Travendal
Denmark is forced out of the anti-Swedish alliance, weakening Augustus II's coalition against Charles XII.
Travendal Settlement
Charles XII forces Denmark-Norway to make peace and abandon hostilities against Sweden.
Treaty of Travendal
Denmark-Norway makes peace and withdraws from the first anti-Swedish coalition.
Treaty of Travendal
Forces Denmark-Norway out of the war temporarily.
Declaration of War
Peter I declares war on Sweden after securing peace with the Ottoman Empire.
Alliance Diplomacy
As plenipotentiary, signs the Grand Alliance treaty at The Hague.
Grand Alliance Treaty
Signs the Grand Alliance treaty binding England, the Dutch Republic and the Emperor against France.
Grand Alliance Negotiations
William III of Orange directs negotiations for a renewed European alliance as the Spanish succession crisis moves toward war.
Italian Army Command
Villeroy replaces Catinat as commander of the French army in Italy.
Loss of Italian Command
Catinat is replaced after failing to stop Eugene's advance.
Courland Campaign
Presses Saxon forces away from the Baltic provinces.
Battle of Luzzara
Eugene attacks the Franco-Spanish position at Luzzara.
Battle of Luzzara
Vendome commands the Franco-Spanish army in the indecisive battle at Luzzara.
Battle of Luzzara
Vendome fights Eugene of Savoy at Luzzara in a hard-contested battle in northern Italy.
Presence at Luzzara
Philip accompanies the Bourbon army during the battle of Luzzara.
Siege of Venlo
The Allied siege of Venlo begins during Marlborough's opening campaign.
Cadiz Expedition
Leads the unsuccessful expedition against Cadiz.
Cadiz Expedition
Rooke commands the Anglo-Dutch fleet sent against Cadiz.
Cadiz Expedition
Commands land forces during the failed Cadiz expedition.
Cadiz Land Command
Ormonde commands the expedition's land forces during the failed attack on Cadiz.
Capture at Marienburg
Catherine is taken into Russian custody after Marienburg falls.
Capture of Marienburg
Sheremetev's forces capture Marienburg during the Livonian campaign.
Defence of Cadiz
Villadarias organises the Spanish defence that frustrates the Allied expedition.
Defence of Cadiz
Villadarias defends Cadiz against the Anglo-Dutch expedition during the opening campaigns in Spain.
Capture of Krakow
Captures Krakow and strengthens Swedish pressure on Augustus II.
Capture of Krakow
Charles captures Krakow and increases pressure on Augustus II.
Capture of Krakow
Krakow falls during Charles XII's Polish campaign against Augustus II.
Legislation
The Scotish Estates want their Parliament to remain independent. Scotish Estates pass the Act of Security for Hanoverian succession. Anne suspends the Royal Assent to the Union
Reform of Parliament
The Scotish Estates want their Parliament to remain independent. Scotish Estates pass the Act of Security for Hanoverian succession. Anne suspends the Royal Assent to the Union
Royal Assent Withheld
Anne withholds assent from the Scottish Act of Security.
Siege of Huy
The Allied siege of Huy begins under Marlborough's overall command.
Accession of Ahmed III
Ahmed III succeeds his brother during the Edirne Incident.
Abdication of Mustafa II
Mustafa II is deposed during the Edirne Incident.
Capture of Huy
The citadel of Huy surrenders during the successful Allied siege.
Huy Capitulation Terms
Terms are settled after the citadel of Huy surrenders to the Allies.
Danube Offensive
Maximilian Emanuel advances against Imperial positions along the Danube.
Bombardment of Huy
Coehoorn directs siege artillery and engineering at Huy.
Gibraltar Landing
Begins the operation that captures Gibraltar.
Bombardment of Gibraltar
Byng leads a squadron in the naval bombardment that weakens Gibraltar before the final surrender.
Bombardment of Gibraltar
Andrew Leake commands Grafton during the bombardment of Gibraltar before the Allied landing.
Bombardment of Gibraltar
Baker commands Monmouth in the squadron attacking the town and southern defences of Gibraltar.
New Mole Landing
Whitaker's sailors and marines land at the New Mole and help force the Spanish command toward surrender.
New Mole Attack
Jumper commands Lenox in the force attacking the New Mole during the capture of Gibraltar.
Capture of Gibraltar
Shovell supports Rooke's fleet during the capture of Gibraltar from Bourbon Spain.
Capture of Gibraltar
Shovell supports the naval operation that captures Gibraltar.
Capture of Gibraltar
Rooke commands the Anglo-Dutch fleet that captures Gibraltar for the Grand Alliance.
Capture of Gibraltar
Rooke commands the fleet that captures Gibraltar for the Grand Alliance.
Capture of Gibraltar
Leake serves in the naval force that captures Gibraltar.
Capture of Gibraltar
Leake serves with the Allied naval force that takes Gibraltar during the Mediterranean campaign.
Capture of Gibraltar
Leads landing troops during the capture of Gibraltar.
Capture of Gibraltar
Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt directs the landing forces and claims Gibraltar for Archduke Charles.
Surrender of Gibraltar
Diego de Salinas surrenders Gibraltar after bombardment and the landing of Allied troops.
Mobilization
Marlborough and Eugene join forces before the decisive battle near Blenheim.
Battle of Blenheim
Victory helps keep Bavaria in the war. Marlborough & Eugene defeat the French-Bavarian-Prussian coalition. Helps prevent Vienna from being captured
Grand Alliance
Eugene helps Marlborough win at Blenheim and preserve the Grand Alliance position in Germany.
Battle of Blenheim
Marlborough and Eugene defeat the French-Bavarian army at Blenheim, saving Vienna and changing the course of the war.
Battlefield Command
Commands the Allied right and centre at Blenheim.
Blenheim Cavalry Breakthrough
Commits massed cavalry against the weakened French centre, helping turn the battle into a major Allied victory.
Blenheim Flank Pressure
Pins substantial French forces on the battlefield flanks while preparing the decisive Allied attack against the weakened centre.
Grand Alliance
Marlborough's victory at Blenheim prevents a French-Bavarian threat to Austria and strengthens the alliance.
Surrender of Marshal Tallard
Receives the captured French commander Marshal Tallard after the collapse of the Franco-Bavarian position at Blenheim.
Battle of Blenheim
Lumley fights at Blenheim during Marlborough's decisive victory.
Battle of Blenheim
Commands infantry under Marlborough at Blenheim.
Cavalry at Blenheim
Serves in cavalry operations during the Blenheim victory.
Battle of Blenheim
Tallard commands the French right at Blenheim and is captured after the Allied breakthrough.
Captivity
Tallard is taken prisoner after the collapse of French resistance at Blenheim.
Battle of Blenheim
Marsin commands part of the Franco-Bavarian army during the defeat at Blenheim.
Battle of Blenheim
Loses to Marlborough and Eugene at Blenheim.
Battle of Blenheim
Victory helps keep Bavaria in the war. Marlborough & Eugene defeat the French-Bavarian-Prussian coalition. Helps prevent Vienna from being captured
Battle of Blenheim
George Hamilton leads the final assault into Blenheim and receives the surrender of French defenders.
Battle of Blenheim
At the Battle of Blenheim, Orkney leads the final assault on the village of Blenheim, receiving the surrender of its French defenders
Battle of Narva, 2nd
Four years after the first Battle of Narva, Peter I captures Narva
Capture of Narva
Four years after the first Battle of Narva, Peter I captures Narva
Battle of Malaga
Shovell fights in the fleet action off Malaga after the capture of Gibraltar.
Battle of Malaga
Byng serves in the Anglo-Dutch fleet during the Battle of Malaga.
Battle of Malaga
Rooke commands the Anglo-Dutch fleet against the French fleet at Malaga.
Battle of Malaga
Fights in the Anglo-Dutch fleet off Malaga.
Advance to Bavaria
Tallard marches into Bavaria to reinforce the Franco-Bavarian army facing Marlborough and Eugene.
Bavarian Campaign
Marsin commands French troops alongside the Elector of Bavaria during the Danube campaign.
Allied Encampment at Meldert
Commands the Allied army while it is encamped around Meldert during manoeuvres following the breakthrough of the Brabant lines.
Battle of Cassano
Vendome resists Eugene of Savoy at Cassano in a bloody battle on the Adda.
Marriage
Marries Caroline, daughter of John Ferederick Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach
Marriage
George II marries Caroline of Ansbach
Marriage
Marries George II
Marriage
Marries Caroline of Anspach
Capture of Menin
Marlborough captures Menin during the Allied campaign after Ramillies.
Saxon Invasion
Invades Saxony to force Augustus II out of the war.
Invasion of Russia
Charles XII leaves Saxony with a large Swedish army and begins the march toward Russia.
March from Saxony
Leaves Saxony with the main Swedish army.
Siege of Lille
Boufflers begins the defence of Lille against Marlborough and Eugene.
Siege of Lille
The Allied siege operations against Lille begin after the victory at Oudenaarde.
Capture of Sardinia
Supports Allied operations taking Sardinia.
Lille Siege Supported after Oudenaarde
Marlborough supports the siege of Lille to weaken the principal French fortress system in Flanders.
Invasion of Ingria
Lybecker leads a Swedish army into Ingria and crosses the Neva from the north.
Exile at Bender
Takes refuge in Ottoman territory after the Poltava disaster.
Battle of Poltava
Loses political support after the collapse of Swedish power.
Battle of Poltava
Uses Swedish defeat to prepare his return to the Polish throne.
Dismissal
Godolphin is dismissed as Lord Treasurer as Tory influence rises during Queen Anne's reign.
Battle of Saragossa
Helps defeat Bourbon forces near Saragossa.
Capture of Bethune
Captures Bethune during the northern France campaign.
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Harley returns to power as Chancellor of the Exchequer after the fall of the Whig ministry.
Bethune Captured during Northern Campaign
Allied forces capture Bethune while Marlborough continues pressure on the fortified approaches to Flanders.
Ne Plus Ultra Lines Outmanoeuvred
Marlborough manoeuvres through French defensive lines and opens the way toward Bouchain.
Passage of Ne Plus Ultra
Marlborough outmanoeuvres Villars and breaks through the French Lines of Ne Plus Ultra.
Investment of Bouchain
Invests the lower side of Bouchain as the Allies begin encircling the fortress in view of Villars's army.
Siege of Bouchain
Marlborough begins the siege of Bouchain after crossing the French defensive lines.
Defence of Bohuslan
Burenskold holds a strong position near Uddevalla and blocks the Norwegian advance into Bohuslan.
Recovery after Denain
Louis XIV's negotiating position improves after Villars wins at Denain.
Coronation
Great grandson of James I & son of the 1st Elector of Hanover
Succession
Succeeds to the throne of Great Britain, does not speak English. Anne dies without an heir
Succession
Declared King on the death of Queen Anne
Death of Anne
Death of Anne
Succession
The Elector of Hanover is proclaimed George I 18 hrs after Annes death
Hanoverian Succession
Accession confirms the succession recognised by France at Utrecht.
Treaty of Utrecht
Accession confirms the succession recognised by France at Utrecht.
Treaty of Utrecht
Inherits the foreign policy consequences of the Utrecht peace.
Utrecht Settlement Inherited
Inherits the foreign policy consequences of the Utrecht peace.
City Reception after Return
Passes through London amid a large public and civic reception after returning from continental exile.
Return from Exile
Returns to London from continental exile after arriving at Dover on 1 August, the day Queen Anne dies.
Execution
Is executed by Ottoman authorities in Istanbul.
Succession
Louis XIV draws up his will
Battle of Rugen
Sparre commands the Swedish fleet during the naval battle off Rugen.
The Water Music
Handel composes "The Water Music" for a royal water-party for George I
The Water Music
Handel composes "The Water Music" for a royal water-party for George I
Succession
The contents of Louis XIV's will are revealed to Orleans
Old Dock
Completes Liverpool's Old Dock, one of the first enclosed commercial wet docks.
Battle of Peterwardein
With an army of 60,000 routs a Turkish Army of nearly 150,000
Battle of Peterwardein
With an army of 60,000 routs a Turkish Army of nearly 150,000
Treaty of Triple Alliance
The Stuart Pretender should leave France as soon as the Treaty is signed. The fortifications of Dunkirk & Mardyk should be destroyed. No rebel subjects from Britain, France or Holland are allowed asylum. France, Britain & Holland sign the Triple Alliance. France, Britain & Holland should support the articles of Utrecht. Communicates the terms of the Triple Alliance to Philip V as soon as it is signed
Treaty of Triple Alliance
The Stuart Pretender should leave France as soon as the Treaty is signed. The fortifications of Dunkirk & Mardyk should be destroyed. Rebel subjects from Britain, France or Holland are not allowed asylum. France, Britain & Holland sign the Triple Alliance. France, Britain & Holland should support the articles of Utrecht
Treaty of Triple Alliance
France, Britain & Holland sign the Triple Alliance
Battle of Belgrade
Attacks the strongest Turkish fortification in the Balkans
Battle of Belgrade
Attacks the strongest Turkish fortification in the Balkans
Parlement
The Parlement of Paris forbids foreigners in the administration of royal revenues
Battle of Belgrade
Captures Belgrade. Belgrade surrenders
Capture of Belgrade
Captures Belgrade
Battle of Belgrade
Captures Belgrade. Belgrade surrenders
Capture of Belgrade
Captures Belgrade
Battle of Belgrade
Forced to surrender Belgrade to Prince Eugene of Savoy
Capture of Belgrade
Forced to surrender Belgrade to Prince Eugene of Savoy
Alliance Agreement
Afther Spain invades Sardinia Dubois visits Britain to reinforce the Triple Alliance
Alliance Triple Alliance
Afther Spain invades Sardinia Dubois visits Britain to reinforce the Triple Alliance
Invasion of Sardinia
Spain begins its conquest of Sardinia
Treaty of France
Prussia, France & Russia sign a Treaty to bring the Northern War to an end. Prussia, France & Russia sign a Treaty guaranteeing Utrecht
Peace
Prussia, Russia & France sign a Treaty to bring the Northern War to an end
Guarantee of Utrecht
Russia joins Prussia and France in guaranteeing the Treaty of Utrecht settlement.
Treaty of Utrecht
Russia joins Prussia and France in guaranteeing the Treaty of Utrecht settlement.
Quadruple Alliance
Spain cedes Sardinia to Charles VI who trades it with the Duke of Savoy for Sicily. Parma & Tuscany will be inherited by the children of Elisabeth Farnese
Rule of Sardinia
Spain cedes Sardinia to Charles VI who trades it with the Duke of Savoy for Sicily
Rule of Sicily
Spain cedes Sardinia to Charles VI who trades it with the Duke of Savoy for Sicily
Quadruple Alliance
Charles VI agrees to renounce the Spanish Crown
Quadruple Alliance
Signs the Quadruple Alliance
Quadruple Alliance
The Quadruple alliance is signed. Spain cedes Sardinia to Charles VI who trades it with the Duke of Savoy for Sicily. Parma & Tuscany will be inherited by the children of Elizabeth Farnese. Charles VI agrees to renounce the Spanish Crown
Rule of Sardinia
Spain cedes Sardinia to Charles VI who trades it with the Duke of Savoy for Sicily
Quadruple Alliance
The Emperor guarantees the Hanoverian succession and the succession of the Orleans. Austria, Britain, France & the Dutch sign an alliance
Battle of Passaro
A British fleet under Admiral George Byng defeats a Spanish fleet of 26 men-of-war, 2 fireships, 4 bomb vessels, 7 galleys and several other ships with stores and provisions under Admiral Jose Antonio de Gaztaeta
Battle of Passaro
A British fleet under Admiral George Byng defeats a Spanish fleet of 26 men-of-war, 2 fireships, 4 bomb vessels, 7 galleys and several other ships with stores and provisions under Admiral Jose Antonio de Gaztaeta
Battle of Passaro
Austria attempts to remove Spain from Italy & defeats the Spanish fleet. A British fleet under Admiral George Byng defeats a Spanish fleet of 26 men-of-war, 2 fireships, 4 bomb vessels, 7 galleys and several other ships with stores and provisions under Admiral Jose Antonio de Gaztaeta
Succession
A Regency council deprives Toulouse of his royal privileges
Great Power Decline
Sweden's loss of Baltic dominance follows the failures of his campaigns.
Legacy of War
The peace settlement confirms the decline begun by his failed campaigns.
Burial
Temporarily buried in a vault in Henry VII's Chapel at Westminster Abbey.
Birth of William Wilberforce
Birth of William Wilberforce
Arrest of Frederick II the Great
Fails to escape from the captivity of his father, Frederick William I of Prussia
Defence of Travancore
Ramayyan Dalawa helped organize Travancoreโs resistance during the campaign against the Dutch.
Battle of Colachel
Marthanda Varmaโs Travancore army defeated Dutch East India Company forces at Colachel.
Capture of Dutch Forces
Travancore captured Dutch soldiers, weapons, and officers following the victory at Colachel.
Battle of Colachel
De Lannoy commanded Dutch forces at Colachel and was captured after their defeat.
Capture of Eustachius De Lannoy
De Lannoy became a prisoner of Travancore and later entered Marthanda Varmaโs military service.
Composition of Messiah
Handel began composing Messiah in London and completed the score within approximately twenty-four days.
Battle of Villmanstrand
Lacy defeated the Swedish army at Villmanstrand and captured the fortified town.
Battle of Villmanstrand
Wrangel commanded the Swedish defenders at Villmanstrand against Peter Lacyโs larger Russian force.
Capture at Villmanstrand
Wrangel was wounded and captured after the Swedish defeat at Villmanstrand.
Santiago de Cuba Expedition
Knowles supported naval operations during the stalled British campaign against Santiago de Cuba.
Guantanamo Campaign
Lawrence Washington served during the disease-ridden British occupation of Guantanamo Bay.
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain
Invasion of Bohemia
Invades Bohemia & renews the war with Austria, in alliance with France & Bavaria
Holy Roman Empire
Prussia offers Charles VII 80,000 troops "to restore liberty to the Empire"
Invasion of Bohemia
Prussia offers Charles VII 80,000 troops "to restore liberty to the Empire"
Invasion of Bohemia
Prussia offers Charles VII 80,000 troops "to restore liberty to the Empire". Frederick II invades Bohemia
Invasion of Great Britain
Meets Murray of Broughton at Tuileries Palace, who told him he would not get the support of more than 4,000 Highlanders and that he must drop his plans to come to Scotland, when Murray said French backing was extremely unlikely given their defensive position in
Invasion of Great Britain
The London Gazette prints the proclamation of the Lords Justices putting a pounds 30,000 bounty on the capture of Charles
Invasion of Great Britain
The Doutelle sails to Glenuig Bay and Charles travels by land from there to Kinlochmoidart
Invasion of Great Britain
Charles leaves Kinlochmoidart and the Clanranald MacDonalds helped transport Charles stores to Glenfinnan, where Charles planned a meeting of the chiefs of the clans
Invasion of Great Britain
The Jacobite standard is erected, a banner of red silk with a white space in the centre, the Catholic bishop Hugh MacDonald blesses the standard
Invasion of Great Britain
Charles's manifesto, dated 16 May 1745, declared that he was executing his father's will by asserting his right to his ancestors' throne.
Invasion of Great Britain
The Jacobite standard is erected, a banner of red silk with a white space in the centre, the Catholic bishop Hugh MacDonald blesses the standard.
Invasion of Great Britain
The Marquis of Tullibardine read King James's declaration and commission to the assembled clans, appointing Charles as Prince Regent.
Manifesto
The Marquis of Tullibardine reads aloud the Declaration of King James to the assembled clans, James commission appointing Charles his Prince Regent, and Charles manifesto (dated 16 May 1745), In this manifesto, Charles declared he was executing the will of his father in asserting his undoubted right to the throne of his ancestors
Reballion of Rebels in Glenfinnan
The Jacobite Royal standard is raised at Glenfinnan. 1,200 Jacobite forces gather & for the 2nd time the "old pretender" is proclaimed King
Marriage
The marriage proves unsuccessful - due to the Grand Duke Peters impotence and mental immaturity he may not have consummated it for 12 years. The future Catherine the Great marries the future Tsar Peter III. Catherine marries the Grand Duke Peter, the newlyweds settle in the Palace of Oranienbaum, which would remain the residence of the "young court" for 16 years
Battle of Prestonpans
Cope marched with his infantry and artillery towards Fort Augustus in the central Highlands to overawe the Highland clans and nip the rebellion "in the bud."
Battle of Prestonpans
He found that supposedly "well-affected" clans were evading calls to take up arms on behalf of the Government, using a variety of excuses.
Battle of Prestonpans
He turned about and marched instead to Inverness.
Battle of Prestonpans
On 25 August Cope heard that the rebel army, whose strength he overestimated, was preparing to oppose him at Corryarrack.
Siege of Edinburgh
The city, under the control of the Lord Provost Archibald Stewart, quickly surrendered
Invasion of Great Britain
The Jacobite cause was still supported by many Highland clans, both Catholic and Protestant. Charles hoped for a warm welcome from these clans to start an insurgency by Jacobites throughout Britain. He raised his father's standard at Glenfinnan and gathered a force large enough to enable him to march on Edinburgh
Raising of Standard
The Jacobite cause was still supported by many Highland clans, both Catholic and Protestant. Charles hoped for a warm welcome from these clans to start an insurgency by Jacobites throughout Britain. He raised his father's standard at Glenfinnan and gathered a force large enough to enable him to march on Edinburgh
Siege of Edinburgh
The Jacobite cause was still supported by many Highland clans, both Catholic and Protestant. Charles hoped for a warm welcome from these clans to start an insurgency by Jacobites throughout Britain. He raised his father's standard at Glenfinnan and gathered a force large enough to enable him to march on Edinburgh
Death of Christian VI
Death of Christian VI
Birth of Karl Mack
Birth of Karl Mack
Declaration of War
Begins the Seven Years War by launching a pre-emptive invasion of Saxony
Invasion of Saxony
Begins the Seven Years War by launching a pre-emptive invasion of Saxony
Battle of Gross-Jagersdorf
The Battle of Gros Jagersdorf
Battle of Zorndorf
Russia takes East Prussia & makes Konigsberg swear loyalty to Empress Elizabeth. Only problems of supply force the Russians back to Russia. Frederick wins an inconclusive victory
Capture of Frontenac
Captures Fort Frontenac at the entrance to the St Lawrence
Battle of Minden
Hanover is saved from the French by the Allies at the Battle of Minden. Contades advances but does not get the expected support from de Broglie & retreats. Commands the French army during a defeat at Minden
Battle of Minden
Hanover is saved from the French by the Allies at the Battle of Minden. Defeats the French during the Allies attempt to reopen communications with Hanover. Commands the British, Hanoverian, Hessian & Prussian army
Siege of Hanover
Hanover is saved from the French by the Allies at the Battle of Minden
Battle of Kunersdorf
Frederick II the Great is repulsed by the Austrn Army under Laudon & Soltikov
Birth of Joaquin Blake y Joyes
Birth of Joaquin Blake y Joyes
Battle of Liegnitz
Leads a joint Austron force defeated by the Prussians under Frederick the Great
Battle of Liegnitz
Surprised & defeated by Fredrick II the Great
Battle of Liegnitz
Frederick prevents the Russians & Austrians linking up by defeating the Austrians
Partition
Russia, Prussia and Austria sign a Treaty agreeing on the partition of Poland
Rule of Poland
Russia, Prussia and Austria sign a Treaty agreeing on the partition of Poland
Birth of George IV
Birth of George IV, eldest son of George III & Queen Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Peerage
Created Prince of Wales & Earl of Chester
Battle of Bushy Run
Defeats the Indians under Pontiac near Fort Pitt
Siege of Fort Pitt
Comes to the relief of Fort Pitt, Pontiac later submits to British authority
Birth of William IV
Birth of William IV, Buckingham Palace, 3rd son of George III & Charlotte
Birth of William IV
Birth of William IV, Buckingham Palace, 3rd son of George III & Charlotte
Birth of William IV
Birth of William IV, Buckingham Palace, 3rd son of George III & Charlotte
Birth of Napoleon I
Birth of Napoleon I, father of Napoleon I, born in Ajaccio, Corsica, 4th child
Birth of Napoleon I
Birth of Napoleon I, mother of Napoleon I, born in Ajaccio, Corsica, 4th child
Birth of Napoleon I
Birth of Napoleon I, Corsica, 4th child of a poor Corsican lawyer
Civil War
Captures Czestochowa
Retirement
Forced to retire on the accession of Louis XVI
Parlement
Louis recalls the Paris Parlement
Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata
Creates the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata which includes Paraguay.
Seal
Suggests "E Pluribus Unum" as a motto for the Seal of the US
Capture of Paulus Hook
Drives the British from their last major garrison in New Jersey
Death of Etienne Bonnot de Condillac
Etienne Bonnot de Condillac dies at his estate near Beaugency.
Battle of Camden
The Continentals, led by de Kalb, are defeated
Battle of Camden
Defeats an American force led by General Gates
Battle of Camden
Defeated by the British & relieved of his command
Major
Appointed Member of Washingtons HQ
Trial
Reinstated after a trial
Major
Appointed Member of Washingtons HQ
Battle of Chesapeake Bay
Defeats the British enabling 16,000 Continental & Allied troops to besiege Yorktown
Battle of Yorktown
Defeats the British enabling 16,000 Continental & Allied troops to besiege Yorktown
Siege of Yorktown
Defeats the British enabling 16,000 Continental & Allied troops to besiege Yorktown
Battle of Chesapeake Bay
Lands a French Fleet in Chesapeake Bay
Marriage
Marries Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in Vienna.
Birth of George Eden
Birth of George Eden, second son of William Eden, 1st Baron Auckland
Death of Frederick II the Great
Death of Frederick II the Great, succeeded by his nephew Friedrich Wilhelm II
Reform of Government
Presents reform proposals to Louis XVI
Plot
A failed attempt by Margaret Nicholson to assassinate the King at St James Palace
Eine kleine Nachtmusik
Completes Eine kleine Nachtmusik.
Eine little Night Music
Records an English-title variant for Eine kleine Nachtmusik.
Exile of Paris Parlement
Louis XVI ordered the Parlement of Paris into exile at Troyes during the conflict over registering new fiscal measures.
Necker returns amid royal financial emergency
Necker's renewed prominence reflected public demands for a credible response to the treasury crisis. The consequences of estates general called after fiscal deadlock reached well beyond the palace and its neighbouring legislative chambers.
Necker confronts demand for credible fiscal reform
Necker's return to government coincided with mounting demands for national consent to taxation. The debate over king promises convocation of estates general demonstrated why electoral rules and parliamentary procedure mattered to constitutional reform.
Louis XVI announces national estates meeting
The crown promised to convene the Estates General in 1789 after other methods of obtaining financial reform failed. The estates general called after fiscal deadlock made Versailles a focal point in the struggle over royal and representative authority.
Louis XVI authorizes renewed representative meeting
The crown committed to assembling the three orders after earlier financial initiatives failed. The king promises convocation of estates general formed part of the transition from estate-based consultation toward claims of national sovereignty.
Brienne's ministry reaches fiscal impasse
The collapse of the government's reform strategy made representative consultation increasingly unavoidable. This development concerning estates general called after fiscal deadlock exposed the limits of the old regime's political arrangements.
Sieyes sees opening for national representation
The promised assembly made questions about the source of legitimate political authority urgent. The consequences of king promises convocation of estates general helped redefine the place of the three orders in French public life.
Estates General Convocation
Louis XVI announced that the Estates General would be convened in 1789 as the financial and political crisis worsened.
Triple Alliance
Agreed between Britain, Prussia & Holland against France, the Empire & Russia
Recall of Necker
Louis XVI recalled Jacques Necker to the finance ministry as public confidence in the royal government's financial management deteriorated.
Barnave Calls Declaration a National Catechism
Barnave supports adoption of a declaration that can teach citizens the principles of political liberty.
Mounier Expresses Caution over Immediate Declaration
Mounier remains cautious about issuing a declaration before the constitutional framework has been fully designed.
Malouet Warns against Premature Rights Declaration
Malouet argues that public order should be restored before the Assembly adopts an abstract declaration of rights.
Bailly addresses food provisioning emergency
Parisian anxiety about bread prices and scarce grain placed severe demands on Bailly's municipal administration. Food supply was a central test of whether the new government could maintain public confidence.
Castellane Supports Declaration before Constitution
Castellane argues that fundamental rights and liberties should be defined and placed at the head of the constitution.
Battle of Foscani
Suvarov advances & forces the Turks to withdraw to the Danube. Helps defeat the Turks in Moldova & Wallachia
Battle of Foscani
Helps defeat the Turks in Moldova & Wallachia
Battle of Foscani
Suvarov advances & forces the Turks to withdraw to the Danube
Court debates renunciation of feudal privilege
Marie Antoinette and the royal household confronted the Assembly's rapid attack on seigneurial privileges during the August debates. The measures weakened the social foundations on which traditional royal and aristocratic authority had rested.
Clerical tithe debate remakes church finance
Talleyrand belonged to a clergy whose traditional tithe revenue came under attack during the August reforms. Ending the system required new arrangements to fund religious services and clergy.
Rights Debate Interrupted by August Revolution
Debate over the declaration gives way temporarily to the dramatic abolition of feudal privileges during the August night session.
Sieyes disputes uncompensated tithe removal
Sieyes raised objections about treating ecclesiastical revenues as though they could disappear without regard to property claims. The consequences of night session overturns estate privileges reached well beyond the palace and its neighbouring legislative chambers.
Abolition of Feudalism
Abolition of tithes reduced Church income and drew the peasantry more directly into the Revolution.
Abolition of Feudalism
Artwork was produced and medallions struck to commemorate the event
Abolition of Feudalism
Artwork was produced and medallions struck to commemorate the event.
Abolition of Feudalism
Paris Mayor Jean-Sylvain Bailly declared that 'the National Assembly achieved more for the people in a few hours than the wisest and most enlightened nations had done for many centuries.
Abolition of Feudalism
The August Decrees created fundamental change across the breadth of the nation. They stripped away the domination and privilege of the nobility, creating a society based on individualism, equality and merit.
Abolition of Feudalism
The abolition of the tithe halved the income of the Church. The peasantry, previously kept at arms length from the revolution, were now part of it. The Assemblys deputies were hailed as heroes and praised for their self sacrifice.
Abolition of Feudalism
The response from the revolutionaries was as euphoric as the mood in the Assembly on August 4th.
Assembly addresses hunting privileges
The August reforms challenged noble monopolies over hunting that had angered many rural inhabitants. Bailly's Assembly discussed these grievances as part of its assault on exclusive estate rights.
Assembly declares equality of access to office
The abolition of privileges advanced the principle that citizens should qualify for offices on equal terms. Bailly chaired an Assembly moving from a society of estates toward a new basis of public service.
August Decrees
Artwork was produced and medallions struck to commemorate the event
August Decrees
Paris Mayor Jean-Sylvain Bailly declared that 'the National Assembly achieved more for the people in a few hours than the wisest and most enlightened nations had done for many centuries.
August Decrees
The August Decrees abolished tithes and other privileges, drawing the peasantry more directly into the Revolution.
August Decrees
The August Decrees created fundamental change across the breadth of the nation. They stripped away the domination and privilege of the nobility, creating a society based on individualism, equality and merit.
August Decrees
The abolition of the tithe halved the income of the Church. The peasantry, previously kept at arms length from the revolution, were now part of it. The Assemblys deputies were hailed as heroes and praised for their self sacrifice.
August Decrees
The response from the revolutionaries was as euphoric as the mood in the Assembly on August 4th.
Great Fear reaches National Assembly
Reports of peasants attacking manor houses and destroying records placed pressure on the Assembly to respond. Jean-Sylvain Bailly presided over debates in which rural disorder framed the urgency of social reform.
Aiguillon endorses surrender of feudal rights
The Duke joined reformers calling for the abolition or redemption of feudal obligations. The night session overturns estate privileges made Versailles a focal point in the struggle over royal and representative authority.
Noailles calls for renouncing privilege
The viscount helped launch the dramatic night of aristocratic concessions in response to rural unrest. This development concerning night session overturns estate privileges exposed the limits of the old regime's political arrangements.
Sieyes contests uncompensated tithe abolition
Abbe Sieyes argued against simply extinguishing ecclesiastical tithes without attending to existing property claims. His objections exposed tension between revolutionary equality and the protection of lawful interests.
Night of privileges renounced: Equality challenges clerical privilege
Grรฉgoire supported reformist principles within a legislature abolishing old corporate exemptions. The debate reduced the established legal distinctions between privileged and unprivileged groups.
Tithes Debate
Sieyes opposed immediate abolition of clerical tithes without compensation during the August debates on privilege.
August Decrees
Deputies feared the Great Fear would spread and threaten property, increasing pressure for a political response.
August Decrees
In the first days of August, the Bretons planned to rise in the Assembly and renounce certain feudal dues. This task was assigned to the Duke of Aiguillon, a radical nobleman, and Viscount de Noailles, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War
August Decrees
Liberal deputies from the Breton Club (the forerunner to the Jacobin movement) believed the peasants could only be calmed by a grand gesture from the Assembly, such as a partial surrender of feudal rights.
August Decrees
News of this rural violence electrified discussions among deputies of the Assembly. Dominated as they were by members of the bourgeoisie and liberal nobility, the majority of deputies were concerned that the Great Fear would spread further and pose a significant threat to property rights.
August Decrees
The Duke of Aiguillon and the Viscount de Noailles were assigned to propose renunciation of selected feudal dues.
August Decrees
With no means of suppressing the peasants by force, the Assembly's only avenue was to pacify them.
Great Fear
In the first days of August, the Bretons planned to rise in the Assembly and renounce certain feudal dues. This task was assigned to the Duke of Aiguillon, a radical nobleman, and Viscount de Noailles, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War
Great Fear
Liberal deputies from the Breton Club (the forerunner to the Jacobin movement) believed the peasants could only be calmed by a grand gesture from the Assembly, such as a partial surrender of feudal rights.
Great Fear
News of this rural violence electrified discussions among deputies of the Assembly. Dominated as they were by members of the bourgeoisie and liberal nobility, the majority of deputies were concerned that the Great Fear would spread further and pose a significant threat to property rights.
Great Fear
With no means of suppressing the peasants by force, the Assembly's only avenue was to pacify them.
Aiguillon supports rural dues reform
The Duke of Aiguillon advocated changes to feudal obligations as violence spread through the countryside. His contribution helped persuade aristocratic deputies that concessions were necessary to restore order.
Assembly votes against personal servitude
Debates involving the Duke of Aiguillon culminated in a declaration that personal servitude and related feudal burdens should disappear. The reform weakened legal inequalities attaching peasants to lords.
Dovecote and game restrictions reconsidered
The August decrees threatened exclusive rights such as lordly dovecotes and hunting privileges. Rural households had long objected that these rights damaged crops and favored landowners.
Night of privileges renounced: Aristocratic support for abolition
The Duke of Aiguillon backed reforms surrendering inherited feudal privileges. The gesture demonstrated that elements of the nobility favored concessions to secure the Revolution.
Noble deputies debate redeemable dues
The Duke of Aiguillon and other reform-minded nobles discussed abolishing or redeeming seigneurial claims. The distinction between immediate abolition and compensation remained contentious for years.
Noble tax exemptions renounced
The August debates repudiated tax privileges that had allowed nobles to avoid burdens borne by ordinary people. Aiguillon's advocacy of concessions fitted a wider movement toward equal taxation.
Provinces abandon special privileges
The Assembly heard renunciations of privileges belonging to provinces, cities and corporate bodies. Aiguillon's social reform proposals helped foster a political atmosphere hostile to territorial legal exceptions.
August Decrees Prepare Ground for Rights Declaration
The Assembly begins abolishing feudal privileges on the night of 4 August, clearing the way for a declaration based on legal equality.
Great Fear
In most cases these unruly peasants were responding to rumours that royalist bandits or mercenaries were sweeping the countryside. The weeks of revolt and destruction in rural areas that followed became known as the Great Fear (French, Grande Peur)
Great Fear
In most cases these unruly peasants were responding to rumours that royalist bandits or mercenaries were sweeping the countryside. The weeks of revolt and destruction in rural areas that followed became known as the Great Fear (French, Grande Peur).
Great Fear
In the worst areas peasants assaulted or chased away the owners of seigneurial rights, seized and burned feudal records and even burned down chateaux owned by noblemen.
Great Fear
The Great Fear spread peasant unrest across France and helped drive the Assembly toward the August reforms.
Great Fear
The context for the Assembly'gs August 4th reforms was the Great Fear: a disconnected but widespread series of peasant uprisings across France. From late July thousands of peasants had run amok in the countryside, disrupting work, intimidating property owners and causing some damage.
Restorer of French Liberty Title
The National Assembly acclaimed Louis XVI as restorer of French liberty during the night when privilege was dismantled.
Vote to End Privileges
Beauharnais voted for abolition of privilege, legal equality and equal eligibility for public office during the August reforms.
August night turns into renunciation of rights
The initial proposals to surrender selected privileges prompted further deputies to propose abolishing additional feudal claims. Noailles's intervention therefore triggered a broad debate about the inherited social order.
Clerical exemptions enter reform debate
The Assembly's night of reform also confronted the fiscal privileges of the clergy. Proposals first raised by noble deputies broadened into challenges to exemptions across the estates.
Feudal courts targeted for abolition
Reformers at the August sitting pressed for the end of seigneurial courts. Noailles's broader reform initiative supported transferring the administration of justice away from private lordship.
Manorial corvees subjected to reform
Peasant labor obligations became an important target in the night debates. Noailles's proposals helped place coercive seigneurial services within the Assembly's reform agenda.
Night of privileges renounced: Noble deputy initiates concessions
The Viscount de Noailles urged noble representatives to give up seigneurial advantages amid rural unrest. His intervention helped accelerate the sweeping reform debates of the night of 4 August.
Noailles proposes surrender of privileges
Viscount de Noailles urged the National Assembly to sacrifice exclusive privileges and address the grievances driving peasant unrest. His intervention helped open the celebrated night of feudal reform.
Sale of public offices condemned
The August debates challenged venal offices that had treated public authority as a transferable asset. Noailles's reform initiative formed part of the drive to make civic functions depend on law rather than purchase.
Tax equality proposed during August night
Deputies discussing Noailles's proposals confronted exemptions that had shielded privileged estates from ordinary taxation. Equal fiscal burdens became a principle of the new social settlement.
August decrees begin formal drafting
After the famous overnight debate, the Assembly began converting sweeping declarations into legal articles. Bailly presided during the critical transition from symbolic renunciation to enforceable legislation.
Bailly comments on abolition of privileges
Bailly welcomed the Assembly's dramatic renunciation of feudal privilege as a major revolutionary achievement. The municipal leader saw the legislation as evidence of the new order's capacity for reform.
August Decrees
Any kind of tithes, as well as any substitution for them are abolished. All seigneurial justices are abolished with no compensation.
August Decrees
Contemporary reports described collapsing tax collection, feudal dues and local authority as unrest spread through parts of France.
August Decrees
It was reportedly prompted by the reading of a report on the misery and disorder which prevailed in the provinces.
August Decrees
Reports from the provinces described attacks on chateaux, convents and farms, reinforcing pressure for the Assembly's August reforms.
August Decrees
Selling judicial and municipal offices is abolished, justice should be dispensed freely & all such magistrates are to do their duty until further instructions from the National Assembly.
August Decrees
Selling judicial and municipal offices is abolished, justice should be dispensed freely and all such magistrates are to do their duty until further instructions from the National Assembly.
August Decrees
The Assembly responded to the crisis by abolishing several long-standing privileges and abuses.
August Decrees
The abolition of the feudal system took place during the famous night session of the National Assembly on August 4th 1789.
August Decrees
The report declares that 'g Letters from all the provinces indicate that property of all kinds is a prey to the most criminal violence. on all sides chateaux are being burned, convents destroyed, and farms abandoned to pillage.
August Decrees
The taxes, the feudal dues, all are extinct. the laws are without force, and the magistrates without authority." With the hope of pacifying and encouraging the people, the Assembly, in a fervour of enthusiasm and excitement.
August Decrees
straightway abolished many of the ancient abuses.
National Assembly
The National Assembly abolished the feudal system and judicial privileges, preparing the way for wider constitutional reforms.
Petion Press Freedom Proposal during Rights Debate
Petion supports explicit legal protection for freedom of the press while the Assembly debates civil liberties.
Press Freedom Motion
Petion supported explicit legal protection for freedom of the press during debates on civil liberties.
Ecclesiastical tithe rights removed
The August legislation struck at compulsory tithes paid to the Church. Talleyrand and other clerical deputies faced the resulting need to rethink the financial foundations of worship.
Legal articles codify abolition of feudal regime
The Assembly approved a series of articles articulating the destruction of the feudal order and specifying which rights would be abolished or redeemed. The text revealed that ending seigneurialism remained legally complex.
Seigneurial justice suppressed in reform package
Legislation stripped lords of the right to exercise private jurisdiction over local inhabitants. Ordinary courts would eventually replace institutions based on inherited estate authority.
Compensation preserved for some land dues
The August settlement distinguished abolished personal burdens from certain property-based payments considered redeemable. For landholders and peasants alike, this compromise postponed the full end of feudal dues.
Merit replaces birth as qualification for office
Alexandre de Beauharnais participated in an Assembly dismantling aristocratic restrictions on public advancement. Equal eligibility to civil and military employment challenged the political privileges of birth.
Personal feudal rights terminated without payment
The Assembly enacted the abolition of some personal servitudes without compensation. Such provisions marked a decisive rejection of coercive rights inherited from feudal jurisdiction.
Bailly confronts disorder surrounding grain trade
The municipality faced popular suspicion of grain merchants and alleged hoarders. Bailly had to reconcile demands for affordable bread with the protection of commercial activity and public safety.
Lafayette Sieyes and Sixth Bureau Texts Chosen
The Assembly decides to use the projects of Lafayette, Sieyes and the Sixth Bureau as the principal basis for renewed drafting.
Sixth Bureau Text Becomes Main Drafting Base
The Assembly adopts most provisions of the Sixth Bureau project as the immediate basis for article-by-article debate.
Article by Article Rights Voting Begins
The Constituent Assembly begins voting on the declaration article by article.
Religious Freedom Debate
Robespierre spoke during debates on rights and religious liberty as the Assembly shaped the Declaration of Rights.
Robespierre Religious Liberty Debate during Declaration
Robespierre participates in debate over religious liberty as the Assembly shapes the final Declaration of Rights.
Rights Declaration limits royal assumptions
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen articulated principles at odds with inherited privilege and absolute sovereignty. Marie Antoinette faced a political environment in which legitimacy was increasingly linked to citizens' rights.
Mirabeau participates in rights deliberations
Mirabeau was among the prominent speakers as deputies settled principles of liberty and legal equality. This development concerning declaration of rights completed exposed the limits of the old regime's political arrangements.
Mounier weighs declaration against government design
Mounier's constitutional concerns reflected debate over how abstract rights should relate to concrete institutions. The consequences of declaration of rights completed reached well beyond the palace and its neighbouring legislative chambers.
Article 11 Freedom of Expression and Press
Article 11 protects speaking, writing and printing while allowing legal responsibility for abuses of that liberty.
Article 8 Necessary and Prior Penalties
Article 8 requires penalties to be strictly necessary and based on a law established before the offence.
Article 9 Presumption of Innocence
Article 9 establishes the presumption of innocence and condemns unnecessary harshness during arrest.
Lafayette's draft precedes adopted rights text
Lafayette's earlier proposal helped shape the broad discussion that produced the seventeen-article declaration. The declaration of rights completed made Versailles a focal point in the struggle over royal and representative authority.
Article 16 Rights Guarantees and Separation of Powers
Article 16 states that a society without guaranteed rights and defined separation of powers has no constitution.
Article 5 Law Restricts Only Harmful Actions
Article 5 limits legal prohibitions to actions harmful to society and rejects compulsion unsupported by law.
Declaration Establishes Rights before Constitutional Structure
The Assembly completes the declaration before finishing the detailed constitutional institutions that will govern the new political order.
Article 10 Freedom of Opinion and Religion
Article 10 protects opinions, including religious beliefs, provided their expression does not disturb public order established by law.
Religious Liberty Qualified by Public Order
The final declaration protects religious opinions but makes their public exercise subject to legally defined public order.
Article 17 Property as an Inviolable Right
Article 17 protects property from deprivation except for legally established public necessity with just prior compensation.
Rights Declaration approved: National sovereignty in rights doctrine
Sieyes promoted constitutional reasoning in which public authority originated from the nation. The final declaration articulated that principle against the foundations of absolute monarchy.
Rights Declaration approved: Civil equality proclaimed
Grรฉgoire belonged to an Assembly affirming equality before the law through a universal statement of rights. The declaration did not by itself eliminate all exclusions from political participation.
Article 14 Citizen Consent and Control of Taxation
Article 14 recognizes citizens' right to consent to taxation and supervise its amount, basis, collection, duration and use.
Article 3 National Sovereignty Principle
Article 3 locates the principle of sovereignty in the nation rather than in a monarch, estate or individual.
Article 6 Law as Expression of General Will
Article 6 describes law as the expression of the general will and affirms equal access to public office according to capacity.
Declaration Places Sovereignty beyond Royal Authority
The adopted declaration makes national sovereignty a constitutional principle and denies independent authority to any individual or corporate body.
Rights Declaration approved: Rights statement in constitutional design
Mirabeau participated in debates leading to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. The text placed liberty and legal equality at the center of future government.
Article 13 Equal Contribution to Public Expenses
Article 13 requires public taxation to be distributed among citizens according to their ability to contribute.
Article 7 Protection from Arbitrary Arrest
Article 7 rejects accusation, arrest or detention except in cases and forms established by law.
Article by Article Rights Voting Completed
The Assembly completes the article-by-article voting that produces the seventeen-article declaration.
Declaration Preamble Defines Natural Sacred Rights
The preamble describes the declaration as a statement of natural, inalienable and sacred rights intended to guide government and citizens.
Article 1 Freedom and Equality in Rights
Article 1 establishes that men are born and remain free and equal in rights, while allowing distinctions based on common utility.
Article 12 Public Force Serves the Community
Article 12 states that public force exists for the benefit of all rather than the private advantage of those controlling it.
Article 15 Accountability of Public Officials
Article 15 gives society the right to demand an account of administration from every public official.
Article 2 Natural and Imprescriptible Rights
Article 2 identifies liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression as natural and imprescriptible rights.
Article 4 Limits of Individual Liberty
Article 4 defines liberty through freedom of action bounded by the equal rights of others and limits established by law.
Discovery of Enceladus
Herschel discovers a new moon of Saturn, Enceladus
Redon Joins Rights Draft Committee
Redon joins the five-member committee established to produce a unified declaration draft.
Barere Press Freedom Advocacy during Rights Debate
Barere supports freedom of the press during the constitutional debates that precede adoption of the Declaration of Rights.
Press Freedom Advocacy
Barere supported freedom of the press during early constitutional debates in the National Assembly.
Tronchet Joins Rights Draft Committee
Tronchet is appointed to the committee reviewing the legal wording of the various rights projects.
Demeunier Joins Rights Draft Committee
Demeunier is appointed to the five-deputy committee charged with combining the competing declarations of rights.
Rights of Man debate reported to readers
Brissot's newspaper discussed the declaration of rights and the implications of legal equality. He presented revolutionary principles as the basis for further public debate.
August decrees celebrated in Paris
Parisian celebrations greeted news that the National Assembly had renounced inherited privileges. Mayor Bailly represented municipal authority while citizens interpreted the reforms as an historic political victory.
Municipality Coordinates Guard Food Escorts
The city government relied on armed escorts when food insecurity threatened public order. Guard service helped protect provisioning operations while exposing soldiers to popular anger about bread.
Property rights remain central to legal settlement
Sieyes and fellow constitutional thinkers grappled with how to abolish privilege without violating legitimate property. The distinction shaped controversies about compensating holders of feudal rights.
La Luzerne Joins Rights Draft Committee
La Luzerne joins the committee assigned to examine and consolidate the proposed declarations.
Draft Declaration of Rights
Sieyes submitted a project for a declaration of rights during the Assembly's constitutional debates.
Committee Declaration Synthesis Contested
Deputies strongly contest the committee's proposed synthesis, forcing the Assembly to seek another drafting basis.
Five-Deputy Rights Committee Established
The Assembly appoints a five-member committee to compare the submitted declaration projects and prepare a common text.
Mirabeau Presents Committee Rights Synthesis
Mirabeau presents the committee's synthesis of the submitted rights projects to the Assembly.
Citizen Guard Patrols Protect Public Buildings
National Guard detachments secured politically sensitive buildings in the unsettled months following the Bastille. Their presence gave the new municipality a means of enforcing decisions without royal troops.
Mayor of Grenoble
Barnave was elected mayor of Grenoble while remaining an influential deputy in the National Assembly.
Civil Constitution of Clergy Sanction
Louis XVI allowed publication of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy despite serious religious and political reservations.
Local courts reorganized after manorial justice
Judicial reorganization established new courts separate from old seigneurial jurisdictions. Reformers including Le Chapelier sought a more uniform system of justice under national law.
Armed Citizens Debate Eligibility for Service
Service in the National Guard became connected with arguments about property qualifications and political citizenship. The force's membership rules exposed tensions between revolutionary equality and social exclusion.
Bailly defends preservation of legal order
After the Champ de Mars violence, Bailly argued through his official conduct for municipal obedience to law and the existing constitutional authorities. His approach widened the gulf between the mayoralty and popular republican clubs.
Declaration of Pillnitz
Frederick William II & Leopold II agree to restore the French monarchy
Alliance Frederick William II and Leopold II to restore Louis XVI to the French throne
Agrees an alliance with Leopold II to restore Louis XVI to the French throne
Declaration of Pillnitz
Frederick William II & Leopold to agree to restore the French monarchy
Bois Caiman Ceremony
Associated with the Bois Caiman ceremony before the northern slave uprising
Bois Caiman Ceremony
Traditionally associated with the Bois Caiman ceremony
Plan of Washington
Completes a plan for the new federal city
Northern Uprising
Faces the outbreak of the northern slave revolt
Northern Uprising
Helps lead the opening slave uprising in northern Saint-Domingue
Declaration of Pillnitz raises international tension
Austria and Prussia issued the Declaration of Pillnitz concerning the French monarchy's position. Marie Antoinette's Austrian connections became more politically explosive as revolutionaries suspected foreign designs on France.
Declaration of Pillnitz
Offers to support Louis XVI in the Declaration of Pillnitz
Election to Legislative Assembly
Vergniaud was elected to the Legislative Assembly as a deputy for the Gironde.
Constitutional monarchy under suspicion: Moderate defence hardens
Barnave continued to argue for preserving constitutional monarchy after the shootings. The use of force on the Champ de Mars made his political compromise difficult to sell to republican opponents.
Constitutional monarchy under suspicion: Democrats challenge restoration
Petion's political standing benefited from public distrust of those who defended the king after Varennes. The massacre made the distinction between a parliamentary settlement and popular consent even more contentious.
Constitutional monarchy under suspicion: Petition rights become political issue
Brissot's campaign milieu interpreted the deaths as a warning about the limits placed on political expression. Arguments over the right of citizens to organize remained central in subsequent revolutionary disputes.
Demand for new Convention grows - Change of authority
Maximilien Robespierre figured in events surrounding demand for new convention grows at Paris. Such proposals challenged the existing Legislative Assembly's authority to settle the crisis alone. Its immediate significance was to transfer authority away from the crown toward revolutionary institutions.
Demand for new Convention grows
Robespierre supported the demand for a new national convention as confidence in the constitutional monarchy disintegrated. Such proposals challenged the existing Legislative Assembly's authority to settle the crisis alone.
Paris sections petition for deposition - Historical significance
Jerome Petion figured in events surrounding paris sections petition for deposition at Paris. The petition reflected a widening gap between popular militants and the constitutional settlement of 1791. This development formed part of the chain that led to the Republic being proclaimed after the National Convention assembled.
Paris sections petition for deposition
Pรฉtion presented the growing demand from Parisian sections that Louis XVI be removed from royal power. The petition reflected a widening gap between popular militants and the constitutional settlement of 1791.
Deposition Demands
Demands for the deposition of Louis XVI intensified as Parisian sections challenged the survival of constitutional monarchy.
Department seeks to contain crisis - Political consequence
Pierre Louis Roederer figured in events surrounding department seeks to contain crisis at Paris. Their appeals were increasingly overtaken by preparations in the armed sections. The episode hastened the failure of the constitutional monarchy and intensified arguments for a newly elected national assembly.
Department seeks to contain crisis
Roederer served among the Paris departmental authorities attempting to maintain legal order as the insurrection approached. Their appeals were increasingly overtaken by preparations in the armed sections.
Lafayette impeachment rejected - Military consequence
Jacques Pierre Brissot figured in events surrounding lafayette impeachment rejected at Paris. The vote helped convince militants that constitutional mechanisms would not remove royalist influence. It demonstrated the decisive influence of armed citizens and soldiers in the struggle over the royal government.
Lafayette impeachment rejected
The Legislative Assembly rejected a proposal to indict Lafayette, angering radical Parisians who saw him as a protector of the court. The vote helped convince militants that constitutional mechanisms would not remove royalist influence.
Desmoulins promotes attack on royal resistance
Desmoulins supported the militants who rejected continuing royal authority during the summer emergency. This aspect of insurrectionary municipality prepares uprising illustrates how press campaigns, popular sections and government decisions became connected.
Santerre marshals revolutionary battalions
Santerre became prominent among the armed Parisians who supported the insurrection against the court. The controversy surrounding insurrectionary municipality prepares uprising influenced the changing balance among revolutionary factions.
Danton links section militants to political action
Danton worked within the revolutionary networks that supported overthrowing the monarchy. The episode concerned insurrectionary municipality prepares uprising and affected the relationship between club activists and public authority.
Insurrectionary Commune formed - Change of authority
Francois Hanriot figured in events surrounding insurrectionary commune formed at Paris. The new body supplied the uprising with a rival political command center. Its immediate significance was to transfer authority away from the crown toward revolutionary institutions.
Insurrectionary Commune formed
Delegates from radical sections displaced the existing Paris municipal authority and established an insurrectionary Commune. The new body supplied the uprising with a rival political command center.
Sections prepare armed march - Impact in Paris
Antoine Joseph Santerre figured in events surrounding sections prepare armed march at Paris. Santerre emerged as a significant figure in the militant movement confronting the royal government. The incident sharpened tensions between Parisian sections, municipal authorities and defenders of Louis XVI.
Sections prepare armed march
Parisian section leaders organized armed citizens and fรฉdรฉrรฉs for action against the Tuileries. Santerre emerged as a significant figure in the militant movement confronting the royal government.
Royal family shelters in Assembly
Marie Antoinette, Louis XVI and their children entered the Assembly's meeting place as armed conflict spread outside. The king was suspended, marking the collapse of effective constitutional monarchy.
Tuileries Palace attacked
Insurgents attacked the Tuileries while royal defenders, including Swiss Guards, fought to hold the palace. Marie Antoinette accompanied her family to seek refuge with the Legislative Assembly.
Municipal Insurgents Reshape National Guard Command
The success of the August insurrection brought revolutionary section leaders such as Santerre to greater military prominence. The armed balance in Paris shifted away from royal protection.
Abolition of Monarchy
Georges Jacques Danton organized the rising that overthrows the monarchy.
Abolition of Monarchy
Organizes the rising that overthrows the monarchy
City Hall Issues Orders During Palace Fighting
Huguenin's insurrectionary municipal organization issued instructions as armed citizens fought at the Tuileries. The revolutionary Commune claimed direct authority from the Paris sections.
Insurrectionary Municipality Forms at City Hall
Delegates from the sections established an insurrectionary Commune at the Hotel de Ville during the attack on the Tuileries. Georges Huguenin became a leading figure in the new authority.
Mandat Killed After Municipal Summons
Mandat was killed after being called to the Hotel de Ville while insurrectionary leaders asserted control of Paris. His death deprived the royal defenders of a crucial commander.
Palace Guard Commander Summoned Before Commune
Jean Antoine Mandat was summoned from the Tuileries to city hall by insurgent authorities during the August uprising. His removal disrupted efforts to defend the palace.
Existing Municipality Loses Effective Control
The insurrectionary Commune displaced the authority of established city officials during the August crisis. Petion remained a prominent figure but could not control the newly mobilized armed sections.
Jacobin Republicans React to Monarchy Collapse
The fall of Louis XVI increased the influence of radical clubs in the capital. Robespierre supported a political settlement based on the newly emerging republic.
Santerre linked to decisive Paris mobilization
The armed movement associated with Santerre helped secure the radical sections' victory over the royal establishment. The controversy surrounding august insurrection topples monarchy influenced the changing balance among revolutionary factions.
Danton gains authority after palace uprising
Danton's standing increased as the revolutionary coalition defeated forces defending the Tuileries. The episode concerned august insurrection topples monarchy and affected the relationship between club activists and public authority.
Roederer urges royal withdrawal - Impact in Paris
Pierre Louis Roederer figured in events surrounding roederer urges royal withdrawal at Paris. The decision to leave the palace decisively undermined the royalist defense. The incident sharpened tensions between Parisian sections, municipal authorities and defenders of Louis XVI.
Roederer urges royal withdrawal
Roederer advised Louis XVI that remaining inside the Tuileries was unsafe and urged the family to seek refuge with the Assembly. The decision to leave the palace decisively undermined the royalist defense.
Royal monarchy overthrown: Assembly responds to insurrection
Vergniaud was a leading member of the legislature during the overthrow of the Tuileries monarchy. Deputies faced the challenge of establishing lawful authority amid armed upheaval.
Insurgents converge on palace - Historical significance
Antoine Joseph Santerre figured in events surrounding insurgents converge on palace at Paris. Santerre was associated with the forces challenging the king's constitutional government. This development formed part of the chain that led to the Republic being proclaimed after the National Convention assembled.
Insurgents converge on palace
Armed citizens and provincial volunteers advanced toward the Tuileries in the early hours of 10 August. Santerre was associated with the forces challenging the king's constitutional government.
Royal monarchy overthrown: Revolutionary ministry restored
Roland returned to office after the August insurrection swept away the old royal government. His ministry sought to govern a nation now preparing a republic.
August insurrection ends constitutional monarchy
The assault on the Tuileries led to the king's suspension and opened the way to a republic. Brissot now had to operate in a revolution whose armed sections could challenge elected deputies.
Royal monarchy overthrown: New republican direction opens
Brissot and allied deputies operated in a transformed political order after Louis XVI lost power. Their wartime priorities continued, but the capital's armed popular movement gained leverage.
Desmoulins follows Danton into administration
Danton brought Desmoulins into the justice ministry, connecting their shared radical politics to state work. This aspect of danton joins emergency ministry illustrates how press campaigns, popular sections and government decisions became connected.
King crosses to the Assembly - Change of authority
Louis Auguste Bourbon figured in events surrounding king crosses to the assembly at Paris. The move occurred while armed groups prepared to fight for control of the palace. Its immediate significance was to transfer authority away from the crown toward revolutionary institutions.
King crosses to the Assembly
Louis XVI left the Tuileries with his family and placed himself under the protection of the Legislative Assembly. The move occurred while armed groups prepared to fight for control of the palace.
Order to halt Swiss resistance - Military consequence
Louis Auguste Bourbon figured in events surrounding order to halt swiss resistance at Paris. Confusion and danger during the retreat contributed to the heavy casualties among the defenders. It demonstrated the decisive influence of armed citizens and soldiers in the struggle over the royal government.
Order to halt Swiss resistance
Louis XVI sent instructions for the Swiss Guards to cease fighting and withdraw during the palace battle. Confusion and danger during the retreat contributed to the heavy casualties among the defenders.
Election of Convention authorized - Military consequence
Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud figured in events surrounding election of convention authorized at Paris. The measure opened a path toward a different constitutional settlement rather than immediate restoration of the crown. It demonstrated the decisive influence of armed citizens and soldiers in the struggle over the royal government.
Election of Convention authorized
Deputies resolved to convene a newly elected National Convention after suspending the king. The measure opened a path toward a different constitutional settlement rather than immediate restoration of the crown.
Royal powers suspended - Political consequence
Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud figured in events surrounding royal powers suspended at Paris. Vergniaud was a prominent deputy in the chamber that confronted the overthrow of the constitutional monarchy. The episode hastened the failure of the constitutional monarchy and intensified arguments for a newly elected national assembly.
Royal powers suspended
The Legislative Assembly voted to suspend Louis XVI from exercising royal authority after the insurrection. Vergniaud was a prominent deputy in the chamber that confronted the overthrow of the constitutional monarchy.
Commune and municipal leadership divided - Historical significance
Jerome Petion figured in events surrounding commune and municipal leadership divided at Paris. The conflict exposed the breakdown of the previous municipal chain of command. This development formed part of the chain that led to the Republic being proclaimed after the National Convention assembled.
Commune and municipal leadership divided
Pรฉtion's formal position as mayor was overtaken by the insurrectionary Commune's rise to power. The conflict exposed the breakdown of the previous municipal chain of command.
Insurrection
The fall of the monarchy after the insurrection of 10 August strengthens radical clubs and sections in Paris
Insurrection
The fall of the monarchy after the insurrection of 10 August strengthens radical clubs and sections in Paris.
Danton moves from Cordeliers politics to ministry
The insurgents' victory enabled Danton to become minister of justice in the provisional executive government. The episode concerned danton joins emergency ministry and affected the relationship between club activists and public authority.
Minister of Justice
Danton became minister of justice after the overthrow of the monarchy during the August insurrection.
Roland serves alongside radical new ministers
The provisional executive brought ministers of differing revolutionary tendencies into an unstable post-monarchical administration. The controversy surrounding danton joins emergency ministry influenced the changing balance among revolutionary factions.
Armed sections advance against Tuileries
Santerre was associated with revolutionary National Guard battalions that supported the overthrow of the monarchy. The insurrection exposed opposing political commitments within forces nominally charged with keeping order.
National Guards Divide during Palace Crisis
Units assigned to defend the Tuileries faced conflicting loyalties when the August insurrection began. Santerre and other militants backed the revolutionary movement rather than the palace command.
Mandat killed near City Hall - Military consequence
Jean Antoine Mandat figured in events surrounding mandat killed near city hall at Paris. His death further weakened coordinated defense of the royal residence. It demonstrated the decisive influence of armed citizens and soldiers in the struggle over the royal government.
Mandat killed near City Hall
Mandat was killed after being detained amid the insurrectionary takeover of Paris's municipal institutions. His death further weakened coordinated defense of the royal residence.
Mandat summoned to City Hall - Political consequence
Jean Antoine Mandat figured in events surrounding mandat summoned to city hall at Paris. His removal deprived the palace defenders of their commander at a crucial moment. The episode hastened the failure of the constitutional monarchy and intensified arguments for a newly elected national assembly.
Mandat summoned to City Hall
Mandat left the Tuileries to answer a summons from the revolutionary municipal authorities at the Hรดtel de Ville. His removal deprived the palace defenders of their commander at a crucial moment.
Mandat killed during August uprising
Mandat was killed after his detention during the insurrection of 10 August. His death undermined the coherence of the National Guard formations defending the royal palace.
Mandat summoned to insurrectionary city hall
Mandat was called away from the Tuileries by the revolutionary municipal authorities. The palace garrison lost a central commander just as insurgent forces assembled.
Queen leaves threatened palace - Historical significance
Marie Antoinette figured in events surrounding queen leaves threatened palace at Paris. Her departure marked the royal family's loss of control over its own residence. This development formed part of the chain that led to the Republic being proclaimed after the National Convention assembled.
Queen leaves threatened palace
Marie Antoinette accompanied the king and their children to the Assembly as the Tuileries defenses collapsed politically. Her departure marked the royal family's loss of control over its own residence.
Desmoulins supports overthrow of royal government
Desmoulins celebrated the revolutionary victory that ended Louis XVI's effective rule. This aspect of august insurrection topples monarchy illustrates how press campaigns, popular sections and government decisions became connected.
Danton enters justice ministry - Change of authority
Georges Jacques Danton figured in events surrounding danton enters justice ministry at Paris. The appointment gave a leading radical political figure a central government office. Its immediate significance was to transfer authority away from the crown toward revolutionary institutions.
Danton enters justice ministry
Danton became minister of justice in the provisional executive formed during the collapse of royal authority. The appointment gave a leading radical political figure a central government office.
Royalist order collapses - Impact in Paris
Jacques Antoine Marie de Cazales figured in events surrounding royalist order collapses at Paris. Former supporters of the crown faced a transformed political landscape dominated by armed revolutionary forces. The incident sharpened tensions between Parisian sections, municipal authorities and defenders of Louis XVI.
Royalist order collapses
The storming of the Tuileries destroyed the practical basis for continuing Louis XVI's constitutional rule. Former supporters of the crown faced a transformed political landscape dominated by armed revolutionary forces.
Swiss Guard resists attackers - Political consequence
Karl Josef Bachmann figured in events surrounding swiss guard resists attackers at Paris. Bachmann was among the officers associated with the royal military defense, which suffered severe losses. The episode hastened the failure of the constitutional monarchy and intensified arguments for a newly elected national assembly.
Swiss Guard resists attackers
The Swiss Guards stationed at the palace fought insurgents during the assault on the Tuileries. Bachmann was among the officers associated with the royal military defense, which suffered severe losses.
Tuileries Insurrection Observed
Napoleon witnessed the revolutionary crisis surrounding the assault on the Tuileries while he was in Paris.
August Insurrection
Desmoulins worked with Danton and militants of the Theatre-Francais district during the insurrection against the monarchy.
Order to Swiss Guard
Louis XVI sent orders intended to halt continued fighting by the Swiss Guard as the defense of the Tuileries collapsed.
Refuge in Legislative Assembly
Louis XVI and the royal family left the Tuileries and sought protection inside the Legislative Assembly.
Suspension by Legislative Assembly
The Legislative Assembly suspended Louis XVI and transferred executive authority to a provisional ministerial council.
Tuileries Palace Assault
Insurrectionary forces attacked the Tuileries, destroying the remaining practical authority of Louis XVI's constitutional monarchy.
Exile of Lafayette
The Tuileries is stormed by the Paris mob, Lafayette surrenders to Austria
Exile of Lafayette
The Tuileries is stormed by the Paris mob, Lafayette surrenders to Austria.
Result of Surrender of Lafayette
Lafayette enters Austrian custody after crossing the frontier.
Result of Surrender of Lafayette
Lafayette is detained by Austria after leaving revolutionary France.
Surrender of Lafayette
Lafayette crosses the border & surrenders to Austria
Surrender of Lafayette
Lafayette crosses the border and surrenders to Austria.
August Insurrection
Barras supported the revolutionary movement that overthrew the monarchy during the August insurrection.
Election
Elected Deputy Commissioner
Siege of Paris
The Tuileries is stormed by the Paris mob
Radical press celebrates victory - Change of authority
Camille Desmoulins figured in events surrounding radical press celebrates victory at Paris. Radical journalism helped depict the August action as an act of national defense. Its immediate significance was to transfer authority away from the crown toward revolutionary institutions.
Radical press celebrates victory
Desmoulins supported the revolutionary movement that had overthrown the monarchy and entered Danton's administrative circle. Radical journalism helped depict the August action as an act of national defense.
New balance of military power - Impact in Paris
Antoine Joseph Santerre figured in events surrounding new balance of military power at Paris. The National Guard's orientation changed as revolutionary sections asserted influence over the capital. The incident sharpened tensions between Parisian sections, municipal authorities and defenders of Louis XVI.
New balance of military power
Santerre's standing rose after the victory of the August insurgents and the failure of the royal guards. The National Guard's orientation changed as revolutionary sections asserted influence over the capital.
Marat presses revolutionary vigilance - Historical significance
Jean-Paul Marat figured in events surrounding marat presses revolutionary vigilance at Paris. This rhetoric contributed to the polarized atmosphere of the new emergency government. This development formed part of the chain that led to the Republic being proclaimed after the National Convention assembled.
Marat presses revolutionary vigilance
Marat's journalism pressed for vigilance against suspected royalist and counterrevolutionary threats after the fall of the Tuileries. This rhetoric contributed to the polarized atmosphere of the new emergency government.
Temple prison becomes royal residence
The suspended royal family was transferred into detention at the Temple complex. Marie Antoinette lost her court, public role and ordinary freedom as revolutionary authorities assumed custody of the dynasty.
Royal family sent to Temple - Political consequence
Louis Auguste Bourbon figured in events surrounding royal family sent to temple at Paris. Their transfer converted the monarchy's political defeat into custodial isolation. The episode hastened the failure of the constitutional monarchy and intensified arguments for a newly elected national assembly.
Royal family sent to Temple
The royal family was confined in the Temple after Louis XVI lost his governing powers. Their transfer converted the monarchy's political defeat into custodial isolation.
Arrest of Louis XVI
Louis is imprisoned in the Temple with his family
Arrest of Louis XVI
Louis is imprisoned in the Temple with his family.
Imprisonment in the Temple
Louis XVI and the royal family were imprisoned in the Temple after the monarchy's suspension.
Justice ministry under emergency rule - Military consequence
Georges Jacques Danton figured in events surrounding justice ministry under emergency rule at Paris. Government administration was reorganized while the monarchy remained suspended. It demonstrated the decisive influence of armed citizens and soldiers in the struggle over the royal government.
Justice ministry under emergency rule
Danton directed the Ministry of Justice in a city fearful of counterrevolution and enemy invasion. Government administration was reorganized while the monarchy remained suspended.
Extraordinary tribunal established - Impact in Paris
Maximilien Robespierre figured in events surrounding extraordinary tribunal established at Paris. Revolutionary leaders argued that exceptional judicial mechanisms were required to secure the new order. The incident sharpened tensions between Parisian sections, municipal authorities and defenders of Louis XVI.
Extraordinary tribunal established
An extraordinary criminal tribunal was established to prosecute crimes connected with the events of 10 August. Revolutionary leaders argued that exceptional judicial mechanisms were required to secure the new order.
Lafayette leaves French army - Change of authority
Gilbert du Motier Lafayette figured in events surrounding lafayette leaves french army at Paris. His departure highlighted the rupture between the Revolution's earlier moderate leadership and the new regime. Its immediate significance was to transfer authority away from the crown toward revolutionary institutions.
Lafayette leaves French army
Lafayette abandoned his command and fled after the fall of the monarchy made his constitutional position untenable. His departure highlighted the rupture between the Revolution's earlier moderate leadership and the new regime.
Invasion of France
Brunswick leads an Allied Army into France
Captain
Appointed Captain in the 4th Artillery
Captain
Napoleon I was appointed captain in the 4th Artillery Regiment.
Captain
Appointed Captain in the 4th Artillery
Insurrectionary sections threaten monarchy
Armed Parisian sections intensified preparations to depose Louis XVI as military and political crises worsened. Marie Antoinette faced the prospect that the Tuileries could no longer be held against a coordinated uprising.
Military Legislators Promote Citizen Weapons Distribution
Carnot supported the wider arming of volunteers and guards during the foreign invasion crisis. The policy aimed to turn national mobilization into an effective military resource.
Monarchy collapses after failed compromise: Popular insurrection succeeds
Danton took a leading part in the movement that overthrew the monarchy in August 1792. The earlier defeat of republican petitioners at the Champ de Mars had not extinguished the campaign against royal power.
Purge
Lazare Nicholas Marguerite Carnot was sent to inspect the Army of the Rhine and to purge the Army.
Purge
Sent to inspect the Army of the Rhine & to purge the Army
Guard Leadership Changes after Monarchy Suspension
The fall of Louis XVI transformed the balance of authority within the Paris National Guard. Santerre's prominence reflected the growing power of sections that supported the new republican order.
Guard command shifts after monarchy falls
Following the August victory Santerre rose in the command of the Paris National Guard. Leadership increasingly passed from constitutional moderates to figures associated with the revolutionary sections.
National Guard supervises captive royal household
After the monarchy's suspension, National Guard units were involved in security around the former royal family. Santerre's command embodied the new relationship between armed citizens and republican authority.
Mandat organizes Tuileries defense
National Guard commander Jean-Antoine Mandat coordinated measures to protect the royal residence. His preparations faced serious obstacles as loyalties within Paris's armed forces fractured.
Monarchy collapses after failed compromise: Journalist sees constitutional order fall
Desmoulins supported the revolutionary movement that displaced Louis XVI and weakened the old constitutional compromise. The memory of July 1791 helped radicals portray the monarchy as resistant to peaceful popular pressure.
National Guard Arms
Carnot supported distributing large numbers of muskets and pikes to National Guards during the crisis of 1792.
Secretary at Justice Ministry
Danton appointed Desmoulins as a secretary in the Ministry of Justice after the August insurrection.
Loss of Constitutional Authority
Louis XVI exercised no effective royal authority after his suspension and imprisonment following the insurrection of 10 August.
Monarchy collapses after failed compromise: Constitutional guard project fails
Lafayette's vision of a monarchy secured by constitutional law was overtaken by the Paris insurrection. The collapse showed how the strategy defended at the Champ de Mars had lost political support.
Transfer from Temple to Conciergerie
Marie Antoinette was moved from the Temple to the Conciergerie under tighter security. Her new imprisonment placed her close to the Revolutionary Tribunal that would later judge her.
Arrest of Marie-Antoinette
Imprisoned in the Rue de Paris until 16th October
Arrest of Marie-Antoinette
Imprisoned in the Rue de Paris until 16th October.
First Civil Code Draft
Cambaceres presents an initial project for a unified civil code, beginning a long revolutionary effort to rationalize French private law.
Appointment to Committee of Public Safety
Carnot joins the Committee of Public Safety and assumes an increasingly important role in organizing the Republic's military effort.
Committee of Public Safety
Appointed Member of Committee of Public Safety
Committee of Public Safety
Lazare Nicholas Marguerite Carnot became a member of the Committee of Public Safety.
Committee of Public Safety
Appointed Member of Committee of Public Safety
Mass levy supports national defence: Convention mobilization proclaimed
Barรจre helped present emergency mobilization as a national duty shared across society. The levy demanded not only soldiers but also supplies and labor for the war effort.
Levee en Masse
Carnot helps direct the military mobilization after the Convention orders a mass national levy to support armies facing the First Coalition.
Mass levy supports national defence: Army manpower mobilized
Carnot became crucial to organizing revolutionary armies during the nationwide mobilization known as the levรฉe en masse. The state enlisted civilian resources on a scale unmatched by the old royal administration.
Reform of Armed Forces
The Decree for the Levee en Masse is made
Reform of Armed Forces
The Decree for the Levee en Masse is made.
Mass levy supports national defence: Republican survival takes priority
Robespierre backed extraordinary means of defending the Republic from foreign coalitions. The mobilization strengthened centralized wartime government while imposing heavy demands on citizens.
Reform of Armed Forces
A levee en masse is raised aiming to enlist 16,000 men
Reform of Armed Forces
A levee en masse is raised aiming to enlist 16,000 men.
Grand Livre of Public Debt
Cambon advances the consolidation of state obligations into the Grand Livre, giving the Republic a more systematic register of public debt.
Carnation Plot attempts secret contact
Alexandre de Rougeville used flowers to conceal messages offering Marie Antoinette a possible escape. The plan failed after prison authorities discovered suspicious communications.
Custine Executed Following Tribunal Conviction
Custine was guillotined following condemnation by the Revolutionary Tribunal. His fate reflected the intense suspicion surrounding military leadership during the emergency.
Death of Custine
Found guilty of treason by a revolutionary tribunal & guillotined
Death of Custine
Found guilty of treason by a revolutionary tribunal and guillotined.
Execution
Found guilty of treason by a revolutionary tribunal & guillotined
Revolutionary Tribunal
Found guilty of treason by a revolutionary tribunal & guillotined
Treason
Found guilty of treason by a revolutionary tribunal & guillotined
Custine Condemned over Frontier Defeats
Custine was convicted after accusations concerning his conduct of French military operations. His execution illustrated the Convention's willingness to criminalize failures by senior officers.
British Fleet Enters Toulon Harbour
Admiral Hood's ships arrived after royalist and federalist opponents of the Convention invited foreign support. The intervention gave the Coalition access to a crucial French naval base.
Republic Reviews Loss of Border Fortresses
Carnot and fellow revolutionary officials assessed the consequences of the summer defeats. The losses reinforced calls for stronger mobilization, supplies and direct supervision of commanders.
Hebertist Pressure
Hebert and militant allies press the Convention and Jacobins toward harsher measures against enemies
Hebertist Pressure
Hebert and militant allies press the Convention and Jacobins toward harsher measures against enemies.
Paris Guard Polices Revolutionary Institutions
Under Hanriot the citizen militia became a central instrument of municipal and political security. Its duties blurred the distinction between defending public buildings and enforcing factional authority.
Tribunal Prosecutes Suspected Military Betrayal
Fouquier Tinville pursued prosecutions that linked defeat or military disagreement with allegations of treason. Revolutionary generals faced judicial pressure alongside the hazards of campaigning.
Saliceti Organizes Republican Response to Revolt
Representative Saliceti helped direct the recovery of Toulon for the Convention. Retaking the port was important because its fleet and dockyards were major strategic assets.
Coalition Operations Extend toward Le Quesnoy
After Valenciennes fell, Allied forces continued pressure against other northern fortresses. The campaign compounded the Republic's strategic difficulties before the autumn French recovery.
Siege of Toulon
Hood orders the French fleet burned to prevent them falling back into the hands of the revolutionaries, a task carried out by Captain Sidney Smith
Siege of Toulon
Hood and his British force withdraw to maintain their blockade of the coast, while the French republicans reoccupy the city. French royalists and other opponents of the revolution take over Toulon and invite Hood, whose fleet was blockading the city, to occupy the town
Siege of Toulon
It is hoped that depriving the French revolutionaries of their maritime resources would cripple the revolution. Hood orders the French fleet burned to prevent them falling back into the hands of the revolutionaries, a task carried out by Captain Sidney Smith.
Siege of Toulon
It was hoped that Toulon could be a centre of French resistance to Paris, and also to take possession of the French Mediterranean fleet of fifty eight warships, which lay in the harbour.
Siege of Toulon
The allies, who did not work harmoniously together, are driven out, mainly by the generalship of Napoleon. Occupies Toulon on the invitation of the French royalists, in co-operation with the Spaniards and Sardinians.
Spanish Squadron Joins Toulon Intervention
Spanish naval forces joined the British led occupation of Toulon. The intervention transformed a domestic rebellion into a major Coalition operation against the Republic.
Coalition Debates Next Objective after Siege
Following the capture, Allied commanders faced competing strategic priorities in northern France. Decisions about further sieges and advances influenced the subsequent campaign.
Emergency justice revised - Institutional consequence
Jean-Lambert Tallien figured in events surrounding emergency justice revised at Paris. Tallien belonged to the ascendant faction pressing against renewed concentration of punitive power. This episode contributed to the replacement of centralized Jacobin emergency rule with a less unified, more conservative Convention.
Emergency justice revised
In the immediate aftermath of Thermidor the Convention began dismantling the extraordinary procedures associated with the Terror. Tallien belonged to the ascendant faction pressing against renewed concentration of punitive power.
Ambassador
Appointed Ambassador of France
Arrest of Napoleon I
Arrested on suspicion of being a Robespierrist
Arrest of Napoleon I
Napoleon I was arrested on suspicion of being a Robespierrist.
Death of Henry Bathurst
Death of Henry Bathurst
Whiskey Rebellion
Washington mobilises militia to enforce the federal excise tax on distilled spirits.
Health of Horatio Nelson
Nelson's right eye is left permanently damaged after the Calvi siege.
Siege of Calvi
The British bring Calvi under constant bombardment, and the town surrenders
Siege of Calvi
Nelson's eyesight is permanently damaged and the right eye later loses its sight.
Siege of Calvi
The British bring Calvi under constant bombardment and the town surrenders.
Arrest of Napoleon I
Released in order to reinforce the army of Italy's General staff
Arrest of Napoleon I
Released in order to reinforce the army of Italy's General staff.
Capture of Corsica
Nelson supports British operations while Corsican nationalists harass French positions.
Capture of Corsica
The French surrender Corsica to the British after bombardment and nationalist pressure.
Committee powers redistributed - Political consequence
Bertrand Barere figured in events surrounding committee powers redistributed at Paris. Barere's former prominence exemplified the influence being reduced as members sought a new balance of power. It exposed divisions among revolutionary deputies over who should control punishment, representation and public order.
Committee powers redistributed
The Convention curtailed the concentration of authority in the Committee of Public Safety through institutional reorganization. Barere's former prominence exemplified the influence being reduced as members sought a new balance of power.
Committee Reform
The Convention redistributes executive power among committees to prevent another concentration of authority
Committee Reform
The Convention redistributes executive power among committees to prevent another concentration of authority.
Report Against Vandalism
Gregoire condemns destruction of artistic and scientific heritage and urges the Convention to protect monuments, libraries and collections from revolutionary vandalism.
Valenciennes Returns to French Control
The shifting military situation compelled the Coalition to abandon Valenciennes in the summer of 1794. Its recovery marked the reversal of an important enemy gain from the previous year.
Radical Guard Command Dismantled after Thermidor
The defeat and execution of Hanriot eliminated a leading link between the Paris National Guard and Robespierre's supporters. New authorities sought to limit the force's ability to challenge national representatives.
Battle of St Laurent de la Mouga
Involved in the Battle of St Laurent de la Mouga
Battle of Lonato
Massenas 1st military victory
Constitution of Year III adopted - Longer-term significance
Pierre Claude Francois Daunou figured in events surrounding constitution of year iii adopted at Paris. The settlement sought to avoid both single-person dictatorship and renewed popular insurrection. It formed part of the unsettled transition that eventually produced the Constitution of Year III and the Directory.
Constitution of Year III adopted
Daunou helped develop the Constitution of Year III establishing a bicameral legislature and a five-member executive Directory. The settlement sought to avoid both single-person dictatorship and renewed popular insurrection.
Directory
Appointed Head of the Directory
Constitution of Year III
Boissy d'Anglas helps shape the Constitution of Year III, creating a bicameral legislature and a five-member executive Directory.
Two-Thirds Decree
Baudin's proposal reserves two-thirds of seats in the new legislative councils for former Convention deputies, seeking institutional continuity under the new constitution.
Directory
Appointed Head of the Directory
Jourdan Prepares Renewed Rhine Crossing
Jourdan assembled forces for an autumn campaign that would carry the French army across the river. The movement sought to open a new offensive against Austrian positions.
Opposition to Constitution of Year III
Carnot criticised the Constitution of Year III, particularly its bicameral legislature and the proposed organisation of executive power.
Constitutional Jury Proposal
Sieyes proposed a constitutional jury intended to protect the operation of the Constitution of Year III, but the proposal was rejected.
Battle of Lonato
Fights at the Battle of Lonato in Italy
Battle of Lonato
Massena fought around Lonato during Bonaparte's operations against the Austrian attempt to relieve Mantua.
Battle of Lonato
Wounded with four sabre cuts at Lonato in Italy
Battle of Castiglione
Defeated by Bonaparte
Battle of Castiglione
Napoleon defeated the Austrian army at Castiglione during the first major attempt to relieve the siege of Mantua.
Battle of Castiglione
Massena's division contributed to the French victory at Castiglione against Wurmser's Austrian army.
Battle of Castiglione
Fights at the Battle of Castiglione in Italy
Battle of Castiglione
Defeats the Austrians in Mantua
French Army Wins at Neresheim
Moreau's force defeated Austrian troops in the battle near Neresheim. The result allowed the offensive to continue before shifting strategic circumstances forced reconsideration.
Congratulations after Italian Victories
La Revelliere-Lepeaux wrote to Josephine Bonaparte after the victories of Lonato and Castiglione and praised Napoleon's military success.
Battle of Amberg
Defeats the French under Jourdan & Moreau
President of Directory
La Revelliere-Lepeaux served as president of the Directory during the summer of 1796.
Opposition to Fructidor Coup
Carnot opposed plans for an anti-royalist coup by fellow Directors as conflict intensified between the executive and elected councils.
Peace Policy
As foreign minister, Talleyrand promoted peace while seeking to strengthen French commercial and strategic influence.
Battle of the Nile
Nelson destroyed much of the French fleet at Aboukir Bay, leaving Napoleon's expedition isolated from France by sea.
Battle of the Nile
Commands the French fleet defeated at the Battle of the Nile.
Alexandria
Finds the French fleet at anchor in Aboukir Bay.
Battle of the Nile
Wins a decisive victory over the French fleet at the Nile.
Vanguard
Commands from HMS Vanguard during the Battle of the Nile.
Battle of Pyramids
Appointed General of Brigade on the field of Battle of the Pyramids
Institute of Egypt
Napoleon helped establish the Institut d'Egypte to organise scientific study, research and technical work during the occupation.
Capture of Aboukir Bay
Launches an assault on the Turks followed by the surrender of the citadel of Aboukir
Capture of Aboukir
Launches an assault on the Turks followed by the surrender of the citadel of Aboukir
Capture of Aboukir Bay
The Citadel of Aboukir surrenders to Napoleon
Capture of Aboukir
The Citadel of Aboukir surrenders to Napoleon
Siege of Aboukir Castle
Helps force the Turks to surrender after 1 week
Siege of Aboukir Castle
The Turkish forces are forced to surrender after 1 weeks siege of Aboukir Castle
Duke of Bronte
Receives the Sicilian title Duke of Bronte.
Battle of Novi
The Austrian army, led by Suvarov, attacks French positions, in the early moments of the battle, Joubert dies, but the French resist the Austrian attack and counter-attack. Results in a victory for the Austrians and Russians under Fieldmarshal Alexander Suvorov over the French under General Barthelemy Catherine Joubert
Battle of Novi
Results in a victory for the Austrians and Russians under Fieldmarshal Alexander Suvorov over the French under General Barthelemy Catherine Joubert. Fights at the Battle of Novi
Battle of Novi
The Austron army, led by Suvarov, attacks French positions, in the early moments of the battle, Joubert dies, but the French resist the Austrian attack and counter-attack. Results in a victory for the Austrians and Russians under Fieldmarshal Alexander Suvorov over the French under General Barthelemy Catherine Joubert
Birth of Heinrich Wilhelm August Freiherr von Gagern
Birth of Heinrich Wilhelm August Freiherr von Gagern, son of Hans Christoph Ernst, Baron von Gagern,a liberal statesman from Hesse
Invasion of Egypt
Leaves Egypt for France to save the Revolution
Departure from Egypt
Napoleon left Egypt aboard the frigate Muiron, leaving General Kleber in command of the Army of the Orient.
General
Appointed Commander of the French forces in Egypt after Napoleon returns to France
Closure of Jacobin Club at Manege
As Minister of Police, Fouche closed the meeting place at the Manege used by the revived Jacobin political club.
Suppression of Newspapers
Fouche suppressed eleven Paris newspapers as the police ministry tightened control over political agitation and the press.
General
Appointed Commander of the French forces in Egypt
Resignation of John Jervis
Resigns due to ill health
Unification
Threats of Irish rebellion & French invasion convince Pitt that union is essential
Declaration of War
War against Scindia of Gwalior & his allies
Declaration of War
Start of the 2nd Mahratta War against the British.
Alliance Alexander I and Britain, Austria and other powers in the Third Coalition
Russia joins Britain, Austria and other powers in the Third Coalition against Napoleon.
Coalition, 3rd
Russia joins Britain, Austria and other powers in the Third Coalition against Napoleon.
Return to England
Returns briefly to England after the long Atlantic pursuit.
Arrival at Cadiz
Brings the combined fleet into Cadiz instead of the Channel.
Alliance Napoleon I and Bavaria at Bogenhausen
Signs a Treaty of alliance with Bavaria at Bogenhausen
Abandonment of Invasion
Shifts the Grande Armee east after naval plans fail.
Capture of Lyngby
Wellingtons brigade captures Lyngby, Denmark
Invasion of Denmark
Wellingtons brigade is the 1st to secure a beachhead
Constitution of France
The Tribunate is abolished leaving Napoleon in total power
Battle of Roskilde
Wellingtons brigade drives away a Danish force of 4,000
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief for the liberation of Portugal from France
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief for the liberation of Portugal from France
Invasion of Portugal
Appointed Commander in Chief for the liberation of Portugal from France
Battle of Copenhagen
Wellingtons brigade is reponsible defending supply lines
Succession
Proclaimed King of Naples
Invasion of Portugal
Lands in Mondego Bay, Portugal
Siege of Mondego Bay
Lands in Mondego Bay, Portugal
Battle of Rolica
Defeats General Delaborde
Battle of Vimeiro
When a British expeditionary force landed, Junot was beaten at the Battle of Vimeiro and cut off from the French forces. Is then forced to sign the Convention of Sintra allowing him to avoid capture
Invasion of Portugal
When a British expeditionary force landed, Junot was beaten at the Battle of Vimeiro and cut off from the French forces. Is then forced to sign the Convention of Sintra allowing him to avoid capture
Battle of Vimeiro
The British defeat the French during a Spannish rebellion. British victory leads to the Convention of Cintra
Convention
The British defeat the French leading to the Convention of Cintra
Convention of Cintra
The Convention of Sintra was an agreement signed on August 30, 1808 during the Peninsular War. By the agreement, the defeated French were allowed to evacuate their troops from Portugal without further conflict. The Convention was signed at the Palace of Queluz, in Queluz, Sintra, Estremadura
Invasion of Portugal
The Convention of Sintra was an agreement signed on August 30, 1808 during the Peninsular War. By the agreement, the defeated French were allowed to evacuate their troops from Portugal without further conflict. The Convention was signed at the Palace of Queluz, in Queluz, Sintra, Estremadura
Convention of Cintra
The Convention of Sintra was an agreement signed on August 30, 1808 during the Peninsular War. By the agreement, the defeated French were allowed to evacuate their troops from Portugal without further conflict.1 The Convention was signed at the Palace of Queluz, in Queluz, Sintra, Estremadura
Invasion of Portugal
The Convention of Sintra was an agreement signed on August 30, 1808 during the Peninsular War. By the agreement, the defeated French were allowed to evacuate their troops from Portugal without further conflict. The Convention was signed at the Palace of Queluz, in Queluz, Sintra, Estremadura
Convention
Under the terms of the Convention of Cintra the French are forced to retreat. Josephs coronation as King of Spain is resolved by the Cintra Convention
Birth of Alfred Tennyson
Birth of Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson
Death of Matthew Boulton
Matthew Boulton dies at Soho House after transforming Birmingham manufacturing.
Birth of Heinrich Abeken
Birth of Heinrich Abeken
Battle of Talavera
One of Napoleon's Marshalls, Victor, is defeated at Talavera by Wellington
Birth of Camillo Benso di Cavour
Birth of Camillo Benso di Cavour
Rule of Java
The British occupy Java in the East Indies
Capture of Madrid
Wellingtons Army enters Madrid, it is free from French occupation since Dec 1808
Siege of Madrid
Enters Madrid
Capture of Detroit
Captures Detroit
Capture of Detroit
William Hull surrenders Detroit to the British General Sir Isaac Brock
Battle of Smolensk
Murat fights at the Battle of Smolensk
Siege of Smolensk
The Russians burn Smolensk as Napoleon persues them across Poland & Russia
Peerage
Created Marquess of Wellington
Peerage
Created Marquess of Wellington
Battle of Smolensk
The Russians set fire to Smolensk fearing the French might cut off their retreat. Leads a Russian Army of 120,000 to stop the French advance but forced back to Smolensk
Siege of Smolensk
The Russians set fire to Smolensk fearing the French might cut off their retreat
Battle of Dresden
Attacks Napoleon at St Cyr with the Emperors of Russia & Austria but is repulsed
Battle of Dresden
With 80,000 men defeats an Allied Army under Schwarzenburg of 200,000 men
Battle of Kulm
Captured in battle & loses 17,000 men to the Russians & Prussians
Appointment of Kutuzov
Appoints Mikhail Kutuzov commander-in-chief as pressure grows for unified leadership against Napoleon.
Admirable Campaign
Simon Bolivar entered Caracas after the Admirable Campaign and restored republican government.
Declaration of War
Austria declares war on France
Battle of Gross Beeren
Defeats Oudinot at Gross Beeren & Klein Beeren halting the French march on Berlin
Battle of Klein Beeren
Defeats Oudinot at Gross Beeren & Klein Beeren halting the French march on Berlin
Siege of Berlin
Defeats Oudinot at Gross Beeren & Klein Beeren halting the French march on Berlin
Evacuation
Suchet evacuates Tarragona
Battle of Dresden
The French lose 10,000 & the Allies 38,000. French victory against the Prussians & Russians
Battle of Dresden
Napoleon wins at Dresden against the allied armies, including Russian forces, during the 1813 campaign.
Siege of San Sebastian
San Sebastian falls
Siege of San Sebastian
San Sebastian falls
Convention
Armistice negotiations are concluded & Sweden has a loose form of rule over Norway
Invasion of Norway
Armistice negotiations are concluded & Sweden has a loose form of rule over Norway
Rule of Norway
Armistice negotiations are concluded & Sweden has a loose form of rule over Norway
Battle of Chesapeake Bay
Lands with 5,400 veterans of the Peninsular War & is able to advance on Washington
Battersea Sawmill
Brunel's mechanised sawmill is destroyed by fire, contributing to his later financial difficulties.
Battle of Santa Maria
Bolivar is defeated by the Spanish under Pablo Morillo & forced to flee to Jamaica
Exile of Pablo Morillo
Bolivar is defeated by the Spanish under Pablo Morillo & forced to flee to Jamaica
Battle of Santa Maria
Bolivar is defeated by the Spanish under Pablo Morillo & forced to flee to Jamaica
Unification
Established by the quadruple alliance, The Netherlands & Belgium are united
Promotion
Azurduy is honoured as a patriot commander for her role in the Upper Peru struggle
Battle of Boyaca
Fights at the Battle of Boyaca, Colombia, then known as New Granada, wins its independence from Spain at the Battle of Boyaca. el Puente de Boyaca, is no longer in use but it has been maintained as a symbol of the Independence of South America. After the battle, Santander & Anzotegui are promoted to the rank of Division General, the equivalent of Major General
Independence of Colombia
Fights at the Battle of Boyaca, Colombia, then known as New Granada, wins its independence from Spain at the Battle of Boyaca
Battle of Boyaca
Colombia, then known as New Granada, wins it's independence from Spain at the Battle of Boyaca
Independence of Colombia
Colombia, then known as New Granada, wins it's independence from Spain at the Battle of Boyaca
Battle of Boyaca
Fights at the Battle of Boyaca, Colombia, then known as New Granada, wins its independence from Spain at the Battle of Boyacย
Battle of Boyaca
Fights at the Battle of Boyaca, Colombia, then known as New Granada, wins its independence from Spain at the Battle of Boyaca. 1,600 troops & several of the Spanish commanders, including Barreiro himself, are captured at the end of the battle
Battle of Boyaca
Enters New Granada & defeats the Spanish at Boyaca
Capture of Bogota
Captures Bogota
Constitution of Venezuela
Establishes the Republic of Gran Colombia with himself as President
Birth of Antoine Alfred Agenor
Birth of Antoine Alfred Agenor, 10th Duc de Gramont
Death of James Watt
James Watt dies at Heathfield in Handsworth after a celebrated engineering career.
Liberating Expedition of Peru
Supports the departure of the naval and military expedition intended to liberate Peru.
Birth of Arthur Cayley
Birth of Arthur Cayley
Constitution of Cucuta
The Constitution of Cucuta organized Gran Colombia as a centralized republic including Venezuela.
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of Venezuela
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of Venezuela
Release
The government grants money to clear Brunel's debts after concern that he may leave Britain to work in Russia.
Death of Stewart
Death of Robert Stewart, commits suicide
Suicide
Death of Robert Stewart, commits suicide
Death of Frederick William Herschel
Death of Frederick William Herschel, died in his 84th year, which is the same number of years Uranus takes to orbit the Sun
Herschel Museum of Astronomy
Herschels house at 19 New King Street in Bath, Somerset where he made many telescopes and first observed Uranus, is now home to the Herschel Museum of Astronomy
Return to England
Brunel completes his education in France and returns to England to begin his engineering career.
Battle of Karpenisi
Botsaris is killed during a successful night attack near Karpenisi
Battle of Junin
Helps defeats the Spanish, helps to liberate Peru from Spain
Battle of Junin
Defeated by nationalists led by Simon Bolivar
Battle of Junin
Defeats the Spanish, helps to liberate Peru from Spain
Declaration of Independence
Serrano presides as the assembly declares Upper Peru independent on 6 August 1825.
Independence of Bolivia
Presides over the congress of Chuquiscana which proclaims the independence of Boliviar
Constitution of Venezuela
Frames the constitution used to declare independence for Upper Peru
Naming of Bolivia
The new republic is named Bolivia in honour of Simon Bolivar.
Death of George Canning
Death of George Canning
Death of William Blake
Death of William Blake
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Miinister of Britain, ater the death of George Canning
Treaty Enforcement
Commands the French naval contingent cooperating with Britain and Russia to enforce the London settlement.
Treaty Enforcement
Commands the British Mediterranean squadron involved in enforcing the armistice policy arising from the London agreement.
Continuation of Greek Policy
Inherits the policy of implementing the London agreement after Canning's death.
Armistice Demand
Faces Allied demands for an end to hostilities between Ottoman forces and the Greek insurgents.
Rejection of Mediation
Rejects the Allied mediation proposal and refuses to accept the autonomous Greek settlement proposed in London.
Rule of Morea
Codringtons presence at Alexandria led to the Treaty of the 6 August 1828, by which the evacuation of the Morea was settled
Constitution of 1828
Promulgates a liberal constitution defining Chile as a representative republic.
Organic Decree
Simon Bolivar issued an Organic Decree and assumed extraordinary executive powers over Gran Colombia.
Morea Expedition Lands
Maison leads French troops sent to remove Egyptian forces from the Morea
Invasion of Turkey
Diebitsch advances within 68 kilometers of Constantinople, causing panic on the streets of the capital
Invasion of Turkey
Diebitsch advances within 68 kilometers of Constantinople, causing panic on the streets of the capital
Invasion of Turkey
Diebitsch advances within 68 kilometers of Constantinople, causing panic on the streets of the capital
Renunciation of Succession
Renounces his rights to the throne shortly after Charles X abdicates.
Abdication
Abdicates after the July Revolution destroys his authority.
Death of David Walker
David Walker dies after becoming a prominent advocate of immediate abolition.
King of the French
Becomes King of the French after the July Revolution establishes the July Monarchy.
President of Ecuador
Appointed first constitutional President of Ecuador after separation from Gran Colombia
Charter of 1830
Accepts the revised constitutional charter establishing the July Monarchy.
Exile of Charles X
Leaves France for exile after losing the throne in the July Revolution.
Birth of Franz Josef I
Franz Joseph I is born at Schoenbrunn Palace, eldest son of Archduke Franz Karl and Princess Sophie.
Tom Thumb Locomotive
Demonstrates the Tom Thumb steam locomotive on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.
Lawn Mower Patent
Receives a patent for a machine designed to cut grass evenly.
Invasion of Belgium
The Dutch invade Belgium after Palmerston allows Luxemburg to become part of Belgium
Rule of Luxemburg
The Dutch invade Belgium after Palmerston allows Luxemburg to become part of Belgium
Constitution of Bolivia
Santa Cruz promulgates a constitution strengthening presidential authority.
Reform of Parliament
Parliamentary Reform Bill, passes the Irish Parliamentary Reform Bill
Birth of Benjamin Harrison
Birth of Benjamin Harrison
Reform of Government
Abolished in the British colonies, 20 million pounds compensation is provided for slave owners
Slavery
Abolished in the British colonies, 20 million pounds compensation is provided for slave owners
Legislation
Parliament passes the Slavery Abolition Act which gives all slaves in the British Empire their freedom
Reform of Parliament
Parliament passes the Slavery Abolition Act which gives all slaves in the British Empire their freedom
Slavery Abolition Act
Parliament passes the Slavery Abolition Act which gives all slaves in the British Empire their freedom
Slavery
Parliament passes the Slavery Abolition Act which gives all slaves in the British Empire their freedom
Albert Goblet d'Alviella Government
The Albert Goblet d'Alviella Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.
First de Theux Government
Begins the First de Theux Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.
Poor Law
Takes Poor Law administration away from Parish authorities to elected boards
Reform of Poor Relief
Takes Poor Law administration away from Parish authorities to elected boards. Provides workhouses for the destitute
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 2nd term
Great Western Railway Act Receives Approval
Parliament authorises construction of the Great Western Railway between London and Bristol.
Rule of Peru
Northern Peruvian departments establish North Peru and recognise Santa Cruz as Supreme Protector.
Birth of Bret Harte
Birth of Bret Harte
Leigh Woods Abutment Foundation Laid
Construction restarts with the foundation stone for the Leigh Woods abutment laid on the western side of the gorge.
Economy of USA
Passes the Independent Treasury Act to help deal with a financial crisis
Legislation
Passes the Independent Treasury Act to help deal with a financial crisis
Reform of Government
Passes the Independent Treasury Act to help deal with a financial crisis
Rule of Texas
The Government notifies Texas that it will not be admitted to the union
Unification
The Government notifies Texas that it will not be admitted to the union
American Intellectual Independence
Calls for intellectual independence from inherited European traditions.
The American Scholar Address
Delivers The American Scholar address to the Phi Beta Kappa Society.
Birth of James Hamilton
Birth of James Hamilton, 2nd Duke of Abercorn
Railway Reaches Bruges
Railway links improve Bruges connections with the rest of Belgium.
Restoration
British forces restore Shah Shuja to the throne during the First Anglo-Afghan War.
Daguerreotype Announced
Publicly presents the daguerreotype photographic process.
Practical Photographic Process
Introduces a practical method producing detailed images on silvered plates.
Box Tunnel
Difficult rock strata and heavy water ingress delay excavation, with less than half of the tunnel completed.
Liberal Party
Antonio Leocadio Guzman and his allies founded the Liberal Party to oppose the governing conservative establishment.
Bath-Bristol Railway Section Opens
The Great Western section between Bristol and Bath opens, using Brunel's broad gauge and associated masonry structures.
Bristol Temple Meads Opens
Opens his original Bristol Temple Meads terminus.
Original Bristol Terminus
Trains begin running from Brunel's Bristol station toward Bath.
Tariff of 1842
Tyler signs legislation restoring higher protective duties after the compromise tariff period.
Meeting Friedrich Engels
Marx and Friedrich Engels meet in Paris and begin their lifelong collaboration.
SS Great Britain
SS Great Britain reaches New York after becoming the first iron steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean.
Battle of Palo Alto
United States forces defeat Mexican forces at Palo Alto
Capture of Santa Fe
Armijo withdraws before Kearny enters Santa Fe
Capture of Santa Fe
Kearny occupies Santa Fe without major resistance and proclaims American authority in New Mexico
Prediction of Neptune
Predicts Neptune's position from gravitational perturbations in Uranus's orbit.
Missouri Volunteers
Doniphan commands Missouri volunteers after Kearny's occupation of New Mexico
Battle of Rio San Gabriel
United States forces defeat Californio forces near the San Gabriel River
Battle of Molino del Rey
United States forces attack Mexican positions at Molino del Rey
Second de Theux Government
The Second de Theux Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.
First Charles Rogier Government
Begins the First Charles Rogier Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.
Atmospheric Goods Train Demonstration
An atmospheric-powered train hauls eleven goods wagons on the South Devon Railway during experimental running.
Battle of Churubusco
Santa Anna's forces suffer defeat at Churubusco after the American victory at Contreras
Battle of Contreras
Scott's army defeats Mexican forces at Contreras during the approach to Mexico City
SS Great Britain
SS Great Britain is refloated after remaining stranded in Dundrum Bay for nearly a year.
Death of George Stephenson
Death of George Stephenson
Demonstrations
The Court returns to Vienna
Risorgimento
An armistice was quickly agreed to, and Radetzky was able to regain control of all of Lombardy-Venetia save Venice itself, where a republic was proclaimed under Daniele Manin
Battle of Custoza
An armistice was quickly agreed to, and Radetzky was able to regain control of all of Lombardy-Venetia save Venice itself, where a republic was proclaimed under Daniele Manin
Risorgimento
An armistice was quickly agreed to, and Radetzky was able to regain control of all of Lombardy-Venetia save Venice itself, where a republic was proclaimed under Daniele Manin
Battle of Temesvar
The Hungarians are defeated by the Russians at Temesvar
Battle of Temesvar
The Hungarians are defeated by the Russians at Temesvar
Rule of Austria
Hungarys General Gorgey surrenders to the Russian forces & Russia gives Hungary back to Austria
Result of Surrender of Gรถrgey's Hungarian Army
Gรถrgey's surrender ends organised Hungarian military resistance to Austria.
Rule of Hungary
Hungarys General Gorgey surrenders to the Russian forces & Russia gives Hungary back to Austria
Surrender of Gรถrgey's Hungarian Army
Surrenders to the Austrians at Vilagos
Rule of Hungary
Hungarys General Gorgey surrenders to the Russian forces & Russia gives Hungary back to Austria
Capture of Vienna
Commands the Austrian army which captures Venice
Siege of Venice
Venice capitulates to Radetzky
Arrival in London
Marx arrives in London, where he remains for the rest of his life.
Rejects a Prussian scheme of union
Rejects a Prussian scheme of union
Reballion of Rebels in Hungary is defeated
The rebellion in Hungary is defeated & Kossuth forced into exile
Exile of Lajos Kossuth
Forced to flee to Turkey after the Russian invasion of Hungary
Exile of Lajos Kossuth
Ends up in London
Exile of Guisseppe Garibaldi
Forced into exile in South America
Exile of Nicholas I
Helps drive out Hungarys Nationalist leader, Kossuth
Invasion of Hungary
Helps drive out Hungarys Nationalist leader, Kossuth
Death of Jose de San Martin
Death of Jose de San Martin
National Gall
Lays the foundation stone of William Playfairs National Gallery
Reform of Church Governance
Ecclesiastical Titles Bill, prohibits Catholic clergy from assuming territorial titles
Elections in England Tories and Whigs
Publishes a New-York Daily Tribune article analysing the English election and the rivalry between Tories and Whigs.
The Chartists
Publishes a Tribune article examining the Chartist movement in Britain.
Canadian Gold Standard
Canada begins operating a gold standard that fixes its dollar in terms of gold and places it at parity with the United States dollar.
Siege of Bomarsund
Coordinates French naval forces during the Anglo-French siege of Bomarsund.
Battle of Kurekdere
Defeats the Ottoman Anatolian army at Kurekdere despite being substantially outnumbered.
Battle of Kurekdere
Serves among the Ottoman commanders during the defeat at Kurekdere.
Battle of Kurekdere
Commands the Ottoman army during its unsuccessful offensive at Kurekdere.
Peace
Russia rejects Allied peace conditions, the Vienna Four Points.
Russia rejects conditions set by the Allies, the Vienna Four Points
Russia rejects conditions set by the Allies, the Vienna Four Points.
Vienna Four Points
Russia rejects conditions set by the Allies, the Vienna Four Points.
Bombardment of Bomarsund
Directs British warships engaged in the heavy bombardment preceding Bomarsund's surrender.
Capture of Aland
Leads French troops during the capture of Bomarsund in the Aland Islands.
Capture of Bomarsund
Leads French troops in the capture of Bomarsund.
Capture of Bomarsund
Supports the capture of Bomarsund in the Baltic.
Capture of Bomarsund
Bombards the Aland Islands and helps the French force the surrender of the garrison.
Surrender of Bomarsund
Surrenders the isolated Bomarsund fortress after sustained Anglo-French land and naval attacks.
Bombardment of Kola
Commands HMS Miranda during the attack that destroys much of the Russian port of Kola.
Bombardment of Kola
Serves aboard HMS Miranda during the White Sea operation against Kola.
Siege of Petropavlovsk
Takes senior direction of Allied operations at Petropavlovsk after the death of David Price.
Death of David Price
Dies during the opening phase of the Allied operation against Petropavlovsk.
Siege of Petropavlovsk
Commands the British Pacific squadron at the opening of the attack on Petropavlovsk.
Siege of Petropavlovsk
Organizes the Russian defence when the Anglo-French Pacific squadron attacks Petropavlovsk.
Siege of Petropavlovsk
Assumes senior British naval responsibility after Price's death during the Petropavlovsk operation.
Siege of Bomarsund
Commands a French brigade in the land operations that reduce the Russian fortress at Bomarsund.
Bomarsund Siege Engineering
Directs French engineering work that helps reduce the Russian fortifications at Bomarsund.
Cholera
Sees disease weaken the Allied camp before the invasion of Crimea.
Bomarsund Land Operations
Commands Royal Marines serving ashore during the Allied operations against Bomarsund.
Taganrog Operations
Returns to Taganrog with the Azov flotilla and captures Russian guns during renewed operations.
Petrushena Raid
Directs attacks that destroy Russian barracks and stores near Petrushena.
Bombardment of Sveaborg
Commands French naval forces cooperating with Dundas in the bombardment of Sveaborg.
Bombardment of Sveaborg
Bombards Russian defences and dockyard installations at Sveaborg.
Bombardment of Sveaborg
Commands British naval forces during the bombardment of Sveaborg.
Bombardment of Sveaborg
Participates in British naval operations against the Russian fortress and dockyard at Sveaborg.
President of Bolivia
Cordova succeeds Belzu and begins a constitutional presidential term.
Battle of Chernaya
Commands French cavalry supporting the Allied victory over the Russian attack at the Chernaya River.
Battle of Chernaya
Helps defeat the Russian attack at the Chernaya River.
Battle of Chernaya
Commands a Sardinian brigade during the successful defence against the Russian attack at the Chernaya.
Battle of Chernaya
Commands a Sardinian brigade at the Chernaya and is mortally wounded during the Allied victory.
Battle of Chernaya
Commands Sardinian troops that help defeat the Russian attack at the Chernaya River.
Battle of Chernaya
Leads Sardinian forces contributing to the Allied victory at the Chernaya River.
Battle of Chernaya
Orders the Russian attempt to break the siege at the Chernaya River, which ends in defeat.
Battle of Chernaya
Commands a Russian corps in the attack at the Chernaya River and is killed during the fighting.
Battle of Chernaya
Commands Russian troops during the failed attempt to relieve Sevastopol at the Chernaya River.
Battle of Chernaya
Commands Russian troops during the unsuccessful attack on Allied positions at the Chernaya River.
Battle of Chernaya
Participates in the Russian attempt to relieve pressure on Sevastopol at the Chernaya River.
Battle of Chernaya
Fails in the last major attempt to relieve Sevastopol.
Battle of Traktir Ridge
Ends in Russian defeat and the last hope for relieving Sevastopol.
Baltic Operations
Supports Allied naval pressure in the Baltic.
Reform of Legal System
The Matrimonial Clauses Bill makes it possible for a divorce in a court of law
Capital
Chooses Ottowa as the capital of Canada
Guerrilla Campaign
After losing Gwalior, Tatya Tope conducts a mobile guerrilla campaign across Rajputana and central India.
Birth of Raymond Poincare
Birth of Raymond Poincare, son of a middle class familly in Eastern France
Slave State Secession
Tennessee voters approve secession from the Union
Slave State Secession
Eleven slave states have seceded while four slave states remain in the Union
Empress Dowager
Upon the death of the Xianfeng Emperor, his Empress, aged 25, was promoted to the status of Empress Dowager. Although her official title was "Empress Dowager Ci'an", she was popularly known as the "East Empress Dowager" because she lived in the eastern Zhongcui Palace
Succession
Upon the death of the Xianfeng Emperor, his Empress, aged 25, was promoted to the status of Empress Dowager
Companies Act
The Companies Act consolidates registration and limited-liability rules for joint-stock companies.
Morrill Anti Bigamy Act
Lincoln signs legislation restricting bigamy in United States territories
Birth of Prince Heinrich of Prussia
Birth of Prince Heinrich of Prussia, brother of Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany
Battle of Tzeki
Ward is mortally wounded. The Chinese merchants army of liberation under Ward wins 11 victories in 4 months
Battle of Manassas, 2nd
Union forces from Washington are stopped from reaching Richmond
Annual Message to Congress
Lincoln sends his third annual message to Congress
Ten Percent Plan
Lincoln announces a reconstruction plan for loyal governments in former Confederate states
Peace Treaty
The preliminaries of a peace treaty are signed, the King of Denmark renounces all his rights in the duchies in favour of the Emperor of Austria and the King of Prussia
Rule of Holstein
The preliminaries of a peace treaty are signed, the King of Denmark renounces all his rights in the duchies in favour of the Emperor of Austria and the King of Prussia
Rule of Schleswig
The preliminaries of a peace treaty are signed, the King of Denmark renounces all his rights in the duchies in favour of the Emperor of Austria and the King of Prussia
Peace Treaty
The preliminaries of a peace treaty are signed, the King of Denmark renounces all his rights in the duchies in favour of the Emperor of Austria and the King of Prussia
Rule of Holstein
The preliminaries of a peace treaty are signed, the King of Denmark renounces all his rights in the duchies in favour of the Emperor of Austria and the King of Prussia
Rule of Schleswig
The preliminaries of a peace treaty are signed, the King of Denmark renounces all his rights in the duchies in favour of the Emperor of Austria and the King of Prussia
National Union Nomination
National Union Convention nominates Lincoln for a 2nd term
Presidential Election
Lincoln is reelected President on the National Union ticket
Presidential Election
Lincoln wins reelection as President of the United States
Alliance Satsuma clan and Komei
The Satsuma clan makes a temporary alliance with Komei to prevent Choshu victory
Siege of Imperial Palace
The Emperor is safe but at great cost to the surrounding Imperial Park. The Choshu siege is repulsed. The Choshu march on the Palace to hold Komei hostage until foreigners are expelled
Agrarian Reform
Kogalniceanu implements agrarian reform that emancipates peasants from feudal obligations.
Gastein Convention
Negotiates the Gastein Convention, temporarily dividing administration of the Elbe duchies.
Gastein Convention
Signs the convention as an interim settlement of Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg.
Gastein Convention
Treats the Gastein arrangement as a temporary compromise rather than a final solution.
Neutrality
Uses discussions with Napoleon III to reduce the risk of French intervention during a future German war.
Rule of Holstein
Accepts Austrian administration of Holstein while Prussia administers Schleswig under the convention.
Rule of Lauenburg
Secures Prussian possession of Lauenburg after Austria transfers its rights for financial compensation.
Rule of Schleswig
Obtains administrative control of Schleswig while joint Austro-Prussian sovereignty formally continues.
Lord of the Bedchamber
Appointed Lord of the Bedchamber to the Prince of Wales from 1866 to 1885
Birth of Johann Franz Encke
Death of Johann Franz Encke
President of Ecuador
Appointed acting President of Ecuador
First Successful Antiseptic Fracture Treatment
Successfully treats a compound fracture using carbolic acid at Glasgow Royal Infirmary.
Occupation of Wurzburg
Manteuffel enters Wurzburg as hostilities on the Main front come to an end.
Boundary Treaty with Bolivia
Signs a treaty defining the Chilean-Bolivian boundary at the twenty-fourth parallel.
Armistice of Cormons
The Armistice of Cormons halts fighting between Austria and Italy.
Armistice of Cormons
Petitti Bagliani signs the armistice ending active operations between Italy and Austria.
Peace with Wรผrttemberg
The annexation law ends Frankfurt's centuries-old status as a Free City.
Peace with Baden
Prussia and Bavaria conclude peace and a secret military convention.
Constitution
The North German states agree to form a federal state based on the Prussian proposals of June 1866. They agree to have a Parliament elected to discuss a draft constitution
North German Confederation
Prussia and a large number of North and Central German states sign a Bundnis (alliance). The treaty created a military alliance for one year
North German Confederation
The North German states agree to form a federal state based on the Prussian proposals of June 1866. They agree to have a Parliament elected to discuss a draft constitution
North German Confederation
The North German Confederation is the alliance of 22 German states (Augustbundnis)
Unification
The North German Confederation is the alliance of 22 German states (Augustbundnis)
August Alliance
The Hanoverian army capitulates after encirclement despite its tactical victory at Langensalza.
August Alliance
The Peace of Prague authorizes a new federal organization north of the Main.
Peace with Bavaria
The Nikolsburg preliminaries stop the Prussian advance and outline the final settlement.
German Confederation
Austria recognizes the dissolution of the German Confederation and Prussian predominance north of the Main.
Kleindeutschland
The Peace of Prague excludes Austria from the new Prussian-led organization of Germany.
Peace of Prague
Franz Joseph accepts a lenient peace that preserves Austria's core territory.
Peace of Prague
Franz Joseph ratifies the settlement dissolving the German Confederation and recognizing Prussian gains.
Peace of Prague
The Peace of Prague permits Prussia to organize a confederation north of the Main.
Peace of Prague
Wilhelm accepts the final treaty ending the war with Austria on comparatively moderate terms.
Austrian Silesia
Austria's referral of Holstein to the Federal Diet is treated as a breach of Gastein.
Austrian Silesia
Prussia and Wรผrttemberg conclude peace and a secret defensive alliance.
Dissolution of German Confederation
Prussia declares the old Confederation dissolved after the Federal Diet's mobilization vote.
German Unification
The annexation of Nassau consolidates Prussian territory along the Rhine and Main.
Kleindeutschland
The August Alliance binds twenty-two northern German states to Prussian military leadership.
North German Confederation
The treaty ends Austro-Prussian hostilities and confirms the broad Nikolsburg terms.
Peace of Prague
Austria accepts dissolution of the Confederation and Prussian reorganization north of the Main.
Peace of Prague
Bismarck secures a moderate settlement and rejects demands to annex Austrian territory.
Peace of Prague
Prussia and Baden conclude peace and a secret defensive alliance.
Peace of Prague
The settlement protects the separate sovereignty of southern Germany while allowing Prussian alliances.
Peace of Prague
The treaty confirms transfer of Austrian rights in Schleswig and Holstein to Prussia.
Rule of Holstein
Prussian annexation legislation incorporates the Duchy of Nassau.
Rule of Schleswig
The North German Constitution creates a federal state under Prussian leadership.
South German Settlement
Austrian Silesia remains under Habsburg rule because Prussia demands no Austrian territory.
Instructions for Congress Delegates
Prepares instructions for International delegates on major questions to be considered at the Geneva Congress.
Naval Command Inquiry
Persano faces investigation after transferring his flag during the unsuccessful battle of Lissa.
Alliance Choshu and Satsuma clans make an alliance
The Choshu & Satsuma clans make an alliance against the shogun
League of Peace and Freedom Resolution
Drafts a resolution defining the International's attitude toward the League of Peace and Freedom.
Machinery Under Capitalism Resolution
Helps prepare a Brussels Congress resolution on the consequences of machinery under capitalism.
Treaty with Bukhara
A peace settlement after Russian victories places the Emirate of Bukhara under strong Russian influence.
Solar Helium Spectrum
Observes a new yellow spectral line during a solar eclipse.
Yellow Solar Spectral Line
Provides evidence for helium in the Suns atmosphere.
Reduction of the Working Day Resolution
Helps prepare a resolution advocating reduction of the working day for the Brussels Congress.
General Council Report on the Right of Inheritance
Prepares the General Council report on the right of inheritance for the International.
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador, 2nd constitutional term
Battle of Saarbrucken
Napoleon divides his armies between MacMahon & Bazaine. A skirmish between 1st German army & French II corps
Resignation of Antoine Alfred Agenor de
After the defeat of Weissenburg Gramont resigns his office
Battle of Weissenburg
The outnumbered French are forced to defend the Lauter
Battle of Weissenburg
The crown Prince surprises MacMahon on the Lauter River
Battle of Wissembourg
Leads the Third Army in victory at Wissembourg.
Battle of Worth
At Worth the German 3rd Army loses 10,500 killed to the French 11,000 under MacMahon
Siege of Worth
At Worth the German 3rd Army loses 10,500 killed to the French 11,000 under MacMahon
Third Army
At Worth the German 3rd Army loses 10,500 killed to the French 11,000 under MacMahon
Battle of Spichern
The German 1st & 2nd armies move into Lorraine where Bazaines forces are dispersed. Frossards II corps is outflanked on the Spichern heights
Battle of Froschwiller
The Vosges barrier is broken opening the road to Paris. The Crown Prince of Prussia forces MacMahon back to Chalons-sur-Marne
Battle of Froschwiller
The Prussian Crown Prince marches toward the Meuse
Battle of Worth
At Worth the German 3rd Army loses 10,500 killed to the French 11,000 under MacMahon
Third Army
At Worth the German 3rd Army loses 10,500 killed to the French 11,000 under MacMahon
Battle of Worth
Is defeated by Frederick's Third Army.
Battle of Worth
Defeats MacMahon's forces in the early campaign.
Commander of French Army
Appointed Commander of the French Army, takes over command from Napoleon III
Supreme Commander
Appointed Supreme Commander
Mobilization
MacMahon regroups his forces at Chalons
Dismissal
Forced to relinquish command
Commander of French Army
Appointed Commander of the French Army, takes over command from Napoleon III
Supreme Commander
Appointed Supreme Commander
Battle of Borny
The Prussian 1st army forces Bazaine to retreat across the Moselle. Bazaine hopes to join up with MacMahon but the German Second Army cuts him off
Second Army
Bazaine hopes to join up with MacMahon but the German Second Army cuts him off
Battle of Mars-la-Tour
Bazaine is forced back to Metz
Battle of Rezonville
Bazaine is forced back to Metz
Battle of Vionville
Bazaine is forced back to Metz
Battle of Gravelotte
Commands the Prussian forces which defeat the French under bazaine
Battle of Gravelotte
Commands the siege at the hamlet of St Privatla Montaigne
Red River Expedition
Leads imperial and Canadian forces into Red River.
Battle of Metz
Crosses the River Meuse but is driven back toward Sedan
Battle of Metz
Wounded in battle
Battle of Metz
Encircled at Metz
President of Paraguay
Leads Paraguay during the first postwar political reconstruction.
Death of Heinrich Abeken
Death of Heinrich Abeken
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary
Cabinet
Gladstone reshuffles his Cabinet
Rule of Khiva
Russia establishes a protectorate over the Khanate of Khiva after a military campaign.
Boundary Treaty with Bolivia
Approves a revised boundary agreement with Bolivia governing taxes in the disputed nitrate region.
Strike
the agricultural strike in eastern England
Strike
Agricultural strike in eastern England
Third de Theux Government
The Third de Theux Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.
First Jules Malou Government
Begins the First Jules Malou Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.
President of Ecuador
Appointed acting President of Ecuador after the assassination of Gabriel Garcia Moreno
Principle of Declared Confidence
The Crown accepts that governments should command the confidence of Parliament.
Invention of Phonograph
Demonstrates 1st machine for recording at his "invention factory" at Menlo Park
Ratification Exchange
Represents Britain when the principal instruments of ratification are exchanged in Berlin.
Ratification Declaration
Announces at Berlin that the Sultan has ratified the treaty and considers it valid from the date of the ratification meeting.
European Cabinet
Forms a cabinet under European financial pressure and becomes Egypt's first modern Prime Minister.
Treaty Ratification
Ratifies the Treaty of Berlin after the Ottoman delegation accepts the revised postwar settlement.
Convention
Boer leaders sign the Pretoria Convention restoring Transvaal self-government.
Convention
Boer leaders announce the restoration of Transvaal republican government.
Restoration of Transvaal Government
Boer leaders announce the restoration of Transvaal republican government.
Convention
Boer leaders sign the Pretoria Convention restoring Transvaal self-government.
Pretoria Convention
Signs the Pretoria Convention restoring Transvaal self-government.
Boer Triumvirate Settlement
The settlement formalizes restored Transvaal self-government.
Peace Settlement Signed
Joins the Boer triumvirate accepting restored self-government.
Pretoria Convention Signed
Signs the Pretoria Convention as a member of the Boer triumvirate.
Pretoria Convention
Signs the convention confirming Transvaal self-government.
Pretoria Convention
Signs the convention settling the First Boer War.
Boer War Settlement
Helps formalize the restoration of republican administration.
First Boer War Settlement
The agreement confirms substantial internal autonomy for the Transvaal.
Pretoria Convention Signed
Signs the convention settling the First Boer War.
Pretoria Convention
Signs the Pretoria Convention after the Boer victory.
Pretoria Convention
Signs the settlement with Britain.
Pretoria Convention Signed
Signs the Pretoria Convention with British representatives.
Pretoria Convention
Signs the Pretoria Convention with Britain.
Transvaal Self-Government Restored
Secures restored Transvaal self-government under British suzerainty.
Transvaal Settlement
The agreement restores Transvaal self-government under British suzerainty.
Alexander Fleming Born
The future discoverer of penicillin is born in Ayrshire.
Birth of Alexander Fleming
Alexander Fleming is born at Lochfield Farm in Scotland.
Birth of Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist
Birth of Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist
Independence of South Africa
The Triumvirate take over the Government of the Transvaal
Independence of Transvaal
The Triumvirate take over the Government of the Transvaal
Independence of South Africa
The Triumvirate take over the Government of the Transvaal
Independence of Transvaal
The Triumvirate take over the Government of the Transvaal
Independence of South Africa
The Triumvirate take over the Government of the Transvaal
Independence of Transvaal
The Triumvirate take over the Government of the Transvaal
Assassination of Garfield
President Garfield dies from gunshot wounds fired by Charles Guiteau
Federal Immigration Head Tax
The law creates a federal head tax on arriving immigrants.
Immigration Act of 1882
Signs the Immigration Act of 1882.
Birth of James Franck
James Franck is born in Hamburg, Germany.
James Franck Born
The future Nobel physicist is born into a Hamburg family.
First Battle of Kassassin
British forces defeat an Egyptian attack near Kassassin.
Kassassin Position Defended
Wolseley's army secures its position during the canal-zone campaign.
Australian Test Victory at The Oval
Captains Australia to a seven-run victory over England.
Murdoch Captains Historic Victory
The upset at The Oval becomes the origin of the Ashes tradition.
Australia Defeats England at The Oval
Helps Australia defeat England by seven runs at The Oval.
Spofforth Leads Historic Test Victory
His bowling is central to the match that inspires the Ashes legend.
Peace Treaty
A Treaty recognizes French protectorates over Tonkin & Annam
Rule of Annam
A Treaty recognizes French protectorates over Tonkin & Annam
Rule of Tonkin
A Treaty recognizes French protectorates over Tonkin & Annam
Siege of Foochow
The French destroy a Chinese naval squadron at Foochow
1st Promenade Concert
Holds the first Promenade Concert at Queens Hall, London
Secretary of State for Scotland
Appointed Scottish Secretary & enters the Cabinet
S Andromedae Observed
Observes the brilliant transient S Andromedae in M31, later recognized as a supernova and the first supernova recorded in the Andromeda Galaxy.
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer
Leader of House of Commons
Appointed Leader of the House of Commons
Reform of Housing
The Congested Districts Board is set up to ease housing problems
President of Venezuela
Appointed acting President of Venezuela
Birth of Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrโdinger
Birth of Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrโdinger
Death of Jules Laforgue
Death of Jules Laforgue
Reform of Legal System
Allows courts to revise unjust rents
Reform of Local Government
Establishes County Councils
Plot
A commission investigates Parnells involvement in the Phoenix Park murders
President of Bolivia
Arce begins his presidency and promotes railway development.
Birth of Thomas Edward Lawrence
Birth of Thomas Edward Lawrence.
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
Death of Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius
Death of Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius
Death of George Lennox Rawdon Berkeley
Death of George Lennox Rawdon Berkeley
Invention of Coin-Operated Telephone
The first coin-operated telephone is patented by William Gray of Hartford
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina after the resignation of Miguel Juarez Celman
Invention of Kinetoscope
Patents the Kinetescope
President of Chile
Temporarily heads the government after Balmaceda loses control of Santiago.
Franco-Russian Consultation Agreement
Approves a political understanding under which Russia and France agree to consult when either faces a threat of war.
Crown Gold Standard
Currency reform adopts the gold-based crown, replacing the older florin standard and defining the new monetary unit through a fixed quantity of gold.
President of Bolivia
Baptista begins his constitutional presidential term.
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 4th term
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer
President of United States of America
Nominated by the Socialist Labour Party as Presidential Candidate
Minister of Finance
Appointed Minister of Finance.
Minister of Finance
Takes charge of finance, industry and commercial policy.
Franco-Russian Military Convention
Permits Russian and French military representatives to conclude a defensive military convention.
Succession
Succeeds as Duke of Saxe-Coburg & Gotha
Estrup Government
The Estrup Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Council President of Denmark.
Reedtz-Thott Government
Begins the Reedtz-Thott Government in Copenhagen and serves as Council President of Denmark.
Independence of Hawaii
The Republic of Hawaii is officially recognized by the USA
Independence of United States of America
The Republic of Hawaii is officially recognized by the USA
Recognition of By the USA
The Republic of Hawaii is officially recognized by the USA
Republic of Hawaii
The Republic of Hawaii is officially recognized by the USA
Bureau of Immigration
The Bureau of Immigration is established by Congress
Income Tax
Wilson Gormon Tariff Act, 1st graduated income tax
Legislation
Wilson Gormon Tariff Act, passed without Clevelands signature. Wilson Gormon Tariff Act, 1st graduated income tax
Legislation
Wilson Gormon Tariff Act, 1st graduated income tax
Election
Conservatives 340, Liberal Unionists 71, Liberals 177 & Irish Party 82
President of Bolivia
Fernandez Alonso begins the final Conservative Party presidency.
Capture of Great Britain
Leads an Angloian force which begins to reconquer the Sudan
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain (acting)
Discovery of Malaria
Discovers that malaria is spread by mosquitoes
North America and West Indies Command
Fisher assumes command of the North America and West Indies Station.
Assassination of Juan Idiarte Borda
Assassinated in Montevideo, the only Uruguayan president killed while in office
Abu Hamed Advance Supported
Supports the operation that captures Abu Hamed and opens the next stage of the Nile advance.
Fashoda Incident
Ordered to Fashoda to oppose French claims
Ordered to Fashoda to oppose French claims
Ordered to Fashoda to oppose French claims
Peace
Spain accepts McKinleys peace terms
Capture of Manila
Manila surrenders to the US
Capture of Manila
Accepts the surrender of Manila
British Antarctic Expedition
Newnes stipulated that Borchgrevinks expedition must sail under the British flag, and be styled the British Antarctic Expedition. Borchgrevink readily agreed to this, even though only two of the entire expedition party were British
Southern Cross Expedition
Newnes stipulated that Borchgrevinks expedition must sail under the British flag, and be styled the British Antarctic Expedition. Borchgrevink readily agreed to this, even though only two of the entire expedition party were British. Borchgrevink eventually managed to persuade publisher Sir George Newnes (whose business rival Alfred Harmsworth was backing the RGS venture) to meet the full cost of his expedition, some ยฃ40,000 (approximately ยฃ3,979,500 in 2016)
Southern Cross Expedition
Barrier's surface.
Southern Cross Expedition
It also pioneered the use of dogs and sledges in Antarctic travel. Borchgrevink purchases the whaling ship Pollux, renamed her Southern Cross, and had her fitted out for Antarctic service, the Southern Cross sails from London
Southern Cross Expedition
The Southern Cross Expedition, officially known as the British Antarctic Expedition 1898-1900, was the first British venture of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration, and the forerunner of the more celebrated journeys of Robert Falcon Scott and Ernest Shackleton.
Southern Cross Expedition
The brainchild of the Norwegian-born, half-British explorer and schoolmaster Carsten Borchgrevink, it was the first expedition to over-winter on the Antarctic mainland, the first to visit the Great Ice Barrier since James Clark Ross in 1839-43, and the first to effect a landing on the
Southern Cross Expedition
Southern Cross left London on 23 August 1898, after inspection by HRH the Duke of York (the future King George V), who presented a Union Flag
Southern Cross Expedition
The Southern Cross left London on 23 August 1898, after inspection by HRH the Duke of York (the future King George V), who presented a Union Flag
Final Nile Advance Begun
Leads the reinforced Anglo-Egyptian army south for the decisive campaign against Omdurman.
Gunboat Flotilla Supports Omdurman Advance
Coordinates river gunboats with the army to bombard positions and protect the advance toward Omdurman.
Jules Vandenpeereboom Government
The Jules Vandenpeereboom Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.
Second de Smet de Naeyer Government
Begins the Second de Smet de Naeyer Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.
Elands River Defences
Ham orders his Victorians to dig defensive trenches shortly before the Boer attack on Elands River begins.
Birth of the Queen Mother
Birth of the "Queen Mother"
Siege of Elands River
Hore commands the isolated colonial garrison when De la Rey begins the siege of Elands River.
Gaselee Expedition
Leads British troops in the final relief expedition.
Siege of Elands River
De la Rey surrounds the Elands River post and subjects the garrison to sustained artillery and rifle fire.
Elands River Relief Attempt
Carrington advances from the west to relieve Elands River but Boer resistance forces his column to turn back.
Allied Command
Is appointed commander of the international expeditionary force.
Siege of Beijing
The armistice, although occasionally broken, endured until 13 August when, with an allied army led by the British Alfred Gaselee approaching Beijing to relieve the siege, the Chinese launched their heaviest fusillade on the Legation Quarter. As the foreign army approached, Chinese forces melted away
Relief of Beijing
Austro-Hungarian sailors join the allied advance.
Capture of Beijing
The Eight-Nation Alliance, after being initially turned back, brought 20,000 armed troops to China, defeated the Imperial Army, and captured Beijing on August 14, lifting the siege of the Legations
Siege of Legations
The Eight-Nation Alliance, after being initially turned back, brought 20,000 armed troops to China, defeated the Imperial Army, and captured Beijing on August 14, lifting the siege of the Legations
Relief of Beijing
French troops join the entry into Beijing.
Siege of Peking
The Allies attack the central gates of Peking
Mobilization
Roberts and Buller join forces at Vlakfontein
Mobilization
Roberts and Buller join forces at Vlakfontein
Capture of Beijing
Allied forces enter Beijing and relieve the legations.
Capture of Beijing
British troops are among the first to reach the legations.
Relief of Beijing
Italian troops take part in the allied relief.
Relief of Beijing
Japanese troops help enter Beijing and relieve the legations.
Relief of Beijing
Russian troops join the capture of Beijing.
Relief of Beijing
Commands American troops in the relief of Beijing.
Flight from Beijing
Flees Beijing after allied troops enter the city.
Flight from Beijing
Leaves Beijing with the imperial court.
Relief of Elands River
Kitchener arrives with a large relief column after the Elands River garrison has resisted nearly two weeks of siege.
Battle of Bergendal
Buller attacks the Boer position at Bergendal during the British advance through the eastern Transvaal.
Battle of Bergendal
The Boer Army is defeated
Battle of Bergendal
Viljoen takes part in the Boer defence at Bergendal before the commandos withdraw eastward.
Battle of Bergendal
Is defeated as the British advance through the Transvaal.
Peace Negotiations
Is appointed to negotiate with the foreign powers.
Peace Negotiations
Acts as Qing negotiator with Li Hongzhang.
Siege of Peking
The Allies capture Peking & impose stricter conditions on China
Defence of Manchuria
Commands Qing resistance during the Russian Manchurian campaign.
Russian Occupation of Manchuria
Oversees Russian military expansion in Manchuria.
Manchurian Campaign
Directs Russian operations against Qing forces in Manchuria.
Manchurian Campaign
Commands Russian cavalry during operations in Manchuria.
Discovery Expedition
The Discovery sets sail from the Isle of Wight
Discovery Expedition
Discovery sails from Cowes on the British National Antarctic Expedition under Scott's command
Coronation
Delayed by six weeks due to appendicitis
Bolshevik Menshevik Split
Wins support for a tighter centralised party organisation.
Menshevik Faction
Supports Martov against Lenin in party disputes.
Second Congress
Helps secure adoption of the party programme.
Second Congress
Sides with Martov during the early factional dispute.
Bolshevik Menshevik Split
Becomes associated with the Menshevik faction after the split.
Chairman of Committee of Ministers
Appointed chairman of the Committee of Ministers.
Committee of Ministers
Moves from finance to the chairmanship of the Committee of Ministers.
Loss of Finance Ministry
Leaves direct control of the Finance Ministry.
Death of Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil
Death of Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil
Death of Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil
Death of Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil
Portsmouth Command Assumed
Fisher becomes Commander-in-Chief at Portsmouth.
Dismissal
Dismisses Witte as Minister of Finance
Bolshevik Party
Appointed Member of Bolshevik Party
RSDLP
The first Congress of the newly formed Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP) is held, and from then on Trotsky considered himself a member of the party
Siege of Port Arthur
The Russian Fleet, threatened by artillery, quits Port Arthur & attempts to make Vladivostok
President of Bolivia
Ismael Montes begins his first presidential term.
Battle of Liaoyang
The Russians are forced to rerteat to Mukden
Battle of Liaoyang
The Russians are driven out of Manchuria. 25 Aug-3 Sept, commands an engagement 40 miles SW of Mukden
Minister of Interior
Appointed Minister of the Interior
Bulygin Manifesto
Proposes a consultative assembly without full legislative power.
Bulygin Manifesto
Approves a consultative Duma proposal that fails to satisfy opposition.
Birth of Serov
Birth of Ivan Alexandrovich Serov
Constitution of Russia
The Duma has advisory powers but is without legislative authority. Signs a manifesto summoning the Imperial Duma
Duma
The Duma has advisory powers but is without legislative authority
Manifesto
Issues a manifesto promising speech, assembly rights and elections to the Duma.
Independence of Norway
In a referndum 80% of Norwegians support the dissolution of the union with Sweden
Bolshevik Party
Appointed Chairman of the Lugansk Soviet, 1st term
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Lugansk Soviet, 1st term
Peasant Rebellion
Uses force against unrest in Saratov province.
Peace Delegation
Leads the Russian delegation at Portsmouth.
Assassination of Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin
The Socialist revolutionary maximalists make a failed attempt on stolypins life
Death of Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin
The Socialist revolutionary maximalists make a failed attempt on stolypins life
Valparaiso Earthquake
Coordinates government relief after the destructive Valparaiso earthquake.
Ministerial Promotion
Is promoted to Ministerialrat, strengthening his senior position within the Bavarian Interior Ministry.
Anglo-Russian Convention
Habibullah refuses to formally accept an Anglo-Russian convention negotiated without Afghan participation.
Nimrod Expedition Departure
Shackleton departs on the British Antarctic Expedition aboard Nimrod, leading his first independently commanded attempt to approach the South Pole.
Old Age Pensions
The Old Age Pensions Act creates non-contributory pensions for eligible elderly people.
South Pole
The Endurance leaves Plymouth for Buenos Aires
Marriage
Churchill gets engaged to Clementine Hozier
Invention of Model T Ford
The first model T Ford roles off the production line
Arrest of Klimenty Efremovich Voroshilov
Arrested & forced into exile, 1908-1917
Bolshevik Party
Arrested & forced into exile, 1908-1917
Constitution of Great Britain
The main cause of difference beteen the parties is Irish home rule. Parliament enters the Summer recess without agreement between parties
Home Rule Summer Dispute
Parliament reaches its summer recess without agreement over Irish Home Rule.
Irish Home Rule
The main cause of difference beteen the parties is Irish home rule
President of Bolivia
Villazon begins a constitutional Liberal Party presidency.
Goudi Movement
The Military League launches a movement demanding administrative and military reform.
Holstein-Ledreborg Government
Begins the Holstein-Ledreborg Government in Copenhagen and serves as Council President of Denmark.
First Neergaard Government
The First Neergaard Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Council President of Denmark.
Strike
Succeeds in arbitrating a threatened coal miners strke
Birth of Charles Crichton
Birth of Charles Crichton
Cape Town Ship Operations
Evans supervises shipboard duties while Terra Nova calls at Cape Town on the outward voyage.
Cape Town Call
Terra Nova calls at Cape Town during the voyage south.
President of Chile
Assumes acting executive authority following the death of President Pedro Montt.
Constitution of Great Britain
Considers a Grand Coalition to resolve the constitutional crisis
Cradley Heath Chainmakers Strike
Leads women chainmakers during their campaign for minimum wages.
Minimum Wage Campaign
Helps secure acceptance of the new statutory wage rate.
Cape Crozier Party Reaches Base
The three travellers arrive exhausted after severe cold and storms.
Winter Journey Returns
Returns to Cape Evans after the winter journey to Cape Crozier.
Winter Journey Return
Wilson returns exhausted to Cape Evans after five weeks of severe winter travel from Cape Crozier.
Cape Crozier Winter Journey Returns
Wilson, Bowers and Cherry-Garrard reach Cape Evans after five weeks of winter travel and severe exposure.
First Spring Balloon Launch
Simpson resumes upper-air observations by launching a balloon from Cape Evans.
Southern Journey Pony Assignments
Oates takes charge of Christopher as Scott assigns ponies and handlers for the southern journey.
Constitution of Great Britain
The Lords are denied a veto over "money bills" & have 2 yr veto for other bills. Passed by the House of Lords, the duration of Parliament is reduced from 7 to 5 yrs. MPs are to be payed for the first time, 400 pounds a year
Legislation
The Lords are denied a veto over "money bills" & have 2 yr veto for other bills
MP Salaries Introduced
Members of Parliament are to receive salaries of 400 pounds a year.
Money Bill Veto Removed
The Lords loses its veto over money bills.
Parliament Term Reduced
Maximum parliamentary duration is reduced from seven years to five.
Reform of Parliament
The Lords are denied a veto over "money bills" & have 2 yr veto for other bills
Two Year Lords Delay
The Lords receives only a two-year delaying power over other bills.
President of Ecuador
Appointed acting President of Ecuador
House of Lords Veto Restricted
Limits the Lords' veto and reduces maximum parliamentary duration.
Parliament Act Royal Assent
Secures Royal Assent for the Parliament Act.
Parliament Act Royal Assent
Secures Royal Assent for the Parliament Act.
Diplomatic Plan
Forecasts the Germans will cross the Meuse on the Twentieth day of the invasion on France. Forecasts German military plans in an attack on France at the Comm of Imperial Defence
Invasion of France
Forecasts the Germans will cross the Meuse on the Twentieth day of the invasion on France
Birth of Vo Nguyen Giap
Birth of Vo Nguyen Giap in Quang Binh Province
Diplomatic Proposal
Proposes to Grey France, Britain & Russia safeguard Belgium, Holland & Denmark
Cape Evans Marine Science
His measurements form part of the Terra Nova scientific programme.
Tidal Observations
Conducts tidal observations while working as expedition biologist.
Cape Evans Photography
Photographs expedition life, landscapes and wildlife around Cape Evans.
Terra Nova Expedition Documentation
His images create an extensive visual record of the expedition.
Cape Evans Physical Science
His work contributes to the expedition's scientific programme.
Gravity Observations
Conducts physical and gravity observations from the Cape Evans base.
Bolshevik Party
Escapes from exikle & returns to Russia during the February revolution
Exile of Nikolai Bukharin
Escapes from exikle & returns to Russia during the February revolution
President of Ecuador
Appointed acting President of Ecuador
Arrest of Grigory Yevseyevich Zinoviev
Released by the Austrians because he is an "enemy of tsarism"
Bolshevik Party
Released by the Austrians because he is an "enemy of tsarism"
Arrest of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov Lenin
Released by the Austrians because he is an "enemy of tsarism"
Bolshevik Party
Released by the Austrians because he is an "enemy of tsarism"
Cosmic Ray Balloon Flight
Measures increasing ionization at high altitude during a balloon flight.
Discovery of Cosmic Radiation
Concludes that penetrating radiation reaches Earth from outer space.
President of Paraguay
Takes office as a Liberal president after years of instability.
Lenin is released as an enemy of tsarism & escorted in a
Lenin is released as an "enemy of tsarism" & escorted in a train to Switzerland
Bolshevik Party
Leaves Vienna bound for Switzerland in an Austrian military mail train
Exile of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov Lenin
Leaves Vienna bound for Switzerland in an Austrian military mail train
Death of William Booth
Death of William Booth
Malta Dockyard Administrative Command
Carden assumes responsibility for dockyard administration, repair capacity and naval support facilities at Malta.
Malta Dockyard Appointment
Carden becomes Admiral Superintendent of Malta Dockyard in August 1912.
August Bloc Conference
Organizes a Vienna conference seeking to unite anti-Bolshevik and non-factional Social Democratic groups in the August Bloc.
Final Oil-Drop Charge Publication
Publishes the definitive oil-drop measurement of the elementary electric charge.
President of Venezuela
Appointed acting President of Venezuela
Reform of Armed Forces
The Army Bill imposes 3 years military service
Mobilization
Bulgaria is attacked by Turkey and Romania
Treaty of Bucharest
A final peace is agreed in the Treaty of Bucharest
Treaty of Bucharest
Accepts territorial losses after defeat.
Treaty of Bucharest
Confirms Greek gains in Macedonia and Salonika.
Treaty of Bucharest
Participates in the settlement ending the war.
Treaty of Bucharest
Hosts the treaty ending the Second Balkan War.
Treaty of Bucharest
Romania gains Southern Dobruja after the Second Balkan War.
Treaty of Bucharest
Hosts the settlement ending war among the Balkan states.
Treaty of Bucharest
Gains Southern Dobruja from Bulgaria.
Treaty of Bucharest
Secures most of Vardar Macedonia for Serbia.
Treaty of Bucharest
Secures most of Vardar Macedonia for Serbia.
President of Bolivia
Ismael Montes begins his second presidential term.
Institutional Care Legislation
Creates administrative arrangements for institutional supervision and care.
Mental Deficiency Act
Oversees enactment of the Mental Deficiency Act.
Birth of Mark Felt
Birth of Mark Felt
The Student of Prague
Directs The Student of Prague, a landmark German silent fantasy film.
Armament
Draws up detailed plans to create a War Fleet of 79 battleships by 1920
Bucharest Negotiations
Negotiates after Bulgaria's military isolation.
Balkan Crisis Diplomacy
Coordinates Foreign Office diplomacy during the Second Balkan War.
Great Power Coordination
Works to limit wider conflict among the European powers.
Boycott
The USA declares a boycott against Mexico after its President expels some Americans
Diplomatic Expulsion at Mexico City
The USA declares a boycott against Mexico after its President expels some Americans
Purge
The USA declares a boycott against Mexico after its President expels some Americans
Foreign Policy Statement at Washington
The USA declares a boycott against Mexico after the expulsion of Americans
Declaration of War
Germany declares war on Russia
July Crisis
Germany declares war on Russia. Demands that France abandon the Francon alliance
Declaration of War
Declares war on his cousin Tsar Nicholas II of Russia
South Pole
The Endurance sails from the Thames for the expedition to reach the South Pole
War Opposition
Condemns the First World War as an imperialist conflict.
War Opposition
Opposes defensist socialism after war begins.
Declaration of War
Handed a written declaration of war from the German Ambassador Count Portales
World War, 1st
Sees Russia enter war after warning against reckless conflict.
Galician Campaign
Commands the 48th Infantry Division after war begins.
Declaration of War
Germany declares war on Russia
Letter
"long-proved fiendship must succeed with Gods help in avoiding bloodshed"
Long-proved fiendship must succeed with Gods help in avoiding bloodshed
"long-proved fiendship must succeed with Gods help in avoiding bloodshed"
Battle of Belgium, 1st
Germany demands passage through Belgium
Battle of Belgium, 1st
The German Government send ultimatum to Belgium demanding passage through Belgian territory
Diplomatic Ultimatum
The German Government send ultimatum to Belgium demanding passage through Belgian territory
Invasion of Belgium
Germany demands passage through Belgium
Invasion of Belgium
The German Government send ultimatum to Belgium demanding passage through Belgian territory
Mobilization
Issues the mobilization proclamation to France
Battle of Belgium, 1st
Germany demands free passage through Belgium
Invasion of Belgium
Germany demands free passage through Belgium
July Crisis
Belgium is asked to accept German protection from a non-existent French attack
Ottoman Dreadnought Requisition
Orders completion and requisition of Ottoman battleships being built in British yards as the European crisis deepens.
Gold Convertibility Suspended
The Riksbank suspends redemption into gold after the outbreak of war, interrupting Sweden's classical gold-standard regime.
Battle of Belgium, 1st
Belgium rejects Germany's demands for passage through Belgium
Battle of Belgium, 1st
The British Government guarantee armed support to Belgium should Germany violate Belgian neutrality
Battle of Belgium, 1st
Germany invades Belgium & is stopped at Liege
Invasion of Belgium
Belgium rejects Germany's demands for passage through Belgium
Invasion of Belgium
The British Government guarantee armed support to Belgium should Germany violate Belgian neutrality
Invasion of Belgium
Germany invades Belgium & is stopped at Liege
Political Support
The British Government guarantee armed support to Belgium should Germany violate Belgian neutrality
Petition
Petitions Louis III of Bavaria to for service in a Bavarian regiment in World War I
Battle of Belgium, 1st
Germany calls for a free passage across Belgium but this is refused the following day. Belgium rejects Germany's demand for troop access
Battle of Belgium, 1st
German troops cross the Belgian frontier at Vise in the province of Liege
Declaration of War
Germany declares war on France
Invasion of Belgium
Germany calls for a free passage across Belgium but this is refused the following day. Belgium rejects Germany's demand for troop access
Invasion of Belgium
German troops cross the Belgian frontier at Vise in the province of Liege
July Crisis
Germany declares war on France
July Crisis
Makes an address in the Reichstag about the Russian "firebrand"
Declaration of War
Declares war on France on behalf of the German Government. Declared because France had dropped bombs on Belgium & Germany as far as Nurnberg
Wartime Financial Moratorium
Emergency bank holidays and debt moratoria help contain financial panic at the outbreak of war.
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War
Battle of Belgium, 1st
Declares in the Commons the British army will act immediately if Belgium is threatened
Invasion of Belgium
Declares in the Commons the British army will act immediately if Belgium is threatened
Neutrality Decision
Bratianu supports neutrality when the Crown Council debates Romania's response to war.
Battle of Belgium, 1st
German troops cross the Belgian frontier and attack Liege
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Germany
Germany declares war on Belgium. Belgium severs diplomatic relations with Germany
Declaration of War
Germany declares war on Belgium
Invasion of Belgium
German troops cross the Belgian frontier and attack Liege
World War One
Commits Canada to war when Britain declares war on Germany.
Gold Convertibility
Germany suspends the Reichsbank's obligation to redeem banknotes in gold.
Battle of Belgium, 1st
Bethmann Hollweg protests Britain's decision to uphold Belgian neutrality and dismisses the 1839 guarantee as a 'scrap of paper' during the crisis over Germany's invasion.
Declaration of War
Germany declares war on Belgium
South Pole
Visits George IV who supports the expedition to the South Pole despite immenent war
Admiralty War Group
Creates a small Admiralty War Group of senior naval leaders to direct major strategic decisions after war begins.
Commence Hostilities Signal
The Admiralty signals Royal Navy ships and establishments to commence hostilities against Germany.
Belgian Neutrality Ultimatum Statement
Reports the British ultimatum demanding that Germany respect Belgian neutrality.
British Entry into War Explained
Explains to Parliament why the German invasion of Belgium has brought Britain into the European war.
Battlecruiser Squadron Mobilised for War
Beatty's battlecruisers mobilise for North Sea operations as Britain enters the war against Germany.
British Expeditionary Force
French commands the BEF before the First Battle of Ypres.
Declaration of War
Montenegro declares war on Austria-Hungary
Battle of Leige
Liege blocked the narrow gap between the Limburg appendix and the Ardennes, considered the best route into Belgium.
Battle of Leige
The Battle of Liege signifies the first land Battle of the war, as the German Second Army crosses the frontier into neutral Belgium (since 1839) to attack France from the north, the Schlieffen Plan had started.
Battle of Leige
Von Bulow's Second Army, comprising 320,000 men, initially aimed to seize Liege, the gateway to Belgium.
Neutrality
The Battle of Liege signifies the first land Battle of the war, as the German Second Army crosses the frontier into neutral Belgium (since 1839) to attack France from the north, the Schlieffen Plan had started
Schlieffen Plan
The Battle of Liege signifies the first land Battle of the war, as the German Second Army crosses the frontier into neutral Belgium (since 1839) to attack France from the north, the Schlieffen Plan had started
Second Army
Liege blocked the narrow gap between the Limburg appendix and the Ardennes, considered the best route into Belgium.
Second Army
The Battle of Liege signifies the first land Battle of the war, as the German Second Army crosses the frontier into neutral Belgium (since 1839) to attack France from the north, the Schlieffen Plan had started.
Second Army
Von Bulow's Second Army, comprising 320,000 men, initially aimed to seize Liege, the gateway to Belgium.
Siege of Leige
The Battle of Liege signifies the first land Battle of the war, as the German Second Army crosses the frontier into neutral Belgium (since 1839) to attack France from the north, the Schlieffen Plan had started
German Transatlantic Cables Cut
British cable operations sever German transatlantic communications shortly after war begins.
Declaration of War
Austria & Russia are at war, Russia supports Serbia. Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia
Wartime Gold Restrictions
Emergency currency legislation restricts gold payments and introduces Treasury notes during the war.
Additional Army Expansion Approved
Supports emergency expansion of the Army as Britain mobilises for a continental war.
Emergency Currency Measures Supported
Backs emergency financial measures intended to protect credit and currency after the outbreak of war.
First Wartime Vote of Credit Requested
Supports the ยฃ100 million Vote of Credit needed for the opening phase of the war.
Declaration of War
Russia & Austria are at War
Declaration of War
Austria is at war with Montenegro
Capture of Liege
Germany captures Liege
Chief of General Staff
Appointed Commander of the French Army
Battle of Mulhouse
The taking of Mulhouse, albeit without opposition, sparked wild celebrations in France, the French are regarded as liberators by the inhabitants of Mulhouse. The Battle of Mulhouse was intended to secure the recapture of Alsace (with Lorraine to follow separately), territories lost to Germany as a consequence of losing the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71
Capture of Mulhouse
The taking of Mulhouse, albeit without opposition, sparked wild celebrations in France, the French are regarded as liberators by the inhabitants of Mulhouse
Chief of General Staff
Appointed Commander of the French Army
Battle of Liege
Ludendorf commands the 14th Infantry Brigade in Liege & accepts its surrender. Ludendorf calls up the zeppelins to drop bombs into the city and citadel, and personally leads 14th Brigade in between the forts into the city, forcing the Belgian garrison there to surrender
Capture of Liege
Ludendorf commands the 14th Infantry Brigade in Liege & accepts its surrender. Ludendorf calls up the zeppelins to drop bombs into the city and citadel, and personally leads 14th Brigade in between the forts into the city, forcing the Belgian garrison there to surrender
Siege of Liege
Ludendorf calls up the zeppelins to drop bombs into the city and citadel, and personally leads 14th Brigade in between the forts into the city, forcing the Belgian garrison there to surrender
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
The BEF lands at Ostend, Calais & Dunkirk
First Hundred Thousand Volunteers Requested
Calls for the first one hundred thousand volunteers needed to begin building the New Armies.
Mobilization
The BEF lands at Ostend, Calais & Dunkirk
Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
Endurance sails from Plymouth as Shackleton begins the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
South Pole
Appointed Chief Officer of the Endurance
Endurance Expedition Departure
Endurance leaves Plymouth under Shackleton's command to begin the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition and its planned crossing of Antarctica.
Endurance Departs Plymouth
Crean sails from Plymouth aboard Endurance as Shackleton's expedition begins its attempt to cross Antarctica from the Weddell Sea.
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina after the death of Roque Saenz Pena
Battle of Mulhouse
The Germans mount a counter-attack at nearby Cernay, Bonneau begins a slow withdrawal
Death of Alexander Samsonov
With his Second Army virtually destroyed, of a total of 150,000 men under his command less than 10,000 escaped German capture, Samsonov, lost in wooded terrain, and unable to face reporting the scale of the disaster to Tsar Nicholas II, commits suicide
Second Army
With his Second Army virtually destroyed, of a total of 150,000 men under his command less than 10,000 escaped German capture, Samsonov, lost in wooded terrain, and unable to face reporting the scale of the disaster to Tsar Nicholas II, commits suicide
Suicide
With his Second Army virtually destroyed, of a total of 150,000 men under his command less than 10,000 escaped German capture, Samsonov, lost in wooded terrain, and unable to face reporting the scale of the disaster to Tsar Nicholas II, commits suicide
Death of Alexander Samsonov
With his Second Army virtually destroyed, of a total of 150,000 men under his command less than 10,000 escaped German capture, Samsonov, lost in wooded terrain, and unable to face reporting the scale of the disaster to Tsar Nicholas II, commits suicide. Shoots himself after the Battle of Tannenberg
Battle of Mulhouse
Despatches a reserve division to assist in the defence, but they arrived too late to save the town from recapture, Bonneau withdrawing towards Belfort on 10 August in order to escape German encirclement
Anglo-Persian Acquisition Act Royal Assent
The Anglo-Persian Oil Company Acquisition of Capital Act receives Royal Assent.
Goeben and Breslau Escape
Faces criticism after Goeben and Breslau reach Ottoman waters despite British attempts to intercept them.
Civil Service Wartime Regulations Reviewed
Addresses wartime regulations affecting Civil Service employees and their availability for national service.
Home-Grown Food Supply Reviewed
Reviews measures concerning domestic food production and distribution during wartime disruption.
Irish Volunteer Forces Discussed
Addresses the position of volunteer forces in Ireland during the opening weeks of the war.
First Federal Reserve Board Begins Work
The first Federal Reserve Board begins its work in Washington, providing the national governing body needed to supervise the Reserve Banks and implement the Federal Reserve Act.
Battle of Mulhouse
Charges Bonneau with a lack of aggression & relieves him of his command, Joffre adds four more divisions to the Army of Alsace placed under the command of General Pau
Battle of Mulhouse
Successfully repels the French invasion of Alsace, Heeringen is awarded the Pour le Merite for outstanding leadership and distinguished military planning
Invasion of Alsace
Successfully repels the French invasion of Alsace, Heeringen is awarded the Pour le Merite for outstanding leadership and distinguished military planning
Pour le Merite
Successfully repels the French invasion of Alsace, Heeringen is awarded the Pour le Merite for outstanding leadership and distinguished military planning
Capture of Shabatz
Austrian forces cross the Save and seize Shabatz
Declaration of War
Great Britain is at war with Austria
Battle of Haelen
The war on the Western Front, head of a group of cavalry divisions, does not lend itself well to cavalry as a form of offensive warfare, as he discovers at the Battle of Haelen in Belgium (the first cavalry engagement of the War). Advance squadrons of Georg von der Marwitzs cavalry corps prove unable to defeat a single Belgian cavalry division under de Witte guarding the Haelen bridge
Western Front
The war on the Western Front, head of a group of cavalry divisions, does not lend itself well to cavalry as a form of offensive warfare, as he discovers at the Battle of Haelen in Belgium (the first cavalry engagement of the War)
Declaration of War
Serbia declares war on Germany. Montenegro declares war on Germany
Britain Declares War on Austria
Great Britain enters war with Austria.
Declaration of War
Great Britain is at war with Austria
First Army
At the start of World War I, Rennenkampf was given command of the Russian First Army for the invasion of East Prussia, advancing from the North East
Invasion of Germany
Enters East Prussia ahead of Samsanovs Second Army. At the start of World War I, Rennenkampf was given command of the Russian First Army for the invasion of East Prussia, advancing from the North East
Invasion of Serbia
Austrian forces cross River Drina and begin first invasion of Serbia
Battle of Frontiers
One of the battles of the Frontiers, the Invasion of Lorraine (also known as the Battle of Morhange-Sarrebourg) begins with the French First and Second Armies entering the city
First Army
The French First Army, under General Auguste Dubail, intended to take Sarrebourg, east of Nancy, a strongly defended town, with General Noel de Castelnaus Second Army taking Morhange, similarly fortified
Invasion of Lorraine
One of the battles of the Frontiers, the Invasion of Lorraine (also known as the Battle of Morhange-Sarrebourg) begins with the French First and Second Armies entering the city.
Invasion of Lorraine
The French First Army, under General Auguste Dubail, intended to take Sarrebourg, east of Nancy, a strongly defended town, with General Noel de Castelnaus Second Army taking Morhange, similarly fortified.
Invasion of Lorraine
The French invasion of Lorraine forms one of the major objectives of the French pre-war offensive strategy against Germany, Plan XVII.
Plan XVII
The French invasion of Lorraine forms one of the major objectives of the French pre-war offensive strategy against Germany, Plan XVII
Second Army
The French First Army, under General Auguste Dubail, intended to take Sarrebourg, east of Nancy, a strongly defended town, with General Noel de Castelnaus Second Army taking Morhange, similarly fortified
First Army
The French First Army, under General Auguste Dubail, intended to take Sarrebourg, east of Nancy, a strongly defended town, with General Noel de Castelnaus Second Army taking Morhange, similarly fortified
Invasion of Lorraine
The French First Army, under General Auguste Dubail, intended to take Sarrebourg, east of Nancy, a strongly defended town, with General Noel de Castelnaus Second Army taking Morhange, similarly fortified
Second Army
The French First Army, under General Auguste Dubail, intended to take Sarrebourg, east of Nancy, a strongly defended town, with General Noel de Castelnaus Second Army taking Morhange, similarly fortified
First Army
The French First Army, under General Auguste Dubail, intended to take Sarrebourg, east of Nancy, a strongly defended town, with General Noel de Castelnaus Second Army taking Morhange, similarly fortified
Invasion of Lorraine
The French First Army, under General Auguste Dubail, intended to take Sarrebourg, east of Nancy, a strongly defended town, with General Noel de Castelnaus Second Army taking Morhange, similarly fortified
Second Army
The French First Army, under General Auguste Dubail, intended to take Sarrebourg, east of Nancy, a strongly defended town, with General Noel de Castelnaus Second Army taking Morhange, similarly fortified
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
The BEF cross the Channel to France
Diplomatic Ultimatum at Tsingtau
Japanese Government send ultimatum to Germany demanding evacuation of Tsingtau
Rule of Tsingtau
Japanese Government send ultimatum to Germany demanding evacuation of Tsingtau
Diplomatic Ultimatum at Tsingtau
Japanese Government send ultimatum to Germany demanding evacuation of Tsingtau
Rule of Tsingtau
Japanese Government send ultimatum to Germany demanding evacuation of Tsingtau
Opening of Panama Canal
The steamship Ancon makes the canal's official inaugural transit.
Battle of Liege
The last of the forts surrounding Liege surrenders to Ludendorfs forces. The forts around Liege are finally taken
Capture of Liege
The forts around Liege are finally taken
Siege of Liege
The forts around Liege are finally taken
Capital
The Belgian capital is moved from Brussels to Antwerp
Battle of Stalluponen
Launches, on his own initiative and against orders, an attack against the Russian First Army at the Battle of Stalluponen
First Army
Launches, on his own initiative and against orders, an attack against the Russian First Army at the Battle of Stalluponen
Battle of Belgium, 1st
The German Second Army, together with First and 3rd Armies, began to implement the next stage of the Schlieffen Plan, embarking upon a wide sweeping wheel movement through Belgium, forcing the Belgian army back to Antwerp
Battle of Liege
The German Second Army, together with First and 3rd Armies, began to implement the next stage of the Schlieffen Plan, embarking upon a wide sweeping wheel movement through Belgium, forcing the Belgian army back to Antwerp
Invasion of Belgium
The German Second Army, together with First and 3rd Armies, began to implement the next stage of the Schlieffen Plan, embarking upon a wide sweeping wheel movement through Belgium, forcing the Belgian army back to Antwerp
Second Army
The German Second Army, together with First and 3rd Armies, began to implement the next stage of the Schlieffen Plan, embarking upon a wide sweeping wheel movement through Belgium, forcing the Belgian army back to Antwerp
Siege of Liege
The German Second Army, together with First and 3rd Armies, began to implement the next stage of the Schlieffen Plan, embarking upon a wide sweeping wheel movement through Belgium, forcing the Belgian army back to Antwerp
First Army
Leads the First Army, 12 divisions, in the ill-fated invasion of Prussia
Invasion of Germany
The Russians move in force over the Prussian frontier. Rennenkampfs forces march into East Prussia
Invasion of Prussia
Rennenkampfs forces march into East Prussia. Leads the First Army, 12 divisions, in the ill-fated invasion of Prussia
Invasion of Prussia
Leads the Second Army, 13 divisions & 5 corps, in the ill-fated invasion of Prussia
Second Army
Leads the Second Army, 13 divisions & 5 corps, in the ill-fated invasion of Prussia
Invasion of Prussia
Pressurised by France to attack in the east to help the French & British in the west
Battle of Belgium, 1st
The Belgian Army retreats from the Gette on Antwerp
Capture of Gette
The Belgian Army retreats from the Gette on Antwerp
Invasion of Belgium
The Belgian Army retreats from the Gette on Antwerp
Mobilization
The Canadian Parliament authorizes an expeditionary force
Battle of Gumbinnen
Prittwitz decides to engage Rennenkampf at the earliest possibility, pitting 150,000 Germans against 200,000 Russians, the decision went against the orders of Moltke, the German Chief of Staff, which ruled out any offensive before the fall of France
Battle of Gumbinnen
Maximilian von Prittwitz's orders were very clear, his German Eighth Army was to remain in its positions in East Prussia, without attempting any offensive action, as all German efforts were to be concentrated on the Western Front against France.
Battle of Gumbinnen
Prittwitz decides to engage Rennenkampf at the earliest possibility, pitting 150,000 Germans against 200,000 Russians, the decision went against the orders of Moltke, the German Chief of Staff, which ruled out any offensive before the fall of France.
Eighth Army
Maximilian von Prittwitzs orders were very clear, his German Eighth Army was to remain in its positions in East Prussia, without attempting any offensive action, as all German efforts were to be concentrated on the Western Front against France
Western Front
Maximilian von Prittwitzs orders were very clear, his German Eighth Army was to remain in its positions in East Prussia, without attempting any offensive action, as all German efforts were to be concentrated on the Western Front against France
Baltic Naval Strength Memorandum
Churchill records that Britain cannot command both the North Sea and Baltic before defeating Germany's main fleet.
Battle of Stalluponen
The first action on the Eastern Front, the Battle of Stalluponen (in present day Lithuania) is fought by a corps of the German Eighth Army against Russian General Rennenkampfs First Army. Russias invasion of East Prussia, part of pre-war strategy, Plan 19, is two-pronged, Rennenkampfs First Army, of 200,000 men, enters East Prussia from the north while General Samsonovs Second Army invades from the south
Eastern Front
The first action on the Eastern Front, the Battle of Stalluponen (in present day Lithuania) is fought by a corps of the German Eighth Army against Russian General Rennenkampfs First Army
Eighth Army
The first action on the Eastern Front, the Battle of Stalluponen (in present day Lithuania) is fought by a corps of the German Eighth Army against Russian General Rennenkampfs First Army
First Army
Russias invasion of East Prussia, part of pre-war strategy, Plan 19, is two-pronged, Rennenkampfs First Army, of 200,000 men, enters East Prussia from the north while General Samsonovs Second Army invades from the south
Invasion of Prussia
Russias invasion of East Prussia, part of pre-war strategy, Plan 19, is two-pronged, Rennenkampfs First Army, of 200,000 men, enters East Prussia from the north while General Samsonovs Second Army invades from the south
Second Army
Russias invasion of East Prussia, part of pre-war strategy, Plan 19, is two-pronged, Rennenkampfs First Army, of 200,000 men, enters East Prussia from the north while General Samsonovs Second Army invades from the south
First Army
Tasked, along with Paul von Rennenkampf, commander of First Army, with the Russian invasion of East Prussia. Russias invasion of East Prussia, part of pre-war strategy, Plan 19, is two-pronged, Rennenkampfs First Army, of 200,000 men, enters East Prussia from the north while General Samsonovs Second Army invades from the south
Invasion of Germany
Tasked, along with Paul von Rennenkampf, commander of First Army, with the Russian invasion of East Prussia. Russias invasion of East Prussia, part of pre-war strategy, Plan 19, is two-pronged, Rennenkampfs First Army, of 200,000 men, enters East Prussia from the north while General Samsonovs Second Army invades from the south
Invasion of Prussia
Tasked, along with Paul von Rennenkampf, commander of First Army, with the Russian invasion of East Prussia. Russias invasion of East Prussia, part of pre-war strategy, Plan 19, is two-pronged, Rennenkampfs First Army, of 200,000 men, enters East Prussia from the north while General Samsonovs Second Army invades from the south
Second Army
Russias invasion of East Prussia, part of pre-war strategy, Plan 19, is two-pronged, Rennenkampfs First Army, of 200,000 men, enters East Prussia from the north while General Samsonovs Second Army invades from the south
Antwerp National Redoubt Becomes Belgian Base
After the withdrawal from central Belgium, King Albert I establishes the fortified Antwerp region as the principal refuge of the Belgian field army. Its position threatens German communications while preserving a substantial Belgian force.
Capture of Brussels
Germany captures Brussels
Invasion of Lorraine
Castelnaus army is forced to retreat to Nancy
Siege of Nancy
Castelnaus army is forced to retreat to Nancy
Battle of Sarrebourg Service
Jodl serves with his artillery unit during the fighting around Sarrebourg.
Battle of Gumbinnen
The Eighth Army comprises four corps: I Corps (Hermann von Francois), XVII Corps (August von Mackensen), I Reserve Corps (Otto von Below), and XX Corps, plus one cavalry division, facing the Russian First Army (Paul von Rennenkampf). Francois persuades Prittwitz to launch an offensive against the Russian First Army while the Second Army was still far to the south
Battle of Stalluponen
By the time he withdrew to Gumbinnen after this battle, his corps had inflicted 5,000 casualties and managed to capture about 3,000 Russian prisoners
Eighth Army
The Eighth Army comprises four corps: I Corps (Hermann von Francois), XVII Corps (August von Mackensen), I Reserve Corps (Otto von Below), and XX Corps, plus one cavalry division, facing the Russian First Army (Paul von Rennenkampf)
First Army
The Eighth Army comprises four corps: I Corps (Hermann von Francois), XVII Corps (August von Mackensen), I Reserve Corps (Otto von Below), and XX Corps, plus one cavalry division, facing the Russian First Army (Paul von Rennenkampf). Francois persuades Prittwitz to launch an offensive against the Russian First Army while the Second Army was still far to the south
Second Army
Francois persuades Prittwitz to launch an offensive against the Russian First Army while the Second Army was still far to the south
Battle of Gumbinnen
At first the German advance went well, but faltered once they came under Russian artillery fire, and the Russians were able to turn their flanks and force them to retreat to the Insterburg-Angerburg lines, leaving 6,000 prisoners in Russian hands
Battle of Gumbinnen
At the mercy of the German artillery the Russians are were forced to retreat 8 km in the early afternoon but the lines are stabilized when the Russian 29th Division arrived, and the battle turned into a stalemate.
Battle of Gumbinnen
The Chief of Staff reacted by removing Prittwitz and his deputy Waldersee, replacing them with Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff. Prittwitz's panic partially affected Moltke, who now feared that Berlin itself could now be threatened by the advancing Russians.
Battle of Gumbinnen
The Eighth Army comprises four corps: I Corps (Hermann von Francois), XVII Corps (August von Mackensen), I Reserve Corps (Otto von Below), and XX Corps, plus one cavalry division, facing the Russian First Army (Paul von Rennenkampf)
Eighth Army
The Eighth Army comprises four corps: I Corps (Hermann von Francois), XVII Corps (August von Mackensen), I Reserve Corps (Otto von Below), and XX Corps, plus one cavalry division, facing the Russian First Army (Paul von Rennenkampf)
First Army
The Eighth Army comprises four corps: I Corps (Hermann von Francois), XVII Corps (August von Mackensen), I Reserve Corps (Otto von Below), and XX Corps, plus one cavalry division, facing the Russian First Army (Paul von Rennenkampf)
Battle of Gumbinnen
At the mercy of the German artillery the Russians are were forced to retreat 8 km in the early afternoon but the lines are stabilized when the Russian 29th Division arrived, and the battle turned into a stalemate
Battle of Gumbinnen
The Battle of Gumbinnen, initiated by forces of the German Empire is the first major German offensive on the Eastern Front during the First World War. Commands Commander-XVIII Corps.
Battle of Gumbinnen
The Eighth Army comprises four corps: I Corps (Hermann von Francois), XVII Corps (August von Mackensen), I Reserve Corps (Otto von Below), and XX Corps, plus one cavalry division, facing the Russian First Army (Paul von Rennenkampf).
Eastern Front
The Battle of Gumbinnen, initiated by forces of the German Empire is the first major German offensive on the Eastern Front during the First World War
Eighth Army
The Eighth Army comprises four corps: I Corps (Hermann von Francois), XVII Corps (August von Mackensen), I Reserve Corps (Otto von Below), and XX Corps, plus one cavalry division, facing the Russian First Army (Paul von Rennenkampf)
First Army
The Eighth Army comprises four corps: I Corps (Hermann von Francois), XVII Corps (August von Mackensen), I Reserve Corps (Otto von Below), and XX Corps, plus one cavalry division, facing the Russian First Army (Paul von Rennenkampf)
Battle of Belgium, 1st
Brussels is captured without resistance by General von Kluck of the First Army
Capture of Brussels
Brussels is captured without resistance by General von Kluck of the First Army
Invasion of Belgium
Brussels is captured without resistance by General von Kluck of the First Army
Siege of Brussels
Brussels is captured without resistance by General von Kluck of the First Army
Capture of Brussels
Germany captures Brussels
Invasion of France
Launches an attack on the French right
Invasion of Prussia
Rennenkampfs invasion of Prussia stops at Gumbinnen
Battle of Tannenberg
Samsonov runs into a German trap, 1st day of the Battle of Tannenberg
Invasion of Germany
Samsonovs Second Army starts to advance into East Prussia
Second Army
Samsonovs Second Army starts to advance into East Prussia
Battle of Ardennes
General Pierre Ruffeys 3rd Army and, further north, General Fernand de Langle de Carys 4th Army, fought the German 4th and 5th Armies: the former led by Duke Albrecht, the latter by Crown Prince Wilhelm
Fourth Army
General Pierre Ruffeys 3rd Army and, further north, General Fernand de Langle de Carys 4th Army, fought the German 4th and 5th Armies: the former led by Duke Albrecht, the latter by Crown Prince Wilhelm
Third Army
General Pierre Ruffeys 3rd Army and, further north, General Fernand de Langle de Carys 4th Army, fought the German 4th and 5th Armies: the former led by Duke Albrecht, the latter by Crown Prince Wilhelm
Battle of Ardennes
General Pierre Ruffeys 3rd Army and, further north, General Fernand de Langle de Carys 4th Army, fought the German 4th and 5th Armies: the former led by Duke Albrecht, the latter by Crown Prince Wilhelm
Fourth Army
General Pierre Ruffeys 3rd Army and, further north, General Fernand de Langle de Carys 4th Army, fought the German 4th and 5th Armies: the former led by Duke Albrecht, the latter by Crown Prince Wilhelm
Third Army
General Pierre Ruffeys 3rd Army and, further north, General Fernand de Langle de Carys 4th Army, fought the German 4th and 5th Armies: the former led by Duke Albrecht, the latter by Crown Prince Wilhelm
Declaration of War
Austria-Hungary declares war on Belgium
British and French Governments guarantee to Belgium the integrity of her colonies
British and French Governments guarantee to Belgium the integrity of her colonies
Declaration of War
Austria-Hungary declares war on Belgium
Battle of Frontiers
Eight days after the French offensive had begun both First and Second Armies are back to the fortress zones of Belfort, Epinal and Toul
Invasion of Lorraine
Eight days after the French offensive had begun both First and Second Armies are back to the fortress zones of Belfort, Epinal and Toul
Battle of Bleid
Takes part in the battle for Bleid
Battle of Tannenberg
Invades Germany near the village of Tannenberg
Invasion of Germany
Invades Germany near the village of Tannenberg
Battle of Galicia
The offensive begins in Galicia
Battle of Ardennes
The French forces begin a disorderly retreat, the 3rd Army withdrawing to Verdun chased by the German 5th Army (where Ruffey was subsequently removed by Joffre), and 4th Army retreating near Sedan and Stenay
Fifth Army
The French forces begin a disorderly retreat, the 3rd Army withdrawing to Verdun chased by the German 5th Army (where Ruffey was subsequently removed by Joffre), and 4th Army retreating near Sedan and Stenay
Fourth Army
The French forces begin a disorderly retreat, the 3rd Army withdrawing to Verdun chased by the German 5th Army (where Ruffey was subsequently removed by Joffre), and 4th Army retreating near Sedan and Stenay
Third Army
The French forces begin a disorderly retreat, the 3rd Army withdrawing to Verdun chased by the German 5th Army (where Ruffey was subsequently removed by Joffre), and 4th Army retreating near Sedan and Stenay
Battle of Ardennes
The French forces begin a disorderly retreat, the 3rd Army withdrawing to Verdun chased by the German 5th Army (where Ruffey was subsequently removed by Joffre), and 4th Army retreating near Sedan and Stenay
Fifth Army
The French forces begin a disorderly retreat, the 3rd Army withdrawing to Verdun chased by the German 5th Army (where Ruffey was subsequently removed by Joffre), and 4th Army retreating near Sedan and Stenay
Fourth Army
The French forces begin a disorderly retreat, the 3rd Army withdrawing to Verdun chased by the German 5th Army (where Ruffey was subsequently removed by Joffre), and 4th Army retreating near Sedan and Stenay
Third Army
The French forces begin a disorderly retreat, the 3rd Army withdrawing to Verdun chased by the German 5th Army (where Ruffey was subsequently removed by Joffre), and 4th Army retreating near Sedan and Stenay
Battle of Ardennes
The French forces begin a disorderly retreat, the 3rd Army withdrawing to Verdun chased by the German 5th Army (where Ruffey was subsequently removed by Joffre), and 4th Army retreating near Sedan and Stenay
Fifth Army
The French forces begin a disorderly retreat, the 3rd Army withdrawing to Verdun chased by the German 5th Army (where Ruffey was subsequently removed by Joffre), and 4th Army retreating near Sedan and Stenay
Fourth Army
The French forces begin a disorderly retreat, the 3rd Army withdrawing to Verdun chased by the German 5th Army (where Ruffey was subsequently removed by Joffre), and 4th Army retreating near Sedan and Stenay
Third Army
The French forces begin a disorderly retreat, the 3rd Army withdrawing to Verdun chased by the German 5th Army (where Ruffey was subsequently removed by Joffre), and 4th Army retreating near Sedan and Stenay
Battle of Mons
The German First Army suffer heavy losses but force the British to retreat. Orders 150,000 soldiers to attack British positions
First Army
The German First Army suffer heavy losses but force the British to retreat
Declaration of War
Japan declares war on Germany
Battle of Mons
Awarded the Victoria Cross
Battle of Mons
Awarded the Victoria Cross
Battle of Mons
Awarded the Victoria Cross
Battle of Mons
Commands the 5th Cavalry Brigade against the Germans at Mons
Battle of Mons
French deploys the BEF near Mons before retreating toward the Marne.
First Army
The German First Army sufferss heavy losses but force the British back to the River Marne
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Japan
Germany severs diplomatic relations with Japan
Declaration of War
Japan declares war on Germany
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Japan
Japan declares war on Germany. Germany severs diplomatic relations with Japan
Declaration of War
Japan uses its alliance with Britain to declare war on Germany. Japan declares war on Germany
Battle of Tannenberg
Zhilinsky orders Samsonov to resume the offensive. The Russians are outflanked & radio messages decoded
Battle of Galicia
Leads troops during Russia early advance in Galicia.
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Japan
Austria-Hungary severs diplomatic relations with Japan
Belgian Army Prepares First Antwerp Sortie
Belgian formations reconnoitre the approaches south of Antwerp before an offensive designed to distract German units operating against the Allied armies farther south.
Canadian Expeditionary Force
Organizes the first Canadian Expeditionary Force camp at Valcartier.
Wounded at Sarrebourg
Jodl is wounded in the thigh during fighting on the Western Front.
Invasion of France
Germany enters France near Lille
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Murray summoned the Corps Chiefs of Staff at around 1am on 24 August (the night after the Battle of Mons), and ordered them to retreat, but gave them no detailed plans, leaving them to work out the details themselves
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Japan
Austria-Hungary severs diplomatic relations with Japan
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Japan
Austria-Hungary severs diplomatic relations with Japan
Battle of Krasnik
The Russian 4th Army is driven back by the Austrian First Army
Battle of Orlau-Frankenau
Withdraws to Tannenberg. The Russians are stopped by the German XX corps. The Germans know the Russian positions because of Samsonovs uncoded radio messages. Russia withdraws to Tannenberg. bu the Germans know Russian positions because they decode radio messages. Attacks East Prussia & defeats the Germans
Battle of Tannenberg
Zhilinsky orders Samsonov to stop "acting the coward & resume the offensive"
Battle of Tannenberg
Ordered by Zhilinsky to stop "acting the coward & resume the offensive"
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Austria-Hungary
Japan severs diplomatic relations with Austria-Hungary. Japan declares "State of War" with Austria-Hungary
Declaration of War
Japan declares "State of War" with Austria-Hungary. Austria is at war with Japan
Belgian First Sortie Advances from Antwerp
Four Belgian divisions advance from the Antwerp perimeter toward German positions and transport links near Mechelen. The movement seeks to divert enemy troops away from the fighting in northern France.
Invasion of France
Joffre orders a retreat to the Somme
Maritime War Rules Considered
Addresses British policy toward international maritime rules governing wartime commerce.
Sir John French Despatch Reported
Reports information from Sir John French concerning the British Expeditionary Force in France.
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Austria-Hungary
Japan severs diplomatic relations with Austria-Hungary
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Austria-Hungar
Japan severs diplomatic relations with Austria-Hungar. Japan declares "State of War" with Austria-Hungary
Declaration of War
Japan declares "State of War" with Austria-Hungary. Austria is at war with Japan
Battle of Orlau-Frankenau
The Germans advance to Tannenberg to trap the Russian Army
Belgian First Sortie Ends
The Belgian army abandons its first sortie after learning that the French and British forces are retreating. Its units return to the Antwerp defences rather than risk an unsupported advance.
Zeppelin Raid Strikes Antwerp
A German airship bombs Antwerp during the night of 25 to 26 August, killing civilians and demonstrating the vulnerability of the fortified city to aerial attack.
Battle of Tannenberg
Later gives him Hindenburg & Ludendorf a legendary status during the Weimar Republic. Decisive victory against Russia in east Prussia
Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse Sunk
Reports the destruction of German auxiliary cruiser Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse by HMS Highflyer.
BEF Casualties Reviewed
Addresses early casualty information concerning the British Expeditionary Force on the Western Front.
Compulsory Service Question Answered
Responds to parliamentary questions about whether compulsory military service will be introduced.
Emergency Service Age Extension Discussed
Addresses proposals to extend the age limits for men available for emergency military service.
Wartime Public Meetings Addressed
Discusses the conduct of public political meetings while the country is at war.
Battle of Gnila Lipa
The Austrian 3rd Army is thrown back by the Russian 3rd & Eighth armies
Third Army
The Austrian 3rd Army is thrown back by the Russian 3rd & Eighth armies
Battle of Tannenberg
The Russian centre moves into a trap & is overwhelmed by the German VIII Army. Shoots himself after the Battle of Tannenberg. Decisive German victory under Hindenburg & Ludendorf against Russia in East Prussia. 2 Russian corps, 13th, 15th & 23rd are trapped
Battle of Tannenberg
The Germans counterattack the Russian east flank
Afrikaner Nationalist Organisation
Hertzog's federal party expands its organization into Pretoria.
Transvaal National Party Formation
The Transvaal branch of the National Party is established.
Battle of Tannenberg
Leads the XVIII Corps
Battle of Tannenberg
Gathers a force 100,000 against the threat posed by Samsonov & Rennekamps armies
Battle of Tannenberg
Only 60,000 Russian troops escape. Hindenburg takes 90,000 prisoners & several hundred guns
Battle of Tannenberg
Hindenburg defeats Samsonov & turns on Rennenkampf who retreats to the Niemen River
German High Command Assesses Antwerp Threat
Helmuth von Moltke and the German high command evaluate Belgian offensive activity from Antwerp. The threat to German communications influences decisions about reserve deployments.
Army Recruiting Appeal Renewed
Uses a Commons statement to reinforce the national appeal for voluntary Army recruits.
Belgian Resistance Address Moved
Moves an address expressing admiration for Belgian resistance and British determination to support Belgian independence.
Press Bureau Policy Defended
Answers questions about the wartime Press Bureau and the handling of military information.
Battle of Mons
Driven back from Le Cateau
Battle of Tannenberg
His behaviour during the Battle of Tannenberg, & failure to coordinate with Samsonovs Second Army, resulted in much criticism from sector commander Yakov Zhilinskiy and attempts by some members of the military high command to have him removed. Hindenburg defeats Samsonov & turns on Rennenkampf who retreats to the Niemen River
Second Army
His behaviour during the Battle of Tannenberg, & failure to coordinate with Samsonovs Second Army, resulted in much criticism from sector commander Yakov Zhilinskiy and attempts by some members of the military high command to have him removed
Battle of Tannenberg
Hindenburg drives Samsonovs army back to Hohenstein
Battle of Tannenberg
Hindenburg takes 90,000 prisoners & several hundred guns
Battle of Tannenberg
Poor communications with both Stavka headquarters and, more specifically, with First Army commander Rennenkampf (with whom Samsonov had a personal quarrel), led to Samsonovs forces being encircled by the German Eighth Army under Hindenburg and Ludendorf. Only 60,000 Russian troops escape.
Battle of Tannenberg
Samsonov is surrounded on 3 sides by Hindenburgs army & by swamps & lakes.
Battle of Tannenberg
With his Second Army virtually destroyed, of a total of 150,000 men under his command less than 10,000 escaped German capture, Samsonov, lost in wooded terrain, and unable to face reporting the scale of the disaster to Tsar Nicholas II, commits suicide.
Eighth Army
Poor communications with both Stavka headquarters and, more specifically, with First Army commander Rennenkampf (with whom Samsonov had a personal quarrel), led to Samsonovs forces being encircled by the German Eighth Army under Hindenburg and Ludendorf
First Army
Poor communications with both Stavka headquarters and, more specifically, with First Army commander Rennenkampf (with whom Samsonov had a personal quarrel), led to Samsonovs forces being encircled by the German Eighth Army under Hindenburg and Ludendorf
STAVKA
Poor communications with both Stavka headquarters and, more specifically, with First Army commander Rennenkampf (with whom Samsonov had a personal quarrel), led to Samsonovs forces being encircled by the German Eighth Army under Hindenburg and Ludendorf
Second Army
With his Second Army virtually destroyed, of a total of 150,000 men under his command less than 10,000 escaped German capture, Samsonov, lost in wooded terrain, and unable to face reporting the scale of the disaster to Tsar Nicholas II, commits suicide
Suicide
With his Second Army virtually destroyed, of a total of 150,000 men under his command less than 10,000 escaped German capture, Samsonov, lost in wooded terrain, and unable to face reporting the scale of the disaster to Tsar Nicholas II, commits suicide
Declaration of War
Austro-Hungarian declaration of war received by Belgian Government. Austria is at war with Belgium
International Declaration
Austro-Hungarian declaration of war received by Belgian Government
Declaration of War
Austria is at war with Belgium
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of the Ninth Army
Commander of Ninth Army
Appointed Commander of the Ninth Army, to fill the gap on the Marne front
Ninth Army
Appointed Commander of the Ninth Army, to fill the gap on the Marne front
Military Governor
Appointed Military Governor of Paris
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of the Ninth Army
Commander of Ninth Army
Appointed Commander of the Ninth Army, to fill the gap on the Marne front
Ninth Army
Appointed Commander of the Ninth Army, to fill the gap on the Marne front
Military Governor
Appointed Military Governor of Paris
Battle of Heligoland Bight
The Royal Navy wins an early North Sea action against German light forces off Heligoland.
Army Enlistment Measures Discussed
Reviews practical measures intended to speed the enlistment of wartime volunteers.
Belgian Refugee Assistance Addressed
Addresses arrangements for Belgian refugees displaced by the German invasion.
Casualty List Publication Addressed
Answers questions about publishing official lists of British military casualties.
Battlecruiser Force Withdraws after Heligoland
Beatty withdraws his battlecruisers after the German light forces have suffered severe losses.
German Cruisers Engaged at Heligoland Bight
Beatty's heavy ships overwhelm German cruisers encountered during the closing phase of the battle.
Heligoland Bight Intervention Ordered
Beatty commits his battlecruisers despite mine and submarine risks to support the hard-pressed British flotillas.
Heligoland Bight Support Force Moves In
Beatty moves his battlecruisers toward the fighting after British light forces come under increasing pressure.
Heligoland Bight Victory Secured
Beatty's intervention helps turn the confused action into a clear British naval victory.
Battle of Tannenberg
The Russian Second Army disintegrates, Samsonov shoots himself
Second Army
The Russian Second Army disintegrates, Samsonov shoots himself
Capture of Amiens
Amiens is captured by the Germans
Capture of Amiens
Amiens is captured by the Germans
Capture of Amiens
Germany captures Amiens
Invasion of Germany
Poor communications with both Stavka headquarters and, more specifically, with First Army commander Rennenkampf (with whom Samsonov had a personal quarrel), led to Samsonovs forces being encircled by the German Eighth Army under Hindenburg and Ludendorf
Invasion of Prussia
Poor communications with both Stavka headquarters and, more specifically, with First Army commander Rennenkampf (with whom Samsonov had a personal quarrel), led to Samsonovs forces being encircled by the German Eighth Army under Hindenburg and Ludendorf
Beseler Assumes Antwerp Security Responsibilities
Hans von Beseler receives responsibility for German security around Antwerp against Belgian attacks and possible Allied relief efforts from the west. He coordinates units deployed around the fortress region.
Home Rule Wartime Suspension Managed
Explains wartime handling of Irish Home Rule legislation while hostilities continue.
Press Censorship Dispute Addressed
Responds to criticism concerning censorship and the treatment of newspaper reporting during the war.
Wartime Government Statement Delivered
Gives Parliament a further statement on the developing war and the Government response.
Caja de Conversion Gold Suspension
Argentina suspends ordinary gold conversion through the Caja de Conversion as the First World War disrupts international payments and gold movements.
Wartime Gold Standard Suspension
Australia suspends normal gold-standard convertibility during the First World War as wartime controls disrupt the pre-war sterling and gold arrangements.
Battle of Kamarov
Wins a tactical victory over the Russians
Invasion of Balkans
Hopes to quickly defeat Serbia by sending 12 divisions to the Balkans
Commander of 4th Army
Appointed Commander of the 4th Army
Invasion of Ardennes
Leads the 4th Army through the Ardennes
Invasion of France
Leads the 4th Army through the Ardennes
Siege of Ardennes
Leads the 4th Army through the Ardennes
Gold Convertibility Suspended
France suspends ordinary gold convertibility and introduces wartime financial controls as mobilisation creates exceptional demand for currency and reserves.
General
Appointed General of the Brigade
Battle of Frontiers
Attacks Morhange but forced to retreat to Nancy
Gold Redemption Suspended
Germany suspends gold redemption at the outbreak of the First World War, ending the convertibility that had supported the imperial gold mark.
Eighth Army
Made Commander of the German Eighth Army, and was tasked with defending East Prussia from an expected Russian attack
Admiral
Appointed Commander of the German Navy along the Belgian coast
Commander of Far Eastern Squad
Appointed Commander of the Far East Squadron, patrols the Pacific
First General Staff Officer
Appointed First General Staff Officer to the Eighth Army in East Prussia
Mobilisation for First World War
At the outbreak of the First World War, Manstein left his military studies for field service as an adjutant. He served with the German forces campaigning in Belgium and France.
Placed in charge of overseas propaganda
Placed in charge of overseas propaganda
Eighth Army
Made Commander of the German Eighth Army, and was tasked with defending East Prussia from an expected Russian attack
Eighth Army
Defeat at the scrappy Battle of Gumbinnen led a panicked Prittwitz to order the withdrawal of Eighth Army to the River Vistula, fearing encirclement by the Russian First and Second Armies
Invasion of Germany
Dispatched to East Prussia to defend against a likely Russian invasion as documented in Russias war strategy, Plan 19
Invasion of Germany
The order to withdraw effectively abandoned East Prussia to the Russians; before the order was executed he was recalled to Berlin by Helmuth von Moltke, the German Army Chief of Staff. Defeat at the scrappy Battle of Gumbinnen led a panicked Prittwitz to order the withdrawal of Eighth Army to the River Vistula, fearing encirclement by the Russian First and Second Armies
Admiral
Appointed Commander of the German Navy along the Belgian coast
Commander of Far Eastern Squad
Appointed Commander of the Far East Squadron, patrols the Pacific
German Forces Screen Antwerp Fortress
German reserve formations maintain a screen around Antwerp after the Belgian army retreats into the fortified area. Their mission is to contain the garrison while Germanyโs main armies push toward France.
Battle of Tannenberg
Hindenburg drives Samsonovs army back to Hohenstein
Eighth Army
Appointed First General Staff Officer to the Eighth Army in East Prussia
First General Staff Officer
Appointed First General Staff Officer to the Eighth Army in East Prussia
Wartime Gold Convertibility Suspension
Emergency wartime measures and controls end the normal pre-war operation of gold convertibility as Britain finances mobilisation and protects Bank of England reserves.
Army Expansion Programme Approved
Secures government support for expanding Britain's small professional army through successive volunteer formations.
Long War Estimate Presented to Cabinet
Warns ministers that the conflict will require mass armies and may last for years.
War Council Membership Assumed
Joins the government's central strategic discussions immediately after becoming Secretary of State for War.
Malta Dockyard Wartime Transition
Carden's Malta appointment ends as the Royal Navy shifts fully onto a wartime footing in the Mediterranean.
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff to the BEF
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Appointed Commander of the British Expeditionary Force
Commander of British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Appointed Commander of the British Expeditionary Force
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant to a battalion at Shorncliffe, part of 10th Brigade
Bristol Aircraft Production
Bristol aircraft production expands for wartime service.
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Appointed Chief of Staff to the BEF
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff to the BEF
Goeben Pursuit Orders
Directs Admiralty efforts to locate and contain the German battlecruiser Goeben and light cruiser Breslau in the Mediterranean.
Naval Blockade of Germany
Supports the Royal Navy strategy of restricting German overseas trade and access to strategic imports.
Royal Naval Division Formation
Creates the Royal Naval Division from naval reservists and marines not immediately required for service at sea.
Battlecruisers Assigned Long-Range Support Role
Beatty's force is used as fast heavy support for British cruiser and destroyer operations in the North Sea.
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Appointed Commander of the British Expeditionary Force
Commander of British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Appointed Commander of the British Expeditionary Force
K1 New Army Formation Begun
Begins organising the first six New Army divisions from the initial mass of volunteers.
Long-War Army Planning Begun
Plans for a continental army large enough to sustain a prolonged industrial war.
Recruiting Offices Expanded Nationwide
Expands recruiting machinery through towns, workplaces and local organisations across Britain.
Second New Army Expansion Ordered
Authorises further volunteer formations as enlistment quickly exceeds the first recruiting target.
Quote
"lamps are going out all over Europe; we shall not see them lit again in our lifetime"
Retreat from Mons Service
Serves with 1st Royal Warwickshire Regiment during the retreat from Mons as the BEF falls back through France.
Gold Ruble Convertibility Suspended
Russia suspends redemption of paper rubles in gold as wartime borrowing and currency expansion replace the pre-war convertible monetary regime.
Vote-War Credits
Kerensky supports the Trudovik decision to abstain when the Duma considers government war credits, refusing unconditional endorsement of imperial wartime policy.
War Policy Debate
Kerensky opposes enthusiastic support for the First World War and criticises the conflict as destructive to Russian society and democratic reform.
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff to the Eussian sth-western army group on Galicia
Commander of Second Army
Given command of the Russian Second Army
Deputy Commander
Appointed Deputy Commander in-Chief at Stavka to Duke Nicholas
STAVKA
Appointed Deputy Commander in-Chief at Stavka to Duke Nicholas
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff to the Eussian sth-western army group on Galicia
Commander of Second Army
Given command of the Russian Second Army
Second Army
Given command of the Russian Second Army
Deputy Commander
Appointed Deputy Commander in-Chief at Stavka to Duke Nicholas
STAVKA
Appointed Deputy Commander in-Chief at Stavka to Duke Nicholas
Mobilization
Responsible for Russias mobilization plans
Reform of Armed Forces
The Stavka is given nominal control of Army operations
STAVKA
The Stavka is given nominal control of Army operations
Battle of Tannenberg
Russian loses are 92,000 captured & 30,000 killed. Russian defeat which precipitates the revolution. Pressurised by France to attack in the east to help the French & British in the west
Sari Bair Assault Columns Organised
Godley organises columns to seize Chunuk Bair, Hill Q and Hill 971 during the August offensive.
Suvla Planning Doubts Recorded
Mackenzie records concern that senior IX Corps officers are questioning the Suvla plan and favour waiting for artillery before advancing.
Fourth Brigade Begins Hill 971 Advance
Monash's brigade enters the difficult northern gullies during its attempt to reach Hill 971.
Suvla Flotilla Departs Imbros
Ferrers-Guy sails with the landing flotilla from Imbros toward Suvla after darkness falls.
Lala Baba Captured during Night Landing
Troops of Hammersley's 11th Division seize Lala Baba after sharp fighting during the opening night of the Suvla operation.
Landing Craft Ground inside Suvla Bay
Landing craft carrying parts of the 34th Brigade ground offshore, forcing troops to wade and adding confusion to the night landing.
Lone Pine Diversion Launched
Walker directs the 1st Australian Division's diversionary assault against the Ottoman trenches at Lone Pine.
Suvla Landing Force Put Ashore
Stopford's IX Corps begins landing at Suvla Bay as the northern part of Hamilton's August offensive.
Battle of Gallipoli
Reinforcements arrive when IX Corps land at Suvla
Battle of Gallipoli
A 2nd failed attempt is made to land at Gallipoli
Battle of Sulva Bay
Leads the Allied ground forces
Sealed Suvla Landing Orders Opened
Priestman's battalion opens sealed orders and studies its assigned objectives shortly before embarking for the night landing.
Bauchop's Hill Captured
Russell's brigade captures Bauchop's Hill and helps secure the approach routes for the August advance.
Mounted Rifles Open Northern Approach
Russell's mounted riflemen attack Ottoman outposts to open routes toward the Sari Bair heights.
Old No. 3 Post Retaken
Russell's brigade retakes Old No. 3 Post during the opening night of the Sari Bair offensive.
Table Top Captured
Russell's mounted riflemen seize Table Top as the northern assault columns move inland.
Maori Contingent Joins August Offensive
Buck accompanies the Maori Contingent during operations supporting the August offensive toward Sari Bair.
Battle of Sulva Bay
Commands resistence to Allied Landings at Sulva Bay
Eighth Light Horse Leads Nek Assault
White leads the 8th Light Horse Regiment in the opening waves of the attack at The Nek.
Hill 971 Column Loses Direction
Monash's exhausted brigade becomes delayed in broken terrain and fails to reach Hill 971 on schedule.
Third Light Horse Brigade Commits at The Nek
Hughes commits the 3rd Light Horse Brigade to the assault at The Nek.
Ottoman Ninth Division Alerted to Suvla Landing
Kannengiesser receives warning that Allied troops have landed north of Ari Burnu and moves to assess the Suvla threat.
Nek Attack Retained despite Sari Bair Delay
Birdwood allows the Nek assault to proceed although the supporting advance toward Chunuk Bair is behind schedule.
The Nek Assault Proceeds
Birdwood's ANZAC command proceeds with the attack at The Nek despite the failure to secure the intended supporting heights.
Eleventh Division Command Control Breaks Down
Hammersley's headquarters lacks reliable knowledge of forward battalion positions while much of the division waits for orders.
Eleventh Division Pushes toward Chocolate Hill
Hammersley's division advances inland from Suvla toward Chocolate Hill amid confused command arrangements.
Eleventh Manchesters Reach Kiretch Tepe Slopes
The 11th Manchester Regiment advances onto the Kiretch Tepe sector while much of the Suvla force remains near the beaches.
Auckland Battalion Ordered toward Chunuk Bair
Godley commits the Auckland Battalion in an unsuccessful daylight attack toward the summit of Chunuk Bair.
IX Corps Headquarters Remains Offshore
Stopford continues directing the Suvla operation largely from offshore while opportunities inland diminish.
Suvla Inland Advance Delayed
Stopford fails to press rapidly inland after the largely unopposed landing, allowing Ottoman reinforcements to occupy the heights.
Tenth Division Elements Land at Suvla
Mahon's 10th Division units land at Suvla and enter the expanding northern beachhead.
Tenth Division Split between Landing Beaches
Hill's 10th Division battalions are divided between C Beach and Gazi Baba, complicating concentration of the Irish division.
Auckland Battalion Daylight Attack Ordered
Johnston orders the Auckland Battalion forward after delays prevent the planned dawn assault.
Night Assault on Chunuk Bair Approved
Johnston accepts the plan for the Wellington Battalion to attack the summit before dawn.
Rhododendron Spur Assembly Delayed
Johnston's brigade reaches the Chunuk Bair approaches late after difficult night movement.
Daylight Chunuk Bair Attack Refused
Malone refuses to send the Wellington Battalion into a suicidal daylight attack and waits for darkness.
Rhododendron Ridge Apex Seized
Malone leads the Wellington Battalion in capturing the Apex on Rhododendron Ridge during the Sari Bair offensive.
Lone Pine Trench Defence Led
Symons leads men defending newly captured trenches during fierce Ottoman counterattacks at Lone Pine.
Symons Organises Lone Pine Counterattacks
Symons organises local counterattacks and helps hold captured trenches during the Lone Pine fighting.
Suvla Command Criticised for Delay
Hamilton becomes increasingly dissatisfied with the slow advance from the Suvla beachhead.
Chunuk Bair Relief Ordered
Godley arranges relief of the shattered Wellington Battalion after its day-long defence of Chunuk Bair.
W Hills Reconnaissance Ordered
Coleridge is sent from divisional headquarters to locate forward troops and stress the need to gain the W Hills before nightfall.
Barbaros Hayreddin Torpedoed
Nasmith's E11 torpedoes and sinks the Ottoman battleship Barbaros Hayreddin.
Chunuk Bair Counterattacks Repelled
Malone's battalion holds Chunuk Bair through repeated Ottoman attacks and devastating artillery fire.
Chunuk Bair Summit Captured
Malone leads the Wellington Battalion onto the summit of Chunuk Bair before dawn.
Malone Killed on Chunuk Bair
Malone is killed on Chunuk Bair by shellfire while his depleted battalion continues holding the summit.
Chunuk Bair Telephone Line Maintained
Bassett repeatedly repairs telephone lines under fire between the front and headquarters at Chunuk Bair.
Anafarta Group Command Assumed
Mustafa Kemal assumes command of Ottoman forces opposing the Allied advance around Suvla and Sari Bair.
Lone Pine Bombing Attacks Led
Shout leads repeated bombing attacks against Ottoman trenches during the fighting at Lone Pine.
Shout Mortally Wounded at Lone Pine
Shout is mortally wounded when a bomb explodes during close fighting at Lone Pine.
Lone Pine Sap Held under Bomb Attack
Tubb helps defend a captured sap against repeated Ottoman bombing attacks at Lone Pine.
Lone Pine Barricade Defended
Burton helps defend a trench barricade during close fighting at Lone Pine.
Lone Pine Bombing Position Held
Dunstan remains at a forward bombing position while Ottoman counterattacks press the Australian line.
Lone Pine Forward Trench Held
Hamilton holds a forward trench position under intense fire during the Battle of Lone Pine.
Hansen Rescues Wounded from Burning Scrub
Hansen repeatedly crosses exposed ground under fire and rescues six wounded soldiers threatened by burning scrub.
First Scimitar Hill Attack Repulsed
Hammersley's troops attack around Scimitar Hill but are driven back amid increasing Ottoman artillery, rifle fire and burning scrub.
Herefordshire Battalion Lands at C Beach
The 1/1st Herefordshire Regiment lands at C Beach in the morning as the 53rd Welsh Division enters the Suvla fighting.
Tekke Tepe Advance Forestalled
Hamilton observes that Ottoman reinforcements have reached Tekke Tepe before the delayed British advance can secure the ridge.
Hill Q Assault Attempted
Godley directs renewed attacks toward Hill Q as the August offensive struggles to secure the Sari Bair crest.
Appointed Bishop of Down and Connor
MacRory is appointed Bishop of Down and Connor after many years teaching scripture and theology at Maynooth.
Chunuk Bair Counterattack Prepared
Mustafa Kemal prepares a concentrated counterattack against British troops holding positions near Chunuk Bair.
Suvla Heights Secured before British Advance
Mustafa Kemal directs Ottoman forces onto the heights overlooking Suvla before the British can seize them.
Piecemeal Scimitar Fighting Ends without Gain
Further unsupported attacks around Scimitar Hill fail and exhausted British units fall back from exposed positions.
East Anglian Division Begins Suvla Landing
The first units of Inglefield's 54th East Anglian Division land at Suvla to reinforce IX Corps.
Lone Pine Gains Consolidated
Walker oversees consolidation of the captured Lone Pine position after four days of close fighting.
Brusilov Offensive
The Germans are forced to end their Verdun Operation. The Brusilov Offensive ends with half a million Russian casualties. The attempt to drive Austria out of the war fails
Chunuk Bair Recaptured by Ottoman Counterattack
Mustafa Kemal leads the counterattack that drives Allied troops from Chunuk Bair and restores Ottoman control.
East Anglian Headquarters Comes Ashore
By the end of 11 August the 54th Division headquarters and most of its infantry battalions are ashore at Suvla.
Kavak Tepe Advance Pressed by IX Corps
Stopford looks to the newly arrived 54th Division for another attempt toward Kavak Tepe after earlier attacks fail.
Suvla Stalemate Develops
Stopford's corps remains confined near the coast as Ottoman defenders consolidate the surrounding high ground.
Anafarta Spur Advance Ordered
The 163rd Brigade is ordered forward from the Suvla line to clear ground near Anafarta Spur and improve the connection toward Kiretch Tepe.
Fifth Norfolks Isolated beyond Brigade Line
Proctor-Beauchamp presses ahead with part of his battalion after support falls away, leaving the group isolated in broken ground.
Fifth Norfolks Lead 163rd Brigade Advance
Proctor-Beauchamp leads the 1/5th Norfolks on the right of the 163rd Brigade advance through difficult scrub-covered ground.
Proctor-Beauchamp Killed in Suvla Advance
Proctor-Beauchamp is killed during the failed 1/5th Norfolk advance from the Suvla sector.
Hamilton Reviews Suvla Position with Stopford
Hamilton meets Stopford again as he considers renewed attempts to seize the inland high ground after the Norfolk losses.
East Anglian Brigade Attacks Kidney Hill
The 162nd Brigade attacks toward Kidney Hill but heavy fire, heat and difficult ground break up the advance.
Stopford Removed from Suvla Command
Hamilton removes Stopford after the Suvla force fails to exploit the surprise achieved by the landing.
Suvla Command Assumed after Stopford
De Lisle assumes command at Suvla and attempts to restore momentum to the stalled British force.
Kiretch Tepe Assault Renewed
Mahon's 10th Irish Division renews the attack along Kiretch Tepe as the Allies try to improve the northern Suvla position.
The Pimple Captured on Kiretch Tepe
Irish troops gain the Ottoman position known as the Pimple during the renewed fighting on Kiretch Tepe.
Ottoman Night Counterattacks on Kiretch Tepe
Ottoman forces launch repeated bomb and bayonet counterattacks against the Allied foothold on Kiretch Tepe.
Second Mounted Division Lands at Suvla
Peyton's dismounted 2nd Mounted Division completes its arrival at Suvla after landing during the night of 17 to 18 August.
Death of Paul Ehrlich
Death of Paul Ehrlich, Nobel Prize winning bacteriologist
Yeomanry Reserve Concentrates behind Lala Baba
Peyton's yeomanry units move into reserve behind Lala Baba before the planned 21 August assault.
Baghdad Railway Sabotage Landing
D'Oyly-Hughes swims ashore from E11 and damages the Constantinople-Baghdad railway line.
Hill 60 Platoon Advance Rallied
Addison rallies his platoon under machine-gun fire during the first assault on Hill 60.
Yeomanry Falls Back from Green Hill
Benn experiences the confused withdrawal as exhausted yeomanry fall back from the Green Hill area after the failed attack.
Battle of Dardanelles
Writes to Asquith, Kitchener & Balfour suggesting a naval attack, the plea is rejected
Scimitar Hill Offensive Ordered
Hamilton orders a major Suvla attack against Scimitar Hill and neighbouring positions.
First Hill 60 Assault Coordinated
Godley coordinates ANZAC participation in the first costly attempt to seize Hill 60.
Scimitar Hill Attack Directed
De Lisle directs the British attack at Scimitar Hill, which ends with heavy casualties and no decisive gain.
Twenty-Ninth Division Opens Scimitar Hill Assault
De Lisle commits regular troops of the 29th Division in the opening assault on Scimitar Hill.
Yeomanry Advance across the Salt Lake
Peyton's 2nd Mounted Division advances dismounted across the dry Salt Lake toward the Scimitar Hill fighting.
Potts Rescues Wounded Comrade after Scimitar Hill
After being wounded, Potts remains between the lines and later brings a wounded comrade back toward British positions on a shovel.
Mounted Rifles Attack Hill 60
Russell's mounted riflemen attack Hill 60 as Allied forces try to secure the link between ANZAC and Suvla.
Constitution of Russia
Most Minister's request that the Duma be allowed to form a cabinet
Duma
Most Minister's request that the Duma be allowed to form a cabinet
Scimitar Hill Defence Holds against Final Assault
Mustafa Kemal's Anafarta forces hold the commanding ground as successive Allied attacks at Scimitar Hill fail with heavy casualties.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander of the Russian armed forces
Constitution of Germany
Creates a semi-independent "Congress Poland" ruled by an aristocratic Assembly
Governor
Appointed Military Governor of Poland
Ninth Light Horse Commits to Hill 60
Reynell's 9th Australian Light Horse Regiment is committed as reinforcements during the renewed fighting for Hill 60.
Second Hill 60 Assault Ordered
Birdwood's force renews the attempt to seize Hill 60, using Australian, New Zealand, British and Irish troops at the Anzac-Suvla junction.
Renewed Hill 60 Assault Begins
Russell's New Zealand mounted troops join a renewed Allied attack against the summit trenches on Hill 60.
Ninth Light Horse Enters Hill 60 Fighting
Reynell leads the 9th Light Horse Regiment in close fighting during the renewed assault on Hill 60.
Reynell Killed at Hill 60
Reynell is killed while his regiment fights for Ottoman trenches during the second phase of the Hill 60 battle.
Reynell Killed during Hill 60 Fighting
Reynell is killed while his regiment is engaged in the continuing struggle for Hill 60.
Tenth Light Horse Ordered toward Hill 60 Summit
Godley tells the depleted 10th Australian Light Horse to attack a trench near the summit of Hill 60.
Tenth Light Horse Enters Hill 60 Bombing Fight
Fry commands a combined squadron as the 10th Light Horse fights through captured trenches with bombs and rifles before dawn.
Hill 60 Bombing Defence
Throssell helps hold captured trenches during repeated Ottoman bomb attacks at Hill 60.
August Offensive Fails to Break Stalemate
Hamilton's August offensive ends without gaining the decisive heights or breaking the strategic deadlock.
Hill 60 Offensive Ended
Godley ends further attacks after Allied troops fail to secure the summit but establish a limited connection with Suvla.
Battle of Sulva Bay
The Allies lose over 40,000 men after failing to cross the Gallipoli peninsular
Battle of Sulva Bay
The Allies lose over 40,000 men after failing to cross the Gallipoli peninsular
Battle of Champagne, 2nd
Hopes to divert the Germans from the Eastern front
Capture of Mount Cosna
Leads a raid which captures Mount Cosna from the Romanians
Diplomatic Mission
Involved in a failed diplomatic mission to Italy, headed by von Bulow
Battle of Gallipoli
Despite heavy losses Churchill recommends troop reinforcements to the Dardanelles Comm
Eleventh Division Command Reorganised
Hammersley is removed from active divisional command after the breakdown of leadership during the opening Suvla operations.
Fifty-Third Division Reinforces Suvla
Lindley's 53rd Division arrives to reinforce the stalled Suvla force.
Black Sea Collier Isfahan Sunk
Nasmith's E11 sinks the collier Isfahan as Ottoman coal supplies come under increasing pressure.
E11 Second Marmara Patrol Opens
Nasmith begins another patrol intended to disrupt reinforcements and supplies for Gallipoli.
Ottoman Sea Supply Route Disrupted
Nasmith's patrol forces Ottoman authorities to reduce reliance on vulnerable Marmara shipping routes.
Mahon Resigns over Temporary Corps Command
Mahon resigns after the temporary IX Corps command is given to De Lisle, whom he is unwilling to serve under.
Mahon Returns to Tenth Division Command
Mahon is recalled and resumes command of the 10th Irish Division after his protest over IX Corps command arrangements.
Constitution of Russia
The Government authorizes the creation Municipal Council organisations. The Government authorizes the creation a national Zemstvo
Municipal Council Organisations
The Government authorizes the creation Municipal Council organisations
Reform of Local Government
The Government authorizes the creation a national Zemstva
Zemstvo
The Government authorizes the creation on national Zemstvo. The Government authorizes the creation a national Zemstvo
Criticism of the Somme Offensive
Criticises the conduct of the Somme offensive while out of ministerial office.
Allied Economic Strategy Statement Delivered
Explains the Government approach to Allied economic cooperation during and after the war.
Death of Roger Casement
Death of Roger Casement, executed for treason
Execution
Hanged for high treason in Pentonville prison
Treason
Hanged for high treason in Pentonville prison. Death of Roger Casement, executed for treason
Romani Defence Directed
Chauvel directs the ANZAC Mounted Division during the successful defence of Romani.
First Light Horse Holds Romani Line
Cox's brigade helps hold the defensive line during the Ottoman attack at Romani.
New Zealand Brigade Counterattacks at Romani
Chaytor's mounted riflemen counterattack Ottoman forces during the Battle of Romani.
Second Light Horse Pursues from Romani
Ryrie's brigade joins the pursuit after the Ottoman withdrawal from Romani.
Peace
Offers the good offices of the US in the interests of peace
Fourth Division Enters Pozieres Battle
Holmes's 4th Australian Division enters the Pozieres sector after earlier Australian formations are exhausted.
Council of State
Appointed Member of Polish Council of State
Commission
Writes to Earl Cromer asking to present his own case without Counsel
War Inquiry Commissions Legislation Advanced
Supports detailed provisions governing the special wartime commissions of inquiry.
Alliance Romania and Allies
Romania signs a military alliance with the Allies
Peace Terms Position Restated
Addresses questions about possible peace negotiations and the conditions required for a settlement.
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff
Declaration of War
Romanian Government order mobilisation and declare war on Austria-Hungary
Romanian Government order mobilisation and declare war on Austria-Hungary
Romanian Government order mobilisation and declare war on Austria-Hungary
Entry into World War One
Bratianu's government enters the war alongside the Entente.
Declaration of War
Ferdinand approves Romania's declaration of war against Austria-Hungary.
Alliance Ferdinand I and Allies
Romania joins the Allies
Declaration of War
Enters the war on the side of the Allies by declaring war on Austria
Entry into World War I
Romania enters the war on the Allied side.
Rescue
Rescues the remaining Endurance crew from Elephant Island without loss of life
Elephant Island Crew Rescued
Shackleton returns aboard the Chilean vessel Yelcho and rescues every member of the party left waiting on Elephant Island.
Elephant Island Rescue
Crean returns with Shackleton aboard the Chilean vessel Yelcho when the remaining Endurance men are finally rescued from Elephant Island.
Mouquet Farm Attacks Directed
Holmes directs repeated 4th Division attacks toward Mouquet Farm during the Somme fighting.
Alliance Ottokar Czernin and Entente Powers
Romania joins the Entente Powers against Germany & Austria
Dismissal
Paul von Hindenburg replaces Erich von Falkenhayn as Chief of Staff of the German Army
Dismissal
Paul von Hindenburg replaces Erich von Falkenhayn as Chief of Staff of the German Army
Pozieres Operations Coordinated by I ANZAC
Birdwood coordinates successive Australian divisions fighting around Pozieres and Mouquet Farm.
Creeping Barrage Methods Expanded
Haig's armies increasingly use creeping barrages to improve infantry support during Somme attacks.
Capture of Kavalla
Bulgaria captures the port of Kavalla
Commander of 3rd Army
Appointed Commander of the 3rd Army
Declaration of War
Romania declares war on the Central Powers
Return to Command
Is celebrated after escaping captivity and resumes military service.
Death Penalty Debate
Calls for harsh measures to restore discipline at the front.
Military Reform Demands
Presses Kerensky for authority to rebuild army discipline.
Bolshevik Party
Stalin is elected to the Central Committee of the Bolsheviks
Central Committee
Stalin is elected to the Central Committee of the Bolsheviks
Rabochy i Soldat
At a plenary meeting of the Party Central Committee Stalin is appointed editor of Rabochy i Soldat
Front Inspection
Inspects army units and demands stricter discipline.
Foreign Secretary of Germany
Appointed Foreign Minister
Secretary of State
Appointed Secretary of State
Secretary of State
Appointed Secretary of State
Battle of Marasesti
Leads Romanian resistance at Marasesti.
Order Restoration Plan
Develops plans for stronger executive and military authority.
Constituent Assembly Election
Schedules elections to the Constituent Assembly for November.
Constituent Assembly
The Provisional Government schedules Constituent Assembly elections for 12 Nov
Constitution of Russia
The Provisional Government schedules Constituent Assembly elections for 12 Nov
Election
The Provisional Government schedules Constituent Assembly elections for 12 Nov
Provisional Government
The Provisional Government schedules Constituent Assembly elections for 12 Nov
Food Administration
Hoover directs voluntary conservation and federal controls over wartime food distribution.
Henderson Resignation Accepted
Accepts Arthur Henderson's resignation after disagreement over participation in the Stockholm socialist conference.
Moscow State Conference
Addresses the Moscow State Conference seeking national unity.
Moscow State Conference
Receives conservative support during the Moscow State Conference.
Moscow Speech
Warns that military collapse threatens revolutionary Russia.
Officer Support
Receives applause from conservative officers and public figures.
Army Order
Issues orders aimed at restoring obedience in the army.
President of Bolivia
Gutierrez Guerra begins the final presidency of the Liberal Party era.
Munitions of War Bill
Presents the Munitions of War Bill to Parliament to reform munitions production
Petrograd Fears
Socialists fear his programme could threaten revolutionary gains.
Langemarck Offensive Continued
Gough continues the offensive around Langemarck despite difficult ground and stronger German resistance.
Langemarck Operations Continued
Haig continues the Ypres offensive as British forces attack around Langemarck in difficult conditions.
Battle of Langemarck
Maxse commands XVIII Corps near Ypres.
Petrograd Security Plan
Discusses moving reliable troops toward Petrograd.
RAF
Recommends the Royal Flying Corps & Royal Naval Air Service join under an Air Ministry. Reccomends the creation of an RAF capable of a German bombing offensive
Council of Munitions
Announces plans to create a streamlined department composed of a council of 11 members
Negotiations with Kerensky
Relations with Kerensky deteriorate over power and military authority.
Krymov Mission
Uses Krymov cavalry corps in plans involving Petrograd.
Savinkov Negotiations
Negotiates with Savinkov over restoring authority in the capital.
Lvov Mission
Receives Vladimir Lvov as tensions with Kerensky grow.
Petrograd Troop Movement
Orders troops toward Petrograd as the crisis escalates.
Savage Division Movement
The Caucasian Native Cavalry Division is drawn into Petrograd plans.
Kornilov Affair
Receives conflicting reports about Kornilov's intentions as relations between the government and army headquarters deteriorate.
Kornilov Affair
Insists that military authority must be strengthened to save Russia.
Kornilov Affair
Insists that stronger military authority is required to restore discipline and prevent further collapse of the Russian army.
Kornilov Affair
Presses demands for stronger government and military measures as tensions with Kerensky reach a critical stage.
Kornilov Affair
Bolsheviks support resistance to Kornilov while continuing to oppose the political programme of Kerensky's government.
Kornilov Affair
His advance alarms the Petrograd Soviet and the government.
Kornilov Affair
Appeals for support against Kornilov's move on Petrograd.
Kornilov Affair
Appeals to the Petrograd Soviet and revolutionary organisations for support against Kornilov's movement toward the capital.
Kornilov Affair
Dismisses Kornilov after concluding that the commander in chief is challenging the authority of the Provisional Government.
Advance toward Petrograd
Kornilov refuses Kerensky's dismissal and continues military movements that the government denounces as rebellion.
Kornilov Affair
Appeals to officers and soldiers after Kerensky publicly denounces his actions as a challenge to the government.
Kornilov Affair
Rejects Kerensky dismissal and calls for resistance to disorder.
Kornilov Affair
Rejects Kerensky's dismissal and presents his actions as necessary to defend Russia from disorder and military disintegration.
Kornilov Affair
Bolshevik organisers gain greater freedom to mobilise workers and soldiers for the defence of Petrograd.
Kornilov Affair
Bolsheviks gain influence by helping resist Kornilov.
Kornilov Affair
The party presents Kornilov's action as evidence that counter-revolutionary forces threaten the gains of February.
Kornilov Affair
Allows revolutionary groups greater freedom to organise resistance as the threat from Kornilov appears to increase.
Kornilov Affair
Authorises defensive measures around Petrograd while political organisations mobilise workers and soldiers against Kornilov.
Kornilov Affair
Appeals to the army after Kerensky denounces him.
Kornilov Affair
Attempts to rally military support while troops associated with his movement continue toward the Petrograd region.
Kornilov Affair
Maintains that his programme is intended to restore order rather than destroy the revolution.
Krymov Advance
Krymov cavalry advance toward Petrograd falters near Luga.
Conscription Crisis
Introduces conscription through the Military Service Act.
Kornilov Affair
Bolshevik activists help organise resistance while railway workers and soldiers obstruct the advance toward Petrograd.
Kornilov Affair
The crisis allows Bolshevik organisers to rebuild influence among workers after the repression following the July Days.
Kornilov Affair
Relies on railway workers and political activists to disrupt communications and troop movements toward Petrograd.
Kornilov Affair
Seeks support from loyal military units as Kornilov's advance begins losing momentum outside the capital.
Kornilov Affair
Finds support weakening as soldiers encounter political delegations urging them not to move against Petrograd.
Kornilov Affair
His attempted move on Petrograd loses momentum as railway workers intervene.
Kornilov Affair
Receives reports that railway workers are delaying troop movements and disrupting communications with advancing units.
Railway Strike
Railway workers disrupt troop movements toward Petrograd.
Birth of Denis Healey
Denis Winston Healey is born in Mottingham.
Kornilov Affair
Bolshevik political influence grows as Kornilov's forces lose momentum and the immediate threat to Petrograd recedes.
Kornilov Affair
Attempts to restore government authority as the immediate military danger from Kornilov rapidly diminishes.
Kornilov Affair
Receives reports that soldiers are abandoning the advance after railway disruption and revolutionary agitation.
Kornilov Affair
Attempts to maintain authority at army headquarters as political and military support for his action collapses.
Kornilov Affair
Finds support collapsing as soldiers are persuaded not to advance.
Kornilov Affair
Learns that key units are refusing to continue the operation and that the movement toward Petrograd is breaking down.
Troop Demoralisation
Agitators persuade many soldiers not to continue the advance.
Kornilov Affair
The failure of Kornilov strengthens Bolshevik claims that revolutionary organisations successfully defended the capital.
Kornilov Affair
Emerges from the failed Kornilov movement with emergency authority but weakened support among conservatives and socialists.
Kornilov Affair
Faces the failure of his challenge after communication failures, railway resistance and political agitation stop the advance.
Kornilov Affair
The attempted march on Petrograd fails without major battle.
Kornilov Affair
The attempted movement on Petrograd ends without a major battle as supporting troops disperse or abandon the operation.
Desert Mounted Corps Command Assumed
Chauvel becomes commander of the Desert Mounted Corps, which includes Australian and New Zealand mounted troops.
German Defence-in-Depth Applied in Flanders
Rupprecht's command relies on layered defences and counterattacks to absorb British attacks east of Ypres.
Railway Demolition
Continues demolition raids against Ottoman railway lines after Aqaba.
Flanders Offensive Continues under Review
Keeps the progress and cost of the Ypres offensive under War Cabinet review.
National Service Direction Strengthened
Strengthens central efforts to move labour into essential wartime industries and services.
Papal Peace Note Considered
Considers Pope Benedict XV's peace proposals while maintaining Allied demands for a durable settlement.
Stockholm Conference Policy Rejected
Opposes government participation in the proposed international socialist peace conference at Stockholm.
ANZAC Mounted Division Command Assumed
Chaytor succeeds Chauvel as commander of the ANZAC Mounted Division.
Battle of Foscani
Averescu succesfully defends Foscani
Election to Bolshevik Central Committee
Is elected to the Bolshevik Central Committee as the party prepares for a new phase of revolutionary struggle.
Joins the Bolshevik Party
Joins the Bolshevik Party with the Mezhrayonka during the party's Sixth Congress.
Bolshevik Party
Appointed Chairman of the Lugansk Soviet, 2nd term
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Lugansk Soviet, 2nd term
Transfer to Tobolsk
Nicholas II and his family are transferred from Tsarskoye Selo to Tobolsk for confinement away from Petrograd.
Arrest of Nicholas II
Under arrest at Tobolsk in Siberia from August for 8 months
Bolshevik Party
Writes a memo urging the overthrow of the Bolshevik Government, the Kaiser agrees
Coup
Writes a memo urging the overthrow of the Bolshevik Government, the Kaiser agrees
Invasion of Palestine
Issues secret orders for the Palestine Offensive
Alliance Russia and Germany
Requests, via Chicherin, Germany to help against the counter-revolutionaries
Capture of Soissons
Soissons is re-captured on 2nd August and the Germans withdrew to entrenched positions on a line along the Vesle and Aisne rivers. As a result of the defeat of this German offensive the proposed German offensive in Flanders was called off
Marne Offensive
As a result of the defeat of this German offensive the proposed German offensive in Flanders was called off.
Marne Offensive
Soissons is re-captured on 2nd August and the Germans withdrew to entrenched positions on a line along the Vesle and Aisne rivers.
Marne Offensive
This retreat and defeat, the last in a series of offensives which each ended in an unsuccessful strategic conclusion, marked the beginning of the gradual retreat of the German forces which.
Marne Offensive
was to come over the following months to 11th November 1918.
Northern Regional Government
Chaikovsky heads an anti-Bolshevik regional government formed at Archangel after Soviet authority collapses in the city.
Battle of Orel
Defeats the White Russian forces of Denekin
Amiens Offensive
Canadian Corps is moved secretly into position before the surprise attack.
Allied Recovery Review Delivered
Reports improving Allied prospects after the failure of Germany's spring offensives.
Mobilization
A train is constructed for Trotsky to command the Red Army
Australian Corps Attacks at Amiens
Monash directs the Australian Corps during the opening attack of the Battle of Amiens.
Amiens Offensive
Australian Corps attacks beside Canadian formations in the centre of the offensive.
Battle of Amiens
Leads Australian Corps in the centre of the Fourth Army assault.
Battle of Amiens
Leads Canadian Corps in the surprise attack that breaks German positions near Amiens.
Amiens Offensive
Commands French First Army on Haig's southern flank during the Amiens attack.
Amiens Offensive
French First Army attacks on the right of the British Fourth Army.
Battle of Amiens
Commands French First Army on the southern flank of the Allied attack.
Siege of Amiens
The British counter-attack of 8 August at the Battle of Amiens is spectacularly successful, and amounts to what Ludendorff termed "the black day of the German Army"
Siege of Amiens
The British counter-attack of 8 August at the Battle of Amiens is spectacularly successful, and amounts to what Ludendorff termed "the black day of the German Army"
Amiens Offensive
German Second Army absorbs the main shock of the Allied surprise offensive.
Battle of Amiens
Commands German Second Army facing the Allied assault east of Amiens.
Amiens Offensive
Sees the Amiens defeat as a severe blow to German morale and confidence.
Battle of Amiens
Recognises the scale of the defeat as German morale and defensive cohesion weaken.
Urges the continuation of existing relations with Russia
Urges the continuation of existing relations with Russia
Mudawwara Raid
Takes part in operations against the Ottoman rail station at Mudawwara.
Battle of Amiens
Directs British forces as the Amiens attack opens the Allied advance on the Western Front.
Amiens Offensive
Commands the British Expeditionary Force as Rawlinson's Fourth Army attacks with Debeney's French First Army at Amiens.
Battle of Amiens
The Battle of Amiens opens in fog. British Fourth Army and French First Army break through German lines and begin the Hundred Days advance.
Battle of Amiens
The Second Armys failure to secure the fall of Amiens (in particular the critically important railway junction) in the centre of the German line compromised the whole of Ludendorffs planned advance. 8-11 Aug, offensive instigated by Haig, ultimately leads to victory
Battle of Picardy, 3rd
The Battle of Amiens, also known as the Third Battle of Picardy, begins the Allied counter-offensive later called the Hundred Days Offensive.
Hundred Days Counteroffensive Opened
Haig's armies join the Allied counteroffensive that begins the decisive Hundred Days campaign.
Amiens Offensive Welcomed
Welcomes the Allied attack at Amiens as the strategic initiative begins shifting decisively.
Amiens Offensive
Commands British Fourth Army during the surprise attack east of Amiens, with Australian and Canadian corps in the centre.
Battle of Amiens
Commands Fourth Army in the main British attack east of Amiens.
Battle of Amiens
Commands III Corps on the British left during the Amiens operation.
Battle of Amiens
Commands cavalry prepared to exploit breakthroughs made by infantry and tanks.
Amiens Offensive
Air support helps protect the assault and disrupt German movement behind the front.
Amiens Offensive
Tank Corps supports the opening attack with large numbers of armoured vehicles.
Battle of Amiens
Supports the attack with massed tanks used to break German defensive positions.
Capture of Kazan
The White Army has captured Kazan & Trotsky mobilizes his command train to relieve it
Mobilization
Leaves Moscows in his command train, "a flying apparatus of administration"
Siege of Kazan
"The fate of the revolution hangs in the balance". Arrives at Svyazk to go to the relief of Kazan
Amiens Offensive
French First Army captures Montdidier, helping restore Allied control around the Paris-Amiens railway area.
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Attends the BEF GHQ Shell Conference
Conference of Shell
Attends the BEF GHQ Shell Conference
Battle of Picardy, 3rd
On 10th August the French 3rd Army launched attacks in the southern sector of the advance. Montdidier was re-captured and the Paris-Amiens railway line was once again in Allied control
Capture of Montdidier
On 10th August the French 3rd Army launched attacks in the southern sector of the advance. Montdidier was re-captured and the Paris-Amiens railway line was once again in Allied control
Third Army
On 10th August the French 3rd Army launched attacks in the southern sector of the advance. Montdidier was re-captured and the Paris-Amiens railway line was once again in Allied control
Offensive
Orders anti German troops to the Volga
ANZAC
The second phase of the offensive began on 21st August as the Second Battles of the Somme 1918. The French Tenth and 3rd Armies, and the British 3rd and First Army attacked. The ANZAC captured ground north of the Somme river at Peronne and Mont St. Quentin. Canadian forces captured ground near Queant
Battle of the Somme, 2nd
The second phase of the offensive began on 21st August as the Second Battles of the Somme 1918. The French Tenth and 3rd Armies, and the British 3rd and First Army attacked. The ANZAC captured ground north of the Somme river at Peronne and Mont St. Quentin. Canadian forces captured ground near Queant
First Army
The second phase of the offensive began on 21st August as the Second Battles of the Somme 1918. The French Tenth and 3rd Armies, and the British 3rd and First Army attacked. The ANZAC captured ground north of the Somme river at Peronne and Mont St. Quentin. Canadian forces captured ground near Queant
Siege of Tsaritswyn
Declares the Siege of Tsaritswyn
Allied Munitions Council
Attends the Allied Munitions Council
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal, receives the Field Marshals batton
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal, receives the Field Marshals batton
Action at Outersteene Ridge
The Flanders Advance is also known as the Fifth Battle of Ypres.
Birth of Shankar Dayal Sharma
Shankar Dayal Sharma is born and later becomes the ninth President of India.
Birth of Leonard Bernstein
Birth of Leonard Bernstein
Battle of Bapaume
Directs the German forces during the Battle of Bapaume
Battle of Bapaume
Jointly commands 35 divisions in the field, the Germans are driven back by the Allies
Battle of Bapaume
Jointly commands 35 divisions in the field, the Germans are driven back by the Allies
Battle of Albert, 2nd
Byng & Rawlinson take 8,000 prisoners along a 55km front, the German 2nd rereats
Battle of Bapaume
First day of the Battle of Bapaume, commands the 4th Army
Battles of the Somme, 2nd
Begins the next phase of the Allied advance after Amiens by attacking toward Albert.
Albert Advance Renewed
Haig renews British attacks on the old Somme battlefield as German forces begin falling back.
Battles of the Somme, 2nd
British Third and Fourth Armies renew the advance on the old Somme battlefield, forcing the German Second Army back.
Battles of the Somme, 2nd
Commands Third Army as the Battle of Albert opens the Second Battles of the Somme.
Battles of the Somme, 2nd
Commands IV Corps in Third Army operations during the Battle of Albert.
Battles of the Somme, 2nd
Commands V Corps during Third Army attacks on the Albert front.
Battles of the Somme, 2nd
Commands VI Corps as Third Army widens pressure on German positions.
Battle of Bapaume
The British break theough the German lines & cross the River Ancre
Battles of the Somme, 2nd
Advances Fourth Army alongside Third Army as Albert is retaken.
Battles of the Somme, 2nd
Commands III Corps in Fourth Army operations during the renewed Somme advance.
Battles of the Somme, 2nd
Australian Corps advances near Chuignes as Fourth Army pushes beyond the old Somme battlefield.
Battle of Bapaume
The Allies drive the Germans back & capture the Arras-Bapaume Road
Battle of Albert, 2nd
Byng & Rawlinson reach Bapaume
Battle of Bapaume
The German line is driven back until the Allies hold the Arras-Bapaume Road
Scarpe Advance Supported
Haig supports Canadian-led attacks along the Scarpe that push German forces toward the Hindenburg Line.
Treaty of Russo-German
Supplementary Russo-German Treaty is signed with secret clauses
Bapaume Recapture Operations Supported
Haig's Third Army continues pressure as British forces retake Bapaume during the Hundred Days.
Bapaume Captured by New Zealand Division
Russell's New Zealand Division captures Bapaume during the Allied advance.
Plot
Attempts to assassinate Lenin for being a traitor to the Revolution
Assassination Attempt on Lenin
Lenin is seriously wounded by gunfire after addressing workers at the Michelson factory in Moscow.
Plot
One bullet hits his neck & another hits his collarbone. An attempt on Lenins life as 3 shots are fired during an address at a labour rally
Assassination of Moisei Solomonovich UritskII
The head of the Petrograd cheka is assassinated
Cheka
The head of the Petrograd cheka is assassinated
Death of Moisei Solomonovich UritskII
The head of the Petrograd cheka is assassinated
Mont St Quentin Assault Directed
Monash directs the Australian Corps assault on Mont St Quentin and Peronne.
Battles of the Somme, 2nd
Commands Third Army during the Second Battle of Bapaume phase.
Battles of the Somme, 2nd
Leads New Zealand Division in Third Army operations during the Bapaume phase.
Capture of Montdidier
Captures Montdidier & moves the line forward to the River Somme
Battle of Amiens
The Second Armys failure to secure the fall of Amiens (in particular the critically important railway junction) in the centre of the German line compromised the whole of Ludendorffs planned advance
Siege of Amiens
The Second Armys failure to secure the fall of Amiens (in particular the critically important railway junction) in the centre of the German line compromised the whole of Ludendorffs planned advance
Siege of Amiens
The Second Armys failure to secure the fall of Amiens (in particular the critically important railway junction) in the centre of the German line compromised the whole of Ludendorffs planned advance
Rationing
Due to the naval blockade the civilian ration is reduced to 2,000 calories daily
American Military Contribution Praised
Highlights the growing military importance of United States forces in the final Allied offensives.
Hundred Days Offensive Supported
Backs continued Allied attacks as German armies retreat from positions gained earlier in the year.
Hundred Days Staff Planning
Contributes to staff work during the Allied offensives that drive German forces back in the final months of the war.
Reballion of Socialist Revolutionaries
Helps suppress the rebellion of the Socialist Revolutionaries
Reballion of Socialist Revolutionaries
Helps suppress the rebellion of the Socialist Revolutionaries
Coup
Overthrown from power
Exile of Anton Ivanovich de Ikin
Flees to Constantinople, later lives in France & the USA as an emigre
Battle of Orel
Defeated by the Bolsheviks under Budenny
Bolshevik Party
Defeated by the Bolsheviks under Budenny
Peerage
Created Earl Beatty, 1st
Peerage
Created Viscount Allenby, 1st
Treaty of Rawalpindi
The peace treaty ends the war and confirms Afghanistan's control of its foreign policy.
Afghan External Independence Recognized
Ali Ahmad Khan concludes the peace settlement under which Afghanistan is left free to conduct its own external relations without British control.
Civil Rights
In the event of a serious threat to public safety or Reich security, the President can take measures - including the use of armed force - to restore law and order, and can suspend civil rights if necessary
Constitution of Germany
In the event of a serious threat to public safety or Reich security, the President can take measures - including the use of armed force - to restore law and order, and can suspend civil rights if necessary
Constitution of Germany
The Weimar constitution is accepted by the National Assembly & signed by the President. The Republics first Reichspresident ("Reich President"), Friedrich Ebert of the SPD, signs the new German constitution into law.
Constitution of Germany
The fundamental tenet of the Weimar Constitution is that Germany will be a republic on the Parliamentary model with a Parliament elected using proportional representation, universal suffrage is established, with a minimum voting age of 20.
National Assembly
The Weimar constitution is accepted by the National Assembly & signed by the President
Parliament
The fundamental tenet of the Weimar Constitution is that Germany will be a republic on the Parliamentary model with a Parliament elected using proportional representation, universal suffrage is established, with a minimum voting age of 20
Suffrage
The fundamental tenet of the Weimar Constitution is that Germany will be a republic on the Parliamentary model with a Parliament elected using proportional representation, universal suffrage is established, with a minimum voting age of 20
Universal Suffrage
The fundamental tenet of the Weimar Constitution is that Germany will be a republic on the Parliamentary model with a Parliament elected using proportional representation, universal suffrage is established, with a minimum voting age of 20
Weimar Republic
The Republics first Reichspresident ("Reich President"), Friedrich Ebert of the SPD, signs the new German constitution into law. In the event of a serious threat to public safety or Reich security, the President can take measures - including the use of armed force - to restore law and order, and can suspend civil rights if necessary
Constitution of Germany
The Chancellor is appointed by the President and is responsible to the Reichstag, serves as little more than a chairman, Cabinet decisions are made by majority vote
Constitution of Germany
The Republics first Reichspresident ("Reich President"), Friedrich Ebert of the SPD, signs the new German constitution into law.
Constitution of Germany
The first article of the constitution states that "The power of the state emanates from the people".
Constitution of Germany
The fundamental tenet of the Weimar Constitution is that Germany will be a republic on the Parliamentary model with a Parliament elected using proportional representation, universal suffrage is established, with a minimum voting age of 20.
Parliament
The fundamental tenet of the Weimar Constitution is that Germany will be a republic on the Parliamentary model with a Parliament elected using proportional representation, universal suffrage is established, with a minimum voting age of 20
Suffrage
The fundamental tenet of the Weimar Constitution is that Germany will be a republic on the Parliamentary model with a Parliament elected using proportional representation, universal suffrage is established, with a minimum voting age of 20
Universal Suffrage
The fundamental tenet of the Weimar Constitution is that Germany will be a republic on the Parliamentary model with a Parliament elected using proportional representation, universal suffrage is established, with a minimum voting age of 20
Weimar Republic
The fundamental tenet of the Weimar Constitution is that Germany will be a republic on the Parliamentary model with a Parliament elected using proportional representation, universal suffrage is established, with a minimum voting age of 20
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Demonstrations
En-Lai organizes a demonstration in Beijing
Reballion of Rebels in Tianjin
The magazine "Tianjin Student" is closed down by the police
Reballion of Rebels in Tianjin
The magazine "Tianjin Student" is closed down by the police
Voelkischer Beobachter
The Munchener Beobachter is renamed the Voelkischer Beobachter
Constitution of Hungary
The Soviet constitution is overthrown by a blockade & Romanian military action
Coup
The Soviet constitution is overthrown by a blockade & Romanian military action
Death of Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Gandhi paid his respects at his cremation in Bombay, along with 200,000 people, Gandhi calls Tilak "The Maker of Modern India". Death of Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Home Rule
Gandhi paid his respects at his cremation in Bombay, along with 200,000 people, Gandhi calls Tilak "The Maker of Modern India". Death of Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Independence of India
Gandhi paid his respects at his cremation in Bombay, along with 200,000 people, Gandhi calls Tilak "The Maker of Modern India"
Twenty-One Conditions
Promotes conditions for parties joining the Communist International
Comintern Program Debate
Helps shape ideological debate at the Communist International
Treaty of Sevres
Part of European Turkey is ceded to Bulgaria
Rule of Syria
Under the Treaty of Svres Syria is ceded to France
Treaty of Sevres
Under the Treaty a League of Nations mandate is set up for Syria. Syria is ceded to France
Rule of Constantinople
The Allies complete the occupation of Constantinople
Rule of Cyprus
Under the Treaty of Sevres Turkey cedes Cyprus to Britain
Rule of Transjordan
Under the Treaty of Sevres a League of Nations mandate awards Transjordan to Britain
Treaty of Sevres
Under the Treaty of Sevres Turkey cedes Cyprus to Britain. Under the Treaty of Sevres a League of Nations mandate awards Transjordan to Britain
Aegean Islands Status
The Treaty of Sevres recognises Greek authority over most eastern Aegean islands already administered by Greece.
Eastern Thrace Transferred
The Treaty of Sevres transfers Eastern Thrace to Greek administration.
Greek Administration of Smyrna
The Treaty of Sevres provides for Greek administration of Smyrna before a future plebiscite.
Treaty of Sevres
Venizelos signs the Treaty of Sevres, expanding Greek administration in Thrace and around Smyrna.
Independence of Hejaz
Under the Treaty of Sevres Hejaz is given its independence
Independence of Kurdistan and Armenia
Under the Treaty of Sevres independence is given to Kurdistan, never implemented. Under the Treaty of Sevres independence is given to Armenia
Independence of Saudi Arabia
Under the Treaty of Sevres Arabia is given its independence
Independence of Turkey
Under the Treaty of Sevres Arabia is given its independence
Independence of Turkey
Under the Treaty of Sevres Hejaz is given its independence
Independence of Turkey
Under the Treaty of Sevres independence is given to Kurdistan, never implemented. Under the Treaty of Sevres independence is given to Armenia
Rule of Constantinople
The Allies complete their occupation of Constantinople
Rule of Dardenelles
Under the Treaty of Sevres the Dardanelles are placed under international control
Rule of Kurdistan
Under the Treaty of Sevres independence is given to Kurdistan, never implemented
Rule of Smyrna
Under the Treaty of Sevres Smyrna is ceded to Greece. Under the Treaty of Sevres Greece is given the adminstration of Smyrna
Rule of Thrace
Under the Treaty of Sevres Eastern Thrace is ceded to Greece
Treaty of Sevres
Turkey is to be occupied by British, French & Italian troops. Turkey is forced to renounce much of the Ottoman Empire to the Allies. The Treaty of Sevres leads to the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.
Treaty of Sevres
Under the Treaty of Sevres Greece is given the adminstration of Smyrna. Under the Treaty of Sevres Eastern Thrace, Chios & Smyrna are ceded to Greece. Turkey surrenders all territorial claims in Arab Asia & north Africa.
Treaty of Sevres
Under the Treaty of Sevres the Dardanelles are placed under international control. Under the Treaty of Sevres independence is given to Kurdistan, never implemented. Under the Treaty of Sevres independence is given to Armenia.
Treaty of Sevres
League mandates are created from former Ottoman territories under the peace settlement.
Rule of Adalia
Under the Treaty of Sevres Adalia is ceded to Italy by Turkey
Rule of Dodecanese
Under the Treaty of Sevres the Dodecanese are ceded to Italy by Turkey
Rule of Rhodes
Under the Treaty of Sevres Rhodes is ceded to Italy by Turkey
Assassination of Mathias Erzberger
Assassinated by rightist extremists, a symbol of "defeatism"
Death of Mathias Erzberger
Death of Mathias Erxberger, assassinated
Independence of Iraq
A tribal revolt is launched throughout Iraqi territory after Arnold Wilson, the High Commissioner to Iraq, refuses to allow for the possibility any amount of Iraqi self-Government
Reballion of tribal
A tribal revolt is launched throughout Iraqi territory after Arnold Wilson, the High Commissioner to Iraq, refuses to allow for the possibility any amount of Iraqi self-Government
Battle of Nomonhan
Founds Unit 731 for biological & chemical warfare, possibly used at Nomonhan
Unit 731
Founds Unit 731 for biological & chemical warfare, possibly used at Nomonhan
Battle of Warsaw
Defeats the Russians
Constitution of Germany
Sweeps away committees & establishes the "leadership principle"
Reform of Political Parties
Sweeps away committees & establishes the "leadership principle"
Death of Georg von Schonerer
Death of Georg von Schonerer
Constitution of Ireland
De Valera rejects Dominion status for Ireland
Anglo-Irish Agreement
Collins crushes opposition to the Free State Treaty in Dublin & is ambushed in Cork
Assassination of Michael John "Mick" Collins
Collins crushes opposition to the Free State Treaty in Dublin & is ambushed in Cork
Death of Michael John Mick Collins
Death of Michael Collins
Free State
Collins crushes opposition to the Free State Treaty in Dublin & is ambushed in Cork
Coronation
The British find a vacant throne in Iraq & after a referendum he is enthroned
Referendum
The British find a vacant throne in Iraq & after a referendum he is enthroned
Peace
The Irish Dail rejects the British peace offer
Battle of Bavaria
Honored with the title of Ghazi, "the Victorious". Defeats the Greeks & within 1 yr expels them from Turkish soil
Battle of Sakaria
Honored with the title of Ghazi, "the Victorious". Defeats the Greeks & within 1 yr expels them from Turkish soil
Peace Treaty at Berlin
The US signs a peace Treaty with Germany in Berlin
Peace Treaty
The US signs a peace Treaty with Germany in Berlin
Emergency Decree Protest
Protests against President Friedrich Ebert's nationwide state of emergency, regarding federal intervention as a threat to Bavarian autonomy.
Sports Section
Founds the Gymnastic & Sports Section to protect NSDAP speakers, forerunner of the SA
Constitution of Ireland
The Priomh Aire (also known as President of Dail Eireann) is upgraded to President of the Republic, a full head of state
Dail Eireann
The Priomh Aire (also known as President of Dail Eireann) is upgraded to President of the Republic, a full head of state
Priomh Aire
The Priomh Aire (also known as President of Dail Eireann) is upgraded to President of the Republic, a full head of state
Reballion of crush the Kronstadt
Helps crush the Kronstadt Revolt
Reballion of crush the Kronstadt
Helps crush the Kronstadt Revolt
Reballion of crush the Kronstadt
Helps crush the Kronstadt Revolt
Alliance Chinese Communist Party and Kuomintang
The CCP decides to collaborate with the Kuomingtang, the Nationalist Party of China
London Reparations Conference
His government confronts French demands for productive pledges during Allied discussions on Germany's reparations position.
Republican Education Guidelines
Publishes guidance encouraging schools and universities to support civic education in the democratic republican state.
Deutschlandlied National Anthem
Declares the Deutschlandlied Germany's national anthem during Constitution Day celebrations.
Speech
Condemns the Law for the Protection of the Republic
Death of Michael Collins
Is killed in an ambush while serving as chairman of the Provisional Government.
Assassination of Michael John "Mick" Collins
The ambush party, allegedly commanded by Liam Deasy, had mostly dispersed to a nearby pub by 8pm, when Collins and his men returned to Beal na mBlath but the remaining five ambushers open fire on the convoy
Assassination of Michael John "Mick" Collins
The ambush party, allegedly commanded by Liam Deasy, had mostly dispersed to a nearby pub by 8pm, when Collins and his men returned to Beal na mBlath but the remaining five ambushers open fire on the convoy
Provisional Government Succession
Succeeds Michael Collins as chairman of the Provisional Government.
RAF Enlistment
Enlists in the Royal Air Force under the name John Hume Ross.
Assassination of Michael John "Mick" Collins
In Cork city, Collins meets neutral IRA men Sean Hegarty and Florrie ODonoghue, with a view to contacting Anti-Treaty IRA leaders Tom Barry and Tom Hales to propose a truce
IRA
In Cork city, Collins meets neutral IRA men Sean Hegarty and Florrie ODonoghue, with a view to contacting Anti-Treaty IRA leaders Tom Barry and Tom Hales to propose a truce
Neutrality
In Cork city, Collins meets neutral IRA men Sean Hegarty and Florrie ODonoghue, with a view to contacting Anti-Treaty IRA leaders Tom Barry and Tom Hales to propose a truce
Assassination of Michael John "Mick" Collins
In Cork city, Collins meets neutral IRA men Sean Hegarty and Florrie ODonoghue, with a view to contacting Anti-Treaty IRA leaders Tom Barry and Tom Hales to propose a truce
IRA
In Cork city, Collins meets neutral IRA men Sean Hegarty and Florrie ODonoghue, with a view to contacting Anti-Treaty IRA leaders Tom Barry and Tom Hales to propose a truce
Neutrality
In Cork city, Collins meets neutral IRA men Sean Hegarty and Florrie ODonoghue, with a view to contacting Anti-Treaty IRA leaders Tom Barry and Tom Hales to propose a truce
Assassination of Michael John "Mick" Collins
In Cork city, Collins meets neutral IRA men Sean Hegarty and Florrie ODonoghue, with a view to contacting Anti-Treaty IRA leaders Tom Barry and Tom Hales to propose a truce. Collins travels to his native Cork, against the advice of his companions, despite suffering from stomach ache and depression, Collins reputedly told his comrades that "They wouldnt shoot me in my own county"
IRA
In Cork city, Collins meets neutral IRA men Sean Hegarty and Florrie ODonoghue, with a view to contacting Anti-Treaty IRA leaders Tom Barry and Tom Hales to propose a truce
Neutrality
In Cork city, Collins meets neutral IRA men Sean Hegarty and Florrie ODonoghue, with a view to contacting Anti-Treaty IRA leaders Tom Barry and Tom Hales to propose a truce
General Strike
The Socialists call a General Strike & Mussolini embarks on strike breaking
Strike
The Socialists call a General Strike & Mussolini embarks on strike breaking
Death of Harding
Is present when President Harding dies during the western tour.
Death of Warren Gamaliel Harding
Dies suddenly in San Francisco while serving as President of the United States.
Succession
Warren Harding dies and Vice President Coolidge succeeds to the presidency.
Inauguration
Sworn in as the 30th President of the United States by his father, John C. Coolidge.
President of USA
Begins his first presidential term after succeeding Warren Harding.
Vice Presidency Vacancy
The vice presidency becomes vacant after Coolidge succeeds to the presidency.
Resignation of Wilhelm Carl Josef Cuno
Resigns due to the collapse of the German economy
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor in the "Great Coalition"
Coalition Government Leadership
Heads a coalition government during the 1923 crisis.
Currency Issue Restraint
Refuses to issue additional currency, helping break the inflationary spiral.
Economy of Germany
Stresemann issues the Rentenmark, to halt the extreme hyperinflation crippling German society and the economy. It was successful because Stresemann refused to issue more currency, the cause of the inflationary spiral. Six days after the Munich putch a reform of the German currency takes place and the Rentenmark is introduced, this effectively ends inflation
Government
Heads a coalition Government
Great Coalition Appointment
Is appointed Chancellor at the head of the Great Coalition.
Inflation
Stresemann issues the Rentenmark, to halt the extreme hyperinflation crippling German society and the economy. It was successful because Stresemann refused to issue more currency, the cause of the inflationary spiral. Six days after the Munich putch a reform of the German currency takes place and the Rentenmark is introduced, this effectively ends inflation
Rentenmark
Stresemann issues the Rentenmark, to halt the extreme hyperinflation crippling German society and the economy. It was successful because Stresemann refused to issue more currency, the cause of the inflationary spiral. Six days after the Munich putch a reform of the German currency takes place and the Rentenmark is introduced, this effectively ends inflation
Resignation of Wilhelm Carl Josef Cuno
Wilhelm Cuno (No party affiliation) leaves office
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 1st term
Oath Repeated
Repeats the presidential oath before a federal judge after returning to Washington.
Rule of Istanbul
The Allies evacuate Istanbul under their Treaty of Lausanne obligations
Treaty of Lausanne
The Allies evacuate Istanbul under their Treaty of Lausanne obligations
Incident-Corfu
Takes place while a commission defines the Greekn border
Incident-Corfu
Sends an ultimatum to the Greek Government demanding compensation, refused. Mussolini occupies Corfu but leaves after Greece pays an indemnity. A murdered Italian general, Tellini, & 4 of his staff are found dead in Greece
Corfu Crisis
Greece appeals after Italy occupies Corfu.
Bombing of Corfu
Orders the bombing & occupation of the Greek island of Corfu
Incident-Corfu
Orders the bombing & occupation of the Greek island of Corfu
Invasion of Corfu
Orders the bombing & occupation of the Greek island of Corfu
Corfu Crisis
Italian forces occupy Corfu during a League crisis.
Recognition of Mexico
The United States recognizes the government of Alvaro Obregon after negotiations over claims and property rights.
Bureaucracy Reduction
Cuts bureaucracy while attempting to stabilise state finances.
Economy of Germany
To further stabilise the economy Stressman reduces spending and bureaucracy while increasing taxes
Spending Reduction
Reduces government spending as part of economic stabilization.
Tax Increases
Raises taxes as part of the government's stabilization programme.
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1st term
Cabinet Continuity
Keeps Harding's cabinet in office temporarily to signal continuity after the presidential succession.
Bucareli Agreements
Supports negotiations leading to improved relations with Mexico and recognition of the Obregon government.
President of Paraguay
Takes office and works to restore finances and state authority.
October Crisis
Kerensky develops his views through october crisis after 1917.
Gold Exchange Standard
Schacht establishes the stable Reichsmark within the restored international gold-exchange system.
Reichsmark
Germany introduces the Reichsmark with a fixed gold value after stabilisation by the Rentenmark.
Reichsmark Gold Parity
The new Reichsmark is introduced with a legally defined gold value under the Dawes stabilisation framework, replacing the emergency Rentenmark as Germany's official currency.
Dawes Plan
The French agree to the Dawes Plan
Transjordan Mandate
Abdullah accepted British demands for tighter supervision of financial and administrative affairs. The episode highlighted the limits of the emirateโs autonomy while Britain retained mandate responsibility.
Commander of Moscow
Appointed Commander of the Moscow Military District
Contributory Pensions Bill Final Stages
Returns to the contributory pensions legislation during its later Commons stages.
Silk and Import Duties
Takes part in debate on silk and import duties.
Death of Surendranath Bonerjee
Death of Surendranath Banerjee
Marriage to Deng Yingchao
Marries Deng Yingchao, his longtime political partner and fellow revolutionary activist.
Central Bank of Chile
Promulgates legislation creating the Central Bank of Chile.
Gold Standard Restoration
Restores the gold standard as part of the monetary reforms associated with the Kemmerer Mission.
Constitutional Plebiscite
Submits the proposed presidential constitution to a national plebiscite.
Commissar
Appointed Peoples Commissar for War & Navy
Housing Rural Workers Bill
Debates housing assistance for rural workers and the role of local authorities.
Birth of Fidel Castro
Birth of Fidel Castro
Quota 90 Gold Policy Announced
Mussolini announces the Quota 90 policy, seeking a strong lira and a return to gold convertibility at an exchange rate near 90 lire to sterling.
Coup
Pangalos is overthrown by forces led by Georgios Kondylis.
Pangalos Overthrown
Kondylis leads the coup that removes Pangalos and restores parliamentary government.
Coup
Overthrown in a coup
Death of Rudolph Valentino
Death of Rudolph Valentino
Reballion of Yun Chen
Takes part in the Nanchang rebellion in support of Chou En-lai
Reballion of Rebels in Nanchang
Forms a committee of the Revolutionary Guomindang Party after capturing Nanchang
Revolutionary Guomindang Party
Forms a committee of the Revolutionary Guomindang Party after capturing Nanchang
Nanchang Uprising
Takes a leading role in organising the Nanchang Uprising against Nationalist authority.
Declaration of War
Considerred by the Communists to be the 1st day of the civil war
Red Army
Birth of the Red Army
Reballion of Yun Chen
Takes part in the Nanchang rebellion in support of Chou En-lai
Capture of Nanchang
Nanchang is captured by Chou En-Lai. Forms a committee of the Revolutionary Guomindang Party after capturing Nanchang
Reballion of Rebels in Nanchang
Forms a committee of the Revolutionary Guomindang Party after capturing Nanchang
Revolutionary Guomindang Party
Forms a committee of the Revolutionary Guomindang Party after capturing Nanchang
Capture of Nanchang
Nationalist forces retake Nanchang after the Communist-led uprising withdraws from the city.
Capture of Nanchang
The Guomindang Government recapture Nanchang & Chou En-Lai moves South toward Shantou
Resignation of Chiang Kai-Shek
Resigns his Nationalist military and government posts amid internal Kuomintang opposition.
Resignation of Chiang Kai-Shek
Steps aside from command as rival Kuomintang factions seek reconciliation after the 1927 split.
Jon Thorlaksson Government
The Jon Thorlaksson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Tryggvi Thorhallsson Government
Begins the Tryggvi Thorhallsson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Gold Convertibility Restored
Argentina legally restores full gold conversion through the Caja de Conversion after thirteen years of restricted wartime and postwar operation.
Reballion of Rebels in Nanchang
Mutinous troops are dispersed & Teh is forced to retreat into the mountains of Kiangsi
Reballion of in the Communist
Closely invlved in the Communist uprising at Nanchang
Reballion of Communist
Participates in a Communist rebellion sparking off a national communist uprising. Mutinous troops are dispersed & Teh is forced to retreat into the mountains of Kiangsi
Reballion of in the Communist
Closely invlved in the Communist uprising at Nanchang
Northern Expedition
Nationalist forces suppress several Communist-led uprisings after the Kuomintang-Communist split.
Treaty of Friendship
Italy & Greece sign a friendship Treaty. Italy & Ethiopia sign a 20-yr friendship Treaty
Constitution of Yugoslavia
The Croats form a separatist assembly
Independence of Croatia
The Croats form a separatist assembly
Independence of Yugoslavia
The Croats form a separatist assembly
President of Paraguay
Takes office before the Chaco War crisis.
Election
Election victory for the Liberal Party supporters of Venizelos.
Pact between Kellogg-Briand Signatory Nations
Devised by Frank Kellog & Aristride Briand. 63 powers sign a pact renouncing war
Kellogg-Briand Pact
Sponsors the antiwar pact linked to League-era diplomacy.
Pact between Kellogg-Briand Signatory Nations
Devised by Frank Kellog & Aristride Briand. 63 powers renounce war
Treaty of Kellog-Braind Pact
Japan signs the Kellog-Briand Pact renouncing war
Pact between Kellogg-Briand Signatory Nations
Signs the Kellog Pact
Pact between Kellogg-Briand Signatory Nations
War is outlawed & disputes must be settled peacefully. 65 states including Russia & the USA sign the Kellog-Briand Pact
Kellog-Briand Pact
Under the terms of the Kellog-Briand Pact war is outlawed & disputes must be settled peacefully. Devised by Frank Kellog & Aristride Briand. 65 states including Russia & the USA sign the Kellog-Briand Pact
Pact between Kellogg-Briand Signatory Nations
65 states including Russia & the USA sign the Kellog-Briand Pact
Kellog-Briand Pact
65 states including Russia & the USA sign the Kellog-Briand Pact
Legislation
War is outlawed & disputes must be settled peacefully
Kellogg-Briand Pact
Signs the pact renouncing war as an instrument of policy.
Kellog-Briand Pact
Under the terms of the Kellog-Briand Pact war is outlawed & disputes must be settled peacefully
Independence of India
Formulates a plan for the Dominion Status of India
Conference of Lucknow
The all-party Lucknow conference vote for dominion status for India
Independence of India
The all-party Lucknow conference vote for dominion status for India
Paghman Loya Jirga
Amanullah presents sweeping administrative, educational, and social reforms to a Loya Jirga.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Death of Serge Diagilev
Death of Sergei Diagilev
Birth of Yasser Arafat
Birth of Yasser Arafat
Reballion of Rebels in Palestine
British troops restore order in Palestine
Conference of Hague
The Young Plan meets with great objections from the United Kingdom but, after a first Hague Conference, the plan is finalized
Young Plan
The Young Plan meets with great objections from the United Kingdom but, after a first Hague Conference, the plan is finalized
1st Flight Australia
Triumphant return to London after being the first woman to fly to Australia
Strike
Russian troops kill 200 strikers in Odessa
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff
Birth of Neil Armstrong
Birth of Neil Armstrong
Prime Minister of Canada
Appointed Prime Minister of Canada
Prime Minister of Canada
Forms a Conservative government during the Great Depression.
Economy of Great Britain
Unemployment reaches 2,000,000
Government
Forms a new Government
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland, 2nd term
Death of Lon Chaney
Death of Lon Chaney
Dissolution of Parliament
Dissolves Parliament & has opposition members arrested
1st Flight Australia
Completes the first flight to Australia in 8 days 19 hours & 28 minutes
President of Chile
Takes acting presidential authority during the 1931 institutional crisis.
Economy of Great Britain
The Cabinet splits over the need for economy cuts
President of Ecuador
Appointed acting President of Ecuador
Economy of Great Britain
Resigns to head a National Coalition Government & seek general financial confidence
Resignation of James Ramsey MacDonald
Resigns in order to head a National Coalition Government to seek financial confidence
Government
George V asks MacDonald to form a National Government
Government
George V asks MacDonald to form a National Government
Government
Most of the Labour Party refuse to support MacDonalds coalition Government
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain 3rd term
A Hanging
Publishes A Hanging, drawing on Burma police experience.
Government
Laski complains George V had been undemocratic in asking for a national Government
Government
Laski complains George V had been undemocratic in asking for a national Government
Death of Hamaguchi Osachi
Death of Hamaguchi Osachi, assassinated
Prohibition
Announces it is time to abolish prohibition
Armament
Churchills first Speech in Parliament warning about German rearmament
Cabinet
Hitler refuses to serve as Franz von Papens vice Chancellor. Appoints as Reichswehr Minister Kurt von Schleicher and all of the members of the new cabinet are of the same political opinion as Hindenberg
National Concentration
Hitler refuses to serve as Franz von Papens vice Chancellor
Cabinet
Hitler refuses to serve as Franz von Papens vice Chancellor
Election
There is still no majority in the Reichstag for any Government, as a result, the Reichstag is dissolved and elections take place once more in the hope that a stable majority would result. Hitler refuses a ministry under Papen, and demands the Chancellorship for himself, but is rejected by Hindenburg
Reichstag
There is still no majority in the Reichstag for any Government, as a result, the Reichstag is dissolved and elections take place once more in the hope that a stable majority would result
Weimar Republic
Hitler refuses a ministry under Papen, and demands the Chancellorship for himself, but is rejected by Hindenburg
Death of Johan Schobar
Death of Johan Shobar
Conference of Imperial
The Imperial Conference decides in favor of limited Imperial preference in trade. Final day of the Imperial Economic Conference in Ottowa
Economy of Great Britain
The Imperial Conference decides in favor of limited Imperial preference in trade
Imperial Preference
The Imperial Conference decides in favor of limited Imperial preference in trade
President of Ecuador
Appointed acting President of Ecuador
Austrian Nazi Party Suppressed
Moves to Bavaria as Austrian Nazi activity is restricted.
Leaves Austria for Germany
Leaves Austria after the Nazi Party is suppressed.
Birth of Mohammad Javad Bahona
Birth of Mohammad Javad Bahona
Fall of Machado
Leaves Cuba after army pressure and mass opposition.
Provisional Government
Becomes provisional president after Machado's fall.
Birth of George John Mitchell
Birth of George John Mitchell
SOS Iceberg
Directs SOS Eisberg, a German adventure film shot in Greenland.
Joins Austrian Legion
Joins the Austrian Legion in Bavaria.
Military Training in Germany
Receives several months of military training with Austrian Nazis.
Coup
During a national strike the Cuban army forces Machado into exile and installs Carlos Manuel de Cespedes, son of Cuba's founding father, as President
President of Cuba
During a national strike the Cuban army forces Machado into exile and installs Carlos Manuel de Cespedes, son of Cuba's founding father, as President
Exile of Gerardo Machado
During a national strike the Cuban army forces Machado into exile and installs Carlos Manuel de Cespedes, son of Cuba's founding father, as President
Coup
During a national strike the Cuban army forces Machado into exile and installs Carlos Manuel de Cespedes, son of Cuba's founding father, as President
General Strike
A national strike undermines Machado's dictatorship.
Constitution of Germany
A law is passed combining the offices of "Fuhrer and Reich Chancellor" with President
Constitution of Germany
Goebbels makes a broadcast announcing the merger of the offices of Fuhrer & President
Death of Adolf Hitler
Deth of Hindenburg, Hitler becomes head of state & the army swears an oath to him
Constitution of Germany
Appoints himself as President of Germany after the death of President von Hindenburg
Oath
The armed forces swear an oath of allegiance to the "Fuhrer & Chancellor Adolf Hitler"
Broadcast
Broadcasts to the nation announcing the merger of the offices of Fuhrer & President
Constitution of Germany
Broadcasts to the nation announcing the merger of the offices of Fuhrer & President
Minister of War
The Ministry of Defence is renamed the Ministry of War, Blomberg becomes Minister of War and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces
Ministry of War
The Ministry of Defence is renamed the Ministry of War, Blomberg becomes Minister of War and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces
President of Germany
Appointed President of Germany
Death of Paul Ludwig Hans von Hindenburg
Death of Paul Ludwig Hans von Hindenburg
Constitution of Germany
After Reichspresident Paul von Hindenburg dies, personally orders all soldiers in the army to pledge the Reichswehreid Oath of allegiance not to Volk and Fatherland, but to the new Reichspresident and Fuhrer Adolf Hitler
Death of Werner von Blomberg
After Reichspresident Paul von Hindenburg dies, personally orders all soldiers in the army to pledge the Reichswehreid Oath of allegiance not to Volk and Fatherland, but to the new Reichspresident and Fuhrer Adolf Hitler
Oath
After Reichspresident Paul von Hindenburg dies, personally orders all soldiers in the army to pledge the Reichswehreid Oath of allegiance not to Volk and Fatherland, but to the new Reichspresident and Fuhrer Adolf Hitler
Reichswehreid Oath
After Reichspresident Paul von Hindenburg dies, personally orders all soldiers in the army to pledge the Reichswehreid Oath of allegiance not to Volk and Fatherland, but to the new Reichspresident and Fuhrer Adolf Hitler
Commander in Chief
The Ministry of Defence is renamed the Ministry of War, Blomberg becomes Minister of War and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces
Ministry of War
The Ministry of Defence is renamed the Ministry of War, Blomberg becomes Minister of War and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces
Commander in Chief of Armed Forces
The Ministry of Defence is renamed the Ministry of War, Blomberg becomes Minister of War and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces
Reichswehreid Oath
After Reichspresident Paul von Hindenburg dies, personally orders all soldiers in the army to pledge the Reichswehreid Oath of allegiance not to Volk and Fatherland, but to the new Reichspresident and Fuhrer Adolf Hitler
Fuhrer Chancellor
On the death of Hindenburg proclaims himself Fuhrer, a position created by himself
ILO
The USA joins the Internation Labour Organisation
Provisional President Takes Office
Menendez serves as provisional President while Martinez campaigns for election
Weimar Republic
The powers of the Lander (states) were transferred to the Reich, rendering the Reichsrat obsolete, a month later, the01 Reichsrat itself was dissolved & when President von Hindenburg die in August Hitler appropriated the presidents powers for himself
Commissar
Appointed Peoples Commissar for Defence
Promotion to Colonel
Jodl is promoted to Colonel while serving in the Reich War Ministry.
Social Security Act
The Act creates federal old-age benefits and cooperative unemployment-insurance programmes.
Death of Will Rogers
Death of Will Rogers
President of Ecuador
Appointed acting President of Ecuador
Banking Act of 1935
The Act strengthens central direction of monetary policy through a redesigned Federal Reserve Board.
Collective Security
Cabinet supports League action during the Abyssinia crisis.
Covenant of the League of Nations
Cabinet decides to uphold the Covenant of the League of Nations and support Abyssinia
Invasion of Abyssinia
Cabinet decides to uphold the Covenant of the League of Nations and support Abyssinia
Asteroid 1373 Cincinnati
Edwin Hubble discovers asteroid 1373 Cincinnati at Mount Wilson Observatory.
Grasslands Crossing
The First Front Army endures severe losses while crossing the high grasslands.
Long March
Mao's First Front Army crosses Tibetan-inhabited grasslands during the Long March.
Fourth Front Army Reorganisation
Fourth Front Army units regroup in Tibetan-inhabited areas of Sichuan.
Long March
Zhang Guotao leads the Fourth Front Army through eastern Tibetan borderlands.
Marshal
Appointed Marshal
Committee of Non-Intervention
France & Britain found the Committee of Non-Intervention
Civil War
Mussolini sends airplanes in support of the rebels
France announces a policy of non-intervention
France announces a policy of non-intervention
France announces a policy of non-intervention
France announces a policy of non-intervention
Siege of Madrid
Troops of the rebellious Foreign Legion start their advance from Seville towards Madrid
Olympic Gold Medal
Winner of the 100m Olympic Gold Medal
Fourth of August Regime
Metaxas establishes an authoritarian regime with the support of King George II.
Parliamentary Government Suspended
Metaxas suspends constitutional government and establishes the Fourth of August regime.
Fourth of August Regime Supported
George II supports Metaxas's suspension of parliamentary government.
Provisional Government
Kerensky develops his views through provisional government after 1917.
Olympic Gold Medal
Winner of the long jump Olympic Gold Medal
Olympic Gold Medal
Winner of the 200m Olympic Gold Medal
Olympic Gold Medal
Winner of the 4 x 100m relay team Olympic Gold Medal
Capture of Merida
The Nationalists take Merida on their way to Madrid cutting off the Republicans in Badajoz
Siege of Merida
The Nationalists take Merida on their way to Madrid cutting off the Republicans in Badajoz
Siege of Badajoz
Nationalist forces under Colonel Juan Yagee take Badajoz
Capture of Badajoz
Nationalist forces under Colonel Juan Yagee take Badajoz
Siege of Badajoz
Nationalist forces under Colonel Juan Yagee take Badajoz
Trade Embargo at London
Britain announces an embargo on arms exports to Spain
Civil War
Germany, Italy & Portugal agree to Anglo-French proposals for non-intervention
Agreement on Anglo-French proposals for non-intervention
Germany, Italy & Portugal agree to Anglo-French proposals for non-intervention
Neutrality
Germany, Italy & Portugal agree to Anglo-French proposals for non-intervention
Civil War
Germany, Italy & Portugal agree to Anglo-French proposals for non-intervention
Agreement on Anglo-French proposals for non-intervention
Germany, Italy & Portugal agree to Anglo-French proposals for non-intervention
Death of Grigory Yevseyevich Zinoviev
Death of Grigory Yevseyevich Zinoviev, executed
Execution
Found guilty of charges during a show trial & shot
Anglo-Egyptian Treaty
Signs a treaty limiting British troops mainly to the Suez Canal Zone.
Independence of Egypt
Britain signs a Treaty with Egypt agreeing independence
Rule of Suez Canal
Under a Treaty signed with Britain, Britain is allowed to keep the Suez Canal
Anglo-Egyptian Treaty
Accepts the treaty that limits British troops mainly to the Suez Canal Zone while recognising Egyptian sovereignty.
Anglo-Egyptian Treaty
Signs the treaty allowing British forces to remain in the Suez Canal Zone for imperial defence.
Olympics
Commissioned by Hitler to film the Olympic games, called Olymia & completed 1 yr later
Olympics
Germany hosts the Olympics, the most ceremonial up to that time
Bolshevik Party
During the trial, Zinoviev, Kamenev and 14 other accused, most of them prominent Old Bolsheviks, confessed to having plotted with Trotsky to kill Stalin and other members of the Soviet leadership
Trial
During the trial, Zinoviev, Kamenev and 14 other accused, most of them prominent Old Bolsheviks, confessed to having plotted with Trotsky to kill Stalin and other members of the Soviet leadership
Bolshevik Party
During the trial, Zinoviev, Kamenev and 14 other accused, most of them prominent Old Bolsheviks, confessed to having plotted with Trotsky to kill Stalin and other members of the Soviet leadership
Plot
The court found everybody guilty and sentenced the defendants to death, Trotsky in absentia. During the trial, Zinoviev, Kamenev and 14 other accused, most of them prominent Old Bolsheviks, confessed to having plotted with Trotsky to kill Stalin and other members of the Soviet leadership
Terrorism
The first Moscow show trial of the so-called "Trotskyite-Zinovievite Terrorist Center" was staged in front of an international audience. During the trial, Zinoviev, Kamenev and 14 other accused, most of them prominent Old Bolsheviks, confessed to having plotted with Trotsky to kill Stalin and other members of the Soviet leadership
Trial
The first Moscow show trial of the so-called "Trotskyite-Zinovievite Terrorist Center" was staged in front of an international audience. The court found everybody guilty and sentenced the defendants to death, Trotsky in absentia
Bolshevik Party
During the trial, Zinoviev, Kamenev and 14 other accused, most of them prominent Old Bolsheviks, confessed to having plotted with Trotsky to kill Stalin and other members of the Soviet leadership
Trial
During the trial, Zinoviev, Kamenev and 14 other accused, most of them prominent Old Bolsheviks, confessed to having plotted with Trotsky to kill Stalin and other members of the Soviet leadership
Execution
Stalin has Kamanev & Zinoviev purged & then executed
Mobilization
Leads a motorized advance north toward Madrid
Olympic Gold Medal
Wins 4 Olympic gold medals, challenges the myth of Hitler's Aryan superiority
Birth of Barbara Windsor
Birth of Barbara Windsor, born Barbara Ann Deeks
Council of Aragon
The Council of Aragon is dissolved
Invasion of Aragon
The Government invades Aragon, under forces led by General Lister
Assassination of Sidqi Bakr
General Bakr Sidqi, who came to power in Iraq in 1936 through a violent coup, is assassinated in Mosul
Coup
General Bakr Sidqi, who came to power in Iraq in 1936 through a violent coup, is assassinated in Mosul. Death of Bakr Sidqi, who came to power in Iraq in 1936 through a violent coup, is assassinated in Mosul
Death of Sidqi Bakr
Death of Bakr Sidqi, who came to power in Iraq in 1936 through a violent coup, is assassinated in Mosul
Peace
Armistice is declared between Japan and the Soviet Union after the outbreak of border fighting
Peace
An Armistice is declared between Japan and the Soviet Union after outbreak of border fighting
Siege of Shanghai
The Battle of Shanghai begins as Chinese forces mount major resistance to the Japanese advance.
President of Paraguay
Takes office after Rafael Franco is removed from power.
Calls a Council of Ministers
Calls a Council of Ministers after Italian submarines attack oil tankers
Vatican endorses Francos regime
The Vatican endorses Francos regime
Windsors travel to Germany on a fact finding tour
The Windsors travel to Germany on a fact finding tour
Mobilization
The Chinese order the full mobilization of their military & fighting commences
Mobilization
Japan sends troops into Shanghai
Commander of Moscow
Appointed Commander of the Moscow Military District
Peace Mediation at Prague
Mediates between the Czech Government & Sudetens
President of Ecuador
Appointed acting President of Ecuador
Diplomatic Negotiations at Sudetenland, The
Under British and French pressure Benes opens negotiations with the Sudeten Germans
Diplomatic Negotiations at Prague
Benes opens negotiations with the Sudetens
German Occupation
Hitler commences mobilization
Resignation of Ludwig Beck
Resigns over Hitler's policy on Czech, believes Germany is not equipped for war
Resignation of Ludwig Beck
Resigns over Hitler's policy on Czech, believes Germany is not equipped for war
Forced Emigration Bureau Established
The office centralizes coercive procedures for Jewish emigration.
Vienna Central Office Opens
Opens the Central Office for Jewish Emigration in Vienna.
Battle of Khasan
Scores a notable victory over the Japanese
Battle of Khasan
Commands the 32nd Infantry Division against the Japanese
Nazi-Soviet Pact
Signs the Geraman-Russisan Non Aggression Pact with Ribbentrop in Moscow
Invasion of Netherlands, The
Consults the Army to occupy The Netherlands & Belgium & how long it would take
Birth of Brian John Duffy
Birth of Brian John Duffy, later known as Jet Black, drummer and founding member of The Stranglers.
Army of the North
The Republican army of the north repulses a nationalist offensive on Barcelona
Battle of Ebro
The Republican army of the north repulses a nationalist offensive on Barcelona
Army of the North
The Republican army of the north repulses a nationalist offensive on Barcelona
Battle of Ebro
The Republican army of the north repulses a nationalist offensive on Barcelona
Invasion of Poland
Warns the House of Commons of an imminent German attack on Poland
Einstein-Szilard Letter
Drafts a letter warning Roosevelt about uranium weapons.
Einstein-Szilard Letter
Signs the Einstein-Szilard letter warning President Roosevelt about uranium chain reactions and possible powerful bombs.
Ultimatum
Poland orders Danzig to close its borders to east Prussia, Danzig complies
Invasion of Poland
German troops concentrate on the Polish border after the Polish ultimatum to Danzig
Political Parties
Outlaws political parties
Summons the League of Nations High Commissioner and threatens to crush the
Summons the League of Nations High Commissioner and threatens to crush the Poles
Nazi-Soviet Pact
Sends a message to Molotov outlining the Russo-German Non-Aggression Pact
President of Paraguay
Becomes president after his Chaco War reputation transforms national politics.
Handed a draft of the non-aggression pact by Molotov
Handed a draft of the non-aggression pact by Molotov
Nazi-Soviet Pact
Handed a draft of the non-aggression pact by Molotov
Alliance Agreement with Germany maybe possible
At a meeting of the Politbureau Stalin says an alliance with Germany maybe possible
Alliance Joseph Stalin and Germany maybe possible
At a meeting of the Politbureau Stalin says an alliance with Germany maybe possible
Nazi-Soviet Pact
Hands the German Ambassador von der Schulenburg a draft of the non-aggression pact
Nazi-Soviet Pact
Cables Stalin accepting the draft for the pact & urges ratification of the Treaty
Trade Agreement at Berlin
Signs a trade agreement with Russia
Trade Agreement
It is anounced that Germany & Russia have concluded a commercial agreement
International Agreement
Poland refuses Russia passage, a precondition of an Anglo-Franco-Soviet agreement. Hitler sends Stalin a telegram pressing for a pact
Nazi-Soviet Pact
Invites Ribbentrop to Moscow for 23 August. Hitler cables Stalin accepting the draft NAZI-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
Battle of Khasan
Defeats the Japanese in their attempt to invade Mongolia
Battle of Nomonhan
Attacks the Japanese in what began as a series of border skirmishes in May
Trade Agreement
It is anounced that Germany & Russia have concluded a commercial agreement
Graf Spee Departs Wilhelmshaven for Atlantic Patrol
Langsdorff takes Admiral Graf Spee to sea before the outbreak of war, heading for a waiting area in the South Atlantic.
Crisis
Calls an emergency Cabinet meeting on the Danzig crisis & threat to peace
Nazi-Soviet Pact
Flies to Moscow to sign the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact with Stalin
Invasion of Poland
Announces a probable invasion of Poland on 26th August
Mobilization
Addresses generals saying that "Might is right"
Hears of Ribbentrops trip to Russia for a pact, express displeasure to
Hears of Ribbentrops trip to Russia for a pact, express displeasure to Weizsacker
Interim Presidency
Quintanilla assumes interim authority after the death of German Busch.
Death of German Busch
Busch dies in La Paz, ending his military reformist presidency.
Nazi-Soviet Pact
Meets with Stalin in Moscow who signs the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
Anti-Comintern Pact
Japan renounces the Anti-Comintern Pact with Germany
Comintern
Japan renounces the Anti-Comintern Pact with Germany
Nazi-Soviet Pact
Receives news from Stalin the Soviets will sign the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
Diplomatic Correspondence at London
Hands over a letter to Hitler from Chamberlain saying that Britain will defend Poland
Peace
Hands over a letter to Hitler from Chamberlain saying that Britain will defend Poland
Anti-Comintern Pact
Japan renounces the Anti-Comintern Pact with Germany
Comintern
Japan renounces the Anti-Comintern Pact with Germany
Nazi-Soviet Pact
Includes secret protocols dividing Europe into zones of influence
Rule of Baltic Sea
The Nazi-Soviet Pact gives Russia eastern Poland, Finland & Baltic States
Rule of Finland
The Nazi-Soviet Pact gives Russia eastern Poland, Finland & Baltic States
Rule of Poland
The Nazi-Soviet Pact gives Russia eastern Poland, Finland & Baltic States
Nazi-Soviet Pact
Signs a pact pledging both Countries to remain neutral if the other is at war. Includes secret protocols dividing Europe into zones of influence
Neutrality
Signs a pact pledging both Countries to remain neutral if the other is at war
Rule of Baltic Sea
Under the Nazi-Soviet Pact Russia takes eastern Poland, Finland & Baltic States
Alliance Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
Signs the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
Nazi-Soviet Pact
Signs the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact. Russia & Germany will not attack each other for 10 yrs with an option for 5 more yrs
Emergency Economic Powers
Emergency legislation grants broad powers to direct industry, labour and economic resources.
Reform of Emergency Powers
Gives full authority of the law to the "defense regulations" issued by the Government
Nazi-Soviet Pact
Russia & Germany will not attack each other for 10 yrs with an option for 5 more yrs
Ariostazo
Survives an attempted military challenge led by General Ariosto Herrera and maintains constitutional government.
Alliance Great Britain and Poland
After Germany's pact with Russia Britain completes the Anglo-Polish Defence Alliance
Battle of Nomonhan
Russian forces stop their attacks. In 4 days 40,000 Japanese & 27,000 Russian soldiers have been killed
Commander of 3rd Division
Appointed Commander of the 3rd Division
Commander of 3rd Division
Appointed Commander of the 3rd Division
Invasion of Switzerland
Given the directive to safeguard the independence of the country and to maintain the integrity of the Swiss territory
Army Group North
The German forces for the invasion of Poland codename Fall Weiss are divided into Army Group North (German 3rd and 4th armies) and Army Group South (German 8th, 10th, and 14th armies), and the Slovakian Army Group Bernolak
Army Group South
The German forces for the invasion of Poland codename Fall Weiss are divided into Army Group North (German 3rd and 4th armies) and Army Group South (German 8th, 10th, and 14th armies), and the Slovakian Army Group Bernolak
Invasion of Poland
The SS broadcasts a provocative message from Gleiwitz radio station
Invasion of Poland
The German forces for the invasion of Poland codename Fall Weiss are divided into Army Group North (German 3rd and 4th armies) and Army Group South (German 8th, 10th, and 14th armies), and the Slovakian Army Group Bernolak. SS men dressed in Polish uniforms stage a border skirmish at Hochlinden
Operation Fall Weiss
The German forces for the invasion of Poland codename Fall Weiss are divided into Army Group North (German 3rd and 4th armies) and Army Group South (German 8th, 10th, and 14th armies), and the Slovakian Army Group Bernolak
Invasion of Poland
XI Corps - Commanded by General Emil Lee
Invasion of Poland
10th Panzer Division - Commanded by General Ferdinand Schaal, consists of the 4th Panzer Brigade and 10th Motorized Rifle Brigade
Invasion of Poland
73rd Infantry Division - Commanded by General Friedrich von Rabenau, consists of the 170th, 186th, and 213th Infantry Regiments
Invasion of Poland
The 4th Army is commanded by General of Artillery Guenther von Kluge
Invasion of Poland
206th Infantry Division - Commanded by General Hugo Hofl, consists of the 301st, 312th, and 413rd Infantry Regiments
Invasion of Poland
The Eighth Army is commanded by General of Infantry Johannes Blaskowitz
Invasion of Poland
XIII Corps - Commanded by General Maximilian Reichsfreiherr von Weichs
Invasion of Poland
208th Infantry Division - Commanded by General Moritz Andreas, consists of the 309th, 337th, and 338th Infantry Regiments
Invasion of Poland
23rd Infantry Division - Commanded by General Walter Graf von Brockdorff-Ahlefeldt, consists of the 9th, 67th, and 68th Infantry Regiments
Invasion of Poland
The Tenth Army is commanded by General of Artillery Walter von Reichenau
Tenth Army
The Tenth Army is commanded by General of Artillery Walter von Reichenau
Invasion of Poland
The 14th Army is commanded by Colonel General Wilhelm List
Invasion of Poland
X Corps - Commanded by General Wilhelm Ulex
Battle of Nomonhan
The Russians destroy the IJA forces, 45,000 Japanese soldiers are killed
Battle of Nomonhan
Defeat convinces the Japanese they cannot fight against the Russians
Battle of Nomonhan
Observes the 1st major tank Battle in history between Russia & Japan. Japan & Russia fight an undeclared war on the plains of Outer Mongolia. Fails to restrain the Japanese from persuing the Russians into Mongol territory
Battle of Nomonhan
Destroys the IJA forces in & around Nomonhan, 45000 Japanese soldiers were killed
Battle of Nomonhan
The Japanese are prevented from making any further incursions into Russian territory. In 1 day the Japanese suffer 50,000 casulties, their worst ever defeat. Defeat by Russia convinces the Japanese that they cannot fight against the Russians
Nazi-Soviet Pact
Instrumental in bringing about the August 1939 German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
Chief of Wehrmachtfรผhrungsamt
Shortly before war begins, Jodl returns to the OKW to head the Wehrmachtfรผhrungsamt.
Return to OKW before Polish Campaign
Jodl returns from troop command to senior operational work at OKW shortly before the invasion of Poland.
Invasion of Poland
In the invasion of Poland, Kleist commandeds the XXII Panzer Corps
Maginot Line
Invited by Paul Reynaud to examine the defences of the Maginot Line
Nazi-Soviet Pact
The Nazi-Soviet pact deepens Healeyโs doubts about Communist policy and Soviet intentions.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief of the Middle East
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief of the Middle East
Commander in Chief
Establishes his HQ in Cairo
Germany signs a non-aggression pact with Russia
Germany signs a non-aggression pact with Russia
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan
Rule of Polish Corridor
Hitler lays claim to the whole of the Polish corridor
International Agreement
Refuses Russian passage to east Germany, precondition of Anglo-Franco-Soviet agreement
Enigma Machine
Supports production of Polish Enigma replicas, one of which is supplied to Britain before the war.
Enigma Machine
Helps AVA complete dozens of Enigma replicas before the German invasion of Poland.
Meeting with An Anglo-French mission to discuss the defence
Meets an Anglo-French mission to discuss the defence of Poland if attacked by Germany
Battle of Khalkin-Gol
Defeats a Japanese force at Khalkin-Gol in Manchuria
Invention of Atomic Bomb
Einstein writes a letter to Roosevelt to develop the atomic bomb
Invention of Atomic Bomb
Einstein writes a letter to Roosevelt to develop the atomic bomb
Independence of Croatia
The Cvetkovic-Macek Agreement set up the Banovina of Croatia
Independence of Yugoslavia
The Cvetkovic-Macek Agreement set up the Banovina of Croatia
Operation Sea Lion
Signs jointly with Hitler the directive for authorizing Operation Sea Lion
Battle of Britain
The OKW (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht or "High Command of the Armed Forces") issues its plan
Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (OKL)
Hitler gives the Luftwaffes Commander in Chief, Reichsmarschall (Empire Marshal) Hermann Goring and the Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (High Command of the Air Force) a (Directive No. 17) to launch the air assault
Operation Adler
Hitler gives the Luftwaffes Commander in Chief, Reichsmarschall (Empire Marshal) Hermann Goring and the Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (High Command of the Air Force) a (Directive No. 17) to launch the air assault
Operation Sea Lion
Issues a directive for launching Operation Sea Lion
Wehrmacht
The OKW (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht or "High Command of the Armed Forces") issues its plan
Battle of Britain
Raeder believes that air superiority might make a successful landing possible although it would be a risky operation and required "absolute mastery over the Channel by our air forces"
Invasion of Great Britain
Raeder believes that air superiority might make a successful landing possible although it would be a risky operation and required "absolute mastery over the Channel by our air forces"
Operation Sea Lion
Raeder believes that air superiority might make a successful landing possible although it would be a risky operation and required "absolute mastery over the Channel by our air forces"
Battle of Britain
Believes air superiority was "not enough". Donitz later stated, "we possessed neither control of the air or the sea; nor were we in any position to gain it"
Invasion of Great Britain
Believes air superiority was "not enough". Donitz later stated, "we possessed neither control of the air or the sea; nor were we in any position to gain it"
Operation Sea Lion
Believes air superiority was "not enough". Donitz later stated, "we possessed neither control of the air or the sea; nor were we in any position to gain it"
Invasion Defence
Orders continued preparations against a possible German landing.
Neutrality
Confirms Russias neutrality
Battle of Britain
Begins converting to Hurricanes before entering Battle of Britain combat.
Battle of Britain
Joins No. 303 Polish Squadron at Northolt.
Adlertag
Goring had promised Hitler that Adlertag and Adlerangriff would achieve the results required within days, or at worst weeks. It had meant to be the beginning of the end of RAF Fighter Command, but Adlertag and the following operations failed to destroy the RAF, or gain the necessary local air superiority. As a result, Operation Sea Lion was postponed indefinitely
Operation Adler
Eventually, it was carried out on 13 August 1940. Goring had promised Hitler that Adlertag and Adlerangriff would achieve the results required within days, or at worst weeks.
Operation Adler
It had meant to be the beginning of the end of RAF Fighter Command, but Adlertag and the following operations failed to destroy the RAF, or gain the necessary local air superiority. As a result, Operation Sea Lion was postponed indefinitely
Operation Adler
The essential target was RAF Fighter Command. The services destruction would deny the British their air superiority asset. Throughout July and early August, the Germans made preparations for Adlertag. The date of the assault was postponed several times because of bad weather.
Invasion of Somaliland
Italy commences the occupation of British Somaliland
Rule of British Somaliland
Italy commences the occupation of British Somaliland
Battle of Britain
Directive no 17 intensifies the air war against England
Fuhrer Directive No. 17
Directive no 17 intensifies the air war against England
Invasion of Great Britain
Rejects the Navys proposals for carrying the Army as "suicide"
Operation Sea Lion
Rejects the Navys proposals for carrying the Army to England as "suicide"
Suicide
Rejects the Navys proposals for carrying the Army to England as "suicide". Rejects the Navys proposals for carrying the Army as "suicide"
Economic Policy
Speaks for the coalition on wartime economic policy and organisation.
Battle of Britain
Renews attacks on the Channel, marks the next phase. Over the next 3 days the Germans lose 35 to the British 29 aircraft over the Channel. Gathers a force of 2,800 planes, 900 fighters & 1,300 bombers in 3 fleets
President of Argentina
Serves as acting president from August 12, 1940 to June 27, 1942 due to the illness of President Ortiz, who did not resign until less than a month before his death
Eagle Day
The fighters are called back because of the bad weather & 8 bombers are lost. 1st of 4 days to destroy British air superiority over Britain
Battle of Britain
Luftwaffe raids strike Manston, Hawkinge, Lympne and radar sites.
Battle of Britain
Orders systematic attacks on RAF airfields and radar stations.
Battle of Britain
Luftwaffe attacks switch to British airfields and radar stations.
Battle of Britain
Orders attacks against airfields and radar stations during the Battle of Britain.
Chain Home Attacks
Authorises attacks on radar stations during Adlerangriff.
Luftwaffe
Luftwaffe operations target radar stations and Fighter Command airfields.
Battle of Britain
"Never in the field of human conflict, was so much owed by so many to so few"
Battle of Britain
Germany has lost 1,733 planes compared to British loses of 915
Battle of Britain
Directs fighter interceptions during attacks on south-eastern airfields.
Battle of Britain
Uses radar and sector control to preserve Fighter Command's response.
Adlertag
The Operation begins on Adlertag ("Eagle Day") by German forces, elimination of British air cover had been set as one of the prerequisites for Sea Lion - the amphibious assault of Britain. A series of Luftwaffe attacks beginning on 13 August 1940 known as Operation Eagle Attack (Unternehmen Adlerangriff) set to begin on Adlertag ("Eagle Day")
Battle of Britain
The Operation begins on Adlertag ("Eagle Day") by German forces, elimination of British air cover had been set as one of the prerequisites for Sea Lion - the amphibious assault of Britain. The engagements resulting from Eagle Day are later dubbed the Battle of Britain
Battle of Britain
The engagements resulting from Eagle Day are later dubbed the Battle of Britain
Luftwaffe
A series of Luftwaffe attacks beginning on 13 August 1940 known as Operation Eagle Attack (Unternehmen Adlerangriff) set to begin on Adlertag ("Eagle Day")
Operation Adler
A series of Luftwaffe attacks beginning on 13 August 1940 known as Operation Eagle Attack (Unternehmen Adlerangriff) set to begin on Adlertag ("Eagle Day")
Operation Eagle Attack
The Operation begins on Adlertag ("Eagle Day") by German forces, elimination of British air cover had been set as one of the prerequisites for Sea Lion - the amphibious assault of Britain
Battle of Britain
The engagements resulting from Eagle Day are later dubbed the Battle of Britain. 1st day of the main offensive
Battle of Britain
Commands major Luftwaffe formations during Eagle Day.
Battle of Britain
Luftflotte 2 attacks targets across south-east England.
Battle of Britain
An offensive is discovered when the British use the enigma machine
Battle of Britain
Directs national resistance as the Luftwaffe launches Eagle Day.
Battle of Britain
Directs No. 11 Group during Eagle Day.
Battle of Britain
Fighter Command prevents the Luftwaffe from crippling southern defences.
Alliance United States and Great Britain
Will supply Britain with 50 WW1 destroyers for the lease of Caribbean naval bases
Minister of Air & Civil Aviation
Appointed Minister of Air & Civil Aviation
Birth of Anthony Michael Tony Secunda
Birth of Anthony Michael "Tony" Secunda
Battle of Britain
Adlertag, eagle day, opening of the decisive phase of the battle. 1,786 sorties are flown
Battle of Britain
The largest air Battle of this period. Adlertag, eagle day, opening of the decisive phase of the battle. 5 major actions are fought but the Germans lose 76 to Britains 34 aircraft. 1st large air Battle takes place in north England. 1,786 sorties are flown
Battle of Britain
About 100 bombers escorted by 40 Me 110s are launched against Tyneside
Battle of Britain
German air fleets attack widely separated targets across the country.
Battle of Britain
Launches one of the Luftwaffe's largest daylight efforts against Britain.
Invasion of Egypt
Churchill sends reinforcements to Wavell in Egypt to be used against the Italians
Battle of Britain
Coordinates Fighter Command during one of the battle's largest air actions.
Battle of Britain
Moves limited squadrons carefully between threatened sectors.
Battle of Britain
The largest air Battle of this period. 5 major actions are fought but the Germans lose 76 to Britains 34 aircraft
Battle of Britain
Directs repeated fighter responses during intense Luftwaffe attacks.
Battle of Britain
No. 11 Group bears heavy responsibility for defending south-east England.
Battle of Britain
Directs No. 10 Group fighters defending south-west England.
Battle of Britain
His group helps counter major Luftwaffe attacks during the day's fighting.
Battle of Britain
Continues attacking a German fighter despite severe burns and a burning Hurricane.
Battle of Britain
His actions later earn Fighter Command's only Victoria Cross of the war.
Battle of Britain
Directs fighters as Tangmere and other southern targets are attacked.
Battle of Britain
No. 11 Group contests repeated raids over southern England.
Blockade of Britain
Germany begins its blockade of Britain
Britain Maritime Blockade Declared
Germany announces measures intended to isolate Britain and threaten shipping serving the British war economy.
Invasion of Russia
Sets Spring 1941 for an invasion of Russia which should last no longer than 5 months
Operation Barbarossa
Sets Spring 1941 for an invasion of Russia which should last no longer than 5 months
Blockade of British Isles
Hitler declares a blockade of the British Isles
British Isles Blockade Declared
The German declaration presents waters around the British Isles as subject to wartime maritime restriction.
Battle of Britain
Commits large Luftwaffe forces during the day later called the Hardest Day.
Battle of Britain
Heavy losses reduce subsequent use of Ju 87 dive bombers in the battle.
Battle of Britain
Advocates concentrating fighters into larger formations against German raids.
Battle of Britain
Leads No. 242 Squadron during the Battle of Britain.
Battle of Britain
Directs Fighter Command responses as Kenley and other airfields are attacked.
Battle of Britain
No. 11 Group fights sustained engagements over south-east England.
Invasion of Egypt
Orders the invasion of Egypt on the day that the invasion of Britain was mounted
Invasion of Somaliland
Italy completes the occupation of British Somaliland
Rule of British Somaliland
Italy completes the occupation of British Somaliland
Operation Sea Lion
Kesselring is ordered to concentrate his forces in the Pas de Calais
The Few Speech
Praises Fighter Command pilots in his speech on the Few.
Assassination of Leon Trotsky
Assassinated in Mexico City
Death of Leon Trotsky
Death of Leon Trotsky, assassinated
Assassination of Leon Trotsky
Assassinates Leon Trotsky with an ice-pick
Death of Jaime Ramon Mercader del Rio Hernandez
Assassinates Leon Trotsky with an ice-pick
Bombing of London
1st air raids take place on central London
Battle of Britain
The 3rd phase of the battle begins. Resumes after bad weather. Airfields & commuincations are damaged as German numerical superiority takes effect
Battle of Britain
Berlin is bombed by the RAF in retaliation for the bombing of London
Battle of Britain
Concentrates on airfields in the south east but bombs are dropped in error on London. 2nd phase to 27th Sept, a route to London is to be opened up by destroying the RAF
Bombing of London
Concentrates on airfields in the south east but bombs are dropped in error on London
Battle of Britain
Bombs also fall on London during the continuing air offensive.
Battle of Britain
Luftwaffe operations intensify against Fighter Command targets around London.
Night Bombing Response
Responds to German bombing raids on British cities and airfields.
Bombing of Berlin
The RAF makes its 1st bombing raid on Berlin
Battle of Britain
Retaliation for the bombing of London. RAF bombers attack Berlin for the 1st time
Bombing of Berlin
RAF bombers attack Berlin for the 1st time, retaliation for the bombing of London
Battle of Britain
Britain retaliates for attacks on London with a raid against Berlin.
Battle of Britain
The Berlin raid influences German decisions about subsequent bombing strategy.
Invasion of Poland
2 panzer & 10 infantry divisions move into Poland to secure Romanian oil fields
Invasion of Romania
2 panzer & 10 infantry divisions move into Poland to secure Romanian oil fields
Invasion of Great Britain
Given command of operations to invade England, subject to victory in the air
Operation Sea Lion
Given command of operations to invade England, subject to victory in the air
Autumn Journey
Orders are given to carry deception maneuvers along Britains east coast
Operation Sea Lion
Says victory is dependent on vicory in the Air. Issues a directive for Naval & Army operations for the invasion of England
Armament
Congress authorizes the President to call the National guard & other reserves for 1 yr
Conscription
Congress authorizes the President to call the National guard & other reserves for 1 yr
Birth of Nik Turner
Birth of Nik Turner
Battle of St Quentin
Forced back & abandons the objective of capturing St Quentin
Operation Sea Lion
At the request of the Services the invasion of England is postponed to 21st September
Battle of St Quentin
Prevents the French 5th Army from capturing St Quentin
Battle of Britain
Dowding manages reserves as pressure on southern sector stations increases.
Battle of Britain
Fighter Command flies more than one thousand sorties during intense fighting.
Battle of Britain
Biggin Hill suffers severe damage while remaining operational.
Battle of Britain
Directs interceptions during heavy attacks on Fighter Command sector stations.
Battle of Britain
Bales out badly wounded and later loses part of his left leg.
Battle of Britain
Is shot down during combat with German bombers east of Duxford.
Battle of Britain
Airfields including Biggin Hill and Hornchurch face renewed attacks.
Battle of Britain
Commands No. 11 Group on Fighter Command's heaviest aircraft-loss day.
Battle of Britain
The Kanalkampf comprises a series of running fights over convoys in the English Channel launched partly because Kesselring and Sperrle were not sure about what else to do, and partly because it gives German aircrews some training and a chance to probe the British defences
Kanalkampf
The Kanalkampf comprises a series of running fights over convoys in the English Channel launched partly because Kesselring and Sperrle were not sure about what else to do, and partly because it gives German aircrews some training and a chance to probe the British defences
Adlertag
Goring had promised Hitler that Adlertag and Adlerangriff would achieve the results required within days, or at worst weeks. It had meant to be the beginning of the end of RAF Fighter Command, but Adlertag and the following operations failed to destroy the RAF, or gain the necessary local air superiority. As a result, Operation Sea Lion was postponed indefinitely
Operation Adler
Goring had promised Hitler that Adlertag and Adlerangriff would achieve the results required within days, or at worst weeks. It had meant to be the beginning of the end of RAF Fighter Command, but Adlertag and the following operations failed to destroy the RAF, or gain the necessary local air superiority. As a result, Operation Sea Lion was postponed indefinitely
Enigma Machine
Joins senior Hut 6 cryptanalysts protesting a proposed transfer of the Luftwaffe Red Enigma task.
Enigma Machine
Introduces the diagonal board, sharply reducing false stops and making the Bombe far more effective.
Enigma Machine
Oversees engineering of the improved Bombe known as Agnus Dei, incorporating Welchman's diagonal board.
Battle of Britain
Radar information helps Fighter Command conserve pilots and aircraft.
Battle of Britain
Uses radar warning to direct No. 11 Group fighters.
Battle of Britain
The "Dowding system", a set of reporting chains to move information from the various observation points to the pilots in their fighters, named after its chief architect
Dowding System
Combines radar, Observer Corps reports and command control for fighter interception.
Fighter Command
Fighter Command filters radar reports into tracks for sector control rooms.
Deputy Chairman
Appointed Deputy Chairman of Sovnarkom
Death of Bruno Mussolini
Bruno Mussolini, son of Benito Mussolini, is killed in an air accident while testing a Piaggio P.108 bomber near Pisa.
Siege of Smolensk
Helps encircle large Russian forces at Smolensk
Alliance Churchill and Roosevelt
Churchill & Roosevelt meet for the 1st of their wartime meetings in Newfoundland
Atlantic Charter
Meets Roosevelt at the Atlantic Conference in Newfoundland.
Atlantic Charter
Seeks closer American support while Britain remains at war with Germany.
Atlantic Charter
Discusses Atlantic strategy with senior United States naval officers.
Atlantic Charter
Takes part in Anglo-American naval talks at the conference.
Atlantic Charter
Participates in military discussions with American chiefs.
Atlantic Charter
Represents British Army planning during the Atlantic Conference.
Atlantic Charter
Begins the Atlantic Conference while the United States remains formally neutral.
Atlantic Charter
Meets Churchill in Newfoundland to discuss war aims and the postwar order.
Atlantic Charter
Participates in the conference as Roosevelt's close wartime adviser.
Atlantic Charter
Supports Anglo-American coordination during the Newfoundland meetings.
Atlantic Charter
Advises Roosevelt during political discussions with the British delegation.
Atlantic Charter
Participates in the Atlantic Conference as the State Department representative.
Atlantic Charter
Discusses Anglo-American maritime strategy with British naval leaders.
Atlantic Charter
Participates in naval discussions during the Atlantic Conference.
Atlantic Charter
Attends the Atlantic Conference as commander of the United States Atlantic Fleet.
Atlantic Charter
Contributes to naval discussions surrounding Atlantic security and cooperation.
Atlantic Charter
Represents United States Army planning during talks with British chiefs.
Atlantic Charter
Takes part in military discussions at the Atlantic Conference.
Execution
Reichenaus 6th Army HQ orders executions to be left to the SD or SS
Sixth Army
Reichenaus 6th Army HQ orders executions to be left to the SD or SS
Atlantic Charter
Hosts Roosevelt at the joint Sunday service aboard Prince of Wales.
Atlantic Charter
Uses the ceremony to emphasize shared Anglo-American values.
Atlantic Charter
Accepts a common statement despite concerns about imperial implications.
Atlantic Charter
Accepts disarmament of aggressor nations after the defeat of Nazi Germany.
Atlantic Charter
Accepts economic cooperation as part of the proposed postwar settlement.
Atlantic Charter
Accepts opposition to territorial changes made without popular consent.
Atlantic Charter
Accepts the goal of freedom from fear and want after Nazi defeat.
Atlantic Charter
Agrees to principles supporting improved access to trade and raw materials.
Atlantic Charter
Commits Britain to a principle of consent in territorial settlement.
Atlantic Charter
Negotiates the wording of the joint declaration with Roosevelt.
Atlantic Charter
Supports a peace allowing nations to live safely within their boundaries.
Atlantic Charter
Supports reducing armaments under a wider system of security.
Atlantic Charter
Joins conference discussions concerning munitions and wartime supply.
Atlantic Charter
Represents British supply priorities during talks with American officials.
Atlantic Charter
Attends discussions concerning Anglo-American wartime cooperation and supply.
Atlantic Charter
Supports coordination of American material assistance to Britain.
Atlantic Charter
Attends a joint Sunday service aboard HMS Prince of Wales.
Atlantic Charter
The service visibly demonstrates growing Anglo-American solidarity.
Atlantic Charter
Links postwar security with social welfare and economic advancement.
Atlantic Charter
Places rejection of territorial expansion among the charter's common principles.
Atlantic Charter
Places unhindered maritime movement within the charter's international vision.
Atlantic Charter
Promotes political self-determination within the charter's postwar vision.
Atlantic Charter
Supports an eight-point framework for wartime aims and postwar peace.
Atlantic Charter
Supports establishment of a wider permanent system of general security.
Atlantic Charter
Supports freedom of the seas as a central postwar principle.
Atlantic Charter
Supports international economic cooperation and improved labour standards.
Atlantic Charter
Supports restoration of sovereign rights and self-government after Axis occupation.
Atlantic Charter
Supports the principle that neither country seeks territorial aggrandizement.
Atlantic Charter
The principle anticipates later work toward the United Nations.
Atlantic Charter
Works with Churchill on a statement of common international principles.
Atlantic Charter
Cabinet acceptance allows the joint declaration to proceed.
Atlantic Charter
Forwards the proposed declaration to the British War Cabinet.
Atlantic Charter
Receives British Cabinet approval for the proposed charter.
Atlantic Charter
Urges ministers not to raise unnecessary obstacles to the agreement.
Alliance Agreement
US President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill sign the Atlantic Charter in Argentia Bay (Newfoundland), the charter establishes common wartime principals and emphasised the strength of Anglo-American alliance despite US neutrality
Alliance Atlantic Charter
US President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill sign the Atlantic Charter in Argentia Bay (Newfoundland), the charter establishes common wartime principals and emphasised the strength of Anglo-American alliance despite US neutrality
Atlantic Charter
US President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill sign the Atlantic Charter in Argentia Bay (Newfoundland), the charter establishes common wartime principals and emphasised the strength of Anglo-American alliance despite US neutrality
Atlantic Charter
Concludes his Newfoundland meetings with Roosevelt.
Atlantic Charter
Returns with a joint declaration linking Britain more closely to America.
Neutrality
US President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill sign the Atlantic Charter in Argentia Bay (Newfoundland), the charter establishes common wartime principals and emphasised the strength of Anglo-American alliance despite US neutrality
Atlantic Charter
Concludes the Atlantic Conference after four days of meetings.
Atlantic Charter
Leaves Newfoundland with agreement on common principles and strategic cooperation.
Alliance Agreement
US President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill sign the Atlantic Charter in Argentia Bay (Newfoundland), the charter establishes common wartime principals and emphasised the strength of Anglo-American alliance despite US neutrality
Alliance Atlantic Charter
US President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill sign the Atlantic Charter in Argentia Bay (Newfoundland), the charter establishes common wartime principals and emphasised the strength of Anglo-American alliance despite US neutrality
Atlantic Charter
US President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill sign the Atlantic Charter in Argentia Bay (Newfoundland), the charter establishes common wartime principals and emphasised the strength of Anglo-American alliance despite US neutrality
Neutrality
US President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill sign the Atlantic Charter in Argentia Bay (Newfoundland), the charter establishes common wartime principals and emphasised the strength of Anglo-American alliance despite US neutrality
Conference of Quebec
The Allies 1st make plans for operation Overlord
Conference of Quebec
The Allies agree to set up the East Asia Command. The Allies agree to recognize de Gaulles Committee for National Liberation of France. 13 Aug-23 August, the Allies agree to mount an invasion called "Overlord" in May 44
Operation Overlord
13 Aug-23 August, the Allies agree to mount an invasion called "Overlord" in May 44
Atlantic Charter
Issues the Atlantic Charter jointly with President Roosevelt.
Atlantic Charter
Presents common Anglo-American principles for war aims and postwar peace.
Birth of David Van Cortland Crosby
Birth of David Van Cortland Crosby
Atlantic Charter
Issues the joint declaration later known as the Atlantic Charter.
Atlantic Charter
Publicly sets out eight common principles with Churchill.
Afrika Korps
Panzer Group Africa is activated with Rommel in command, and command of the Afrika Korps SS turned over to Ludwig Cruwell
Panzer Group Africa
Panzer Group Africa is activated with Rommel in command, and command of the Afrika Korps SS turned over to Ludwig Cruwell
Afrika Korps
Panzer Group Africa is activated with Rommel in command, and command of the Afrika Korps SS turned over to Ludwig Cruwell
Commander of Afrika Korps
Panzer Group Africa is activated with Rommel in command, and command of the Afrika Korps SS turned over to Ludwig Cruwell
Afrika Korps
Panzer Group Africa is activated with Rommel in command, and command of the Afrika Korps SS turned over to Ludwig Cruwell
Panzer Group Africa
Panzer Group Africa is activated with Rommel in command, and command of the Afrika Korps SS turned over to Ludwig Cruwell
Afrika Korps
Panzer Group Africa is activated with Rommel in command, and command of the Afrika Korps SS turned over to Ludwig Cruwell
Commander of Afrika Korps
Panzer Group Africa is activated with Rommel in command, and command of the Afrika Korps SS turned over to Ludwig Cruwell
BBC Eastern Service
Begins work for the BBC Eastern Service.
Battle of Smolensk
About 300,000 Russian prisoners are taken
Birth of David Anthony Dave Brock
Birth of David Anthony "Dave" Brock
Invasion of Iran
British & Soviet troops invade Iran
Invasion of Iran
British troops complete the occupation of the Abadan oilfields in Iran
Collaboration
Laval is shot four times while reviewing the Legion des Volontaires Francais at Versailles, he survives his wounds and is returned to power in Vichy on April 18,1942
Vichy Government
Laval is shot four times while reviewing the Legion des Volontaires Francais at Versailles, he survives his wounds and is returned to power in Vichy on April 18,1942
Invasion of Iran
A Government more sympathetic had been formed & asks the Allies for a cease-fire
Prime Minister of Australia
Appointed Prime Minister of Australia, Prime Minister until Oct
Resignation of Robert Menzies
Resigns due to dissatisfaction with his wartime leadership
Siege of Tobruk
Demands the Australians in Tobruk be relieved which the Allies reluctantly agree to
King of Laos under French Protection
French authorities enlarge the royal domain after Thai gains in western Laos
Manhattan Project
Mark Oliphant travels to USA to urge development of a bomb rather than power production
Panzer Group Africa
The Panzer Group controls the Afrikakorps plus some additional German units that were sent to Africa, as well as two corps of Italian units
Siege of Leningrad
Ordered north to help with the attack on Leningrad
Battle of Wadi Rezegh
Partially defeats the British 7th Armoured Division in an attempt to recapture Tobruk
Afrika Korps
The Panzer Group controls the Afrikakorps plus some additional German units that were sent to Africa, as well as two corps of Italian units. During the summer of 1941 OKW and OKH enlarge the command structure in Africa by creating a new headquarters called Panzer Group Africa (Panzer Group Africa)
Panzer Group Africa
The Panzer Group controls the Afrikakorps plus some additional German units that were sent to Africa, as well as two corps of Italian units. During the summer of 1941 OKW and OKH enlarge the command structure in Africa by creating a new headquarters called Panzer Group Africa (Panzer Group Africa)
Siege of Yelnaya
Russian divisions are sacrificed to prevent the capture of the Yelnaya rail junction
Siege of Kiev
After the Uman pocket is closed advances to the south of Kiev & joins up with Guderian
Siege of Uman
100,000 Russian prisoners are taken when the Uman pocket is closed
Capture of Smolensk
Smolensk is captured, 300 km outside Moscow but the Germans have lost 250,000
Political Warfare Executive
Appointed to lead the German section of the Political Warfare Executive.
Declaration of Newfoundland
Britain & the US state all countries occupied by Germany should become independent
Visit to Newfoundland
Visits Roosevelt for the 1st time to ask for futher US support in the war. America refuses to join the war
Invasion of Iran
Britain invades Iran to aid supplies to Russia
Dismissal
Mussolini announces administrative measures affecting Sicilian government employees during the wartime reorganization of the island.
Invasion of Indochina
The US & Britain are prepared to go to war if Japan goes further into Indochina
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the recently formed State Defence Committee
Defence Committee
Appointed Member of recently formed State Defence Committee
Defence Committee
Appointed Member of recently formed State Defence Committee
Defence Committee
Appointed Member of recently formed State Defence Committee
Commander of Northwest Front
Appointed Commander of the Armies in the Northwest Front
Leningrad Soviet
Helps found the Military Soviet for the Defence of Leningrad
Dismissal
Dismissed by Stalin for adivising that Kiev should be evacuated
Commander of Northwest Front
Appointed Commander of the Armies in the Northwest Front
Leningrad Soviet
Helps found the Military Soviet for the Defence of Leningrad
Siege of Moscow
Ordered by Stalin to organize a new Bryansk Front to defend Moscow
Siege of Kiev
Defends Kiev, Stalin refuses to allow any withdrawal from Kiev
Battle of Stalingrad
Helps capture Kalach near Stalingrad
Battle of Stalingrad
Arrives in Stalingrad to assume command
Meeting
Churchill visits Auchinleck at the Eighth Army HQ in the Egyptian desert. Agrees to appoint a new Commander for the Eighth Army. Advised he cannot be C-in-C Middle East & Command the Eighth Army
Meeting
Auchinleck agrees Brookes proposal to make Montgomery Comander of the Eighth Army
Meeting
Churchill visits Auchinleck at the Eighth Army HQ in the Egyptian desert
Mobilization
Advises the War Cabinet to split-off Persia & Irak from the Middle East Command. Advises the War Cabinet to replace Auchinleck by Alexander. Advises the War Cabinet to appoint Gott as the Commander of the Eighth Army
Commander of Eighth Army
Appointed Commander of the Eighth Army
Lieutenant General
Appointed Lieutenant General
Death of Edward William Gott
Death of Edward William Gott, plane shot down. Aircraft shot down the day after Churchill advises appointing him Eighth Army Commander
Commander of Eighth Army
Appointed Commander of the Eighth Army
Lieutenant General
Appointed Lieutenant General
Response to Guadalcanal Landings
Mikawa assembles a cruiser force at Rabaul to attack Allied ships supporting the Guadalcanal landings.
Dismissal
Advised that he is being relieved of his command of the Eighth Army
Siege of Maikop
Reaches Maikop, Grozny, Batumi & Baku all appear to be within grasp
Battle of Savo Island
Mikawa's cruiser force surprises the Allied screening force and wins a major night victory off Savo Island.
Commander of Stalingrad Front
Appointed Commander of the Stalingrad front by Stalin
General
Yeremenko is appointed to command the entire Stalingrad front by Stalin
Commander of Stalingrad Front
Yeremenko is appointed to command the entire Stalingrad front by Stalin
Siege of Stalingrad
Appointed Commander of the Stalingrad front by Stalin
General
Yeremenko is appointed to command the entire Stalingrad front by Stalin
Mobilization
Leaves Britain to take command of the Eighth Army
Loss of Submarine Scirรจ
Zelik and the entire crew of Scirรจ are killed when the submarine is sunk off Haifa during a special-operations mission.
Frequency-Hopping Patent
Receives a patent with George Antheil for frequency-hopping communication.
Secure Radio Communication
Proposes synchronized signal changes to resist radio jamming and interception.
Leningrad Symphony
The "Leningrad Symphony" is premiered by a half-starved orchestra
Capture of Krasnodar
Krasnodar was captured and German mountain troops hoisted the Nazi flag on the highest mountain of the Caucasus, Mount Elbrus
Commander of Eighth Army
Arrives at Cairo to take command of the Eighth Army
Commander of Eighth Army
Arrives at Cairo to take command of the Eighth Army
Promotion to Marshal of Italy
Bastico is promoted to Marshal of Italy while serving as the senior Italian commander in Libya.
Charter
Declares the Allied war aims of world peace, freedom & self-determination
Middle East Command
Takes over Middle East Command and works with Montgomery to rebuild the Eighth Army before the El Alamein battles.
Suez Canal
Takes command of the Eighth Army and prepares the defence of Egypt against any renewed Axis push toward Suez.
Commander of Eighth Army
Takes over active command of the Eighth Army
Visit to Moscow
Churchill visits Moscow to discuss second front issues with Stalin, Soviets suspicious over Allied strategy in Mediterranean, demand action in NW Europe
Commander of Eighth Army
Takes over active command of the Eighth Army
Visit to Moscow
Churchill visits Moscow to discuss second front issues with Stalin, Soviets suspicious over Allied strategy in Mediterranean, demand action in NW Europe
Landing on Guadalcanal
Ichiki lands the first echelon of his detachment east of the American perimeter on Guadalcanal.
Dieppe Raid Defence Lessons Reviewed
Jodl's staff reviews the Dieppe raid as evidence of future Allied amphibious threats to Western Europe.
Siege of Dieppe
New weapons & methods of amphibious assault are tested which are used during D-Day. Much is learnt for Normandy landings in 1944. Ends in disaster with over 3,000 killed & 2,000 captured out of 6,000
Alpine Corps Assigned to ARMIR
Gariboldi retains the Alpine Corps under 8th Army control rather than allowing its divisions to be detached toward the Caucasus.
First Defensive Battle of the Don
Ravenna under Nebbia enters heavy fighting during the first major Soviet attacks against the Italian positions on the Don.
Birth of Isaac Lee Hayes
Birth of Isaac Lee Hayes, Jr
Pure Plutonium Isolation
Seaborg isolates pure plutonium using a separation method suitable for development on an industrial scale.
Battle of Stalingrad
The Swastika is raised over Mount Elbrus
Invasion of Russia
The Swastika is raised over Mount Elbrus
Battle of the Tenaru
Ichiki attacks the American perimeter near the Tenaru and is killed as his detachment is destroyed.
Collaboration
Laval proclaims on that he," hoped for German victory because without it tomorrow Bolshevism will be everywhere". Laval goes on the radio to announce la Releve , under which the Germans agree to free one French prisoner for every three French workers who volunteer for work in Germany
Battle of Stalingrad
Leads the 16th Panzer Division across the River Don
Battle of Stalingrad
The 6th Army reach the Volga north of Stalingrad
Sixth Army
The 6th Army reach the Volga north of Stalingrad
Bombing of Stalingrad
Carpet bombs Stalingrad with 1,600 sorties & 1,000 tons of bombs
Battle of Stalingrad
The 6th Army crossed the Don and Army Group B established a defensive line on one of its bends.The 6th Army reached the northern suburbs of Stalingrad later that day, beginning the Battle of Stalingrad
Invasion of Russia
The 6th Army crossed the Don and Army Group B established a defensive line on one of its bends.The 6th Army reached the northern suburbs of Stalingrad later that day, beginning the Battle of Stalingrad
Operation Case Blue
The 6th Army crossed the Don and Army Group B established a defensive line on one of its bends.The 6th Army reached the northern suburbs of Stalingrad later that day, beginning the Battle of Stalingrad
Sixth Army
The 6th Army crossed the Don and Army Group B established a defensive line on one of its bends.The 6th Army reached the northern suburbs of Stalingrad later that day, beginning the Battle of Stalingrad
Battle of Solomons
Leads his ships as the vanguard group at the carrier battles of the eastern Solomons
Battle of Stalingrad
After the Luftwaffe attack Stalingrad & kill 40,000 Pauluss 6th Army attack
Luftwaffe
After the Luftwaffe attack Stalingrad & kill 40,000 Pauluss 6th Army attack
Sixth Army
After the Luftwaffe attack Stalingrad & kill 40,000 Pauluss 6th Army attack
Kokoda Track Offensive
Horii directs the Japanese advance over the Owen Stanley Range toward Port Moresby.
Operation Blue
Orders the capture of the Grozny oilfields in the Caucus
Atomic Project Status Report
Conant's status report, relayed through Vannevar Bush to the Secretary of War, reports encouraging results from Oppenheimer's bomb-design group.
Battle of Alam Halfa
Wounded in battle & returned to Germany for treatment
Battle of Alam Halfa
Attacks the Alam Halfa line in a final attempt to break through toward the Nile Delta and the Suez Canal.
Battle of Alam Halfa
Rommel attacks south of El Alamein at Alam Halfa, attempting to renew the Axis advance toward Suez.
Battle of Alam Halfa
Rommel fails to break through the British line south of El Alamein during the Battle of Alam Halfa.
Battle of Alam Halfa
Rommel's renewed attack near Alam Halfa is contained by the British defence.
Battle of Alam Halfa
Serves on Rommel's staff during the failed Axis attack at Alam Halfa.
Battle of Alam Halfa
Auchinleck foresees Axis intentions and his defensive preparations help frustrate Rommel at Alam Halfa.
Battle of Alam Halfa
Commands XIII Corps on the southern flank during the Battle of Alam Halfa.
Armoured Reserve Held for Alam Halfa
Keeps British armour concentrated rather than allowing it to be drawn into Rommel's preferred mobile battle.
Battle of Alam Halfa
Defeats Rommel's attack at Alam Halfa, protecting the approaches to Cairo and the Suez Canal.
Battle of Alam Halfa
Commands Italian X Corps during the Axis attack at Alam Halfa.
Battle of Alam Halfa
Commands Italian mobile forces committed to Rommel's Alam Halfa attack.
Battle of Alam Halfa
Rommel attacks the Alam Halfa Ridge
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of the OB West
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of the OB West
Atlantic Wall
Hitler orders Keitel to build defences in north west France with "fanatical energy"
Battle of Stalingrad
Attacks Stalingrad from the south West
Bombing of Stalingrad
Diverted to the Stalingrad Front with 1,200 planes
Transfer to Leningrad Front
After the Crimean campaign, Manstein and elements of Eleventh Army were redeployed toward the Leningrad front. The intended offensive against the city was overtaken by Soviet attacks and fighting south of Lake Ladoga.
Army Group South
Believing that the main Soviet threat had been eliminated, short of oil and needing to meet all the of Case Blue, Hitler makes changes to the Fuhrer Directive No. 45: reorganized Army Group South into two.
Army Group South
smaller Army Groups, A and B; directed Army Group A to advance to the Caucasus and capture the oil fields (Operation Edelweis); directed Army Group B to attack towards the Volga and Stalingrad (Operation Fischreiher).
Atlantic Wall
Should proceed with "fanatic energy". Advocates construction of a concrete coastal wall in north west France
Fuhrer Directive No. 45
45: reorganized Army Group South into two smaller Army Groups, A and B; directed Army Group A to advance to the Caucasus and capture the oil fields (Operation Edelweis); directed Army Group B to attack towards the Volga and Stalingrad (Operation Fischreiher)
Fuhrer Directive No. 45
Believing that the main Soviet threat had been eliminated, short of oil and needing to meet all the of Case Blue, Hitler makes changes to the Fuhrer Directive No.
Fuhrer Directive No. 45
Logistics lines were already at breaking point with ammunition and fuel shortages most apparent and it would be impossible to advance using the conservative supply rates he demanded.
Fuhrer Directive No. 45
The new directive created enormous logistical difficulties, with Hitler expecting both Army Groups to advance along different routes.
Fuhrer Directive No. 45
There is no evidence Hitler was opposed by, or received complaints from Franz Halder, the Chief of the General Staff, or anyone else, about the directive until August 1942.
Invasion of Russia
45: reorganized Army Group South into two smaller Army Groups, A and B; directed Army Group A to advance to the Caucasus and capture the oil fields (Operation Edelweis); directed Army Group B to attack towards the Volga and Stalingrad (Operation Fischreiher)
Invasion of Russia
Believing that the main Soviet threat had been eliminated, short of oil and needing to meet all the of Case Blue, Hitler makes changes to the Fuhrer Directive No.
Invasion of Russia
Logistics lines were already at breaking point with ammunition and fuel shortages most apparent and it would be impossible to advance using the conservative supply rates he demanded.
Invasion of Russia
The new directive created enormous logistical difficulties, with Hitler expecting both Army Groups to advance along different routes.
Invasion of Russia
There is no evidence Hitler was opposed by, or received complaints from Franz Halder, the Chief of the General Staff, or anyone else, about the directive until August 1942.
Invasion of Russia
The Germans reach Ordzhonikidze, the most easterly part of the invasion
Operation Case Blue
45: reorganized Army Group South into two smaller Army Groups, A and B; directed Army Group A to advance to the Caucasus and capture the oil fields (Operation Edelweis); directed Army Group B to attack towards the Volga and Stalingrad (Operation Fischreiher)
Operation Case Blue
Believing that the main Soviet threat had been eliminated, short of oil and needing to meet all the of Case Blue, Hitler makes changes to the Fuhrer Directive No.
Operation Case Blue
Logistics lines were already at breaking point with ammunition and fuel shortages most apparent and it would be impossible to advance using the conservative supply rates he demanded.
Operation Case Blue
The new directive created enormous logistical difficulties, with Hitler expecting both Army Groups to advance along different routes.
Operation Case Blue
There is no evidence Hitler was opposed by, or received complaints from Franz Halder, the Chief of the General Staff, or anyone else, about the directive until August 1942.
Operation Edelweis
Believing that the main Soviet threat had been eliminated, short of oil and needing to meet all the of Case Blue, Hitler makes changes to the Fuhrer Directive No. 45: reorganized Army Group South into two.
Operation Edelweis
smaller Army Groups, A and B; directed Army Group A to advance to the Caucasus and capture the oil fields (Operation Edelweis); directed Army Group B to attack towards the Volga and Stalingrad (Operation Fischreiher).
Operation Fischreiher
Believing that the main Soviet threat had been eliminated, short of oil and needing to meet all the of Case Blue, Hitler makes changes to the Fuhrer Directive No. 45: reorganized Army Group South into two.
Operation Fischreiher
smaller Army Groups, A and B; directed Army Group A to advance to the Caucasus and capture the oil fields (Operation Edelweis); directed Army Group B to attack towards the Volga and Stalingrad (Operation Fischreiher).
Siege of Dieppe
The raid is defeated but Hitler concludes north west France needs more defences. The Canadians conduct a raid on Dieppe
Promotion to Lieutenant Colonel
Is promoted to lieutenant colonel during his service in Middle East military intelligence.
Eighth Army Command Change
Visits the Eighth Army in north Africa. Auchenlick is dismissed & replaced by Montgomery
Meeting with Stalin at the Kremlin
Churchill meets Stalin at the Kremlin
Suez Canal
Assumes Middle East command and oversees the defence of Egypt and the Suez Canal before the El Alamein offensive.
Alam Halfa Defensive Ground Selected
Strengthens the Alam Halfa position and prepares a defence designed to absorb Rommel's armoured attack.
Eighth Army Morale Restoration Begins
Begins rebuilding Eighth Army morale and confidence immediately after arriving in Egypt.
Retreat Plans Cancelled at Alamein
Rejects preparations for further retreat and orders Eighth Army to hold the Alamein position.
Atlantic Patrol
Fecia di Cossato continues long-range Betasom operations in the Atlantic, extending Tazzoli's record against Allied merchant shipping.
Deployment on the Don
Gariboldi deploys the divisions of the 8th Army along a broad defensive sector of the Don.
First Defensive Battle of the Don
Gariboldi directs the 8th Army through the first sustained Soviet offensive against its Don positions.
Alpine Corps Diverted to Don
Nasci's Alpine Corps is redirected from projected Caucasus operations toward the Don sector and Italian 8th Army.
Arrival in Russia
Battisti brings the Cuneense into the Eastern Front deployment of the Alpine Corps.
Arrival in Russia
Ricagno's Julia Division completes its movement to the Eastern Front and joins the Alpine Corps.
Defence of the Don
Pellegrini's Sforzesca Division holds a sector of the Don during the first defensive battles faced by ARMIR.
Reinforcement of Don Front
Reverberi's Tridentina is moved to help close a dangerous gap that develops in the Italian line during Soviet attacks.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, NKVD
Commander of South East Front
Appointedmand the front from Stalingrad to Kalmyk in the south west
Commander of South East Front
Appointedmand the front from Stalingrad to Kalmyk in the south west
Battle of Stalingrad
The Russians outflank & encircle the German 6th, 9th & 4th Panzer Armies
Battle of Stalingrad
Gathers 190,000 men, 350 tanks, 340 planes & 8,000 guns on the Staingrad front
Bombing of Stalingrad
Refuses the Stalingrad to be evacuated in order to make the Russians defend it
Meeting with Stalin at the Kremlin
Churchill meets Stalin at the Kremlin
Visit to Moscow
Stalin has the impression that Churchill promises to invade France in 1943. Churchill visits Stalin & says there can be no invasion of Europe in 1942. Churchill visits Stalin & promises that south east Europe will be attacked in 1943
Operation Sledgehammer
The Dieppe raid is defeated, concerns about Operation Sledgehammer are confirmed
Chairman of National Government
Becomes chairman of the National Government during the wartime period.
Brigadier General
Appointed Brigadier General
Council of Pacific War
Assures the Chinese & Dutch at the Pacific War Council Britain will open the Burma Rd
Capture of Belgorod
The Russians capture Belgorod, threatning Kharkov
Conference of Quebec
Leaves Britain on board the Queen Mary bound for Halifax, Canada
Battle of Orel
Rokossovskys central front captures Orel from the Germans
Invasion of Italy
The invasion of Italy is brought forward to the 1st Sept
Birth of Pervez Musharraf
Pervez Musharraf is born in Delhi on 11 August 1943.
Capture of Gela
Captures Gela during the 1st American landings on Sicily
General
Appointed General of the Infantry
General
Appointed General of the Infantry
Mobilization
Mobilizes Army Group B which then control the north of Italy
Capture of Messina
A joint Anglo-American complete the capture Sicily after taking Messina
Capture of Sicily
A joint Anglo-American force captures Sicily, 24,000 Germans had been killed
Capture of Sicily
The Allies complete the capture of Sicily
Capture of Sicily
The Allies occupy all of Siciliy
Meeting with In Quebec
Churchill & Roosevelt meet in Quebec, Canada to further discuss Overlord timetable, planning
Operation Overlord
Churchill & Roosevelt meet in Quebec, Canada to further discuss Overlord timetable, planning
Baytown
It is decided that the Eighth Army will invade Italy across the Straits of Messina. Baytown is approved, the Eighth Army will invade Italy across the Straits of Messina
Capture of Messina
The Eighth Army arrives at Messina 2 hrs after Patton
Capture of Sicily
Sicily is in Allied hands after a campaign lasting 38 days & costing 31,000 casualties
Invasion of Italy
Baytown is approved, the Eighth Army will invade Italy across the Straits of Messina
Invasion of Sicily
The Eighth Army arrives at Messina 2 hrs after Patton
Messina Reached after Sicily Campaign
Eighth Army reaches Messina as organised Axis resistance in Sicily ends.
Sicily Campaign Ends
Withdraws the remaining Axis forces from Sicily as the Allied campaign reaches Messina.
Sixth Army Campaign
Ends the Sicily campaign after Axis evacuation leaves the island in Allied hands.
Capture of Messina
Arrives at Messina 2 hours ahead of Montgomery
Capture of Sicily
Sicily is in Allied hands after a campaign lasting 38 days & costing 31,000 casualties
Meeting with In Quebec
Churchill & Roosevelt meet in Quebec, Canada to further discuss Overlord timetable, planning
Operation Overlord
Churchill & Roosevelt meet in Quebec, Canada to further discuss Overlord timetable, planning
Manhattan Project
Roosevelt and Winston Churchill sign Quebec Agreement & a team of British scientists join the Manhattan Project as a result, including Klaus Fuchs
Manhattan Project
Roosevelt and Winston Churchill sign Quebec Agreement & a team of British scientists join the Manhattan Project as a result, including Klaus Fuchs
Manhattan Project
Roosevelt and Winston Churchill sign Quebec Agreement & a team of British scientists join the Manhattan Project as a result, including Klaus Fuchs
Battle of Kharkov
Authorized by Hitler to withdraw from Kharkov
Battle of Kharkov
Forced to authorize a withdrawal from Kharkov
V2 Rocket
Proposes to setup a secret underground camp in the Harz Mountains to produce V2s
V2 Rocket
In charge of secret underground camps in the Harz Mountains to produce V2 rockets
Conference of Quebec
Telegrams Churchill & Roosevelt saying he is a "passive observer"
Conference of Tripartite
Roosevelt & Churchill agree to hold a tripartite conference including Russia
Tripartite Conference
Telegrams Churchill & Roosevelt saying he is a "passive observer". Roosevelt & Churchill agree to hold a tripartite conference including Russia
V2 Rocket
100 prisoners from Buchenwald in the Harz Mountains secretly produce V2 rockets
Birth of June Ellen Child
Birth of June Ellen Child
Agreement on Defeat Japan within 12 months of Germany's
Roosevelt & Churchill agree to defeat Japan within 12 months of Germany's defeat
Baytown
Operation Baytown to land on the "toe" of Italy is set for the 2/3 Sept
Invasion of Italy
Operation Baytown to land on the "toe" of Italy is set for the 2/3 Sept. Montgomery requests & gets additional forces for the Eighth Army
Capture of Gothic Line
Breaches the Gothic Line
Assumption of INA Command
Subhas Chandra Bose formally takes command of the reorganized Indian National Army and prepares it for operations toward India.
Scavenius Government
The Scavenius Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Permanent Brigadier General Appointment
Receives a permanent appointment as Brigadier General in the Regular Army.
Permanent Major General Promotion
Promoted permanently to Major General on the same day as his permanent brigadier-general appointment.
Assassination of Boris III
Murdered by the Nazis, his removal leads to a Nazi coup
Coup
Murdered by the Nazis, his removal leads to a Nazi coup
Death of Boris III
Death of Boris III, assassinated
Chief Medical Officer
Appointed Chief Doctor at Birkenau by Henrich Himmler
Chief Medical Officer
Appointed Chief Doctor at Birkenau by Henrich Himmler
Allied Expeditionary Force
Appointed Commander in Chief of the Allied Expeditionary Force
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief of the Allied Expeditionary Force
Hanslope Park Assignment
Moves to Hanslope Park to work on secure voice communications rather than returning to full-time Hut 8 work.
Return from United States
Returns to Britain after his American cryptographic and secure-speech mission.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief of the Allied Expeditionary Force
Conference of Quebec
Appointed Commander in Chief of the Allied Expeditionary Force
Posting to Delhi
Moves to Delhi for senior military-intelligence work connected with India and the South-East Asian theatre.
Conference of Quebec
The initial draft of the COSSAC plan for Operation Overlord is accepted at the Quebec Conference in August 1943, but no supreme commander was appointed for several months
Operation Overlord
The initial draft of the COSSAC plan for Operation Overlord is accepted at the Quebec Conference in August 1943, but no supreme commander was appointed for several months
Armistice Negotiations
Supports the dispatch of military representatives to establish terms for ending Italy's war against the Allies.
Mission to Allied Representatives
Travels on a secret mission to establish direct contact with Allied representatives about an armistice.
Secret Armistice Contacts
Authorizes secret contacts with the Allies while publicly maintaining that Italy remains at war.
Detention at Gran Sasso
Is moved to the Campo Imperatore hotel on the Gran Sasso massif for secret detention.
Detention on La Maddalena
Is transferred from Ponza to guarded detention on La Maddalena.
Armistice Planning
Supports secret military discussions intended to remove Italy from the Axis war.
Axis Evacuation of Sicily
Supervises the Italian side of the Axis withdrawal toward the Strait of Messina.
Lisbon Armistice Mission
Establishes secret contact with Allied representatives to discuss conditions for an Italian armistice.
Steppe
Opens up the Steppe Front
Kursk
Advances to the Kursk Salient
First Alpha Unit Operation
The first Alpha electromagnetic-separation unit at Y-12 begins operation as Oak Ridge expands into full industrial production.
First Army
Commands the US First Army during Operation Overlord
Operation Overlord
Commands the US First Army during Operation Overlord
Major General
Appointed Major General
Reballion of Rebels in Warsaw
Responds to Russian requests & orders the Home Army to capture Warsaw
Reballion of Rebels in Warsaw
Responds to Russian requests & orders the Home Army to capture Warsaw
Reballion of Warsaw
Warsaw rebels against the Germans, Stalin encourages it but does not provide support
Reballion of Warsaw
Warsaw rebels against the Germans, Stalin encourages it but does not provide support
Commander of 3rd Army
Appointed Commander of the 3rd Army
Commander of First US Army
Appointed Commander of the US First Army
Commander of First Army
Appointed Commander of the First Army
First Army Group
Lieutenant General Courtney Hodges assumed command of the First Army and Bradley was promoted to overall command of both armies, named Twelfth Army Group
First Army
Lieutenant General Courtney Hodges assumed command of the First Army and Bradley was promoted to overall command of both armies, named Twelfth Army Group
Twelfth Army
Lieutenant General Courtney Hodges assumed command of the First Army and Bradley was promoted to overall command of both armies, named Twelfth Army Group
Capture of Avranches
Patton captures Avranches
First Army
Lieutenant General Courtney Hodges assumed command of the First Army and Bradley was promoted to overall command of both armies, named Twelfth Army Group
Twelfth Army Group
Lieutenant General Courtney Hodges assumed command of the First Army and Bradley was promoted to overall command of both armies, named Twelfth Army Group
Twelfth Army
Lieutenant General Courtney Hodges assumed command of the First Army and Bradley was promoted to overall command of both armies, named Twelfth Army Group
Commander of 3rd Army
Appointed Commander of the 3rd Army
Operation Overlord
The Germans attack Avranches & gain 20km but are driven back by fighter-bombers. Hitler orders von Kluge to assemble 8 panzer Divisions to cut off Patton. Can only assemble 4 Divisions with a total of 250 tanks to defend Avranches
Siege of Avranches
The Germans attack Avranches & gain 20km but are driven back by fighter-bombers
Operation Overlord
Orders von Kluge to assemble 8 panzer Divisions to cut Pattons lines of communication
Operation Overlord
Orders Patton to clear Brittany with a "minimum forces"
President of Finland
Appointed President of Finland
Resignation of Risto Heikki Ryti
Resigns as President of Finland
Operation Overlord
Wants Eisenhower to transfer "D-Day" from Marsailles to Brest, Eisenhower refuses
Operation Overlord
Endorses Bradleys order for Patton to clear Brittany with "minimum forces"
Capture of Rennes
Patton captures Rennes
Operation Cobra
An attempt to outflank the Germans at Caen
Operation Cobra
Authorised by Bradley to turn into the Orleans gap toward the Seine & Paris
Operation Cobra
Authorizes Patton to outflank the Germans at Caen
Operation Cobra
Authorizes Patton to turn into the Orleans gap toward the Seine & Paris
Battle of Avranches
Begins a German counter-attack at Avranches
Operation Totalize
Commands an encirclement of the German Army Group B in the Caen sector
Operation Totalize
Launches the II Canadian Corps on a renewed offensive towards Falaise
Operation Cobra
Reinforcements were moved west by Marshal Gunther von Kluge and employed in various counterattacks, the largest of which (codenamed Operation Luttich) was launched on 7 August between Mortain and Avranches
Operation Luttich
Reinforcements were moved west by Marshal Gunther von Kluge and employed in various counterattacks, the largest of which (codenamed Operation Luttich) was launched on 7 August between Mortain and Avranches. Operation Luttich had been defeated by concerted, large-scale fighter-bomber air strikes against the German Panzers and trucks
Commonwealth
The town of Falaise becomes a major objective of Commonwealth forces, since its capture would cut off virtually all of Generalfeldmarschall Gunther von Kluges Army Group B
Operation Lutch
The town of Falaise becomes a major objective of Commonwealth forces, since its capture would cut off virtually all of Generalfeldmarschall Gunther von Kluges Army Group B
Siege of Falaise
The town of Falaise becomes a major objective of Commonwealth forces, since its capture would cut off virtually all of Generalfeldmarschall Gunther von Kluges Army Group B
Commonwealth
The town of Falaise becomes a major objective of Commonwealth forces, since its capture would cut off virtually all of Generalfeldmarschall Gunther von Kluges Army Group B
Operation Lutch
The town of Falaise becomes a major objective of Commonwealth forces, since its capture would cut off virtually all of Generalfeldmarschall Gunther von Kluges Army Group B
Operation Luttich
Operation Luttich had been defeated by concerted, large-scale fighter-bomber air strikes against the German Panzers and trucks
Commonwealth
The town of Falaise becomes a major objective of Commonwealth forces, since its capture would cut off virtually all of Generalfeldmarschall Gunther von Kluges Army Group B
Operation Lutch
Operation Luttich had been defeated by concerted, large-scale fighter-bomber air strikes against the German Panzers and trucks & in the process, forces of the German 7th Army became further enveloped by the Allied advance out of Normandy
Operation Lutch
The town of Falaise becomes a major objective of Commonwealth forces, since its capture would cut off virtually all of Generalfeldmarschall Gunther von Kluges Army Group B
Operation Totalize
Orders Patton to Le Mans & the British to Falaise. Launched by Bradley to totally defeat the Germans in Normandy
Wounding of Rod Keller
Keller was wounded when Allied bombers accidentally struck Canadian positions during Operation Totalize.
Operation Totalize
Kitching led his armoured division in the offensive south from Caen.
Operation Totalize
Foster commanded Canadian infantry during the first phases of the attack south of Caen.
Operation Totalize
Simonds planned the night attack using armoured columns and heavy bombing south of Caen.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Operation Totalize
Germany's greatest tank ace of the war is killed in action
Operation Totalize
Eberbach attempted to contain the Allied breakthrough south of Caen.
Death Sentence
Witzleben is sentenced to death for his role in the conspiracy against Hitler
Execution
Witzleben is executed at Plotzensee Prison after conviction by the People's Court
Military Resistance
His death marks the destruction of a senior military branch of the anti Hitler resistance
Plotzensee Prison
Witzleben dies at Plotzensee as one of the first senior officers executed after the July Plot
Stauffenberg Plot
Witzleben is executed for his part in the Stauffenberg plot and the attempted overthrow of Hitler
Operation Totalize
Meyer directed German resistance against the Canadian-led offensive from Caen toward Falaise.
Battle of Caen
A major objective, was still in German hands by the end of D-Day, and would remain so until the battle for Caen, 8 August
Canadian Drive toward Falaise Reinforced
Supports renewed Canadian operations intended to narrow the escape route for German forces.
Operation Totalize
Orders an airborne division to Gace to close the ring around the main German forces
Operation Totalize
Maczek's division joined the armoured exploitation from the Caen sector toward Falaise.
Operation Overlord
Ordered by Bradley to create a "short hook" from Le Mans to Falaise
Operation Cobra
Troops of the newly activated 3rd United States Army captured the city of Le Mans, formerly the German 7th Armys headquarters
Operation Overlord
Orders Patton to create a "short hook" from Le Mans to Falaise to trap the Germans
Third Army
Troops of the newly activated 3rd United States Army captured the city of Le Mans, formerly the German 7th Armys headquarters
Operation Totalize
The Canadian Armys offensive stalled on August 9, with strong Wehrmacht counterattacks resulting in heavy casualties for the Canadian and Polish armoured and infantry divisions
Wehrmacht
The Canadian Armys offensive stalled on August 9, with strong Wehrmacht counterattacks resulting in heavy casualties for the Canadian and Polish armoured and infantry divisions
Battle of Britain
Defeated by the Americans & forced into retreat
Siege of Paris
The Germans begin their withdrawal from Paris
Operation Overlord
Fails to persuade Eisenhower to transfer D-Day from Marsailles to Brest
Free French
Turns the 5th & Free French 2nd northward to Le Mans
Operation Overlord
Turns the 5th & Free French 2nd northward to Le Mans
Operation Totalize
Operation Tractable incorporated lessons learned from Operation Totalize, notably the effectiveness of mechanized infantry units and tactical bombing raids by heavy bombers. By August 10, Canadian troops had reached Hill 195, north of Falaise, they are unable to advance farther immediately and they had been unable to capture Falaise
Operation Tractable
By August 10, Canadian troops had reached Hill 195, north of Falaise
Operation Tractable
By August 10, Canadian troops had reached Hill 195, north of Falaise
Wehrmacht
The Canadian Armys offensive stalled on August 9, with strong Wehrmacht counterattacks resulting in heavy casualties for the Canadian and Polish armoured and infantry divisions
Operation Totalize
Operation Totalize is abandoned after failure to advance along the Caen-Falaise Road
Death of Hideyoshi Obata
Obata dies during the final destruction of organized Japanese resistance on Guam.
Operation Totalize
Reaches Argentan where US & Anglo-Canadians are supposed to meet but are 25 miles away
Siege of Paris
The Paris police force goes on strike & joins force with the Resistance
Operation Overlord
The "Falaise Pocket" forms as a French patrol enters Argentan
Pocket-Falaise
The "Falaise Pocket" forms as a French patrol enters Argentan
Pocket-Falaise
Pattons 3rd Army was at Falaise & Montgomerys 2First Army Group at Argentan. Patton is ordered to halt, Montgomery takes 2 weeks to close the gap
Siege of Argentan
The "Falaise Pocket" forms as a French patrol enters Argentan
Third Army
Pattons 3rd Army was at Falaise & Montgomerys 2First Army Group at Argentan
Operation Tractable
Operation Tractable began at 12:00 on August 14 when 800 Lancaster and Halifax bombers struck German positions along the front. Many of the bombers mistakenly dropped short of their targets, causing 400 Polish and Canadian casualties
Operation Tractable
Many of the bombers mistakenly dropped short of their targets, causing 400 Polish and Canadian casualties.
Operation Tractable
Operation Tractable began at 12:00 on August 14 when 800 Lancaster and Halifax bombers struck German positions along the front.
Operation Tractable
The Canadians attempt to encircle the 5th Panzer, 7th Army & Panzer Gruppe Eberbach.
Operation Tractable
Throughout the day, continual attacks by the 4th Canadian and Polish 1st Armoured Divisions managed to force a crossing of the Laison River.
Operation Tractable
Crerar's army continued the advance from the Caen sector toward Falaise and Trun.
Operation Tractable
Simonds launched Tractable as the next armoured drive from the Caen-Falaise axis.
Capture of Falaise
The Allies capture Falaise & advance towards the Seine
Operation Tractable
Launches another operation against Falaise
Operation Tractable
Although the first days progress was slower than expected, Operation Tractable resumed on August 15; both armoured divisions pushed southeast towards Falaise
Operation Overlord
Watches the D-Day landings & wires Eisenhower saying how succesful they are
Commander of 7th Army
Appointed Commander of the 7th Army
Invasion of France
Commands an invasion of Southern France reaching the Vosges within 4 weeks
Commander of 7th Army
Appointed Commander of the 7th Army
Operation Tractable
The drive for Trun by Polish and Canadian Armoured Divisions began on August 16, with preliminary attacks in preparation for an assault against Trun and Chambois. The 2nd Canadian Infantry Division break into Falaise, encountering minor opposition from Waffen SS units and scattered pockets of German infantry
Operation Tractable
The drive for Trun by Polish and Canadian Armoured Divisions began on August 16, with preliminary attacks in preparation for an assault against Trun and Chambois. The 2nd Canadian Infantry Division break into Falaise, encountering minor opposition from Waffen SS units and scattered pockets of German infantry
Operation Tractable
Refuses to carry out an order from the OKW to counter-attack
Fuhrer Chancellor
Appoints Model Commander of the West at the height of the crisis on the Eastern Front
Medal
Awarded Diamonds to the Knights Cross
Operation Tractable
The drive for Trun by Polish and Canadian Armoured Divisions began on August 16, with preliminary attacks in preparation for an assault against Trun and Chambois. Stanislaw Maczek, the Polish divisional commander, split his forces into three battlegroups each of an armoured regiment and an infantry battalion
Siege of Chambois
The drive for Trun by Polish and Canadian Armoured Divisions began on August 16, with preliminary attacks in preparation for an assault against Trun and Chambois
Siege of Trun
The drive for Trun by Polish and Canadian Armoured Divisions began on August 16, with preliminary attacks in preparation for an assault against Trun and Chambois
Commander of Army Group B
Appointed Commander of Army Group B
Supreme Commander
Appointed Supreme Commander of the West
Dismissal
Dismissed after the loss of Avranches & replaced by Model
Commander of Army Group B
Appointed Commander of Army Group B
Dismissal
Dismisses von Kluge
Operation Tractable
Authorizes a retreat
Supreme Commander
Appointed Supreme Commander of the West
Operation Dragoon
130,000 men and 18,000 vehicles had landed
Operation Totalize
Orders the Canadians to close the gap between the 1st Canadian & 3rd US Army
Operation Tractable
Maczeks second armoured battlegroup manoeuvred southeast, capturing Champeaux and anchoring future attacks against Chambois across a six-mile front
Operation Tractable
Trun is liberated on the morning of August 18. The Polish 1st Armoured Division had outflanked the 12th SS Panzer Division, enabling several Polish formations to both reach the 4th Armoured Divisions objectives and significantly expand the bridgehead northwest of Trun
Siege of Chambois
Maczeks second armoured battlegroup manoeuvred southeast, capturing Champeaux and anchoring future attacks against Chambois across a six-mile front
Siege of Champeaux
Maczeks second armoured battlegroup manoeuvred southeast, capturing Champeaux and anchoring future attacks against Chambois across a six-mile front
Siege of Trun
The Polish 1st Armoured Division had outflanked the 12th SS Panzer Division, enabling several Polish formations to both reach the 4th Armoured Divisions objectives and significantly expand the bridgehead northwest of Trun
Death of Guenther Hans von Kluge
Death of Kluge, suicide
Suicide
Kills himself while on his way back to Germany to explain himself to Hitler. Death of Kluge, suicide
Siege of Trun
Trun is liberated on the morning of August 18
Operation Tractable
Novel tactics by Polish 1st Armoured Division, under the command of Stanislaw Maczek during the drive for Chambois, enabled the Falaise Gap to be partially closed by August 19, 1944, trapping about 150,000 German soldiers in the Falaise Pocket
Death of Guenther Hans von Kluge
Committs suicide by poison at Metz
Suicide
Committs suicide by poison at Metz
Falaise Pocket Closure Coordinated
Coordinates British, Canadian, Polish and American pressure as the Falaise pocket is closed.
Falaise Pocket
Novel tactics by Polish 1st Armoured Division, under the command of Stanislaw Maczek during the drive for Chambois, enabled the Falaise Gap to be partially closed by August 19, 1944, trapping about 150,000 German soldiers in the Falaise Pocket
Operation Tractable
Novel tactics by Polish 1st Armoured Division, under the command of Stanislaw Maczek during the drive for Chambois, enabled the Falaise Gap to be partially closed by August 19, 1944, trapping about 150,000 German soldiers in the Falaise Pocket
Siege of Paris
The FFI occupy the Hotel de Ville, Paris town hall & at noon a truce is agreed
Capture of River Seine
The Allies advance as far as the Seine, Hitler orders a retreat across the Seine
Invasion of Romania
The Ukranian Front advances into Romania
Peace
Organizes a truce in Paris between the Germans & the Resistance
Operation Totalize
General Harry Crerar, commanding the newly formed First Canadian Army and Lieutenant General Guy Simonds of the II Canadian Corps, planned an Anglo-Canadian offensive with the code name of Operation Totalize
Falaise Gap
Surrender and capture of the remaining units of the German 7th Army which were trapped in the Falaise Pocket. Elements of the First Canadian Army relieved the Polish Armys survivors of this Battle and the Canadian Army was finally able to close the Falaise Pocket by linking up with the troops of the American 3rd Army on the other side
Operation Totalize
General Harry Crerar, commanding the newly formed First Canadian Army and Lieutenant General Guy Simonds of the II Canadian Corps, planned an Anglo-Canadian offensive with the code name of Operation Totalize
Operation Tractable
Surrender and capture of the remaining units of the German 7th Army which were trapped in the Falaise Pocket. Elements of the First Canadian Army relieved the Polish Armys survivors of this Battle and the Canadian Army was finally able to close the Falaise Pocket by linking up with the troops of the American 3rd Army on the other side
Seventh Army
Surrender and capture of the remaining units of the German 7th Army which were trapped in the Falaise Pocket
Third Army
Elements of the First Canadian Army relieved the Polish Armys survivors of this Battle and the Canadian Army was finally able to close the Falaise Pocket by linking up with the troops of the American 3rd Army on the other side
Operation Tractable
Surrender and capture of the remaining units of the German 7th Army which were trapped in the Falaise Pocket. Elements of the First Canadian Army relieved the Polish Armys survivors of this Battle and the Canadian Army was finally able to close the Falaise Pocket by linking up with the troops of the American 3rd Army on the other side
Seventh Army
Surrender and capture of the remaining units of the German 7th Army which were trapped in the Falaise Pocket
Third Army
Elements of the First Canadian Army relieved the Polish Armys survivors of this Battle and the Canadian Army was finally able to close the Falaise Pocket by linking up with the troops of the American 3rd Army on the other side
Battle of Falaise Gap
The final pocket of resistance in the Falaise Gap is removed by the Alies
Conference of Dumarton Oaks
The US, Britain, Russia and China open the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in Washington, DC, laying the foundation for the establishment of the UN
United Nations
The US, Britain, Russia and China open the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in Washington, DC, laying the foundation for the establishment of the UN
Operation Tractable
Elements of the First Canadian Army relieved the Polish Armys survivors of this Battle and the Canadian Army was finally able to close the Falaise Pocket by linking up with the troops of the American 3rd Army on the other side
Third Army
Elements of the First Canadian Army relieved the Polish Armys survivors of this Battle and the Canadian Army was finally able to close the Falaise Pocket by linking up with the troops of the American 3rd Army on the other side
Conference of Dumbarton Oaks
The US, Britain, Russia and China open the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in Washington, DC, laying the foundation for the establishment of the UN
United Nations
The US, Britain, Russia and China open the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in Washington, DC, laying the foundation for the establishment of the UN
Conference of Dumbarton Oaks
The US, Britain, Russia and China open the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in Washington, DC, laying the foundation for the establishment of the UN
United Nations
The US, Britain, Russia and China open the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in Washington, DC, laying the foundation for the establishment of the UN
Capture of Mantes
Mantes is captured & the Seine crossed, Patton hopes to head directly for Germany
Capture of Paris
Ordered to advance on Paris at the head of the 2nd French Armoured Division
Operation Totalize
The Poles & Americans meet & seal the Falaise pocket, ends the Normandy Campaign
Operation Totalize
Poles & Americans seal the Falaise pocket officially ending the Normandy Campaign
Pocket-Falaise
Poles & Americans seal the Falaise pocket officially ending the Normandy Campaign
Siege of Paris
Orders the Allied attack on Paris
Capture of Paris
Ordered to enter Paris via the Port dItalie & head for the Ile de Cite
Capture of Paris
Crosses the Seine at the Pont de Sevres to enter Paris through the Porte de St Cloud. Captures Paris & arrives at the Arc de Triomphe
Capture of Paris
Begins his attack on Paris. A plane drops a message from Leclerc over saying "Tenez bon, nous arrivons"
Alliance Axis
Romanian Prime Minister Ion Antonescu is dismissed by King Michael, paving the way for Romania to abandon the Axis in favor of the Allies
Capture of Paris
Paris "should not fall into the hands of the enemy except as a field of ruins"
Result of Surrender of Paris
Hitler's refusal to permit an orderly surrender leaves Paris exposed to further destruction before liberation.
Siege of Paris
Paris "should not fall into the hands of the enemy except as a field of ruins"
Surrender of Paris
Paris "should not fall into the hands of the enemy except as a field of ruins"
Alliance Axis
Romanian Prime Minister Ion Antonescu is dismissed by King Michael, paving the way for Romania to abandon the Axis in favor of the Allies
Dismissal
Romanian Prime Minister Ion Antonescu is dismissed by King Michael, paving the way for Romania to abandon the Axis in favor of the Allies
Arrest of Ion Antonescu
Antonescu is arrested during King Michael's coup.
Sanatescu Government
Sanatescu forms a government after the removal of Antonescu.
Royal Coup
Michael removes Antonescu and announces Romania's break with the Axis.
Alliance Axis
Romanian Prime Minister Ion Antonescu is dismissed by King Michael, paving the way for Romania to abandon the Axis in favor of the Allies
King Michael Coup
Overthrows Antonescu and switches sides against Germany.
Capture of Versailles
Captures Versailles en-route to Paris
Siege of Paris
The German Commander of the Paris garrison surrenders
Peace
Asks Russia for peace terms
Capture of Paris
Enters Paris after its surrender by the Germans
Capture of Paris
Delivers Leclercs ultimatum to the German Commander Cholitz who agrees to surrender
Capture of Paris
Secures a surrender from the German Commander Cholitz. Enters Paris after breaking down German resistance
Result of Surrender of German Garrison of Paris
German control of Paris ends and the French capital returns to Allied and French authority.
Surrender of German Garrison of Paris
Recieves the formal surrender of Paris
Siege of Paris
Choltiz disobeys Hitler's orders & refuses to burn Paris
Siege of Paris
Choltiz disobeys Hitler's orders & refuses to burn Paris
Peace
Finland asks Russia for peace terms
Capture of River Danube
Malinovsky links up with General Tolbukhins Army in the Danube Delta
Capture of Paris
After the capture of Paris Woodrun estimates that the war will be over by October
Head of Government
Appointed of the Provisional Government
Provisional Government
Appointed of the Provisional Government
Liberation of Paris
Walks in triumph down the Champs Elysees
Declaration of War
Romania declares war on Germany after German troops are defeated in Bucharest
Constitution of France
Announces the Government will run centrally. Announces resistance organisations & Liberation Committee's will have advisery roles
Dissolution
The French Resistance is dissolved
Operation Dragoon
Toulon and Marseille are liberated during Operation Dragoon
Siege of Marseille
Toulon and Marseille are liberated during Operation Dragoon
Siege of Toulon
Toulon and Marseille are liberated during Operation Dragoon
Slovak National Uprising
Orders the Slovak National Uprising to begin.
German Occupation
German forces occupy Slovakia during the uprising.
Capture of Grodno
Captures Grodno from the Germans
Capture of Bucharest
The Soviet Army enters Bucharest capital of Romania
Capture of Bucharest
Russian forces enter Bucharest
Second Canadian Corps
General Harry Crerar, commanding the newly formed First Canadian Army and Lieutenant General Guy Simonds of the II Canadian Corps, planned an Anglo-Canadian offensive with the code name of Operation Totalize
Operation Tractable
And it was a part of the largest encirclement on the German Western Front during World War II.
Operation Tractable
Operation Tractable is the final offensive conducted by Canadian Army and Polish Army troops as part of the Battle of Normandy.
Operation Tractable
The goal of operation Totalize is to capture the strategically important French town of Falaise, and following that, the smaller towns of Trun and Chambois.
Operation Tractable
This operation was undertaken by the Polish 1st Armoured Division and the First Canadian Army against the Wehrmachts Army Group B.
Siege of Chambois
The goal of operation Totalize is to capture the strategically important French town of Falaise, and following that, the smaller towns of Trun and Chambois
Siege of Falaise
The goal of operation Totalize is to capture the strategically important French town of Falaise, and following that, the smaller towns of Trun and Chambois
Siege of Trun
The goal of operation Totalize is to capture the strategically important French town of Falaise, and following that, the smaller towns of Trun and Chambois
Wehrmacht
This operation was undertaken by the Polish 1st Armoured Division and the First Canadian Army against the Wehrmachts Army Group B, and it was a part of the largest encirclement on the German Western Front during World War II
Western Front
This operation was undertaken by the Polish 1st Armoured Division and the First Canadian Army against the Wehrmachts Army Group B, and it was a part of the largest encirclement on the German Western Front during World War II
Collaboration
Laval leaves Paris with the Germans, he joins the other Vichy exiles in Belfort and later in Sigmaringen, Germany
Exile of Pierre Laval
Laval leaves Paris with the Germans, he joins the other Vichy exiles in Belfort and later in Sigmaringen, Germany
Vichy Government
Laval leaves Paris with the Germans, he joins the other Vichy exiles in Belfort and later in Sigmaringen, Germany
Reballion of Rebels in Warsaw
Frank & Himmler are given the responsibility for suppressing the Warsaw insurgents
Commander of XXIV Panzer Corps
Resumes command of the XXIV Panzer Corps
Commander of XXIV Panzer Corps
Resumes command of the XXIV Panzer Corps
Operation Totalize
Defends the Caen-Falaise road forcing the abandonment of Operation Totalize
Western Front Retreat Planning Monitored
Jodl monitors the German retreat from France as Allied armies break out of Normandy.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Air Commander in Chief of South East Asia Command (SEAC)
Commander in Chief
Appointed Air Commander in Chief of South East Asia Command (SEAC)
South East Asia Command
Appointed Air Commander in Chief of South East Asia Command (SEAC)
Falaise Encirclement Strategy Intensified
Presses Allied armies to close around German forces retreating from the Normandy battlefield.
Normandy Campaign Declared Won
Oversees the transition from the Normandy battle to the rapid Allied pursuit across France.
Battle of Florence
The Allies capture Florence
Commander of Ukranian Front
Appointed Commander of the 4th Ukranian Front
Commander of Ukranian Front
Appointed Commander of the 4th Ukranian Front
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Germany
Turkey breaks off diplomatic relations with Germany
Commander of Twelfth Corps
Appointed Commander of XII Corps
Uranium Gun Project Leadership
Birch takes charge of the uranium gun-weapon programme that will produce the Little Boy design.
First Army
Commander of First US Army, succeeds Bradley
Operation Overlord
Commander of First US Army, succeeds Bradley
Operation Cobra
Operation Cobra, together with concurrent offensives by the Second British and First Canadian Armies, was decisive in securing an Allied victory in the Normandy Campaign
Combat B-29 Modification Programme
The Army Air Forces begins modifying seventeen B-29 aircraft at Omaha for combat delivery of atomic weapons.
Operation Totalize
Helps setup a "pocket" to capture Germans escaping from Normandy. Diverted by Patton to link up with the Anglo-Canadians at Argentan
Commander of Twelfth Corps
Appointed Commander of XII Corps
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary
Fat Man Assembly Begins on Tinian
Fat Man bomb cases arrive on Tinian and assembly of the plutonium implosion weapon begins.
Minister of Health Appointment
Appointed Minister of Health in Attlee's government.
Housing Responsibility
Takes responsibility for housing as Minister of Health.
Minister of Health Appointment
Becomes Minister of Health in Attlee's government.
Enola Gay Named
Tibbets names B-29 number 82 Enola Gay and receives final confirmation for the Hiroshima mission scheduled for the next day.
Bombing of Hiroshima
"Little Boy" is loaded onto the Enola Gay
Bombing of Hiroshima
Dies when the uranium bomb destroys Hiroshima.
Hiroshima Measurement
Measures effects from the uranium bomb mission.
Bombing of Hiroshima
"Little Boy", a gun-type uranium-235 weapon, is used against the city of Hiroshima, Japan
Hiroshima Atomic Bombing
The United States drops an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, the first wartime use of a nuclear weapon.
Bombing of Hiroshima
Flies the "Enola Gay" which drops an atomic bomb on Hiroshima
Bombing of Hiroshima
A co-pilot on the Enola gay which drops the "little boy" a-bomb on Hiroshima
Bombing of Hiroshima
"Little Boy", a gun-type uranium-235 weapon, is used against the city of Hiroshima, Japan
Little Boy
"Little Boy", a gun-type uranium-235 weapon, is used against the city of Hiroshima, Japan
Manhattan Project
"Little Boy", a gun-type uranium-235 weapon, is used against the city of Hiroshima, Japan
Bombing of Hiroshima
Commands US strategic air forces using the uranium weapon.
Little Boy
Arms the uranium weapon used at Hiroshima.
Bombing of Hiroshima
"Little Boy", a gun-type uranium-235 weapon, is used against the city of Hiroshima, Japan
Bombing of Hiroshima
Authorises the use of atomic weapons against Japan.
Manhattan Project
"Little Boy", a gun-type uranium-235 weapon, is used against the city of Hiroshima, Japan
Bombing of Hiroshima
Pilots Enola Gay during the uranium bomb attack.
Defence Rights Written into Tribunal Charter
The Charter requires a fair hearing and allows defendants to present evidence, call witnesses and challenge the prosecution case.
Charter
The international military tribunal charter lists 24 suspected war criminals
Trial
The international military tribunal charter is drawn up with 24 suspect war criminals
IMT Charter Establishes Four Categories of Liability
The Charter gives the Tribunal jurisdiction over conspiracy, crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity.
Official Position Denied Complete Immunity
The Tribunal's Charter states that official rank, including head-of-state status, does not free a defendant from responsibility or automatically reduce punishment.
Declaration of War
Russia declares war on Japan. Rusiia declares war on Japan
Invasion of Manchuria
Russia invades Manchuria
Superior Orders Limited as Defence
The Charter provides that acting under orders does not automatically remove responsibility, although obedience may be considered when punishment is determined.
London Agreement Establishes International Military Tribunal
Jackson signs the London Agreement for the United States, creating the International Military Tribunal and defining its jurisdiction over major Axis war crimes.
Charter Establishes Individual Criminal Responsibility
The Charter makes individuals answerable under international law rather than allowing state office alone to shield responsibility for charged crimes.
London Agreement Signed for Major War Criminals
Jackson signs the agreement establishing an international tribunal to prosecute major European Axis war criminals whose offences lacked a single geographic location.
Prosecutors Committee Assigned Joint Indictment
The four Allied chief prosecutors receive responsibility for agreeing the defendants, preparing the indictment and coordinating presentation of the case.
Opposition to Immediate Surrender
Anami resists immediate acceptance of Allied terms and supports additional conditions before Japan ends the war.
Proposal to Accept Potsdam Terms
Togo proposes accepting the Potsdam Declaration while seeking preservation of the imperial institution.
Support for Surrender
Yonai joins Suzuki and Togo in supporting an end to the war during the leadership crisis after the Soviet attack and Nagasaki bombing.
Result of Surrender of Japan
Hirohito's intervention breaks the leadership deadlock and commits Japan to surrender.
Supreme Council Deadlock
Suzuki supports ending the war while the Supreme Council remains divided over acceptance of the Potsdam terms.
Surrender of Japan
The Supreme Council is deadlocked on the question of surrender. Suzuki approaches Hirohito who tells him Japan should surrender
Bombing of Nagasaki
The USA drops the atomic bomb on Nagasaki
Bombing of Hiroshima
The USA drops a plutonium bomb on Hiroshima. More than 10 sqr miles are obliterated & 137,000 killed
Bombing of Nagasaki
The USA drops the atomic bomb on Nagasaki, over 73,000 are killed
Fat Man
"Fat Man", an implosion-type plutonium-239 weapon, is used against the city of Nagasaki, Japan
Manhattan Project
"Fat Man", an implosion-type plutonium-239 weapon, is used against the city of Nagasaki, Japan
Nagasaki Atomic Bombing
The United States drops a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki three days after Hiroshima.
Bombing of Nagasaki
"Fat Man", an implosion-type plutonium-239 weapon, is used against the city of Nagasaki, Japan
Fat Man
"Fat Man", an implosion-type plutonium-239 weapon, is used against the city of Nagasaki, Japan
Manhattan Project
"Fat Man", an implosion-type plutonium-239 weapon, is used against the city of Nagasaki, Japan
Bombing of Nagasaki
The USA drops the atomic bomb on Nagasaki
Further Atomic Bombing Halted
Truman orders that no additional atomic bombs be used without further presidential authority.
Manhattan Project
The Smyth Report was the common name given to an administrative history written by physicist Henry DeWolf Smyth about the Allied World War II effort to develop the atomic bomb, the Manhattan Project
Smyth Report
The Smyth Report was the common name given to an administrative history written by physicist Henry DeWolf Smyth about the Allied World War II effort to develop the atomic bomb, the Manhattan Project
Smyth Report
The Smyth Report is released to the public, giving the first technical history of the development of the first atomic bombs
Manhattan Project
The Smyth Report was the common name given to an administrative history written by physicist Henry DeWolf Smyth about the Allied World War II effort to develop the atomic bomb, the Manhattan Project
Smyth Report
The Smyth Report was the common name given to an administrative history written by physicist Henry DeWolf Smyth about the Allied World War II effort to develop the atomic bomb, the Manhattan Project
Smyth Report
The Smyth Report was the common name given to an administrative history written by physicist Henry DeWolf Smyth about the Allied World War II effort to develop the atomic bomb, the Manhattan Project. The Smyth Report is released to the public, giving the first technical history of the development of the first atomic bombs
Manhattan Project
General Leslie Groves had commissioned Smyth to write the Report at Los Alamos during the Manhattan Project
Smyth Report
General Leslie Groves had commissioned Smyth to write the Report at Los Alamos during the Manhattan Project
Manhattan Project
General Leslie Groves had commissioned Smyth to write the Report at Los Alamos during the Manhattan Project
Smyth Report
General Leslie Groves had commissioned Smyth to write the Report at Los Alamos during the Manhattan Project
Manhattan Project
The Smyth Report is released to the public, giving the first technical history of the development of the first atomic bombs
Smyth Report
The Smyth Report is released to the public, giving the first technical history of the development of the first atomic bombs
Japanese Defeat
Sihanouk's wartime government ends after Japan's defeat and the French return
Treaty of Friendship
The Nationalist government signs the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance in Moscow.
Declaration of War
Issues "Directive no 1" to march the PLA into former Japanese territory
Declaration of War
With the Peoples Liberation Army declares war against Chiang Kaishek
Result of Surrender of Japan
Japan's decision to surrender brings the Pacific War toward its conclusion.
Surrender of Japan
Hirohito announces the surrender of Japan
Decision to Accept Surrender
Hirohito announces his decision to accept the Allied terms, breaking the continuing deadlock within Japan's leadership.
Result of Surrender of Japan
The emperor publicly announces Japan's decision to surrender.
Surrender of Japan
Hirohito announces the surrender of Japan
Victory Broadcast
Broadcasts news of Japanโs surrender and calls for restraint, humane treatment of Japanese civilians and prisoners, and a durable peace.
VJ Day
Celebrates the end of war with Japan at a dinner party in Buckingham Palace
Result of Surrender of Japan
VJ Day celebrations mark the practical end of the war against Japan.
Surrender of Japan
The Allies celebrate 15th August as VJ Day
Death of Korechika Anami
Anami commits suicide before Hirohito's surrender broadcast is transmitted to the Japanese public.
Resignation after Surrender
Suzuki resigns as prime minister after the imperial broadcast announces Japan's acceptance of surrender.
Final Kamikaze Sortie
Ugaki flies on a final special-attack mission after the imperial surrender broadcast and is killed.
Broadcast
Hirohito broadcasts a radio message telling the people that Japan will surrender
Result of Surrender of Japan
The imperial broadcast informs the Japanese population that the war will end through surrender.
Surrender of Japan
Hirohito broadcasts a radio message telling the people that Japan will surrender
Result of Surrender of Japan
The United States announces Japan's unconditional surrender and the end of major Pacific hostilities.
Surrender of Japan
Announces the unconditional surrender of Japan
Result of Surrender of Japan
MacArthur begins implementing procedures for Japan's cessation of hostilities and formal surrender.
Supreme Commander
Appointed Supreme Commander for Allied Powers
Surrender of Japan
Inititiates action with Japan for the cessation of hostilities
Result of Surrender of Japan
Japan's surrender creates a political vacuum in Vietnam that the Viet Minh moves rapidly to fill.
Surrender of Japan
Japan surrenders to the Allies, creates a power vacuum filled by the Viet Minh
Death of Takijiro Onishi
Onishi commits suicide after Japan's surrender, following his central role in organizing naval special-attack operations.
Result of Surrender of Japanese Armed Forces
Japanese military commands receive imperial authority to cease fighting and surrender.
Surrender of Japanese Armed Forces
Issues an Imperial Order directing Japanese forces to surrender
Polish-Soviet Frontier Treaty
Molotov signs the Polish-Soviet state frontier treaty establishing the boundary broadly along the Curzon Line with specified deviations in favour of Poland.
NLC
Summons 60 comrades to Tran Ho to form the National Liberation Committee
President of Vietnam
Appointed President of the National Liberation Committee
NLC
Summons 60 comrades to Tran Ho to form the National Liberation Committee
Thai Nguyen Uprising
Commands Viet Minh forces during the August Revolution
Capture of Hanoi
The first Vietminh troops enter Hanoi
Animal Farm
Publishes Animal Farm.
Independence of Indonesia
Proclaims Indonesian Independence
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan
Secretary of State for Agriculture
Appointed Minister of Agriculture
Post-Surrender Government
Higashikuni becomes prime minister and leads the first Japanese government formed after the surrender announcement.
Postwar Nuclear Arms Warning
Oppenheimer warns Stimson that atomic weapons will improve, defenses will remain inadequate, and the United States cannot expect a permanent nuclear monopoly.
Result of Surrender of Japan
Japanese representatives receive the detailed Allied procedures for implementing surrender.
Surrender of Japan
Japanese emissaries receive terms for Japans surrender from the US
Capture of Harbin
The Russians occupy Harbin in Manchuria
Capture of Mukden
The Russians occupy Mukden in Manchuria
Independence of Vietnam
Enter Hanoi & declares independence. Arrives in a Vietminh dominated Hanoi
Abdication
The Japanese transfer power to the Vietminh & the Emperor is forced to abdicate
Abdication
The Emperor abdicate giving Ho Chi Minh the "mandate of heaven"
Constitution of Vietnam
The Emperor abdicate giving Ho Chi Minh the "mandate of heaven"
Constitution of Vietnam
The Democratic Republic of Vietnam is proclaimed. Hue reads a declaration handing over "sovereign power" to the Vietminh
Abdication
Hue reads a declaration handing over "sovereign power" to the Vietminh
Peace
Meets Mao Zedong in Chongqing for negotiations intended to avert renewed civil war after Japanโs surrender.
Chongqing Peace Talks
Travels with Mao Zedong to Chongqing for negotiations with Chiang Kai-shek after Japan's surrender.
Peace
Attends peace talks with Chiang Kaishek in Chongqing
Constitution of Vietnam
Accepts the post of supreme political adviser in the provisional Government
Government
Accepts the post of supreme political adviser in the provisional Government
Provisional Government
Accepts the post of supreme political adviser in the provisional Government
Abdication
Accepts the post of supreme political adviser in the provisional Government
Provisional Government
Accepts the post of supreme political adviser in the provisional Government
Result of Surrender of Japan
MacArthur's arrival establishes the Allied command presence that will oversee Japan's formal surrender and occupation.
Surrender of Japan
Arrives by plane at Atsugi airodrome to take the formal surrender of Japan
Return to Copenhagen Institute
Returns to Denmark after the war and resumes work at the Institute for Theoretical Physics, rebuilding its international research programme.
NHS Policy
Takes responsibility for creating the National Health Service.
Bombing of Hiroshima
The Us drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima
Declaration of War
Russia declares war on Japan
Invasion of Manchuria
Russia invades Manchuria
Declaration of War
Russia declares war on Japan
Provisional Government
Forced to abicate in favour of a provisional Government under Ho Chi Minh
Revolution of Vietnam
Forced to abicate in favour of a provisional Government under Ho Chi Minh
Hoeppner Testifies on Security Administration
Hoeppner appears during the organizational defence and gives evidence about Security Service administration and responsibilities.
Atomic Energy Act
Legislation places uranium and atomic energy under civilian control.
Atomic Energy Commission
The new commission controls uranium production and nuclear materials.
Atomic Energy Act Signed
Truman signs the Atomic Energy Act establishing civilian control through the new Atomic Energy Commission.
Atomic Energy Commission
Signs the McMahon/Atomic Energy Act transferring the control of atomic energy from military to civilian hands, effective from January 1, 1947
Schlegelberger Testifies on Justice Ministry
Schlegelberger explains Justice Ministry administration and legal policy during the Nazi period in testimony before the Tribunal.
Third Van Acker Government
The Third Van Acker Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Camille Huysmans Government
Begins the Camille Huysmans Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Eberstein Testifies on SS and Police Structure
Eberstein gives evidence concerning the organization of SS and police commands during the defence case on alleged criminal organizations.
Hausser Testifies on Waffen-SS
Hausser describes the Waffen-SS command structure and argues distinctions between military formations and other branches of the SS.
Morgen Testifies on SS Camp Investigations
Morgen describes investigations he conducted into corruption and killings within concentration camps while serving as an SS judicial officer.
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey
Roessner Testifies in SS Organization Case
Roessner appears during defence evidence concerning the SS and answers questions about institutional structure and individual functions.
Manstein Testifies for German High Command
Manstein appears for the defence of the General Staff and High Command, describing senior command structure and military decision-making.
Council of Economic Advisers
Nourse becomes the first chairman of the new Council of Economic Advisers.
President of Chile
Returns briefly to acting presidential authority during the 1946 succession.
Juettner Testifies on SS Main Office
Juettner gives evidence concerning the SS Main Office, Waffen-SS administration and issues raised in the organizational case.
Gruss Testifies in Organizations Case
Gruss appears during the defence evidence concerning indicted organizations and answers questions about membership and institutional responsibility.
Demonstrations
Calls for the Direct Action Day, in Calcutta there are 20,000 casualties
Independence of India
Calls for the Direct Action Day, in Calcutta there are 20,000 casualties
Independence of Pakistan
Calls for the Direct Action Day, in Calcutta there are 20,000 casualties
Independence of Pakistan
Jinnah issues a call for all Muslims to launch "Direct Action" to "achieve Pakistan", strikes and protests are planned, but violence breaks out all over India, especially in Calcutta and the district of Noakhali in Bengal
Independence of Pakistan
Jinnah issues a call for all Muslims to launch "Direct Action" to "achieve Pakistan", strikes and protests are planned, but violence breaks out all over India, especially in Calcutta and the district of Noakhali in Bengal
Interim Presidency
Monje Gutierrez becomes interim president and prepares new national elections.
Birth of Bill Clinton
Birth of Bill Clinton in Hope south west Arkansas
Birth of Laurent Fabius
Birth of Laurent Fabius
Birth of Ralf Hutter
Birth of Ralf Hutter, later co-founder, keyboard player and principal voice of Kraftwerk.
Speech
Makes his maiden speech in Parliament
Birth of Keith Moon
Birth of Who drummer Keith Moon.
Schreiber Testifies on Military Medical Research
Schreiber gives evidence about German military medical administration and research discussed during the late stages of the IMT.
North Korean Workers Party
Helps form the North Korean Workers Party.
Seyss-Inquart Gives Final Statement
Seyss-Inquart addresses the judges for the last time before deliberations begin.
Speer Gives Final Statement before Judgment
Speer addresses the Tribunal in his last statement before the judges retire to consider the final judgment.
Schacht Gives Final Statement before Deliberations
Schacht makes his final courtroom statement before the Tribunal adjourns for judgment.
Ribbentrop Delivers Final Statement to Tribunal
Ribbentrop used his final statement to reject the prosecution's interpretation of German foreign policy and to deny that he had knowingly planned a war of aggression.
Goering Gives Final Statement to Tribunal
Goering uses his final opportunity to address the judges after the close of evidence and argument.
Strike
Mineworkers decide to strike
Balkan Federative Republic
The Bled Agreement is signed by Georgi Dimitrov, Bulgarian leader, and Josip Broz Tito, Yugoslav leader, which paves the way for future unification between the states in a new Balkan Federative Republic
Bled Agreement
The Bled Agreement is signed by Georgi Dimitrov, Bulgarian leader, and Josip Broz Tito, Yugoslav leader, which paves the way for future unification between the states in a new Balkan Federative Republic
Bled Agreement
The Bled Agreement supports the unification of Vardar Macedonia and Pirin Macedonia and the return of Western Outlands to Bulgaria
Bled Agreement
The Bled agreement was accepted with the Treaty on Friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance between Yugoslavia and the People's Republic of Bulgaria, signed and published in Evksinograd
Bled Agreement
The Yugoslav Government negotiates in the conference of Bled that Bulgaria will waive $25 million in war damages owed by Yugoslavia
Bled Agreement
The first time that Bulgaria recognizes Ethnic Macedonians and the Macedonian language
Treaty of Friendship
The treaty contains: several of the Agreement on economic cooperation, on customs facilitation, agreement for preparation of a customs union, the facilitation of border crossings, border crossing on the border of population and of the citizenship between Yugoslavia and Bulgaria
Treaty of Friendship
The Bled agreement was accepted with the Treaty on Friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance between Yugoslavia and the People's Republic of Bulgaria, signed and published in Evksinograd
Balkan Federative Republic
The Bled Agreement is signed by Georgi Dimitrov, Bulgarian leader, and Josip Broz Tito, Yugoslav leader, which paves the way for future unification between the states in a new Balkan Federative Republic
Bled Agreement
The Bled Agreement is signed by Georgi Dimitrov, Bulgarian leader, and Josip Broz Tito, Yugoslav leader, which paves the way for future unification between the states in a new Balkan Federative Republic
Bled Agreement
The Yugoslav Government negotiates in the conference of Bled that Bulgaria will waive $25 million in war damages owed by Yugoslavia
Berlin Crisis Diplomacy Opened
Western ambassadors seek a negotiated solution with Stalin as access to Berlin becomes an international crisis.
Blockade of Berlin
British, French & US Ambassadors meet Stalin to find a solution
Birth of Ian Anderson
Birth of Ian Anderson
Birth of Ibrahim Anwar
Birth of Ibrahim Anwar
Election as Assembly President
The Constituent Assembly elects Jinnah as its first President.
Constituent Assembly Address
Jinnah addresses the Constituent Assembly and advocates equal citizenship regardless of religion.
IG Farben Defendants Arraigned
Krauch and other IG Farben executives enter pleas as Military Tribunal VI formally brings the industrial defendants before the court.
Independence of Great Britain
Grants independence to Pakistan
Independence of Pakistan
Grants independence to Pakistan
Governor-General of Pakistan
Muhammad Ali Jinnah becomes Pakistan's first Governor-General.
Transfer of Power Ceremony
Jinnah attends the formal transfer-of-power ceremony in Karachi.
Independence of Great Britain
The King is no longer King-Emperor
Independence of India
The King is no longer King-Emperor
Deputy Prime Minister
Vallabhbhai Patel becomes Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister in independent India's first government.
Minister of Education
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad becomes independent India's first Education Minister.
Independence of India
Jawaharlal Nehru becomes the first Prime Minister of independent India as the Dominion of India comes into existence.
Independence of India
Plans for the independence & partition of India are declared. Gandhi opposes the partition between Muslim Pakistan & Hindu India. 1st day of the existence of the Dominion of India
Partition
Gandhi opposes the partition between Muslim Pakistan & Hindu India
Independence of India
Gandhi opposes the partition between Muslim Pakistan & Hindu India
Partition
Gandhi opposes the partition between Muslim Pakistan & Hindu India
Finance Ministry
Ghulam Muhammad assumes responsibility for the new state's federal finances.
Foreign Affairs Ministry
Zafarullah Khan becomes Pakistan's first Foreign Minister.
First Federal Cabinet
Liaquat Ali Khan forms Pakistan's first federal cabinet.
Prime Minister of Pakistan
Liaquat Ali Khan begins service as Pakistan's first Prime Minister.
Doctors Trial Verdict
The tribunal found Brandt guilty as it delivered the Doctors Trial verdicts.
Nuremberg Code
The Doctors Trial judgment set out ten principles for permissible human experimentation, later known as the Nuremberg Code.
Doctors Trial Sentence
Brandt received a death sentence after conviction in the Doctors Trial.
Sterling Convertibility Suspension
The Government suspends sterling convertibility after rapid losses of dollar reserves.
Economy of Great Britain
Dalton is forced to suspend the convertibility of the pound
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador after overthrowing Jose Maria Velasco Ibarra
Birth of Keith Moon
Birth of Keith Moon
Manhattan Engineer District Abolished
The Manhattan Engineer District is formally abolished, ending the Army organisation that built the first atomic bombs.
IG Farben Trial Opens
Military Tribunal VI opened the IG Farben Case against company executives.
Lautenschlaeger Arraigned in IG Farben Case
Friedrich Lautenschlaeger is separately arraigned as the prosecution formally opens the IG Farben case.
Merrell Serves as Alternate Judge in IG Farben Case
Merrell served as the alternate member of Military Tribunal VI throughout the opening phase of the lengthy prosecution of IG Farben executives.
Shake Presides as IG Farben Trial Opens
Shake presided as Military Tribunal VI opened the IG Farben Case against senior company executives accused of offences including plunder and slave labour.
Morris Takes Seat on IG Farben Tribunal
Morris joined the bench when the IG Farben trial began and shared responsibility for assessing a vast documentary record concerning the wartime chemical conglomerate.
Hebert Begins Service on IG Farben Tribunal
Hebert began service as a judge in the IG Farben Case, hearing allegations involving aggressive war, economic plunder and forced labour.
President of Paraguay
Takes office during a turbulent Colorado Party period.
Democratic Opposition
Kerensky develops his views through democratic opposition after 1917.
Gold Yuan Reform
The government replaces the failing fabi currency with the gold yuan in an unsuccessful effort to control wartime inflation.
Birth of Robert Anthony Plant
Birth of Robert Anthony Plant
Birth of Robert Plant
Birth of Robert Plant, later Led Zeppelin's singer and lyricist.
Constitution of South Korea
The Government of the Republic of Korea is formally founded
Independence of South Korea
The Government of the Republic of Korea is formally founded
Constitution of Germany
Becomes West Germany's 1st President
Election
Wins elections to the 1st Bundestag, lower House of the Federal Assembly. CDU 139 seats, SPD 131 seats
President of Germany
Appointed President of Germany
Alliance United States and Nationalist China
The United States publishes its China White Paper amid declining confidence in the Nationalist mainland war effort.
Treaty of Friendship with Bhutan
India and Bhutan sign a treaty establishing a new framework for their bilateral relationship.
First Gaston Eyskens Government
Begins the First Gaston Eyskens Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Third and Fourth Spaak Governments
The Third and Fourth Spaak Governments ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor of Germany
Government
Forms a coalition Government of the CDU, CSU, FDP & DP parties
Constitution of China
Announces the establishment of the ManchurianPeoples Government
Birth of Hugh Alan Cornwell
Birth of Hugh Alan Cornwell, later guitarist, vocalist and founding member of The Stranglers.
First Soviet Atomic Test
Directs the scientific programme producing the first Soviet atomic bomb test.
RDS-1 Test
The achievement marks rds-1 test as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Soviet Atomic Bomb
The Soviet Union tests its first atomic bomb.
First Soviet Atomic Test
The Soviet Union conducts its first atomic bomb test, ending the United States nuclear monopoly.
Election
Wins the 1st post war election for the CDU & heads a coalition Government
Conference of Chinhae
Hosts the Sinon Conference of Chinhae, attended by Chiang Kai-shek
Battle of Pusan
The North Koreans break across the River Naktong but are driven back again 12 days later
Birth of Anne
Birth of Anne, Elizabeth IIs 2nd child
Birth of Anne
Birth of Anne, gives birth to Princess Anne
Jean Duvieusart Government
The Jean Duvieusart Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Joseph Pholien Government
Begins the Joseph Pholien Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Constitution of Indonesia
The Republic of Indonesia comes into being, becomes Indonesian Independence Day
Tamburitza Boogie
The phrase "rock and roll" is heard on Louis Jordan and His Tympany Fives version of "Tamburitza Boogie", recorded in New York City
Capture of Tokyo
From his Tkyo HQ MacArthur poposes plans for the US capture of Inchon
Capture of Tokyo
The JCS gives its approval for the Inchon landings
Birth of Mick Moody
Birth of Mick Moody
Abdication
Leopolds return threatens civil war. Leopold abdicates in favour of his son Prince Baudouin
Referendum
57% vote for Leopolds restoration in a referendum
Armistice
Breaks the Armistice negotiations claiming North Korea has broken demilitarization rules
Nuclear Power
Congress rejects Russian proposals for arms & atomic weapons
Prime Minister of France
Appointed Prime Minister of France, 2nd term, forms a coalition of the Centre
Birth of Edward Witten
Birth of Edward Witten
Government
The USA & the Philippines form a mutual defence pact
European Army
Proposes a European Army at the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe. Churchills proposal is accepted by 89 votes to 5
Mayor
Appointed Mayor of the eastern part of Jerusalem
Rule of Jerusalem
Appointed Mayor of the eastern part of Jerusalem
First Presidential Term
Begins the First Presidential Term as President of Iceland.
Diplomatic Relations with Japan
The Republic of China and Japan establish embassies following the Treaty of Taipei.
ECSC Begins
Becomes first president of the ECSC High Authority after the Treaty of Paris enters force.
Succession
Proclaimed King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis
Publishes The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.
Birth of Patrick Swayze
Birth of Patrick Swayze
Prime Minister of Iran
Appointed Prime Minister of Iran, after 4 days of revolt following his dismissal
Birth of Joe Strummer
Birth of Joe Strummer, born John Mellor
Lieutenant
Armstrong leave the navy and becomes a Lieutenant, Junior Grade in the United States Naval Reserve
Lieutenant
Armstrong leave the navy and becomes a Lieutenant, Junior Grade in the United States Naval Reserve
ECSC Institutions Begin Work
Monnet oversaw the start of work by the ECSC High Authority as the first European supranational executive.
High Authority Presidency
Monnet became the first President of the ECSC High Authority and led the new supranational executive.
President of South Korea
Appointed President of the Republic of Korea, 2nd term
United States Information Agency Established
The United States Information Agency begins operations as the administration consolidates overseas information programs.
Agrarian Reform
Paz Estenssoro decrees agrarian reform to redistribute hacienda lands.
Operation Big Switch Repatriation
Large-scale exchange of prisoners begins after the Korean armistice under Operation Big Switch.
Invention of Hydrogen Bomb
Helps Russia test its own Hydrogen bomb
Soviet Academy of Sciences
Appointed Member of Soviet Academy of Sciences
RDS-6s Test
Contributes to the design tested as the Soviet Union's first thermonuclear device.
Soviet Thermonuclear Device
The achievement marks soviet thermonuclear device as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Dismissal
Dismissed by the Shah
Government
Appointed Chairman of the President's committee on Government Contracts
Dismissal
Mossadeq is dimissed by the Shah in accordane with Anglo-US wishes
Coup
The Shah fails to have Mossadeq arrested & is forced to leave to country for Italy
Demonstrations
Statues of Mohammad Reza & Reza Shah are pulled down after Mossadeqs dismissal
Coup
Ousted in a coup organized by British & US intelligence
Coup
Mossadeq surrenders to General Zahedi
Trial
Sentenced to 3 yrs imprisonment & placed under house arrest for the rest of his life. Publicizes details of 2 coups against his Government
Dissolution
A majority of those voting vote for the dissolution of the Majlis,
Referendum
A majority of those voting vote for the dissolution of the Majlis,
Department of Atomic Energy
Homi Bhabha leads India's atomic energy programme as the Department of Atomic Energy is created under the Prime Minister.
Chief Minister of Tunisia
Tahar Ben Ammar became chief minister and led negotiations toward internal autonomy and independence.
Inauguration
Takes office and begins a long authoritarian presidency.
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil after the death of Getulio Vargas
Death of Getulio Dornelles Vargas
Death of Getulio Vargas
Communist Control Act Signed
Signs the Communist Control Act during the height of domestic Cold War anti-communism.
European Defence Community Rejection
The French National Assembly rejected the European Defence Community treaty that had developed from Pleven's 1950 proposal.
European Defence Community Failure
French Assembly rejection of the European Defence Community redirects integration toward economic cooperation.
Economy of France
Mendes is given specialpowers to manage the economy
Strike
The dockers go on unofficial strike
Accords of Geneva
A joint US-French naval task force was assembled near Haiphong harbour, while US personnel and aid workers organised refugee camps, food and medical supplies in South Vietnam.
Accords of Geneva
The Geneva Accords also provided a 300 day grace period, so that civilians could relocate to North or South Vietnam.
Accords of Geneva
The United States began providing assistance to those Vietnamese who wanted to move south.
Accords of Geneva
This process โ pointedly titled Operation Passage to Freedom โ was part humanitarian mission, part propaganda ploy.
Operation Passage to Freedom
A joint US-French naval task force was assembled near Haiphong harbour, while US personnel and aid workers organised refugee camps, food and medical supplies in South Vietnam.
Operation Passage to Freedom
The Geneva Accords also provided a 300 day grace period, so that civilians could relocate to North or South Vietnam.
Operation Passage to Freedom
The United States began providing assistance to those Vietnamese who wanted to move south.
Operation Passage to Freedom
This process โ pointedly titled Operation Passage to Freedom โ was part humanitarian mission, part propaganda ploy.
Sino-American Ambassadorial Talks
Directs Chinese policy as ambassadorial-level talks with the United States begin in Geneva.
Conference on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy
From 8 to 20 August 1955, the United Nations held the International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy in Geneva
Conference on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy
From 8 to 20 August 1955, the United Nations held the International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy in Geneva
Prime Minister of Pakistan
Chaudhry Muhammad Ali succeeds Muhammad Ali Bogra as Prime Minister.
Death of Thomas Mann
Death of Thomas Mann
Revolucion Libertadora
The only important political support for Peron came from the CGT (the main confederation of labor unions), which called the workers to defend the president. Peron addresses a workers demonstration
Takes Charge of Kazakhstan Communist Party
Replaces the previous republican party leader and assumes overall political responsibility for Kazakhstan.
Meeting with British and American representatives
Meets British and American representatives after the canal nationalization to discuss an international response.
First Presidential Term
Completes the First Presidential Term as President of Iceland.
Second Presidential Term
Begins the Second Presidential Term as President of Iceland.
Force Opposed in Initial Western Talks
Dulles urges Britain and France to pursue negotiation rather than immediate military action.
Foreign Nationals
Orders measures affecting British and French nationals after the Suez crisis escalates.
House of Commons Debate
Criticises Nasser's action but warns Eden against unilateral military action without international authority
House of Commons Debate
Defends a firm British response to Nasser during the first major Commons debate after nationalization
President of Bolivia
Siles Zuazo begins his first full constitutional presidency.
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
A Conference on the IAEA Statute was held at the Headquarters of the United Nations to approve the founding document for the IAEA, which was negotiated in 1955-1956 by a group of twelve countries
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
A Conference on the IAEA Statute was held at the Headquarters of the United Nations to approve the founding document for the IAEA, which was negotiated in 1955-1956 by a group of twelve countries
Statute of IAEA
A Conference on the IAEA Statute was held at the Headquarters of the United Nations to approve the founding document for the IAEA, which was negotiated in 1955-1956 by a group of twelve countries
Canal Zone Evacuation
Oversees evacuation of British civilians from the Canal Zone during the crisis.
Union Buildings Anti-Pass Protest
Presents opposition to extending pass laws to African women.
Women's March
Helps lead thousands of women to the Union Buildings.
Pass Law Petition
Carries petitions to the seat of government with other leaders.
Women's March
Helps lead the national women's march against pass laws.
Union Buildings Demonstration
Mobilizes opposition to compulsory passes for African women.
Women's March
Joins the four principal leaders of the women's march.
Anti-Pass Petition
Participates in delivering petitions against discriminatory pass laws.
Women's March
Helps lead the women's march to the Union Buildings.
Code of Personal Status
The government promulgated the Code of Personal Status, reforming marriage, divorce, and family law.
London Conference Delegation Led
Menzies leads Australia's delegation to the London conference considering the future operation of the canal.
Conference of London
Rejects proposals from the London conference intended to place the canal under international control.
Suez Canal
Boycotts the London conference on international control of the Suez Canal.
The Captain from Kopenick
Directs Der Hauptmann von Kopenick.
London Conference
Hosts delegations seeking an international system for canal management after nationalization
London Conference
Opens diplomatic efforts at the London Conference after the canal nationalization
Death of Bela Lugosi
Death of Bela Lugosi
London Conference
Supports a maritime conference in London to seek international arrangements for operation of the Suez Canal.
Death of Bernard William Griffin
Death of Bernard William Griffin, Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster
1st Nuclear Power Station
the first nuclear power generated in Britain is produced in Calder Hall
Nuclear Power
the first nuclear power generated in Britain is produced in Calder Hall
Vice Presidency
Renominated for a 2nd term as Vice President
Five-Nation Committee Selected
Menzies is chosen to lead a five-nation committee carrying the London proposals to Nasser.
Republican Renomination
Receives the Republican presidential nomination for a second term.
August Faction Incident
Survives a party challenge and consolidates power.
Release from Mexican Detention
Guevara is released after weeks in Mexican detention and resumes preparations for the expedition to Cuba.
Sovereignty Dispute
Aligns with Britain against Nasser's control of the canal after nationalization.
Sovereignty Dispute
Rejects Nasser's nationalization as a threat to international control and British interests in the canal.
Death of Edward Ratcliffe Garth Russell Evans
Death of Edward Ratcliffe Garth Russell Evans
Signs for Celtic
Signs for Celtic as a seventeen-year-old after being identified as a major defensive prospect.
R-7 Intercontinental Missile Test
The Soviet Union successfully tests the R-7 intercontinental ballistic missile during his leadership.
First Intercontinental Ballistic Missile
The achievement marks first intercontinental ballistic missile as an important Russian scientific milestone.
R-7 Successful Flight
Directs the first successful full-range flight of the R-7 rocket.
Departure for Japan
Oswald departed from San Diego on August 22, 1957, en route to Yokosuka, Japan, for overseas duty.
USS Bexar Voyage to Japan
Lee departed San Diego aboard the USS Bexar on August 22, 1957, traveling with Marine replacements bound for Japan.
Battle of Las Mercedes Cease-Fire
General Eulogio Cantillo accepts a temporary cease-fire requested by Fidel Castro during the Battle of Las Mercedes; the rebels use the pause to withdraw.
Defense and Foreign Portfolios Added
The fifth government was reorganized and al-Rifai assumed the foreign affairs and defense portfolios alongside the office of prime minister. The changes occurred amid major shifts in regional security and interstate relations.
Repeal of Democracy Defense Law
Promulgates repeal of the Law for Permanent Defense of Democracy, restoring Communist political participation.
Defense Reorganization Act
Signs legislation strengthening the authority of the Secretary of Defense and improving unified military command arrangements.
Operation Verano
By August 8, Castro's main force has escaped the government encirclement, bringing Operation Verano to an unsuccessful end for Batista's army.
Ninth Column Command
Matos receives command of the Rebel Army's Ninth Column, Antonio Guiteras, for operations during the final phase of the struggle against Batista.
Promotion to Commander
Fidel Castro promotes Huber Matos to commander after Matos's support for the Sierra Maestra rebels and his March arms delivery.
Operation Verano
Cantillo signs a secret armistice with the 26th of July movement, ending the Verano offensive
Operation Verano
By August 8th, Castro's entire army had escaped back into the mountains, Operation Verano had been a failure for the Batista Government
Operation Verano
The failed offensive leaves Batista's army weakened.
Operation Verano Terminated
Batista's army ends the campaign without eliminating the rebel command.
Summer Offensive Ends
Operation Verano ends after the rebels escape the army's final encirclement.
Escape from Las Mercedes Completed
Castro's remaining forces complete their withdrawal from Cantillo's encirclement.
Operation Verano Fails
Cantillo's offensive ends without destroying Castro's guerrilla army.
Court Martial Confinement Ends
Lee remained confined following his second court-martial until August 13, 1958, after earlier suspended confinement was reinstated.
Death of Frederic Joliot-Curie
Dies after a career in nuclear chemistry and physics.
Prime Minister Appointed
Appointed Prime Minister under the self-governing protectorate constitution
Protectorate Cabinet Formed
Forms the government after the Chief Minister post becomes the prime ministership
Post-Verano Invasion Columns Planned
Castro prepares columns under Camilo Cienfuegos and Che Guevara for operations beyond the Sierra Maestra.
Radio Rebelde Victory Address
Castro broadcasts an account of the defeated summer offensive and rebel treatment of prisoners.
Prime Minister
Becomes prime minister after the fall of Souvanna Phouma coalition
Celtic First-Team Debut
Makes his Celtic first-team debut against Clyde one year after signing for the club.
Column 8 Assignment
Castro assigns Guevara to command Column 8, Ciro Redondo, with orders to move west into Las Villas and disrupt government communications.
Order to Advance to Las Villas
Guevara receives orders to lead an invasion column westward toward Las Villas province.
Operation Verano
After surviving Operation Verano, Castro's forces begin a wider counteroffensive intended to carry the rebellion beyond the Sierra Maestra.
Operation Verano
After the defeat of the Batista "ofensiva", Castro's forces began their offensive
Rebel Counteroffensive Follows
The failed summer offensive allows Castro to begin expanding rebel operations across Cuba.
Central Cuba Campaign Prepared
Castro assigns Guevara command of rebel forces moving into Las Villas.
Rebel Strategic Counteroffensive Ordered
Castro orders Che Guevara to lead Column 8 toward Las Villas after defeating the summer offensive.
Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
Communist artillery begins intensive shelling of Kinmen, opening the major phase of the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis.
Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
The shelling of Quemoy and Matsu begins a new Taiwan Strait crisis requiring major American military and diplomatic attention.
Death of Johennes Gerhardus Strijdom
Death of Johennes Gerhardus Strijdom
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Column 8 March to Las Villas
Guevara's Column 8 leaves the Sierra Maestra and begins the difficult westward march toward Las Villas in central Cuba.
Western Offensive
Leads a rebel column west from Oriente.
Western Offensive
Commands a column sent west during the final offensive.
Column 2 Assignment
Cienfuegos receives command of Column 2, Antonio Maceo, for the westward rebel advance from the Sierra Maestra.
Oriente Rebel Fronts
By August 1958, the 26th of July Movement operates several rebel fronts in Oriente under commanders including Fidel Castro, Raรบl Castro and Juan Almeida Bosque.
Rebel Withdrawal during Ceasefire
Castro uses the pause to withdraw fighters from the threatened area.
Temporary Ceasefire Proposed
Castro proposes a ceasefire while his forces remain threatened by encirclement.
Wounded Prisoners Evacuated
Castro requests helicopter assistance to evacuate wounded government prisoners safely.
Las Mercedes Ceasefire
Cantillo accepts a temporary ceasefire proposed by Castro during the final battle.
Temporary Ceasefire Accepted
Cantillo accepts the ceasefire request during negotiations at Las Mercedes.
Havana Visit
HSCA records showed that Jack Ruby entered Cuba on August 8, 1959, during a period when his friend Lewis McWillie was working in Havana gambling operations.
Birth of Amanda Redman
Birth of Amanda Redman
Hawaii Becomes Fiftieth State
Hawaii formally enters the Union as the fiftieth state during Eisenhower's presidency.
Mini Production
The British Motor Corporation launches the Mini, produced at Longbridge and Cowley.
Hardship Discharge Board Recommendation
A Marine hardship board recommended approval of Lee's request for early active-duty release because of his mother's claimed dependency.
Women's Unveiling
Women of the royal family appear unveiled at public independence celebrations with government support.
Retirement
During his total of 541 appearances for Wolves and his 105 games for England, his disciplinary record was excellent, never cautioned or sent off by any referee
Havana Visit
Ruby visited Havana in 1959 at the invitation of Lewis McWillie, who supervised gambling activities at the Tropicana Hotel; Ruby later described the trip as recreational.
Beatles, The
The Beatles make their debut in Hamburg, West Germany, with Stu Sutcliffe on bass and Pete Best on drums
Beatles, The
The Beatles make their debut in Hamburg, West Germany, with Stu Sutcliffe on bass and Pete Best on drums
Beatles, The
The Beatles make their debut in Hamburg, West Germany, with Stu Sutcliffe on bass and Pete Best on drums
Beatles, The
The Beatles make their debut in Hamburg, West Germany, with Stu Sutcliffe on bass and Pete Best on drums
Second Presidential Term
Completes the Second Presidential Term as President of Iceland.
Third Presidential Term
Begins the Third Presidential Term as President of Iceland.
Soviet Weapons Development Assessment
McCone forwarded the AEC General Advisory Committee's assessment of Soviet nuclear weapons development possibilities during the testing moratorium.
Referendum
Verwoerd announces the referendum on a republic will be held 5th October
Republic Referendum Date
Announces that the republic referendum will occur on 5 October.
Republic Vote Scheduled
Prepares white voters to decide South Africa's constitutional status.
President of Bolivia
Paz Estenssoro begins his second presidential term.
Nationalization
Cuba nationalizes major US-owned refineries, utilities and industrial assets
South Kasai Secession
Proclaims an autonomous South Kasai state amid ethnic conflict and the wider collapse of central authority.
Trial
Mandela 1st gives evidence at his trial
Neutralist Government
Forms a neutralist government after the August coup
Prime Minister
Returns to office after Kong Le neutralist coup overturns the Somsanith government
Coup
Leads a military coup in Vientiane and calls for Lao neutrality
Overthrow
Overthrown by Kong Le neutralist military coup
Neutralist Coup
Leads a coup calling for neutrality as Laos becomes central to the wider Vietnam War
Canadian Bill of Rights
Secures passage of the Canadian Bill of Rights.
Echo I Satellite Message
Records a message transmitted in connection with the Echo I communications-satellite experiment.
Republic of Congo Independence
Proclaims the Republic of the Congo independent from France and becomes head of the new state.
President of Cyprus
Assumes the office of President of Cyprus
Beatles, The
The Beatles open at the Indra night-club
Beatles, The
The Beatles open at the Indra night-club
Beatles, The
The Beatles open at the Indra night-club
Beatles, The
The Beatles make their debut at the Indra Club
Beatles, The
The Beatles make their debut at the Indra Club
Beatles, The
The Beatles make their debut at the Indra Club
Operation Budget Approved
Eisenhower approves a thirteen-million-dollar budget for the covert Cuban operation.
Operation Funding Expanded
Eisenhower approves additional funding for training, aircraft and covert facilities.
Animals Returned from Orbit
The achievement marks animals returned from orbit as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Korabl-Sputnik 2
Supports the biological mission carrying Belka and Strelka safely through orbit.
Revolutionary Medicine Speech
Guevara addresses medical students and health workers on the social responsibilities of revolutionary medicine.
Independence of France
Senegal becomes independent
Independence of Senegal
Senegal becomes independent
Army Reform
Kerensky develops his views through army reform after 1917.
Arrowsmith Steps Up from Non-League Football
Alf Arrowsmith moved from Ashton United to Liverpool in August 1960, eventually becoming an important forward in Shanklyโs 1960s side.
Milne Strengthens Liverpool Midfield
Gordon Milne joined from Preston North End in August 1960 and brought reliable midfield play to the team that Shankly was assembling.
Prime Minister of Iran
Appointed Prime Minister of Iran, 1st term
Turns to Soviet Assistance
Accepts Soviet transport and logistical support after Western governments refuse the military assistance he requests.
Powers Espionage Trial
Uses the Francis Gary Powers espionage case to condemn American aerial reconnaissance over the Soviet Union.
Defence Witness Testimony
Testifies as government allegations against Congress leaders are challenged.
Treason Trial Evidence
Gives evidence during the defence phase of the Treason Trial.
Formation of Adoula Government
Adoula forms a coalition government approved by the reconvened Parliament.
Vostok 2 Flight
The Soviet Union launches Gherman Titov on Vostok 2 for a day-long orbital mission.
First Full Day in Orbit
The achievement marks first full day in orbit as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Vostok 2
Pilots Vostok 2 on a flight lasting more than twenty-four hours.
Punta del Este Economic Conference Speech
As head of Cuba's delegation, Guevara addresses the Inter-American Economic and Social Council conference in Uruguay.
British EEC Application Received
Receives Harold Macmillan's letter requesting negotiations on British accession while serving as President-in-Office of the EEC Council.
Trial
1st day of trial under the Nazis & Nazi Collaborators Punishment Act
Berlin Wall
The Berlin Wall goes up after 2,000 East Germans cross into the west the day before
Crisis
The Warsaw Pact calls on East Germany for "protection & control" of the Berlin borders
Warsaw Pact Backs Berlin Border Controls
Warsaw Pact governments support East German measures to tighten controls around Berlin.
Warsaw Pact Organisation
The Warsaw Pact calls on East Germany for "protection & control" of the Berlin borders
East Berlin Border Closure
Supports East German measures sealing the border between East and West Berlin.
Berlin Wall
The border between East & West is sealed off
Crisis
The border between East & West is sealed off
Second Punta del Este Speech
Guevara gives a second major intervention at Punta del Este on development, sovereignty and regional economics.
Berlin Wall
Construction of the Berlin Wall begins
Construction of Berlin Wall
The fortified Berlin Wall begins taking shape after the initial closure of the sector boundary.
Crisis
Construction of the Berlin Wall begins
Soviet Exit Visa Paperwork
Lee and Marina submitted the numerous certificates, photographs, and forms required for Soviet permission to leave the country.
Arrest of Jomo Kenyatta
Fully released
Punta del Este Press Conference
After returning to Cuba, Guevara discusses the Punta del Este conference and its political implications.
President of Brazil
Appointed acting President of Brazil after the resignation of Janio Quadros
Soviet Nuclear Testing Resumed
Ends the Soviet nuclear testing moratorium and orders a new series of weapons tests.
Joins Adoula Coalition
Accepts a deputy premiership in Cyrille Adoula's coalition as parliament attempts to reunify the country.
State Religion Policy
Promotes Buddhism as the state religion during his final premiership
Minister of Coloured Affairs
Appointed Minister of Coloured Affairs
Cabinet Appointment
Enters Cabinet as minister of community development and Coloured affairs.
Community Development Portfolio
Administers policies connected with apartheid urban restructuring.
Minister of Housing
Appointed Minister of Housing
Minister of Justice
Appointed Minister of Justice
Coloured Persons Reserves Act
Coloured Persons Reserves Act, apartheid legislation
Election
Brings the election forward to October 1961
Legislation
Urban Bantu Councils Act, apartheid legislation. Preservation of Coloured Areas Act, apartheid legislation
Legislation
Coloured Persons Reserves Act, apartheid legislation
Urban Bantu Councils Act
Urban Bantu Councils Act, apartheid legislation
Kulungugu Bombing Survived
Nkrumah survives a bomb attack at Kulungugu while returning from a meeting near Ghana's northern frontier.
Robert Dylan
Legally changes his name from Robert Allen Zimmerman to Robert Dylan.
Arrest of Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela
Arrested by the South African police, described in the press as the "Black Pimpernel"
Arrest near Howick
Is arrested near Howick after months underground.
Black Pimpernel Captured
Police capture the activist known publicly as the Black Pimpernel.
Death of Hyman Engelberg
Marilyn Monroes death was officially confirmed by Monroes physician, Dr. Hyman Engelberg, who arrived at the house at around 3:50 a.m. At 4:25 a.m., the Los Angeles Police Department is notified
Death of Marilyn Monroe
Death of Marilyn Monroe
Death of Marilyn Monroe
Marilyn Monroes death was officially confirmed by Monroes physician, Dr. Hyman Engelberg, who arrived at the house at around 3:50 a.m. At 4:25 a.m., the Los Angeles Police Department is notified. Death of Marilyn Monroe, found dead in the bedroom of her Brentwood home by her psychiatrist Dr. Ralph Greenson
Death of Ralph Greenson
Death of Marilyn Monroe, found dead in the bedroom of her Brentwood home by her psychiatrist Dr. Ralph Greenson
Independence of Jamaica
At the first session of Parliament, Bustamante receives the Instruments of Independence from the Queens representative, Princess Margaret. Appointed Prime Minister of Jamaica, 1st Prime Minister of an independent Jamaica
Death of Marilyn Monroe
It was estimated that she had died between 8:30 mins 10:30 p.m., and the toxicological analysis concluded that the cause of death was acute barbiturate poisoning.
Death of Marilyn Monroe
The Los Angeles County Coroners Office was assisted in their investigation by experts from the Los Angeles Suicide Prevention Team.
Death of Marilyn Monroe
as she had 8 mg of chloral hydrate and 4.5 mg of pentobarbital (Nembutal) in her blood, and a further 13 mg of pentobarbital in her liver.
Death of Marilyn Monroe
Marilyn Monroes funeral is held at the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery
First Dual Crewed Mission
The achievement marks first dual crewed mission as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Vostok 3
Pilots Vostok 3 during the first simultaneous crewed orbital mission.
Paired Orbital Flight
The achievement marks paired orbital flight as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Vostok 4
Pilots Vostok 4 while two crewed spacecraft operate in orbit together.
Beatles, The
Is dismissed as the Beatles prepare for their EMI recording career.
Dismissal
Pete Best is sacked
FBI Interview August 16
The FBI interviewed Oswald on August 16, 1962, about his Soviet residence, and he denied making any agreement with Soviet representatives.
Beatles, The
Joins the Beatles as drummer, replacing Pete Best.
Beatles, The
Ringo Srarr makes his debut for the Beatles at the Cavern
A New Culture of Work
Guevara presents his ideas on labour, discipline and socialist consciousness in a speech on a new culture of work.
Marriage
John Lennon marries Cynthia Powell
Marriage
John Lennon marries Cynthia Powell
Honeymoon Departure
McCone left Washington for a honeymoon in France, leaving Deputy Director Marshall Carter to serve as Acting Director during a critical period of the Cuban buildup.
Election
Elected President of the 5th Republic
Second Visit to Soviet Union
Guevara begins his second official visit to the Soviet Union as a representative of the Cuban government.
Mariner 2 Launch
Mariner 2 launches on the first successful American mission to Venus.
Buon Enao Program Review
McCone sent Gordon Gray a memorandum reviewing the history and development of the Buon Enao counterinsurgency project in South Vietnam.
Congo Reconciliation Plan
Advances a United Nations plan combining negotiations and economic pressure to end Katanga's secession.
Russian Community Dinner
Peter Gregory invited the Oswalds to a dinner attended by members of the Dallas-Fort Worth Russian-speaking community.
Worker Newspaper Subscription
Lee subscribed to the Worker and continued corresponding with American socialist and Communist organizations after returning from the Soviet Union.
Cuban Missile Crisis
McCone repeatedly warned that the Soviet buildup in Cuba might conceal plans to deploy offensive ballistic missiles.
Fair Play for Cuba Committee (FPCC)
On August 5 and 6, according to Carlos Bringuier, Oswald visited him at a store he owned in New Orleans, Bringuier was the New Orleans delegate for the anti-Castro Cuban Student Directorate. Bringuier told the Warren Commission that he believed Oswalds visits were an attempt by Oswald to infiltrate his anti-Castro group
Oswald Approaches DRE
Bringuier reports that Oswald offers to help the anti-Castro DRE train guerrillas, an approach the HSCA later considers possibly intended to infiltrate the organization.
Limited Test Ban Treaty Signed
Hosts the signing of the Limited Test Ban Treaty by the Soviet Union, United States and United Kingdom.
Limited Test Ban Treaty Signed
The United States, Soviet Union and Great Britain sign the Limited Test Ban Treaty.
Cuban Student Directorate
On August 5 and 6, according to Carlos Bringuier, Oswald visited him at a store he owned in New Orleans, Bringuier was the New Orleans delegate for the anti-Castro Cuban Student Directorate
Oswald Anti-Castro Offer
Bringuier later testified that Oswald entered his store offering to train or assist Cubans fighting Fidel Castro.
Fair Play for Cuba Committee (FPCC)
Oswalds activities in New Orleans in mid-1963 were investigated by New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison during his prosecution of Clay Shaw in 1969
Bringuier Store Visit
Oswald visited Carlos Bringuier's store on August 5, 1963, and presented himself as willing to assist anti-Castro Cuban activities.
Guerrilla Training Claim
Oswald told Bringuier that his Marine experience included guerrilla-warfare training and offered to help train Cubans opposed to Castro.
Directorate of Science and Technology Created
McCone created the Directorate of Science and Technology and selected Albert Wheelon to lead the expanded organization for technical intelligence and research.
Oswald Marine Guidebook
Bringuier received Oswald's Marine guidebook when Oswald returned after their initial discussion of anti-Castro activity.
Second Bringuier Store Visit
Oswald returned to Bringuier's store and left his Marine guidebook after discussing possible assistance to opponents of Fidel Castro.
Canal Street Confrontation
Bringuier confronts Oswald while Oswald distributes pro-Castro literature on Canal Street, and police arrest participants after a scuffle.
Arrest With Cuban Exiles
Police arrested Bringuier and other Cuban exiles along with Oswald after the street confrontation.
Canal Street Confrontation
Bringuier confronted Oswald over his pro-Castro leafleting, leading to a disturbance that brought New Orleans police to the scene.
FPCC Leafleting Discovery
Bringuier encountered Oswald publicly distributing Fair Play for Cuba Committee material only days after Oswald had offered help to anti-Castro activists.
Bail Arranger Underworld Connection
The HSCA found that a Murret-connected individual who arranged Oswald's bail after his August 1963 arrest was associated with two deputies in Carlos Marcello's organization.
Bringuier Confrontation
A confrontation developed when Carlos Bringuier and other anti-Castro Cubans encountered Oswald distributing pro-Castro literature.
Canal Street FPCC Leafleting
Oswald distributed Fair Play for Cuba Committee literature in downtown New Orleans, bringing his pro-Castro activity into direct contact with anti-Castro Cuban exiles.
Disturbing the Peace Arrest
New Orleans police arrested Oswald after the confrontation surrounding his Fair Play for Cuba Committee leafleting.
Fair Play Leafleting Arrest
Police arrested Oswald on August 9, 1963, after a confrontation with Cuban exiles while he distributed Fair Play for Cuba leaflets.
Fingertips (Pt. II)
Stevie Wonder hits no 1 on the R&B and pop chart with "Fingertips - Pt. 2". Little Stevie Wonder tops the charts with "Fingertips (Pt. II)", the first live single in history to reach No 1
Fingertips - Pt. 2
Stevie Wonder hits no 1 on the R&B and pop chart with "Fingertips - Pt. 2". Little Stevie Wonder tops the charts with "Fingertips (Pt. II)", the first live single in history to reach No 1
FBI Jail Interview
At Oswald's request, FBI agent John Quigley interviewed him in jail about his background and Fair Play for Cuba Committee activities.
FPCC Membership Claims
During the FBI interview, Oswald falsely described a larger New Orleans FPCC membership and referred to the fictitious A. J. Hidell as its president.
Charges Dismissed
Charges against Bringuier and the other Cuban exiles were dismissed while Oswald pleaded guilty to disturbing the peace.
Disturbing Peace Guilty Plea
Oswald pleaded guilty to disturbing the peace on August 12, 1963, and paid a ten-dollar fine.
Leafleting Case Guilty Plea
Oswald pleaded guilty to the disturbing-the-peace charge arising from the August 9 confrontation and paid a ten-dollar fine.
Trade Union General Strike
Faces a general strike that develops into the Trois Glorieuses uprising against his government.
Thompson Recruited for Wing Play
Peter Thompson moved from Preston North End to Liverpool in August 1963, bringing direct dribbling and width to the developing championship side.
Resignation after Trois Glorieuses
Resigns after three days of demonstrations and strikes bring down his government.
FPCC Counter-Inquiry
After further Oswald leafleting, Bringuier sent an associate to Oswald's home posing as a Castro sympathizer in an attempt to learn more about his activities.
International Trade Mart Leafleting
Oswald again distributed Fair Play for Cuba literature on August 16, 1963, this time outside the International Trade Mart.
International Trade Mart Leafleting
Oswald distributed Fair Play for Cuba Committee literature outside the International Trade Mart with hired assistance.
Television Coverage of FPCC Activity
Local television news filmed Oswald's Fair Play for Cuba Committee leafleting, giving his pro-Castro campaign wider public exposure.
Oswald Interview Broadcast
WDSU broadcast a shortened version of Stuckey's Oswald interview on Latin Listening Post.
Oswald Radio Interview Recorded
Stuckey recorded a longer interview with Oswald about the Fair Play for Cuba Committee and Cuban political issues.
Stuckey Contact About Oswald
Bringuier's information helped William Stuckey locate Oswald for a radio interview about the Fair Play for Cuba Committee.
WDSU Radio Interview
Broadcaster William Stuckey recorded a radio interview with Oswald on August 17, 1963, concerning the Fair Play for Cuba Committee.
WDSU Stuckey Interview
William Stuckey recorded an interview in which Oswald discussed the Fair Play for Cuba Committee and presented himself as its New Orleans spokesman.
Debate Proposal
After seeking to air more of the Oswald interview, Stuckey helped develop the idea of a debate between Oswald and a local anti-Castro opponent.
WDSU Debate Arranged
Stuckey arranged the WDSU debate that placed Oswald opposite Carlos Bringuier and Edward Butler.
Conversation Carte Blanche Debate
Bringuier debated Oswald on WDSU's Conversation Carte Blanche program about Castro, communism, and the Fair Play for Cuba Committee.
Post-Debate Press Release
After the WDSU debate, Bringuier issued a press release urging citizens to seek a congressional investigation of Oswald.
Soviet Defection Raised in Debate
During the WDSU debate, Oswald was confronted publicly with his years in the Soviet Union, weakening his effort to present the FPCC as a local political movement.
WDSU Carte Blanche Debate
Oswald debated Carlos Bringuier and Edward Butler on WDSU's Conversation Carte Blanche program on August 21, 1963.
WDSU Radio Debate
Oswald debated Carlos Bringuier and Edward Butler on WDSU, defending the Castro government and his Fair Play for Cuba Committee activity.
Televised Debate on Cuba
Oswald debates Carlos Bringuier about Cuba and the Fair Play for Cuba Committee, giving his pro-Castro political activity wider public attention.
Demonstrations
Special Forces raided and vandalised Buddhist pagodas across the country, arresting thousands of monks and causing a death toll estimated to be in the hundreds
Massacre
Special Forces raided and vandalised Buddhist pagodas across the country, arresting thousands of monks and causing a death toll estimated to be in the hundreds
Xa Loi Pagoda Raids
Directs or supports raids against Buddhist pagodas during the political crisis
Saigon Ambassadorship
Becomes US ambassador during the crisis of the Diem regime
Marriage
John Lennon marries Cynthia Lennon at Mount Pleasant
She Loves You
Produces She Loves You, one of the breakthrough singles of Beatlemania.
First Bundesliga Goal
Scores for Borussia Dortmund against Werder Bremen in the opening minute of the inaugural Bundesliga season, recording the competitionโs first goal.
Prime Minister of Norway
Appointed Prime Minister of Norway
Third Einar Gerhardsen Government
The Third Einar Gerhardsen Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
John Lyng Government
Begins the John Lyng Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Blowin in the Wind
Sing Dylan's Blowin in the Wind at the March on Washington.
Blowin in the Wind
Popularises protest songwriting during the civil rights era.
The Times They Are a-Changin
Works on political material later central to The Times They Are a-Changin.
Demonstrations
250,000 civil rights supporters join the "March on Washington"
Speech
Makes the "I have a dream speech"
FBI Interview on Oswald
Stuckey told the FBI about statements Oswald had made concerning his years in the Soviet Union and his Fair Play for Cuba activities.
Bus Boycott Pressure
The boycott adds pressure for national race relations reform.
Fair Play for Cuba Committee (FPCC)
Oswalds political work in New Orleans came to an end after a WDSU radio debate between Bringuier and Oswald arranged by journalist Bill Stuckey, during the course of the debate, Oswald was confronted with accusations about his past in the Soviet Union
Latin Listening Post Guest Search
Stuckey had been seeking a Fair Play for Cuba Committee representative for his Latin Listening Post radio program before learning about Oswald.
WDSU Radio Debate
Oswalds political work in New Orleans came to an end after a WDSU radio debate between Bringuier and Oswald arranged by journalist Bill Stuckey, during the course of the debate, Oswald was confronted with accusations about his past in the Soviet Union
DRE New Orleans Delegate
Bringuier served as the New Orleans delegate of the anti-Castro Cuban Student Directorate while operating his clothing store on Decatur Street.
Fair Play for Cuba Committee (FPCC)
Oswalds political work in New Orleans came to an end after a WDSU radio debate between Bringuier and Oswald arranged by journalist Bill Stuckey, during the course of the debate, Oswald was confronted with accusations about his past in the Soviet Union
WDSU Radio Debate
Oswalds political work in New Orleans came to an end after a WDSU radio debate between Bringuier and Oswald arranged by journalist Bill Stuckey, during the course of the debate, Oswald was confronted with accusations about his past in the Soviet Union
Eastern Airlines Litigation
Ferrie's litigation over his dismissal from Eastern Airlines continued through August 1963, with New Orleans attorney G. Wray Gill representing him.
New York Talent Trip
Ruby traveled to New York in August 1963 while dealing with American Guild of Variety Artists problems and seeking entertainment talent for his clubs.
Invitation to Return to Irving
During their summer correspondence, Paine urged Marina to return to Irving and live with her because of continuing difficulties with Lee Oswald.
ZANU
The Zimbabwe African National Union party is founded by Ndabaningi Sithole, Herbert Chitepo, Edgar Tekere, Leopold Takawira and Robert Mugabe at the house of former Defence minister Enos Nkala in Highfield
ZANU
The Zimbabwe African National Union party is founded by Ndabaningi Sithole, Herbert Chitepo, Edgar Tekere, Leopold Takawira and Robert Mugabe at the house of former Defence minister Enos Nkala in Highfield
ZANU
The Zimbabwe African National Union party is founded by Ndabaningi Sithole, Herbert Chitepo, Edgar Tekere, Leopold Takawira and Robert Mugabe at the house of former Defence minister Enos Nkala in Highfield
ZANU
The Zimbabwe African National Union party is founded by Ndabaningi Sithole, Herbert Chitepo, Edgar Tekere, Leopold Takawira and Robert Mugabe at the house of former Defence minister Enos Nkala in Highfield
Democratic Republic Name
The state adopts the name Democratic Republic of the Congo under the new constitution.
Luluabourg Constitution
Kasa-Vubu promulgates a federal constitution expanding provincial powers and executive institutions.
Fourth Presidential Term
Begins the Fourth Presidential Term as President of Iceland.
Third Presidential Term
Completes the Third Presidential Term as President of Iceland.
Purchase of Pal Recording Studio
Buys Pal Recording Studio from Paul Buff and renames the facility Studio Z.
Gulf of Tonkin Incident
On duty on the evening of the Gulf of Tonkin incident, reporting the incident to McNamara
Battle of Tonkin Gulf
USS Turner Joy & Maddox report they have been attacked by North Vietnamese torpedo boats. The Tonkin Gulf incident is used to escalate the war in Vietnam. Claims USS Maddox was attacked 30 miles offsore not 13 miles claimed by North Vietnam. A clash that triggers U.S. bombing against North Vietnam
Revised Patrol Restrictions
Sharp received authority to continue the Tonkin patrol under revised restrictions intended to keep the destroyers farther from the North Vietnamese mainland and separate them from covert raids.
Turner Joy Operational Control
Herrick assumed operational control of USS Turner Joy after it joined USS Maddox, creating a two-destroyer patrol group for the renewed DESOTO mission.
Gulf of Tonkin Incident
Commands the Maddox during the first Gulf of Tonkin incident
Gulf of Tonkin Incident
Commands the USS Maddox during the first Gulf of Tonkin incident
Crusader Air Cover
Stockdale led F-8 Crusader aircraft from USS Ticonderoga to provide air support for USS Maddox during the daylight engagement with North Vietnamese torpedo boats.
Strafing of Torpedo Boats
Stockdale and the other Crusader pilots attacked the retreating North Vietnamese boats with rockets and cannon fire after they had engaged USS Maddox.
Maddox Counterfire
Ogier directed USS Maddox to engage the North Vietnamese craft with its naval guns, damaging the attackers and helping force them to break off the action.
Maddox Damage Assessment
Ogier reported that USS Maddox had suffered no casualties and only minor damage after a North Vietnamese machine-gun round struck the destroyer during the engagement.
Torpedo Boats Detected
Ogier's ship tracked three high-speed North Vietnamese P-4 torpedo boats closing on USS Maddox while the destroyer was operating in international waters.
Torpedo Evasion
Ogier maneuvered USS Maddox away from the attacking boats and successfully evaded torpedoes that passed close to the destroyer's starboard side.
Warning Shots Fired
After the approaching torpedo boats continued to close, Ogier ordered USS Maddox to fire warning rounds before engaging the attackers in self-defense.
Ordered to Assist Maddox
Barnhart brought USS Turner Joy toward the Gulf of Tonkin after the destroyer was ordered to assist USS Maddox following the first North Vietnamese attack.
DESOTO Patrol Continuation Order
Wheeler authorized Pacific Command to continue the DESOTO patrol while imposing minimum-distance rules, daylight air cover, and precautions concerning covert maritime operations.
Attack on P-4 Boats
Hastings flew with Stockdale against North Vietnamese P-4 torpedo boats and used his F-8 Crusader's weapons during the air response to the Maddox engagement.
White House Attack Briefing
Johnson received an early White House Situation Room briefing describing the attack on USS Maddox, the destroyer's return fire, and the arrival of carrier aircraft.
Two-Destroyer Formation Orders
Herrick directed Turner Joy to follow Maddox while retaining freedom to maneuver for gunfire and torpedo evasion if the patrol was attacked again.
DESOTO Patrol Resumed
Barnhart took USS Turner Joy back into the Gulf alongside USS Maddox as the two ships resumed the DESOTO patrol under newly issued operating restrictions.
Night Attack Readiness
Barnhart prepared Turner Joy for another possible surface attack by maintaining close coordination with Maddox and readiness to maneuver independently against torpedo craft.
You Really Got Me Guitar
Creates the distorted guitar sound on You Really Got Me.
You Really Got Me
The Kinks release You Really Got Me.
Demand for Attack Confirmation
Sharp pressed the destroyer group for direct supporting evidence that an attack had occurred before Washington completed its decision on military retaliation.
Doubt over Second Attack
After reviewing the reports from his ships, Herrick warned Pacific Command that many supposed contacts and torpedoes were doubtful and might have resulted from weather and sonar errors.
Night Contact Alert
Herrick's task group reacted to high-speed radar and sonar contacts during the stormy night patrol and initially reported that hostile craft were closing on the destroyers.
Revised Ambush Assessment
Herrick later reported that the opening phase still appeared to him to be a genuine ambush, while acknowledging that the subsequent action remained confused and the number of attackers could not be determined.
Night Reconnaissance Over Destroyers
Stockdale flew low over Maddox and Turner Joy for more than an hour while the ships were firing, searching the dark Gulf for North Vietnamese boats.
No Visual Contact Report
Stockdale reported that he could see the American destroyers and their gunfire but did not observe enemy boats, wakes, gunfire, or torpedo tracks during the alleged second attack.
Fire on Suspected Contacts
Ogier's crew fired illumination and gunfire toward suspected surface contacts during the confused night action that was initially interpreted as a renewed torpedo-boat attack.
Turner Joy Battle Stations
Barnhart placed Turner Joy at battle readiness as radar contacts appeared to approach the formation and the destroyers increased speed and maneuvered defensively.
North Vietnamese Motive Assessment
McCone advised the National Security Council that North Vietnam appeared to be reacting defensively to attacks on its offshore islands rather than deliberately seeking a wider war.
Seventh Fleet Readiness Coordination
Wheeler coordinated with Pacific commanders as Washington prepared to reinforce naval readiness and protect the destroyer patrol after the reported second attack.
Briefing of Nguyen Khanh
Taylor was instructed to give Nguyen Khanh an accurate account of the Tonkin events, explain the planned American response, and urge South Vietnam not to undertake independent external action.
Congressional Leadership Consultation
Johnson summoned congressional leaders to the White House and briefed them on the reported Tonkin attack and the military response he had authorized.
Gulf of Tonkin Address
Addresses the nation after reported attacks in the Gulf of Tonkin
Message to Nguyen Khanh
Johnson sent Prime Minister Nguyen Khanh a message explaining that the American strikes were intended to defend United States rights while avoiding an uncontrolled expansion of the conflict.
Pierce Arrow Authorization
Johnson approved a limited retaliatory operation against North Vietnamese patrol-boat bases and petroleum facilities after receiving reports of a second attack in the Gulf.
Attack Report to President
McNamara informed Johnson that reports indicated the destroyers were under torpedo attack and advised him that the Defense Department was preparing possible retaliatory measures.
Retaliation Options Prepared
McNamara developed several limited strike options against patrol boats, naval bases, petroleum facilities, bridges, and other targets as the administration considered its response.
Allied Governments Notified
Rusk directed urgent diplomatic messages explaining the reported attacks and the limited American response to allied governments, NATO, SEATO, and other foreign partners.
Immediate Response Recommended
Rusk argued during crisis discussions that the reported attack required an immediate direct response while diplomatic notifications were prepared for allied governments and international organizations.
Retaliatory Air Strikes
Orders retaliatory air strikes against North Vietnamese targets after reports of attacks on U.S. destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin.
UN Security Council Presentation
Stevenson presented the American account of the Gulf of Tonkin incidents and the resulting military response during a United Nations Security Council session.
Capture during Pierce Arrow
Alvarez was shot down while flying an A-4 Skyhawk during Operation Pierce Arrow and became the first United States naval aviator captured by North Vietnam.
Death during Pierce Arrow
Sather was killed when his A-1 Skyraider was shot down by North Vietnamese antiaircraft fire during the retaliatory carrier strikes of Operation Pierce Arrow.
Request for Southeast Asia Resolution
Johnson sent Congress a special message asking for a formal resolution demonstrating national unity and authorizing measures to protect United States forces and Southeast Asian allies.
Syracuse Tonkin Speech
Johnson used a speech at Syracuse University to review the Tonkin incidents, explain the retaliatory strikes, and state that the United States did not seek a wider war.
Pierce Arrow Press Briefing
McNamara announced that carrier aircraft had flown dozens of strike sorties against North Vietnamese naval bases and petroleum storage facilities in retaliation for the reported Tonkin attacks.
Vice Presidency
Barrientos becomes vice president after running with Paz Estenssoro.
Military Testimony on Tonkin
Wheeler joined Rusk and McNamara before Senate committees and provided the military leadership's account of the Gulf incidents and the need to protect American forces.
Tonkin Evidence Testimony
McNamara testified before a joint Senate hearing about the naval reports from 2 and 4 August and supported the administration's request for broad authority in Southeast Asia.
Joint Senate Committee Testimony
Rusk appeared before the Senate Foreign Relations and Armed Services Committees to describe the Tonkin events and argue for congressional approval of the Southeast Asia resolution.
Tonkin Gulf Resolution
Enables Johnson to use armed force to help SEATO members to "defend their freedom". Congress authorizes "measures to repel any armed attack against forces of the US"
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Receives congressional authorization to use military force in Vietnam
Letter to Khrushchev on Tonkin
Johnson wrote Nikita Khrushchev that the American response had been deliberately limited and asserted that the United States did not want the Tonkin crisis to expand further.
Tonkin Resolution
Defends administration policy during passage of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Senate Management of Resolution
Fulbright guided the Southeast Asia resolution through the Senate and reassured colleagues that the administration said it did not intend to expand the war.
Senate Dissent Speech
Gruening opposed the resolution during the Senate debate because he believed it could deepen American military involvement in Vietnam without adequate congressional control.
Tonkin Resolution Opposition
Votes against the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Constitutional Warning on Tonkin
Morse argued during the Senate debate that the proposed resolution amounted to advance authorization for war and gave the executive branch dangerously broad military discretion.
Tonkin Resolution Opposition
Votes against the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Another Side of Bob Dylan
Releases Another Side of Bob Dylan.
My Back Pages
Releases My Back Pages on Another Side of Bob Dylan.
Cyprus Ceasefire Diplomacy
Papandreou's government supports diplomatic efforts to halt fighting in Cyprus.
Tonkin Resolution Signed into Law
Johnson signed the congressional Southeast Asia resolution as Public Law 88-408, providing the statutory authority later invoked for a major expansion of United States military operations in Vietnam.
President of Poland
Appointed President of Poland
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Greece withdraws her units from NATO
Economic Opportunity Act
The Act creates programmes for job training, community action and poverty reduction.
Economic Opportunity Act
Signs the Economic Opportunity Act, creating the Office of Economic Opportunity and major War on Poverty programmes.
Gemini V
During the flight of Gemini V, American astronauts Gordon Cooper and Pete Conrad set record with an eight day orbital flight
Orbit
During the flight of Gemini V, American astronauts Gordon Cooper and Pete Conrad set record with an eight day orbital flight
Gemini V
During the flight of Gemini V, American astronauts Gordon Cooper and Pete Conrad set record with an eight day orbital flight
Orbit
During the flight of Gemini V, American astronauts Gordon Cooper and Pete Conrad set record with an eight day orbital flight
Maddox Action Report
Ogier submitted the formal Maddox report on the 4 August action, recording the ship's radar and sonar contacts, evasive maneuvers, gunfire, and subsequent evaluation of the engagement.
Broken Symmetry Paper
Publishes a spontaneous-symmetry-breaking mechanism with Robert Brout.
Englert-Brout Mechanism
Explains how gauge particles can acquire mass through a scalar field.
Higgs Boson
Publishes with Robert Brout the first 1964 gauge-symmetry paper establishing a mechanism by which gauge vector bosons can acquire mass.
Higgs Boson
Coauthors with Francois Englert the Physical Review Letters paper Broken Symmetry and the Mass of Gauge Vector Mesons.
Physical Review Letters
Publishes with Francois Englert the paper Broken Symmetry and the Mass of Gauge Vector Mesons in Physical Review Letters.
Food Stamp Act
Signs the Food Stamp Act of 1964, making the food stamp programme permanent.
Election
Paz Estenssoro wins re-election with Barrientos as his vice-presidential running mate.
Conspiracy Allegations Review
Warren's commission investigated numerous rumors, allegations, and theories concerning possible conspirators rather than limiting its inquiry to the physical evidence at Dealey Plaza.
Presidential Protection Review
Warren's commission evaluated Secret Service procedures used during the Dallas trip and developed recommendations intended to improve presidential protection.
Adviser
Serves in the Pentagon from August under Secretary of State for Defence Robert McNamara. Serves for two years in Vietnam working for General Edward Lansdale as a civilian in the State Department
Coup
General Nguyen Khanh is faced with an attempted coup, rioting and demonstrations in the northern provinces, a massive labor strike in Saigon, and an armed revolt by Montagnards
Reballion of Montagnards
General Nguyen Khanh is faced with an attempted coup, rioting and demonstrations in the northern provinces, a massive labor strike in Saigon, and an armed revolt by Montagnards
Coup
General Nguyen Khanh is faced with an attempted coup, rioting and demonstrations in the northern provinces, a massive labor strike in Saigon, and an armed revolt by Montagnards
Strike
General Nguyen Khanh is faced with an attempted coup, rioting and demonstrations in the northern provinces, a massive labor strike in Saigon, and an armed revolt by Montagnards
Help!
Produces Help!, the Beatles' second film soundtrack album.
Voting Rights Act
Signs the Voting Rights Act of 1965, outlawing discriminatory voting practices including literacy tests.
Bloody Sunday
Signs the Voting Rights Act after the Selma campaign.
Beatles, The
The Beatles play in front of almost 60,000 fans at Shea Stadium in New York City
Beatles, The
The Beatles play in front of almost 60,000 fans at Shea Stadium in New York City
Siege of Chu Lai
1st major U.S. ground operation in Vietnam as U.S. Marines wage a preemptive strike against 1500 Viet Cong planning to assault the U.S. airfield at Chu Lai
Starlite
1st major U.S. ground operation in Vietnam as U.S. Marines wage a preemptive strike against 1500 Viet Cong planning to assault the U.S. airfield at Chu Lai
Operation Starlite
Thi provides intelligence that helps trigger the Marine attack against the Viet Cong 1st Regiment
Operation Starlite
Walt directs the first major US Marine offensive operation of the war
Operation Starlite
Peatross commands regimental landing forces during Operation Starlite
Operation Starlite
Tru commands Viet Cong forces targeted by the Marine assault near Van Tuong
Holocaust
Auschwitz trials end with only 6 life sentences
Constitution of Romania
Ceausescu oversees adoption of the constitution establishing the Socialist Republic of Romania.
High Flux Isotope Reactor Criticality
Leads Oak Ridge during the period when HFIR reaches criticality and provides intense thermal-neutron flux.
Capture of Haji Pir Pass
Ranjit Singh Dyal leads troops in the assault that captures the strategically important Haji Pir Pass during the 1965 war.
Ballad of a Thin Man
Releases Ballad of a Thin Man on Highway 61 Revisited.
Desolation Row
Releases Desolation Row on Highway 61 Revisited.
Highway 61 Revisited
Releases Highway 61 Revisited.
Legislation
President Johnson signs a law criminalizing draft card burning, leads to widespread demonstrations
Demonstrations
President Johnson signs a law criminalizing draft card burning, leads to widespread demonstrations
Draft Card Burning
President Johnson signs a law criminalizing draft card burning
Nguyen Cao Ky Visit
Meets South Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyen Cao Ky and discusses cooperation between the Republic of China and South Vietnam.
Opposition Leadership
Becomes Leader of the Opposition and prepares the Conservatives for government.
Operation Gibraltar
Ayub Khan's government backs Operation Gibraltar, an infiltration campaign intended to stimulate an uprising in Indian-administered Kashmir.
Joining The Doors
Joins Morrison and Manzarek in the emerging band.
Serious Post-Presidential Heart Attack
Suffers a serious heart attack that sharply reduces his participation in public affairs.
President of Nigeria
Appointed military Head of State of Nigeria after the July 1966 counter-coup
Bombard the Headquarters
Mao writes Bombard the Headquarters, signalling an attack on senior party leaders
Revolver
Produces Revolver, supporting tape experiments, orchestral ideas and more ambitious studio construction.
President of Bolivia
Barrientos begins his elected presidential term.
Sixteen Points
The party adopts the Sixteen Points, defining the programme of the Cultural Revolution
Sixteen Points
Lin Biao supports the Sixteen Points decision that legitimises mass rebellion
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Minister
Leader of House of Commons
Appointed Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons.
Lord President of Council
Becomes Lord President of the Council alongside his leadership of the Commons.
Department of Economic Affairs (DEA)
Appointed Secretary of State for Economic Affairs at the Department of Economic Affairs
Secretary of State for Economic Affairs
Appointed Secretary of State for Economic Affairs at the Department of Economic Affairs
The Kids Are Alright
Release The Kids Are Alright as a single.
Prices and Incomes Act
The Act provides statutory powers to restrain wage and price increases.
Red Guard Armband
Mao wears a Red Guard armband, giving symbolic endorsement to student rebels
Red Guard Rally
Mao receives and addresses a vast Red Guard rally in Tiananmen Square
Destroy Four Olds
Jiang Qing encourages attacks on old culture as Red Guards mobilise in Beijing
Red Guard Rally
Lin Biao appears with Mao at the first great Red Guard rally in Tiananmen Square
Red August
Song Binbin is linked to the Red Guard moment when Mao receives student rebels in Tiananmen Square
Death of Lao She
Lao She dies after being humiliated and beaten by Red Guards
AS-202
Apollo-Saturn 202 tests the command module heat shield.
Circumnavigation
Embarks on lone circumnavigation of the World
Destroy Four Olds
Red Guards attack old ideas, culture, customs and habits under Mao's revolutionary slogans
Red Guard
Orders the formation of a "Red Guard" of students to attack opposing party members
Cultural Revolution
Mao calls on students and Red Guards to rebel against party and cultural authorities
Red Guard Harassment
Zhou Enlai intervenes to protect Sun Yat-sen's widow Song Qingling from Red Guard attacks
Red Guard
Orders the formation of a "Red Guard" of students to attack opposing party members
Rule of Namibia
The United Nations resolves the place South West Africa under United Nations control
Elektra Records
Signs with Elektra Records after Los Angeles club exposure.
Debut Album Sessions
Engineers early recordings that shape The Doors' studio sound.
Debut Album Sessions
Produces the first Doors album sessions.
The End Performance
Improvises provocative lyrics during The End at the Whisky.
Death of Lee Edward Bowers, Jr
Death of Lee Edward Bowers, when his car leaves an empty road and hits a concrete bridge abutment near Midlothian, Texas
Acting Mayoral Term
Leaves office as Acting Mayor of Amsterdam.
Mayor of Amsterdam
Takes office as Mayor of Amsterdam.
State Requests Trial Date
Louisiana prosecutors moved on August 1, 1967, to have a trial date selected in the case against Shaw.
The Piper at the Gates of Dawn
Pink Floyd release their debut album The Piper at the Gates of Dawn
Pink Floyd
"The Piper At The Gates Of Dawn" is released
Pink Floyd
Pink Floyd release the album, "The Piper at the Gates of Dawn", largely written by Barrett
Pink Floyd
"The Piper At The Gates Of Dawn" is released
Pink Floyd
"The Piper At The Gates Of Dawn" is released
Islamabad Capital
The government formally establishes Islamabad as Pakistan's federal capital.
Demonstrations
Calls for a campaign of civil disobedience to meet black demands
Pink Floyd
German tour is abandoned when Syd vanishes
Death of Stanley Bruce
Death of Stanley Bruce
Constitution
Promulgates a constitution that preserves presidential dominance.
Bombing of Vietnam
The Stennis Committee defends restricted bombing in North Vietnam. Says only annhilation can break the will of the north Vietnamese
Death of Brian Epstein
Death of Brian Epstein, from an accidental overdose
Death of George Harrison
Death of Brian Epstein, from an accidental overdose, Harrison says , "There is no such thing as death"
Department of Economic Affairs (DEA)
Shore declared immediately his belief in state-controlled economic planning, together with the regulation of prices and wages. Appointed Secretary of State for Economic Affairs at the Department of Economic Affairs
Secretary of State for Economic Affairs
Appointed Secretary of State for Economic Affairs at the Department of Economic Affairs
PLA Role
Lin Biao's army gains authority as factional struggles paralyse civilian administration
Foreign Affairs Crisis Management
Intervenes as radical attacks disrupt the Foreign Ministry and China's diplomatic operations.
Steve Peregrin Took
Retains percussionist Steve Peregrin Took and continues Tyrannosaurus Rex as an acoustic duo.
Tyrannosaurus Rex
Founds Tyrannosaurus Rex after the first four-piece version breaks up following a single Electric Garden performance.
Tyrannosaurus Rex
Steve Took answers an advert in Melody Maker for the electric band that Marc Bolan was forming in response to his departure from Johns Children. Marc Bolan founds Tyrannosaurus Rex, after a solitary performance as a four-piece at the Electric Garden in Covent Garden, the group immediately break up, Bolan retains the services of percussionist Steve Peregrin Took and forms an acoustic duo
Fourth Presidential Term
Completes the Fourth Presidential Term as President of Iceland.
First Presidential Term
Begins the First Presidential Term as President of Iceland.
Bratislava Declaration
In the Bratislava Declaration Russia expresses its intention to intervene in a Warsaw Pact country if a bourgeois system-a pluralist system of several political parties is ever established
Bratislava Declaration
The Bratislava Declaration aaffirms unshakable fidelity to Marxism-Leninism and proletarian internationalism and declares an implacable struggle against bourgeois ideology and all antisocialist forces.
Declaration of Bratislava
In the Bratislava Declaration Russia expresses its intention to intervene in a Warsaw Pact country if a bourgeois system-a pluralist system of several political parties is ever established
Declaration of Bratislava
Representatives from Russia, East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Czechoslovakia meet in Bratislava and sign the Bratislava Declaration.
Declaration of Bratislava
The Bratislava Declaration aaffirms unshakable fidelity to Marxism-Leninism and proletarian internationalism and declares an implacable struggle against bourgeois ideology and all antisocialist forces.
Prague Spring
In the Bratislava Declaration Russia expresses its intention to intervene in a Warsaw Pact country if a bourgeois system-a pluralist system of several political parties is ever established
Warsaw Pact
In the Bratislava Declaration Russia expresses its intention to intervene in a Warsaw Pact country if a bourgeois system-a pluralist system of several political parties is ever established
Bratislava Declaration
Warsaw Pact leaders meeting at Bratislava affirm Marxism-Leninism and collective responsibility for defending socialism.
Brezhnev Doctrine
The policy later called the Brezhnev Doctrine asserts a Soviet right to defend Communist rule within the Eastern Bloc.
Warsaw Pact Intervention Decision
Brezhnev secures support from allied Warsaw Pact leaders for intervention against the Prague Spring.
Pulsar Gravitational Radiation
Weber estimates gravitational radiation from newly discovered pulsars and considers whether resonant detectors might reach the sensitivity required to observe signals at pulsar frequencies.
Government
Nominated to stand for Presidential office by the Republican Party
Treaty of Friendship
Signs the Treaty of Friendship & Mutual Assistance with Czechoslovakia
Politburo Decision on Czechoslovakia
The Soviet leadership approves military intervention against the Prague Spring reform movement.
German Occupation
The Dubcek reforms go too far for Russia and Russia invades. Russian troops and vehicles cross the Czech border at 18 points without any resistance
German Occupation
The Soviet Press prints an unsigned request, allegedly by Czechoslovak party and state leaders, for immediate assistance, including assistance with armed forces. The relaxation after the Prague Spring ends when 200,000 Soviet troops invade Czech.
German Occupation
Dubcek calls upon his people not to resist
German Occupation
Eastern Bloc armies from 5 Warsaw Pact countries invaded the CSSR, Russian tanks ranging in number from 5,000 to 7,000 fill the streets, followed by Warsaw Pact troops ranging from 200,000 to 600,000.
German Occupation
The occupation is followed by a wave of emigration, unseen before and stopped shortly after (estimate: 70,000 immediately, 300,000 in total), typically of highly qualified people.
Prague Spring
The Soviet Press prints an unsigned request, allegedly by Czechoslovak party and state leaders, for immediate assistance, including assistance with armed forces
Prague Spring
Dubcek calls upon his people not to resist
Prague Spring
Dubcek, who had been arrested on the night of August 20, is taken to Moscow for negotiations, it was agreed that Dubcek would remain in office and that a program of moderate reform would continue.
Prague Spring
Eastern Bloc armies from 5 Warsaw Pact countries invaded the CSSR, Russian tanks ranging in number from 5,000 to 7,000 fill the streets, followed by Warsaw Pact troops ranging from 200,000 to 600,000.
Prague Spring
The occupation is followed by a wave of emigration, unseen before and stopped shortly after (estimate: 70,000 immediately, 300,000 in total), typically of highly qualified people.
Reform of Government
Tries to introduce more contact with the west and socialism with a human face
Warsaw Pact
Eastern Bloc armies from 5 Warsaw Pact countries invaded the CSSR, Russian tanks ranging in number from 5,000 to 7,000 fill the streets, followed by Warsaw Pact troops ranging from 200,000 to 600,000
Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia
Appointed Prime Minister of Czech Rep
Warsaw Pact
Forms a Government after Warsaw Pact occupation
Arrest of Alexander Dubcek
Dubcek, who had been arrested on the night of August 20, is taken to Moscow for negotiations, it was agreed that Dubcek would remain in office and that a program of moderate reform would continue
Detention of Czechoslovak Reform Leaders
Soviet forces detain Alexander Dubcek and other Czechoslovak reform leaders during the Warsaw Pact intervention.
Moscow Talks with Dubcek
Dubcek and other detained Czechoslovak leaders are taken to Moscow for negotiations with the Soviet leadership.
First Secretary
Appointed First Secretary of the Communist Party of Czech
Warsaw Pact Invasion
Warsaw Pact armies invade Czechoslovakia.
Condemnation of Warsaw Pact Invasion
Ceausescu publicly condemns the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia.
Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia
Warsaw Pact forces enter Czechoslovakia and end the Prague Spring reform experiment.
Warsaw Pact Invasion
Warsaw Pact invasion ends the Prague Spring reforms.
Summit Meeting
Says will attend summit with Kosygin on Sept 30th, aborted by Soviet invasion of Czech
Hydrogen Bomb
France explodes a hydrogen bomb in the South Pacific & becomes the 5th nuclear power
Nuclear Power
France explodes a hydrogen bomb in the South Pacific & becomes the 5th nuclear power
Moscow Protocol
Oversees negotiations resulting in the Moscow Protocol after the invasion of Czechoslovakia.
German Occupation
The Russians increase their occupation force to 650,000. Dubcek returns from the Kremlin announces the repeal of democratic reforms
Constitution of Czechoslovakia
Dubcek returns from the Kremlin announces the repeal of democratic reforms
Apple Records
Beatles Hey Jude and Mary Hopkins Those Were the Days released, launching Apple Records
Apple Corps Ltd
Beatles Hey Jude and Mary Hopkins Those Were the Days released, launching Apple Records
German Occupation
The Czech National Assembly declares the Soviet occupation illegal
National Assembly
The Czech National Assembly declares the Soviet occupation illegal
President of United States of America
Appointed Presidential candidate for the Democratic Party
Coronation
Crowned Head of State
Invasion of China
Says China will not be invaded by Russia which is "saber rattling"
Peace Negotiations at Bucharest
Meets President Nixon & agrees to help set up peace talks with north Vietnam
Peace
Meets President Ceausescu who agrees to help set up the peace talks with North Vietnam
More
Pink Floyd release the soundtrack album More for Barbet Schroeder's film
Secret Paris Contacts
Begins secret contacts with North Vietnamese negotiators
Secret Paris Contacts
Begins secret negotiations with Henry Kissinger
Peace
El Salvador completes its withdrawal from Honduras
Death of Sharon Tate
Death of Sharon Tate
Civil Rights
Sends in the Army after a peaceful civil rights demonstration which is broken
Demonstrations
Rioting besets Belfast for three days, 8 Catholics are killed and two hundred thirty-six people wounded, the British sent in the army in an effort to keep order in Northern Ireland
Demonstrations
Sends in the Army after a peaceful civil rights demonstration which is broken
Rule of Ulster
Rioting besets Belfast for three days, 8 Catholics are killed and two hundred thirty-six people wounded, the British sent in the army in an effort to keep order in Northern Ireland
Formation of ISRO
ISRO is formed under the Department of Atomic Energy with Vikram Sarabhai leading India's expanding space programme.
Woodstock Festival Performance
Performs a celebrated set at Woodstock, closing with With a Little Help from My Friends.
Concert
Hendrix headlines the Woodstock music festival, gives a rendition of the Star Spangled Banner, a solo improvisation which became a defining moment of the 1960s
Commission
The Commission recommends redistribution which favours Conservatives by 15-20 seats. The Boundary Commission reports its findings, the first since 1954, to James Callaghan
Reform of Government
The Commission recommends redistribution which favours Conservatives by 15-20 seats
President of India
V.V. Giri takes office as the fourth President of India.
Coup
Insists upon US unilateral withdrawal from Vietnam & the overthrow of President Thieu
Peace
Sends a letter to Nixon rejecting his peace proposals. Insists upon US unilateral withdrawal from Vietnam & the overthrow of President Thieu
Unification
Declares that there will be no comprimise in Vietnams aim of re-unification
Isle of Wight Festival
Perform at the Isle of Wight Festival.
Military Junta of Brazil
Appointed member of the military junta exercising presidential power after Costa e Silva became incapacitated
Military Junta of Brazil
Appointed member of the military junta exercising presidential power after Costa e Silva became incapacitated
Military Junta of Brazil
Appointed member of the military junta exercising presidential power after Costa e Silva became incapacitated
Isle of Wight Festival
Performs at the Isle of Wight Festival.
Beatles, The
The Beatles release the album "Abbey Road"
Beatles, The
The Beatles release the album "Abbey Road"
Performance
Appears in the film Performance, expanding his work beyond the Rolling Stones.
Watney Cup Final Opening Scorer
Roy McFarland scores against Manchester United in the Watney Cup final at the Baseball Ground. Derby County run out 4-1 winners under Brian Clough.
Watney Cup Winning Midfield Goal
Alan Durban scores in Derby Countyโs 4-1 Watney Cup final victory over Manchester United. The result gives Brian Clough a summer trophy before the new league campaign.
Watney Cup Final Goal Against United
Dave Mackay scores as Brian Cloughโs Derby County defeat Manchester United 4-1 in the 1970 Watney Cup final. His contribution helps the Rams claim the inaugural edition of the competition.
Reform of Government
Internment without trial introduced in Northern Ireland
Weasels Ripped My Flesh
Releases Weasels Ripped My Flesh, assembling experimental studio and live performances from the Mothers.
Tran Thien Khiem Visit
Receives South Vietnamese Prime Minister Tran Thien Khiem as Taipei and Saigon maintain close anti-Communist relations.
Postal Reorganization Act
Signs the Postal Reorganization Act
Venera 7 Launch
Venera 7 launches with a reinforced descent capsule intended to survive the extreme pressure and temperature at Venus's surface.
Lushan Conference
Chen Boda is criticised at the Lushan Conference and loses Mao's confidence
Lushan Conference
Lin Biao's faction clashes with Mao's allies over state chairmanship and succession issues
Spirit in the Dark
Releases the album Spirit in the Dark
Electric Lady Studios
Electric Lady Studios opens in New York
Women's Strike for Equality
Helps lead the Women's Strike for Equality
Women's Strike for Equality
Participates in the Women's Strike for Equality movement
Women's Strike for Equality
Supports the Women's Strike for Equality
Isle of Wight Festival 1970
Perform at the 1970 Isle of Wight Festival.
National Chicano Moratorium
Helps organize the National Chicano Moratorium against the Vietnam War
Death of Ruben Salazar
Killed by a tear gas projectile during the National Chicano Moratorium
Presidential Selection by Electoral College
Edward Akufo-Addo is chosen president under the Second Republic, serving as constitutional head of state while executive government is led by Prime Minister Kofi Busia.
Social Democratic Labour Party
Founded when six Stormont MPs and one Senator former members of the Republican Labour Party (a party with ties to the Irish Labour Party) the National Democratic Party (NDP
Social Democratic Labour Party
The SDLP initially rejected the Nationalist Party's policy of abstentionism and sought to fight for civil rights within the Stormont system but the SDLP quickly comes to that Stormont is unreformable, and withdraws from Parliamentary involvement.
Social Democratic Labour Party
a small nationalist party that dissolved itself after the foundation of the SDLP) individual nationalists former members of the Nationalist Party and members of the Northern Ireland Labour Party join to form a new party
Ceasefire
The war ends after a direct confrontation between Israeli and Soviet forces, in which Israel downed six Soviet aircraft. The terms of the agreement call for the Egyptians not to install any new surface-to-air missiles close to the Suez Canal, within weeks of the ceasefire, the Egyptians violate the agreement
Suez Canal
The terms of the agreement call for the Egyptians not to install any new surface-to-air missiles close to the Suez Canal, within weeks of the ceasefire, the Egyptians violate the agreement
Concert for Bangladesh
Invites Dylan to perform at the Concert for Bangladesh.
Concert for Bangladesh
Performs at the Concert for Bangladesh at Madison Square Garden.
Genesis Rock Discovery
Collects the ancient anorthosite sample later nicknamed the Genesis Rock during exploration near Spur Crater.
Genesis Rock Discovery
Works with Scott at Spur Crater when the crew collects the anorthosite sample known as the Genesis Rock.
Genesis Rock Discovery
Helps identify and collect the ancient anorthosite sample later nicknamed the Genesis Rock.
Fillmore East - June 1971
Releases the live album Fillmore East - June 1971 from performances by the Mothers at the New York venue.
Agriculture Secretary Succession
Discusses possible successors to Agriculture Secretary Clifford Hardin and the political and administrative considerations surrounding the choice.
Ambassador to Great Britain
Reviews the possible replacement of the United States ambassador to Great Britain and the political timing of any change.
Automobile Excise Tax
Reviews possible repeal of the automobile excise tax and its expected effect on prices, sales and the wider economy.
Busing Constitutional Amendment
Participates in discussion of a possible constitutional amendment concerning school busing and the political implications of the issue.
Busing and Republican Platform
Discusses whether school busing should be addressed in the 1972 Republican platform and the likely congressional and electoral consequences.
California Republican Politics
Discusses California Republican politics involving Ronald Reagan, Edwin Reinecke and Robert Finch in the context of future elections and appointments.
China Visit Political Reaction
Discusses political reaction to the planned presidential visit to the People's Republic of China, including responses from conservative Republicans.
Economic Competitiveness
Discusses United States business competitiveness, investment, worker productivity, inflation and the balance-of-trade problem.
Gold Convertibility
Discusses possible suspension of dollar convertibility into gold during consideration of measures to stabilize the international monetary system.
Import Tax Proposal
Reviews a proposed temporary import tax as part of a wider package intended to address trade, currency and domestic economic pressures.
International Monetary Crisis
Participates in a detailed review of the international monetary crisis, including pressure on the dollar and possible United States action.
Investment Tax Credit
Discusses restoration or expansion of an investment tax credit as one element of an administration economic program.
Lockheed Vote Assessment
Discusses the congressional Lockheed vote, its outcome and the positions of senators contacted by administration figures.
Revenue Sharing
Reviews revenue sharing as part of the administration's domestic agenda and its relationship to broader political strategy.
Vice Presidential Role
Discusses Vice President Spiro Agnew's political role, press relations and participation in administration and campaign activity.
Vietnam and POW Political Reaction
Reviews political reaction to Vietnam and prisoner-of-war issues during a discussion of conservative responses to administration foreign policy.
Wage and Price Freeze Planning
Participates in discussion of a possible wage and price freeze as the administration considers responses to inflation and economic instability.
Apollo 15 Falcon Liftoff
Commands Falcon's ascent stage as it leaves the Moon to rendezvous with Endeavour.
Apollo 15 Third EVA
Leads the third lunar surface excursion, completing geological sampling and experiment work.
Apollo 15 Deep Core Sample
Helps obtain a deep drill-core sample from beneath the lunar surface during Apollo 15.
Apollo 15 Falcon Liftoff
Leaves the lunar surface with Scott aboard Falcon after three days of exploration.
Falcon Lunar Ascent
Commands Falconโs ascent from the lunar surface for rendezvous with Endeavour.
Hammer and Feather Demonstration
Drops a hammer and feather together to demonstrate Galileoโs principle in the lunar vacuum.
Death of Georgy Babakin
Death of Georgy Babakin, chief designer associated with Soviet lunar and planetary probes.
Apollo 15 Subsatellite Deployment
Deploys the Particles and Fields subsatellite from Endeavour before Apollo 15 leaves lunar orbit.
Apollo 15 Trans-Earth Injection
Pilots Endeavour during the service propulsion burn that sends Apollo 15 toward Earth.
Apollo 15 Deep-Space EVA
Performs the first deep-space EVA to retrieve film cassettes from the service module.
Deep-Space EVA
Performs a trans-Earth coast EVA to retrieve film cassettes.
Reform of Labour Law
Strike ballots & cooling off periods before strike action become statutory. Only registered unions are entitled to legal protection
Charity Shield Winning Goalkeeper
Shilton keeps goal as Leicester City defeats Liverpool 1-0 in the 1971 Charity Shield, securing the trophy at Filbert Street.
Apollo 15 Splashdown
Returns with Scott and Irwin after the longest Apollo mission flown to that date.
Apollo 15 Splashdown
Returns to Earth with Scott and Worden after the first Apollo J-type mission.
Indo-Soviet Treaty
India and the Soviet Union sign the Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Cooperation.
Ellsberg Profile Material Submission
Hunt supplied material during White House contacts that contributed to CIA work on a psychological assessment of Daniel Ellsberg.
Baba O'Riley
Release Who's Next with Baba O'Riley.
Who's Next Album
Release the album Who's Next.
Dollar Gold Convertibility Suspended
Nixon suspends the dollar's convertibility into gold as part of a new economic program, fundamentally changing the international monetary system in which the Federal Reserve conducts policy.
Closing of Gold Window
Nixon suspends official conversion of foreign-held dollars into gold.
Gold Window Closed
Nixon suspends the convertibility of official dollar balances into gold, removing the central gold-convertibility commitment of the Bretton Woods system.
Economy of USA
Announces a 90 day freeze on prices, wages & rents
CIA Secretary Request Refused
Hunt requested temporary use of a CIA secretary he had known during his Agency career, but the request was refused.
Banzer Coup
Banzer overthrows Torres with military and conservative political support.
CIA Technical Support Ends
Deputy Director Robert Cushman told the White House that CIA would provide no further technical assistance because Hunt's requests had expanded beyond acceptable limits.
California Reconnaissance Film Developed
CIA technical officers developed film Hunt had brought back from California after reconnaissance connected with the Ellsberg investigation.
New York Cover Request Refused
Hunt asked CIA for a New York mail address and telephone-answering service, but senior officers refused the expanded request.
ILL High-Flux Reactor Criticality
Directs the ILL during the period when its high-flux reactor first reaches criticality.
CIA Credit Card Request Refused
Hunt contacted CIA technical officers seeking a credit card for operational use after other support had been terminated, and the request was refused.
Northern Ireland Security Policy
Faces escalating conflict in Northern Ireland and pressure for stronger security policy.
Bombing of Tehran
The PMOIs first military activities, a bombing of the Tehran electrical works and unsuccessful airplane hijacking, were conducted in August 1971 in protest against the Pahlavis extravagant 2,500 year celebration of Irans monarchy
Demonstrations
The PMOIs first military activities, a bombing of the Tehran electrical works and unsuccessful airplane hijacking, were conducted in August 1971 in protest against the Pahlavis extravagant 2,500 year celebration of Irans monarchy
Peoples Mojahedin of Iran
The PMOIs first military activities, a bombing of the Tehran electrical works and unsuccessful airplane hijacking, were conducted in August 1971 in protest against the Pahlavis extravagant 2,500 year celebration of Irans monarchy
Bombing of Tehran
The PMOIs first military activities, a bombing of the Tehran electrical works and unsuccessful airplane hijacking, were conducted in August 1971 in protest against the Pahlavis extravagant 2,500 year celebration of Irans monarchy
Demonstrations
The PMOIs first military activities, a bombing of the Tehran electrical works and unsuccessful airplane hijacking, were conducted in August 1971 in protest against the Pahlavis extravagant 2,500 year celebration of Irans monarchy
Peoples Mojahedin of Iran
The PMOIs first military activities, a bombing of the Tehran electrical works and unsuccessful airplane hijacking, were conducted in August 1971 in protest against the Pahlavis extravagant 2,500 year celebration of Irans monarchy
Liddy Alias Support Requested
Hunt brought G. Gordon Liddy to CIA technical officers, who provided Liddy with disguise material and alias documents under another name.
Fielding Operation Approval
Ehrlichman approves a proposed operation aimed at obtaining information about Ellsberg from psychiatrist Lewis Fielding's office.
Apollo 15 SIM Bay Science
Operates scientific instruments and cameras in Endeavour's service module while the surface crew explores Hadley.
First Presidential Term
Completes the First Presidential Term as President of Iceland.
Second Presidential Term
Begins the Second Presidential Term as President of Iceland.
Watergate
A $25,000 cashier's check earmarked for the Nixon reelection campaign was found in the bank account of one of the Watergate burglars.
Watergate
A $25,000 cashiers check earmarked for the Nixon re-election campaign was found in the bank account of one of the Watergate burglars.
Watergate
Further investigation revealed that, in the months leading up to their arrests, more thousands had passed through their bank and credit card accounts, supporting the burglars' travel, living expenses, and purchase,.
Watergate
Further investigation revealed that, in the months leading up to their arrests, more thousands had passed through their bank and credit card accounts, supporting the burglars' travel, living expenses, and purchase.
Watergate
However, through a complicated fiduciary set-up, the money actually went into an account owned by a Miami company run by Watergate burglar Bernard Barker.
Watergate
On the backs of these checks was the official endorsement by the person who had the authority to do so, Committee Bookkeeper and Treasurer, Hugh Sloan
Watergate
On the backs of these checks was the official endorsement by the person who had the authority to do so, Committee Bookkeeper and Treasurer, Hugh Sloan.
Watergate
Several donations (totaling $89,000) were made by individuals who thought they were making private donations to the President's re-election committee.
Watergate
Several donations (totaling $89,000) were made by individuals who thought they were making private donations to the President's reelection committee.
Watergate
The donations were made in the form of cashier's, certified, and personal checks, and all were made payable only to the Committee to Re-Elect the President.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
A $25,000 cashier's check earmarked for the Nixon reelection campaign was found in the bank account of one of the Watergate burglars.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
A $25,000 cashiers check earmarked for the Nixon re-election campaign was found in the bank account of one of the Watergate burglars.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
Further investigation revealed that, in the months leading up to their arrests, more thousands had passed through their bank and credit card accounts, supporting the burglars' travel, living expenses, and purchase,.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
Further investigation revealed that, in the months leading up to their arrests, more thousands had passed through their bank and credit card accounts, supporting the burglars' travel, living expenses, and purchase.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
However, through a complicated fiduciary set-up, the money actually went into an account owned by a Miami company run by Watergate burglar Bernard Barker.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
On the backs of these checks was the official endorsement by the person who had the authority to do so, Committee Bookkeeper and Treasurer, Hugh Sloan
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
On the backs of these checks was the official endorsement by the person who had the authority to do so, Committee Bookkeeper and Treasurer, Hugh Sloan.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
Several donations (totaling $89,000) were made by individuals who thought they were making private donations to the President's re-election committee.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
Several donations (totaling $89,000) were made by individuals who thought they were making private donations to the President's reelection committee.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
The donations were made in the form of cashier's, certified, and personal checks, and all were made payable only to the Committee to Re-Elect the President.
Watergate
A $25,000 cashiers check earmarked for the Nixon re-election campaign was found in the bank account of one of the Watergate burglars.
Watergate
Further investigation revealed that, in the months leading up to their arrests, more thousands had passed through their bank and credit card accounts, supporting the burglars' travel, living expenses, and purchase,.
Watergate
However, through a complicated fiduciary set-up, the money actually went into an account owned by a Miami company run by Watergate burglar Bernard Barker.
Watergate
On the backs of these checks was the official endorsement by the person who had the authority to do so, Committee Bookkeeper and Treasurer, Hugh Sloan
Watergate
Several donations (totaling $89,000) were made by individuals who thought they were making private donations to the President's re-election committee.
Watergate
The donations were made in the form of cashier's, certified, and personal checks, and all were made payable only to the Committee to Re-Elect the President.
Watergate
A $25,000 cashier's check earmarked for the Nixon reelection campaign was found in the bank account of one of the Watergate burglars.
Watergate
Further investigation revealed that, in the months leading up to their arrests, more thousands had passed through their bank and credit card accounts, supporting the burglars' travel, living expenses, and purchase.
Watergate
However, through a complicated fiduciary set-up, the money actually went into an account owned by a Miami company run by Watergate burglar Bernard Barker.
Watergate
On the backs of these checks was the official endorsement by the person who had the authority to do so, Committee Bookkeeper and Treasurer, Hugh Sloan.
Watergate
Several donations (totaling $89,000) were made by individuals who thought they were making private donations to the President's reelection committee.
Watergate
The donations were made in the form of cashier's, certified, and personal checks, and all were made payable only to the Committee to Re-Elect the President.
Watergate Campaign Link
The Washington Post links Watergate & the Committee for Re-election of the President
Watergate Campaign Link
The Washington Post links Watergate & the Committee for Re-election of the President.
Campaign Funds
Campaign-related checks are traced through a Miami company account controlled by Barker, strengthening investigators' interest in the financing of the Watergate operation.
Watergate
A $25,000 cashier's check earmarked for the Nixon reelection campaign was found in the bank account of one of the Watergate burglars.
Watergate
Further investigation revealed that, in the months leading up to their arrests, more thousands had passed through their bank and credit card accounts, supporting the burglars' travel, living expenses, and purchase,.
Watergate
However, through a complicated fiduciary set-up, the money actually went into an account owned by a Miami company run by Watergate burglar Bernard Barker.
Watergate
On the backs of these checks was the official endorsement by the person who had the authority to do so, Committee Bookkeeper and Treasurer, Hugh Sloan.
Watergate
Several donations (totaling $89,000) were made by individuals who thought they were making private donations to the President's re-election committee.
Watergate
The donations were made in the form of cashier's, certified, and personal checks, and all were made payable only to the Committee to Re-Elect the President.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
A $25,000 cashier's check earmarked for the Nixon reelection campaign was found in the bank account of one of the Watergate burglars.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
Further investigation revealed that, in the months leading up to their arrests, more thousands had passed through their bank and credit card accounts, supporting the burglars' travel, living expenses, and purchase,.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
However, through a complicated fiduciary set-up, the money actually went into an account owned by a Miami company run by Watergate burglar Bernard Barker.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
On the backs of these checks was the official endorsement by the person who had the authority to do so, Committee Bookkeeper and Treasurer, Hugh Sloan.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
Several donations (totaling $89,000) were made by individuals who thought they were making private donations to the President's re-election committee.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
The donations were made in the form of cashier's, certified, and personal checks, and all were made payable only to the Committee to Re-Elect the President.
Watergate
A $25,000 cashiers check earmarked for the Nixon re-election campaign was found in the bank account of one of the Watergate burglars.
Watergate
Further investigation revealed that, in the months leading up to their arrests, more thousands had passed through their bank and credit card accounts, supporting the burglars' travel, living expenses, and purchase,.
Watergate
However, through a complicated fiduciary set-up, the money actually went into an account owned by a Miami company run by Watergate burglar Bernard Barker.
Watergate
Several donations (totaling $89,000) were made by individuals who thought they were making private donations to the President's re-election committee.
Watergate
The donations were made in the form of cashier's, certified, and personal checks, and all were made payable only to the Committee to Re-Elect the President.
Watergate
On the backs of these checks was the official endorsement by the person who had the authority to do so, Committee Bookkeeper and Treasurer, Hugh Sloan.
Campaign Contributions
Records show private contributions totaling about eighty-nine thousand dollars moving through Nixon reelection committee accounts later scrutinized during the Watergate investigation.
Campaign Finance Records
Campaign finance records bearing Sloan's authorization help investigators trace contributions and checks that later became associated with Watergate financing.
Campaign Check Traced
Bernstein and Woodward report that a $25,000 campaign cashier's check was deposited in Bernard Barker's account, directly linking Watergate money to Nixon's reelection organization.
Campaign Check Traced
Woodward and Carl Bernstein report that a $25,000 cashier's check intended for Nixon's reelection campaign was deposited in burglar Bernard Barker's bank account.
Campaign Check Traced
A twenty-five-thousand-dollar cashier's check intended for Nixon's campaign is traced into the bank account of a Watergate burglar.
Washington Burglars
A $25,000 cashier's check, apparently earmarked for the Nixon campaign, wound up in the bank account of a Watergate burglar, The Washington Post reports.
Watergate Campaign Link
The Washington Post links Watergate & the Committee for Re-election of the President.
Nixon Fund Audit
Bernstein and Woodward report on plans to audit Nixon campaign finances after money connected with the Watergate burglars is traced to the reelection effort.
Nixon Fund Audit
Woodward and Bernstein report that an audit is planned for Nixon campaign finances after Watergate-linked money is traced into the reelection organization.
ABM Treaty
Ratified by the US Senate
Exile of Idi Amin Dada
Amin gives Ugandas 50,000 Asians (mostly Indians of Gujarati origin) 90 days to leave the country, following an alleged dream in which, he claimed, God told him to expel them
Stars
Barrett forms a short-lived band called Stars with ex-Pink Fairies member Twink on drums and Jack Monck on bass
Industry Act
The Industry Act expands government financial assistance for companies and regional development.
Bryukhanov Main Building Foundation Milestone
Leads the plant during construction as the first cubic metre of concrete is placed in the foundation of the main building.
Full Circle
Releases Full Circle without Morrison.
International Tribunal in The Hague pronounces that the Icelanders did not
The International Tribunal in The Hague pronounces that the Icelanders did not have sovereignty over the areas between 12 and 50 miles, the Icelandic Government protested and decided to take no notice of this decree
Territorial Waters
The International Tribunal in The Hague pronounces that the Icelanders did not have sovereignty over the areas between 12 and 50 miles, the Icelandic Government protested and decided to take no notice of this decree
Secretary of State
Appointed Secretary of State
Campaign Finance Violations
Bernstein and Woodward report alleged violations involving Nixon campaign funds as investigators continue tracing money associated with the Watergate operation.
Campaign Fund Violations
Woodward and Bernstein report alleged campaign-finance violations involving Nixon reelection funds as investigators continue following money connected with Watergate.
Everybodyโs in Show-Biz
The Kinks release Everybodyโs in Show-Biz.
Nixon Donor Banking Charter
Woodward reports on a Nixon campaign donor who received a banking charter, extending scrutiny of campaign finance during the developing Watergate investigation.
Nixon Fund Violations Report
Bernstein and Woodward report findings concerning alleged Nixon campaign fund violations uncovered during the expanding Watergate financial investigation.
Nixon Fund Violations Report
Woodward and Bernstein report findings concerning alleged violations in Nixon campaign funds uncovered during the widening Watergate financial investigation.
Watergate Press Conference
Publicly argues that the danger in campaign wrongdoing lies in covering it up and says White House Counsel John Dean is monitoring the investigation.
Elephants Memory
Lennon and his backing band, Elephants Memory, stage two benefit concerts at Madison Square Garden in New York
John Lennon performs at Madison Square
John Lennon performs at Madison Square Garden, it will be his last concert as a headliner., the show will posthumously be released in 1986 as Live in New York City
Ugandan Asians Crisis
Responds to the expulsion of Asians from Uganda and refugee resettlement pressures.
Made in Japan
Records live performances in Japan that help create Made in Japan, one of Deep Purple's most celebrated live albums.
Made in Japan
Performs with Deep Purple during the Japanese concerts later released as Made in Japan.
Head of State
Appointed Head of State for the GDR
Late Phase I Hearing
Participates as the committee continues its late Phase I hearings, reviewing testimony and evidence concerning White House and campaign conduct.
Government
Half the respondents in a gallup poll say they do not believe Nixon's innocence
Senate of Pakistan
Pakistan's newly created Senate holds its first session.
Watergate Evidence Consolidation
Leads another Phase I session as the committee consolidates testimony on campaign misconduct, White House involvement and efforts to obstruct or limit investigation.
Phase I Closing Testimony
Participates in further Phase I testimony as the committee approaches the end of its initial public examination of the burglary and related cover-up.
Senate Watergate Lawsuit
Leads the committee when it files a federal lawsuit seeking judicial enforcement of its demand for Nixon's tapes and other presidential materials.
US Bombing
US bombing in Laos ends during his ambassadorship
Bicameral Parliament
The Constitution establishes a National Assembly and Senate.
Constitutional Presidency
The 1973 Constitution defines the President as Pakistan's elected head of state.
Constitutional Transition
Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry becomes President when the 1973 Constitution takes effect.
Independent Judiciary
The Constitution affirms an independent judicial system.
Islamic Republic
Article One names the state the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
Islamic Republic
Fazal Ilahi presides over the Islamic Republic created by the 1973 Constitution.
National Assembly
The new Parliament combines the directly elected National Assembly with the Senate.
President of Pakistan
Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry begins his constitutional presidency.
President of Pakistan
Parliament elects Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry as President under the new constitutional order.
Presidential Appointments
The Constitution assigns specified judicial and legal appointments to the President.
Presidential Impeachment
The Constitution provides procedures for removing or impeaching the President.
Balochistan Province
Balochistan enters the constitutional federation as a full province.
Balochistan
The new federal structure confirms Balochistan's constitutional status.
Bicameral Legislature
Bhutto's government implements the Constitution's bicameral parliamentary structure.
Constitutional Presidency
The Constitution creates a parliamentary system with a ceremonial President.
Federal Structure
The Constitution establishes a federation composed of Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan and the North-West Frontier Province.
Islamic Republic of Pakistan
The constitutional text formally uses the name Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
Islamic Republic
Bhutto governs under a Constitution declaring Pakistan an Islamic federal republic.
Islamic Republic
The government begins operating under the restored Islamic Republic designation.
Judicial Independence
The constitutional framework protects the institutional independence of the courts.
National Assembly and Senate
The Constitution divides federal legislative authority between two parliamentary chambers.
Presidential Accountability
The Constitution subjects the President to impeachment for constitutional violations or gross misconduct.
Prime Minister of Pakistan
Bhutto transfers from the presidency to the restored office of Prime Minister.
Prime Minister of Pakistan
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto becomes Prime Minister when the Constitution takes effect.
Punjab Province
Punjab remains a federating province under the 1973 constitutional settlement.
Punjab
The Constitution defines Punjab as one of Pakistan's four federating provinces.
Sindh Province
Sindh remains a federating province under the parliamentary Constitution.
Sindh
The Constitution defines Sindh as one of Pakistan's four federating provinces.
Constitution of Pakistan
The first Article of the Constitution declares Pakistan as a Federal Republic to be known as the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Article 41 of the Constitution lays down that the President is to be the Head of the State, the President is to be a Muslim above 45 years of age and is to be elected by a joint sitting of members of the Parliament for 5 years
Islamic Republic
The first Article of the Constitution declares Pakistan as a Federal Republic to be known as the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Constitution of Pakistan
The first Article of the Constitution declares Pakistan as a Federal Republic to be known as the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Article 41 of the Constitution lays down that the President is to be the Head of the State, the President is to be a Muslim above 45 years of age and is to be elected by a joint sitting of members of the Parliament for 5 years
Islamic Republic of Pakistan
The first Article of the Constitution declares Pakistan as a Federal Republic to be known as the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Islamic Republic
The first Article of the Constitution declares Pakistan as a Federal Republic to be known as the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Bombing Halt
US bombing in Laos ends after years of covert and overt air operations
Bombing of Kampuchea
In accordance with the congressional prohibition the US stops bombing Kampuchea
US Bombing Ends
United States bombing operations in Cambodia end
Watergate Address
Addresses the nation after months of hearings, again denying personal involvement in illegal Watergate activities and criticizing efforts to implicate him.
Bombing of Kampuchea
The final air strike against a target in Kampuchea during the War
Rolling Stones, The
"Angie" is recorded in Jamaica, it reaches no 2 in the UK charts
Presidential Tape Defense
Argues Nixon's position in federal court, defending presidential confidentiality against the special prosecutor's demand for Watergate recordings.
Tape Case Argument
Argues in federal court that the special prosecutor is entitled to subpoenaed White House recordings needed for the Watergate criminal investigation.
Commander in Chief of the Army
Named Commander in Chief of the Army
Abdication
Zahir Shah formally abdicates, ending the Afghan monarchy.
Tenth Party Congress
Mao opens the Tenth Party Congress after the Lin Biao incident and renewed factional tensions
Rolling Stones, The
"Goat's Head Soup" is released, reaches no 1 in the UK and US album charts
Goats Head Soup
The Rolling Stones release Goats Head Soup.
Rolling Stones, The
"Goat's Head Soup" is released, reaches no 1 in the UK and US album charts
Bombing of Kampuchea
Under pressure from Congress, the Nixon administration finally ends the bombing of Kampuchea. The carpet bombing started covertly in 1970 to stop US enemies from Vietnam using Kampuchea as a base outraged the American public & crippled Kampuchea
Invasion of Kampuchea
Congress halts the attacks against the Khmer Rouge in Kampuchea
Khmer Rouge
Congress halts the attacks against the Khmer Rouge in Kampuchea
Walls and Bridges
Lennon releases "Walls and Bridges", a duet with Elton John on the #1 hit "Whatever Gets You Thru the Night", the album is released under the name "the Plastic Ono Band". John Lennon records his Walls and Bridges album, he claims to have written ten of the songs in a single week
Whatever Gets You Thru the Night
Lennon releases "Walls and Bridges", a duet with Elton John on the #1 hit "Whatever Gets You Thru the Night", the album is released under the name "the Plastic Ono Band". John Lennon records his Walls and Bridges album, he claims to have written ten of the songs in a single week
Smoking Gun Tape Released
Releases transcripts of June 23, 1972 conversations showing his early participation in efforts to limit the FBI's Watergate funding investigation.
Nixon Congressional Support
Meets Nixon with Republican congressional leaders and makes clear that the president lacks sufficient support to survive the approaching impeachment process.
Resignation Address
Announces in a televised address that he will resign the presidency at noon the following day as congressional support collapses.
Watergate
Faced with the threat of impeachment
Watergate
Nixon faces an imminent impeachment process as congressional support for his presidency collapses.
Inauguration
Immediately sworn in after Nixons resignation
President of USA
Appointed President of the USA, 38th President
Presidential Succession
Is sworn in as president after Nixon's resignation and declares that the long national nightmare is over.
Presidential Resignation
Formally resigns the presidency in a letter to Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, becoming the first United States president to leave office by resignation.
Withdrawal from NATO Integrated Command
Karamanlis withdraws Greece from NATO's integrated military command after the Cyprus crisis.
MPR Party-State Constitution
Constitutional revisions formally identify the ruling movement with the state.
Death of Clay LaVerne Shaw
Death of Clay Shaw
Truth and Consequences Inc
Shaw was engaged in a $5 million suit against Garrison and members of an organization, Truth and Consequences Inc., that financed Garrisons investigation. With no surviving relatives, the United States Supreme Court dismissed the suit in 1978
President of India
Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed takes office as the fifth President of India.
Geir Hallgrimsson Government
Begins the Geir Hallgrimsson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Prime Minister of Iceland
Appointed Prime Minister of Iceland
First Olafur Johannesson Government
The First Olafur Johannesson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Election Issues Speech
Addresses Unionists on the EEC, Northern Ireland and inflation as the October general election approaches.
CSCE
Declaration of Helsinki establishes the Conf on Security & Co-operation in Europe
Declaration of Helsinki
The Declaration establishes the Conference on Security & Co-operation in Europe. Participating States will respect human rights and fundamental freedoms. Declaration of Helsinki establishes the Conf on Security & Co-operation in Europe
Politics
The Declaration covers human rights. Participating States will respect human rights and fundamental freedoms
Treaty of Helsinki
The Declaration establishes the Conference on Security & Co-operation in Europe. The Declaration covers human rights
Declaration of Helsinki
Participating States will respect human rights and fundamental freedoms
Politics
Participating States will respect human rights and fundamental freedoms
Inflation
The Bill for controlling inflation & pay increases receives the Royal Assent
Politics
The Declaration covers human rights
Reform of Government
The Bill for controlling inflation & pay increases receives the Royal Assent
Treaty of Helsinki
Accepts principles on sovereign equality, territorial integrity and the peaceful settlement of disputes.
Treaty of Helsinki
Endorses provisions on economic, scientific, technological and environmental cooperation.
Treaty of Helsinki
Joins Western and Eastern leaders in using the CSCE process to support dรฉtente in Europe.
Treaty of Helsinki
Signs the Helsinki Final Act for the United Kingdom at the close of the CSCE summit.
Treaty of Helsinki
Supports human rights and fundamental freedoms as part of the Helsinki settlement.
Treaty of Helsinki
The Declaration establishes the Conference on Security & Co-operation in Europe. The Declaration covers human rights
Helsinki Final Act
Signs the Helsinki Final Act with leaders of thirty-four other participating states.
Conference of Security & Co-operation
The Treaty of Helsinki establishes the Conference on Security & Co-operation in Europe
Declaration of Helsinki
The Declaration covers human rights
Politics
The Declaration covers human rights
Car Accident
Is badly injured in the Rhodes car accident involving Robert Plant.
Car Accident
Is seriously injured in a car accident on Rhodes.
Government Appointment
Kabariti participates in government appointment connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Assassination of Mujibar Rahman
General Ziaur Rahman, father of Khaleda Zia, becomes the military ruler. Bangladesh army officers kill Sheik Mujibar Rahman, the countrys founding leader and father of Hasina Wajed
Assassination of Mujibar Rahman
General Ziaur Rahman, father of Khaleda Zia, becomes the military ruler
Constitution of Bangladesh
Introduces a one-party socialist system and assumes almost dictatorial powers. General Ziaur Rahman, father of Khaleda Zia, becomes the military ruler
Coup
General Ziaur Rahman, father of Khaleda Zia, becomes the military ruler
Atlantic Crossing
Releases Atlantic Crossing after relocating his recording focus toward the United States.
Trial
Meinhof, Baader, Ensslin, and Raspe are charged with four counts of murder, fifty-four of attempted murder, and a single count of forming a criminal association
Pathet Lao Victory
Pathet Lao forces complete their takeover of Vientiane after communist victories in Indochina
Born to Run
Releases Born to Run, the album that brings his first major commercial breakthrough.
Death of Haile Selassie
Death of Haile Selassie
Oil Nationalization Law
Congress approved the law reserving the petroleum industry to the state.
Inflation
Inflation peaks at about 26.9 percent as the Government seeks support for pay restraint.
Rule of Sinai
Kissinger, Rabin & Peres agree the withdrawal of Israel from Sinai
Rule of Sinai
Kissinger, Rabin & Peres agree the withdrawal of Israel from Sinai
Failed Revolutionary Command Council Coup
A coup attempt involving Revolutionary Command Council member Omar Muhayshi fails.
Revolutionary Command Council Purge
The failed coup weakens internal opposition and leads to a purge of dissident officers.
Helsinki Conference Address
Addresses the European security conference and presents dรฉtente as a foundation for lasting peace.
Helsinki Meeting with Giscard d'Estaing
Meets French President Valery Giscard d'Estaing during the Helsinki summit.
Diplomatic Negotiations
Kissinger succeeds in bringing the Israelis & Egyptians to the negotiating table
Rule of Sinai
Kissinger, Rabin & Peres agree the withdrawal of Israel from Sinai
Second Presidential Term
Completes the Second Presidential Term as President of Iceland.
Third Presidential Term
Begins the Third Presidential Term as President of Iceland.
Death of Fritz Lang
Death of Friedrich Christian Anton "Fritz" Lang.
Notes on Black-Hole Evaporation
Analyzes black hole evaporation and shows the close relation between particle detection by accelerated observers and quantum effects near event horizons.
Super Cup First-Leg Two Goals
Scores twice as Bayern Munich defeat Anderlecht 2-1 in the first leg of the UEFA Super Cup.
Super Cup First-Leg Goal
Scores Anderlecht's away goal in the first leg of the UEFA Super Cup against Bayern Munich.
Death of Alastair Sim
Death of Alastair Sim
Demonstrations
25,000 Protestant & Catholic women march through Belfast
Demonstrations
25,000 Protestant & Catholic women march through Belfast
Super Cup Second-Leg Goal
Scores in Anderlecht's 4-1 second-leg victory over Bayern Munich in the UEFA Super Cup.
Super Cup Second-Leg Two Goals
Scores twice as Anderlecht defeat Bayern Munich 4-1 and win the UEFA Super Cup on aggregate.
Super Cup Second-Leg Goal
Scores in the second leg as Anderlecht overturn Bayern Munich and win the UEFA Super Cup.
Death of Mikhail Khristodolou Mouskos Makarios
Dies of a heart attack in Nicocea
Government Appointment
bin Abdullah participates in government appointment connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Death of Alexander Bustamente
Death of Alexander Bustamente
Prime Minister of Iran
Appointed Prime Minister of Iran
Transfer
Joins Liverpool from Celtic as Kevin Keegan's replacement.
Eleventh Party Congress
Hua Guofeng presides over the Eleventh Party Congress, which declares the Cultural Revolution over
Creation of CNI
Creates the National Information Centre to replace DINA as the military government's intelligence organization.
Death of Elvis Aaron Presley
Death of Elvis Aaron Presley, at his mansion in Memphis
Appointed Archbishop of Armagh
ร Fiaich is appointed Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland following the death of Cardinal William Conway.
Death of Groucho Marx
Death of Groucho Marx
Voyager 2 Launch
Voyager 2 launches on the mission that will eventually perform humanity's first close reconnaissance of Neptune.
Voyager 2 Launch
Voyager 2 launches first, beginning the twin-spacecraft exploration of the outer planets.
Gary Gilmore's Eyes Chart Entry
Gary Gilmore's Eyes enters the Official Singles Chart and reaches number eighteen.
Soccer Bowl Championship With Cosmos
Pelรฉ helped the Cosmos defeat Seattle Sounders in Soccer Bowl 1977 to win the North American Soccer League title.
Hunt Cosmos Soccer Bowl Goal With Pelรฉ
Hunt scored for the Cosmos against Seattle Sounders during the 1977 Soccer Bowl, helping Pelรฉ end his club career as a champion.
Transfer
Pays ยฃ440,000 to bring Kenny Dalglish to Liverpool from Celtic.
Transfer
Bob Paisley pays ยฃ440,000 to bring Kenny Dalglish to Liverpool from Celtic.
Death of Paul VI
Death of Paul VI, age 80
Pioneer Venus Multiprobe Launch
Pioneer Venus Multiprobe launches carrying one large and three small atmospheric probes toward Venus.
Sinoese Treaty
A Treaty of friendship is signed between China & Japan
ISEE 3 Solar Wind Observatory Launch
Helps establish ISEE 3 as the first spacecraft placed near the Sun-Earth L1 region, where it can sample the solar wind before that plasma reaches Earth's magnetosphere.
Who Are You Album
Release the album Who Are You.
Death of Jomo Kenyatta
Death of Jomo Kenyatta
Death of Jomo Kenyatta
Death of Jomo Kenyatta
Hong Kong Garden Top Ten
Hong Kong Garden enters the Official Singles Chart and reaches number seven.
Prime Minister of Iran
Appointed Prime Minister of Iran, 2nd term
Disappearance of Musa al-Sadr
Musa al-Sadr and two companions disappear during an official visit to Libya.
Constitution of Iran
A new Prime Minister, Jafar Sharif-Emami, is installed and reversed some of the Shahs policies, casinos are closed, the imperial calendar abolished, & activity by political parties legalized
Constitution of Iran
A new Prime Minister, Jafar Sharif-Emami, is installed and reversed some of the Shahs policies, casinos are closed, the imperial calendar abolished, & activity by political parties legalized
A CIA analysis, just six months
A CIA analysis, just six months before the Shah fled Iran, had concluded that the country "is not in a revolutionary or even a pre-revolutionary situation"
Constitution of Iran
A new Prime Minister, Jafar Sharif-Emami, is installed and reversed some of the Shahs policies, casinos are closed, the imperial calendar abolished, & activity by political parties legalized
Imperial Calendar
A new Prime Minister, Jafar Sharif-Emami, is installed and reversed some of the Shahs policies, casinos are closed, the imperial calendar abolished, & activity by political parties legalized
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
A CIA analysis, just six months before the Shah fled Iran, had concluded that the country "is not in a revolutionary or even a pre-revolutionary situation"
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
In the article Marchetti argued that the House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) had obtained a 1966 CIA memo that revealed Hemming, E. Howard Hunt, and Frank Sturgis had been involved in the plot to kill Kennedy
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Victor Marchetti publishes an article about the assassination of John F. Kennedy in the Liberty Lobby newspaper, The Spotlight.
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
In the article Marchetti argued that the House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) had obtained a 1966 CIA memo that revealed Hemming, E. Howard Hunt, and Frank Sturgis had been involved in the plot to kill Kennedy
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
Victor Marchetti publishes an article about the assassination of John F. Kennedy in the Liberty Lobby newspaper, The Spotlight.
CIA Response to Marchetti Claim
CIA records addressed allegations publicized by Victor Marchetti that attempted to connect Sturgis and other former anti-Castro operatives with President Kennedy's assassination.
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
Victor Marchetti published an article about the assassination of President John F. Kennedy in the Liberty Lobby newspaper The Spotlight.
Spotlight Article Allegation
Victor Marchetti published an article alleging that assassination investigators possessed a CIA memorandum implicating Sturgis and others; the allegation remained contested.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
In the article Marchetti argued that the House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) had obtained a 1966 CIA memo that revealed Hemming, E. Howard Hunt, and Frank Sturgis had been involved in the plot to kill Kennedy
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Victor Marchetti publishes an article about the assassination of John F. Kennedy in the Liberty Lobby newspaper, The Spotlight.
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
In the article Marchetti argued that the House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) had obtained a 1966 CIA memo that revealed Hemming, E. Howard Hunt, and Frank Sturgis had been involved in the plot to kill Kennedy
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
Victor Marchetti publishes an article about the assassination of John F. Kennedy in the Liberty Lobby newspaper, The Spotlight.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
In the article Marchetti argued that the House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) had obtained a 1966 CIA memo that revealed Hemming, E. Howard Hunt, and Frank Sturgis had been involved in the plot to kill Kennedy
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Victor Marchetti publishes an article about the assassination of John F. Kennedy in the Liberty Lobby newspaper, The Spotlight.
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
In the article Marchetti argued that the House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) had obtained a 1966 CIA memo that revealed Hemming, E. Howard Hunt, and Frank Sturgis had been involved in the plot to kill Kennedy
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
Victor Marchetti publishes an article about the assassination of John F. Kennedy in the Liberty Lobby newspaper, The Spotlight.
HSCA Allegations
Is named in allegations discussed around the committee investigation.
HSCA Allegations
Is named in allegations examined during the committee period.
The Spotlight Article
Publishes allegations concerning CIA files and assassination suspects.
Commonwealth
1st Commonwealth Conference to be held in Africa, Rhodesia is the main subject. 1-8 August, attends the Commonwealth Prime Minister's Conference at Lusaka
Conference of Commonwealth
1st Commonwealth Conference to be held in Africa, Rhodesia is the main subject. 1-8 August, attends the Commonwealth Prime Minister's Conference at Lusaka
Government Appointment
Razzaz participates in government appointment connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Assembly of Experts Election
Sabbaghian oversees elections for the Assembly of Experts for the Constitution
Knebworth Festival
Returns Led Zeppelin to major British stages at Knebworth.
Volcker Becomes Federal Reserve Chairman
Paul Volcker begins his term as Federal Reserve chairman with inflation running at damaging levels, setting the stage for a major change in the conduct of monetary policy.
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador after the return to civilian rule
SLV-3 Experimental Flight
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam leads the SLV-3 project during India's first experimental flight of its indigenous satellite launch vehicle.
In Through the Out Door
Shapes In Through the Out Door with prominent keyboards and arrangements.
In Through the Out Door
Releases In Through the Out Door with Led Zeppelin.
Assembly of Experts
Beheshti plays a leading role as the Assembly of Experts begins work on the constitution
Gotta Serve Somebody
Releases Gotta Serve Somebody from Slow Train Coming.
Slow Train Coming
Releases Slow Train Coming during his gospel period.
Lok Sabha Dissolved
The Lok Sabha is dissolved after Charan Singh resigns without facing a confidence vote.
Vienna International Centre Inaugurated
The Vienna International Centre is inaugurated and becomes the IAEA's permanent headquarters complex.
First Santiago Bernabeu Trophy
Presides over the club as the first Santiago Bernabeu Trophy is staged in Madrid.
Ashes to Ashes
Releases Ashes to Ashes, revisiting Major Tom and becoming a major UK number one single.
Employment Act
Begins the first stage of Conservative trade union law reform.
Employment Act
Sees the Employment Act receive Royal Assent.
Third Presidential Term
Completes the Third Presidential Term as President of Iceland.
First Presidential Term
Begins the First Presidential Term as President of Iceland.
Commonwealth
Hosts the 1st Commonwealth Conference to be held in Africa
Conference of Commonwealth
Hosts the 1st Commonwealth Conference to be held in Africa
Clegg Commission
Completes the report on public sector pay comparability.
Clegg Commission
Receives the Clegg report on public sector pay comparability.
Economy of Great Britain
The Clegg Commission completes its report on pay comparability in the public sector
Government Report
The Clegg Commission completes its report on pay comparability in the public sector
Right to Buy
Makes right to buy a central housing policy.
Housing Act
Sees the Housing Act 1980 receive Royal Assent.
Transfer
Lawrie McMenemy calls a press conference at the Potters Heron hotel, Ampfield to announce that the European Footballer of the Year Kevin Keegan will be joining Southampton F.C. in the forthcoming summer
Transfer
Lawrie McMenemy calls a press conference at the Potters Heron hotel, Ampfield to announce that the European Footballer of the Year Kevin Keegan will be joining Southampton F.C. in the forthcoming summer
Islamic Revolutionary Council
Appointed Prime Minister of Iran, during the Islamic Revolutionary Council
Prime Minister of Iran
Appointed Prime Minister of Iran, during the Islamic Revolutionary Council
Islamic Revolutionary Council
Appointed Prime Minister of Iran, during the Islamic Revolutionary Council
Prime Minister of Iran
Appointed Prime Minister of Iran, during the Islamic Revolutionary Council
Drama
Plays keyboards on Drama, giving Yes a sharper early-1980s sound.
Drama
Sings on Drama, the only Yes studio album with him as lead vocalist.
Capital
The United Nations Security Council condemns (14-0, US abstains) Israeli declaration that all of Jerusalem is its capital
International Declaration at Jerusalem
The United Nations Security Council condemns (14-0, US abstains) Israeli declaration that all of Jerusalem is its capital
Rule of Jerusalem
The United Nations Security Council condemns (14-0, US abstains) Israeli declaration that all of Jerusalem is its capital
UN Security Council
The United Nations Security Council condemns (14-0, US abstains) Israeli declaration that all of Jerusalem is its capital
Admission to United Nations
Zimbabwe is admitted as a member of the United Nations.
Economy of Great Britain
The registered unemployment total exceeds 2 million
Unemployment
Registered unemployment passes two million during the recession.
Gdansk Agreement
The Government is forced to negotiate the Gdansk Agreement
Reform of Political System
The Government is forced to negotiate the Gdansk Agreement
Strike
The Government is forced to negotiate the Gdansk Agreement
Gdansk Agreement
Workers have the right to strike & organise independent unions
Solidarnosc
Workers have the right to strike & organise independent unions
Economy of China
First Special Economic Zones are established in Shenzhen
Constitution of Great Britain
Arranges constitutional conference business linked to the Rhodesia settlement.
Civil Rights
Led by electrician Lech Walesa, the workers take control of the shipyard and demand labor reform and greater civil rights including the freedom of expression and religion, and the release of political prisoners
Solidarnosc
16,000 strike for political freedom & lower food prices
Solidarnosc
Led by electrician Lech Walesa, the workers take control of the shipyard and demand labor reform and greater civil rights including the freedom of expression and religion, and the release of political prisoners
Solidarnosc
Solidarnosc, the independent trade union that emerged from the Lenin Shipyard strike, becomes a labor movement representing workers led by chairman Walesa
Strike
16,000 strike for political freedom & lower food prices
Strike
Led by electrician Lech Walesa, the workers take control of the shipyard and demand labor reform and greater civil rights including the freedom of expression and religion, and the release of political prisoners
Strike
Solidarnosc, the independent trade union that emerged from the Lenin Shipyard strike, becomes a labor movement representing workers led by chairman Walesa
Strike
The Communist Government authorizes the increase in food prices for the summer of 1980, a revival of labor disturbances erupts throughout Poland, workers in the Lenin Shipyard in Gdansk go on strike
Rajai Presidency
Khomeini confirms Rajai as president during the rapid transfer of power after Banisadr's dismissal
President of Iran
Rajai takes office as President of Iran after winning the July election
Resignation of Luis Garcia Meza Tejada
Garcia Meza resigns as military support for his dictatorship collapses.
Islamic Republic Party
Bahonar serves as prime minister and secretary general of the Islamic Republic Party
Islamic Republic
Bahonar becomes the second prime minister of the Islamic Republic after the 1979 revolution
Prime Minister of Iran
Bahonar becomes prime minister and leads the government until his assassination later in August
Rajai Government
Bahonar becomes prime minister under President Mohammad Ali Rajai
Rajai Government
Bahonar is appointed prime minister under President Mohammad Ali Rajai
Islamic Republic Party
Bahonar combines senior government office with leadership of the Islamic Republic Party
Islamic Republic
Bahonar serves as prime minister in the Islamic Republic government
Prime Minister of Iran
Bahonar takes office as prime minister before being assassinated later that month
Rajai Government
Bahonar becomes prime minister under President Mohammad Ali Rajai
PATCO Strike
Reagan dismisses striking air traffic controllers who refuse to return to work.
Ken Patten Demo Session
Records a four-song Pulp demo at Studio Electrophonique that later helps secure a BBC session.
Shot of Love
Releases Shot of Love.
Economic Recovery Tax Act
The Act reduces individual income-tax rates and accelerates business depreciation allowances.
Give the People What They Want
The Kinks release Give the People What They Want.
Party and State Role
Pen Sovan combines senior party status with the prime ministership
First Gulf of Sidra Air Clash
United States aircraft shoot down two Libyan fighters during naval exercises.
Lola
Directs Lola.
Tattoo You
The Rolling Stones release Tattoo You.
Trident Review
The Government reviews Trident after the United States decides to accelerate development of Trident II D5
Trident II D5
The Reagan administration indicates willingness to make the newer Trident II D5 missile available to Britain
Saturn Ring Spokes
Studies Voyager observations of strange spoke-like markings in Saturn's rings.
Saturn Ring Structure
Uses Voyager 2 imagery to examine fine structure in Saturn's rings.
Voyager 2 Saturn Flyby
Voyager 2 flies past Saturn and extends studies of the planet, rings and moons.
Saturn Moons
Interprets Voyager observations of Saturn's moons and ring environment.
Government Appointment
Al-Khasawneh participates in government appointment connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Assassination of Mohammad Ali Rajai
Rajai is killed in the Prime Minister's office bombing
Assassination of Mohammad Javad Bahonar
Bahonar is killed when a bomb explodes at the prime minister's office in Tehran
Assassination of Mohammad Javad Bahonar
Bahonar is assassinated in the bombing of the prime minister's office
Death of Mohammad Javad Bahonar
Death of Mohammad Javad Bahonar after the prime minister's office bombing
Peoples Mojahedin of Iran
Iranian authorities blame the Peoples Mojahedin of Iran for the bombing that kills Bahonar
Prime Minister's Office Bombing
Keshmiri is identified by Iranian authorities as the infiltrator who carried the bomb into the prime minister's office
Assassination of Mohammad Javad Bahonar
Bahonar is assassinated in the prime minister's office bombing
Death of Mohammad Javad Bahonar
Death of Mohammad Javad Bahonar after the 30 August bombing in Tehran
Peoples Mojahedin of Iran
The PMOI is blamed by Iranian authorities for the bombing that kills Bahonar
Foreign Minister
Mousavi serves as foreign minister in the turbulent period before becoming prime minister
Saturn Ringlet Fine Structure
Voyager 2 imagery resolves numerous narrow ringlets and changing structures within Saturn's rings.
Dione Wispy Terrain Imaging
Voyager 2 photographs bright wispy terrain across Dione's trailing hemisphere.
Tethys Ithaca Chasma Imaging
Voyager 2 images reveal the immense Ithaca Chasma canyon system crossing Tethys.
Saturn Atmospheric Wind Speeds
Voyager 2 observations map fast zonal winds and persistent atmospheric features on Saturn.
Prime Minister Returns
Somare returns as Prime Minister after the national election
First Premiership Ends
Chan leaves office after the 1982 election
War Cabinet Dissolved
Dissolves the Falklands War Cabinet.
War Cabinet
The War Cabinet is dissolved
Bombing of Beirut
Israel stages heavy bombardments of Beirut, the United Nations Security council expresses its most serious concern about continued military activities in Lebanon, particularly in and around Beirut
Invasion of Lebanon
Israel stages heavy bombardments of Beirut, the United Nations Security council expresses its most serious concern about continued military activities in Lebanon, particularly in and around Beirut
UN Security Council
Israel stages heavy bombardments of Beirut, the United Nations Security council expresses its most serious concern about continued military activities in Lebanon, particularly in and around Beirut
Bombing of Beirut
Israel stages heavy bombardments of Beirut, the United Nations Security council expresses its most serious concern about continued military activities in Lebanon, particularly in and around Beirut
Invasion of Lebanon
Israel stages heavy bombardments of Beirut, the United Nations Security council expresses its most serious concern about continued military activities in Lebanon, particularly in and around Beirut
UN Security Council
Israel stages heavy bombardments of Beirut, the United Nations Security council expresses its most serious concern about continued military activities in Lebanon, particularly in and around Beirut
Death of Henry Fonda
Death of Henry Fonda
Election of Beshir Gemayel
The Lebanese parliament elects Beshir Gemayel to the presidency during the Israeli invasion, but he is assassinated before he can take the constitutional oath and assume office.
PLO Evacuation from Beirut Begins
The organized evacuation of PLO fighters from Beirut begins under an internationally supervised agreement while Arafat remains in the besieged city.
General People's Congress Founded
Helps establish the General People's Congress.
Ruling Political Organisation Created
The organisation becomes the principal vehicle of his government.
Shankly Gates Opened at Anfield
Agnes Shankly opened the Shankly Gates at Anfield in honour of her late husband, establishing an enduring landmark associated with Liverpoolโs history.
Death of Ingrid Bergman
Death of Ingrid Bergman
Departure from Beirut
Arafat leaves Beirut by sea after the prolonged Israeli siege, ending the PLO's principal military and political base in Lebanon.
Border Clashes
Clashes with Vietnamese forces intensify
Death of Benigno Aquino
Death of Benigno Aquino Jr
Government Appointment
Tai participates in government appointment connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Resignation of Menachem Begin
Israels PM Begin announced his intention to resign as fighting continued in Lebanon with no apparent end in sight
Assassination of Benigno Aquino
Assassination of Benigno Aquino, husband Maria Corazon Aquino
Hong Kong Progress Statement
Reports publicly in Hong Kong on progress in the negotiations with China over the territory's future after 1997.
First Presidential Term
Completes the First Presidential Term as President of Iceland.
Death of Richard Burton
Death of Richard Burton
Strike
NUM assets are sequestrated. 2 Miners begin Court action against the Yorkshire NUM for striking without a ballot
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
Government
Jokes on the radio about bombing Russia
Bryukhanov One Hundred Billion Kilowatt Hours
Marks the plant's generation of one hundred billion kilowatt-hours of electricity after the expansion to four operating units.
Graumans Chinese Theatre
Places his handprints and footprints in cement at Graumans Chinese Theatre.
Death of Truman Capote
Death of Truman Capote
Soviet Nuclear Testing Moratorium
Announces a unilateral Soviet moratorium on nuclear testing.
Assam Accord
Rajiv Gandhi's government signs the Assam Accord with leaders of the Assam agitation.
Speech
Failure to pledge reforms to the apartheid system leads to disvetment from South Africa
Second Neptune Ring Arc Detection
Sicardy helps obtain further occultation evidence confirming that Neptune possesses persistent ring arcs.
President of Nigeria
Appointed military President of Nigeria after the overthrow of Muhammadu Buhari
New Economic Policy
Paz Estenssoro issues Supreme Decree 21060 to attack hyperinflation and restructure the economy
Supreme Decree 21060
Paz Estenssoro promulgates Supreme Decree 21060 to halt hyperinflation and liberalise the economy.
IVF Birth
Indira Hinduja and her team achieve a successful test-tube baby birth at KEM Hospital using in vitro fertilization.
Birmingham Superprix
Birmingham hosts its first Formula 3000 street race on roads near the city centre.
Chernobyl International Review
Allows Soviet experts to present technical information about the accident at the IAEA post-accident review meeting in Vienna.
Legasov Vienna Chernobyl Presentation
Leads the Soviet technical presentation on the accident at the IAEA Post-Accident Review Meeting in Vienna.
Chernobyl Post-Accident Review Meeting
The IAEA convenes an international post-accident review meeting where Soviet experts present information on Chernobyl.
Chernobyl Post-Accident Review
Chairs the international environment in which Soviet experts present detailed technical information about Chernobyl to specialists from many countries.
Post-Accident Review Meeting
The IAEA convenes an international review meeting where Soviet experts present technical information about the Chernobyl accident.
Fomin Arrest
Is arrested with plant director Viktor Bryukhanov while prosecutors investigate criminal responsibility for the Chernobyl disaster.
Fomin Safety Regulation Charges
Faces criminal charges alleging serious violations of nuclear safety rules in connection with management of the Unit 4 test.
Legasov Accident Sequence Explanation
Explains the sequence of reactor operations and physical processes that Soviet investigators believed had produced the catastrophic power excursion.
Legasov Emergency Response Explanation
Describes measures taken after the explosion to control radioactive releases, protect the population and stabilise the damaged reactor site.
Legasov RBMK Design Discussion
Discusses characteristics of the RBMK reactor design while explaining how reactor behaviour interacted with actions taken during the test.
Legasov Radiological Consequences Report
Presents information about radioactive releases, contamination and radiation exposure as part of the Soviet account of the accident's consequences.
Legasov Soviet IAEA Delegation Leadership
Heads the Soviet delegation attending the international post-accident review of Chernobyl organised by the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Legasov Vienna Press Conference
Answers international questions during the IAEA review meeting as Soviet experts disclose extensive technical information.
Legasov Vienna Report Preparation
Helps prepare the extensive Soviet technical report describing the accident sequence, emergency response and radiological consequences for presentation to international experts.
Dyatlov Arrest
Is arrested in August while Soviet prosecutors prepare criminal proceedings against senior Chernobyl personnel over the Unit 4 disaster.
Dyatlov Kyiv Pretrial Detention
Spends the pretrial period in custody in Kyiv while investigators assemble the case concerning violations of nuclear safety regulations.
Peace Talks Begin
Initial informal talks between Cambodian factions begin
Peace Talks Role
Hun Sen remains Prime Minister as negotiations with resistance factions develop
Resignation of David Owen
Resigns as leader of the SDP after his Party votes to merge with the Liberal Party
Greenspan Becomes Federal Reserve Chairman
Alan Greenspan begins his tenure as Federal Reserve chairman, taking leadership of the central bank only weeks before the severe stock-market decline of October 1987.
Death of Rudolph Hess
It is announced that Hess has committed suicide in Spandau
Suicide
It is announced that Hess has committed suicide in Spandau
Death of Lee Marvin
Death of Lee Marvin
Succession
Succeeds as Princess of Great Britain
Chief Minister Re-Elected
Continues as Chief Minister after the 1987 election
Economy of USA
The stock market advanced significantly, with the Dow peaking in August 1987 at 2722 points, or 44% over the previous years closing of 1895 points
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
Al-Qaeda
Formed to take up the jihadist cause after the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan. Formed during meeting between "several senior leaders" of Egyptian Islamic Jihad, Abdullah Azzam, and Osama bin Laden, where it was agreed to join bin Ladens money with the expertise of the Islamic Jihad organisation
Al-Qaeda
Formed during meeting between "several senior leaders" of Egyptian Islamic Jihad, Abdullah Azzam, and Osama bin Laden, where it was agreed to join bin Ladens money with the expertise of the Islamic Jihad organisation
Resignation of Sein Lwin
Resigns as Party Chairman after rioting in Rangoon
Acting President Takes Office
Aye Ko serves briefly as acting head of state
Presidency Ends
Sein Lwin resigns after violent repression of protests
Tuberculosis Diagnosis
Is hospitalised and diagnosed with tuberculosis.
Tygerberg Hospital Admission
Receives treatment during a serious decline in prison health.
Death of Robert Calvert
Death of Robert Calvert
Acting President of Pakistan
Senate chairman Ghulam Ishaq Khan becomes acting President after Zia's death.
Death in Air Crash
Zia-ul-Haq dies in an aircraft crash near Bahawalpur.
Death of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
The unexplained crash ends Zia-ul-Haq's presidency and military rule.
Death of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
Death of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
Chief of Army Staff
Mirza Aslam Beg becomes Chief of Army Staff following the death of President and army chief Zia-ul-Haq.
Hamas Charter Issued
Hamas issues its founding charter while Yassin serves as the movement's leading religious figure during the First Intifada.
President of Myanmar
Appointed President of Burma
Acting Presidency Ends
Aye Ko leaves office after one week
President Takes Office
Maung Maung becomes President during the democratic uprising
Peace
Subsequent talks at New York & Geneva make slow progress
Long-Duration Medical Residency Begins
Arrives aboard Mir to begin an extended medical research mission studying the physiological effects of long-duration spaceflight.
Deputy Minister
Appointed Deputy Minister of the Interior in Azerbaijan
Minister of Internal Affairs
Appointed Minister of Internal Affairs in Russia by Boris Yeltsin
Taylor Report
The Taylor Report, names the cause as failure of police control, and results in the conversion of many football stadiums in the United Kingdom to all-seater and the removal of barriers at the front of stands. Lord Justice Taylors interim report commissioned by the Government largely blames South Yorkshire police for the failure of control. An interim report is published in August 1989
Constitution of Iran
The post of Prime Minister is abolished
Coalition Government
Paz Zamora becomes president through a congressional coalition after an inconclusive election.
Financial Institutions Reform Act
The Act restructures thrift regulation and funds resolution of failed savings institutions.
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, 1st term, after the resignation of Uno
Reballion of Rebels in Tallin
Popular Fronts form a chain from Vilnius to Tallin, day of the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact
Reballion of Rebels in Tallin
The day of the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact. Popular Fronts form a human chain from Vilnius to Tallin
Triton Cantaloupe Terrain
Voyager 2 images reveal Triton's distinctive dimpled terrain and complex icy geology.
Triton Nitrogen Geysers
Voyager 2 imagery reveals active dark plumes rising above Triton's nitrogen-ice surface.
Neptune Imaging
Leads imaging observations of Neptune, its storms and rings.
Neptune Magnetic Axis Tilt
Voyager 2 magnetometer data show Neptune's magnetic field is strongly tilted and offset from the planet.
Neptune Magnetic Field
Measures Neptune's tilted magnetic field during the Voyager 2 encounter.
Triton Close Flyby
Voyager 2 passes close to Triton after its Neptune encounter and returns detailed surface observations.
Voyager 2 Neptune Flyby
Voyager 2 makes the first and only spacecraft flyby of Neptune.
Neptune Encounter
Helps interpret Voyager 2 science results from the Neptune encounter.
Triton Imaging
Voyager 2 reveals Triton's icy surface, plumes and unusual terrain.
UN Security Council Resolution 641
Handles another Council resolution against deportations from the occupied territories.
UN Security Council Resolution 641
Perez de Cuellar oversees continued UN attention as Resolution 641 deplores further deportations of Palestinians from the occupied territories.
Hillsborough Disaster
The coroner, Dr Stefan Popper, limits the main inquest to events up until 3:15pm on the day of the disaster - just nine minutes after the match was halted and the crowd began to spill onto the pitch
Hillsborough Disaster
Steven Gerrard loses his cousin Jon-Paul in the crush
Hillsborough Disaster
The Taylor Report, names the cause as failure of police control, and results in the conversion of many football stadiums in the United Kingdom to all-seater and the removal of barriers at the front of stands
Election
Limited free elections take place
Government
A Solidarity-led coalition Government is formed
Great Dark Spot Imaging
Voyager 2 images reveal the Earth-sized Great Dark Spot in Neptune's atmosphere.
Neptune Ring Arcs
Voyager observations resolve concentrated bright arcs embedded within Neptune's Adams ring.
Neptune Ring System Imaging
Voyager 2 obtains the first detailed spacecraft images showing Neptune's system of dark rings.
Six New Neptunian Moons
Voyager 2 observations reveal six previously unknown moons in the inner Neptune system.
Neptune High-Speed Winds
Voyager measurements reveal some of the fastest atmospheric winds known in the Solar System.
Iraq-Kuwait Talks Collapse
Negotiations fail to resolve territorial, oil and debt disputes.
Jeddah Negotiations
Participates in last-minute talks with Kuwait before the invasion.
Soyuz TM-10 Launch
Launches with Gennadi Strekalov to begin the seventh long-duration expedition aboard the Mir space station.
Invasion Condemned
Supports an emergency Security Council response to the attack.
Constitution of Hungary
Sworn in as President of a new Democratic Republic of Hungary
Inauguration
Sworn in as President of a new Democratic Republic of Hungary
Sanctions
The United Nations Security Council imposes sanctions against Iraq
UN Security Council
The United Nations Security Council imposes sanctions against Iraq
UN Security Council
The United Nations Security Council imposes sanctions against Iraq
United Nations
The United Nations Security Council imposes sanctions against Iraq
Caretaker Government
Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi heads the caretaker government before national elections.
Dismissal of Bhutto Government
President Ghulam Ishaq Khan dismisses Benazir Bhutto's government.
Dismissal
Benazir Bhutto's first government is dismissed under presidential dissolution powers.
ANC
The South African Government and the African National Congress extend their consensus to include several new points, the Pretoria Minute includes the suspension of the armed struggle by the ANC and its military wing Umkhonto we Sizwe
Umkhonto We Sizwe
The South African Government and the African National Congress extend their consensus to include several new points, the Pretoria Minute includes the suspension of the armed struggle by the ANC and its military wing Umkhonto we Sizwe
Mandal Commission Implementation
V.P. Singh's government announces implementation of reservations for Other Backward Classes in central government employment.
Operation Desert Shield
Coordinates Saudi and coalition forces during Operation Desert Shield.
Operation Desert Shield
Authorizes coalition forces to deploy in defense of Saudi Arabia.
Operation Desert Shield
Orders major US forces to deploy to Saudi Arabia.
Invasion of Saudi Arabia
Sends US forces to Saudi Arabia to prevent an Iraqi invasion
Operation Desert Shield Ordered
Orders US forces to deploy to Saudi Arabia.
Saudi Defence Deployment
The deployment deters further Iraqi expansion after Kuwait's invasion.
Annexation Decree
Declares Kuwait annexed by Iraq.
Kuwait Claimed as Iraqi Territory
The claim is rejected by the United Nations and most governments.
Iraqi Invasion Condemned
Supports Arab participation in the coalition opposing occupation.
Venus Radar Mapping
Magellan enters Venus orbit and begins radar mapping.
Peace
Iraq makes peace with Iran & accepts all of Irans terms
Peace
Iraq makes peace with Iran & accepts all of Irans terms
Protection of Foreign Nationals
Iraq is told to respect diplomatic and consular protections.
UN Resolution 664
Security Council demands safe departure of foreign nationals from Kuwait.
Tyr
Sings on Tyr, continuing Black Sabbath's late-1980s and early-1990s Tony Martin era.
Maritime Sanctions Enforcement
Naval forces gain authority to inspect shipping linked to Iraq.
UN Resolution 665
Security Council authorizes measures enforcing sanctions by sea.
Supernova 1987A Ring Resolved
Hubble resolves a gaseous ring around Supernova 1987A in unprecedented detail during one of the observatory's earliest science investigations.
Operation Daguet Support
French forces later participate in the coalition ground campaign.
Taif Constitutional Reforms
Parliament and President Elias Hrawi approve constitutional changes derived from the Taif Agreement, rebalancing political powers and formalising equal parliamentary representation between Christians and Muslims.
Iraq-Kuwait Crisis Diplomacy
Arafat pursues diplomacy with Saddam Hussein during the Kuwait crisis while the PLO's position strains relations with several Arab governments.
Saudi Defence Proposal
Saudi leaders instead accept protection from international coalition forces.
Coalition Forces Accepted
Approves deployment of coalition forces after Kuwait's invasion.
Saudi Bases Opened
Saudi territory becomes the main base for liberation operations.
Negotiations
The ANC announce the suspension of the "armed struggle"
Negotiations
The ANC announce the suspension of the "armed struggle"
Exile of Oliver Tambo
Arrested by the South African police, described in the press as the "Black Pimpernel"
Coalition Support
Commits Syria to the international coalition opposing Iraq's occupation.
Coalition Basing Agreement
Helps secure permission for major US deployments protecting the kingdom.
Desert Shield Buildup
Supports the military buildup intended to deter further Iraqi expansion.
Saudi Deployment Discussions
Helps secure Saudi acceptance of large US force deployments.
Saudi Security Mission
Meets Saudi leaders during the early Gulf crisis.
Coalition Force Planning
Advises the president during the coalition military buildup.
Coalition Military Planning
Advises Bush during the coalition military buildup.
Military Advice on Kuwait Crisis
Supports overwhelming force for any operation liberating Kuwait.
Coalition Headquarters Established
Organizes multinational forces preparing to protect Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.
Desert Shield Command
Commands US Central Command during Operation Desert Shield.
Desert Shield Command
Commands US Central Command during the defensive buildup.
Invention of World Wide Web
Builds the 1st web site http://info.cern.ch which goes live
Sovereign National Conference
Mobutu opens a national conference intended to negotiate political transition.
Mercury Polar Ice
Goldstone and Very Large Array radar observations reveal an unusually bright region near Mercury's north pole consistent with water ice.
Metallica
Metallica release their self-titled album, Metallica (popularly known as The Black Album by fans) is co-produced by Bob Rock
Metallica
Metallica release their self-titled album, Metallica (popularly known as The Black Album by fans), which includes songs such as "Enter Sandman", "Nothing Else Matters", "Sad But True," "The Unforgiven," "Holier Than Thou," and "Wherever I May Roam."
Metallica
Metallica release their self-titled album, Metallica (popularly known as The Black Album by fans), which includes songs such as "Enter Sandman", "Nothing Else Matters", "Sad But True," "The Unforgiven," "Holier Than Thou," and "Wherever I May Roam."
Metallica
Metallica release their self-titled album, Metallica (popularly known as The Black Album by fans), which includes songs such as "Enter Sandman", "Nothing Else Matters", "Sad But True," "The Unforgiven," "Holier Than Thou," and "Wherever I May Roam."
Metallica
Metallica release their self-titled album, Metallica (popularly known as The Black Album by fans), which includes songs such as "Enter Sandman", "Nothing Else Matters", "Sad But True," "The Unforgiven," "Holier Than Thou," and "Wherever I May Roam."
President of Laos
Becomes president after adoption of the constitution
Prime Minister
Becomes prime minister after Kaysone moves to the presidency
Chief of Army Staff
Asif Nawaz Janjua becomes Chief of Army Staff, succeeding General Mirza Aslam Beg.
Coup
Imprisoned at his holiday villa, dacha, in the Crimea by hardline communists
Coup
Gorbachev is detained in his summer residence on the orders of Kryuchkov
Coup
One of the ring leaders who plots against Gorbachev
Coup
Forms an 8 man Emergency Committee & declares Gorbachev deposed & a state of emergency
State of Emergency
Forms an 8 man Emergency Committee & declares Gorbachev deposed & a state of emergency
Coup
A coup takes place while Gorbachev is establishing a federal Union of Sovereign States
Coup
Forms an 8 man Emergency Committee & declares Gorbachev deposed & a state of emergency
State of Emergency
Forms an 8 man Emergency Committee & declares Gorbachev deposed & a state of emergency
Resistance to August Coup
Emerges as the principal public leader of resistance to the State Committee for the State of Emergency.
Russian White House Resistance Headquarters
Uses the Russian White House as the political headquarters for organized resistance to the emergency committee.
Arrest of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev
Arrested during a coup
Coup
Arrested during a coup
Coup
Gennady Yanayev is declared Gorbachevs replacement as President. Forms an 8 man Emergency Committee. Declares Gorbachev deposed. Declares a state of emergency
State of Emergency
Declares a state of emergency
Vice President
Appointed President of Russia by the Emergency Committee
Coup
Gennady Yanayev is declared Gorbachevs replacement as President. Forms an 8 man Emergency Committee & declares Gorbachev deposed. Declares as state of emergency
State of Emergency
Declares as state of emergency
Appeal for Resistance to GKChP
Declares the emergency committee unconstitutional and calls for a general strike and civil resistance.
White House Armoured Vehicle Address
Addresses crowds from an armoured vehicle outside the Russian White House during resistance to the August coup.
Coup
Russian troops defect to Yeltsin & the coup collapses
Coup
Putin resigns from the state security services during the KGB-supported abortive putsch against Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev
KGB (Committee for State Security)
Putin resigns from the state security services during the KGB-supported abortive putsch against Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev
Resignation of Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin
Putin resigns from the state security services during the KGB-supported abortive putsch against Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev
Coup
The communist conspirators flee Moscow
August Coup Collapse
The hard-line coup collapses as military support shifts and resistance centered on the Russian White House succeeds.
Coup
Gorbachev is held under guard in a Dacha by the Black Sea
Coup
Restored as President & the coup is defeated. Reform is given a poweeful boost as the Communist Party is weakened
Arrest of Gennady Ivanovich Yanaev
The coup fails & Yanaev is arrested but later amnestied by the Russian Duma
Coup
The coup fails & Yanaev is arrested but later amnestied by the Russian Duma
Coup
Gorbachev resumes presidency in Moscow
Russian Control over Union Institutions Expands
Moves to bring key Soviet-era institutions and property inside Russia under Russian state control after the coup fails.
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the KGB
KGB (Committee for State Security)
Ordered by Gorbachov to convert the KGB into a normal police force. Appointed Chairman of the KGB
Reform of Policing
Ordered by Gorbachov to convert the KGB into a normal police force
Mercury Polar Ice
Muhleman participates in radar mapping that detects highly reflective material near Mercury's north pole, providing evidence for polar ice.
Independence of Belarus
White (Belarus) declares its independence
Siege of Vukovar
Commands Croatian defence during the siege.
Siege of Vukovar Begins
Directs Croatia during the defense of Vukovar.
Siege of Vukovar
Serb and Yugoslav forces besiege Vukovar.
Siege of Vukovar Begins
Oversees Yugoslav military operations as the siege begins.
Independence of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania
The USA recognizes the independence of Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania
Independence of Russia
The USA recognizes the independence of Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania
Recognition of the independence of Estonia
The USA recognizes the independence of Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania
Independence of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania
The USA recognizes the independence of Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania
Independence of United States of America
The USA recognizes the independence of Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania
Minister of Internal Affairs
Appointed Minister of Internal Affairs for USSR
Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site Closed
Closes the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site after decades of Soviet nuclear testing.
Coup
Arrests members of the Emergency Committee. An ally of Boris Yeltsin, supports an independent Russia from the Soviet Union
Coup
Organizes the defence of the White House & ensures the arrival of the MVD units
Coup
Death of Boris Pugo, commits suicide during the attempted coud dEtat
Death of Boris Pugo
Death of Boris Pugo, commits suicide during the attempted coud dEtat
Suicide
Death of Boris Pugo, commits suicide during the attempted coud dEtat
Coup
Hundreds of thousands demonstrate in Moscow against the coup
Retires from Government
Leaves the deputy prime ministership after decades in government
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
Republic of the Serbian People of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The name Republika Srpska is adopted
Election by National Conference
Delegates elect Tshisekedi as prime minister of the transitional government.
London Conference on Yugoslavia
Presents the Bosnian government's position at the London conference.
London Conference on Yugoslavia
Hosts international negotiations seeking to contain the Bosnian conflict.
Prime Minister of Angola
Appointed Prime Minister of Angola, 2nd term
Treaty of Maastricht
Heads Luxembourg when its Maastricht ratification notification is formally completed.
Conference of London
Heads the conference of conflict in former Yugoslavia
Premier League Founder Member
Aston Villa begins the inaugural Premier League season as a founder member.
Renewed Israel-Syria Peace Contacts
During Yitzhak Rabinโs second premiership, the future of the Golan Heights remained a central issue in revived negotiations between Israel and Syria.
Voucher Privatization Framework
Approves the framework for mass voucher privatization of state enterprises.
Treaty of Maastricht
Leads Britain when the United Kingdom formally notifies completion of Maastricht ratification.
Arusha Peace Agreement
Signs the Arusha Peace Agreement with the RPF.
Power-Sharing Accord Signed
Accepts transitional power sharing and integration of armed forces.
Arusha Accords Signed
Signs the comprehensive Arusha peace accords.
Civil War Settlement Attempted
The agreement provides for power sharing and military integration.
Arusha Accords Accepted
Accepts the comprehensive peace settlement with the government.
RPF Joins Peace Settlement
RPF representation is planned within transitional institutions.
President of Bolivia
Sanchez de Lozada begins his first presidency with market and institutional reforms.
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, heading a non-LDP coalition
HMS Vanguard
HMS Vanguard is commissioned as the first British Trident ballistic missile submarine
Civilian Transfer
Represents a civilian transfer of power after the authoritarian period.
President of Paraguay
Takes office as Paraguay's first civilian president after the Stroessner era.
Oslo Accords
Supports the secret Oslo channel that produces the Israel-PLO Declaration of Principles.
Palestinian Authority
Supports the secret Oslo channel that defines the Palestinian Authority as an interim self-government body.
Declaration of Principles
Helps shepherd the secret Oslo channel that produces the draft Declaration of Principles before the Washington signing.
Declaration of Principles
Facilitates contacts in the secret Oslo process that leads to the Declaration of Principles on Palestinian self-government.
Oslo Agreement Initialled
Abbas participates in the secret diplomacy that produces an initialled Declaration of Principles after months of negotiations in Norway.
Accords of Oslo
Witnessed by Warren Christopher for the United States and Andrei Kozyrev for Russia, in the presence of US President Bill Clinton and Israels Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin with the PLOs Chairman Yasser Arafat
Accords of Oslo
Witnessed by Warren Christopher for the United States and Andrei Kozyrev for Russia, in the presence of US President Bill Clinton and Israels Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin with the PLOs Chairman Yasser Arafat
President of Nigeria
Appointed Interim Head of State of Nigeria after Ibrahim Babangida steps aside
Galileo Ida Flyby
Galileo flies past asteroid Ida, becoming the second spacecraft encounter with an asteroid.
Ida Surface Imaging
Galileo images Ida's heavily cratered surface and extensive regolith during the close asteroid encounter.
Independence of Israel
Israels Cabinet approves a framework for Palestinian autonomy in the occupied territories
Independence of Palestine
Israels Cabinet approves a framework for Palestinian autonomy in the occupied territories
PLO
Israels Cabinet approves a framework for Palestinian autonomy in the occupied territories
Russian Troops Leave Lithuania
The last Russian troops withdraw from Lithuania during Yeltsin's presidency.
Heart Transplant
P. Venugopal leads the AIIMS team that performs India's first successful heart transplant.
Second Premiership Ends
Wingti leaves office after a Supreme Court challenge and political crisis
Second Premiership Begins
Julius Chan returns as Prime Minister after Wingti leaves office
Ceasefire
Negotiates a ceasefire with the IRA
IRA - Ceasefire
Government record concerning the IRA: Negotiates a ceasefire with the IRA
IRA - Ceasefire
Historical IRA record under Coalition Government: Negotiates a ceasefire with the IRA
IRA - Ceasefire
IRA context for Albert Reynolds: Negotiates a ceasefire with the IRA
Peace
Negotiates a ceasefire with the IRA
Peace Process
Welcomes the IRA ceasefire as a major development in the Northern Ireland peace process.
Post-Genocide Mission Leadership
Oversees peacekeeping during Rwanda's post-genocide stabilization.
UNAMIR Force Command
Succeeds Dallaire as UNAMIR Force Commander.
Dallaire Leaves Rwanda Mission
Leaves after months directing the mission through genocide.
UNAMIR Command Ends
Completes his command of UNAMIR.
Ceasefire
The IRA announce a ceasefire
IRA - Ceasefire
Government record concerning the IRA: The IRA announce a ceasefire
IRA - Ceasefire
Historical IRA record under Conservative Party Government: The IRA announce a ceasefire
IRA - Ceasefire
IRA context for John Roy Major: The IRA announce a ceasefire
IRA
The IRA announce a ceasefire
Ajax First-Team Debut
Makes his Ajax first-team debut as a teenager and quickly establishes himself as a prolific striker.
Operation Storm Begins
Orders the Croatian offensive to retake Krajina.
Siege of Krajina
Croatian forces invade the Serbian-held territory of Krajina seized by the Serbs in 1990
Operation Storm Begins
Receives refugees as Croatian forces overrun Serb-held Krajina.
Siege of Krajina
Croatia retakes Krajina, and force 150,000 Serb refugees to flee, heightening fears that the conflict will spread
Zero Yield CTBT Policy Announced
Announces United States support for a comprehensive nuclear test ban prohibiting all nuclear test explosions.
Country House
Blur and Oasis released new singles on the same day, Blurs "Country House" outsold Morning Glorys second single, "Roll with It", 274,000 copies to 216,000 during the week
Roll with It
Blur and Oasis released new singles on the same day, Blurs "Country House" outsold Morning Glorys second single, "Roll with It", 274,000 copies to 216,000 during the week
Oasis
Blur and Oasis released new singles on the same day, Blurs "Country House" outsold Morning Glorys second single, "Roll with It", 274,000 copies to 216,000 during the week
Bombing of Jerusalem
A Palestinian suicide bomber blows up a bus in Jerusalem and kills 4 Israelis, 1 American, and wounded more than 100 people, Hamas take responsibility
Hamas
A Palestinian suicide bomber blows up a bus in Jerusalem and kills 4 Israelis, 1 American, and wounded more than 100 people, Hamas take responsibility
Suicide
A Palestinian suicide bomber blows up a bus in Jerusalem and kills 4 Israelis, 1 American, and wounded more than 100 people, Hamas take responsibility
Bombing of Jerusalem
A Palestinian suicide bomber blows up a bus in Jerusalem and kills 4 Israelis, 1 American, and wounded more than 100 people, Hamas take responsibility
Hamas
A Palestinian suicide bomber blows up a bus in Jerusalem and kills 4 Israelis, 1 American, and wounded more than 100 people, Hamas take responsibility
Suicide
A Palestinian suicide bomber blows up a bus in Jerusalem and kills 4 Israelis, 1 American, and wounded more than 100 people, Hamas take responsibility
Post-Genocide Cabinet Crisis
Several ministers depart the cabinet at the same time.
Prime Minister Resignation
Leaves office after political disagreements within the government.
Operation Deliberate Force Begins
Commands Bosnian Serb forces targeted during the NATO campaign.
New Constitution
New constitution strengthens the presidential system
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
NATO planes attack Bosnian Serb ammunition and fuel dumps, the largest military action thus far in NATO's 46-year history
Operation Deliberate Force
NATO planes attack Bosnian Serb ammunition and fuel dumps, the largest military action thus far in NATO's 46-year history
Operation Deliberate Force Begins
Helps plan NATO air operations against Bosnian Serb military targets.
Congress of Ecuador
Appointed Head of Congress, made acting president due to the impeachment of President Bucaram
Impeachment
Appointed Head of Congress, made acting president due to the impeachment of President Bucaram
Country House Number One
Blur's Country House reaches number one during the highly publicised chart contest with Oasis.
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
The Dayton Accords follow the Croatian military Operation Storm, Government military offensive against the Republika Srpska, in concert with NATO's Operation Deliberate Force, the bombardment of the Bosnian Serb military
Operation Deliberate Force
A sustained air campaign conducted by the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), in concert with the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) ground operations, to undermine the military capability of the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS)
Operation Deliberate Force
Operation Deliberate Force is carried out between 30 August and 20 September 1995, involving 400 aircraft and 5,000 personnel from 15 nations
Operation Deliberate Force
The Army of Republika Srpska attacks UN-designated "safe areas" in Bosnia and Herzegovina which leads to the Srebrenica and Markale massacres, precipitating direct intervention by NATO
Operation Deliberate Force
The Dayton Accords follow the Croatian military Operation Storm, Government military offensive against the Republika Srpska, in concert with NATO's Operation Deliberate Force, the bombardment of the Bosnian Serb military
Operation Deliberate Force
Operation Deliberate Force is commanded by Admiral Leighton W. Smith Jr
Operation Deliberate Force
The Army of Republika Srpska attacks UN-designated "safe areas" in Bosnia and Herzegovina which leads to the Srebrenica and Markale massacres, precipitating direct intervention by NATO
Eastern Zaire Security Crisis
Regional security deteriorates along the Rwanda-Zaire border.
Rwandan Refugee Repatriation Pressure
Faces mounting pressure over militarized Rwandan refugee camps.
Ieng Sary Defects
Ieng Sary defects and receives amnesty
Second-Term Inauguration
Takes the oath for a second presidential term after defeating Gennady Zyuganov.
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
Legislation
Signs the Minimum wage Increase Act
Marriage
Under Elizabeth IIs Letters Patent, a divorced wife of a Prince of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland "shall not be entitled to hold and enjoy the style, title or attribute of Royal Highness."
Khasavyurt Negotiations Authorized
Authorizes negotiations that produce the Khasavyurt agreements ending large-scale fighting in the First Chechen War.
Legislation
Clinton signs the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996, which includes time limits for welfare, work requirements, and assistance for people transitioning to work
Reform of Government
Clinton signs the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996, which includes time limits for welfare, work requirements, and assistance for people transitioning to work
Fiorentina Beats Milan in Italian Super Cup
Ranieri leads Fiorentina to a 2โ1 Supercoppa Italiana victory over AC Milan, adding another trophy to the club's cup-winning year.
Marriage
Dianna is no longer married to the Prince of Wales, and so has ceased to be a Royal by-marriage, Diana loses the style Her Royal Highness and instead was styled, as Diana, Princess of Wales
Marriage
Their divorce is finalised, Diana receives a lump sum settlement of around ล17,000,000 along with a legal order preventing her from discussing the details.
Marriage
Under Elizabeth IIs Letters Patent, a divorced wife of a Prince of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland "shall not be entitled to hold and enjoy the style, title or attribute of Royal Highness.".
Knebworth Concerts
Performs with Oasis at Knebworth during two landmark concerts that symbolise the commercial peak of mid-1990s Britpop.
Marriage
Announces he is leaving his wife
Democratic Presidency
Banzer returns to office as an elected civilian president.
Transfer
Leaves Newcastle for 450,000 pounds, joining Bolton Wanderers
Oasis much anticipated third album, Be
Oasis much anticipated third album, Be Here Now, is released
Chief Minister Appointed
David Brandt becomes Chief Minister during the volcanic crisis period
ACE Launch for Solar Wind Composition
Begins the Advanced Composition Explorer mission carrying instruments that measure the elemental and isotopic composition of solar-wind particles near the Sun-Earth L1 region.
Leicester City Hat-Trick
Scores a celebrated hat-trick in Arsenal's 3-3 Premier League draw at Leicester City.
Death of Anthony Charles Lynton Blair
Calls Diana Princess of Wales, "the peoples princess"
Death of Dianna
Diana dies after a high speed car accident in the Pont dAlma road tunnel in Paris along with Dodi Al-Fayed and the Acting Security Manager of the Hโtel Ritz Paris, Henri Paul, who was instructed to drive the hired Mercedes-Benz through Paris secretl
War Veterans Compensation Approved
Mugabe authorises unbudgeted compensation payments for liberation war veterans.
Second Congo War Begins
Faces a new rebellion backed by Rwanda and Uganda as the Second Congo War begins in eastern Congo.
Al-Qaeda
US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania are bombed
Bombing of US Embassies
US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania are bombed
Al-Qaeda
Al-Qaeda bomb the US Tanzanian embassy. Al-Qaeda bomb the US Kenyan embassy
Bombing of US Embassies
Al-Qaeda bomb the US Tanzanian embassy
Government
Al-Qaeda bomb the US Kenyan embassy
Arsenal Charity Shield over Manchester United
Wenger managed Arsenal to a 3-0 victory against Manchester United in the FA Charity Shield, reinforcing the clubโs standing after its domestic Double.
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
Large Hadron Collider Civil Engineering
Authorizes French civil-engineering work needed for Large Hadron Collider construction on the French side of the CERN site.
Bombing of Omagh
The "Real IRA" kill 29, including Protestants & Catholics
IRA - Bombing of Omagh
Government record concerning the IRA: The "Real IRA" kill 29, including Protestants & Catholics
IRA - Bombing of Omagh
Historical IRA record under Labour Party Government: The "Real IRA" kill 29, including Protestants & Catholics
IRA - Bombing of Omagh
IRA context for Anthony Charles Lynton Blair: The "Real IRA" kill 29, including Protestants & Catholics
President of Paraguay
Takes office as president after winning the 1998 election.
Default and Ruble Crisis Response
Confronts a financial emergency after the government restructures domestic debt and allows the ruble to fall.
Barcelona First-Team Debut
Makes his competitive Barcelona debut in the Spanish Super Cup.
Spanish Super Cup Appearance
Begins a first-team career defined by midfield control and passing.
Al-Qaeda
Revenge for Al-Qaeda bombings of US embassies in Kenya & Tanzania on 7th Aug
Bombing of Afghanistan
The US launches missiles at suspected bin Laden bases in retaliation for the bombing of embassies in Africa. Revenge for Al-Qaeda bombings of US embassies in Kenya & Tanzania on 7th Aug
Run Lola Run
Directs Run Lola Run, an international breakthrough for German cinema.
FSB
Named head of Russias FSB domestic intelligence agency
KGB (Committee for State Security)
Named head of Russias FSB domestic intelligence agency
Bombing of US Embassies
The US retaliates against the bombings of US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania with air strikes against alleged training camps in Sudan and Afghanistan
Al-Qaeda
Revenge for Al-Qaeda bombings of US embassies in Kenya & Tanzania on 7th Aug
Bombing of Afghanistan
Revenge for Al-Qaeda bombings of US embassies in Kenya & Tanzania on 7th Aug
Chernomyrdin Renominated
Attempts to restore Viktor Chernomyrdin as prime minister after dismissing Sergei Kiriyenko.
Kiriyenko Government Dismissed
Dismisses Sergei Kiriyenko's government during the financial crisis and initially seeks Chernomyrdin's return.
Dismissal
In the midst of Russias worst post-Soviet currency crisis, Yeltsin fires Kiriyenko and re-nominates Chernomyrdin Prime Minister
Economy of Russia
In the midst of Russias worst post-Soviet currency crisis, Yeltsin fires Kiriyenko and re-nominates Chernomyrdin Prime Minister
Taepodong Launch
North Korea launches a Taepodong rocket over Japan.
UNSCOM
"
UNSCOM
I think the danger right now is that without effective inspections, without effective monitoring, Iraq can in a very short period of time measure the months, reconstitute chemical biological weapons, long-range ballistic missiles to deliver these weapons, and even certain aspects of their nuclear weaponization
UNSCOM
Iraq today is challenging the special commission to come up with a weapon and say where is the weapon in Iraq, and yet part of their efforts to conceal their capabilities, I believe, have been to disassemble weapons into various components and to hide these
UNSCOM
Ritter said: "Iraq still has proscribed weapons capability. There needs to be a careful distinction here.
UNSCOM
components throughout Iraq.
UNSCOM
program.
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
"
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
I think the danger right now is that without effective inspections, without effective monitoring, Iraq can in a very short period of time measure the months, reconstitute chemical biological weapons, long-range ballistic missiles to deliver these weapons, and even certain aspects of their nuclear weaponization
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
Iraq today is challenging the special commission to come up with a weapon and say where is the weapon in Iraq, and yet part of their efforts to conceal their capabilities, I believe, have been to disassemble weapons into various components and to hide these
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
Ritter said: "Iraq still has proscribed weapons capability. There needs to be a careful distinction here.
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
components throughout Iraq.
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
program.
Angolan Intervention in Congo
Deploys Angolan forces to support Laurent Kabila's government against the rebellion.
Defense of Kinshasa during Kitona Offensive
Survives a rebel offensive toward Kinshasa after allied Angolan and Zimbabwean forces intervene.
RCD Rebellion Formed
Emerges as an early leader of the Rally for Congolese Democracy during the rebellion against Laurent Kabila.
Namibian Intervention in Congo
Sends Namibian troops in support of the Congolese government during the Second Congo War.
Oviedo Release
Moves to free Lino Oviedo after taking office.
Russian Financial Crisis
Faces a severe financial crisis marked by default, banking failures and a sharp devaluation of the ruble.
Zimbabwean Forces Enter Congo War
Mugabe deploys Zimbabwean forces in support of the Congolese government.
Transfer to Arsenal
Joins Arsenal from Juventus and begins a career that will make him the club's record goalscorer.
Party Leader
Elected leader of the Liberal Democrats after the retirement of Paddy Ashdown
Acting Prime Minister
Appointed acting Prime Minister of the Government of the Russian Federation by President Boris Yeltsin
Putin Presented as Preferred Successor
Publicly identifies Vladimir Putin as the politician he wants to succeed him as president.
Prime Minister of Russia
Yeltsin elevates the obscure Putin to the position of Prime Minister, and shortly thereafter designates him as his successor
Putin Named Acting Prime Minister
Dismisses Sergei Stepashin, appoints Vladimir Putin acting prime minister and identifies him as his preferred successor.
Dismissal
Stepashin is fired without explanation, Yeltsin nominates Vladimir Putin, former KGB official, head of the FSB, and secretary of the Russian Security Council
FSB
Stepashin is fired without explanation, Yeltsin nominates Vladimir Putin, former KGB official, head of the FSB, and secretary of the Russian Security Council
KGB (Committee for State Security)
Stepashin is fired without explanation, Yeltsin nominates Vladimir Putin, former KGB official, head of the FSB, and secretary of the Russian Security Council
Russian Security Council
Stepashin is fired without explanation, Yeltsin nominates Vladimir Putin, former KGB official, head of the FSB, and secretary of the Russian Security Council
Callisto August Flyby
Galileo performs another Callisto gravity-assist encounter during the perijove reduction campaign.
PGA
Winner of the US PGA Championship
Duma Confirms Putin as Prime Minister
Sees the State Duma confirm Vladimir Putin as prime minister one week after his appointment.
Transfer
Coventry City pay a world record 6 million pounds for a teenager from Wolverhampton Wanderers
World Champion
Winner of the 100 meters World title
World Champion
Winner of the 100 meters World title
World Champion
Winner of the 10000 meters World title
World Champion
Winner of the 1500 meters World title
Last Regular Crew Departure
Departs Mir with Sergei Avdeyev and Jean-Pierre Haignere, leaving the station uncrewed after more than a decade of near-continuous habitation.
RCD Signs Lusaka Ceasefire
Signs the Lusaka ceasefire agreement for the Rally for Congolese Democracy.
MLC Signs Lusaka Ceasefire
Signs the Lusaka ceasefire process on behalf of the Movement for the Liberation of the Congo.
Thierry Henry Joins Arsenal
Wenger brought Thierry Henry from Juventus to Arsenal in August 1999 and developed him into one of the leading goalscorers in English football.
Independence of Georgia
Saakashvili said he is counting on US help to facedown Moscow and reassert control over Abkhazia and Southern Ossetia
Rule of Abkhazia
Saakashvili said he is counting on US help to facedown Moscow and reassert control over Abkhazia and Southern Ossetia
Rule of South Ossetia
Saakashvili said he is counting on US help to facedown Moscow and reassert control over Abkhazia and Southern Ossetia
Marriage to Sarah Macaulay
Brown marries Sarah Macaulay at their home in North Queensferry.
Death of Alec Guinness
Death of Alec Guinness
Death of Robin Day
Death of Robin Day
Alliance Agreement
Leaders of Georgia and Ukraine called for an alliance that would champion democracy in the former Soviet lands
Alliance Georgia and Ukraine
Leaders of Georgia and Ukraine called for an alliance that would champion democracy in the former Soviet lands
Independence of Georgia
Leaders of Georgia and Ukraine called for an alliance that would champion democracy in the former Soviet lands
Local Government Devolution Plan
Musharraf announces a devolution plan establishing elected district governments.
Peacekeeping Reform Report
Receives Brahimi Report recommending major UN peacekeeping reforms
Second Commissioners Session
Chairs the second meeting of UNMOVIC Commissioners.
UNMOVIC College Review
The College reviews recruitment, training and inspection readiness.
Sing When You're Winning
Releases Sing When You're Winning, expanding his international commercial reach.
Rangers Transfer
Joins Rangers from Barcelona and reunites with manager Dick Advocaat.
Sinking of K-141 Kursk - Barents Sea Disaster
Kursk was lost during a Northern Fleet exercise after explosions in the forward torpedo compartment; all 118 people aboard died.
Sinking of K-141 Kursk
A nuclear submarine sinks in the Barents Sea with a loss of all its crew
Tenet Mission
Meets Palestinian Authority representatives to encourage renewed coordination on ceasefire implementation.
Galileo Io Volcano Survey
A close Galileo flyby examines Io's rapidly changing volcanic surface at high resolution.
Presidential Succession
Quiroga succeeds President Banzer after illness forces Banzer to resign.
Genesis Solar Wind Mission Launch
Leads the Genesis mission as it launches toward the Sun-Earth L1 region to collect physical samples of the solar wind.
Sbarro Restaurant Bombing
Hamas claims responsibility for the suicide bombing at Jerusalem's Sbarro restaurant, an attack that kills civilians and further escalates the conflict.
Legal Framework
Cambodia passes law establishing the framework for the ECCC
Coup
The Justice and Development Party emerges from the remnants of former Prime Minister Necmettin Erbakans Welfare Party, which was forcibly dismantled four years after Erbakans 1997 resignation as a result of the 1997 Army coup
Justice and Development Party
The Justice and Development Party emerges from the remnants of former Prime Minister Necmettin Erbakans Welfare Party, which was forcibly dismantled four years after Erbakans 1997 resignation as a result of the 1997 Army coup
Death of Fred Hoyle
Dies in Bournemouth after suffering strokes in later life.
Intertoto Cup Victory
Villa wins the Intertoto Cup final against Basel over two legs.
Gaborone Act of Commitment
Joins Congolese parties in committing to an inclusive political dialogue under the peace process.
Killing of Abu Ali Mustafa
Israel kills PFLP leader Abu Ali Mustafa in an airstrike on his Ramallah office, and Saadat soon emerges as his successor within the organization.
Sixth Commissioners Session
Chairs the sixth UNMOVIC Commissioners session.
UNMOVIC College Meeting
The Commission continues readiness work for future inspections.
Targeted Killings
Approves intensified targeted operations against militants during the Second Intifada.
Premiership Ends
Morauta leaves office after the 2002 national election
Third Premiership Begins
Somare returns as Prime Minister after the 2002 national election
President of Bolivia
Sanchez de Lozada begins his second presidency.
Barrier Phase One Route Approved
Sharon's government approves the final route for the first construction phase of the West Bank separation barrier and Jerusalem envelope.
Champions League Qualifying Debut
Makes his professional debut as a substitute for Sporting against Inter in a Champions League qualifier.
Sporting First-Team Debut
Makes his Sporting first-team debut against Inter in European qualifying.
French National Assembly
Appoinred Member of French National Assembly for the fourth consistuency of Seine Maritime
National Assembly
Appoinred Member of French National Assembly for the fourth consistuency of Seine Maritime
Tenth Commissioners Session
Chairs the tenth regular session of UNMOVIC Commissioners.
UNMOVIC Readiness Review
The Commission assesses preparations as diplomatic pressure on Iraq increases.
European Super Cup Goal
Scores Real Madrid's second goal in a 3-1 European Super Cup victory over Feyenoord.
First European Super Cup as Manager
Coaches Real Madrid to their first European Super Cup with a 3-1 victory over Feyenoord.
AIDS
The US Peace Corps returns to Botswana to help with the AIDS crises, one-third of the working population is infected
Peace Corps
The US Peace Corps returns to Botswana to help with the AIDS crises, one-third of the working population is infected
EU Membership Reforms
Parliament approves reforms aimed at securing EU membership
Death of Bulent Ecevit
The death sentence is abolished, except in times of war
LIGO S1 Science Run
Initial LIGO begins its first scientific observing run, operating multiple interferometers together and establishing procedures for coordinated gravitational-wave searches and data analysis.
Knebworth
Begins three Knebworth concerts that draw a record-breaking audience across the weekend.
Minhaj ul Quran International
Bhutto becomes a member of Minhaj ul Quran International (An international Muslim educational and welfare organisation)
Minhaj ul Quran International
Bhutto becomes a member of Minhaj ul Quran International (An international Muslim educational and welfare organisation)
Tour de France Soundtracks
Co-creates Tour de France Soundtracks around cycling, endurance and electronic rhythm.
Tour de France Soundtracks
Releases Tour de France Soundtracks, the group's first full studio album since Electric Cafe.
Scandal
Swiss magistrates find Bhutto and her husband guilty of money laundering, they are given six-month suspended jail terms, fined $50,000 each and were ordered to pay $11 million to the Pakistani Government
Trial
Swiss magistrates find Bhutto and her husband guilty of money laundering, they are given six-month suspended jail terms, fined $50,000 each and were ordered to pay $11 million to the Pakistani Government
Manchester United Transfer
Signs for Manchester United after impressing against the English club.
Move to English Football
Becomes the first Portuguese player to represent Manchester United.
Lockerbie Responsibility Accepted
Libya accepts responsibility for officials' actions in the Lockerbie bombing and agrees compensation.
President of Paraguay
Takes office as president and continues Colorado Party control of the presidency.
Death of Idi Amin Dada
Death of Idi Amin Dada, in exile in Saudi Arabia
High Commissioner
Appointed High Commissioners for Human Rights for the United Nations
Politics
Appointed High Commissioners for Human Rights for the United Nations
First International Appearance
Begins an international career that produces unprecedented appearance records.
Portugal Senior Debut
Makes his senior Portugal debut in a friendly against Kazakhstan.
Premiership Ends
Than Shwe gives the prime ministership to Khin Nyunt
Prime Minister Takes Office
Khin Nyunt becomes Prime Minister under Than Shwe's military government
Death of Charles Bronson
Death of Charles Bronson
Inquiry-Hutton
Tony Blair gives evidence to the Hutton Inquiry. The Hutton inquiry begins, the Iraq war is kept in the spotlight
Resignation of Alistair Campbell
Resignation of Alistair Campbell, Tony Blairs adviser for 10 yrs
Health of Edward Richard George Heath
Suffers a pulmonary embolism while abroad and his public appearances become limited.
Health of Edward Richard George Heath
Heath suffers a pulmonary embolism, while on holiday in Salzburg, Austria
Portuguese Super Cup Victory
Adds the Portuguese Super Cup to Porto's honours after the club's successful 2002-03 campaign.
Real Good Looking Boy
Release Real Good Looking Boy as new material.
MESSENGER Launch
MESSENGER launches to begin a complex seven-year journey that will culminate in the first orbital mission around Mercury.
Gross Government
Begins the Gross Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czech Republic.
Spidla Government
The Spidla Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czech Republic.
Chelsea Premier League Debut
Begins his Premier League career with a 1-0 Chelsea victory over Manchester United.
Spitzer Infrared Survey of Andromeda
Spitzer records thousands of infrared exposures of M31, mapping warm dust and star-forming structures that are difficult to isolate in visible light.
Athens Women's Football Final
Wins the first of her two Olympic silver medals.
Olympic Silver Medal
Helps Brazil reach the Olympic women's football final.
Baraja Scores Valencia Super Cup Opener
Baraja scores Valencia's first goal against Porto as Ranieri's team win the UEFA Super Cup.
Olympic Final Winning Goal
Scores the only goal as Argentina defeat Paraguay to win their first Olympic football gold medal.
Olympic Tournament Top Scorer
Finishes the Olympic football tournament as leading scorer with eight goals during Argentina's gold-medal campaign.
Argentina Olympic Gold Medal Manager
Coaches Argentina to Olympic football gold after winning every match of the tournament.
Prime Minister of Pakistan
Shaukat Aziz becomes Prime Minister after winning a National Assembly vote.
Manager
Dismissed by Freddy Shepherd, after a poor start to the Premier League season and alleged discontent in the dressing room
Doping
British Cycling suspends Millar for two years
Succession
Succeeds to the throne upon the death of his half-brother, King Fahd
Succession of King Abdullah
Becomes crown prince after King Abdullah's accession.
Succession of King Abdullah
Succeeds King Fahd as the sixth king of Saudi Arabia.
MESSENGER Earth Flyby
MESSENGER flies past Earth for a gravity assist and calibrates its instruments while continuing toward Mercury.
Inauguration
Recieves the presidential authorization from Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khamenei
President of Iran
Appointed President of Iran
President of Iraq
"Thanks to the blood of the martyrs, a new Islamic revolution has arisen and the Islamic revolution of 1384 the current Iranian year will, if God wills, cut off the roots of injustice in the world"
President of Iraq
"Thanks to the blood of the martyrs, a new Islamic revolution has arisen and the Islamic revolution of 1384 the current Iranian year will, if God wills, cut off the roots of injustice in the world"
Coronation
Enthrones at the age of 86, one of the worlds oldest reigning monarchs
EU-3 Nuclear Proposal to Iran
The EU-3 submit a proposal to Iran pursuant to the Paris Agreement which requires Iran to permanently cease enrichment, the proposal is rejected by Iran as a violation of the Paris Agreement and Irans Non-Proliferation Treaty
Nuclear Power
The EU-3 submit a proposal to Iran pursuant to the Paris Agreement which requires Iran to permanently cease enrichment, the proposal is rejected by Iran as a violation of the Paris Agreement and Irans Non-proliferation Treaty
Community Shield Victory
Chelsea defeat Arsenal to win the Community Shield before the new league season.
Nuclear Power
Iranian Head of State Ayatollah Ali Khamenei issues a fatwa forbidding the production, stockpiling and use of nuclear weapons
Nuclear Power
Iranian Head of State Ayatollah Ali Khamenei issues a fatwa forbidding the production, stockpiling and use of nuclear weapons
Uranium Enrichment
Iran resumes the conversion of uranium at the Isfahan facility, under IAEA safeguards, but does not engage in enrichment of uranium
Uranium Enrichment
The 35-member IAEA Board of Governors adopts a resolution calling upon Iran to suspend uranium conversion, and instruct director general Mohammed ElBaradei to submit a report on Iran's nuclear programmeme by September
Uranium Enrichment
The 35-member IAEA Board of Governors adopts a resolution calling upon Iran to suspend uranium conversion, and instruct director general Mohammed ElBaradei to submit a report on Iran's nuclear programmeme by September
Gaza Disengagement
Begins implementing Israeli withdrawal from Gaza settlements.
First International Appearance
Begins a long international career in central midfield.
Portugal Senior Debut
Makes his senior Portugal debut in a friendly against Egypt.
Large Hadron Collider Installation
Sees major detector magnet milestones reached for ATLAS and CMS while installation of the Large Hadron Collider continues.
Constitutional Reform
Promulgates reforms removing appointed senators and reducing military influence over civilian institutions.
Cissรฉ Double in European Super Cup
Cissรฉ scores twice against CSKA Moscow, including an extra-time goal, as Liverpool lift the UEFA Super Cup.
Hoyvik Agreement Signed
Iceland signs the Hoyvik Agreement with Denmark and the Faroe Islands, creating a broad framework for free movement and economic cooperation.
Paris Agreement Breakdown
Iran resumes uranium-conversion activity at Isfahan, effectively ending the enrichment-related suspension established through the Paris Agreement.
Treason Charges Dropped
Prosecutors withdraw the remaining treason case against Morgan Tsvangirai.
Arrest of Morgan Tsvangirai
Prosecutors drop remaining treason charges against opposition leader Morgan Tsvangirai
Treason
Prosecutors drop remaining treason charges against opposition leader Morgan Tsvangirai
Trial
Prosecutors drop remaining treason charges against opposition leader Morgan Tsvangirai
Constitution of Cuba
Castro delegates his duties as President of the Council of state, President of the Council of Minister's, First Secretary of the Cuban Communist Party and the post of commander in chief of the armed forces to his brother and First Vice President, Rapounds l
Health of Raul Modesto Castro
Castro hands over power to his brother Raul after undergoing intestinal surgery
Currency Redenomination
Gono introduces a redenominated currency that removes three zeros.
Currency Redenomination
Zimbabwe removes three zeros from its currency during continuing inflation.
Constituent Assembly
Morales inaugurates the Constituent Assembly charged with drafting a new constitution.
Ceasefire
Cease fire, based on United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701
UN Security Council
Cease fire, based on United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701
Paroubek Government
The Paroubek Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czech Republic.
Voyager 1 Reaches 100 AU
Voyager 1 becomes the first spacecraft to reach one hundred astronomical units from the Sun.
Trial
A second and separate trial begins on 21 August 2006, trying Saddam and six co-defendants for genocide during the Anfal military campaign against the Kurds of northern Iraq
Bullet Cluster Dark Matter
Clowe combines Hubble lensing observations with other data to map dark matter separately from hot gas in the Bullet Cluster.
Pluto Classification
The International Astronomical Union adopts a planet definition that places Pluto in the new dwarf-planet category.
Modern Times
Releases Modern Times.
Death of Glenn Ford
Death of Glenn Ford
Threats against Political Opponents
Gaddafi urges supporters to confront opponents demanding political change.
Transfer to Liverpool
Joins Liverpool and becomes known for his work rate and important goals.
Aston Villa Takeover
Lerner acquires control of Aston Villa from the shareholder group led by Doug Ellis.
Iraqi Consensus Front
The Iraqi Consensus Front, the largest Sunni faction in Prime Minister Nuri al-Malikis cabinet, resigns, citing the Shiite-led Governments failure to stem violence by militias, follow through with reforms, and involve Sunnis in decisions on securit
Death of Jose Eduardo dos Santos
President Jose Eduardo dos Santos eulogizes, "Holden Roberto was one of the pioneers of national liberation struggle, whose name encouraged a generation of Angolans to opt for resistance and combat for the countrys independence"
Death of Holden Alvaro Roberto
President Jose Eduardo dos Santos eulogizes, "Holden Roberto was one of the pioneers of national liberation struggle, whose name encouraged a generation of Angolans to opt for resistance and combat for the countrys independence". Death of Holden Alvaro Roberto
Olmert Abbas Jericho Meeting
Abbas hosted Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert in Jericho for talks on fundamental issues connected with a future Palestinian state. The meeting was notable because it was the first visit by an Israeli prime minister to Palestinian-administered territory in seven years.
Bombing of Jazeera
Two pairs of truck bombs explode about five miles apart in the remote, northwestern Iraqi towns of Qahtaniya and Jazeera, 500 members of the minority Yazidi community are reported killed, the biggest insurgent attack in the war
Bombing of Qahtaniya
Two pairs of truck bombs explode about five miles apart in the remote, northwestern Iraqi towns of Qahtaniya and Jazeera, 500 members of the minority Yazidi community are reported killed, the biggest insurgent attack in the war
Discount Rate Cut During Credit Stress
The Federal Reserve cuts the primary credit rate by one-half percentage point and lengthens borrowing terms as strains in money and credit markets threaten to impair the orderly functioning of financial markets.
Credit Crunch
The Federal Reserve cuts its discount rate by half a percentage point to improve access to emergency central-bank funding as credit markets tighten.
Invasion of Iraq
In an attempt at national reconciliation, a group of Sunni, Shiite, and Kurdish Iraqi leaders, including Nuri al-Maliki, Vice President Tarqi al-Hashemi, and President Jalal Talabani, announce former Baathists can regain their Government jobs
Invasion of Iraq
In an attempt at national reconciliation, a group of Sunni, Shiite, and Kurdish Iraqi leaders, including Nuri al-Maliki, Vice President Tarqi al-Hashemi, and President Jalal Talabani, announce former Baathists can regain their Government jobs. A review of progress in Iraq, called the National Intelligence Estimate, says the Iraqi Government has failed to end sectarian violence even with the surge of American troops
Invasion of Iraq
A review of progress in Iraq, called the National Intelligence Estimate, says the Iraqi Government has failed to end sectarian violence even with the surge of American troops
National Intelligence Estimate
A review of progress in Iraq, called the National Intelligence Estimate, says the Iraqi Government has failed to end sectarian violence even with the surge of American troops
Voyager 2 Termination Shock Crossing
Oversees analysis as Voyager 2 crosses the termination shock and returns the first direct plasma measurements obtained during passage through this solar-wind boundary.
Voyager 2 Termination Shock
Voyager 2 crosses the termination shock at a different distance from Voyager 1.
Re-Elected Government
Somare remains Prime Minister after the 2007 national election
Lisbon Treaty Ratification Law
Heads the government when Italy enacts the law ratifying the Treaty of Lisbon.
Death of Alexander Solzhenitsyn
Death of Alexander Solzhenitsyn
Credit Crunch
Freddie Mac reports $821 million loss
Invasion of Georgia
Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin says ``war has started in the breakaway region of South Ossetia while Georgia accuses Russia of ``a well-planned invasion and appeals to world leaders for help. Georgia, a US ally who wants to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, accuses Russia of stoking tensions in South Ossetia and another separatist region, Abkhazia
Rule of Abkhazia
Georgia, a US ally who wants to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, accuses Russia of stoking tensions in South Ossetia and another separatist region, Abkhazia
Rule of South Ossetia
Georgia, a US ally who wants to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, accuses Russia of stoking tensions in South Ossetia and another separatist region, Abkhazia
Credit Crunch
In one of the biggest losses in UK corporate history, RBS reports a pre-tax loss of ล692 million in the first half, after writing down ล5.9 billion on investments hit by the credit crunch
Bombing of Georgia
Russia, which supports the South Osettias bid for separation, bombs targets throughout Georgia and moves troops into the region and into Abkhazia
Rule of South Osettia
Russia, which supports the South Osettias bid for separation, bombs targets throughout Georgia and moves troops into the region and into Abkhazia
Siege of Senaki
Moscow says it had launched a raid on the town of Senaki to stop Georgia from attacking Russian forces in South Ossetia, another breakaway region
Recall Referendum
Morales wins a recall referendum and strengthens his presidential mandate.
Death of Isaac Lee Hayes, Jr
Death of Isaac Lee Hayes, Jr
President of Paraguay
Takes office after ending more than six decades of Colorado Party presidential rule.
World Record
Member of Olympic team pursuit squad which breaks the world record in the heats with a time of 3:55:202, beating their Russian opponents comfortably to go through to the final ride-off for silver and gold
Beijing Olympics
Wins his eighth gold medal of the Beijing Olympics
Gold Medal
On their way to winning the gold medal, the British Team pursuit break their own world record in a time of 3:53:314, beating their Danish competitors by 6.7 seconds
World Record
On their way to winning the gold medal, the British Team pursuit break their own world record in a time of 3:53:314, beating their Danish competitors by 6.7 seconds
Presidential Resignation
Musharraf resigns while facing parliamentary impeachment proceedings.
Two Olympic Semi-Final Goals Against Brazil
Scores twice as Argentina defeat Brazil 3-0 in the Olympic football semi-final.
Olympic Final Winning Goal
Scores the only goal as Argentina defeat Nigeria to win a second consecutive Olympic football gold medal.
Argentina Second Olympic Gold Manager
Coaches Argentina to the Olympic football title with a 1-0 final victory over Nigeria.
Vice Presidential Candidate
Is introduced as Barack Obama's Democratic running mate.
Italian Super Cup Victory
Wins the Italian Super Cup as Inter defeat Roma on penalties.
Lebanese Indictment over Musa al-Sadr
Lebanese authorities indict Gaddafi over the disappearance of Musa al-Sadr and two companions.
Democratic Convention Nomination
Is nominated for vice president at the Democratic convention.
Economy of Cuba
It is reported that Cuba had notified at least 2 foreign Governments that it could not meet debt payments
Meeting with Debt payments
It is reported that Cuba had notified at least 2 foreign Governments that it could not meet debt payments
Democratic Convention
Accepts the Democratic presidential nomination before a large convention crowd in Denver
Vice Presidential Candidate
Is named John McCain's Republican running mate
Ceasefire
Georgian President Mikhail Saakashvili signs an EU-backed ceasefire, but the document is rejected by Moscow
Invasion of Georgia
Georgian President Mikhail Saakashvili signs an EU-backed ceasefire, but the document is rejected by Moscow
Ceasefire
Georgian President Mikhail Saakashvili signs an EU-backed ceasefire, but the document is rejected by Moscow
Invasion of Georgia
Georgian President Mikhail Saakashvili signs an EU-backed ceasefire, but the document is rejected by Moscow
West Ham United
West Ham United officially retire the number 6 shirt as a mark of respect 15 years after his death
Ceasefire
Georgian President Mikhail Saakashvili signs an EU-backed ceasefire, but the document is rejected by Moscow
Invasion of Georgia
Georgian President Mikhail Saakashvili signs an EU-backed ceasefire, but the document is rejected by Moscow
Invasion of Georgia
``We will not allow the death of our compatriots to go unpunished,Russian President Dmitry Medvedev, 42, told state television after reports that Georgian troops had shelled a Russian barracks and checkpoint and killed soldiers
Bombing of Gori
The conflict over South Ossetia also appears to have widened, with Georgia accusing Russia of capturing the town of Gori, just 76km (47 miles) from Tbilisi
Ceasefire
Georgian President Mikhail Saakashvili signs an EU-backed ceasefire, but the document is rejected by Moscow
Invasion of Georgia
Moscow says it had launched a raid on the town of Senaki to stop Georgia from attacking Russian forces in South Ossetia, another breakaway region. Georgian President Mikhail Saakashvili signs an EU-backed ceasefire, but the document is rejected by Moscow
Invasion of Georgia
Russia, which supports the South Osettias bid for separation, bombs targets throughout Georgia and moves troops into the region and into Abkhazia.
Invasion of Georgia
Russian troops enter Georgia from the breakaway region of Abkhazia, as the conflict between the two neighbours appears to be broadening. Russia advances beyond the borders of Abkhazia, saying it had launched an operation in the town of Senaki.
Invasion of Georgia
The conflict over South Ossetia also appears to have widened, with Georgia accusing Russia of capturing the town of Gori, just 76km (47 miles) from Tbilisi.
Siege of Gori
The conflict over South Ossetia also appears to have widened, with Georgia accusing Russia of capturing the town of Gori, just 76km (47 miles) from Tbilisi
International Conference at Mecca
Holds a conference at Mecca to urge Muslim leaders to speak with one voice with Jewish and Christian leaders
International Conference at Mecca
Holds a conference at Mecca to urge Muslim leaders to speak with one voice with Jewish and Christian leaders
Death of Corazon Aquino
Death of Corazon Aquino
Quantitative Easing Expanded to 175 Billion Pounds
Mervyn King chairs the Monetary Policy Committee as it expands the asset-purchase programme to a total of one hundred and seventy-five billion pounds.
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador, 2nd term
Hillsborough Disaster
The Sports Minister Andy Burnham addresses the Anfield crowd but is heckled by supporters chanting "Justice for the 96"
General Education Law
Promulgates the General Education Law, replacing the previous constitutional education framework with new national standards.
Death of Edward Moore Ted Kennedy
Death of Edward Moore "Ted" Kennedy
Death of Edward Moore Kennedy
Death of Edward Moore Kennedy
Right to Education Act
Parliament enacts the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act.
New Horizons
New Horizons begins a further hibernation cycle as mission controllers conserve spacecraft resources during the Pluto cruise.
Robben Joins from Real Madrid
Arjen Robben signs for Bayern Munich from Real Madrid and begins a decade in which he becomes one of the clubโs defining attacking players.
Four-Goal Milan Derby Victory
Inter defeat AC Milan 4-0 in an emphatic early-season derby victory.
Beady Eye
Since Noel Gallaghers departure from Oasis Liam has said he will continue making music with ex-Oasis members Gem Archer, Andy Bell, drummer Chris Sharrock and keyboard player Jay Darlington recording under the bandname Beady Eye
Oasis
Since Noel Gallaghers departure from Oasis Liam has said he will continue making music with ex-Oasis members Gem Archer, Andy Bell, drummer Chris Sharrock and keyboard player Jay Darlington recording under the bandname Beady Eye
Transfer to Inter Milan
Joins Inter Milan and becomes the creative centre of the team that wins the 2010 treble.
Sixth Fatah General Conference
At Fatah's first general conference in roughly two decades, Abbas consolidated his leadership of the movement and was confirmed as its chairman. The Bethlehem gathering also renewed party institutions and elected a new Central Committee.
Death of Patricia Neal
Death of Patricia Neal
Mortgage Principal Reinvestment Policy
The Federal Open Market Committee decides to reinvest principal payments from agency debt and mortgage-backed securities into longer-term Treasury securities, preventing the Federal Reserve's securities holdings from shrinking as recovery slows.
Transfer to Schalke
Joins Schalke from AC Milan and begins a highly productive spell in German football.
Prime Minister Takes Office
Peter O'Neill becomes Prime Minister during the 2011 political crisis
Third Premiership Ends
Somare is replaced as Prime Minister during a constitutional crisis
Juno Launch
Juno launches to investigate Jupiter's origin, interior, atmosphere and magnetosphere.
Birmingham Riots
Disorder and looting spread through parts of Birmingham during nationwide disturbances.
Government Appointment
Tai participates in government appointment connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Tripoli Regime Collapse Statement
Chairs the National Security Council and responds as Qadhafi's regime loses control of most of Tripoli.
Capture of Tripoli
Transitional Council forces seize most of Tripoli and collapse central government control.
Summer Riots Government Response
Recalls Parliament and sets out the government's response after serious rioting in English cities.
IMF Stabilization Programme Completed
Iceland completes the IMF-supported economic stabilization programme launched after the banking collapse, having restored greater financial and macroeconomic stability.
Transfer of Authority to Congress
The National Transitional Council transfers power to the elected General National Congress.
Election as Congress President
Members elect Magariaf to lead the General National Congress.
Olympics Closing Ceremony
Perform at the London Olympics closing ceremony.
Ban
USADA announces a lifetime ban from competition, applicable to all sports which follow the World Anti-Doping Agency code
Government of National Unity
Diarra forms a broader government intended to restore national unity and constitutional order.
Death of Neil Armstrong
Death of Apollo 11 commander Neil Armstrong.
Voyager 1 Heliopause Crossing
Leads the Voyager science team as Voyager 1 crosses the heliopause and leaves the solar-wind-dominated heliosphere for interstellar space.
Voyager 1 Interstellar Space
Voyager 1 crosses the heliopause and becomes the first human-made object in interstellar space.
Spanish Super Cup Victory
Real Madrid defeat Barcelona on away goals to win the Spanish Super Cup.
Republican National Convention
Addresses the Republican National Convention during Mitt Romney's presidential campaign.
Transfer to Manchester United
Joins Manchester United from Arsenal ahead of the 2012-13 season.
Election Mandate
O'Neill continues as Prime Minister after the 2012 national election
Forward Guidance Introduced
Mark Carney leads the Bank of England as the Monetary Policy Committee introduces forward guidance linking the policy outlook to economic conditions.
Presidential Runoff Victory
Keita wins the presidential runoff after Soumaila Cisse accepts the result.
President of Paraguay
Takes office as president after returning the Colorado Party to power.
Government Appointment
I participates in government appointment connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Second Chelsea Premier League Debut
Begins his second Chelsea spell with a Premier League victory over Hull City.
Ghouta Chemical Attack
A large chemical attack using sarin kills civilians in opposition-held areas around Damascus.
UEFA Best Player in Europe Award
Franck Ribery receives the UEFA Best Player in Europe award after playing a key role in Bayernโs treble-winning season.
Election Petition Judgment
The Supreme Court dismisses the petition challenging Mahama's 2012 election, leaving his declared presidential victory in force.
Syria Chemical Weapons Commons Vote
Loses a House of Commons vote on possible military action after chemical weapons attacks in Syria.
UEFA Super Cup Shootout Victory
Josep Guardiola oversees Bayernโs UEFA Super Cup victory over Chelsea, settled by a penalty shootout after a 2-2 draw.
Dark Energy Survey Begins
Frieman helps lead the Dark Energy Survey as it begins observing the southern sky to measure supernovae, galaxy clustering, weak lensing and galaxy clusters.
Election as House Speaker
The House of Representatives elects Saleh as its speaker.
Arsenal Community Shield over Manchester City
Wengerโs side defeated Manchester City 3-0 in the FA Community Shield at Wembley, beginning the new season with silverware.
European Super Cup Brace
Scores both goals as Real Madrid defeat Sevilla 2-0 to win the European Super Cup.
Mkhitaryan Scores Supercup Opener
Mkhitaryan scores the opening goal as Borussia Dortmund beat Bayern Munich in the 2014 German Supercup.
Dortmund German Supercup Victory
Klopp's Dortmund defeat Bayern Munich 2โ0 to lift the German Supercup with an energetic early-season performance.
ISIL Threat Strategy
Sets out a strategy for confronting ISIL and its territorial expansion across Iraq and Syria.
Retirement
Announces retirement from international football
Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana
Modi launches the Jan Dhan programme to expand access to bank accounts and basic financial services.
New Horizons
New Horizons begins its fourth major hibernation cycle before the final approach to Pluto.
Ambassador
Appointed Ambassador of Iceland to the United States
Governor Appointed
Elizabeth Carriere becomes Governor of Montserrat
New Suez Canal
Inaugurates a new parallel channel and expanded sections of the Suez Canal.
Move to Roma
Joins Roma after his spell with Fiorentina and takes the number 11 shirt for the Italian club.
Chelsea Contract Extension
Signs a new four-year Chelsea contract after winning the Premier League title.
Pluto Atmosphere
New Horizons results prompt investigation of how Pluto replenishes atmospheric nitrogen while gas escapes to space.
UEFA Super Cup Free-Kick Double
Scores two direct free kicks as Barcelona defeat Sevilla 5-4 after extra time.
Government Appointment
al-Fayez participates in government appointment connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
First Woman Prime Minister
Thanou becomes Greece's first female Prime Minister and leads a caretaker government.
Calais Migration Response
Addresses disruption and migration pressures around Calais during the summer of 2015.
Move to Ajax
Joins Ajax and develops into a central figure in the club's midfield.
Community Shield Win with Manchester United
Manchester United defeat Leicester City at Wembley to win the Community Shield.
Manchester United Premier League Debut
Wins his first Premier League match as Manchester United manager against Bournemouth.
Olympic Gold Medal
Scores the decisive penalty in the Olympic final shootout.
Winning Penalty Against Germany
Secures Brazil's first men's Olympic football gold medal.
Head of Government of Tunisia
Youssef Chahed became head of government following parliamentary approval.
First Images of Jupiter North Pole
Juno returns the first close images of Jupiter's north pole, revealing dense storm systems.
Juno First Science Perijove
Juno completes its first close Jupiter pass with the full science instrument suite operating.
Scramjet Demonstrator
An indigenous air-breathing scramjet technology demonstrator is flight-tested during A. S. Kiran Kumar's chairmanship.
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil after the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff
Prime Minister of Pakistan
Shahid Khaqan Abbasi succeeds Nawaz Sharif as Prime Minister.
Women's European Championship Title
Guides the Netherlands to their first UEFA Women's European Championship title with a 4-2 final victory over Denmark.
Women's European Championship Final
Scores twice as the Netherlands defeat Denmark 4-2 to win UEFA Women's EURO 2017.
European Super Cup Opening Goal
Scores the opening goal as Real Madrid defeat Manchester United 2-1 in the European Super Cup.
European Super Cup Second Goal
Scores Real Madrid's second goal in the European Super Cup victory over Manchester United.
Government Appointment
Kabariti participates in government appointment connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
First Liverpool Goal
Scores on his competitive Liverpool debut during a 3-3 Premier League draw away to Watford.
Charlottesville Remarks
Faces criticism for saying there were โfine people on both sidesโ after a deadly rally.
GW170814 Three-Detector Black Hole Merger
During his leadership of the LIGO Scientific Collaboration, LIGO and Virgo make their first three-detector observation of a binary black hole merger.
Spanish Super Cup Second-Leg Opening Goal
Scores the opening goal as Real Madrid beat Barcelona 2-0 and win the Spanish Super Cup.
GW170817 Neutron-Star Merger Detection
LIGO and Virgo detect gravitational waves from the binary neutron-star merger GW170817.
GW170817 Multimessenger Event
LIGO observes the neutron-star merger GW170817, enabling the first gravitational-wave event with extensive electromagnetic follow-up.
IAEA Low Enriched Uranium Bank Opens
The IAEA opens its Low Enriched Uranium Bank in Kazakhstan as a fuel assurance mechanism.
Negotiating Position Papers
Publishes position papers on Brexit negotiations.
Re-Elected Government
O'Neill continues as Prime Minister after the 2017 national election
Parker Solar Probe Launch
Guides the Parker Solar Probe science programme as the spacecraft launches to make the closest direct measurements yet of the solar wind and the solar corona.
Presidential Re-Election
Keita wins the presidential runoff against Soumaila Cisse.
President of Paraguay
Takes office as president after winning the 2018 election.
Prime Minister of Pakistan
Imran Khan becomes Prime Minister after the general election.
Presidential Inauguration
Mnangagwa is inaugurated after the Constitutional Court confirms the election result.
Salzburg Transfer Agreement
Red Bull Salzburg reached an agreement to sign Haaland from Molde, setting up his move to Austrian football at the beginning of 2019.
United States Withdraws from INF Treaty
The United States withdrawal from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty takes effect.
German Supercup Against Bayern
Scores Dortmundโs opening goal in a 2-0 German Supercup victory over Bayern Munich, giving the club an early-season trophy.
Article 370 Changes
The government removes Jammu and Kashmir's special constitutional status and reorganises the former state into two union territories.
Kashmir Crisis
Imran Khan condemns India's removal of Jammu and Kashmir's special constitutional status.
UEFA Super Cup
Starts as Liverpool defeat Chelsea on penalties in Istanbul to win the UEFA Super Cup.
Manรฉ Chelsea Super Cup Assist
Manรฉ scores twice against Chelsea in the UEFA Super Cup before Liverpool prevail on penalties.
G7 Biarritz Summit
Participates in G7 summit discussing trade and Iran.
Prorogation
Obtains approval to prorogue Parliament during the Brexit crisis.
Inter Milan Loan Agreement
Sรกnchez moved from Manchester United to Inter Milan on loan, returning to Italian football to work under manager Antonio Conte.
FA Cup Winner
Emiliano Martinez made key saves as Arsenal recovered from an early Chelsea goal as Arsenal defeated Chelsea 2-1 in the 2020 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
David Luiz anchored the back line against his former club in the behind-closed-doors final as Arsenal defeated Chelsea 2-1 in the 2020 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Alexandre Lacazette worked across the front line to create space for Arsenal's wide attackers as Arsenal defeated Chelsea 2-1 in the 2020 FA Cup final at Wembley.
2020 FA Cup Final Brace
Scores both Arsenal goals as the club come from behind to defeat Chelsea 2-1 in the FA Cup final.
FA Cup Winner
Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang scored both Arsenal goals to secure the club's fourteenth FA Cup as Arsenal defeated Chelsea 2-1 in the 2020 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Kieran Tierney supported Arsenal's defensive organisation and transitions down the left as Arsenal defeated Chelsea 2-1 in the 2020 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Rob Holding delivered determined defending as Chelsea attempted to find an equaliser as Arsenal defeated Chelsea 2-1 in the 2020 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Nicolas Pepe provided the pass for Aubameyang's second goal in the comeback victory as Arsenal defeated Chelsea 2-1 in the 2020 FA Cup final at Wembley.
Porto Domestic Double
Completes a domestic league and cup double.
Portuguese Cup Victory
Guides FC Porto to victory in the Portuguese Cup final.
FA Cup Winner
Hector Bellerin helped initiate the attacking sequence that ended with Arsenal's winning goal as Arsenal defeated Chelsea 2-1 in the 2020 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Victory
Guides Arsenal to FA Cup victory over Chelsea.
FA Cup Winner
Dani Ceballos connected the defence and attack with composed passing under pressure as Arsenal defeated Chelsea 2-1 in the 2020 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Granit Xhaka helped Arsenal regain midfield control after conceding an early goal as Arsenal defeated Chelsea 2-1 in the 2020 FA Cup final at Wembley.
COVID-19
Declares a state of disaster in Victoria during a second wave.
Beirut Port Explosion
A catastrophic explosion at the Port of Beirut devastates large parts of the capital, kills more than two hundred people and creates an immense humanitarian and political crisis during President Michel Aoun's administration.
Beirut Explosion
Faces the Beirut port explosion and its political aftermath.
Presidential Election
Claims victory in a disputed presidential election.
Presidential Election
Challenges Alexander Lukashenko in the disputed presidential election.
Resignation of Hassan Diab
Announces his government's resignation after the Beirut explosion.
COVID-19
Announces Russia has registered the Sputnik V vaccine.
COVID-19
Russia registers the Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine.
Sputnik V
Russia registers the Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine.
Kamala Harris Selection
Selects Kamala Harris as his running mate.
Barcelona Quarter-Final Double
Scores twice as Bayern Munich defeat Barcelona 8-2 in the single-leg quarter-final.
Resignation after Military Coup
Keita resigns after soldiers detain him and members of his government during a military coup.
Coup
Resigns after being detained during a military coup.
California Wildfires
Declares a state of emergency during major California wildfires.
Democratic Nomination
Is formally nominated by the Democratic Party.
Leadership of Military Committee
Goita emerges as chairman of the military committee formed after the coup.
Eurpopa League Winner
Directed Sevilla's midfield in his final appearance for the club.
Eurpopa League Winner
Attacked Inter's defence from wide positions as Sevilla won a sixth title.
Eurpopa League Winner
Attempted the overhead kick that deflected off Romelu Lukaku for Sevilla's winning goal.
Universal Community Testing Announced
The Government announces a territory-wide voluntary testing programme intended to identify asymptomatic COVID-19 infections and interrupt community transmission chains.
Eurpopa League Winner
Made vital saves during Sevilla's route to the final and helped them defeat Inter.
Eurpopa League Winner
Headed two first-half goals to keep Sevilla ahead in an eventful final.
Eurpopa League Winner
Captained Sevilla and provided the cross for de Jong's first goal.
Europa League Victory
Guides Sevilla to Europa League victory over Inter.
Sevilla European Trophy
Wins his first major senior club trophy as a manager.
Eurpopa League Winner
Guided Sevilla to the trophy in a one-off final played behind closed doors during the pandemic.
Eurpopa League Winner
Supported Sevilla's pressing and ball circulation during the intense final.
Coman Champions League Final Winning Goal
Heads Bayern Munich's only goal against Paris Saint-Germain in the final.
Champions League Final Captain
Captains Bayern and makes key saves to preserve a clean sheet against Paris.
Champions League Treble for Flick
Hansi Flick guides Bayern to the Champions League trophy with a 1-0 win against Paris Saint-Germain, completing the clubโs second continental treble.
Flick Bayern Champions League Treble
Completes a treble in his first season in charge as Bayern win every Champions League match.
Champions League Final Winner
Robert Lewandowski leads Bayern Munichโs attack as the club defeats Paris Saint-Germain 1-0 in the Champions League final and completes a continental treble.
Iran Safeguards Access Agreement
The IAEA and Iran agree to resolve access issues at two locations requested by safeguards inspectors.
New Monetary Policy Strategy
The Federal Reserve adopts a revised monetary policy strategy that emphasizes broad and inclusive maximum employment and seeks inflation that averages two percent over time following periods when inflation has run persistently below that level.
Republican National Convention Speech
Accepts the Republican nomination for president in 2020.
Resignation of Shinzo Abe
Announces resignation as Prime Minister because of ill health.
Death of Chadwick Boseman
Death of actor Chadwick Boseman.
Prime Minister Takes Office
Min Aung Hlaing becomes Prime Minister of the caretaker government
Prime Minister Takes Office
Natalia Gavrilita becomes Prime Minister after PAS wins parliamentary power
BepiColombo Venus Flyby
BepiColombo makes a second Venus flyby to reduce its solar orbital energy before the first Mercury encounter.
Richarlison Opens Everton Southampton Comeback
Richarlison equalises against Southampton as Everton win Benรญtez's first Premier League game in charge by 3โ1.
Fall of Kabul Response
Defends withdrawal as the Taliban retakes Kabul.
Roma Competitive Debut
Begins competitive management of Roma with a Conference League qualifying victory over Trabzonspor.
Crimea Platform Inaugural Summit
Opens the inaugural Crimea Platform summit with delegations from dozens of countries.
Thirtieth Independence Anniversary
Leads national events marking thirty years since Ukraine declared independence.
Afghanistan Withdrawal Completed
U.S. military withdrawal from Afghanistan is completed.
SSLV-D1
ISRO conducts the inaugural SSLV developmental flight during S. Somanath's tenure as chairman.
Premier League Debut Brace
Haaland scored both goals against West Ham United on his Premier League debut as Manchester City opened the season with a 2-0 away victory.
CHIPS and Science Act
Signs the CHIPS and Science Act.
European Super Cup Opening Goal
Scores the opening goal as Real Madrid defeat Eintracht Frankfurt 2-0 in the European Super Cup.
European Super Cup Second Goal
Scores Real Madrid's second goal in the European Super Cup victory over Eintracht Frankfurt.
PACT Act
Signs veterans burn-pit exposure legislation.
Energy Price Freeze Proposal
Starmer proposes freezing household energy prices during the cost-of-living crisis.
HALEU Policy
US policy supports domestic high-assay low-enriched uranium supply.
Inflation Reduction Act
Signs the Inflation Reduction Act.
Promulgation of Constitution
Kais Saied promulgated the 2022 Constitution following the referendum.
Webb Jupiter Auroras and Rings
Leads Webb observations revealing detailed auroras, hazes, rings and small satellites around Jupiter.
Student Debt Relief Plan
Announces a student debt relief plan.
First Manchester City Hat-Trick
Haaland registered his first Manchester City hat-trick in a 4-2 comeback win over Crystal Palace, turning a two-goal deficit into a league victory.
Second Successive League Hat-Trick
Haaland scored another hat-trick against Nottingham Forest just days after his first, helping Manchester City secure a commanding 6-0 win.
Re-Elected Government
Marape continues as Prime Minister after the 2022 national election
Head of Government of Tunisia
Ahmed Hachani became head of government of Tunisia.
Voyager 2 Communications Restored
Deep Space Network commands restore full communications with Voyager 2 after its antenna is realigned to Earth.
Jeddah Ukraine Meeting
Chairs the meeting of national security advisers concerning the Ukrainian conflict.
Jeddah Ukraine Meeting
Sponsors Saudi efforts to encourage international dialogue toward peace in Ukraine.
National Assembly Dissolution
The President dissolves the National Assembly on the Prime Minister's advice.
Caretaker Prime Minister
Anwaar-ul-Haq Kakar assumes office as caretaker Prime Minister.
President of Paraguay
Takes office as president of Paraguay.
Neptune Cloud Solar Cycle
Chavez leads a study linking long-term changes in Neptune's cloud abundance with the Sun's eleven-year activity cycle.
Camp David Trilateral Summit
Hosts leaders of Japan and South Korea.
F-16 Training
Announces Danish support for F-16 aircraft to Ukraine.
F-16 Coalition
Announces support for delivering F-16 fighter aircraft to Ukraine
Netherlands F-16 Commitment
Welcomes the Netherlands' commitment to transfer F-16 fighter aircraft to Ukraine after training conditions are met.
Chandrayaan-3 Landing
Chandrayaan-3 completes a soft landing in the Moon's south polar region while S. Somanath heads ISRO.
Death in Plane Crash
Dies in a plane crash after the Wagner mutiny
Harmonised Presidential Election
Mnangagwa contests and wins a second elected presidential term.
Nรบรฑez Late Double at Newcastle
Nรบรฑez scores two late goals as ten-man Liverpool come from behind to beat Newcastle 2โ1 under Klopp.
Robotyne Liberated
Ukraine says Robotyne is liberated during the counteroffensive.
UEFA Menโs Player of the Year Award
Haaland received the UEFA Menโs Player of the Year award after his exceptional scoring helped Manchester City win the Champions League and two domestic trophies.
Presidential Inauguration of Halla Tomasdottir
Halla Tomasdottir takes office as President of Iceland after winning the 2024 presidential election.
Russia Prisoner Swap
Announces a major prisoner exchange with Russia.
First F-16s Arrive
Ukraine receives its first F-16 fighter aircraft.
Public Disorder Emergency Meeting
Starmer coordinates the Government's response to violent disorder affecting several towns and cities.
Minimum Service Levels Repeal Plan
Starmer's Government announces plans to repeal minimum-service legislation governing strike action.
Kursk Incursion
Ukrainian forces launch a cross-border operation into Russia's Kursk region
Kursk Incursion
Ukrainian forces launch a surprise incursion into Russia's Kursk region.
Kursk Command Pressure
Faces pressure after Ukraine's Kursk incursion.
Head of Government of Tunisia
Kamel Madouri became head of government of Tunisia.
Kursk Emergency
Declares emergency measures during Ukraine's incursion.
Sumy Evacuations
Orders evacuations after intensified cross-border fighting.
Udinese Homecoming
Udinese announced Sรกnchez's return thirteen years after his departure for Barcelona, reuniting the Chilean forward with the Italian club that had launched his European career.
Turkish Super Lig Debut
Wins his first Turkish Super Lig match as Fenerbahce manager against Adana Demirspor.
Kursk Response
Orders Russian forces to respond to Ukraine's Kursk incursion.
Kursk Response
Promises to drive Ukrainian forces out of Kursk Oblast
Kursk Operation Statement
Says Ukrainian forces control about one thousand square kilometres in Russia's Kursk region.
European Super Cup Debut Goal
Scores on his competitive Real Madrid debut in the European Super Cup victory over Atalanta.
Train Driver Pay Proposal
The Government announces a three-year proposal intended to end the national train-driver dispute.
European Super Cup Final MVP
Is named player of the match as Real Madrid defeat Atalanta to win the European Super Cup.
European Super Cup Opening Goal
Scores the opening goal as Real Madrid defeat Atalanta 2-0 in the European Super Cup.
Democratic Convention Address
Addresses the Democratic National Convention.
F-16 Crash Death
Killed in the crash of a Ukrainian F-16 during air defense operations
Voyager 1 Thruster Swap
Engineers switch Voyager 1 to a different thruster set to mitigate clogged propellant inlet tubes.
War Diplomacy
Defends Russia's war aims in international diplomacy.
Death of Ion Iliescu
Dies aged ninety-five after shaping post-communist Romania.
President of Poland
Is inaugurated as President of Poland.
Death in Office
Myint Swe dies after a long illness while acting president
Acting President Takes Office
Min Aung Hlaing becomes acting president after Myint Swe's death
Second Quarter Construction Growth
ONS estimates that construction output grew by 1.2 percent in the second quarter.
Second Quarter GDP Growth
ONS estimates that GDP increased by 0.3 percent during the second quarter of 2025.
Second Quarter Services Growth
ONS estimates that services output grew by 0.4 percent in the second quarter.
First-Round Presidential Election
Paz leads the first presidential round and advances to Bolivia's first runoff.
Washington Peace and Security Summit
Meets Donald Trump and European leaders to discuss security guarantees and possible direct talks with Russia.
Champions League Playoff Elimination
Fenerbahce lose to Benfica in the Champions League playoff and drop into the Europa League.
Real Madrid Return
Is formally unveiled for a second spell as Real Madrid manager, signing a contract through June 2029.