Birth of Nero
Nero is born at Antium on December 15, 37, as Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus.
Historical events in December
5,847 historical records across all years
Assassination of Vitelius
Vespasians supporters enter Rome & drag Vitelius through the streets & kill him
Death of Vitelius
Death of Vitelius, assassinated
Siege of Rome
Vespasians supporters enter Rome & drag Vitelius through the streets & kill him
Succession
Adopted Emperor by the Senate afte Vitellius is killed in street fighting
Assassination of Vitelius
Vespasians supporters enter Rome & drag Vitelius through the streets & kill him
Siege of Rome
Vespasians supporters enter Rome & drag Vitelius through the streets & kill him
Antioch Earthquake
Trajan survives a major earthquake at Antioch while directing operations in the eastern provinces.
Germanic and Sarmatian Triumph
Commodus joined Marcus Aurelius in a triumph celebrating Roman victories over Germanic and Sarmatian peoples.
Death of Commodus
Commodus is assassinated in a palace conspiracy on December 31, 192.
Poisoning Attempt
Marcia administered poisoned wine to Commodus after the conspirators decided to act against him.
Succession
Is acclaimed emperor after Commodus is killed.
Death of Felix I
Death of Felix I
Reballion of Rebels in Mainz
Godagisel, king of the Vandals, dies in battle. 80,000 Vandals attack the Rhine at Mainz
Siege of Mainz
80,000 Vandals attack the Rhine at Mainz
Roman Catholic Church
Ends reign as Pope
Pope
Appointed Pope
Battle of Tricamarum
Victory at the Battle of Tricamarum results in Gelimers surrender in 534 at Mount Papua, restoring the lost Roman provinces of north Africa to the Empire
Battle of Tricamarum
Belisarius with a fleet of 92 dromons escorting 500 transports, landed at Caput Vada (modern Ras Kaboudia) in modern Tunisia with an army of about 15,000 men, as well as a number of barbarian troops, they defeated the Vandals, who were caught completely off-guard, at Ad Decimum on 14 September 533 and Tricamarum in December
Capture of Balearic Islands
Belisarius took Carthage, King Gelimer fled to Mount Pappua in Numidia, but surrenders and is taken to Constantinople, where he is paraded in a triumph while Sardinia and Corsica, the Balearic Islands, and the stronghold Septem near Gibraltar are recovered in the same campaign
Capture of Corsica
Belisarius took Carthage, King Gelimer fled to Mount Pappua in Numidia, but surrenders and is taken to Constantinople, where he is paraded in a triumph while Sardinia and Corsica, the Balearic Islands, and the stronghold Septem near Gibraltar are recovered in the same campaign
Capture of Sardinia
Belisarius took Carthage, King Gelimer fled to Mount Pappua in Numidia, but surrenders and is taken to Constantinople, where he is paraded in a triumph while Sardinia and Corsica, the Balearic Islands, and the stronghold Septem near Gibraltar are recovered in the same campaign
Capture of Septem
Belisarius took Carthage, King Gelimer fled to Mount Pappua in Numidia, but surrenders and is taken to Constantinople, where he is paraded in a triumph while Sardinia and Corsica, the Balearic Islands, and the stronghold Septem near Gibraltar are recovered in the same campaign
Invasion of Africa
Belisarius took Carthage, King Gelimer fled to Mount Pappua in Numidia, but surrenders and is taken to Constantinople, where he is paraded in a triumph while Sardinia and Corsica, the Balearic Islands, and the stronghold Septem near Gibraltar are recovered in the same campaign
Sole King of the Franks
After the death of his brother Carloman, Charlemagne becomes sole ruler of the Frankish kingdom.
Death of Ecgfrith
Death of Ecgfrith
Imperial Coronation
Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne emperor in Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome on Christmas Day.
Coronation
Crowns Charlemagne as Roman emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
Holy Roman Emperor
Revives the title of Holy Roman Emperor in Western Europe after more than three centuries
Judicial Inquiry into Leo III
Before the imperial coronation, Charlemagne presides over proceedings in Rome concerning accusations made against Pope Leo III and the violence against him.
Retirement to Heijo-kyo
The retired Heizei moves to the former capital at Heijo-kyo in Nara after his abdication.
Assassination of Leo V
Assassinated by the followers of Michael the Amorian
Death of Leo V
Death of Leo V
Coronation
Coronation of Edmund
Invasion of Wessex
Halfdan led part of the Great Army into Wessex and established a base at Reading.
Coronation
Crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope John VIII
Death of Arnulf
Louis becomes the principal legitimate heir after his father, Arnulf of Carinthia, dies late in 899.
Battle of the Holme
Eohric was killed fighting beside Aethelwold against the Kentish army.
Battle of the Holme
Aethelwold died while leading East Anglian Danes against Edward’s forces.
Grant at Fontmell
Athelstan granted eleven and a half hides at Fontmell to Shaftesbury Abbey.
Confirmation of Chertsey Estates
A charter records Athelstan confirming an extensive group of estates and privileges to Chertsey Minster.
Grant at Bremhill
Athelstan granted sixty hides at Bremhill to the religious community of Malmesbury.
Death of Otto II
Death of Otto II
Coronation
Crowned King of Hungary, Hungarys 1st King, by Pope sylvester II
Submission of London
London submits to Sweyn Forkbeard after most of England has accepted him as king.
Submission of London
London submits to Sweyn Forkbeard near the end of his conquest of England.
Capture of London
After London surrenders to Sweyn Canute rules over all of England
Capture of London
London surrenders to Sweyn I
Exile of Ethelred II the Unready
Ethelred II the Unready escapes to Normandy
Siege of London
London surrenders to Sweyn I
Burial
Buried with King Edgar at Glastonbury
Synod
Benedict IX, Gregory VI & Sylvester III are repudiated
Coronation
Crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Bishop of Bamberg, Pope Clement II
Return to Leon
Ferdinand returns to León on 24 December after leaving the Valencia campaign.
Christmas Matins
Ferdinand joins the clergy at San Isidoro for Christmas matins despite his worsening illness.
Prayer at San Isidoro
Ferdinand visits the church of San Isidoro after returning to León in grave health.
Christmas Communion
Ferdinand receives communion on Christmas Day as his final illness advances.
Consecration
Consecrates Westminster Abbey
Penitential Ceremony
Ferdinand performs a final penitential ceremony before the altar at San Isidoro.
Kingdom of Castille
Castile passes to Sancho with royal status under Ferdinand's partition of the inheritance.
Succession to Castille
Sancho succeeds to Castile after the death of Ferdinand I.
Kingdom of Leon
León becomes Alfonso's principal inheritance under Ferdinand's division of the royal dominions.
Reign of Alfonso VI Begins
Alfonso VI begins his reign in León following Ferdinand I's death on 27 December.
Succession to Leon
Alfonso succeeds to the Kingdom of León after Ferdinand I dies.
Death of Ferdinand I
Ferdinand I dies at León after ruling León and Castile and campaigning against neighbouring Muslim kingdoms.
Death of Ferdinand I
Ferdinand I dies at León on 27 December 1065 after returning from his final campaign.
Consecration
Westminster Abbey is consecrated on 28 December, but Edward is too ill to attend the ceremony.
Death of Edward the Confessor
Says to Harold on his deathbed, "I commend Edith & all the Kingdom to your protection". Death of Edward the Confessor
Dream
Falls into a coma, dreams the Anglo-Saxons will be consumed by fire & sword
Succession
Edward tells Harold "I commend Edith & all the Kingdom to your protection"
Westminster Abbey
Edward's new Westminster Abbey is consecrated while the king remains gravely ill and unable to attend.
Westminster Abbey
Present at the consecration of the new abbey church of Westminster, last public act
Succession
Edward tells Harold "I commend Edith & all the Kingdom to your protection"
Westminster Abbey
Present at the consecration of the new abbey church of Westminster
Westminster Abbey
Stigand is associated with the royal church at Westminster when the new abbey is consecrated.
Consecration of Westminster Abbey
Edward's new abbey church is consecrated on 28 December 1065.
Absence from Abbey Consecration
Edward is too ill to attend the consecration of the Westminster church he had built.
Health of Edward the Confessor
Falls into a coma, dreams the Anglo-Saxons will be consumed by fire & sword
Household in Exile
Tostig establishes his household in exile at Saint-Omer under Baldwin V's protection.
Winter Exile
Tostig spends the winter at Saint-Omer after losing his Northumbrian earldom.
Completion of Westminster Abbey
Edward's great abbey church at Westminster is completed shortly before its consecration.
Dream
Edward becomes seriously ill late in the year, and later tradition records a troubling final vision.
Westminster at Midwinter
Edward remains at Westminster during midwinter while his new abbey church prepares for consecration.
Declining Health
Edward remains seriously ill at Westminster as the year approaches its end.
Final Illness
Edward enters the final stage of his illness at Westminster, dying on 5 January 1066.
Health of Edward the Confessor
Edward's health deteriorates severely near the end of 1065, preventing him from attending Westminster Abbey's consecration.
Inheritance of Zaragoza Parias
Sancho inherits Castile together with claims to tribute from the taifa of Zaragoza.
Royal Title of Sancho II
Sancho begins ruling the newly separated Castilian kingdom as Sancho II.
Succession
Sancho succeeds to Castile after the death of his father Ferdinand I.
Division from Castille
Ferdinand's partition leaves Alfonso ruling León separately from Sancho's Castile.
Inheritance in Asturias
Alfonso receives territory in Asturias with the Leonese share of Ferdinand's inheritance.
Inheritance of Campos
Alfonso's inheritance includes the territory of Campos as part of his Leonese kingdom.
Inheritance of Toledo Parias
Alfonso inherits León together with Ferdinand's tributary rights connected with the taifa of Toledo.
Leonese Royal Authority
Alfonso begins exercising royal authority in León after his father's death.
Royal Inheritance Confirmed
The succession settlement confirms Alfonso as heir to the Leonese portion of Ferdinand's dominions.
Separate Leonese Realm
The partition of 1065 re-establishes León as a separate realm under Alfonso.
Succession
Alfonso succeeds to León after Ferdinand I divides his realms among his children.
Dynastic Partition
Ferdinand's succession settlement divides his dominions among his sons and provides territories for his daughters.
Partition of Royal Inheritance
The inheritance settlement assigns Castile to Sancho, León to Alfonso and Galicia to García.
Division from Leon
Ferdinand's death separates Sancho's Castile from the León inherited by Alfonso.
Ferdinand's Succession Settlement
Sancho receives the Castilian share of Ferdinand's divided dominions under the royal succession settlement.
Kingship
William I begins his reign over England after the conquest
Accession to English Kingship
William becomes King of England after his coronation at Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day.
Coronation Oath
At his coronation William promises to uphold the laws and customs of his new kingdom.
Coronation of William I the Conqueror
Crowned King of England on Christmas day, the 1st coronation in the Abbey
Coronation
Crowned King of England on Christmas day, the 1st coronation in the Abbey
Coronation of William the Conqueror
Ealdred of York performs the coronation of William as king of England
Coronation
Ealdred of York performs the coronation of William as king of England
William Presented for Coronation
Ealdred presents William to the congregation and conducts the English part of the Christmas Day coronation ceremony.
Coronation of William I the Conqueror
Crowns William I the Conqueror as the King of England
Coronation
Crowns William I the Conqueror as the King of England
Coronation Acclamation
William is acclaimed in both English and French during his Christmas Day coronation at Westminster Abbey.
Coronation Completed amid Disorder
William and the clergy complete the coronation service while smoke and disorder drive many people from the abbey.
Coronation Fire
Norman guards mistake the coronation acclamation for an attack and set nearby buildings on fire outside Westminster Abbey.
Coronation of William the Conqueror
William is crowned king of England at Westminster Abbey
Coronation
William is crowned king of England at Westminster Abbey
Ealdred Officiates
William receives the crown from Ealdred, Archbishop of York, because Archbishop Stigand does not perform the ceremony.
English Coronation Rite
William is crowned according to the established English coronation rite, reinforcing the legitimacy of his new kingship.
Disturbance
A disturbance outside Williams coronation causes Norman guards to set nearby buildings on fire
Submission
Edwin of Mercia submits to William as English resistance weakens
Submission
Morcar of Northumbria submits to William at Berkhamsted
Claim Abandoned
Edgar's supporters abandon effective resistance and he accepts William's authority before the Norman coronation.
Submission
Edgar Atheling submits to William at Berkhamsted
English Leaders Submit at Berkhamsted
Leading English nobles submit to William at Berkhamsted, clearing the way for his accession in London.
Stigand Pays Homage
Archbishop Stigand meets William at Wallingford and submits as English resistance around London weakens.
Coronation
In early December the remaining members of the Witan in London met and resolved to take the young uncrowned king out to meet William to submit to him at Berkhamsted, quietly setting aside Edgars election
Election
In early December the remaining members of the Witan in London met and resolved to take the young uncrowned king out to meet William to submit to him at Berkhamsted, quietly setting aside Edgars election
Succession
In early December the remaining members of the Witan in London met and resolved to take the young uncrowned king out to meet William to submit to him at Berkhamsted, quietly setting aside Edgars election
Submission
Stigand submits to William along with other English leaders
Siege of London
Submits to William after William isolates London
Crossing at Wallingford
William crosses the Thames at Wallingford while manoeuvring around London.
Siege of London
Edgar, the Earls of Northumbria & Mercia & the Archbishops of Canterbury & York submit to William I the Conqueror. Edgar, the Earls of Northumbria & Mercia & the Archbishops of Canterbury & York submit
Capture of London
Edgar, the Earls of Northumbria & Mercia & the Archbishops of Canterbury & York submit to William I the Conqueror
Coronation
In early December the remaining members of the Witan in London met and resolved to take the young uncrowned king out to meet William to submit to him at Berkhamsted, quietly setting aside Edgars election
Election
In early December the remaining members of the Witan in London met and resolved to take the young uncrowned king out to meet William to submit to him at Berkhamsted, quietly setting aside Edgars election
Homage
Edgar, the Earls of Northumbria & Mercia & the Archbishops of Canterbury & York submit to William I the Conqueror
Invasion of England
Edgar, the Earls of Northumbria & Mercia & the Archbishops of Canterbury & York submit to William I the Conqueror
Siege of London
Edgar, the Earls of Northumbria & Mercia & the Archbishops of Canterbury & York submit to William I the Conqueror. Edgar, the Earls of Northumbria & Mercia & the Archbishops of Canterbury & York submit
Succession
In early December the remaining members of the Witan in London met and resolved to take the young uncrowned king out to meet William to submit to him at Berkhamsted, quietly setting aside Edgars election
Succession
As the Normans closed in on London, Edgars key supporters in the city began negotiating with William
Crown Accepted
William agrees to take the English crown after the leading men of London and other magnates submit to his authority.
English Leaders Submit
William receives the submission of leading English nobles at Berkhamsted as organised resistance around London collapses.
Entry
William enters London after securing the submission of leading English nobles
March
William circles west of London to pressure the city into submission
Canterbury Cath
Canterbury Cathedral burns down
Reballion of Exeter
Exeter rises in revolt
Return to England After Revolts
William returns to England as local rebellions threaten Norman authority in several regions.
Exile of Edgar the Atheling
William kept Edgar in his custody and took him, along with other English leaders, to his court in Normandy
Capture of Durham
Robert de Commines takes control of Durham
Siege of Durham
Robert de Commines takes control of Durham
Siege of York
William recaptures York from Asbjorn who is reluctant to meet him in battle
Reballion of Rebels in Durham
Robert de Commines takes control of Durham
Reballion of York
York rises & kills its castellan
Capture of York
Recaptures York & uses it as a centre for a winter campaign to establish his rule. King Edgar of Scotland is forced back across the border
Harrying of the North Begins
William begins a devastating campaign across northern England intended to deny food and support to further rebels.
Mobilization
Establishes an HQ in Nottingham before recapturing York
Reballion of York
York rises & kills its castellan
Reballion of massacred by the
Robert de Commines & his army are massacred by the rebellion in Durham
Siege of Durham
Robert de Commines & his army are massacred by the rebellion in Durham
Siege of York
William recaptures York from Asbjorn who is reluctant to meet him in battle
York Retaken from Rebels
William retakes York and restores Norman control after the Danish-backed occupation.
Invasion of England
Late in the year William fought his way into Northumbria and occupied York, buying off the Danes and devastating the surrounding country
Siege of York
Late in the year William fought his way into Northumbria and occupied York, buying off the Danes and devastating the surrounding country
Death of Edith of Wessex
Death of Edith of Wessex
Abduction
Abducted in order to be take prisoner to Germany but rescued by the people of Rome
Excommunication
Excommunicates Henry IV
Christmas Council at Gloucester
At his Christmas court in Gloucester, William orders the great inquiry that becomes the Domesday survey.
Domesday Inquiry Ordered
William orders commissioners to determine landholding, resources and taxable values throughout most of England.
Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem
Daimbert of Pisa becomes Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem after the First Crusade, strengthening Italian ecclesiastical influence in the new crusader regime.
Birth of Thomas a Becket
Birth of Thomas a Becket
Lateran Council, 1st
The Concordat of Worms is confirmed by the First Council of the Lateran in 1123
Lateran Council, 1st
The Council of 1123 is reckoned in the series of Ecumenical councils by the Catholic Church. It was convoked by Pope Calixtus II in December, 1122, immediately after the Concordat of Worms.
Lateran Council, 1st
The Council sought to: (a) bring an end to the practice of the conferring of ecclesiastical benefices by people who were laymen; (b) free the election of bishops and abbots from secular influence; (c) clarify the separation of spiritual and temporal affairs; (d) re-establish the
Lateran Council, 1st
principle that spiritual authority resides solely in the Church; (e) abolish the claim of the emperors to influence papal elections.
Pope
Apppointed Pope
Marriage
Marries Matilda, only daughter & heiress of Eustace III & Mary of Scotland
Death of Henry I
Death of Henry I, a gastric attack after eating lampreys
Accession
Supported by the Barons who are opposed to a woman taking the throne
Death of Stephen
Death of Henry I, rides to Winchester to take control of the Treasury
Coronation
Crowned King of England, on St Stephens Day
Succession
The oath of allegiance sworn to support Matilda is claimed to be invalid
Invasion of Northumberland
Begins an Invasion of Northumberland
Burial
Buried in the chancel of Reading Abbey
Coronation
Again crowned King of England in Canterbury Cathedral by Archbishop Theobald
Coronation
Crowned for a 2nd time with Stephen by Archbishop Theobald
Marriage
Marries Eleanor of Aquitaine, daughter of the late Duke of Aquitaine
Marriage
Henry IIs marriage is celebrated in the Cathedral of Poitiers. Given Aquitaine as part of the marriage dowry, remains English until 1452
Rule of Aquitaine
Given Aquitaine as part of the marriage dowry, remains English until 1452
Dowry
Henry II is given Aquitaine as part of adowry when he marries Eleanor of Aquitaine
Marriage
Marries Henry II
Rule of Aquitaine
Henry II is given Aquitaine as part of adowry when he marries Eleanor of Aquitaine
Treaty of Westminster
Henry Plantagenet becomes Stephens heir. Allows Stephen to remain King of England for life
Pope
Appointed Pope, Cardinal Nicholas Breakspear, the only ever English Pope
Accession
Accedes to the throne upon the death of his second cousin, Stephen
Coronation
Crowned in Westminster Abbey, "By The Grace Of God, Henry II, King Of England", thus the first to be crowned "King of England", as opposed to "King of the English".
Coronation
Henry used the title Rex Angliae, Dux Normaniae et Aquitaniae et Comes Andigaviae (King of England, Duke of Normandy and Aquitaine, Count of Anjou).
Coronation
The 1st Angevin King.
Coronation
The Count of Anjou, son of Matilda daughter of Henry I & Geoffrey Plantagenet.
Rex Angliae
Henry used the title Rex Angliae, Dux Normaniae et Aquitaniae et Comes Andigaviae (King of England, Duke of Normandy and Aquitaine, Count of Anjou)
Death of Malcolm IV
Death of Malcolm IV
Coronation
Crowned King of Scotland
Assassination of Thomas a Becket
Murdered by 4 of Henry IIs knights at the alter of St Benedict, Canterbury cathedral
Death of Thomas a Becket
Death of Thomas a Becket, assassinated
Coronation
Returns to England after 6 yrs & excommunicates Bishops who had crowned Henry
Excommunication
Returns to England after 6 yrs & excommunicates Bishops who had crowned Henry
International Agreement at London
Renounces claims to Scotland & frees William from agreements made with Henry II
Restores Berwick & Roxburgh castles to Scotland, in return William pays 10,000
Restores Berwick & Roxburgh castles to Scotland, in return William pays 10,000 marks
Succession
Succeeds as King of Scotland
Mobilization
Embarks on the 3rd Crusade, heads for France & does not return for 4 years
Arrest of Richard I the Lionheart
Held captive in Durenstein Castele 1193-1194
Arrest of Richard I the Lionheart
Captured by Leopold of Austria when returning back to England
Capture of Anglesey
Captures Anglesey
Result of Surrender of King John
John returns to England seeking baronial support after yielding to the French.
Surrender of King John
Surrenders to the French in & returns to England to seek the support of the Barons
Election
Forces the election of Bishop Gray of Norwich
Death of Waleran de Beaumont
Death of Waleran de Beaumont, 4th Earl of Warwick
Plot
A plot to assassinate the King is exposed, its leaders flee into exile
Death of William I the Lion
Death of William I the Lion
Coronation
Crowned King of Scotland
Succession
Succeeds as King of Scotland
Capture of Shrewsbury
Captures Shrewsbury
Burial
Buried in Arbroath Abbey
Homage
Pays homage to Henry III for his English lands
Marriage
Alexander II marries Joanna, sister of Henry III
Siege of Kiev
Destroys the city of Kiev
Siege of Kiev
Destroys Kiev after the Prince of Kiev refuses to surrender it
Death of Isabella of England
Death of Isabella of England, dies in childbirth along with her newborn child
Invasion of Italy
The Mongols cross the Alps into Italy & approach Vienna up the Danube Valley
Death of Ogatai
Dies after the Battle of Liegnitz, the Mongols retire to Karakorum
Birth of Gilbert the Red
Birth of Gilbert the Red
Death of Frederick II
Death of Frederick II
Knighthood
Alexander III is knighted by Henry III
Marriage
Alexander III marries Princess Margaret, Henry IIIs daughter
Marriage
Marries Alexander III
Battle of Foggia
Death of Innocent IV, it was on a sick bed at Naples that Innocent IV heard of Manfreds victory at Foggia against the Papal forces, said to have precipitated his death
Death of Innocent IV
Death of Innocent IV, it was on a sick bed at Naples that Innocent IV heard of Manfreds victory at Foggia against the Papal forces, said to have precipitated his death
Rule of Aquitaine
Under the Treaty of Paris Henry agrees to pay homage to Louis IX for Aquitaine
Rule of Gascony
Under the Treaty of Paris Henry agrees to pay homage to Louis IX for Gascony
Treaty of Paris
The Treaty of Paris is followed by 30 years of peace between France & England. Pays homage to Louis IX for Gascony & Aquitaine. Gives up Normandy, Maine, Anjou & Poitou
Rule of Maine
Under the Treaty of Paris Henry III gives up his claim to Maine
Rule of Normandy
Under the Treaty of Paris Henry III gives up his claim to Anjou
Rule of Normandy
Under the Treaty of Paris Henry III gives up his claim to Normandy
Rule of Poitou
Under the Treaty of Paris Henry III gives up his claim to Poitou
Treaty of Paris
Henry III pays homage to Louis IX for Gascony & Aquitaine. Henry III gives up claims to Normandy, Maine, Anjou & Poitou
Invasion of Western Isles
Haakon is forced to leave the Western Isles & dies on is way to the Orkneys
Provisions of Oxford
Both sides agree to submit the Provisions of Oxford to Louis IX for judgement
Siege of Wallingford
Tries in vain to rescue Prince Edward from Wallingford Castle
Siege of Kenilworth
The rebels at Kenilworth Castle surrender & accept the Dictum of Kenilworth
Invasion of Wales
Edward I defeats Llywelyn III whose principality is limited to west of Snowdonia
Invasion of Wales
Edward I defeats Llywelyn III whose principality is limited to west of Snowdonia
Rule of Wales
Edward I defeats Llywelyn III whose principality is limited to west of Snowdonia
Battle of Irfon Bridge
Death of Llywelyn III, during a skirmish with the English at Irfon Bridge
Death of Llywelyn III
Death of Llywelyn III, during a skirmish with the English at Irfon Bridge
Death of Edward I
Death of Llewelyn, killed in battle
Reballion of Rebels in Builth
Defeats & kills Llewelyn, 1st recorded use of archers armed with the longbow
Homage
Pays homage to Edward I at Newcastle in the castle hall
Homage
Pays homage to Edward I at Newcastle
Invasion of Wales
Invades Wales
Death of Gilbert de Clare
Death of Gilbert the Red
Arrest of William Douglas
William Douglas is released
Knighthood
Returns to Scotland & is knighted
Arrest of John Balliol
Guardian of the Scotish Kingdom during the imprisonment of King Baliol
Warden
Appointed Warden of Scotland
Invasion of Scotland
Edward I retreats from Scotland & spends the winter at Northampton
Invasion of Scotland
Edward spends the winter months at Dunfermline Abbey where he plans an attack on Stirling Castle
Invasion of Scotland
Winters at Dunfermline
Invasion of Scotland
Edward II winters at Perth
Lanercost Priory
Edward I & Edward II winter at Lanercost Priory near Carlisle
Invasion of Scotland
Edward I & Edward II winter at Lanercost Priory near Carlisle
Deposition of Henry of Carinthia
Henry of Carinthia was driven from Bohemia as John established Luxembourg rule in the kingdom.
Capture of Prague
John's supporters gained control of Prague and displaced the government of Henry of Carinthia.
Birth of Alfonso XI the Avenger
Birth of Alfonso XI the Avenger, son of Ferdinand IV
Reballion of Barons
Pardons the Earl of Lancaster the leader of the Barons revolt
Reballion of Barons
Pardons the Earl of Lancaster the leader of the Barons revolt
Reunion with Isabella
Roger Mortimer reunited with Queen Isabella at the French court, where their political partnership became central to opposition against Edward II.
Marriage
Philippa and her retinue arrive in England in December 1327 escorted by her uncle, John of Hainaut. On 23 December she reaches London where a "rousing reception was accorded her"
Campaign against Imperialists
Cardinal Orsini campaigns against imperial positions in central Italy
Isabella Retired
Removes Isabella from political power after taking control of government
Battle of Plowce
Wladyslaw Lokietek and his son Casimir both lead the Polish army against the Teutonic Knights and inflict upon them the 1st defeat. After Plowce, the Teutonic Knights return to Torun
Teutonic Knights
Wladyslaw Lokietek and his son Casimir both lead the Polish army against the Teutonic Knights and inflict upon them the 1st defeat. After Plowce, the Teutonic Knights return to Torun
Exile of John Balliol
Forced to flee by the Earl of Moray & Sir Archibald Douglas, supporters of David Bruce
Battle of Plowce
The Germans under Dietrich von Altenburg arrive near the blockaded peasant town of Plowce & launch an attack
Battle of Plowce
The Germans retreat to Torun, their losses climbi to 1/3rd dead of all their knights taking part in the war. Reuss von Plauen, commander of the army and 40 knights are captured by the Poles
Battle of Plowce
Wladyslaw Lokietek and his son Casimir both lead the Polish army against the Teutonic Knights and inflict upon them the 1st defeat. After Plowce, the Teutonic Knights return to Torun
Teutonic Knights
Wladyslaw Lokietek and his son Casimir both lead the Polish army against the Teutonic Knights and inflict upon them the 1st defeat. After Plowce, the Teutonic Knights return to Torun
Exile of Archibald Douglas
Beseiges Edward Balliol at Annan & with Archibal Douglads drives him out of Scotland
Bishop of Durham
Richard of Bury is appointed Bishop of Durham
Death of John XXII
John XXII died at Avignon after an eighteen-year pontificate.
Election as Pope
The cardinals elected Jacques Fournier pope, and he took the name Benedict XII.
Archbishop of Canterbury
Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury
Archbishop
Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury
Death of William de Bohun
Death of William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton
Capture of Poitou
Philip IV captures Poitou
Succession
Names Richard II as his successor
Succession
Edward III names Richard II as his successor, then aged 10
Battle of Radcot Bridge
Gloucester & Bolingbroke defeat the Royalists under de Vere & the Earl of Suffolk
Abdication
Deposed and tried for crimes
Peace Treaty
Peace is agreed between England & France
Birth of Henry VI
Birth of Henry VI, son of Henry V & Catherine of Valois
Birth of only child
The only child of Henry V & Catherine of Valois is born at Windsor
Birth of Henry VI
Birth of Henry VI, son of Henry V & Catherine of Valois
Death of Thomas de Beaufort
Death of Thomas de Beaufort
Death of Thomas Beaufort
Death of Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter
Arrest of Joan of Arc
Joan of Arc is brought to Rouen, the seat of the English occupation Government
Arrest of Joan of Arc
Joan of Arc is brought to Rouen, the seat of the English occupation Government
Coronation
Crowned as Henry II of France, under the terms of the Treaty of Troyes
Coronation
Crowned as Henry II of France, under the terms of the Treaty of Troyes
Coronation
Crowned as Henry II of France, under the terms of the Treaty of Troyes
Coronation
Crowned in Paris as King of France at Notre Dame
Capture of Maine
Promises to hand-over Maine to France in a personal letter to Charles VII
Capture of Harfleur
The French recapture Harfleur, Henry Vs 1st conquest in France
Peace
A peace Treaty is signed between England & France
Dismissal
Dismissed from power by the Queen & Edmund Beaufort the 2nd Duke of Somerset
Battle of Wakefield
Helps defeat the Yorkists when they sail from Sandal castle
Battle of Wakefield
Killed in battle while quelling a Northern rebellion
Death of Richard
Death of Richard Duke of York, killed at the Battle of Wakefield
Death of Richard
Richards head is placed over a York city gate with a paper crown on it
Battle of Wakefield
Richard Duke of York is killed & succeeded by his son Edward who becomes Duke of York
Death of Albert VI
His death allows Frederick III to recover Austrian authority.
Marriage
Anne Neville marries Edward of Westminster, the Lancastrian heir to the throne of Englandm, making her Princess of Wales
Princess of Wales
Anne Neville marries Edward of Westminster, the Lancastrian heir to the throne of Englandm, making her Princess of Wales
Arrest of John de Vere
Imprisoned by the Royalists in Hammes Castle
Marriage Pledge to Elizabeth of York
At Rennes, Henry Tudor publicly promises to marry Elizabeth of York if he secures the English crown.
Exile of Henry VII
While in Brittany, Henry Tudor pledges to marry Elizabeth of York, attracting Yorkist opponents of Richard III.
Succession
Henry Tudor agrees to the plan to unite the Houses of York & Lancaster and in December 1483 publicly swore an oath to that effect in the cathedral in Rennes, France
Summis Desiderantes
Heinrich Kramer receives papal support for inquisitorial authority against suspected witchcraft in German dioceses.
Summis Desiderantes
Jacob Sprenger is named with Heinrich Kramer in the papal bull supporting witchcraft prosecutions.
Summis Desiderantes
Its direct purport was to ratify the powers already conferred upon Henry Institoris and James Sprenger, to deal with witchcraft as well as heresy, and it called upon the Bishop of Strasbourg to lend the inquisitors all possible support
Summis Desiderantes
The bull sought to remedy this jurisdictional dispute by specifically identifying the dioceses of Mainz, Cologne, Trier, Salzburg, and Bremen. Issues a bull against witchcraft. Innocent's Bull enacted nothing new.
Summis Desiderantes
The bull was written in response to the request of Dominican Inquisitor Heinrich Kramer for explicit authority to prosecute witchcraft in Germany, after he was refused assistance by the local ecclesiastical authorities, who maintained that as the letter of deputation did not specifically mention where
Summis Desiderantes
the inquisitors may operate, they could not legally exercise their functions in their areas.
Peerage
Created Duke of Bedford, 3rd, by Henry VII
Peace
A truce is signed between England & Scotland, a 5 yr peace
Peace
A truce is signed between England & Scotland, a 5 year peace
Santa Maria
The Santa Maria runs aground in Haiti
Sinking of Santa Maria - Fort Navidad Salvage
Timbers salvaged from Santa Maria were used to build La Navidad after the flagship grounded off Hispaniola.
Sinking of Santa Maria
The Santa Maria runs aground in Haiti
Discovery of Haiti
Lands on Hati believing this to be Cipango, Asia & would have great quantities of gold
Constitution of England
All Irish laws must be approved by the Privy Council
Legislation
Passes Poynings Law in the Irish Parliament
Death of Jasper Tudor
Death of Jasper Tudor
Edmund de la Pole Outlawed
Edmund de la Pole is proclaimed an outlaw as Henry acts against another Yorkist claimant living abroad.
Succession
Pope Julius grants dispensation for Henry to marry Catherine
Marriage
Pope Julius grants dispensation for Henry to marry Catherine
Battle of Garigliano
A mercenary who marches with the French army to Italy, where he fights in the Battle of Garigliano
Battle of Garigliano
Serves in de Cordobas Spanish army during their victory against the French
Reformation, The
Julius issued a dispensation allowing Henry VIII of England to marry Catherine of Aragon. Catherine had been married to Henry's deceased brother Prince Arthur but maintained she had remained a virgin during the marriage. 20 years later Henry sought to have his marriage annulled, claiming that the dispensation should never have been issued. The refusal of Pope Clement VII to grant the annulment led to the English Reformation
Marriage
Henry VII signs a marriage Treaty between his daughter Mary & Archduke Charles
Marriage
Henry VII signs a marriage Treaty between his daughter Mary & Archduke Charles
Birth of Nicholas Bacon
Nicholas Bacon is born and later serves Elizabeth I as Lord Keeper of the Great Seal and a senior member of her government.
Health of Henry VIII
Suffers from smallpox
Birth of son
Gives birth to a son who lives for just a few days
Catherine's Pregnancy Ends in Stillbirth
Another pregnancy ends without a surviving child, further weakening hopes that Catherine will provide a second-generation Tudor prince.
Death of Gonzalo Fernendez de Cordoba
Death of Gonzalo Fernendez de Cordoba
Resignation of William Warham
Resigns as Lord Chancellor. Did not approve of the marriage between Henry VIII & Catherine of Aragon
Dissolution of Parliament
Henry VIIIs 3rd Parliament closes
Inauguration
Sworn in as Lord Chancellor before Henry VIII at the chapel at Eltham
Lord Chancellor
Lives in splendor at the palaces of Whitehall & Hampton court. Appointed Lord Chancellor
Accession to Treaty
Adheres to the wider European peace arrangements promoted through the Treaty of London.
Collective Defence Commitment
Joins the wider peace league and accepts the collective obligations attached to the Treaty of London.
Reform of Royal Household
Orders Wolsey to reform his household & make it more profitable
Lutheran Church
Publicly burns the Papal Bull at Wittenberg
Papal Bull
Publicly burns the Papal Bull at Wittenberg during the Reformation
Death of Sixtus V
Birth of Sixtus V, Felice Peretti di Montalto, in the Papal States
Death of Leo X
Death of Leo X
Edict of Worms
In December 1521, Jacob Probst, prior of the Augustinian monastery in Antwerp, was the first Luther-supporting cleric to be arrested and prosecuted under the terms of the Worms Edict.
Edict of Worms
In the Low Countries (comprising modern-day Belgium, Luxembourg, and The Netherlands), the Edict was initially enforced against Luther's most active supporters.
Edict of Worms
This could be done because these countries were under the direct reign of Emperor Charles V and his appointed regent, Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy (and Charles's aunt).
Siege of Rhodes
Begins negotiations after heavy losses on both sides
Siege of Rhodes
Peace negotiations break down & the siege continues
Siege of Rhodes
Breaks into the city of Rhodes
Siege of Rhodes
Resumes negotiations
Siege of Rhodes
Suleyman I the Magnificent captures Rhodes
Ordinance
Wolsey & Henry VIII draw up the "Eltham Ordinances" to reform the Household & Chamber
Plague
Spends a "still Christmas" away from the plague
Peerage
Created Earl of Wiltshire
Peerage
Creates Thomas Boleyn Earl of Wiltshire
Arrest of John Palsgrave
Attacks Wolsey in the House of Lords for arrogance & misrule
Arrest of Thomas Wolsey
Attacked in the House of Lords by John Palsgrave for arrogance & misrule
Salt Pension Cash Conversion
Converts a French obligation involving annual salt into a fixed cash payment under a new financial treaty.
Death of Babur
Death of Zahir al-Din Mohammed Babur Shah, founder of the Moguls dynasty, India, Babur leaves power to his son Humayun
Visit to Calais
Henry VIII & Anne Boleyn visit Francis I of France in Calais
Pregnancy
Becomes pregnant with Henry VIIIs child after a visit to Calais to meet Francis I
Reformation Parliament
The King authorizes Cromwell to discredit the papacy and the Pope is attacked throughout the nation in sermons and pamphlets
Reformation, The
The King authorizes Cromwell to discredit the papacy and the Pope is attacked throughout the nation in sermons and pamphlets
Household of Elizabeth
Mary is placed in the household of the infant Princess Elizabeth
First Fruits and Tenths Act
The First Fruits and Tenths Act diverts clerical revenues formerly linked to Rome to the English Crown.
Henrician Treasons Act Enacted
Parliament expands treason law to protect Henry's royal title, marriage settlement and ecclesiastical supremacy from defined forms of opposition.
Oath of Succession
Refusal to swear the succession oath becomes a grave political and religious offence.
Oath of Succession
Refusal to swear the succession oath is treated as treason against the king's authority.
Oath of Succession
The Act requires recognition of Anne Boleyn as Henry VIII's lawful wife and of her children as legitimate heirs.
Oath of Succession
The Oath to the Succession Act receives royal assent, requiring subjects to swear to the succession settlement.
Oath of Succession
The Oath to the Succession Act requires subjects to swear obedience to Henry VIII's succession settlement.
Oath of Succession
The Oath to the Succession Act requires subjects to swear to Henry VIII's succession settlement.
Treason
The Treasons Act receives royal assent and makes malicious denial of Henry VIII's supremacy punishable as high treason.
Treasons Act
The Act makes it treason to deny maliciously the king's royal supremacy and lawful titles.
Treasons Act
The Act makes resistance to the royal supremacy and succession settlement punishable as high treason.
Treasons Act
The Treasons Act makes malicious denial of the king's royal supremacy and titles punishable as high treason.
Treasons Act
The Treasons Act receives royal assent and creates new statutory offences of high treason.
Treasons Act
The Treasons Act receives royal assent, reinforcing the succession settlement by criminalising opposition to Henry's authority.
First Fruits and Tenths Transferred to Crown
Parliament transfers clerical first fruits and annual tenths from papal authority to the English Crown.
Capture of Baghdad
Suleyman I the Magnificent captures Baghdad
Arrest of Manco II
The Pizarro brothers so mistreated Manco Inca that he ultimately tried to escape, he failed, is captured and imprisoned but released two months later on the behalf of the Spaniards to please their Inca subjects
Rule of Peru
The Pizarro brothers so mistreated Manco Inca that he ultimately tried to escape, he failed, is captured and imprisoned but released two months later on the behalf of the Spaniards to please their Inca subjects
Pontefract Articles Presented
The rebel leadership presents a detailed programme demanding religious restoration, limits on government ministers and redress of northern grievances.
Cardinal
Appointed Cardinal by Pope Paul III
General Pardon Offered to Pilgrims
Henry VIII offers a general pardon to most participants after the rebel army disperses under promises that a parliament will consider northern complaints.
Legislation
The Poor Law is enacted
Poor Law
The Poor Law is enacted
Reform of Poor Relief
The Poor Law is enacted
Articles of Pontefract
The rebels set out demands including restoration of monasteries and removal of Cromwell and other royal councillors.
Articles of Pontefract
The rebels set out demands including restoration of monasteries and removal of Thomas Cromwell.
Negotiations
The Duke of Norfolk negotiates with the Pilgrimage of Grace rebels and offers a royal pardon.
Negotiations
The Duke of Norfolk negotiates with the rebels after their forces confront royal troops near Doncaster.
Pardon
The Pilgrimage of Grace disperses after promises of pardon and a future parliament in the north.
Pardon
The rebels disperse after promises of a royal pardon and a parliament to consider their grievances.
Pregnancy
Jane Seymour announces that she is pregnant
Aske Invited to Royal Court
Aske travels to meet Henry VIII and explains the rebels' grievances while believing the king intends a genuine reconciliation.
Pregnancy
Jane Seymour announces that she is pregnant
Arrest of Rebel leaders
Orders the arrest of the rebel leaders
Montagu Attainder
Henry Pole is attainted for treason as the crown broadens the Exeter conspiracy case against relatives and associates of Cardinal Reginald Pole.
Exeter Conspiracy Trial
Courtenay is tried by his peers on treason charges centred on correspondence and conversations with members of the Pole family, then condemned to death.
Execution of Edward Neville
Edward Neville is beheaded for treason after being implicated in the political network surrounding the Exeter conspiracy.
Execution of Henry Courtenay
Henry Courtenay is beheaded after being accused of treason and dynastic opposition connected with the Exeter conspiracy.
Defender of the Faith
Pope Paul III excommunicates Henry VIII after the break with Rome and rejection of papal authority.
Excommunication
Excommunicated by Pope Paul III
Excommunication
Excommunicates Henry VIII
Reformation, The
At the end of 1538, a proclamation is issued forbidding free discussion of the Sacrament and forbidding clerical marriage, on pain of death
Marriage
A Parliamentary committee is established to examine doctrine and the Duke of Norfolk presents six questions for the House to consider, which pass as the Act of Six Articles reaffirming a traditional view of the Mass, the Sacraments and the priesthood
Reformation, The
A Parliamentary committee is established to examine doctrine and the Duke of Norfolk presents six questions for the House to consider, which pass as the Act of Six Articles reaffirming a traditional view of the Mass, the Sacraments and the priesthood
Marriage
Anne of Cleves arrives in Rochester
Marriage
Anne of Cleves arrives in Rochester
Death of Francis Dereham
Death of Francis Dereham, executed for treason
Execution
Executed after Catherine Howard admits prenuptial unchastity with Dereham & Culpepper
Treason
Death of Francis Dereham, executed for treason
Death of Thomas Culpeper
Death of Thomas Culpeper, executed for treason
Treason
Death of Thomas Culpeper, executed for treason
Execution
Executed after Catherine Howard confesses unchastity with Dereham & Culpepper
Execution
Thomas Culpeper is executed for treason, an alleged lover of Catherine Howard. Francis Dereham is executed for treason, an alleged lover of Catherine Howard
Treason
Thomas Culpeper is executed for treason, an alleged lover of Catherine Howard. Francis Dereham is executed for treason, an alleged lover of Catherine Howard
Birth of Mary Queen of Scots
Gives birth at Linlithgow Palace to Mary, the future Queen of Scots and heir to the Scottish crown.
Birth of Mary of Scots
Is born at Linlithgow Palace to James V and Mary of Guise.
Birth of Mary Stuart
Mary Stuart is born at Linlithgow Palace and becomes Queen of Scots within days, later emerging as a major claimant to the English succession.
Widowhood of Mary of Guise
Becomes queen dowager when James V dies at Falkland, leaving their six-day-old daughter Mary as Queen of Scots.
Heir Presumptive
Becomes heir presumptive behind the infant Queen Mary, strengthening his claim to lead the Scottish government.
Death of James V
Dies at Falkland Palace six days after the birth of his daughter Mary, leaving the Scottish crown to the infant queen.
Succession of Mary of Scots
Succeeds James V as Queen of Scots at six days old.
Governor of Scotland
Is chosen Governor of Scotland during the minority of Mary Queen of Scots and takes responsibility for royal government.
Lord High Admiral
Is appointed Lord High Admiral late in 1542 and assumes senior responsibility for English naval affairs.
Aftermath of Renyin Palace Plot
Orders severe punishment after recovering from the assassination attempt; women accused of involvement are executed.
Marriage Project for Mary
Promotes a future marriage between Prince Edward and the infant Queen Mary, seeking a dynastic settlement favorable to England.
Release of Scottish Prisoners
Allows captured Scottish nobles to return home under political conditions, seeking to turn prisoners from Solway Moss into supporters of English policy.
Final Illness of James V
Retires to Falkland Palace seriously ill after the Solway Moss crisis; his condition worsens while he awaits news of the royal birth.
Coronation
Crowned in Stirling castle at the age of 9 months
Scotland reverts to pro-French & Catholic policies
Scotland reverts to pro-French & Catholic policies after the escape of Cardinal Beaton
Scottish Policy Hardens
Turns increasingly toward coercion after the marriage treaty collapses.
Treaty of Greenwich Rejected
Receives news that Scotland has rejected the Greenwich settlement.
Treaty of Greenwich
The Scottish Parliament rejects the Treaty of Greenwich and the proposed marriage alliance with England.
Invasion of Scotland
The Scottish Parliament rejects the Treaty of Greenwich and the proposed Edward and Mary marriage.
Treaty of Greenwich
The Scottish Parliament rejects the Treaty of Greenwich and the proposed Edward and Mary marriage.
Treaty of Greenwich
The treaties of Greenwich are not ratified by Scotland
Treaty of Greenwich
Marie of Guise & the Scottish Parliament repudiate the Treaty of Greenwich
Alliance Scottish Parliament and France by approving a new Treaty
The Scottish Parliament renews its alliance with France by approving a new Treaty
Auld Alliance Renewed
Supports renewal of Scotland's traditional alliance with France.
French Alliance Restored
The Scottish Parliament reaffirms the French connection after rejecting Greenwich.
Declaration of War
War is declared by Henry in an attempt to force the Scots to agree to a marriage between Edward and the infant queen, thereby creating a new alliance between Scotland and England
Declaration of War
Henry VIII prepares war against Scotland after the rejection of the Greenwich marriage settlement.
Invasion of Scotland
Following it's break with Rome, England decided to attack Scotland, partly to destroy the Auld Alliance, and prevent Scotland being used as a springboard for future invasion by France.
Invasion of Scotland
The Rough Wooing is a war between Scotland and England.
Invasion of Scotland
partly to weaken Scotland, and partly to force Scotland to agree to a marriage alliance between its child Queen Mary and the English heir apparent Edward, son of King Henry VIII.
Delaration of War
War is declared by Henry in an attempt to force the Scots to agree to a marriage between Edward and the infant queen, thereby creating a new alliance between Scotland and England
Invasion of Scotland
Following it's break with Rome, England decided to attack Scotland, partly to destroy the Auld Alliance, and prevent Scotland being used as a springboard for future invasion by France.
Invasion of Scotland
The Rough Wooing is a war between Scotland and England.
Invasion of Scotland
partly to weaken Scotland, and partly to force Scotland to agree to a marriage alliance between its child Queen Mary and the English heir apparent Edward, son of King Henry VIII.
Invasion of Scotland
English policy shifts from negotiation to coercion after Scotland refuses the Greenwich settlement.
Invasion of Scotland
Henry VIII treats Scotland's rejection of the Treaty of Greenwich as a breach of the marriage settlement.
Invasion of Scotland
The renewal of Scottish links with France strengthens Henry VIII's fear of a hostile northern frontier.
Rough Wooing Begins
Prepares military action after Scotland rejects the marriage settlement.
Rough Wooing
Following it's break with Rome, England decided to attack Scotland, partly to destroy the Auld Alliance, and prevent Scotland being used as a springboard for future invasion by France, partly to weaken Scotland, and partly to force Scotland to agree to a marriage alliance between its child Queen Mary and the English heir apparent Edward, son of King Henry VIII
Rough Wooing
The Rough Wooing is a war between Scotland and England
Treaty of Greenwich
Henry VIII treats Scotland's rejection of the treaty as justification for renewed war and the Rough Wooing.
War against Scotland
The failed diplomacy develops into the conflict known as the Rough Wooing.
Treaty of Greenwich
Annulls the Treaty of Greenwich
Treaty of Greenwich
Appoints Mary & Beaton to the Regency Council & re-enters the Roman Church
Treaty of Greenwich
Persuaded by Cardinal Beaton to nullify the Treaty of Greenwich
Treaty Opposed
Mary opposes English plans to marry her daughter to Edward VI
Birth of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
Henry Stuart is born at Temple Newsam to Margaret Douglas and Matthew Stewart, giving him strong dynastic claims through both Tudor and Stuart descent.
Council of Trent
Opening day of the Council of Trent, without Protestants
First Chantries Act Passed
Parliament authorises seizure of specified chantry and collegiate revenues, extending royal intervention into institutions supporting prayers for the dead.
Arrest of Thomas Howard
Arrested & sent to the Tower, increases Somersets power
Treason
Sentenced to death for treason
Trial
Sentenced to death for treason
Arrest of Henry Howard
Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, is arrested for treason after accusations concerning his heraldic arms and supposed dynastic pretensions alarm Henry VIII.
Thomas Howard Arrested before Henry VIII's Death
Thomas Howard is arrested with his son during Henry VIII's final political purge and is sent to the Tower on suspicion of treason.
Arrest of Thomas Howard and Henry Howard
After the arrests of Norfolk & Surrey Henry ousts them from the Regency Council
Constitution of England
The Regency Council will rule by majority, there is no provision for a Protector
Regency
The Regency Council will rule by majority, there is no provision for a Protector
Succession
Henry VIII revises his will, naming Edward, Mary and Elizabeth in the succession and providing a council for Edward's minority.
Will
Henry VIII revises his will to confirm Edward, Mary and Elizabeth in the succession.
Will
The succession provisions follow the Third Succession Act and place Edward first in line.
Will
The will names a council to govern during Prince Edward's minority.
Succession
If Henry VIIIs daughters die childless then succession will pass to his sister Mary
Will
One of the executors of the will of Henry VIII
Will
Henry VIII's will is finalised before his death and later used to govern the succession.
Will
Henry VIII's will uses statutory authority to confirm Edward, Mary and Elizabeth in the Tudor succession.
Grey Line Retained in Contingent Succession
Henry VIII's final succession arrangements leave descendants of his younger sister Mary Tudor's Grey line as contingent heirs after his own children.
Younger Grey Line Remains Eligible
Mary Grey remains within the junior Tudor-descended line contemplated by Henry VIII's final settlement if his children leave no lawful descendants.
Communion in Both Kinds
Convocation approves receiving communion in both bread and wine, a major departure from late medieval English practice.
Death of Hernan del Cortez
Death of Hernando Cortez
Election of Bishops Act
Parliament changes the legal form of episcopal appointments, strengthening the Crown's authority over the English Church.
Treason Act
Parliament repeals several Henrician treason provisions and restores a narrower statutory definition of treason.
Vagrancy Act
A severe law against vagrancy receives royal assent during the first parliamentary session of Edward's reign.
Chantries Act
The Chantries Act transfers chantries, colleges and free chapels to the Crown and accelerates religious and financial change.
Sacrament Act
The Sacrament Act receives royal assent and provides for communion to be administered in both kinds.
Chantries Dissolution Act Enacted
A new Chantries Act transfers chantry foundations and much of their property to the Crown, weakening institutions devoted to intercessory masses.
Communion in Both Kinds Required
Parliament permits and requires lay communicants to receive both bread and wine, marking a major liturgical change from late medieval practice.
Succession
By the end of 1548, Thomas plans had been reported to the Privy Council by an informant, the Bristol Mint is investigated and Sharington revealed all
Trial of Duke of Somerset
Somerset is acquitted of high treason but convicted of felony after a trial at Westminster Hall.
Wyatt Rebellion
Is discussed as a possible husband for Elizabeth in rebel planning.
Wyatt Rebellion
His proposed marriage to Mary becomes the focus of English opposition.
Elizabeth at Court
Elizabeth remains politically watched during Mary's early reign
Heresy Statutes Revived by Parliament
Parliament restores medieval heresy laws, providing the legal machinery later used against Protestants who refuse Catholic doctrine.
Heresy Acts Revived
The old heresy laws are revived as Catholic orthodoxy is enforced.
Heresy Laws Restored
Parliament restores medieval heresy laws under Mary's Catholic settlement.
Second Act of Repeal
Parliament reverses Henrician religious legislation and restores papal obedience.
Pole Administrator
Pole is made administrator of Canterbury after Cranmer’s deprivation.
Archbishop Appointed
Pole becomes Archbishop of Canterbury after Cranmer is deprived
Philip Coronation Proposal
Supporters discuss crowning Philip as king but the proposal faces resistance
Succession
Philip II supports Elizabeth's succession to the English throne to stop Mary of Scots
Coronation
Prompted by Philip II wishing to be crowned King of England
Plot
Prompted by Philip II wishing to be crowned King of England
Succession
Philip II supports Elizabeth's succession to the English throne to stop Mary of Scots
Marriage
Mary sends Elizabeth back to Hatfield after she refuses to marry Emmanuel Philibert
Marriage
Mary sends Elizabeth back to Hatfield after she refuses to marry Emmanuel Philibert
Elizabeth Returns to Hatfield
Mary sends Elizabeth back to Hatfield after she refuses a Savoy marriage proposal
Calais Defences Strained
Calais becomes vulnerable as French forces prepare a winter attack
Nicholas Bacon Appointed
Elizabeth appoints Nicholas Bacon as Lord Keeper
Spanish Marriage Question
Elizabeth avoids committing herself to a marriage with Philip II
Religious Reform Planned
Ministers prepare legislation restoring royal supremacy over the Church
Parliament Summoned
Elizabeth summons her first parliament for the coming year
Elizabeth's Coronation Planning Begins
Elizabeth's council begins organising the first major public ceremonial display of the new reign after her accession in November.
Mary's Funeral Ordered
Elizabeth's government prepares the funeral ceremonies for Mary I
Religious Policy Planned
Elizabeth's ministers begin preparing a Protestant religious settlement
Parker Consecrated Archbishop
Matthew Parker is consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury and begins rebuilding an episcopate committed to Elizabeth's religious settlement.
Archbishop of Canterbury
Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury
Archbishop of Canterbury
Consecrated after all the Marian Bishops had been removed from office
Archbishop
Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury
Consecration
Consecrated after all the Marian Bishops had been removed from office
Lord Keeper Appointed
Bacon serves as Lord Keeper during the first year of Elizabeth's reign
Alliance Thomas Howard Norfolk, 3rd and Scots
The Privy Council instructs Norfolk to assist the Scots against the French
Support for Scottish Protestants
Elizabeth's council moves toward aiding Scottish Protestants against French influence
Invasion of Scotland
The Privy Council instructs Norfolk to assist the Scots against the French
Pope Elected
Giovanni Angelo Medici is elected Pope Pius IV
Birth of Robert Rich
Birth of Robert Rich, 1st Earl of Warwick, 3rd Baron Rich, son of Robert Rich, 2nd Baron Rich and Elizabeth Baldry
Arrest of Louis I de Bourbon
The King dies & Louis death sentence is commuted, the Queen Mother needs his support
Conde Reprieved
Francis II's death prevents Conde's execution and changes the political balance
Regency Begins
Catherine de Medici becomes regent for the young Charles IX
Accession
Charles IX succeeds Francis II as King of France
Death of Francis II
Francis II dies after a short reign dominated by Guise influence
Amboise Conspiracy
The "Amboise conspiracy", or "Tumult of Amboise", the attempt on the part of a group of disaffected nobles (led by Jean du Barry, seigneur de la Renaudie) to abduct the young king and eliminate the Guise faction, is foiled
Tumult of Amboise
The "Amboise conspiracy", or "Tumult of Amboise", the attempt on the part of a group of disaffected nobles (led by Jean du Barry, seigneur de la Renaudie) to abduct the young king and eliminate the Guise faction, is foiled
Widowed in France
Mary of Scots is widowed by the death of Francis II
Secret Marriage
Katherine Grey secretly marries Edward Seymour without royal permission
Secret Marriage
Seymour secretly marries Lady Katherine Grey
Retires from Court
Guise influence declines after the death of Francis II
Succession
After the accession of Charles IX, Francois de Guise lives in retirement on his estates
First Book of Discipline
Knox and other ministers prepare a plan for the reformed Scottish kirk
Reformed Kirk Organized
Knox helps organize the emerging Protestant Church of Scotland
Peerage
Created Earl of Warwick during Elizabeth I's reign
Retreat after Dreux
Coligny withdraws with surviving Huguenot forces after Dreux
Capture at Dreux
Montmorency is captured by Huguenot forces during the battle
Death at Dreux
Saint Andre is killed after the Battle of Dreux
Battle of Dreux
Conde is captured during the first major battle of the war
Battle of Dreux
Guise emerges as the leading Catholic commander after Dreux
Battle of Dreux
Guise plays a leading Catholic role at the Battle of Dreux
Huguenot Maneuver
Coligny maneuvers Huguenot cavalry before the Battle of Dreux
Arrest of Louis I de Bourbon
Captured in battle at the western edge of the Ile de France
Siege of Paris
Marches on Paris
Tridentine Reform
Borromeo supports the implementation of reforms associated with Trent
Council of Trent Conclusion
Morone helps guide the final work of the Council of Trent
Council of Trent Final Session
The Council of Trent concludes its final session under Pius IV
Death of Macarius
Metropolitan Macarius dies after shaping church and literary policy
Acquitted by Council
Knox is acquitted after Mary fails to secure his conviction
Summoned before Council
Knox is summoned after calling Protestant brethren to Edinburgh
Baptism
Writes verse for the baptism of the future James I
Baptism
Marys son, James I, is baptized at Stirling Castle according to the Catholic rite
James VI Baptised at Stirling
James is baptised in a major royal ceremony that publicly confirms the survival of the infant at the centre of the Scottish succession.
Christening
Writes verses for James VIs christening
Christening
The Countess of Argyl attends on Elizabeth's behalf. Godparent to James VI, sends a gold font
Alliance Mary of Scots and the Protestant Church
Makes a personal gift of œ10,000 to the Protestant Church
Trial
Marys trial is moved to Hampton Court. Mary is tried at a tribunal as the Queen of Scotland
Aid to Mary Queen of Scots
Mary seeks aid from Elizabeth & France
Alliance Elizabeth I and Mary if France does not intervene
Elizabeth supports Mary if France does not intervene
Legislation
Make the Confession of Faith a test for every office holder of the crown. Makes Parliament re-enact reformist religious legislation
Parliament
Makes Parliament re-enact reformist religious legislation
Reform of Parliament
Make the Confession of Faith a test for every office holder of the crown. Makes Parliament re-enact reformist religious legislation
Trial
The trial of Mary Queen of Scots moves to Hampton Court. The trial is private as the Queen of Scotland cannot be tried by an English Court
Trial
Puts the case against Mary Queen of Scots on behalf of James I
Sussex Mobilises Royal Army
The Earl of Sussex gathers a stronger royal force at York as the rebels fail to obtain the wider support needed for a sustained campaign.
Barnard Castle Captured by Rebels
The northern rebels capture Barnard Castle after resistance collapses, but the wider rising is already losing strategic momentum.
Westmorland Escapes into Exile
Westmorland escapes from England after the rebellion fails and eventually lives in continental exile rather than submit to Elizabeth's government.
Northumberland Flees into Scotland
Northumberland crosses into Scotland after the rising collapses under pressure from advancing royal forces.
Execution
Elizabeth I has 400 rank-and-file rebels executed
Birth of Johannes Kepler
Birth of Johannes Kepler
Death of Selim II
Death of Selim II, succeeded by Murad III
Circumnavigation
Sets sail in the Golden Hind
Circumnavigation
Sails the Pelican with 4 other ships & 166 men towards South America
Dismissal
Dismissed as Governor of The Netherlands by the States General
Death of St Edmund Campion
Death of St Edmund Campion, executed
Execution of Campion
Executed after being falsely implicated in a plot against Elizabeth I
Plot
Executed after being falsely implicated in a plot against Elizabeth I
Execution of Alexander Briant
Alexander Briant is executed after conviction for alleged treason linked to Catholic missionary work and Jesuit association.
Execution of Ralph Sherwin
Ralph Sherwin is executed after conviction for alleged treason arising from Catholic missionary activity in England.
Execution of Campion
St Edmund Campion is executed when falsely implicated in a plot against Elizabeth I
Diplomatic Negotiations
Elizabeth toys with Alencons marriage negotiations to isolate Spain
Marriage
Lends the Duke of Alencon 60,000 pounds to assist him in The Netherlands
Birth of Robert Bertie
Birth of Robert Bertie, later first Earl of Lindsey
Gregorian Calendar Adoption
Implements the Gregorian calendar change in France in December 1582
Execution of Edward Arden
Edward Arden is executed for treason after conviction in the Somerville case, maintaining his innocence while the prosecution presents the affair as a Catholic conspiracy.
Spanish Armada
Begins making plans for the Armada on England by gathering plans, maps & intelligence
Birth of Margaret of Austria
Birth of Margaret of Austria, later queen consort of Spain
Treaty of Joinville
Recognized by the Catholic League as a Catholic alternative to Henry of Navarre
Treaty of Joinville
Concludes alliance terms with Spain against the Protestant succession of Henry of Navarre
Catholic League Mobilization
Supports Guise family resistance to the Bourbon succession
Catholic League Opposition
Becomes the target of Catholic League opposition after becoming heir presumptive
Treaty of Joinville
Backs the Catholic League through the Treaty of Joinville
Death of Elizabeth I
Death of Alencon, the last of her suitors
Leicester Expedition to the Netherlands
Dudley sails with an English expeditionary army to the Netherlands, taking command of forces intended to resist Spanish advances near the Channel coast.
Commander in Chief
He was furthermore given full authority over the navy and army at sea.
Commander in Chief
Howard's commission is signed, requiring Howard "according as there shall be occasion, and wherever and whenever he shall deem it fitting, to invade.
Commander in Chief
Orders were drawn up for Howard to take the fleet to sea.
Commander in Chief
enter, spoil and make himself master of the kingdoms, dominions, lands, islands, and all other places whatever belonging to the said Spaniards".
Death of Henry Guise
Death of Henry of Guise, assassinated
Assassination of Henry Guise
Murdered near the King's bedchamber while Henry III hides behind the curtains
Assassination of Henry III
Henry of Guise is lured into a trap and assassinated, on the orders of Henry III
Assassination of Henry III
Henry III of France strikes his ultra-Catholic enemies, having the Duke of Guise and his brother, Cardinal Louis of Guise, killed, and holding the Cardinal de Bourbon a prisoner
Reballion of Rebels in Paris
The Guises propose a settlement with a cipher as heir and demand a meeting of the States General, which takes place at Blois
States General
The Guises propose a settlement with a cipher as heir and demand a meeting of the States General, which takes place at Blois
Burial
Buried in St Pauls Cathedral, a State Funeral taking place at the Old St Pauls Cathedral
Padua Inaugural Lecture
Galileo gives his inaugural lecture at Padua, beginning eighteen productive years in the Venetian Republic.
Death of Gerhardus Mercator
Death of Gerhardus Mercator
Birth of Henry
Birth of Henry, eldest son of Charles IX & his 2nd wife Christina of Holsten
Death of Henry Hastings
Henry Hastings dies without children, removing a prominent Protestant claimant descended from the Yorkist royal line from active succession calculations.
Final Tudor Parliament Concludes
Elizabeth's last Parliament ends after completing legislation on poor relief, taxation and other late-reign concerns.
Battle of Kinsale
Mountjoy's forces defeat the Irish relief army outside Kinsale, shattering the rebels' best opportunity to combine effectively with Spanish military support.
Battle of Kinsale
Mountjoy defeats the Irish relief army outside Kinsale, isolating the Spanish expedition and destroying the coalition's best chance of breaking the siege.
Elizabethan Poor Law Consolidated
Parliament consolidates parish poor relief by requiring overseers, local rates and organised support or work for different categories of poor people.
Gunpowder Treason Plot
It was announced on 24 December that the re-opening of Parliament would be delayed, concern over the plague meant that rather than sitting in February, as the plotters had originally planned for, Parliament would not sit again until 3 October 1605
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Catesby recruited his servant, Thomas Bates, into the plot, after the latter accidentally became aware of it
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Catesby recruited his servant, Thomas Bates, into the plot, after the latter accidentally became aware of it
Death of John Davis
English sea captain John Davis is killed by Japanese pirates whose ship he had captured off the coast of Sumatra
Birth of second son
George Monck is born at Potheridge in Devon, the second son of Sir Thomas Monck.
Birth of John Milton
Birth of John Milton
Jesuit Missions
Helps establish early Jesuit missions among Guarani communities.
First Telescopic Description of Andromeda
Observes M31 through a telescope and describes its pale central glow, providing the first known telescopic account of the Andromeda object.
Letter to Benedetto Castelli
Galileo writes to Benedetto Castelli arguing that scriptural interpretation should not override demonstrated conclusions about the natural world.
Birth of Carl Gustaf Wrangel
Birth of Carl Gustaf Wrangel
Caccini Attack on Copernicanism
Galileo becomes the target of a public sermon by Tommaso Caccini attacking Copernican astronomy and mathematicians.
Discovery of Orinoco
Reaches the Orinoco
Compendium Musicae
Descartes completed a short treatise explaining musical consonance through numerical relationships.
Siege of Pilsen
The Holy Roman Empire, led by Bavaria, gather enough forces and cross the border with Bohemia, heading towards Pilsen and Prague
Receipt of Compendium Musicae
Beeckman received Descartes's Compendium Musicae as a personal New Year gift.
Parliament attacks James Is pro-Spanish policy
Parliament attacks James Is pro-Spanish policy
Parliament
James attacks Parliament for "excess of lavish speech in matters of State"
Dissolution of Parliament
Asked by Parliament to defend German Protestants
Parliament
Asked by Parliament to find a Protestant wife for the Prince of Wales
Constitution of England
Tells Parliament "not to meddle with anything concerning Government"
Parliament
Tells Parliament "not to meddle with anything concerning Government"
Parliament
Tears out the Parliaments protestations from the Commons journal
Marriage
Abrogates the Anglo-Spanish Marriage Treaty
Marriage
An agreement is made for the marriage of the Prince of Wales to Henrietta Maria
Death of Charles Howard
Death of Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham
Treaty of Hague
The Dutch & English to subsidize support for German Protestants
Assembly
Opens the Assembly of Notables to unite the nobility
Constitution of France
Opens the Assembly of Notables to unite the nobility
Peace
Imposes the peace of Pressburg on the Hungarian leader Betlen
Created Viscount Wentworth
Charles I advanced Wentworth to the rank of viscount.
Capture of Mainz
Captures Mainz & spends the winter there
Return to Arcetri
The Holy Office permits Galileo to return to his villa at Arcetri while maintaining restrictions on his contacts and scientific discussion.
Death of John Erskine
Death of John Erskine of Mar
Court Martial of Mountnorris
Mountnorris was convicted by a court martial after a personal and political conflict with Wentworth.
Mountnorris Prosecution
Wentworth used military proceedings to remove Mountnorris from influence in the Irish administration.
Capture of Breisach
The French cut the Spanish Road linking Spain with The Netherlands. The French capture Breisach
Capture of Baghdad
Recaptures Baghdad from Safavid Persia
Transit of Venus Observed
Horrocks observes the first recorded transit of Venus from Much Hoole after projecting the Sun's image safely.
Transit of Venus Observed
Crabtree independently observes the 1639 transit of Venus after Horrocks alerts him to the predicted event.
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant of the Tower of London
Portuguese Restoration
Loses Portugal when the Braganza revolt proclaims John IV king
Portuguese Restoration
Is killed during the Portuguese coup against Spanish rule
Presentation of Root and Branch Petition
Penington presents a mass London petition calling for abolition of episcopacy.
Root and Branch Petition Presented
A mass petition asks Parliament to abolish episcopacy within the Church of England.
Root and Branch Petition Presented
A mass petition asks Parliament to abolish episcopacy within the Church of England.
Advocacy of Church Reform
Rous supports comprehensive reform of church government after the petition arrives.
Root and Branch Petition
Rous supports the petition demanding abolition of episcopal church government.
Scottish Commissioners Complaint
Scottish commissioners submitted accusations concerning Strafford's role in the wars and his actions against Scots in Ireland.
Impeachment of Archbishop Laud
The Commons impeaches Laud for high treason and attacks his religious policies.
Parliamentary Accusations against Wren
Parliament investigates Wren’s enforcement of Laudian religious practices.
Impeachment Proceedings against Finch
The Commons prepares charges over ship money judgments and abuses of judicial authority.
Flight from England
Finch flees abroad to avoid parliamentary prosecution for conduct during Personal Rule.
Annual Parliaments Bill
Cromwell moves the second reading of a bill proposing annual parliamentary sessions.
Investigation of Ship Money Judges
Hampden supports inquiries into judges who upheld the national ship money levy.
Strafford Council Notes Revealed
Vane supplies notes used to argue that Strafford advocated government beyond legal restraint.
Parliamentary Reform Activity
Cromwell supports measures intended to prevent another prolonged suspension of Parliament.
Debate on Episcopacy
Dering criticises abuses by bishops while initially favouring reformed episcopal government.
Delivery of Grand Remonstrance
Hopton joins the deputation carrying the Remonstrance to the King.
Grand Remonstrance Presented
A parliamentary deputation formally presents the Grand Remonstrance to Charles.
Grand Remonstrance Received
Charles receives the parliamentary document at Hampton Court.
Grand Remonstrance Presented
A parliamentary deputation formally presents the Grand Remonstrance to Charles.
Grand Remonstrance Received
Charles receives the parliamentary document at Hampton Court.
Militia Bill Support
Strode supports the Commons bill challenging exclusive royal command.
Militia Bill First Reading
The Commons gives Haselrig's Militia Bill its first reading by 158 votes to 125.
Militia Bill Presented
Haselrig presents a bill placing militia and naval appointments under parliamentary control.
Militia Control Proposal
Haselrig proposes parliamentary nomination of militia and naval commanders.
Militia Bill Proceedings
Lenthall presides over the Militia Bill's first Commons reading.
Demand for Irish War Supplies
Charles asks the Lords for resources to protect subjects threatened by the Irish rebellion.
Demand for Irish War Supplies
Charles asks the Lords for resources to protect subjects threatened by the Irish rebellion.
Publication of Grand Remonstrance
Pym supports publication of the document to appeal directly to public opinion.
Appointment as Tower Lieutenant
Lunsford's appointment alarms Londoners who distrust his royalist reputation.
Thomas Lunsford Appointed Tower Lieutenant
Charles appoints Thomas Lunsford as Lieutenant of the Tower, provoking public opposition.
Thomas Lunsford Appointed Tower Lieutenant
Charles appoints Thomas Lunsford as Lieutenant of the Tower, provoking public opposition.
Grand Remonstrance Rejected
Charles answers the Remonstrance and refuses its central accusations.
Response to Grand Remonstrance
Charles rejects key accusations and defends his religious and constitutional policies.
Grand Remonstrance Rejected
Charles answers the Remonstrance and refuses its central accusations.
Response to Grand Remonstrance
Charles rejects key accusations and defends his religious and constitutional policies.
Lunsford Appointment Withdrawn
Charles withdraws Lunsford's appointment following protests in the City.
Lunsford Appointment Withdrawn
Charles withdraws Lunsford's appointment following protests in the City.
Appointment after Lunsford
Byron replaces Lunsford as Lieutenant of the Tower.
John Byron Appointed Tower Lieutenant
Charles appoints John Byron as the new Lieutenant of the Tower.
John Byron Appointed Tower Lieutenant
Charles appoints John Byron as the new Lieutenant of the Tower.
Essex Trained Bands Proposal
Cromwell proposes that the Earl of Essex command trained bands during the emergency.
Military Command Dispute
Cromwell challenges exclusive royal control of armed forces during the Irish emergency.
Trained Bands Proposal
Cromwell proposes placing London's trained bands under the Earl of Essex.
City Parliamentary Campaign
Penington helps organise City support for Parliament against royal military appointments.
Royalist Reply to Remonstrance
Hyde helps articulate the constitutional case against Pym's programme.
Proposed Trained Bands Commander
Essex is proposed as a commander trusted by parliamentary leaders.
London Demonstrations
Crowds demonstrate around Westminster as political language divides into royalist and parliamentary camps.
Royal Control of Militia Defended
Charles rejects parliamentary attempts to control military appointments.
London Demonstrations
Crowds demonstrate around Westminster as political language divides into royalist and parliamentary camps.
Royal Control of Militia Defended
Charles rejects parliamentary attempts to control military appointments.
Arrest of Rupert of the Rhine
Released by Emperor Ferdinand III at the instigation of Archduke Leopold William
Prime Minister of France
Appointed Prime Minister of France
Death of Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu
Death of Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu
Battle of Tadcaster
Cavendish attacks Parliamentarian forces at Tadcaster during the Yorkshire campaign.
Discovery of New Zealand
1st European to see New Zealand
Battle of Banbury
Northampton's Royalist force is attacked at Banbury and relieved the following day.
Death at Derby House
Pym dies at Derby House in Westminster after serving as one of Parliament's most influential wartime political leaders.
Death of John Pym
Death of John Pym
Storming of Alton
Waller defeats the Royalist garrison at Alton and takes numerous prisoners during the winter campaign in Hampshire.
Burial
Buried in Westminster Abbey
Death of John Pym
The only man in politics who has some control over the Scots. Death of John Pym. Allows the rise of the Independent Party
Exile of James Hamilton
Refuses to take the Solomn League & Covenant so is forced to flee into England
Solomn League & Covenant
Refuses to take the Solomn League & Covenant so is forced to flee into England
Alliance Charles I and the Scots
The Scots promise to restore Charles if he restores Presbyterianism. Signs a secret Treaty at the Isle of Wight with the Scots. Promises to impose Presbyterianism for 3 yrs to gain Scottish support
Reballion of Rebels in London
Parliament renounces its allegiance to the King
Restoration
Promises to impose Presbyterianism for 3 yrs to gain Scottish military support
Arrest of Charles I
The Army siezes Charles I
Constitution of England
Expels 140 Presbyterians & Royalists from Parliament, creating the rump Parliament
Parliament
Expels 140 Presbyterians & Royalists from Parliament, creating the rump Parliament
Prides Purge
Expels 140 Presbyterians & Royalists from Parliament, creating the rump Parliament. Divisions emerge culminating in Prides Purge when, under the orders of Oliver Cromwell's son-in-law Henry Ireton, Colonel Pride physically bars about half of the members of Parliament from taking their seats
Pride's Purge
Pride excludes MPs considered hostile to the army and clears the way for the king's trial.
Long Parliament
Divisions emerge culminating in Prides Purge when, under the orders of Oliver Cromwell's son-in-law Henry Ireton, Colonel Pride physically bars about half of the members of Parliament from taking their seats
Prides Purge
Divisions emerge culminating in Prides Purge when, under the orders of Oliver Cromwell's son-in-law Henry Ireton, Colonel Pride physically bars about half of the members of Parliament from taking their seats
Treaty of Newport
Asks Pride to exclude from Parliament those who had voted for the Newport Treaty
Long Parliament
Divisions emerge culminating in Prides Purge when, under the orders of Oliver Cromwell's son-in-law Henry Ireton, Colonel Pride physically bars about half of the members of Parliament from taking their seats
Prides Purge
Divisions emerge culminating in Prides Purge when, under the orders of Oliver Cromwell's son-in-law Henry Ireton, Colonel Pride physically bars about half of the members of Parliament from taking their seats
Arrest of Members of Parliament
Pride's troops arrest dozens of MPs during the purge that leaves the reduced House later known as the Rump Parliament.
Pride's Purge
Pride stations soldiers outside the Commons and begins excluding members considered likely to continue negotiations with Charles I.
Dissolution of Parliament
Attempts to form a provisional Government around the Independent Members of Parliament
Parliament
Opposes Colonel Thomas Prides purge of Parliament
Provisional Government
Attempts to form a provisional Government around the Independent Members of Parliament
Trial
The "Rump Parliament" of 60 members votes that Charles be brought to trial
Execution
In the wake of the ejections from the Long Parliament, the remnant, the Rump Parliament, arranges for the trial and execution of Charles I
Rump Parliament
In the wake of the ejections from the Long Parliament, the remnant, the Rump Parliament, arranges for the trial and execution of Charles I
Siege of Pontefract Castle
Lambert takes command of the Parliamentarian siege of Pontefract after the northern Royalist rising is largely defeated.
Execution
In the wake of the ejections from the Long Parliament, the remnant, the Rump Parliament, arranges for the trial and execution of Charles I
Rump Parliament
In the wake of the ejections from the Long Parliament, the remnant, the Rump Parliament, arranges for the trial and execution of Charles I
Siege of Paris
Parlement refuses funds & Mazarin calls on the Condes troops to surround Paris
Arrest of Charles I
Orders Charles I to be transferred to Hurst Castle
Surrender of Edinburgh Castle
Edinburgh Castle surrenders to Parliamentarian forces after Cromwell's army occupies southern Scotland.
Edinburgh Castle Blockade
Maintains pressure on Edinburgh Castle before its surrender to Parliament.
Constitution of England
Decides it is necessary for a "settlement of the nation" & a constitution
Sale-Hyde Park
Cromwell sells Hyde Park to 3 buyes for œ17,000, an entrance fee is required
Battle of Dungeness
Fights with distinction under Martin van Tromp
Barebones Parliament
The Barebones Parliament is forcefully dissolved
Dissolution of Parliament
The Barebones Parliament is forcefully dissolved
Interregnum
Rous joined members who surrendered the assembly's authority to Cromwell.
Constitution of England
Cromwell accepts the position of Lord Protector. As Protector, Cromwell has the power to call and dissolve Parliaments but is obliged under the Instrument of Government to seek the majority vote of a Council of State
Instrument of Government
As Protector, Cromwell has the power to call and dissolve Parliaments but is obliged under the Instrument of Government to seek the majority vote of a Council of State
Lord Protector
Cromwell signs his name Oliver P, standing for Oliver Protector - in a similar style to that used by English monarchs - and it soon becomes the norm for others to address him as "Your highness". As Protector, Cromwell has the power to call and dissolve Parliaments but is obliged under the Instrument of Government to seek the majority vote of a Council of State. Appointed Lord Protector
Interregnum
Cromwell became Lord Protector under the written constitution called the Instrument of Government.
Western Design Command
Prepares to command the naval force for Cromwell's Western Design
Western Design Commissioner
Sails as a civilian commissioner for the Western Design
Western Design Commissioner
Serves as a commissioner accompanying the Western Design expedition
Western Design Command
Prepares to command the land forces for the Western Design
Appeal to the Nation
Calls for resistance as Swedish occupation spreads across the Commonwealth
Peace
Russia signs a 3 yr truce with Sweden. Makes peace having failed to succesfully attack Riga & Livonia
Siege of Livonia
Makes peace having failed to succesfully attack Riga & Livonia
Siege of Riga
Makes peace having failed to succesfully attack Riga & Livonia
Parliament
Support for Lambert collapses & the Rump Parliament resumes its sittings
Parliament
The Navy mutinied & declared for the Rump, support for Lambert collapsed & the Rump Parliament resumes its sittings
Advance to England
Begins moving south to challenge army factions and restore parliamentary government.
Death of Mary Stuart
Mary Stuart, the mother of William III of Orange, dies of smallpox while visiting England, intensifying disputes over his guardianship.
Convention Parliament Dissolved
Charles II dissolves the Convention Parliament after it has prepared the Restoration settlement.
Convention Parliament
Charles II dissolves the Convention Parliament after it completes the initial Restoration settlement.
Abdication
Forced to give up power as Janos Kemeny rises against him
Eikon Basilike Claim
Gauden gains favour after claiming authorship of Eikon Basilike during the Restoration settlement.
Corporation Act
Clarendon's ministry backs the Corporation Act as part of the Restoration settlement.
Cavalier Parliament
Charles II gives assent to the Corporation Act during the Cavalier Parliament.
Corporation Act
Charles II gives assent to the Corporation Act, reshaping municipal government after the Restoration.
Corporation Act
Charles II gives royal assent to the Corporation Act regulating municipal office.
Corporation Act
Turnor presides over the Commons during the Parliament that passes the Corporation Act.
Attack on Smyrna Fleet
Attacks the Dutch Smyrna convoy during the naval crisis that leads toward open war.
Smyrna Convoy Attack
Attacks the Dutch Smyrna convoy during escalating Anglo-Dutch naval tensions.
Lund University Founded
The regency government signs the documents establishing Lund University.
Lund University Founded
The regency government signs the documents establishing Lund University.
Treaty of Charles II
A cover up Treaty for the secret Treaty, details Anglo-French action against the Dutch
Cambridge Honorary Degree
William III of Orange receives an honorary university degree during his English visit to Cambridge.
Oxford Honorary Degree
William III of Orange receives an honorary university degree during his visit to Oxford.
Birth of John Keill
Birth of John Keill
Capture of Valkenburg Castle
Forces under William III of Orange capture Valkenburg Castle during the winter counteroffensive against French-held positions.
Siege of Charleroi Begins
William III of Orange reaches Charleroi and begins an attempt to take the French-held fortress during his winter campaign.
Regency Ends
Charles assumes personal government when the twelve-year regency formally ends.
Regency Ends
Charles assumes personal government when the twelve-year regency formally ends.
Withdrawal from Charleroi
William III of Orange abandons the attempt to capture Charleroi when winter conditions and inadequate siege resources make success unlikely.
Advance toward Maastricht
William III of Orange leads a field army toward Maastricht as part of a winter campaign intended to pressure French positions.
Recovery from Measles
Charles recovers after becoming seriously ill with measles during his royal progress.
Recovery from Measles
Charles recovers after becoming seriously ill with measles during his royal progress.
Death of Edward Hyde
Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, dies at Rouen.
Battle of Lund
Charles leads Sweden to a major victory against the Danish army at Lund.
Personal Command at Lund
Charles commands Swedish forces throughout the exceptionally bloody battle near Lund.
Battle of Lund
Charles leads Sweden to a major victory against the Danish army at Lund.
Personal Command at Lund
Charles commands Swedish forces throughout the exceptionally bloody battle near Lund.
Winter Army Reorganisation
Charles rebuilds depleted units after the victory at Lund.
Winter Army Reorganisation
Charles rebuilds depleted units after the victory at Lund.
Death of Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes dies at Hardwick Hall.
Arrest of Oliver Plunkett
Plunkett is arrested in Dublin after accusations connected with the fabricated Popish Plot and is imprisoned pending prosecution.
Decision to Build Karlskrona Naval Base
Charles orders construction of a new southern naval station on Trosso.
Decision to Build Karlskrona Naval Base
Charles orders construction of a new southern naval station on Trosso.
Marriage
George of Hanover visits the English Court but returns without a marriage to Anne
Peerage
Created 1st Duke of Beaufort
Peerage
Created 1st Duke of Beaufort
Baron Churchill of Eyemouth
Created Lord Churchill of Eyemouth in the Scottish peerage.
Execution of Algernon Sidney
Algernon Sidney is executed for treason after a controversial trial.
Birth of Philip V
Birth of Philip V, son of Louis the Dauphin
Death of John Pell
Death of John Pell
Death of William Petty
William Petty dies in London.
Fagel Letter Policy
William III of Orange supports a policy favouring religious toleration while opposing the removal of political safeguards that would permit Catholics to hold key offices.
Negotiations at Hungerford
William III of Orange receives commissioners representing James II and answers proposals for a negotiated political settlement.
Interregnum
James attempted to flee but was detained at Faversham and returned to London.
Arrest of James II
Detained by magistrates at Faversham while attempting to reach France
Arrival in London
William III of Orange enters London after James II loses effective control of the capital.
Peers Summoned
William III of Orange summons leading peers to advise on government and the constitutional crisis following James II's departure.
Meeting of the Peers
William III of Orange addresses a large meeting of peers assembled to consider how England should be governed until a national settlement is reached.
Succession
First day of the interregnum
Former MPs Summoned
William III of Orange summons former members of Charles II's Parliaments and representatives of the City of London to advise on calling a Convention.
Interregnum
James left England after William permitted his departure, creating an effective vacancy.
Exile of James VII
Goes into exile in France after William of Orange lands at Torbay
Temporary Administration
English political leaders ask William III of Orange to administer public affairs until the Convention meets.
Convention Ordered
William III of Orange authorizes preparations for a Convention that will determine the future government and succession.
Exile of James II
James tries to escape from London but is caught by Kent fishermen & returned to London
Bristol Secured
Beaufort's influence helps shape Bristol's response to William of Orange.
Bill of Rights
Gives royal assent with Mary II to the Bill of Rights
Bill of Rights Enacted
William III of Orange gives royal assent to the Bill of Rights, placing major limits on arbitrary royal power and confirming parliamentary liberties.
Bill of Rights
Gives royal assent with William III to the Bill of Rights
Grand Alliance
Joins William III in the Grand Alliance against Louis XIV
Grand Alliance
Joins the Grand Alliance against Louis XIV
Grand Alliance Treaty
William III of Orange joins England and the Dutch Republic with the Habsburg monarchy in the Grand Alliance against Louis XIV's France.
Grand Alliance Opposition
Faces the enlarged Grand Alliance led by William III and Leopold I
Birth of Joseph Bodin de Boismortier
Birth of Joseph Bodin de Boismortier
Move to Kensington Palace
William III of Orange and Mary move into the newly enlarged Kensington Palace, which provides a healthier residence close to Westminster.
Death of Thomas Sydenham
Dies after a career that helped shape clinical medicine
Dissent on Servant Protections
Records a dissent against a Lords resolution allowing written protections for menial servants.
Princess Anne Reconciliation Effort
Helps persuade Princess Anne to write a conciliatory letter to her exiled father, James II.
Triennial Bill Teller
Acts as a teller during a division on the Triennial Bill.
Definition of Parliamentary Session
Supports an amendment clarifying that a parliamentary session exists even when no act or judgment is passed.
Bridgeman Petition Motion
Moves that petitioners in the Bridgeman versus Holt dispute be allowed to withdraw their petition after reaching an agreement.
Mary II Falls Ill
Mary II becomes seriously ill with smallpox at Kensington Palace, beginning the final crisis of the joint reign with William III of Orange.
Triennial Act
William III of Orange gives royal assent to the Triennial Act, requiring frequent Parliaments and regular general elections.
Death of Mary II
Mary II dies of smallpox, leaving William III of Orange to rule alone and causing him profound personal grief.
Sole Rule Begins
William III of Orange becomes sole monarch after the death of Mary II, ending the period of joint kingship.
Marriage
George Is marriage to Sophea Dorothea is anulled
Arrest of Sophia Dorothea of Zell
Sophia Dorothia is arrested by George in the castle of Ahlden until her death
Divorce
George I is divorced from Sophia Dorothea of Zell
Divorce
George I divorces Sophia Dorothea on the grounds of adultery
Arrest of Sophia Dorothea of Zell
Sophia Dorothia is arrested by George in the castle of Ahlden until her death
Naval Failings Investigation
Supports investigation of whether negligence or treachery caused merchant losses during the previous summer's naval operations.
Mediation between Devonshire and Normanby
Joins a group of peers appointed to mediate a dispute between Devonshire and Normanby over Berkeley House.
St Pauls
St Pauls opens for worship
Coronation
Is crowned king and soon assumes personal rule.
Reform of Calendar
Sets about reforming the Russian calendar
Spanish Succession
The Spanish testament naming Philip of Anjou is debated at Versailles amid fears of a European war.
Letters Patent
Louis XIV issues measures preserving Philip V's French dynastic status, increasing European concern.
Spanish Dispatches
Torcy prepares diplomatic communications explaining the Bourbon acceptance of Spain.
War Preparation
Chamillart faces rising military pressure as the Spanish succession crisis moves toward war.
Departure
Philip V prepares to leave Versailles for Spain after being named heir to the Spanish throne.
Departure
Philip leaves Versailles for Spain to take possession of the Spanish throne.
Dynastic Policy
Louis XIV supports his grandson Philip as king of Spain while seeking to preserve Bourbon influence.
Farewell
Philip V leaves the French court to take possession of the Spanish monarchy.
Military Planning
Vendome is considered among France's leading commanders as the Bourbon succession crisis develops.
Balance of Power
Louis XIV's decision threatens to unite Bourbon interests across France and Spain.
Command Planning
Nicolas Catinat is among the senior French commanders available as war over Spain becomes likely.
Army Reorganisation
Nikita Repnin is associated with the rebuilding of Russian forces after the Narva disaster.
Army Reform
After Narva, Peter I begins urgent efforts to rebuild and reform the Russian army.
Artillery Reform
Peter I orders new artillery production after the loss of guns at Narva.
Strategic Recovery
Peter I refuses to abandon the Baltic war despite the heavy defeat at Narva.
Administration
Spanish ministers begin issuing government business in the name of Philip V.
Departure for Spain
Philip V prepares to leave France for his new Spanish kingdom.
Royal Style
Philip V assumes the royal style of King of Spain while still at Versailles.
European Alarm
Philip V's accession alarms powers opposed to a Bourbon union of France and Spain.
Strategic Decision
After Narva, Charles XII turns toward Livonia and Poland-Lithuania rather than immediately invading Russia.
Strategic Decision
Turns south against Augustus II rather than marching directly on Moscow.
Battle of Erestfer
Sheremetev defeats Schlippenbach's Swedish force at Erestfer.
Defeat at Erestfer
Schlippenbach suffers defeat during the Russian winter offensive.
Parliamentary Response to Stuart Claim
William III of Orange urges Parliament to respond firmly after Louis XIV recognizes James Francis Edward Stuart as king of England and Scotland.
Polish-Saxon Defence
Augustus organises resistance to the approaching Swedish campaign in Poland.
Celebration of Erestfer Victory
Peter celebrates Erestfer as an important recovery after Narva.
Livonian Offensive
Peter authorises renewed operations against Swedish positions in Livonia.
Winter Quarters in Courland
Charles establishes winter quarters while preparing operations against Augustus II.
Dukedom of Marlborough
Queen Anne rewards Marlborough's early campaign by making him Duke of Marlborough.
Dukedom of Marlborough
Queen Anne rewards Churchill's campaign by creating him Duke of Marlborough.
Commercial Treaty
Methuen signs the commercial agreement governing English cloth and Portuguese wine.
English Textile Access
Methuen secures favourable treatment for English woollen textiles in Portugal.
Portuguese Wine Preference
Methuen agrees preferential English duties for Portuguese wines.
Methuen Treaty
Concludes alliance and commercial terms with Portugal.
Commercial Treaty
Peter II approves the commercial treaty negotiated by Methuen.
Royal Society Administration
Newton begins supervising the Society's meetings and institutional affairs.
Control of Upper Hungary
Rakoczi controls much of Upper Hungary by the end of the year.
Polish Winter Quarters
Charles establishes winter quarters after consolidating control around Thorn.
Return after Blenheim
Returns to St James's after the victorious continental campaign and the journey home from Rotterdam.
Parliamentary Thanks after Blenheim
Appears in the Lords and receives formal parliamentary thanks for the Blenheim campaign.
Crossing of the Vistula
Charles XII crosses the Vistula during the eastward march against Russia.
Crossing of the Vistula
Crosses the Vistula during the eastward march.
Surrender of Lille Citadel
The citadel of Lille surrenders after the prolonged Allied siege.
Surrender of Lille
Boufflers surrenders Lille after a prolonged defence against Allied siege operations.
Capture of Ghent
Ghent surrenders to the Allies at the end of Marlborough's 1708 campaign.
War Crisis
Louis XIV faces severe military pressure after Allied victories and the loss of major northern fortresses.
Winter in Ukraine
Endures a severe winter that weakens the Swedish army.
Battle of Brihuega
Is forced to surrender after being surrounded.
Battle of Brihuega
Vendome defeats Stanhope's isolated British force at Brihuega.
Battle of Villaviciosa
Villarroel distinguishes himself at Villaviciosa while serving the Habsburg claimant after changing sides.
Battle of Villaviciosa
Vendome and Philip V defeat the Habsburg army at Villaviciosa.
Return to Madrid
Philip V recovers his position in Madrid after Bourbon victories in Castile.
Dismissal of Marlborough
Queen Anne dismisses Marlborough from his military commands after political conflict with the Tory ministry.
Dismissal
Marlborough is dismissed from his commands amid political attacks and accusations over army finances.
Journey toward Antwerp
Begins the next stage of his continental journey toward Antwerp before travelling through Maastricht to Aix-la-Chapelle.
Battle of Gadebusch
Stenbock defeats Danish and Saxon forces at Gadebusch in Sweden's last major field victory of the war.
Death of Jahandar Shah
Upon the death of their father Jahandar Shah and his brother Azim-ush-shan declare themselves emperor and conduct a struggle for the succession
Succession
Upon the death of their father Jahandar Shah and his brother Azim-ush-shan declare themselves emperor and conduct a struggle for the succession
Advance into Holstein
After Gadebusch, Stenbock advances into Holstein while pursued by coalition armies.
Departure
Departs from Dunkirk to lead the Jacobites in Scotland
Invasion of Scotland
Lands near Peterhead to rally Jacobite support after defeat at Sheriffmuir
Trade Treaty at Paris
France & Spain agree a commercial Treaty
Escape from Stralsund
Charles XII escapes from Stralsund shortly before the fortress falls to the coalition.
Escape from Stralsund
Escapes shortly before Stralsund falls to the coalition.
Guinea Valuation
A royal proclamation adopts Newton's recommended valuation of the guinea at 21 shillings, overvaluing gold relative to silver and moving Britain toward a de facto gold standard.
Succession Crisis
His death opens the succession to Ulrika Eleonora.
Death of Charles XII
Shot while inspecting siege works close to Fredriksten fortress in Norway.
Death of Charles XII
Charles XII is killed during the siege of Fredriksten.
Death of Charles XII
Charles XII is killed while inspecting siege works at Fredriksten, ending Sweden's Norwegian campaign.
Death of Charles XII
Is killed while inspecting siege works near Fredriksten.
Reign
His death ends a reign dominated by continuous warfare.
Death of Flamsteed
Dies after decades of observations connected with Greenwich.
Birth of the Young Pretender
Birth of the "Young Pretender", son of James Edward "the Old Pretender", son of the exiled Stuart King James VII and II, and Maria Clementina Sobieska, the granddaughter of John III Sobieski
Birth of Samuel Hood
Birth of Samuel Hood
Poor Richard's Almanack
Publication of "Poor Richards Almanac"
Death of John Strype
John Strype dies in London.
Invasion of Silesia
Orders his generals to invade Silesia
Invasion of Silesia
Personally leads an army of 40,000
Invasion of Silesia
1st day of the Prussian invasion of Silesia
Invasion of Silesia
Offers to vote for Maria Theresas husband if Silesia is handed over to Prussia. Decides to make a preemptive strike against Maria Therasa & her ally the Russians
Coronation as King of Bohemia
Charles Albert was crowned rival King of Bohemia after his forces occupied Prague.
Death of Vitus Bering
Bering died on the island later named after him while the expedition struggled with disease and exposure.
Survival on Bering Island
Steller studied local wildlife and helped the stranded survivors obtain food and shelter.
Imprisonment
Anna Leopoldovna remained imprisoned with her husband and children after Elizabeth’s accession.
Imprisonment
Ivan VI and his family were placed under confinement after his deposition.
Continuation of War with Sweden
Elizabeth inherited the continuing war with Sweden after taking the Russian throne.
Declaration of King James
The "Declaration of King James" is signed by James Francis Edward Stuart to be published in the event of a successful French landing, James also signed a separate Declaration for Scotland, denouncing the "pretended union"
Prince Regent
Charles's father named him Prince Regent, giving him authority to act in his name
Alliance Thomas Pelham-Holles Newcastle, 1st and Austria and Holland
Forms an anti Prussian alliance with Austria & Holland
Capture of Derby
Derby surrenders to the Jacobites
Invasion of England
Arrives at Derby but finds no English support
Invasion of England
Only 200 Englisman have joined the Jacobites since their march into England
Invasion of England
1500 soldiers which would leave the army unfit for further fighting, if they were defeated in that Battle then the militia would pick them off and a retreat to Scotland would be extremely difficult in such circumstances, Charles, after a long pause, spoke on preparations for the next days marching,
Invasion of England
A Council meeting was convened at Exeter House, Lord George Murray began by arguing for a retreat to Scotland, citing the three British armies in England: Cumberlands, Wades and an army supposedly north of London, if the Jacobites defeated Cumberlands forces, Murray argued, they would still lose between 1000 and
Invasion of England
Murray interrupted to question the wisdom of marching on, Charles appealed to other officers, who pronounced in favour of Murray, Charles criticised them for giving up guaranteed victory and a Stuart restoration, Murray replied that everyone was in favour of a Stuart restoration and were
Invasion of England
Murray interrupted to question the wisdom of marching on, Charles appealed to other officers, who pronounced in favour of Murray, Charles criticised them for giving up guaranteed victory and a Stuart restoration, Murray replied that everyone was in favour of a Stuart restoration and were prepared to die for it,
Invasion of England
but that all were certain to die if they proceeded
Invasion of England
prepared to die for it, but that all were certain to die if they proceeded
Invasion of England
1500 soldiers which would leave the army unfit for further fighting, if they were defeated in that Battle then the militia would pick them off and a retreat to Scotland would be extremely difficult in such circumstances, Charles, after a long pause, spoke on preparations for the next days marching,
Invasion of England
A Council meeting was convened at Exeter House, Lord George Murray began by arguing for a retreat to Scotland, citing the three British armies in England: Cumberlands, Wades and an army supposedly north of London, if the Jacobites defeated Cumberlands forces, Murray argued, they would still lose between 1000 and
Invasion of England
Murray interrupted to question the wisdom of marching on, Charles appealed to other officers, who pronounced in favour of Murray, Charles criticised them for giving up guaranteed victory and a Stuart restoration, Murray replied that everyone was in favour of a Stuart restoration and were
Invasion of England
Murray interrupted to question the wisdom of marching on, Charles appealed to other officers, who pronounced in favour of Murray, Charles criticised them for giving up guaranteed victory and a Stuart restoration, Murray replied that everyone was in favour of a Stuart restoration and were prepared to die for it,
Invasion of England
but that all were certain to die if they proceeded
Invasion of England
prepared to die for it, but that all were certain to die if they proceeded
Battle of Prestonpans
The Jacobite forces reach Perth on 4 September, where they are joined by two prominent Highland nobles, the 3rd Duke of Perth and Lord George Murray, who was appointed Lieutenant General
Invasion of England
The Jacobite general, Lord George Murray, and the Council of War insist on the invasion forces returning to join their growing force in Scotland. On 6 December 1745, they withdrew from England, with Charles Edward Stuart leaving command to Murray
Lieutenant General
The Jacobite forces reach Perth on 4 September, where they are joined by two prominent Highland nobles, the 3rd Duke of Perth and Lord George Murray, who was appointed Lieutenant General
Invasion of England
Surrounded by an English force of 30,000 Charles Edward retreats back into Scotland
Invasion of England
The Jacobite general, Lord George Murray, and the Council of War insist on the invasion forces returning to join their growing force in Scotland. On 6 December 1745, they withdrew from England, with Charles Edward Stuart leaving command to Murray
Retreat from Derby
The Jacobite army begins retreating from Derby after commanders decide that advancing on London is too dangerous.
Lieutenant General
Appointed Lieutenant General of the Jacobite Army
Battle of Penrith
A Jacobite rearguard victory over an English detatchment
Battle of Inverurie
A minor Jacobite victory
Treaty of Dresden
Ends Prussian involvement in the Bohemian War on favourable term
Peace
Prussia recognizes Francis, the Duke of Lorraine, as the Holy Roman Emperor. At the peace of Dresden Frederick is rewarded with the County of Glatz. At the peace of Dresden Frederick gains the Duchies of Upper & Lower Silesia
Rule of Glatz
At the peace of Dresden Frederick is rewarded with the County of Glatz
Rule of Silesia
At the peace of Dresden Frederick is rewarded with Upper & Lower Silesia
Treaty of Dresden
Ends Prussian involvement in the War of Austrian Succession on favourable term
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Two implementation treaties are signed at Nice on 4 December 1748 and 21 January 1749 by Austria, Spain, Sardinia, Modena, and Genoa
Leader of House of Commons
Appointed Leader of the House of Commons
Secretary of State for Southern Department
Appointed Secretary of State for the Southern Department
Mobilization
Joins up with the remnants of Brunswicks troops, takes the offensives & marches east
Peace
Defeats the Austrians, suffering 5,000 casualties to Austrias 21,000
Battle of Leuthen
The Austrians are defeated by the Prussians who capture the Silesian capital Breslau
Battle of Leuthen
The Austrians are forced back across the River Schwiednitz
Capture of Leuthen
The Austrians are defeated by the Prussians who capture the Silesian capital Breslau
Battle of Leuthen
Charles' Army is destroyed by the Prussians under Frederick the Great
Battle of Leuthen
Prussian victory at Leuthen ensures Prussian control of Silesia and Breslau during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War)
Battle of Leuthen
Commands the Prussian cavalry on the right flank, the Austrians are decisively beaten
Battle of Leuthen
Destroys 1/2 the Austrian Army, captures Breslau & Silesia
Battle of Leuthen
Prussian victory at Leuthen ensures Prussian control of Silesia and Breslau during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War)
Rule of Silesia
Prussian victory at Leuthen ensures Prussian control of Silesia and Breslau during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War)
Capture of Breslau
Captures Breslau after the Battle of Leuthen
Capture of Breslau
The Prussians capture the Silesian capital, Breslau
Capture of Silesia
With Fredericks decisive victory over the French at Rossbach, the British renege on the Convention of Klosterzeven and continue the war. Frederick defeats the Austrians at Leuthen and recovers Silesia
Convention
With Fredericks decisive victory over the French at Rossbach, the British renege on the Convention of Klosterzeven and continue the war
Halley's Comet Return
Calculates perturbations that help predict the return of Halley's Comet under Newtonian gravity.
Halleys Comet
Halleys prediction of the comets return proved to be correct, although it was not seen until as late as 25 December 1758 by Johann Georg Palitzsch, a German farmer and amateur astronomer
Halley's Comet Return
Observes the predicted return of Halley's Comet, confirming Newtonian celestial mechanics.
Halleys Comet
Halleys prediction of the comets return proved to be correct, although it was not seen until 25 December 1758, by Johann Georg Palitzsch, a German farmer and amateur astronome
Halley's Comet
Halley's predicted comet is observed again, confirming his orbital calculation after his death and strengthening Newtonian celestial mechanics.
Birth of Marie Tussaud
Birth of Marie Tussaud
Birth of Selim III
Birth of Selim III, son of Mustafa III
Succession
Peter succeeds to the throne as Peter III of Russia and moves into the new Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, Catherine thus becomes Empress Consort of Russia
Death of Catherine Nelson
Catherine Nelson dies while Horatio is still a child.
RAA
George III becomes patron of the Royal Academy of Arts
Italian Journey
Begins the first Italian journey with Leopold Mozart.
Mitridate re di Ponto
Mitridate re di Ponto premieres successfully in Milan.
Lucio Silla
Lucio Silla premieres at the Regio Ducal Teatro in Milan.
Reballion of Rebels in Boston
Merchants board a boycotted ship to hold a tea Party & throw its tea overboard
Reballion of Rebels in London
1st tea ship is boycotted in Boston by the British
Reballion of Rebels in Boston
Holds a tea party & throws tea overboard, followed by other American ports. Causes the British Parliament to place Boston under military rule
Boston Tea Party
Benjamin Rush urges his fellow countrymen to oppose the landing of the tea, because the cargo contained "the seeds of slavery
Boston Tea Party
Aimed Tea Act of 1773, which allowed the British East India company to sell tea from China in American colonies without paying taxes
Boston Tea Party
Colonists object to the Tea Act because they believe it violates their rights to "no taxation without representation"
Boston Tea Party
Demonstrators destroy an entire shipment of tea sent by the East India Company
Boston Tea Party
The Boston Tea Party is a protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston
Boston Tea Party
The British Government responds harshly and the episode escalates into the American Revolution
Sons of Liberty
The Boston Tea Party is a protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston
Boston Tea Party
After a meeting held by Adams demonstrators board three vessels and dump all 342 chests of tea into the water
Boston Tea Party
Argues the Tea Party was not the act of a lawless mob, but was instead a principled protest and the only remaining option the people had to defend their constitutional rights
Boston Tea Party
Whether or not Samuel Adams helped plan the Boston Tea Party is disputed, but he immediately worked to publicize and defend it
Constitution of USA
Adams refers to the idea that all Governments have a constitution, written or not, and that the constitution of Great Britain could be interpreted as banning the levying of taxes without representation
Constitution of USA
Argues the Tea Party was not the act of a lawless mob, but was instead a principled protest and the only remaining option the people had to defend their constitutional rights
Reballion of Rebels in Boston
The 2nd cousin of President John Adams is the chief instigator of the Boston tea party. A protest against the British tea tax imposed on Colonialists in Massachusetts
Boston Tea Party
Colonists object to the Tea Act because they believe it violates their rights to "no taxation without representation"
Declaration of Fairfax Resolves
Threatens to stop all Colonial exports to Britain. Signs a measure barring the importation of slaves
American Crisis", essay
Publication of "American Crisis", essay
American Crisis
Publication of "American Crisis", essay
Siege of Trenton
Crosses the Delaware River to attack the British garrison at Trenton, New Jersey
Battle of Trenton
Inflicts a major defeat on the British. Crosses the Delaware & wins a victory which turns the tide of the war
Commission
Appointed Commissioner to France
Independence of France
France recognizes the Americas independence
Independence of United States of America
France recognizes the Americas independence
Birth of Maximilian III Joseph
Death of Maximilian III Joseph
President of USA
Appointed President of the Continental Congress
President of Continental Congress
Appointed President of the Continental Congress
Declaration of War
Declares War on The Netherlands
1st Balloon Flight
Mans the 1st manned hydrogen balloon flight
Foreign Secretary of England
Appointed Foreign Secretary
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister by George III, Britains youngest Prime Minister, age 24
Resignation of George Washington
Resigns as Commander in Chief
Freemasonry
Is initiated into the Viennese Masonic lodge Zur Wohltatigkeit.
Remonstrances Against Religious Assessments
Publication of "Remonstrances Against Religious Assessments"
Treaty of Mangalore
Tipu concludes the Treaty of Mangalore with the East India Company, ending the Second Anglo-Mysore War.
Piano Concerto No 22
Completes Piano Concerto No 22 in E-flat major.
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant
Siege of Ochakov
Present at the successful siege of Ochakov
Necker endorses increased representation
Necker supported strengthening the numerical position of commoner deputies. The debate over third estate obtains double representation demonstrated why electoral rules and parliamentary procedure mattered to constitutional reform.
Necker supports expanded commoner representation
Necker was closely associated with proposals to broaden the representation of commoners. This development concerning crown doubles third estate representation exposed the limits of the old regime's political arrangements.
King doubles commoner seats
Louis XVI's council decided that the Third Estate would have twice as many representatives as either the nobility or clergy. The third estate obtains double representation formed part of the transition from estate-based consultation toward claims of national sovereignty.
King increases number of commoner deputies
The royal council agreed that the Third Estate should have twice the deputies of each privileged order. The crown doubles third estate representation made Versailles a focal point in the struggle over royal and representative authority.
Sieyes distinguishes votes from deputy numbers
Sieyes argued that double representation was insufficient if the estates continued to vote as separate corporate bodies. The consequences of third estate obtains double representation helped redefine the place of the three orders in French public life.
Sieyes argues numbers alone cannot secure representation
Sieyes's national-sovereignty argument exposed why the voting method mattered as much as deputy totals. The consequences of crown doubles third estate representation reached well beyond the palace and its neighbouring legislative chambers.
Double Representation of Third Estate
Louis XVI's council granted the Third Estate twice as many deputies as either privileged order for the forthcoming Estates General.
Estates General
The King leaves the discussion of the weight of each vote to the Estates General itself
Estates General
The King leaves the discussion of the weight of each vote to the Estates General itself.
Attack on Travancore
Tipu Sultan attacks the Travancore defensive lines, helping trigger the Third Anglo-Mysore War.
New departments planned: Legal uniformity under consideration
The Assembly's reformers treated traditional provincial distinctions as obstacles to common law. A standardized territorial structure was intended to serve the same nation-wide constitutional system.
End of corporate privilege broadens reform
Reformers questioned old corporate privileges as the Assembly reorganized public institutions. Le Chapelier's legislative work reflected a preference for common law over status-based entitlements.
Peasant petition pressure continues after August
Deputies such as Buzot encountered an ongoing debate over rural charges left redeemable by the August settlement. Peasants often regarded the surviving payments as incompatible with the proclaimed abolition of feudalism.
Rights Language Does Not Produce Universal Suffrage
Despite the declaration's equality language, subsequent electoral rules distinguish active from passive citizens and restrict political participation.
New departments planned: Administrative equality envisioned
Sieyes backed rational organization of public institutions instead of the inherited patchwork of provinces. The new departmental principle helped make uniform citizenship administratively possible.
New departments planned: Territorial overhaul disputed
Mirabeau joined debates in which deputies considered how to redraw France into workable administrative units. Questions of local identity and executive oversight complicated the practical design.
Bailly manages Paris during religious controversy
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy divided public opinion and challenged traditional religious loyalties. Bailly's municipality faced the consequences of political and confessional tensions within the capital.
President of National Assembly
Deputies selected Petion to chair the Assembly for a term beginning in December 1790.
Siege of Ismail
Captures the Turkish fortess of Ismail at the mouth of the Danube
Clergy Oath Sanction
Louis XVI sanctioned legislation requiring constitutional oaths from clergy, deepening the religious division created by revolutionary reforms.
Civil Constitution Oath
Talleyrand took the oath required by the Civil Constitution of the Clergy.
Letter to Autun Clergy
Talleyrand urged clergy in his diocese to take the constitutional oath after he had sworn it himself.
Bailly withdraws from prominent public office
After resigning, Bailly retired from the centre of revolutionary politics. His withdrawal offered little protection once the political direction of the Revolution became more radical.
Acquisition of Ansbach and Bayreuth
Acquires the margraviates of Ansbach and Bayreuth from Charles Alexander
Sale of Ansbach
Sells the Margraviate of Ansbach to Prussia
Sale of Bayreuth
Sells the Margraviate of Bayreuth to Prussia
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Dies in Vienna aged thirty five.
Widow Pension
Petitions for support after Mozart dies with debts.
Declaration of War
Louis XVI addressed the Legislative Assembly on the émigré threat and warned that continued foreign protection of armed émigrés could lead to conflict.
Ultimatum over Emigre Forces
Louis XVI addressed the Legislative Assembly on the threat posed by émigré forces gathering under protection of German princes.
Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights comes into effect
Constitution of USA
The Bill of Rights comes into effect
Bill of Rights
President when the first ten amendments take effect as the Bill of Rights
Bill of Rights
Ten amendments based on Madison's proposals are ratified as the Bill of Rights
December address argues for revolutionary war
Brissot delivered a major defense of war at the Jacobin Club. He claimed that confronting foreign enemies could consolidate the Revolution, a view that became central to his political reputation.
Legislation
Vetoes the Legislative Assemblys Decree against priests
Veto of Decrees
Vetoes decrees against refractory priests and emigres
Veto of Refractory Priest Decree
Louis XVI vetoed legislation directed against refractory priests, worsening conflict with deputies who viewed clerical resistance as counter-revolutionary.
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Minister
Birth of Charles Babbage
Birth of Charles Babbage
Jacobin war debate divides reformers: Royal diplomacy scrutinized
Guadet challenged the reliability of ministers responsible for responding to European rulers. Such attacks increased tension between militant legislators and the constitutional monarch.
Jacobin war debate divides reformers: Military firmness enters rhetoric
Vergniaud became associated with the legislators pressing the court to answer foreign threats. His eloquence helped make the war question central to parliamentary debate.
Austrian policy hardens in Assembly
Brissot pressed for a firm stance toward Austria and the courts accused of supporting counterrevolution. The argument contributed to an increasingly urgent diplomatic crisis.
War policy debated against Robespierre
Brissot advocated military confrontation as a means of defending and spreading revolutionary principles. Robespierre replied that war could empower generals and damage liberty at home.
Jacobin war debate divides reformers: War defended as liberation
Brissot presented war as a way to expose internal enemies and defend the revolutionary nation. Robespierre and other critics warned that armies might not spread liberty as easily as war advocates supposed.
War Debate
Brissot and allied members argue that war can spread revolutionary principles and expose internal enemies
War Debate
Brissot and allied members argue that war can spread revolutionary principles and expose internal enemies.
Military Committee
Carnot joined the Legislative Assembly's military committee and became influential in questions of army organization.
Military Discipline Debate
Carnot challenged a model of absolute passive obedience and argued for reasoned military obedience away from the battlefield.
Siege of Namur
Final day of the siege of Namur
Capture of Frankfurt
Captures Frankfurt from the French forces under Custine
Judgment of Louis XVI
Robespierre argues before the Convention that Louis XVI must be condemned because the Republic cannot safely coexist with the former king.
Convention Decision to Try Louis XVI
The National Convention decided that Louis XVI would be tried by the Convention itself.
Birth of Andres de Santa Cruz y Calahumana
Birth of Andres de Santa Cruz y Calahumana
Indictment Report
The Convention received a report setting out accusations against Louis XVI before his formal interrogation.
Interrogation of Louis XVI
Barere presides while Louis XVI appears before the Convention and answers charges concerning his conduct as king.
Presiding over Royal Interrogation
As Convention president, Barere presided during proceedings in which Louis XVI was questioned by the deputies.
First Convention Interrogation
Louis XVI appeared before the Convention and answered questions concerning the charges brought against him.
Request for Legal Counsel
Louis XVI requested legal assistance after hearing the charges presented against him by the Convention.
Louis XVI Hears Charges before Convention
The former king appeared before the deputies to answer accusations arising from his government and contacts with foreign powers. Proceedings unfolded in a legislature acting simultaneously as accuser and judge.
Appointment of Defence Counsel
Louis XVI received legal assistance from Malesherbes, Tronchet and de Sèze in preparing his defense.
Declaration of War
Addresses the Assembly & says war will be inevitable if the emigres are not dispersed
Declaration of War
Louis XVI addressed the Assembly and says war will be inevitable if the emigres are not dispersed.
Defense of Louis XVI
De Seze presents the principal legal defense of Louis XVI before the Convention and challenges the case for condemning the former monarch.
Defence before Convention
Louis XVI appeared before the Convention while Raymond de Sèze presented the principal legal defense against the charges.
Final Statement to Convention
Louis XVI addressed the Convention after his defense and denied intending to shed the blood of the French people.
Raymond de Seze Delivers Royal Defence
Counsel Raymond de Sèze presented a defence of Louis XVI before the Convention. He disputed the legality of retroactively punishing conduct protected by the former constitution.
Louis XVI separated for trial
Louis XVI was tried before the National Convention while Marie Antoinette remained detained with the children. The proceedings made the survival of the former royal family increasingly precarious.
Jacobin Club
Supports the condemnation of Louis XVI to death for treason:"It is with regret that I pronounce, the fatal truth: Louis ought to perish rather than a hundred thousand virtuous citizens; Louis must die, that the country may live"
Treason
Supports the condemnation of Louis XVI to death for treason:"It is with regret that I pronounce, the fatal truth: Louis ought to perish rather than a hundred thousand virtuous citizens; Louis must die, that the country may live"
Carnot Inspects Eastern Army Preparedness
Carnot participated in assessing the condition of French forces on the Rhine frontier. His attention to discipline and command foreshadowed the growing use of deputies as military supervisors.
Robespierre Demands Political Judgment of King
Robespierre maintained that the Convention had already made a political judgment when it established the Republic. He opposed a conventional trial that might imply uncertainty about the former king's responsibility.
Girondin attacks on Paris radicals: Attempts at political mediation
Danton sought room for action between competing republican camps as the war crisis deepened. His position differed from colleagues who regarded every political compromise as betrayal.
War strategy expands beyond Austria
As the republic fought on several fronts, Brissot defended an active strategy against European monarchies. Military expansion magnified both the ambitions and the vulnerabilities of his faction.
Execution
Robespierre supported the death sentence for Louis XVI, arguing that the former king had betrayed the nation.
Execution
Supports the condemnation of Louis XVI to death for treason:"It is with regret that I pronounce, the fatal truth: Louis ought to perish rather than a hundred thousand virtuous citizens; Louis must die, that the country may live"
Jacobin Club
Supports the condemnation of Louis XVI to death for treason:"It is with regret that I pronounce, the fatal truth: Louis ought to perish rather than a hundred thousand virtuous citizens; Louis must die, that the country may live"
Treason
Supports the condemnation of Louis XVI to death for treason:"It is with regret that I pronounce, the fatal truth: Louis ought to perish rather than a hundred thousand virtuous citizens; Louis must die, that the country may live"
Guard escorts Louis XVI toward judgment
Parisian armed forces carried out security duties as the former king faced the National Convention. Santerre's command was linked to the coercive authority replacing the constitutional monarchy.
Girondin attacks on Paris radicals: Factional suspicions escalate
Robespierre was accused by political rivals of trying to dominate the Revolution. The controversy helped turn differences of policy into disputes about personal conspiracy.
Coalition Counterattack Forces Frankfurt Withdrawal
The French garrison lost Frankfurt after Allied counterpressure. Custine's earlier success proved vulnerable without enough forces to defend scattered conquests.
Defence Counsel Prepare Royal Plea
Lawyers representing Louis XVI reviewed the accusations and prepared arguments on constitutional authority and individual responsibility. Their work confronted a chamber whose members had already overthrown hereditary monarchy.
Arrest of Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord
Because of Talleyrand-Perigords aristocratic background the National Convention issue a warrant for his arrest
Arrest of Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord
Because of Talleyrand-Perigords aristocratic background the National Convention issue a warrant for his arrest.
Exile of Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord
Because of Talleyrand-Perigords aristocratic background the National Convention issue a warrant for his arrest
National Convention
Because of Talleyrand-Perigords aristocratic background the National Convention issue a warrant for his arrest
Opposition to Revolutionary Violence
Olympe de Gouges publicly opposed escalating revolutionary violence and criticized the politics associated with the Terror.
Girondin attacks on Paris radicals: Charges of extremism answered
Marat defended militant Parisian revolutionary politics against Girondin denunciations. Newspaper disputes and Convention speeches made the cleavage between the two groups increasingly bitter.
Law of 14 Frimaire
Billaud-Varenne supports the decree of 14 Frimaire, which centralizes revolutionary government and strengthens supervision by the Convention and its committees.
Committee of Public Safety
The broad and centralized powers of the Committee are codified by the Law of 14 Frimaire (also known as the Law of Revolutionary Government)
Committee of Public Safety
The broad and centralized powers of the Committee are codified by the Law of 14 Frimaire (also known as the Law of Revolutionary Government).
Constitution of France
The broad and centralized powers of the Committee are codified by the Law of 14 Frimaire (also known as the Law of Revolutionary Government)
Revolutionary Government
The Law of 14 Frimaire centralises revolutionary government under the Convention and its committees
Revolutionary Government
The Law of 14 Frimaire centralises revolutionary government under the Convention and its committees.
Danton's moderation gains a public voice
Desmoulins's new paper gave prominence to demands associated with Danton's supporters for relief from political terror. The controversy surrounding desmoulins launches le vieux cordelier influenced the changing balance among revolutionary factions.
Hebert becomes a target of rival radical press
Hébert's inflammatory newspaper supplied a focus for criticism by Desmoulins and the Indulgents. This aspect of desmoulins launches le vieux cordelier illustrates how press campaigns, popular sections and government decisions became connected.
Desmoulins publishes newspaper against extremists
Desmoulins initially attacked Hébertist agitation before increasingly calling for clemency in revolutionary justice. The episode concerned desmoulins launches le vieux cordelier and affected the relationship between club activists and public authority.
First Issue of Le Vieux Cordelier
Desmoulins published the first issue of Le Vieux Cordelier, initially attacking the Hebertists before turning toward an indulgent position.
Committee of General Security
Desmoulins quickly turned his pen against the Committee of Public Safety and the Committee of General Security, comparing their reign to that of the Roman tyrants chronicled by Tacitus and expounding the "indulgent" views of the Dantonist faction
Committee of General Security
Desmoulins quickly turned his pen against the Committee of Public Safety and the Committee of General Security, comparing their reign to that of the Roman tyrants chronicled by Tacitus and expounding the "indulgent" views of the Dantonist faction.
Committee of Public Safety
Desmoulins launched Le Vieux Cordelier against the Hebertists, then increasingly criticized emergency committees and promoted the Dantonist call for clemency.
Committee of Public Safety
Journalist Camille Desmoulins begins publishing Le Vieux Cordelier, a newspaper which was initially aimed, with the approval of Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety at the ultra-revolutionary Hebertist faction. Desmoulins quickly turned his pen against the Committee of Public Safety and the Committee of General Security, comparing their reign to that of the Roman tyrants chronicled by Tacitus and expounding the "indulgent" views of the Dantonist faction
Siege of Toulon
Toulon is recaptured from the British. Directs a siege against a British squadron & wins promotion to General of brigade
Artillery Supports Storming of Fort Mulgrave
Bonaparte's siege guns contributed to the attack on the stronghold overlooking Toulon's anchorage. The capture of the position was decisive because cannon could then threaten the fleet.
French Soldiers Capture Little Gibraltar
Dugommier's forces captured the fortified height after fierce fighting. The success undermined the enemy position within the harbor and forced the Allies to plan evacuation.
Assault on Fort Mulgrave
Napoleon helped direct the assault on the fortified position known as Fort Mulgrave during the final operations at Toulon.
Capture of Le Caire
Leads a force which recaptures Le Caire Peninsular from the British. Enables the recapture of Toulon
Spanish Warships Withdraw from Toulon
Spanish vessels joined the Allied evacuation after the collapse of the harbor defense. The departure ended Spain's direct military presence in the occupied port.
Sidney Smith Directs Naval Destruction Operations
British naval officers attempted to destroy French warships and stores that could not be taken away. The demolitions caused major losses to the naval facilities as the Allies withdrew.
Hood Orders Allied Fleet Evacuation
The fall of commanding positions made continued occupation of Toulon untenable. Hood prepared to remove Allied troops and as many ships and refugees as possible.
Republican Troops Reenter Toulon
The republican army retook the port after the foreign garrison departed. Control of the principal Mediterranean naval base returned to the French Republic.
Evacuation of Toulon
The successful artillery operations helped force the Anglo-allied evacuation of Toulon and restored the port to Republican control.
Capture of Toulon
Toulon is recaptured by the revolutionaries
Brigadier General
Appointed Brigadier, age 24
Brigadier General
Napoleon I was appointed brigadier general at age 24.
General
Appointed General de Brigade
General
Napoleon I was appointed general de brigade.
General
Appointed General of the Brigade, provisional
General
Napoleon I received a provisional appointment as general of brigade.
Brigadier General
Appointed Brigadier
General
Appointed General de Brigade
General
Appointed General of the Brigade, provisional
Battle of Froschwiller
Defeats the Prussians
Capture of Toulon
Captures Toulon & is made a Brigadier
Battle of Geisberg
Defeated in Alsace by the French under General Hoche
Battle of Wissembourg Restores French Lines
French forces defeated the Coalition in the late December fighting around Wissembourg. The victory helped secure Alsace and improved the security of the Rhine frontier.
Inspector
Appointed Inspector of the Coast from the Rhone to the Var
Inspector
Napoleon I was appointed Inspector of the Coast from the Rhone to the Var.
Inspector
Appointed Inspector of the Coast from the Rhone to the Var
Battle of Geisberg
Defeats the Austrians under General Wurmser
Convention Supremacy
Billaud-Varenne argued that the National Convention alone should direct the revolutionary government.
Bonaparte Recommended for Higher Military Rank
The young officer's effective handling of artillery drew notice after Toulon fell. His subsequent promotion marked an important acceleration in his military career.
Bonaparte Reorganizes Guns after Enemy Attack
Following Allied attempts to disrupt forward batteries, Bonaparte continued strengthening the republican gun line. His work sustained pressure on fortifications surrounding the harbor.
Bonaparte Wounded during Final Assault
Bonaparte was wounded in the fighting that led to the capture of the key heights. His role in the siege subsequently attracted favorable attention from republican authorities.
Toulon Victory Establishes Artillery Officer Reputation
The siege demonstrated Bonaparte's ability to connect artillery placement with strategic objectives. His growing reputation helped open opportunities for subsequent appointments in the revolutionary armies.
Dugommier Prepares Decisive December Assault
The French commander assembled forces for an attack against the heavily defended heights. Capturing these works promised to make continued Allied naval occupation impossible.
Dugommier Reviews Damaged Naval Installations
Retaking Toulon did not immediately restore the Mediterranean fleet's strength. The siege and Allied destruction had caused losses requiring extensive rebuilding.
French Armies Coordinate Alsace Counterattack
Pichegru's Army of the Rhine operated alongside Hoche's Army of the Moselle. Cooperation helped create a stronger offensive against the Coalition's divided positions.
Eastern French Columns Support Final Offensive
La Poype's troops maintained pressure against the eastern defensive sector. Their action helped prevent Allied commanders from concentrating every reserve against the main assault.
French Counteroffensive Begins toward Wissembourg
Hoche's army took part in operations to relieve pressure on the eastern frontier. The offensive sought to drive Coalition troops from positions they had occupied in Alsace.
Republic of Virtue
Couthon supports Robespierre and Saint-Just in promoting virtue discipline and revolutionary government
Republic of Virtue
Couthon supports Robespierre and Saint-Just in promoting virtue discipline and revolutionary government.
Convention Commissioners Announce Recovery of Port
Representatives on mission reported the capture of Toulon as a major political and military victory. Restoring the harbor also gave republican authorities control over remaining ships and infrastructure.
Toulon Renamed Port la Montagne
Republican authorities adopted a revolutionary name for the recovered city. The change expressed official condemnation of the revolt and celebration of the victorious Mountain.
Freron Oversees Political Measures around Port
Representative Fréron was attached to the republican operations and later the reprisals at Toulon. Military recovery of the city became intertwined with punishment of alleged rebels.
Freron Participates in Post Siege Repression
The recovery of Toulon was followed by severe reprisals against people accused of supporting the royalist revolt. Fréron's role revealed the punitive aspect of republican reconquest.
Saint Just Reports Eastern Recovery to Government
Successes on the frontier strengthened the claim that determined supervision and mobilization could reverse military setbacks. Saint Just's mission became associated with the restoration of French morale.
Siege of Toulon
Fights at the siege of Toulon, captures British General OHara
O Hara Leads Allied Land Defenders
British general Charles O Hara assumed important command responsibilities within the Toulon defenses. His troops supported the protection of the harbor fortifications and allied positions.
Allied Departure Leaves Naval Material Destroyed
The British led evacuation denied the Republic some valuable naval resources through burning and demolition. The damage reduced the strategic benefits of recapturing an important base.
Trial
Carrier is tried and executed as the Convention turns against extreme agents of the Terror
Trial
Carrier is tried and executed as the Convention turns against extreme agents of the Terror.
Maximum Repeal
The Law of the Maximum is repealed during the Thermidorian retreat from economic controls
Maximum Repeal
The Law of the Maximum is repealed during the Thermidorian retreat from economic controls.
Carrier condemned - Institutional consequence
Jean-Baptiste Carrier figured in events surrounding carrier condemned at Paris. His fate illustrated how the Thermidorian regime punished selected officials of the earlier Terror. This episode contributed to the replacement of centralized Jacobin emergency rule with a less unified, more conservative Convention.
Carrier condemned
Carrier was executed after proceedings focused on the brutal repression associated with Nantes. His fate illustrated how the Thermidorian regime punished selected officials of the earlier Terror.
Economic price controls abandoned - Political consequence
Francois Antoine Boissy d'Anglas figured in events surrounding economic price controls abandoned at Paris. Boissy d'Anglas was associated with the retreat from wartime controls that exposed urban consumers to severe inflation. It exposed divisions among revolutionary deputies over who should control punishment, representation and public order.
Economic price controls abandoned
The Convention abolished the General Maximum regulating prices and wages. Boissy d'Anglas was associated with the retreat from wartime controls that exposed urban consumers to severe inflation.
General Maximum Repealed
Boissy d'Anglas supports the Thermidorian retreat from wartime economic controls as the Convention abolishes the General Maximum on prices.
Carrier Faces Accountability for Nantes Repression
Carrier was prosecuted over his conduct during the revolutionary repression at Nantes. The case became a major test of whether former agents of the Terror would answer for abuses.
Operational Planning with Jourdan
Carnot worked with Jourdan on operational planning as the Directory prepared renewed campaigns against Coalition armies.
Birth of Karl Friedrich von Steinmetz
Birth of Karl Friedrich von Steinmetz
Colonel
Appointed Colonel
Colonel
Appointed Colonel
Return to Paris
Napoleon returned to Paris after the Italian campaign, receiving public attention for his military victories and diplomatic achievements.
Election to the Institute
Napoleon was elected to the Institut de France in the class of physical and mathematical sciences.
Political Alliance with Bonaparte
Talleyrand cultivated Bonaparte after the Italian victories and used his influence inside the Directory to support the general's political standing.
Commander of Army of Helvetia
Massena was appointed commander of the Army of Helvetia as France prepared for renewed campaigning in Switzerland.
Arrival at Zurich
Massena arrived at Zurich to take up his Swiss command and was placed under Jourdan's higher operational authority.
Journey to Suez
Napoleon left Cairo for Suez to inspect the region and examine strategic possibilities connected with the Red Sea.
Alliance Great Britain and Russia
An Anglon alliance Treaty is concluded
Arrest of Karl Mack
Mack is arrested by the French
Canal Survey
Orders surveys of the Suez Isthmus while considering a canal between the Mediterranean and Red Sea.
Constitution of Year VIII completed - Change of government
Pierre Claude Francois Daunou figured in events surrounding constitution of year viii completed at Paris. The document created institutions that concentrated practical executive authority in the First Consul. It was one step in dismantling the five-member Directory and establishing the provisional Consulate.
Constitution of Year VIII completed
The Constitution of Year VIII was adopted in the wake of Brumaire and replaced the Directory's framework with a Consulate. The document created institutions that concentrated practical executive authority in the First Consul.
Bonaparte becomes First Consul - Historical significance
Napoleon Bonaparte figured in events surrounding bonaparte becomes first consul at Paris. The coup had culminated in a durable executive system dominated by its principal military leader. The episode contributed to the outcome in which Bonaparte emerged as France’s leading executive authority.
Bonaparte becomes First Consul
The institutions of the Consulate began operating under the Constitution of Year VIII with Bonaparte as First Consul. The coup had culminated in a durable executive system dominated by its principal military leader.
Constitution of France
The Constitution of Year VIII comes into force
Assassination of Napoleon I
The assassination attempt results in further centralization & control
Plot
Escapes an assassination attempt by Royalists resulting in further centralization. Escapes an assassination attempt by Royalists
Exile of Napoleon I
After an attempt on his life Napoleon has 129 "Jacobins" exiled
Invention of Locomotive
The locomotive takes its 1st outing on a British road
Orbit of Ceres
Calculates the orbit of Ceres from sparse observations using celestial mechanics.
Treaty of Bassein
Baji Rao II signs the Treaty of Bassein with the British East India Company, accepting subsidiary protection to regain his position at Pune.
Result of Surrender of Gawilghur
The fall of Gawilghur removes a major Maratha stronghold from the campaign.
Surrender of Gawilghur
Surrender of Gawilghur
Result of Surrender of Gawilghur
Gawilghur passes into British control, weakening Scindia's military position.
Surrender of Gawilghur
Surrender of Gawilghur.
Treaty of Deogaon
Raghoji II Bhonsle signs the Treaty of Deogaon and cedes substantial territory after military defeat.
Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon
Daulat Rao Scindia signs the Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon after major defeats in the Second Anglo-Maratha War.
Succession
Succeeds as Emperor, "Emperor of the French"
Battle of Pultusk
Fights at the Battle of Pultsuk
Coalition, 3rd
An Anglo-Swedish agreement leads to the creation of the 3rd Coalition
Battle of Austerlitz
The French lose 10,000 & Austron losses are 36,000. Leads the Allied forces against Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz. Austria is forced to withdraw from the war
Battle of Austerlitz
Commands the cavalry at the Battle of Austerlitz
Battle of Austerlitz
Commands a division at Austerlitz
Battle of Austerlitz
Fights at the Battle of Austerlitz
Battle of Austerlitz
The French lose 10,000 to the Austron 36,000. One of the greatest ever military tactical masterpieces. Austria withdraws from the war
Battle of Austerlitz
The French defeat Alexander I & Francis II in a small town in the Czech Republic
Battle of Austerlitz
Defeated at the Battle of Austerlitz
Battle of Austerlitz
Alexander is present as Russian and Austrian forces suffer a decisive defeat by Napoleon at Austerlitz.
Return of HMS Victory
Brings HMS Victory home after the battle.
Greenwich Arrival
Nelson's body reaches Greenwich before the London funeral ceremonies.
Nelson Lying in State
Nelson's body is brought to Greenwich before his state funeral.
Treaty of Rajghat
Yashwantrao Holkar concludes the Treaty of Rajghat, bringing his conflict with the East India Company toward an end.
Coalition, 3rd
Austria and France sign the Treaty of Pressburg, which takes Austria out of the war
Coalition, 3rd
The Battle of Austerlitz brings the 3rd Coalition to an end
Treaty of Pressburg Britain
Austria and France sign the Treaty of Pressburg, which takes Austria out of the war
Treaty of Pressburg Britain
The Battle of Austerlitz brings the 3rd Coalition to an end
Battle of Pultusk
Commands a division at Pultusk
Battle of Pultusk
Fights at the Battle of Pultusk
Battle of Pultusk
Fights at the Battle of Pultusk
Battle of Pultusk
The Tsar awards Bennigsen command of the Russian Armies. Claims a Russian victory
Order of St. George
After the Battle of Pultusk is awareded the Order of St. George of the Second Degree
Battle of Golymin
Indecisive Battle in pursuit of the Russians
Battle of Pultusk
The French pursued the fleeing Russians from Warsaw and a significant battle developed around Pultusk. The result remained in doubt, but Bennigsen wrote to the Tsar that he had defeated 60,000 French troops, and as a result he gained overall command of the Russian armies in Poland
Siege of Warsaw
The French pursued the fleeing Russians from Warsaw and a significant battle developed around Pultusk. The result remained in doubt, but Bennigsen wrote to the Tsar that he had defeated 60,000 French troops, and as a result he gained overall command of the Russian armies in Poland
Capture of Lisbon
Junot captures Lisbon
Invasion of Portugal
Junot captures Lisbon
Embargo Act
The Embargo Act halts most foreign trade in an unsuccessful effort to protect neutral rights.
Capture of Madrid
Captures Madrid & causes the British under General Moore to retreat
Invasion of Portugal
Moves his base to Corunna in preparation for invasion by Napoleon
Battle of Sahagun
Defeats Marshal Soults cavalry but still has to withdraw from the Peninsular
Invasion of Portugal
Concentrates his army of 28,000 at Salamanca
Invasion of Spain
Napoleon enters Madrid
Siege of Madrid
Napoleon enters Madrid
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Minister
Birth of fourth son
Born at 62 Rodney Street, William Ewart Gladstone was the fourth son of the slave-owning merchant Sir John Gladstone, and his second wife, Anne MacKenzie Robertson
Constitution of Venezuela
Congress approved the Federal Constitution, establishing the First Republic and a federal system of government.
Invasion of Russia
Napoleon's retreat from Russia is over, from an initial force of 525,000 men and 1,400 guns, Napoleon manages to salvage a little over 25,000 men and 200 cannons, the rest succumbed to General Winter
Invasion of Russia
Deserts his army & retreats to Paris
Battle of Araure
Bolivar defeats General Juan Domingo Monteverde
Battle of Araure
Bolivar defeats General Juan Domingo Monteverde
Battle of Nive
Defeats Soult
Invasion of France
The Allied forces under Blucher cross the Rhine
Siege of New Orleans
Martial law is proclaimed in New Orleans as the British forces embark on an attack
Siege of New Orleans
Halts the British advance on New Orleans
Treaty of Ghent
The British delegation is composed of diplomats William Adams, James Lord Gambier, and Henry Goulburn
Treaty of Ghent
The British delegation is composed of diplomats William Adams, James Lord Gambier, and Henry Goulburn
Treaty of Ghent
The British delegation is composed of diplomats William Adams, James Lord Gambier, and Henry Goulburn
Treaty of Ghent
The Treaty of Ghent ends the War of 1812 and largely restores pre-war boundaries.
Treaty of Ghent
Britain promises to return captured slaves, but instead a few years later paid the United States 250,000 pounds for them. A peace Treaty that ends the War of 1812 between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Treaty of Ghent
The Treaty largely restores relations between the two countries to status quo ante bellum, due to the eras slow speed of communication, it took weeks for news of the peace Treaty to reach America, well after the Battle of New Orleans had ended.
Treaty of Ghent
The Treaty released all prisoners and restores all war lands and boats, that is, returned to America approximately 10,000,000 acres (40,000 km) of territory near Lakes Superior and Michigan, in Maine, and on the Pacific coast.
Treaty of Ghent
The United States had been unsuccessful in its invasions of Lower and Upper Canada, while Britain had not made any significant gains, except for the burning of Washington D.C., with its retaliatory raids on American soil.
Execution
Marshal Ney is shot
Exile of Simon Bolivar
Returns to Jamaica
Fundamental Law of Colombia
The Congress of Angostura approved the Fundamental Law creating the Republic of Colombia, later called Gran Colombia.
Coronation
Crowned Emperor of Brazil
Monroe Doctrine
President James Monroe declares the Monroe Doctrine. Congress states the US will remain neutral in Europe. Congress states the American continent is not for colonization
Neutrality
Congress states the US will remain neutral in Europe
Constitution of 1823
Promulgates the constitution commonly known as the Moral Constitution.
Battle of Ayacucho
Defeats Spanish royalists, they are forced to withdraw from Peru
Battle of Ayacucho
Defeated by nationalists led by Sucre
Death of Alexander I
Dies at Taganrog after a sudden illness generally identified as typhus.
Reform of Political Party
"The Protestants will support me as a Tory & the Whigs as a Catholic"
Reballion of young Russian aristocratic army officers
First day of the uprising of young Russian aristocratic army officers
Constitution of Russia
Rebels proclaim Constantine Emperor & demand a Constitution
Reballion of Decembrist
The Decembrists are fired on at Saint Petersburgs Senate Sqr leaving many dead. The Decembrist rebellion is suppressed. Rebels proclaim Constantine Emperor & demand a Constitution
Reballion of Rebels in Saint Petersburg
5 of the leaders are hanged & 100 conspirators sent to Siberia
Presidential Succession
Bolivar names Santa Cruz to succeed Sucre if delegated authority becomes vacant.
President of Bolivia
Sucre begins serving as President of Bolivia under authority delegated by Bolivar.
Death of Robert Banks Jenkinson
Death of Robert Banks Jenkinson, second Earl of Liverpool.
President of Bolivia
Blanco Soto briefly assumes the presidency during severe post-independence instability.
Conference of London
Informs Belgium that it has no claim to Luxemburg. Informs Belgium any threat to Luxemburg will justify intervention of the German States
Provisional Government of Poland
Joins the provisional government created during the November Uprising.
Provisional Government of Poland
Becomes a leading member of the provisional government formed during the uprising.
Birth of Christina Rossetti
Christina Rossetti is born in London and later becomes a major Victorian poet.
Dictator of the Uprising
Is appointed dictator in an attempt to control the Polish uprising.
Birth of Emily Dickinson
Emily Dickinson is born in Amherst, Massachusetts.
Death of Simon Bolivar
Simon Bolivar dies at Santa Marta after resigning from political leadership in Gran Colombia.
Conference of London
The Conference formally agrees to the independence of Belgium from Holland
Trial of Polignac
Is convicted for his role in the July Ordinances and sentenced to imprisonment.
Swing Riots Response
Continues government action against Swing rioters after taking office as Home Secretary.
Rule of Falkland Islands
Britain takes control of the islands by force with the invasion of the Falkland Islands following the destruction of the Argentine settlement at Puerto Luis by the American sloop USS Lexington
Siege of Puerto Luis
Britain takes control of the islands by force with the invasion of the Falkland Islands following the destruction of the Argentine settlement at Puerto Luis by the American sloop USS Lexington
Election
The general election on the reformed franchise gives Grey a 300 majority
Franchise
The general election on the reformed franchise gives Grey a 300 majority
Election
Jackson wins the Election for a 2nd Presidential term
Election
Wins election to become Vice President of the USA
Rule of Samos
Turkish suzerainty over Samos Begins & lasts 80 yrs
Rule of Samos
Turkish suzerainty over Samos Begins & lasts 80 yrs. The Sultan recognizes Samos as a principality with its own Parliament
Election for Birmingham
Attwood is elected as one of Birmingham's first Members of Parliament.
Treaty of Commerce
A Treaty of Commerce is signed with Russia in Saint Petersburg
Battle of Konya
Gains leverage over the Ottoman government after Ibrahim Pasha defeats its army at Konya.
Election
The Conservatives win 273 seats, the Whigs & others 380 seats
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain
Manifesto
Outlines the principles of Liberal conservatism
Death of Thomas Robert Malthus
Death of Thomas Robert Malthus
Junior Lord
Appointed as a Junior Lord of the Treasury in Sir Robert Peels first ministry
Government Loan
A government loan provides the Thames Tunnel Company with funds needed to resume construction.
Independence of Mexico
Texas declares independence from Mexico & its President, de Santa Anna
Independence of Texas
Texas declares independence from Mexico & its President, de Santa Anna
Baffin Bay Whaler Search
Crozier joins an Arctic mission to Davis Strait and Baffin Bay searching for British whaling vessels believed to be missing.
Little Magician
Known as the "little magician" for his political manipulation
Battle of Montgomerys Tavern
Leads Upper Canada rebels gathered near Montgomerys Tavern.
Upper Canada Rebellion Defeated
Flees after loyalist militia breaks the rebellion outside Toronto.
Battle of Saint-Eustache
Leads Patriote resistance during the decisive battle at Saint-Eustache.
Final Lower Canada Battle
Dies as British forces defeat the remaining organized Lower Canada rebels.
Battle of Lake Okeechobee
Commands United States troops in a major battle against Seminole resistance.
Seminole War Engagement
Claims victory despite heavy losses during difficult fighting near Lake Okeechobee.
Caroline Affair
Uses Navy Island as a base for continued rebellion against colonial rule.
Navy Island Rebellion Base
Loses the steamer Caroline after a British-Canadian raid on the vessel.
Cesar Birotteau
Publishes Cesar Birotteau as part of his developing social panorama.
Rise and Fall of Cesar Birotteau
Portrays commerce, bankruptcy, reputation and moral perseverance in Paris.
Battle of Blood River
With 500 defeats 10,000 Zulus under Dingane. Held by the Afrikaner as a triumph over the African demonstrating God is on their side. Afrikaners hold the day to be "holy" & annualy celebrate its anniversary
Box Tunnel
Work begins on Box Tunnel through Box Hill for the Great Western Railway.
Invasion of Afghanistan
An army of 21,000 British and Indian troops under the command of Sir John Keane (subsequently replaced by Sir Willoughby Cotton and then by William Elphinstone) set out from Punjab in December 1838
Burial
Interred at Les Invalides
Wootton Bassett-Chippenham Section Opens
Another section of Brunel's Great Western main line opens between Wootton Bassett and Chippenham.
SS Great Britain
Brunel orders SS Great Britain to be redesigned for screw propulsion instead of paddle wheels.
Investiture
Invested as the Prince of Wales
Commissions of the Estates in Prussia
Publishes an article examining the role of commissions of the Prussian estates.
The Divorce Bill
Publishes a fuller article on the political and legal issues surrounding the Prussian divorce bill.
A Christmas Carol
Publication of "A Christmas Carol"
Birth of Alexndra
Birth of Alexndra
SS Great Britain
SS Great Britain finally leaves Bristol Floating Harbour after modifications are made to the harbour locks.
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
Congress of Davis
Davis takes his seat in Congress
Patent
Patents the pneumatic tyre
Battle of Mudki
Lal Singh leads a Sikh army against British-led forces at Mudki during the opening battles of the First Sikh War.
Battle of Ferozeshah
Lal Singh commands Sikh troops at Ferozeshah in one of the fiercest engagements of the First Sikh War.
Battle of Ferozeshah
Wounded at the Battle of Ferozeshah while storming the Sikh camp
Battle of Mudki
Joins the Army of the Sutlej and commands the Bengal Engineers at the Battle of Mudki
Bengal Engineers
Joins the Army of the Sutlej and commands the Bengal Engineers at the Battle of Mudki
Atlantic Pacific Transit
Treaty supports American use of Panama as an Atlantic to Pacific transit corridor
Canal Diplomacy
Treaty becomes an early diplomatic foundation for later United States canal ambitions
Canal Zone Precedent
Treaty establishes a precedent for later United States involvement in Panama transit policy
Commercial Navigation Treaty
Treaty of peace amity navigation and commerce links United States trade policy to Panama transit
Free Transit Clause
Treaty grants free transit over existing or future routes across the Isthmus of Panama
Future Communications Route
Treaty language covers routes that may later be constructed across Panama
Interoceanic Route
Polk administration treats the Panama route as a strategic interoceanic connection
Isthmian Transit Rights
United States obtains rights of transit across the Isthmus of Panama
Mallarino Bidlack Treaty
Polk administration secures treaty framework for United States transit across the Isthmus of Panama
Military Protection Clause
Treaty is later interpreted as permitting United States protection of isthmian transit
Neutrality Guarantee
United States agrees to guarantee the neutrality of the isthmian transit route
New Granada Sovereignty
United States recognizes and guarantees New Granadan sovereignty over the Isthmus of Panama
New Granada Treaty Rights
Treaty creates reciprocal rights and obligations between the United States and New Granada over Panama transit
Pacific Access
Treaty strengthens United States access between Atlantic and Pacific routes
Panama Canal
Mallarino Bidlack Treaty creates an early legal basis for future American canal policy in Panama
Panama Railroad Precedent
Treaty helps prepare the legal environment for later United States-backed railroad transit across Panama
Panama Transit Guarantee
United States guarantee becomes a key legal background to later Panama Canal diplomacy
Route Neutrality
United States guarantee of neutrality makes Panama transit a matter of American foreign policy
Strategic Transit Policy
Polk administration advances a strategic policy of protected isthmian communication
Transit Route Protection
Treaty gives the United States a diplomatic interest in protecting transit across Panama
Diplomat
Signs treaty guaranteeing United States transit rights across the Isthmus of Panama
Diplomat
United States and New Granada sign treaty guaranteeing transit across the isthmus
South Devon Line Reaches Newton
The South Devon Railway extends from Teignmouth to Newton while Brunel continues preparing atmospheric traction.
Senator
Davis takes hist seat in the Senate
Birth of Heihachiro Togo
Birth of Heihachiro Togo
Wage Labour Lectures
Marx lectures German workers on wages, labour and capitalist production.
Abdication
Persuades Ferdinand I to abdicate
Succession
Secures the replacement of Ferdinand I by Franz Josef I
Abdication
Emperor Ferdinand abdicates at Olomouc, as part of Minister-president Felix zu Schwarzenberg's plan to end the Revolutions of 1848 in Hungary
Succession
By the abdication of his uncle Ferdinand and the renunciation of his father, Franz Joseph succeeds as Emperor of Austria
Military Coup
Belzu takes power after defeating Velasco's government.
President of France
Appointed President of France, appealing to the nostalgia of the "Napoleonic legend"
Exile of Guisseppe Garibaldi
Arrives at Rome on the invitation of the Revolutionary Government
Gagernsche Program
Introduces the Gagernsche Program, Austria is to be excluded from the new federal state, but bound to it by a Treaty of Union
Minister President
Appointed Minister President of the German Provisional Government
Provisional Government
Appointed Minister President of the German Provisional Government
Abdication
Abdicates in favor of his nephew Francis Joseph after the revolution of 1848
Abdication
Ferdinand I abdicates in favour of his nehew, Franz Josef I
Constitution of Germany
The Declaration of the Basic Rights, a model for all German democratic institutions
Declaration of Basic Rights
The Declaration of the Basic Rights, a model for all German democratic institutions
Constitution of Germany
Once his position is more secure again,quickly has the army reoccupy Berlin and dissolve the assembly
National Assembly
Once his position is more secure again,quickly has the army reoccupy Berlin and dissolve the assembly
Revolution of Germany
Once his position is more secure again,quickly has the army reoccupy Berlin and dissolve the assembly
Siege of Berlin
Once his position is more secure again,quickly has the army reoccupy Berlin and dissolve the assembly
Death of Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen
Death of Adelaide, pre-deceased by her only child Elizabeth
Birth of August von Mackensen
Birth of August von Mackensen
Death of Marc Brunel
Brunel's father and engineering mentor Marc Isambard Brunel dies.
Death of Marc Isambard Brunel
Sir Marc Isambard Brunel dies in Westminster after a career in civil and mechanical engineering.
Appointed Archbishop of Armagh
Cullen is appointed Archbishop of Armagh and returns from Rome to lead the Irish Catholic primatial see.
Appointment as Prime Minister
Antonios Kriezis is appointed Prime Minister of Greece.
Prime Minister of Greece
Antonios Kriezis begins his long second term as Prime Minister.
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
Minister President
Appointed Chief Minister President of Prussia
Arrest of Adolphe Thiers, Cavaignac and Republican leaders
Dissolves the National Assembly & arrests Thiers, Cavaignac & Republican leaders
National Assembly
Dissolves the National Assembly & arrests Thiers, Cavaignac & Republican leaders
Siege of Paris
Leads an Army, arrests Deputies & the Minister of War & attacks the barracades
Constitution of France
The 3rd Republic ends after 3 yrs when President Louis Napoleon makes himself dictator
Coup
The 3rd Republic ends after 3 yrs when President Louis Napoleon makes himself dictator. Dissolves the National Assembly & arrests Thiers, Cavaignac & other republican leaders
Coup
Dissolves the National Assembly & arrests Thiers, Cavaignac & other republican leaders
Legislation
The 3rd Republic ends after 3 yrs when President Louis Napoleon makes himself dictator
National Assembly
Dissolves the National Assembly & arrests Thiers, Cavaignac & other republican leaders
Arrest of Adolphe Thiers, Cavaignac and Republican leaders
Dissolves the National Assembly & arrests Thiers, Cavaignac & the Republican leaders
Dissolution
Dissolves the National Assembly & arrests Thiers, Cavaignac & the Republican leaders
National Assembly
Dissolves the National Assembly & arrests Thiers, Cavaignac & the Republican leaders
Coup
Meets French Ambassador, Walewski, & congratulates him on Louis Napoleon's coup
Meeting with French Ambassador
Meets French Ambassador, Walewski, & congratulates him on Louis Napoleon's coup
Cabinet remains neutral towards Louis Napoleon
The Cabinet remains neutral towards Louis Napoleon after his coup
Coup
The Cabinet remains neutral towards Louis Napoleon after his coup
Neutrality
The Cabinet remains neutral towards Louis Napoleon after his coup
Battle of Loncomilla
Leads the government when loyalist forces defeat the principal armed challenge to his newly inaugurated presidency.
Election
Elected President of France for 10 years
Kossuth Mazzini and Louis Napoleon
Publishes a Tribune article on Kossuth, Mazzini and the politics surrounding Louis Napoleon.
Succession
Succeeds as Emperor of France, proclaims himself Emperor
Coup
Forced to resign after supporting the coup of Louis Napoleon in France
Resignation of Henry John Temple
Forced to resign after supporting the coup of Louis Napoleon in France
Government
Leads a Lib-Con coalition with Russell & Gladstone
Expedition
Napier takes command of a column in the first Hazara expedition
Battle of Bashkadiklar
Directs cavalry attacks that help turn the Ottoman flank at Bashkadiklar.
Battle of Bashkadiklar
Commands Russian cavalry during the decisive victory at Bashkadiklar.
Battle of Bashkadiklar
Leads Russian infantry in the hard fighting against Ottoman batteries at Bashkadiklar.
Battle of Bashkadiklar
Defeats a much larger Ottoman army at Bashkadiklar and captures numerous guns.
Battle of Bashkadiklar
Commands the Ottoman army defeated by Bebutov at Bashkadiklar near Kars.
Battle of Bashkadiklar
Serves among the senior Ottoman commanders during the defeat at Bashkadiklar.
Battle of Cetate
Repels the first Ottoman assault on his Russian detachment at Cetate.
Battle of Cetate
Opens the fighting at Cetate with an attack on the Russian position in Wallachia.
Danube Defence
Commands Russian forces watching the Ottoman bridgehead around Calafat during the winter campaign.
Peace
Britain, France, Austria and Prussia agree peace between the Russian and Ottoman Empires.
Ørsted Government
The Ørsted Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Bang Premiership
Begins the Bang Premiership in Copenhagen and serves as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Civil Code
Promulgates the Civil Code prepared under the leadership of Andres Bello.
Austrian Ultimatum
Presses Russia to accept Allied peace terms.
Austrian Ultimatum
Demands that Russia accept Allied peace terms, including Black Sea neutralisation and territorial concessions.
Neutrality
Demands Russia agree Allied demands for neutralization of the Black Sea.
Peace
Russia accepts Austria's ultimatum to negotiate with the Allies.
Birth of Thomas Woodrow Wilson
Birth of Thomas Woodrow Wilson
Battle of Cawnpore
Tatya Tope's army is defeated by Colin Campbell's force during renewed fighting for Cawnpore.
Suez Canal Company
The Suez Canal Company (Compagnie universelle du canal maritime de Suez) comes into being
Suez Canal
The Suez Canal Company (Compagnie universelle du canal maritime de Suez) comes into being
Suez Canal Company
Forms the Compagnie universelle du canal maritime de Suez to finance and build the canal.
First Hall Government
The First Hall Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Council President of Denmark.
Rotwitt Government
Begins the Rotwitt Government in Copenhagen and serves as Council President of Denmark.
Birth of George's Surat
Birth of George's Surat
The Trent Case
Publishes an article analysing the diplomatic crisis created by the Trent affair.
The Anglo-American Conflict
Publishes an article assessing the danger of conflict between Britain and the United States.
Bombardment of Fort Sumter
Confederate artillery opens fire on the Union garrison at Fort Sumter
Siege of Fort Sumter
Confederate forces begin the attack on Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor
Controversy Over the Trent Case
Publishes a further analysis of the international controversy surrounding the Trent affair.
The Crisis Over the Slavery Issue
Publishes an article examining slavery as the central political issue of the American conflict.
Death of Victoria
Death of Prince Albert from typhoid, spends the rest of her life dressed in mourning
News from America
Publishes an article reviewing political and military news from the United States.
The Progress of Feelings in England
Publishes an article examining changing British public opinion toward the American Civil War.
Newspapers and the Opinion of the People
Publishes an article contrasting newspaper positions with wider public opinion on the American crisis.
Specie Payments Suspended
Civil War financing pressures lead banks and the federal government to suspend specie payments, temporarily breaking ordinary redemption of paper currency in gold.
Battle of Fredericksburg
Leads the Northern army of 113,000 defended by Jackson with 75,000. Fails to capture Fredericksburg
Battle of Fredericksburg
Supports Jackson at Fredericksburg
Battle of Fredericksburg
Fredericksburg is defended by Jackson with a southern army of 75,000. Burnside leads a Northern army of 113,000 but fails to capture Fredericksburg
Birth of Franz Ferdinand
Birth of Franz Ferdinand
Siege of Kagoshima
Kagoshima is bombarded by the British Royal Navy to punish the Satsuma daimyo for the murder of Charles Lennox Richardson on the Tokaido highway
Capture of Savanah
Marches the Unionists through Georgia & takes Atlanta 1 Sept & Savannah 22 Dec
Siege of Savannah
Marches the Unionists through Georgia & takes Atlanta 1 Sept & Savannah 22 Dec
Invasion of Holstein
Saxon and Hanoverian troops march into Holstein on behalf of the Confederation
Invasion of Holstein
Saxon and Hanoverian troops march into Holstein on behalf of the Confederation
Second Hall Government
The Second Hall Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Council President of Denmark.
Monrad Government
Begins the Monrad Government in Copenhagen and serves as Council President of Denmark.
Secularisation of Monastic Estates
Kogalniceanu's government secularises extensive monastic estates.
Birth of Carsten Borchgrevink
Birth of Carsten Borchgrevink
Clifton Suspension Bridge
The Clifton Suspension Bridge opens to the public as a memorial to Brunel five years after his death.
Clifton Bridge Completion
Hawkshaw helps complete Brunel's Clifton bridge design.
Clifton Bridge Opened
The Clifton Suspension Bridge opens to the public.
Coup
Melgarejo seizes power and begins an authoritarian presidency.
President of Bolivia
Melgarejo assumes the presidency after overthrowing Acha.
Mato Grosso Campaign
Launches the invasion of Mato Grosso after conflict with Brazil escalates.
Education Reform
Cuza promulgates legislation establishing compulsory and free primary education.
13th Amendment
The Thirteenth Amendment, abolishing slavery, is passed
Constitution of USA
The Thirteenth Amendment, abolishing slavery, is passed
Slavery
The Thirteenth Amendment, abolishing slavery, is passed
Birth of Albrecht of Wurttemberg
Birth of Albrecht of Wurttemberg
London Conference
Helps finalize Confederation terms at the London Conference.
Birth of Josef Klemens Pilsudski
Birth of Josef Klemens Pilsudski, near Vilna into an impoverished noble family
Independence of Great Britain
The rescue of 2 Fenians in Clerkenwell gaol causes 12 deaths
Independence of Ireland
The rescue of 2 Fenians in Clerkenwell gaol causes 12 deaths
Independence of Great Britain
Gladstone proclaims the need to address the Irish Proble
Independence of Ireland
Gladstone proclaims the need to address the Irish Proble
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 1st term
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary
International Alliance of Socialist Democracy
Writes on relations between the International and the International Alliance of Socialist Democracy.
Battle of Awa
Togo is assigned to Kasuga in the Naval Battle of Awa, near Osaka, against the navy of the Bakufu
Lomas Valentinas
Fights during the campaign that breaks organised Paraguayan resistance around Asuncion.
Red River Resistance
Leads a provisional government during the Red River Resistance.
Battle of Miyako
Togo participated as a third-class officer aboard the Kasuga in the last battles against the remnants of the Bakufu forces, the naval Battle of Miyako
Battle of Orleans
Defeats General de Paladines Army of the Loire
Constitution of Germany
Refuses the crown offered to him by the new Confeferation of a united Germany
Succession
Refuses the crown offered to him by the new Confeferation of a united Germany
Unification
Refuses the crown offered to him by the new Confeferation of a united Germany
German Coinage Unification
Imperial coinage legislation creates the mark and begins replacing the diverse currencies of the German states, preparing the institutional basis for a unified gold standard.
Gold Coinage
Imperial legislation authorises gold coins for the newly unified German currency system.
Third de Theux Government
Begins the Third de Theux Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.
Jules d'Anethan Government
The Jules d'Anethan Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.
Prime Minister of South Africa
Appointed Prime Minister of the Cape Colony
Break in Diplomatic Relations with The Vatican
The German Government breaks off diplomatic relations with the Vatican
Kulturkampf
The German Government breaks off diplomatic relations with the Vatican
Transit of Venus Photography
Janssen uses his photographic revolver during the transit of Venus to record a rapid sequence of solar images.
Prime Minister of Spain
Apppointed Prime Minister of Spain
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain, 2nd term
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
Purchase of Suez Canal Shares
Criticises the Suez Canal purchase for being made without prior parliamentary consent.
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador after overthrowing Antonio Borrero
Constitution of Turkey
Provides Parliamentary Government based on all groups in society. Declares indivisibility of the Ottoman Empire
Birth of Mohammed Ali Jinnah
Brth of Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Birth of Mohammed Ali Jinnah
Brth of Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Birth of William Aberhart
Birth of William Aberhart
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain, 3rd term
Removal from Office
Military leaders remove Daza during the War of the Pacific.
Irish National Land League
Charles Stewart Parnell leaves for America with John Dillon to raise funds for famine relief and secure support for Home Rule
Irish National Land League
Charles Stewart Parnell leaves for America with John Dillon to raise funds for famine relief and secure support for Home Rule
Reballion of subdues the Sekhukhuni
Wolsey subdues the Sekhukhuni rebellion & captures their paramount chief
Birth of Fedor von Bock
Birth of Fedor von Bock
Independence of South Africa
Kruger, Joubert & Pretorious announce the restoration of republican Government
Independence of Transvaal
Kruger, Joubert & Pretorious announce the restoration of republican Government
Independence of South Africa
Kruger, Joubert & Pretorious announce the restoration of republican Government
Independence of Transvaal
Kruger, Joubert & Pretorious announce the restoration of republican Government
Independence of South Africa
Kruger, Joubert & Pretorious announce the restoration of republican Government
Independence of Transvaal
Kruger, Joubert & Pretorious announce the restoration of republican Government
Paardekraal Meeting
Boer leaders proclaim restoration of the republic.
Paardekraal Meeting
Joins Kruger and Joubert in restoring Transvaal authority.
Paardekraal Meeting
Joins the triumvirate directing the Transvaal rising.
Independence of South Africa
Carries the declaration of Transvaal independence to be printed.
Independence of Transvaal
Carries the declaration of Transvaal independence to be printed.
Siege of Potchefstroom
The 1st shots in the struggle for the Transvaal are fired against British soldiers
Potchefstroom Declaration
Carries the independence proclamation to Potchefstroom.
Battle of Bronkhorstspruit
Commands the British column ambushed by Boer forces.
Battle of Bronkhorstspruit
Defeats Anstruther's column at Bronkhorstspruit.
Natal Field Force
Leads British forces attempting to relieve Transvaal garrisons.
Death of Jenny Marx
Marx's wife Jenny dies after decades of political exile and collaboration.
Battle of Bronkhorstspruitt
Destroys the British 94th Regiment during an ambush
Death Sentence Commuted to Exile
His death sentence is immediately commuted to perpetual exile.
Urabi Court-Martial
Pleads guilty to rebellion before an Egyptian court-martial.
Belgian Venus Transit Observations
The programme contributes measurements intended to refine the astronomical unit.
Belgian Venus Transit Programme
Supports measurement of the astronomical unit through coordinated observations.
Transit of Venus Expedition
Organizes Belgian observations of the transit of Venus.
Transit of Venus Expeditions
Organizes Belgian expeditions to observe the transit of Venus.
Death of Anthony Trollope
Death of Anthony Trollope
Birth of Otto Neurath
Otto Neurath is born in Vienna.
Otto Neurath Born
The future Vienna Circle philosopher is born in Austria.
Birth of Max Born
Max Born is born in Breslau, Germany.
Max Born Born
The future quantum physicist and Nobel laureate is born.
Birth of Arthur Eddington
Birth of Arthur Eddington
Arthur Stanley Eddington Born
The future astrophysicist and relativity advocate is born.
Birth of Arthur Eddington
Arthur Stanley Eddington is born in Kendal, Westmorland.
Birth of Rajendra Prasad
Rajendra Prasad is born in Ziradei, Bihar, and later becomes the first President of India.
Election
Makes rural elections as democratic as urban ones
Reform of Electoral System
Recognizes individual voting rights regardless of property qualifications. Makes rural elections as democratic as urban ones. Extends the male electorate from 3 to 5 million
Rule of Nigeria
Germany agrees to support Britains claims in Nigeria, against the French
Independence of Great Britain
Newspapers quote Herbert Gladstone about his fathers conversion to Irish home rule
Independence of Ireland
Newspapers quote Herbert Gladstone about his fathers conversion to Irish home rule
Irish Home Rule
Newspapers quote Herbert Gladstone about his fathers conversion to Irish home rule
Indian National Congress
The first Session of Indian National Congress is held from 28-31 December 1885, and is attended by 72 delegates
American Federation of Labor
Gompers becomes president of the newly formed American Federation of Labor.
Budget
Sudden resignation after the Cabinet will not support his proposed defense cuts
Resignation of Randolph Henry Spencer-Churchill
Sudden resignation after the Cabinet will not support his proposed defense cuts
Birth of Gotthard Heinrici
Birth of Gotthard Heinrici
Succeeds as Archbishop of Armagh
Logue succeeds to the Archdiocese of Armagh and becomes Primate of All Ireland after serving as coadjutor archbishop.
First Detailed Photograph of Andromeda
Obtains a long-exposure photograph of M31 that clearly records its spiral structure, a major step in the photographic study of the galaxy.
Birth of Friedrich Christian Anton Fritz Lang
Birth of Friedrich Christian Anton "Fritz" Lang.
Birth of Otto Dix
Birth of Otto Dix
President of Chile
Takes office and begins the parliamentary republic after the civil war.
Autonomous Commune Law
Promulgates municipal legislation increasing local administrative autonomy after the civil war.
Birth of Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Franco
Birth of Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Franco
Prime Minister of Canada
Appointed Prime Minister of Canada
Prime Minister of Canada
Becomes prime minister after Abbott resigns.
Birth of Ernst Toller
Birth of Ernst Toller
State Insolvency Announced
Trikoupis acknowledges that the government cannot meet its debt obligations.
Birth of Mao Tse-Tung
Birth of Mao Tse-Tung, Shaoshan in Hunan Province, year of the snake
Ratification of French Convention
Ratifies the military convention with France, advancing the defensive alliance between the two powers.
Privy Council
Appointed Member of Privy Council, by Queen Victoria
Death of John Sparrow David Thompson
Death of John Sparrow David Thompson
Prime Minister of Canada
Becomes prime minister after Thompson dies.
Trial
Sentenced to transportation for life & expulsion from the army & loss of rank. Found guilty of passing papers to a foreign power
Birth of Mamerto Urriolagoitia Harriague
Mamerto Urriolagoitia Harriague is born in Sucre.
Birth of George VI
Birth of George VI, 2nd son of George V
Arrest of Lenin
Police repression strikes Lenin's League of Struggle circle.
Venezuelan Boundary Commission
At the request of the President Congress authorizes the Venezuelan Boundary Commission
Cinematographe Screening
Presents projected motion pictures to a paying public audience.
Public Motion-Picture Projection
Helps establish cinema through a combined camera and projector.
Jameson Raid
Leads the failed raid into the Transvaal.
Jameson Raid
Chamberlain orders Hercules Robinson, Governor of General of the Cape Colony, to repudiate the actions of Jameson and warns Rhodes that the Companys Charter would be in danger if it were discovered the Cape Prime Minister was involved in the Raid
Coup
A failed atempt to overthrow the Transvaal Government
Jameson Raid
A raid on Paul Krugers Transvaal Republic carried out by a British colonial statesman Leander Starr Jameson and his Rhodesian and Bechuanaland policemen over the New Year weekend of 1895-96. A failed atempt to overthrow the Transvaal Government
Jameson Raid
Intended to trigger an uprising by the primarily British expatriate workers (known as Uitlanders) in the Transvaal but fails to do so.
Jameson Raid
Sends a telegram to Rhodes warning him of his intentions, Jamesons force cross into the Transvaal and head for Johannesburg. Leads 800 men in an abortive attempt to begin a Uitlander uprising.
Jameson Raid
The plan is to make a 3 day dash to Johannesburg before the Boer commandos could mobilise, and once there, trigger an uprising by the primarily British expatriate workers (uitlanders) organised by the Reform Committee.
Jameson Raid
The Boer President calls on his countrymen to defend the state. Intended to trigger an uprising by the primarily British expatriate workers (known as Uitlanders) in the Transvaal but fails to do so. A raid on Paul Krugers Transvaal Republic carried out by a British colonial statesman Leander Starr Jameson and his Rhodesian and Bechuanaland policemen over the New Year weekend of 1895-96
Birth of Enrique Hertzog Garaiz
Enrique Hertzog Garaiz is born in La Paz.
Radium Research
Works with the Curies in announcing radium.
Pitchblende Research
Works with Marie Curie on highly radioactive uranium minerals.
Discovery of Radium
Works with Marie Curie and Gustave Bemont in announcing radium.
Discovery of Radium
Announces radium with Pierre Curie and Gustave Bemont.
Pitchblende Research
Finds pitchblende more radioactive than uranium alone.
Radium
Shows pitchblende contains a substance far more radioactive than uranium.
Minister of Education
Appointed Minister of Education
Birth of John Barbirolli
Birth of John Barbirolli
Boxer Suppression
Replaces Yuxian and moves against Boxers in Shandong.
Battle of Stormberg
The British are defeated by the Boers
Battle of Stormberg
Gatacres forces are weakened after a Boer ambush
Battle of Stormberg
Suffers severe losses against the Boers in an ambush 70 miles from Queenstown
Battle of Stormberg
Suffers defeat during Black Week.
Battle of Stormberg
Helps defeat Gatacre's column.
Battle of Magersfontein
The British are defeated by the Boers
Battle of Magersfontein
Cronje inflicts heavy losses on the British under Methuen
Battle of Magersfontein
Is defeated while trying to relieve Kimberley.
Battle of Magersfontein
Wauchope is killed while leading the Highland Brigade during the failed British assault at Magersfontein.
Battle of Magersfontein
Cronje inflicts heavy losses on the British under Methuen
Battle of Magersfontein
Near the Modder River, a Boer victory over the British under Methuen
Battle of Magersfontein
Is forced to retreat before the superior forces of Lord Roberts
Battle of Magersfontein
Defeats Methuen's attack at Magersfontein.
Arrest of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
Makes a dramatic escape from the Boers which reaches the world's headlines
Arrest of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
The Boers offer 25 pounds for Churchill dead or alive
Bounty
The Boers offer 25 pounds for Churchill dead or alive
Escape from Pretoria
Escapes from Boer captivity and reaches safety.
Battle of Colenso
The British are defeated by the Boers
Battle of Colenso
Congreve crosses exposed ground under heavy fire while helping to recover guns and wounded men at Colenso.
Battle of Colenso
Long places his field batteries dangerously close to the Boer line, where intense fire forces the crews away from their guns.
Battle of Colenso
Nurse helps save two guns under sustained Boer fire and receives the Victoria Cross for his actions.
Battle of Colenso
Is defeated during the attempt to relieve Ladysmith.
Battle of Colenso
Clery issues the formal movement orders for the British attack intended to force a crossing of the Tugela at Colenso.
Battle of Colenso
Roberts helps recover artillery under heavy Boer fire at Colenso and is mortally wounded during the attempt.
Battle of Colenso
Schofield helps bring two field guns out of action under intense Boer fire at Colenso.
Battle of Colenso
Babtie treats wounded gunners under heavy fire at Colenso and is wounded while carrying out his medical duties.
Battle of Colenso
British defeats during Black Week expose early military failure.
Siege of Ladysmith
Takes part in operations around the siege and relief of Ladysmith.
Battle of Colenso
Commands Boer forces contributing to the victory at Colenso.
Battle of Colenso
Defeats Buller's army at Colenso.
British Advance Repulsed
Helps defeat Buller's attempt to relieve Ladysmith.
Arrest of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
Reaches Durban and describes his escape to an enthusiastic crowd
Escape of Churchill
British defeats during Black Week expose early military failure.
Battle of Game Tree
FitzClarence is wounded during the unsuccessful British attack on Boer positions at Game Tree near Mafeking.
Battle of Game Tree
Martineau rescues a wounded comrade near the Boer trenches despite being wounded repeatedly during the withdrawal.
Missionary Killing
Is killed by Boxers, intensifying foreign alarm.
South Africa Staff Appointment
Joins Lord Roberts in South Africa as chief of staff after the early British defeats.
Promotion to Captain
Carden is promoted to captain in December 1899, correcting the supplied 1887 captain date.
Defection
Informs his constituency he will not contest the next election. Churchill has decided to join the Liberal Party
Election
Informs his constituency he will not contest the next election
Battle of Nooitgedacht
De la Rey combines with Beyers to attack Clements's camp at Nooitgedacht and inflict a severe defeat.
Defection
Supports the prospective Liberal Party candidate at the Ludlow by-election
Election
Supports the prospective Liberal Party candidate at the Ludlow by-election
Iskra Founded
Helps launch Iskra as a central paper for Russian Marxists.
Iskra Editorial Board
Works with Plekhanov and Lenin on Iskra.
Iskra Editorial Board
Works on Iskra as part of the exile editorial circle.
Iskra Founded
Serves as senior Marxist figure in the Iskra group.
Iskra Founded
Joins Lenin and Plekhanov in the Iskra editorial group.
Defection
Dines with Lloyd George to sound him out about joining the Liberal Party
Guerrilla War Strategy Adopted
Adapts British operations after Boer commandos shift from conventional battle to dispersed guerrilla warfare.
Birth of Walt Disney
Birth of Walt Disney
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for idealistic and artistically accomplished poetry.
Nobel Prize in Medicine
Receives the first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for serum therapy against diphtheria.
Nobel Prize in Physics
Receives the first Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering the radiation later called X-rays.
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Receives the first Nobel Prize in Chemistry for work on chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure.
Discovery Expedition
The Discovery sets sail from Lyttleton, New Zealand
Battle of Groenkop
Williams commands the Imperial Yeomanry camp at Groenkop when De Wet launches a surprise Christmas attack.
Battle of Groenkop
De Wet launches a surprise Christmas attack on the British camp at Groenkop and captures much of the position.
Discovery Expedition
The Morning sails from London in July 1902, and after a severe storm and a refit in Christchurch, New Zealand, heads for the Antarctic on 6 December to search for the expedition in their winter quarters.
Discovery Expedition
somewhere in the Ross Sea. after a severe storm and a refit in Christchurch, New Zealand, headed for the Antarctic on 6 December to search for the expedition in their winter quarters, somewhere in the Ross Sea.
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain, 2nd term
Naval Blockade
Britain, Germany, and Italy imposed a naval blockade to press Venezuela over unpaid foreign claims.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his historical writing, especially A History of Rome.
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Receives the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for work on sugar and purine synthesis.
Nobel Prize in Medicine
Receives the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for research explaining malaria transmission.
Nobel Prize in Physics
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for research on the influence of magnetism on radiation.
Nobel Prize in Physics
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering the effect of magnetism on light spectra.
Discovery Expedition
On 30 December 1902, without having left the Barrier, they reached their Furthest South at 82 degrees 17 mins S
Birth of Ralph David Richardson
Birth of Ralph David Richardson
Common Entry Training Scheme Issued
The Fisher-Selborne scheme proposes common early training for executive, engineering and marine officer entrants.
Farthest South
With Shackleton and Wilson reaches a farthest south of about 82 degrees 17 minutes south before turning back
Discovery Expedition
After working steadily south-east from Cape Adare and along the ice-front to Cape Crozier, the limit of their search range, they found a message from the expedition, directing them back towards McMurdo Sound, the two ships are separated by fifteen miles of ice, requiring long sledge journeys with Evans among the first party to greet the Discoverys crew
Kuolema Premiere
Conducts the first performance of his incidental music for Kuolema at the Finnish National Theatre in Helsinki.
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain
Nobel Prize
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering spontaneous radioactivity.
Nobel Prize in Physics
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for radiation research.
Nobel Prize
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for research on radiation phenomena discovered by Henri Becquerel.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for noble, versatile, and inspired poetry.
Nobel Prize in Physics
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for radiation research.
Nobel Prize
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics and becomes the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize.
Nobel Prize
Receives the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the theory of electrolytic dissociation.
Electrolytic Dissociation Recognition
Gains international recognition for explaining ions in chemical solutions.
Discovery Expedition
The party reached Discovery on 24 December, after a round trip of seven hundred miles covered in 59 days. Their daily average of over 14 miles on this man-hauling journey was significantly better than that achieved with dogs on the previous seasons southern journey, a fact which further strengthened Scotts prejudices against dogs
1st Flight
At the controls during the 1st flight in a powered aircraft, 120ft in 12 seconds
1st Flight
Makes the 1st flight in a powered aircraftl, North Carolina, 120ft in 12 seconds
Declaration of War
Japan decides to go to war with Russia
Civil Service Promotion
Is promoted to Oberregierungsrat in the Bavarian State Ministry of the Interior.
Discovery of Himalia
Discovers Himalia in photographs taken with the Crossley reflector at Lick Observatory.
Siege of Port Arthur
Nogi commands the Japanese forces which finally capture Port Arthur
Birth of Eve Curie
Gives birth to Eve Curie, her second daughter.
Siege of Port Arthur
Nogi commands the Japanese forces which finally capture Port Arthur
Capture of Port Arthur
The Japanese capture Port Arthur
Siege of Port Arthur
The Japanese capture Port Arthur
Nobel Prize in Literature
Shares the Nobel Prize in Literature for poetry reflecting Provence and for his work as a Provençal philologist.
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Receives the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering the inert gaseous elements and defining their place in the periodic system.
Nobel Prize in Physics
Receives the Nobel Prize in Physics for gas-density research and the discovery of argon.
Nobel Prize in Medicine
Receives the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for research on digestive physiology.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Shares the Nobel Prize in Literature for dramatic works that renewed Spanish theatrical traditions.
Constitution of Russia
The Zemstvo are given a broader national & local role. Changes agreed by the Tsar become law, still no representitive form of Government
Burial
Funeral procession of Paulus Kruger, revives an Afrikaaner political revival
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain, 3rd term
Siege of Port-Arthur
Port Arthur surrenders to the Japanese
Vperyod
Launches Vperyod as a Bolshevik rival to Menshevik-controlled Iskra.
Vperyod
Begins a Bolshevik newspaper after losing control of Iskra.
Siege of Port Arthur
A cease-fire is agreed
Siege of Port Arthur
A cease-fire is agreed
Financial Manifesto
Supports the Soviet appeal against tsarist finances.
Arrest of Georgy Khrustalev-Nosar
Is arrested after chairing the revolutionary workers' Soviet.
Arrest of Soviet
Is arrested after chairing the revolutionary workers' Soviet.
Arrest of Leon Trotsky
Is arrested after the Soviet is suppressed.
Arrest of Leon Trotsky
Is arrested when the 1905 Soviet is suppressed.
Arrest of Soviet
Is arrested after the Soviet is suppressed.
Arrest of Soviet
Is arrested when the 1905 Soviet is suppressed.
Suppression of Soviet
Authorities arrest Soviet leaders in Saint Petersburg.
Suppression of Soviet
Authorities move against the Saint Petersburg Soviet.
Soviet Suppression
Government repression follows the arrest of Soviet leaders.
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 1st term
Reform of Parliament
Liberals want Campbell-Bannerman to serve as nominal PM from the Lords but he refuses
Moscow Uprising
Supports Bolshevik agitation during the December uprising.
Moscow Uprising
Takes part in revolutionary activity during the uprising.
Moscow Uprising
Commands forces suppressing the Moscow armed uprising.
Moscow Uprising
Faces armed revolt in Moscow after the manifesto.
Moscow Uprising
Socialist Revolutionaries support armed resistance in Moscow.
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Offers to make Churchill Financial Secretary under Asquith, Churchill refuses
Election
Offerred the post of Financial Secretary at the Treasury, prefers a smaller department
Spokesman
Appointed Spokesman for the Colonial Office because Lord Elgin is a peer
Speech
Speaks against the persecution of Jews in Russia at the Palace Theatre Manchester
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for outstanding achievement as an epic novelist.
Moscow Uprising
Orders repression as armed revolt spreads in Moscow.
Duma Electoral Law
Helps implement electoral law for the first Duma.
Duma Electoral Law
Works to implement the Duma promised in the manifesto.
Electoral Law
Issues electoral rules for the new State Duma.
Presnya Fighting
Uses artillery against rebel districts in Moscow.
Election
Polling will commence from 12 January & finish 8 February. Announces a general election
Presnya Fighting
Revolutionaries resist government troops in Moscow districts.
Moscow Repression
The government suppresses the Moscow uprising.
Birth of Howard Hughes
Birth of Howard Hughes
Election
Resigns over the policy of Imperial Preference rather then call an election
Resignation of Arthur James Balfour
Resigns over the policy of Imperial Preference rather then call an election
Election
Avoids a split in the party by offering Asquith the Chancellorship
Trial of Soviet Deputies
Faces prosecution after the suppression of the Soviet.
Repression
Government repression breaks the revolutionary wave by late December.
Caixa de Conversao Established
Brazil creates the Caixa de Conversao to issue notes convertible against gold-backed reserves at a fixed exchange rate, stabilising the milreis.
Conversion Office
The Conversion Office is created to issue notes convertible at a fixed foreign-exchange parity.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for learning, creative energy, style, and lyrical power.
HMS Dreadnought Commissioned
HMS Dreadnought enters commission after an exceptionally rapid construction programme.
Birth of Leonid Brezhnev
Born in Kamenskoye, later Dneprodzerzhinsk, into a working-class family.
Saint Andrew's Stadium
Birmingham City opens Saint Andrew's as its new permanent football ground.
All India Muslim League
The resolution to found the All Muslim League is moved by Nawab Salimullah which & seconded by Hakim Ajmal Khan
All India Muslim League
The resolution to found the All Muslim League is moved by Nawab Salimullah which & seconded by Hakim Ajmal Khan. The founding meeting of the party during the annual All India Muhammadan Educational Conference in Shahbagh, Dhaka hosted by Nawab Salimullah Khan
All India Muslim League
The founding meeting of the party during the annual All India Muhammadan Educational Conference in Shahbagh, Dhaka presided over by Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk
All India Muslim League
The resolution to found the All Muslim League is moved by Nawab Salimullah which & seconded by Hakim Ajmal Khan
All India Muslim League
The resolution to found the All Muslim League is moved by Nawab Salimullah which & seconded by Hakim Ajmal Khan. The founding meeting of the party during the annual All India Muhammadan Educational Conference in Shahbagh, Dhaka hosted by Nawab Salimullah Khan
All India Muslim League
The founding meeting of the party during the annual All India Muhammadan Educational Conference in Shahbagh, Dhaka presided over by Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk
Ambassador
Appointed as the successor of Count Lexa von Aehrenthal as Ambassador of Russia
Nobel Prize for Gas Conduction
Receives the Nobel Prize in Physics for investigations of electrical conduction through gases.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for observation, imagination, ideas, and narrative talent.
Birth of Richard Crossman
Richard Howard Stafford Crossman is born into the family of Charles Stafford and Helen Crossman.
Santa Maria School Massacre
Government forces kill striking nitrate workers and family members gathered at the Santa Maria School.
Jules de Trooz Government
The Jules de Trooz Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.
Death of Klara Hitler
Death of Klara Hitler, Adolf Hitler's mother
Death of Klara Hitler
Death of Klara Hitler, Adolf Hitler's mother
Independence of Great Britain
The British agree self-Government for the Traansval
Independence of Orange Free State
The British agree to self-Government for the Orange River Colony
Independence of South Africa
The British agree to self-Government for the Orange River Colony
Independence of South Africa
The British agree self-Government for the Traansval
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for philosophical works advancing an idealistic view of life.
Coup
Juan Vicente Gomez seized power while President Cipriano Castro was receiving medical treatment abroad.
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of Venezuela, 1st term
Exile of Sun Yat-Sen
Returns to China to participate in the nationalist rebellion
Constitution of South Africa
The Union of South Africa is born, the Afrikaners hold the key to political power, they forme the largest part of the electorate. Smuts & Botha take the constitution to London, where it is passed by Parliament, & signed into law by Edward VII
Unification
Smuts & Botha take the constitution to London, where it is passed by Parliament, & signed into law by Edward VII
Zurich Physical Society Membership
Becomes a member of the Physical Society of Zurich.
Resignation of Jose Zelaya
Resigns under pressure from the US Marines
Constitution of Great Britain
A Royal Proclamation creates the self-governing body of South Africa
Independence of Great Britain
A Royal Proclamation creates the self-governing body of South Africa
Independence of South Africa
A Royal Proclamation creates the self-governing body of South Africa
Nobel Prize in Literature
Becomes the first woman awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, recognised for imagination and spiritual perception.
Historical Novel Published
Sets a historical romance during the reign of Henry VIII.
The Lady of Blossholme
Publishes The Lady of Blossholme in book form.
Borussia Dortmund Club Foundation
Helps establish Ballspielverein Borussia 09 Dortmund with fellow young football enthusiasts who seek an independent club separate from their church youth organisation.
President of Venezuela
Declares himself as the President of Venezuela
President of Nicaragua
Appointed President of Nicaragua
Housing and Town Planning Act
Secures major housing and town-planning legislation.
Urban Planning Reform
Expands public powers over housing standards and planned development.
Declaration of Civil War
Leads the civil war against President Bonila
Antarctic Pack Ice Entered
Terra Nova enters the Antarctic pack ice and begins a prolonged struggle through heavy floes.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for an idealistic and accomplished literary career.
Election
Very little change from January but enough to push the Parliament Act through
December Election Campaign
Retains his Dundee parliamentary seat in the December election.
Dundee Liberal Campaign
Returns to Parliament as a Liberal member for Dundee.
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for Dundee with an increased majority
President of Chile
Takes office as President of Chile during the centenary-era parliamentary republic.
Antarctic Pack Ice Cleared
Terra Nova clears the prolonged pack-ice barrier after about twenty days of slow progress.
Ross Sea Pack Ice Passage
The delay has cost the expedition valuable time and supplies.
Terra Nova Clears Pack Ice
Terra Nova finally emerges from prolonged pack ice near Antarctica.
Southern Ocean Storm Response
Bowers works with the shipboard party to secure stores and animals during the severe Southern Ocean storm.
Pack Ice Navigation
Pennell helps navigate Terra Nova through the difficult Antarctic pack during the three-week delay.
Severe Southern Ocean Storm
Terra Nova encounters a severe storm while sailing south from New Zealand.
Terra Nova Storm Damage
The overloaded ship suffers flooding and serious difficulties during the storm.
Pack Ice Delay
Terra Nova battles heavy pack ice in the Ross Sea.
December General Election
Leads Conservatives through the December general election.
Second Conservative Election Campaign
Again contests the constitutional powers of the House of Lords.
December General Election
Remains prime minister after the second general election of 1910.
Second Liberal Government Retained
Returns with parliamentary arithmetic little changed from January.
December Election Result
The December election leaves the parliamentary balance little changed.
Election
The Liberal Party wins 44.2% of votes cast & 272 Members of Parliament
Southern Journey Blizzard Begins
A prolonged blizzard halts the southbound parties and consumes precious time and supplies.
Man-Hauling Party
Leads a man-hauling party after the motor sledge failure.
Motor Party Blizzard
The Motor Party becomes the Man-hauling Party under Evans with Lashly, Atkinson and Wright. On 5 December a four-day blizzard halts their progress.
Imperial Army
The Regent Prince resigns after the rebellion of the Imperial Army
Resignation of Chun
The Regent Prince resigns after the rebellion of the Imperial Army
Southern Journey Blizzard Continues
Scott records worsening concern as the blizzard prevents travel and pony fodder runs short.
Final Ponies Sacrificed
The remaining ponies are killed at the foot of the Beardmore Glacier after completing their transport role.
Beardmore Glacier Reached
The expedition reaches the foot of the Beardmore Glacier after the difficult Barrier stage.
Shambles Camp Established
Bowers helps establish Shambles Camp and organise stores at the foot of the Beardmore Glacier.
Pony Losses
Remaining ponies are destroyed before the glacier ascent.
Beardmore Glacier Reached
Scott's travelling parties reach the foot of the Beardmore Glacier, ending the pony stage and beginning the climb toward the Polar Plateau.
Last Ponies Killed
At the foot of the Beardmore Glacier, the last ponies are killed and the expedition prepares for the glacier ascent.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for imaginative dramatic and literary works.
Heat Radiation Recognition
Is honored for foundational discoveries concerning black-body heat radiation.
Nobel Prize in Physics
Receives the Nobel Prize for laws governing thermal radiation.
Beardmore Glacier
Begins the ascent from the Barrier toward the polar plateau.
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Wins the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for radium and polonium.
Nobel Prize
Receives the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for work on radium and polonium, including the isolation and study of radium.
Dioptrics of the Eye
Advances understanding of image formation through the human lens.
Nobel Prize in Medicine
Receives the medicine prize for research on optical refraction in the eye.
Laws of Thermal Radiation
Reviews experimental and theoretical work leading toward quantum physics.
Nobel Lecture
Delivers his Nobel lecture on the laws of thermal radiation.
Dog Teams Turn Back
Meares turns north with the dog teams after their planned supporting stage ends near the Beardmore Glacier.
Beardmore Glacier Ascent Begins
Scott's remaining parties begin man-hauling their sledges up the Beardmore Glacier.
Glacier Man-Hauling Begins
After the dog teams turn back, the remaining southbound groups continue by man-hauling their sledges up the Beardmore Glacier.
Dog Team Return Journey
Girev accompanies the dog teams north after the supporting run toward the Beardmore Glacier is completed.
Coronation Durbar
Becomes the first reigning British monarch attending an Indian durbar.
Delhi Durbar
Attends the Delhi Durbar with Queen Mary.
South Pole Expedition
Amundsens team of five, with 16 dogs, arrives at the Pole (90° 0 S). They arrived 3334 days before Scotts group. Amundsen named their South Pole camp Polheim, meaning "Home on the Pole." Amundsen renamed the Antarctic Plateau as King Haakon VIIs Plateau. They left a small tent and letter stating their accomplishment, in case they did not return safely to Framheim
South Pole
Reaches the South Pole with Amundsen's party and helps navigate the final approach
South Pole Expedition
Amundsens team of five, with 16 dogs, arrives at the Pole (90° 0 S). They arrived 3334 days before Scotts group. Amundsen named their South Pole camp Polheim, meaning "Home on the Pole." Amundsen renamed the Antarctic Plateau as King Haakon VIIs Plateau. They left a small tent and letter stating their accomplishment, in case they did not return safely to Framheim
South Pole
Reaches the South Pole as a member of Amundsen's five-man Norwegian party
South Pole Expedition
Amundsens team of five, with 16 dogs, arrives at the Pole (90° 0 S). They arrived 3334 days before Scotts group. Amundsen named their South Pole camp Polheim, meaning "Home on the Pole." Amundsen renamed the Antarctic Plateau as King Haakon VIIs Plateau. They left a small tent and letter stating their accomplishment, in case they did not return safely to Framheim
South Pole
Reaches the South Pole with Amundsen, Bjaaland, Hanssen and Hassel
South Pole Expedition
Amundsens team of five, with 16 dogs, arrives at the Pole (90° 0 S). They arrived 3334 days before Scotts group. Amundsen named their South Pole camp Polheim, meaning "Home on the Pole." Amundsen renamed the Antarctic Plateau as King Haakon VIIs Plateau. They left a small tent and letter stating their accomplishment, in case they did not return safely to Framheim
South Pole
Reaches the South Pole as one of Amundsen's Norwegian sledging party
1st South Pole
1st person to reach the South Pole, beating Captain Scott
Discovery of South Pole
Amundsen renamed the Antarctic Plateau as King Haakon VIIs Plateau. Amundsen names their South Pole camp Polheim, "Home on the Pole.". Amundens team of six, with 16 dogs, arrived at the Pole (9000S). they arrive 35 days before Scotts group. 1st person to reach the South Pole, beating Captain Scott
South Pole Expedition
Amundsens team of five, with 16 dogs, arrives at the Pole (90° 0 S). They arrived 3334 days before Scotts group. Amundsen named their South Pole camp Polheim, meaning "Home on the Pole." Amundsen renamed the Antarctic Plateau as King Haakon VIIs Plateau. They left a small tent and letter stating their accomplishment, in case they did not return safely to Framheim
South Pole
Amundsen renamed the Antarctic Plateau as King Haakon VIIs Plateau
South Pole
Becomes the first expedition leader to reach the Geographic South Pole
Contributory Welfare Insurance
Creates contributory health and unemployment insurance for covered workers.
National Insurance Act
Secures Royal Assent for the National Insurance Act.
National Insurance Act
The National Insurance Act creates contributory health and unemployment insurance schemes.
Health and Unemployment Insurance
Establishes contributory protection against sickness and unemployment.
National Insurance Act Royal Assent
Secures enactment of the National Insurance Act.
National Insurance Act
Creates health insurance for many workers, a precursor to later NHS debates.
Beardmore Glacier Photography
Scott takes photographs during the glacier stage, adding his own images to the expedition's visual record.
First Support Party Return
Turns back with the first supporting party.
Support Party Return
Returns from the southern journey support work.
Support Party Return
Returns with the first supporting party.
Support Party Return
Returns north with the first supporting party.
First Supporting Party Turns North
Wright turns north with the first four-man support group after reaching the upper Beardmore Glacier.
First Supporting Party Turns North
Cherry-Garrard begins the return journey after his supporting party is ordered back.
Upper Beardmore Crevasse Crossing
Scott's parties encounter difficult crevassed ice while climbing toward the polar plateau.
First Supporting Party Turns North
Keohane joins Atkinson, Cherry-Garrard and Wright in the first supporting party ordered back.
Beardmore Crevasse Fall
Evans falls into a crevasse during the upper glacier ascent and receives a severe shake.
Beardmore Crevasse Fall
Atkinson falls into a crevasse during the difficult upper Beardmore Glacier crossing but is recovered.
First Supporting Party Turns North
Atkinson turns back with the first four-man supporting party from the Beardmore Glacier.
Beardmore Glacier Man-Hauling
The remaining teams continue man-hauling their sledges after the first supporting party turns north.
First Supporting Party Turnback
The first four-man supporting party turns back from the Beardmore Glacier, leaving eight men to continue south.
Southern Party Reorganisation
The southbound expedition reorganises after the first supporting party turns back on the Beardmore Glacier.
President of Ecuador
Appointed acting President of Ecuador after the death of Emilio Estrada
Exile of Sun Yat-Sen
Returns from 14 years of exile to lead the republican revolution
Birth of Klaus Fuchs
Klaus Fuchs is born in Russelsheim in the German Empire.
German Physicist Born
The future theoretical physicist is born into a German family.
President of China
Appointed President of the Chinese Republic
Beardmore Support Turnaround
Wright leaves the southbound expedition with the returning support group, ending his chance of selection for the final polar party.
Battle of Nanking
Defeated by the Republicans
Colonial Secretary Appointment
Becomes state secretary of the Imperial Colonial Office.
Imperial Colonial Office
Assumes responsibility for Germany's overseas colonial administration.
Supporting Party Return Journey
Cherry-Garrard begins the long return from the Beardmore Glacier after completing his assigned supporting role for the polar attempt.
Beardmore Glacier Man-Hauling
Wilson man-hauls with the southbound parties during the ascent of the Beardmore Glacier.
Polar Support Journey
He turns back before Scott selects the final polar party.
Southern Supporting Party
Travels as a member of a supporting party on the southern journey.
First Supporting Party Returns
Atkinson turns north with a supporting group after hauling supplies partway up the Beardmore Glacier for Scott's continuing party.
Oil Fuel Committee Evidence
Gives evidence with Lord Strathcona to a government committee examining oil fuel and future naval requirements.
Beardmore Glacier Ascent
The Beardmore Glacier stage covers about 120 miles and climbs to roughly 10,000 feet before the southbound party reaches the Polar Plateau.
Beardmore Return Support
Keohane turns back with Atkinson's party and helps haul the returning sledge toward Cape Evans.
Southern Support Party
Keohane hauls supplies with a supporting party on the Beardmore Glacier before turning back toward the expedition base.
Health of Marie Sklodowska Curie
Is hospitalised after severe strain following her second Nobel Prize.
Alliance Turkey, Serbia, Montenegro, Greece and Bulgaria
Turkey, Serbia, Montenegro, Greece and Bulgaria sign a weapons pact
First Balkan War Armistice
Accepts an armistice while negotiations begin in London.
Peace
Due to a stalemate on the Chatalja Line a truce is agreed
Peace
Adrianople remains in Turkish hands
Rule of Adrianople
Adrianople remains in Turkish hands
First Balkan War Armistice
Agrees an armistice with most Balkan League states.
Conference of London
The London Peace Conference, composed of delegates from the Balkan allies, including Greece, who had not signed the armistice, and Turkey, holds its 1st day
Peace
The armistice for the cessation of the First Balkan War is signed
Speech
Advocates, "South Africa First" & should use imperialism for its own sel-interest
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for varied and outstanding dramatic writing.
Death of Thomas Charles Scanlen
Death of Thomas Charles Scanlen
Battle of Elli
Defeats the Ottoman fleet off the Dardanelles.
London Peace Conference Opens
Supports Serbian territorial claims during the London negotiations.
London Peace Conference Opens
Represents Ottoman interests as peace negotiations begin.
Battle of Elli
The Ottoman fleet is driven back by Greece.
Battle of Elli
Following a ceasefire in December between the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro, the Turkish fleet twice exited the Dardanelles but was twice defeated in the battles of Elli and Lemnos
Battle of Lemnos
Following a ceasefire in December between the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro, the Turkish fleet twice exited the Dardanelles but was twice defeated in the battles of Elli and Lemnos
Ceasefire
Following a ceasefire in December between the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro, the Turkish fleet twice exited the Dardanelles but was twice defeated in the battles of Elli and Lemnos
Company Working Capital Exhausted
Reaches the end of the year with working capital effectively exhausted despite the major Persian oil discovery.
Ceasefire
Following a ceasefire in December between the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro, the Turkish fleet twice exited the Dardanelles but was twice defeated in the battles of Elli and Lemnos
Epirus Campaign
Turns Greek forces toward Ioannina after Salonika.
Rule of Aegean
Following a ceasefire in December between the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro, the Turkish fleet twice exited the Dardanelles but was twice defeated in the battles of Elli and Lemnos
Battle of Elli
Following a ceasefire in December between the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro, the Turkish fleet twice exited the Dardanelles but was twice defeated in the battles of Elli and Lemnos
Battle of Lemnos
Following a ceasefire in December between the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro, the Turkish fleet twice exited the Dardanelles but was twice defeated in the battles of Elli and Lemnos
Ceasefire
Following a ceasefire in December between the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro, the Turkish fleet twice exited the Dardanelles but was twice defeated in the battles of Elli and Lemnos
Cabinet Reconstruction
Reconstructs his cabinet after political conflict with Hertzog.
Government
Forms a new cabinet without Hertzog
Hertzog Excluded from Cabinet
Excludes Hertzog as divisions among Afrikaner politicians deepen.
Resignation of Louis Botha
Resigns after Hertzogs "South Africa First" speech
Battle of Elli
Following a ceasefire in December between the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro, the Turkish fleet twice exited the Dardanelles but is twice defeated in the battles of Elli and Lemnos
Ceasefire
Following a ceasefire in December between the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro, the Turkish fleet twice exited the Dardanelles but is twice defeated in the battles of Elli and Lemnos
Battle of Lemnos
Following a ceasefire in December between the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro, the Turkish fleet twice exited the Dardanelles but is twice defeated in the battles of Elli and Lemnos
Ceasefire
Following a ceasefire in December between the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro, the Turkish fleet twice exited the Dardanelles but is twice defeated in the battles of Elli and Lemnos
Scandal
Loses a vote of confidence in the Reichstag over the Zabern
Vote of Confidence
Loses a vote of confidence in the Reichstag over the Zabern
Reform of Trade
A Royal Proclamation bans the import of arms into Ulster
Ulster Arms Import Ban
A Royal Proclamation bans the import of arms into Ulster.
Birth of David Pieter de Villiers Graaff
Birth of David Pieter de Villiers Graaff
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for sensitive and beautiful verse expressed through his own English translations.
Britain & France jointly oppose the German-Turkish military convention
Britain & France jointly oppose the German-Turkish military convention
German Turkish Convention Opposition
Britain and France jointly oppose the German-Turkish military convention.
Rule of Aegean
Greece is awarded some Aegean Islands for the loss of southern Albania to Albania
Rule of Albania
Southern Albania is divided between Albania and Greece
Rule of Macedonia
Greece gains territory in Macedonia
Rule of Thrace
Greece gains territory in Thrace
Film
Chaplin reports to work at Keystone Studios to launch a legendary film career
Birth of Willy Brandt
Birth of Willy Brandt
Four-Engine Passenger Aircraft
The achievement marks four-engine passenger aircraft as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Ilya Muromets First Flight
Leads the first flight of the Ilya Muromets four-engine aircraft.
Federal Reserve Act
Wilson signs legislation creating the Federal Reserve System.
Federal Reserve Act
The Federal Reserve Act requires gold reserves against Federal Reserve notes and deposits.
Federal Reserve Gold Requirements
The Federal Reserve Act requires substantial gold backing for Federal Reserve notes and embeds gold convertibility within the new central banking system.
Antarctic Crossing Plan
Names the venture the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition.
Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition Announced
Announces plans to cross Antarctica from sea to sea.
Postwar Crisis
Views Serbian gains as a threat to Austria-Hungary.
Postwar Diplomacy
Monitors Balkan tensions after the wars.
Postwar Diplomacy
Seeks to contain Great Power tension after the wars.
Postwar Diplomacy
Backs Serbia after the Balkan settlements.
Postwar Serbian Army
Serbia emerges militarily strengthened from the Balkan Wars.
Capture of De Wet
Is captured after the rebellion fails.
Agreement on Japanese request that Australia should not occupy
British Government agree to Japanese request that Australia should not occupy German islands north of the Equator
Battle of Augustov
The Russians regroup, counterattack & recapture Augustov & move into East Prussia
Capture of Augustov
The Russians regroup, counterattack & recapture Augustov & move into East Prussia
Endurance Leaves South Georgia
Shackleton takes Endurance south from South Georgia toward the Weddell Sea, the intended starting region for the transcontinental crossing.
Battle of Lodz
The Russians had repulsed the Germans and saved Warsaw, which had been the objective of the original German offensive, the Germans, for their part, had caused the Russians to abandon their offensive into Silesia
Invasion of Silesia
The Russians had repulsed the Germans and saved Warsaw, which had been the objective of the original German offensive, the Germans, for their part, had caused the Russians to abandon their offensive into Silesia
Siege of Warsaw
The Russians had repulsed the Germans and saved Warsaw, which had been the objective of the original German offensive, the Germans, for their part, had caused the Russians to abandon their offensive into Silesia
Battle of Lodz
The Russians had repulsed the Germans and saved Warsaw, which had been the objective of the original German offensive, the Germans, for their part, had caused the Russians to abandon their offensive into Silesia. Russian withdrawal from East Prussia, and conduct at the Battle of Lodz in November 1914 led to Rennenkampfs dismissal amid recriminations of incompetence and even treason
Treason
Russian withdrawal from East Prussia, and conduct at the Battle of Lodz in November 1914 led to Rennenkampfs dismissal amid recriminations of incompetence and even treason
Death of Maximilian Johannes Hubert von Spee
Death of Maximilian Johannes Hubert von Spee
Battle of Falklands
The German Navys South American commerce raiding force is destroyed. Sturdee sinks Spees flagship, SMS Scharnhorst, together with SMS Gneisenau, SMS Nurnberg & SMS Leipzig. Spee attempts a raid on the coaling station at Stanley in the Falkland Islands, unaware the British had sent reinforcements. British reversal of the defeat at Coronel
Battle of Falklands
The Scharnhorst is sunk & von Spee drowns. Bombards the Falkland Islands not knowing of the presence of Admiral Sturdee
Battle of Falkland Islands
The Royal Navy destroys most of Admiral von Spee's East Asia Squadron, reversing the shock of the Coronel defeat.
Falkland Islands Strategy Vindicated
Sturdee's force destroys most of von Spee's squadron, vindicating Fisher's decision to send superior battlecruisers south.
Battle of Falklands
Sturdee sinks Spees cruisers the Scharnhorst & Gneisenau. Destroys the German Navys South American commerce raiding force. A Reversal of the Battle of Coronel
B11 Escapes Dardanelles Patrols
Holbrook brings B11 back through the minefield despite currents, grounding and Ottoman pursuit.
B11 Minefield Penetration Begins
Holbrook takes submarine B11 beneath the defended minefield in the Dardanelles.
Mesudiye Torpedoed in Sari Siglar Bay
Holbrook torpedoes the Ottoman battleship Mesudiye after penetrating the Dardanelles mine barrier.
B11 Submarine Attack Supported
Winn serves as first lieutenant during B11's successful attack on Mesudiye and hazardous return passage.
Hartlepool Bombardment Response Reviewed
Churchill reviews naval defensive arrangements after German battlecruisers bombard Hartlepool.
Scarborough Raid Response Reviewed
The Admiralty reviews the German bombardment of Scarborough and the failure to force a decisive interception.
German Battlecruisers Escape after Coastal Raid
Hipper's force escapes despite British interception attempts after bombarding Scarborough, Whitby and Hartlepool.
Scarborough Raid Interception Attempted
Beatty's battlecruisers participate in the British effort to intercept German forces returning from the east-coast raid.
Bombing of Hartlepool
A German squadron bombs Hartlepool, Scarborough & Whitby
East Coast Bombardment
A German squadron bombards Hartlepool, Scarborough and Whitby.
Japanese Foreign Minister declares Japan will not give up German islands occupied
Japanese Foreign Minister declares Japan will not give up German islands occupied north of the Equator
Japanese Foreign Minister declares Japan will not give up German islands occupied
Japanese Foreign Minister declares Japan will not give up German islands occupied north of the Equator
Battle of Limanowa
Battles of Limanowa, in which Austrian forces save their lines and prevent Russia attacking Vienna
Siege of Vienna
Battles of Limanowa, in which Austrian forces save their lines and prevent Russia attacking Vienna
Battle of Artois, 1st
Conducts an offensive in Artois
Battle of Artois, 1st
The battle was the first offensive move on the Western Front by either side after the First Battle of Ypres ended in November 1914. The French assault failed to break the stalemate. Commander at the Battle of Artois
Protectorate of Egypt
Announces a British protectorate over Egypt after Ottoman entry into the First World War, changing the canal's sovereignty framework.
Deposition
Is deposed after supporting the Ottoman Empire during the First World War.
Sultanate of Egypt
Becomes Sultan when Britain declares a protectorate over Egypt.
Protectorate of Egypt
Becomes Sultan under the British protectorate, replacing Ottoman suzerainty over Egypt and the canal zone.
Cuxhaven Air Raid
Royal Naval Air Service seaplanes launched from converted ships raid German naval and Zeppelin facilities around Cuxhaven.
Baltic Offensive Strategy Memorandum
Churchill proposes opening new strategic pressure against Germany and considers the requirements for Baltic operations.
Battle of Champagne, 1st
Hopes to divert the Germans from the Eastern front
37th Reserve Corps
Marwitz is dispatched to the Eastern Front in command of the newly-established XXXVIII Reserve Corps, where it was believed that the cavalry would fare better
Eastern Front
Marwitz is dispatched to the Eastern Front in command of the newly-established XXXVIII Reserve Corps, where it was believed that the cavalry would fare better
Bombing of Scarborough
Conducts an air raid on Scarborough
Battle of Yser
Spends next 4 years guarding Belgian naval bases. Schroders marine forces are stopped at Yser
Battle of Yser
Commands the First Army at the Battle of Yser
First Army
Commands the First Army at the Battle of Yser
Ottoman Fleet Supports Strait Defence
Souchon coordinates Ottoman naval dispositions while the Dardanelles becomes a major Allied target.
South Pole
Anchors in the Weddell Sea trapped in ice, The Endurance is crushed & sinks
Distinguished Service Order Awarded
Receives the Distinguished Service Order for his conduct during the opening campaign in France.
Eight Twelve-Inch Monitors Ordered
The monitor programme expands with eight vessels designed around twelve-inch battleship turrets.
Aegean Support Base Requirements Reviewed
Carden reviews ships, bases and logistical arrangements required for sustained naval operations near the Dardanelles.
Battlecruiser Communications Problems Reviewed
The failed December interception reinforces concern about information sharing and signalling among British naval forces.
Rosyth Battlecruiser Basing Considered
The Admiralty develops Rosyth as a forward base better positioned for Beatty's fast battlecruiser operations.
Narrows Mine Defences Expanded
Cevat strengthens mines, mobile guns and coastal batteries after Allied submarine and surface attacks.
Searchlight and Battery Network Improved
Cevat improves searchlights, artillery positions and observation arrangements along the straits.
Dardanelles Defence Reinforcement Ordered
Enver orders reinforcement of the Dardanelles as the threat of an Allied attack increases.
East Anglian Evacuation to Mudros Begins
Units of the 54th East Anglian Division begin leaving the Suvla sector for Mudros in the staged withdrawal.
Conference of Calais
It is agreed to withdraw from Salonika although this decision is reversed at Chantilly. Attends the Calais Conference with the French
Anzac and Suvla Evacuation Approved
Asquith's government authorises withdrawal from the ANZAC and Suvla sectors.
Symphony No 5 Premiere
Conducts the first version of Symphony No 5 in Helsinki on his fiftieth birthday.
Formal Order to Evacuate ANZAC Received
Birdwood receives the final order to evacuate the ANZAC and Suvla positions.
First Evacuation Stage Removes Surplus Personnel
White's plan removes sick men, surplus troops and stores while the front continues to appear fully occupied.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for idealism, sympathy, and commitment to truth in his writing.
Sick Wounded and Stores Removed before Final Evacuation
The evacuation programme removes sick and wounded men, surplus troops and valuable stores before the final nights of withdrawal.
Battle of Gallipoli
The first day of troop withdrawal from Gallipolli
Welsh Division Evacuated from Suvla
The depleted 53rd Welsh Division begins evacuation from Suvla to Mudros during the carefully staged withdrawal.
Black Yellow Offensive
After the failure of the Austrian Black Yellow offensive, Germany takes over ultimate control of Austro-Hungarian forces
Black Yellow Offensive
After the failure of the Austrian Black Yellow offensive, Germany takes over ultimate control of Austro-Hungarian forces
Detailed Final Evacuation Orders Issued
White's detailed timetable governs the final nights of withdrawal from the ANZAC perimeter.
Zangger Letter Revisits Gravitational Lensing
Einstein mentioned the possibility of gravitational lensing in a letter to Heinrich Zangger, revisiting the double-image effect he had calculated in his 1912 notebook.
Detailed Anzac Suvla Evacuation Orders Issued
Detailed orders are issued for the final evacuation phase, with secrecy and deception measures designed to conceal the withdrawal.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief
Göttingen Society Corresponding Membership
Elected a corresponding member of the Royal Society of Sciences at Göttingen.
Rear-Guard Deception Maintained
White's rear guards maintain irregular rifle fire to conceal the final movement of troops toward the beaches.
BEF Command Appointment Confirmed
Haig replaces Sir John French as Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force.
General Headquarters Command Assumed
Haig assumes control of BEF General Headquarters and begins reviewing the army's organisation.
Dismissal
French is replaced after failures following Ypres and Loos.
Anzac Evacuation Completed without Major Loss
White's withdrawal plan succeeds as the final ANZAC troops leave before dawn with virtually no casualties.
Suvla Withdrawal Completed
De Lisle's remaining troops leave the Suvla sector during the successful December evacuation.
President of Chile
Takes office as President of Chile and leads the final full administration before Alessandri.
Western Front
Cabinet endorses Robertsons & Haigs decision for the Western Front to have priority
Warns the Americans, had better look out
Warns the Americans, "had better look out after this war"
Winter North Sea Readiness Maintained
Beatty keeps the Battle Cruiser Fleet ready for rapid deployment against any German surface sortie.
Dismissal
Replaced as Commander-in-Chief by General Haig
Allied Strategy Consultation with Joffre Renewed
Haig begins coordinating future British operations with Joffre as the new BEF commander.
BEF Command Succession Discussed
Haig emerges as the leading candidate to replace Sir John French as commander of the BEF.
British Western Front Responsibilities Reviewed
Haig reviews the expanding British sector and the requirements for larger operations in 1916.
Salonika Commitment Reviewed
Participates in Allied deliberations over maintaining British forces at Salonika after Serbia's defeat.
Warns the French President Russia will be forced to make peace without
Warns the French President Russia will be forced to make peace without economic help. France moves quickly to give Russia the economic assistance she requires
Siege of Athens
Greek royalist troops attack an Allied landing party
Resignation of Andrew Bonar Law
Resigns from Asquiths Coalition Government
Resignation of Curzon
Resigns from Asquiths Coalition Government
Premiership Resignation
Resigns as Prime Minister in December 1916.
Resignation of Henry Herbert Asquith
Resigns as Prime Minister of Great Britain
Resignation of David Lloyd George
Resigns from Asquiths Coalition Government
Asquith Resigns Premiership
Resigns as Prime Minister after the coalition crisis over the proposed reorganisation of central war direction.
Capture of Bucharest
The Germans capture Bucharest after the Battle of Argesul
Capture of Bucharest
The Germans capture Bucharest after the Battle of Argesul
Government
Requested by the King to form a new Government. Asquith refuses to serve under Law him so he is unable to form a new Government
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 1st term
Capture of Bucharest
Bucharest is captured by the Germans
Occupation of Bucharest
Central Powers occupy Bucharest.
Agreement of Calais
Nivelle proposes that the system of attack he had used at Verdun could be scaled upwards and used on a weaker part of the German line, the enemy lines could be ruptured within 48 hours
Appointment as Wartime Prime Minister
Accepts the premiership after Asquith resigns and begins forming a new coalition government.
First Lord of Admiralty
When Asquith resigned, he returns to office as First Lord of the Admiralty
Five-Member War Cabinet Formed
Creates a small War Cabinet intended to accelerate strategic and administrative decisions.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature as a leading representative of a new era in Swedish literature.
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Minister, 2nd term
Peace
Issues a Peace Note for negotiations, hopes to control Belgium & North East France
Provisional Government
Kerensky develops his views through provisional government after 1917.
Turkestan Speech
Kerensky addresses the Duma on conditions in Turkestan and the Steppe region, criticising official abuses and the government's handling of unrest.
Order of the Garter
Awarded the Order of the Garter on his 21st birthday
War Cabinet Membership Announced
Confirms Curzon, Bonar Law, Milner and Henderson as colleagues in the new War Cabinet.
Centralised War Direction Announced
Promises more concentrated control of manpower, shipping, food and strategy under the new administration.
First Commons War Policy Statement
Addresses the Commons on the new government's policy and the scale of the national war effort.
Magdhaba Attack Directed
Chauvel directs the mounted assault that captures the Ottoman position at Magdhaba.
First Light Horse Advances at Magdhaba
Cox's brigade advances across open ground during the Magdhaba operation.
New Zealanders Assault Magdhaba Redoubts
Chaytor's brigade attacks Ottoman redoubts during the capture of Magdhaba.
Promotion to Acting Boatswain
Crean is promoted to acting boatswain after returning from the Endurance expedition, advancing to warrant officer status in the Royal Navy.
Assassination of Grigor Rasputin
Assassination of Grigor Rasputin
Death of Grigor Rasputin
Death of Grigor Rasputin
Dismissal
Moved to an advisery post after the failure of the Somme offensive
Commander of Second Army
Appointed Commander of the Second Army
Transfer toward Eastern Front
Jodl leaves the Western Front for service connected with an Austro-Hungarian artillery formation.
Battle of Verdun
Each loses about 350,000. After 10 months the Germans are forced back to their original positions
Commander of Second Army
Appointed Commander of the Second Army
Second Army
Appointed Commander of the Second Army
Defence of Yanbu
Helps coordinate British and Arab support as Ottoman forces threaten Yanbu.
Grand Fleet Tactical Doctrine Review Begins
Beatty begins revising fleet doctrine to apply tactical lessons drawn from Jutland.
BEF Army Reorganisation after Somme
Haig reorganises formations and command arrangements after the heavy losses of the Somme.
BEF Artillery Expansion for 1917 Planned
Haig directs further artillery and ammunition preparation for the next year's major operations.
Battle of Passchendaele
In December 1916, at the conclusion of the Battle of the Somme, Haig identified Flanders as the most promising theatre for a British offensive of 1917 and by January 1917 the idea of a Flanders offensive had met with the approval of the British Cabinet
Flanders Offensive Concept Revived
Haig renews plans for a future offensive in Flanders against German positions near Ypres.
Flanders Offensive Planning Renewed
Haig renews planning for a major offensive in Flanders after the Somme campaign ends.
Winter Defensive Programme Ordered
Haig orders winter strengthening of trenches, communications and reserve systems across the British front.
Cabinet Secretariat Established
Creates a permanent secretariat to record War Cabinet conclusions and circulate papers systematically.
Food Controller Office Established
Establishes central food control to manage imports, prices and supplies during wartime shortages.
Garden Suburb Advisory Staff Created
Builds a small advisory staff around Downing Street to collect statistics and bypass departmental delay.
Hankey Becomes War Cabinet Secretary
Uses Maurice Hankey's organisation to provide the War Cabinet with continuous records and coordinated information.
Ministry of Shipping Established
Creates a dedicated shipping ministry to control scarce merchant tonnage during the submarine crisis.
National Service Organisation Launched
Creates machinery for directing civilian labour toward military and essential industrial needs.
War Cabinet Meeting System Introduced
Introduces frequent War Cabinet meetings as the central mechanism for directing the war.
Relativity: The Special and General Theory
Publishes his popular introduction to special and general relativity.
Supreme War Council
Coordinates French army concerns with the new Allied planning body.
Supreme War Council
Serves as French military representative to the council.
Supreme War Council
Faces new Allied scrutiny through the council's strategic reviews.
Supreme War Council
Serves as British military representative at Versailles.
Supreme War Council
Represents British headquarters concerns in Allied planning debates.
Supreme War Council
Takes command in Italy as the council reviews the Italian front.
Supreme War Council
Represents Italy after being removed from field command.
Cadet Party
Outlaws the Cadet Party
Alekseev Organisation
Joins anti-Bolshevik officers gathering around Alekseev.
Supreme War Council
Represents Wilson's views during early Supreme War Council sessions.
Supreme War Council
Resists full amalgamation of American troops into Allied armies.
Supreme War Council
Represents American military interests in Allied planning.
Result of Surrender of Austro-Hungarian Offensive
Austria-Hungary halts its main offensive, signalling serious military exhaustion late in the war.
Surrender of Austro-Hungarian Offensive
Suspends the main offensive
Armistice
Pays host to the Russian Armistice Commission behind German lines at Dvinsk
Ceasefire
A ceasefire commences between Russia & the Central Powers
Peace
A ceasefire commences between Russia & the Central Powers
Arrest of Anton Ivanovich Denikin
Escapes from prison in Bykhov & heads for the Don by train
Peace
German representitive at Brest Litovsk where the Russians are seeking an armistice
Battle of Cambrai, 1st
A German counter-offensive wipes out British gains
Polderhoek Attack Ordered
Russell orders the New Zealand attack on Polderhoek Chateau after the Passchendaele fighting.
Polderhoek Strongpoint Attacked
Nicholas attacks German positions during the New Zealand assault at Polderhoek.
Peace
Brest Litovsk talks begin between Russia & the Central Powers
Brusilov Offensive
The Russian Army has disintegrated & Lenin seeks an armistice at Brest Litovsk
Creil Munitions
Agrees to set up a munitions factory so arms can be repaired in France
Creil Munitions
Agrees to set up a munitions factory so arms can be repaired in France
Declaration of War
The USA declares war on Austria
Creation of Cheka
The Soviet government creates the Cheka to combat counter-revolution and sabotage.
Ceasefire
Official ceasefire between Russia & the Central Powers
Peace
Official ceasefire between Russia & the Central Powers
Conference of Brest Litovsk
Heads the Austrian mission during at Brest Litovsk
Jerusalem Captured
Commands the campaign that captures Jerusalem in December 1917.
Capture of Jerusalem
Captures Jerusalem
Declaration of War
The Soviet Commissars declare war on the Cossack chiefs
White Army
Forms the 1st White Volunteer units
Nobel Prize in Literature
Shares the Nobel Prize in Literature for authentic descriptions of contemporary Danish life.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Shares the Nobel Prize in Literature for varied and idealistic poetry.
Conference of Brest Litovsk
Drafts the peace proposals for the Brest Litovsk negotiations
Entry into Jerusalem
Enters Jerusalem during General Allenby's formal entry after the Ottoman withdrawal.
Jerusalem Capture Welcomed
Welcomes the British capture of Jerusalem during the Palestine campaign.
Jerusalem Formal Entry
Makes his formal entry into Jerusalem on foot.
Jerusalem Notables
Receives Jerusalem's notables following the city's capture.
Siege of Jerusalem
Enters Jerusalem
Nationalization of Banks
The Soviet government nationalizes private banks and strengthens state control over the financial system.
Nationalization
The Red Guard occupies private banks & a decree is passed to nationalize them
Armistice with Central Powers
An armistice halts fighting between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers while formal peace negotiations continue.
Armistice
Germany retains its captured territories
Peace
An armistices is signed between Russia & the central powers
Armistice
A 28 day armistice is signed with the Central Powers
Armistice
The 28 day armistice with the Central Powers begins
UFA Founded
Universum Film AG is founded, creating a major German studio structure.
Economy of Russia
The Vesenkha gains control over Government finance of industry & wages state wages
Nationalization
The Vesenkha gains control over Government finance of industry & wages state wages
Veshenka
The Vesenkha gains control over Government finance of industry & state wages
Birth of Heinrich Boll
Birth of Heinrich Boll
Peace
Heads the Russian peace negotiations which begins after the agreement of an armistice
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Heads the Russian peace negotiations which begins after the agreement of an armistice
Conference of Brest Litovsk
Talks resume at Brest Litovsk
Peace
Peace negotiations commence with the Central Powers
Conference of Brest Litovsk
Prepared, if necessary, to sign a separate peace Treaty if the armistice breaksdown. Offers to give up all land occupied by Austria if the Allies join peace negotiations. Offers to give up all land occupied by Austria if the Allies join in negotiations
Peace
Peace negotiations with the Central Powers are broken off
Federal Control of Railroads
Wilson orders temporary federal control of railroads to coordinate wartime transportation.
Council of War
Ludendorfs 2nd council of war
Volunteer Army
Helps form the Volunteer Army with Alekseev and Denikin.
Mobilization
Presses for the cavalry to man tanks
Commander of First Army
Appointed Commander of the First Army
Commander of First Army
Appointed Commander of the First Army
Communist Party
Revolution breaks out across Germany, the leftists, led by Rosa Luxemburg and the Spartacist League, form the KPD
Spartacist League
Revolution breaks out across Germany, the leftists, led by Rosa Luxemburg and the Spartacist League, form the KPD
Return to Western Front Staff Duty
Jodl returns west as adjutant to an artillery commander.
Jerusalem Campaign
Works with British and Arab forces during the wider Palestine campaign as Jerusalem falls.
Allied Battleship Cooperation Expanded
British and American battleships train together under Grand Fleet command as naval cooperation deepens.
American Battleship Division Joins Grand Fleet
United States battleships under Rear Admiral Hugh Rodman join Beatty's Grand Fleet for North Sea service.
US British Fleet Integration Begins
Beatty incorporates American dreadnoughts into Grand Fleet organisation, exercises and operational planning.
Petrograd Soviet
Rises in Petrograd Bolshevik politics after the revolution.
Congress of Mensheviks
Congress of Socialist Revolutionaries results in victory for the left under Chernov
Menshevik Party
Congress of Socialist Revolutionaries results in victory for the left under Chernov
Congress of Mensheviks
Menshevik Congress gives victory to Martovs Menshevik internationalists
Menshevik Party
Menshevik Congress gives victory to Martovs Menshevik internationalists
Bolshevik Party
A Bolshevik decree establishes the Supreme Economic Council over all economic bodies
Constitution of Russia
A Bolshevik decree establishes the Supreme Economic Council over all economic bodies
Economy of Russia
A Bolshevik decree establishes the Supreme Economic Council over all economic bodies
Independence of Russia
The Ukrainian Council proclaims Ukrainian independence
Independence of Ukraine
The Ukrainian Council proclaims Ukrainian independence
Nationalization
The Vesenkha decrees each region establish a Council of National Economy (Sovnarkhoz)
SEC
A Bolshevik decree establishes the Supreme Economic Council over all economic bodies
Sovnarkhozes
The Vesenkha decrees each region establish a Council of National Economy (Sovnarkhoz)
Conference of Brest Litovsk
A letter intercepted from Trotsky to a partisan indicates Russia is playing for time
Act of Union Sovereignty
The Act of Union takes effect, recognizing Iceland as a sovereign state in personal union with Denmark under the Danish monarch.
Return to Bucharest
Ferdinand returns to Bucharest as the union of Romanian provinces is proclaimed.
Great Union
Proclaims union of Transylvania with Romania.
Constitution of Turkey
Appointed Head of the Provisional Government
Provisional Government
Appointed Head of the Provisional Government
Rule of Kars
The South-Western Caucasian Democratic Republic is proclaimed in Kars
Transylvanian Governing Council
Maniu heads the governing council administering Transylvania after union with Romania.
Committees of Poor Peasants Abolished
The Soviet government ends the separate Committees of Poor Peasants and merges their functions into local soviets.
Capture of Valuiki
The Red Army occupies Valuiki
Red Army
The Red Army occupies Valuiki
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Negotiates an armistice with the Germans but refuses their terms
Trial
Announces the Kaiser should be prosecuted by an international court
Capture of Dvinsk
The Red Army occupies Dvinsk
Red Army
The Red Army occupies Dvinsk
Marshal
Appointed Marshal of France
Rule of Bosporus
Allies occupy the Bosporus, Dardenelles, Marmara, Imros, Lemnos, Smathrace & Tenedos
Rule of Dardanelles
Allies occupy the Bosporus, Dardenelles, Marmara, Imros, Lemnos, Smathrace & Tenedos
Rule of Marmara
Allies occupy the Bosporus, Dardenelles, Marmara, Imros, Lemnos, Smathrace & Tenedos
Rule of Tenedos
Allies occupy the Bosporus, Dardenelles, Marmara, Imros, Lemnos, Smathrace & Tenedos
Rule of Turkey
Allies occupy the Bosporus, Dardenelles, Marmara, Imros, Lemnos, Smathrace & Tenedos
Rule of Turkey
Allies occupy the Bosporus, Dardenelles, Marmara, Imros, Lemnos, Smathrace & Tenedos
Rule of Turkey
Allies occupy the Bosporus, Dardenelles, Marmara, Imros, Lemnos, Smathrace & Tenedos
Peace
Leaves Berlin for Trier as a German armistice delegate
Occupation
The AEF occupy the west bank of the Rhine
Conscription
A Labour Code providing for males & females between 16 & 50 to render "labor service"
Soviet Labour Code
The Soviet government adopts a labour code regulating compulsory labour obligations and employment under the new state system.
Capture of Minsk
The Red Army occupies Minsk
Red Army
The Red Army occupies Minsk
Birth of Alexander Solzhenitsyn
Birth of Alexander Solzhenitsyn
Bristol East Election
Ayles wins Bristol East for Labour after the war.
Constitution of Germany
Ebert manages to enforce quick elections for a National Assembly to produce a constitution for a Parliamentary system, marginalizing the movement that called for a socialist republic
Election
Ebert manages to enforce quick elections for a National Assembly to produce a constitution for a Parliamentary system, marginalizing the movement that called for a socialist republic
National Assembly
Ebert manages to enforce quick elections for a National Assembly to produce a constitution for a Parliamentary system, marginalizing the movement that called for a socialist republic
National Congress of Councils
Ebert manages to enforce quick elections for a National Assembly to produce a constitution for a Parliamentary system, marginalizing the movement that called for a socialist republic. Ebert calls for a National Congress of Councils, which take place from December 16 to December 20, 1918, and in which the MSPD had the majority
Siege of Jerusalem
Present at Allenbys entry into Jerusalem
Conference of Spartacists
The National Conference of Spartacists is held in Berlin
Spartacist League
The National Conference of Spartacists is held in Berlin
Birth of Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt
Birth of Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt, son of a school teacher
Resignation of Emil Barth
After the Council led by Ebert ordered the bloody suppression of the revolutionary Volksmarinedivision, Haase and the two other USPD representatives Wilhelm Dittman and Emil Barth resign from the Government
Resignation of Wilhelm Dittman
After the Council led by Ebert ordered the bloody suppression of the revolutionary Volksmarinedivision, Haase and the two other USPD representatives Wilhelm Dittman and Emil Barth resign from the Government
Council of the People's Deputies
After the Council led by Ebert ordered the bloody suppression of the revolutionary Volksmarinedivision, Haase and the two other USPD representatives Wilhelm Dittman and Emil Barth resign from the Government
Resignation of Hugo Haase
After the Council led by Ebert ordered the bloody suppression of the revolutionary Volksmarinedivision, Haase and the two other USPD representatives Wilhelm Dittman and Emil Barth resign from the Government
Constitution of Belgium
Begins to make equal the rights of Flemish citizens
Guard
Appointed Guard at the Traunstein prisoner-of-war camp
Government
Forms a provisional Government
Provisional Government
Forms a provisional Government
Prime Minister of Romania
Vaida-Voevod forms the first government strongly representing Transylvanian politicians.
Government Holding Disclosed in Commons
Parliament is told the government holds two million of Anglo-Persian's three million ordinary shares.
Government Board Representation Confirmed
Lord Inchcape is identified in Parliament as representing Treasury and Admiralty interests on the company board.
Provisional Polish Eastern Frontier
The Allied powers recognize Polish sovereignty west of a provisional eastern line while expressly reserving Poland's possible rights to territories farther east.
1st Flight Australia
12 November-10 December, 1st completion of a flight from England to Australia
Immunity Research Recognition
Is recognized for foundational studies of bacteriolysis and complement.
Nobel Prize in Medicine
Receives the medicine prize for discoveries concerning immunity.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his epic poem Olympian Spring.
Bolshevik Party
Drafts "Theses" for the Central Committee advocating disciplined armies of workers
Conscription
Drafts "Theses" for the Central Committee advocating disciplined armies of workers
Bolshevik Party
The Commission on Labour Obligation is created by Trotsky. The CLO begins the "militarization of labour". Persuades Lenin to create a Commission on Labor Obligation with Trotsky as President
CLO
The Commission on Labour Obligation is created by Trotsky. The CLO begins the "militarization of labour"
Conscription
Persuades Lenin to create a Commission on Labor Obligation with Trotsky as President
Arrest of August von Mackensen
Released by the French after the Armistice
Home Rule
A new Home Rule Bill is passed for Ireland to remain part of the Empire as a Dominion
Home Rule
A new Home Rule Bill proposes Parliaments in Dublin & Belfast & an all Irish Council
Legislation
A new Home Rule Bill is passed for Ireland to remain part of the Empire as a Dominion
Legislation
A new Home Rule Bill proposes Parliaments in Dublin & Belfast & an all Irish Council
Constitution of Great Britain
A new Home Rule Bill is passed for Ireland to remain part of the Empire as a Dominion
Constitution of Great Britain
A new Home Rule Bill proposes Parliaments in Dublin & Belfast & an all Irish Council
Home Rule
A new Home Rule Bill is passed for Ireland to remain part of the Empire as a Dominion
Home Rule
A new Home Rule Bill proposes Parliaments in Dublin & Belfast & an all Irish Council
Independence of Great Britain
A new Home Rule Bill is passed for Ireland to remain part of the Empire as a Dominion
Independence of Ireland
A new Home Rule Bill is passed for Ireland to remain part of the Empire as a Dominion
We", a critique of totalitarianism in Russia
Publication of "We", a critique of totalitarianism in Russia
We
Publication of "We", a critique of totalitarianism in Russia
Capillary Regulation Recognition
Is recognized for explaining blood-flow control in skeletal muscle capillaries.
Nobel Prize in Medicine
Receives the medicine prize for discovering capillary motor regulation.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for the novel Growth of the Soil.
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland
Restoration of Constantine I
A referendum and political change restore Constantine I to the throne.
President of Chile
Is inaugurated as President of Chile after winning the closely contested 1920 election.
Voelkischer Beobachter
The NSDAP purchase the Voelkischer Beobachter on the initiative of Chase Bauduin and Dietrich Eckart, who become the first editors
Voelkischer Beobachter
The NSDAP purchase the Voelkischer Beobachter on the initiative of Chase Bauduin and Dietrich Eckart, who become the first editors
Voelkischer Beobachter
The NSDAP purchase the Voelkischer Beobachter on the initiative of Chase Bauduin and Dietrich Eckart, who become the first editors
Government
Assumes duties as President of the Provisional Government
Provisional Government
Assumes duties as President of the Provisional Government
Peace
Britain signs a peace Treaty with Ireland
Anglo-Irish Treaty
Griffith heads the Irish plenipotentiaries who place their names on the Anglo-Irish Treaty in London.
Constitution of Ireland
The new Irish Free State is to be a Dominion, with a bicameral Parliament, executive authority vested in the king but exercised by an Irish Government elected by a lower house called Dail Eireann. Negotiations ultimately result in the Anglo-Irish Treaty signed on 6 December 1921, which provides for a new Irish State, named the "Irish Free State"
Dail Eireann
The new Irish Free State is to be a Dominion, with a bicameral Parliament, executive authority vested in the king but exercised by an Irish Government elected by a lower house called Dail Eireann
Free State
The new Irish Free State is to be a Dominion, with a bicameral Parliament, executive authority vested in the king but exercised by an Irish Government elected by a lower house called Dail Eireann. Negotiations ultimately result in the Anglo-Irish Treaty signed on 6 December 1921, which provides for a new Irish State, named the "Irish Free State"
Independence of Ireland
The new Irish Free State is to be a Dominion, with a bicameral Parliament, executive authority vested in the king but exercised by an Irish Government elected by a lower house called Dail Eireann
Irish Free State
The new Irish Free State is to be a Dominion, with a bicameral Parliament, executive authority vested in the king but exercised by an Irish Government elected by a lower house called Dail Eireann
Anglo-Irish Treaty
Collins signs the settlement that creates a constitutional path toward the Irish Free State.
Anglo-Irish Treaty
Adds his signature to the Anglo-Irish Treaty on behalf of the Irish delegation.
Anglo-Irish Treaty
Signs the Anglo-Irish Treaty as a plenipotentiary of the Dail government.
Anglo-Irish Treaty
Signs the Anglo-Irish Treaty as one of the five Irish plenipotentiaries.
Anglo-Irish Agreement
Negotiations ultimately result in the Anglo-Irish Treaty signed on 6 December 1921, which provides for a new Irish State, named the "Irish Free State"
Anglo-Irish Agreement
Republican purists regard it as a sell-out, with the replacement of the republic by dominion status within the British Empire, and an Oath of Allegiance made (it was then claimed) directly to the King.
Anglo-Irish Agreement
The Treaty provides for a possible all state, subject to the right of a six-county region in the northeast to opt out of the Free State (which it immediately does).
Anglo-Irish Agreement
The new Irish Free State is to be a Dominion, with a bicameral Parliament, executive authority vested in the king but exercised by an Irish Government elected by a lower house called Dail Eireann.
Constitution of Ireland
Negotiations ultimately result in the Anglo-Irish Treaty signed on 6 December 1921, which provides for a new Irish State, named the "Irish Free State"
Dail Eireann
The new Irish Free State is to be a Dominion, with a bicameral Parliament, executive authority vested in the king but exercised by an Irish Government elected by a lower house called Dail Eireann
Free State
Negotiations ultimately result in the Anglo-Irish Treaty signed on 6 December 1921, which provides for a new Irish State, named the "Irish Free State."
Free State
The Treaty provides for a possible all state, subject to the right of a six-county region in the northeast to opt out of the Free State (which it immediately does).
Free State
The new Irish Free State is to be a Dominion, with a bicameral Parliament, executive authority vested in the king but exercised by an Irish Government elected by a lower house called Dail Eireann.
Independence of Ireland
The new Irish Free State is to be a Dominion, with a bicameral Parliament, executive authority vested in the king but exercised by an Irish Government elected by a lower house called Dail Eireann. Negotiations ultimately result in the Anglo-Irish Treaty signed on 6 December 1921, which provides for a new Irish State, named the "Irish Free State"
Irish Free State
The new Irish Free State is to be a Dominion, with a bicameral Parliament, executive authority vested in the king but exercised by an Irish Government elected by a lower house called Dail Eireann. Negotiations ultimately result in the Anglo-Irish Treaty signed on 6 December 1921, which provides for a new Irish State, named the "Irish Free State"
Anglo-Irish Agreement
Negotiations ultimately result in the Anglo-Irish Treaty signed on 6 December 1921, which provides for a new Irish State, named the "Irish Free State"
Anglo-Irish Agreement
Republican purists regard it as a sell-out, with the replacement of the republic by dominion status within the British Empire, and an Oath of Allegiance made (it was then claimed) directly to the King.
Anglo-Irish Agreement
The Treaty provides for a possible all state, subject to the right of a six-county region in the northeast to opt out of the Free State (which it immediately does).
Anglo-Irish Agreement
The new Irish Free State is to be a Dominion, with a bicameral Parliament, executive authority vested in the king but exercised by an Irish Government elected by a lower house called Dail Eireann.
Dail Eireann
The new Irish Free State is to be a Dominion, with a bicameral Parliament, executive authority vested in the king but exercised by an Irish Government elected by a lower house called Dail Eireann
Free State
Negotiations ultimately result in the Anglo-Irish Treaty signed on 6 December 1921, which provides for a new Irish State, named the "Irish Free State."
Free State
The Treaty provides for a possible all state, subject to the right of a six-county region in the northeast to opt out of the Free State (which it immediately does).
Free State
The new Irish Free State is to be a Dominion, with a bicameral Parliament, executive authority vested in the king but exercised by an Irish Government elected by a lower house called Dail Eireann.
Peace
de Valera nominates a team of delegates headed by Arthur Griffith, with Michael Collins as his deputy, Collins agreed to go to London. Britain signs a peace Treaty with Ireland
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for elegant style, human sympathy, and distinguished literary achievement.
Commissar
Appointed Commissar for Foreign Affairs
Dismissal
Dismisses leading Russian diplomats including ambassadors in London, Washington & Rome
Death of Hardinge Stanley Giffard
Death of Hardinge Stanley Giffard
First Georges Theunis Government
Begins the First Georges Theunis Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Henri Carton de Wiart Government
The Henri Carton de Wiart Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Voelkischer Beobachter
NSDAP buys its first paper, the Voelkischer Beobachter
Prime Minister of Canada
Forms his first Liberal government.
NSDAP
The NSDAP total party membership comes to 2000
Eton Departure
Leaves Eton without going to university.
Treaty Cabinet Division
Opposes the Anglo-Irish Treaty after the Irish delegation returns from London with the signed agreement.
Anglo-Irish Agreement
The Treaty is controversial, Eamon de Valera, President of the Irish Republic is unhappy that Collins had signed any deal without his and his cabinets authorisation. Most of the Irish Republican Army oppose the Treaty, opening the prospect of civil war
Anglo-Irish Agreement
The Treaty is controversial, Eamon de Valera, President of the Irish Republic is unhappy that Collins had signed any deal without his and his cabinets authorisation
Prime Minister Appointed
Appointed Prime Minister of Albania
State Premiers Conference
Meets the minister-presidents of the German states as his new government coordinates national policy.
Birth of Jack Ashley
Birth of Jack Ashley
First Governor General
Begins service as the first Governor-General of the Irish Free State.
Constitution of Irish Free State
Takes office under the Constitution of the Irish Free State as head of the Executive Council.
Irish Free State Established
Heads the first Executive Council when the Irish Free State is formally established.
Atomic Structure Recognition
Gains recognition for applying quantum ideas to the structure of atoms.
Nobel Prize in Physics
Receives the physics prize for research on atomic structure and radiation.
Einstein Misses Stockholm Ceremony during Japan Journey
Einstein was travelling in Asia when the 1921 Physics Prize was presented in Stockholm, so he did not attend the December ceremony honouring his photoelectric work.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for continuing the traditions of Spanish drama.
Versailles Protest
Represents the trade-union movement during a nationwide protest highlighting the social and economic consequences attributed to the Versailles settlement.
Economic Council Address
Addresses the Provisional Reich Economic Council as the government seeks support for stabilization and reparations policy.
Kyoto Relativity Lecture
Explains how he developed the theory of relativity in a lecture at Kyoto University.
Assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz
Assassinated by a nationalist fanatic
Death of Gabriel Narutowicz
Death of Gabrie Narutowicz, assassinated
Assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz
Forms a cabinet of pacification after the assassination of Narutowicz
Government
Forms a cabinet of pacification after the assassination of Narutowicz
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland, 1st term
Economic Crisis Review
His government reviews a detailed memorandum on Germany's deteriorating economic position near the end of 1922.
Film
Birth of Ava Lavinia Gardner
Reparations Default Finding
Faces a Reparation Commission finding that Germany has failed to make required deliveries to France.
Reparations Diplomacy
Directs foreign policy as the Reparation Commission declares Germany deficient in required deliveries to France.
Birth of Maria Callas
Birth of Maria Callas
Speaker Election
Is reelected Speaker after Progressive Republican opposition delays House organization.
General Election
Retains Nelson and Colne for Labour in the general election.
First Annual Message
Delivers his first annual message to Congress, emphasizing economy, tax reduction and limited government.
Election
The Conservative Party wins 38% of votes cast, 258 MPs, & loses its majority
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Receives the chemistry prize for developing organic microanalysis.
Recognition of Microanalysis
Gains international recognition for precise analysis of minute chemical samples.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for inspired poetry expressing the spirit of Ireland.
Equal Rights Amendment
Introduces the proposed Equal Rights Amendment in Congress.
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland, 2nd term
Budget Policy
Supports continued reduction of federal expenditure and public debt.
Tax Reduction
Backs Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon's programme for lower taxes and federal economy.
World Court
Continues support for American participation in the World Court.
Nobel Prize for Electron Charge
Receives the Nobel Prize in Physics for elementary-charge measurements and photoelectric-effect work.
Transjordan Mandate
Britain and the United States concluded a convention relating to the Palestine Mandate, whose provisions also applied to Transjordan. The agreement addressed American rights and interests within territories administered under the mandate.
Barcelona Twenty-Fifth Anniversary
Presides over Barcelona's twenty-fifth anniversary celebrations during the club's first golden age.
Birth of Frank Fiorini
Frank Angelo Fiorini, later known as Frank Sturgis, was born in Norfolk, Virginia, on December 9, 1924.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his national epic The Peasants.
Nobel Prize in Physics
Receives the physics prize for discoveries in X-ray spectroscopy.
X-Ray Spectroscopy Recognition
Is recognized for highly accurate methods mapping characteristic X-ray spectra.
Arrest of Adolf Hitler
Released from Landsberg prison after serving 9 months of a 5 yr sentence
NSDAP
Released from Landsberg prison after serving 9 months of a 5 yr sentence
The Last Laugh
Directs Der letzte Mann, a landmark of moving-camera silent cinema.
Trial
Convicted of complicity in a Jan 1918 strike at a munitions factory
Birth of Robert Sobukwe
Birth of Robert Sobukwe
Belgian Signature at London Ceremony
Vandervelde adds Belgium's signature at the London ceremony, completing its participation in the Rhineland security system.
Briand Travels to London for Formal Signing
Briand joins the other principal delegates in London for the formal signing of the Locarno agreements.
French Signature of Rhineland Pact in London
Briand formally signs the Rhineland Pact on behalf of France at the London ceremony.
Formal London Signature of Locarno Agreements
Stresemann signs the Locarno agreements in London at the formal ceremony on 1 December 1925.
London Locarno Signing
The Locarno agreements are formally signed in London.
British Signature of Treaty of Mutual Guarantee
Chamberlain signs in London as Britain's plenipotentiary, formally binding the government to the western guarantee.
London Signing Ceremony for Locarno
Chamberlain attends the formal London signing ceremony for the agreements negotiated at Locarno.
Baldwin Supports London Signature Ceremony
Baldwin supports the formal London signing that completes the agreements negotiated at Locarno.
Italian Formal Signature in London
Scialoja formally signs the Locarno instruments for Italy at the London ceremony.
Cortes
Dissolves the Cortes
Mein Kampf", official
Publication of "Mein Kampf", official publication date
Mein Kampf
Publication of "Mein Kampf", official publication date
date
Publication of "Mein Kampf", official publication date
First Svehla Government
The First Svehla Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Second Svehla Government
Begins the Second Svehla Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for humane, idealistic, and sharply satirical writing.
Created Cardinal
Pope Pius XI creates O'Donnell a cardinal while he is serving as Archbishop of Armagh.
Einstein Gas Theory Paper
Submits a paper on Einstein's gas theory that forms part of the immediate intellectual background to his development of wave mechanics.
League of Nations
The League of Nations sets the border between Turkey and Iraq, putting the Mosul region in Iraq rather than Turkey despite the wishes of the local Kurdish population
Mosul Question
The League awards Mosul to Iraq over Turkish claims.
Rule of Kurds
The League of Nations sets the border between Turkey and Iraq, putting the Mosul region in Iraq rather than Turkey despite the wishes of the local Kurdish population
Rule of Mosul
The League of Nations sets the border between Turkey and Iraq, putting the Mosul region in Iraq rather than Turkey despite the wishes of the local Kurdish population
Brussels Line
The League of Nations supports the "Brussels Line", the border between Turkey and Iraq
Mosul Question
Turkey rejects but later accepts the League-backed Mosul decision.
Alliance Maustafa Kemal Ataturk and Russia
Establishes a political & economic alliance with Russia
Trial
Found guilty of conduct prejudicial to the good of the armed services
Prime Minister's Statement
Responds in the Commons to the Prime Minister’s statement at the end of the parliamentary year.
President of Chile
Takes office following the first direct presidential election under the 1925 Constitution.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Succession
Succeeds as Shah of Iran
Fourteenth Party Congress Delegate
Attends the Fourteenth Communist Party Congress as a non-voting delegate.
Undulatory Theory Physical Review Paper
Publishes an English-language account of wave mechanics in Physical Review under the title An Undulatory Theory of the Mechanics of Atoms and Molecules.
Editor
Takes over the publications of Gregor Strasser including the NS-Briefe
Propaganda
Appointed Propagandist by Hitler, separates him from Gregor Strasser & wins his loyalty
Local Authority Housing Grants
Debates powers allowing local authorities to make housing grants or loans.
Nobel Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize is shared by Gustav Stresemann of Germany and Aristide Briand of France
Locarno Reconciliation Recognized by Nobel Committee
Briand's award recognizes his advocacy of Franco-German rapprochement, including his role in negotiating the 1925 Locarno settlement.
Nobel Peace Prize for Franco-German Reconciliation
Stresemann shares the 1926 Nobel Peace Prize with Briand for Franco-German reconciliation associated with Locarno.
Nobel Peace Prize Sharing
Shares the Nobel Peace Prize with French statesman Aristide Briand.
Nobel Peace Award
Wins the Nobel Peace Prize jointly with Aristide Briand.
Chamberlain Receives 1925 Nobel Peace Prize
Chamberlain receives the 1925 Nobel Peace Prize for his contribution to European reconciliation and the Locarno settlement.
Nobel Peace Prize for Locarno Diplomacy
Chamberlain receives the 1925 Nobel Peace Prize, with his Locarno diplomacy central to the award.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for vivid writing about Sardinian life and universal human problems.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Madsen-Mygdal Government
Begins the Madsen-Mygdal Government in Copenhagen and serves as Prime Minister of Denmark.
First Stauning Premiership
The First Stauning Premiership ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Caixa de Estabilizacao
Brazil creates the Caixa de Estabilizacao to support a fixed exchange rate through gold-backed reserves and renewed convertibility arrangements.
Birth of Geoffrey Howe
Geoffrey Howe is born on 20 December 1926.
Succession
Succeeds as Emperor of Japan, ascends the chrysanthemum throne as a god. Succeeds as Emperor of Japan, 124th Emperor of Japan
Death of Taisho
Dies age 47, his son was acting as Regent for 5 years during his illness
Resignation of Philip Scheidemann
The Government falls after Scheidemann exposes links between German & Russian Armies
Political Support
Resigns after Scheidemann reveals secret support between the German & Russian Armies
Resignation of Wihelm Marx
Resigns after Scheidemann reveals secret support between the German & Russian Armies
Marriage
Marries Soong Mei-ling in Shanghai, strengthening his ties to the influential Soong family.
Model A
Ford introduces the Model A after retooling factories that had produced the Model T.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Bergson receives the Nobel Prize in Literature for his rich and vitalising ideas.
Break in Diplomatic Relations with The Soviet Union amid deteriorating relations
Nationalist China breaks diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union amid deteriorating relations after the Communist uprisings.
China & Russia break off diplomatic relations
China & Russia break off diplomatic relations
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Gold Convertibility Restored
Italy legally restores gold and foreign-exchange convertibility of the lira at the new Quota 90 parity within the interwar gold-exchange standard.
Gold Exchange Standard
A decree restores convertibility of Bank of Italy notes into gold or gold-convertible foreign currency.
European Tour
Amanullah begins an extensive foreign tour to study modernization and strengthen diplomatic relations.
Arrest of Frederich Gustav Emil Martin Niemoller
The leader of the Protestant opposition to the German Christians is arrested
Purge
When the XVth Party Congress made Opposition views incompatible with membership in the Communist Party, Zinoviev, Kamenev and their supporters capitulated and renounced their alliance with the Left Opposition
Purge
Leading supporters, from Kamenev down, were expelled in December 1927 by the XVth Party Congress, which paved the way for mass expulsions of rank and file oppositionists as well as internal exile of opposition leaders in early 1928
Purge
When the United Opposition tried to organize demonstrations commemorating the 10th anniversary of the Bolshevik seizure of power in November 1927, the demonstrators were dispersed by force and Trotsky and Zinoviev were expelled from the Communist Party.
Purge
When the XVth Party Congress made Opposition views incompatible with membership in the Communist Party, Zinoviev, Kamenev and their supporters capitulated and renounced their alliance with the Left Opposition.
Purge
When the XVth Party Congress made Opposition views incompatible with membership in the Communist Party, Zinoviev, Kamenev and their supporters capitulated and renounced their alliance with the Left Opposition. Leading supporters, from Kamenev down, were expelled in December 1927 by the XVth Party Congress, which paved the way for mass expulsions of rank and file oppositionists as well as internal exile of opposition leaders in early 1928
Economy of Russia
The 1st 5 yr plan is promised by the Communist Party
Five Year Plan
The 1st 5 yr plan is promised by the Communist Party
Purge
When the XVth Party Congress made Opposition views incompatible with membership in the Communist Party, Zinoviev, Kamenev and their supporters capitulated and renounced their alliance with the Left Opposition
Constitution of Italy
The Grand Fascist Council becomes a state body
Grand Fascist Council
The Grand Fascist Council becomes a state body. Apppointed member of the Grand Fascist Council
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for powerful descriptions of medieval Northern life.
Britain extends recognition to the Nationalist government as Chiang consolidates
Britain extends recognition to the Nationalist government as Chiang consolidates international legitimacy.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Democratic Opposition
Kerensky develops his views through democratic opposition after 1917.
Northeast Flag Replacement
Zhang Xueliang recognizes the Nanjing government during the Northeast Flag Replacement, completing the nominal political reunification of China.
Five Year Plan
The slogan "The five year plan" in 4 years is adopted as quotas are revised upwards
First Udrzal Government
The First Udrzal Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Second Udrzal Government
Begins the Second Udrzal Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, principally for the novel Buddenbrooks.
Created Cardinal
MacRory is named a cardinal and assigned the titular church of San Giovanni a Porta Latina.
Alliance Turkey and Russia
Turkey renews its alliance with Russia but continues to suppress communism
Independence of India
The Lahore session under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru holds special significance as in this session "Poorna Swaraj" (complete independence) was declared as the goal of Indian National Congress
Indian National Congress
The Lahore session under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru holds special significance as in this session "Poorna Swaraj" (complete independence) was declared as the goal of Indian National Congress
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland, 3rd term
Space and Ether Harnack House Lecture
Lectures at Harnack House on the problem of space and ether, revisiting how relativity changes the physical interpretation of spacetime and field structure.
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland, 2nd term
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for vivid description, wit, and original characters.
Reballion of Dervish
A Dervish rebellion against westernization in western Anatolia is suppressed
Caltech Relativity and Cosmology Visit
Begins an extended visit to Caltech where relativity, cosmology and unified-field questions form an important part of his discussions with American physicists and astronomers.
Civic Directory Takes Power
Military Civic Directory takes power after the overthrow of Arturo Araujo
Civic Directory Rule
Aguirre participates in the short-lived military Civic Directory
Deposed in Coup
Araujo is overthrown by military officers after political and economic crisis
Provisional President Takes Office
Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez becomes provisional President after the Civic Directory
Lytton Commission
Leads the League commission investigating Manchuria.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature posthumously for his poetry.
Statute of Westminster
Welcomes legal autonomy under the Statute of Westminster.
Independence of British Dominions
The Statute of Westminster provides for a course of independence for the Dominions
Independence of Great Britain
The Statute of Westminster provides for a course of independence for the Dominions
Gold Export Ban
Takahashi immediately reimposes the gold export ban, ending Japan's brief return to the interwar gold standard and allowing the yen to depreciate.
Gold Export Embargo
Takahashi immediately restores the gold export embargo and frees the yen from its overvalued parity.
Student Anti-Japanese Delegations
Receives student representatives demanding stronger resistance to Japan after the loss of Manchuria.
Arrival at Ruijin
Arrives at the Communist central base in Ruijin and assumes senior party responsibilities.
Secretary
Appointed Party Secretary of the Communist Party
Pastor
Appointed Pastor of the Berlin Congregation
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan
Resignation of Franz von Papen
Resigns after Schleicher deserts Papen because of his reactionary policies. Papen resigns after a failure to pass his plans for a "new state"
Chancellor
Schleicher hopes to attain a majority in the Reichstag by forming a so-called Querfront, meaning "cross-front," whereby he would unify Germany's fractious special interests around a non-parliamentary, authoritarian but participatory regime. Appointed Chancellor of Germany
Querfront
Schleicher hopes to attain a majority in the Reichstag by forming a so-called Querfront, meaning "cross-front," whereby he would unify Germany's fractious special interests around a non-parliamentary, authoritarian but participatory regime
Resignation of Franz von Papen
Deserts Papen & asks for Hindenburg to force his resignation
Election
The Nazis lose 40% of their vote, it looks as though they cannot be voted into power
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for distinguished narration, especially The Forsyte Saga.
Conference of Lausanne
At the Conference in Lausanne the major powers acknowledge Germany's equal rights in (re)armament
Conference of Lausanne
At the Conference in Lausanne the major powers acknowledge Germany's equal rights in (re)armament
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
President of Chile
Takes office for his second elected presidency and restores stable civilian administration.
Hughes Aircraft Company
Hughes forms the Hughes Aircraft Company division of Hughes Tools
Broadcast
Begins the practice of Royal Christmas broadcasts
Gold Standard
South Africa leaves gold after sustained pressure caused by remaining separate from sterling.
Nobel Prize Awarded
Receives the Nobel Prize in Physics while serving as professor at Leipzig University.
Oil Dispute Referred to League of Nations
The British government refers the Anglo-Persian concession dispute with Persia to the League of Nations.
Enigma Machine
Reconstructs the internal wiring of the German military Enigma using mathematics and intelligence material.
Constitution of Germany
The NSDAP becomes the party of the state
Unity of Party and State
Approves the law declaring the Nazi Party and state inseparable, formalising one-party rule after the destruction of opposition.
Unity of Party and State
Gains institutional importance as the Law to Secure the Unity of Party and State binds the NSDAP to the German state.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for classical artistry in Russian prose.
Dismissal
Kundt is removed from command after major Bolivian reverses in the Chaco War
Death of Thirteenth Dalai Lama
Thubten Gyatso dies after decades of political leadership and attempted reform.
Reichstag Fire
At the end of the trial only Van der Lubbe is convicted, while his fellow defendants are found not guilty
Birth of Akihito
Birth of Akihito in the year of the "Water Rooster"
Birth of Akihito
If Nagako had not given birth to a son a concubine may have been used. Gives birth to a male heir, Akihito, after giving birth to 3 daughters
Assassination of Ion Duca
Iron Guard members assassinate Duca at Sinaia railway station.
Assassination of Ion Duca
Ion Duca is assassinated
Death of Ion Duca
Death of Ionn Duca, assassinated
Party Leader
Attlee served as acting leader for nine months from December 1933, after Lansbury fractured his thigh in an accident
Nobel Prize for Quantum Electron Theory
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for new forms of atomic theory that include relativistic electron states.
Reballion of Rebels in Aragon
A rebelllion breaks out in Aragon
Reballion of Rebels in Aragon
A rebelllion breaks out in Aragon
SS
Appointed Member of Deathshead Formation (Totenkopf Verband)
Assassination of Sergei Mironovich Kirov
The assassination of Kirov sparks off purges in Russia
Assassination of Sergei Mironovich Kirov
Assassination by Stalins men is used by Stalin to begin his party purges
Death of Sergei Mironovich Kirov
Death of Sergei Mironovich Kirov, assassinated
Referendum
Accepts Edens offer to send a force to preserve order against Nazi intimidation
Walwal Incident
Appeals after clashes with Italian forces at Walwal.
Invasion of Ethiopia
IDemands compensation for the incident at Wal Wal as a ploy to invade Ethiopia
Italian & Ethiopian troops clash, 100 Ethiopian & 30 Italian troops are
Italian & Ethiopian troops clash, 100 Ethiopian & 30 Italian troops are killed. IDemands compensation for the incident at Wal Wal as a ploy to invade Ethiopia
National and South African Parties Merge
Combines Hertzog's National Party faction with Smuts's South African Party.
United Party Formation
Helps create the United Party through political fusion.
Fusion Government Organisation
Becomes deputy leader within the new fusion organization.
United Party Formation
Helps establish the United Party with Hertzog.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for renewing dramatic and theatrical art.
Reform of Electoral System
Women are given the vote
International Conference at London
The naval conference between Japan, Britain & the USA breaks down. Japan abrogates its naval treaties
Special Areas Act
The Special Areas Act provides assistance to districts suffering severe industrial unemployment.
Free State
Concludes the coal & cattle pact, a trade agreement made with the Irish Free State
Trade Agreement at London
Concludes the coal & cattle pact, a trade agreement made with the Irish Free State
Birth of Margaret Natalie Smith Cross
Birth of Margaret Natalie Smith Cross
Birth of Maggie Smith
Birth of Maggie Smith
Josiah Willard Gibbs Lecture
Delivers the Gibbs Lecture on an elementary proof of the equivalence of mass and energy.
Bryukhanov Birth
Is born in Tashkent in the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic on 1 December 1935.
Birth of Woody Allen (born Allen Stewart Konigsberg
Birth of Woody Allen (born Allen Stewart Konigsberg)
Referendum
Gains Government support for an international peacekeeping force in the Saarland
Referendum
Laval accepts Edens offer of a British led peacekeeping force in the Saarland
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Shares the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Frederic Joliot-Curie.
Nobel Prize
Shares the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for artificial radioactivity.
Restoration of 1923 Constitution
Restores the 1923 Constitution after sustained nationalist pressure.
Resignation of Thomas Garrigue Masaryk
Resigns owing to bad health
Seven Goals Against Aston Villa
Scores all seven Arsenal goals in a 7-1 league victory over Aston Villa.
Resignation of Joaquin Chapaprieta
The Chapaprieta Government collapses
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain
Death of Juan Vicente Gomez
Juan Vicente Gomez died after twenty-seven years of dominant rule, opening a period of gradual political liberalization.
President of Czechoslovakia
Succeeds Masaryk as president.
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of Venezuela after the death of Juan Vicente Gomez
Labour Party Conference
George Lansbury, a convinced pacifist, resigned as leader at the 1935 Labour Party conference, after the party voted in favour of sanctions against Italy for its aggression against Abyssinia
Party Leader
George Lansbury, a convinced pacifist, resigned as leader at the 1935 Labour Party conference, after the party voted in favour of sanctions against Italy for its aggression against Abyssinia
Nobel Prize for Neutron Discovery
Receives the Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of the neutron.
Russia sells the Chinese Eastern Railway in north Manchuria to Japan &
Russia sells the Chinese Eastern Railway in north Manchuria to Japan & eases relations
Russia sells the Chinese Eastern Railway in northern Manchuria to Japan
Russia sells the Chinese Eastern Railway in northern Manchuria to Japan
Abdication
The press informs the public of the King's desire to Mary Wallis Simpson
Constitution of Russia
Joseph Stalin establishes a Federal State consisting of 11 Soviet Republics.
Constitution of Russia
Joseph Stalin establishes the USSR Supreme Soviet, supreme agency of state power in the Soviet Union.
Constitution of Russia
Supreme Soviet consists of the Soviet of the Union and the Soviet of the Nationalities.
Constitution of Russia
The Supreme Soviet elects a Presidium the chairman of which becomes the Head of State.
Constitution of Russia
The Supreme Soviet is elected for 4 years and meets twice a year.
Constitution of Russia
The VTsIK, All-Union Central Exec Comm of the soviets becomes the Supreme Soviet.
Supreme Soviet
Establishes the USSR Supreme Soviet, supreme agency of state power in the Soviet Union
Arrest of Chiang Kai-Shek
Forces Chiang Kai-Shek to end the civil war & unite against Japan. Arrests Chiang Kai-Shek to force him into a temporary alliance with Chou En-Lai
Reballion of Rebels in Xian
Organizes a demonstration of 15,000 students in Xian demanding to fight Japan
Abdication
Chooses to abdicate rather than give up, "The woman I love"
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for powerful and emotionally honest tragic drama.
Abdication
Broadcasts to the nation after his decision to abdicate
Abdication
Albert, Duke of York, becomes George VI & Elizabeth becomes Queen Consort
Arrest of Chiang Kai-Shek
Is seized at Xi’an by Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng during the Xi’an Incident.
Arrest of Chiang Kai-Shek
Chiang Kaishek is captured in Xian & detained in the HQ of General Yang
Executive Authority External Relations Act
Uses the British abdication crisis to reduce the Crown's constitutional role in Irish external relations.
Council of Aragon
The Government is forced to recognize the Council of Aragon
Arrest of Chiang Kai-Shek
Is released from Xi’an after negotiations that help create conditions for a renewed Nationalist-Communist united front against Japan.
Return from Xian
Returns to Nanjing after his release from the Xi’an Incident, where negotiations had pushed Nationalists and Communists toward cooperation against Japan.
Spanish Civil War
Arrives in Spain to fight against Franco.
Legislation
The Neutrality Laws are strengthened
Neutrality
The Neutrality Laws are strengthened
Xi'an Incident Negotiations
Represents the Communist Party during negotiations following the detention of Chiang Kai-shek.
Long March
Reaches Xian where Chiang Kaiseks forces are defeated
Arrest of Chiang Kai-Shek
Helps arrest Chiang Kai-Shek
Arrest of Chiang Kai-Shek
Helps arrest Chiang Kai-Shek
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Receives the Nobel Prize in Chemistry after major research carried out during his Leipzig period.
Gravitational Lens Paper
Publishes a calculation of the lens-like action of a star's gravitational field, describing how general relativity can produce multiple or magnified images of a background source.
Government Milk Policy
Questions and debates the government’s milk policy.
Resignation of Horace Greeley Hjalmar Schacht
Hitler accepts Schachts resignation after he disagrees with Goerings policies
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for truthful depictions of human conflict in Les Thibault.
Succession
10th to 12th Dec, proclaimed King by the Dominions
League of Nations
Takes Italy out of the League of Nations because it agrees sanctions against Italy
League Withdrawal
Italy leaves the League after the Abyssinia sanctions dispute.
Capture of Nanking
Japanese forces capture Nanjing; mass killing, sexual violence and other atrocities follow during the Nanjing Massacre.
Massacre
20,000 Chinese men are marched out of the city & used for bayonet practice
Siege of Nanking
20,000 women & girls are gang raped by the Japanese, male prisoners are shot. 20,000 Chinese men are marched out of the city & used for bayonet practice. 1st day of the rape of Nanking, orderred by Asaka
Siege of Nanking
Helps oversee Japanese looting
Siege of Nanking
Helps oversee Japanese looting
Armament
Inskips report on arms expenditure is reviewed by the Cabinet, emphasises diplomacy
Budget
Inskips report on arms expenditure is reviewed by the Cabinet, emphasises diplomacy
Government Report
Inskips report on arms expenditure is reviewed by the Cabinet, emphasises diplomacy
Report on Arms expenditure is reviewed by the Cabinet
Inskips report on arms expenditure is reviewed by the Cabinet, emphasises diplomacy
Goga Government
Goga forms a short-lived government that adopts antisemitic measures.
Commonwealth
The State of Eire exists within the Commonwealth but has no links with the crown
Constitution of Great Britain
The State of Eire exists within the Commonwealth but has no links with the crown
Free State
The Irish free state is replaced by the sovereign State of Eire
Independence of Great Britain
The State of Eire exists within the Commonwealth but has no links with the crown. The Irish free state is replaced by the sovereign State of Eire
Independence of Ireland
The State of Eire exists within the Commonwealth but has no links with the crown. The Irish free state is replaced by the sovereign State of Eire
New Constitution Enters into Force
Becomes Taoiseach when the 1937 Constitution enters into operation and replaces the Executive Council system.
Office of Taoiseach Created
Assumes the new constitutional title Taoiseach as the Government of Ireland replaces the former Executive Council.
Birth of Gordon Banks
Birth of Gordon Banks
Arrest of Adolf Hitler
The leader of the Protestant opposition to the German Christians is arrested. Over 800 Protestant pastors are arrested
Resignation of Horace Greeley Hjalmar Schacht
Hitler accepts Schachts resignation after he disagrees with Goerings policies
Armament
Supports a "general settlement" with Germany including a disarmament & a Western pact
Political Support at London
Supports a "general settlement" with Germany including a disarmament & a Western pact
Halifax & Hitler, discuss practical questions involved in a European settlement
Halifax & Hitler, "discuss practical questions involved in a European settlement"
Visit to Berchtesgaden
Visits Hitler at Berchtesgaden, despite opposition from the Foreign Office
Nobel Prize for Electron Diffraction
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for experimental discovery of electron diffraction by crystals.
Crisis
Turkish claims to Alexandretta threaten peace
Nobel Prize for Electron Diffraction
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering electron diffraction from crystals.
Second Syrovy Government
The Second Syrovy Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
First Beran Government
Begins the First Beran Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Birth of John Densmore
Birth of Doors drummer John Densmore.
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
Legislation
Jewish property is "legally" confiscated
International Agreement at Paris
Visited by Ribbentrop in Paris, signs a German-French agreement
International Agreement at Berlin
Visits the French Premier, George's Bonnet, & signs a German-French agreement. Signed declaration renouncing Germany's claim to Alsace-Lorraine
Rule of Alsace-Lorraine
Signed declaration renouncing Germany's claim to Alsace-Lorraine
Diplomatic Negotiations at Berlin
Signs a declaration to hold talks on mutual relations. Signs a declaration renouncing Germany's claim to Alsace-Lorraine
Rule of Alsace-Lorraine
Signs a declaration renouncing Germany's claim to Alsace-Lorraine
National Voluntary Service Debate
Argues for stronger mobilisation of national resources as distrust of the Munich settlement grows.
Carotid Sinus Regulation
Is recognized for explaining carotid sinus control of breathing.
Nobel Prize in Medicine
Receives the medicine prize for discoveries in respiratory regulation.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for epic portrayals of Chinese rural life and biography.
Rule of Memel
National Socialists win 26 of 29 seats in the local assembly (Landtag)
Washington sends its fourth note to Berlin demanding amnesty for Jews
Washington sends its fourth note to Berlin demanding amnesty for Jews
Enigma Machine
Adapts Polish methods after Germany adds two extra rotors, greatly increasing possible Enigma rotor orders.
Washington sends its fourth note to Berlin demanding amnesty for Jews
Washington sends its fourth note to Berlin demanding amnesty for Jews
National Renaissance Front
Carol creates the National Renaissance Front as the sole legal political organisation.
Nuclear Fission
Helps identify barium as a uranium fission product.
Nuclear Fission
Finds barium among products of neutron-bombarded uranium.
Foreign Policy Statement at Rome
Italy declares the 1935 pact with France invalid, because ratifications had not been exchanged
Foreign Issues Debate
Returns to the weakness of the post-Munich settlement and presses for policies capable of deterring further expansion.
President of Chile
Takes office as President of Chile at the head of the Popular Front coalition.
Nuclear Fission
Interprets uranium splitting as nuclear fission.
Dismissal
Dimissed by Chamberlain for his opposition to appeasement
Coup
A coup is launched in Iraq by a group known as "The Seven." Nuri al-Said is named Prime Minister
Prime Minister of Iraq
A coup is launched in Iraq by a group known as "The Seven." Nuri al-Said is named Prime Minister
Coup
A coup is launched in Iraq by a group known as "The Seven." Nuri al-Said is named Prime Minister
Capture of Nanking
Japan captures Nanking, killing 200,000 civilians
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Doric Star Sunk after Distress Signal
Graf Spee sinks Doric Star after the British refrigerated cargo ship transmits a distress report that helps reveal the raider's operating area.
Doric Star Report Used to Track Raider
Harwood uses Doric Star's distress report to estimate the likely movements of the German raider.
Tairoa Sunk during South Atlantic Return
Graf Spee sinks the British merchant Tairoa one day after Doric Star while moving back toward South American trade routes.
River Plate Interception Date Predicted
From recent merchant losses, Harwood calculates that the raider could reach the River Plate focal area around 13 December.
Final Altmark Refuelling Completed
Graf Spee completes its final wartime rendezvous with Altmark before proceeding toward the River Plate shipping lanes.
Streonshalh Becomes Final Merchant Victim
Graf Spee sinks the British steamer Streonshalh, the final merchant ship destroyed during Langsdorff's commerce-raiding cruise.
Battle of River Plate
The Graf Spee has sunk 9 merchant ships, not a single life had been lost
Graf Spee
The Graf Spee has sunk 9 merchant ships, not a single life had been lost
River Plate Shipping Area Selected
Langsdorff heads toward the River Plate region, where heavy merchant traffic offers a final opportunity before an intended return voyage.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for portraying Finnish peasant life and its relationship with nature.
President of Ecuador
Appointed acting President of Ecuador
Norway Invasion Planning Conference
Jodl discusses plans for an invasion of Norway with Hitler, Keitel and Raeder.
Cruiser Concentration Ordered off River Plate
Harwood orders Ajax, Achilles and Exeter to concentrate off the River Plate before his predicted arrival of the German raider.
River Plate Squadron Rehearses Action Plan
Harwood's three cruisers conduct manoeuvres and rehearse the tactics intended for an encounter with a German pocket battleship.
Battle of River Plate
The Graf Spee enters the neutral port of Montevideo. Allowed to stay for 24 hours under the terms of the Hague convention of 1907
Graf Spee
The Graf Spee enters the neutral port of Montevideo
Neutrality
The Graf Spee enters the neutral port of Montevideo
British Cruiser Force Sighted
Graf Spee sights British warships on the morning of 13 December while approaching the River Plate area.
British Force Initially Misidentified
Langsdorff initially mistakes Ajax and Achilles for destroyers accompanying a cruiser, underestimating the British force ahead.
Graf Spee Closes at High Speed
Believing he has found a vulnerable force, Langsdorff closes rapidly instead of exploiting Graf Spee's longer-range heavy guns.
Main Battery Opens Fire on Exeter
Graf Spee opens fire on HMS Exeter with 283-millimetre guns shortly after 06:17 as the Battle of the River Plate begins.
Montevideo Selected after River Plate Battle
After the engagement, Langsdorff heads for neutral Montevideo to land wounded men, release prisoners and assess battle damage.
Turn Made against British Torpedo Threat
Langsdorff alters course as British cruisers attempt torpedo attacks, repeatedly using manoeuvre and smoke to complicate their firing.
Achilles Damaged by Near Miss
A near miss from Graf Spee damages Achilles and briefly disrupts the cruiser's course during the morning battle.
Achilles Maintains Pressure after Exeter Withdrawal
After Exeter is forced out of the fight, Parry keeps Achilles engaged alongside Ajax against the German raider.
Achilles Opens Fire during River Plate Battle
Parry's HMS Achilles opens fire with six-inch guns while operating with Ajax against Graf Spee.
Achilles Shadows Graf Spee toward Port
Parry's cruiser helps shadow Graf Spee toward Montevideo after Harwood breaks off the close daylight engagement.
Ajax Aft Turrets Disabled
A heavy Graf Spee hit disables Ajax's X turret and jams Y turret, sharply reducing the flagship's available firepower.
Ajax Launches Seafox Spotting Aircraft
Ajax launches its Fairey Seafox aircraft to assist observation and spotting during the engagement.
Ajax Launches Torpedoes at Graf Spee
Woodhouse's cruiser launches torpedoes during the close phase of the action, forcing Graf Spee to manoeuvre away.
Ajax Opens Six-Inch Fire on Graf Spee
Woodhouse brings HMS Ajax's six-inch guns into action as Harwood's flagship closes from a separate bearing.
Emergency Steering Maintains Exeter Control
After communications are wrecked, Exeter uses improvised methods, including men relaying orders, to keep steering the damaged cruiser.
Exeter Bridge Devastated by Heavy Shell
An 11-inch hit and splinters devastate Exeter's bridge, killing or wounding most personnel there and injuring Bell.
Exeter Launches Starboard Torpedoes
Bell's cruiser fires a starboard torpedo salvo at Graf Spee, but the German ship's manoeuvre causes the weapons to miss.
Exeter Opens Eight-Inch Fire
Bell's HMS Exeter opens fire with eight-inch guns soon after Graf Spee begins the engagement.
Exeter Withdraws after Severe Damage
With forward turrets disabled, flooding increasing and electrical systems failing, Bell withdraws Exeter from the main action.
Ajax and Achilles Ordered to Close
Harwood presses the two light cruisers closer to bring their six-inch guns effectively into action against Graf Spee.
Daylight Engagement Broken Off
Around 07:40 Harwood turns away, intending to shadow Graf Spee and renew the fight later under more favourable conditions.
Divided Cruiser Attack Plan Executed
Harwood separates Exeter from Ajax and Achilles so Graf Spee must divide its fire or leave one British group less engaged.
Exeter Sent to Investigate Smoke
Harwood detaches Exeter to investigate smoke on the horizon before the contact is identified as Admiral Graf Spee.
Graf Spee Shadowed toward Montevideo
Harwood keeps Ajax and Achilles in contact as the damaged German ship steams toward the River Plate estuary.
Light Cruisers Move to Protect Exeter
When Graf Spee turns toward the badly damaged Exeter, Harwood orders Ajax and Achilles to close and draw German fire away.
Graf Spee Enters Montevideo Harbour
Graf Spee enters Montevideo shortly after midnight, beginning an intense diplomatic dispute over repairs and the permitted length of stay.
Invasion of Norway
Issues OKW command to begin plans to invade orway
Reinforcements Requested off Montevideo
Harwood seeks additional warships while maintaining a naval watch outside the neutral port where Graf Spee has taken refuge.
Battle of River Plate
Buries the casualties of the battle
Cumberland Joins River Plate Force
HMS Cumberland reaches Harwood's force off Montevideo, strengthening the cruisers waiting for Graf Spee to leave port.
Mobilization
The armed forces are ordered to be ready for the occupation of the rest of Czech
Battle of River Plate
The crew are evacuated & the Graf Speee is scuttled, Langsdorf then shoots himself. Decides to scuttle his ship in the Plate Estuary to avoid unnecessary loss of life for no military advantage, against Hitler's will
Sinking of Admiral Graf Spee - Scuttling Charges
Langsdorff evacuated most of his crew before scuttling Admiral Graf Spee with demolition charges outside Montevideo on 17 December 1939.
Sinking of Admiral Graf Spee
Decides to scuttle his ship in the Plate Estuary to avoid unnecessary loss of life for no military advantage, against Hitler's will
Supreme War Council
Defends a cautious Allied strategy during the Phoney War.
Narvik Planning
Supports Allied discussion of action in Scandinavia against the German ore route.
Supreme War Council
Continues Anglo-French strategic discussions during the Phoney War.
Operation Weserübung Preparations Intensified
Jodl's operations staff develops military preparations for the planned invasion of Norway and Denmark.
Invasion of Norway
Quisling meets Hitler & urges him to invade Norway
Battle of River Plate
Ajax & Achilles shadow the Graf Spee into the neutral port of Montevideo
Graf Spee
Ajax & Achilles shadow the Graf Spee into the neutral port of Montevideo
Neutrality
Ajax & Achilles shadow the Graf Spee into the neutral port of Montevideo
Battle of River Plate
Ajax & Achilles shadow the Graf Spee into the neutral port of Montevideo
Battle of River Plate
Commands the HMS Achilles during the Battle of the River Plate
Graf Spee
Ajax & Achilles shadow the Graf Spee into the neutral port of Montevideo
Neutrality
Ajax & Achilles shadow the Graf Spee into the neutral port of Montevideo
Battle of River Plate
A major propaganda victory for the British during the Phony War, Churchills reputation is enhanced
Third Division Retreat Training Emphasised
Trains 3rd Division to conduct controlled withdrawals as well as offensive and defensive operations.
Invasion of Norway
Quisling meets Hitler & urges him to invade Norway
War Cabinet Review
Reviews air defence shipping losses and imperial commitments.
Invasion of Russia
Hitler received military plans for the invasion, and approved them all, with the start scheduled for May 1941
Operation Otto
Hitler's staff present their plan for Operation Otto, the invasion of Russia
Operation Otto
Announces plan to surround & the Red Army north & south of the Pripet marshes
Red Army
Announces plan to surround & the Red Army north & south of the Pripet marshes
Arrest of Maurice Gustave Gamelin
Arrested for the French defeat
Invasion of Egypt
Wilson launches Operation Compass, the strategy is outstandingly successful and very quickly the Italian forces are cut in half
Operation Compass
Wilson launches Operation Compass, the strategy is outstandingly successful and very quickly the Italian forces are cut in half
Army Reform
Kerensky develops his views through army reform after 1917.
Invasion of Egypt
The Italians are driven out of Egypt in the 1st major british offensive of the War
North Africa
Opens a counter-offensive threatening Tripoli, the fascist capital in north Africa
Siege of Tobruk
Opens a counter-offensive threatening Tripoli, captital of fascist north Africa
Operation Compass
Launches Operation Compass against Italian positions in Egypt, helping remove the immediate Axis threat to the Suez Canal.
Operation Compass
Authorises offensive action against Italian forces in Egypt.
Invasion of Egypt
The Italians are driven out of Egypt in the 1st major british offensive of the War
Western Desert Offensive
Receives news of early British success against Italian forces.
Arrest of Pierre Laval
Laval is dismissed and arrested, pressure from German ambassador Otto Abetz secures his release, Laval leaves for Paris and the protection of his German patron
Collaboration
Laval is dismissed and arrested, pressure from German ambassador Otto Abetz secures his release, Laval leaves for Paris and the protection of his German patron
Invasion of Greece
The Armed Forces High Command issued Directive No. 20 on December 13, 1940, the document outlines the Greek campaign under the code designation, "Operation Marita". Orders 24 divisions to assemble in Rumania & advance on Greece through Bulgaria
Operation Marita
The Armed Forces High Command issued Directive No. 20 on December 13, 1940, the document outlines the Greek campaign under the code designation, "Operation Marita". Orders 24 divisions to assemble in Rumania & advance on Greece through Bulgaria. Hitler issues directive Operation Marita for the occupation of the Balkans
Roosevelt Correspondence
Presses Roosevelt for greater American material aid.
Lend Lease Appeal
Appeals for American help as Britain's financial resources are strained.
Directive Barbarossa Initialled
Jodl initials Directive 21, the formal planning directive for Operation Barbarossa.
Fuhrer Directive No. 21
Issues Directive 21 finalizing orders for the invasion of Russia
Invasion of Russia
Hitler signed War Directive No. 21 to the German High Command for an operation now codenamed "Operation Barbarossa" stating: "The German Wehrmacht must be prepared to crush Soviet Russia in a quick campaign". All preparations for the invasion of Russia are to be completed by 15th May 1941
Operation Barbarossa
Issues Directive 21 finalizing orders for the invasion of Russia. Hitler signed War Directive No. 21 to the German High Command for an operation now codenamed "Operation Barbarossa" stating: "The German Wehrmacht must be prepared to crush Soviet Russia in a quick campaign". All preparations for the invasion of Russia are to be completed by 15th May 1941
Wehrmacht
Hitler signed War Directive No. 21 to the German High Command for an operation now codenamed "Operation Barbarossa" stating: "The German Wehrmacht must be prepared to crush Soviet Russia in a quick campaign"
Birth of Frank Vincent Zappa
Birth of Frank Vincent Zappa
Foreign Secretary
Returns to the Foreign Office as Churchill's Foreign Secretary
Manchester Blitz
Responds to the bombing of Manchester during the winter Blitz.
Christmas Broadcast
Addresses the Empire during the first wartime Christmas of his premiership.
London Blitz
Responds after heavy bombing and fires across the City of London.
Bombing of London
The Luftwaffe use 1,000 bombers to bomb London
Luftwaffe
The Luftwaffe use 1,000 bombers to bomb London
Bombing of Guildhall
Visits the ruins of Guildhall with his wife
Bombing of London
Visits the ruins of Guildhall with his wife. Germany bombs Londo with 1,000 bombers
Bombing of Naples
Churchill says Mussolini is "the one man" who brought Italy into the war
Bombing of Naples
Churchill says Mussolini is "the one man" who brought Italy into the war
Bombing of Valona
The RAF bombs Valona
Invasion of Albania
The Italians cannot form a line of defence & the Greeks advance on Valona
Mobilization
Signs a decree providing for the fortification of the Canary Islands
Alliance Alben Barkley and to the Allies
Approves the speech goven by Roosevelt to give additional support to the Allies
Aid to Britain
Makes a speech pledging more aid to Britain & declares the Axis will not win the war
Alliance Axis
The Defence Commission announces approval for arms contracts worth œ2.5 million. Makes a speech pledging more aid to Britain & declares the Axis will not win the war. It is announced that the "loan or lease" plan will be extended to Greece & China
Defence Commission
The Defence Commission announces approval for arms contracts worth œ2.5 million
Bombing of London
Makes a broadcast on BBC TV outlining plans for fire-fighting in London
1940 Review
Reviews a year in which Britain survived invasion threats and fought on.
Battle of Britain
Supports continued expansion of aircraft output after the Battle of Britain.
Wehrmachtführungsstab Established
The Wehrmachtführungsamt develops into the Wehrmachtführungsstab, with Jodl remaining its chief.
Invasion of Russia
Brauchitschs advice to attack Moscow directly is rejected by Hitler
Operation Barbarossa
The operation was named after Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of the Holy Roman Empire, a leader of the 3rd Crusade in the 12th century
Bombing of London
In 5 months 22,000 are killed
Invasion of Libya
Wilson oversaw the first stages of the campaign during which the British Army secured its first field victories of the war and advanced to the border with Libya
Bombing of Bardia
The British bomb Bardia
Plutonium Discovery
Produces plutonium from uranium-derived neptunium.
Commander of Army Group South
Appointed Commander of Army Group South
Dismissal
Relieved of his command by Hitler due to his disagreement over strategy
Commander of Army Group South
Appointed Commander of Army Group South
Invasion of Russia
Russian prisoners amount to 3,806,865; the number of tanks destroyed or captured 21,391, guns, 32,541 & aeroplanes, 17,322
Operation Barbarossa
The remains of 3 panzer groups are forced to continue against the Russian resistance
Pearl Harbour Attack Order
Nagumo receives the coded order confirming that the Pearl Harbour attack will proceed on 7 December.
Operation Barbarossa
A reconnaisance battalion is driven out of a Moscow suburb
Battle of Bir el Gobi
1st day of the battle to cover the tracks of the Eighth Armys withdrawal from Tobruk
Siege of Tobruk
Erwin Rommel is forced to abandon his siege of Tobruk
Battle of Tobruk
Repulses German attacks on the fortress, Rommel decide to abanon Tobruk
Invasion of Malaya
The 25th Army sets sail from Hainan
Revolutionary Nationalist Movement
The Revolutionary Nationalist Movement was founded by Victor Paz Estenssoro and Hernan Siles Zuazo
Revolutionary Nationalist Movement
The Revolutionary Nationalist Movement was founded by Victor Paz Estenssoro and Hernan Siles Zuazo
Counter-Attack
The Russians begin their counter-attack
Battle of Bir el Gobi
The attack on the British fails. Evacuates the eastern Tobruk perimeter to attack the British at Bir el Gobi
Operation Barbarossa
All German forces are held back by 70 degrees of frost
Siege of Moscow
German forces lose more than 500,000 men, Hitler's biggest loss to date
Siege of Moscow
The Soviet counter offensive hits the unsuspecting German army
Siege of Moscow
The Soviet counter offensive hits the unsuspecting German army. The German attack on Moscow is contained. German forces lose mre than 500,000 men, Hitler's biggest loss to date. 720,000 Russian soldiers drive back 800,000 Germans
Siege of Moscow
1st Shock Army & the Sixteenth Army attack the inner side of the German salient
Siege of Moscow
Launches an attack of the German inner salient with the Sixteenth Army
Manhattan Project
Vannevar Bush holds a meeting to organize an accelerated research project, managed by Arthur Compton, Harold Urey develops research into gaseous diffusion as uranium enrichment & Ernest Lawrence investigates separation methods
Manhattan Project
Vannevar Bush holds a meeting to organize an accelerated research project, managed by Arthur Compton, Harold Urey develops research into gaseous diffusion as uranium enrichment & Ernest Lawrence investigates separation methods
Manhattan Project
Vannevar Bush holds a meeting to organize an accelerated research project, managed by Arthur Compton, Harold Urey develops research into gaseous diffusion as uranium enrichment & Ernest Lawrence investigates separation methods
Manhattan Project
Vannevar Bush holds a meeting to organize an accelerated research project, managed by Arthur Compton, Harold Urey develops research into gaseous diffusion as uranium enrichment & Ernest Lawrence investigates separation methods
Manhattan Project
Vannevar Bush holds a meeting to organize an accelerated research project, managed by Arthur Compton, Harold Urey develops research into gaseous diffusion as uranium enrichment & Ernest Lawrence investigates separation methods
Manhattan Project
Vannevar Bush holds a meeting to organize an accelerated research project, managed by Arthur Compton, Harold Urey develops research into gaseous diffusion as uranium enrichment & Ernest Lawrence investigates separation methods
Uranium Enrichment
Develops gaseous-diffusion research for uranium enrichment.
Manhattan Project
Organises accelerated American uranium research.
Electromagnetic Separation
Investigates electromagnetic methods for uranium separation.
Bombing of Pearl Harbour
A Navy Intelligence employee says Honolulu is a target
Battle of Bir el Gobi
Withdraws to Gazala & Tobruk is relieved by the Allies
Dismissal
Brauchitsch is dismissed by Hitler who appoints himself Commander in Chief
Capture of Tobruk
Commands the Eighth Army which captures Tobruk from Rommel
Eighth Army
Commands the Eighth Army which captures Tobruk from Rommel
Bombing of Pearl Harbour
Leads the 1st wave of 183 planes to attack Pearl Harbour
Battle of Pearl Harbour
does not follow the battle up with an air strike & the base remains intact. Dive bombers take off from Nagumos task force 250 miles north of the US Pacific Fleet. Commands the Japanese carriers
Tora Tora Tora Signal
Fuchida signals that tactical surprise has been achieved as the first Japanese air wave reaches Pearl Harbour.
Midget Submarine Attack
Sakamaki commands midget submarine HA-19, which fails to penetrate Pearl Harbour and later grounds on Oahu.
Dive Bombing at Pearl Harbour
Takahashi leads a first-wave dive-bomber unit against targets on Oahu during the Pearl Harbour attack.
Torpedo Attack at Pearl Harbour
Murata leads the first-wave torpedo attack unit against American warships at Pearl Harbour.
Second Wave at Pearl Harbour
Shimazaki leads the second Japanese air wave against Pearl Harbour and nearby military airfields.
Fighter Escort at Pearl Harbour
Itaya leads Akagi's Zero fighters in the first-wave fighter component of the Pearl Harbour attack.
Midget Submarine Launch
Yokoyama commands HA-16, launched from submarine I-16 before the air attack on Pearl Harbour.
Midget Submarine Launch
Furuno commands HA-17, launched from submarine I-18 as part of the Pearl Harbour operation.
Midget Submarine Launch
Iwasa commands one of the five Japanese midget submarines launched for the Pearl Harbour operation.
Attack on USS Arizona
Kasumi commands the aircraft credited by later analysis with dropping the bomb that triggered USS Arizona's catastrophic magazine explosion.
Pearl Harbour Strike Staff
Kusaka serves as Nagumo's chief of staff while the First Air Fleet conducts the Pearl Harbour strike.
Bombing of Pearl Harbour
The Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor sinking or damaging 18 ships. The bombing of Pearl Harbour bring the US into World War II
Bombing of Pearl Harbour
Broadcasts warning messages but atmospheric conditions delay them by 10 hours
Operation Typhoon
Reaches within 20km of Moscow before the Red Army force Model back
Red Army
Reaches within 20km of Moscow before the Red Army force Model back
Siege of Moscow
Reaches within 20km of Moscow before the Red Army force Model back
Declaration of War
Announces to a Greater German Reichstag he had declared war on the US
Birth of Geoffrey Charles Hurst
Birth of Geoffrey Charles Hurst
Declaration of War
Britain declares war on Japan
Invasion of Hong Kong
Japanese troops begin to attack Hong Kong
Siege of Hong Kong
Japanese troops begin to attack Hong Kong
Invasion of Malaya
The 25th Army lands near the Thai border, immediately after Pearl Harbour
Invasion of Hong Kong
Leads the 2Third Army across the border of Japanese occupied China
Declaration of War
The USA declares War on Japan
Formal Declaration of War on Japan
Nationalist China formally declares war on Japan after the Pacific War begins, ending the earlier undeclared legal status of the conflict.
Declaration of War
Britain, Australia & the USA declare war on Japan
Declaration of War
Britain, Australia & the USA declare war on Japan
Felix
Drops Operation Felix to concentrate on Russia in the Balkans
Declaration of War
Romania declares war on the USA
Declaration of War
The USA declares war on Germany
Invasion of Hong Kong
The Hong Kong Governor, Sir Mark Young, rejects a surrender demand. Reaches the waterfront of Kowloon
Capture of Cyrenaica
Commands the Eighth Army which captures Cyrenaica from Rommel
Invasion of Borneo
Japanese forces land on the coast of Borneo
Birth of Dave Dee
Birth of Dave Dee, born David John Harman
Invasion of Hong Kong
The Hong Kong Governor, Sir Mark Young, rejects a surrender demand
Commander of Pacific Fleet
Appointed Commander of the Pacific Fleet after the attack on Pearl Harbour
Commander of Pacific Fleet
Appointed Commander of the Pacific Fleet after the attack on Pearl Harbour
Manhattan Project
First meeting of the OSRD sponsored S-1 project, dedicated to developing fission weapons
Manhattan Project
OSRD research includes radar, guided missiles and fission weapons.
Office of Scientific Research and Development
Directs wartime scientific projects including radar and early-warning systems.
S-1 Section
OSRD coordinates weapons research while radar projects expand separately.
Office of Scientific Research and Development
OSRD sponsors radar, proximity fuze and nuclear research during the war.
Hitler Assumes Army Command Operational Consequences
Jodl continues OKW work after Hitler personally assumes command of the German Army.
Atlantic Wall
Complains to the OKH too many troops & resources are at the Russian & Med Fronts
Legislation
The Selective Service Act requires all men aged 18-64 register, men aged 20-44 are liable to conscription
Conscription
The Selective Service Act requires all men aged 18-64 register, men aged 20-44 are liable to conscription
Chief Naval Operations
Appointed Chief of Naval Operations
Conference of Arcadia
Churchill travels to the US to discuss Anglo-American strategy and priorities with Roosevelt, the Arcadia conference formally endorses the Allies Germany First policy
International Conference
Churchill travels to the US to discuss Anglo-American strategy and priorities with Roosevelt, the Arcadia conference formally endorses the Allies Germany First policy
Landing on Luzon
Homma's Fourteenth Army lands its main force at Lingayen Gulf during the invasion of Luzon.
Conference of Arcadia
Churchill travels to the US to discuss Anglo-American strategy and priorities with Roosevelt, the Arcadia conference formally endorses the Allies Germany First policy
International Conference at Arcadia
Churchill travels to the US to discuss Anglo-American strategy and priorities with Roosevelt, the Arcadia conference formally endorses the Allies Germany First policy
Siege of Luzon
Transferred to Bataan to deny the Japanese the control of Luzon
Capture of Hong Kong
Surrenders Hong Kong to the Japanese
Capture of Hong Kong
Leads the principal assault in the Japanese capture of Hong Kong
Capture of Hong Kong
Sakai accepts the collapse of organized British resistance as Hong Kong surrenders on Christmas Day.
Capture of Hong Kong
Japan accepts the surrender of Hong Kong
Invasion of Lofoten Island
Britain launches Operation Archery, a commando attack against the Lofoten Island off Norway
Operation Archery
Britain launches Operation Archery, a commando attack against the Lofoten Island off Norway
Party Secretary
Aldo Vidussoni becomes secretary of the National Fascist Party.
Capture of Hong Kong
Hong Kong is surrendered to the Japanese
Invasion of Hong Kong
Hong Kong is surrendered to the Japanese
Siege of Hong Kong
Hong Kong is surrendered to the Japanese
Alliance United States and Great Britain
Announces Australia has the USA as its major ally after British defeat at Singapore
Announces Australia has the USA as its major ally
Announces Australia has the USA as its major ally after British defeat at Singapore
Invasion of Norway
A 2nd landing on Lofoten Island reinforces Hitler's belief that Britain is planning to invade Norway
Operation Archery
A 2nd landing on Lofoten Island reinforces Hitler's belief that Britain is planning to invade Norway
Birth of Alexander Chapman Ferguson
Birth of Alexander Chapman Ferguson
Supreme Commander of China Theater
Assumes the role of Supreme Commander of the China Theater as China becomes a formal Allied belligerent in the wider Pacific War.
Commander of Army Group Centre
Appointed Commander Army Group Centre
Mediterranean Strategic Coordination Continues
Jodl's staff continues coordinating German commitments in the Mediterranean and Balkans.
OKW Multi Theatre Operations Role Consolidated
Jodl's operations staff increasingly directs theatres outside the main Eastern Front.
Winter Eastern Front Crisis Briefings
Jodl participates in high-level briefings as German forces face the Soviet winter counteroffensive.
Atlantic Wall
Orders the construction of coastal defences in Northwest France
Invasion of Russia
Admits there is no hope of "strategic success" after the failure to capture Moscow
Siege of Moscow
Forced back 100 miles to avoid Russian encirclement. Admits there is no hope of "strategic success" after the failure to capture Moscow
Operation Typhoon
Model must fight to keep the bridgeheads on the Volga near Kalinin
Operation Typhoon
The assault on Moscow is resumed. Model captures the bridges of the Moscow reservoirs in support of the 4th Army
Siege of Moscow
Model must fight to keep the bridgeheads on the Volga near Kalinin
Atlantic Wall
Orders the construction of the Atlantic Wall, from Norway to the Spanish border
Capture of Kerch
The Russians capture the Kerch penisnsula. Hitler has General Count von Sponeck court-martialled
Court Martial
Hitler has General Count von Sponeck court-martialled
Trial
Hitler has General Count von Sponeck court-martialled
Health of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
Churchill has a heart attack just after the US enters the war, it is kept a secret
Commander of South Eastern Army
Appointed Commander of South Eastern Army, a promotion
SAS
The Special Air Service destroys 90 enemy transport & other aircraft
Bombing of Hong Kong
The Japanese bomg Hong Kong
Bombing of Pearl Harbour
Germany declares war on the US & the US enters the war
Bombing of Singapore
The Japanese bomg Singapore
Visit to To Canada
Pays a visit to Canada
Commander of South Eastern Army
Appointed Commander of South Eastern Army, a promotion
South Eastern Army Readiness Programme
Raises training standards across South Eastern Army while maintaining responsibility for coastal defence.
Party Secretary
Appointed Party Secretary of the Fascist Party
Commander of 25th Army
Appointed Commander of the 25th Army
Battle of Kota Baharu
Lands at Kota Baharu during the invasion of Thailand
Commander of 25th Army
Appointed Commander of the 25th Army
Invasion of Malaya
Commands an invasion of nothern Malaya
Invasion of Thailand
Commands an invasion of Thailand
Major General
Appointed Major General
Conference of Washington
Declares, "When Germany is defeated, the collapse of Italy & Japan will follow"
Major General
Appointed Major General
Beveridge Report
Beveridge proposes comprehensive social insurance against major causes of poverty.
Report
The Beveridge scheme for compulsory social insurance is announced
Beveridge Report
Publishes Social Insurance and Allied Services.
Comprehensive Health Proposal
Calls for comprehensive health services in postwar reconstruction.
Five Giants
Frames Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor and Idleness as postwar challenges.
Beveridge Report
Supports ambitious implementation of postwar social reform.
Chicago Pile-1 Chain Reaction
Participates in the Chicago Pile-1 experiment proving a controlled self-sustaining neutron chain reaction.
First Nuclear Chain Reaction
A uranium and graphite pile achieves the first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction.
1st Nuclear Reactor
Present at the opening of the 1st nuclear reactor at the University of Chicago
Nuclear Power
Sees the opening of the first nuclear reactor in a squash court at the Univ of Chicago
Chicago Pile-1 Criticality
Directs Chicago Pile-1 as it achieves the first controlled self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction beneath the stands of Stagg Field at the University of Chicago.
Command of Pasubio
Boselli assumes command of the Pasubio Division during the deteriorating winter situation on the Don.
Conclusion of First Ministerial Appointment
Al-Rifai’s service as minister of interior and education in the fourth Abu al-Huda government ended on this date. His initial cabinet tenure had begun in July 1941.
Battle of Guadalcanal
Given command of all US forces in the campaign in Guadalcanal
Medal
Awarded the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross
Siege of Tunis
Joins up with Rommel to defend Tunis with his newly created XC Corps
Soviet Attacks on Alpine Sector
Nasci's Alpine Corps begins facing renewed Soviet attacks against its sector on the Don.
Battle of Stalingrad
Sets the Panzers rolling to relieve Paulus trapped 6th Army. Manstein is 30 miles away from Stalingrad
Battle of Stalingrad
Following the success of Operation Uranus, the Red Army began Operation Saturn, to cut off Army Group A and all troops east of Rostov.During the German relief operation at Stalingrad, Soviet forces had been redeployed, lesser objectives substituted, and the operation renamed "Little Saturn".
Battle of Stalingrad
Spearheaded by some of the first Tiger tanks, the offensive got within 48 km (30 mi) of the southern 6th Army front, but the Germans made no attempt to break out.
Battle of Stalingrad
The attack fell on Eighth Italian Army and the remnants of 3rd Romanian Army, and led to the destruction of most of Eighth Army. A relief operation called Operation Winter Storm began.
Battle of Stalingrad
The failure was followed by a siege that lasted for almost three months, during which 6th Army was destroyed
Invasion of Russia
During the German relief operation at Stalingrad, Soviet forces had been redeployed, lesser objectives substituted, and the operation renamed "Little Saturn".
Invasion of Russia
Following the success of Operation Uranus, the Red Army began Operation Saturn, to cut off Army Group A and all troops east of Rostov.
Invasion of Russia
Spearheaded by some of the first Tiger tanks, the offensive got within 48 km (30 mi) of the southern 6th Army front, but the Germans made no attempt to break out.
Invasion of Russia
The attack fell on Eighth Italian Army and the remnants of 3rd Romanian Army, and led to the destruction of most of Eighth Army. A relief operation called Operation Winter Storm began.
Invasion of Russia
The failure was followed by a siege that lasted for almost three months, during which 6th Army was destroyed
Operation Case Blue
During the German relief operation at Stalingrad, Soviet forces had been redeployed, lesser objectives substituted, and the operation renamed "Little Saturn".
Operation Case Blue
Following the success of Operation Uranus, the Red Army began Operation Saturn, to cut off Army Group A and all troops east of Rostov.
Operation Case Blue
Spearheaded by some of the first Tiger tanks, the offensive got within 48 km (30 mi) of the southern 6th Army front, but the Germans made no attempt to break out.
Operation Case Blue
The attack fell on Eighth Italian Army and the remnants of 3rd Romanian Army, and led to the destruction of most of Eighth Army. A relief operation called Operation Winter Storm began.
Operation Case Blue
The failure was followed by a siege that lasted for almost three months, during which 6th Army was destroyed
Operation Little Saturn
Following the success of Operation Uranus, the Red Army began Operation Saturn, to cut off Army Group A and all troops east of Rostov. During the German relief operation at Stalingrad, Soviet forces had been redeployed, lesser objectives substituted, and the operation renamed "Little Saturn". The attack fell on Eighth Italian Army and the remnants of 3rd Romanian Army, and led to the destruction of most of Eighth Army
Operation Uranus
Following the success of Operation Uranus, the Red Army began Operation Saturn, to cut off Army Group A and all troops east of Rostov. During the German relief operation at Stalingrad, Soviet forces had been redeployed, lesser objectives substituted, and the operation renamed "Little Saturn". The attack fell on Eighth Italian Army and the remnants of 3rd Romanian Army, and led to the destruction of most of Eighth Army
Operation Winter Storm
A relief operation called Operation Winter Storm began. Spearheaded by some of the first Tiger tanks, the offensive got within 48 km (30 mi) of the southern 6th Army front, but the Germans made no attempt to break out. The failure was followed by a siege that lasted for almost three months, during which 6th Army was destroyed
Red Army
Following the success of Operation Uranus, the Red Army began Operation Saturn, to cut off Army Group A and all troops east of Rostov. During the German relief operation at Stalingrad, Soviet forces had been redeployed, lesser objectives substituted, and the operation renamed "Little Saturn".
Red Army
The attack fell on Eighth Italian Army and the remnants of 3rd Romanian Army, and led to the destruction of most of Eighth Army
Red Army
The attack fell on Eighth Italian Army and the remnants of 3rd Romanian Army, and led to the destruction of most of Eighth Army.
Siege of Stalingrad
A relief operation called Operation Winter Storm began. Spearheaded by some of the first Tiger tanks, the offensive got within 48 km (30 mi) of the southern 6th Army front, but the Germans made no attempt to break out. The failure was followed by a siege that lasted for almost three months, during which 6th Army was destroyed
Sixth Army
A relief operation called Operation Winter Storm began. Spearheaded by some of the first Tiger tanks, the offensive got within 48 km (30 mi) of the southern 6th Army front, but the Germans made no attempt to break out. The failure was followed by a siege that lasted for almost three months, during which 6th Army was destroyed
Birth of David Dave Clark
Birth of David Dave Clark
Prime Minister of Iceland
Appointed Prime Minister of Iceland
Bjorn Thordarson Government
Begins the Bjorn Thordarson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
First Olafur Thors Government
The First Olafur Thors Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Soviet Winter Offensive
Gariboldi's 8th Army is struck by the Soviet offensive later known as Operation Little Saturn, breaking key sectors of the Don front.
Catavi Massacre
Government forces kill striking miners and civilians during the Catavi Massacre.
Sixth Army
Blocked on the Myshkova by the 2nd Guards Army, the German 6th Army cannot break out
Winter Storm
Blocked on the Myshkova by the 2nd Guards Army, the German 6th Army cannot break out
Winter Storm
Leads Opeartion Winter Storm to support Field Marshal Paulus
Assassination of Jean Francois Darlan
Assassination of the Vichy leader in north Africa
Death of Jean Francois Darlan
Death of Jean Francois Darlan, assassinated
Vichy Government
Assassination of the Vichy leader in north Africa
Battle of Stalingrad
Zhukov drives Hoths army back across Kotelnikov
Battle of Stalingrad
Zhukov drives the Germans back from the north & sth. Supply lines can no longer reach Paulus on land
Battle of Stalingrad
Zhukov drives the German forces in the north beyond the Chir & Aksay. Zhukov drives Hoths army back across Kotelnikov
Bethlehem Childrens Home Admission
Oswald entered the Bethlehem Children's Home on December 26, 1942, and remained there for about thirteen months.
Full Production Programme Approval
Roosevelt approves detailed plans for full-scale production facilities and atomic-weapon development.
Battle of Barents Sea
Defeated in battle & later forced to resign by Hitler
Concentration Camps
85% of Polish Jews have been transported to concentration camps
Commander of 6th Army
Appointed Commander of the 6th Army
Commander of 6th Army
Appointed Commander of the 6th Army
Invasion of France
The Army Felber is given the responsibility for the occupation of the Medierranean
Health Reform
The Beveridge scheme for compulsory social insurance is announced
Reform of Government
The Beveridge scheme for compulsory social insurance is announced
United States Cryptographic Mission
Leaves Britain for the United States to assist cooperation on high-speed Bombe development and secure communications.
Enigma Machine
Works in the Naval Section's U-boat watch as renewed Enigma decrypts begin arriving after the December Shark break.
Enigma Machine
Helps restore reading of four-rotor U-boat Enigma as Hut 8 breaks Shark again in December.
Enigma Machine
Contributes to the December recovery of four-rotor Shark, ending a prolonged Naval Enigma blackout.
Battle of Pearl Harbour
Japan informs Mussolini they are about to attack the US, Mussolini offers full support
Bombing of Pearl Harbour
Japan informs Mussolini they will attack the US, Mussolini offers his full support
Defence of the Don
Battisti's Cuneense holds positions on the northern Italian front while the wider ARMIR line begins to collapse farther south.
Defence of the Don
Ricagno's Julia remains committed on the Don as Soviet pressure intensifies against the Italian 8th Army.
Defence of the Don
Reverberi's Tridentina maintains its Alpine Corps positions while Soviet operations threaten the flanks of the Italian deployment.
Kellex Gaseous Diffusion Programme
Kellex is organised to design the gaseous-diffusion plant, with Percival Keith directing work on plant engineering and diffusion barriers.
Four Hundred Million Dollar Estimate
Roosevelt approves a greatly increased Manhattan Project cost estimate of about 400 million dollars submitted through Vannevar Bush.
Questions Curzon Comparison
Eden challenges Molotov's claim that the 1939 Soviet frontier and the Curzon Line are identical, noting meaningful differences between them.
British Guarantee of Iranian Sovereignty Signed
Churchill commits Britain to respect Iran's political independence and territorial integrity after wartime cooperation.
Final Tehran Negotiations Continue
Churchill joins prolonged final discussions covering military conclusions and political declarations.
Overlord and Southern France Agreement
Churchill accepts the agreed plan for Overlord in 1944 together with a supporting operation against southern France.
Southern France Supporting Operation Confirmed
Churchill accepts a supporting operation against southern France, subject to the availability of landing craft.
Tehran Conference Concludes with Big Three Unity
Churchill leaves the summit with agreement on coordinated 1944 operations and continued three-power cooperation.
Tehran Declaration Signed
Churchill signs the declaration stating that the Allies have concerted their plans for the destruction of German forces.
Turkey Entry into War Judged Desirable
Churchill joins the conclusion that Allied strategy would benefit if Turkey entered the war before the end of 1943.
Requests Polish Frontier Formula
Churchill asks Stalin for a workable frontier formula that Britain could take back to the Polish Government in London.
Western Compensation for Poland
Churchill proposes shifting Poland westward, compensating eastern territorial losses with German lands including parts of East Prussia and territory toward the Oder.
Allied Cover Plan Coordination Agreed
Brooke's delegation joins the agreement to coordinate deception plans intended to mislead Germany about forthcoming operations.
Compares 1939 Frontier to Curzon Line
Molotov tells the Allied leaders that the Soviet frontier established in 1939 is, in his view, essentially the Curzon Line.
Final Day of Tehran Conference
Stalin joins the final discussions as the three powers complete their military conclusions and political declarations.
Final Soviet Negotiating Session
Stalin participates in the final negotiating sessions as the three governments complete their agreements.
Polish Frontier Discussion at Tehran
Stalin discusses moving Poland's eastern frontier toward the Curzon Line while compensating Poland with territory farther west.
Soviet Guarantee of Iranian Sovereignty Signed
Stalin accepts the tripartite pledge preserving Iran as a sovereign state after the war.
Soviet Response to Bulgarian Attack on Turkey Stated
Stalin states that the Soviet Union would enter war with Bulgaria if Bulgaria attacked Turkey after Turkish entry against Germany.
Soviet Support for Overlord Coordination
Stalin confirms Soviet support for Overlord and promises a major Soviet offensive to help prevent German reinforcement of France.
Soviet Supporting Offensive Commitment Confirmed
Stalin confirms that Soviet forces will attack around the time of Overlord to hinder German troop transfers westward.
Yugoslav Partisan Support Agreement Confirmed
Stalin joins the agreement to provide Yugoslav Partisans with supplies, equipment and commando support.
Accepts Curzon Line in Principle
Stalin says he could accept the Curzon Line as the Soviet-Polish frontier if the Soviet Union receives northern East Prussia including Konigsberg.
Roosevelt, Churchill & Kai-Shek demand Japans unconditional surrender
Roosevelt, Churchill & Kai-Shek demand Japans unconditional surrender. Roosevelt, Churchill & Kai-Shek demand Japans return to its 1894 boundaries
Tripartite Staff Coordination Agreement Completed
The conference concludes that American, British and Soviet military staffs should maintain close contact over forthcoming European operations.
Declaration Regarding Iran Signed
Roosevelt signs the declaration supporting Iran's independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity.
Final Leaders Session Begins at Noon
Roosevelt meets Churchill, Stalin and senior advisers for the final day of conference negotiations.
Final Tehran Communique Agreed
Roosevelt agrees the final communiqué with Churchill and Stalin after the last conference discussions.
Overlord May 1944 Timing Confirmed
Roosevelt confirms agreement that Operation Overlord will be launched in May 1944.
Overlord and Southern France Agreement
Roosevelt accepts the coordinated plan for Overlord and a supporting operation against southern France in 1944.
Polish-Soviet Relations
Roosevelt opens the Tehran political discussion by hoping Polish-Soviet relations can be restored before final decisions on disputed frontier questions.
Tehran Declaration Signed
Roosevelt signs the joint declaration confirming Allied agreement on coordinated military operations against Germany.
Conscription
Hitler orders the conscription of youth for active service
Conscription
Bevin announces conscription to coal mines
Conference of Moscow
Final day of the Moscow Conference
Bombing of Leipzig
The RAF bomb Leipzig, 1,500 killed & 40,000 homeless
Bombing of Leipzig
The RAF bomb Leipzig, 1,500 killed & 40,000 homeless
Declaration of War
Bolivia declares war on the Axis powers
Constitution of Yugoslavia
Tito establishes a provisional Government at liberated Jajce, in Bosnia-Herzegovina
Government
Tito establishes a provisional Government at liberated Jajce, in Bosnia-Herzegovina
Provisional Government
Tito establishes a provisional Government at liberated Jajce, in Bosnia-Herzegovina
Independence of Yugoslavia
The Yugoslav Government in Cairo repudiates Titos provisional Government
Provisional Government
The Yugoslav Government in Cairo repudiates Titos provisional Government
Yugoslav Government in Cairo repudiates Titos provisional Government
The Yugoslav Government in Cairo repudiates Titos provisional Government
Conference of Cairo
Churchill & Roosevelt agree Gen Eisenhower will command Allied forces for the planned invasion of Europe, Eisenhowers appointment as Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Force, publicly announced by Roosevelt
International Agreement at Cairo
Churchill & Roosevelt agree Gen Eisenhower will command Allied forces for the planned invasion of Europe, Eisenhowers appointment as Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Force, publicly announced by Roosevelt
Operation Overlord
Churchill & Roosevelt agree Gen Eisenhower will command Allied forces for the planned invasion of Europe, Eisenhowers appointment as Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Force, publicly announced by Roosevelt
Diplomatic Negotiations
Involved in talks with Roosevelt & Churchill
Allied Expeditionary Force
Churchill & Roosevelt agree General Eisenhower will command Allied forces for the invasion of Europe
Operation Overlord
Churchill & Roosevelt agree General Eisenhower will command Allied forces for the invasion of Europe
Supreme Allied Commander
Churchill & Roosevelt agree Gen Eisenhower will command Allied forces for the planned invasion of Europe, Eisenhowers appointment as Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Force, publicly announced by Roosevelt
Conference of Cairo
Churchill & Roosevelt agree Gen Eisenhower will command Allied forces for the planned invasion of Europe, Eisenhowers appointment as Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Force, publicly announced by Roosevelt
International Agreement at Cairo
Churchill & Roosevelt agree Gen Eisenhower will command Allied forces for the planned invasion of Europe, Eisenhowers appointment as Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Force, publicly announced by Roosevelt
Operation Overlord
Churchill & Roosevelt agree Gen Eisenhower will command Allied forces for the planned invasion of Europe, Eisenhowers appointment as Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Force, publicly announced by Roosevelt
Republican National Guard
Becomes commander of the Republican National Guard created by the Italian Social Republic.
Republican National Guard Formed
Takes command of the new Republican National Guard formed from Fascist and security organizations.
Battle of Montelungo
Leads the First Motorized Group in its first major combat action against German forces at Montelungo.
Birth of James Douglas Jim
Birth of James Douglas "Jim", Melbourne, Florida, son of Admiral George Stephen Morrison
Birth of Jim Morrison
Birth of Doors vocalist Jim Morrison.
Nobel Prize in Medicine
Shares the medicine prize for discovering vitamin K.
Vitamin K Discovery Recognition
Receives recognition for research connecting nutrition with blood coagulation.
Capture of Germany
German troops occupy Rome
Capture of Rome
German troops occupy Rome
Operation Anvil
Directs Commanders to divert as many LCS carriers as possible to Overlord & Anvil
Operation Overlord
Directs Commanders to divert as many LCS carriers as possible to Overlord & Anvil
Retreat
Manstein persuades Hitler to order a retreat behind the River Dnieper
Retreat
Manstein persuades Hitler to order a retreat behind the River Dnieper
Real Madrid Presidency
Becomes president and begins a transformative period in Real Madrid's institutional history.
Capture of Split
Partisans capture Split in Yugoslavia
Second Montelungo Attack
Leads renewed Italian attacks at Montelungo as co-belligerent forces prove their commitment against Germany.
Capture of Split
Partisans capture Split in Yugoslavia
Capture of Bryansk
Stalin announces the Russian capture of Bryansk
Birth of Keith Richards
Birth of Keith Richards, later guitarist and songwriter of the Rolling Stones.
Bombing of Hamburg
The British Air Ministry announces that Hamburg lies in ruins
Bombing of Hamburg
The British Air Ministry announces that Hamburg lies in ruins
Coup
Villarroel joins military and MNR conspirators in overthrowing Penaranda.
President of Bolivia
Villarroel assumes leadership of Bolivia after the December military coup.
Supreme Commander
Appointed Supreme Commander of the Mediterranean
Commander of Army Group Twenty One
Appointed Commander of the 21 Army Group
Supreme Commander
Appointed Supreme Commander of the Mediterranean
Twenty First Army Group Appointment Confirmed
Is appointed to command 21st Army Group for the coming Allied invasion of north-west Europe.
Commander of Army Group Twenty One
Appointed Commander of the 21 Army Group
D-Day
Appointed Commander of the 21 Army Group to open a "2nd front" on D-Day
D-Day
Appointed to open a "2nd front" across the Channel for D-Day
Capture of Smolensk
Russians captue Smolensk
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1st term
Broadcast
Speaks with assurance of, "our coming victory"
Capture of Roslavl
Russians captue Roslavl
Capture of Smolensk
Russians captue Smolensk
Capture of Temyruk
Russians capture Temyruk, the last held German port on the Black Sea
Pact between Germany, Italy and Japan
Germany & Japan recognze Mussolinis Government of the 3rd anniversary of their Pact
Capture of Temyruk
Russians capture Temyruk, the last held German port on the Black Sea
Birth of Peter Quaife
Birth of Kinks bassist Peter Quaife.
Battle of Normandy
47 divisions are committed to the Battle of Normandy: 19 British, 5 Canadian, 21 US & 1 Free French
Free French
Following Eisenhowers and Montgomerys revisions it is expanded to landings by 5 divisions and airborne descents by 3 divisions, in total, 47 divisions would be committed to the Battle of Normandy: 19 British, 5 Canadian, 21 US & 1 Free French
Operation Overlord
47 divisions are committed to the Battle of Normandy: 19 British, 5 Canadian, 21 US & 1 Free French
Operation Overlord
Eisenhower & Montgomerry insist that the scale of the invasion be expanded, to prevent the invaders being restricted to a narrow beachhead, with insufficient room to land follow-up formations, delaying Overlord to June. Eisenhower & Montgomerry both first see the COSSAC plan on 31 December 1943 at Marrakech in Morroco, in a conference with Winston Churchill
Operation Postage Able
In December 1943, Operation Postage Able used an X-craft to collect suitable data for all of the Normandy beaches
Free French
Following Eisenhowers and Montgomerys revisions it is expanded to landings by 5 divisions and airborne descents by 3 divisions, in total, 47 divisions would be committed to the Battle of Normandy: 19 British, 5 Canadian, 21 US & 1 Free French
Operation Overlord
In December 1943, Operation Postage Able used an X-craft to collect suitable data for all of the Normandy beaches. Following Eisenhowers and Montgomerys revisions it is expanded to landings by 5 divisions and airborne descents by 3 divisions, in total, 47 divisions would be committed to the Battle of Normandy: 19 British, 5 Canadian, 21 US & 1 Free French
Operation Postage Able
In December 1943, Operation Postage Able used an X-craft to collect suitable data for all of the Normandy beaches
Manhattan Project Scientific Assistant
Accompanies Niels Bohr to Los Alamos and works as his assistant and secretary while sharing discussions connected with fission physics and the Manhattan Project.
Los Alamos Scientific Consultant
Arrives at Los Alamos with Aage Bohr as a consultant, using the security name Nicholas Baker while advising scientists working on nuclear-fission weapon physics.
Capture of River Dneiper
Soviet forces trap 650,000 German troops in the Crimea
Operation Barbarossa
Soviet forces surround the mouth of the Dneiper
Operation Barbarossa
Soviet forces surrond 650,000 German troops in the Crimea
Operation Overlord
Says that "if they attack int westthat attack will decide the war"
As I Please
Begins the As I Please column for Tribune.
Tribune
Becomes literary editor of Tribune.
Conference of Cairo
Proposes sending 2 Divisions to south France as a diversion to Overlord
Operation Anvil
Proposes sending 2 Divisions to south France as a diversion to Overlord
Operation Buccaneer
Gets some LCTs from Burma against the Japanese for use in Operation Overlord
Operation Overlord
Gets some LCTs from Burma against the Japanese for use in Operation Overlord
Suez Canal
Takes command of the Eighth Army after the North African campaign has protected Egypt and the Suez Canal.
Uranium-235 Spontaneous Fission Measurement
Segre measures a lower-than-expected spontaneous-fission rate for uranium-235, easing design requirements for the uranium gun weapon.
Co-belligerent Army Development
Supports the development of Italian formations intended to fight German forces alongside the Allies.
Independence of Iran
The 3 powers at the Tehran Conference agree to a post-war independent Iran
Independence of Russia
The 3 powers at the Tehran Conference agree to a post-war independent Iran
Rule of Poland
The 3 powers at the Tehran Conference move Polands frontiers westward
X-10 Plutonium Chemical Separation
Chemical separation of reactor-produced plutonium begins using irradiated fuel from the X-10 Graphite Reactor.
Y-12 Racetrack Rebuild
After repeated failures to operate the first Alpha racetrack reliably, Y-12 is shut down for major equipment rebuilding.
Operation Overlord
Appointed Supreme Allied Commander for Operation Overlord
Supreme Allied Commander
Appointed Supreme Allied Commander for Operation Overlord
Supreme Allied Commander
Appointed Supreme Allied Commander for Operation Overlord at the Cairo Conference
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland
Birth of John Densmore
Birth of John Densmore
Battle of Bulge
At a conference Model presses for the "small solution", Hitler refuses
Death of Philip
Death of Andrew, Prince Philips father
Death of Andrew
Death of Andrew, Prince Philips father
Maastricht Conference
Presents his assessment of the northern Allied front at Maastricht.
Northern Offensive Proposal
Argues for concentrating resources on a powerful northern offensive.
Radescu Government
Radescu becomes prime minister and resists expanding communist control.
Conference of Maastricht
Insists that the advance into the Rhine be on a broad front
Maastricht Conference
Represents the principal American army group during the strategy meeting.
Western Front Strategy
Supports continued operations by American armies across a broad front.
Maastricht Conference
Reports on Allied operations advancing from southern France toward Germany.
Southern Front Coordination
Coordinates the southern army group's role in the wider Allied strategy.
Broad Front Strategy
Maintains his broad-front approach for the continuing Allied advance.
Maastricht Conference
Meets senior Allied commanders to review operations toward the Rhine.
Manhattan Project Resignation
Rotblat leaves the Manhattan Project after concluding that Germany is no longer developing an atomic bomb threat requiring his participation.
Raises Batum or Yalta as Venues
Identifies Batum or Yalta as possible locations for the forthcoming meeting with Churchill and Stalin.
Capture of Metz
Captures Metz
Capture of Schmidt Dam
Launches an offensive for the Schmidt Dam to stop the Germans flooding the Roer Valley
Defense of Luzon
Yamashita organizes a prolonged defense of Luzon after concluding that the main American invasion will strike the island.
Attempts Mediterranean Venue Compromise
Attempts to persuade Stalin to travel to a Mediterranean location rather than remain on the Soviet Black Sea coast.
Public Support for Curzon Line
Churchill publicly defends the Curzon Line as the basis for Poland's eastern frontier while arguing that Poland should receive substantial compensation from Germany.
Death of Glenn Miller
Death of Glenn Miller, disappears over the Channel
Coordinates Polish Question with Churchill
Seeks British coordination before asking Stalin to delay action on recognition of the Lublin Committee.
Battle of Bulge
The Germans advance 50 miles, the Bulge. 16 Dec-28 Jan, a final offensive in the Ardennes 3 German armies attack 4 US divisions
Battle of Bulge
First day of operations to split the Allies & cut off from their supplies
Battle of Bulge
1st day of operations to split the Allies & cut off their supplies
Battle of Bulge
1st day of operations to split the Allies & cut off their supplies
Battle of Bulge
An offensive orderred by Hitler to split the British & Americans & drive for Antwerp. 16 Dec-28 Jan, Hitler's "watch on the Rhine"
Ardennes Offensive Launch Monitored
Jodl's OKW staff monitors the opening of the German offensive in the Ardennes.
Battle of Bulge
The closest the Germans get to Antwerp is Dinant, well to the east of the Maas. Ordered by Hitler, Model prefers just to take out the US salient at Aachen
Siege of Antwerp
The closest the Germans get to Antwerp is Dinant, well to the east of the Maas
Supports Delay on Polish Recognition
Supports Roosevelt's proposal that Stalin postpone a decision on Poland until the three leaders meet.
Battle of Bulge
16 Dec-28 Jan, leads the 3rd Army across France & into Germany
Third Army
16 Dec-28 Jan, leads the 3rd Army across France & into Germany
Hanford D Reactor Criticality
Hanford's D Reactor reaches criticality with sufficient excess reactivity to overcome fission-product poisoning.
Massacre
The killing of 80 US GIs by the SS leads Roosevelt to demand an international trial
Battle of Bastogne
Holds Bastogne when it is besieged by the Germans
Battle of Bulge
Commands US 101 Airborne Div & Combat Command B US 10th Armoured Division at Bastogne
Battle of Bulge
Arrives with the 101st Airborne Division at Bastogne to check the 5th Panzer Army
Battle of Bulge
The Allies are take by surprise, Eisenhower commits the 82nd & 101st Airborne Divs
Battle of Bulge
Turns 90 degrees north to attack the German southern flank. Halts the 3rd Armys advance into the Saar
Battle of Bulge
Sent as a reinforcement to bolster the northern flank
US First and Ninth Armies Placed under Montgomery
Temporarily receives operational control of US First and Ninth Armies during the Ardennes crisis.
Promotion to General of the Army
Promoted to the five-star rank of General of the Army.
Death of Arthur Stanley Eddington
Death of Arthur Eddington
Government
Forms a Provisional Government based at Debrecen
Prime Minister of Hungary
Appointed Prime Minister of Hungary
Provisional Government
Forms a Provisional Government based at Debrecen
First Fat Man Assembly
The first full Fat Man bomb assembly is completed for handling and airdrop practice, before nuclear material and final explosive lenses are available.
Battle of Bulge
Launches an attack on Bastogne
Viet Minh Army
Creates the armed nucleus that becomes the Vietnam People's Army
Vietnam Propaganda Unit
Forms the Vietnam Propaganda Unit of Liberation Army
Restores Greek confidence in Britain
Restores Greek confidence in Britain after demonstrations by the Nat Libreration Front
Birth of Jairzinho
Birth of Jairzinho
Battle of Bastogne
The defences are breached but the Germans are later repulsed the following day
Battle of Bulge
The Germans breach the defences of Bastogne
Khai Phat Attack
Leads attack on Khai Phat soon after forming the armed propaganda unit
Battle of Bulge
The Allies pound German trains west of St-Vith. Patton breaks through Manteuffels forces & reaches Bastogne
Battle of Bastogne
Insists upon the capture of Bastogne during the Battle of the Bulge
Battle of Budapest
The encirclement of Budapest is completed by the Russians
Exile of Joseph Stalin
Stalin deports 250,000 Tatars from Crimea to Uzbekistan, they do not return home until the fall of the Soviet Union leading supporters, from Kamenev down, were expelled in December 1927 by the XVth Party Congress, which paved the way for mass expulsio
Rule of Crimea
Stalin deports 250,000 Tatars from Crimea to Uzbekistan, they do not return home until the fall of the Soviet Union
Siege of Budapest
Advancing Soviet troops surround Budapest
Battle of Bulge
The US 4th Armored Division turns the Germans back at Bastogne
Battle of Bulge
The 3rd Army break through Manteufells troops & reach Baston
Third Army
The 3rd Army break through Manteufells troops & reach Baston
Na Ngan Attack
Leads attack on Na Ngan as the new Viet Minh force wins early victories
Battle of Bulge
Orders the "small solution", but the battle is lost & the Germans retreat into Germany
Battle of Bulge
Hitler orders the "small solution", the battle is lost & Germans retreat into Germany
Opposes Delay on Lublin Recognition
Opposes postponing recognition of the Soviet-backed Lublin Committee until the Big Three conference.
Rejects Part of UN Voting Proposal
Rejects part of the American formula for Security Council voting before the Yalta negotiations.
Insists Polish Recognition Wait for Conference
Asks Stalin to leave the question of recognizing the Lublin Committee unresolved until the tripartite meeting.
Ministry of Fear
Directs Ministry of Fear.
Nordwind Offensive
Launched in support of the offensive in the Ardennes, the Battle of the Bulge
Franco-Soviet Pact
France & Russia agree to a Franco-Soviet Pact
Pact between France and Soviet Union
France & Russia agree to a Franco-Soviet Pact
Political Support at River Rhine
Supports Russias border at the Oder-Niesse for the left bank of the Rhine
Visit to Moscow
Visits Moscow to raise arms for the French Army
Mobilization
Visits Moscow to raise arms for the French Army
Belsen
Bergen-Belsen becomes a full-scale concentration camp
Commander of Bergen-Belsen
Appointed Commander of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, the "Beast of Belsen"
Belsen
Bergen-Belsen becomes a full-scale concentration camp
Ardennes Offensive Failure Assessed
Jodl evaluates the deteriorating situation as the Ardennes offensive fails to achieve its strategic objectives.
National Velvet
National Velvet, which costarred fellow young actor Mickey Rooney and English newcomer Angela Lansbury, became a great success upon its release. First film appearance in Gaslight as a conniving maid, for which she received an Academy Award nomination
National Velvet
National Velvet, which costarred fellow young actor Mickey Rooney and English newcomer Angela Lansbury, became a great success upon its release
Northern Ardennes Front Reorganised
Reorganises the northern shoulder of the Allied line and prepares forces for renewed offensive action.
ANC
Appointed Member of ANC Youth League
Implosion Initiator Development Begins
Work begins on a precisely timed neutron initiator for the solid-core implosion weapon.
First Neutron Powder Diffraction
Obtains early neutron powder diffraction measurements using the X-10 Graphite Reactor.
Neutron Diffraction Measurements
Works with Ernest Wollan on early reactor-based neutron diffraction measurements.
Manhattan Project
Successful test of explosive lens for Fat Man
Fat Man
Successful test of explosive lens for Fat Man
Manhattan Project
Successful test of explosive lens for Fat Man
Nationalization
Major deposit banks and the Banque de France are brought into public ownership
Execution
Executed for war crimes, 4th anniversary of Pearl Harbour
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
Kaltenbrunner entered his not guilty plea after illness delayed his appearance before the Tribunal.
Eastern Economic Planning Evidence Names Goering
Prosecutors presented records showing that Goering was informed of plans for operations in the East and held senior responsibility for economic preparations connected with the invasion.
President of Austria
Appointed President of the National Council
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor of Austria
Federal Vice Chancellor
Appointed Federal Vice Chancellor
Gestapo Formation Evidence Cites Goering
The prosecution introduced laws and statements identifying Goering as the official who created and organized the Prussian Secret State Police before its later national expansion.
Control Council Law Ten Creates Wider War Crimes Basis
Control Council Law No. 10 establishes a common legal basis for further occupation-zone prosecutions of war crimes, crimes against peace and crimes against humanity.
Marriage
Healey marries Edna May Edmunds, whom he had met at Oxford before the war.
Oxford University
Healey’s marriage to fellow Oxford graduate Edna Edmunds begins a partnership lasting until her death.
Death of George Smith Patton
Death of George Smith Patton
Birth of Ian Fraser Lemmy Kilmister
Birth of Ian Fraser "Lemmy" Kilmister
Birth of Nawaz Sharif
Birth of Nawaz Sharif
Birth of Nawaz Sharif
Birth of Nawaz Sharif
Ministry of Interior
The Ministry of the Interior is abolished
Reform of Land Ownership
First Land Reform Act
Burial
Buried among the soldiers who died in the Battle of the Bulger
Agreement on the economic union of US & British
Agrees to the economic union of US & British occupation zones in Germany
Economy of Great Britain
Agrees to the economic union of US & British occupation zones in Germany
American & British zones are economically joined together
The American & British zones are economically joined together
Rule of Germany
The American & British zones are economically joined together
Unser the Washington Loan Agreement
Unser the Washington Loan Agreement $3.75 billion is paid to Britain
Washington Loan Agreement
Unser the Washington Loan Agreement $3.75 billion is paid to Britain
Death of Tomoyuki Yamashita
Death of Tomoyuki Yamashita, executed
Execution
Death of Tomoyuki Yamashita, executed
Doctors Trial Opens
Taylor opened the prosecution of physicians and administrators in the first Subsequent Nuremberg Proceeding.
Medical Case Tests Responsibility for Human Experimentation
The first subsequent proceeding examines physicians and administrators accused of criminal medical experiments and other abuses committed under state authority.
Beals Opens Doctors Trial as Presiding Judge
Beals opened the Medical Case and directed the first trial session against physicians and officials accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity.
Doctors Trial High-Altitude Evidence Presented
The prosecution introduces evidence on Dachau high-altitude experiments and the use of concentration-camp prisoners in lethal aviation research.
Doctors Trial Freezing Experiment Evidence Presented
The prosecution presents evidence concerning freezing experiments at Dachau and the suffering imposed on prisoners used as human test subjects.
Doctors Trial Malaria Experiment Evidence Presented
The prosecution turns to malaria experiments conducted on prisoners and the medical responsibility of officials connected with the programme.
Government
Forms a Socialist Government
Prime Minister of France
Appointed Prime Minister of France
Doctors Trial Seawater Experiment Evidence Presented
Evidence is introduced about seawater experiments intended to test survival methods while prisoners endured dangerous deprivation.
Doctors Trial Sterilization Evidence Presented
The prosecution presents the programme of sterilization experiments designed to develop methods for suppressing reproduction among targeted populations.
Doctors Trial Skeleton Collection Evidence Presented
The court hears evidence about the plan to murder selected Jewish prisoners for an anatomical skeleton collection.
Doctors Trial Sulfanilamide Experiment Evidence Presented
The prosecution details wound and drug experiments in which prisoners were deliberately injured to test sulfanilamide treatment.
Battle of Hanoi
Directs resistance as war with France begins in Hanoi
Siege of Hanoi
The Viet Minh launch a surprise attack on the French troops in Hanoi
Milch Trial Arraignment
Milch was arraigned before Military Tribunal II and pleaded not guilty.
Constitution Adopted
The National Assembly adopts the Constitution of the Republic of China after prolonged political negotiations.
Constitution of China
Zhang Junmai is associated with constitutional debate as the National Assembly adopts the constitution
Constitution of China
The National Assembly adopts the Constitution of the Republic of China
Death of W C Fields
Death of W C Fields
Civil War Strategy
Mao frames the renewed conflict as a long revolutionary war against the Nationalists
Year-End Civil War
Chiang ends 1946 committed to military victory after the collapse of coalition negotiations
Election
Popular elections are set up to vote for provincial governors
Reform of Electoral System
Popular elections are set up to vote for provincial governors
Nuclear Power
Soviet scientists achieve their first nuclear chain reaction
Independence of South Korea
Visits the USA to gain support for the establishment of a Korean Government
Mobilization
Creates rural bases & begins war against the French
Siege of Hanoi
Vietminh forces withdraw from Hanoi after attacking the French garrisons. The Viet Minh are driven out of Hanoi & establish themselves in the Viet Bac region
Ohlendorf Testifies in IG Farben Case
Otto Ohlendorf appears as a witness as the industrial trial considers links between corporate activity and Nazi state institutions.
Justice Trial Judgment
Military Tribunal III began delivering judgment in the Justice Case.
Justice Case Judgment Begins
Military Tribunal III begins reading its judgment on the criminal responsibility of judges and Justice Ministry officials.
Justice Trial Sentence
Rothaug received life imprisonment after conviction in the Justice Case.
Justice Case Sentences Announced
The Tribunal announces sentences after convicting ten defendants and acquitting others in the Justice Case.
Wolff Testifies in RuSHA Case
Karl Wolff appears as a defence witness and gives evidence concerning SS command relationships and racial-policy organisations.
Krupp Trial Opens
The Krupp Case opened against industrial managers accused of plunder and forced-labour offences.
Anderson Presides as Krupp Trial Opens
Anderson presided as the Krupp Case opened against industrial executives accused of exploiting forced labour and participating in the seizure of property in occupied territories.
Daly Takes Seat on Krupp Tribunal
Daly took his seat as a member of the Krupp Tribunal when proceedings began against Alfried Krupp and senior officials of the industrial concern.
Wilkins Joins Krupp Tribunal
Wilkins joined the judicial panel at the opening of the Krupp Case and shared responsibility for deciding the industrialists' criminal liability.
First Goal at New Chamartin
Scores the first goal at the newly inaugurated stadium during a 3-1 friendly win over Belenenses.
Presidential Election
Romulo Gallegos won Venezuela's first direct presidential election based on universal suffrage.
Council of Foreign Minister's
The controlling Council of Germany breaks up after failing to agree the future
Krauch Defence Opening Presented
Counsel opens Krauch's defence, challenging allegations that senior IG Farben management bears criminal responsibility for wartime policies.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Uses the CIA to run covert ops in Europe. 1st institution of national security in the US
NSC orders Hillenkoeter to use covert methods against communists in Italy
The NSC orders Hillenkoeter to use covert methods against communists in Italy
Flick Trial Judgment and Sentence
Flick was convicted on selected counts and sentenced to seven years imprisonment.
Sears Presides over Flick Judgment and Sentencing
Sears presided when the tribunal delivered judgment and imposed sentences in the Flick Case after months of testimony, documents and closing arguments.
Point-Contact Transistor Demonstration
With Walter Brattain, demonstrates transistor amplification using controlled electron and hole transport in germanium.
Tuberculosis
Enters Hairmyres Hospital for tuberculosis treatment.
Constitution Takes Effect
The Constitution of the Republic of China takes effect, formally ending the Nationalist period of political tutelage.
End of Second Government
The second al-Rifai cabinet concluded its period in office. The administration had served during the early years of Jordan’s independence, with al-Rifai leading the government and overseeing foreign affairs and defense.
Romanian Peoples Republic
Parhon heads the provisional presidium after proclamation of the republic.
Abdication of Michael I
Michael is forced to abdicate as the monarchy is abolished.
Trade Agreement at Moscow
Leads a trade mission & agrees to exchange manufactured goods for Russian grain
Government
Forms a Democrat & Socialist coalition Government
Reform of Industry
Law for Elimination of Excessive Concentration of Economic Power
Congress of Peoples Congress
The Peoples Congress first meets at Berlin to attempt to replace the Marshall Plan
Economy of Russia
The Russian currency is reformed
Reform of Currency
The Russian currency is reformed
Restored to Ukrainian Party Leadership
Returns as First Secretary of the Ukrainian Communist Party after a nine-month interruption.
Birth of John Michael Osbourne
Birth of John Michael Osbourne, later singer with Black Sabbath and a major solo artist.
Emergency Martial Law
Declares emergency martial-law measures as Communist military victories intensify the Nationalist government’s crisis.
Invasion of Costa Rica
Ex-President, Guardia, invades Costa Rica from Nicaragua with an army of 1,000
Invasion of Costa Rica
Ex-President, Guardia, invades Costa Rica from Nicaragua with an army of 1,000
Deposed in Coup
Castaneda Castro is overthrown by young military officers
Revolutionary Council Takes Power
Oscar Osorio becomes a leading figure in the Revolutionary Council of Government
First French Controlled Chain Reaction
Achieves the first controlled nuclear chain reaction on French territory.
Zoe Reactor Criticality
Helps bring Frances first experimental nuclear reactor to criticality.
French Reactor
Leads work culminating in France's first nuclear reactor.
Baptism
The Princes godparents are King George VI, Queen Mary, Princess Margaret, the Dowager Marchioness of Milford Haven, David Bowes-Lyon, Lady Brabourne, King Haakon VII of Norway (for whom the Earl of Athlone stood proxy), and Prince George of Greece. Prince Charles baptised in the Music Room of Buckingham Palace by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr Geoffrey Fisher
Capture of La Cruz
La Cruz is captured by armed supporters of Calderon Guardia
Capture of La Cruz
La Cruz is captured by armed supporters of Calderon Guardia
Occupation
The US National Security Council issues the 9-Point Program
Republic of Ireland Act
Costello's administration secures enactment of the Republic of Ireland Act, ending the Crown's remaining statutory external role.
Chen Cheng Appointment
Appoints Chen Cheng as Governor of Taiwan Province while preparing the island as an increasingly important Nationalist base.
Chiang Ching-kuo Taiwan Party Appointment
Places Chiang Ching-kuo in charge of the Kuomintang organization in Taiwan Province as the party prepares for possible retreat from the mainland.
Assassination of Mahmoud el-Nokrashy Pasha
Is assassinated by a member of the Muslim Brotherhood.
Third Olafur Thors Government
Begins the Third Olafur Thors Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Stefan Johann Stefansson Government
The Stefan Johann Stefansson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Exile of Chiang Kai-Shek
The Republic of China central government relocates to Taipei as Communist victory on the mainland becomes irreversible.
Exile of Chiang Kai-Shek
Leaves Chengdu for Taipei as the Nationalist government completes its relocation to Taiwan.
Diplomatic Negotiations at Moscow
Mao Tse-Tung has talks with Stalin in Moscow
NHS Charges Power
Secures power to introduce charges, though implementation is delayed.
Diplomatic Negotiations at Moscow
Mao Tse-Tung has talks with Stalin in Moscow
Prime Minister of Australia
Appointed Prime Minister of Australia, 2nd term
Prime Minister of Egypt
Becomes Prime Minister after Mahmoud el-Nokrashy's assassination.
Independence of Vietnam
The French transfer further powers to Bao Dai
Hamburg War Crimes Trial
A British military court convicted Manstein on nine war-crimes charges relating to his wartime command responsibilities and sentenced him to eighteen years in prison. The proceedings examined conduct including failures to protect civilians and the treatment of prisoners in occupied territory.
Moscow Regional Committee Leadership
Resumes leadership of the Moscow regional party organization after leaving Ukraine.
Formation of Third Rifai Government
Al-Rifai returned to the premiership and formed his third cabinet. He initially combined the office of prime minister with that of foreign minister at a time when Jordan was dealing with major regional and administrative pressures.
Invasion of Korea
5-15 December, the Chinese invade Korea & force the X Corps to evacuate
Marshall Aid to Britain ceases
Marshall Aid to Britain ceases
Marshall Plan
Marshall Aid to Britain ceases
State of Emergency
A state of emergency is proclaimed in the USA after the reversals of the United Nations in Korea
Evacuation
X Corps is evacuated from Hungnam
Siege of Seoul
Plans to defend Seoul from a communist invasion
Invasion of Korea
Appointed Commander of ground forces in Korea, replacement for Walton Walker
Death of Walton Walker
Death of Walton Walker, killed in a jeep accident
Peace
China refuses a United Nations appeal for a cease-fire in Korea
Restoration of Diplomatic Relations with Spain
The USA resumes diplomatic relations with Spain
Invasion of Korea
Chinese forces move South across the 38th parallel into South Korea
Legislative Yuan Tenure Extension
Requests an extension of legislators’ terms because nationwide elections cannot be held while the mainland remains under Communist control.
President of Austria
Appointed President of Austria
Siege of Seoul
Evacuates Seoul & establishes a defense line at the Han River
Constitution of Germany
The FDR & DDR agree to send reresentatives to the United Nations to discuss free elections. Russia opposes free elections in Germany
Election
The FDR & DDR agree to send reresentatives to the United Nations to discuss free elections. Russia opposes free elections in Germany
Anniversary
Celebrates the 15th year of his accession to the throne
Retirement
DiMaggio announces his retirement from baseball
EBR-I
Experimental breeder reactor produces electricity from nuclear fuel.
Birth of Anthony Edwin Phillips
Birth of Anthony Edwin Phillips, later Genesis guitarist and founding member.
First National Government
Al-Muntasir becomes the first prime minister of independent Libya.
Accession as King
Idris becomes king of the newly independent United Kingdom of Libya.
Motorcycle Journey Departure
Guevara and Alberto Granado begin their South American journey on the Norton motorcycle La Poderosa II.
President-Elect Korea Inspection Tour
Begins a fact-finding visit to Korea, fulfilling his campaign pledge to inspect the stalemated war personally.
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of Venezuela
Peace Treaty
Russia declares the peace Treaty with Japan invalid
Soviet Criticism
Kerensky develops his views through soviet criticism after 1917.
Defiance Campaign Conviction
Receives nine months imprisonment suspended for two years.
Suspended Prison Sentence
Is convicted with other Defiance Campaign leaders.
President of South Africa
Appointed President General of the ANC, 1st term
Reballion of Rebels in Pongnam
An attempted escape ends with 185 communists killed or wounded
Reballion of Rebels in Pongnam
An attempted escape ends with 185 communists killed or wounded
1st Playboy Magazine
The first Playboy magazine is published, Marilyn Monroe is on the cover
The first Playboy magazine is published, Marilyn Monroe
The first Playboy magazine is published, Marilyn Monroe is on the cover
Government
Meets Churchill & Laniel, the French PM
Bermuda Atomic Information Conference
Begins talks with British and French leaders at Bermuda, including discussion of atomic information and Western strategy.
Diplomatic relations with Iran are restored
Diplomatic relations with Iran are restored
Atoms for Peace
Proposes international peaceful use of uranium and atomic energy.
Atoms For Peace
President Dwight D Eisenhower envisioned the creation of this international body to control and develop the use of atomic energy, in his "Atoms for Peace" speech before the United Nations General Assembly
Atoms for Peace
President Dwight D Eisenhower envisioned the creation of this international body to control and develop the use of atomic energy, in his "Atoms for Peace" speech before the United Nations General Assembly
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
President Dwight D Eisenhower envisioned the creation of this international body to control and develop the use of atomic energy, in his "Atoms for Peace" speech before the United Nations General Assembly
The Story of Little Mook
Directs Die Geschichte vom kleinen Muck for DEFA.
Arrival in Guatemala
Guevara arrives in Guatemala during the reform government of President Jacobo Arbenz.
Contacts with Moncada Survivors
In Costa Rica, Guevara meets Cuban exiles connected with the failed Moncada Barracks attack.
Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
Presents principles of sovereignty, non-aggression, non-interference, equality, mutual benefit and peaceful coexistence during talks with Indian representatives.
Reform of Housing
The Housing Repairs & Rents Bill passes 2nd reading, allows rent increases for repairs
Death of Lavrenti Pavlovich Beria
Executed for attempting to succeed Stalin. Death of Lavrenti Pavlovich Beria
Execution
Executed for being an agent. Executed for attempting to succeed Stalin
Execution of Lavrenti Beria
Beria is executed after being removed from power and tried by the Soviet leadership.
Execution
Has Beria executed
Dien Bien Phu Decision
Plans major operations against the French base at Dien Bien Phu
McCarthy Senate Censure
The Senate censures Senator Joseph McCarthy, marking the collapse of his political influence during Eisenhower's presidency.
Government
Condemned by Senate for conduct during "McCarthyism", ends anti-communist crusade
Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty
The Republic of China and United States sign the Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty, formalizing American security commitments to Taiwan.
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, 1st term
First Siroky Government
The First Siroky Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Second Siroky Government
Begins the Second Siroky Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
NATO Nuclear Arms
The North Atlantic Council approves MC 48 which states that NATO would have to use atomic weapons from the outset of a war with the Soviet Union whether or not the Soviets chose to use them first
NATO Nuclear Arms
The North Atlantic Council approves MC 48 which states that NATO would have to use atomic weapons from the outset of a war with the Soviet Union whether or not the Soviets chose to use them first
Canaris
Directs Canaris, a West German film about Admiral Wilhelm Canaris.
Resignation of Shigeru Yoshida
Resigns because of alleged pro American sympathies. Loses vote of confidence in the Diet & resigns
Vote of Confidence
Loses a vote of confidence in the Diet
Arrest of Rosa Parks
The Montgomery Bus Boycott, urged and planned by ED Nixon (head of the Montgomery NAACP chapter and a member of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters) and led by Martin Luther King follows Rosa Parks arrest. Rosa Parks is arrested for refusing to comply with the Jim Crow laws that required her to give up her seat to a white man
Jim Crow Laws
Rosa Parks is arrested for refusing to comply with the Jim Crow laws that required her to give up her seat to a white man
Montgomery Bus Boycott
The Montgomery Bus Boycott, urged and planned by ED Nixon (head of the Montgomery NAACP chapter and a member of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters) and led by Martin Luther King follows Rosa Parks arrest
Montgomery Bus Boycott
The Montgomery Bus Boycott, urged and planned by ED Nixon (head of the Montgomery NAACP chapter and a member of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters) and led by Martin Luther King follows Rosa Parks arrest
Election
Resigns as Party Leader of the Labour Party after losing two general elections
Resignation of Clement Richard Attlee
Resigns as Party Leader of the Labour Party after losing two general elections
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 4th term
Nobel Prize in Medicine
Receives the medicine prize for discoveries concerning oxidation enzymes.
Oxidation Enzyme Research
Explains structures and actions of enzymes involved in cellular oxidation.
Patent
Patents the Hovercraft
Labour Leadership Bid
Loses the Labour leadership contest to Hugh Gaitskell.
Election
Elected Party Leader of the Labour Party
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the Labour Party
United Nations Membership
Leads the government when Ireland is admitted to the United Nations.
Admission to United Nations
Libya is admitted to membership of the United Nations.
Peerage
Created Earl Attlee and Viscount Prestwood
Appointment as Deputy Prime Minister
Al-Rifai joined Ibrahim Hashem’s government as deputy prime minister and foreign minister. The position brought him back into the cabinet with a leading role in coordinating executive and diplomatic affairs.
State Visit
Tai participates in state visit connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Constituent Assembly Decree
A decree established the legal basis for electing a Tunisian Constituent Assembly.
Soviet Aid
Daoud receives Soviet leaders Nikolai Bulganin and Nikita Khrushchev and accepts major development assistance.
Leader of House of Commons
Appointed Leader of the House of Commons
Lord Privy Seal
Appointed Lord Privy Seal
Chief Whip
Becomes Government Chief Whip and manages Conservative parliamentary discipline.
Labour Leadership Election
Wins the Labour leadership contest against Bevan and Morrison.
Burma Visit
Visits Burma during a wider Asian tour intended to expand Soviet relations with non-aligned states.
Granma Landing
Guevara lands in eastern Cuba with the Granma expedition and joins the surviving rebels moving toward the Sierra Maestra.
Granma Landing at Las Coloradas
The Granma expedition lands on Cuba's southern coast after a difficult crossing from Mexico.
Granma Landing
Cienfuegos lands in eastern Cuba with the Granma expeditionaries and joins the surviving guerrillas seeking refuge in the Sierra Maestra.
Granma Landing
Almeida lands with the Granma expedition in eastern Cuba and joins the survivors who regroup for guerrilla warfare.
Granma Landing
Raúl Castro lands in eastern Cuba with the Granma expeditionaries and joins the survivors who attempt to reach the Sierra Maestra.
Granma
Eighty-two members of the 26th of July Movement land from the yacht Granma in eastern Cuba and begin the guerrilla campaign against Batista.
Granma
Of the 82 who sailed aboard the Granma, only 15 eventually regrouped in the Sierra Maestra mountain range. 82 men from the 26th of July Movement land in Cuba, having sailed in the boat Granma from Tuxpan, Vera Cruz, ready to organize and lead a revolution
Invasion of Cuba
Of the 82 who sailed aboard the Granma, only 15 eventually regrouped in the Sierra Maestra mountain range. 82 men from the 26th of July Movement land in Cuba, having sailed in the boat Granma from Tuxpan, Vera Cruz, ready to organize and lead a revolution
Granma Landing
Lands from the Granma with Castro's rebel expedition.
Granma
Lands from the Granma with Castro's rebel expedition.
Granma Landing
Participates in the preparations of the expedition of the ship Granma, embarking for Cuba on December 2, 1956
Granma Landing
Part of the tiny group of survivors who manage to reach a safe haven in the Sierra Maestra mountains
Granma
Participates in the preparations of the expedition of the ship Granma, embarking for Cuba on December 2, 1956
Granma Landing
His forces hunt the Granma survivors.
Granma Landing
Lands from the Granma with Castro's rebel expedition.
Granma
Lands from the Granma with Castro's rebel expedition.
Granma Landing
Lands in eastern Cuba with the Granma expedition.
Alegria de Pio Ambush
Government forces surprise the recently landed Granma expeditionaries at Alegría de Pío, scattering Castro's force and reducing it to small groups of survivors.
Alegria de Pio
Escapes after the Granma force is scattered.
Alegria de Pio
Survives Batista's attack on the Granma rebels.
Treason Arrest
Is arrested with other anti-apartheid activists for treason.
Treason Trial Begins
Joins the mass prosecution that becomes the Treason Trial.
Death of Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar
Death of B R Ambedkar
Health of Edward Richard George Heath
Eden goes to Jamaica for the sake of his health, Heath is left to manage the party
Health of Robert Anthony Eden
Eden goes to Jamaica for the sake of his health
Collusion Denial
Denies prior collusion in the Suez invasion during Commons questioning
Health of Robert Anthony Eden
Returns from Jamaica
Collusion Questions
Faces questioning over whether Britain had prior knowledge of Israel's attack on Egypt
Collusion Denial
Makes a Commons statement denying prior collusion over the invasion of Egypt
Suez Canal
Makes a speech in the Commons denying all knowledge of the invasion of Suez
Stabilisation Plan
Siles Zuazo adopts a stabilisation plan to control inflation after the revolution
Reunion with Fidel Castro
Guevara's surviving group reunites with Fidel Castro's group and moves deeper into the Sierra Maestra.
M1 Rifle Sharpshooter Qualification
Oswald scored 212 with the M1 rifle on December 21, 1956, qualifying as a Marine sharpshooter.
Port Said Withdrawal
Completes withdrawal of British and French forces from Port Said
Withdrawal
The last Anglo-French forces leave Port Said after international pressure forces withdrawal
Suez Canal
The last Anglo-French forces leave Port Said
Port Said Transfer to UNEF Supervised
Hammarskjold oversees the transition as Anglo-French forces leave and UNEF assumes temporary control.
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan
Canal Clearance
United Nations-led salvage work begins clearing scuttled ships from the canal
Canal Clearance
British military engineering experience informs the wider clearance problem after ships block the canal
Suez Canal
The United Nations fleet begins clearing the canal of scuttled ships
Diplomatic Aftermath
Ends the year managing the diplomatic aftermath of the failed intervention
Visit to Pakistan
Visits Pakistan as part of a wider Asian diplomatic tour.
Coup
Lands in Cuba at the head of a revolutionary group and begins a campaign against Batista
Granma Landing
Organizes, trains and leads for the guerrilla invasion of Cuba
Sierra Maestra
Regroups survivors in the Sierra Maestra.
Canal Sovereignty Retained after Crisis
Nasser retains Egyptian control of the Suez Canal after the Anglo-French withdrawal.
Final Withdrawal Timetable Negotiated
Lloyd negotiates the final timetable for British and French evacuation from Port Said.
Withdrawal
Oversees Britain's diplomatic retreat as Anglo-French withdrawal from Egypt is arranged
Resignation of Ichiro Hatoyama
Resigns as Prime Minister
United Nations
Japan is admitted into the United Nations
Nobel Prize for Transistor Physics
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for semiconductor research and the transistor effect.
Nobel Prize for Transistor Physics
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for semiconductor research and discovery of transistor action.
Nobel Prize for Semiconductor Research
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for semiconductor research and discovery of the transistor effect.
Coup
Of the 82 who sailed aboard the Granma, only 15 eventually regrouped in the Sierra Maestra mountain range
Granma
Of the 82 who sailed aboard the Granma, only 15 eventually regrouped in the Sierra Maestra mountain range
Shippingport Atomic Power Station
Shippingport begins commercial nuclear electricity generation.
Nationalization
The government begins taking over Dutch enterprises amid the dispute over West New Guinea
Treaty of Rome
Luns remains foreign minister when Dutch ratification legislation for the Rome Treaties is published.
Treaty of Rome
The Federal Republic deposits its instrument of ratification with Italy after completing the constitutional approval process.
Nobel Peace Prize
Receives the Nobel Peace Prize for Suez peacekeeping diplomacy.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Camus receives the Nobel Prize in Literature for illuminating problems of the human conscience.
Treaty of Rome
The Dutch ratification instrument is deposited in Rome, completing the Netherlands' final step before entry into force.
Treaty of Rome
The Netherlands deposits its instrument of ratification with Italy while Drees remains prime minister.
National Plebiscite
The government held a disputed plebiscite extending Marcos Perez Jimenez's rule.
Prime Minister of Pakistan
Feroz Khan Noon becomes Prime Minister of Pakistan.
State Visit
I participates in state visit connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Austria Headquarters Agreement
Signs the headquarters agreement establishing the legal arrangements for the IAEA in Austria.
First IAEA Safety Publication
The Agency issues Safety Series No. 1, Safe Handling of Radioisotopes, its first formal publication.
Presidential Election
Romulo Betancourt won the presidential election held after the restoration of civilian politics.
John Birch Society
One of the founder members of the John Birch Society
John Birch Society
Founded in 1958 by Robert W. Welch Jr. in Indianapolis, Indiana, named after John Birch, a United States military intelligence officer and Baptist missionary in World War II who was killed in 1945 by supporters of the Communist Party of China
John Birch Society
Founded in 1958 by Robert W. Welch Jr. in Indianapolis, Indiana, named after John Birch, a United States military intelligence officer and Baptist missionary in World War II who was killed in 1945 by supporters of the Communist Party of China
Nobel Prize in Physics
Shares the Nobel Prize for discovering and interpreting Cherenkov radiation.
Recognition of Cherenkov Radiation
The achievement marks recognition of cherenkov radiation as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Cherenkov Theory Recognition
The achievement marks cherenkov theory recognition as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Nobel Prize in Physics
Shares the Nobel Prize for the theoretical interpretation of Cherenkov radiation.
Falcón River Bridge Demolition
Rebel operations under Guevara cut the central highway by destroying the bridge over the Falcón River.
Capture of Fomento
Guevara's forces capture Fomento during the late-December campaign that expands rebel control across Las Villas.
Test Ban Inspection Safeguards
McCone argued that any nuclear test suspension should rest on a bilateral or multilateral agreement containing effective inspection and verification safeguards.
Attack on Cabaiguan
Forces under Guevara attack Cabaiguan as the Las Villas offensive closes major road and rail routes.
Siege of Yaguajay
Cienfuegos joins the siege of the government garrison at Yaguajay during the final rebel offensive in Las Villas.
MACS-9 Assignment
Oswald was assigned to Marine Air Control Squadron 9 at El Toro on December 22, 1958, and worked with a radar crew.
Emil Jonsson Government
Begins the Emil Jonsson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Fifth Hermann Jonasson Government
The Fifth Hermann Jonasson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Soviet Credit Agreement
Nasser's government signs a Soviet credit agreement supporting the first construction phase.
Battle of Santa Clara
Guevara's forces begin the decisive struggle for Santa Clara, a battle that helps precipitate the final collapse of Batista's government.
Secret Negotiations
Discusses a transition as Batista's regime collapses.
Fighting at Capiro Hills
Guevara's forces continue fighting around the Capiro hills while isolating remaining government positions.
Yaguajay Surrender Offer
Cienfuegos offers surrender terms to Captain Alfredo Abon Lee, promising guarantees for the garrison if it lays down its arms.
Capture of Santiago
The victorious rebel army heads to Santiago de Cuba, the capital of Oriente province
Oriente Campaign
The victorious rebel army heads to Santiago de Cuba, the capital of Oriente province
Capture of Maffo
Captures Maffo during the final Oriente campaign.
Battle of Yaguajay Victory
The government garrison at Yaguajay surrenders to forces under Cienfuegos, removing an important obstacle during the final collapse of Batista's military position.
Fall of Santa Clara
The defeat at Santa Clara convinces Batista to flee.
Battle of Yaguajay
Captures Yaguajay during the final rebel offensive.
Battle of Yaguajay
Fights with Cienfuegos during the final offensive.
Capture of Placetas
Guevara's forces, working with allied revolutionaries, take Placetas during the final Las Villas offensive.
Santa Clara University Operations Base
Guevara uses the university area as an operations base during the battle for Santa Clara.
Las Villas Campaign
Cienfuegos operates in Las Villas alongside other rebel forces as the 26th of July Movement expands its final offensive across central Cuba.
Final Santiago Campaign
Matos leads his rebel column during the final campaign toward Santiago de Cuba as Batista's military position collapses.
All-African Peoples Conference
Attends the All-African Peoples Conference in Accra and strengthens links with African independence leaders.
Franc Stabilisation
France stabilises and reforms the franc within the Bretton Woods system, strengthening the currency's fixed relationship with the dollar-gold international framework.
Reform of Government
The category "enemies of the people" is eliminated
Removal of Enemies of the People Category
The Soviet legal system removes the Stalin-era category of enemies of the people.
Scientific Advisory Committee Established
The IAEA establishes a standing Scientific Advisory Committee to guide its early scientific and technical programmes.
Eleven-Nation Goodwill Tour Begins
Departs on an eleven-nation goodwill tour intended to strengthen alliances and demonstrate personal diplomacy.
Election
Elected President of the Republic of Cyprus
Election
Elected President of the Republic of Cyprus
State Visit
al-Fayez participates in state visit connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Test Moratorium Policy Review
McCone joined senior officials in reviewing the expiring nuclear test moratorium and negotiating guidance before President Eisenhower made a new policy decision.
Honorary Doctorate at Las Villas
The Central University of Las Villas awards Guevara an honorary doctorate, which he accepts on behalf of the Rebel Army.
AEC Test Policy Guidance
McCone transmitted guidance to the AEC after the administration decided how to handle the expiring moratorium and future Geneva negotiations.
Conference of Allies
The 4 major western allies agree to attend a summit with Britain as its organiser
Conference of ANC
Conference votes to initiate an anti-pass law campaign with a pass bonfire 26th June. A conference is held during Durbans anti-pass demonstrations
Demonstrations
Conference votes to initiate an anti-pass law campaign with a pass bonfire 26th June. A conference is held during Durbans anti-pass demonstrations
Capture near Port Francqui
Troops loyal to Mobutu capture Lumumba during his attempted journey eastward.
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, 2nd term
Paramilitary Status Briefing
Lansdale participates in a Special Group briefing on the status and timing of paramilitary preparations.
Planned Return to Cuba
A CIA biographical record stated that Fiorini planned to leave Florida on December 16, 1960, to return to Cuba and fight against Castro.
National Liberation Front
Becomes a leading figure associated with the National Liberation Front
Stanleyville Rival Government
Establishes a rival administration in Stanleyville claiming to preserve Patrice Lumumba's political authority.
Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front
Arcacha Smith established the Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front in New Orleans as part of organized anti-Castro exile activity.
Nuclear Power
The Joint Strategic Target Planning Staff complete SIOP-62, plans for the launch of more than 3,000 nuclear weapons, including hundreds of hydrogen bombs, to attack in the first few hours of conflict 1,000 targets in Communist countries
Beatles Management
first meets the Beatles in a record store
Beatles, The
Brian Epstein invites The Beatles to his shop and offers to manage them
Beatles, The
Brian Epstein invites The Beatles to his shop and offers to manage them
Beatles, The
Brian Epstein invites The Beatles to his shop and offers to manage them
CIA Organization Working Group
McCone established a working group led by Inspector General Lyman Kirkpatrick to examine CIA organization and the case for a separate scientific directorate.
Trial
SS Colonel Adolf Eichmann is found guilty of war crimes in Israel
Trial
Sentenced to death after found guilty of all 12 charges brought against him
Mobilization
US helicopters arrive at docks in South Vietnam along with 400 US personnel
Crimes against Jewish People Conviction
Judges reject his attempt to minimize responsibility.
Guilty Verdict
Is convicted on major charges by the Jerusalem court.
Death Sentence
Is sentenced to death by the District Court.
Jerusalem Court Sentencing
His defence prepares an appeal to Israel's Supreme Court.
Trial
Adolf Eichmann, the former German Gestapo official accused of a major role in the Nazi murder of 6 million Jews, is sentenced by a Jerusalem court to be hanged
Shadow Foreign Secretary
Appointed Shadow Foreign Secretary after changes to Labour's front-bench team.
Bombing of Umkhonto
Bombs are exploded at power stations & Government offices by Umkhonto we Sizwe. A bombing campaign held on the Afikaner Dinganes day, anniversarry Blood River
Bombing of Umkhonto
Bombs are exploded at power stations & Government offices by Umkhonto we Sizwe
Umkhonto We Sizwe
Leaflets are circulated nationally announcing the birth of Umkhonto we Sizwe
Sabotage Campaign Begins
Mandela helps direct the organisation initial sabotage strategy.
Umkhonto we Sizwe Launch
Umkhonto we Sizwe publicly announces its existence.
Bombing of Umkhonto
Killed during the planting of bombs at power stations & Government offices by Umkhonto
Farm Gate
Farm Gate aircraft are authorized to fly combat missions
McCloy-Zorin Accords
The United Nations General Assembly adopts the McCloy-Zorin Accords
UN Endorsement of McCloy-Zorin Principles
The United Nations endorses agreed United States-Soviet principles for future general and complete disarmament negotiations.
United Nations
The United Nations General Assembly adopts the McCloy-Zorin Accords
McCloy-Zorin Accords
The United Nations General Assembly adopts the McCloy-Zorin Accords
Nuclear Power
The United Nations General Assembly adopts the McCloy-Zorin Accords
McCloy-Zorin Accords
The United Nations General Assembly adopts the McCloy-Zorin Accords
United Nations
The United Nations General Assembly adopts the McCloy-Zorin Accords
Kitona Declaration
Signs an agreement with Cyrille Adoula accepting in principle the unity of the Congo.
Soviet Exit Visa Approval
On December 25, 1961, Marina was informed that Soviet exit visas would be granted to her and Oswald.
Beatles, The
The Beatles are driven to London by their road manager, Neil Aspinall, and audition the next day for Decca Records, who reject them
Bombing of Umkhonto
Bombs are exploded at power stations & Government offices by Umkhonto we Sizwe
Comecon Socialist Division of Labour
Comecon adopts principles for closer coordination and specialization among member economies.
Comecon
A Comecon council session approved the Basic Principles of the International Socialist Division of Labour, which talked of closer coordination of plans and of "concentrating production of similar products in one or several socialist countries"
Economy of Russia
A Comecon council session approved the Basic Principles of the International Socialist Division of Labour, which talked of closer coordination of plans and of "concentrating production of similar products in one or several socialist countries"
International Socialism
A Comecon council session approved the Basic Principles of the International Socialist Division of Labour, which talked of closer coordination of plans and of "concentrating production of similar products in one or several socialist countries"
Senator John Tower Assistance Letter
Lee wrote Senator John Tower seeking help because Soviet authorities had not yet allowed him and Marina to leave.
Aid to Vietnam
300 US helicopter pilots in "Eagle Flight" units arrive in Vietnam
Soviet Conduct in Cuba Warning
McCone warned Kennedy that Soviet communications, Cuban support for regional subversion, and Moscow's public claims required caution in any final settlement with Castro.
Thomson Provides New Forward Depth
Scottish forward Bobby Thomson transferred from Partick Thistle in December 1962 as Shankly continued reinforcing the first-team squad.
Audition
Auditions for the Rolling Stones and soon replaces Dick Taylor on bass.
Mariner 2 Solar Wind Confirmation
Reports Mariner 2 plasma measurements that confirm the continuous existence of the solar wind during the spacecraft's flight toward Venus.
Condensed Matter Theory
The achievement marks condensed matter theory as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Nobel Prize in Physics
Receives the Nobel Prize for pioneering theories of condensed matter.
Venus Surface Temperature
Mariner 2 measurements confirm that Venus is extremely hot, supporting greenhouse models of the planet's climate.
Mariner 2 Venus Flyby
Mariner 2 flies past Venus and becomes the first successful spacecraft mission to another planet.
Venus Magnetic Field
Mariner 2 detects no strong intrinsic magnetic field at Venus during its planetary encounter.
Nassau Conference
Macmillan meets Kennedy at Nassau to negotiate continued British access to a strategic nuclear delivery system
Prime Minister Removed
Dia is removed during the political crisis with President Senghor
Nassau Conference
Kennedy meets Macmillan at Nassau to resolve the Skybolt crisis and discuss a substitute nuclear system
Nassau Conference
Thorneycroft supports the British negotiating position for a nuclear missile replacement after Skybolt
Nassau Conference
McNamara participates in discussions over Skybolt cancellation and the proposed sale of Polaris to Britain
Invasion of Cuba
On 21 December 1962, Cuban Prime Minister Fidel Castro and James B. Donovan a US lawyer aided by Milan C. Miskovsky, a CIA legal officer, signed an agreement to exchange 1,113 prisoners for US $53 million in food and medicine, sourced from private donations and from companies expecting tax concessions
Brigade Prisoner Exchange Agreement
Castro agrees with Donovan to exchange 1,113 Bay of Pigs prisoners for food and medicine valued at about fifty-three million dollars.
Polaris
The USA agrees to sell Polaris to Britain
Purchase of Polaris
The USA agrees to sell Polaris to Britain
Nassau Agreement
Macmillan secures agreement for Britain to acquire Polaris missiles for its strategic deterrent
NATO Nuclear Policy
Douglas-Home supports the formula assigning British Polaris forces to NATO with a national reservation
Purchase of Polaris
Britain agrees to purchase Polaris missiles while building its own submarines and nuclear warheads
Agreement on Exchange the 1
Castro and James Donovan, a U.S. lawyer sign an agreement to exchange the 1,113 prisoners for $53 million US dollars in food and medicine, the money is raised privately
Invasion of Cuba
Castro and James Donovan, a U.S. lawyer sign an agreement to exchange the 1,113 prisoners for $53 million US dollars in food and medicine, the money is raised privately
Nassau Agreement
Kennedy agrees that the United States will make Polaris missiles available to Britain after Skybolt cancellation
NATO Nuclear Policy
Rusk supports language linking British Polaris forces to NATO except where supreme national interests are at stake
Prisoner Exchange Agreement Signed
Donovan signs the agreement providing for release of 1,113 Brigade 2506 prisoners in exchange for food and medicine.
Miskovsky Assists Negotiations
Kennedy administration legal officer Milan Miskovsky assists Donovan during the exchange negotiations.
Prisoner Exchange Agreement Reported
Kennedy is informed that Castro and Donovan have signed the prisoner exchange agreement.
Polaris Sales Agreement
The Nassau settlement forms the basis for the later Polaris Sales Agreement between the United States and Britain
Political Leader Released
Artime is released from Cuban imprisonment with other Brigade 2506 members under the exchange agreement.
Brigade Commander Released
Perez San Roman is released from Cuban imprisonment as the Bay of Pigs prisoner exchange is completed.
Released from Cuban Imprisonment
Oliva is released with other Brigade 2506 prisoners following completion of the negotiated exchange.
Operation Grandslam
Authorizes stronger United Nations military action after renewed fighting blocks a negotiated settlement in Katanga.
Brigade Flag Presented to Kennedy
Oliva joins Brigade 2506 leaders in presenting the brigade flag to Kennedy at the Orange Bowl ceremony.
Freed Brigade Welcomed in Miami
Kennedy addresses returned Brigade 2506 members at the Orange Bowl after their release from Cuban prisons.
Rolling Stones, The
Bill Wyman officially joins the Rolling Stones
Food and Medicine Exchange Terms
Donovan negotiates an exchange based on food and medical supplies rather than a conventional cash ransom.
President Re-Elected
Senghor is re-elected under the strengthened presidential system
Presidential Election
Raul Leoni won the presidential election and prepared to succeed Romulo Betancourt.
Pleads Not Guilty
Pleads not guilty to sabotage and conspiracy charges.
Rivonia Sabotage Charges Contested
Rejects the prosecution case during the Rivonia Trial.
FBI Investigation Discussion
An FBI surveillance transcript recorded Giancana and associate Charles English discussing the Bureau's investigation of President Kennedy's assassination on December 3, 1963.
First Commission Meeting
Warren chaired the commission's first meeting on December 5, 1963, as members began organizing an independent investigation of the assassination.
Independent Investigation Mandate
Under Warren's chairmanship, the commission decided that it would conduct an independent investigation rather than simply accept conclusions submitted by other government agencies.
Warren Commission
The Warren Commission met formally for the first time on December 5, 1963 on the second floor of the National Archives Building in Washington, D.C. The Commission conducted its business primarily in closed sessions, but these were not secret sessions
DCI Public Image Discussion
McCone told Johnson that portraying the DCI chiefly as a covert operator impaired his broader intelligence role; Johnson agreed that the public image should change.
J. Lee Rankin Appointment
Warren appointed former Solicitor General J. Lee Rankin as general counsel of the assassination commission on December 8, 1963.
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, 3rd term
Lieutenant General
Appointed Lieutenant General to command I Corps
Constitution of Kenya
Retains the role of Prime Minister after independence was declared
Independence of Kenya
Retains the role of Prime Minister after independence was declared
Secret Service Report
A Secret Service report concluded that Jack Martin's claims that Ferrie had associated with Oswald and trained him to fire a rifle were without foundation.
Subpoena Authority
The commission chaired by Warren received statutory authority to compel testimony and evidence when Congress enacted Public Law 88-202.
Warren Commission Subpoena Authority
Johnson's Warren Commission received statutory authority to subpoena witnesses and obtain evidence when Congress enacted Public Law 88-202.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
FBI
Tells the FBI that he was sure that Oswald was the rifleman he had seen
FBI
Tells the FBI that he was sure that Oswald was the rifleman he had seen
Talks with Gamal Abdel Nasser
Discusses regional affairs, Sino-Indian relations and wider international issues with President Gamal Abdel Nasser.
South Vietnam Inspection Trip
McCone completed discussions in Saigon and found weak governmental leadership, uncertain military progress, and serious shortcomings in reporting on the counterinsurgency.
Vietnam Pessimism Letter to Johnson
McCone told President Johnson that there were more reasons for pessimism than optimism in South Vietnam and that the new military government had not demonstrated effective leadership.
Hosty Entry Omitted From FBI Report
An FBI report transmitting entries from Oswald's address book to the Warren Commission omitted the entry containing Hosty's information.
Expanded Covert Reporting in Vietnam
McCone ordered experienced CIA officers to Saigon temporarily to develop additional covert reporting on the new government's effectiveness and public acceptance.
Visit to Algeria
Visits Algeria during China's expanding diplomatic engagement with newly independent African states.
Trial
Main witness for the state against Mandela
Trial
Mandela & Sisulu are accused of 222 acts of sabotage
Trial
Mandela & Sisulu are accused of 222 acts of sabotage
Trial
Mandela & Sisulu are accused of 222 acts of sabotage
Oswald Lawyer
A Secret Service report issued in December 1963, two weeks after the assassination of President Kennedy, stated that Dean Andrews said that Lee Harvey Oswald had visited Andrews office on approximately three occasions in June and.
Oswald Lawyer
Andrews described his encounters with Oswald in testimony before the Warren Commission in July 1964.
Oswald Lawyer
July 1963, seeking legal advice from Andrews concerning his citizenship status, his wifes status and his undesirable discharge from the Marine Corps.
CIA Evidence Review
Warren's commission sought CIA information concerning Oswald's foreign contacts, Mexico City activities, and possible foreign involvement in the assassination.
FBI Evidence Review
Warren's commission began reviewing investigative reports supplied by the FBI concerning President Kennedy's assassination, Lee Harvey Oswald, and related evidence.
Secret Service Evidence Review
Warren's commission obtained and reviewed Secret Service material concerning the Dallas motorcade, presidential protection, the assassination, and subsequent investigative work.
Hosty Address Book Memorandum
Hosty dictated a memorandum in December recording that his identifying information had been found in Oswald's address book.
Counsel
Appointed assistant counsel to the Warren Commission and works on the background investigation of Lee Harvey Oswald
Counsel
Appointed assistant counsel to the Warren Commission and works on matters concerning Jack Ruby
Counsel
Appointed assistant counsel to the Warren Commission and later examines evidence connected with the assassination sequence
Counsel
Appointed assistant counsel to the Warren Commission and works on witness testimony and evidentiary review
Counsel
Appointed assistant counsel to the Warren Commission and works on legal analysis of the assassination evidence
Counsel
Appointed assistant counsel to the Warren Commission and works on presidential protection and related security evidence
Counsel
Appointed assistant counsel to the Warren Commission and investigates Oswald's foreign contacts and Mexico City material
General Counsel
Appointed general counsel of the Warren Commission and directs the legal staff during the investigation
President's Daily Brief Introduced
CIA introduced the President's Daily Brief for Lyndon Johnson, replacing earlier formats with a concise intelligence product tailored to his reading habits.
Oxford Union Debate
Visits the UK and participates in a debate at Oxford Union
October Crisis
Kerensky develops his views through october crisis after 1917.
President of Italy
Appointed President of Italy, acting
International State Mission Departure
Guevara leaves Cuba for an extended diplomatic mission that includes the United Nations and several African countries.
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet, Head of State
Maser and Laser Research
The achievement marks maser and laser research as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Nobel Prize in Physics
Shares the Nobel Prize for research leading to masers and lasers.
Nobel Prize in Physics
Shares the Nobel Prize for fundamental work in quantum electronics.
Quantum Electronics
The achievement marks quantum electronics as an important Russian scientific milestone.
United Nations General Assembly Address
Guevara addresses the United Nations General Assembly as Cuba's representative during the nineteenth session.
Constitution of Kenya
Kenya becomes a republic, with Kenyatta as executive president
Independence of Kenya
Kenya becomes a republic, with Kenyatta as executive president
Barrel Roll Support
His forces rely on US air support as Operation Barrel Roll expands
Barrel Roll Bombing
Authorizes expanded US air operations over northern Laos
Operation Barrel Roll
Authorizes expanded US air operations in northern Laos
Departure for African Tour
After his United Nations visit, Guevara leaves New York for a multi-country diplomatic tour in Africa.
Air War Coordination
Arrives as ambassador and coordinates US air and covert operations in Laos
Secret War Coordination
Arrives as ambassador and coordinates US covert and air operations in Laos
President of Italy
Appointed President of Italy
Death of Henry Maitland Wilson
Death of Henry Maitland Wilson, 1st Baron Wilson
Fatah
Fatah, a Palestinian movement for independence, makes the first terror attack on Israel and initiates the armed struggle for a state
PLO
Syrian-based al-Fatah guerrillas of Yasser Arafat launch their 1st raid on Israel with the aim of provoking a retaliation and sparking an Arab war against Israel. Fatah, a Palestinian movement for independence, makes the first terror attack on Israel and initiates the armed struggle for a state
Mobilization
Reccommends to Johnson a diluted version of Bundys "just right" option
My Generation Album
Release the debut album My Generation.
Rubber Soul
Produces Rubber Soul, helping the Beatles move toward more mature studio songwriting.
Election
In the 1st round polls 43%, Mitterrand 27% & Lecanuet 20%, a 2nd round is required
Discount Rate and Regulation Q Increase
Federal Reserve policy raises the discount rate and simultaneously increases maximum rates payable on certain time deposits, tightening monetary conditions while allowing banks more flexibility to compete for funds.
Race Relations Act
Supports the first Race Relations Act as a Labour Member of Parliament.
Operation Harvest Moon
Walt oversees Marine participation in Operation Harvest Moon
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Council of State
Government
Appoints family members to senior positions within the Government
Resignation of Anastas Mikoyan
Resigns as the Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet, Head of State
Head of State
Appointed Head of State for Russia
Election
Wins the 2nd & final round with 54.6% to Mitterrands 45.4%
Drama
BBC Two screens an adaptation of the short story "Thirteen to Centaurus" directed by Peter Potter
Oil Sanctions
The Southern Rhodesia Petroleum Order comes into force as Britain tightens sanctions against Rhodesia.
Gemini VII
During the flight of Gemini VII, American astronauts Frank Borman and James A. Lovell set a duration record of fourteen days in Earth-orbit that holds for five years
Gemini VII
During the flight of Gemini VII, American astronauts Frank Borman and James A. Lovell set a duration record of fourteen days in Earth-orbit that holds for five years
Operation Harvest Moon
Barnum takes command under fire and helps direct Marine units during Operation Harvest Moon
Peace
Announces a 36 hr cease-fire commencing Christmas eve to negotiate with North Vietnam
Cabinet
Enters the Cabinet as Home Secretary after Frank Soskice leaves the office.
Peace
Agrees to extend the cease-fire indefinitely to promote negotiations with North Vietnam
Battle of Binh Gia
Viet Cong forces open the Battle of Binh Gia, which continues into early January 1965
Secret Return toward Cuba
After leaving Africa, Guevara is brought back secretly toward Cuba to prepare for a new guerrilla mission in Bolivia.
Anti-Corruption Campaign Announced
Promises to curb corruption and administrative disorder while consolidating the new military-backed government.
Five-Year Ban on Party Politics
Suspends competitive party activity for five years after seizing presidential power.
Revolutionary Volunteers Movement
Creates a pro-regime mass movement that helps prepare the centralized political system of the Second Republic.
Suspension of Right to Strike
Restricts strike activity as part of an early programme to impose political and administrative discipline.
Nobel Prize for Quantum Electrodynamics
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics.
Nobel Prize for Quantum Electrodynamics
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics.
Nobel Prize for Quantum Electrodynamics
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics.
Bombing of Laos
Arc Light sorties hit Laos
Operation Arc Light
Arc Light sorties hit Laos
Happy Jack
Release Happy Jack as a single.
Independence of Great Britain
Talks to resolve the Rhodesia UDI break down
Independence of Rhodesia
Talks to resolve the Rhodesia UDI break down
Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI)
Talks to resolve the Rhodesia UDI break down
A Quick One Album
Release the album A Quick One.
Trial
Arrangements were underway for a new trial to be held in February 1967, in Wichita Falls, Ruby was admitted to Parkland Hospital in Dallas, suffering from pneumonia
Death of Jack Ruby
Ruby made a final statement from his hospital bed that he and he alone had been responsible for the murder of Lee Harvey Oswald
Down to the Countryside
Mao calls for educated youth to learn from workers, peasants and soldiers
Meeting with Mario Monje
Guevara meets Bolivian Communist Party leader Mario Monje, and disagreements emerge over command and strategy.
UFO Club
Pink Floyd become closely associated with London's UFO Club and the underground psychedelic scene
First Garrison Interview
Garrison first interviewed Shaw in connection with the renewed assassination investigation in December 1966.
Health of Christian Barnard
Performs the 1st heart transplant in Cape Town, his patient lives for 18 days
1st Heart Transplant
Performs the 1st heart transplant in Cape Town, his patient lives for 18 days
President of Uruguay
Assumes the presidency after the death of President Oscar Diego Gestido
Their Satanic Majesties Request
The Rolling Stones release Their Satanic Majesties Request.
Chairman of Council of State
Ceausescu becomes chairman of the Council of State, combining party and state leadership.
Nobel Prize in Medicine
Shares the medicine prize for research on visual processes.
Visual Physiology Recognition
Is recognized for explaining retinal responses to light and color.
Death of Otis Reading
Death of Otis Reading
Health of Jack Ruby
doctors realized he had cancer in his liver, lungs, and brain
Counter-Coup
Constantine II launches an unsuccessful counter-coup against the military junta from northern Greece.
Exile of Constantine II
After the counter-coup fails, Constantine II and his family leave Greece and go into exile in Rome.
The Who Sell Out Album
Release The Who Sell Out.
Age Discrimination in Employment Act
Signs the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, prohibiting age discrimination against many older workers.
Pink Floyd
"Christmas On Earth Revisited" is staged at Olympia, Syd seems incapable of playing, standing staring at the audience
Appeal against Military Junta
Papandreou calls for international opposition to the Greek military regime.
Release from Detention
The military regime releases Andreas Papandreou following international pressure.
All Along the Watchtower
Releases All Along the Watchtower on John Wesley Harding.
John Wesley Harding
Releases John Wesley Harding.
Dollars Trilogy
The Dollars trilogy reaches American cinemas and makes Eastwood a major star in the United States.
Black Hole Term
Popularises the term black hole for complete gravitational collapse.
Presidential Election
Rafael Caldera won a closely contested presidential election as the COPEI candidate.
Cruising with Ruben & the Jets
Releases Cruising with Ruben & the Jets, a deliberately stylised tribute to doo-wop and 1950s vocal-group music.
Sympathy for the Devil
Sympathy for the Devil appears on Beggars Banquet.
Beggars Banquet
Produces Beggars Banquet for the Rolling Stones.
Abdication
Rumours of coalition Government & abdication of the Queen cause stock market panic. Rumours of coalition Government & abdication cause stock market panic
Crisis
Rumours of coalition Government & abdication of the Queen cause stock market panic
Stock Market
Rumours of coalition Government & abdication cause stock market panic
Death of John Ernst Steinbeck
Death of John Ernst Steinbeck
Peace
A message is sent to Hanoi indicating an interest in a peace settlement
Apollo 8 Translunar Injection
Commands Apollo 8 as the Saturn V third stage sends the crew from Earth orbit toward the Moon.
Apollo 8
Commands Apollo 8 on the first crewed flight to the Moon.
Apollo 8
Serves as command module pilot on Apollo 8.
Apollo 8
Serves as lunar module pilot on Apollo 8.
Down to the Countryside
Mao orders educated youth to go to the countryside and be re-educated by poor and lower-middle peasants
Apollo 8 Midcourse Navigation
Uses Apollo navigation procedures during the translunar coast to refine the spacecraft trajectory.
Apollo 11 Assignment
Is selected to command Apollo 11 after serving as Apollo 8 backup commander.
Apollo 11 Assignment
Offers Neil Armstrong command of Apollo 11 after Armstrong backs up Apollo 8.
Apollo 8 Christmas Eve Broadcast
Participates in the Christmas Eve television broadcast from lunar orbit and closes the crew's message to Earth.
Apollo 8 First Lunar Far-Side Passage
Commands Apollo 8 as the crew passes behind the Moon and loses radio contact with Earth.
Apollo 8 Lunar Orbit Circularization
Commands the second lunar-orbit insertion burn, circularizing Apollo 8's orbit around the Moon.
Apollo 8 Lunar Orbit Insertion
Commands the burn that places Apollo 8 into lunar orbit.
Earthrise Mission
Commands the crew that first sees Earthrise from lunar orbit.
Apollo 8 Earthrise Observation
Observes Earth rising above the lunar horizon with the Apollo 8 crew during lunar orbit.
Apollo 8 Genesis Reading
Participates in the Christmas Eve Genesis reading broadcast to Earth from lunar orbit.
Apollo 8 Lunar Navigation
Conducts landmark tracking and navigation observations during Apollo 8 lunar orbit.
Apollo 8 Lunar Orbit Insertion
Serves as command module pilot during the burn that places Apollo 8 into lunar orbit.
Apollo 8 Christmas Eve Broadcast
Participates in the Christmas Eve television broadcast from lunar orbit.
Apollo 8 Earth Observation Photography
Photographs Earth and the lunar horizon during Apollo 8's historic lunar-orbit mission.
Apollo 8 Landing Site Survey
Observes and photographs lunar terrain to support planning for later Apollo landing missions.
Apollo 8 Lunar Orbit Insertion
Serves as lunar module pilot during Apollo 8's first lunar-orbit insertion burn.
Apollo 8 Lunar Photography
Photographs lunar terrain and prospective landing areas during Apollo 8’s ten lunar orbits.
Earthrise Photograph
Photographs Earthrise during Apollo 8 lunar orbit.
First View of Lunar Far Side
Becomes one of the first humans to see the Moon’s far side when Apollo 8 passes behind it.
Christmas Eve Television Broadcast
Leads a worldwide Christmas Eve television broadcast from lunar orbit.
Apollo 8
Congratulates the Apollo 8 crew during the first crewed mission to orbit the Moon.
Apollo 8 Trans-Earth Injection
Commands the engine burn that sends Apollo 8 out of lunar orbit toward Earth.
Apollo 8 Trans-Earth Injection
Serves as command module pilot during the burn that sends Apollo 8 from lunar orbit toward Earth.
Apollo 8 Reentry
Commands Apollo 8 through Earth reentry before splashdown in the Pacific.
Apollo 8 Reentry Navigation
Supports navigation and spacecraft operations during Apollo 8's return and reentry.
Apollo 8 Return
Returns from Apollo 8 after ten lunar orbits.
Apollo 8 Reentry
Returns through Earth's atmosphere with Borman and Lovell after the first crewed lunar-orbit mission.
Apollo 8 Splashdown
Returns to Earth with Borman and Lovell after the first crewed lunar-orbit mission.
First Cernik Government
The First Cernik Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Rock and Roll Circus
The Rolling Stones "Rock and Roll Circus", part concert, part circus-act film organized by the band, It goes unreleased for 25 years because Mick Jagger is unhappy with the bands performance compared to other bands in the film, such as Jethro Tull
Rolling Stones, The
Jones last formal appearance with the Rolling Stones, The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus, part concert, part circus-act film organized by the band, but not released for 25 years
Hague Summit Relaunch
Pompidou backed completion, deepening and enlargement of the Communities at the Hague summit.
Hague European Summit
Represents Germany as leaders open the Hague summit on completion, deepening and enlargement of the European Communities.
Hague European Summit
Represents Italy as Community leaders open the Hague summit on completion, deepening and enlargement.
Hague Enlargement Decision
Supports the Hague agreement to open enlargement negotiations with applicant countries including Britain, Denmark and Ireland.
Hague Enlargement Decision
Supports the Hague agreement to begin enlargement negotiations and strengthen European cooperation.
Let It Bleed
The Rolling Stones release Let It Bleed.
Altamont Free Concert
Performs at the Altamont Free Concert at the end of the 1969 US tour.
Constitutional Proclamation
The Revolutionary Command Council issues a provisional constitutional proclamation for the republic.
Bombing of Berlin
The Baader-Meinhog bomb Berlin
Constitution of Libya
A new "constitution" was implemented, the RCC becomes the ultimate authority in Libya
Coup
A new "constitution" was implemented, the RCC becomes the ultimate authority in Libya
Revolutionary Command Council
A new "constitution" was implemented, the RCC becomes the ultimate authority in Libya
Ambassador
Appointed Ambassador of Turkey
United Nations
Harrison joins John Lennon & the Plastic Ono Band onstage, the 1st time they had shared a stage since 1st May 1966
War Is Over! If You Want It!
"War Is Over! If You Want It!" billboards go up in 11 cities around the world, as a Christmas message from John Lennon and Yoko Ono
Government
Partially lifts the trade embargo on China
First US Tour
Begins Led Zeppelin's first American tour supporting Vanilla Fudge.
First US Tour
Introduces Led Zeppelin's live sound to American audiences.
Massacre
Arrives in Vietnam to lead an investigation into the My Lai Massacre
European Enlargement Policy
Opens the way to renewed enlargement talks after de Gaulle leaves office.
Octopus
Syd Barrett releases his first solo single, "Octopus"
Plastic Ono Band
The Plastic Ono Band - Live Peace in Toronto is released
Toronto Rock n Roll Revival
The Plastic Ono Band - Live Peace in Toronto is released
Pink Floyd
Studio sessions in Rome for the soundtrack of "Zabriskie Point"
Rangers Manager Appointment
Takes charge of Rangers and begins rebuilding the side that later wins the European Cup Winners' Cup.
Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act
Parliament enacts legislation to regulate monopolistic and restrictive trade practices.
Thin Lizzy
Forms Thin Lizzy with school friend Phil Lynott and remains the drummer through the band's classic recording years.
Thin Lizzy
Joins Thin Lizzy as guitarist after meeting Eric Wrixon and linking with Phil Lynott and Brian Downey in Dublin.
Thin Lizzy
Joins the original Thin Lizzy line-up on keyboards after previously working with Them alongside Eric Bell.
Thin Lizzy
Forms Thin Lizzy in Dublin with Brian Downey, Eric Bell and Eric Wrixon, becoming the band's bassist, lead vocalist and principal songwriter.
Touch Me
Releases Touch Me with orchestral arrangement.
EPA Begins Operations
Becomes the first administrator as the Environmental Protection Agency begins operations
Red Army Faction
Eric Grusdat is arrested
Election Result
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's Awami League wins an absolute National Assembly majority.
General Election - General Election
Pakistan holds its first nationwide direct general election.
General Election Election Outcome
General election outcome recorded for Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan: Pakistan holds its first nationwide direct general election.
General Election Government
Government context for this general election: Pakistan holds its first nationwide direct general election.
General Election
Pakistan holds its first nationwide direct general election.
General Election
Voters elect members of the National Assembly in Pakistan's first direct national poll.
National Assembly
The Awami League emerges as the largest party in the new National Assembly.
Victory over Bonavena
Stops Oscar Bonavena in the fifteenth round
Neurotransmitter Storage Research
Receives recognition for work on noradrenaline storage and release.
Nobel Prize in Medicine
Shares the medicine prize for discoveries concerning nerve transmitters.
Magnetohydrodynamics Recognition
Is recognized for discoveries concerning plasma and magnetic-field interactions.
Nobel Prize in Physics
Shares the physics prize for foundational work in magnetohydrodynamics.
Nobel Peace Prize
Receives the Nobel Peace Prize for work associated with the Green Revolution
UN Ambassador Nomination
Nominated as United States ambassador to the United Nations
State of Emergency
Announced in Cabinet in the face of growing industrial unrest
Venera 7 Landing
Venera 7 makes the first successful soft landing on Venus and the first survivable landing on another planet.
Venera 7 Surface Data
Venera 7 continues transmitting after touchdown, returning the first data directly from the surface of another planet.
Love Story
Stars as Jenny Cavalleri in Love Story
Film Debut
Appears in Love Story in his first feature film role
Love Story
Directs Love Story
Provincial Elections
Pakistan holds provincial assembly elections after the national poll.
Baneberry Nuclear Test
Operation Baneberry releases radioactive material after an underground nuclear test
Arrest of Karl-Heinz Ruhland
Karl-Heinz Ruhland is arrested by the police and begins talking (he only knew the gangs code names), Ruhland becomes a star witness at many of the Baader-Meinhof trials
Red Army Faction
Karl-Heinz Ruhland is arrested by the police and begins talking (he only knew the gangs code names), Ruhland becomes a star witness at many of the Baader-Meinhof trials
Arrest of Ulrike Marie Meinhof
Ulrike Meinhof bolts at a police check point, leaving an ID card with a very recent picture of her newly-peroxided hair style
Oregon v Mitchell
The Supreme Court decides the 1970 voting-age case Oregon v Mitchell
Oregon v Mitchell Opinion
Announces the controlling opinion in Oregon v Mitchell
Arrest of Ali Jansen and Ulrich Scholze
Ali Jansen and Ulrich Scholze are arrested after trying to steal a car. Jansen shoots at a cop; he later will get 10 years for attempted murder, Scholze is released the next day, leaving his terrorist days forever behind him
Arrest of Ulrich Scholze
Ali Jansen and Ulrich Scholze are arrested after trying to steal a car. Jansen shoots at a cop; he later will get 10 years for attempted murder, Scholze is released the next day, leaving his terrorist days forever behind him
President of Poland
Appointed President of Poland
Little Big Man
Stars in Little Big Man
Little Big Man
Directs Little Big Man
John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band
John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band, Lennons debut album as a solo artist, enters the album charts
Family Planning Act Support
Supports federal family-planning legislation before becoming UN ambassador
Family Planning Act
Signs the Family Planning Services and Population Research Act
Lok Sabha Dissolved
The Lok Sabha is dissolved early, paving the way for the 1971 general election.
Occupational Safety and Health Act
The Act establishes federal workplace-safety standards and enforcement institutions.
Occupational Safety and Health Act
Supports the new federal workplace safety framework created by OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Act
Signs the Occupational Safety and Health Act
Death of Sonny Liston
Dies in Las Vegas, with the death commonly dated to late December 1970
Beatles, The
Paul McCartney files a suit to dissolve the Beatles
Dissolution
Paul McCartney files a suit to dissolve the Beatles
Dissolution
Paul McCartney files a suit to dissolve the Beatles
Dissolution
Paul McCartney files a suit to dissolve the Beatles
Clean Air Act Amendments
Helps lead congressional work on the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970
Clean Air Act Amendments
Signs the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970
Chief Minister Appointed
Becomes Chief Minister after William Henry Bramble leaves office
Election
In Eastern Pakistan, the Awami League, led by Mujibur Rahman, wins 160 out of 162 seats in the Parliament
Election
Bhuttos Pakistan Peoples Party emerges as the single largest party from Punjab and Sindh and manages to win 81 National Assembly seats, all from the Western Wing
National Assembly
Bhuttos Pakistan Peoples Party emerges as the single largest party from Punjab and Sindh and manages to win 81 National Assembly seats, all from the Western Wing
Khrushchev Remembers Published Abroad
His memoirs are published abroad as Khrushchev Remembers despite official Soviet disapproval.
L.A. Woman Sessions
Plays bass during L.A. Woman sessions.
L.A. Woman Production
Co-produces L.A. Woman with The Doors.
L.A. Woman Sessions
Adds rhythm guitar during L.A. Woman sessions.
L.A. Woman Sessions
Records sessions for L.A. Woman, his final studio album with the band.
Order of Lenin
Awarded the Order of Lenin for the sixth time.
Transfer to CRP
Liddy leaves his White House Domestic Council post and moves to the Committee to Re-Elect the President as counsel, positioning him to develop campaign intelligence operations.
Mars 3 Landing
Mars 3 achieves the first soft landing on Mars before contact is quickly lost.
Independence of Bangladesh
The Indiai civil war ends with independence for East Pakistan, now Bangladesh
Bombing of India
Pakistan launches air strikes against Indian airfields, beginning full-scale war between India and Pakistan.
Battle of Gangasagar
Albert Ekka attacks fortified Pakistani positions at Gangasagar and is mortally wounded while helping secure the objective.
War Response
Indira Gandhi directs India's response after Pakistan launches pre-emptive air strikes, bringing India formally into the war.
Declaration of War
War begins after Pakistan launches pre-emptive air strikes against Indian airfields.
Independence of Bangladesh
Pakistan strikes Indian airfields, and Indira Gandhi's government responds by entering the war that ends with Bangladesh's independence.
Air Strikes on India
Pakistan launches air strikes against Indian airfields, widening the 1971 war.
War with India
Full-scale war begins between Pakistan and India after Pakistani air strikes.
Operation Chengiz Khan
Yahya Khan's government orders air strikes against Indian airfields as full-scale war begins on the western front.
Bombing of Belfast
An explosion in a public house in Belfast kills 15
Operation Trident
Admiral S. M. Nanda oversees naval operations as Indian missile boats strike Karachi during Operation Trident.
Montreux Casino Fire
Escapes with the audience when a flare ignites the casino during a Mothers concert and destroys the band's equipment.
Independence of Bangladesh
India recognizes the Democratic Republic of Bangladesh and Pakistan breaks off diplomatic relations. Bangladesh beomes independent from Pakistan following a 9-month war in a struggle led by Sheik Mujibar Rahman
Massacre
Bangladesh accusses Pakistan of war atrocities that led to the death of some 3 million people during the 9-month war
Recognition of the Democratic Republic of Bangladesh and Pakistan
India recognizes the Democratic Republic of Bangladesh and Pakistan breaks off diplomatic relations. Bangladesh accusses Pakistan of war atrocities that led to the death of some 3 million people during the 9-month war
Independence of Bangladesh
India formally recognises Bangladesh as an independent state.
Indian Recognition of Bangladesh
India formally recognizes Bangladesh during the Indo-Pakistani War.
British Petroleum Interests Nationalised
Libya nationalises British Petroleum interests following a dispute with the British government.
Deputy Prime Minister
Yahya Khan appoints Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Deputy Prime Minister during the final war crisis.
Foreign Minister of Pakistan
Bhutto also assumes the foreign affairs portfolio in Yahya Khan's government.
First Strougal Government
The First Strougal Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Second Strougal Government
Begins the Second Strougal Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Rainbow Theatre Stage Attack
Suffers severe injuries after an audience member pushes him from the stage into the orchestra pit at the Rainbow Theatre.
Defence of Srinagar
Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon engages Pakistani aircraft over Srinagar and is killed while defending the airfield.
Independence of Bangladesh
Pakistani forces in East Pakistan surrender to the allied forces of India and Bangladesh, jointly known as the Mitro Bahini
Mitro Bahini
Pakistani forces in East Pakistan surrender to the allied forces of India and Bangladesh, jointly known as the Mitro Bahini
Independence of Bangladesh
Pakistan's Eastern Command surrenders in Dhaka, confirming Bangladesh's independence after India's military victory.
Surrender at Dhaka
Jagjit Singh Aurora accepts the surrender of Pakistani forces at Dhaka, ending organized resistance in East Pakistan.
Surrender Negotiations
J. F. R. Jacob helps negotiate the surrender terms that Pakistani forces sign in Dhaka on 16 December 1971.
Ceasefire
India accepts the Pakistani surrender in the eastern theatre and announces a ceasefire on the western front.
Independence of Bangladesh
The surrender at Dhaka ends the eastern campaign and secures the emergence of independent Bangladesh.
Battle of Basantar
Arun Khetrapal fights Pakistani armour at Basantar and is killed after refusing to abandon his damaged tank.
1971 War
The eastern war ends with the surrender of Pakistan's Eastern Command.
Surrender of Eastern Command
Niazi signs the instrument of surrender for Pakistani forces in East Pakistan at Dhaka.
Peace
A cease fire begins between India and Pakistan in East Pakistan
Hunky Dory
Releases Hunky Dory, including Changes, Life on Mars?, Queen Bitch and Oh! You Pretty Things.
ANC
The African National Council is formed to reject the Anglo-Rhodesia settlement
Battle of Basantar
Hoshiar Singh leads his company during the Battle of Basantar and holds its position despite repeated Pakistani counterattacks.
Ceasefire
A ceasefire takes effect on the western front after Pakistan accepts the conflict's outcome.
Death of Alexander Tvardovsky
Death of poet and editor Alexander Tvardovsky.
Smithsonian Agreement
The United States and other major economies reach the Smithsonian Agreement to realign exchange rates after suspension of dollar-gold convertibility, creating a temporary framework for the international monetary system.
Smithsonian Agreement
Connally negotiates the Smithsonian Agreement, realigning major currencies and raising the intended official dollar price of gold while leaving gold convertibility suspended.
Devaluation
The US devalues the dollar by 7.9% & lifts the import surcharge
Economy of USA
The US devalues the dollar by 7.9% & lifts the import surcharge
Arrest of Mujibar Rahman
Mujibur Rahman is released from prison & becomes President of Bangladesh
Independence of Bangladesh
Sheik Rahman is nominated as president
President of Bangladesh
Sheik Rahman is nominated as president
Chief Martial Law Administrator
Bhutto becomes civilian Chief Martial Law Administrator after Yahya Khan resigns.
President of Pakistan
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto succeeds Yahya Khan as President.
Resignation after War
Yahya Khan relinquishes power after Pakistan's defeat and the separation of East Pakistan as Bangladesh.
Commander in Chief
Gul Hassan Khan becomes Commander in Chief of the Pakistan Army after Yahya Khan leaves office.
Assassination of Herbert Schoner
RAF members Klaus Janschke, Ingeborg Barz, Wolfgang Grundmann raid a branch of the Bavarian Mortgage and Exchange Bank, a police officer, Herbert Schoner, walks in on the raid and is shot dead
Assassination of Herbert Schoner
RAF members Klaus Janschke, Ingeborg Barz, Wolfgang Grundmann raid a branch of the Bavarian Mortgage and Exchange Bank, a police officer, Herbert Schoner, walks in on the raid and is shot dead
Assassination of Herbert Schoner
RAF members Klaus Janschke, Ingeborg Barz, Wolfgang Grundmann raid a branch of the Bavarian Mortgage and Exchange Bank, a police officer, Herbert Schoner, walks in on the raid and is shot dead
Resignation as Archbishop Submitted
McQuaid submits his resignation after more than three decades leading the Dublin archdiocese.
President of Italy
Appointed President of Italy
President of Bangladesh
Appointed President of Bangladesh
Second Republic Currency Devaluation
The Second Republic sharply devalues Ghana's currency as the government attempts to address serious balance-of-payments and economic pressures.
Twenty-sixth Amendment
The Twenty-sixth Amendment ends official recognition and privy-purse payments for former princely rulers.
Eastern Air Operations
Hari Chand Dewan commands the Eastern Air Command as the Indian Air Force supports the rapid campaign in East Pakistan.
Joint War Planning
Sam Manekshaw oversees Indian Army strategy during the December campaign that rapidly defeats Pakistani forces in East Pakistan.
Economy of Japan
Under the Smithsonian Agreement there are 308 Yen to the Dollar
Black September
Gunmen associated with Black September attempted to assassinate Jordanian ambassador Zaid al-Rifai in London. The attack illustrated the continuing threat to Jordanian officials following the suppression of Palestinian armed groups in the kingdom.
Defence of East Pakistan
Niazi commands Pakistani forces in East Pakistan as Indian and Mukti Bahini forces advance toward Dhaka.
Smoke on the Water
Writes lyrics inspired by the Montreux casino fire, later becoming Smoke on the Water.
Smoke on the Water
Creates the famous guitar riff for Smoke on the Water, one of the most recognisable riffs in rock music.
Machine Head
Begins work with Deep Purple in Montreux on sessions that become Machine Head after the casino fire disrupts recording plans.
Apollo 17 Launch
Commands Apollo 17, the last Apollo lunar landing mission.
Apollo 17 CSM-LM Docking
Pilots America during transposition and docking with lunar module Challenger after translunar injection.
Watergate
Congress, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigated the crash, and found it to be an accident caused by crew error.
Watergate
Hunt's wife, Dorothy, was killed in the December 8, 1972 plane crash of United Airlines Flight 553 in Chicago.
Watergate
Over $10,000 in cash was found in Dorothy Hunt's handbag in the wreckage
Watergate
Over $10,000 in cash was found in Dorothy Hunt's handbag in the wreckage.
Watergate
Congress, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigated the crash, and found it to be an accident caused by crew error.
Watergate
Hunt's wife, Dorothy, was killed in the December 8, 1972 plane crash of United Airlines Flight 553 in Chicago.
Watergate
Over $10,000 in cash was found in Dorothy Hunt's handbag in the wreckage
Dorothy Hunt Plane Crash
Hunt's wife Dorothy dies in United Airlines Flight 553; investigators later determine the crash was accidental, while cash found among her belongings attracts Watergate-related attention.
Watergate
Congress, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigated the crash, and found it to be an accident caused by crew error.
Watergate
Hunt's wife, Dorothy, was killed in the December 8, 1972 plane crash of United Airlines Flight 553 in Chicago.
Watergate
Over $10,000 in cash was found in Dorothy Hunt's handbag in the wreckage.
Covert Executive Telephone
Bernstein and Woodward report that figures connected with the Watergate case used a covert executive telephone, adding another communications link to the investigation.
Covert Executive Telephone
Woodward and Bernstein report that figures connected with the Watergate case used a covert executive telephone, adding another communications link to the investigation.
Apollo 17 Lunar Orbit Insertion
Commands Apollo 17 as the spacecraft enters lunar orbit before the final Apollo landing.
Apollo 17 Landing
Commands Apollo 17, the final crewed lunar landing mission.
Apollo 17 ALSEP Deployment
Helps deploy the final Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package at Taurus-Littrow.
Apollo 17 Landing
Becomes the first professional scientist to walk on the Moon.
Apollo 17 Lunar Orbit
Pilots America in lunar orbit during Apollo 17.
Apollo 17 Orbital Science
Conducts photography and scientific observations from America while Cernan and Schmitt work on the surface.
Prime Minister of Afghanistan
Mohammad Musa Shafiq becomes the monarchy's final prime minister.
Apollo 17 First EVA
Begins Apollo 17's first lunar surface excursion and starts exploration of the Taurus-Littrow valley.
Apollo 17 Rover Traverse
Drives the lunar rover during extended geological exploration of the Taurus-Littrow valley.
Apollo 17 First EVA
Begins lunar field geology with Cernan during Apollo 17's first surface excursion.
Apollo 17 Geology
Conducts lunar geology as the only professional geologist on the Moon.
Orange Soil Discovery
Recognizes orange volcanic soil at Shorty Crater during Apollo 17’s second EVA.
Fair Trading Bill Second Reading
Introduces the Fair Trading Bill at second reading and argues that stronger competition and consumer protection should operate together.
Apollo 17 Second EVA
Explores Taurus-Littrow with Schmitt during the mission's second long rover traverse.
Apollo 17 Station 6 Traverse
Explores the North Massif area and Station 6 during the mission’s final surface excursion.
Apollo 17 Lunar Sampling
Collects and documents lunar rocks and soil during the final Apollo surface EVA.
Apollo 17 Second EVA
Conducts geological observations and sampling during the second Taurus-Littrow rover traverse.
Conference of Paris
The North Vietnamese walk out of the Paris peace conference
Born to Boogie
The UK premiere of Born to Boogie is held at Oscars Cinema in Brewer Street, Soho.
Apollo 17 Lunar Module Liftoff
Commands Challenger's ascent stage as the final Apollo lunar surface crew leaves the Moon.
Last Apollo Moonwalk
Leaves the Moon as the last Apollo astronaut on the surface.
Apollo 17 Lunar Module Liftoff
Leaves the Moon aboard Challenger with Cernan after completing the final Apollo surface expedition.
Apollo 17 Third EVA
Completes the final Apollo lunar surface excursion with Cernan before Challenger's departure.
Apollo 17 SIM Bay Mapping
Operates mapping and scientific equipment in lunar orbit while the surface crew prepares to depart.
Challenger Lunar Ascent
Commands Challenger’s ascent from Taurus-Littrow and rendezvous with command module America.
Apollo 17 Message
Sends a message marking the close of Apollo lunar exploration.
Peace
Nixon ultimatum to NV to resume negotiations or "suffer the consequences"
Apollo 17 Challenger Redocking
Returns to command module America with Schmitt after rendezvous and docking in lunar orbit.
Treaty of Accession
Leads Ireland when completion of accession-treaty ratification is formally notified.
Apollo 17 Trans-Earth Injection
Pilots America during the maneuver that sends Apollo 17 from lunar orbit toward Earth.
Apollo 17 Deep-Space EVA
Performs a transearth EVA to retrieve mapping and lunar sounder film from the service module.
Linebacker II
"Christmas bombing" Dec. 17-30 - most intense bombing campaign of the war
Linebacker II
Commands Strategic Air Command during the Linebacker II bombing campaign
Bombing of Haiphong
Nixon orders a 3 day bombing offensive against Hanoi-Haiphong, Operation Linebacker II
Bombing of Hanoi
Nixon orders a 3 day bombing offensive against Hanoi-Haiphong, Operation Linebacker II
Christmas Bombing
Orders Operation Linebacker II bombing of North Vietnam
Linebacker II
Operations north of the Twentieth Parallel cease, 729 sorties have ben flown & 15 planes lost
Linebacker II
Hanoi agrees to Nixon's conditions for reopening peace negotiations
Linebacker II
Orders B52s to bomb Hanoi & Haiphong
Linebacker II
26-30 December, massive air bombing of military installations in North Vietnam
Linebacker II
Orders a 3 day bombing offensive against the Hanoi-Haiphong, Operation Linebacker II
Federal Aviation Administration
Appointed Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration
Apollo 17 Splashdown
Returns with Cernan and Schmitt as Apollo 17 ends the final crewed lunar landing mission.
Apollo 17 Completion
Leads NASA when Apollo 17 returns from the Moon.
Treaty of Basic
East & West Germany recognize each others boundaries & independence
Treaty of Basic
East & West Germany recognize each others boundaries & independence
Treaty of Bassic
East & West Germany recognize each others boundaries & independence
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, 2nd term
Death of Harry S Truman
Death of Harry S Truman
President of North Korea
Becomes president under a new constitution.
Conference of Paris
Hanoi agrees to Nixon's conditions for reopening peace negotiations
Aguirre, the Wrath of God
Directs Aguirre, the Wrath of God.
European Free Trade Association (EFTA)
Britain leaves EFTA in order to join the EU
European Free Trade Association (EFTA)
Britain leaves EFTA in order to join the EU
Withdrawal from EFTA
Britain leaves EFTA in order to join the EU
Legal and Family Support Demands
As prosecution approached, Hunt sought money for legal costs, family support, and expenses while maintaining expectations of assistance from political associates.
Apollo 17 Lunar Sounder Operations
Operates lunar orbital science equipment, including the lunar sounder, while Cernan and Schmitt explore Taurus-Littrow.
Apollo 17 Panoramic Camera Operations
Conducts mapping and panoramic photography from command module America during lunar orbit.
Second Nobel Prize for Superconductivity
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for the microscopic BCS theory of superconductivity.
Nobel Prize for Superconductivity
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for the BCS theory based on paired electrons.
Nobel Prize for Superconductivity
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for the BCS theory of superconductivity.
Sabbath Bloody Sabbath
Sings on Sabbath Bloody Sabbath, an album that broadens the band's arrangements and production.
Shadow Home Affairs
Returns to Labour's front bench as the principal opposition spokesman on home affairs.
Death of David Ben-Gurion
Death of David Ben-Gurion, Israels first Prime Minister
Death of David Ben-Gurion
Death of David Ben-Gurion
Pioneer 10 Close-Up Imaging
Pioneer 10 begins returning Jupiter images surpassing the best Earth-based views then available.
Yacyreta Treaty
Signs the Yacyreta Treaty with Paraguay for a binational hydroelectric project.
Pioneer 10 Jupiter Flyby
Pioneer 10 makes humanity's first close spacecraft encounter with Jupiter.
Pioneer 10 Radiation Measurements
Pioneer 10 instruments confirm Jupiter's intense radiation environment.
Conference of Sunningdale
Convenes a conference to establish a power sharing Assembly between in North Ireland
Tales from Topographic Oceans
Leads the concept for Tales from Topographic Oceans, inspired by spiritual and philosophical ideas.
Tales from Topographic Oceans
Plays keyboards on Tales from Topographic Oceans before leaving the band in 1974.
Conference of Sunningdale
Declares a Council for Ireland & a British-Irish Commission for cross-border violence. A communique announces an agreement is issued, which later becomes known as the Sunningdale Agreement
Conference of Sunningdale
Talks were held between 6 Dec and 9 Dec in the Berkshire town of Sunningdale between the British Prime Minister Edward Heath, the Irish Taoiseach Liam Cosgrave and the three pro-agreement parties. Declares the Constitutional status of Northern Ireland.
Conference of Sunningdale
The Consultative Assembly is to be made up of 30 members from Dail Eireann and 30 members from the Northern Ireland Assembly, It is to have "advisory and review functions" only.
Conference of Sunningdale
The Council of Ministers is to be composed of seven members from the power-sharing executive, and seven members from the Irish Government.
Constitution of Great Britain
Declares the Constitutional status of Northern Ireland
Dail Eireann
The Consultative Assembly is to be made up of 30 members from Dail Eireann and 30 members from the Northern Ireland Assembly, It is to have "advisery and review functions" only
Sunningdale Agreement
A communique announces an agreement is issued, which later becomes known as the Sunningdale Agreement.
Sunningdale Agreement
An attempt to end the Northern Ireland troubles by forcing unionists to share power with nationalists.
Sunningdale Agreement
The Agreement has three parts, an elected Northern Ireland Assembly, a power-sharing cross-community Northern Ireland Executive and a cross-border Council of Ireland.
Sunningdale Agreement
The Sunningdale Agreement is fiercely repudiated Unionists and the Ulster Unionist Party ceases to support the Conservatives at Westminster contributing to Heaths downfall.
Sunningdale Agreement
Supports the Sunningdale Agreement as an attempted Northern Ireland power-sharing settlement.
Conference of Sunningdale
A communique announces an agreement is issued, which later becomes known as the Sunningdale Agreement
Sunningdale Agreement
A communique announces an agreement is issued, which later becomes known as the Sunningdale Agreement
Sunningdale Agreement
The British and Irish Governments and political leaders from Northern Ireland established a power-sharing or coalition executive for a devolved Northern Irish Government
Presidential Election
Carlos Andres Perez won the presidential election as the Democratic Action candidate.
Economy of Great Britain
Britain cuts the work week to three days to save energy supply
Three Day Week
Britain cuts the work week to three days to save energy supply
Three Day Week
Faces the economic consequences of reduced working hours, inflation, industrial disruption and energy shortages.
Three Day Week
Announces emergency restrictions to reduce electricity demand during the miners dispute and energy crisis.
Three Day Week
Handles industrial relations pressure as the miners overtime ban pushes the government toward emergency energy controls.
Three Day Week
Works on government measures to restrict industrial electricity use and preserve fuel supplies.
Copenhagen European Summit
Represents Ireland at a Community summit during the country's first year of membership.
Milk Fund Executive Inquiry Opens
Participates in an executive-session phase of the committee's Milk Fund investigation, examining campaign-finance questions connected with political contributions and federal policy.
Milk Fund Executive Testimony
Oversees executive-session testimony in the Milk Fund investigation as the committee examines financial and political relationships connected with campaign contributions.
Retirement
A farewell match for Garrincha between a FIFA World team and Brazil is celebrated at the Maracana Stadium in Rio de Janeiro, in front of 131,000 spectators
First Jørgensen Premiership
The First Jørgensen Premiership ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Hartling Government
Begins the Hartling Government in Copenhagen and serves as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Milk Fund Evidence Review
Participates in a further executive session reviewing evidence in the committee's Milk Fund investigation and its relationship to campaign financing.
Assassination of Luis Carerro Blanco
Killed by an ETA car bomb
Death of Luis Carerro Blanco
Death of Luis Carerro Blanco
Milk Fund Investigation Continues
Leads another closed committee session examining evidence gathered in the Milk Fund investigation and questions concerning political contributions.
Geneva Conference
Authorizes Egyptian participation in the Geneva peace conference after the war.
Peace Conference
Welcomes the Geneva conference as a diplomatic path after the war.
Meeting with In Geneva
Israel, Egypt, Syria, Jordan, US and USSR leaders meet in Geneva
Geneva Conference
Jordan is invited to the Geneva peace conference after the October War.
Geneva Conference
Attends the Geneva peace conference convened after the war.
Geneva Conference
Refuses full participation in the Geneva peace process after the war.
Tapes Released to Jaworski
After reviewing presidential recordings supplied by the White House, releases relevant portions to Special Prosecutor Leon Jaworski.
Milk Fund December Session
Participates in the final documented December executive session of the Milk Fund investigation as the committee continues reviewing campaign-finance evidence.
Geneva Conference
Attends the Geneva peace conference after the war.
Nine Major Construction Projects
Premier Chiang Ching-kuo announces major national construction projects intended to strengthen transport, industry and infrastructure during Chiang Kai-shek’s presidency.
Constitution of Great Britain
The power-sharing Administration of the Northern Ireland Assembly is sworn in
Oil Crisis
Heath's Government introduces energy-saving restrictions as oil supplies tighten and prices rise.
Three Day Week Decision
Prepares emergency restrictions on electricity use as industrial conflict deepens.
Nobel Prize for Josephson Effects
Receives the Nobel Prize in Physics for theoretical predictions of coherent electron-pair tunnelling.
Nobel Prize for Electron Tunnelling
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for experimental discoveries concerning tunnelling in semiconductors.
Nobel Prize for Superconducting Tunnelling
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for experimental discoveries concerning tunnelling in superconductors.
Roxy Performances
Records a celebrated series of concerts at the Roxy Theatre that later supplies material for several official releases.
Jupiter Magnetotail Evidence
Pioneer measurements reveal that Jupiter possesses an extended magnetotail and a vast magnetosphere.
First Jupiter Polar Images
Pioneer 11 returns the first close spacecraft views of Jupiter's polar regions.
Pioneer 11 Great Red Spot Imaging
Pioneer 11 obtains the most detailed spacecraft images then available of Jupiter's Great Red Spot.
Pioneer 11 Jupiter Flyby
Pioneer 11 passes closer to Jupiter than Pioneer 10 and surveys high latitudes.
Birth of Nicole Marie Appleton-Gallagher
Birth of Nicole Marie Appleton-Gallagher
Monarchy Referendum
Greek voters reject restoration of the monarchy in a referendum held after democracy is restored.
Referendum Campaign Exclusion
Constantine is not permitted to return to Greece to campaign personally before the referendum on the future of the monarchy.
Referendum Vote Share
The option associated with restoration of the monarchy receives slightly more than thirty percent of the vote in the Greek referendum.
European Council Creation
Giscard hosted the Paris summit that created the European Council as a regular forum for national leaders.
Summit
Hosts the EC Paris Summit. Declares Heads of State should meet more frequently
Creation of European Council
Represents Germany at the Paris summit where leaders establish regular meetings under the name European Council.
Dark Horse
Releases album, "Dark Horse" in the US
Conference of EC
Attends EC Summit where "the British problem" & the "European Council" are discussed
Conference of Paris
Attends EC Summit where "the British problem" & the "European Council" are discussed
Paris European Summit
Represents Ireland as leaders agree to establish regular meetings under the title European Council.
Paris European Summit
Represents Italy at the summit that establishes regular meetings under the title European Council.
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan
Direct Elections Agreement
Giscard supported the decision to move toward direct elections to the European Parliament.
Regional Development Fund Agreement
At the Paris summit, Giscard supported creation of a Community fund to reduce regional economic disparities.
Direct European Elections Decision
Supports the Paris summit decision to advance direct elections to the European Parliament.
Helios 1 Solar Wind Mission Launch
Begins solar-wind investigations with the Helios programme after Helios 1 launches on a close solar orbit carrying plasma and magnetic-field instruments.
Creation of European Council
Supports the Paris decision creating the European Council and advancing direct European Parliament elections.
Creation of European Council
Supports the agreement creating the European Council and advancing direct European Parliament elections.
Leaves Rolling Stones
Mick Taylor announces his departure from the Rolling Stones.
President of Chile
Assumes the title President of the Republic while retaining command of the army.
Dark Horse
Releases album, "Dark Horse" in the UK
Private Gold Ownership Legalised
Federal restrictions on private ownership of monetary gold end, allowing Americans to hold bullion again without restoring any obligation to redeem dollars in gold.
Rule of Namibia
The United Nations gives South Africa 6 months to transfer authority to South West Africa
Rome European Council
Hosts the European Council as leaders discuss direct elections, a common passport and Community representation at G7 summits.
Restoration
The monarchy is restored after the death of Franco
Direct European Elections Decision
Supports the Rome European Council decision advancing direct universal elections to the European Parliament.
Abdication
Abdicates as the monarchy is abolished and the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic is proclaimed
President of Laos
Appointed first president of the Lao People Democratic Republic after the end of the monarchy
Prime Minister
Becomes prime minister and dominant leader of the new Lao Peoples Democratic Republic
Collective Nuclear Motion Recognition
Receives recognition for connecting nuclear structure with collective behavior.
Nobel Prize in Physics
Shares the physics prize for describing collective motion in atomic nuclei.
Trial
Sentenced to life in prison for her attempted assassination of President Ford
Demonstrations
There are 26 deaths after demonstrations
Crisis
The Government is forced to invest GBP 184 million to prevent Chrysler leaving the UK
Return from Exile
Returns to Phnom Penh with his wife under Khmer Rouge supervision
Congressional Note Inquiry
Hosty was questioned during congressional investigation of whether the FBI had withheld information about Oswald's note from the Warren Commission.
Congressional Withholding Inquiry
Congressional questioning examined why the existence and destruction of Oswald's note had not been disclosed to the Warren Commission
Hosty Recounts Destruction Order
In congressional testimony, Hosty maintained that he destroyed the Oswald note after being instructed to do so by his Dallas superior.
Hosty Says Note Contained No Threat
Hosty told investigators that he remembered the note as a complaint and did not recall language threatening violence against the FBI.
Note Contents Disputed
Congressional inquiry recorded conflicting recollections about whether Oswald's note was merely a complaint or contained a threat.
Receptionist Account Compared With Hosty
Congressional investigators compared Hosty's recollection of the note with a former Dallas FBI receptionist's more threatening account of its contents.
Shanklin Account Compared With Hosty
Investigators confronted the conflict between Hosty's claim that Shanklin ordered destruction of the note and Shanklin's denial of prior knowledge.
Grundy Television Controversy
Appears with the Sex Pistols on Thames Television's Today programme, where the band's language creates a national media controversy.
Bill Grundy Interview
Uses the television controversy to increase the Sex Pistols' notoriety and public profile.
Bill Grundy Interview
Appears on the Today programme interview that turns the Sex Pistols into a national controversy.
Bill Grundy Interview
Interviews the Sex Pistols on live television, triggering complaints and tabloid outrage.
Hotel California
Co-writes Hotel California and helps define the album's twin-guitar sound.
Hotel California
Sings lead vocals on Hotel California, the title track of the band's landmark album.
Hotel California
Makes his first Eagles studio album appearance on Hotel California after replacing Bernie Leadon.
Hotel California
Records his final Eagles studio album with the band before leaving in 1977.
Anarchy in the UK Chart Entry
Anarchy in the UK gives the Sex Pistols their first Official Singles Chart entry and introduces Lydon's confrontational vocal style nationally.
Rotating Black Hole Emission
Extends Hawking-radiation calculations to rotating black holes and studies how evaporation removes angular momentum.
Small Black Hole Absorption
Calculates low-frequency absorption cross sections for small black holes, clarifying how scalar and spinor waves interact with the horizon.
IMF Loan
Healey agrees an International Monetary Fund programme supporting sterling and public finances.
IMF December Agreement - Economic Policy
Economic-policy record linked to the IMF crisis: Concludes the December agreement underpinning Britain’s IMF programme.
IMF December Agreement - Government Response
Government response under Denis Winston Healey: Concludes the December agreement underpinning Britain’s IMF programme.
IMF December Agreement - IMF
IMF context: Concludes the December agreement underpinning Britain’s IMF programme.
IMF December Agreement
Concludes the December agreement underpinning Britain’s IMF programme.
IMF Fiscal Measures - Economic Policy
Economic-policy record linked to the IMF crisis: Commits Britain to fiscal measures supporting the IMF loan agreement.
IMF Fiscal Measures - Government Response
Government response under Denis Winston Healey: Commits Britain to fiscal measures supporting the IMF loan agreement.
IMF Fiscal Measures - IMF
IMF context: Commits Britain to fiscal measures supporting the IMF loan agreement.
IMF Fiscal Measures
Commits Britain to fiscal measures supporting the IMF loan agreement.
IMF Letter of Intent - Economic Policy
Economic-policy record linked to the IMF crisis: Signs the letter of intent committing Britain to fiscal measures supporting the IMF loan agreement.
IMF Letter of Intent - Government Response
Government response under Denis Winston Healey: Signs the letter of intent committing Britain to fiscal measures supporting the IMF loan agreement.
IMF Letter of Intent - IMF
IMF context: Signs the letter of intent committing Britain to fiscal measures supporting the IMF loan agreement.
IMF Letter of Intent
Healey signs the letter of intent committing Britain to fiscal measures supporting the IMF loan agreement.
IMF Letter of Intent
Signs the letter of intent committing Britain to fiscal measures supporting the IMF loan agreement.
IMF Programme Agreement - Economic Policy
Economic-policy record linked to the IMF crisis: Agrees an International Monetary Fund programme supporting sterling and public finances.
IMF Programme Agreement - Government Response
Government response under Denis Winston Healey: Agrees an International Monetary Fund programme supporting sterling and public finances.
IMF Programme Agreement - IMF
IMF context: Agrees an International Monetary Fund programme supporting sterling and public finances.
IMF Programme Agreement
Agrees an International Monetary Fund programme supporting sterling and public finances.
Public Finance Programme - Economic Policy
Economic-policy record linked to the IMF crisis: Agrees IMF-linked measures supporting public finances.
Public Finance Programme - Government Response
Government response under Denis Winston Healey: Agrees IMF-linked measures supporting public finances.
Public Finance Programme - IMF
IMF context: Agrees IMF-linked measures supporting public finances.
Public Finance Programme
Agrees IMF-linked measures supporting public finances.
Sterling Support Programme - Economic Policy
Economic-policy record linked to the IMF crisis: Agrees an IMF programme intended to support sterling and public finances.
Sterling Support Programme - Government Response
Government response under Denis Winston Healey: Agrees an IMF programme intended to support sterling and public finances.
Sterling Support Programme - IMF
IMF context: Agrees an IMF programme intended to support sterling and public finances.
Sterling Support Programme
Agrees an IMF programme intended to support sterling and public finances.
Wind and Wuthering
Plays on Wind and Wuthering, his final Genesis studio album.
Intercontinental Cup Secured in Brazil
Franz Beckenbauer captains Bayern to a goalless second leg against Cruzeiro, completing a 2-0 aggregate victory in the Intercontinental Cup.
Iron Lady
Tass calls Margaret Thatcher the "Iron Lady" over her condemnation of Rusia
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan
Pakistan Steel Mills
Bhutto's government advances construction of the state-owned Pakistan Steel Mills complex.
Fundamental Duties Added
The Forty-second Amendment adds a constitutional list of Fundamental Duties for citizens.
Preamble Amended
The Forty-second Amendment adds socialist, secular and integrity to the Constitution's Preamble.
Dismissal
Dismissed by the LDP for not protecting Tanaka who is under arrest for bribery
Second Hero of Soviet Union Award
Receives a second Hero of the Soviet Union title during his seventieth-birthday celebrations.
Nobel Prize for J-Psi Discovery
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovery of the J/psi using electron-positron collisions.
Nobel Prize for J-Psi Discovery
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovery of a new kind of heavy elementary particle.
Alliance Palestine and PLO
Formation of a solidarity front between Algeria, Libya, Southern Yemen & the PLO
Solidarity
Formation of a solidarity front between Algeria, Libya, Southern Yemen & the PLO
South Yemen Joins Arab Front
South Yemen joins Algeria, Libya, Syria and the PLO.
Steadfastness and Confrontation Front
Participates in formation of an Arab front opposing Egyptian policy.
First Salyut 6 Resident Crew
The achievement marks first salyut 6 resident crew as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Soyuz 26 Docking
Commands Soyuz 26 as it docks with the Salyut 6 space station.
Nuclear Power
Desai tells Parliament that his government does not intend to manufacture nuclear weapons or conduct further nuclear explosions.
Death of Charlie Chaplin
Death of Charlie Chaplin
Huddersfield Benefit
Performs at the Ivanhoes benefit shows, the band's final British performances of the original era.
Sex Pistols
The Sex Pistols final UK performance takes place at Ivanhoes, where the band play a matinee and evening show as part of a benefit for the families of striking firemen
Japan NPT Safeguards Procedures Enter Force
Exchanges notes bringing into force subsidiary arrangements implementing Japan's NPT safeguards agreement.
That's Life Album
Sham 69's That's Life enters the UK albums chart during the band's successful 1978 run.
Tommy Gun Chart Entry
Tommy Gun enters the Official Singles Chart and later reaches number nineteen.
Demonstrations
During the Islamic month of Muharram, over two million people filled the streets of Tehrans Azadi Square (then Shahyad Square), to demand the removal of the Shah and return of Khomeini
Exile of Ruhollah Khomeini
During the Islamic month of Muharram, over two million people filled the streets of Tehrans Azadi Square (then Shahyad Square), to demand the removal of the Shah and return of Khomeini
Demonstrations
During the Islamic month of Muharram, over two million people filled the streets of Tehrans Azadi Square (then Shahyad Square), to demand the removal of the Shah and return of Khomeini
Demonstrations
During the Islamic month of Muharram, over two million people filled the streets of Tehrans Azadi Square (then Shahyad Square), to demand the removal of the Shah and return of Khomeini
Exile of Ruhollah Khomeini
During the Islamic month of Muharram, over two million people filled the streets of Tehrans Azadi Square (then Shahyad Square), to demand the removal of the Shah and return of Khomeini
Demonstrations
During the Islamic month of Muharram, over two million people filled the streets of Tehrans Azadi Square (then Shahyad Square), to demand the removal of the Shah and return of Khomeini
Presidential Election
Luis Herrera Campins won the presidential election as the COPEI candidate.
Super Cup First-Leg Goal
Restores Anderlecht's lead against Liverpool in the first leg of the UEFA Super Cup.
Super Cup First-Leg Opening Goal
Scores Anderlecht's opening goal in a 3-1 UEFA Super Cup first-leg victory over Liverpool.
Super Cup Goal Against Anderlecht
Scores Liverpool's goal in the 3-1 first-leg UEFA Super Cup defeat by Anderlecht.
Super Cup First-Leg Third Goal
Scores Anderlecht's third goal in their 3-1 UEFA Super Cup first-leg victory over Liverpool.
Pioneer Venus Orbiter
Pioneer Venus Orbiter becomes the first American spacecraft to enter orbit around Venus.
Alliance Afghanistan and Russia
Taraki presents the Soviet treaty as protection for the new revolutionary government.
Mutual Assistance Clause
The treaty permits consultations and assistance when either government considers its security threatened.
Soviet Alliance
Taraki signs a twenty-year Treaty of Friendship, Good-Neighbourliness and Cooperation with the Soviet Union.
Treaty of Friendship
The treaty expands political, economic, and military cooperation between Kabul and Moscow.
European Monetary System Agreement
Participates as the Brussels European Council finalises the political agreement creating the European Monetary System.
European Monetary System Agreement
Participates as the European Council reaches political agreement on creating the European Monetary System.
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, 1st term
Death of Golda Meir
Death of Golda Meir (80), PM of Israel from 1969 to 1974, dies of cancer in Jerusalem
Pioneer Venus Probe Entry
The Pioneer Venus probes enter the atmosphere at widely separated locations to sample Venus simultaneously.
Pioneer Venus Surface Transmission
One Pioneer Venus small probe survives impact and continues transmitting from the surface for more than an hour.
Nobel Prize
Shares the Nobel Peace Prize with Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin.
Low-Temperature Physics
The achievement marks low-temperature physics as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Nobel Prize in Physics
Receives the Nobel Prize for discoveries in low-temperature physics.
Nobel Prize
Penzias receives the Nobel Prize in Physics for the microwave background discovery
Nobel Prize
Wilson receives the Nobel Prize in Physics for the microwave background discovery
Demonstrations
A "total of 6 to 9 million" anti-shah demonstrators marched throughout Iran
Demonstrations
A "total of 6 to 9 million" anti-shah demonstrators marched throughout Iran
Peoples Republic of China
Recognizes the Peoples Republic of China & severs relations with Taiwan
Recognition of the Peoples Republic of China & severs
Recognizes the Peoples Republic of China & severs relations with Taiwan
Third Plenum
Chen Yun supports the shift away from Cultural Revolution politics at the Third Plenum
Super Cup Second-Leg Opening Goal
Scores the opening goal for Liverpool in the second leg of the UEFA Super Cup against Anderlecht.
Super Cup Second-Leg Goal
Scores at Anfield as Anderlecht protect their aggregate advantage and win the UEFA Super Cup.
Bryukhanov Unit Two Reactor Power Rise
Oversees station management as operators begin raising reactor power during the commissioning of Unit 2.
Parole from Lompoc Prison
Is paroled after serving eighteen months at the federal minimum-security prison in Lompoc, California, for his Watergate convictions.
Bryukhanov Unit Two Turbine Grid Connection
Manages the station as Turbine Generator 3 is connected to the grid during Unit 2 commissioning.
Venera 12 Landing
Venera 12 descends through the Venusian atmosphere and transmits scientific measurements from the surface.
Habyarimana Confirmed in Office
MRND dominance is reinforced through the national vote.
Presidential Election
Is confirmed as president in a single-candidate election.
Vietnam Invasion
Vietnam invades Cambodia to remove Khmer Rouge rule
Venera 11 Landing
Venera 11 reaches Venus and returns atmospheric and surface measurements after a successful descent.
Joy Division
Ian Curtis suffers his first recognisable epileptic fit, after a show Curtis has a seizure during the ride home and has to be taken to a hospital, In spite of Curtis illness, Joy Divisions career continues to progress
Anti-Castro Group Draft Finding
The committee's final findings stated that anti-Castro Cuban groups, as groups, were not involved in Kennedy's assassination.
Cuban Government Draft Finding
The committee concluded from the available evidence that the Cuban Government was not involved in Kennedy's assassination.
Boluan Fanzheng
Deng Xiaoping promotes reversing chaos and correcting wrong verdicts left from the Cultural Revolution
European Monetary System Agreement
European leaders agreed the framework for the European Monetary System, strongly promoted by Giscard.
Strike
Ford workers settle for 17%. British Oxygen workers settle for 10%. British Leyland workers make a claim for 37%
Border Settlement
Because of several years of border conflict and the flood of refugees fleeing Kampuchea, relations between Kampuchea and Vietnam collapse
Invasion of Vietnam
Pol Pot, fearing a Vietnamese attack, orders a pre-emptive invasion of Vietnam. Despite American and Chinese aid, these Kampuchean forces were repulsed by the Vietnamese
Third Hero of Soviet Union Award
Receives his third Hero of the Soviet Union title.
She's Not There and Kicks EP
She's Not There and the Kicks EP enter the Official Singles Chart and reach the UK Top Forty.
Constitution Referendum
Iran's new constitution is approved by referendum, formalising the Islamic Republic's governing structure
Higgs Boson
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for electroweak unification, the theory whose massive weak bosons depend on spontaneous gauge-symmetry breaking.
Nobel Prize
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics with Sheldon Glashow and Steven Weinberg for contributions to unified weak and electromagnetic interactions.
Higgs Boson
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for the electroweak theory, which incorporates the symmetry-breaking mechanism later tested through Higgs-boson measurements.
Nobel Prize
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics with Sheldon Glashow and Abdus Salam for contributions to electroweak unification.
Taoiseach of Ireland
Becomes Taoiseach for the first time after succeeding Jack Lynch as Fianna Fail leader.
Politburo Afghanistan Intervention Decision
Joins the Politburo decision approving Soviet military intervention in Afghanistan.
Restoration of British Authority
Muzorewa's administration ends as Britain resumes authority before independence elections.
UDI Terminated
British authority is restored, ending the constitutional order created by UDI.
Lancaster House Agreement Signed
Mugabe signs the settlement providing a ceasefire, constitution and supervised elections.
London Calling Album
London Calling enters the UK albums chart, reaching the Top Ten and expanding the Clash's sound beyond early punk.
Soviet Military Entry
Large Soviet military units enter Afghanistan as Moscow prepares to replace Amin.
Invasion of Afghanistan
Russia invades after Amins unpopularity & failure to suppress the guerrillas
Security-Ulster
Visits the security services in Ulster
Invasion of Vietnam
Vietnam invades Kampuchea
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan
Soviet forces enter Afghanistan in a major military intervention intended to preserve a pro-Soviet government.
Politburo
Appointed Member of Politburo, Candidate Member
Head of State
Babrak Karmal is installed as chairman of the Revolutionary Council following the Soviet intervention.
Death of Hafizullah Amin
Amin is killed during the Soviet assault on Tajbeg Palace.
Soviet Intervention
Soviet forces remove Amin and transfer power to Babrak Karmal.
Tajbeg Palace Assault
Soviet special forces storm Amin's residence and destroy his government.
Coup
Placed in power by a Russian backed coup
Coup
Placed in power by a Russian backed coup
Invasion of Afghanistan
The Afghan Revolutionary Central Committee elects as head of Government former Deputy Prime Minister Babrak Karmal. Broadcasts an appeal for Soviet help from a radio station within Russia
Revolutionary Central Committee
The Afghan Revolutionary Central Committee elects as head of Government former Deputy Prime Minister Babrak Karmal
Execution
The Islamic penal code is introduced; Bhutto hanged
Islamic Penal Code
The Islamic penal code is introduced; Bhutto hanged
Invasion of Afghanistan
Zia-ul-Haq aligns Pakistan with efforts supporting Afghan resistance after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
Babrak Karmal Installed
The Soviet intervention replaces Hafizullah Amin with Babrak Karmal as Afghanistan's leader.
Kabul Communications Hub Disabled
Soviet special forces disable Kabul's communications hub during the operation against Hafizullah Amin.
Soviet Seizure of Kabul Institutions
Soviet special forces seize key government, military and communications sites in Kabul.
Tajbeg Palace Assault
Soviet special forces storm Tajbeg Palace and Afghan leader Hafizullah Amin is killed.
Defence Agreement at Washington
The US affirms the 1959 defense agreement with Pakistan
Defence Agreement
After Russia invades Afghanistan the US affirms the 1959 Pakistan defense agreement
Military Aid
The US affirms the 1959 defense agreement with Pakistan. After Russia invades Afghanistan the US affirms the 1959 Pakistan defense agreement
Pakistan Defence Agreement
After Russia invades Afghanistan the US affirms the 1959 Pakistan defense agreement
Defence Agreement
The US affirms commitment to Pakistan under the 1959 defense agreement. Russia invades Afghanistan & the US affirms the 1959 defense agreement with Pakistan
Invasion of Afghanistan
The US affirms commitment to Pakistan under the 1959 defense agreement. Russia invades Afghanistan
Invasion of Afghanistan
President Jimmy Carter indicates that the Soviet incursion was "the most serious threat to the peace since the Second World War"
Invasion of Pakistan
Russia invades Afghanistan & the US affirms the 1959 defense agreement with Pakistan
Soviet Announcement after Amin's Removal
Soviet-controlled Radio Kabul announces the removal of Hafizullah Amin's government.
Federal Shariat Court Proposal
Zia's government advances judicial institutions for reviewing laws under Islamic principles.
Exile of Idi Amin Dada
Amin goes first to Libya, departing Uganda in a Bell UH-1 registered 5X-UWG, where sources are divided on whether he remained until December 1979 before finding final asylum in Saudi Arabia
Lancaster House Agreement
Returns to Zimbabwe following the completion of the Lancaster House Agreement, is greeted with enormous supportive crowds
Death of Patrick Chrestien Gordon Walker
Death of Patrick Chrestien Gordon Walker
Breakup
Announces with the band that Led Zeppelin cannot continue without Bonham.
Death of Robert Anthony Plant
Plant joins the decision that Led Zeppelin will not continue after Bonham's death.
Led Zeppelin
Led Zeppelin formally announces its break-up after John Bonham's death.
Assassination of John Winston Lennon
John Lennon is shot by deranged assailant, Mark Chapman as he and Yoko return to the Dakota after a recording session, he is pronounced dead at Roosevelt Hospital
Death of John Winston Lennon
Death of John Lennon, Lennon is shot dead by Mark David Chapman, in front of his apartment block in New York City
Summit Meeting at Dublin
Attends the Anglo-Irish summit in Dublin
Anglo-Irish Summit
Meets Thatcher in Dublin for Anglo-Irish talks.
Death of Enrique Hertzog Garaiz
Former president Enrique Hertzog Garaiz dies in Buenos Aires.
Death of Hector Jose Campora Demaestre
Death of Hector Jose Campora Demaestre
Head of Junta Takes Office
Duarte becomes head of the Revolutionary Government Junta
Death of Karl Doenitz
Death of Karl Doenitz
Higher Education Restructuring
Begins reforms permitting new private higher-education institutions and restructuring the university system.
Presidency Ends
Senghor resigns and transfers power constitutionally to Abdou Diouf
Premiership Ends
Diouf leaves the prime ministership to succeed Senghor as President
Bharatiya Janata Dal (United) Party
The BJP is re-founded under the direct leadership of the duumvirate of Vajpayee and Advani
Polish Solidarity Crisis
Coordinates Soviet-bloc pressure on Poland as the Solidarity movement challenges Communist Party authority.
Indira Gandhi Talks
Discusses Afghanistan, regional security and Soviet-Indian relations with Indira Gandhi.
New Delhi State Visit
Visits India and is received by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and President Neelam Sanjiva Reddy.
Premiership Crisis
Pen Sovan's position weakens before his removal from office
Public Expenditure Statement
Announces public-expenditure plans for 1982-83 and links them to the Government's continuing strategy for reducing inflation and borrowing.
Bryukhanov Unit Three Commissioning
Directs the station when Unit 3 is commissioned and the Chernobyl generating complex expands to three operating reactors.
Acting PM Appointed
Chan Sy becomes Acting Prime Minister after Pen Sovan's removal
Removed as Prime Minister
Pen Sovan is removed from the prime ministership after a short term
Party Leadership Consolidated
Heng Samrin consolidates senior state and party leadership after Pen Sovan's removal
Nobel Prize in Medicine
Shares the medicine prize for discoveries about visual information processing.
Visual Cortex Research
Reveals how cortical cells organize and respond to visual stimuli.
Electron Spectroscopy Recognition
Receives recognition for methods revealing atomic and molecular energy levels.
Nobel Prize in Physics
Shares the physics prize for high-resolution electron spectroscopy.
Confederation President
Diouf becomes President of the Senegambia Confederation with Gambia
Arrest of Solidarity leadership
Arrests 3/4 of the Solidarity leadership
Martial Law
The Council of National Salvation comes to power & declares martial law. The borders are sealed, a curfew imposed, broadcasting controlled. Strikes & assemblies are banned
Solidarity
Jaruzelski bans Solidarity. Arrests 3/4 of the Solidarity leadership
Strike
Strikes are banned
Martial Law
The Government attempts to destroy the union with the martial law of 1981 and several years of repression, but in the end it had to start negotiating with the union. Jaruzelski declares martial law
Capture of Golan Heights
Israel annexes the Golan Heights, seized from Syria in 1967, Parliament approves the annexation of the Golan Heights with legislation in one day
Golan Heights Law Introduced
The government of Menachem Begin advanced legislation extending Israeli law, jurisdiction, and administration to the Golan Heights, despite continuing Syrian claims.
Knesset Enacts Golan Heights Law
The Knesset enacted the Golan Heights Law, applying Israeli civil law to the occupied plateau in a move widely treated internationally as annexation.
Rule of Golan Heights
Israel annexes the Golan Heights, seized from Syria in 1967, Parliament approves the annexation of the Golan Heights with legislation in one day
Party Renamed
Communist Party of Kampuchea renamed Party of Democratic Kampuchea
Privatization
The Oil and Gas (Enterprise) Bill is published on 17 December 1981, providing for the transfer of BNOC's oil-producing business and wider private-sector participation in oil and gas.
GLC
The GLC appeal the "Fares Fair" court verdict, taking the case to the House of Lords but five Law Lords unanimously rule in favour of Bromley Borough Council, putting a permanent end to the Fares Fair policy, GLC transport chairman Dave Wetzel labelled the judges "Vandals in Ermine" while Livingstone maintained his belief that the judicial decision was politically motivated
Fares Fair
"Vandals in Ermine" while Livingstone maintained his belief that the judicial decision was politically motivated.
Fares Fair
Livingstone got on board with a campaign known as "Keep Fares Fair" in order to bring about a change in the law that would make the Fares Fair policy legal; an alternate movement, "Cant Pay, Wont Pay", accused Livingstone of being a sell-out and insisted
Fares Fair
The GLC appeal the "Fares Fair" court verdict, taking the case to the House of Lords but five Law Lords unanimously rule in favour of Bromley Borough Council, putting a permanent end to the Fares Fair policy, GLC transport chairman Dave Wetzel labelled the judges
Fares Fair
that the GLC proceed with its policies regardless of their legality
GLC
"Vandals in Ermine" while Livingstone maintained his belief that the judicial decision was politically motivated.
GLC
Livingstone got on board with a campaign known as "Keep Fares Fair" in order to bring about a change in the law that would make the Fares Fair policy legal; an alternate movement, "Cant Pay, Wont Pay", accused Livingstone of being a sell-out and insisted
GLC
The GLC appeal the "Fares Fair" court verdict, taking the case to the House of Lords but five Law Lords unanimously rule in favour of Bromley Borough Council, putting a permanent end to the Fares Fair policy, GLC transport chairman Dave Wetzel labelled the judges
GLC
that the GLC proceed with its policies regardless of their legality
UN Rejects Change in Status
United Nations Security Council Resolution 497 declared the Israeli decision to impose its laws on the occupied Syrian Golan null and void and without international legal effect.
Invasion of South Georgia
An unauthorised landing on South Georgia by Argentine scrap-metal merchant Constantino Davidoff
Invasion of South Georgia
An unauthorised landing on South Georgia by Argentine scrap-metal merchant Constantino Davidoff
South Georgia Landing
His workers land at Leith without proper permission.
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina
President of Argentina
Appointed de facto President of Argentina after Roberto Eduardo Viola
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina
Government
Introduces economic sanctions against Russia for making Poland to adopt martial law
Third Republic Overthrown
Limann's elected government is overthrown by a military coup led by Jerry Rawlings, bringing the Third Republic to an end.
Syrian and International Opposition
Israel faced diplomatic condemnation after its unilateral extension of domestic law to the Golan Heights, which Syria continued to claim as its territory.
United States Travel Restrictions
The United States invalidates passports for travel to Libya amid worsening bilateral relations.
Arrest of Lech Walesa
Walesa is arrested by Jaruzelski, who fears Polish invasion
Arrest of Lech Walesa
Walesa is arrested by Jaruzelski, who fears Polish invasion
Solidarity
Solidarity goes underground. Jaruzelski bans Solidarity
Support for Polish Martial Law
Supports the Polish Communist government's suppression of Solidarity after martial law is imposed.
Fourth Hero of Soviet Union Award
Receives a fourth Hero of the Soviet Union title late in his political career.
Copenhagen European Council
Represents Greece as leaders address enlargement, budgetary disputes and future Community development.
Copenhagen European Council
Represents Ireland as leaders address enlargement, finances and future Community development.
Bombing of Ballykelly
INLA bombs in Ballykelly kill 11 soldiers
Birth of Alberto Contador Velasco
Birth of Alberto Contador Velasco
Jam
The Jams final concert takes place at the Brighton Centre
Second Taoiseach Term
Returns as Taoiseach and forms another Fine Gael-Labour coalition government.
Entry into National Government
Juncker took the oath as Secretary of State for Labour and Social Security in Pierre Werner’s government, beginning his long service in Luxembourg’s executive branch.
Eminence Front
Release Eminence Front from It's Hard.
Trans
Releases Trans, using electronic textures and vocoder effects during his Geffen period.
Copenhagen European Council
Attends his first European Council as chancellor while the Community addresses budgetary and institutional questions.
Blizzard of Oz
Osbourne is signed to Epic Records after showing up drunk at a meeting and biting the head off a dove
Nobel Prize for Electron Microscopy
Receives the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for crystallographic electron microscopy of biological complexes.
Athens European Council
Hosts the European Council as leaders confront unresolved disputes over spending, agriculture and budget contributions.
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of Venezuela
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina after the restoration of democracy
Nobel Prize
Winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey
MRND Rule Continued
The MRND remains Rwanda's dominant political organization.
Presidential Re-Election
Wins another single-candidate presidential election.
Evacuation from Tripoli
Arafat and thousands of loyal fighters leave Tripoli aboard ships protected by French naval vessels after weeks of fighting.
Asteroid 2069 Hubble Officially Named
The Minor Planet Center publishes the approved naming citation for asteroid (2069) Hubble, formally honouring Edwin Hubble for his pioneering work in extragalactic astronomy and observational cosmology.
Bryukhanov Unit Four Turbine Seven Connection
Oversees station management when Turbine Generator 7 is connected to the grid during Unit 4 startup.
Meeting with Hosni Mubarak
Arafat meets Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak shortly after leaving Tripoli, reopening an important political channel with Egypt.
Death of Howard Leslie Brennan
Death of Howard Leslie Brennan
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, 2nd term
Bread Riots
Protests began after the government increased bread and cereal prices by reducing food subsidies.
Bryukhanov Unit Four Turbine Eight Connection
Heads the plant when Turbine Generator 8 is connected to the grid, completing another stage of Unit 4 commissioning.
President of Nigeria
Appointed military Head of State of Nigeria after the overthrow of Shehu Shagari
Vietnam Offensive
Vietnam launches major dry-season offensive against border bases
Strike
Special union conference votes to fight on
NUM Conference Continues Strike
NUM delegates voted to maintain industrial action despite its growing financial and social costs.
Privatization
British Telecom shares begin trading on 3 December 1984, completing the first major flotation of the company's shares into private ownership.
Bhopal Disaster
A toxic gas leak from the Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal kills thousands and causes long-term health damage.
Dublin European Council
Hosts the European Council as leaders resolve issues involving wine production, budget discipline and enlargement.
Election
Elected Prime Minister of Grenada
Nobel Prize
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for discoveries leading to the W and Z particles, carriers of the weak interaction.
Nobel Prize
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for decisive contributions enabling discovery of the W and Z particles.
Reform of Soviet Government
Makes a conference speech supporting reform & introducing "perestroika" & "glasnost"
Nobel Prize
Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, for work against apartheid
Nobel Prize
Receives the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing solid-phase methods for chemical synthesis, especially peptide synthesis.
Strike
A court fines Scargill for obstruction
Strike
A court fines Scargill for obstruction
United Nations General Assembly condems South Africa
The United Nations General Assembly condems South Africa
Vega 1 Launch
Vega 1 launches on a dual mission that will deploy a Venus lander and balloon before continuing to Halley's Comet.
Margaret Thatcher is visited by the Gorbachevs
Margaret Thatcher is visited by the Gorbachevs
Visit to London
The Gorbachevs visit Margaret Thatcher, Raisas 1st visit to western Europe
Visit to Moscow
Visits Margaret Thatcher at her invitation as an up & coming leader
Rule of Hong Kong
Signs an agreement with Margaret Thatcher for Hong Kong to be returned by 1997
Poet Laureate Appointment
Appointed Poet Laureate
Joint Declaration
As Foreign Secretary and a principal British negotiator, Howe helps conclude the Sino-British Joint Declaration, which Margaret Thatcher and Zhao Ziyang sign in Beijing on 19 December 1984.
Rule of Hong Kong
The Sino-British Joint Declaration provides for China to resume sovereignty over Hong Kong on 1 July 1997 while setting out arrangements for the territory after the transfer.
Agreement of Hong Kong
Signs the Hong Kong agreement in Peking, Hong Kong will return to China by 1997
Rule of Hong Kong
Signs the Hong Kong agreement in Peking, Hong Kong will return to China by 1997
Presidential Referendum
Zia uses a referendum to claim a five-year presidential mandate.
Strike
Nottinghamshire miners vote to defy union rules
Nottinghamshire December Defiance
Nottinghamshire miners voted to defy NUM rules during the continuing national strike.
Vega 2 Launch
Vega 2 launches with a Venus atmospheric balloon and lander as part of the international Vega programme.
Acting PM Appointed
Hun Sen becomes Acting Prime Minister after Chan Sy's death
Premiership Ends
Chan Sy's premiership ends after his death
Assassination of Jerzy Popieluszko
4 Polish officers are tried for the assassination of Jerzy Popieluszko
Death of Sam Peckinpah
Death of Sam Peckinpah
Agreement on To take back criminals in exchange for
Cuba agrees to to take back criminals in exchange for Cuban political prisoners
Eighth General Election
Congress wins a record parliamentary majority in the general election held after Indira Gandhi's assassination.
Resignation of Sergei Fedorovich Akhromeev
Resigns after Gorbachev announces unilateral defence cuts at the United Nations
Resignation of Sergei Fedorovich Akhromeev
Resigns after Gorbachev announces unilateral defence cuts at the United Nations
Death of Philip Larkin
Death of Philip Larkin
Luxembourg European Council
Represents Greece as negotiations on the Single European Act approach completion.
Rome Airport Attack Response
Gaddafi publicly defends the organisations blamed for the deadly Rome airport attack.
Vienna Airport Attack Response
Gaddafi praises militants after coordinated violence at Vienna airport.
Martial Law Termination
Zia lifts martial law while retaining extensive presidential powers.
Nobel Prize for Quantum Hall Effect
Receives the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovery of the quantized Hall effect.
Departure
Waters declares that he has left Pink Floyd and later contests use of the band name
Takes Charge of Moscow Party Committee
Takes control of the Moscow City Communist Party Committee and begins a highly visible campaign against bureaucratic privilege.
Scandal
Refuses to testify before a Senate committee
London European Council
Represents Greece as leaders review economic policy, enlargement and the Community's external role.
British Gas Privatisation
British Gas shares begin trading on 8 December 1986 following the Government's large public privatisation offer.
Peace
Announces a ceas-fire with the National Democratic Front
Death of Smita Patil
Death of Smita Patil
European Communities Amendment Act
Signs legislation intended to enable Irish ratification of the Single European Act.
Single European Act Injunction
Faces a High Court injunction preventing ratification of the Single European Act without further constitutional consideration.
Pikalov Hero of Soviet Union Award
Receives the title Hero of the Soviet Union for leadership during containment and cleanup of the Chernobyl accident.
Antoshkin Hero of Soviet Union Award
Receives the title Hero of the Soviet Union for leadership of the Chernobyl helicopter response.
National Reconciliation
Najibullah begins promoting national reconciliation as the central policy of his government.
Nobel Prize for Electron Optics
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for fundamental work in electron optics and the electron microscope.
Nobel Prize for Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for design of the scanning tunnelling microscope.
Consumer Protection Act
Parliament enacts the Consumer Protection Act, creating new mechanisms for consumer rights and grievance redress.
Ajax First-Team Debut
Makes his Ajax first-team debut after progressing through the club's youth system.
Demonstrations
Disorders in Alma
Nobel Prize for Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for design of the scanning tunnelling microscope.
Intifada, 1st
The First Intifada begins after a traffic collision in Gaza kills Palestinian workers and protests spread through the occupied territories
Treaty of Nuclear Weapons
A Treaty is signed ending all intermediate-range nuclear weapons in Europe
INF Treaty Signed
Signs the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty with Mikhail Gorbachev.
Intifada, 1st
Chairs the Israeli government as the First Intifada begins in Gaza and spreads to the West Bank.
Intifada, 1st
Rantissi joins Islamist activists in Gaza as protests spread after the Jabalia collision at the start of the First Intifada.
Intifada, 1st
His killing during early protests becomes a symbol at the start of the First Intifada.
Gaza and West Bank Demonstrations Spread
Rabin directs the defence establishment as demonstrations spread from Gaza into West Bank towns after the first days of the uprising.
Commercial Strikes Expand
Rabin oversees Israeli security policy as commercial strikes and demonstrations broaden across major West Bank communities.
State Visit
al-Fayez participates in state visit connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Hamas Founding Council
Yassin participates in the formation of Hamas as an Islamist organization during the opening phase of the Palestinian uprising.
Jerusalem Demonstrations Spread
Rabin faces a widening security crisis as demonstrations and strikes extend into Jerusalem and continue throughout the occupied territories.
INF Treaty Support
Welcomes the Washington summit and the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty as a basis for further verifiable arms-control agreements.
Marriage
Marries Asif Zardari
Soyuz TM-4 Launch
Launches with Musa Manarov and Anatoli Levchenko to begin a mission that develops into a year-long Mir residency.
UN Security Council Resolution 605
Reports on protection of Palestinian civilians after the Council condemns Israeli practices in occupied territories.
UN Security Council Resolution 605
Perez de Cuellar receives a Security Council mandate requesting recommendations for protecting Palestinian civilians amid escalating unrest in the occupied territories.
Unity Accord Signed
Nkomo signs the Unity Accord merging ZAPU into ZANU-PF.
Unity Accord Implementation
Mugabe begins implementing the political settlement agreed with Nkomo.
Unity Accord Signed
Mugabe signs the Unity Accord with Joshua Nkomo.
Unity Accord and Political Settlement
Mugabe concludes the Unity Accord with Nkomo to end the ZANU-ZAPU conflict.
ZANU-PF Merger
The Unity Accord provides for ZAPU's incorporation into ZANU-PF.
Pink Floyd
Dave Gilmour and Roger Waters sign an agreement ending the years of dispute, Waters will receive a royalty payment every time that any images created during his time with the band are used
Pink Floyd
Dave Gilmour and Roger Waters sign an agreement ending the years of dispute, Waters will receive a royalty payment every time that any images created during his time with the band are used
326-Day Mission Completed
Returns to Earth after 326 days in space, establishing a new human spaceflight endurance record after his long Mir residency.
Executive Presidency Established
Constitutional changes abolish the premiership and create an executive presidency.
Constitutional Transition to Presidency
Mugabe's final premiership ends as the executive presidency is established.
Executive Presidency Amendment
Constitutional changes abolish the office of Prime Minister and establish executive presidency.
Election as Executive President
Parliament elects Mugabe as Zimbabwe's executive President.
Swearing-In as Executive President
Mugabe is sworn in as executive President after the constitutional change.
Sworn In as Executive President
Mugabe assumes the newly strengthened executive presidency.
Appointment as Vice-President
Muzenda becomes Vice-President under the executive presidency.
Appointment as Vice-President
Muzenda becomes Vice-President when the executive presidency is established.
Intifada, 1st
Directs Israeli security responses as demonstrations and strikes spread during the First Intifada.
Intifada, 1st
Moves to keep the PLO politically central as the uprising spreads in occupied territories.
Intifada, 1st
Arafat supports the uprising from exile and seeks to keep the PLO central to Palestinian politics during the First Intifada.
Visit to Washington
Gorbachev pays a visit to the USA
Election
Wins the December Presidential elections running as a populist candidate
President of Venezuela
Wins the December Presidential elections running as a populist candidate
Rhodes European Council
Hosts the European Council during Greece's Presidency as leaders discuss the internal market and monetary cooperation.
First Female Prime Minister
Benazir Bhutto becomes the first woman to govern a Muslim-majority state.
Inauguration
Benazir Bhutto takes the oath as Prime Minister at age thirty-five.
Prime Minister of Pakistan
Benazir Bhutto begins her first term as Prime Minister.
Inauguration
Bhutto is sworn in as Prime Minister of a coalition Government, becoming at age 35 the youngest person, and the first woman, to head the Government of a Muslim-majority state in modern times
Prime Minister of Pakistan
Bhutto is sworn in as Prime Minister of a coalition Government, becoming at age 35 the youngest person, and the first woman, to head the Government of a Muslim-majority state in modern times
Presidential Election
Carlos Andres Perez won election to a second presidential term.
British Steel Privatisation
British Steel shares begin trading after the state-owned corporation is privatised.
Final Prison Residence
Spends his final fourteen months of imprisonment there.
Victor Verster Transfer
Moves to a cottage at Victor Verster Prison.
President of Pakistan
The electoral college elects Ghulam Ishaq Khan President.
UN Address
Addresses the United Nations after the PLO declares acceptance of resolutions 242 and 338.
Independence of Palestine
Arafat makes a speech in the United Nations recognising Israel & renouncing terrorism
Geneva United Nations Address
Arafat addresses the United Nations in Geneva and presents a diplomatic program based on Palestinian statehood and Security Council resolutions.
PLO Renounces Terrorism
Arafat publicly renounces terrorism and clarifies PLO acceptance of Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338, enabling new diplomatic contacts.
US-PLO Dialogue Opened
Shultz announces that the United States will open substantive dialogue with the PLO after Arafat clarifies his acceptance of key diplomatic conditions.
UN General Assembly Resolution 43/177
Perez de Cuellar serves as Secretary-General as the General Assembly acknowledges the Palestinian declaration of statehood and uses the designation Palestine.
Closed Shop
Announces Labour will not bring back the closed shop
Lockerbie Bombing
Pan Am Flight 103 is destroyed over Lockerbie, later leading to accusations against Libyan officials.
One-Year Mir Mission Completed
Returns to Earth with Musa Manarov after approximately one year aboard Mir, setting a new endurance benchmark for human spaceflight.
ZANU-PF
ZAPU merges into the Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF)
Clapham Junction Rail Crash
Secretary of State for Transport during the Clapham Junction rail crash
Lockerbie Disaster
Secretary of State for Transport during the Lockerbie Disaster, in which Pan-Am flight 103 was brought down by a bomb planted by Libyan agents over Scottish town of Lockerbie
China Visit
Rajiv Gandhi visits China, helping restore high-level political dialogue after decades of strained relations.
Intifada, 1st
Emerges as a public Palestinian voice explaining the uprising to international audiences.
Constitution of Russia
The Supreme Soviet dissolves itself. The Supreme Soviet approved formation of a Congress of Peoples Deputies, which constitutional amendments had established as the Soviet Unions new legislative body
Perestroika
The Supreme Soviet dissolves itself. The Supreme Soviet approved formation of a Congress of Peoples Deputies, which constitutional amendments had established as the Soviet Unions new legislative body
Velvet Revolution
Barbed wire is removed from the border with West Germany and Austria. Barbed wire is removed from borders with West Germany. Barbed wire at the border with Austria is removed
Prime Minister of India
V.P. Singh becomes Prime Minister at the head of the National Front government.
Velvet Revolution
President Gust v Hus k nominates a new federal cabinet, headed by Ladislav Adamec
Velvet Revolution
President Gust v Hus k nominates a new federal cabinet, headed by Ladislav Adamec. Husak nominates a new federal cabinet, headed by Ladislav Adamec
Regional Elections
Venezuelans directly elected state governors and mayors under decentralization reforms.
Velvet Revolution
The Government announces freedom to travel to Austria
Leipzig Stasi Occupation Context
Opposition activists occupy the Leipzig Stasi headquarters as SED authority collapses.
Election
Thatcher defeats Meyer in the Conservative Party leadersip contest, 313 votes to 33
Election
Defeats Anthony Meyer in the Conservative Party leadersip contest, 313 votes to 33
Prime Minister Appointed
Han Ahmedow becomes Prime Minister after serving as deputy head of government
Montreal Massacre
Faces national mourning after the massacre at Ecole Polytechnique.
Constitution of Czechoslovakia
Most members of the Government of Czechia were replaced by non-Communists
Election
Most members of the Government of Czechia are replaced by non-Communists
Velvet Revolution
Most members of the Government of Czechia were replaced by non-Communists
Head of State
Appointed Head of State for the GDR
Kvant-2 Module Docking
Supports station operations as Kvant-2 docks with Mir, adding an airlock, life-support equipment and expanded scientific facilities.
Baker Plan
Presses Israel and Palestinians to consider elections and negotiations after the First Intifada.
Reform of Government
The Broadcasting Bill is published
Amnesty
Husak declares an amnesty on political crimes
Strasbourg European Council
Represents Germany as leaders consider monetary union, political change in Europe and future treaty negotiations.
Strasbourg European Council
Represents Greece as leaders consider monetary union and political transformation in Europe.
Strasbourg European Council
Represents Italy as leaders consider monetary union and the political changes reshaping Europe.
Strasbourg European Council
Mitterrand hosted European leaders as they agreed to convene negotiations on Economic and Monetary Union.
EMU Intergovernmental Conference Decision
Supports the Strasbourg decision to convene an intergovernmental conference on treaty changes needed for monetary union.
Strasbourg Treaty Preparations
Supports preparations for future intergovernmental negotiations on economic and monetary union.
Strasbourg European Council
Supports Irish participation in preparations for treaty negotiations on monetary and political union.
Political Union Preparations
Supports the decision to deepen discussions on political union alongside monetary integration.
EMU Intergovernmental Conference Preparations
Supports work toward treaty negotiations required for economic and monetary union.
State Visit
Kabariti participates in state visit connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Constitution of Czechoslovakia
Husak nominates a federal cabinet, headed by Calfa. Forms the first non-communist Government in Czech since 1948
Resignation of Gustav Husak
Husak resigns
Adamec Government
The Adamec Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Resignation of Gustav Husak
Resigns after appointing a largely non-communist government.
Resignation of Gustav Husak
The Communist President Gust v Hus k appoints the first largely non-communist Government in Czechoslovakia since 1948, and resigns
Velvet Revolution
The Communist President Gust v Hus k appoints the first largely non-communist Government in Czechoslovakia since 1948, and resigns
First Calfa Government
Begins the First Calfa Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Nobel Peace Prize Ceremony
Tenzin Gyatso receives the Nobel Peace Prize for advocating nonviolent solutions.
Water Privatisation
Shares in the regional water companies begin trading following privatisation.
Trial
The Commons votes to prosecute war criminals
Democratic Presidential Election
Oversees the election won by opposition candidate Patricio Aylwin.
Election Victory
Is elected president as the candidate of the Concertacion coalition.
Presidential Election
Wins the first competitive presidential election held after the 1988 plebiscite.
Constitution of Bulgaria
Mladenov sets a May 31 deadline for free elections in Bulgaria
Election
Mladenov sets a May 31 deadline for free elections in Bulgaria
Timisoara Protest
His attempted eviction sparks protests in Timisoara.
Foreign Policy Statement at Hong Kong
Announces 225,000 Hong kong citizens will be given British citizenship
Reform of Government
Banks refuse to continue Government plans for student loans
Velvet Revolution
Peoples Militia is abolished, & their weapons confiscated by the army
Final Bucharest Speech
Ceausescu addresses a mass rally that breaks into open protest.
Bucharest Speech
Loses control during a mass rally in Bucharest.
Foreign Policy Statement at Hong Kong
The Government announces it will grant UK citizenship to 225,000 from Hong Kong
National Salvation Front Government
Iliescu emerges as leader of the National Salvation Front.
Overthrow of Nicolae Ceausescu
Ceausescu flees the Central Committee building as communist rule collapses.
National Salvation Front
Emerges as leader of the National Salvation Front.
Television Address
Addresses the country after Ceausescu's fall.
Flight from Bucharest
Flees Bucharest by helicopter as the regime collapses.
Coup
The Romanian Government is overthrown
Resignation of Romanian Government
The Romanian Government is overthrown
Death of Nicolae Ceausescu
Death of Nicolae Ceausescu
Execution
Executed along with his wife Elena
Execution
Nicolae Ceausescu is executed after a summary trial.
Trial and Execution
Is tried and executed with Elena Ceausescu.
Prime Minister of Romania
Roman becomes prime minister of the provisional post-communist government.
Speaker
Alexander Dubcek is elected speaker of the federal Parliament on December 28 and Vaclav Havel the President of Czechoslovakia on December 29 1989
Velvet Revolution
Alexander Dubcek is elected speaker of the federal Parliament on December 28 and Vaclav Havel the President of Czechoslovakia on December 29 1989
Constitution of Czechoslovakia
An elected independent non-Communist Government is formed under Havel. first non-Communist President in more than 40 yrs
Election
The Federal Assembly unanimously elects Havel
President of Czechoslovakia
Appointed President of Czechoslovakia
President of Czechoslovakia
Is elected president by the Federal Assembly.
Coup
Bloodless revolution in Czech that sees the overthrow of the communist Government
Velvet Revolution
Bloodless revolution in Czech that sees the overthrow of the communist Government
Velvet Revolution
Alexander Dubcek is elected speaker of the federal Parliament on December 28 and Vaclav Havel the President of Czechoslovakia on December 29 1989
Acting Governor-General
Dennis Young serves as acting Governor-General after Ignatius Kilage dies
Visit to Kiev
Mitterand visits Gorbachev in Kiev to to try & delay the fall of the Berlin Wall
Visit to Paris
Mitterand visits Hans Modrow in East Berlin to try & delay the fall of the Berlin Wall
Berlin Wall
Mitterand visits Hans Modrow in East Berlin & delay the fall of the Berlin Wall
Visit to Berlin
Mitterand visits Hans Modrow in East Berlin & delay the fall of the Berlin Wall
Arrest of Erich Honecker
Placed under House arrest for treason, corruption & abuse of power. Expelled from the Communist Party, following allegations of corruption
Treason
Placed under House arrest for treason, corruption & abuse of power
Privatization
The ten regional water authorities are privatized raising 5 billion pounds
Coup
Saved from being overthrown by the intervention of the USA
Election
By the end of August a Solidarity-led coalition Government is formed and in December Tadeusz Mazowiecki is elected Prime Minister
Prime Minister of Poland
By the end of August a Solidarity-led coalition Government is formed and in December Tadeusz Mazowiecki is elected Prime Minister
Solidarity
By the end of August a Solidarity-led coalition Government is formed and in December Tadeusz Mazowiecki is elected Prime Minister
Solidarity
By the end of August a Solidarity-led coalition Government is formed and in December Tadeusz Mazowiecki is elected Prime Minister
Berlin Wall
Mitterand visits Gorbachev in Kiev to to try & delay the fall of the Berlin Wall
Demonstrations
The Czech Government resigns in the wake of mass demonstrations
Resignation of Czech Government
The Czech Government resigns in the wake of mass demonstrations
Visit to Kiev
Mitterand visits Gorbachev in Kiev to try & delay the fall of the Berlin Wall
Coup
Habre is deposed by Idriss Deby and flees to Senegal with $11 million
Exile of Hissene Habre
Habre is deposed by Idriss Deby and flees to Senegal with $11 million
Channel Tunnel
The 2 halves of the Channel tunnel are joined
Channel Tunnel
The 2 halves of the Channel tunnel are joined
Channel Tunnel
The 2 halves of the Channel tunnel are joined
Election
Returned as Chancellor in a re-united Germany
Federal Chairman-CDU
Appointed Chancellor of Germany, 2nd term
Presidential Inauguration
Takes office as the first woman to serve as President of Ireland.
First Japanese Visitor Aboard Mir
Arrives aboard Soyuz TM-11 and begins a commercial broadcasting mission as the first Japanese person to visit Mir.
Privatization
Electricity privatization is launched
Community Charge Fundamental Review
Leads the new Major government's fundamental review of the community charge and its relationship with local-government structure and finance.
Chitra Heart Valve
M. S. Valiathan and his multidisciplinary team achieve the first implantation of the indigenous Chitra mechanical heart valve.
Detention Policy Ends
Removes a major humanitarian issue before the withdrawal deadline.
Honours
Made a baronet
Honours
Awarded the Order of Merit
Earth-Moon Imaging by Galileo
During the first Earth flyby, Galileo obtains images of Earth and the Moon for calibration and planetary studies.
First Galileo Earth Flyby
Galileo flies past Earth for a gravity assist that increases its heliocentric speed on the journey to Jupiter.
Election
Wins a landslide election victory. Appointed President of Poland after winning landslide election victory
President of Poland
Appointed President of Poland after winning landslide election victory
Electricity Privatisation
Shares in twelve regional electricity companies begin trading after their flotation.
Compulsory Land Acquisition Policy
Mugabe's government expands legal authority for compulsory land acquisition.
Land Reform Constitutional Amendment
Parliament changes constitutional provisions governing compulsory land acquisition.
Political Union Intergovernmental Conference
Supports opening treaty negotiations on political union alongside the parallel conference on monetary union.
Rome European Council
Represents Greece as leaders open intergovernmental conferences on political union and monetary union.
Rome European Council
Represents Ireland as the intergovernmental conferences on political and monetary union formally open.
Rome European Council
Hosts the European Council that opens intergovernmental conferences on political union and monetary union.
Government
Nominates Bielicki as Prime Minister
Resignation of Tadeusz Mazowiecki
Resigns from office
Rome Intergovernmental Conferences
Mitterrand joined European leaders opening formal negotiations on political union and Economic and Monetary Union.
Rome European Council on Political Union
Backs simultaneous negotiations on political union and economic and monetary union.
Political Union Intergovernmental Conference
Supports the opening of treaty negotiations on European political union.
Monetary Union Intergovernmental Conference
Helps launch negotiations on treaty provisions for economic and monetary union.
Political Union Intergovernmental Conference
Represents Irish foreign policy as negotiations on political union begin.
Political Union Intergovernmental Conference
Supports the opening of treaty negotiations on political union.
Monetary Union Intergovernmental Conference
Helps launch the intergovernmental conference on economic and monetary union.
Election
Wins the presidential election
Resignation of Lothar de Maiziere
Resigns after allegations that he worked for the Stasi
Resignation of Eduard Shevardnadze
Resigns delaring Russia is heading for a dictatorship
UN Security Council Resolution 681
Is asked to monitor implementation of the Fourth Geneva Convention in occupied territories.
UN Security Council Resolution 681
Perez de Cuellar receives a mandate to pursue protection measures for Palestinian civilians under the Fourth Geneva Convention.
Independence of Slovenia
A referendum supports independence for Slovenia
Referendum
A referendum supports independence for Slovenia
Election
1st genuine free elections for 40 yrs
Velvet Revolution
1st genuine free elections for 40 yrs
Border Settlement
Barbed wire is removed from the border with West Germany and Austria
Unification
At the first post-reunification general election Merkel is elected to the Bundestag from a constituency which includes the districts of Nordvorpommern and Regen, as well as the city of Stralsund
Resignation of Wojciech Jaruzelski
Jaruzelski resigns, 4 yrs still to serve
Resignation of Eduard Shevardnadze
With the resignation Foreign Minister Eduard Sheverdnadze, the last major liberal in Gorbachevs circle, Gorbachev is left isolated amongst the hard-liners
First travels to Baghdad to prevent the outbreak of the Gulf War
First travels to Baghdad to prevent the outbreak of the Gulf War
President Elected
Nazarbayev wins Kazakhstan's first presidential election
Independence of Russia
The Ukraine votes for its independence during a referendum
Independence of Ukraine
The Ukraine votes for its independence during a referendum
Referendum
The Ukraine votes for its independence during a referendum
Scandal
Disclosures about unauthorized loans from the Mirror pension fund
State Visit
bin Abdullah participates in state visit connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Commonwealth
Yeltsin, Ukrainian Pres. Leonid Kravchuk, and Belarus Pres. Stanislav Shuskevich meet in a hunting lodge to proclaim the Soviet Union null and void and to form a loose Commonwealth of Independent States. Russia, Byelorussia and Ukraine declare the Soviet national Government dead, forging a new alliance to be known as the Commonwealth of Independent States
Independence of Belarus
Russia, Byelorussia and Ukraine declare the Soviet national Government dead, forging a new alliance to be known as the Commonwealth of Independent States
National Government
Russia, Byelorussia and Ukraine declare the Soviet national Government dead, forging a new alliance to be known as the Commonwealth of Independent States
President Elected
Snegur wins Moldova's first direct presidential election
Constitutional Referendum
Voters approve the new Constitution of Romania in a national referendum.
Belovezha Agreement
Signs the Belovezha Agreement with the leaders of Ukraine and Belarus, declaring the Soviet Union ended and creating the CIS.
Belgian Support for European Union
Supports stronger European institutions and movement toward monetary union.
Maastricht European Council
Represents Belgium during negotiations on the Treaty on European Union.
Treaty of Maastricht
Represents Belgium as the Maastricht European Council opens the decisive treaty negotiations.
Maastricht Economic Negotiations
Represents Danish economic interests as leaders negotiate the structure and timetable for economic and monetary union.
Maastricht Foreign Policy Negotiations
Participates in negotiations on the common foreign and security policy provisions of the emerging Treaty on European Union.
Maastricht European Council
Represents Denmark as the Maastricht European Council opens the final negotiations on European Union.
Treaty of Maastricht
Leads Denmark into the final Maastricht summit as the Twelve seek agreement on European Union.
Economic and Monetary Union
Delors promoted the staged programme for economic and monetary union agreed by European leaders.
Economic and Monetary Union
Promotes the staged programme leading toward economic and monetary union.
Maastricht European Council
Delors supported the Maastricht settlement on deeper political and economic integration.
Maastricht European Council
Supports agreement on deeper political and economic integration.
Franco-German Treaty Leadership
Mitterrand promoted political union alongside plans for a common European currency.
Franco-German Treaty Leadership
Promotes political union alongside the planned common European currency.
Maastricht European Council
Mitterrand worked with Helmut Kohl to secure agreement at the Maastricht European Council.
Maastricht European Council
Works with Helmut Kohl to secure agreement on the treaty.
Treaty of Maastricht
Leads France's participation as the final European Council negotiations begin at Maastricht.
Maastricht European Council
Represents Germany as the Maastricht European Council opens the decisive negotiations on European Union.
Treaty of Maastricht
Takes Germany's position into the opening day of the Maastricht European Council.
Treaty of Maastricht
Lamont defends Britain's monetary flexibility as leaders negotiate the proposed single-currency framework.
Treaty of Maastricht
Hurd represents British foreign-policy interests as the final Maastricht negotiations open.
British Treaty Opt-Outs
Secures opt-outs from the single currency and the Social Protocol.
Maastricht European Council
Negotiates Britain's position during the decisive European Council.
Maastricht European Council
Represents Greece as the Maastricht European Council opens the decisive negotiations on European Union.
Treaty of Maastricht
Represents Greece when leaders begin the final political bargaining over the Union treaty.
Maastricht European Council
Represents Ireland as the Maastricht European Council opens the decisive negotiations on European Union.
Treaty of Maastricht
Represents Ireland at the opening of the summit that will settle the new Union treaty.
Maastricht European Council
Represents Italy as the Maastricht European Council opens the decisive negotiations on European Union.
Treaty of Maastricht
Takes part in the first day at Maastricht as Italy presses its priorities in the final negotiations.
Luxembourg Treaty Agreement
Supports stronger European institutions and the route toward monetary union.
Maastricht European Council
Represents Luxembourg during the negotiations completed at Maastricht.
Treaty of Maastricht
Carries Luxembourg's negotiating mandate into the decisive Maastricht European Council.
European Union Agreement
Guides negotiations establishing the framework for European Union.
Maastricht European Council
Hosts the European Council that reaches agreement on the new treaty.
Treaty of Maastricht
Represents Netherlands as leaders open the final round of bargaining over European Union.
Maastricht European Council
Represents Portugal in the European Council treaty negotiations.
Portuguese Treaty Agreement
Supports cohesion measures and deeper European political cooperation.
Treaty of Maastricht
Leads Portugal at Maastricht as the Twelve seek to close the remaining treaty disputes.
Maastricht European Council
Represents Spain during negotiations establishing the European Union.
Spanish Treaty Agreement
Supports European citizenship, cohesion and the monetary-union programme.
Treaty of Maastricht
Joins the Maastricht summit as Spain works toward a settlement on political and monetary union.
Treaty of Maastricht
Supports the monetary-union framework accepted by Belgium when the Maastricht settlement is concluded.
Treaty of Maastricht
Helps conclude Belgium's political and foreign-policy settlement as the Maastricht negotiations reach agreement.
Maastricht Economic Agreement
Supports the final economic and monetary provisions agreed by the European Council at Maastricht.
Maastricht Political Agreement
Participates as the Twelve complete political agreement on the Treaty on European Union at Maastricht.
Treaty of Maastricht
Works on the political-union provisions accepted by Denmark in the final Maastricht compromise.
Danish Treaty Negotiations
Participates as the European Council reaches political agreement on the treaty package that will become the Maastricht Treaty.
Treaty of Maastricht
Contributes to the political-union compromise accepted by France on the summit's final day.
Treaty of Maastricht
Advances France's economic position as the Maastricht monetary settlement is finalised.
Maastricht Monetary Union Settlement
Delors supported agreement on treaty provisions establishing the route toward a single European currency.
Maastricht Political Union Settlement
Mitterrand helped secure agreement on a treaty combining political union with economic and monetary integration.
German Support for Monetary Union
Supports the final Maastricht settlement establishing the route toward economic and monetary union.
Maastricht EMU Negotiations
Helps negotiate convergence requirements and institutional arrangements for the planned economic and monetary union.
Treaty of Maastricht
Works on the economic provisions that Germany accepts in the final Maastricht agreement.
Treaty of Maastricht
Secures Germany's diplomatic interests in the final agreement on political cooperation.
Treaty of Maastricht
Hurd helps finalise Britain's intergovernmental safeguards in foreign and security policy.
Treaty of Maastricht
Secures British opt-outs from the third stage of monetary union and the Agreement on Social Policy.
Maastricht Negotiation
Negotiates opt outs from the single currency and Social Chapter.
Maastricht Political Union Agreement
Helps conclude the political and foreign-policy provisions of the Maastricht settlement.
Treaty of Maastricht
Supports the foreign-policy framework accepted by Greece when the Maastricht settlement is completed.
Maastricht Monetary Union Agreement
Supports the final economic and monetary provisions agreed at Maastricht.
Treaty of Maastricht
Supports Greece's approach to convergence criteria and the timetable for monetary union.
Greek Treaty Agreement
Supports the final Maastricht settlement establishing European Union and the framework for economic and monetary union.
Maastricht Monetary Union Agreement
Supports the final economic and monetary provisions agreed at Maastricht.
Maastricht Political Union Agreement
Helps conclude the political and foreign-policy provisions of the Maastricht settlement.
Treaty of Maastricht
Works through the remaining diplomatic issues before Ireland accepts the Maastricht settlement.
Irish Treaty Agreement
Accepts the final Maastricht settlement expanding European cooperation, citizenship rights and economic and monetary union.
Maastricht Political Union Negotiations
Helps conclude the foreign-policy and political provisions of the Maastricht settlement.
Treaty of Maastricht
Helps finalise the political provisions that Italy accepts in the new Treaty on European Union.
Italian Treaty Agreement
Accepts the final political settlement establishing European Union and the framework for economic and monetary union.
Maastricht Monetary Union Negotiations
Helps negotiate the monetary-union provisions and convergence framework agreed at Maastricht.
Treaty of Maastricht
Supports the convergence framework accepted by Italy at the end of the Maastricht negotiations.
Treaty of Maastricht
Helps complete Luxembourg's economic negotiating position in the final Union treaty.
Treaty of Maastricht
Supports Luxembourg's final agreement on the treaty's foreign-policy and institutional provisions.
Treaty of Maastricht
Backs the monetary-union provisions included in Netherlands's Maastricht settlement.
Treaty of Maastricht
Concludes Netherlands's diplomatic work on the political pillar of the Maastricht settlement.
Washington Bilateral Negotiations
Ashrawi participates in the Palestinian negotiating team as bilateral Israeli-Palestinian talks continue in Washington after the Madrid conference.
Treaty of Maastricht
Helps conclude the financial provisions governing Spain's participation in economic and monetary union.
Russian Legislature Approves CIS
The Russian legislature ratifies the Belovezha agreement establishing the Commonwealth of Independent States.
First Post-Soviet Government
Tereshchenko leads the first government after independence
Agreement on Soviet Dissolution
Yeltsin and Mikhail Gorbachev discuss the transfer of powers as the Soviet Union approaches dissolution.
Independence of Republic of Serbian Krajina
Rebel Serbs declare independence in the Krajina region which makes up almost a third of Croatia
Independence of Serbia
Rebel Serbs declare independence in the Krajina region which makes up almost a third of Croatia
Republic of Serbian Krajina
Leads rebel Serb authorities in Krajina.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act
Bush signs the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act, introducing prompt corrective action and least-cost resolution rules while placing new limits on Federal Reserve lending to troubled depository institutions.
CODESA
The Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) , under the chairmanship of the judges Michael Corbett , Petrus Shabort and Ismail Mahomed, begins with a plenary session
CODESA
The Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) , under the chairmanship of the judges Michael Corbett , Petrus Shabort and Ismail Mahomed, begins with a plenary session
CODESA
The Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) , under the chairmanship of the judges Michael Corbett , Petrus Shabort and Ismail Mahomed, begins with a plenary session
CODESA
The Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) , under the chairmanship of the judges Michael Corbett , Petrus Shabort and Ismail Mahomed, begins with a plenary session
Constitution of South Africa
Delegations from 19 political groups discuss drafting the new constitution
CODESA
The IFP is represented by Frank Mdlalose at CODESA
CODESA
Inkatha Freedom Party leader Mangosuthu Buthelezi personally does not participate because his demands for additional delegations of the homeland KwaZulu and the Zulu king Goodwill Zwelithini were declined
Alma-Ata CIS Expansion
Joins leaders of former Soviet republics at Alma-Ata as the Commonwealth of Independent States expands.
US Recognition of Russia Discussed
Speaks by telephone with George H. W. Bush as the United States prepares formal recognition of Russia.
CIS
The Presidents of Russia, Ukraine & Belarus create the Commonwealth of Ind States
Commonwealth
The Presidents of Russia, Ukraine & Belarus create the Commonwealth of Ind States
United Nations
Russia takes the USSRs place in the UN
Russia Assumes Soviet UN Seat
Russia assumes the Soviet Union's United Nations membership and Security Council seat.
Constitution of Russia
The USSR ends after republics declare independence. The USSR ceases to exist
Constitution of Russia
Gorbachev resigns his position as President of the USSR, signifying the demise of the Soviet Union, 14 former Soviet republics (including Russia) become independent states
Independence of Russia
Gorbachev resigns his position as President of the USSR, signifying the demise of the Soviet Union, 14 former Soviet republics (including Russia) become independent states
Resignation of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev
Resigns as leader of the Communist Party
Resignation of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev
Gorbachev resigns his position as President of the USSR, signifying the demise of the Soviet Union, 14 former Soviet republics (including Russia) become independent states
Russian Control of Strategic Nuclear Forces
Assumes Russia's central responsibility for the former Soviet strategic nuclear arsenal after Gorbachev leaves office.
Land Privatization Decree
Signs measures allowing expanded private ownership and transfer of land as part of market reforms.
Price Liberalization Decree Signed
Approves the decree that will free most retail prices from state control in January 1992.
Independence of Bosnian Serb Republic
Local Serb leaders proclaim a new republic separate from Bosnia. In Bosnia, the most ethnically mixed Yugoslav republic, the Serb minority holds an unofficial referendum opposing separation from Yugoslavia
Independence of Serbia
Local Serb leaders proclaim a new republic separate from Bosnia. In Bosnia, the most ethnically mixed Yugoslav republic, the Serb minority holds an unofficial referendum opposing separation from Yugoslavia
Referendum
In Bosnia, the most ethnically mixed Yugoslav republic, the Serb minority holds an unofficial referendum opposing separation from Yugoslavia
Independence of Slovenia
Slovenias withdrawal from Yugoslavia is completed
CODESA
19 political groups from all races create the Convention for a Democratic South Africa
Constitution of South Africa
19 political groups from all races create the Convention for a Democratic South Africa
Commonwealth
Yeltsin, Ukrainian Pres. Leonid Kravchuk, and Belarus Pres. Stanislav Shuskevich meet in a hunting lodge to proclaim the Soviet Union null and void and to form a loose Commonwealth of Independent States
One-stop Business Shops
Announces a strategy for one-stop shops providing advice and support to small and medium-sized businesses.
Business Support One-stop Shops
Announces a strategy for one-stop business support centres offering small and medium-sized firms advice on skills, exporting, technology, innovation and design.
Business Support Partnership
Designs the one-stop business-support programme with chambers of commerce, training bodies, business organisations, local authorities and other partners.
Italian Maastricht Ratification Deposit
Heads the government when Italy deposits its Maastricht ratification instrument.
Treaty of Maastricht
Leads Italy when the state records completion of its own Maastricht ratification process.
Transitional Parliament
Monsengwo leads the transitional legislature created by the Sovereign National Conference.
Babri Masjid Demolition
The Babri Masjid is demolished in Ayodhya, triggering communal violence and a major national political crisis.
Second Galileo Earth Flyby
Galileo makes a second Earth gravity assist, completing the planetary slingshot sequence that sends it toward Jupiter.
Marriage
The Prince and Princess of Wales are separated
Treaty of Maastricht
Leads Belgium when it notifies the Italian depositary that its Maastricht ratification process is complete.
Confrontation with Congress Intensifies
Accuses the Congress of People's Deputies of obstructing reform as the struggle between president and parliament deepens.
Treaty of Maastricht
Represents Belgium at Edinburgh as leaders address the Danish ratification crisis and implementation of Maastricht.
Edinburgh European Council
Represents Denmark as the European Council considers special arrangements intended to resolve the Danish Maastricht ratification problem.
Treaty of Maastricht
Takes Denmark's position to the Edinburgh European Council as the Twelve seek to rescue the ratification process.
Treaty of Maastricht
Carries France's position into Edinburgh while leaders work to preserve the Maastricht settlement.
Treaty of Maastricht
Joins the Edinburgh summit while Germany supports a settlement capable of keeping Maastricht ratification on track.
Treaty of Maastricht
Lamont supports Britain's economic position as the Edinburgh summit addresses Maastricht and the Danish settlement.
Treaty of Maastricht
Represents Britain as the Edinburgh European Council opens discussions on Maastricht ratification and the Danish settlement.
Edinburgh European Council
Represents Greece as leaders address Maastricht ratification and future Community financing.
Treaty of Maastricht
Represents Greece as leaders consider Danish concerns and the wider timetable for bringing Maastricht into force.
Edinburgh European Council
Represents Ireland as leaders address Maastricht ratification, financing and future enlargement.
Treaty of Maastricht
Represents Ireland during the summit that agrees special arrangements addressing Denmark's Maastricht concerns.
Treaty of Maastricht
Joins the Edinburgh negotiations as Italy supports continued ratification of the Treaty on European Union.
Treaty of Maastricht
Leads Luxembourg at Edinburgh while the Twelve address obstacles to Maastricht's entry into force.
Treaty of Maastricht
Represents Netherlands as the European Council works to stabilise the treaty ratification process.
Treaty of Maastricht
Takes part in the Edinburgh summit as Portugal backs a solution to the Danish Maastricht impasse.
Treaty of Maastricht
Attends the Edinburgh European Council as Spain helps negotiate a response to the Danish referendum problem.
Treaty of Maastricht
Supports Belgium's negotiating line during the second day of the Edinburgh discussions on Maastricht.
Defence Opt-Out
The Edinburgh settlement gives Denmark a special position concerning the defence dimension of European Union cooperation.
Economic and Monetary Union Opt-Out
Supports the arrangement allowing Denmark not to participate in the third stage of economic and monetary union.
Danish Treaty Opt-Out Settlement
Negotiates the settlement applying special arrangements to Denmark in defence, monetary union, citizenship and justice cooperation.
Treaty of Maastricht
Works on Denmark's response to the Danish settlement as the Edinburgh European Council concludes.
Justice and Home Affairs Arrangement
The Edinburgh settlement confirms constitutional safeguards for Denmark regarding future transfers of sovereignty in justice and home affairs.
Edinburgh Agreement
Secures a European Council decision addressing Denmark's concerns while leaving the Maastricht Treaty text unchanged.
European Citizenship Clarification
The Edinburgh settlement clarifies that Union citizenship does not replace Danish nationality, addressing a central Danish concern.
Treaty of Maastricht
Helps France assess the legal and political arrangements intended to preserve the Maastricht Treaty.
Treaty of Maastricht
Helps secure Germany's support for the Edinburgh arrangements designed to unblock Maastricht ratification.
Treaty of Maastricht
Hurd helps defend Britain's Maastricht opt-outs while the Edinburgh European Council concludes.
Marriage
Marriage of Princess Anne to Timothy Laurence
Treaty of Maastricht
Contributes to Greece's position as leaders finalise the Edinburgh response to Danish concerns.
Treaty of Maastricht
Works with Community partners as Ireland accepts the Edinburgh solution to the ratification crisis.
Treaty of Maastricht
Supports Italy's position on the Danish arrangements and the continuing Maastricht timetable.
Treaty of Maastricht
Contributes to Luxembourg's support for the Edinburgh package addressing the Danish referendum result.
Treaty of Maastricht
Helps maintain Netherlands's backing for Maastricht while the European Council settles the Danish question.
Treaty of Maastricht
Supports Portugal's acceptance of the Edinburgh arrangements as a route toward treaty ratification.
Treaty of Maastricht
Supports the Edinburgh compromise from Spain's diplomatic perspective as the summit closes.
Intercontinental Cup Victory
Guides Sao Paulo to victory over Barcelona in Tokyo.
Sao Paulo Defeats Barcelona
Wins the Intercontinental Cup after taking the Copa Libertadores.
Chernomyrdin Appointed Prime Minister
Appoints Viktor Chernomyrdin prime minister after parliament refuses to confirm Yegor Gaidar.
Dismissal
In the face of Parliamentary opposition to Gaidars reforms, Yeltsin fires him and appoints businessman Viktor Chernomyrdin Prime Minister
Prime Minister of Russia
Appointed Prime Minister of Russia, 1st term
Dismissal
In the face of Parliamentary opposition to Gaidars reforms, Yeltsin fires him and appoints businessman Viktor Chernomyrdin Prime Minister
Marj al-Zuhur Deportations
Rabin's government deports hundreds of Hamas and Islamic Jihad activists to a camp in southern Lebanon, provoking international criticism.
Economy of USA
Signs the North American Free Trade Treaty
North American Free Trade Treaty
Signs the North American Free Trade Treaty
Treaty of Free Trade
Signs the North American Free Trade Treaty
UN Security Council Resolution 799
Receives Security Council support after Israel deports hundreds of Palestinians to southern Lebanon.
UN Security Council Resolution 799
Boutros-Ghali works under Resolution 799, which condemns the mass deportations and demands the safe and immediate return of those expelled.
Treaty of Maastricht
Leads the Netherlands when the country's ratification notification is deposited for Maastricht.
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil after the resignation of Fernando Collor
Strasky Government
The Strasky Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Treaty of Maastricht
Leads Spain when it completes the formal notification required for Maastricht ratification.
Single Market Completion Programme
The Delors Commission completed most legislation required for the single market to begin in 1993.
Conference of Edinburgh
Chairs the EU summit. A European summit is held which discusses the Maastricht Treaty
Conference of Edinburgh
Chairs the EU summit
Seventy-fourth Amendment
The Seventy-fourth Amendment strengthens constitutional recognition of urban local government.
Seventy-third Amendment
The Seventy-third Amendment gives constitutional status to Panchayati Raj institutions in rural India.
Secret Oslo Negotiations
Abbas participated in the confidential negotiating process that developed into the Oslo channel. His involvement connected the PLO leadership to talks that eventually produced mutual commitments between Israel and the PLO.
Chernomyrdin Government Formed
Reorganizes the government around Viktor Chernomyrdin after parliament blocks Yegor Gaidar's confirmation.
Hubble Servicing Mission 1 Launch
Covey commands Endeavour as the first Hubble servicing mission launches with a crew trained to repair and upgrade the telescope.
State Visit
Razzaz participates in state visit connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Hubble Captured for Servicing
Nicollier uses Endeavour's robotic arm to capture Hubble and secure it in the payload bay for the first servicing mission.
Death of Frank Vincent Zappa
Death of Frank Vincent Zappa
Hubble Gyroscope Replacement
Musgrave begins the first servicing spacewalk and helps replace Hubble gyroscopes and their electrical control units.
PLO
A Palestinian boards a bus and opens fire with an assault rifle in the first major attack in Israel since the signing of a peace pact with the PLO; the gunman kills a reservist before being gunned down
Hubble Damaged Solar Array Released
Thornton releases a damaged original Hubble solar array that cannot be safely returned inside Endeavour.
Hubble Solar Array Replacement
Thornton helps replace Hubble's original solar arrays with improved arrays designed to better tolerate orbital temperature changes.
Presidential Election
Rafael Caldera won the presidential election leading the National Convergence coalition.
WFPC2 Installed on Hubble
Hoffman helps replace Hubble's original planetary camera with WFPC2, whose corrective optics compensate for the primary mirror flaw.
COSTAR Installed on Hubble
Akers helps install COSTAR, providing corrective optics for three Hubble science instruments affected by spherical aberration.
North American Free Trade Agreement
Clinton signs legislation implementing free trade with Canada and Mexico.
Hubble Orbit Boost
Bowersox pilots orbital maneuvers that raise Endeavour and Hubble into a higher orbit, extending the telescope's orbital lifetime.
Hubble Solar Array Electronics Repair
Musgrave helps replace solar-array drive electronics and complete magnetometer and electrical work during the mission's final spacewalk.
Hostages
3 British prisoners are released by the Iraqis after Heath visits Saddam Hussein
Joint Nobel Award
Is honoured for advancing a peaceful democratic transition.
Nobel Peace Prize
Receives the Nobel Peace Prize with F W de Klerk.
Hubble Released After First Servicing
Nicollier uses Endeavour's robotic arm to release the repaired Hubble back into orbit after Servicing Mission 1.
First State Duma Election under New System
Oversees elections to the new State Duma held alongside the constitutional referendum.
New Russian Constitution Approved
Voters approve a new constitution establishing a strong presidency and a bicameral Federal Assembly.
Hubble Servicing Mission 1 Completed
Covey commands Endeavour's return to Earth after the successful first Hubble servicing mission.
Declaration of Downing Street
Major & Reynolds agree an arrangement within which a united Ireland might be created
Unification
Major & Reynolds agree an arrangement within which a united Ireland might be created
Negotiates the Downing St Declaration
Negotiates the Downing St Declaration with John Major
Downing Street Declaration
Agrees the Downing Street Declaration with British Prime Minister John Major, advancing principles for a peace settlement.
Diplomatic Negotiations at Oslo
Shimon Peres and senior PLO officials end two days of closed-door talks in Oslo, Norway, in which they seek to break a deadlock over Palestinian self-rule in the occupied territories
Independence of Israel
Shimon Peres and senior PLO officials end two days of closed-door talks in Oslo, Norway, in which they seek to break a deadlock over Palestinian self-rule in the occupied territories
Independence of Palestine
Shimon Peres and senior PLO officials end two days of closed-door talks in Oslo, Norway, in which they seek to break a deadlock over Palestinian self-rule in the occupied territories
Agreement on Recognize one another
Israel and the Vatican agree to recognize one another, Pope John Paul II normalizes relations between the Vatican and Israel
Growth Competitiveness Employment White Paper
The Delors Commission proposed a European strategy linking competitiveness, employment and economic modernisation.
Deputy Prime Minister
Appointed Deputy Prime Minister
Deputy Prime Minister
Appointed Deputy Prime Minister
Deputy Prime Minister
President Yeltsin appoints Anatoly Chubais as Deputy Prime Minister
Duma
Appointed Member of Duma
Budapest Security Assurances
Joins the United States and United Kingdom in giving security assurances to Ukraine after its commitment to relinquish nuclear weapons.
Ukraine Receives Budapest Security Assurances
Ukraine receives security assurances while committing to join the NPT as a non-nuclear-weapon state.
START I Enters Force
START I enters into force after the treaty parties exchange instruments of ratification.
Reform of Government
Vetoes an EU directive to give part time workers the same rights as full time workers
Reform of Economic Policy
Vetoes an EU directive to give part time workers the same rights as full time workers
Budget
Announces an increase in interest rates from 6.25% to 5.75%
Champions League Debut Goal
Makes his UEFA Champions League debut and scores in Manchester United's 4-0 victory over Galatasaray.
Budget
Increases tax on petrol, cigarettes & alcohol
Essen European Council
Hosts the European Council as leaders develop a pre-accession strategy for Central and Eastern European applicant states.
Essen European Council
Represents Greece as leaders develop a pre-accession strategy for Central and Eastern Europe.
Essen European Council
Represents Ireland as leaders develop a pre-accession strategy for Central and Eastern Europe.
Essen European Council
Represents Italy as leaders develop a pre-accession strategy for Central and Eastern Europe.
Essen Pre-Accession Strategy
Supports the Essen strategy designed to prepare associated Central and Eastern European countries for eventual membership.
Essen Pre-Accession Strategy
Supports the strategy designed to prepare associated countries for eventual membership.
Federal Troops Enter Chechnya
Orders federal forces into Chechnya, beginning the First Chechen War.
Return to Power
Returns as prime minister after elections.
Autobiography Published
Publishes a personal account of struggle imprisonment and political transition.
Long Walk to Freedom Launch
Launches his autobiography Long Walk to Freedom.
Taoiseach of Ireland
Becomes Taoiseach at the head of the Rainbow Coalition.
Large Hadron Collider Approval
Chairs the CERN Council meeting that approves construction of the Large Hadron Collider by consensus.
Election
The Conservative Party candidate is heavily defeated in Dudley West
Large Hadron Collider Approval
Welcomes CERN Council approval for construction of the Large Hadron Collider as the laboratory's next major high-energy physics project.
Bombing of Jerusalem
A Palestinian suicide bomber blows himself up on a bus in Jerusalem and wounds 12 Israelis, Hamas takes responsibility
Hamas
A Palestinian suicide bomber blows himself up on a bus in Jerusalem and wounds 12 Israelis, Hamas takes responsibility
Suicide
A Palestinian suicide bomber blows himself up on a bus in Jerusalem and wounds 12 Israelis, Hamas takes responsibility
Privatization
The privatization of British Coal Corp is completed
Treaty of Schengen
In Belgium, Vande Lanotte coordinates legal, policing and information-system preparations before full Schengen implementation. The Belgian approach combines mobility with common visa and policing rules.
Treaty of Schengen
Dehaene oversees preparations for the planned operational removal of internal Schengen border controls. Belgium supports wider participation while preserving practical security cooperation.
Nobel Prize for Neutron Spectroscopy
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for developing neutron spectroscopy.
Treaty of Schengen
In France, Pasqua coordinates legal, policing and information-system preparations before full Schengen implementation. French officials link border removal with operational law-enforcement cooperation.
Treaty of Schengen
Balladur oversees preparations for the planned operational removal of internal Schengen border controls. France supports mobility alongside common visa and security arrangements.
Treaty of Schengen
Kohl oversees preparations for the planned operational removal of internal Schengen border controls. Germany supports freer travel alongside common security and visa rules.
Treaty of Schengen
In Germany, Kanther coordinates legal, policing and information-system preparations before full Schengen implementation. German officials emphasise reliable information-sharing between national authorities.
Meeting with & confirm their committment to a single
Kohl & Chirac meet & confirm their committment to a single currency in the EU
Reform of Parliament
Government attempts to add VAT on fuel are defeated in the House of Commons
Trident Patrol
Rifkind oversees the entry of the Trident force into operational service
Trident Patrol
HMS Vanguard begins the first operational Trident deterrent patrol
Resignation of Silvio Berlusconi
Resigns rather than lose a no confidence vote
Vote of Confidence
Resigns rather than lose a no confidence vote
Treaty of Schengen
In Netherlands, Sorgdrager coordinates legal, policing and information-system preparations before full Schengen implementation. Dutch officials favour shared information systems alongside open internal borders.
Treaty of Schengen
Kok oversees preparations for the planned operational removal of internal Schengen border controls. The Netherlands links free movement with practical law-enforcement cooperation.
Nobel Prize for Neutron Diffraction
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for developing the neutron diffraction technique.
Baden-Baden Franco-German Summit
Meets Jacques Chirac before the Madrid European Council and reaffirms commitment to the planned single currency.
Galileo Probe Direct Measurements
The Galileo atmospheric probe begins direct scientific measurements after deploying its parachute in Jupiter's atmosphere.
Galileo Jupiter Arrival
Galileo becomes the first spacecraft to enter orbit around Jupiter.
Galileo Probe Atmospheric Composition
Probe data show Jupiter's atmospheric abundances differ in important ways from simple solar-composition expectations.
Galileo Probe Entry
The Galileo atmospheric probe enters Jupiter and transmits direct measurements during its descent.
Skin Up Pin Up Chart Debut
Mansun make an early UK chart appearance with Skin Up Pin Up.
Nobel Prize
Receives the Nobel Prize in Literature for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth.
Cabinet Committees
Answers Commons questions concerning Cabinet committees and coordination of Government policy.
Regional Competitiveness Policy
Addresses Commons questions concerning regional policy and competitiveness.
Constitution of Serbia
The political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina and its structure of Government are agreed upon as part the constitution that makes up Annex 4 of the General Framework Agreement concluded at Dayton
Election
Under the Dayton Accords Anyone under indictment for war crimes is be barred from public office after scheduled elections, all parties must cooperate with the International War Crimes Tribunal, and Sarajevo will be reunified under Bosnia
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
50,000 NATO troops, including Russians and 20,000 Americans, begin to monitor the fragile peace in December
Rule of Bosnia
The Dayton Accords provide for a virtual partitioning of Bosnia and the deployment of a multinational implementation force (IFOR) to keep the warring factions apart and protect war-crimes investigators
Rule of Sarajevo
Under the Dayton Accords Anyone under indictment for war crimes is be barred from public office after scheduled elections, all parties must cooperate with the International War Crimes Tribunal, and Sarajevo will be reunified under Bosnia
Siege of Sarajevo
Under the Dayton Accords Anyone under indictment for war crimes is be barred from public office after scheduled elections, all parties must cooperate with the International War Crimes Tribunal, and Sarajevo will be reunified under Bosnia
Neutrality Recognition
Permanent neutrality becomes a central doctrine under Niyazov's presidency
Trial
A Beijing court sentences Chinese dissident Wei Jingsheng to 14 years in prison after a closed trial, he is charged with having conspired "to subvert the Government"
Dyatlov Death
Dies in Kyiv on 13 December 1995 after years of serious health problems following his radiation exposure at Chernobyl.
Dayton Accords
The Dayton negotiations create the peace framework for Bosnia.
Dayton Accords
The full and formal agreement is signed by French President Jacques Chirac, US President Bill Clinton, UK Prime Minister John Major, German Chancellor Helmut Kohl and Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin
Dayton Accords
The full and formal agreement is signed by French President Jacques Chirac, US President Bill Clinton, UK Prime Minister John Major, German Chancellor Helmut Kohl and Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin
Dayton Accords
The full and formal agreement is signed by French President Jacques Chirac, US President Bill Clinton, UK Prime Minister John Major, German Chancellor Helmut Kohl and Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin
Dayton Accords
The full and formal agreement is signed by French President Jacques Chirac, US President Bill Clinton, UK Prime Minister John Major, German Chancellor Helmut Kohl and Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin
Dayton Accords
The Dayton Accords follow the Croatian military Operation Storm, Government military offensive against the Republika Srpska, in concert with NATO's Operation Deliberate Force, the bombardment of the Bosnian Serb military
Dayton Accords
The Dayton negotiations create the peace framework for Bosnia.
Dayton Accords
50,000 NATO troops, including Russians and 20,000 Americans, begin to monitor the fragile peace in December
Dayton Accords
A US peace accord is agreed at Paris and signed outside Dayton, Ohio, ending 43 months of savage, genocidal warfare in which 250,000 had died and nearly 2 million lost their homes
Dayton Accords
The Dayton Accords provide for a virtual partitioning of Bosnia and the deployment of a multinational implementation force (IFOR) to keep the warring factions apart and protect war-crimes investigators. The Dayton accords are signed in Paris.
Dayton Accords
The Dayton accords put an end to the three and a half year long war in Bosnia, one of the armed conflicts in the former Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia.
Dayton Accords
The political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina and its structure of Government are agreed upon as part the constitution that makes up Annex 4 of the General Framework Agreement concluded at Dayton.
Dayton Accords
Under the Dayton Accords Anyone under indictment for war crimes is be barred from public office after scheduled elections, all parties must cooperate with the International War Crimes Tribunal, and Sarajevo will be reunified under Bosnia.
General Framework Agreement for Peace
The General Framework Agreement for Peace is signed
General Framework Agreement for Peace
The General Framework Agreement for Peace recognizes the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska as one of its two main political-territorial divisions
Republika Srpska
The General Framework Agreement for Peace recognizes the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska as one of its two main political-territorial divisions
Dayton Accords
The Dayton negotiations create the peace framework for Bosnia.
Dayton Accords
The full and formal agreement is signed by French President Jacques Chirac, US President Bill Clinton, UK Prime Minister John Major, German Chancellor Helmut Kohl and Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin
Madrid European Council
Represents Germany as leaders agree the timetable for monetary union and choose euro as the single currency's name.
Reform of Currency
EU leaders announce the new currency will be called the Euro
Madrid European Council
Represents Greece as leaders choose euro as the name of the future single currency.
Madrid European Council
Represents Ireland as leaders choose euro as the name of the future single currency.
Madrid European Council
Represents Italy as leaders choose euro as the name of the future single currency.
Euro Name Agreement
Chirac joined European leaders in adopting the name euro for the future single currency.
Euro Name and Changeover Plan
Supports the Madrid changeover scenario establishing euro as the name of the future single currency.
Euro Changeover Plan
Supports the changeover scenario establishing the timetable for the single currency.
Euro Changeover Plan
Supports the timetable and legal preparations for the future single currency.
Euro Changeover Plan
Supports the changeover scenario setting the route from national currencies to the euro.
Election
Haitian President Jean-Bertrand Aristides hand-picked successor Ren‚ Preval, 51, wins the election with about 80 percent of the vote in a 14-man race
Constitution of Haiti
The constitution has prevented any President from having two consecutive terms, but more than three out of four eligible voters stay away from the polls (illiteracy and unemployment rates are both about 75 percent)
Election
The constitution has prevented any President from having two consecutive terms, but more than three out of four eligible voters stay away from the polls (illiteracy and unemployment rates are both about 75 percent). Haitian President Jean-Bertrand Aristides hand-picked successor Ren‚ Preval, 51, wins the election with about 80 percent of the vote in a 14-man race
Communist Gains in Duma Election
Faces a strengthened Communist opposition after the party makes major gains in the State Duma election.
Rule of Bethlehem
The city of Bethlehem passes from Israeli to Palestinian control
Inauguration
Sworn in as President of Poland
Death of Dean Martin
Death of Dean Martin
Constitution of Turkey
Agrees to work toward a coalition Government in an effort to keep the Islamic Party from taking power and turning the 72-year-old secular republic into a theocracy that would be at odds with the West
Election
Turkeys Prime Minister Tansu Ciller resigns following a narrow electoral victory by the Islamic Party
Resignation of Tansu Ciller
Turkeys Prime Minister Tansu Ciller resigns following a narrow electoral victory by the Islamic Party
Constitution of Turkey
Agrees to work toward a coalition Government in an effort to keep the Islamic Party from taking power and turning the 72-year-old secular republic into a theocracy that would be at odds with the West
Election
Turkeys Prime Minister Tansu Ciller resigns following a narrow electoral victory by the Islamic Party
Resignation of Tansu Ciller
Turkeys Prime Minister Tansu Ciller resigns following a narrow electoral victory by the Islamic Party
State Visit
Al-Khasawneh participates in state visit connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Economy of Bangladesh
A general strike affects more than 60 cities and towns, aimed at forcing the resignation of Prime Minister Zia, who was accused of corruption and incompetence
General Strike
A general strike affects more than 60 cities and towns, aimed at forcing the resignation of Prime Minister Zia, who was accused of corruption and incompetence
Strike
A general strike affects more than 60 cities and towns, aimed at forcing the resignation of Prime Minister Zia, who was accused of corruption and incompetence
Disco 2000 UK Top Ten
Pulp's Disco 2000 reaches number seven on the UK singles chart.
Bombing of Lebanon
Israeli warplanes retaliate against rocket attacks with strikes at Hezbollah strongholds in Lebanon
Government Confirmed
Kazhegeldin continues as Prime Minister after constitutional changes
Deputy Speaker
Appointed Deputy Speaker of the 2nd Russian Duma
Duma
Appointed Member of Russian Duma, 2nd Duma
Secretary of State for Defence
Otasevic begins serving as Bolivia's minister responsible for national defence.
Election
Wins 45% in the first round of the Presidential Elections in the Republic of Khakasiya
Foreign Secretary of Thailand
Appointed Foreign Minister
Minister of Finance
Appointed Minister of Finance
Inauguration
Sworn in as Prime Minister of Thailand, member of the New Aspiration Party
Foreign Secretary of Estonia
Appointed Foreign Minister
Foreign Secretary of Zambia
Appointed Foreign Minister
Secretary of State for Commerce
Appointed Secretary of State for Commerce
Election
Winner of the Presidential & Parliamentary elections with 57.4% of the vote
Civil Service Impartiality
Reaffirms the Government's commitment to a politically impartial home civil service.
Minister of Interior
Appointed Minister of the Interior
Prime Minister of Romania
Ciorbea forms a reform-oriented coalition government.
Ganymede Magnetic Field Discovery
Galileo data establish Ganymede as the first moon known to possess its own magnetic field.
Dublin European Council
Hosts the European Council as leaders negotiate monetary rules and treaty reform.
Health of Lance Armstrong
Armstrongs last chemotherapy treatment
Dublin Stability Pact Agreement
Supports the Dublin agreement on the essential elements of the Stability and Growth Pact for monetary union.
Stability and Growth Pact Agreement
Helps secure political agreement on the fiscal framework accompanying the euro.
Dublin II Treaty Draft
Supports the Presidency draft that becomes an important basis for the Treaty of Amsterdam.
Dublin Stability Pact Agreement
Supports agreement on key elements of the Stability and Growth Pact for monetary union.
Accords of Dayton
Initiated in Dayton, Ohio on November 21, 1995 the full formal agreement is signed in Paris
Treaty of Schengen
Derycke helps back the Nordic accessions that extend Schengen cooperation across northern Europe. The Belgian approach combines mobility with common visa and policing rules.
Treaty of Schengen
In Belgium, Dehaene leads Belgium as Denmark, Finland and Sweden sign agreements joining Schengen. Belgium supports wider participation while preserving practical security cooperation.
Treaty of Schengen
de Charette helps back the Nordic accessions that extend Schengen cooperation across northern Europe. French officials link border removal with operational law-enforcement cooperation.
Treaty of Schengen
In France, Juppe leads France as Denmark, Finland and Sweden sign agreements joining Schengen. France supports mobility alongside common visa and security arrangements.
Beyond Silence
Directs Beyond Silence.
Treaty of Schengen
In Germany, Kohl leads Germany as Denmark, Finland and Sweden sign agreements joining Schengen. Germany supports freer travel alongside common security and visa rules.
Treaty of Schengen
Kinkel helps back the Nordic accessions that extend Schengen cooperation across northern Europe. German officials emphasise reliable information-sharing between national authorities.
Schengen Cooperation Agreement
Iceland joins arrangements associating the Nordic passport-union countries with development and implementation of the Schengen system.
Death of Marcello Mastroianni
Death of Marcello Mastroianni
Treaty of Schengen
van Mierlo helps back the Nordic accessions that extend Schengen cooperation across northern Europe. Dutch officials favour shared information systems alongside open internal borders.
Treaty of Schengen
In Netherlands, Kok leads Netherlands as Denmark, Finland and Sweden sign agreements joining Schengen. The Netherlands links free movement with practical law-enforcement cooperation.
First Galileo Europa Flyby
Galileo makes its first targeted close flyby of Europa and images its fractured icy terrain.
Large Hadron Collider Construction Plan
Presides as CERN Council approves completing the Large Hadron Collider in a single construction stage rather than the original two-stage plan.
Government
Appointed Secretary of Labour
Government
Appointed Secretary of Energy
Government
Appointed Secretary of Transport
Death of Carl Edward Sagan
Death of Carl Edward Sagan
Forty Yard Sunderland Lob
Cantona chipped the Sunderland goalkeeper after a flowing exchange with Brian McClair and stood still in celebration of an exceptional goal.
Election
Winner of the 2nd round of the Presidential elections on Khakasiya with 71.0%
Prime Minister of Comoros
Appointed Prime Minister of Comoros
European Footballer of the Year Award
Receives the Ballon d’Or after his influential performances for Dortmund and Germany, becoming one of the few defenders to win the award.
Euro Legal Framework Negotiations
Helps broker arrangements governing the legal transition to the future single currency.
Dublin Stability Pact Mediation
Juncker helped bridge differences between German Chancellor Helmut Kohl and French President Jacques Chirac over the fiscal stability framework accompanying the planned euro.
Director General IAEA
Appointed Director General of the IAEA
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
Appointed Director General of the IAEA
Death of Stephane Grappelli
Death of Stephane Grappelli
Electoral Reform Commission
Appoints Jenkins to chair the Independent Commission on the Voting System.
Reform of Electoral System
Appointed chair of the Independent Commission on the Voting System.
Electoral Reform Commission Appointment
Is appointed to chair the Independent Commission on the Voting System.
Intercontinental Cup Clinching Goal
Adds Dortmund’s second goal late in the match against Cruzeiro to seal the club’s first Intercontinental Cup triumph.
Intercontinental Cup Opening Goal
Opens the scoring against Brazilian club Cruzeiro as Dortmund wins the Intercontinental Cup 2-0 in Tokyo.
Presidential Resignation
Farooq Leghari resigns after a confrontation with Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.
Politics
Chinese officials and British diplomats meet in Beijing to discuss issues of democracy and human rights
Rule of Hong Kong
Chinese officials and British diplomats meet in Beijing to discuss issues of democracy and human rights
Meeting with In Beijing to discuss issues of democracy
Chinese officials and British diplomats meet in Beijing to discuss issues of democracy and human rights
Politics
Chinese officials and British diplomats meet in Beijing to discuss issues of democracy and human rights
Rule of Hong Kong
Chinese officials and British diplomats meet in Beijing to discuss issues of democracy and human rights
Economy of South Korea
South Korea accepts $55 Billion Loan Package, formally agrees to terms for international economic rescue effort, the largest ever, revamping of economy expected to cause hardship for millions
Conference of Ottawa
Nations sign a Treaty banning land mines, about 120 nations at the Ottawa conference agree to outlaw global production and use, the United States, China, and Russia attend but do not sign Treaty
International Conference at Ottawa
Nations sign a Treaty banning land mines, about 120 nations at the Ottawa conference agree to outlaw global production and use, the United States, China, and Russia attend but do not sign Treaty
Bill Shankly Statue Unveiled at Anfield
A statue of Shankly was unveiled outside the Kop, commemorating the manager who had transformed Liverpool into a major domestic and European force.
Galileo Europa Mission Extension
NASA approves an extended Galileo mission emphasizing repeated close encounters with Europa.
Large Hadron Collider International Participation
Signs an agreement establishing major United States participation in construction of the Large Hadron Collider and its experiments.
Ion Transport Enzyme Recognition
Is honored for identifying the first enzyme that actively transports ions.
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Receives half the chemistry prize for discovering sodium-potassium ATPase.
Reform of Electoral System
47 Labour MPs vote against the cut in lone-parent benefits
Capital Transfer
Nazarbayev transfers the capital from Almaty to Akmola
Conference of Greenhouse Gases
Delegates from more than 150 countries reach tentative accord at a conference in Japan on measures obliging industrialized nations to reduce industrial emissions believed to be warming the Earths atmosphere
Greenhouse Gases
Delegates from more than 150 countries reach tentative accord at a conference in Japan on measures obliging industrialized nations to reduce industrial emissions believed to be warming the Earths atmosphere
Luxembourg Enlargement Decision
Supports launching the Union's enlargement process with countries of Central and Eastern Europe and Cyprus.
Eastern Enlargement Process Summit
Under Juncker’s Council presidency, European leaders launched a new stage of enlargement policy that laid the groundwork for accession negotiations with Central and Eastern European candidates.
Luxembourg Enlargement Process
Chirac supported opening the enlargement process with Central and Eastern European applicant states.
Eurogroup Creation Decision
The Luxembourg European Council endorsed creation of an informal forum for finance ministers of the future euro area, which later became known as the Eurogroup.
Europa Extended-Mission Flyby
Galileo makes a close Europa flyby as the extended Galileo Europa Mission begins.
Tosovsky Government
Begins the Tosovsky Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czech Republic.
Commission
Winnie Mandela rejects nomination, her political career ends as she announces she will not run for Deputy President of African National Congress following her questioning at Truth and Reconciliation Commission, which investigated her role in murder
Treaty of Bosnia Agreement
Clinton Extends Troops Bosnia Agreement, decides G.I.s should remain past scheduled departure in June as part of peacekeeping force
Constitution of Great Britain
Introduces the Scotland Bill to the Commons, for a Scottish Parliament. Introduces the Scotland Bill, legislative powers for a Scottish Parliament
Independence of Great Britain
Introduces the Scotland Bill, legislative powers for a Scottish Parliament
Independence of Scotland
Introduces the Scotland Bill, legislative powers for a Scottish Parliament
Legislation
Introduces the Scotland Bill to the Commons, for a Scottish Parliament
Coup
South Koreans elect a dissident as President & overthrow the political establishment and choose Kim Dae Jung, long-time pro-democracy campaigner
Election
South Koreans elect a dissident as President & overthrow the political establishment and choose Kim Dae Jung, long-time pro-democracy campaigner
President of South Korea
South Koreans elect a dissident as President & overthrow the political establishment and choose Kim Dae Jung, long-time pro-democracy campaigner
Death of Juzo Itami
Death of Juzo Itami
Death of Toshiro Mifune
Death of Toshiro Mifune
Comedian Harmonists
Directs Comedian Harmonists.
Coup
Police seize Kenneth Kaunda in a crackdown on opposition leaders believed to be involved in attempted coup in the autumn
Nationalization
Police seize Kenneth Kaunda in a crackdown on opposition leaders believed to be involved in attempted coup in the autumn
Cenorship
China restricts the use of the Internet, adopts strict rules against use of computers in activities it deems harmful to national security and policies
The New NHS White Paper
The government publishes The New NHS: Modern, Dependable, setting out plans to replace GP fundholding with primary care groups and strengthen cooperation.
Transfer to Juventus
Joins Juventus from AC Milan and becomes an important midfielder for the Italian club.
Second Intercontinental Cup
Coaches Real Madrid to a 2-1 Intercontinental Cup victory over Vasco da Gama.
Intercontinental Cup Winning Goal
Scores the decisive goal against Vasco da Gama as Real Madrid win the Intercontinental Cup.
Presidential Election
Hugo Chavez won the presidential election after campaigning for a constituent assembly and political change.
Human Rights Anniversary
Marks the fiftieth anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Vienna European Council
Represents Germany as leaders prepare for the launch of the euro and discuss employment and institutional reform.
Euro Convergence Programme
Supports Greece's convergence strategy aimed at qualifying for later entry into the euro area.
Palestinian Charter Reaffirmation
Arafat convenes Palestinian political bodies during President Clinton's Gaza visit to reaffirm the removal of charter provisions conflicting with recognition of Israel.
Prime Minister of Russia
Appointed Prime Minister of Russia, 2nd term
Khmer Rouge Disband
Movement effectively ceases to exist after remaining leaders surrender
Arrest of Xu Wenli
Xu Wenli is arrested
Nobel Prize for Fractional Quantum Hall Effect
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovery of the fractional quantum Hall effect.
Rebel Campaign
RUF and AFRC forces intensify attacks before the Freetown assault
Nobel Prize for Fractional Quantum Hall Effect
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovery of the fractional quantum Hall effect.
Nobel Prize for Fractional Quantum Hall Effect
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for explaining the fractional quantum Hall effect.
Rule of Northern Ireland
The Eire Government drops its territorial claim to Northern Ireland
Beef
France refuses to lift its ban on British beef
Russia-Belarus Union State Treaty
Signs the Treaty on the Creation of a Union State with Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko.
Yeltsin resigns
Yeltsin resigns
President for Life
National forum adopts a measure making Niyazov president for life
Inauguration
Fernando de la Rua is sworn into office
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina
Death of Franjo Tudjman
Death of Franjo Tudjman
Helsinki European Council
Represents Greece as leaders take major enlargement decisions and recognise Turkey as a candidate country.
Beijing Summit with Jiang Zemin
Meets Jiang Zemin for talks on bilateral relations, Chechnya and Taiwan.
Homosexuals
The ban on homosexuals serving in the armed forces is to be lifted
Death of Joseph Heller
Death of Joseph Heller
Constitutional Referendum
Voters approved a new constitution creating the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and restructuring public power.
UNMOVIC
UNMOVIC was meant to replace the former United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) to carry on with the mandate to disarm Iraq of its weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), and to operate a system of ongoing monitoring and verification to check Iraq's compliance with its obligations not to reacquire the same weapons banned by the Security Council
UNMOVIC
UNMOVIC was meant to replace the former United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) to carry on with the mandate to disarm Iraq of its weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), and to operate a system of ongoing monitoring and verification to check Iraq's compliance with its obligations not to reacquire the same weapons banned by the Security Council
Rule of Macau
Portugal officially returns Macau to China after 442 yrs
Rule of Macau
Portugal officially returns Macau to China after 442 yrs
State Duma Election
The Kremlin-backed Unity movement performs strongly in the State Duma election shortly before Yeltsin's resignation.
Hubble Servicing Mission 3A Launch
Brown commands Discovery as an urgent Hubble servicing mission launches after multiple gyroscope failures force the telescope into safe mode.
Hubble Captured for Servicing Mission 3A
Clervoy operates Discovery's robotic arm to capture Hubble for the emergency Servicing Mission 3A.
Premiership Ends
Sturza leaves office after his government loses support
Prime Minister Takes Office
Dumitru Braghis becomes Prime Minister after the Sturza government falls
Prime Minister of Romania
Isarescu leaves the central bank temporarily to lead the government.
Hubble Gyroscope Repair
Grunsfeld helps restore Hubble's pointing system by replacing failed gyroscope assemblies during the first Servicing Mission 3A spacewalk.
Hubble Rate Sensor Units Replaced
Smith helps replace all three Hubble Rate Sensor Units, restoring six gyroscopes used for accurate telescope pointing.
Hubble Advanced Computer Installed
Foale helps install a new Hubble computer approximately twenty times faster than the telescope's original flight computer.
Hubble Fine Guidance Sensor Installed
Nicollier helps install a new Fine Guidance Sensor during Servicing Mission 3A.
Hubble Transmitter Replaced
Grunsfeld helps install a replacement transmitter for sending Hubble scientific data to the ground.
Hubble Digital Recorder Installed
Smith helps replace an older mechanical data recorder with a solid-state digital recorder during the final spacewalk.
Hubble Released After Servicing Mission 3A
Clervoy uses Discovery's robotic arm to release Hubble after repairs restore the observatory to science operations.
Acting President
Yeltsin unexpectedly resigns and, according to the constitution, Putin becomes (acting) President of the Russian Federation
Constitution of Russia
Yeltsin unexpectedly resigns and, according to the constitution, Putin becomes (acting) President of the Russian Federation
Resignation of Yeltsin
Unitys electoral success gives Yeltsin the confidence to resign in favour of Prime Minister Putin (who becomes Acting President upon Yeltsins resignation)
Transfer of Presidential Authority to Putin
Leaves the Kremlin after transferring acting presidential authority to Prime Minister Vladimir Putin.
Final New Year Address Prepared
Records a final televised address explaining his early resignation and asking Russians for forgiveness for unmet expectations.
Resignation from the Presidency
Announces his resignation in a televised address and transfers presidential powers to Prime Minister Vladimir Putin.
President of Russia
Yeltsin announces his resignation and hands power over to Prime Minister Putin. Appointed President of Russia, acting
UN Resolution 1284
The UN Security Council passed Resolution 1284, replacing UNSCOM with the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission, also known as UNMOVIC. Four countries – among them Russia, France and China – abstained from voting on Res. 1284, which led the Iraqi regime to reject the resolution because they saw the resolution as a way for the UN to claim Iraq as a "protectorate"
UNSCOM
The UN Security Council passed Resolution 1284, replacing UNSCOM with the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission, also known as UNMOVIC. Four countries – among them Russia, France and China – abstained from voting on Res. 1284, which led the Iraqi regime to reject the resolution because they saw the resolution as a way for the UN to claim Iraq as a "protectorate"
Duma
Putin pledges his support to the newly formed Unity Party which wins the second largest percentage of the popular vote (23,32%) in the Duma elections
Election
Putin pledges his support to the newly formed Unity Party which wins the second largest percentage of the popular vote (23,32%) in the Duma elections
Union State Treaty Ratification Push
Promotes parliamentary ratification of the new Union State treaty with Belarus.
Duma
Putin pledges his support to the newly formed Unity Party which wins the second largest percentage of the popular vote (23,32%) in the Duma elections
Election
Putin pledges his support to the newly formed Unity Party which wins the second largest percentage of the popular vote (23,32%) in the Duma elections
UN Resolution 1284
The UN Security Council passed Resolution 1284, replacing UNSCOM with the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission, also known as UNMOVIC. Four countries – among them Russia, France and China – abstained from voting on Res. 1284, which led the Iraqi regime to reject the resolution because they saw the resolution as a way for the UN to claim Iraq as a "protectorate"
UNMOVIC
The UN Security Council passed Resolution 1284, replacing UNSCOM with the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission, also known as UNMOVIC. Four countries – among them Russia, France and China – abstained from voting on Res. 1284, which led the Iraqi regime to reject the resolution because they saw the resolution as a way for the UN to claim Iraq as a "protectorate"
UNSCOM
The UN Security Council passed Resolution 1284, replacing UNSCOM with the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission, also known as UNMOVIC. Four countries – among them Russia, France and China – abstained from voting on Res. 1284, which led the Iraqi regime to reject the resolution because they saw the resolution as a way for the UN to claim Iraq as a "protectorate"
Appointment as Vice-President
Msika becomes Vice-President after the death of Joshua Nkomo.
Arrest of Augusto Jose Ramon Pinochet
Pinochet is indicted for "kidnapping" 75 opponents in the Caravan of Death case - Guzman advanced the charge of "kidnapping" as they were officially "disappeared:"
Caravan of Death
Pinochet is indicted for "kidnapping" 75 opponents in the Caravan of Death case - Guzman advanced the charge of "kidnapping" as they were officially "disappeared:"
Historic Centre Listed
UNESCO inscribes Bruges historic centre as a World Heritage Site.
Lisbon Derby Victory
Guides Benfica to a 3-0 league victory over city rivals Sporting Lisbon.
Benfica Resignation
Resigns as Benfica manager after the club declines to extend his contract.
Nice European Council
Participates as leaders negotiate institutional changes intended to prepare the Union for a major enlargement.
Nice European Council
Represents Greece as leaders negotiate institutional changes intended to prepare the Union for enlargement.
Nice European Council
Represents Irish diplomacy as leaders negotiate institutional reforms for enlargement.
Nice European Council
Represents Italy as leaders negotiate institutional reforms intended to prepare the Union for enlargement.
Nice Treaty Political Agreement
Supports the political agreement on institutional reform reached at the end of the Nice European Council.
Nice Treaty Political Agreement
Supports the final political compromise on institutional reform reached at Nice.
Return to Presidency
Returns to the presidency after election victory.
Nobel Prize in Physics
Shares the Nobel Prize for developing semiconductor heterostructures.
Semiconductor Heterostructures
The achievement marks semiconductor heterostructures as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Nice European Council
Chirac chaired the Nice European Council, which reached agreement on institutional reforms for future enlargement.
Nice Institutional Reform
Jospin represented the French government during negotiations that produced the Nice institutional settlement.
Election
Al Gore admits defeat to George Bush
Election
Al Gore admits defeat to George Bush
National Security Adviser
Appointed to serve as National Security Adviser, earns the nickname of "Warrior Princess," reflecting strong nerve and delicate manners, the first woman to occupy the post
Death of Kirsty MacColl
Death of Kirsty MacColl
Ballon d'Or
Wins the Ballon d'Or after performances for Barcelona and Portugal.
European Player Recognition
Becomes the second Portuguese player receiving the award.
Return to Presidency
Iliescu begins a further presidential term after winning the 2000 election.
Marriage
Madonna marries Guy Ritchie near Dornoch in Sutherland
Marriage
Madonna marries Guy Ritchie near Dornoch in Sutherland
Clinton Parameters
Presents bridging ideas on borders, Jerusalem, refugees and security.
First Arsenal Hat-Trick
Scores his first Arsenal hat-trick as the club defeat Leicester City 6-1 at Highbury.
Prime Minister of Romania
Nastase forms a government focused on Euro-Atlantic integration.
Ganymede December Flyby
Galileo performs a distant Ganymede encounter while coordinating broader Jupiter-system observations with Cassini.
Cassini Jupiter Flyby
Cassini makes its closest approach to Jupiter while using the planet for a gravity assist to Saturn.
Nobel Prize for Semiconductor Heterostructures
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for developing semiconductor heterostructures for high-speed and optoelectronics.
Retirement Announcement
Prepares to leave the House of Commons after more than fifty years as an MP.
Groningen First-Team Debut
Makes his senior debut for Groningen and quickly emerges as an outstanding young winger.
Clinton Parameters Consultations
Arafat considers the Clinton Parameters as the United States makes a final effort to bridge Israeli-Palestinian differences over permanent-status issues.
National Anthem
Putin sanctions the change of the National Anthem of Russia to restore the music of the pre-1991 Soviet anthem, but with new words
Nobel Prize for Semiconductor Heterostructures
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed and optoelectronic devices.
Galileo-Cassini Joint Jupiter Observations
Galileo and Cassini conduct complementary observations while Cassini passes through the Jupiter system.
Nobel Prize for Integrated Circuit
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit.
Death of George Harrison
Death of George Harrison, from cancer
Genesis Solar Wind Collection Begins
Begins the operational sampling phase of Genesis as collector arrays are exposed to capture atoms and ions carried by the solar wind.
Bonn Agreement
Afghan delegates sign the Bonn Agreement, selecting Karzai to lead an interim administration.
Tenet Mission
Urges Palestinian leaders to take practical measures against renewed violence and support ceasefire efforts.
Fall of Kandahar
The Taliban loses Kandahar, ending its effective control of Afghanistan's government.
Peace
Germany will commit 1,000 soldiers to United Nations peacekeeping
Al-Qaeda
A French citizen of Moroccan origin is charged with conspiring with Osama Bin Laden and other suspects to kill thousands of Americans in the 11 September attacks, Zacarias Moussaoui is detained in the US on immigration charges
Bombing of New York
A French citizen of Moroccan origin is charged with conspiring with Osama Bin Laden and other suspects to kill thousands of Americans in the 11 September attacks, Zacarias Moussaoui is detained in the US on immigration charges
Al-Qaeda
A French citizen of Moroccan origin is charged with conspiring with Osama Bin Laden and other suspects to kill thousands of Americans in the 11 September attacks, Zacarias Moussaoui is detained in the US on immigration charges
Bombing of New York
A French citizen of Moroccan origin is charged with conspiring with Osama Bin Laden and other suspects to kill thousands of Americans in the 11 September attacks, Zacarias Moussaoui is detained in the US on immigration charges
Parliament Attack
Armed attackers assault the Indian Parliament complex in New Delhi, prompting a major security and diplomatic crisis.
Arafat Declared Irrelevant
Sharon's government declares that it will no longer treat Arafat as a relevant negotiating partner following a new wave of attacks.
Laeken European Council
Represents Germany as leaders launch a broader debate on the future constitutional structure of the Union.
Laeken European Council
Represents Greece as leaders launch the Convention on the Future of Europe.
Convention Chair Selection
European leaders selected former French President Giscard dEstang to chair the Convention on the Future of Europe.
Laeken Declaration
Supports the declaration opening a wider debate on the Union's future constitutional structure.
Anti-terrorism Act
Passes new security legislation after the September attacks.
Taliban
The United Nations Security Council had issued Resolution 1333 directed towards the Taliban demanding that the Taliban turn over bin Laden to the United States or a third country
UN Security Council
The United Nations Security Council had issued Resolution 1333 directed towards the Taliban demanding that the Taliban turn over bin Laden to the United States or a third country
United Nations
The United Nations Security Council had issued Resolution 1333 directed towards the Taliban demanding that the Taliban turn over bin Laden to the United States or a third country
Taliban
The United Nations Security Council had issued Resolution 1333 directed towards the Taliban demanding that the Taliban turn over bin Laden to the United States or a third country
UN Security Council
The United Nations Security Council had issued Resolution 1333 directed towards the Taliban demanding that the Taliban turn over bin Laden to the United States or a third country
United Nations
The United Nations Security Council had issued Resolution 1333 directed towards the Taliban demanding that the Taliban turn over bin Laden to the United States or a third country
President of Argentina
Appointed provisional President of Argentina during the December 2001 crisis
Interim Administration
Karzai is sworn in as chairman of Afghanistan's thirty-member Interim Administration.
Minister of Foreign Affairs
Abdullah Abdullah joins the Interim Administration as foreign minister and remains in the Transitional Administration.
President of Argentina
Appointed provisional President of Argentina during the December 2001 crisis
Al-Qaeda
Arrested on a flight from Paris to Miami after trying to blow up the plane with explosives hidden in his shoes, during his trial in the US Richard Reid pledges allegiance to Osama Bin Laden
Shoe Bomber
Arrested on a flight from Paris to Miami after trying to blow up the plane with explosives hidden in his shoes, during his trial in the US Richard Reid pledges allegiance to Osama Bin Laden
Al-Qaeda
Arrested on a flight from Paris to Miami after trying to blow up the plane with explosives hidden in his shoes, during his trial in the US Richard Reid pledges allegiance to Osama Bin Laden
Nowhere in Africa
Directs Nowhere in Africa.
President of Argentina
Appointed provisional President of Argentina after the resignation of Adolfo Rodriguez Saa
Fall of Taliban Government
Omar's government collapses as Taliban forces abandon their remaining major strongholds.
Rangers Manager Appointment
Takes over as Rangers manager following Dick Advocaat's departure from the coaching role.
Border Settlement
India and Pakistan mass forces along their border after the Parliament attack, creating a prolonged military confrontation.
Operation Parakram
India begins a large military mobilisation along the Pakistan border after the attack on Parliament.
Sanctions
India imposes diplomatic and transport restrictions on Pakistan after the Parliament attack.
Muqata Siege
Faces mounting Israeli pressure and restrictions during the Second Intifada.
Presidential Campaign
Builds support inside the Colorado Party ahead of the 2003 presidential election.
Intercontinental Cup Final Opening Goal
Scores the opening goal against Olimpia as Real Madrid win the Intercontinental Cup.
Intercontinental Cup Final Second Goal
Heads Real Madrid's second goal in the Intercontinental Cup final victory over Olimpia.
Eleventh Quarterly Report
Submits UNMOVIC's eleventh quarterly report to the Security Council.
UNMOVIC Report Submitted
Reports on preparations and the newly resumed inspection process.
Prime Minister of Angola
Appointed Prime Minister of Angola
Eleventh Report Presented
Explains the early status of resumed inspections.
Security Council Briefing
Briefs the Security Council on UNMOVIC's eleventh quarterly report.
Iraqi Weapons Declaration
Receives Iraq's declaration of its weapons programmes.
Resolution 1441 Declaration Received
UNMOVIC analysts begin assessing the extensive submission.
Invasion of Iraq
States regarding Iraqi WMD: "The problem here is that there will always be some uncertainty about how quickly he can acquire nuclear weapons. But we don't want the smoking gun to be a mushroom cloud". After Iraq denied weapons of mass destruction to the United Nations, Rice writes an editorial for The New York Times entitled "Why We Know Iraq Is Lying"
Invasion of Iraq
After Iraq denied weapons of mass destruction to the United Nations, Rice wries an editorial for The New York Times entitled "Why We Know Iraq Is Lying"
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
After Iraq denied weapons of mass destruction to the United Nations, Rice writes an editorial for The New York Times entitled "Why We Know Iraq Is Lying. After Iraq denied weapons of mass destruction to the United Nations, Rice writes an editorial for The New York Times entitled "Why We Know Iraq Is Lying"
Tax Law Rewrite Bills Committee
Joins the Joint Committee on Tax Law Rewrite Bills, contributing to parliamentary scrutiny of legislation intended to simplify tax law.
Copenhagen Enlargement Agreement
Supports the agreement completing accession negotiations with ten countries scheduled to join the Union in 2004.
Copenhagen Enlargement Agreement
Supports completion of accession negotiations with ten countries scheduled to join the Union in 2004.
Copenhagen Enlargement Agreement
Supports completion of accession negotiations with ten countries scheduled to join in 2004.
Global and Inclusive Agreement
Joins Congolese parties in approving the Global and Inclusive Agreement that establishes a power-sharing transition.
Accepts Pretoria Transition Framework
Accepts the Global and Inclusive Agreement establishing institutions for a postwar political transition.
Global and Inclusive Agreement
Accepts the power-sharing agreement that creates a transitional political system for the postwar period.
Nuclear Power
Orders the construction by 2004 of a limited missile defense shield
Preliminary Declaration Assessment
Briefs the Council on a preliminary assessment of Iraq's declaration.
Security Council Iraq Briefing
Identifies unresolved questions requiring documentation and inspection.
Election Nomination
Wins the Colorado Party nomination for the presidency.
Chairman Takes Office
Adnan Terzic becomes Chairman of the Council of Ministers
Scandal
Peter Foster, a convicted fraudster, helps the Blairs buy a flat ib Bristol
Eighty-sixth Amendment
The Eighty-sixth Amendment establishes a constitutional right to free and compulsory education for children aged six to fourteen.
Nuclear Power
The US accuses Iran of seeking to develop a secret nuclear weapons programme and publishes satellite images of two nuclear sites under construction at Natanz and Arak
Ajax First-Team Debut
Makes his Ajax first-team debut after progressing through the club's academy.
Poland EU Accession Invitation
The EU summit invites Poland to join the EU by 2004
Summit
The EU summit invites Poland to join the EU by 2004
Summit
The EU summit invites Poland to join the EU by 2004
Reballion of Rebels in Grozny
Suicide bombers attack the HQ of the Government Grozny, 50 are killed
Suicide
Suicide bombers attack the HQ of the Government Grozny, 50 are killed
US accuses Iran of seeking to develop a secret nuclear weapons
The US accuses Iran of seeking to develop a secret nuclear weapons programme and publishes satellite images of two nuclear sites under construction at Natanz and Arak
Nuclear Power
The US accuses Iran of seeking to develop a secret nuclear weapons programme and publishes satellite images of two nuclear sites under construction at Natanz and Arak
Youngest Arsenal Goalscorer
Becomes Arsenal's youngest goalscorer in a League Cup victory over Wolverhampton Wanderers.
DBE
Invested as a Dame Commander of the British Empire
Withdrawal from Commonwealth
Mugabe announces Zimbabwe's withdrawal after the Commonwealth maintains its suspension.
Withdrawal from Commonwealth
Mugabe withdraws Zimbabwe from the Commonwealth after continued suspension.
Iraqi Special Tribunal
The Coalition Provisional Authority voted to create the Iraqi Special Tribunal (IST), consisting of five Iraqi judges, on 9 December 2003, to try Saddam Hussein and his aides for charges of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide
Trial
The Coalition Provisional Authority voted to create the Iraqi Special Tribunal (IST), consisting of five Iraqi judges, on 9 December 2003, to try Saddam Hussein and his aides for charges of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide
Nobel Prize in Physics
Shares the Nobel Prize for theories explaining superconductors and superfluids.
Type-II Superconductivity
The achievement marks type-ii superconductivity as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Nobel Prize in Physics
Shares the Nobel Prize for pioneering contributions to superconductivity theory.
Superconductivity Theory
The achievement marks superconductivity theory as an important Russian scientific milestone.
GALEX Ultraviolet Mosaic of Andromeda
NASA releases a highly sensitive ultraviolet mosaic of M31 from GALEX, tracing young hot stars and recent star formation across its disk.
Death of Heydar Aliyev
Death of Heydar Aliyev
Knighthood
Mick Jagger is knighted
Arrest of Saddam Hussein
Saddam Hussein is captured by US soldiers in a 6ft by 8ft hole
Arrest of Saddam Hussein
Operation Red Dawn was launched after gaining actionable intelligence identifying two likely locations of Saddams whereabouts codenamed Objective Wolverine 1 and Wolverine 2, near the town of ad-Dawr.
Arrest of Saddam Hussein
Saddam Hussein was captured by the US Armys 4th Infantry Division and members of Task Force 121 during Operation Red Dawn.
Arrest of Saddam Hussein
The First Brigade Combat team of the 4th ID, in addition to Special Forces from Task Force 121 were assigned the mission to capture or kill Saddam Hussein.
Arrest of Saddam Hussein
Found hiding in a spider hole during Operation Red Dawn & captured
Red Dawn
Found hiding in a spider hole during Operation Red Dawn & captured
Arrest of Saddam Hussein
Saddam Hussein is captured by US soldiers in a 6ft by 8ft hole
Invasion of Iraq
Saddam Hussein was captured by the US Armys 4th Infantry Division and members of Task Force 121 during Operation Red Dawn
Operation Red Dawn
James Hickey of the 4th Infantry Division, with joint operations Task Force 121 with an elite and covert joint special operations team.
Operation Red Dawn
Operation Red Dawn was an American military operation conducted on 13 December 2003 in the town of ad-Dawr, Iraq, near Tikrit, that led to the capture of Iraqi president Saddam Hussein
Operation Red Dawn
Saddam Hussein was captured by the US Army's 4th Infantry Division and members of Task Force 121 during Operation Red Dawn.
Operation Red Dawn
The mission was assigned to the first Brigade Combat Team of the 4th Infantry Division, commanded by Maj. Gen. Raymond Odierno and led by Col.
Intercontinental Cup Penalty Saves
Saves penalties from Andrea Pirlo and Alessandro Costacurta as Boca Juniors defeat Milan in the shootout.
Intercontinental Cup Equaliser Against Milan
Scores Boca Juniors' equaliser against Milan before the Argentine club win the Intercontinental Cup on penalties.
WMD Commission Membership Announced
Presents the fourteen-member Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission and outlines the principal questions its international membership will examine.
IAEA Additional Protocol
Iran signs an Additional Protocol to its IAEA safeguards agreement to provide broader verification access, although the protocol does not enter into force.
Nuclear Power
As agreed in the Paris Agreement, Iran voluntarily signs and implements the Additional Protocol to the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty
International Weapons Inspections Accepted
Libya agrees to permit international inspection and dismantlement of prohibited weapons activities.
Nuclear Programme Disclosure
Libya discloses uranium-enrichment equipment acquired through an international procurement network.
Renunciation of Weapons of Mass Destruction
Gaddafi announces that Libya will eliminate its nuclear and chemical weapons programmes.
Death of Anita Mui
Death of Anita Mui
Seventeenth Amendment
Parliament adopts the Seventeenth Amendment validating major Musharraf-era constitutional changes.
Libya Nuclear Programme Disclosure
Libya informs the IAEA that it had pursued a clandestine nuclear weapons acquisition programme and requests verification.
Agreement on Restore direct air links and overflight rights
India and Pakistan agree to restore direct air links and overflight rights as relations improve.
US sends humanitarian aid to Iran
US sends humanitarian aid to Iran after earthquake kills up to 50,000 people in city of Bam
Appointment as Vice-President
Mujuru becomes Zimbabwe's first woman Vice-President.
Presidential Inauguration
Karzai is inaugurated as the first elected president under the 2004 Constitution
Presidential Re-Election Victory
Kufuor wins a second presidential term in the 2004 election, allowing the New Patriotic Party administration to continue for another four years.
Nomination for Presidency
Karolos Papoulias is nominated by the governing and opposition parties for the presidency.
Romanian Presidential Election
Basescu wins the presidency after defeating Adrian Nastase.
Presidential Election
Wins the presidency after a runoff election.
Election
Abbas calls for an end to violence in the Al-Aqsa Intifada and a return to peaceful resistance
Intifada, 2nd
Abbas calls for an end to violence in the Al-Aqsa Intifada and a return to peaceful resistance
Intifada
Abbas calls for an end to violence in the Al-Aqsa Intifada and a return to peaceful resistance
Termination Shock
Voyager 1 crosses the solar-wind termination shock and enters the heliosheath.
Voyager 1 Termination Shock Crossing
Leads interpretation of Voyager 1 measurements as the spacecraft crosses the termination shock where the supersonic solar wind abruptly slows and heats.
Recognition of By the international community as a member
Kamal Kharrazi says, "We wont accept any new obligations. Iran has a high technical capability and has to be recognised by the international community as a member of the nuclear club. This is an irreversible path"
Nuclear Power
Kamal Kharrazi says, "We wont accept any new obligations. Iran has a high technical capability and has to be recognised by the international community as a member of the nuclear club. This is an irreversible path"
Nuclear Power
Kamal Kharrazi says, "We wont accept any new obligations. Iran has a high technical capability and has to be recognised by the international community as a member of the nuclear club. This is an irreversible path"
Death of Anthony Meyer
Death of Anthony Meyer
Indian Ocean Tsunami Response
Singh's government coordinates large-scale relief operations after the Indian Ocean tsunami devastates coastal communities.
Prime Minister of Romania
Tariceanu forms a coalition government after the parliamentary election.
OBE
Wiggins is awarded an OBE for services to sport
Agenda for Change Implementation
Agenda for Change begins national implementation, replacing numerous NHS pay systems with common pay bands, job evaluation and harmonised conditions for most staff.
Election
Visits the Ukraine twice before the election to show his support for Ukrainian Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych and congratulated him on his alleged victory before the official election results had been announced
ZANU-PF
At the December 2004 five-year conference, Joyce Mujuru, a Zezeru Shona like Mugabe and whose husband Solomon Mujuru is the retired head of the armed forces, is elevated to the post of vice-president of the party (first woman to hold that office)
Re-Elected President
Nazarbayev wins another presidential election
Opposition Leadership Begins
Becomes Leader of HM Official Opposition after winning the Conservative leadership.
Conservative Leader Elected
Wins the Conservative Party leadership election and succeeds Michael Howard.
Party Leader
Elected Leader of the Conservative Party.
Opposition Leader
Becomes Leader of the Opposition after winning the Conservative leadership.
World Trade Organization Membership
Leads commerce policy during negotiations for WTO membership.
World Trade Organization Membership
Oversees Saudi Arabia's accession to the World Trade Organization.
Privy Council
Approved for appointment to the Privy Council after becoming opposition leader.
Economy of Brazil
Announces that Brazil will clear its International Monetary Fund debt of $15.5bn 2 yrs early
Holocaust
Describes the holocaust as a myth
Declaration of War
Admits responsibility for going to war in Iraq on the basis of faulty intelligence
Presidential Election
Morales wins the presidential election as the Movement Toward Socialism candidate.
Constitutional Referendum
Voters approve a new constitution establishing elected institutions and decentralised provinces.
Uranus New Rings and Moons
Showalter leads Hubble observations revealing two previously unknown dusty rings around Uranus and the moons Mab and Cupid.
Election
In a move widely seen as political persecution, Nour is convicted of forgery and sentenced to five years at hard labor
Party Leader
Cameron is elected with more than twice as many votes as Davis and more than half of all ballots issued; Cameron won 134,446 votes on a 78% turnout, beating Daviss 64,398 votes
United Nations Humanitarian Assessment
A United Nations official warns that Zimbabwe faces severe humanitarian and economic decline.
Granma
Too ill to attend the nationwide commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Granma boat landing, which fueled speculations that Castro had stomach cancer, though Spanish doctor Dr. Garcia Sabrido stated that his illness is not terminal
Health of Fidel Alejandro Castro
Too ill to attend the nationwide commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Granma boat landing, which fueled speculations that Castro had stomach cancer, though Spanish doctor Dr. Garcia Sabrido stated that his illness is not terminal
Party Leader
Elected Party Leader of the Australian Labor Party
Elected Presidential Inauguration
Kabila takes office under the new constitution after winning the election.
Pre-Budget Report
Brown delivers his final Pre-Budget Report as Chancellor.
Death of Augusto Pinochet
Death of Augusto Pinochet
Death of Augusto Jose Ramon Pinochet
Death of Augusto Jose Ramon Pinochet
Nobel Prize
Smoot receives the Nobel Prize for COBE discovery of microwave background anisotropies
Nobel Prize
Mather receives the Nobel Prize for COBE measurements of the microwave background spectrum
OPCW WMD Report Presentation
Presents the Commission report to the Director-General of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons and to Dutch parliamentarians.
Death of Dianna
Lord Stevens report, Operation Paget, was published and dismisses all allegations of conspiracy as without foundation
Operation Paget
Lord Stevens report, Operation Paget, was published and dismisses all allegations of conspiracy as without foundation
Historical Review
National review of the Khmer Rouge era expands
Call for Early Elections
As fighting and political deadlock between Fatah and Hamas intensified, Abbas called for new presidential and legislative elections. He presented elections as a possible route out of the growing constitutional and factional crisis.
Acting Cabinet Leadership
Acting President also exercises cabinet and head-of-government authority
Acting President Appointed
Berdymukhamedov becomes acting President after Niyazov's death
Presidency Ends
Niyazov's rule ends after his death
Death in Office
Niyazov dies while serving as President of Turkmenistan
Succession Bypassed
Constitutional successor is blocked from assuming the acting presidency
Death of Saparmurat Niyazov
Death of Saparmurat Niyazov
UN Resolution 1737
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1737 imposes measures after Iran does not suspend enrichment-related and reprocessing activities as previously required.
Massacre
Saddams appeal is rejected and the death sentence upheld
Appointment as Prime Minister
Kabila appoints veteran politician Gizenga to form the first government under the new constitution.
Execution
Husseins execution is carried out on December 30, 2006 (notably, the first Muslim day of the feast of Eid ul-Adha)
Camp Justice
The execution is carried out at "Camp Justice," an Iraqi army base in Kazimain, a neighbourhood of northeast Baghdad
Execution
The execution is carried out at "Camp Justice," an Iraqi army base in Kazimain, a neighbourhood of northeast Baghdad. On 30 December 2006 at approximately 6:05 am Baghdad time, Saddam Husseins sentence is carried out and he was executed by hanging
Execution
Signs the death warrant of Saddam Hussein and declines a stay of execution, saying there would be "no review or delay" in the event. Husseins execution is carried out on December 30, 2006 (notably, the first Muslim day of the feast of Eid ul-Adha)
Scandal
The 1st serving Prime Minister to be questioned by police over the cash-for-peerages scandal
Trident Renewal
Blair argues that Britain should begin work on replacing the Vanguard submarine force that carries Trident
Trident Renewal
The Government publishes its White Paper on the future of the United Kingdom's nuclear deterrent
Election Timetable Proposal
ZANU-PF considers delaying the next presidential election.
Ballon d'Or
Wins the Ballon d'Or after leading Milan in Europe.
World Player Recognition
Becomes the fourth Brazilian winner within an eleven-year period.
Commonwealth of Australia
Rudd is sworn in as Prime Minister by Governor of General Michael Jeffery, unlike Labor predecessors, Rudd does not swear allegiance to the Queen of Australia directly but promises to "well and truly serve the Commonwealth of Australia and her people"
Commonwealth
Rudd is sworn in as Prime Minister by Governor of General Michael Jeffery, unlike Labor predecessors, Rudd does not swear allegiance to the Queen of Australia directly but promises to "well and truly serve the Commonwealth of Australia and her people"
Kyoto Protocol
Australias new Government formed by the Australian Labor Party fully supports the protocol and Prime Minister Kevin Rudd signs the instrument of ratification immediately after assuming office
Prime Minister of Australia
Rudd is sworn in as Prime Minister by Governor of General Michael Jeffery, unlike Labor predecessors, Rudd does not swear allegiance to the Queen of Australia directly but promises to "well and truly serve the Commonwealth of Australia and her people"
Lifetime Achievement Award
Awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award at the BBCs Sports Personality of the Year show in recognition of "his contribution as both player and manager in a career spanning more than half a century"
Sports Writers Association
Awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award at the BBCs Sports Personality of the Year show in recognition of "his contribution as both player and manager in a career spanning more than half a century"
Election
Bhutto meets Nawaz Sharif to publicize their demand that Musharraf fulfill his promise to lift the state of emergency before Januarys Parliamentary elections, threatening to boycott the vote if he failed to comply
State of Emergency
Bhutto meets Nawaz Sharif to publicize their demand that Musharraf fulfill his promise to lift the state of emergency before Januarys Parliamentary elections, threatening to boycott the vote if he failed to comply
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina, 1st term
Ahmet Ertegun Tribute
Reunites Led Zeppelin for the Ahmet Ertegun tribute concert at the O2 Arena.
Ahmet Ertegun Tribute
Performs with Page, Plant and Jason Bonham at the O2 reunion concert.
Ahmet Ertegun Tribute
Sings with the reunited Led Zeppelin at the O2 Arena.
Term Auction Facility Established
The Federal Reserve establishes the Term Auction Facility and coordinates foreign-exchange swap arrangements with other central banks to improve the distribution of term funding during severe money-market pressures.
Credit Crunch
The Federal Reserve announces the Term Auction Facility to provide banks with secured term funding and reduce persistent pressures in money markets.
Treaty of Lisbon Signature
Sarkozy signed the Treaty of Lisbon for France as the European Union sought institutional reform after the failed constitutional treaty.
Treaty of Lisbon
Signs the Treaty of Lisbon for Germany alongside Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier.
Treaty of Lisbon Signature
Signs the Treaty of Lisbon for Germany alongside Chancellor Angela Merkel.
Charter
The Treaty of Lisbon makes the Unions human rights charter, the Charter of Fundamental Rights, legally binding
Politics
The Treaty of Lisbon makes the Unions human rights charter, the Charter of Fundamental Rights, legally binding
Treaty of Lisbon
Amends the Treaty on European Union (TEU, Maastricht; 1992) and the Treaty establishing the European Community (TEC, Rome; 1957), renamed to Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
Treaty of Lisbon
Changes include more qualified majority voting in the Council of Minister's & increased involvement of the European Parliament in the legislative process through extended codecision with the Council of Minister's.
Treaty of Lisbon
Signed by the European Union (EU) member states, and enters into force on 1 December 2009. Plays a central role in the negotiation of the Treaty of Lisbon and the Berlin Declaration.
Treaty of Lisbon
The Treaty of Lisbon makes the Unions human rights charter, the Charter of Fundamental Rights, legally binding.
Treaty of Lisbon
The aim of the Treaty is "to complete the process started by the Treaty of Amsterdam 1997 and by the Treaty of Nice 2001 with a view to enhancing the efficiency and democratic legitimacy of the EU and to improving the coherence of its action".
Lisbon Treaty Signature
Brown signs the European Union reform treaty at Lisbon.
Treaty of Lisbon Signature
Brown signs the Treaty of Lisbon after becoming Prime Minister.
Treaty of Lisbon
Bakoyannis signs Lisbon alongside Karamanlis, representing Greek diplomacy at the treaty ceremony.
Treaty of Lisbon
Karamanlis adds Greece's signature to the Lisbon reform treaty on behalf of the government.
Treaty of Lisbon
Signs the Treaty of Lisbon for Ireland as Minister for Foreign Affairs.
Treaty of Lisbon
Signs the Treaty of Lisbon on behalf of Ireland.
Treaty of Lisbon
Signs the Treaty of Lisbon for Italy as President of the Council of Ministers.
Treaty of Lisbon
Representatives from the 27 EU member states were present, and signed the Treaty as plenipotentiaries, marking the end of Treaty negotiations.
Treaty of Lisbon
The signing of the Treaty of Lisbon took place in Lisbon, Portugal on 13 December 2007. The Government of Portugal, by virtue of holding Presidency of the Council of the European Union at the time, arranged a ceremony inside the 15th century Jerónimos Monastery, the same place Portugal's treaty of accession to the European Union (EU) was signed in 1985
Treaty of Lisbon
The signing of the Treaty of Lisbon, the Government of Portugal, by virtue of holding Presidency of the Council of the European Union at the time.
Treaty of Lisbon
arranges a ceremony inside the 15th century Jeronimos Monastery, the same place Portugals Treaty of accession to the European Union (EU) was signed in 1985.
Bombing of Dohuk Province
With the help of the US military, Turkish fighter jets bomb areas in Dohuk Province in northern Iraq, targeting the Kurdish militant group, the Kurdistan Workers Party
Invasion of Iraq
With the help of the US military, Turkish fighter jets bomb areas in Dohuk Province in northern Iraq, targeting the Kurdish militant group, the Kurdistan Workers Party
Credit Crunch
Morgan Stanley falls into the red with $9.4 billion writeoff but receives $5 billion from the China Investment Corporation
Morgan Stanley
Morgan Stanley falls into the red with $9.4 billion writeoff but receives $5 billion from the China Investment Corporation
Twenty Five Years in Government
Juncker marked twenty-five years since first entering Luxembourg’s government, reflecting an unusually lengthy ministerial career that had come to encompass national finance and European policy.
Invasion of Iraq
Gen. David Petraeus reports that car bombs and suicide attacks have dropped by 60% since June 2007
Suicide
Gen. David Petraeus reports that car bombs and suicide attacks have dropped by 60% since June 2007
Assassination of Benazir Bhutto
Benazir Bhutto is assassinated after an election rally in Rawalpindi.
Election Campaign Assassination
Bhutto's assassination disrupts campaigning for the scheduled parliamentary election.
National Mourning
Musharraf declares national mourning after Benazir Bhutto's assassination.
Assassination of Benazir Bhutto
Arab League Secretary General Amr Moussa states that, "We condemn this assassination and terrorist act, and pray for God Almighty to bless her soul".
Assassination of Benazir Bhutto
Bhutto is killed leaving a campaign rally for the PPP at Liaquat National Bagh, where she had given a spirited address to party supporters in the run-up to the January 2008 Parliamentary elections.
Assassination of Benazir Bhutto
The United Nations Security Council holds an emergency meeting and unanimously condemns the assassination.
Death of Benazir Bhutto
Bhutto is killed leaving a campaign rally for the PPP at Liaquat National Bagh, where she had given a spirited address to party supporters in the run-up to the January 2008 Parliamentary elections
Election
Bhutto is killed leaving a campaign rally for the PPP at Liaquat National Bagh, where she had given a spirited address to party supporters in the run-up to the January 2008 Parliamentary elections
UN Security Council
The United Nations Security Council holds an emergency meeting and unanimously condemns the assassination
Death of Benazir Bhutto
Death of Benazir Bhutto
Al-Qaeda
Al-Qaeda Commander Mustafa Abu al-Yazid claims responsibility for the attack, describing Bhutto as "the most precious American asset"
Assassination of Benazir Bhutto
Al-Qaeda Commander Mustafa Abu al-Yazid claims responsibility for the attack, describing Bhutto as "the most precious American asset"
Assassination of Benazir Bhutto
Nawaz Sharif, the leader of the rival opposition party Pakistan Muslim League, states that "This is a tragedy for her party, and a tragedy for our party and the entire nation"
Burial
Bhuttos body is flown to her hometown of Garhi Khuda Bakhsh in Larkana District, Sindh, and is buried next to her father in the family mausoleum at a ceremony attended by hundreds of thousands of mourners
Death of Benazir Bhutto
The Interior Ministry of Pakistan states that "Bhutto was killed when she tried to duck back into the vehicle, and the shock waves from the blast knocked her head into a lever attached to the sunroof, fracturing her skull"
Assassination of Benazir Bhutto
Nawaz Sharif, the leader of the rival opposition party Pakistan Muslim League, states that "This is a tragedy for her party, and a tragedy for our party and the entire nation"
Nobel Prize for Giant Magnetoresistance
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovery of giant magnetoresistance and spin-dependent electron transport.
Nobel Prize for Giant Magnetoresistance
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovery of giant magnetoresistance.
Party Leader
Nick Clegg is elected as leader of the Liberal Democrats, succeeding Menzies Campbell
Election
United Russia won 64.24% of the popular vote in their run for State Duma according to election preliminary results, United Russias victory isseen by many as an indication of strong popular support of the then Russian leadership and its policies
United Russia
United Russia won 64.24% of the popular vote in their run for State Duma according to election preliminary results, United Russias victory isseen by many as an indication of strong popular support of the then Russian leadership and its policies
Summit Meeting
Mugabe attends the EU-Africa summit, where he is criticised over his rights record, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown boycotts the meeting over Mugabes presence
EU-Africa Summit
Mugabe attends the summit despite criticism of Zimbabwe's human-rights record.
ZANU-PF Presidential Nomination
ZANU-PF endorses Mugabe as its candidate for the approaching election.
Great Recession Announcement
The NBER committee announces that the recession began in December 2007.
Ballon d'Or
Wins his first Ballon d'Or after an outstanding club season.
World Player Recognition
Becomes the first Portuguese winner since Luis Figo.
Kennedy Center Honors
Receives Kennedy Center Honors with Roger Daltrey.
Kennedy Center Honors
Receives Kennedy Center Honors with Pete Townshend.
Corruption Arrest
Is arrested on corruption charges involving the vacant Senate seat of Barack Obama
Barnett Formula Committee Membership
Joins the House of Lords Barnett Formula Committee examining the system used to determine aspects of public expenditure allocations across the United Kingdom.
European Council Lisbon Guarantees
Seeks assurances addressing Irish concerns over taxation, neutrality, ethical issues and retention of a national Commissioner.
Posthumous Order for Courage
Receives Ukraine's Order for Courage, third degree, posthumously in recognition of his actions during the Chernobyl disaster.
Sports Personality of the Year
Named BBC Sports Personality of the Year
A meeting between al-Malki and former US President George Bush is disrupted
A meeting between al-Malki and former US President George Bush is disrupted when Iraqi journalist Muntadhar al Zaidi threw his shoes at Bush
Constitution of Bangladesh
Bangladeshs military-backed Government says it will end nearly two years of emergency rule and restore civil liberties before this months national elections
Election
Bangladeshs military-backed Government says it will end nearly two years of emergency rule and restore civil liberties before this months national elections
State of Emergency
Bangladeshs military-backed Government says it will end nearly two years of emergency rule and restore civil liberties before this months national elections
Zero Interest Rate Policy
The Federal Reserve lowers the federal funds target range to near zero.
Credit Crunch
The Federal Reserve lowers its policy target to a range of zero to one-quarter percent as the recession and financial crisis deepen.
New Horizons
New Horizons begins another scheduled hibernation cycle while continuing its multi-year cruise toward Pluto.
Hamas
Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, the military wing of Palestinian Hamas, reported 185 Israeli violations in the lull period
Invasion of Gaza
Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, the military wing of Palestinian Hamas, reported 185 Israeli violations in the lull period
ICTR Genocide Conviction
Is convicted of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes.
Military I Judgment
The trial chamber initially sentences him to life imprisonment.
ICTR Genocide Conviction
Is convicted of genocide and other serious crimes.
Military I Life Sentence
The trial chamber imposes a life sentence.
ICTR Genocide Conviction
Is convicted in the ICTR Military I case.
Military I Life Sentence
The trial chamber sentences him to life imprisonment.
Automobile Industry Assistance
General Motors receives emergency federal financing through funds authorised under TARP.
Auto Bailout
Announces emergency loans for General Motors and Chrysler from financial rescue funds
FIFA Club World Cup Championship
Ferguson’s Manchester United defeat LDU Quito in Japan to become FIFA Club World Cup champions, adding a global club trophy to their successful year.
Hamas
At an Israeli Cabinet meeting, Yuval Diskin, Head of Israels internal security agency, confirms the seriousness of Hamass interest in maintaining the truce
Invasion of Gaza
At an Israeli Cabinet meeting, Yuval Diskin, Head of Israels internal security agency, confirms the seriousness of Hamass interest in maintaining the truce
Bird Flu
Bangladeshi authorities say a new outbreak of bird flu had been detected at a village in the north of the country as they struggle to contain the disease
Health of Lajuddin Ahmed
Bangladeshi authorities say a new outbreak of bird flu had been detected at a village in the north of the country as they struggle to contain the disease
Manager
Appointed manager of Leeds United
Hamas
Mahmoud al-Zahar, a senior Hamas leader, says that his group is willing to renew the hudna if Israel refrains from operating in Gaza, and lifts its blockade of the Gaza strip
Invasion of Gaza
Mahmoud al-Zahar, a senior Hamas leader, says that his group is willing to renew the hudna if Israel refrains from operating in Gaza, and lifts its blockade of the Gaza strip
Invasion of Gaza
Delivers a Last Minute Warning in an interview with the Arabic language satellite channel al-Arabiya. "I am telling them now, it may be the last minute, Im telling them stop it. We are stronger"
Bombing of Beit Hanoun
The Israeli Air Force bombed roughly 100 targets in four minutes, including Hamas bases, training camps, headquarters and offices in all of Gazas main towns, including Gaza City, Beit Hanoun, Khan Younis, and Rafah
Bombing of Gaza City
The Israeli Air Force bombed roughly 100 targets in four minutes, including Hamas bases, training camps, headquarters and offices in all of Gazas main towns, including Gaza City, Beit Hanoun, Khan Younis, and Rafah
Bombing of Gaza
Israel commences air strikes against the Hamas infrastructure in Gaza, code named Operation Cast Lead
Bombing of Khan Younis
The Israeli Air Force bombed roughly 100 targets in four minutes, including Hamas bases, training camps, headquarters and offices in all of Gazas main towns, including Gaza City, Beit Hanoun, Khan Younis, and Rafah
Bombing of Rafah
The Israeli Air Force bombed roughly 100 targets in four minutes, including Hamas bases, training camps, headquarters and offices in all of Gazas main towns, including Gaza City, Beit Hanoun, Khan Younis, and Rafah
Hamas
The Israeli Air Force bombed roughly 100 targets in four minutes, including Hamas bases, training camps, headquarters and offices in all of Gazas main towns, including Gaza City, Beit Hanoun, Khan Younis, and Rafah
Hamas
Israel commences air strikes against the Hamas infrastructure in Gaza, code named Operation Cast Lead.
Hamas
Israel launches its military operation with the stated objective of defending itself from Hamas rocket fire, Hamas demands the cessation of Israeli attacks and an end to the Israeli blockade.
Hamas
The Israeli Air Force bombed roughly 100 targets in four minutes, including Hamas bases, training camps, headquarters and offices in all of Gaza's main towns, including Gaza City, Beit Hanoun, Khan Younis, and Rafah.
Operation Cast Lead
Israel commences air strikes against the Hamas infrastructure in Gaza, code named Operation Cast Lead
Siege of Gaza
The Israeli Air Force bombed roughly 100 targets in four minutes, including Hamas bases, training camps, headquarters and offices in all of Gazas main towns, including Gaza City, Beit Hanoun, Khan Younis, and Rafah. Israel launches its military operation with the stated objective of defending itself from Hamas rocket fire, Hamas demands the cessation of Israeli attacks and an end to the Israeli blockade
Constitution of Bangladesh
Bangladeshis voted in their droves in elections that mark the end of two years of emergency rule, with a pair of rival former Prime Minister's vying to reclaim power in the impoverished nation
Election
Bangladeshis voted in their droves in elections that mark the end of two years of emergency rule, with a pair of rival former Prime Minister's vying to reclaim power in the impoverished nation
Eighteen-Week Referral Target
The NHS reaches broad implementation of the eighteen-week referral-to-treatment standard, substantially reducing long elective waits compared with earlier years.
Transfer to Real Madrid
Agrees a move from Ajax to Real Madrid during the winter transfer period.
Election
Time magazine names Barack Obama as its Person of the Year for his historic candidacy and election, which it described as "the steady march of seemingly impossible accomplishments"
Person of the Year
Time magazine names Barack Obama as its Person of the Year for his historic candidacy and election, which it described as "the steady march of seemingly impossible accomplishments"
Lisbon Treaty Enters Force
Sarkozy welcomed the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty and its institutional reforms.
Treaty of Lisbon Enters into Force
Heads the German government when the Treaty of Lisbon enters into force across the European Union.
Council Voting Reform
The treaty makes qualified-majority voting the standard procedure in additional Council decisions.
European Institutional Reform
Brown's government implements the institutional changes created by the Treaty of Lisbon.
Lisbon Treaty Double-Majority Rule
The treaty introduces a future double-majority system for qualified-majority voting.
Lisbon Treaty Entry into Force
The Treaty of Lisbon enters into force across the European Union.
Member-State Voting Requirement
The voting system requires support from a majority of European Union member states.
National Parliament Scrutiny
The treaty expands opportunities for national parliaments to examine European legislation.
Population Threshold for Council Voting
The treaty establishes population and member-state thresholds for future Council majorities.
Qualified-Majority Voting Expansion
The treaty extends qualified-majority voting across additional European policy areas.
Treaty of Lisbon Enters into Force
Lisbon's institutional reforms become binding across the Union while Papandreou serves as Greek prime minister.
Lisbon Institutional Reforms Take Effect
Serves as Foreign Minister as the Lisbon Treaty reforms become legally effective.
Treaty of Lisbon Enters into Force
Lisbon's institutional reforms become binding across the Union while Cowen serves as Taoiseach.
Treaty of Lisbon Enters into Force
Lisbon reforms take effect under Berlusconi, changing EU institutions, voting procedures and external representation.
Treaty of Lisbon
The Treaty of Lisbon comes into effect
Invasion of Afghanistan
Obama announces deployment of 30,000 more US troops while pledging to begin withdrawals in 18 months
Election
Morales wins re-election for a second presidential term.
Second Presidential Term
Morales begins a second term under the new constitutional framework.
Al-Qaeda
Five bombs kill at least 120 people and wound some 400 at or near Government buildings in Baghdad, the Islamic State of Iraq al-Qaeda says it carried out the attacks
Bombing of Baghdad
Five bombs kill at least 120 people and wound some 400 at or near Government buildings in Baghdad, the Islamic State of Iraq al-Qaeda says it carried out the attacks
Al-Qaeda
Five bombs kill at least 120 people and wound some 400 at or near Government buildings in Baghdad, the Islamic State of Iraq al-Qaeda says it carried out the attacks
Bombing of Baghdad
Five bombs kill at least 120 people and wound some 400 at or near Government buildings in Baghdad, the Islamic State of Iraq al-Qaeda says it carried out the attacks
SEA Games Opening
Laos hosts the Southeast Asian Games for the first time
Appointment as Vice-President
Nkomo becomes Vice-President following Joseph Msika's death.
Hillsborough Independent Panel
Burnham helps secure creation of the panel overseeing disclosure of Hillsborough records.
Large Hadron Collider Collision Record
Sees the Large Hadron Collider produce 2.36 TeV proton collisions, setting a new world record for collider energy.
Liverpool Honours Shankly at Fifty-Year Anniversary
Liverpool marked fifty years since Shankly’s appointment with commemorations at Anfield, celebrating his training philosophy and the foundations of the club’s success.
PLO Central Council Extends Presidency
The PLO Central Council voted to keep Abbas in the presidency until elections could be organised. The decision prolonged his tenure beyond the original electoral term amid the continuing political division between the West Bank and Gaza.
Club World Cup Final Winner
Scores in extra time as Barcelona defeat Estudiantes to complete an unprecedented six-trophy year.
Barcelona Sextuple
Becomes the first manager winning six official titles in one year.
Six-Trophy Year
Completes a calendar year containing six major trophies.
Soul Kitchen
Directs Soul Kitchen.
AQAP Threat Focus
US security attention increasingly focuses on Al-Qaeda in Yemen.
Christmas Day Bomb Plot Response
Responds after the attempted bombing is linked to Yemen-based AQAP.
Nobel Prize for CCD Imaging
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for invention of the imaging semiconductor circuit known as the CCD.
Copenhagen Climate Conference
Brown participates in negotiations seeking an international agreement on climate action.
Nobel Prize for CCD Imaging
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for invention of the CCD imaging semiconductor circuit.
Akatsuki Orbit Insertion Failure
Akatsuki fails to enter Venus orbit after a propulsion-system malfunction and continues around the Sun.
Family Policy Speech
Reaffirms the coalition government's commitment to family policy in a speech hosted by Relate.
Acting Governor-General Returns
Jeffery Nape again serves as acting Governor-General
Jubilee First Oil
Mills opens the production valve as commercial oil begins flowing from the offshore Jubilee field, making petroleum a major new sector of Ghana's economy.
Self-Immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi
Mohamed Bouazizi set himself on fire after a dispute with local officials, triggering nationwide protests.
Cambiasso Inter Club World Cup Victory
Cambiasso helps Benítez's Inter control midfield as the European champions defeat TP Mazembe in the FIFA Club World Cup final.
Eto'o Goals in Inter Club World Cup
Eto'o scores in Inter's 3–0 Club World Cup final victory over TP Mazembe during Benítez's brief tenure.
Governor-General Takes Office
Michael Ogio becomes Governor-General of Papua New Guinea
Prime Minister
Becomes prime minister after Bouasone Bouphavanh resigns
Brief Acting President
Prime Minister Vlad Filat briefly exercises acting presidential duties
Acting Presidency Ends
Ghimpu's acting presidency ends after parliamentary leadership changes
Acting President Takes Office
Marian Lupu becomes acting President while serving as President of Parliament
Brief Acting Presidency Ends
Filat's brief acting presidential role ends after Marian Lupu takes over
Nobel Prize for Graphene
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for groundbreaking experiments regarding two-dimensional graphene.
Nobel Prize for Graphene
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for groundbreaking experiments on graphene's electronic properties.
International Accord
It is released that Abdullah wanted all detainees released from the Guantanamo Bay prison to be tracked through an implanted microchip, according to the leaked diplomatic cables published by Wikileaks
Yakubu Scores Four Against Swansea
Yakubu scores four times in Blackburn's 4–2 Premier League win over Swansea City, showing his instinctive penalty-area finishing.
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina, 2nd term
Election of President
The Constituent Assembly elected Moncef Marzouki president of Tunisia.
Death of Kim Jong Il
Death of North Korean leader Kim Jong Il.
Club World Cup Final Double
Scores twice as Barcelona defeat Santos 4-0 to win the FIFA Club World Cup.
Iraq Withdrawal
Marks the end of the U.S. military mission in Iraq.
Constitution Review Report Received
Mills receives the Constitution Review Commission's final report after a nationwide consultation examining possible reforms to Ghana's 1992 Constitution.
Head of Government of Tunisia
Hamadi Jebali became head of government following the Constituent Assembly election.
Succession to Kim Jong Il
Is proclaimed supreme leader after Kim Jong Il dies.
EU Treaty Veto
Refuses to support proposed European treaty changes during negotiations over the eurozone crisis.
Andromeda Project Citizen Science Begins
Citizen-science volunteers begin classifying star clusters in PHAT imagery, extending the catalogue of stellar groupings visible across Andromeda's disk.
Presidential Election Victory
Mahama wins the presidential election and receives a full elected mandate after previously assuming office through constitutional succession.
Forced Resignation
Diarra resigns after soldiers arrest him and interfere with the transitional authorities.
Appointment as Transitional Prime Minister
Traore appoints Cissoko to form a new transitional government.
Kwangmyongsong 3 Launch
North Korea launches a satellite into orbit.
State of Palestine UN Designation
Following the General Assembly vote, the Palestinian leadership informed the United Nations that the designation State of Palestine should be used in UN documents and meetings. Abbas was identified in that framework as President of the State of Palestine.
Treasury Purchases and Economic Threshold Guidance
The Federal Open Market Committee adds purchases of 45 billion dollars of longer-term Treasury securities per month and introduces explicit unemployment and inflation thresholds to help explain how long exceptionally low interest rates may remain appropriate.
Club World Cup Victory
Guides Corinthians to victory over Chelsea in the world final.
Interim Social Media Guidelines
Starmer publishes interim prosecution guidance covering communications made through social media.
After You Released by Pulp
Pulp release a newly completed version of After You, their first new recording in many years.
End of Luxembourg Premiership
Juncker left office as prime minister after elections brought a coalition led by Xavier Bettel to power, ending nearly nineteen years at the head of Luxembourg’s government.
Privileges and Conduct Committee Service Ends
Completes seven years of service on the House of Lords Committee for Privileges and Conduct.
Death of Nelson Mandela
Death of Nelson Mandela
Higgs Mechanism Recognition
Receives recognition for the mechanism developed with Robert Brout.
Nobel Prize in Physics
Shares the physics prize for the theory of particle mass generation.
Higgs Boson
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics after CERN measurements confirm a particle associated with the symmetry-breaking mechanism proposed in 1964.
Europa Water Vapor Plumes
Roth leads Hubble ultraviolet observations finding evidence for water-vapor plumes above Europa's south polar region.
Jang Song Thaek Purge
Purges and executes Jang Song Thaek.
Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act
Parliament passes the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act to create new anti-corruption oversight institutions.
Asset Purchase Taper Begins
The Federal Open Market Committee decides to reduce the monthly pace of agency mortgage-backed securities and Treasury purchases beginning in January 2014, starting the gradual taper of its post-crisis quantitative-easing program.
Club World Cup Win in Morocco
Josep Guardiola manages Bayern to a 2-0 victory over Raja Casablanca in the FIFA Club World Cup final.
New Horizons
Controllers wake New Horizons from hibernation for the final time before its active Pluto encounter.
Appointment as Vice-President
Mnangagwa becomes Vice-President after Joice Mujuru's removal.
Venus Express Mission End
ESA ends Venus Express operations after fuel depletion following more than eight years of observations around Venus.
Club World Cup Final Opening Goal
Scores the opening goal as Real Madrid defeat San Lorenzo 2-0 in the Club World Cup final.
Presidential Election, Second Round
Beji Caid Essebsi won the presidential runoff election.
Higuaín Italian Super Cup Shootout
Higuaín scores twice in normal play against Juventus before Napoli win the Supercoppa Italiana on penalties under Benítez.
Death of Joe Cocker
Dies in Crawford, Colorado, aged seventy.
Napoli Wins Italian Super Cup
Benítez's Napoli defeat Juventus after a 2–2 draw and lengthy penalty shootout to secure the Italian Super Cup.
Security Council Statehood Resolution Bid
The Palestinian leadership pursued a draft Security Council resolution calling for an end to the Israeli occupation within a defined timetable. The proposal did not receive the votes required for adoption, but it marked another stage in Abbas's strategy of seeking international action on statehood.
Inauguration of President
Beji Caid Essebsi was sworn in as president of Tunisia.
Syria Airstrikes Vote
Wins Commons backing for UK airstrikes against Islamic State targets in Syria.
Mahrez Hat-Trick Against Swansea
Mahrez scores three goals at Swansea as Leicester continue their remarkable Premier League rise under Ranieri.
Pluto
Highest-resolution images show erosion and faulting sculpting rugged badlands and a major canyon system in Pluto's northern terrain.
Akatsuki Venus Orbit
Akatsuki successfully enters Venus orbit five years after its first failed insertion attempt.
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina
Pluto
Close-up imagery reveals aligned pits in Pluto's nitrogen-rich ice, probably formed through fracturing and volatile-ice loss.
First Post-Crisis Federal Funds Rate Increase
The Federal Open Market Committee raises the federal funds target range to 0.25 to 0.50 percent, the first increase after seven years near zero and an important step in the normalization of monetary policy.
Predicted Supernova Refsdal
Kelly helps predict and then identify the reappearance of gravitationally lensed Supernova Refsdal in Hubble images.
Brexit
The European Union Referendum Act receives royal assent.
EU Referendum Act
The European Union Referendum Act receives royal assent.
Libyan Political Agreement Signed
The agreement establishes a Presidency Council and framework for a Government of National Accord.
Second Chelsea Departure
Leaves Chelsea by mutual consent during his second spell at Stamford Bridge.
Club World Cup Final Double
Scores twice as Barcelona defeat River Plate 3-0 to win the FIFA Club World Cup.
GW151226 Black Hole Merger
During her term as LIGO Scientific Collaboration spokesperson, LIGO records GW151226, its second confirmed gravitational-wave signal from merging stellar-mass black holes.
GW151226 Detection
Advanced LIGO records GW151226 from two lower-mass black holes, providing a second robust direct gravitational-wave detection and showing that the first observation was not an isolated event.
Paris Climate Agreement Support
Supports international efforts that culminate in the Paris Agreement on climate change.
Iran Past Issues Final Assessment
The IAEA issues its final assessment of past and present outstanding issues concerning Iran's nuclear programme.
Sputnik Planitia
Research proposes that Pluto's nitrogen-rich Sputnik Planitia could have formed early and migrated as the dwarf planet's rotation evolved.
Sirte Liberated from Islamic State
Forces aligned with the Government of National Accord complete the campaign for Sirte.
Brexit
The government accepts Parliament will vote on the final Brexit deal.
Government Brexit Plan Motion
Starmer moves a motion demanding publication of the Government's Brexit plan.
Election Defeat Conceded
Mahama concedes defeat after the 2016 presidential election, reinforcing Ghana's tradition of peaceful democratic transfers between rival parties.
Formation of Saad Hariri Government
A new thirty-member government headed by Saad Hariri is formed after consultations with President Michel Aoun, completing a major institutional step following the end of the presidential vacancy.
Presidency Ends
Timofti leaves office after one presidential term
President Takes Office
Igor Dodon becomes President after Moldova returns to direct presidential election
Death of Vera Florence Cooper Rubin
Death of Vera Rubin
Saint Sylvester Agreement
Government and opposition representatives agree on elections and transitional power-sharing.
Acting Mayoral Term
Leaves office as Acting Mayor of Amsterdam.
Acting Mayor of Amsterdam
Takes office as Acting Mayor of Amsterdam.
Record-Distance KBO Imaging
New Horizons photographs Kuiper Belt objects 2012 HZ84 and 2012 HE85 from farther from Earth than any previous spacecraft image location.
Rejection of US Jerusalem Recognition
Abbas rejected the United States decision to recognise Jerusalem as Israel's capital. He argued that the move disqualified Washington from serving as an impartial mediator and reaffirmed the Palestinian claim to East Jerusalem as the capital of a future state.
Jerusalem Recognition
Recognises Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.
Brexit
Agrees the phase one joint report with the European Union.
Brexit
The UK and EU publish a joint report on phase one of Brexit negotiations.
Club World Cup Final Winning Goal
Scores the only goal against Gremio as Real Madrid retain the Club World Cup.
Homelessness Fund Reaches One Hundred Thirty-Five Thousand Pounds
Burnham announces strong public support for the city-region homelessness fund.
Commonwealth Games Award
Birmingham is selected to host the 2022 Commonwealth Games.
Tax Cuts and Jobs Act
The Act reduces the corporate tax rate and changes individual and business taxation.
Liverpool Agrees Van Dijk Transfer
Liverpool agree to sign Van Dijk from Southampton, giving Klopp a central defender capable of organising the team from the back.
Appointment as Vice-President
Mohadi is appointed as one of Zimbabwe's two Vice-Presidents.
Appointment as Vice-President
Chiwenga becomes Vice-President after retiring from military command.
Nobel Prize for Cryo-Electron Microscopy
Shares the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing cryo-electron microscopy for high-resolution biomolecular structures.
Sunday Service Ends
Ends his regular BBC Radio 6 Music Sunday Service after almost eight years.
Ballon d'Or Victory
Wins the 2018 Ballon d'Or after a year featuring Champions League success with Real Madrid.
Large Hadron Collider Long Shutdown 2
Sees the Large Hadron Collider enter Long Shutdown 2 for major maintenance, consolidation and upgrades.
Large Hadron Collider Run 2 Completion
Marks the end of Large Hadron Collider Run 2 after four years of 13 TeV proton collisions and extensive heavy-ion running.
River Plate Libertadores Title Manager
Manages River Plate to Copa Libertadores victory over Boca Juniors in the second leg of the historic final in Madrid.
Brexit
Postpones the first meaningful vote on the Withdrawal Agreement.
Wightman Case
Wins ruling that Article 50 can be revoked unilaterally.
Brexit
Survives a Conservative confidence vote over her Brexit leadership.
Hodeidah Ceasefire Framework
The accord addresses Hodeidah, prisoners and Taiz.
Stockholm Agreement
His government signs the Stockholm Agreement with the Houthis.
Manchester United Departure
Leaves Manchester United after two and a half seasons in charge.
Government Shutdown Over Wall
Triggers a partial government shutdown over border wall funding.
General Election Held before Transfer of Power
Oversees the national election that begins the transition away from his eighteen-year presidency.
Prosperity Party
Launches the Prosperity Party to replace the EPRDF coalition.
Sixth Ballon d'Or
Wins a sixth Ballon d'Or while serving as Barcelona captain.
NATO London Meeting
Attends NATO leaders’ meeting marking alliance anniversary.
Solar Wind Switchback Results
Reports that Parker Solar Probe detects abundant magnetic switchbacks accompanied by rapid plasma flows, revealing unexpected structure and turbulence in the young solar wind.
WHO Album
Release WHO, their first studio album since Endless Wire.
Normandy Summit
Meets the leaders of France, Germany and Russia at the first Normandy summit since 2016.
President of Argentina
Inaugurated as President of Argentina.
Nobel Prize
Receives the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Nobel Prize
Receives the Nobel Prize for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology.
Nobel Peace Prize
Receives the Nobel Peace Prize for efforts to resolve conflict with Eritrea.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Becomes Prime Minister of Finland.
Nobel Prize
Receives the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for work on lithium-ion batteries.
Nobel Prize
Receives the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discoveries on cellular oxygen sensing.
Nobel Prize
Receives the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for work on lithium-ion batteries.
USMCA
Supports the revised North American trade agreement with the United States and Canada.
Nobel Prize
Receives the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discoveries on cellular oxygen sensing.
Nobel Prize
Receives the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discoveries on cellular oxygen sensing.
Saudi Aramco Listed
Supports the public listing of Saudi Aramco under Vision 2030.
Saudi Aramco Listed
Leads Saudi Aramco as its shares begin trading on Tadawul.
Aramco IPO
Saudi Aramco begins trading after the world's largest initial public offering.
General Election - General Election
Wins a Conservative majority on the slogan Get Brexit Done.
General Election Election Outcome
General election outcome recorded for Boris Johnson: Wins a Conservative majority on the slogan Get Brexit Done.
General Election Government
Government context for this general election: Wins a Conservative majority on the slogan Get Brexit Done.
General Election
Wins a Conservative majority on the slogan Get Brexit Done.
General Election
Leads Labour to defeat in the general election.
Third Parliamentary Election Victory
Starmer is re-elected for Holborn and St Pancras at the general election.
General Election
Loses her seat in the general election.
General Election - General Election
Leads the SNP to major gains in Scotland at the general election.
General Election Election Outcome
General election outcome recorded for Nicola Sturgeon: Leads the SNP to major gains in Scotland at the general election.
General Election Government
Government context for this general election: Leads the SNP to major gains in Scotland at the general election.
General Election
Leads the SNP to major gains in Scotland at the general election.
Impeachment
Is impeached by the House of Representatives.
First Impeachment Vote
Is impeached by the House of Representatives.
Impeachment
Presides over the House during the impeachment of Donald Trump.
President of Algeria
Takes office as President of Algeria.
Withdrawal Agreement Bill
The Withdrawal Agreement Bill passes second reading after the Conservative election victory.
Arsenal Appointment
Becomes Arsenal head coach after assisting Pep Guardiola.
First Senior Management Role
Begins his first senior managerial appointment.
Firmino Scores Club World Cup Winner
Firmino strikes in extra time against Flamengo to give Liverpool its first FIFA Club World Cup title under Klopp.
FIFA Club World Cup
Starts the final as Liverpool defeat Flamengo after extra time to become FIFA Club World Cup champions for the first time.
Chairman Takes Office
Zoran Tegeltija becomes Chairman of the Council of Ministers
Dortmund Announces Signing
Borussia Dortmund announced the signing of Haaland from Salzburg, bringing the Norwegian striker to Germany for the second half of the season.
December Prisoner Release
Welcomes seventy-six Ukrainians returning from detention after agreements reached at the Normandy summit.
COVID-19
Chinese authorities report pneumonia cases of unknown cause in Wuhan to the World Health Organization.
Rough Sleeping Reduction
Burnham announces that recorded rough sleeping has fallen thirty-seven percent in one year.
Austria Footballer of the Year
Haaland was named Austria’s Footballer of the Year after an exceptional run of performances and goals for Red Bull Salzburg.
Idlib Offensive
Syrian government forces intensify operations in the Idlib region.
COVID-19
BioNTech's vaccine receives emergency authorisation in the United Kingdom.
COVID-19
The United Kingdom authorises the Pfizer BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine.
Presidential Re-Election Victory
Akufo-Addo wins re-election in the 2020 presidential contest and secures a second constitutional term in office.
Israel Normalisation
Agrees to normalise relations with Israel as part of a United States brokered arrangement.
Deep Jupiter Hot Spots
Juno observations show Jupiter's equatorial hot spots are wider and deeper than earlier models suggested.
COVID-19
The United States authorises the Pfizer BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use.
Pfizer BioNTech Vaccine
The United States authorises the Pfizer BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use.
Electoral College Certification
Electoral College votes confirm Joe Biden’s victory.
Electoral College
The Electoral College confirms Joe Biden's presidential victory.
Electoral College Vote
Electoral College confirms his presidential victory.
Fourth Anti-Epidemic Fund Approved
Legislative Council funding approval enables the Government to implement a fourth round of targeted Anti-epidemic Fund relief for sectors hit by restrictions.
One Club Scoring Record
Scores his 644th Barcelona goal to surpass Pele's recognised goals total for a single club.
Trade Agreement Negotiated
Concludes negotiations on the UK EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement.
Trade and Cooperation Agreement
The UK and EU agree the Trade and Cooperation Agreement before the transition ends.
Presidency Ends
Dodon leaves office after losing the 2020 presidential election
President Takes Office
Maia Sandu becomes President after winning the 2020 presidential election
Transition Period Ends
The Brexit transition period ends and new UK EU trading rules begin.
Acting Prime Minister Takes Office
Aureliu Ciocoi becomes acting Prime Minister after Chicu resigns
Equal Marriage Law
Promulgates legislation establishing marriage equality for same-sex couples.
Summit for Democracy
Hosts the first Summit for Democracy.
Barn
Releases Barn with Crazy Horse, recorded in a restored nineteenth-century barn.
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Shares the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing asymmetric organocatalysis.
Nobel Prize in Physics
Is honoured for climate modelling that connected weather variability with long-term climate change.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is honoured for writing about colonialism and the refugee experience between cultures and continents.
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Shares the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing asymmetric organocatalysis.
Nobel Prize in Physics
Is honoured for discovering how disorder and fluctuations interact in complex physical systems.
Nobel Prize in Physics
Is honoured for climate modelling that quantified variability and helped predict global warming.
Nobel Prize in Medicine
Shares the medicine prize for discoveries of receptors involved in temperature and touch.
Nobel Prize in Medicine
Shares the medicine prize for discoveries of receptors involved in temperature and touch.
Eastern Partnership Summit
Attends the Eastern Partnership summit and presses European leaders over Russian military pressure.
Fiala Government
Forms a centre-right coalition government.
Brexit
Resigns as Brexit minister.
Legislative Council Election under New System
Hong Kong holds its first Legislative Council general election under the restructured electoral system introduced earlier in the year.
Decisive Strike Sends Swiss Through
Remo Freuler scores Switzerland’s third goal against Serbia in a 3-2 victory that secures progression to the World Cup round of sixteen.
Saka Finishes England Third Against Senegal
Bukayo Saka delicately lifts a finish over Senegal’s goalkeeper after Phil Foden’s delivery, completing England’s 3-0 round-of-16 victory.
Kane Opens Tournament Scoring Against Senegal
Harry Kane finishes a rapid counterattack just before half-time against Senegal, scoring his first goal at the 2022 World Cup.
Foden Creates Saka Knockout Goal
Phil Foden provides the ball for Bukayo Saka’s second-half goal against Senegal, helping England seal a place in the World Cup quarter-finals.
Pickford Senegal Knockout Clean Sheet
Jordan Pickford keeps Senegal scoreless in the round of 16, including a key first-half save before England establish control of the match.
Henderson Opens Scoring Against Senegal
Jordan Henderson runs into the penalty area and finishes a pass from Jude Bellingham, putting England ahead in their World Cup round-of-16 match against Senegal.
Bellingham Sets Up Senegal Opener
Jude Bellingham advances down the left and squares the ball to Jordan Henderson, creating the first goal of England’s knockout-stage victory over Senegal.
Domestic Debt Exchange Programme Announced
The government launches a domestic debt exchange as part of efforts to restore debt sustainability during Ghana's severe fiscal and financial crisis.
A New Britain Report
Brown presents proposals for devolution, economic renewal and reform of central government.
Winning Penalty Against Spain
Converts the decisive penalty as Morocco eliminate Spain and reach the quarter-finals.
World Cup Hat-Trick
Scores three goals in Portugal's victory over Switzerland.
Brittney Griner Exchange
Announces Brittney Griner's release from Russia.
World Cup Quarter-Final Shootout Saves
Saves two Netherlands penalties as Argentina win their World Cup quarter-final shootout.
Nobel Prize in Physics
Shares the physics prize for experiments with entangled photons and advances in quantum information science.
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Shares the chemistry prize for click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is honoured for examining memory, estrangement, and collective restraints with courage and precision.
Nobel Prize in Physics
Shares the physics prize for experiments with entangled photons and advances in quantum information science.
Kane Equalises From Penalty Against France
Harry Kane converts England’s first penalty against France to make the score 1-1 in the World Cup quarter-final at Al Bayt Stadium.
Kane Misses Late Quarter-Final Penalty
Harry Kane sends England’s second penalty over the crossbar against France, leaving his side trailing 2-1 before their elimination from the 2022 World Cup.
Saka Wins First Penalty Against France
Bukayo Saka is fouled by Aurelien Tchouameni inside the France penalty area, giving Harry Kane the chance to equalise from the spot.
Mount Wins Second Penalty Against France
Mason Mount is pushed by Theo Hernandez in the French penalty area, and a video review awards England a second penalty late in the quarter-final.
Nobel Prize in Medicine
Receives the medicine prize for discoveries concerning extinct hominin genomes and human evolution.
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Shares the chemistry prize for click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry.
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Shares the chemistry prize for click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry.
Nobel Prize in Physics
Shares the physics prize for experiments with entangled photons and tests of Bell inequalities.
Respect for Marriage Act
Signs the Respect for Marriage Act.
Second Taoiseach Term
Returns as Taoiseach under the coalition government's agreed rotation of the office.
Legislative Election, First Round
Tunisia held the first round of legislative elections under the 2022 Constitution.
World Cup Winner
Lionel Messi lifts his first World Cup after Argentina draws 3-3 with France and wins the 2022 final on penalties in Lusail.
World Cup Winner
Cristian Romero starts at centre-back for Argentina in the 2022 final against France. His assertive tackling contributes to a dramatic title victory decided by penalties.
World Cup Winner
Gonzalo Montiel scores Argentina's fourth penalty in the shootout against France, securing the nation's third World Cup title.
World Cup Winner
Nahuel Molina occupies Argentina’s right-back position during the 2022 final. His forward runs and defensive recoveries support a team that becomes champion for the third time.
World Cup Winner
Nicolás Otamendi brings experience to Argentina’s back line during the 2022 championship match. He plays through the extraordinary shifts of momentum as France forces extra time.
World Cup Winner
Nicolás Tagliafico starts at left-back in Argentina’s 2022 final victory and contributes energetic marking along the flank. He helps contain French advances before being substituted.
World Cup Winner
Julián Álvarez supplies intelligent runs alongside Messi during Argentina’s 2022 title campaign. The young striker starts the final after scoring four times earlier in the tournament.
2022 FIFA World Cup Final - Lionel Messi
Lionel Messi scored twice against France and converted in the shootout as Argentina won a dramatic final following a 3–3 draw.
2022 Golden Ball
Wins the Golden Ball after leading Argentina to the World Cup title.
2022 FIFA World Cup Final - Ángel Di María
Ángel Di María finished an outstanding team move to put Argentina two goals ahead before France’s dramatic comeback.
2022 Golden Glove
Wins the Golden Glove after Argentina's championship campaign.
2022 FIFA World Cup Final - Emiliano Martínez
Emiliano Martínez saved a late one-on-one opportunity and then a shootout penalty to help Argentina secure the trophy.
World Cup Winner
Emiliano Martínez blocks Randal Kolo Muani's late extra-time attempt and later saves a penalty in the shootout against France.
Argentina World Cup Title Manager
Coaches Argentina to its third FIFA World Cup title.
World Cup Winner
Lionel Scaloni manages Argentina to the 2022 world championship after the team recovers from an opening loss and defeats France in the final shootout.
World Cup Winner
Alexis Mac Allister releases Ángel Di María with a measured pass during Argentina's flowing second goal against France in the World Cup final.
2022 FIFA World Cup Final - Enzo Fernández
Enzo Fernández linked Argentina’s midfield and attack as the team recovered from losing a two-goal lead to beat France on penalties.
World Cup Winner
Enzo Fernández gives Argentina mobility and control in central midfield during the 2022 final. His performances across the tournament earn him the young player award alongside a championship medal.
World Cup Winner
Rodrigo De Paul presses relentlessly and supports Lionel Messi during Argentina’s 2022 World Cup victory. He starts the final and gives the midfield essential endurance against France.
World Cup Winner
Ángel Di María finishes a sweeping Argentine counterattack to put his team 2-0 ahead against France in the first half of the 2022 final.
2022 FIFA World Cup Final - Kingsley Coman
Kingsley Coman entered as a substitute and helped France fight back, but his penalty was saved in the decisive shootout.
Eight-Goal Qatar 2022 Golden Boot
Scores eight goals for France, including three in the final, to win the Golden Boot.
World Cup Final Hat-Trick
Scores three goals against Argentina, becoming the second player with a World Cup final hat-trick.
2022 FIFA World Cup Final - Randal Kolo Muani
Randal Kolo Muani won France’s first penalty and later saw an extra-time chance saved before converting in the shootout.
Washington Visit
Visits Washington and addresses the United States Congress during his first wartime trip abroad.
Patriot Air Defense
Announces Patriot air defense support during Zelenskyy's Washington visit.
First Franchised Bus Contracts
Burnham announces operators for the first locally controlled Bee Network bus services.
Death of Three Time World Champion
Pelé died aged eighty-two, prompting tributes around the world to a player renowned for three World Cup victories.
House of Lords Membership Ends
Ends his recorded membership of the House of Lords after three decades as Lord Lawson of Blaby and a longer parliamentary career beginning in 1974.
Martínez Clean Sheet Against City
Martínez preserves a clean sheet against Manchester City while Villa restrict the champions to very few opportunities.
Bailey Winner Against Manchester City
Bailey's deflected shot beats Ederson as Aston Villa defeat Manchester City 1–0, demonstrating their growth under Emery.
Before and After
Releases Before and After, reworking older songs in a continuous solo acoustic sequence.
Douglas Luiz Scores Against Arsenal
Douglas Luiz anchors Villa's midfield as Emery's team overcome Arsenal 1–0, extending an outstanding run of Premier League home victories.
200 Liverpool Goals
Scores against Crystal Palace to reach 200 goals for Liverpool, becoming only the fifth player in club history to achieve the milestone.
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina
Nobel Prize in Physics
Shares the physics prize for methods producing attosecond light pulses to study electron dynamics.
Nobel Prize in Physics
Shares the physics prize for methods producing attosecond light pulses to study electron dynamics.
Nobel Prize in Medicine
Shares the medicine prize for mRNA modifications enabling effective COVID-19 vaccines.
Nobel Prize in Physics
Shares the physics prize for methods producing attosecond light pulses to study electron dynamics.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is honoured for innovative plays and prose that give voice to the unsayable.
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Shares the chemistry prize for discovering and synthesising quantum dots.
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Shares the chemistry prize for discovering and synthesising quantum dots.
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Shares the chemistry prize for discovering and synthesising quantum dots.
Nobel Prize in Medicine
Shares the medicine prize for mRNA modifications enabling effective COVID-19 vaccines.
EU Accession Talks Decision
Welcomes the European Council decision to open European Union accession negotiations with Ukraine.
Second Constitutional Referendum
Accepts the referendum result rejecting the second proposed constitutional text.
Re-Election to Second Presidential Term
Wins a second presidential term in the national election held amid opposition challenges and logistical problems.
State Visit
Al-Khasawneh participates in state visit connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Io Flyby
Juno begins very close flybys of volcanic Io.
Juno First Close Io Flyby
Juno passes close to Io, obtaining detailed views and measurements of its volcanic surface.
BepiColombo Mercury Flyby
BepiColombo completes its fifth Mercury flyby and passes the planet at a substantially higher altitude than earlier encounters.
Hunter Biden Pardon
Pardons his son Hunter Biden.
Plan for Change
Starmer publishes measurable milestones for growth, housing, policing, energy, education and health.
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Shares the chemistry prize for predicting protein structures.
Nobel Prize in Physics
Shares the physics prize for foundational work enabling machine learning with artificial neural networks.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is honoured for poetic prose confronting historical trauma and the fragility of human life.
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Receives part of the chemistry prize for computational protein design.
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Shares the chemistry prize for predicting protein structures.
Nobel Prize in Medicine
Shares the medicine prize for discovering microRNA and its role in gene regulation.
Nobel Prize in Medicine
Shares the medicine prize for discovering microRNA and its role in gene regulation.
Nobel Prize in Physics
Shares the physics prize for foundational work enabling machine learning with artificial neural networks.
Ten Year Health Plan Working Groups
Tasking statements establish eleven working groups to develop policy options on prevention, access, equity, workforce, finance, technology, infrastructure and NHS reform.
Resignation of Chrystia Freeland
Resigns from cabinet after serving as deputy prime minister and finance minister.
Children's Wellbeing and Schools Bill
The Government introduces legislation covering child protection, school standards and breakfast clubs.
Intercontinental Cup Final Second Goal
Scores Real Madrid's second goal in the 3-0 Intercontinental Cup final victory over Pachuca.
Intercontinental Cup Final Penalty
Converts a penalty to complete Real Madrid's 3-0 Intercontinental Cup final victory over Pachuca.
Intercontinental Cup Final Opening Goal
Scores the opening goal as Real Madrid defeat Pachuca 3-0 in the Intercontinental Cup final.
Ninth World Championship
Coaches Real Madrid to victory over Pachuca as the club secure their ninth world championship.
Kristrun Frostadottir Government Formed
Kristrun Frostadottir forms a coalition government of the Social Democratic Alliance, Liberal Reform Party and People's Party after the November election.
Federal Death Sentences Commuted
Commutes most federal death sentences.
SpaDeX Launch
The two SpaDeX spacecraft launch during S. Somanath's tenure to demonstrate rendezvous and docking technologies in orbit.
Io Tidal Heating Constraint
Juno flyby data indicate Io's volcanic heat is not concentrated in a single shallow global magma ocean.
Formula One World Championship
Wins the Formula One drivers' championship.
Revised Peace Plan
Says Ukraine will share a revised twenty-point peace plan with the United States after talks with European leaders.
Reform Speech
Serdar suggests political reforms while continuing as President and head of government
Neutrality Anniversary Leadership
Serdar marks the thirtieth anniversary of Turkmenistan's permanent neutrality as President
Third Quarter GDP Growth
ONS reports that real GDP grew by 0.1 percent in the third quarter of 2025.