Adoption of Nero
Claudius adopts Agrippina's son Nero in 50 and places him prominently in the imperial succession.
Historical events in February
4,934 historical records across all years
Adoption of Nero
Claudius adopts Nero in 50, giving him a position ahead of the younger Britannicus in the imperial succession.
Death of Britannicus
Britannicus dies suddenly in 55; ancient sources accuse Nero of arranging his poisoning to remove a potential rival.
Death of Britannicus
Dies suddenly, clearing Neroโs dynastic rival.
Succession
Succeeds as Emperor of China
Succession
Adopted by Hadrian as his successor
Adoption by Antoninus
Is adopted by Antoninus Pius under Hadrian settlement.
Adoption of Antoninus
Adopts Antoninus Pius and requires further adoptions.
Adoption by Hadrian
Is adopted by Hadrian and made imperial heir.
Egypt Recognizes Severus
Egypt recognizes Septimus Severus during the war against Pescennius Niger.
Battle of Lyon
Helps Severus to victory over Albinus, makes the winning cavalry charge
Battle of Lyon
Severus crushes Albinus, who claims to be Emperor
Death of Claudius Albinus
Death of Claudius Albinus, suicide
Suicide
Surrounded at the Battle of Lyons, his head is displayed in Rome. Death of Claudius Albinus, suicide
Battle of Lugdunum
Septimus Severus defeats Clodius Albinus at Lugdunum and becomes undisputed emperor.
Death of Septimus Severus
Septimus Severus dies at Eboracum, modern York, while still engaged in the British campaign.
Birth of Constantine I the Great
Constantine I is born at Naissus, probably in 272 or 273, to Constantius Chlorus and Helena.
Death of Jovian
Death of Jovian, the male line of Constantius Chlorus is now extinct. Death of Jovian, suffocated in his sleep by charcoal fumes, foul play not suspected
Death of Valentinian I
Jovian dies & the Army generals decide to choose Valentian as his successor
Edict of Thessalonika
The Edict is issued after Theodosius had been baptized by the Bishop Ascholius of Thessalonica upon suffering a severe illness in Thessalonica
Edict of Thessalonika
The Edict of Thessalonica (also known as Cunctos populos) isissued by the three reigning Roman Emperors, making Nicene Christianity the state religion of the Roman Empire
Edict of Thessalonika
The Edict of Thessalonika is issued under the influence of Acholius, and thus of Pope Damasus I, who had appointed him to affirm a single expression of the Apostolic Faith as legitimate in the Roman Empire, "catholic" (that is, universal) and "orthodox" (that is, correct in teaching)
Edict of Thessalonika
Theodosius attempts to suppress all non-Nicene forms of Christianity, especially Arianism, to establish Nicene orthodoxy
Nicene Christianity
The Edict of Thessalonica (also known as Cunctos populos) isissued by the three reigning Roman Emperors, making Nicene Christianity the state religion of the Roman Empire
Cunctos Populos
The Edict of Thessalonika, also known as Cunctos populos, orders all subjects of the Roman Empire to profess the faith of the bishops of Rome and Alexandria, making Nicene Christianity the state religion of the Roman Empire
Edict of Thessalonika
The Edict of Thessalonika is jointly issued by Theodosius I, Gratian, and Valentinian II
Edict of Thessalonika
The Edict of Thessalonika, also known as Cunctos populos, orders all subjects of the Roman Empire to profess the faith of the bishops of Rome and Alexandria, making Nicene Christianity the state religion of the Roman Empire
Nicene Christianity
The Edict of Thessalonika, also known as Cunctos populos, orders all subjects of the Roman Empire to profess the faith of the bishops of Rome and Alexandria, making Nicene Christianity the state religion of the Roman Empire
Siege of Milan
Leads a Visigoth siege on Milan
Coup
Succeeds as Emperor of Rome, Roman General who helps overthrow Constantine
Death of Constantius III
Death of Constantius III
Succession
Succeeds as Emperor of Rome, Roman General who helps overthrow Constantine
Death of Oswy
Death of Oswy, Mercia reasserts itself as a power
Succession
Succeeds as King of Kent
Coronation
Crowned Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Emperor
Succeeds as Holy Roman Emperor
Succession
Succeeds as Holy Roman Emperor
Coronation
Crowned King of the Franks
Coronation
Charles III the Simple is crowned King of the Franks
Succession
Louis the Child is crowned King of East Francia at Forchheim following the death of his father, Arnulf of Carinthia.
Coronation
Crowned Emperor by Pope John XII in Rome, revives the Empire of Charlamagne
Holy Roman Emperor
Revives the title of Holy Roman Emperor, sees himself as the successor to Charlamagne. Otto is crowned Emperor by Pope John XII, intertwining the affairs of the German Kingdom with those of Italy and the Papacy and marking the German King's as successors to the Empire of Charlemagne, which through the concept of translatio imperii, also made them consider themselves as successors to Ancient Rome
Holy Roman Empire
Otto is crowned Emperor by Pope John XII, intertwining the affairs of the German Kingdom with those of Italy and the Papacy and marking the German King's as successors to the Empire of Charlemagne, which through the concept of translatio imperii, also made them consider themselves as successors to Ancient Rome. Crowned Emperor by Pope John XII in Rome, revives the Empire of Charlamagne
Translatio Imperii
Otto is crowned Emperor by Pope John XII, intertwining the affairs of the German Kingdom with those of Italy and the Papacy and marking the German King's as successors to the Empire of Charlemagne, which through the concept of translatio imperii, also made them consider themselves as successors to Ancient Rome
Death of Sweyn I Forkbeard
Death of Death-Sweyn I Forkbeard
Exile of Sweyn I Forkbeard
The English invite Ethelred to return from France after the death of Sweyn I
Succession
The Danish army choose Canute as their leader after the death of Sweyn I
Coronation
Crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Benedict VIII
Holy Roman Empire
Acquires Burgundy on the death of Rudolf III & unites it with the Empire
Rule of Burgundy
Acquires Burgundy on the death of Rudolf III & unites it with the Empire
Birth of Honorius II
Bith of Honorius II, Lamberto Scannabecchi
York Rebellion Renewed
A renewed rebellion at York challenges William's northern garrisons and forces another royal intervention.
Capture of Durazzo
The Normans took Dyrrhachium in February 1082 and advanced inland, capturing most of Macedonia and Thessaly
Capture of Macedonia
The Normans took Dyrrhachium in February 1082 and advanced inland, capturing most of Macedonia and Thessaly
Capture of Thessaly
The Normans took Dyrrhachium in February 1082 and advanced inland, capturing most of Macedonia and Thessaly
Capture of
The Normans took Dyrrhachium in February 1082 and advanced inland, capturing most of Macedonia and Thessaly
Capture of Macedonia
The Normans took Dyrrhachium in February 1082 and advanced inland, capturing most of Macedonia and Thessaly
Capture of Thessaly
The Normans took Dyrrhachium in February 1082 and advanced inland, capturing most of Macedonia and Thessaly
Siege of Antioch
Emperor Alexius General Tacitius leaves the siege of Antioch
Siege of Arqah
Raymond begins the desultory siege of Arqah, near Tripoli
Arrest of Ralph de Flambard
Escapes from the Tower of London
Death of Honorius II
Death of Honorius II
Arrest of Robert III Curthose
Death of Robert III Curthose, in captivity in Cardiff
Death of Robert III Curthose
Death of Robert III Curthose, in captivity in Cardiff
Treaty of Durham
David I is granted Carlisle and Doncaster, with Carlisle went much of Cumberland and the honour of Lancaster
Treaty of Durham
David I is granted Carlisle and Doncaster, with Carlisle went much of Cumberland and the honour of Lancaster
Arrest of Stephen
Captures Stephen of Blois at the Battle of Lincoln
Battle of Lincoln
Stephen is captured in battle by William de Cahaignes
Arrest of Stephen
Arrested by Matilda & held at Bristol
Battle of Lincoln
Stephen is captured in battle by William de Cahaignes. Matilda, supported by Ranulf, defeats Stephen & is declared "Lady of England", Queen. A force of Matildas supporters led by Robert of Gloucester & Ranulf, Earl of Chester
Siege of Lincoln Castle
Captured at the Battle of Lincoln while besieging Lincoln Castle
Battle of Lincoln
Matilda defeats Stephen then imprisons him in Bristol. Declared "Lady of England", in effect Queen, after the battle
Death of Roger II the Great
Death of Roger II the Great
Birth of Henry the Young King
Birth of Henry the Young King, 2nd of 5 sons of Henry II of England & Eleanor of Aquitaine
Coronation
Fostered by Thomas Becket, in June 1170 the fifteen-year-old Henry is crowned king during his fathers lifetime, but he never actually ruled and is not counted among the monarchs of England
Succession
Fostered by Thomas Becket, in June 1170 the fifteen-year-old Henry is crowned king during his fathers lifetime, but he never actually ruled and is not counted among the monarchs of England
Death of Henry the Young King
Death of Henry the Young King
Death of Saladin
Death of Saladin, of fever
Declaration of War
Saladins sparks off a civil war among his heirs
Arrest of Richard I the Lionheart
The Regents of England buy Richards freedom for pounds 100,000
Invasion of Sicily
At Gravina (June 1192) he reinforced his papal support by surrendering the royal legateship over Sicily.
Invasion of Sicily
But his death, at Palermo (20 February 1194), two months after that of his young son and co-king, Roger III, opened the way for Hohenstaufen rule in Sicily.
Invasion of Sicily
Henry had left garrisons along the frontiers of the Regno.
Invasion of Sicily
In 1192 and 1193 he personally led successful campaigns against the Apulian barons.
Invasion of Sicily
Tancred now sought to win over the towns by extensive grants of privileges.
Abdication
Succeeds as Emperor upon the abdication of Emperor Go-Toba, who rules in actual fact as cloistered emperor
Succession
Succeeds as Emperor of Japan, 83rd imperial ruler of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession
Invasion of France
Lands at la rochelle & begins a campaign in western France
Battle of Fariskur
Turanshah, the new Sultan, arrives in Egypt from Hasankeyf and goes straight to Al Mansurah to lead the Egyptian army
Constitution of England
2 knights are summoned to represent each shire to discuss taxation. 1st example of elected representatives meeting to discuss taxation
Reballion of Henry III
Joined by Prince Edward, the war against the Barons begins
Battle of Benevento
Defeats Manfred
Death of Manfred
Death of Manfred, defeated by Charles of Anjou & killed in battle at Benevento
Battle of Benevento
Defeated by Charles of Anjou, Manfred is killed in battle
Massacre
Before going away to the Crusades many rise up against the Jews
Investiture
1st English Prince of Wales
Peerage
Created Earl of Chester
Succession
Invested as Prince of Wales
Arrest of Thomas Segrave
Edward Is Lieutenant is arrested by the Scots
Siege of Roslin
Edward Is Lieutenant is arrested by the Scots
Assassination of John Comyn
Stabbed by Robert Bruce at a Church in Dumfries, Comyn is John Balliols heir
Death of John Comyn
Death of John Comyn, assassinated by Robert I the Bruce
Succession
Succeeds as King of Scotland
Assassination of John Comyn
Stabs John Comyn to death when he refuses to abandon support for King John. Stabs John Comyn, heir to John Balliol, to death at a Church in Dumfries. Robert Bruce and a small party of his followers kill John Comyn, also known as the Red Comyn, before the high altar of the Greyfriars Church in Dumfries
Edward II Coronation Service
Roger Mortimer attended Edward II's coronation and carried a table bearing the royal robes in the ceremonial procession.
Constitution of England
New coronation oath binds the King to keep laws passed by consent of the realm
Coronation
Serves in the coronation of his cousin, King Edward II, carrying Curtana, the sword of St Edward the Confessor
Coronation
New coronation oath binds the King to keep laws passed by consent of the realm
Oath
New coronation oath binds the King to keep laws passed by consent of the realm
Coronation at Prague
John and Elizabeth were crowned king and queen of Bohemia at Prague.
Paris Succession Assembly
An assembly in Paris upheld Philip's position and established the principle that a woman could not inherit the French throne.
Conversion
Pope John XXII, under guidance from Gnesen Archbishop Borislav, offers Catholicism to Lithuania
Coronation
Crowned King of France
Coronation
Crowned King of England after the deposition of Edward II
Minority Government
Rules under a council dominated by Isabella and Roger Mortimer
Death of Charles IV
Charles IV dies without a surviving male heir
Queen Dowager
Jeanne of Evreux is pregnant when Charles IV dies
Death of Charles IV the Fair
Death of Charles IV the Fair, without a male heir
Regency for Unborn Child
Philip of Valois acts while the royal succession awaits Jeanne's child
Appeal for Marinid Aid
Muhammad IV seeks Marinid help against Castile over Gibraltar
Third Siege of Gibraltar
Abd al-Malik leads the Marinid attack on Gibraltar
Statute of Labourers
Parliament confirms wage and service controls after the Black Death
Burnt Candlemas
Leads a destructive campaign in southern Scotland
Rule of Sweden
Elected (co) king of Sweden. Becomes joint ruler of Sweden, 1362-64
Fujian Pacified
Hu Mei helps bring Fujian under Ming control
Fujian Campaign
Tang He helps secure the southeast for the Ming
Northern Expedition
Hongwu sends armies north to destroy Yuan control of China
Dynastic Succession
Charles IV gains another son with the birth of Sigismund
Death of David II
Death of David II, in Edinburgh Castle
Reform of City Privileges
Attacks the privileges of the City of London
Reballion of Rebels in London
Londoners riot & attack John of Gaunts Palace of Savoy
Reballion of Rebels in London
Londoners riot & attack John of Gaunts Palace of Savoy
Marriage
Marries Mary of Bohun, daughter of the Earl of Hereford
Marriage
Daughter of the Earl of Hereford, marries Henry IV
Alliance Agreement
John I marries Philippa of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt, who had proved to be a worthy ally, consolidating the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance that endures to the present day
Alliance John I and Philippa of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt
John I marries Philippa of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt, who had proved to be a worthy ally, consolidating the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance that endures to the present day
Marriage
John I marries Philippa of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt, who had proved to be a worthy ally, consolidating the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance that endures to the present day
Peerage
Created Earl of Somerset, 1st
Death of Richard II
Death of John of Gaunt, Richard confiscates his Lancaster Estate
Death of Richard II
John of Gaunt dies & Richard confiscates his Lancaster Estate
Death of John of Gaunt
When John of Gaunt dies his estates are declared forfeit to the crown, as Richard II had exiled Johns less diplomatic heir, Henry Bolingbroke, in 1398. Gaunt died of natural causes at Leicester Castle, with his wife Katherine by his side. Death of John of Gaunt, leaves his lands to the future Henry IV in exile
When John of Gaunt dies his estates are declared forfeit to the
When John of Gaunt dies his estates are declared forfeit to the crown, as Richard II had exiled Johns less diplomatic heir, Henry Bolingbroke, in 1398
Exile of Henry IV
Richard II extends Henry IVs banishment from 10 years to life
Exile of Richard II
Confiscates Bolingbrokes inheritance & extends his exile from 10 yrs to life
Arrest of Richard II
Death of Richard II, assassinated
Assassination of Richard II
Assassinated in Pontefract castle, his body is later displayed in London
Death of Richard II
Disappears while imprisoned in Pontefract castle, his body is displayed in London
Marriage
Marries Joan of Navarre
Birth of Constantine XI Palaiologos
Birth of Constantine XI Palaiologos, eighth of ten children of Manuel II Palaiologos and Helena Dragas, the daughter of the Serbian prince Constantine Dragas of Kumanovo
Battle of Bramham Moor
Defeats & captures the Earl of Northumberland Henry Percy, who is later executed
Capture of Mantes
Captures Mantes
Capture of Dieppe
Captures Dieppe
Marriage
Ciinque port Barons wade into the sea to carry Henry & Catherine on their shoulders
Coronation
Coronation of Catherine of Valois, Queen to Henry V
Execution
Sir John Mortimer is hanged, drawn & quartered by the Royal Council
Execution
Sir John Mortimer is hanged, drawn & quartered by the Royal Council
Battle of Rouvray
Unsuccessfully attacks a convoy led by John Falstolf to supply the Earl of Suffolk
Battle of Herrings
Beats off a force of Scottish & French who are trying to enter Orleans
Battle of Rouvray
Defeats the French at Rouvay defending a convoy carrying rations to Suffolks Army
Battle of Rouvray
A French army is badly defeated at the Battle of Rouvray (aka "battle of the Herrings")
Battle of Herrings
Killed during a joinf Scottish & French attempt to enter Orleans
Trial
Opening day of the trial. Joan of Arc is tried at a trial headed by Richard de Beauchamp for heresy & blasphemy
Assassination of James I
Graham assasinates James I, hired by the King's Chamberlain Robert Stewart
Assassination of James I
Graham assasinates James I, hired by the King's Chamberlain Robert Stewart
Assassination of James I
Assassinated by Robert Graham hired by the King's Chamberlain Robert Stewart
Death of James I
Death of James I, assassinated by Robert Graham
Coronation
Crowned & annointed in the Abbey Church of Holyrood at the age of six
Assassination of James I
Leads a plot to assassinate James I
Death of Walther Stewart
Leads a plot to assassinate James I
Election
Elected King of the Romans by the prince-electors.
King of the Romans
Elected King of the Romans after the death of Albert II.
Succession
Succeeds to the German kingship as Habsburg candidate.
Marriage
Married to Suffolks son, John de la Pole
Arrest of Pole
Arrested & taken to the Tower of London
Impeachment
For fraud & mismanaging the war, the King banishes him from England for 5 yrs. Blamed by Parliament for the loss of Maine & Normandy. Accused by Parliament of accepting bribes to release Orleans
Arrest of William Pole
Arrested & taken to the Tower of London
Impeachment
For fraud & mismanaging the war, the King banishes him from England for 5 yrs. Blamed by Parliament for the loss of Maine & Normandy. Accused by Parliament of conspiring with France to kill the King & enthrone his son. Accused by Parliament of accepting bribes to release Orleans
Oath
Issues an oath of loyalty to the King
Battle of Mortimers Cross
Fights for Henry VI against the Yorkists
Battle of Mortimers Cross
Fights for his step brother Henry VI against the Yorkists but defeated
Battle of Mortimers Cross
Edward wins the Battle of Mortimers Cross enters London & is proclaimed Edward IV
Battle of Mortimers Cross
Wins the battle, enters London & is accepted as King in Westminster Hall, 4th March. Takes up the Yorkist claim & is supported by the Earl of Warwick
Siege of London
Wins the battle, enters London & is accepted as King in Westminster Hall, 4th March
Succession
Wins the battle, enters London & is accepted as King in Westminster Hall, 4th March
Battle of St Albans, 2nd
Helps defeat the Yorkists
Siege of London
Defeated intercepting Queen Margarets troops advancing towards London
Battle of St Albans, 2nd
Escapes from the field of Battle & rejoins his wife & the Lancastrian forces
Arrest of John Neville
Captured by the Lancastrians at the Battle of St Albans & held at York
Battle of St Albans, 2nd
Captured by the Lancastrians & held at York
Battle of St Albans, 2nd
Defeats the Yorkists but fails to take advantage of the victory & capture London
Siege of London
Against good advice decides not to take London & marches his Army north instead
Birth of Nicolaus Copernicus
Birth of Nicolaus Copernicus
Great Privilege
Bruges presses for urban liberties after Charles the Bold's death.
Treason
Convicted by Parliament for High Treason
Trial
Convicted by Parliament for High Treason
Birth of Thomas More
Thomas More is born in London and later becomes a humanist scholar, Speaker and Lord Chancellor before opposing Henry VIII's religious supremacy.
Birth of Thomas More
Thomas More is born in the City of London.
Death of George of Clarence
Death of George of Clarence
Execution
Executed for treason
Treason
Executed for treason
Birth of Thomas More
Birth of Thomas More
Succession
Anne Neville inherited the Lordship of Glamorgan.
Succession
Females could not exercise the Lordship in their own right, so the title immediately transferred to Isabels husband, the Duke of Clarence.
Succession
On his death in February 1478, the title passed to Anne and was henceforth exercised by her husband, Richard of Gloucester.
Succession
The title had been held by her father and on his death had passed to Annes elder sister Isabel Neville.
Lincoln Joins Simnel Conspiracy
Lincoln leaves Henry VII's court and joins Yorkist exiles supporting Lambert Simnel's claim to be the imprisoned Earl of Warwick.
Imprisoned in Bruges
Bruges citizens imprison Maximilian during conflict over urban rights.
Redon Alliance Signed
Agrees with Breton representatives to support Brittany against French annexation and commits English military assistance under a formal alliance.
Treaty of Redon
Henry concludes the Treaty of Redon with Brittany, agreeing to send English troops to resist French expansion and defend Breton independence.
Treaty of Dordecht
Henry VII & Maximilian I ally to assist the Bretons
Dordrecht Anti-French Pact
Joins an anti-French understanding with Habsburg interests while England, Spain and Austria coordinate opposition to French pressure on Brittany.
Invasion of Brittany
Anne of Brittany agrees to reimburse Henrys expenses. Anne of Brittany agrees to make no peace, truce or marriage with France without Henrys consent. 1st expedition to Brittany, 6000 troops are sent under Lord Daubeney
Investiture of Prince Arthur
Prince Arthur is ceremonially invested as Prince of Wales at Westminster, confirming his status as heir apparent.
Investiture as Prince of Wales
Arthur is formally invested as Prince of Wales, making his position as Henry VII's heir apparent visible throughout the realm.
Arrest of Christopher Colombus
Arrested by the Governor of the Azores, must prove he had been hired by Ferdinand II
Discovery of America
Lands ashore at the Azores on the return to Spain
Arrest of Martin Pinzon
Arrested by the Governor of the Azores to prove that he had been hired by Ferdinand II
Discovery of America
Lands ashore at the Azores on the return to Spain
Death of William Stanley
Death of William Stanley, executed for treason for his support of the Warbeck conspiracy
Treason
Death of William Stanley, executed for treason for his support of the Warbeck conspiracy
Execution
Death of William Stanley, executed for treason for his support of the Warbeck conspiracy
Treason
Death of William Stanley, executed for treason for his support of the Warbeck conspiracy
Execution
Death of William Stanley, executed for treason for his support of the Warbeck conspiracy
Treason
Death of William Stanley, executed for treason for his support of the Warbeck conspiracy
Execution for Treason
William Stanley is executed after conviction for treason linked to the Warbeck crisis, removing a powerful magnate whose loyalty Henry VII no longer trusts.
Execution of William Stanley
William Stanley is beheaded for treason after being accused of supporting Perkin Warbeck's claim against Henry VII.
Siege of Naples
Charles VIII, with his General Louis II de La Trโmoille, enters Naples almost without opposition
Abdication
Abdicates in favor of his son Ferrandino after surrendering Naples to France
Rule of Naples
Surrenders Naples to France then andicates
Magnus Intercursus Fixed Duties
Establishes agreed customs arrangements that give English merchants greater certainty when exporting cloth through the Low Countries.
Magnus Intercursus Merchant Justice
Obtains treaty guarantees intended to provide English merchants with fair legal treatment in Burgundian courts and commercial disputes.
Magnus Intercursus Signed
Concludes a major commercial treaty with Philip of Burgundy that restores normal trade between England and the Burgundian Netherlands.
Magnus Intercursus Trade Privileges
Secures reciprocal trading privileges for English and Burgundian merchants after the damaging commercial embargo between the two territories.
Magnus Intercursus Warbeck Clause
Uses the commercial settlement to reinforce Burgundian acceptance of the Tudor succession and remove protection previously available to Perkin Warbeck.
Birth of Prince Edmund
Prince Edmund, another son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York, is born at Greenwich.
Birth of Edmund Tudor
Birth of Edmund Tudor, 6th child of Henry VII
New World
Sails from Spain with the newly appointed Governor of Hispaniola, Nicolas de Ovando y Caceres, on a fleet of 30 ships, the largest fleet that had ever sailed to the New World
Birth of Cathrine
Birth of Cathrine, daughter of Elizabeth of York & Henry VII
Birth of Catherine
Birth of Catherine, dies giving birth to Catherine
Death of Elizabeth of York
Death of Elizabeth of York, Henry VIIs wife, dies giving birth to Catherine
Death of Elizabeth of York
Queen Elizabeth of York dies following childbirth, leaving Henry VII a widower.
Death of Elizabeth of York
Elizabeth of York dies following childbirth, leaving Henry VII widowed and reducing the prospect of further legitimate Tudor children.
Burial
Elizabeth of York is buried at Westminster Abbey
Peerage
Created Duke of Cornwall
Prince Henry Created Prince of Wales
After Arthur's death, Henry VII formally creates his surviving son Henry Prince of Wales.
Succession
Created Prince of Wales.
Death of Joan of Valois
Death of Joan of Valois
First Treaty of Windsor
Henry and Philip of Burgundy conclude a treaty strengthening political cooperation and placing pressure on France.
Dean
Appointed Dean of Lincoln
Battle of Diu
Marks the spillover of the Christian-Islamic power struggle in Europe & the Middle East, into the Indian Ocean which was a dominant trading area
Battle of Diu
The Portuguese sea monopoly lasts until the advent of the British East India Company and the Battle of Swally in 1612
Capture of Goa
The Portuguese follow the Battle of Diu by capturing key areas such as Mombasa, Socotora, Muscat, Ormuz, Goa, Sri Lanka & Malacca. After the battle Diu, Portugal rapidly captures key ports in the Indian Ocean like Goa, Ceylon, Malacca and Ormuz, crippling the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and the Gujarat Sultanate, greatly assisting the growth of the Portuguese Empire
Capture of Malacca
The Portuguese follow the Battle of Diu by capturing key areas such as Mombasa, Socotora, Muscat, Ormuz, Goa, Sri Lanka & Malacca. After the battle Diu, Portugal rapidly captures key ports in the Indian Ocean like Goa, Ceylon, Malacca and Ormuz, crippling the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and the Gujarat Sultanate, greatly assisting the growth of the Portuguese Empire
Capture of Mombasa
The Portuguese follow the Battle of Diu by capturing key areas such as Mombasa, Socotora, Muscat, Ormuz, Goa, Sri Lanka & Malacca
Capture of Ormuz
The Portuguese follow the Battle of Diu by capturing key areas such as Mombasa, Socotora, Muscat, Ormuz, Goa, Sri Lanka & Malacca. After the battle Diu, Portugal rapidly captures key ports in the Indian Ocean like Goa, Ceylon, Malacca and Ormuz, crippling the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and the Gujarat Sultanate, greatly assisting the growth of the Portuguese Empire
Capture of Portugal
The Portuguese follow the Battle of Diu by capturing key areas such as Mombasa, Socotora, Muscat, Ormuz, Goa, Sri Lanka & Malacca
Capture of Socotora
The Portuguese follow the Battle of Diu by capturing key areas such as Mombasa, Socotora, Muscat, Ormuz, Goa, Sri Lanka & Malacca
Capture of Sri Lanka
After the battle Diu, Portugal rapidly captures key ports in the Indian Ocean like Goa, Ceylon, Malacca and Ormuz, crippling the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and the Gujarat Sultanate, greatly assisting the growth of the Portuguese Empire
Reform of Parliament
Parliament grants Henry VIII subsidies, tonnage, poundage & wool duties for life
Parliament
Henry VIIIs 1st Parliament closes
Death of Henry VIII
Henry, Duke of Cornwall, the first surviving child of Catherine and Henry, dies after seven weeks.
Death of Henry VIII
Death of Henry, Duke of Cornwall, Henry VIII's first son.
Death of Prince Henry
Prince Henry dies weeks after celebrations for his birth.
Death of Prince Henry
The infant Prince Henry dies after only a few weeks, returning the royal marriage to uncertainty over a surviving male successor.
Tournament at Greenwich
Holds celebrations at Greenwich after the birth of Prince Henry.
Parliament
Opening of Henry VIIIs 2nd Parliament
Excommunication
Excommunicated by Pope Julius II for failing to back the Holy League against France
Death of Julius II
Death of Julius II
Marriage
Sends letters to Margaret of Austria about Marys wedding to the Prince of Castille
Parliament
Opening of Henry VIIIs 3rd Parliament
Birth of Princess Mary
Catherine gives birth to Mary, Henry VIII's only child by her to survive infancy and the leading dynastic heir during her childhood.
Birth of Mary I
Birth of Mary I, daughter of Henry VIII & Catherine of Aragon
Birth of Mary I
Gives birth to Mary Tudor at Greenwich Palace.
Birth of Mary I
Birth of Mary Tudor daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon
Baptism of Mary I
Mary Tudor is baptised at Greenwich soon after her birth.
Baptism
Mary is baptized soon after her birth at Greenwich
Princess Recognized
Mary is recognized as Henry VIII's surviving legitimate child
Birth of Francis II
Birth of Francis II, Prince of Joinville, Duke of Guise, Duke of Aumale
Marriage
Henry VIII attends the marriage of Thomas Boleyns daughter Mary to William Carey
Marriage
Mary Boleyn, former mistress of Henry VIII, marries William Carey
Marriage
Henry VIII attends the marriage of Thomas Boleyns daughter Mary to William Carey
Francis I appoints Wolsey as his procter to arrange his meeting with
Francis I appoints Wolsey as his procter to arrange his meeting with Henry VIII
Arrest of Francis I
Francis I is captured in Lombardy by the Viceroy of Naples in a war against Charles I
Battle of Pavia
Francis I is captured in Lombardy by the Viceroy of Naples in a war against Charles I
Battle of Pavia
Louis de la Trโmoille falls from his horse & is shot through the heart
Battle of Pavia
Death of Louis de la Trโmoille, dies from wounds inflicted at the Battle of Pavia. Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, defeats Francis I, King of France, taking him prisoner to Spain
Battle of Pavia
Francis I is captured in Lombardy by the Viceroy of Naples in a war against Charles V. Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, defeats Francis I, King of France, taking him prisoner to Spain. A birthday gift was the person of the King of France, Spanish hegemony in Italy dates from the Battle of Pavia
Rule of Italy
A birthday gift was the person of the King of France, Spanish hegemony in Italy dates from the Battle of Pavia
Battle of Pavia
Avalos surprises the French with 1500 Spanish arquebusiers
Battle of Pavia
The capture of Francis I at Pavia encourages Henry VIII to revive plans for a conquest of France.
Battle of Pavia
The Habsburg victory at Pavia and capture of Francis I encourage Henry VIII to revive plans for war against France.
Capture
Francis I is captured at Pavia, creating an opening for Henry VIII to press English claims in France.
Capture
Francis I is captured during the Battle of Pavia, creating an opportunity for Henry VIII's French ambitions.
Great Enterprise
Henry VIII and Wolsey revive the Great Enterprise after the French defeat at Pavia.
Invasion of France
The capture of Francis I at Pavia encourages Henry VIII to renew plans for an invasion of France.
Partition
Henry VIII and Wolsey consider schemes to partition France after the capture of Francis I at Pavia.
Battle of Pavia
Francis I is captured during the Battle of Pavia
Battle of Pavia
Death of Jacques de la Palice, killed at the Battle of Pavia
Death of Jacques de la Palice
Death of Jacques de la Palice, killed at the Battle of Pavia
Courtship
Begins courting Anne Boleyn
Treaty of Eternal Peace
Receives an embassy from Paris to discuss a "Treaty of Eternal Peace"
Coronation
Spains Carlos I is crowned Holy Roman Emperor Charles V by Pope Clement VII in the last coronation of a German King by a Pope
Coronation
Spains Carlos I is crowned Holy Roman Emperor Charles V by Pope Clement VII in the last coronation of a German King by a Pope
Alliance Schmaldik League
German Protestants form the Schmaldik League to resist the power of Emperor Charles V
Reform of Church-State Relations
Henry wants to be, "sole protector & supreme head of the English Church & clergy"
Royal Supremacy
Convocation recognises Henry VIII as supreme head of the English Church so far as the law of Christ allows.
Reform of Parliament
Parliament makes Henry VIII Supreme Head of the Church in England
Clergy Recognise Royal Headship
The English clergy acknowledge Henry as singular protector and supreme head of the Church, qualified by the phrase allowed by the law of Christ.
Praemunire
The clergy accept a heavy fine after being charged with praemunire for recognising Wolsey's legatine authority.
Dissolution
On failing famously to receive his desired annulment from the Pope, Henry had himself declared Supreme Head of the Church in England in February 1531
Archbishop of Canterbury
The appointment had been secured by the family of Anne Boleyn, who was being courted by Henry, when Cranmer's promotion became known in London, it caused great surprise as Cranmer had previously held only minor positions in the Church.
Archbishop of Canterbury
While Cranmer is following Charles V through Italy, he receives a royal letter dated 1 October 1532 informing him that he has been appointed the new Archbishop of Canterbury, following the death of Archbishop William Warham.
Reformation Parliament
The Parliamentary session begins & Cromwell introduces a new bill restricting the right to make appeals to Rome
Reformation, The
The Parliamentary session begins & Cromwell introduces a new bill restricting the right to make appeals to Rome
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for Great Yarmouth
Birth of Michel de Montaigne
Michel de Montaigne is born at his family's estate near Bordeaux.
Legislation
The Treason Act comes into force
Reform of Treason Law
The Treason Act comes into force
Treason
The Treason Act comes into force
Treasons Act
The Treasons Act comes into force and gives legal force to penalties against opponents of royal supremacy.
Treasons Act
The Treasons Act comes into force, increasing the danger for those who reject the king's supremacy.
Treasons Act
The Treasons Act comes into force, strengthening the legal penalties for opposition to royal supremacy.
Reformation Parliament
Opening of the final session of the Reformation Parliament
Reformation, The
Opening of the final session of the Reformation Parliament
Birth of Clement VII
Birth of Clement VII
Death of Henry VIII
Execution of the Earl of Kildare & his 5 uncles for treason
Execution
Execution of the Earl of Kildare & his 5 uncles for treason
Treason
Execution of the Earl of Kildare & his 5 uncles for treason
Suppression
Royal authority suppresses Bigod's Rebellion and ends the renewed northern rising.
Death of Henry VIII
Execution of the Pilgrimage of Grace rebels
Execution
Executions of the Pilgrimage of Grace rebels. Execution of the Pilgrimage of Grace rebels
Synod
Cromwell convenes a vicegerential synod of bishops and doctors
Reballion of Grace
Executions of the Pilgrimage of Grace rebels
Scottish Coronation
Mary of Guise is crowned Queen Consort of Scotland
Nicholas Carew Arrested for Treason
Nicholas Carew is arrested after being implicated in alleged treasonous discussions connected with conservative court opposition and the Exeter conspiracy.
Catherine Howard Attainder
Parliament passes the attainder condemning Catherine Howard and Jane Rochford; Henry VIII gives effect to the measure through royal assent.
Catherine Howard Condemned
Is condemned for treason by parliamentary attainder rather than a conventional criminal trial.
Execution of Jane Rochford
Is executed on Tower Green with Catherine Howard after being condemned for assisting the queen's meetings with Thomas Culpeper.
Execution of Catherine Howard
Is executed by beheading on Tower Green following the parliamentary attainder.
Alliance Anglo-Imperial alliance
An Anglo-Imperial alliance is completed against France
Alliance Henry VIII and Charles V
Completes an Anglo-Imperial alliance with Charles V against Francis I of France.
Alliance with Charles V
The agreement prepares coordinated pressure on Francis I.
Anglo-Imperial Alliance
Completes an alliance with Emperor Charles V against France.
French Peace Consultation Clause
Agrees with Charles V that neither ally will settle separately with France before communicating French proposals and answers to the other.
Imperial Alliance Against France
Concludes a twenty-five-article alliance with Charles V that restores Anglo-Imperial cooperation and prepares coordinated action against France.
Imperial Mutual Defence Clause
Agrees that attacks on specified English or Imperial territories will be treated as attacks on both allied rulers.
Joint Invasion of France Clause
Accepts an alliance article requiring both rulers to mount a major invasion of France within two years.
Joint Naval War Commitment
Promises coordinated naval forces with the emperor to operate against France after a formal declaration of war.
Battle of Ancrum Moor
Scottish forces defeat an English army at Ancrum Moor during the Rough Wooing.
Battle of Ancrum Moor
Archibald Douglas, Earl of Angus, helps lead the Scottish force against the English raiders.
Battle of Ancrum Moor
Sir Brian Layton is killed when the English force is defeated by the Scots at Ancrum Moor.
Battle of Ancrum Moor
George Gordon, Earl of Huntly, joins the Scottish commanders opposing the English invasion.
Battle of Ancrum Moor
John Somerville fights on the Scottish side during the defeat of the English raiding army.
Battle of Ancrum Moor
Norman Leslie fights with the Scottish army that defeats the English force at Ancrum Moor.
Battle of Ancrum Moor
Sir Ralph Eure is killed while commanding part of the defeated English force at Ancrum Moor.
Battle of Ancrum Moor
The English force under Sir Ralph Eure and Sir Brian Layton is defeated by the Scots under Angus and Arran.
Battle of Ancrum Moor
Walter Scott of Buccleuch supports the Scottish force during the victory at Ancrum Moor.
Battle of Ancrum Moor
Scottish forces defeat an English raiding army during the Rough Wooing.
Battle of Ancrum Moor
The battle reverses English momentum in the Scottish Borders during Henry VIII's Rough Wooing.
Battle of Ancrum Moor
The English defeat at Ancrum Moor weakens Henry VIII's attempt to force the Edward and Mary marriage alliance.
Battle of Ancrum Moor
Eure's raiding army is defeated by Scottish forces at Ancrum Moor, temporarily checking the destructive English incursions associated with the Rough Wooing.
Battle of Ancrum Moor
Angus distinguishes himself in the Scottish victory over the English at Ancrum Moor.
Battle of Ancrum Moor
Angus fights at Ancrum Moor after English raids and Scottish resistance to the Treaty of Greenwich settlement.
Battle of Ancrum Moor
Angus helps defeat the English army at Ancrum Moor during the Rough Wooing.
Battle of Ancrum Moor
The Scottish victory at Ancrum Moor answers English pressure following Scotland's rejection of the Treaty of Greenwich.
Battle of Ancrum Moor
Walter Scott of Buccleuch joins the Scottish army and helps defeat the English force at Ancrum Moor.
Battle of Ancrum Moor
Arran helps command the Scottish forces that defeat the English army at Ancrum Moor.
Battle of Ancrum Moor
Arran celebrates the Scottish victory after Ancrum Moor as the battle halts English incursions in the Borders.
Death of Brian Layton
Sir Brian Layton is killed during the English defeat at the Battle of Ancrum Moor.
Death of Ralph Eure
Sir Ralph Eure is killed when the English army is defeated by the Scots at Ancrum Moor.
Battle of Ancrum Moor
Norman Leslie brings Fife spearmen to the Scottish force before the victory at Ancrum Moor.
Battle of Ancrum Moor
The Scottish victory at Ancrum Moor strengthens the anti-English position supported by Mary of Guise.
Battle of Ancrum Moor
Scottish victory strengthens the anti-English faction supported by Mary of Guise
Melrose Abbey
English troops damage Melrose Abbey during raids into the Scottish Borders before Ancrum Moor.
Death of Martin Luther
Dies in Eisleben, his place of birth
Lord Protector
Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford, becomes Lord Protector and takes the leading role in government during Edward's minority.
Treasurer
Appointed Treasurer of the Exchequer
Peerage
Created Duke of Somerset, 1st
Edward Moves to Tower before Coronation
Edward enters the Tower before the coronation, following the traditional sequence used by earlier English monarchs.
Coronation Procession
Edward takes part in the traditional procession through London on the eve of his coronation.
Edward's City Procession Begins
Edward travels through London in a formal public procession on the eve of his coronation.
Edward's Coronation Knights Created
Ceremonial knighthoods accompany the young king's pre-coronation celebrations at the Tower.
Edward's Coronation Pageants
Civic pageants along the processional route present political and religious messages appropriate to the new Protestant-leaning reign.
Coronation
Appointed Lord High Steward of England for the Coronation
Lord High Steward
Appointed Lord High Steward of England for the Coronation
Cranmer Anoints Edward VI
Cranmer anoints Edward in the sacred portion of the coronation ceremony.
Cranmer Prepares Edward's Service
Cranmer prepares the coronation liturgy for the minor king, retaining traditional structure while adapting the service to the circumstances of the reign.
Coronation
Edward VI is crowned at Westminster Abbey while still a minor.
Edward Receives Coronation Regalia
Edward is invested with the principal symbols of kingship before his crowning.
Edward Receives Homage
Leading peers perform homage to the newly crowned minor king after the crowning rite.
Edward VI Crowned
Edward receives the crown in Westminster Abbey and becomes the first Protestant-raised Tudor monarch to undergo the rite.
Edward's Coronation Communion
The service closes with Edward receiving communion, completing the religious inauguration of the nine-year-old Tudor king.
Edward's Coronation Feast
A formal banquet follows the coronation and completes the public inauguration of Edward's reign.
Edward's Coronation Oath
The nine-year-old king swears the coronation oath as the service establishes his public obligations as monarch.
Edward's Coronation Recognition
The young Edward is shown to the assembled worshippers for their recognition before he undertakes the obligations of kingship.
Coronation Sermon
Archbishop Thomas Cranmer preaches at Edward's coronation and presents the young king's rule in strongly reforming religious terms.
Somerset Directs Coronation Arrangements
Edward Seymour takes a leading role in organising the young king's accession ceremonies and public inauguration.
Edward's Coronation Council Planning
The regency government plans a coronation suitable for a nine-year-old king while preserving the essential religious and political rites.
Peerage
Created Baron Rich of Leez
Removal of Images Accelerated
Government orders encourage removal of images considered objects of superstition, transforming the visual environment of many parish churches.
Fortification of Haddington
Grey develops Haddington as the principal English fortress in occupied Scotland, providing a heavily defended base for continued military pressure.
Arrest of Thomas Seymour
Charged by the Privy Council with thirty-three charges of treason
Plot
Charged by the Privy Council with thirty-three charges of treason
Treason
Charged by the Privy Council with thirty-three charges of treason
Trial
Charged by the Privy Council with thirty-three charges of treason
Rise of Earl of Warwick
John Dudley, Earl of Warwick, emerges as the dominant figure in Edward VI's Privy Council.
Arrest of Edward Seymour
Released & reconiled with his rivals
Evacuation of Broughty Castle
English troops abandon Broughty Castle under growing Franco-Scottish pressure, ending one of the deepest Tudor footholds established during the invasion.
Execution of Miles Partridge
Miles Partridge is hanged after conviction in proceedings connected with the fall of the Duke of Somerset.
Execution of Thomas Arundell
Thomas Arundell is beheaded after conviction for treason in the political purge that follows Somerset's final fall.
Execution of Ralph Vane
Ralph Vane is hanged for treason after being implicated in the political conspiracy attributed to Somerset's supporters.
Reballion of Rebels in London Bridge
Marys supporters occupied London Bridge in force, and the rebels were unable to penetrate into the city
Wyatt Rebellion
Supports Mary's appeal to London against Wyatt.
Wyatt Rebellion
Rallies London with a speech defending her crown and marriage plans.
Wyatt Rebellion
Rallies London against Wyatt with a speech at the Guildhall.
Wyatt Rebellion
Mary's Guildhall speech turns London against Wyatt's demands.
Siege of London
Makes a speech in the Guildhall & raises a force of 25,000 to defend London
Wyatt Rebellion
Her supporters hold London Bridge against Wyatt's army.
Wyatt Rebellion
Her supporters hold London Bridge against Wyatt's rebels.
Wyatt Rebellion
Prevents Wyatt's rebels from entering the City through Southwark.
Wyatt Rebellion
Threatens to fire on Southwark from the Tower guns unless Wyatt withdraws.
Wyatt Rebellion
Threatens to fire Tower guns on Southwark if Wyatt remains.
Wyatt Rebellion
Finds London Bridge strongly defended against his rebel army.
Wyatt Rebellion
Reaches Southwark but cannot force entry across London Bridge.
Wyatt Rebellion
Crosses at Kingston after failing to enter London by Southwark.
Wyatt Rebellion
Crosses the Thames at Kingston after failing to enter by Southwark.
Wyatt Rebellion
Commands loyal forces blocking Wyatt's advance into London.
Wyatt Rebellion
Keeps London loyal as Wyatt reaches the city with rebel forces.
Wyatt Rebellion
Resists Wyatt's rising against her proposed marriage to Philip of Spain.
Wyatt Rebellion
Survives the rebellion and keeps control of the capital.
Wyatt Rebellion
Thomas Wyatt reaches London but is defeated
Thomas Wyatt Captured after London Advance
Thomas Wyatt is captured after his rebel force fails to break through London and the Kentish rising against Mary's marriage collapses.
Wyatt Rebellion
Is defeated at Ludgate and captured near Temple Bar.
Wyatt Rebellion
Is stopped at Ludgate as London remains loyal to Mary.
Wyatt Rebellion
Surrenders after his advance into London fails.
Wyatt Rebellion
Demands control of the Tower and custody of the queen.
Wyatt Rebellion Defeated
The defeat of Wyatt strengthens Maryโs authority to continue restoration.
Arrest of Jane Grey
Taken prisoner after the uprising, executed at Tower Green for treason
Execution
Taken to the Tower & executed. Taken prisoner after the uprising, executed at Tower Green for treason
Treason
Taken prisoner after the uprising, executed at Tower Green for treason
Execution
Jane Grey is executed after her father supports rebellion against Mary
Wyatt Rebellion
Is executed because the rebellion renews succession fears.
Wyatt Rebellion
Lady Jane Grey is executed after her father's support for the Wyatt Rebellion.
Execution of Guildford Dudley
Guildford Dudley is beheaded for treason after the failure of the Jane Grey succession and renewed rebellion against Mary I.
Wyatt Rebellion
Is executed after Wyatt's rising makes Jane Grey dangerous.
Wyatt Rebellion
Guildford Dudley is executed after the Wyatt Rebellion makes Jane Grey politically dangerous.
Wyatt Rebellion
Authorises Lady Jane Grey's execution after Wyatt's rebellion.
Jane Grey Executed
Jane Grey is executed after rebellion renews fears over Protestant succession.
Execution of Henry Grey
Henry Grey is beheaded after joining the rebellion against Mary's Spanish marriage and reviving the danger posed by his daughter's claim.
Wyatt Rebellion
Is executed after joining the rebellion against Mary.
Wyatt Rebellion
Henry Grey is executed for supporting the Wyatt Rebellion against Mary's Spanish marriage.
Henry Grey Captured after Wyatt Rising
Henry Grey is captured after joining the rebellion against Mary's Spanish marriage and attempting to raise support in the Midlands.
Wyatt Rebellion
His failed rising helps seal Lady Jane Grey's fate.
William Thomas Arrested in Wyatt Aftermath
William Thomas is arrested during the investigation into plots against Mary and is accused of involvement in plans for political violence.
James Croft Arrested after Wyatt Conspiracy
James Croft is arrested for involvement in the wider conspiracy intended to organise regional risings against Queen Mary's government.
Wyatt Rebellion
Is imprisoned after the rebellion collapses.
Wyatt Rebellion
Flees abroad after the western rising fails.
Wyatt Rebellion
The rebellion ruins the Wyatt family, which loses lands and Allington Castle.
Wyatt Rebellion
Is imprisoned for involvement in the rebellion.
Nicholas Throckmorton Arrested after Wyatt Rising
Nicholas Throckmorton is arrested and sent for trial after the government alleges that he helped coordinate the conspiracy behind Wyatt's rebellion.
Wyatt Rebellion
Is imprisoned and later tried for treason.
Arrest of Elizabeth I
Questioned for 3 weeks in Whitehall, no links found between Elizabeth & the rebellion
Execution of John Rogers
John Rogers is burned for heresy after refusing to abandon Protestant doctrine, becoming the first prominent Marian martyr.
First Marian Burnings
John Rogers is burned, beginning the Marian persecution of Protestants.
Execution
Rogers becomes the first Protestant martyr burned under Mary's heresy laws
John Rogers Executed
John Rogers is burned as the first Protestant martyr under Mary's restored heresy laws
Execution of Laurence Saunders
Laurence Saunders is burned after condemnation for Protestant preaching and rejection of restored Catholic teaching.
Execution of John Hooper
John Hooper is burned for heresy after refusing to accept the Catholic religious settlement restored under Mary I.
Execution of Rowland Taylor
Rowland Taylor is burned near Hadleigh after refusing to recant his Protestant beliefs.
Hooper Burned
John Hooper is burned after refusing to recant Protestant beliefs.
Taylor Burned
Rowland Taylor is burned during enforcement of restored heresy laws.
Execution
Hooper is burned for refusing to recant Protestant beliefs
Execution
Taylor is burned at Hadleigh during the Marian persecutions
John Hooper Executed
John Hooper is burned for heresy during Mary's reign
Rowland Taylor Executed
Rowland Taylor is burned during the Marian persecutions
Protestant Executions Begin
Protestant burnings begin as Mary's government restores Catholic religious policy
Accession of Akbar
Akbar succeeds Humayun as Mughal emperor while still a teenager.
Succession
The Government drafts a petition requesting the Queen to marry & provide an heir
Marriage Petition
Meets Elizabeth I & presents a petition requesting the Queen marry & provide an heir
Marriage Petition
Gargrave presents Commons petition urging Elizabeth to marry and provide an heir
Petition
Meets Elizabeth I & presents a petition requesting the Queen marry & provide an heir
Marriage Petition Answered
Elizabeth answers parliamentary pressure by refusing to be hurried into marriage
Marriage
Parliament addresses Elizabeth & urges her to marry
Act of Supremacy Introduced
Government introduces legislation restoring royal authority over the English church
Birth of Johan Tserclaes Graf von Tilly
Birth of Johan Tserclaes Graf von Tilly
Alliance Thomas Howard Norfolk, 3rd and Scottish Lords
Concludes an alliance with the Scottish Lords
Marriage
Elizabeth takes over the protection of Scotland during Marys marriage with the Dauphin
Alliance Elizabeth I and Scotland
Allows Elizabeth to protect Scotland
Coup
The English try to help Scottish Protestant Lords overthrow the Catholic Mary of Guise
Berwick Policy
Norfolk's Treaty of Berwick leads to English intervention before Edinburgh settlement
Treaty of Berwick
Norfolk negotiates terms with the Scottish Lords of the Congregation
Treaty of Berwick
Cecil helps shape English policy supporting the Scottish Protestant lords
English Intervention in Scotland
The Scots provide a force for an invasion of Scotland by France
Treaty of Berwick
Elizabeth authorizes support for the Scottish Lords of the Congregation
Treaty of Berwick
The English try to help Scottish Protestant Lords overthrow the Catholic Mary of Guise. England agrees to send Scotland support to preserve "their old freedom & liberty". Concludes an anti French Treaty with the Scottish Lords of the Congregation
Treaty of Berwick
Elizabeth allies with the Scottish Lords of the Congregation at Berwick, authorising English military intervention to remove French forces from Scotland.
Treaty of Berwick Opposed
Mary of Guise opposes the English alliance with the Lords of the Congregation
Treaty of Berwick
Signed by Lord James & Norfolk, England can intervene to help the "reformers"
Treaty of Berwick
England agrees to send Scotland support to preserve "their old freedom & liberty"
Bishop of Winchester
Horne is appointed Bishop of Winchester under the Elizabethan settlement
Milan Administration
Borromeo receives responsibility for the archdiocese of Milan
Florida Expedition
Ribault sails with French Huguenot colonists toward Florida
Alliance with Akbar
Bharmal accepts an alliance with Akbar and arranges the marriage of his daughter to the Mughal emperor.
Marriage to Harka Bai
Akbar marries Harka Bai of Amber as part of a Rajput alliance
Rajput Alliance
Akbar forms an alliance with Raja Bharmal of Amber
Shooting of Guise
Poltrot shoots Francis of Guise outside Orleans
Shot at Orleans
Guise is shot by Jean de Poltrot during operations near Orleans
Shot at Orleans
Guise is shot by Jean de Poltrot during the siege of Orleans
Assassination of Francis de Guise
Catherine de Medici assumes control of the Catholic faction after the assassination of de Guise
Assassination of Francis de Guise
Death of Francis de Guise, assassinated while attempting to crush the Huguenots
Huguenots
Death of Francis de Guise, assassinated while attempting to crush the Huguenots
Widow of Guise
Anne d Este becomes widow of Francis Duke of Guise
Death of Francis of Guise
Francis of Guise dies from wounds received near Orleans
Death of Francis of Guise
Francis of Guise dies from wounds received outside Orleans
Duke of Guise Succeeds
Henry of Guise succeeds his father Francis as Duke of Guise
Duke of Guise Succeeds
Henry succeeds his father as Duke of Guise
Death of Francis de Guise
Death of Francis de Guise, assassinated while attempting to crush the Huguenots
Birth of Thomas Seymour Grey-Line Heir
Catherine gives birth to a second son during confinement, extending the Grey-Seymour line despite the government's refusal to recognise the marriage as valid.
Siege of Orleans
Guise besieges Orleans during the first French War of Religion
Assassination of Francis de Guise
Francis, Duke of Guise is assassinated, and Catherines fears that the war might drag on lead her to mediate a truce and the Edict of Amboise
Marriage
Arrives in Edinburgh after overcoming Elizabeth Is objections
Birth of Christopher Marlowe
Birth of Christopher Marlowe, born to a shoemaker in Canterbury
Assassination of Henry Stewart
Mary & Bothwell visit Darnley who is killed by an explosion. Mary & Bothwell visit Darnley at Kirk oField who is killed by an explosion
Assassination of Henry Stewart
Victim of a plot for the "crown matrimonial" & helping Marys enemies. Darnley is assassinated at Kirk-o-Field
Assassination of Henry Stewart
Blows up Darnleys house
Assassination of Henry Stewart
Assassinated in a plot led by James Bothwell, Mary Queen of Scots 3rd husband. Assassinated in a plot believed to have been led by Bothwell
Death of Henry Stewart
Death of Henry Stewart, Earl of Darnley, assassinated
Assassination of Henry Stewart
Assassination of Lord Darnley
Assassination of Henry Stewart
Writes a letter to Mary saying Darnleys assassins should be arrested & punished
Homage
Agrees to pay Maximilian II an annual "present" of 30,000 ducats
Capture of Chittor
Akbar's forces storm Chittor after a prolonged siege, bringing the fortress under Mughal control.
Capture of Chittor
Akbar's forces capture the fortress of Chittor after a major siege in Rajasthan.
Arrest of George Talbot
Shrewsbury receives his ward Mary Queen of Scots at Tutbury
Battle of Carlisle
The northern catholic rebellion is defeated
Arrest of Mary of Scots
Moves to Tutbury Castle in Staffordshire
Excommunication
Pope Pius V declares Elizabeth deposed & absolves Catholics from allegiance to her. Pius V issues the bull of excommunication against Elizabeth, "Regnas in Excelsis". Pius V excommunicates all catholics who support Elizabeth I, a fatwa against her
Papal Excommunication Challenges Settlement
Pius V excommunicates Elizabeth, intensifying the political connection between Catholic resistance and loyalty to the established English Church.
Pius V declares Elizabeth I a usurper
Pius V declares Elizabeth I a usurper
Succession
Pius V declares Elizabeth I a usurper
Excommunication
Pius V issues the bull of excommunication against Elizabeth I, "Regnas in Excelsis". Pius V decares Elizabeth I deposed
Battle against Hunsdon
Leonard Dacre leads several thousand supporters against Lord Hunsdon's royal force near the River Gelt, but the attack fails and Dacre flees toward Scotland.
Retirement from Public Office
Montaigne formally retires to his estate to read, reflect and write.
FitzMaurice Submits at Kilmallock
FitzMaurice formally submits to John Perrot at Kilmallock, ending the first Desmond rebellion after years of guerrilla resistance.
Capture of Surat
Akbar's Gujarat campaign secures Surat, strengthening Mughal control over an important western trading port.
Capture of Middleburgh
The Dutch capture Middleburgh
Wentworth Committed after Privilege Speech
The Commons commits Wentworth to the Tower after his outspoken defence of parliamentary privilege and criticism of restrictions on debate.
Wentworth Demands Parliamentary Free Speech
Peter Wentworth argues that the Commons should debate freely without royal interference, challenging Elizabeth's limits on parliamentary discussion.
Edict of Eternal Edict
The Governor of The Netherlands signs the Eternal Edict to evacuate the Spanish Army
Evacuation
The Governor of The Netherlands signs the Eternal Edict to evacuate the Spanish Army
Edict of Eternal Edict
The Governor of The Netherlands signs the Eternal Edict to evacuate the Spanish Army
Execution of John Nelson
John Nelson is executed for Catholic priesthood and refusal to acknowledge Elizabeth I's religious supremacy.
Execution of Thomas Sherwood
Thomas Sherwood is executed after conviction under the Act of Supremacy for refusing to recognise Elizabeth's ecclesiastical authority.
Treaty of Union of Utrecht
Ghent signs the Uion of Utrecht
Union of Utrecht
Ghent signs the Uion of Utrecht
Union of Utrecht
Bruges associates with the Union of Utrecht during revolt against Spain.
Treaty of Union of Utrecht
Groningen, Lier & Bruges sign the Union of Utrecht
Union of Utrecht
Groningen, Lier & Bruges sign the Union of Utrecht
Joyous Entry
Makes his Joyous Entry into Antwerp as the Netherlands seek a new sovereign
Installation of Anjou
Supports the installation of Francois, Duke of Anjou, in Antwerp
Tensho Embassy Sponsorship
Sponsors the Tensho embassy to Europe
Tensho Embassy Sponsorship
Sponsors the Tensho embassy and is represented by Ito Mancio
Tensho Embassy Sponsorship
Sponsors the Tensho embassy to Europe
Tensho Embassy
Departs Nagasaki for Europe with the Tensho embassy
Tensho Embassy
Departs Nagasaki for Europe with the Tensho embassy
Tensho Embassy
Departs Nagasaki for Europe as one of the four Tensho embassy envoys
Tensho Embassy
Departs Nagasaki for Europe with the Tensho embassy
Tensho Embassy
Organizes and accompanies the Tensho embassy as it leaves Japan
Calendar Reform
Supports and explains the Gregorian calendar reform introduced by Gregory XIII
Calendar Reform
His calendar scheme forms the basis of the Gregorian reform promulgated by Gregory XIII
Papal Bull
Issues Inter gravissimas, introducing the Gregorian calendar reform
Marriage
Marries his cousin Man Bai, daughter of Bhagwan Das of Amber
Arrest of William Parry
Parry is arrested for high treason after Neville's accusations and is taken to the Tower, where he writes statements about the alleged assassination design.
Death of Elizabeth I
Signs Mary Queen of Scots; death warrant but tries, unsuccessfully, to retain it
Execution of Mary Queen of Scots
Signs Mary Queen of Scots; death warrant but tries, unsuccessfully, to retain it
Execution of Mary Queen of Scots
Throws away the death warrant, picked up by Davison who takes it to the Chancellor. Signs Mary Stewarts death warrant
Death of Mary of Scots
Death of Mary Queen of Scots, executed
Execution of Mary Queen of Scots
Elizabeth I has Mary Queen of Scots executed after exposure of the Babbington plot
Mary Stuart Executed at Fotheringhay
Mary is executed after conviction for the Babington Plot, removing the most prominent Catholic claimant to Elizabeth's throne.
Cope Imprisoned over Ecclesiastical Bill
Cope is imprisoned after pressing proposals that Elizabeth considers an unacceptable parliamentary intrusion into ecclesiastical government.
Cope Introduces Puritan Church Reform Bill
Anthony Cope introduces a bill and alternative liturgy proposing extensive reform of Church government and worship beyond Elizabeth's settlement.
James Becomes Principal Stuart Claimant
After his mother's execution, James remains the strongest adult claimant descended from Margaret Tudor and increasingly becomes central to expectations about Elizabeth's successor.
Death of William Somerset
Death of William Somerset
Thomas Snagge Chosen Speaker
Thomas Snagge becomes Speaker during the first Parliament convened after the defeat of the Spanish Armada.
Peat Barge Proposal
Van Bergen proposed using his regular peat barge to carry hidden soldiers into Spanish-held Breda.
Reconnaissance of Breda
De Heraugiere investigated Breda's defences and confirmed that the peat barge entered with little inspection.
Approval of Peat Barge Plan
Maurice approved the plan to infiltrate Breda Castle using soldiers concealed beneath peat.
Arrest of Peter Wentworth
Imprisoned for raising questions about the succession in Parliament
Wentworth Imprisoned over Succession Proposal
Peter Wentworth is imprisoned after promoting parliamentary discussion of the succession, showing Elizabeth's continued refusal to permit an open settlement of the question.
Edward Coke Chosen Speaker
Edward Coke becomes Speaker during a Parliament marked by disputes over religion, privilege, recusancy and the succession.
Constitution of France
The Estates General meets for the 1st time since 1576
Estates General
The Estates General meets for the 1st time since 1576
Lopez Poison Plot Trial
Lopez is tried at Guildhall for allegedly agreeing to poison the queen, with the prosecution relying on confessions, intercepted dealings and testimony from Portuguese associates.
Invasion of France
The last troops leave France while Henry IVs debts ensure Anglo-French collaboration
Essex House Conspiracy Meeting
Essex and close supporters discuss plans to force access to the queen and remove councillors they believe are destroying his political position.
Essex Rebellion
Robert Devereux leads armed followers through London after resisting a summons from the council, but public support fails to appear and the rising collapses within hours.
Essex Marches through London
Essex marches through London with armed supporters, appealing for popular backing but finding little willingness to join his challenge to the government.
Essex Surrenders at Essex House
Essex returns to his fortified residence and surrenders after the failure to gain broad London support leaves the rising without a viable military strategy.
Ludgate Blocks Essex Supporters
Government forces hold key approaches through the city, preventing Essex from turning his march into a successful seizure of political control.
Privy Councillors Detained at Essex House
Essex's followers detain senior councillors who enter Essex House seeking an explanation for the armed gathering.
Essex Rebellion
Elizabeth ends the Earl of Essexs rebellion
Essex Rebellion
John Leveson placed a barrier across the street at Ludgate Hill. When Essexs men tried to force their way through, Essexs stepfather, Sir Christopher Blount, was injured in the resulting skirmish, and Essex withdrew with his men to Essex House
Essex Rebellion
John Leveson placed a barrier across the street at Ludgate Hill. When Essexs men tried to force their way through, Essexs stepfather, Sir Christopher Blount, was injured in the resulting skirmish, and Essex withdrew with his men to Essex House
Essex Rebellion
Involved in the failed Essex rebellion
Reballion of failed Essex
Involved in the failed Essex rebellion
Essex Rebellion
Four days after Essex was apprehended on charges of treason, Lee sought the assistance of Sir Henry Nevill and Sir Robert Crosse wanted to surprise the Queen in her privy chamber at supper time. The plan was to lock her in and pin her up until she signed a warrant for the delivery of Essex
Essex Rebellion
Four days after Essex was apprehended on charges of treason, Lee sought the assistance of Sir Henry Nevill and Sir Robert Crosse wanted to surprise the Queen in her privy chamber at supper time. The plan was to lock her in and pin her up until she signed a warrant for the delivery of Essex
Essex Rebellion
Captin Lee is executed for his part played in in the Essex Rebellion
Execution of Lee
Captin Lee is executed for his part played in in the Essex Rebellion
Coup
Executed for a plot to overthrow the Council
Death of Robert Devereux
Death of Robert Devereux, executed
Essex Rebellion
Beheaded on Tower Green, becoming the last person to be beheaded in the Tower of London
Execution of Essex
Executed for a plot to overthrow the Council
Essex Executed for Treason
Robert Devereux is beheaded after conviction for treason, ending the political career of the favourite whose failed rising challenged Elizabeth I's government.
Purge
James I orders all Priests out of the realm
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Catesby invited Thomas Wintour to his house in Lambeth, where they discussed Catesbys plan to re-establish Catholicism in England by blowing up the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Catesby invited Thomas Wintour to his house in Lambeth, where they discussed Catesbys plan to re-establish Catholicism in England by blowing up the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament
Dialogue on the New Star
Galileo is thought to co-author a satirical dialogue attacking Aristotelian interpretations of the new star.
Bachelor of Arts Degree
Hobbes receives his Bachelor of Arts degree after study at Magdalen Hall, Oxford.
Peace Conference
The English delegation is headed by the ambassador in The Hague and future Secretary of State Ralph Winwood
Peace Conference
The peace conference opens in The Hague
Birth of Edward Hyde
Edward Hyde is born at Dinton in Wiltshire.
Catholic League
Representatives of all the important Catholic states, except for Austria and Salzburg, and a great number of the smaller ones, meet decide the organisation, funding and arming of the League
Birth of Antoine Arnauld
Antoine Arnauld is born in Paris into the prominent Arnauld family.
Election
The elecoral assembly of 700 select Michael as the new Tsar
Marriage
James Is daughter Elizabeth marries Frederick, the Elector of the Palatine
Marriage
Founds the English Hanoverian Dynasty. Elizabeth marries Frederick Elector of the Palatine
First Letter to Piero Dini
Galileo writes to Piero Dini defending Copernican astronomy and arguing that it need not conflict with Scripture.
Bellarmino Admonition
Cardinal Bellarmino formally admonishes Galileo not to hold or defend the Copernican doctrine.
Death of Louis Elsevier
Death of Louis Elsevier
Rule of Ingermanland
Under the Treaty of Stolbovo Russia cedes Ingermanland & eastern Karelia to Sweden
Rule of Karelia
Under the Treaty of Stolbovo Russia cedes Ingermanland & eastern Karelia to Sweden
Rule of Novgorod
Under the Treaty of Stolbovo Russia secures the return of Novgorod from Sweden
Treaty of Stolbovo
Sweden renounces plans to expand toward the White Sea. Russia secures the return of Novgorod from Sweden. Russia pays Sweden 20,000 silver roubles & cedes Ingermanland & eastern Karelia. Russia gives up access to the Baltic Sea. Russia gains recognition of the Tsarist title. Ends the occupation of northern Russia by Sweden
Rule of Karelia
Under the Treaty of Stolbovo Russia cedes Ingermanland & eastern Karelia to Sweden
Treaty of Stolbova
Negotiates a peace Treaty with Russia
Rule of Novgorod
Under the Treaty of Stolbovo Russia secures the return of Novgorod from Sweden
Treaty of Stolbovo
The Treaty of Stolbovo returns Novgorod to Moscow. Sweden renounces plans to expand toward the White Sea. Russia secures the return of Novgorod from Sweden. Russia pays Sweden 20,000 silver roubles & cedes Ingermanland & eastern Karelia. Russia gives up access to the Baltic Sea. Russia gains recognition of the Tsarist title. Ends the Swedish occupation of Northern Russia
Peerage
Created Viscount St Alban
Reform of Parliament
An act is passed through Parliament declaring monopolies to be illegal
Parliament
Refuses to grant funds without redress of grievances
Treaty of La Rochelle
Huguenot rebels and the French signed the Peace of La Rochelle
Death of John Dowland
Death of John Dowland
Trial
Begins the impeachment of the Duke of Buckingham
Death of Cyril Tourneur
Death of Cyril Tourneur
Knight of the Bath
At the time of Charles Is coronation, is made a Knight of the Bath to reward him for his service to Charles in Spain
Treaty of La Rochelle
Richelieu is forced to make peace with the Hugenots of La Rochelle
Invasion of Korea
Leads the Manchu invasion of Korea
Birth of Thomas Osbourne
Birth of Thomas Osbourne, son of Sir Edward Osborne
Irish Government Instructions
Charles ordered that Wentworth's administrative conditions be entered in the council book.
Preparation for Irish Government
Wentworth secured safeguards intended to prevent courtiers from undermining his Irish authority.
Dialogue Presented to Grand Duke
Galileo presents his newly published Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems to Grand Duke Ferdinando II.
Birth of Samuel Pepys
Birth of Samuel Pepys
Assassination of Ferdinand II
Has his Imperial Commander assassinated for behaving like an independent warlord
Death of Ferdinand II
Has his Imperial Commander assassinated for behaving like an independent warlord
Death of Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von Wallenstein
Death of Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von Wallenstein
Assassination of Walter Deveraux
Assassinated on the orders of Ferdinand II by Walter Deveraux
Assassination of Ferdinand II
Assassinated on the orders of Ferdinand II by Walter Deveraux
Assassination of Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von Wallenstein
Assassinated on the orders of Ferdinand II by Walter Deveraux
Death of Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von Wallenstein
Death of Albrecht Eusebius Wenzel von Wallenstein, assassinated
Assassination of Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von Wallenstein
Assassinates Wallenstein on the orders of Ferdinand II
Battle of Smolensk
Wladyslaw IV Vasa forces the army of Boris Shein to surrender
Battle of Smolensk
Wladyslaw IV Vasa forces the army of Boris Shein to surrender
Death of Boris Shein
Death of Boris Shein, executed
Execution of Shein
Found guilty of treason after the Battle of Smolensk & executed
Treason
Found guilty of treason after the Battle of Smolensk & executed
Death of Ferdinand II
Death of Ferdinand II
National Covenant
Signs the National Covenant in Greyfriars Kirkyard to restore Presbyterianism
Reballion of Rebels in Edinburgh
Signs the National Covenant in Greyfriars Kirkyard to restore Presbyterianism
Capture of Inverness
The Covenanters capture Inverness
Covenanters
The Covenanters capture Inverness
Capture of Inverness
The Covenanters capture Inverness
Covenanters
The Covenanters capture Inverness
Siege of Inverness
The Covenanters capture Inverness
Short Parliament Summoned
Charles issues the summons for a Parliament to meet in April.
Short Parliament Summoned
Charles issues the summons for a Parliament to meet in April.
Parliamentary Sessions Reform
Strode supports minimum requirements for the frequency and duration of parliamentary sessions.
Regular Parliament Safeguard
Hampden supports legislation guaranteeing that Parliament must meet regularly.
Support for Triennial Act
Holles votes for the measure preventing another prolonged period of personal rule.
Triennial Act Advocacy
Pym supports statutory limits on the Crown's ability to govern without Parliament.
Legal Defence of Triennial Act
St John defends the constitutional legality of requiring regular Parliaments.
Triennial Act Proceedings
Lenthall presides as the Commons completes the Triennial Act legislation.
Regular Parliaments Required
The Triennial Act limits prolonged government without a Parliament.
Royal Assent to Triennial Act
Charles assents to legislation requiring Parliament to meet at least once every three years.
Regular Parliaments Required
The Triennial Act limits extended periods of government without Parliament.
Regular Parliaments Required
The Triennial Act limits prolonged government without a Parliament.
Royal Assent to Triennial Act
Charles assents to legislation requiring Parliament to meet at least once every three years.
Royal Assent to Triennial Act
The royal assent makes regular parliamentary sessions a statutory requirement.
Triennial Act
Charles assents to legislation requiring Parliament to meet at least once every three years.
Militia Negotiations
Holles seeks support in the Lords for parliamentary control of the militia.
Pardon Offered to Five Members
Charles offers a pardon to the Commons members previously accused of treason.
Queen's Journey to Holland
Charles announces that Henrietta Maria and Princess Mary will travel to Holland.
Pardon Offered to Five Members
Charles offers a pardon to the Commons members previously accused of treason.
Queen's Journey to Holland
Charles announces that Henrietta Maria and Princess Mary will travel to Holland.
Release from Tower
Dering is released after imprisonment arising from conflict with Parliament.
Bishops Exclusion Act
Charles assents to legislation excluding bishops from the House of Lords and temporal offices.
Bishops Removed from Lords
Legislation removes bishops from the House of Lords and secular government positions.
Royal Assent to Bishops Exclusion
Charles assents to the exclusion of bishops from the House of Lords.
Bishops Exclusion Act
Charles assents to legislation excluding bishops from the House of Lords and temporal offices.
Bishops Removed from Lords
Legislation removes bishops from the House of Lords and secular government positions.
Royal Assent to Bishops Exclusion
Charles assents to the exclusion of bishops from the House of Lords.
Departure for the Netherlands
Henrietta Maria sails for the Netherlands carrying valuables used to obtain military supplies.
Journey to the Netherlands
Princess Mary travels with her mother to join the Prince of Orange.
Exile of Henrietta Maria
Henrietta Maria sails for the Netherlands with Princess Mary and part of the crown jewels.
Drafting the Militia Reply
Hyde prepares arguments defending the King's traditional authority over the militia.
Royal Reply to Militia Bill
Hyde drafts the King's reply refusing Parliament's proposed control of the militia.
Militia Bill Rejected at Greenwich
Charles rejects Parliament's demand to appoint the kingdom's militia commanders.
Militia Bill Rejected
Charles refuses Parliament's demand for control of the militia.
Militia Bill Rejected at Greenwich
Charles rejects Parliament's demand to appoint the kingdom's militia commanders.
Militia Bill Rejected
Charles refuses Parliament's demand for control of the militia.
Capture of Cirencester
Rupert of the Rhine captures Cirencester for the Royalists
Siege of Cirencester
Rupert of the Rhine captures Cirencester for the Royalists
Siege of Bridlington
Despite the attenrions of Batten the Queen lands at Bridlington Quay
Birth of Ahmed II
Birth of Ahmed II
Battle of Beacon Hill
Fights Ballard in an attempt to prevent the Roundheads from capturing Newark
Siege of Newark
Leads a Derbyshire contingent in a failed Roundhead attempt to capture Newark
Siege of Newark
Fails in an attempt to capture Newark from the Royalists
Siege of Newark
Prevents Parliament from capturing Newark
Bombardment at Bridlington
Batten opens fire while arms and ammunition from the Continent are being landed for the Royalist cause at Bridlington.
Lieutenant
Signs the Covenant enabling him to take up the position of Lieutenant Colonel
Lieutenant
Signs the Covenant enabling him to take up the position of Lieutenant Colonel
Battle of Corbridge
The Covenanters are defeated by the Royalist horse under Newcastle at Corbridge
Covenanters
The Covenanters are defeated by the Royalist horse under Newcastle at Corbridge
Battle of Corbridge
The Covenanters are defeated by the Royalist horse under Newcastle at Corbridge
Covenanters
The Covenanters are defeated by the Royalist horse under Newcastle at Corbridge
Eastern Association Cavalry Command
Cromwell receives command of the Eastern Association cavalry and develops the disciplined mounted force later associated with his military reputation.
Battle of Inverlochy
Wins a Battle at the head of a Royalist Army invading Scotland, destroys Argylls Army
Royalist Army
Wins a Battle at the head of a Royalist Army invading Scotland, destroys Argylls Army
New Model Army Command
Fairfax is appointed to command the New Model Army and begins organising Parliament's new national field force.
New Model Army Legislation
St John supports Parliament's programme for reorganising its armies as the New Model Army is established.
Capture of Chester
Captures Chester from Lord Byron
Battle of Warrington
Defeated by Cromwell in the final Battle of the campaign
Exile of Charles II
After Cromwell's victory at Torrington Charles retreats to Penndennis Castle
Capture of Torrington
Captures Torrington from the Royalists
Succession
Elected king after the death of Christian IV.
Interregnum
The Scottish Parliament proclaimed Charles II while England remained a republic.
Interregnum
Marten supported the Commons resolution declaring the office of king unnecessary and dangerous.
Burial
Permission was refused for his burial in the Henry VII Chapel in Westminster Abbey
Constitution of England
A Council of State becomes an executive over the House of Commons
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Council of State
Execution
George de Carteret has Charles proclaimed King in Saint Helier, after the execution of his father, Charles I
Succession
George de Carteret has Charles proclaimed King in Saint Helier, after the execution of his father, Charles I
England's New Chains Discovered", attacking the new regime
Lilburne publishes "England's New Chains Discovered", attacking the new regime and warning that the people remain unfree after the King's execution
England's New Chains Discovered
Lilburne publishes "England's New Chains Discovered", attacking the new regime and warning that the people remain unfree after the King's execution
Reform of Government
A committee including Cromwell revises the lists of JPs throughout England & Wales
Appointment as General at Sea
Parliament appoints Blake as one of the generals at sea to command Commonwealth naval operations.
England's New Chains Discovered
Lilburne publishes England's New Chains Discovered and attacks the concentration of political power in the Army and Rump Parliament.
Levellers
Lilburne publishes England's New Chains Discovered, attacking the army-dominated government for betraying the liberties for which Parliamentarian soldiers and civilians had fought
Execution
Held at Windsor Castle & tried
Death of Rene Descartes
Rene Descartes dies in Stockholm after a severe respiratory illness, aged fifty-three.
Council of State
The Council of State is established by Act of Parliament as a ruling body
Battle of Portland
Serves among the English commanders during the naval battle off Portland.
Act of General Pardon and Oblivion
Parliament enacts the General Pardon and Oblivion after Worcester, offering broad wartime pardons while excluding specified offenders.
Legislation
The Act of Indemnity, for acts of treason before the Battle of Worcester
Pardon
The Act of Indemnity, for acts of treason before the Battle of Worcester
Treason
The Act of Indemnity, for acts of treason before the Battle of Worcester
Battle of Portland
Fights at the Battle of Portland
Restoration
Introduces the "Humble Petition & Advice" to Parliament. Addresses Parliament & calls for the return of the monarch, the House of Lords
Death of Charles X Gustavus
A regency of Swedish nobles is forced to sue for peace
Treaty of Roskilde
Cedes major Danish territories to Sweden after military defeat.
Treaty of Roskilde
Forces Denmark to accept harsh territorial concessions.
Treaty of Roeskilde
Denmark relinquishes its possesions in the Swedish peninsular
Siege of Copenhagen
Helps defend Copenhagen against Swedish assault.
Siege of Copenhagen
Drives the Swedes away from Copenhagen
Siege of Copenhagen
A Dutch fleet drives the Swedish away from Copenhagen
Entry into London
Enters London with his army and becomes the decisive figure in the political settlement.
Interregnum
Monck entered London with his army and became decisive in resolving the political crisis.
Minority Regency Begins
A regency begins because the new king is only four years old.
Minority Regency Begins
A regency begins because the new king is only four years old.
Regency
Becomes a leading member of the regency government during the minority of Charles XI
Death of Charles X Gustav
Dies at Gothenburg after summoning the Swedish estates during the final months of the Northern War
Death of Charles X Gustav
Charles becomes King of Sweden after the death of his father Charles X Gustav.
Death of Charles X Gustav
Charles becomes King of Sweden after the death of his father Charles X Gustav.
Death of Charles X Gustav
Dies at Gothenburg, leaving the Swedish throne to the four-year-old Charles XI
Restoration of Secluded Members
Monck restores the members excluded in Pride's Purge, allowing them to outvote the Rump.
Restoration of Long Parliament
The secluded members return to Parliament and Monck is confirmed as commander in chief.
Interregnum
Monck secured the readmission of members excluded during Pride's Purge.
City Negotiations
Negotiates with the City of London while pressure grows for a free Parliament.
Free Parliament Declaration
Declares support for a free Parliament and undermines the remaining authority of the Rump.
Duke of Monmouth
Created Duke of Monmouth, Earl of Doncaster and Baron Scott of Tynedale.
Birth of Mustafa II
Becomes father of Mustafa, the future Sultan Mustafa II.
Birth of Mustafa II
Birth of Mustafa II, son of Sultan Mehmed IV and Gulnus Sultan.
Birth of Mustafa II
Gives birth to Mustafa, later Sultan Mustafa II.
Birth of Anne
Birth of Anne, second daughter of James Duke of York and Anne Hyde.
Concession and Agreement
Helps issue the Concession and Agreement guaranteeing religious liberty in New Jersey.
Court Theatre
Rules as Moliere stages Dom Juan during the height of royal theatrical patronage.
Dom Juan
Premieres Dom Juan in Paris after the controversy over Tartuffe.
Plague
Officially 68,000 had died but it may have been over 100,000
Execution
Birth of Lord George Douglas-Hamilton was born at Hamilton Palace, the fifth son of Anne Hamilton, 3rd Duchess of Hamilton and William Douglas, Earl of Selkirk
Rule of Belarus
Under the Treaty of Anrusovo the Right-bank Ukraine (Pravoberezhna Ukrayina) and Belarus remain under Polish control
Rule of Smolensk
Under the Treaty of Anrusovo Russia keeps land on the east bank of the River Dneiper
Rule of Smolensk
Under the Treaty of Anrusovo Russia keeps Smolensk
Rule of Ukraine
Under the Treaty of Anrusovo part of the Ukraine and Belarus remain under Polish control
Rule of Vilno
Under the Treaty of Anrusovo Russia gives up Vilno
Treaty of Andrusovo
Under the Treaty of Anrusovo the Right-bank Ukraine (Pravoberezhna Ukrayina) and Belarus remain under Polish control
Treaty of Anrusovo
Russia & Poland make peace so both countries can concentrate on the threat from Turkey. Russia makes peace with Poland. Russia gives up Vilno, keeps Smolensk & the East bank of the Dneiper & Kiev
Franche-Comte Campaign
Occupies Franche-Comte during the War of Devolution.
Captain-General Appointment
William III of Orange is appointed Captain-General for the coming campaign as the Dutch Republic prepares for a major foreign attack.
Peerage
Created Viscount Osborne in the Scottish peerage
Peace
Declares in Parliament for "a speedy honourable & I hope lasting peace with the Dutch"
Peace of Westminster
The Peace of Westminster ends the Third Anglo-Dutch War, removing England from the coalition fighting the Dutch Republic and improving the strategic position of William III of Orange.
Treaty of Westminster
Parliament forces Charles to withdraw from the war, the Dutch will pay an indemnity
Treaty of Westminster
Ends the Anglo-Dutch War
Dismissal
Dismissses the oppossition leader, Shaftsbury
Parliament
Parliament refuses to grant funds for the war with the Low Countries
Hereditary Stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland
The stadtholdership held by William III of Orange becomes hereditary in Holland and Zeeland, strengthening the dynastic position of the House of Orange.
Peace of Nijmegen
Completes peace settlements after the Dutch war.
Treaty of Celle
An early peace settlement begins restoring Swedish positions lost during the conflict.
Treaty of Celle
An early peace settlement begins restoring Swedish positions lost during the conflict.
Death of James Compton
Death of James Compton, 3rd Earl of Northampton
Death of James Scott
Present at the death of Charles II
Death of Charles II
Death of Charles II
Succession
Succeeds as King of England & Ireland, 2nd son of Charles I
Death of Anne
Death of Charles II, Annes father succeeds him as King, she is 2nd to the throne
Succession
Death of Charles II, Annes father succeeds him as King, she is 2nd to the throne
Embassy to France
Serves as ambassador extraordinary in Paris between February and April during the opening months of James II's reign.
Capture of Sambhaji
His forces capture the Maratha ruler Sambhaji
Abdication Resolution
The Convention resolves that James II has abdicated, clearing the constitutional path for William III of Orange and Mary to receive the crown.
Declaration of Rights
Helps draft the Declaration of Rights for the Convention Parliament
Succession Settlement
Supports the settlement offering the crown to William and Mary
Succession Settlement
His earlier support for the invitation to William helps shape the Revolution settlement
Declaration of Rights
Accepts the crown jointly with Mary after the Declaration of Rights is presented
Declaration of Rights
William III of Orange and Mary accept the Declaration of Rights when the English crown is offered to them.
Declaration of Rights Succession
Named in the succession after the heirs of William and Mary
Declaration of Rights
Accepts the crown jointly with William after the Declaration of Rights is presented
Interregnum
William and Mary accepted the crown and Declaration of Rights, ending the vacancy.
Succession
Succeeds as joint monarch after the Convention settlement
Joint Reign Begins
William III of Orange begins his joint reign with Mary after they accept the English crown offered by the Convention.
Succession
William III of Orange accepts the English crown jointly with Mary after Parliament declares that James II has abdicated.
Privy Council
Appointed to the Privy Council before his elevation to the earldom.
Royal Bedchamber Appointment
Returns to court office as a gentleman of the bedchamber under William III.
Palatinate Destruction Policy
Louvois helps organize and transmit orders for the systematic destruction carried out during the French withdrawal from the Palatinate.
Proxy to Godolphin
Registers his parliamentary proxy with Sidney Godolphin while continuing to attend the Lords during the session.
Glencoe Policy
William III of Orange's government approves severe measures against Highland clans that have not submitted, and the resulting operation at Glencoe becomes a lasting political controversy.
Marriage
Marries Mlle de Blois
Treason Trials Reform Support
Speaks in support of Commons proposals to reform the procedure governing treason trials.
Association Oath
Political leaders organize an Association pledging loyalty and defence of William III of Orange after the assassination plot is exposed.
Assassination Plot Discovered
A Jacobite plot to assassinate William III of Orange is uncovered, producing a major security and loyalty crisis in English politics.
Treaty of Partition
Joseph Ferdinand dies of smallpox, making the First Partition Treaty impossible to enforce.
Treaty of Partition
William III of Orange reopens partition negotiations after the death of Joseph Ferdinand destroys the first proposed settlement of the Spanish succession.
Treaty of Partition
Louis XIV resumes partition discussions with William III after Joseph Ferdinand's death.
Invasion of Livonia
Augustus II sends Saxon troops into Swedish Livonia, opening his campaign against Sweden.
Siege of Riga
Augustus II's Saxon army begins operations against Riga.
War Leadership
Prepares Sweden's response as enemies attack its Baltic empire.
French Succession Letters
Louis issues letters preserving Philip V's theoretical place in the French succession.
Speaker of House of Commons
Harley is chosen Speaker when the new Parliament assembles.
Opening of Parliament
William III of Orange opens Parliament and urges members to address European security and the unresolved succession question.
Entry into Madrid
Philip enters Madrid to begin governing the Spanish monarchy.
French Alliance
Philip confirms a close military and political alliance with Louis XIV.
Barrier Fortress Occupation
Louis orders French troops into Dutch barrier fortresses in the Spanish Netherlands.
Succession Rights
Louis XIV preserves Philip V's theoretical French succession rights, alarming rival European powers.
Occupation of Barrier Fortresses
French troops enter Spanish Netherlands fortresses after the Bourbon succession settlement.
Occupation of Barrier Fortresses
Boufflers supervises French entry into fortresses previously garrisoned by Dutch troops.
Surprise of Cremona
Eugene launches a surprise attack inside French-held Cremona.
Capture at Cremona
Villeroy is captured during Eugene's surprise attack on Cremona.
Riding Accident
William III of Orange suffers a serious riding accident near Hampton Court when his horse falls, breaking his collarbone.
Broken Collarbone
William III of Orange breaks his collarbone in the riding accident that precedes his final decline in health.
Italian Command
Vendome replaces the captured Villeroy as commander in northern Italy.
Defence of Cremona
O'Mahony helps rally French and Irish troops against the Imperial attack.
Constitution of England
Dissolves the Scotish Estates & calls for elections
Election
Dissolves the Scotish Estates & calls for elections
Death of Godard van Reede
Godard van Reede, Earl of Athlone, dies after long Dutch military service.
Siege of Kehl
Villars directs French operations against the fortress of Kehl.
Warsaw Confederation
Backs Polish opponents of Augustus II.
Order on Army Chaplains
Issues an order concerning the duties of army chaplains before the year's continental campaign.
Death of John Evelyn
John Evelyn dies in London.
Birth of Prince Frederick
Gives birth to Prince Frederick
Death of Aurangzeb
Death of Aurangzeb, at the age of 90, having outlived many of his children
Resignation of Robert Harley
Harley leaves office after political conflict inside the war ministry.
March through Lithuania
Continues the advance through harsh winter conditions.
Battle of Helsinborg
Defeated by Swedens Charles XII
Death of Bahadur Shah I
Death of Bahadur Shah I
Defiance at Bender
Refuses to leave Ottoman territory voluntarily.
Kalabalik at Bender
Ottoman soldiers attack Charles XII in his camp at Bender and take him prisoner.
Kalabalik at Bender
Ottoman soldiers attack Charles XII's camp at Bender and take him into custody.
Kalabalik at Bender
Resists Ottoman attempts to remove him from his camp.
Ottoman Custody
Is placed under Ottoman custody after the fighting at Bender.
Assassination of Jahandar Shah
Professional stranglers murder Jahandar Shah in prison
Assassination of Jahandar Shah
Professional stranglers murder Jahandar Shah in prison
Death of Jahandar Shah
Death of Jahandar Shah, assassinated
Death of Frederick I
Death of Frederick I
Succession
Succeeds as King of Prussia, ascends the throne on his fathers death
Family Reunion in Exile
Is joined at Aix-la-Chapelle by Sarah and William Cadogan during his period of continental exile.
Siege of Tonning
Stenbock's Swedish army is trapped in Tonning after retreating into Holstein-Gottorp territory.
Exile of James Francis Edward Stewart
James Edward is forced to return to France
Exile of John Erskine
Sets sail for France with James Edward
Invasion of Scotland
Disappointed by the strength of support James fails to establish himself as a credible leader he soon fell ill with fever, his illness made more severe by the icy Scottish winter & instead of going through with plans for a coronation at Scone, he returns to France, sailing from Montrose
Death of William Gordon
Death of William Gordon
Execution
Executed for part played in supporting the Jacobites, his title and estates forfeited
Invasion of Norway
Charles XII leads Sweden's first Norwegian campaign, aiming to force Denmark-Norway toward separate peace.
Invasion of Norway
Launches his first Norwegian campaign against Denmark-Norway.
Exile of John Erskine
Arrives at Montrose & persuades Edward to return to France
Death of Charles Talbot
Death of Charles Talbot, 1st Duke of Shrewsbury
Birth of George Brydges Rodney
Birth of George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney
Birth of Christian Gottlob Neefe
Birth of Christian Gottlob Neefe, omposer, conductor & tutor of Beethoven
Convention
Provides for an Anglo-Spanish truce
Birth of George Washington
Birth of George Washington
Birth of Thomas Townshend
Birth of Thomas Townshend
Death of Augustus II the Strong
Death of Augustus II, sparks off the War of Polish Succession
1st to use the phrase Balance of Power to express the British
1st to use the phrase "Balance of Power" to express the British foreign policy
Balance of Power
1st to use the phrase "Balance of Power" to express the British foreign policy
Refusal to Cede Silesia
Maria Theresa rejected Prussian demands to cede Silesia while Frederickโs army occupied much of the province.
Invasion of Bohemia
French & Bavarian armies fail to assist Prussia. 1st day of the invasion of Bohemia
Capture of Bohemia
Austrian troops occupied Bavaria and Hungarian hussars plundered Munich and the Bavarians were forced also to evacuate Bohemia
Capture of Munich
Austrian troops occupied Bavaria and Hungarian hussars plundered Munich and the Bavarians were forced also to evacuate Bohemia
Constitution of Great Britain
Appointed Prime MInister of Great Britain, a "nominal" position, by George II
Prime Minister of Great Britain
The administration is dominated by John Carteret & Walpole is relied upon for advice. Succeeds Walpole as First Lord of the Treasury and titular head of the Carteret Ministry, though the Government was actually dominated by Lord Carteret. Appointed Prime MInister of Great Britain, a "nominal" position, by George II
Exile of George II
The exile of the Prince of Wales ends after 4 years of ostracism
Siege of Munich
Maria Theresas troops enter Munich
Coronation
Crowned Emperor with the help of Prussia & France
Coronation
The 1st non-Habsburg to wear the Imperial Crown for over 300 yrs. Crowned Emperor with the help of Prussia & France. Crowned Emperor, Charles Albert of Bavaria calls himself Charles VII
Coronation
Takes part in the War of Austrian Succession as the puppet of France & Prussia
Siege of Munich
Maria Theresas troops enter Munich
Election
Pitt expects a new Government to be formed by Pulteney and dominated by Tories and Patriot Whigs in which he could expect a junior position
Election
Pitt's hopes for a place in the Government are thwarted and he remains in opposition. He is unable to make any gain from the downfall of Walpole, to which he had contributed
Election
Walpole is forced to resign after poor election results and the disaster at Cartagena
Battle of Campo Santa
Austrians block the Spanish from joining the army of Prince de Conti during the War of the Austrian Succession
Battle of Toulon
Commands a fleet which is defeated, Mathews is court-matialled & dismissed
Battle of Toulon
The British are defeated by a French fleet
Battle of Toulon
The British are defeated by a French fleet
Birth of Levin August Gottlieb Theophil von Bennigsen
Birth of Levin August Gottlieb Theophil von Bennigsen
Occupation
French troops occupy Brussels
Siege of Brussels
French troops occupy Brussels
Vice Treasurer of Ireland
Appointed Vice Treasurer of Ireland
Birth of Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord
Birth of Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord
Siege of Calcutta
The Nawab marches again on Calcutta but is surprised by a dawn attack by the British
Siege of Calcutta
Siraj-ud-Daulah advances on Calcutta but is checked by an East India Company dawn attack.
Siege of Calcutta
The siege of Calcutta results in the Treaty of Alinagar
Siege of Calcutta
Negotiations after renewed fighting around Calcutta lead toward the Treaty of Alinagar.
Peace
After relieving Calcutta agrees peace with the Nawab
Treaty of Alinagar
The siege of Calcutta results in the Treaty of Alinagar. The Nawab will recognize all the 1717 provisions of Mughal Emperor, Farrukh Siyars Farman and all British goods that pass through Bengal will be exempt from duties. Signed between Robert Clive of the British East India Company and the Nawab of Bengal, Mirza Muhammad Siraj Ud Daula
Treaty of Alinagar
Siraj-ud-Daulah concludes the Treaty of Alinagar with the East India Company after the Calcutta campaign.
Treaty of Alinagar
The Treaty of Alinagar restores Company trading privileges granted under the Mughal farman of 1717.
Rule of Florida
Under the Treaty of Paris Britain gains Florida from Spain
Rule of Havana
Under the Treaty of Paris Britain restores Havana to Spain
Rule of Louisiana
Under the Treaty of Paris France gives Spain the Louisiana west of the Mississippi
Rule of Manila
Under the Treaty of Paris Britain restores Manila to Spain
Rule of Minorca
Under the Treaty of Paris Spain returns Minorca to Britain
Treaty of Paris
The Treaty of Paris ends hostilities. Spain returns Minorca to Britain. George III dismisses Pitt & the Treaty of Paris is signed by George III & Bute. France gives Spain the Louisiana territory west of the Mississippi. France cedes Canada & most of her Indian possessions to Britain. Britain restores Havana & Manila to Spain. Britain gains Florida from Spain
Treaty Hubertusburg
Kaunitz enters into peace negotiations that lead to the 1763 Treaty of Hubertusburg
Treaty Hubertusburg
The Treaty of Hubertusburg is signed by Prussia, Austria and Saxony to end the Third Silesian War
Treaty Hubertusburg
The Treaty of Hubertusburg, though it restores the prewar status quo, marks the ascendancy of Prussia as a leading European power
Treaty Hubertusburg
The Treaty of Hubertusburg is signed by Prussia, Austria and Saxony to end the Third Silesian War
Birth of Thomas Robert Malthus
Birth of Thomas Robert Malthus
Resolution-Hillsborough
The American colonies decide to boycott British imports. Passed in response to the Townshend acts, which raise duties
Resolutions-Hillsborough
The American colonies decide to boycott British imports. Passed in response to the Townshend acts, which raise duties
Civil War
Captures Cracow
Treaty of Amity
Signed by Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane & Arthur Lea on behalf of the Americans with the French
Treaty of Amity
Along with its sister document the Treaty of Alliance, one two treaties signed on February 6, 1778 in Paris, France between the United States and France establishing a commercial alliance between these two nations
Treaty of Amity
An informal alliance between the United States and France during the American Revolution, the Treaty of Amity recognizes the United States as an independent country, and promotes trade between the two nations.
Treaty of Amity
Mutual protection of all vessels and cargo when in US or French jurisdiction. Mutual Most Favored Nation status between France & the USA with regard to commerce and navigation.
Treaty of Amity
The Franco-American Treaty of Amity & Commerce & Treaty of Alliance is signed in Paris. Signed by Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane & Arthur Lea on behalf of the Americans with the French.
Alliance United States and France
An informal alliance between the United States and France during the American Revolution, the Treaty of Amity recognizes the United States as an independent country, and promotes trade between the two nations
Independence of United States of America
The Treaty of Amity recognizes the United States as an independent country by France
Treaty of Amity
An informal alliance between the United States and France during the American Revolution, the Treaty of Amity recognizes the United States as an independent country, and promotes trade between the two nations
Treaty of Amity
Signed by Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane & Arthur Lea on behalf of the Americans with the French
Birth of Jose de San Martin
Birth of Jose de San Martin
Death of James Cook
Stabbed to death by the natives of Kealakekua Bay in the Hawaiian Islands
League of Armed Neutrality
Announces there should be free trade for all neutral vessels
Birth of Johannes van den Bosch
Johannes, Count van den Bosch
Siege of Charleston
11 Feb-12 May, the British capture Charleston & Carolina then enforce conscription
Capture of St Eustatius
Captures the Dutch Carribean Island of Eustatius, cripples the US contrabrand trade
Capture of St Martin
Captures the Dutch Carribean Island of St Martin, cripples the US contrabrand trade
Capture of Minorca
Captures all of Minorca except for Port Mahon
Battle of Annagudi
Tipu defeats Colonel Braithwaite's East India Company force near the Coleroon in February 1782.
Peace
Parliament votes to abandon the American War of Independence
Resignation of Frederick North
Resigns after Britains defeat
Peace
Parliament proclaims an end to all hostilities in north America
Peace
Proclaims an end to British hostilities in America
Piano Concerto No 14
Completes Piano Concerto No 14 in E-flat major.
Birth of Niccolo Paganini
Birth of Niccolo Paganini
Piano Concerto No 20
Completes Piano Concerto No 20 in D minor.
Death of Charles Bonaparte
Death of Charles Bonaparte, father of Napoleon I
Minister of England
Appointed Minister of England
Leave
Takes leave to Corsica
Talleyrand observes fiscal crisis of old regime
As agent general of the clergy, Talleyrand belonged to the institutional world challenged by proposals to reform revenue. The consequences of first assembly of notables meets near court reached well beyond the palace and its neighbouring legislative chambers.
Calonne presents proposed tax reforms
Calonne sought a broad land tax and changes in taxation that would reduce the exemption of privileged groups. This development concerning first assembly of notables meets near court exposed the limits of the old regime's political arrangements.
King convenes fiscal notables
Louis XVI summoned prominent subjects to examine plans for rescuing royal finances without initially calling the Estates General. The first assembly of notables meets near court made Versailles a focal point in the struggle over royal and representative authority.
Assembly of Notables Opening
Louis XVI opened the Assembly of Notables to seek support for fiscal reforms intended to address the monarchy's worsening financial crisis.
Birth of Karoly Kisfaludy
Birth of Karoly Kisfaludy
Society of Friends of the Blacks established
Brissot helped establish the Society of the Friends of the Blacks to campaign against the slave trade and slavery. The association gave abolitionist arguments a new organization within French political life.
Society of Friends of the Blacks
Brissot helped found the Society of the Friends of the Blacks to campaign against slavery and the slave trade.
Gregoire encounters demands for reform from communities
The grievance process exposed clerical representatives to complaints about inequality and administration. The cahiers de doleances record grievances formed part of the transition from estate-based consultation toward claims of national sovereignty.
King invites grievances from subjects
Louis XVI's convocation arrangements invited subjects to describe abuses and propose improvements before the estates assembled. The consequences of cahiers de doleances record grievances helped redefine the place of the three orders in French public life.
Sieyes frames complaints as national claims
The grievances supplied concrete evidence for Sieyes's argument that the productive population required effective representation. The debate over cahiers de doleances record grievances demonstrated why electoral rules and parliamentary procedure mattered to constitutional reform.
Public Commitment to Constitution
Louis XVI declared support for constitutional reform and urged unity between the monarchy, the Assembly and the nation.
Royal Appearance before Assembly
Louis XVI appeared before the Constituent Assembly and publicly affirmed his intention to support the emerging constitutional order.
President of National Assembly
Talleyrand became president of the National Assembly while supporting major institutional reforms.
Religious vows and orders reformed: Secular legislature regulates institutions
Talleyrand participated in the revolutionary transformation of Church-state relations. The Assembly asserted authority to legislate over formerly autonomous ecclesiastical arrangements.
Jacobin Club
The Jacobin Club expands its influence through speeches correspondence and affiliated societies
Jacobin Club
The Jacobin Club expands its influence through speeches correspondence and affiliated societies.
Religious vows and orders reformed: Clerical conservatives resist
Maury defended traditional Catholic institutions against sweeping revolutionary interventions. Conflict over religious orders presaged the deeper schism caused by later clerical legislation.
Religious vows and orders reformed: Regular clergy face reorganization
Grรฉgoire worked within a legislature reorganizing religious life and curtailing monastic institutions. Ending compulsory recognition of perpetual vows changed the legal position of religious communities.
Cordeliers Membership
Desmoulins joined the Cordeliers Club under Danton's presidency and became prominent in radical political journalism.
Kentucky Statehood Act
Future governor of Kentucky after Congress provides for Kentucky's 1792 admission
Execution
Executed after demanding rights for free people of color
Bank Opinion
Advises Washington against the Bank of the United States
Bank Opinion
Argues against the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States
Execution
Executed after the failure of the free-colored uprising
First Bank of the United States
Hamilton secures a federal charter for the First Bank of the United States.
Bank of the United States
Signs the act incorporating the Bank of the United States
Bank of the United States
His bank plan becomes law when Washington signs the bank charter
Captain
Appointed Capitaine en Second
Invasion of France
Moves Austro-Prussian troops towards the Austrian border with France
Mobilization
Takes advantage of chaos in France to mobilize the Austro-Prussian troops
Declaration of War
The French Republic declares war against Britain, Holland & Spain
Declaration of War
The French Republic declares war against Britain, Holland and Spain.
War with Great Britain and Netherlands
Brissot remains a prominent advocate of revolutionary war as the Convention declares war on Great Britain and the Dutch Republic.
War with Britain and Dutch Republic
The Convention declared war on Great Britain and the Dutch Republic as the conflict spread. Brissot remained identified with arguments favoring international revolutionary war.
Declaration of War
France invades the Austrian Netherlands, threatening Britains maritime security. France declares war on Britain
Declaration of War
France invades the Austrian Netherlands, threatening Britains maritime security. France declares war on Britain.
Girondin Constitution Draft
Condorcet presents a constitutional project that proposes representative government, extensive civil rights and a democratic framework for the Republic.
Constitution of USA
1st USA Cabinet meeting, department heads in Washingtons House
Slavery
Another propose bill is narrowly lost
Declaration of War
The Convention declares war on England
Declaration of War
The Convention declares war on England.
Invasion of Belgium
France annexes the Belgian provinces
Invasion of Belgium
France annexes the Belgian provinces.
War and food shortages test Convention: Military emergency dominates debate
Danton pressed for vigorous defence as European enemies challenged the Republic. The widening conflict increased demands for exceptional executive coordination.
Condorcet constitutional scheme presented: Girondin legislative safeguards emphasized
Gensonnรฉ was among prominent deputies seeking to protect representation from immediate crowd pressure. The constitutional debate placed such concerns against demands for stronger emergency executive action.
Condorcet constitutional scheme presented: Alternative to emergency rule advanced
Brissot's political camp supported an institutional republic less dependent on Parisian coercion. Constitutional proposals offered a strategy for legitimate national government amid deep factional distrust.
National Guard Faces Market Price Demonstrations
Food shortages and inflation led crowds to demand stricter controls and relief. Armed civic units confronted demonstrators whose political support had previously helped empower revolutionary authorities.
War and food shortages test Convention: Emergency citizenship rhetoric
Robespierre linked republican liberty with a state capable of resisting military and internal threats. Economic pressure made abstract declarations of equality inadequate for many citizens.
Sardinia Expedition
Napoleon took part in the unsuccessful French expedition against Sardinia launched from Corsica.
Condorcet constitutional scheme presented: Representative constitution drafted
Condorcet prepared a detailed constitutional project emphasizing political rights and representative institutions. The proposal became associated with Girondin constitutionalism before the Mountain gained power.
War and food shortages test Convention: Popular subsistence demands
Marat argued that the government must respond to hardships endured by ordinary Parisians. Food prices and suspected hoarding strengthened the political leverage of the sans-culottes.
Abolition of Slavery
Dufay reports on conditions in Saint-Domingue and urges the Convention to confirm freedom and citizenship for formerly enslaved people in the colonies.
Support for Abolition of Slavery
Danton supported the Convention's abolition of slavery in the French colonies.
Political Morality Report
Robespierre linked republican government with civic virtue in a major report on political morality.
General
Appointed General of the Brigade, confirmed
General
Napoleon I was confirmed as general of brigade.
General
Appointed General of the Brigade, confirmed
President of National Convention
Saint-Just chaired the Convention for a term beginning in February while remaining active in emergency government.
Protection of Bayeux Tapestry
The district Arts Commission secured the embroidery as national property and ensured its preservation.
First Ventose Decree
Saint-Just proposes measures permitting confiscated property of revolutionary enemies to be redirected toward impoverished supporters of the Republic.
Rule of Venice
Austria & Russia reach agreement on sharing Veetian territories in the Mediterranean
Ventose property proposals: Revolutionary committees oversee enforcement
Barรจre belonged to the emergency leadership expected to turn legislation into effective administrative action. Confiscation plans faced difficulties of identifying assets and beneficiaries.
Ventose property proposals: Property redistribution advanced
Saint-Just proposed confiscating property of people condemned as enemies and transferring it to needy patriots. The program linked revolutionary punishment to material social justice.
Ventose property proposals: Virtue and social welfare connected
Robespierre's circle promoted a republic that would protect the poor while suppressing political enemies. The Ventรดse proposals illustrated the ambition and practical difficulties of such a policy.
Freedom of worship recognized - Balance of power
Henri-Baptiste Gregoire figured in events surrounding freedom of worship recognized at Paris. Gregoire's advocacy of religious liberty formed part of the debate over a less coercive settlement. Its importance lay in the transfer of effective authority away from the political networks that had dominated during the Terror.
Freedom of worship recognized
The Convention adopted a decree allowing religious worship subject to public-order restrictions and without state financing. Gregoire's advocacy of religious liberty formed part of the debate over a less coercive settlement.
Freedom of Worship Decree
Boissy d'Anglas reports on religious policy, and the Convention guarantees private freedom of worship while ending state financial support for religious institutions.
Pantheon-Closure
Closes the Pantheon down when it protests about the arrest of Babeufs wife
Replacement of Pichegru
Carnot supported replacing Pichegru with Moreau in a senior army command as the Directory reorganised its military leadership.
Capture of Mantua
Wurmser surrenders his Army of Italy & Mantua to Bonaparte
Result of Surrender of Wurmser's Army of Italy and Mantua
Mantua and Wurmser's army fall to Bonaparte, strengthening French control in northern Italy.
Surrender of Wurmser's Army of Italy and Mantua
Wurmser surrenders his Army of Italy & Mantua to Bonaparte
Capitulation of Mantua
Mantua capitulated to Napoleon's forces, completing a decisive phase of the Italian campaign against Austria.
Capture of Mantua
Wurmser surrenders his Army of Italy & Mantua to Bonaparte
Battle of Cape St Vincent
Commands the British fleet at Cape St Vincent and praises Nelson's initiative.
Battle of Cape St Vincent
Boards enemy ships during the Battle of Cape St Vincent.
Battle of Cape St Vincent
Sails with 27 ships to Brest to join the French fleet to invade England. Intercepted by the English & forced to retreat to Cadiz
Promotion
Is promoted rear admiral after Cape St Vincent.
Bank Restriction
The government permits the Bank of England to suspend cash payments after wartime pressure drains reserves, interrupting the earlier gold-based convertibility of banknotes.
Bank Restriction
Pitt authorises suspension of Bank of England gold payments during wartime financial pressure.
Bank Restriction
Pitt orders the Bank of England to suspend gold payments after a wartime run on reserves.
Vendome High Court Hears Babeuf Case
The special court at Vendรดme heard the case arising from the Conspiracy of Equals. Babeuf's trial brought arguments about property and popular sovereignty into open conflict with the Directory.
Occupation of Papal States
Massena commanded troops detailed to occupy the Papal States during French intervention in central Italy.
Support for Egyptian Expedition
Talleyrand presented arguments favouring the conquest of Egypt and supported the expedition as part of a wider Mediterranean strategy.
Alliance Napoleon I and Cisalpine Republic
An alliance is concluded with the Cisalpine Republic
Army Mutiny
Massena relinquished command after a mutiny among troops serving in the Papal States.
Intervention in Papal States
Talleyrand supported French policy that contributed to the overthrow of papal government and the establishment of a republic in Rome.
Syrian Campaign
Napoleon left Cairo with the main expeditionary force for the Syrian campaign against Ottoman forces.
Capture of El Arish
Napoleon's army captured the fortress of El Arish during the advance from Egypt into Ottoman Syria.
Resignation of William Pitt the Younger
George III refuses to include Pitts Catholic emancipation in the Act of Union
Coalition, 2nd
After this Treaty, Great Britain was the sole nation still at war with France
Coalition, 2nd
Austria makes peace with France.
Coalition, 2nd
Forced to sue for peace, the Austrians signed another in a series of humiliating treaties. This Treaty (along with the Treaty of Amiens of 1802) marked the end of the Second Coalition against Napoleon.
Coalition, 2nd
Joseph Bonaparte signed for France, whereas Count Ludwig von Cobenzl, the Austrian Foreign Minister, signed for the Emperor.
Coalition, 2nd
The Austrian army had been defeated by Napoleon Bonaparte at the Battle of Marengo on 14 June 1800 and then by Jean Victor Moreau at the Battle of Hohenlinden on 3 December.
Coalition, 2nd
The signatory parties were the French Republic and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, who was negotiating on his own behalf as ruler the hereditary domains of the Habsburg Monarchy and also on behalf of the other rulers who controlled territories within the Holy Roman Empire.
Treaty of Luneville
After this Treaty, Great Britain was the sole nation still at war with France
Treaty of Luneville
Austria makes peace with France.
Treaty of Luneville
Forced to sue for peace, the Austrians signed another in a series of humiliating treaties. This Treaty (along with the Treaty of Amiens of 1802) marked the end of the Second Coalition against Napoleon.
Treaty of Luneville
Joseph Bonaparte signed for France, whereas Count Ludwig von Cobenzl, the Austrian Foreign Minister, signed for the Emperor.
Treaty of Luneville
The Austrian army had been defeated by Napoleon Bonaparte at the Battle of Marengo on 14 June 1800 and then by Jean Victor Moreau at the Battle of Hohenlinden on 3 December.
Treaty of Luneville
The signatory parties were the French Republic and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, who was negotiating on his own behalf as ruler the hereditary domains of the Habsburg Monarchy and also on behalf of the other rulers who controlled territories within the Holy Roman Empire.
Treaty of Luneville
Austria makes peace with France. The signatory parties were the French Republic and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, who was negotiating on his own behalf as ruler the hereditary domains of the Habsburg Monarchy and also on behalf of the other rulers who controlled territories within the Holy Roman Empire. Joseph Bonaparte signed for France, whereas Count Ludwig von Cobenzl, the Austrian Foreign Minister, signed for the Emperor
Treaty of Luneville
Austria makes peace with France. The signatory parties were the French Republic and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, who was negotiating on his own behalf as ruler the hereditary domains of the Habsburg Monarchy and also on behalf of the other rulers who controlled territories within the Holy Roman Empire. Joseph Bonaparte signed for France, whereas Count Ludwig von Cobenzl, the Austrian Foreign Minister, signed for the Emperor
Treaty of Luneville
Austria makes peace with France. The signatory parties were the French Republic and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, who was negotiating on his own behalf as ruler the hereditary domains of the Habsburg Monarchy and also on behalf of the other rulers who controlled territories within the Holy Roman Empire. Joseph Bonaparte signed for France, whereas Count Ludwig von Cobenzl, the Austrian Foreign Minister, signed for the Emperor
Coalition, 2nd
After this Treaty, Great Britain was the sole nation still at war with France
Coalition, 2nd
Austria makes peace with France.
Coalition, 2nd
Forced to sue for peace, the Austrians signed another in a series of humiliating treaties. This Treaty (along with the Treaty of Amiens of 1802) marked the end of the Second Coalition against Napoleon.
Coalition, 2nd
Joseph Bonaparte signed for France, whereas Count Ludwig von Cobenzl, the Austrian Foreign Minister, signed for the Emperor.
Coalition, 2nd
The Austrian army had been defeated by Napoleon Bonaparte at the Battle of Marengo on 14 June 1800 and then by Jean Victor Moreau at the Battle of Hohenlinden on 3 December.
Coalition, 2nd
The signatory parties were the French Republic and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, who was negotiating on his own behalf as ruler the hereditary domains of the Habsburg Monarchy and also on behalf of the other rulers who controlled territories within the Holy Roman Empire.
Treaty of Campo Formio
After this Treaty, Great Britain was the sole nation still at war with France. The Treaty of Luneville declared that "there shall be, henceforth and forever, peace, amity, and good understanding" among the parties. The Treaty required Austria to enforce the conditions of the earlier Treaty of Campo Formio (concluded on 17 October 1797)
Treaty of Campo Formio
Austria makes peace with France.
Treaty of Campo Formio
Forced to sue for peace, the Austrians signed another in a series of humiliating treaties. This Treaty (along with the Treaty of Amiens of 1802) marked the end of the Second Coalition against Napoleon.
Treaty of Campo Formio
Joseph Bonaparte signed for France, whereas Count Ludwig von Cobenzl, the Austrian Foreign Minister, signed for the Emperor.
Treaty of Campo Formio
The Austrian army had been defeated by Napoleon Bonaparte at the Battle of Marengo on 14 June 1800 and then by Jean Victor Moreau at the Battle of Hohenlinden on 3 December.
Treaty of Campo Formio
The signatory parties were the French Republic and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, who was negotiating on his own behalf as ruler the hereditary domains of the Habsburg Monarchy and also on behalf of the other rulers who controlled territories within the Holy Roman Empire.
Treaty of Luneville
After this Treaty, Great Britain was the sole nation still at war with France. The Treaty of Luneville declared that "there shall be, henceforth and forever, peace, amity, and good understanding" among the parties. The Treaty required Austria to enforce the conditions of the earlier Treaty of Campo Formio (concluded on 17 October 1797)
Treaty of Luneville
Austria makes peace with France.
Treaty of Luneville
Forced to sue for peace, the Austrians signed another in a series of humiliating treaties. This Treaty (along with the Treaty of Amiens of 1802) marked the end of the Second Coalition against Napoleon.
Treaty of Luneville
Joseph Bonaparte signed for France, whereas Count Ludwig von Cobenzl, the Austrian Foreign Minister, signed for the Emperor.
Treaty of Luneville
The Austrian army had been defeated by Napoleon Bonaparte at the Battle of Marengo on 14 June 1800 and then by Jean Victor Moreau at the Battle of Hohenlinden on 3 December.
Treaty of Luneville
The signatory parties were the French Republic and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, who was negotiating on his own behalf as ruler the hereditary domains of the Habsburg Monarchy and also on behalf of the other rulers who controlled territories within the Holy Roman Empire.
Birth of Johan Ludvig Runeberg
Birth of Johan Ludvig Runeberg
Death of Immanuel Kant
Death of Immanuel Kant
Return of Bayeux Tapestry
Denon returned the embroidery after its temporary exhibition at the Louvre.
Blockade of Toulon
Sails from Alexandria to Malta and learns Villeneuve has returned to Toulon.
Toulon Fleet Return Confirmed
Nelson learns at Malta that Villeneuve has returned to Toulon, altering the course of the British pursuit.
Government
Pitts supporters remain in opposition. Forms a coalition a "Ministry of all the talents"
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain after the death of his cousin William Pitt
Election
Palmerston was defeated in the election for the University of Cambridge constituency
Battle of Waltersdorf
French corps under Ney decisively defeat a Prussian army during Napoleon's Friedland campaign
Friedland Campaign Victory
French corps under Ney decisively defeat a Prussian army during Napoleon's Friedland campaign
Battle of Eylau
Murat saves the day at Eylau & checks the Russian advance. Helps Napoleon defeat Russian forces under Bennigsen with 18,000 cavalry
Battle of Eylau
Fights at the Battle of Eylau
Battle of Eylau
Fights at the Battle of Eylau
Battle of Eylau
Defeats the Russian forces under Bennigsen in east Prussia
Battle of Eylau
A fierce struggle ensued, made worse by a blinding snowstorm on the battlefield. The French found themselves in dire straits until a massed cavalry charge, made by 10,700 troopers formed in 80 squadrons, relieved the pressure on the centre.
Battle of Eylau
Davouts arrival meant the attack on the Russian left could commence, but the assault was blunted when a Prussian force under Lestoq suddenly appeared on the battlefield and, with Russian help, threw the French back.
Battle of Eylau
Ney came too late to effect any meaningful decision, so Bennigsen retreated. Casualties at this indecisive battle were horrific, perhaps 25,000 on each side. The lack of a decisive victory by either side meant that the war would go on
Battle of Eylau
The Russians fought Soults corps for possession of Eylau. Daybreak on February 8 saw 44,500 French troops on the field against 67,000 Russians. Napoleon hoped to pin Bennigsens army long enough to allow Neys and Davouts troops to outflank the Russians.
Order of St. Andrew
After the battle of Eylau awarded Order of St. Andrew, the highest order in the Russian empire
Birth of Count Lajos Batthy ny de Nโmetpounds jv r
Birth of Count Lajos Batthyย ny de Nโmetpounds jvย r
Slavery
Charles Grey moves for a second reading in the Commons, as tributes are made to Wilberforce, who had laboured for the cause during the preceding twenty years, the bill was carried by 283 votes to 16
Birth of Charles Dawin
Birth of Charles Dawin, grandson of Josiah Wedgewood & Erasmus Darwin
Legislation
The US passes the Non-Intercourse Act against British commerce
US passes the Non-Intercourse Act against British commerce
The US passes the Non-Intercourse Act against British commerce
Legislation
The Regency Act is passed making the Prince of Wales Prince Regent
Legislation
The Regency Act is passed making the Prince of Wales Prince Regent
Regency
Appointed Regent for George III during his bout of insanity
Health of George III
The Regency Act is passed making the Prince of Wales Prince Regent
Capture of Belgrade
Russia captures Belgrade & the Turkish army
Siege of Belgrade
Russia captures Belgrade & the Turkish army
Capture of Belgrade
Russia captures Belgrade & the Turkish army
Health Reform
Parliament can appoint the future George IV as Regent due to the health of George III
Reform of Parliament
Parliament can appoint the future George IV as Regent due to the health of George III
Health of George III
Parliament can appoint the future George IV as Regent due to the health of George III
Economy of Austria
Austria declares itself bankrupt
Legislation
The Regency Act removes the restrictions on the Regency
Legislation
The Regency Act removes the restrictions on the Regency
Alliance Prussia and France
Prussia allows for the free passage of French troops against Russia
Invasion of Russia
Prussia allows for the free passage of French troops against Russia
Alliance Prussia and France
Prussia allows for the free passage of French troops against Russia
Peerage
Created Duque de Ciudad de Rodrigo
Peerage
Created Earl of Wellington
Peerage
Created Duque de Ciudad de Rodrigo
Peerage
Created Earl of Wellington
Treaty of Kalisch
Russia and Prussia conclude the Treaty of Kalisch, creating an alliance against Napoleon.
Battle of Champaubert
Wins an engagement against the Allies who eventually force the surrender of France
Battle of Montereau
Wins an engagement against the Allies who eventually force the surrender of France
Battle of Rheims
Wins an engagement against the Allies who eventually force the surrender of France
Battle of Orthez
Defeats Soult
Siege of Bayonne
Begins the siege of Bayonne
Battle of La Victoria
Bolivar defeats General Jose Tomas Boves
Battle of La Victoria
Bolivar defeats General Jose Tomas Boves
Congress of Vienna
Arrives as the British Plenipotentiary
Treaty of Ghent
The US Senate unanimously approves the Treaty of Ghent
Treaty of Ghent
President James Madison exchanges ratification papers with a British diplomat in Washington
Exile of Napoleon I
Escapes from Elba with his personal guard of 1,000
Birth of Edward McCabe
Edward McCabe is born in Dublin and later rises through the diocesan clergy to become Archbishop of Dublin and a cardinal.
Battle of Barcelona
Bolivar defeats Spanish forces under General Pablo Morillo
Discovery of Ancient Honours
Discovers Scotlands ancient honours in Edinburgh Castle, not seen since Charles II
Invasion of Chile
Crosses the Andes
Independence of Argentina
Helps defeat the Spanish & colonial forces
Battle of Chacabuco
Defeats a Spanish force in Chile
Capture of Santiago
Helps capture Santiago from the Spanish
Supreme Director of Chile
Assumes executive authority after the patriot victory at Chacabuco.
General
Appoints his friend Bernado OHiggins as political director of Chile
General
Appoints his friend Bernado OHiggins as political director of Chile
Political Director
Appointed political director of Chile by San Marin
Political Director
Appointed political director of Chile by San Marin
Succession
The Crown Prince Jean Bernadotte becomes the first Bernadotte King
Declaration of Independence
Proclaims Chilean independence through the formal declaration approved by the government.
Congress of Angostura
The Congress of Angostura opened to organize republican institutions and consider a union with New Granada.
Birth of William Tecumseh Sherman
Birth of William Tecumseh Sherman
Cato Street Conspiracy
His cabinet is targeted by the Cato Street conspirators.
Farthest South
Sails to about 74 degrees 15 minutes south in the sea later named the Weddell Sea, setting a new farthest south record
Birth of William Huggins
Birth of William Huggins
Thames Tunnel Company
The proposed Thames Tunnel Company is announced after Brunel presents his scheme to supporters and investors.
Entry into La Paz
Sucre enters La Paz after royalist authority collapses in Upper Peru.
Election
Elected President in the House of Representitives
President of USA
Appointed President of the USA, 6th President
Secretary of State
Appointed Secretary of State
Rule of Georgia
Indian leaders sign a Treaty ceding all Creek lands in Georgia to the USA
Treaty of Indian Springs
Indian leaders sign a Treaty ceding all Creek lands in Georgia to the USA
Landing at Methoni
Ibrahim Pasha lands Egyptian forces in the Peloponnese
Anglo-Russian Convention
Russia and Britain sign a convention defining the boundary between Russian America and British possessions in northwestern America.
Invasion of Greece
Ibrahim lands in the Peloponnese in February 1825 and had immediate success: by the end of 1825, most of the Peloponnese is under Egyptian control
Rule of Peloponnese
Ibrahim lands in the Peloponnese in February 1825 and had immediate success: by the end of 1825, most of the Peloponnese is under Egyptian control
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina
Birth of George Lennox Rawdon Berkeley
Birth of George Lennox Rawdon Berkeley
Rule of Armenia
Under the Treaty of Turkmanchai Russia retains part of Armenia
Treaty of Turkmanchai
Russia retains a part of Armenia & exclusive rights to keep a Navy on the Caspian Sea. Ends the war
Birth of Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil
Birth of Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil
London Protocol
London Protocol recognizes Greece as an independent state
Birth of Abdulaziz
Abdulaziz is born in Constantinople and later rules the Ottoman Empire from 1861 to 1876.
President of Chile
Becomes provisional president during the conservative political ascendancy.
Hernani Premiere
Performs Dona Sol in the premiere of Victor Hugo's Hernani.
Hernani Premiere
Hernani premieres at the Comedie-Francaise and becomes a landmark of French Romantic drama.
Babbage Engine Relocation Report
Brunel joins Bryan Donkin and others in reporting to the Treasury on moving Charles Babbage's calculating engine.
Birth of Georg Leo von Caprivi
Birth of Georg Leo von Caprivi
Discovery of Antarctica
Sights bare mountain tops through the ocean ice and correctly surmises that they are part of a continent, naming the area Enderby Land in honour of his patrons
Discovery of Enderby Land
The expedition sights bare mountain tops through the ocean ice and Biscoe correctly surmises that they are part of a continent and names the area Enderby Land in honour of his patrons
Etienne de Gerlache Government
Begins the Etienne de Gerlache Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.
Discovery of Evolution
Sets sail in the HMS Beagle. Departs for 5 yrs research in South America & the Galapagos Islands
Discovery of Antarctica
Spots a headland which he names Cape Ann; the mountain atop the headland is later named Mount Biscoe
Discovery of Cape Ann
A headland is spotted, which Biscoe names Cape Ann; the mountain atop the headland would later be named Mount Biscoe
Discovery of Mount Briscoe
A headland is spotted, which Biscoe names Cape Ann; the mountain atop the headland would later be named Mount Biscoe
Discovery of Adelaide Island
Discovers the Adelaide Island
Discovery of Antarctica
Lands on Anvers Island and reports a more extensive coastline, naming the region Graham Land after Sir James Graham, First Lord of the Admiralty
Discovery of Anvers Island
Biscoe lands on Anvers Island and claims to have sighted the mainland of the Antarctic continent
Discovery of Graham Land
A more extensive coastline is spotted, surmising again that he had encountered a continent, Biscoe names the area "Graham Land", after First Lord of the Admiralty Sir James Graham
Bavarian Regency Begins
Armansperg becomes the leading member of the council governing for the minor king.
Appointment as Prime Minister
Spyridon Trikoupis is appointed Prime Minister during the Bavarian regency.
First Kingdom Government Formed
Trikoupis forms the first ministry of the newly established Kingdom of Greece.
Arrival of King Otto
Otto arrives in Greece and the Bavarian regency begins governing in his name.
Birth of Alfred Graf von Schlieffen
Birth of Alfred Graf von Schlieffen
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of Venezuela
Prime Minister of Great Britain
The Whigs, radicals & Irish agree to joint opposition
Battle of Alamo
Mexicans storm a Spanish mission slaughtering all 187 Texan defenders. General Anna has the defenders bodies burned as an example to the rebellious Texans
Invasion of Texas
Leads an invasion of Texas after US settlers decalare independence
Battle of Alamo
The defenders are massacarred within 1 hour. Demands surrender but receives canon shot & orders his artillery destroy the mission
Battle of Alamo
Travis & Bowie retreat to the Alamo despite orders by General Houston to withdraw
Battle of Alamo
Killed during the Battle of the Alamo
Battle of Alamo
Killed in battle during a 12 day siege which helps defeat the Mexican Army
Death of Davy Crocket
Death of Davy Crocket, killed at the Battle of the Alamo
Battle of Alamo
Killed in battle during a 12 day siege which helps defeat the Mexican Army
Death of Jim Bowie
Death of Jim Bowie, killed during the Battle of the Alamo
Death of Alexander Pushkin
Death of Alexander Pushkin, killed in a duel
Duel of Pushkin
Wounded in a duel with a Frenchman who threatened to have an affair with his wife
Duel of Anthes
DAnthes kills Pushkin in a duel over gossip of an affair with Pushkins wife
Electric Motor Patent
Receives United States patent number 132 for an electromagnetic motor.
First United States Electric Motor Patent
Secures the first United States patent issued for an electric motor.
Bentleys Miscellany
Introduces Oliver and a critique of poverty, workhouses and criminal exploitation.
Oliver Twist Serialization
Begins serial publication of Oliver Twist in Bentleys Miscellany.
Petition
Introduces 350 petitions against slavery into the House of Representitives
Slavery
Introduces 350 petitions against slavery into the House of Representitives
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador, 2nd term
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of Venezuela, 2nd term
Birth of John Boyd Dunlop
Birth of John Boyd Dunlop
Marriage
Albert is voted ล30,000 pa, they only have a 2 day honeymoon
Marriage
Marries Victoria, his 1st cousin, at St James Palace
Marriage
Marries Albert of Saxe-Coburg, Albert is voted ล30,000 pa, they have a 2 day honeymoon
Act of Union
Opens the first Parliament of the united Province of Canada.
Hereditary Government
Receives an Ottoman firman establishing hereditary succession within his family.
Birth of Pierre Auguste Renoir
Birth of Pierre Auguste Renoir
Farthest South
Pushes south through the Ross Sea and reaches a new farthest south latitude near the Great Ice Barrier
Siege of Montevideo
Leads the Defence Government in Montevideo during the opening of the long siege by Oribe's forces
Birth of Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann
Birth of Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann
Deutsch-Franzosische Jahrbucher
Marx and Arnold Ruge publish the only issue of the Deutsch-Franzosische Jahrbucher.
Introduction to Critique of Hegel
Marx publishes an introduction arguing that material conditions shape political and religious criticism.
Domestic Economic Program
Polk asks Congress to reduce tariff rates and restore the independent treasury system
Expulsion from France
French authorities expel Marx following pressure from the Prussian government.
Move to Brussels
Marx settles in Brussels and continues his political and economic studies.
The Holy Family
Marx and Engels publish The Holy Family against the Young Hegelian critics.
Siege of Sobrahan
Defeats the Sikhs
Battle of Sobraon
Present at the Battle of Sobraon
Battle of Mukdi
Commencement of the Sikh War, 1st, the Sikhs are defeated
Battle of Sobraon
Tej Singh commands part of the Sikh army at Sobraon, the decisive battle that opens the road to Lahore.
Battle of Buena Vista
Defeated by General Zachary Taylor
Battle of Buena Vista
Santa Anna attacks Taylor at Buena Vista but withdraws after heavy fighting
Battle of Buena Vista
Davis and the Mississippi Rifles help stabilize the American line at Buena Vista
Battle of Buena Vista
Defeats Santa Anna at Buena Vista
Battle of Buena Vista
Taylor defeats Santa Anna at Buena Vista and holds northern Mexico
First Atmospheric Piston Carriage Tested
The first piston carriage is delivered and makes an initial atmospheric test run from Exeter.
Brunel and Samuda Atmospheric Trial
Brunel and Jacob Samuda take part in an early test journey that exposes weaknesses in pumps and traction pipes.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Pena's Government accepts the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo after the fall of Mexico City
Mexican Cession
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo transfers territory including much of present-day Arizona to the United States
Mexican Cession
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo transfers Upper California to the United States
Mexican Cession
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo transfers New Mexico to the United States
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is signed by American and Mexican negotiators
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is signed ending the Mexican-American War
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Trist signs the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ending the war and fixing the terms of peace
Communist Manifesto
Marx and Engels publish the Manifesto of the Communist Party.
Constitution of Italy
Pope Pius IX grants a constitution to the Papal States, which was both unexpected and surprising considering the historical recalcitrance of the Papacy
Risorgimento
Pope Pius IX grants a constitution to the Papal States, which was both unexpected and surprising considering the historical recalcitrance of the Papacy
Entire Exeter-Newton Timetable Goes Atmospheric
All scheduled trains between Exeter and Newton temporarily operate using Brunel's atmospheric traction system.
Abdication
The Bourbons are overthrown & the second Republic proclaimed
Coup
The Bourbons are overthrown & the second Republic proclaimed
Constitution of Italy
In February 1848 there were revolts in Tuscany that were relatively nonviolent, after which Ferdinand granted the Tuscans a constitution
Risorgimento
In February 1848 there were revolts in Tuscany that were relatively nonviolent, after which Ferdinand granted the Tuscans a constitution
Trial of Neue Rheinische Zeitung
Marx defends the newspaper before a jury and is acquitted.
Constitution of Italy
A Roman Republic is declared
Constitution of Italy
A Roman Republic is declared
Risorgimento
A Roman Republic is declared
Battle of Gujarat
Sher Singh Attariwalla's army is decisively defeated at Gujarat, ending organized Sikh resistance in the Second Sikh War.
Battle of Kaplona
Many of the Hungarian rebels are annhilated while the survivors flee across the Tisza
Reballion of Crushes the
Crushes the rebellion in Vienna
Battle of Gujrat
Napier takes part in the Battle of Gujrat
Election
In early 1849, elections are held for a Constituent Assembly
Consecrated Archbishop
Cullen is consecrated archbishop at the Irish College in Rome before taking up his responsibilities in Ireland.
Battle of Caseros
With Rosass defeat and exile, the "Guerra Grande" finally comes to an end. Urquiza overthrows Rosas at the Battle of Caseros
Coup
Urquiza overthrows Rosas at the Battle of Caseros
Government
Forms a minority Tory Protectionist Government for 9 months
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 1st term
Death of Daniel Murray
Murray dies in Dublin after a long episcopate marked by church administration, education debates and Catholic public affairs.
Political Prospects Commercial Prosperity and Starvation
Publishes a Tribune article contrasting commercial prosperity with political uncertainty and cases of severe poverty.
First Farm Workers Strike
Publishes an article noting an unusual organised strike among agricultural labourers in southern Wiltshire.
Capital Punishment Cobden and the Bank of England
Publishes a Tribune article discussing capital punishment, Richard Cobden and Bank of England regulations.
Plot
Janos Libenyi attempts to assassinate Franz Josef I
Paddington Station
The Great Western Railway approves Brunel's plans for a grand permanent terminus at Paddington.
Diplomatic Proposal at London
Russia proposes that the two countries share out the remains of the Ottoman Empire.
Plot
Janos Libenyi attempts to assassinate Franz Josef I
Menshikov Mission
Arrives to demand Ottoman recognition of Russian protection over Orthodox Christians.
Command Appointment
Receives command of the British expeditionary army.
Convention
The British Government recognizes the Independence of the Orange free state
Free State
The British Government recognizes the Independence of the Orange free state
Siege of Calafat
Directs Russian pressure against the fortified Ottoman bridgehead at Calafat.
Siege of Calafat
Maintains the Ottoman bridgehead at Calafat during months of Russian pressure.
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 1st term
Government
Forms a new Government
Renkioi Hospital
The War Office asks Brunel to design a prefabricated military hospital for the Crimean War.
Battle of Eupatoria
Defeated by the Turks and the Allied siege line draw closer.
Battle of Eupatoria
Defeats Russian forces near Eupatoria.
Renkioi Hospital
Brunel completes his modular hospital design six days after receiving the commission.
Preliminary Peace
Represents Russia as preliminary peace terms are arranged.
Congress of Paris
Supports the opening of the Congress of Paris, where the powers negotiate a final peace settlement.
Congress of Paris
Hosts the peace congress ending the war.
Birth of Robert Baden-Powell
Birth of Robert Baden-Powell
Republican Popular Vote
Republicans gain strong popular support but fail to win enough legislative seats
Senate Election
Illinois voters choose legislators who will decide the Senate contest
Senate Election
Republicans win more popular votes but Democrats retain control of the legislature and reelect Stephen Douglas
Government
Gladstone refuse to join the Government. Forms a minority Tory Government of free traders & Peelites
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 2nd term. Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain
Resignation of Henry John Temple
Palmerstons Government is defeated over the conspiracy to murder bill
Birth of Victor Herbert
Birth of Victor Herbert
Federal War
Federalist rebels proclaimed a new movement at Coro, beginning the Federal War.
Rotwitt Government
The Rotwitt Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Council President of Denmark.
Budget
Gladstones budget is introduced with the Cobden-Chevalier Treaty between Britain and France that would reduce tariffs between the two countries.
Budget
Some of the duties Gladstone intended to abolish in 1860 were the duties on paper, a controversial policy because the duties had traditionally inflated the costs of publishing and thus hindered the dissemination of radical working-class ideas.
Budget
The Bill to abolish duties on paper narrowly passed Commons but was rejected by the House of Lords. As no money bill had been rejected by Lords for over two hundred years, a furore arose over this vote.
Budget
The budget "marked the final adoption of the Free Trade principle, that taxation should be levied for Revenue purposes alone, and that every protective, differential, or discriminating duty...should be dislodged".
Budget
The budget reduces the number of duties to 48, with 15 duties constituting the majority of the revenue but to finance these reductions in indirect taxation, the income tax, instead of being abolished, is raised to 10d. for incomes above pounds 150 and at 7d.
Budget
The next year, Gladstone included the abolition of paper duties in a consolidated Finance Bill (the first ever) to force the Lords to accept it, and accept it they did.
Budget
for incomes above pounds 100.
Income Tax
The budget reduces the number of duties to 48, with 15 duties constituting the majority of the revenue but to finance these reductions in indirect taxation, the income tax, instead of being abolished, is raised to 10d. for incomes above pounds 150 and at 7d. for incomes above pounds 100
Election
Elected President of the Confederacy
Second Hall Government
Begins the Second Hall Government in Copenhagen and serves as Council President of Denmark.
English Public Opinion on America
Publishes a Tribune article examining English public opinion toward the United States.
London Workers Meeting on America
Publishes an account of a London workers' meeting concerning the American Civil War.
Agricultural Colleges
Federal land grants are authorized to support agricultural and mechanical colleges
Morrill Land Grant Colleges Act
Lincoln signs the Morrill Act supporting land grant colleges
Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act
Lincoln signs the Morrill Act supporting land grant colleges
The Cotton Crisis
Publishes an article examining the British cotton crisis produced by disruption of American supplies.
Legal Tender Act
Congress authorises United States notes not immediately redeemable in specie.
Legal Tender Act
The Legal Tender Act authorises non-convertible greenbacks to finance the Civil War, creating a paper currency that circulates separately from gold.
National Banking Act
The National Banking Act creates federally chartered banks and a uniform banknote system.
Invasion of Lauenburg
The Danish President Carl Christian Hall drafts the 'November Constitution' to link Schleswig more closely to the Danish kingdom, he sparks German protests, and troops of the German Confederation occupy Holstein and Lauenburg
Invasion of Schleswig
The Danish President Carl Christian Hall drafts the 'November Constitution' to link Schleswig more closely to the Danish kingdom, he sparks German protests, and troops of the German Confederation occupy Holstein and Lauenburg
Battle of Konigshugel
In the Battle of Konigshugel Austrian forces commanded by General Gondrecourt push the Danes back to the Dannevirke
Battle of Konigshugel
In the Battle of Konigshugel Austrian forces commanded by General Gondrecourt push the Danes back to the Dannevirke
Battle of Konigshugel
De Meza abandons the Dannevirke and withdraws to Flensburg; 600 men are captured or killed, he is also forced to abandon important heavy artillery
Capture of Flensburg
The Austrians under Ludwig Karl Wilhelm von Gablenz marched north from Flensburg
Battle of Sankelmark
The Austrians are stopped from halting the Danish retreat
Battle of Arnis
The Prussians cross the frozen Schlei at Arnis and defeat the Danes
Capture of Dannevirke
The loss of the Dannevirke without a fight which had played a big role in Danish national mythology causes a shock in Denmark and de Meza has to resign from the supreme command
Northern Pacific Railway Charter
Lincoln signs legislation chartering the Northern Pacific Railway
Pacific Railway Act Amendments
Amendments strengthen support for Central Pacific construction eastward from California
Pacific Railway Act Amendments
Amended law accelerates work toward completing the first transcontinental railroad
Pacific Railway Act Amendments
Amendments increase support for Union Pacific construction westward from the Missouri River
Pacific Railway Act Amendments
Lincoln signs amendments expanding support for the transcontinental railroad project
Pacific Railway Act Amendments
Lincoln signs amendments strengthening federal support for the transcontinental railroad
Pacific Railway Act Amendments
Federal land grants and bonds encourage railroad construction across the western territories
Capture of Kolding
Some Prussian hussars, in the excitement of a cavalry skirmish, cross the north frontier of Schleswig into Denmark and occupy the town of Kolding
Invasion of Denmark
Some Prussian hussars, in the excitement of a cavalry skirmish, cross the north frontier of Schleswig into Denmark and occupy the town of Kolding
Fire
Fire breaks causing considerable damage, the cause is never discovered
President of Uruguay
Becomes provisional President after the Colorado victory over the government of Bernardo Berro
Princely Regency
Catargiu joins the three-member regency governing after Cuza's abdication.
Princely Regency
Golescu joins the provisional regency established after Cuza's removal.
Princely Regency
Haralambie represents the army in the three-member princely regency.
Abdication of Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Cuza abdicates after officers and political opponents force his removal.
Reballion of Rebels in London
Habeas Corpus is suspended in Ireland
Abdication
Is forced to abdicate by political opponents.
Succession
Succeeds as King of Romania
Constituent Reichstag Election
Bismarck oversees elections for the Reichstag charged with considering the northern federal constitution.
Reform of Parliament
Cabinet opts for the Ten Minutes Bill which Disraeli announces in the Commons
Constitution of Germany
Elections take place for the new Reichstag
Election
Elections take place for the new Reichstag
Constitution
Prussia and the other north German states prepare the election of a North German Parliament. This konstituierender Reichstag is elected in February 1867 based on state laws
North German Confederation
Prussia and the other north German states prepare the election of a North German Parliament. This konstituierender Reichstag is elected in February 1867 based on state laws
Retirement
Derby retires from the Prime Minister'ship due to ill health & hands over to Disraeli
Succession
Informed by Charles Anthony that Leopold had been sounded out for the Spanish throne. Charles Anthony asks Bismarck to tell William to decide Leopolds Spanish succession
Legislation
Introduces the Irish Land Act to give Irish peasants comparible rights with England
Reform of Land Ownership
Introduces the Irish Land Act to give Irish peasants comparible rights with England
English Government and the Fenian Prisoners
Writes on British government policy toward imprisoned Irish Fenians.
Birth of Friedrich Ebert
Birth of Friedrich Ebert
Kulturkampf
The Kanzelparagraph remains in force until 1953, several religious orders like the Jesuits remained banned from the German Empire, confiscated properties were not returned, discrimination against the Catholic minority continued in Civil Service
Peace
Discusses peace terms with Thiers & Favre
Constitution of Cuba
The Proclamation of the First Spanish Republic by the Cortes reaffirms Cuba as inseparable to Spain, Marti responds with an essay, "The Spanish Republic" and "The Cuban Revolution"
Rule of Cuba
The Proclamation of the First Spanish Republic by the Cortes reaffirms Cuba as inseparable to Spain, Marti responds with an essay, "The Spanish Republic" and "The Cuban Revolution"
The Cuban Revolution
The Proclamation of the First Spanish Republic by the Cortes reaffirms Cuba as inseparable to Spain, Marti responds with an essay, "The Spanish Republic" and "The Cuban Revolution"
The Spanish Republic
The Proclamation of the First Spanish Republic by the Cortes reaffirms Cuba as inseparable to Spain, Marti responds with an essay, "The Spanish Republic" and "The Cuban Revolution"
Coinage Act
The Coinage Act ends standard silver-dollar production and strengthens the movement toward gold.
Coinage Act
The Coinage Act omits the standard silver dollar from regular coinage, ending legal bimetallism and strengthening the monetary role of gold.
Coinage Act
The Coinage Act ends standard silver-dollar coinage and strengthens the country's movement toward gold.
Death of Adolfo Ballivian
Ballivian dies in office after a brief constitutional presidency.
Birth of Enrico Caruso
Birth of Enrico Caruso
Election
Gladstone promises to abolish income tax!. Election riots in Dudlet, Hanley & Wolverhampton
Income Tax
Gladstone promises to abolish income tax!
Election
The Liberals receive a majority of the votes in each of the constituent countries of the United Kingdom and 189,000 more votes nationally than the Conservatives but obtain a minority of seats in the House of Commons. A Conservative victory becomes certain
President of Bolivia
Frias begins a second presidential period after Ballivian's death.
Birth of Ernest Henry Shackleton
Birth of Ernest Henry Shackleton, County Clare, Ireland
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary
Birth of Ernest Shackleton
Ernest Shackleton is born at Kilkea House in County Kildare and later becomes one of the most prominent explorers of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration.
Election
The Conservatives win a majority of 83, its 1st majority since 1841. The Conservatives win 350 seats to the Liberals 302 seats
Election
The Conservatives win a majority of 83. The Conservatives win 350 seats to the Liberals 302 seats
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Minister, 2nd term
Government
Disraeli forms a new ministry
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 2nd term
Seeks to preserve relations with Russia
Seeks to preserve relations with Russia after problems with France
Birth of Thirteenth Dalai Lama
Thubten Gyatso, later the thirteenth Dalai Lama, is born.
Suez Canal Speech
Defends the Suez Canal share purchase in the House of Commons as a necessary imperial measure.
Suez Canal Finance Commission
Parliament debates the Rothschild firm's commission for advancing the Suez Canal purchase money.
Purchase of Suez Canal Shares
Continues to lead the Suez Canal Company after the British Government becomes a major shareholder.
Purchase of Suez Canal Shares
French ministers monitor the British purchase while French private shareholders remain the canal company's majority interest.
Purchase of Suez Canal Shares
Supports legislation to regularise the Government's financing of the Suez Canal share purchase.
Purchase of Suez Canal Shares
Secures parliamentary approval for funds connected with the purchase of the Suez Canal shares.
Purchase of Suez Canal Shares
Questions the financial and constitutional implications of buying the Suez Canal shares through private banking credit.
Birth of Thomas Tom Crean
Birth of Thomas "Tom" Crean
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of Venezuela
Kulturkampf
Moderates his struggle with the Catholic Church and in the wake of Pius IXs death on February 7, 1878, reconciled with the new Pope, Leo XIII, lifting some sanctions
Bland-Allison Act
Congress requires Treasury silver purchases while gold remains the principal redemption standard.
Bland-Allison Veto
Hayes vetoes the Bland-Allison Act because compulsory silver purchases could weaken the gold-based monetary system, although Congress immediately overrides the veto.
Rule of Schleswig
Breaks the Treaty of Prague & refuses to support a plebiscite in northern Schleswig
Treaty of Prague
Breaks the Treaty of Prague & refuses to support a plebiscite in northern Schleswig
Birth of Edwin Samuel Montagu
Birth of Edwin Samuel Montagu, second son and seventh child of Samuel Montagu, 1st Baron Swaythling
War of the Pacific
Daza orders action against a Chilean company as the Pacific conflict escalates.
War of the Pacific
Chilean forces occupy Antofagasta after Bolivia attempts to enforce a nitrate tax
Occupation of Antofagasta
Orders Chilean forces to occupy Antofagasta after Bolivia moves to enforce a disputed tax on the nitrate company.
Succession
Yaqub Khan becomes amir after the death of Sher Ali.
Death of Albrecht von Roon
Death of Albrecht von Roon
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of Venezuela, 2nd term
Coronation
Speaks in sixty-two cities in the USA & Canada, where he was so well received in Toronto, that Healy dubbs him "the uncrowned king of Ireland"
Irish National Land League
Speaks in sixty-two cities in the USA & Canada, where he was so well received in Toronto, that Healy dubbs him "the uncrowned king of Ireland". Has an audience with the American President & addresses the House of Representatives on the state of Ireland
Federation Francaise de Cyclisme
The Union Velocipedique Francaise (UVF), predecessor of the FFC, is founded in the Cafe Le Marengo by delegates of ten cycling clubs who decide to create a national championship race of 10 km. The first president is Parisian Paul Devilliers
Battle of Schuinshoogte
Smit leads a Boer force which inflicts serious losses under a force led by Colley
Battle of Ingogo
Fights Boer forces at Schuinshoogte during another attempted advance.
Battle of Schuinshoogte
Suffers another reverse against Boer marksmen.
British Reverse at Schuinshoogte
The engagement leaves the British column with heavy casualties.
Battle of Schuinshoogte
Smit leads a Boer force which inflicts serious losses under a force led by Colley
Battle of Ingogo
Leads Boer fighters against Colley's force at Schuinshoogte.
Battle of Schuinshoogte
Inflicts heavy casualties on Colley's force.
Boer Success at Schuinshoogte
Boer marksmanship inflicts severe losses on the British.
Prime Minister of Spain
Begins a Liberal government under the restored Bourbon monarchy.
Sagasta Government Begins
Becomes Prime Minister of Spain.
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain
Canadian Pacific Railway
Promotes railway planning as the Canadian Pacific Railway contract is approved.
Aleksey Rykov Born
The future Soviet government leader is born in the Russian Empire.
Birth of Aleksey Rykov
Aleksey Rykov is born in 1881.
Battle of Majuba
Colley is killed as the Boer victory at Majuba secures Transvaal autonomy.
Battle of Majuba Hill
Is killed during the Boer victory at Majuba.
Death of George Pomeroy Colley
His death ends his command during the First Boer War.
Majuba Hill Defeat
Is killed during the disastrous British defeat at Majuba Hill.
Battle of Majuba Hill
Leads Boer fighters in the decisive Majuba victory.
Boer Assault on Majuba
The victory places strong pressure on Britain to negotiate.
Majuba Hill Victory
Leads Boer fighters in the decisive assault on Majuba Hill.
Birth of James Joyce
James Joyce is born in Dublin.
James Joyce Born
The future modernist novelist is born at Rathgar.
Journey to Algeria
Marx travels to Algiers seeking relief from chronic respiratory illness.
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
Political Support at Heligoland
Offers Britain German support over Africa in return for the cession of Heligoland
Rule of Heligoland
Offers Britain German support over Africa in return for the cession of Heligoland
Independence of Great Britain
Arrives at Khartoum & declares the independence of Sudan
Independence of Sudan
Arrives at Khartoum & declares the independence of Sudan
Siege of Khartoum
Reaches Khartoum & then begins to evacuate the Angloian residents
London Convention
Signs the revised convention with Transvaal representatives.
London Convention
Secures greater autonomy for the Transvaal after the war.
Siege of Khartoum
After Gordons death Gladstone resigns
Death of Edward McCabe
McCabe dies after several years of ill health, ending a short and politically difficult tenure as Archbishop of Dublin.
Capture of Langson
The French capture Langson
Irish Home Rule
Chamberlain, hostile to Irish home rule, refuses to serve in the Cabinet
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Chamberlain, hostile to Irish home rule, refuses to serve in the Cabinet. Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 3rd term
Speech
Gives a militant speech to encourage Ulster Protestants in Belfast
Constitution of USA
Congress creates the Electoral Count Act to avoid disputed national elections
Election
Congress creates the Electoral Count Act to avoid disputed national elections
Electoral Count Act
Congress creates the Electoral Count Act to avoid disputed national elections
Legislation
Congress creates the Electoral Count Act to avoid disputed national elections
Interstate Commerce Act
The Interstate Commerce Act creates federal regulation of railroad rates and practices.
Legislation
Senator Henry Dawes sponsores the Dawes Severalty Act that authorizes the survey of Indian territories in the West, in order that the commonly held tribal lands might be broken up into property allotments of 40 to 160 acres
Allotment
The Dawes Act authorizes division of reservation land into individual allotments.
Dawes Act
Senator Henry Dawes sponsors the General Allotment Act, authorizing allotment of tribal lands to individual Native Americans.
Dawes Act
The General Allotment Act is named for Senator Henry Dawes of Massachusetts.
Native American Policy
The Dawes Act seeks assimilation through individual landholding and changes in tribal land tenure.
Rule of Indian Territories
The Dawes Act permits reservation land to be broken into allotments while surplus land can pass from tribal control.
Treaty of Mediterranean
Agreed between powers maintaining the status quo in the Mediterranean against Turkey
Agreement of Mediterranean
Agreement between the powers maintaining the Mediterranean status quo against Turkey
Death of Alexander Borodin
Death of Alexander Borodin
Birth of Nikos Kazantzakis
Birth of Nikos Kazantzakis
Edmunds-Tucker Act
The 49th US Congress passes the Edmunds-Tucker Act which womens suffrage
Franchise
The 49th US Congress passes the Edmunds-Tucker Act which womens suffrage
Legislation
The 49th US Congress passes the Edmunds-Tucker Act which womens suffrage
Birth of Mary Ellen Chase
Birth of Mary Ellen Chase
Armament
Says to the Reichstag, "We Germans fear God & nothing else on Earth". Introduces a measure to increase the army reserve to 3 1/4 of a million
Appointed Bishop of Raphoe
O'Donnell is appointed Bishop of Raphoe at an unusually young age and begins more than three decades leading the diocese.
Birth of John Foster Dules
Birth of John Foster Dules
Birth of Robert Ley
Birth of Robert Ley
Election
The cartell led by Bismarck loses 57 National Liberal & 28 Conservative seats
Birth of Alfred Duff Cooper
Birth of Alfred Duff Cooper
Chancellor
Summoned to Berlin by Wilhelm II, Caprivi is informed that he is the Kaisers intended choice should Bismarck prove resistant to Wilhelms proposed changes to the Government
Vote of Confidence
The Parnellites pass a resolution of confidence in Parnell
Controller of Navy Appointment
Fisher becomes Controller of the Navy and Third Naval Lord, with major responsibility for naval material and construction.
Minister of Railways
Appointed Minister of Railways before moving to finance.
Battle of Weihaiwei
Fights at the Battle of Weihaiwei
Battle of Weihaiwei
The Chinese fleet surrenders & Admiral Ting commits suicide. 2-12 February, the Chinese are decisively defeated
Suicide
The Chinese fleet surrenders & Admiral Ting commits suicide
Birth of John Ford
Birth of John Ford
Gold Bond Syndicate
Morgan's syndicate supplies gold to replenish the Treasury reserve in exchange for government bonds.
Gold Reserve Crisis
Cleveland authorises a bond sale to replenish the Treasury's dangerously depleted gold reserve.
Jules de Burlet Government
The Jules de Burlet Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.
First de Smet de Naeyer Government
Begins the First de Smet de Naeyer Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.
Birth of Zakir Hussain
Zakir Husain is born and later becomes the third President of India.
Siberian Exile
Is exiled to Siberia after arrest for underground activity.
Birth of Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto
Birth of Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto
Siege of Havana
The Spanish sink the US battleship Maine which triggers off the Spanish-American War
Invention of Folding Machine
John Ames Sherman patents the 1st envelope folding & gumming machine
Birth of Bertolt Brecht
Birth of Bertolt Brecht
Birth of Fritz Zwicky
Birth of Fritz Zwicky
Independence of Cuba
The battleship USS Maine is sent to menace Imperial Spain and its sinking helps to precipitate the Spanish-American War over the issue of Cuban independence
Independence of United States of America
The battleship USS Maine is sent to menace Imperial Spain and its sinking helps to precipitate the Spanish-American War over the issue of Cuban independence
Sinking of USS Maine - Explosion Casualties
USS Maine exploded in Havana harbour on 15 February 1898, killing 266 men and becoming a major catalyst in the crisis with Spain.
Sinking of USS Maine
The battleship USS Maine is sent to menace Imperial Spain and its sinking helps to precipitate the Spanish-American War over the issue of Cuban independence. The battleship USS Maine explodes and sinks in Havana harbor, the explosion kills 266 of her crew
First Francis Hagerup Government
The First Francis Hagerup Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Second Johannes Steen Government
Begins the Second Johannes Steen Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Trial
Emile Zola is imprisoned for his letter Jaccuse in which he accused the French Government of anti-Semitism and the wrongful imprisonment of Army Captain Alfred Dreyfus
Trial
Emile Zola is imprisoned for his letter Jaccuse in which he accused the French Government of anti-Semitism and the wrongful imprisonment of Army Captain Alfred Dreyfus
Arrest of Emile Zola
Emile Zola is imprisoned for his letter Jaccuse in which he accused the French Government of anti-Semitism and the wrongful imprisonment of Army Captain Alfred Dreyfus
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of Venezuela
Death of Georg Leo von Caprivi
Death of Georg Leo von Caprivi
Southern Cross Expedition
Cape Adare is sighted
1st Antarctic Shore Base
Sets up the first ever shore base on the Antarctic continent, in the midst of a penguin colony, named "Camp Ridley" in honour of Borchgrevinks mother
Southern Cross Expedition
Unloading began on 17 February. First ashore were the 75 dogs, with their two Sami handlers, who remained with them and thus became the first men to spend a night on the Antarctic continent. Sets up the first ever shore base on the Antarctic continent, in the midst of a penguin colony, named "Camp Ridley" in honour of Borchgrevinks mother. Borchgrevink reaches Cape Adare
Birth of Erich Kastner
Birth of Erich Kastner, writer of childrens books
Battle of Vaal Krantz
Buller begins another attempt to cross the Tugela and outflank Boer positions at Vaal Krantz.
Battle of Vaal Krantz
Botha's Boer forces oppose Buller's renewed attempt to cross the Tugela and establish a bridgehead at Vaal Krantz.
Death of George Labram
Labram is killed in Kimberley when a Boer shell strikes the building where he is staying.
Crossing at Klip Drift
French forces a crossing at Klip Drift during the sweeping cavalry advance toward Kimberley.
Relief of Kimberley
Rhodes remains in Kimberley until French's cavalry breaks the Boer siege and enters the town.
Relief of Kimberley
Kekewich receives the relieving cavalry after his garrison has held Kimberley through a four-month siege.
Relief of Kimberley
Leads the cavalry relief of Kimberley.
Relief of Kimberley
French leads the cavalry relief before his Ypres title.
1st Great Barrier Landing
Instead of returning home the Southern Cross sailed south to the Great Ice Barrier, Ross had been unable to mke a landing so Borchgrevink discovered an inlet in the Barrier edge, the "Bay of Whales", Borchgrevink, William Colbeck and Per Savio make the first landing on the Barrier and travelled 10 miles (16 km) south to set a new Farthest South record at 78 degrees 50S
Farthest South
Travels south over the Barrier to about 78 degrees 50 minutes south, setting a new farthest south mark
Great Ice Barrier
Lands on the Great Ice Barrier and opens a route that later expeditions use toward the interior
Southern Cross Expedition
Instead of returning home the Southern Cross sailed south to the Great Ice Barrier, Ross had been unable to mke a landing so Borchgrevink discovered an inlet in the Barrier edge, the "Bay of Whales", Borchgrevink, William Colbeck and Per Savio make the first landing on the Barrier and travelled 10 miles (16 km) south to set a new Farthest South record at 78 degrees 50S
Battle of Tugela River
Fights at the Battle of Tugela
Siege of Kimberley
Takes part in operations leading to the relief of Kimberley.
Battle of Tugela River
Fights at the Battle of Tugela
Battle of Paardeberg
Directs costly assaults before Roberts resumes command.
Battle of Paardeberg
Cronje's force surrenders at Paardeberg after British encirclement.
Battle of Paardeberg
Kelly-Kenny's division closes on Cronje's laager at Paardeberg and helps establish the British encirclement.
Battle of Paardeberg
MacDonald leads the Highland Brigade during the operations that surround Cronje's force at Paardeberg.
Siege of Paardeberg
Cronje's force surrenders at Paardeberg after British encirclement.
Battle of Paardeberg
Otter commands the Royal Canadian Regiment during the final operations that precede Cronje's surrender at Paardeberg.
Foundation of FC Bayern Munich
Franz John and fellow footballers establish FC Bayern Munich after breaking away from the MTV 1879 sports association, creating a new club in the Bavarian capital.
Labour Representation Committee (LRC)
The Labour Represention Committee is founded at a Conference in London
Battle of Paardeberg
Receives Cronje's surrender after encirclement.
Relief of Ladysmith
Takes part in operations around the siege and relief of Ladysmith.
Arrest of Piet Arnoldus Cronje
Arrested and held at St Helena until the end of the war
Siege of Paardeberg
Cronje's force surrenders at Paardeberg after British encirclement.
Battle of Paardeberg
Surrenders with his commando at Paardeberg.
Siege of Ladysmith
Takes part in operations around the siege and relief of Ladysmith.
Relief of Ladysmith
Breaks through to relieve Ladysmith.
Cronje Encirclement Tightened
Helps tighten the British encirclement of Piet Cronje's force during the Paardeberg operations.
Modder River Advance Coordinated
Coordinates staff work during Roberts's advance from the Modder River into the Orange Free State.
Discovery of Clements Markham Island
The Southern Cross proceeded southwards, following the Victoria Land coast and discovering further islands, one of which Borchgrevink named after Sir Clements Markham, whose hostility towards the expedition was evidently unchanged by this honour
Southern Cross Expedition
The Southern Cross proceeded southwards, following the Victoria Land coast and discovering further islands, one of which Borchgrevink named after Sir Clements Markham, whose hostility towards the expedition was evidently unchanged by this honour
Prime Minister of Iceland
Appointed Prime Minister of Iceland
Birth of Clark Gable
Birth of Clark Gable
Battle of Chrissiesmeer
Smith-Dorrien withstands Botha's night attack at Chrissiesmeer and retains control of his position.
Battle of Chrissiesmeer
Botha launches a night attack on Smith-Dorrien's force at Chrissiesmeer but cannot hold the British camp.
Speech
Churchill makes his maiden speech in the House of Commons
Swiss Citizenship
Einstein becomes a Swiss citizen after having been stateless since 1896.
United States Steel
Morgan organises United States Steel as the world's first billion-dollar corporation.
Middelburg Peace Talks
Offers terms that Boer leaders reject.
Middelburg Peace Talks
Meets Kitchener to discuss possible peace.
Meeting with Kitchener
Rejects terms that do not satisfy the Boer leadership.
Middelburg Peace Talks
Meets Lord Kitchener to discuss possible peace terms.
Assassination of Nikolai Petrovich Bogolepov
Assassination of Nikolai Petrovich Bogolepov
Death of Nikolai Petrovich Bogolepov
Death of Nikolai Petrovich Begolepov, assassinated
Discovery Expedition
Scott lands on the Barrier and unpacks an observation balloon which he had acquired for aerial surveys
Discovery Expedition
The Discovery enters McMurdo Sound and later that day anchors in a spot near its southern limit which was afterwards christened Winter Quarters Bay. Of the entire party, none were skilled skiers and only Bernacchi and Armitage had any experience with dog-sledges. The results of the mens early efforts to master these techniques were not encouraging, and tended to reinforce Scotts preference for man-hauling
Discovery of Winter Quarters Bay
The Discovery enters McMurdo Sound and later that day anchors in a spot near its southern limit which was afterwards christened Winter Quarters Bay
Discovery Expedition
Discovery arrives in McMurdo Sound, where she anchors at a spot designated as "Hut Point", & establish the base from which they will launch scientific and exploratory sledging journeys, Crean proves to be one of the most consistent man-haulers in the party
Tour de France
LAuto announces the 1st Tour de France
Battle of Ysterspruit
Kemp joins De la Rey's attack on the British convoy at Ysterspruit during the western Transvaal campaign.
Battle of Ysterspruit
De la Rey attacks a British convoy at Ysterspruit and captures large quantities of transport and supplies.
Discovery Expedition
Among these, against his will, was the convalescent Shackleton, who Scott decided "ought not to risk further hardships in his present state of health".
Discovery Expedition
The party eventually reached the Discovery on 3 February 1903 after covering 960 miles (1,540 km) including relays, in 93 days travel at a daily average of just over 10 miles (16 km).
Discovery Expedition
The relief ship provided an opportunity for some of the party to return home.
Return from Antarctica
Returns from the southern journey weakened by illness and is later sent home on the relief ship Morning
Reform of Government
Russia & Austria jointly demand Turkey make reforms in the Balkans
Rule of Balkans
Russia & Austria jointly demand Turkey make reforms in the Balkans
Birth of George's Simenon
Birth of George's Simenon, creator of Maigret
Balkan Reforms
Russian policy supports Austro-Russian demands for reforms in the Balkans.
Rule of Balkans
Russian and Austrian diplomacy presses Turkey for Macedonian reforms.
Russia & Austria jointly demand Turkey make reforms in the Balkans
Russia & Austria jointly demand Turkey make reforms in the Balkans
Rule of Balkans
Russia & Austria jointly demand Turkey make reforms in the Balkans
Russia & Austria jointly demand Turkey make reforms in the Balkans
Russia & Austria jointly demand Turkey make reforms in the Balkans
Washington Protocols
The Washington Protocols ended the blockade and referred creditor claims to international arbitration.
Speech
Speaks in the Commons against the Governments proposed increase in military spending
Invasion of Manchuria
Agrees to the Russian annexation of Manchuria
First Hannes Hafstein Ministry
Begins the First Hannes Hafstein Ministry and serves as Minister for Iceland.
Constitution of Russia
Authorizes Gapons Assembly
Siege of Port Arthur
Japan attacks Port Arthur beginning the Russoese War
Russo-Japanese War
Watches war begin after earlier warnings about Far Eastern risks.
Discovery Expedition
Most of the ice suddenly broke up, and Morning and Terra Nova are at last able to sail alongside Discovery.
Defection
Votes with the Liberals against his own party on a Free Trade motion
Discovery Expedition
The Discovery begins the return journey to New Zealand
Invasion of Korea
The Japanese army begins debarkation. The Japanese army advavance through Korea to the Yalu River
Siege of Port Arthur
The Japanese army advavance through Korea to the Yalu River
Discovery Expedition
During the Antarctic winter of 1902 Discovery became locked in the ice, efforts to free her during the summer of 190203 failed, and although some of the expeditions members (including Ernest Shackleton) left in a relief ship, Crean and the majority of the party remained in the Antarctic until the ship was finally freed in February 1904
Assassination of Sergei Alexandrovich Romanov
Assassinates Grand Duke Sergei
Assassination of Sergei Alexandrovich Romanov
Assassinates Grand Duke Sergei with a bomb.
Assassination of Grand Duke Sergei
The Tsar's uncle is assassinated
Assassination of Sergei Alexandrovich Romanov
Is killed by Ivan Kalyayev in Moscow.
Assassination of Sergei Alexandrovich Romanov
The Tsar's uncle is assassinated
Bulygin Duma
Develops proposals for a consultative Duma.
Minister of Interior
Becomes minister of the interior during the revolutionary crisis.
Constitution of Russia
Asks for "suggestions" "concerning improvement of the state and the nations well-being"
Reform Rescript
Calls for suggestions on improving state administration.
Battle of Mukden
Serves during the fighting around Mukden.
Battle of Mukden
Commands Russian forces during the defeat at Mukden.
Fast Armoured Cruiser Outline Settled
Fisher's design committee settles the outline of the fast armoured cruiser later developed as the Invincible class.
Birth of Wladyslaw Gomulka
Birth of Wladyslaw Gomulka
Bloody Sunday
Urges reform as disorder spreads after Bloody Sunday.
Bloody Sunday
Returns secretly to Russia after Bloody Sunday.
Bloody Sunday
Returns to Russia after the revolutionary crisis begins.
Legal Defence Work
Represents political opponents of the imperial government.
Casa Mila Construction Begins
Submits the Casa Mila plans to Barcelona City Council and construction begins.
Birth of John Carradine
Birth of John Carradine
Election
The LRC ins 29 seats, helped by a secret Gladstone-MacDonald pact in 1903 between Ramsay MacDonald and Liberal Chief Whip Herbert Gladstone to avoid splitting the opposition vote between Labour and Liberal candidates
Molecular Dimensions Paper Published
His revised dissertation on molecular dimensions is published in Annalen der Physik.
Second Brownian Motion Paper Published
Publishes a follow-up analysis refining his theory of Brownian motion.
HMS Dreadnought Launched
HMS Dreadnought is launched, rapidly transforming international battleship design and naval competition.
State Council Reform
Supports reforms creating an upper legislative chamber.
Discovery of Achilles
Discovers Achilles, the first recognized asteroid sharing Jupiter's orbit near a stable Lagrange point.
Duma
The 2nd Duma is opened by the Tsar
Duma
The 2nd Duma meets in 1907 for 102 days
Royal Danish Academy Gold Medal
Receives the Royal Danish Academy gold medal for his experimental investigation of surface tension and liquid-jet vibrations.
Cape Royds Base Established
Shackleton's party establishes its Antarctic base at Cape Royds after sea ice prevents the expedition from using Hut Point.
Birth of John Mills
Birth of John Mills, born Lewis Ernest Watts Mills
Palau de la Musica Opens
Completes the Palau de la Musica Catalana, which opens as the home of the Orfeo Catala.
Labour Exchanges
Visits the 1st 17 Labour Exchanges, all of which open this day
Agreement on Support the independence of Morocco
France & Germany agree to support the independence of Morocco
Independence of Germany
France & Germany agree to support the independence of Morocco
Independence of Morocco
France & Germany agree to support the independence of Morocco
Birth of Joseph Leo Mankiewicz
Birth of Joseph Leo Mankiewicz
Minority Report on the Poor Law
Co-authors the Minority Report of the Poor Law Commission.
Poor Law Reform Analysis
Advocates replacing the Poor Law with coordinated public services.
National Welfare Reform Proposal
Argues for preventive public services and coordinated social administration.
Poor Law Minority Report
Helps write the Minority Report on Poor Law reform.
Fabian Welfare Reform Programme
Advocates specialized public services instead of the traditional workhouse system.
Minority Report on the Poor Law
Co-authors the Poor Law Commissions Minority Report.
First Gunnar Knudsen Government
The First Gunnar Knudsen Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Wollert Konow Government
Begins the Wollert Konow Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Birth of Uys Krige
Birth of Uys Krige
Qing Occupation of Lhasa
Qing troops enter Lhasa as Beijing attempts to impose direct administration.
On the Party Road
Publishes On the Party Road in Vienna Pravda while continuing to argue for unity among Russian Social Democrats.
Flight to India
The 13th Dalai Lama leaves Lhasa for British India as Qing troops approach.
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary
Election
The Irish Nationalists win 84 seats & again hold the balance of power. Liberals 275 seats, Conservatives 273, Labour 42
Irish Nationalists Hold Balance
Irish Nationalists hold the parliamentary balance after the election.
Bristol Aviation Company Founded
Creates the business that later becomes Bristol Aeroplane Company.
British and Colonial Aeroplane Company
Founds the British and Colonial Aeroplane Company.
Assassination of Boutros Ghali
Is assassinated by nationalist Ibrahim al-Wardani outside the Ministry of Justice.
Constitution of Great Britain
After the election the Liberals agree to a suspensory veto for the House of Lords. Admits to the Commons Edward VII had not promised extra peers to reform the Lords
Election
After the election the Liberals agree to a suspensory veto for the House of Lords
Suspensory Veto Agreement
Liberals agree to a suspensory veto for the House of Lords.
Independence of Great Britain
Opposes Irish Home Rule
Independence of Ireland
Opposes Irish Home Rule
Irish Home Rule
Opposes Irish Home Rule
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the Ulster Unionists
Cabinet Office Transfer
Assumes responsibility for prisons, policing and domestic administration.
Home Secretary Appointment
Becomes Home Secretary after serving at the Board of Trade.
Board of Trade Appointment
Becomes President of the Board of Trade.
Cabinet Promotion
Succeeds Churchill in responsibility for trade and labour administration.
Bristol Aeroplane Company
White founds the British and Colonial Aeroplane Company.
Fram Encounter at Bay of Whales
Campbell is aboard Terra Nova when the ship unexpectedly encounters Amundsen's Fram at the Bay of Whales.
Amundsen Base Reconnaissance
Pennell's shipboard party gathers direct information about the Norwegian expedition at the Bay of Whales.
Amundsen Expedition Encounter
Pennell's shipboard party meets members of the Norwegian expedition.
Fram Found at Bay of Whales
Terra Nova reaches the Bay of Whales and finds Amundsen's Fram.
Labour Leadership Election
Is elected leader of the Parliamentary Labour Party.
Parliamentary Labour Party Leadership
Succeeds George Barnes as Labour's principal Commons spokesman.
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the Labour Party, 2nd term
Birth of Ronald Reagan
Birth of Ronald Reagan
Depot Journey
Begins depot-laying journeys across the Ross Ice Shelf to prepare the route toward the Pole
Constitution of Great Britain
Threatens to topple the Government if the Lords veto is not abolished
Lords Veto Campaign
Links Irish parliamentary support to constitutional reform.
Parliament Act Pressure
Presses the Liberal government to remove the Lords' permanent veto.
One Ton Depot Established
One Ton Depot is established on the Ross Ice Shelf during the 1911 depot-laying journey.
One Ton Depot Stores
Bowers helps organise and leave the food, fuel and fodder cached at One Ton Depot.
One Ton Depot Established
Scott establishes One Ton Depot at about 79 degrees 29 minutes south.
Southern Supply Depot Laid
The depot is placed north of the originally intended latitude.
One Ton Depot Laying
Part of the 13-man party who laid "One Ton Depot" 130 statute miles (210 km) from Hut Point, the depot being named because of the large amount of food and equipment cached there.
One Ton Depot Laying
Crean participates in the depot-laying journey that establishes One Ton Depot for the later southern march.
Northern Party Lands at Cape Adare
Priestley lands with Campbell's six-man Northern Party to begin geological work from Cape Adare.
Cape Adare Base Established
The six-man party prepares to winter and conduct scientific work.
Northern Party Landed
Terra Nova lands Campbell's Northern Party at Cape Adare.
Northern Party Landing
Leads the Northern Party landed at Cape Adare.
Constitution of Great Britain
Introduces the Parliament Bill to the House of Commons. Admits that Edward VII had not promised to create new Peers to reform the Lords
Parliament Bill Introduction
Introduces the Parliament Bill in the House of Commons.
Black Friday
Accounts are published of police confrontation outside the Commons with Suffragettes
Demonstrations
The WSPU claim police act under Churchills instructions during Black Friday. Accounts are published of police confrontation outside the Commons with Suffragettes
Dry Valleys Geological Mapping
Debenham maps geological features and collects specimens during the Western Party's first field season.
Western Party Glaciology
Wright contributes physical and glaciological observations during the Western Party's work west of McMurdo Sound.
Health of Gustav Mahler
Mahlefallls seriously ill with a streptococcal blood infection, and conducts his last concert in a fever
Antarctic Geological Fieldwork
Maps rock formations and glacial features west of McMurdo Sound.
Western Mountains Survey
Conducts geological fieldwork with the western exploration party.
Western Geological Survey
Taylor leads geological exploration of the western mountains and Dry Valleys during the first Western Party journey.
McMurdo Sound Survey
Directs surveys of valleys, glaciers and mountain formations.
Western Geological Expedition
Leads the western party during geological exploration in Victoria Land.
One Ton Depot
Depot work supports the coming polar attempt.
Western Geological Work
Studies geology with Taylor's Western Party.
Western Geological Work
Works with the Western Party in McMurdo Sound.
Election
Claims that Edward VII had promised to create new peers to reform the House of Lords
Privy Councillor
Receives the title and rank of Geheimrat, or Privy Councillor, in the Bavarian civil service.
BE2 First Flight
Flies the prototype BE2 at Farnborough.
Royal Aircraft Factory Reconnaissance Aircraft
Develops an aircraft type adopted for reconnaissance and training.
Crevasse Fall on Return
Scott falls into a crevasse while descending toward the Beardmore Glacier and continues after being recovered.
Crevasse Fall on Return
Evans suffers another fall during the difficult descent toward the Beardmore Glacier.
Birth of Eva Braun
Birth of Eva Braun
Visit to London
Visits Berlin to seek a reduction of tension between Britain & Germany
Anglo-German Naval Talks
Discusses naval competition and possible political understandings.
Haldane Mission
Visits Berlin seeking improved relations with Germany.
Scurvy Collapse
Collapses with scurvy near One Ton Depot.
Abdication
The Emperor abdicates
Abdication
Brings an end to the Manchu Dynasty
Armament
Circulates the new German Navy Law to the Cabinet
Death of Edgar Evans
Edgar Evans collapses near the lower Beardmore Glacier and dies after a prolonged decline during the return journey.
Northern Party Pickup Missed
Campbell returns to the pickup area, but heavy sea ice prevents Terra Nova from reaching the stranded six-man party.
Death of Edgar Evans
Dies during Scott's return from the South Pole.
Death of Edgar Evans
Dies near the lower Beardmore Glacier during the return journey.
Polar Party Loses First Member
He is the first member of the polar party to die.
Evans Rescue
Stays with Edward Evans while Crean seeks help.
Crean Solo Rescue March
Crean begins a solitary 35-mile march to Hut Point to obtain help for the critically ill Edward Evans.
Solo Rescue March
Walks alone to Hut Point to seek help for Evans.
Jens Bratlie Government
Begins the Jens Bratlie Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Wollert Konow Government
The Wollert Konow Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Second Relief Voyage Arrives
The ship brings supplies and additional transport animals.
Terra Nova Returns to Cape Evans
Terra Nova returns to Cape Evans during the expedition's second season.
Surgery before Titanic Maiden Voyage
Undergoes serious surgery and remains in recovery during the weeks before Titanic's maiden voyage.
Court Theatre Production
Depicts family conflict within a controlling industrial household.
Rutherford and Son Premiere
Rutherford and Son receives its London premiere.
Edward Evans Rescue Journey
Lashly helps pull the scurvy-stricken Edward Evans toward Hut Point during the supporting party's return.
Olympic Propeller Blade Damage
Remains in command when Olympic loses a propeller blade but completes the voyage under her own power.
Edward Evans Rescue
Atkinson organizes a dog-team rescue after Crean reaches Hut Point with news that Edward Evans is dangerously ill.
Northern Party Stranded
Becomes stranded when Terra Nova cannot return through heavy ice.
Terra Nova Cannot Collect Party
Campbell's six men face an unexpected Antarctic winter.
Edward Evans Evacuated
Evans reaches safety after severe scurvy and is later evacuated from Antarctica aboard Terra Nova for medical recovery.
Evans Scurvy Assistance
Lashly helps place the seriously weakened Edward Evans on a sledge when scurvy leaves him unable to continue walking.
Evans Scurvy Rescue
Cares for Edward Evans after severe scurvy develops.
Last Support Party Survival
Lashly and Crean help bring their commander back alive.
Edward Evans Rescue Journey
Crean and Lashly haul the severely ill Edward Evans north after the last supporting party turns back.
Solo March to Hut Point
Crean walks the final distance alone to Hut Point to summon help for Edward Evans and Lashly.
Dog Team Rescue Mission
Girev assists the dog-team operation sent from Hut Point to bring Edward Evans and Lashly safely back from the Barrier.
Resumption of War
The Ottoman government resumes hostilities after the coup.
Declaration of War
The truce in the Balkans is renounced and the war resumed
News of Polar Party Losses
The world was informed of the tragedy when Terra Nova reached Oamaru, New Zealand.
Birmingham Repertory Theatre
Jackson opens Britain's first purpose-built repertory theatre in Birmingham.
Birth of Paul Ricoeur
Paul Ricoeur is born in Valence in southeastern France.
Birth of Alan Hodgkin
Birth of Alan Hodgkin
Armament
Churchills proposals in cabinet to increase Naval expenditure are accepted
Budget
Churchills proposals in cabinet to increase Naval expenditure are accepted
Sopwith Sociable First Flight
The Admiralty's Sopwith Sociable associated with Churchill makes its first flight at Brooklands.
Sopwith Aviation Inspection
Inspects Sopwith Aviation during his continuing effort to understand and encourage naval aviation.
Parliamentarism and the Working Class
Writes Parliamentarism and the Working Class as part of his prewar discussion of socialist political strategy.
Birth of Stanley Matthews
Birth of Stanley Matthews
Blockade of Great Britain
Germany declares submarine blockade of Britain, with all approaching ships considered targets, the start of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
Great Britain War Zone Declared
Germany treats ships approaching Britain as potential targets after declaring a submarine war zone around the islands.
Submarine Warfare
Germany declares submarine blockade of Britain, with all approaching ships considered targets, the start of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
German Submarine War Zone Reviewed
The Admiralty assesses Germany's declaration that waters around Britain will become a submarine war zone.
Military Forces Strength Reviewed
Answers questions about the numerical strength of British military forces after six months of war.
Parliamentary Recruiting Committee Reviewed
Reviews the work of the Parliamentary Recruiting Committee in supporting voluntary enlistment.
Surrender of Kemp
Surrenders after returning from German South West Africa.
HMS Formidable Questions Answered
Churchill answers parliamentary questions concerning the sinking of HMS Formidable.
HMS Good Hope Loss Details Answered
Churchill answers Commons questions concerning HMS Good Hope and the losses suffered at Coronel.
Royal Naval Reserve Strength Reviewed
Churchill provides information on the Royal Naval Reserve during the expansion of wartime naval manpower.
Expeditionary Force Casualties Reported
Addresses the total casualties suffered by the British Expeditionary Force.
Recruiting in Ireland Addressed
Answers questions about recruiting progress and organisation in Ireland.
Deputy Chief of Imperial General Staff
Appointed Deputy Chief of the Imperial General Staff
Deputy Chief of Imperial General Staff
Appointed Deputy Chief of the Imperial General Staff
Enemy Ships Captured Reported
Churchill provides Parliament with information concerning enemy vessels captured by British naval forces.
German Submarine Operations Reviewed
Churchill answers parliamentary questions about German submarines and British defensive measures.
HMS Viknor Loss Reported
Churchill answers questions concerning the loss of the armed merchant cruiser HMS Viknor.
Persian Gulf Gun-Running Suppression Reviewed
Churchill reports on naval activity intended to suppress arms trafficking in the Persian Gulf.
Turkish Naval Mission Withdrawal Confirmed
Churchill confirms that the British naval mission left Ottoman service in September 1914.
Naval Casualty Inquiry Policy Defended
Churchill explains the Admiralty's policy on judicial inquiries into major naval losses.
German Trade Restrictions Considered
Discusses stronger economic measures against German trade during the war.
Household Recruiting Canvass Reviewed
Reviews plans for a household canvass in support of voluntary military recruiting.
Battle Cruiser Fleet Formed
The Admiralty forms the Battle Cruiser Fleet and retains Beatty as commander of Britain's fast capital ships.
Additional Dardanelles Vessels Allocated
The approved operation receives additional British and French warships, submarines, destroyers and minesweeping trawlers.
Dogger Bank Gunnery Results Reviewed
Churchill cites Dogger Bank as evidence of the range and power of British battlecruiser gunnery.
Fleet War Readiness Reported to Commons
Churchill tells Parliament that the Navy entered the war fully mobilised, supplied and stationed for operations.
Grand Fleet Numerical Margin Reported
Churchill states that British naval strength retains a substantial numerical margin over Germany.
Naval Construction Acceleration Reported
Churchill reports that wartime procedures are accelerating completion of new warships.
Naval Fuel and Ammunition Reserves Reported
Churchill states that the fleet possesses adequate reserves of ammunition, torpedoes, coal and oil.
Large Landing-Craft Requirement Authorised
The Admiralty is pressed to obtain special craft able to support the landing of fifty thousand troops where required.
Armoured Car Experience Applied to Landships
Churchill discusses tracked fighting machines with officers experienced in Royal Naval Air Service armoured cars.
February Recruiting Position Addressed
Reviews recruiting requirements as British forces continue expanding.
Service Pensions Policy Reviewed
Addresses pensions and allowances for soldiers, sailors and their families.
Blockade of Great Britain
A German submarine blockade of Great Britain begins
Great Britain Submarine Blockade Begins
German submarines begin operating against shipping bound for Britain as the declared blockade takes effect.
Air Raid Damage Compensation Discussed
Addresses compensation for civilian damage caused by hostile aircraft and bombardment.
Blockade of Great Britain
A German submarine blockade of Great Britain begins
German Submarine Blockade
A German submarine blockade of Great Britain begins.
Great Britain Blockade Recorded by Asquith Government
The British government confronts Germany's attempt to use submarines to restrict shipping reaching Great Britain.
French Squadron Joins Dardanelles Bombardment
Guepratte leads French warships in the opening Allied bombardment of the Dardanelles forts.
Outer Fort Bombardment Opens
Carden directs the opening Allied bombardment of Ottoman forts guarding the entrance to the Dardanelles.
Battle of Dardanelles
What was to become the Battle of Gallipoli, a 10-month Battle of attrition, begins at 7.30am on February 19, 1915. The War Cabinet decides to send troops to the Dardanelles. Only 6 British ships are involved & 3/4 of the Turkish guns survive. Bombardment of the outer ports of the Dardenalles begins
Battle of Gallipoli
What was to become the Battle of Gallipoli, a 10-month Battle of attrition, begins at 7.30am on February 19, 1915
Cornwallis and Vengeance Engage Entrance Batteries
HMS Cornwallis and HMS Vengeance answer Ottoman fire during the first major day of Carden's February operation.
Long-Range Bombardment Method Tested
Carden employs long-range fire from outside effective Ottoman gun range as the opening method against the entrance forts.
Opening Reconnaissance Draws Ottoman Fire
Ottoman batteries fire on British destroyers probing the entrance before the main bombardment develops.
Outer Fort Fire Temporarily Suppressed
The opening bombardment suppresses portions of the outer defences but does not permanently destroy the fortifications.
Battle of Dardanelles
The War Cabinet decides to send troops to the Dardanelles
Dardanelles Troop Decision
The War Cabinet decides to send troops to the Dardanelles.
Outer Batteries Withstand Opening Bombardment
Cevat's gunners resist the first large Allied bombardment of the straits.
Bombardment Paused by Bad Weather
Carden pauses renewed attacks when poor weather prevents effective naval bombardment.
Landships Committee Established
Churchill creates the Admiralty Landships Committee to investigate armoured tracked vehicles for trench warfare.
French Ships Enter Strait for Close Bombardment
Guepratte's ships move closer to Ottoman positions as the outer forts are suppressed.
Cape Helles Forts Reengaged
Carden resumes the naval assault and heavily engages the outer forts near Cape Helles.
Battle of Dardanelles
George V & Churchill inspect the Royal Naval Div before it sails to the Dardanelles
Battle of Dardanelles
The Allied fleet destroys outer forts of the Dardanelles
Battle of Gallipoli
Demolition parties of Royal Marines raided the Sedd el Bahr and Kum Kale forts, meeting little opposition. Another attempt is made on February 25, this time the Ottomans evacuate the outer defences and the fleet enters the straits to engage the intermediate defences
Fleet Re-enters Straits after Outer Fort Withdrawal
Carden's fleet moves farther into the Straits after Ottoman resistance at some outer positions is reduced.
Intermediate Defences Brought under Fire
Allied battleships engage intermediate batteries as Carden moves from the entrance phase toward operations deeper in the Straits.
Battle of Dardanelles
George V & Churchill inspect the Royal Naval Div before it sails to the Dardanelles
Marine Demolition Parties Landed
Carden sends demolition parties ashore to destroy abandoned Ottoman guns and fort installations.
Landing Parties Inspect Silenced Forts
Naval landing parties inspect and demolish guns at outer positions after bombardment has reduced Ottoman resistance there.
Battle of Masurian Lakes
Following action at the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes in February wins the prestigious Pour le Merite
German Flash-Protection Reforms Follow Dogger Bank
The near-loss of Seydlitz leads Germany to improve anti-flash precautions and ammunition handling aboard major warships.
Ingenohl Removed after Dogger Bank
Ingenohl is removed from command of the High Seas Fleet after the German setback at Dogger Bank.
Pohl Takes Command after Dogger Bank
Hugo von Pohl replaces Ingenohl and adopts a more cautious approach to High Seas Fleet operations.
Kaiser Restricts High Seas Fleet Operations
Wilhelm II requires greater caution before major fleet operations, limiting the High Seas Fleet's offensive freedom.
Four-Stage Strait Reduction Plan Implemented
Carden begins implementing a phased plan to destroy outer forts, clear mines and attack the Narrows.
Dogger Bank Reinforces British North Sea Advantage
The result leaves Britain in command of the North Sea while Germany becomes more cautious with its surface fleet.
Battle of Dardanelles
The operation was originally intended to be purely naval due to a lack of available troops and the independence of Lord of the admiralty Winston Churchill but.
Battle of Dardanelles
by early February, it was decided that more regular infantry was needed.
Dardanelles Naval Operation Accelerated
Churchill presses the Admiralty to begin systematic attacks on Ottoman forts and minefields.
Ark Royal Air Reconnaissance Support Added
Seaplane carrier HMS Ark Royal provides aerial observation support for the Dardanelles operation under Carden.
John de Robeck Appointed Second in Command
Rear-Admiral John de Robeck becomes Carden's second-in-command, flying his flag in HMS Vengeance.
Need for Shore Spotters Recognised
Carden concludes that troops ashore would improve observation and help naval gunfire deal with concealed and mobile batteries.
Queen Elizabeth Added to Bombardment Force
The new battleship HMS Queen Elizabeth joins the powerful Allied force assembled for Carden's operation.
Roger Keyes Becomes Chief of Staff
Commodore Roger Keyes joins Carden as Chief of Staff and becomes closely involved in minesweeping and operational planning.
Ten Thousand Troops Requested
Carden requests approximately ten thousand troops for limited landings after the outer forts have been silenced.
Troop Request Declined
Kitchener declines Carden's request for troops, leaving the operation dependent on naval bombardment and minesweeping.
Battlecruiser Squadrons Reorganised
The battlecruiser force is reorganised into squadrons following the experience of Dogger Bank.
British Gunnery Lessons Reviewed after Dogger Bank
The Royal Navy reviews fire distribution and gunnery after problems during the battle reduce the scale of victory.
British Signalling Failures Reviewed after Dogger Bank
The Royal Navy examines signalling failures that prevented Beatty from maintaining an effective pursuit of Hipper.
Rosyth Becomes Battle Cruiser Fleet Base
Beatty's reorganised battlecruiser force operates from Rosyth for faster access to the central North Sea.
Western Front Reinforcement Programme Expanded
Continues sending divisions and replacements to sustain British forces on the Western Front.
Birth of Gavin Buchanan Ewart
Birth of Gavin Buchanan Ewart
Capture of Erzerum
Leads Russian victory over the Turkish. Captures 13,000 prisoners & inflicts casualties of 60,000 killed or wounded
Berat
Berat (Albania) occupied by Austrian forces
Battle of Dardanelles
Involved in the successful bomardment of the outer-Dardanelles
Battle of Verdun
Flamethrowers are used for the 1st time at the Battle of Verdun. Decides "to bleed France white" by concentrating on a historically sensitive area. 1st day to "bleed the French white", 1200 German artillery guns open fire
Invention of Flamethrowers
Flamethrowers are used for the 1st time at the Battle of Verdun
Military and Naval Forces Reviewed
Reviews the manpower position of the armed forces as conscription begins to operate.
Home Defence Arrangements Reviewed
Addresses parliamentary questions concerning home defence during the continuing war.
Anti-Aircraft Defence Reviewed
Addresses the provision of anti-aircraft guns for defence against enemy raids.
Military Service Act Implementation Reviewed
Answers questions about implementation of the new Military Service Act.
Durazzo
Durazzo captured by Austrian forces
Battle of Verdun
Begins successfully when the Germans take Fort Douamont, Verduns strongest position
Battle of Verdun
Commander of Second Army during the Battle of Champagne
First ANZAC Corps Formed in Egypt
Birdwood takes command of I ANZAC Corps after the post-Gallipoli reorganisation.
Second ANZAC Corps Formed in Egypt
Godley takes command of II ANZAC Corps during the reorganisation of Australian and New Zealand forces.
Somme Offensive Preparations Expanded
Haig expands preparations for the planned Anglo-French offensive while Verdun increases pressure on France.
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare Response Planned
Reviews emergency measures after Germany announces unrestricted submarine warfare.
Capture of Jijila
Captures Jijila
Capture of Macin
Captures Macin
Offensive
Haig orders the Arras Offensive for Eighth April
Birth of Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan
Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan is born in Chakwal on 4 February 1917.
Operations on the Ancre
German forces begin abandoning exposed positions on the Ancre front under British pressure.
Operations on the Ancre
German forces withdraw from exposed positions on the Ancre front.
Operations on the Ancre
British troops capture positions around Sailly-Saillisel ridge and Hill 153.
German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line
Supports the withdrawal to a shorter defensive line known to the Allies as the Hindenburg Line.
German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line
Authorises Operation Alberich to withdraw German forces to the prepared Siegfried defensive system.
Bolshevik Party
The Bolsheviks call a strike in Petrograd to protest the 1915 arrest of their Duma members for opposing the war
Duma
The Bolsheviks call a strike in Petrograd to protest the 1915 arrest of their Duma members for opposing the war
Reballion of Rebels in Petrograd
The Bolsheviks call a strike in Petrograd to protest the 1915 arrest of their Duma members for opposing the war
Reballion of Rebels in Tsarskoye Selo
The Councillor of State Mikhail Rodzianko meets with Tsar Nicholas II in Tsarskoye Selo, and warns him of massive upheavel throughout the country, Rodzianko insists that tumultuous events can be avoided by stregthening the Duma
Reballion of Rebels in Tsarskoye Selo
The Councillor of State Mikhail Rodzianko meets with Tsar Nicholas II in Tsarskoye Selo, and warns him of massive upheavel throughout the country, Rodzianko insists that tumultuous events can be avoided by stregthening the Duma
Bolshevik Party
The Bolsheviks call a strike in Petrograd to protest the 1915 arrest of their Duma members for opposing the war
Duma
The Bolsheviks call a strike in Petrograd to protest the 1915 arrest of their Duma members for opposing the war
Reballion of Rebels in Petrograd
The Bolsheviks call a strike in Petrograd to protest the 1915 arrest of their Duma members for opposing the war
Refuses to break off relations with the USA
Refuses to break off relations with the USA
Duma
The Duma opens in the halls of Taurida, Petrograd
Bolshevik Party
The Bolshevik Petrograd Committee calls on workers to overthrow the Tsar
Bolshevik Party
The strike called by the Bolsheviks continues, while a Menshevik called strike begins to show support for the Duma at Taurida Palace (as opposed to the Tsar), which opens a new session
Coup
The Bolshevik Petrograd Committee calls on workers to overthrow the Tsar
Duma
The strike called by the Bolsheviks continues, while a Menshevik called strike begins to show support for the Duma at Taurida Palace (as opposed to the Tsar), which opens a new session
Menshevik Party
The strike called by the Bolsheviks continues, while a Menshevik called strike begins to show support for the Duma at Taurida Palace (as opposed to the Tsar), which opens a new session
Petrograd Committee
The Bolshevik Petrograd Committee calls on workers to overthrow the Tsar
Reballion of Rebels in Taurida Palace
The strike called by the Bolsheviks continues, while a Menshevik called strike begins to show support for the Duma at Taurida Palace (as opposed to the Tsar), which opens a new session
Operations on the Ancre
Fifth Army attacks toward Miraumont to improve British positions before the spring offensive.
Operation Alberich
The German withdrawal plan toward the Siegfried Line is accelerated by a preliminary retirement.
Programme-Alberich
The Alberich programme for German retreat to the Siegried Line is accelerated
Demonstrations
The Tsarleaves Moscow for Mogliev, the security of Moscow is entrusted to Beliaev
Demonstrations
Leaves Moscow for Mogliev, the security of Moscow is entrusted to Beliaev
Exile of Nicholas II
Departs for Mogliev
February Revolution
The Tsar leaves for the General Headquarters in Mogilev
Negotiations
Duma & Soviet representitives reach agreement on the basis of an 8 point program
Domestic Production Urged to Save Shipping
Links increased home production with the need to reduce pressure on vulnerable merchant shipping.
Import Priorities Reordered
Places food, munitions and essential raw materials ahead of less critical imports.
Nonessential Imports Restricted
Announces restrictions on imports to conserve merchant shipping for food and war materials.
Tonnage Crisis Explained to Commons
Warns Parliament that solving the shipping shortage is essential to Allied success.
Demonstrations
Demonstrations pass off peacefully. Balk observes that the Cossacks are reluctant to confront the crowds
Demonstrations
128,000 workers take to the streets demanding an end to the World War and an increase in food
Demonstrations
International Womens Day demonstrations
February Revolution
The February Revolution is ignited by International Womens Day, women textile workers and soldier's wives
Strike
128,000 workers take to the streets demanding an end to the World War and an increase in food
Strike
The February Revolution is ignited by International Womens Day, women textile workers and soldier's wives
Bolshevik Party
Calls for the re-unification of the Bolsheviks & Mensheviks
Demonstrations
Calls for the re-unification of the Bolsheviks & Mensheviks. Calls for an end to the war & for revolution
Menshevik Party
Calls for the re-unification of the Bolsheviks & Mensheviks
Strike
General Khabalovs soldiers, acting under the Tsars orders, open fire on striking workers, 169 workers are killed, and over 1,000 people are injured
Coup
The strike doubles in size to around 200,000 workers, nearly half of all industrial workers in Petrograd are on strike, the new demands of the strike shift heavily towards overthrowing the autocracy and an end to the war
Coup
The strikers demand the overthrow of the autocracy and an end to the war
Demonstrations
Between 200,000 & 300,000 workers fill the streets
February Revolution
The strike doubles in size to around 200,000 workers, nearly half of all industrial workers in Petrograd
Strike
The strike doubles in size to around 200,000 workers, nearly half of all industrial workers in Petrograd are on strike
Strike
The strikers demand the overthrow of the autocracy and an end to the war
Demonstrations
Ordered by Nicholas II to use force on the Petrograd demonstrators
Demonstrations
Orders the suppression of demonstrations by the use of force. Nicholas orders that the demonstrations be suppressed by force
February Revolution
Armed clashes with the police occur, with many killed and wounded, Empress Alexandra writes to Nicholas II, "This is a hooligan campaign, with boys and girls running about shouting that they have no bread..all this will surely pass"
Demonstrations
The Volynskii Regiment fires on the crowd killing 40
Warning to Nicholas II
Rodzianko warns Nicholas II that unrest in Petrograd is becoming critical and urges immediate political concessions.
Demonstrations
Petrograd is occupied by military units in combat gear & a curfew imposed
Bolshevik Party
Submits a draft manifesto to the Russian bureau of Central Committee. Includes proposals for a Constituent Assembly & universal male suffrage
Manifesto
Submits a draft manifesto to the Russian bureau of Central Committee. Includes proposals for a Constituent Assembly & universal male suffrage
Bolshevik Party
General Khabalov's soldiers, acting under the Tsar's orders, open fire on striking workers, 169 workers are killed & over 1,000 injured
Bolshevik Party
The police launch wide scale arrests of over 100 leaders of revolutionary organisations, including the Bolsheviks
Demonstrations
The Volynskii Regiment fires on the crowd killing 40. The Pavlovski Regiment mutinies in protest when the crowd in Petrograd is fired upon. The Pavlovski regiment disobeys orders to fire on civilians. Petrograd is occupied by military units in combat gear, a curfew is declared
Demonstrations
The bridges of the River Neva are raised
Demonstrations
The Volynskii Guard Regiment open fire & kill 40, order is restored
February Revolution
General Khabalov's soldiers, acting under the Tsar's orders, open fire on striking workers, 169 workers are killed & over 1,000 injured
February Revolution
The police launch wide scale arrests of over 100 leaders of revolutionary organisations, including the Bolsheviks
Reballion of Rebels in Petrograd
The Pavlovski Regiment mutinies in protest when the crowd in Petrograd is fired upon
Strike
General Khabalov's soldiers, acting under the Tsar's orders, open fire on striking workers, 169 workers are killed & over 1,000 injured
Strike
The police launch wide scale arrests of over 100 leaders of revolutionary organisations, including the Bolsheviks
Agreement of Calais
The Haig-Nivelle plan is put in the command of the French C-in-C. Lloyd George & the French War Committee agree the Haig-Nivelle plan
Calais Subordination Terms Challenged
Haig objects to arrangements placing British operations under Nivelle's direct authority during the spring offensive.
Operations on the Ancre
British troops capture Le Barque and Ligny as German forces fall back on the Somme front.
Plan-Haig-Nivelle
Lloyd George & the French War Committee agree the Haig-Nivelle plan
Soviet Elections
Chkheidze is chosen as an early leader during Soviet formation.
Duma Committee
Kerensky works with members of the Duma as a temporary political authority emerges during the collapse of the imperial government.
February Revolution
Kerensky becomes an active revolutionary figure as demonstrations and military mutiny destroy imperial authority in Petrograd.
Petrograd Soviet
Kerensky uses his standing as a socialist Duma deputy to establish links with the newly forming Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies.
Duma
Rodzianko asks the Duma to convene to resolve on a course of action, the group creates a Provisional Committee, which urgently asks the Tsar to save himself by sharing power with a Prime Minister, the Tsar refuses
February Revolution
Rodzianko asks the Duma to convene to resolve on a course of action, the group creates a Provisional Committee, which urgently asks the Tsar to save himself by sharing power with a Prime Minister, the Tsar refuses
Provisional Committee
Rodzianko asks the Duma to convene to resolve on a course of action, the group creates a Provisional Committee, which urgently asks the Tsar to save himself by sharing power with a Prime Minister, the Tsar refuses
Formation of Duma Provisional Committee
Rodzianko chairs the Provisional Committee of the State Duma as imperial authority collapses in Petrograd.
February Revolution
Supports the Duma committee as the monarchy collapses.
Demonstrations
Nicholas II orders General Ivanov to suppress the disorder
Demonstrations
Khabalov has only 2,000 loyal troops as Petrograd is taken over by peasant soldiers
Reballion of Rebels in Petrograd
Khabalov has only 2,000 loyal troops as Petrograd is taken over by peasant soldiers
Strike
Khabalov has only 2,000 loyal troops as Petrograd is taken over by peasant soldiers
Petrograd Soviet Organisation
Skobelev joins the Soviet leadership as workers and soldiers create new institutions.
Petrograd Soviet
Joins the Soviet leadership during the February Revolution.
Election
Factory and military delegates begin forming the Petrograd Soviet.
Menshevik Party
Menshevik influence shapes the early Petrograd Soviet leadership.
Petrograd Soviet Elections
Menshevik leaders call for elections to the Petrograd Soviet.
Petrograd Soviet
Helps organise the Soviet as revolutionary authority emerges.
Petrograd Soviet
Records the formation of the Petrograd Soviet from inside revolutionary circles.
February Revolution Leadership
Plays a leading role during the February Revolution, helping establish the revolutionary authorities that replace the Romanov monarchy.
Petrograd Soviet Role
Kerensky connects the Duma committee with the newly formed Petrograd Soviet.
Petrograd Soviet
Bridges the Duma committee and the new Soviet leadership.
February Revolution
Supports order as the imperial regime collapses.
Demonstrations
The Pavlovski Regiment votes to disobey orders to fire on civilians. Nicholas II orders General Ivanov to suppress the disorder. Most of Petrograd is in the hands of a mutinous garrison. Most of Petrgrad is in the hands of mutinous regiments. Government buildings are burnt, General Ivanov is ordered to quell the disorders
Duma
Rodzianko asks the Duma to convene to resolve on a course of action, the group creates a Provisional Committee, which urgently asks the Tsar to save himself by sharing power with a Prime Minister, the Tsar refuses
February Revolution
Rodzianko asks the Duma to convene to resolve on a course of action, the group creates a Provisional Committee, which urgently asks the Tsar to save himself by sharing power with a Prime Minister, the Tsar refuses
Reballion of Rebels in Petrograd
The Pavlovski Regiment disobey orders to fire on civilians. Demonstrations turn into soldier mutiny. By night Petrograd is in the hands of peasant soldiers
Dual Power
The Duma committee must coexist with the Petrograd Soviet.
Executive Committee
Chairs the Soviet Executive Committee during the revolution.
Bolshevik Party manifesto
Publishes the Bolshevik Party manifesto in Izvestia
Bolshevik Party
Publishes the Bolshevik Party manifesto in Izvestia
Manifesto
Publishes the Bolshevik Party manifesto in Izvestia
the Bolshevik Party manifesto
Publishes the Bolshevik Party manifesto in Izvestia
Demonstrations
Disturbances spread to Moscow
Exile of Nicholas II
Departs for Tsarskoye Selo
February Revolution
The revolutionary masses seize the city of Moscow, the Tsars Minister's are arrested, the Provisional Committee assumes control of the Army, while the Kronstadt sailors mutiny against their officers
Reballion of Rebels in Kronstadt
The revolutionary masses seize the city of Moscow, the Tsars Minister's are arrested, the Provisional Committee assumes control of the Army, while the Kronstadt sailors mutiny against their officers
First Army
With the promotion of General Arz von Straussenberg to the position of Chief of the General Staff, Rohr took charge of the First Army and for the first time served as a commander on the Eastern Front
General
With the promotion of General Arz von Straussenberg to the position of Chief of the General Staff, Rohr took charge of the First Army and for the first time served as a commander on the Eastern Front
Eastern Front
With the promotion of General Arz von Straussenberg to the position of Chief of the General Staff, Rohr took charge of the First Army and for the first time served as a commander on the Eastern Front
First Army
With the promotion of General Arz von Straussenberg to the position of Chief of the General Staff, Rohr took charge of the First Army and for the first time served as a commander on the Eastern Front
General
With the promotion of General Arz von Straussenberg to the position of Chief of the General Staff, Rohr took charge of the First Army and for the first time served as a commander on the Eastern Front
Fleet Initiative Emphasised after Jutland
Beatty promotes greater tactical initiative among senior officers while retaining coordinated fleet control.
Grand Fleet Battle Instructions Revised
Beatty revises tactical instructions to encourage subordinate commanders to exploit fleeting opportunities more aggressively.
Shipping Conservation Programme Ordered
Directs departments to reduce unnecessary use of merchant tonnage and protect essential imports.
Abdication
Supervises the Tsars abdication
Health of Mikhail Vasilevich Alexeiev
Returns to full duties
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of the Provisional Government
Provisional Government
Appointed Chief of Staff of the Provisional Government
Arrest of Paul Karlovitch Rennenkampf
Arrested during The February Revolution of 1917 and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg
Abdication
Supervises the Tsars abdication during February Revolution
Battle of May Island Collision Disaster Reviewed
Beatty's command reviews the chain of collisions during the night exercise later called the Battle of May Island.
Birth of Norman Wisdom
Birth of Norman Wisdom
Mobilization
The White Army begins the "Ice March"
Representation of the People Act Welcomed
Welcomes legislation expanding the electorate while the war continues.
Peace
Orders an end to the peace negotiations with Russia
First Averescu Government
Averescu becomes prime minister while Romania faces military and diplomatic pressure.
Prime Minister of Romania
Appointed Prime Minister of Romania, 1st term, by Ferdinand I after the resignation of Ion Bratianu
Minister of Information
Appointed Minister of Information
Minister of Information
Appointed Minister of Information, the 1st person to hold this position
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
The Soviet delegates leave Brest Litovsk. Declares the State of war with Germany, Austria, Turkey & Bulgaria at an end
Death of Abdulhamid II
Death of Abdulhamid II
Supply Commission
Appointed Head of the Supply Commission, responsible for food for the cities. Appointed Head of the Extraordinary Commission for Supply
Supply Commission
Appointed Head of the Extraordinary Commission for Supply
Coalition Negotiations
Kerensky continues political activity connected with coalition negotiations.
Election
The Socialists win 72 seats in the Austrian elections
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Treats the breakdown of negotiations as an end of the armistice. Notifies the Russians that military operations will resume on 18 February
Capture of Dvinsk
Lenin refuses the German armistice terms & Hoffman orders the capture of Dvinsk
Capture of Lutsk
Lenin refuses the German armistice terms & Hoffman orders the capture of Dvinsk
Invasion of Russia
A reply to the ultimatum of 17th Feb is not received & the German invasion continues
German Offensive Resumes
Lenin confronts renewed German military advances after the Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations break down.
Conference of Brest Litovsk
The Germans invade Russia which is all but defenceless as virtually the entire army has deserted
Peace
Germany resumes the war against Russia
Capture of Dvinsk
The Germans capture Dvinsk after Lenin turns down their armistice proposals
Capture of Lutsk
The Germans capture Lutsk after Lenin turns down their armistice proposals
Invasion of Ukraine
The Germans advance into the Ukraine
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Lenins motion to the Central Comm to accept peace & not wait for revolution is passed
Peace
Sends a peace offer to President Wilson
Robertson Dispute Brought before Parliament
Explains the government's disagreement with Sir William Robertson over Allied strategic coordination.
Versailles Allied Reserve Proposal Defended
Defends proposals for an Allied reserve controlled through common strategic machinery.
Invasion of Russia
Trotsky requests French military help. German & Austrian troops resume their offensive against Russia
Trotsky requests French military help during the invasion of Russia
Trotsky requests French military help during the invasion of Russia
Rule of Finland
Germany claims the Baltic states, Finland and Ukraine from Russia
Rule of Ukraine
Germany claims the Baltic states, Finland and Ukraine from Russia
Ice March
Leads the Volunteer Army in the retreat known as the Ice March.
Rostov Withdrawal
Withdraws as Red forces threaten the Volunteer Army base.
Death of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov Lenin
A decree by Lenin authorizes summary execution of opponents
Execution
A decree by Lenin authorizes summary execution of opponents
Rule of Finland
Germany claims the Baltic states, Finland and Ukraine from Russia
Rule of Ukraine
Germany claims the Baltic states, Finland and Ukraine from Russia
Socialist Fatherland
Lenins decree, "the Socialist fatherland in danger!" is issued
Enigma Machine
German engineer Arthur Scherbius applies for a patent for a cipher machine using rotors and, with E. Richard Ritter, founds the firm of Scherbius & Ritter
Peace
Telegrams German peace terms to Moscow
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Demands the Soviet Government withdraw its army from the Ukraine. Demands the Soviet Government evacuate Livonia & Estonia
Acceptance of German Peace Terms
Lenin secures Bolshevik acceptance of harsh German peace terms as enemy forces advance rapidly into former imperial territory.
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Threatens to resign if German peace terms are not accepted. Argues that "the policy of revolutionary phrase making" is over
Peace
The Soviets accept the German peace terms
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Leaves for Brest Litovsk with instructions to sign German peace terms without argument
Rule of Estonia
Estonias Independence Day, Estonia proclaims independence from Russia
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
A telegram accepting German proposals is sent to the Germans
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland
Henry Wilson Appointed Chief of Imperial General Staff
Supports Henry Wilson's appointment following Robertson's resignation.
Robertson Resignation Accepted
Accepts Robertson's departure as Chief of the Imperial General Staff after the Versailles dispute.
Versailles Military Executive Policy Backed
Backs stronger Allied machinery at Versailles for coordinating reserves and strategy.
Retirement
Forced into retirement
Retirement
Forced into retirement
Arrest of Eamon de Valera
Michael Collins organises de Valeras escape from Lincoln Gaol
Bolshevik Party
Bolshevik forces, filling the vacuum left by the German withdrawal, take Kiev
Capture of Kiev
Bolshevik forces, filling the vacuum left by the German withdrawal, take Kiev
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief
Constitution of Germany
Appointed Provisional Reich President by the National Constitutional Assembly
Provisional Reich President
Appointed Provisional Reich President by the National Constitutional Assembly
Death of Joseph Arch
Death of Joseph Arch
Bolshevik Party
Attends the Paris Peace Conference, urges a military expedition against the Bolsheviks
Conference of Paris
Attends the Paris Peace Conference, urges a military expedition against the Bolsheviks
Bolshevik Party
Announces changes in running the Cheka
Cheka
Announces changes in running the Cheka
Reform of Secret Police
Announces changes in running the Cheka
Assassination of Habibullah Khan
Habibullah is assassinated while on a hunting trip, creating a succession crisis.
Proclamation as Amir
Nasrullah Khan is proclaimed amir after Habibullah's assassination.
Assassination of Kurt Eisner
Assassinates the Prime Minister of the Bavarian Republic, Kurt Eisner
Assassination of Kurt Eisner
Triggers off revolution leading to 5 coups & 5 Governments in 70 days
Death of Kurt Eisner
Triggers off revolution leading to 5 coups & 5 Governments in 70 days
Amnesty
The amnesty is withdrawn in 1922. Announces an amnesty to all members of the Socialist Revolutionary Party
Bolshevik Party
The Cheka closes down Vsegda Vpered, marks a return to despotic rule by Bolsheviks
Cheka
The Cheka closes down Vsegda Vpered, marks a return to despotic rule by Bolsheviks
Vsegda Vpered
The Cheka closes down Vsegda Vpered, marks a return to despotic rule by Bolsheviks
Accession
Amanullah takes control in Kabul and defeats Nasrullah's claim to the throne.
Repudiation of Treaty of Gandamak
Amanullah rejects the arrangement that had allowed Britain to control Afghan foreign policy and begins asserting full Afghan independence.
Constitution of Germany
When the Constituent Assembly met in Weimar in February, 1919, Ebert was chosen to be the first president of the German Republic
Vice Chancellor
Appointed Vice Chancellor and Finance Minister
Chancellor
Scheidemann becomes Chancellor, in the Weimar Coalition with the German Democratic Party and the Catholic Center Party. Appointed Chancellor of Germany
Constitution of Germany
1st Chancellor of the new Republic
Foreign Secretary of Germany
Appointed Foreign Minister
League Covenant
Helps draft the Covenant of the League of Nations.
President of Poland
Appointed President of Poland after the collapse of the central powers
Execution
Appointed by Kolchak to seek eye witnesses & clues for the execution of the Romanovs
League Covenant
Influences the constitutional design of the League.
Birth of George Hardwick
Birth of George Hardwick
Reform of Nazi Party
Produces a draft for the reforms of the NSDAP
Birth of Farouk
Birth of Farouk, son of Fuad I
25 Point Program
When the points are announced more than 2000 people attend the rally. Adapted from Rudolf Jung's Austro-Bohemian program by Anton Drexler, Adolf Hitler, Gottfried Feder and Dietrich Eckart
25 Point Program
The National Socialist Program originated at a DAP congress in Vienna, then was taken to Munich, by the civil engineer and theoretician Rudolf Jung
National Socialism
The National Socialist Program originated at a DAP congress in Vienna, then was taken to Munich, by the civil engineer and theoretician Rudolf Jung
25 Point Program
Hitler announces the party's program in front of 2000 people in the Munich Festsaal of the Hofbrauhaus
Rally
Speaks as a guest speaker to attract a larger audience, not a member of the NSDAP
Manifesto
Hitler proclaims the Party program at the Hofbrauhaus
Rally
Chairs the NSDAP rally in the absence of Drexler, over 2,000 attend. At Hitler's wishes the 1st NSDAP rally is held at the Festsaal of the Hofbrauhaus
25 Point Program
Hitler announces the 25 Point Program of the NSDAP
25 Point Program
Remains the official party program throughout the party's existence
25 Point Program
The 1st of the 25 points is "We demand the union of all Germans in a Great Germany on the basis of the principle of self-determination of all peoples"
25 Point Program
The 2nd of the 25 points is "We demand that the German people have rights equal to those of other nations; and that the Peace Treaties of Versailles and St. Germain shall be abrogated"
25 Point Program
The 3rd of the 25 points is "We demand land and territory (colonies) for the maintenance of our people and the settlement of our surplus population"
National Socialism
The party keeps the program when it changes its name to the National Socialist German Workers Party in April 1920 & remains the official party program throughout the party's existence
First Jon Magnusson Government
The First Jon Magnusson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Second Jon Magnusson Government
Begins the Second Jon Magnusson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
The Cabinet of Dr Caligari
Directs The Cabinet of Dr Caligari, a landmark of German Expressionist cinema.
Transportation Act
The Act returns railroads to private operation and strengthens federal rate regulation.
Constitution of 1920
Czechoslovakia adopts its democratic constitution.
25 Point Program
Adapted from Rudolf Jung's Austro-Bohemian program by Anton Drexler, Adolf Hitler, Gottfried Feder and Dietrich Eckart
25 Point Program
Adapted from Rudolf Jung's Austro-Bohemian program by Anton Drexler, Adolf Hitler, Gottfried Feder and Dietrich Eckart
25 Point Program
Adapted from Rudolf Jung's Austro-Bohemian program by Anton Drexler, Adolf Hitler, Gottfried Feder and Dietrich Eckart
Resignation of Edward Carson
Resigns as Party Leader
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War
Gosplan
Initially Gosplan has an advisery function, with its entire staff consisting of just 34 people selected on the basis of academic expertise in specialized aspects of industry; just 7 are members of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). Appointed head of Gosplan
Economy of Russia
With the ongoing turn to a market-based system of production as part of the New Economic Policy (NEP), very real constraints exist on the possible extent of central planning during the initial phase of Gosplan
Gosplan
Gosplan is formally established by a Sovnarkom decree.
Gosplan
Initially Gosplan has an advisery function, with its entire staff consisting of just 34 people selected on the basis of academic expertise in specialized aspects of industry. just 7 are members of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).
Gosplan
With the ongoing turn to a market-based system of production as part of the New Economic Policy (NEP), very real constraints exist on the possible extent of central planning during the initial phase of Gosplan.
Bolshevik Party
The Red Army enters capital Tbilisi and installs a puppet communist Government led by Georgian Bolshevik Filipp Makharadze
Red Army
The Red Army enters capital Tbilisi and installs a puppet communist Government led by Georgian Bolshevik Filipp Makharadze
Siege of Tbilisi
The Red Army enters capital Tbilisi and installs a puppet communist Government led by Georgian Bolshevik Filipp Makharadze
Bolshevik Party
The Red Army enters capital Tbilisi and installs a puppet communist Government led by Georgian Bolshevik Filipp Makharadze
Invasion of Georgia
The Red Army enters capital Tbilisi and installs a puppet communist Government led by Georgian Bolshevik Filipp Makharadze
Red Army
The Red Army enters capital Tbilisi and installs a puppet communist Government led by Georgian Bolshevik Filipp Makharadze
Siege of Tbilisi
The Red Army enters capital Tbilisi and installs a puppet communist Government led by Georgian Bolshevik Filipp Makharadze
Treaty of Friendship
Afghanistan signs a friendship treaty with Soviet Russia, securing diplomatic recognition, aid, and transit arrangements.
Reballion of Leon Trotsky
Leads the army units against the Kronstadt sailors
Bolshevik Party
An anti-bolshevik rebellion breaks out among Kronstadt sailors
Reballion of anti-bolshevik
An anti-bolshevik rebellion breaks out among Kronstadt sailors
Kronstadt Rebellion
Supports sailor demands against Bolshevik political monopoly.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Joins sailors backing the revolt against Bolshevik authority.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Serves as a military specialist inside the rebel fortress.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Supports the Petropavlovsk resolution demanding free Soviet elections.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Helps lead sailors protesting against Bolshevik rule.
Reballion of Leon Trotsky
Leads the army units against the Kronstadt sailors
Bolshevik Party
An anti-bolshevik rebellion breaks out among Kronstadt sailors
Reballion of anti-bolshevik
An anti-bolshevik rebellion breaks out among Kronstadt sailors
Reballion of Leon Trotsky
Leads the army units against the Kronstadt sailors
Rally
Addresses over 6,000 people in the Circus Krone
Economy of Russia
The State Planning Commission, GOSPLAN, is founded. Early in February 1921 the Politburo unanimously voted for Vladimir Lenins proposal of ending the forced requisitioning of grain
GOSPLAN
The State Planning Commission, GOSPLAN, is founded which publishes economic statistics
Railway Strike Ban
Uses Article 48 powers to prohibit a planned strike by the national union representing railway civil servants and trainees.
Birth of Renata Tebaldi
Birth of Renata Tebaldi
Ulysses
James Joyces novel "Ulysses" is published in Paris with 1,000 copies
in Paris
James Joyces novel "Ulysses" is published in Paris with 1,000 copies
Independence of China
Respects the territory of China, a formal endorsement of the "Open Door" policy
Independence of United States of America
Respects the territory of China, a formal endorsement of the "Open Door" policy
Legislation
Provides for a 10 year moratorium on building large vessels
Respects the territory of China, a formal endorsement of the Open Door
Respects the territory of China, a formal endorsement of the "Open Door" policy
Rule of Aleutian Islands
The Washington Disarmament Conference comes to an end with the signature of a final Treaty forbidding fortification of the Aleutian Islands for 14 years
Washington Naval Treaty
US, British, Japanese, French & Italian ships remain 5.5, 3, 1.75 & 1.75. The Washington Disarmament Conference comes to an end with the signature of a final Treaty forbidding fortification of the Aleutian Islands for 14 years. The US, Britain, France & Japan agree to the naval status quo. Signed by the US, Britain, Japan, France & Italy. Signed at the Washington Conference
Drama
John Willards "Cat & the Canary," premiered in NYC
World War Foreign Debt Commission
The US. Congress establishes the World War Foreign Debt Commission
Pope
Appointed Pope, formerly the Cardinal & Archbishop of Milan
Reichstag Confidence Vote
Wins a Reichstag confidence vote by 220 votes to 185 after controversy over the government's handling of the railway strike.
Capper-Volstead Act
Harding signs the Capper-Volstead Act, exempting the farmers from federal antitrust laws permitting them to share prices and orchestrate supply
Economy of USA
Harding signs the Capper-Volstead Act, exempting the farmers from federal antitrust laws permitting them to share prices and orchestrate supply
Legislation
Harding signs the Capper-Volstead Act, exempting the farmers from federal antitrust laws permitting them to share prices and orchestrate supply
Independence of Egypt
Great Britain grants Egypt independence
Independence of Great Britain
Great Britain grants Egypt independence
Rule of Egypt
Great Britain grants Egypt independence
Constitution of USA
The Supreme Court unanimously upholds the 19th Amendment to the Constitution that guaranteed the right of women to vote
Legislation
The Supreme Court unanimously upholds the 19th Amendment to the Constitution that guaranteed the right of women to vote
Independence of Egypt
Britain declares Egypt a sovereign state, but British troops remain
Independence of Great Britain
Britain declares Egypt a sovereign state, but British troops remain
Rule of Egypt
Britain declares Egypt a sovereign state, but British troops remain
Prime Minister of Italy
Appointed Prime Minister of Italy
Jerusalem Relativity Lecture
Lectures in French on relativity during his visit to British Mandate Palestine.
Jerusalem German Lecture
Gives a second Jerusalem lecture on relativity, this time in German.
Supreme Court
Takes his seat as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court.
United States v Bhagat Singh Thind
Writes the opinion denying naturalization eligibility to Bhagat Singh Thind under racial citizenship rules.
Moore v Dempsey
Writes the opinion requiring federal review of mob-dominated state criminal proceedings.
Treason
1st day of Hitler's trial in Munich for treason
Trial
1st day of Hitler's trial in Munich for treason
World Court
Urges United States participation in the Permanent Court of International Justice.
Veterans Bureau Scandal
Resigns amid allegations of corruption and mismanagement in the Veterans Bureau.
Barcelona Relativity Lectures
Begins his Spanish visit with lectures in Barcelona, presenting relativity to scientists and helping stimulate wider discussion of modern theoretical physics in Spain.
Birth of Billy Wright
Birth of Billy Wright
Birth of Robert Gabriel Mugabe
Mugabe is born in Matibiri village near Kutama Mission in the Zvimba District northeast of Salisbury in Southern Rhodesia
Hitler Treason Trial
Testifies as a witness at the high-treason trial of Adolf Hitler, Erich Ludendorff and Ernst Rรถhm.
Trial
The Hitlerputsch trial begins
Arrest of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
Released from prison
Birth of John Uhler Jack Lemmon
Birth of John Uhler "Jack" Lemmon
Luther Supports Western Security Initiative
Luther's government backs the security initiative that becomes the starting point for the Locarno negotiations.
German Security Pact Proposal
Germany proposes a western security pact guaranteeing its frontiers with France and Belgium as a basis for European reconciliation.
Western Security Note Drafted
Stresemann helps frame Germany's proposal for a pact guaranteeing the western frontiers with France and Belgium.
German Rehabilitation
Uses western frontier guarantees to support Germany's rehabilitation among the western powers.
Reciprocal Frontier Guarantee
Proposes reciprocal recognition of Germany's western frontiers established at Versailles.
Death of Friedrich Ebert
Death of Friedrich Ebert, from the effects of an appendicitis operation
NSDAP
The ban on the NSDAP is lifted
Voelkischer Beobachter
The Beobachter resumes publication
A New Beginning
Published with an editorial written by Hitler, "a new beginning". Hitler confirms the party constitution 1st proclaimed in 1921
Constitution of Germany
Hitler confirms the party constitution 1st proclaimed in 1921
with an editorial
Published with an editorial written by Hitler, "a new beginning". Hitler confirms the party constitution 1st proclaimed in 1921
Rally
Opens the NSDAP meeting
NSDAP
Attends the rally & at the end unites with the NSDAP
Rally
Attends the rally & at the end unites with the NSDAP
NSDAP
Attends the rally & at the end unites with the NSDAP
Rally
Attends the rally & at the end unites with the NSDAP
NSDAP
Attends the rally & at the end unites with the NSDAP
Rally
Attends the rally & at the end unites with the NSDAP
NSDAP
Relaunches the NSDAP at a rally in Munich
Rally
Holds a meeting at the Burgerbraukellar, 3,000 attend & 2,000 are turned away
NSDAP
Attends the rally & at the end unites with the NSDAP
Rally
Attends the rally & at the end unites with the NSDAP
NSDAP
Attends the rally & at the end unites with the NSDAP
Rally
Attends the rally & at the end unites with the NSDAP
NSDAP
Attends the rally & at the end unites with the NSDAP
Rally
Attends the rally & at the end unites with the NSDAP
Birth of Harry H Corbett
Birth of Harry "H" Corbett
League Membership Linked to Security Settlement
Stresemann treats improved western security and Germany's admission to the League as connected diplomatic objectives.
Reballion of Outbreak of
Outbreak of rebellion in Kurdistan
Enigma Machine
Sees the German Navy introduce an Enigma variant for secure naval communications.
Strike
Strikes are made illegal
Royal Astronomical Society Gold Medal
Receives the Royal Astronomical Society Gold Medal for relativity and the theory of gravitation.
Conference of Bamberg
Hitler forces Strasser & Goebbels to abandon their Socialist "economic program". After the conference Goebbels is appointed Gauleiter of Berlin & supports Hitler
Conference of Bamberg
Reinforces his leadership over the Party, particularly over north German party rebels. Hitler forces Strasser & Goebbels to abandon their Socialist "economic program"
Ministry of Health Debate
Speaks on Ministry of Health policy while serving on Labourโs opposition benches.
Births and Deaths Registration Bill
Contributes to debate on reform of births and deaths registration.
Strike
Leads a strike in Shanghai which is put down by the warlords
Strike
Calls off the strike in Shanghai
McFadden Act
Coolidge signs the McFadden Act, which gives Federal Reserve Banks perpetual charters and revises national bank branching rules while preserving important limits on interstate banking.
Strike
Puts down a workers strike in Shanghai
Promotion to Major
Manstein was promoted to major in the Reichswehr. The appointment reflected his progression through the restricted interwar German officer corps.
Kaluza Theory Academy Papers
Presents Academy papers on Kaluza's connection between gravitation and electricity, deriving important aspects of the five-dimensional unified-field framework.
Discovery of Vitamin F
Discovers vitamin F
Independence of Great Britain
Malta is granted Dominion status
Independence of Malta
Malta is granted Dominion status
Student Protests
University students organized protests that produced the political movement later called the Generation of 1928.
Christopher Hornsrud Government
The Christopher Hornsrud Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Second Johan Ludwig Mowinckel Government
Begins the Second Johan Ludwig Mowinckel Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Independence of Great Britain
Britain recognizes the indepence of Transjordan
Independence of Jordan
Britain recognizes the indepence of Transjordan
Anglo Transjordanian Treaty
Transjordan and Britain signed a treaty that defined their relationship while continuing to reserve substantial powers and influence for the British government.
Transjordan Mandate
The Anglo-Transjordan Agreement formally recognized Abdullahโs governing role while preserving substantial British powers over foreign relations, defense, and other matters. It provided a treaty basis for the emirateโs constrained autonomy.
Raman Effect
C. V. Raman and his collaborators observe the inelastic scattering of light now known as the Raman effect.
Purge
50 engineers are charged with wrecking & espionage
Third Svehla Government
The Third Svehla Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
First Udrzal Government
Begins the First Udrzal Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Kellogg Briand Acceptance
Germany accepts the Kellogg-Briand Pact.
Pact between Kellogg-Briand Signatory Nations
Germany accepts the Kellog-Briand Pact
Litvinov Protocol
Litvinov Protocol between Russia, Estonia, Latvia & Poland renouncing war
Litvinov Protocol
The Litvinov Protocol links Russia, Estonia, Latvia and Poland in a commitment renouncing war.
Litvinov Protocol
Litvinov Protocol between Russia, Estonia, Latvia & Poland renouncing war
Litvinov Protocol
The Litvinov Protocol, a non-aggression pact between Russia, Romania, Poland Lithuania and Estonia
Litvinov Protocol
Signed by the Soviet Union, Poland, Romania, Latvia and Estonia, in which those countries promise not to use force to settle their disputes (this was seen as an Eastern Kellogg-Briand Pact)
Litvinov Protocol
Litvinov Protocol between Russia, Estonia, Latvia & Poland renouncing war
Litvinov Protocol
The Litinow Pprotocol, a non-aggression pact between Russia, Romania, Poland Lithuania and Estonia
Treaty of Italy-Pope
Mussolini signs a Treaty with the Pope
Treaty of Lateran Treaty
The Italian Government recognizes the Catholic Church. Signs a Treaty with Mussolini establishing the Vatican City
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland
Exile of Leon Trotsky
Trotsky is refused political asylum in France
Litvinov Protocol
Turkey signs the Litvinov Protocol
Indochinese Communist Party
Helps found the Indochinese Communist Party, later influential among Lao communists
Birth of Maria Estela Martinez Cartas de Peron
Birth of Maria Estela Martinez Cartas de Peron
People on Sunday
Co-directs People on Sunday, a key late-Weimar film.
Discovery of Pluto
Tombaugh identifies Pluto as a moving object while comparing photographic plates taken on January 23 and January 29.
Discovery of Pluto
Using a blink comparator, Tombaugh identifies a moving object on plates taken January 23 and January 29, discovering Pluto.
Death of Horst Wessel
Martyr of the Munich Beerhall putsch, mytholigised by the "Horst Wessel Lied"
Death of Mabel Normand
Death of Mabel Normand
Revolution Studies
Kerensky continues political activity connected with revolution studies.
Birth of Boris Yeltsin
Born in Butka, Sverdlovsk Oblast, into a family with roots in the Ural region.
Gosplan
Gosplan is subordinated to the Sovnarkom
Japan makes a proclamation establishing the Manchurian Republic, Manchukuo
Japan makes a proclamation establishing the Manchurian Republic, Manchukuo
Manchukuo
The Japanese proclaim the Manchurian Republic to be known as Manchukuo
Rule of Manchukuo
Japan makes a proclamation establishing the Manchurian Republic, Manchukuo
Rule of Manchuria
Japan makes a proclamation establishing the Manchurian Republic, Manchukuo
The Threepenny Opera
Directs the film version of The Threepenny Opera.
Constitution of Germany
The SA ban is lifted & Hitler Re-affirms policy of "legality"
Sturmabteilung (SA)
The SA ban is lifted & Hitler Re-affirms policy of "legality". Schleicher removes the Nazi bans & forbids the SA to take part in any street-fighting
Death of Nellie Melba
Death of Nellie Melba
Disarmament Conference
Presses French security concerns at Geneva.
Disarmament Conference
Represents Britain at the World Disarmament Conference.
Coup
The Finance Minister is assassinated by the "Blood Brotherhood League". A failed plot to return Japan to an agrarian society led by the Emperor
Rule of Manchukuo
Manchukio becomes nominally independent but really a puppet of Japan
Siege of Shanghai
Japanese warships are sent to Shanghai to protect the 30,000 Japanese living there
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina
Birth of Edward Moore Ted Kennedy
Birth of Edward Moore "Ted" Kennedy
Citizenship
Hitler is granted German citizenship
Birth of Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor
Birth of Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor
Birth of Johny Cash
Birth of Johny Cash, Kingsland, Arkansas
Possible Existence of a Neutron
Publishes evidence that the penetrating beryllium radiation consists of neutral particles with roughly proton mass.
Banking Act of 1932
The Act broadens eligible collateral and expands Federal Reserve emergency lending powers.
Glass-Steagall Gold Reserve Relief
The Glass-Steagall Act broadens assets eligible to back Federal Reserve notes, easing pressure on monetary gold reserves while the United States remains on gold.
Import Duties Act
The Import Duties Act introduces a general tariff and ends Britain's long free-trade era.
Election Campaign
Uses the new Reichstag election campaign to present the Nazi movement as the force of national renewal and anti-communist order.
Dissolution of Reichstag
Dissolves the Reichstag after Hitler requests a new election intended to strengthen the Nazi-led coalition.
Angriff, Der
Der Angriff appears as the "Daily Newspaper of the German Labor Front" from the Eher Press, with Goebbels remaining publisher
Colonel
Appointed Colonel
Conference of Disarmament
A 2nd internalional conference on disarmament ends without results, It tries to limit the army sizes of the major powers, while Germany is entitled to 200,000, Germany leaves the conference because a plan postpones the limitations for 4 years
Constitution of Germany
Constitutional rights are suspended by decree, "to protect the German people"
Decree
Constitutional rights are suspended by decree, "to protect the German people"
State of Emergency
Constitutional rights are suspended by decree, "to protect the German people"
Decree for Protection of German People
Signs a decree restricting press freedom and public meetings, giving the Government more power over election campaigning.
Birth of Kim Novak
Birth of Kim Novak
Birth of Bobby Robert William Robson
Birth of "Bobby" Robert William Robson
Birth of Yoko Ono
Birth of Yoko Ono
Alliance Adolf Hitler
Business leaders meet at the Presidents Palace & agree to financially support Hitler
Election
Business leaders meet at the Presidents Palace & agree to financially support Hitler
Election
Helps agree to an election fund of 3 million Reichsmarks from leading industrialists. Business leaders meet at Goerings Presidents Palace & agree to finance Hitler
Auxiliary Police
Authorizes SA, SS and Stahlhelm members as auxiliary police in Prussia, strengthening Nazi street power before the election.
State of Emergency
Declares a state of emergency
Invasion of China
Japan occupies all of China north of the Great Wall
Plot
Launches a raid on the Communist Party HQ
Raid
Launches a raid on the Karl Liebknecht Haus
League Withdrawal
Rejects the League report on Manchuria.
League of Nations
Japan leaves the League of Nation as a reaction on the Lytton Report
Plot
Leads an SA detachment from the Presidents Palace through a tunnel
Plot
The Nazis burn down the Reichstag & blame a communist plot
Reichstag Fire
Uses the Reichstag fire politically, presenting it as evidence of a communist threat to the state.
Plot
Suspected of being involved because a tunnel leads from his office to the Reichstag
Reichstag Fire
The Reichstag is set on fire and Dutch council communist Marinus van der Lubbe is found inside the building, the Nazis publicly blame the fire on communist agitators in general
League of Nations
Japan announces withdrawal from the League of Nations
Plot
The German Reichstag is set alight
Reichstag Fire
Is arrested after the Reichstag building burns, giving the Nazi Government the pretext for sweeping emergency measures against communists and other opponents.
Civil Rights
Less than a month after Adolf Hitler's appointment as Chancellor the Reichstag Fire Decree invokes Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution, suspending several constitutional protections on civil rights
Constitution of Germany
Less than a month after Adolf Hitler's appointment as Chancellor the Reichstag Fire Decree invokes Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution, suspending several constitutional protections on civil rights. Individual liberty under the Weimer constitution is suspended
Constitution of Germany
Constitutional rights are suspended by Presidential decree. After the Reichstag fire constitutional rights are suspended by Presidential decree
Plot
Hitler promulgates a decree "for the protection of the People & the State"
Plot
Constitutional rights are suspended by Presidential decree
Reichstag Fire Decree
Less than a month after Adolf Hitler's appointment as Chancellor the Reichstag Fire Decree invokes Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution, suspending several constitutional protections on civil rights
Reichstag Fire Decree
The Reichstag Fire Decree suspends most civil liberties in Germany and is used by the Nazis to ban publications not considered "friendly" to the Nazi cause.
Reichstag Fire
Despite the fact that Marinus van der Lubbe claimed to have acted alone in the Reichstag Fire, Hitler, after having obtained his emergency powers, announces that it was the start of a Communist plot to take over Germany
Reichstag Fire
Thousands of Communists are imprisoned in the days following the fire (including leaders of the Communist Party of Germany) on the charge that the Party was preparing to stage a putsch.
Plot
Claims van der Lubbe was a pawn in in Communist Plot to lunch a campaign of terror
Reichstag Fire Decree
Helps implement emergency powers that allow the Nazi Government to suppress communist and socialist organisations.
Plot
Persuaded by Hitler to suspend civil liberties because of a communist threat
Reichstag Fire Decree
Signs the Reichstag Fire Decree, suspending civil liberties and permitting detention without normal constitutional protection.
Constitution of Germany
Allows Hitler to use emergency powers under Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution
President of Germany
Decides to appoint Hitler as Chancellor to prevent a Communist revolution
Election
Directs his campaign against 14yrs of party Government
Plot
The Reichstag Fire trial is held but the communist leaders are acquitted
Trial
At the end of the Reichstag Fire trial only Van der Lubbe is convicted, while his fellow defendants are found not guilty
Police
Establishes an auxilliary police force of 50,000 composed of SA & SS members
Purge
Purges the Prussian administration & appoints loyal party supporters
Rule of Mongolia
China signs a Treaty recognizing Japans control of Inner Mongolia
Invasion of Mongolia
The Japanese Army, Kwangtung Army, moves into Inner Mongolia
Enigma Machine
Works through AVA to build Polish replicas of the military Enigma for the Cipher Bureau.
Enigma Machine
Helps AVA begin production of military Enigma replicas for Polish cryptanalysts.
Balkan Entente
Titulescu helps conclude the Balkan Entente with Greece, Turkey, and Yugoslavia.
Treaty of Balkans
Turkey, Greece, Romania & Yugoslavia mutually guarantee the security of the Balkan frontiers & pledge not to take any action with regard to any Balkan non-signatory state without previous consultation. The Turkish, Greek, Romanian, and Yugoslav Governments sign the Balkan Pact. The Balkan Pact reflects the work of the Romanian Foreign Minister, Nicholas Titulescu
Treaty of Balkans
Turkey, Greece, Romania & Yugoslavia mutually guarantee the security of the Balkan frontiers & pledge not to take any action with regard to any Balkan non-signatory state without previous consultation
Treaty of Balkans
The Turkish, Greek, Romanian, and Yugoslav Governments sign the Balkan Pact
First Malypetr Government
The First Malypetr Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Second Malypetr Government
Begins the Second Malypetr Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Trade Treaty
Trade Treaty signed between Britain & Russia
Treaty of Trade
Trade Treaty signed between Britain & Russia
Reballion of socialist
Crushes a socialist rebellion
New Life Movement
Launches the New Life Movement in Nanchang, promoting discipline, hygiene, social order and a moral program influenced by Confucian values.
Succession
Succeeds as King of Belgium
Birth of Bernard Bresslaw
Birth of Bernard Bresslaw
Plot
Hitler makes Rohm sign an agreement with Blomber restricting the activity of ths SA
Reform of Government
Hitler makes Rohm sign an agreement with Blomber restricting the activity of ths SA
Purge
Hitler makes Rohm sign an agreement with Blomber restricting activity of the SA
Reform of Government
Hitler makes Rohm sign an agreement with Blomber restricting activity of the SA
Rule of China
Japan proclaims a protectorate over China, an "Asiatic Monroe Doctrine"
Visit to London
Flandin and Laval visit London. A memo is issued to negotiate with Germany over arms and League of Nations membership
Visit to London
Flandin and Laval visit London. Anglo-French memorandum for Germany over arms and League of Nations membership
Birth of Alex Harvey
Birth of Alex Harvey
Birth of John Atyeo
Birth of John Atyeo, later Bristol City and England forward.
Radar Proposal
Suggests detecting aircraft by reflected radio waves.
Gold Clause Cases
The Supreme Court largely sustains federal measures overriding contractual gold clauses, confirming the government's power to prevent private obligations from restoring the old gold value.
Birth of Mark McManus
Birth of Mark McManus
Daventry Experiment
Helps show that reflected radio signals can reveal aircraft.
Daventry Experiment
Demonstrates aircraft detection using a BBC transmitter signal.
Radar Demonstration
Proposes and demonstrates aircraft detection using reflected radio signals.
RAF Retirement
Leaves RAF service shortly before his final accident.
Eccles Becomes Federal Reserve Board Chairman
Marriner Eccles begins service as chairman of the reorganized Federal Reserve Board, taking the leading policy role in the central bank after the institutional changes made by the Banking Act of 1935.
February Demonstration
A large demonstration demanded civil liberties and political reform from the new government.
Election
The Popular Fron win with a narrow victory
Election
Diet elections, the liberal Minseito win 205 seats & the right Seiyukai win 174 seats
February Program
The government announced the February Program, promising administrative modernization, public health measures, education, and economic reform.
Catalan Generalid
The Catalan Generalidad is re-established under Companys
Alliance Adolf Hitler and Russia, Hitler uses this to march into the Rhineland
France ratifies a Treaty with Russia, Hitler uses this to march into the Rhineland
Occupation
France ratifies a Treaty with Russia, Hitler uses this to march into the Rhineland
The Road to Wigan Pier Research
Researches poverty and industrial conditions for his next book.
Japan Must Fight Britain
Publication of "Japan Must Fight Britain"
Election
Wins the election
Factories Bill
Speaks on factory regulation and working conditions during scrutiny of the Factories Bill.
Local Government Financial Provisions Bill
Challenges government proposals affecting local-government finance.
Arrest of Nikolai Bukharin
Implicated in the Zinoviev & Kamanev show trials & arrested
Welfare of Blind Persons
Debates statutory duties placed on local authorities for the welfare of blind people.
Coal Industry Efficiency
Speaks on proposals to reduce the number of coal-mining undertakings in the interests of efficiency.
Dismissal
Dismissed by Hitler as Ambassador of Austria
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, Wehrmacht
Wehrmacht
Appointed Commander in Chief, Wehrmacht
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief
Resignation of Werner von Blomberg
Blombergs resignation comes into effect
Dismissal
Dismissed by Hitler as Foreign Minister
Foreign Secretary of Germany
Appointed Foreign Secretary
Crisis
Blomberg is forced to resign
Dismissal
Conservatives such as Blomberg, Fritsch & Neurath appointed by Hindenburg are removed
Fuhrer Chancellor
Assumes the leadership of the Ministry of War. Appoints von Ribbentrop Foreirgn Minister
Minister of Economics
Appointed Minister of the Ministry of Economics
Crisis
Used by Hitler for him to take control of the armed forces. Discredited by a marriage to a prostitute & forced to resign
Chief High Command
Appointed Chief of the High Command of the Armed forces, Oberkommando der Wehrmacht
Wehrmacht
Appointed Chief of the High Command of the Armed forces, Oberkommando der Wehrmacht
Birth of John Guare
Birth of John Guare, playwright
Defence Programme Debate
Uses the defence debate to press for stronger preparation against the growing military threat from Germany.
Dismissal
Dismissed by Carol II for anti-semitism & for failed economic policies
Parliament
Carol II dismisses Octavian Goga due to his antisemitic policies & poor economy
Constitution of Romania
The constitution is suspended & political parties suppressed
Dismissal
Dismisses Octavian Goga due to his antisemitic policies & the poor economy
Political Parties
The constitution is suspended & political parties suppressed
Dismissal of Octavian Goga
Carol dismisses Goga and prepares a royal authoritarian regime.
Forced to lift the Austrian Nazi Party ban
Forced to lift the Austrian Nazi Party ban. Forced to amnesty Nazis in Austria & appoints Seyss-Inquart in the Cabinet
Visit to Berchtesgaden
Visits Hitler at Berchtesgaden
Cristea Government
Cristea becomes prime minister under Carol II's royal dictatorship.
Anschluss
Miklas refuses to honor Hitler's ultimatum but capitulates under threat of invasion
International Agreement at Vienna
Schuschigg is forced by Hitler to agree an amnesty for imprisoned Austrian Nazis
Invasion of Austria
Miklas refuses to honor Hitler's ultimatum but capitulates under threat of invasion
Anschluss
Cardinal Theodor Innitzer of Vienna meets with Hitler and then directs all Catholic clergy and laity to "unconditionally support the great German State and the Fuhrer"
Rule of Austria
Hitler orders the Austrian Chancellor to to hand over control of his Government
Anschluss
Informs the Austrian Chancellor to hand control over to the Nazis. Hitler orders the Austrian Chancellor to to hand over control of his Government
International Agreement at Berlin
Schuschigg is forced by Hitler to agree an amnesty for imprisoned Austrian Nazis
Japan refuses to reveal naval data requested by the US and Britain
Japan refuses to reveal naval data requested by the US and Britain
Austria Military Pressure Planning
Jodl records and supports military pressure used during the crisis leading to the annexation of Austria.
Birth of Robert Oliver Reed
Birth of Robert Oliver Reed
Birth of Oliver Reed
Birth of Oliver Reed
Minister of Security
Appointed Minister of Security
Housing Financial Provisions Bill
Challenges the governmentโs housing finance proposals in the Commons.
Capture of Teruel
Francos forces recapture Teruel & make a drive towards the Mediterranean
Amnesty
Austria announces an amnesty including those convicted of the murder of Dolfuss
Assassination of Engelbert Dollfuss
Austria announces a Nazi amnesty, including those convicted of the murder of Dolfuss
Visit to Berlin
Visits Hitler in Berlin to receive his orders
Austria Crisis Statement
Addresses the Commons as German pressure on Austria intensifies and Britain considers its response.
Austria Crisis Statement
Continues parliamentary exchanges on Austria during the final days of his tenure as Foreign Secretary.
Austria Debate
Speaks in the Commons debate on Austria as German pressure on the Austrian government intensifies.
Austria Questions
Challenges the government over the deterioration of Austrian independence under German pressure.
Austria Crisis Statement
Responds to the Austrian crisis while his disagreement with Chamberlain over relations with Italy reaches a breaking point.
Resignation of Robert Anthony Eden
Eden offers Chamberlain his resignation, Chamberlain agrees to "sleep on the matter"
Armament
Says in cabinet rearmament in 2 yrs will create "the gravest financial dislocation"
Anschluss
Promises to support the rights of Germans not living in the Reich in the Reichstag
Hitler demands self-determination for Germans in Austria and Czechoslovakia
Hitler demands self-determination for Germans in Austria and Czechoslovakia
Rule of Czechoslovakia
Hitler demands self-determination for Germans in Austria and Czechoslovakia
Resignation of Robert Anthony Eden
Resigns over Chamberlains relations with Italy but generally critical of appeasement
Continues Anglo-Italian Negotiations
After Anthony Eden leaves the Foreign Office, Chamberlain continues negotiations intended to improve relations with Mussolini's Italy.
Resignation of Robert Anthony Eden
Anthony Eden resigns as Foreign Secretary in a dispute with PM Neville Chamberlain, he says Chamberlain is appeasing Germany
Resignation of Robert Anthony Eden
Resigns from Chamberlain's government over policy toward Mussolini and appeasement
Foreign Policy Debate
Criticises aspects of the government's European policy during the crisis following Eden's resignation.
Austria
Raises the worsening European situation following German pressure on Austria.
Foreign Policy Debate after Eden Crisis
Criticises the government's foreign-policy direction during the crisis surrounding Anthony Eden's departure.
Foreign Affairs Debate after Leaving Office
Speaks from the back benches after leaving the Foreign Office and explains his concerns about the direction of British diplomacy.
Foreign Affairs Debate
Criticises the weakening of collective resistance to the dictators in a major Commons foreign-affairs debate.
Foreign Affairs Motion of Censure
Moves a motion of censure over the governmentโs conduct of foreign affairs after Anthony Edenโs resignation.
Foreign Affairs Debate on Collective Security
Presses Labour's case for collective security rather than bilateral concessions to the fascist powers.
Reballion of Rebels in Graz
About 20,000 Nazis invade Graz town square & raise the swastika
Reballion of Rebels in Graz
About 20,000 Nazis invade Graz town square & raise the swastika
Prime Minister of France
Britain and France recognize the Franco Government in Spain
Britain and France recognize the Franco Government in Spain
Britain and France recognize the Franco Government in Spain
Constitution of Romania
Carol promulgates an authoritarian constitution concentrating power in the crown.
Britain and France recognize the Franco Government in Spain
Britain and France recognize the Franco Government in Spain
Hitler promises to defend all Germans outside the Reich
Hitler promises to defend all Germans outside the Reich
Plebiscite
Tries in vain to hold a plebiscite in Austria against the anschluss
Exile of Werner von Blomberg
Blomberg goes into exile
Constitution of Germany
With Hitler's approval the CAbinet can promulgate decrees which have the status of law. The last Cabinet meeting of the 3rd Reich
Crisis
Blomberg goes into exile
Mobilization
The Government enables the National Mobilization Act
Coup
Assumes all the essential powers of Government & abolishes political parties
Exile of Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Franco-Bahamonde
The Republican Government retreats into France. Government politicians begin fleeing to France
Exile of Juan Negrin
Government politicians flee to France
Capture of Catalonia
Completes the capture of Catalonia
Fission Energy Interpretation
With Otto Frisch, explains uranium fission and estimates the large energy release using mass-energy equivalence.
Visit to Prague
The Slovak leader Tuka visits Hitler & "lays the future of my people in your hands"
Visit to Berlin
The Slovak leader Tuka visits Hitler & "lays the future of my people in your hands"
Birth of Ray Manzarek
Birth of Ray Manzarek
Birth of Ray Manzarek
Birth of Doors keyboardist Ray Manzarek.
Danzig Question
Raises the status of Danzig as concern grows that German territorial demands may extend beyond the Munich settlement.
Massive Neutron Cores
With George Volkoff, shows that sufficiently massive neutron cores have no static equilibrium, helping establish the theoretical path toward gravitational collapse.
Defence Loans Debate
Presses the government on financing defence as Labour argues that earlier appeasement has increased the need for rapid preparation.
Hubert Pierlot Government
Begins the Hubert Pierlot Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
First Paul-Henri Spaak Government
The First Paul-Henri Spaak Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Ministry of Supply
In the Commons Churchill calls for a Ministry of Supply
Recognition of the Franco Government in Spain
Recognizes the Franco Government in Spain
Recognition of Francos Government
Neville Chamberlain recognizes Francos Government
German Labour Front (DAF)
Working for the DAF, Porsche built a new Volkswagen factory at Fallersleben, at a huge cost partly met by raiding the DAF's accumulated assets and misappropriating the dues paid by DAF members
Volkswagen
The DAF and KDF's most ambitious program is the "people's car," the Volkswagen, originally a project undertaken at Hitler's request by Ferdinand Porsche
Volkswagen
The Volkswagen is sold to German workers on an installment plan, the first models appear in February 1939
Volkswagen
When the German car industry is unable to meet Hitler's demand that the Volkswagen be sold at 1,000 Reichsmarks or less, the project is taken over by the DAF
Volkswagen
Working for the DAF, Porsche built a new Volkswagen factory at Fallersleben, at a huge cost partly met by raiding the DAF's accumulated assets and misappropriating the dues paid by DAF members
Volkswagen
Brought Ley's socialist tendencies back into prominence. The party he said had taken over where private industry had failed, because of the "short-sightedness, malevolence, profiteering and stupidity" of the business class
German Labour Front (DAF)
Now working for the DAF, Porsche built a new Volkswagen factory at Fallersleben, at a huge cost which was partly met by raiding the DAF's accumulated assets and misappropriating the dues paid by DAF members.
German Labour Front (DAF)
The DAF and KdF's most ambitious program was the "people's car," the Volkswagen, originally a project undertaken at Hitler's request by the car-maker Ferdinand Porsche.
German Labour Front (DAF)
The Volkswagen was sold to German workers on an installment plan, and the first models appeared in February 1939
German Labour Front (DAF)
The party, he said, had taken over where private industry had failed, because of the "short-sightedness, malevolence, profiteering and stupidity" of the business class.
German Labour Front (DAF)
When the German car industry was unable to meet Hitler's demand that the Volkswagen be sold at 1,000 Reichsmarks or less, the project was taken over by the DAF. This brought Ley's old socialist tendencies back into prominence.
Invasion of Finland
Launches a attacks against the Mannerheim Line, Finlands main line of defence
Mannerheim Line
Launches a attacks against the Mannerheim Line, Finlands main line of defence
Birth of David Jason
Birth of David Jason, born David John White
Invasion of France
Hitler orders Manstein's invasion plans to be carried out
Operation Fall Gelb
Hitler orders Manstein's invasion plans to be carried out
Invasion of France
Hitler orders Manstein's invasion plans to be carried out
Operation Fall Gelb
Hitler orders Manstein's invasion plans to be carried out
Supreme War Council
Presses for stronger Allied action in Scandinavia.
Narvik Expedition Plan
Supports wider Allied planning for intervention in Scandinavia.
Supreme War Council
Participates in discussions on Allied Scandinavian intervention.
Supreme War Council
Attends the council as Allied leaders discuss control of Swedish iron ore routes.
Supreme War Council
Attends the council meeting considering aid to Finland against Soviet Russia.
Supreme War Council
Supports measures affecting Norway and Swedish iron ore traffic.
Supreme War Council
Considers intervention in Scandinavia during the Winter War crisis.
Supreme War Council
The council considers intervention in Norway including a landing at Narvik
Barttle of Narvik
Supports Allied plans to intervene in Norway and threaten the Narvik ore route.
Supreme War Council
Supports Allied consideration of Norway and Swedish iron ore routes.
Norway Denmark Holland Planning Discussion
Jodl, Warlimont and Jeschonnek discuss operational possibilities involving Norway, Denmark and the Netherlands.
Commander of 7th Army
Appointed Commander of the 7th Panzer Division with the rank of Major General
Commander of 7th Panzer Division
Appointed Commander of the 7th Panzer Division with the rank of Major General
Major General
Appointed Commander of the 7th Panzer Division with the rank of Major General
Siege of Altmark
Orders the Cossack Captain to liberate Britsh prisoners from the Altmark off Norway. British prisoners are freed without loss of British life, the crew of the Altmark flee
Altmark Incident
Supports naval action after German prisoners are found aboard Altmark.
Barttle of Narvik
Presses for mining Norwegian waters to force ore traffic away from Narvik.
Operation Wilfred
Advocates mining Norwegian waters to force a German response.
Operation Wilfred
Presses for mining Norwegian waters to disrupt the ore route from Narvik.
Speech
Speaks at the Guildhall praising the warships opposing the Graf Spee
Operation Weserubung
Receives command of the German invasion of Norway.
Operation Weserubung
Falkenhorst is given command of the ground forces for the planned invasion of Norway and Denmark.
Cavity Magnetron
Works with Randall on the Birmingham cavity magnetron for centimetric radar.
Cavity Magnetron
Works with Randall on the resonant cavity magnetron at Birmingham.
Cavity Magnetron
Builds a high-power cavity magnetron at Birmingham for centimetric radar.
Cavity Magnetron
Works on the high-power cavity magnetron for centimetric radar.
Enthronement
Tenzin Gyatso is enthroned as the 14th Dalai Lama at the Potala Palace.
Birth of Aberdeen Goalscorer
Denis Law was born in Aberdeen on 24 February and later became Scotland's only male Ballon d'Or winner.
Armament
Introduces the Navy estimates to Parliament for the 1st time since 1914
Budget
Introduces the Navy estimates to Parliament for the 1st time since 1914
Trotskys Testament
Trotsky wrote a document known as "Trotskys Testament", in which he expressed his final thoughts and feelings for posterity
Invasion of Norway
Calls off mining Norwegian waters, might effect neutrals such as the USA & Sweden
Mining
Calls off mining Norwegian waters, might effect neutrals such as the USA & Sweden
Neutrality
Calls off mining Norwegian waters, might effect neutrals such as the USA & Sweden
Joint Service Norway Planning Coordinated
Jodl coordinates army, navy and air-force planning for the Scandinavian operation.
Capture of Germany
The British destroyer Cossack seizes the Altmark off Norway. Increases Hitler's determination to capture Norway
Invasion of Norway
The Cossack seizes the Altmark off Norway, increases will to invade Norway
Uranium-235 Separation
Separates uranium-235 for early fission measurements.
Admiral
Appointed Admiral of the Atlantic Fleet
Admiral
Appointed Admiral of the Atlantic Fleet
Barbarossa Command Conference
Jodl joins Hitler and Keitel in a detailed conference on preparations for Operation Barbarossa.
Invasion of Russia
Outlines the General Staffs invasion plans to Hitler, the OKW & OKB
Operation Barbarossa
Outlines the General Staffs invasion plans to Hitler, the OKW & OKB
Invasion of Russia
Hitler orders Keitel to make it appear as if Germany is invading Britain
Invasion of Russia
"When Barbarossa commences, the world will hold its breath & make no comment". Orders Keitel to make it appear as if Germany is invading Britain rather than Russia
Operation Barbarossa
"When Barbarossa commences, the world will hold its breath & make no comment". The starting date for Barbarossa will be 15th May. The Red Army will have 155 Divisions against 116 German Divisions. Hitler reviews the plans for Barbarossa
Red Army
The Red Army will have 155 Divisions against 116 German Divisions
Birth of John Steel
Birth of John Steel, rock drummer Animals
Afrika Korps
Lands the Afrika Korps in Libya to support the Italians
Invasion of Libya
Lands the Afrika Korps in Libya to support the Italians
Invasion of Africa
German troops under Rommel are sent to assist the Italians in North Africa
Afrika Korps
The OKW issues instructions for the Afrika Korps to defend North Africa
Sunflower
The OKW issues instructions for the Afrika Korps to defend North Africa
Battle of Western Desert
Operation Compass ends with the destruction of much of the Italian Tenth Army after a British advance of several hundred miles.
Battle of Beda Fomm
The retreating Italian Tenth Army is defeated at Beda Fomm, completing the British conquest of Cyrenaica during Operation Compass.
Battle of Western Desert
The British Operation Compass campaign destroys much of the Italian Tenth Army and forces the loss of Cyrenaica.
Invasion of Greece
Signs an agreement with Bulgaria allowing German passage to invade Greece
Marita
To protect Romanian oilfields from the British in preparation to invade Russia. Signs an agreement with Bulgaria allowing German passage to invade Greece
Invasion of Russia
The Bulgarian General Staff allow German troops to pass through Bulgaria
Lend-Lease
The US House of Representives passes the Lend-Lease Bill by 260 votes to 265, assisting Britain
Operation Barbarossa
The Bulgarian General Staff allow German troops to pass through Bulgaria
Lend-Lease
The US House of Representives passes the Lend-Lease Bill by 260 votes to 265, assisting Britain
Siege of Singapore
Yamashita launches his 1st attack on Singapore
Lend-Lease
Churchill says in a speech, "the Government and people of the United States intend to supply us with all that is necessary for victory". Churchill says in a speech, "Give us the tools and we will finish the job"
Speech
Churchill says in a speech, "Give us the tools and we will finish the job"
Battle of Western Desert
Hitler offers Mussolini help after Italy's immanent defeat
Operation Colossus
Britains 1st airborne attack of the war, 38 paratroopers are dropped on a railway viaduct at Trignano, Italy
Battle of Western Desert
Germany prepares direct military assistance for Italy after the collapse of much of the Italian position in Cyrenaica.
Sunflower
German units disembark for Tripoli
Afrika Korps
The Afrikakorps is based on Adolf Hitler's personal choice of Erwin Rommel as its Commander. Appointed Commander of the Afrika Korps
Suez Canal
Arrives in North Africa to support Italian forces and begins operations that eventually threaten Egypt and the Suez Canal.
Afrika Korps
Rommel arrives in Tripoli as German forces begin reinforcing the failing Italian position in North Africa.
Invasion of Libya
German reinforcements under Rommel arrive in Libya to support Italian forces after the British successes of Operation Compass.
Mussolini fails to persuade Franco to bring Spain into the war on
Mussolini fails to persuade Franco to bring Spain into the war on the Axis side.
Capture of Singapore
The British surrender Singapore to Yamashita
Siege of Singapore
The British surrender Singapore to Yamashita
Sunflower
Sends 3rd Reconnaissance Battalion to find how close Wavells army is to Tripoli
Afrika Korps
Rommel lands on African soil in Libya & takes over control of the Afrika Korps
Invasion of Libya
Rommel lands on African soil in Libya & takes over control of the Afrika Korps
Pact between Germany, Italy, Japan and Yugoslavia
Hitler applies pressure on Yugoslavia to join the Tripartite Pact
Tripartite Pact
Hitler fails to persuade the Yugoslav Prime Minister, Dragisa Cvetkovic, to join the Axis. Hitler applies pressure on Yugoslavia to join the Tripartite Pact
National Legionary State
Antonescu formally ends the National Legionary State.
Hitler fails to persuade the Yugoslav Prime Minister, Dragisa Cvetkovic, to join
Hitler fails to persuade the Yugoslav Prime Minister, Dragisa Cvetkovic, to join the Axis
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Romania
Britain breaks off relations with Romania
Goethe Medal
Gunther, leading ideologist of Nazi racial policy, is awarded the Goethe Medal
Birth of Gene Pitney
Birth of Gene Pitney
The Lion and the Unicorn
Publishes The Lion and the Unicorn.
Western Union
Directs the western film Western Union.
Invasion of Greece
Meets Wavell, Eden and Dill who are seeking a senior commander to lead reinforcements to Greece
Commonwealth
The decision to send a British Commonwealth expeditionary force is made
Invasion of Greece
The decision to send a British Commonwealth expeditionary force is made. A meeting attended by Eden and the Greek leadership, including King George II, Prime Minister Alexandros Koryzis and Papagos takes place in Athens on February 22
Commonwealth
The decision to send a British Commonwealth expeditionary force is made
Invasion of Greece
The decision to send a British Commonwealth expeditionary force is made. A meeting attended by Eden and the Greek leadership, including King George II, Prime Minister Alexandros Koryzis and Papagos takes place in Athens on February 22
Invasion of Russia
Zhukov issues a secret directive naming Germany as a probable enemyand instructs frontier regions to make preparations
Declares loyalty to Hitler
Declares loyalty to Hitler but refuses to enter the war
Discovery of Plutonium
Arthur Wahl participates in the conclusive identification of plutonium with Glenn Seaborg and colleagues.
Discovery of Plutonium
Glenn Seaborg and colleagues conclusively identify plutonium during laboratory work at Berkeley.
Discovery of Plutonium
Arthur Wahl participates in the wartime scientific work that conclusively identifies plutonium.
Discovery of Plutonium
Glenn Seaborg leads work that conclusively identifies plutonium, later important to wartime nuclear research.
Manhattan Project
Conclusive discovery of plutonium by Glenn Seaborg and Arthur Wahl
Invasion of Russia
German Army Units cross the Danube from Rumania & take up positions in Bulgaria
Marita
German Army units cross the Danube & take up positions in Bulgaria
Operation Barbarossa
German Army Units cross the Danube from Romania & take up positions in Bulgaria
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief in Libya
Commander of Afrika Korps
Appointed Commander of the Afrika Korps
Lieutenant General
Appointed Lieutenant General
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief in Libya
Commander of Afrika Korps
Appointed Commander of the Afrika Korps
Lieutenant General
Appointed Lieutenant General
Battle of Western Desert
Wavells 30,000 men have counterattacj the Italians, advance 500 miles & take 130,000
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant General in the Afrika Korps
Enigma Machine
Commands the U-boat force when four-rotor M4 Enigma is introduced for Atlantic submarine traffic.
Capture of Gazala
The Eighth Army is forced to withdraw to the Gazala line
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant General in the Afrika Korps
Formation of Frontier Guard Regiment
A new frontier-guard infantry regiment is formed at Castel Benito under Di Lorenzo for service in North Africa.
Invasion of Malaya
Forces the British back as far as Singapore Island
Dismissal
The dismissal provokes the resignation of all the Bishops in Norway. Dismissed for organizing resistance to the puppet Nazi Government
Jews
Forces all Jews to wear a star & have their passports marked with a J
Capture of Dernia
The Allies evacuate Dernia & Rommel stops between Mechili & the coast
Government
Forms a Wafd government after British pressure at Abdeen Palace before the El Alamein campaign.
Abdeen Palace Incident
Accepts a Wafd government after British forces surround Abdeen Palace.
Capture of Cyrenaica
Completes the capture of Cyrenaica
Battle of Rzhev
Traps a large number of Russian units, the line is closed with 26,000 Russians dead. Begins to attack the Russians in order to hold Rzhev & stop the Russian advance
Battle of Singapore
1st day of the battle to capture Singapore
Capture of Singapore
Launches an assault on Singapore Island
Constituent Assembly Plans
Kerensky continues political activity connected with constituent assembly plans.
Central Planning Authority
Sets out proposals for central planning machinery as reconstruction responsibilities are reorganised.
Cabinet
Churchill goes on the air to rally morale & reorganises his Cabinet
Capture of Singapore
Singapore surrenders to the Japanese
Capture of Singapore
Singapore surrenders to Yamashita, 130,000 British are taken prisoner
Result of Surrender of Singapore Garrison
Singapore falls to Japan and about 130,000 Allied personnel become prisoners.
Surrender of Singapore Garrison
Singapore surrenders to Yamashita, 130,000 British are taken prisoner
Trial
Tried before the French High Court at Riom for the French defeat
US Army Air Force (USAAF) European HQ is established at Daws Hill
US Army Air Force (USAAF) European HQ is established at Daws Hill, High Wycombe (Bucks)
USAAF
US Army Air Force (USAAF) European HQ is established at Daws Hill, High Wycombe (Bucks)
Battle of Sittang
Escapes across the Sittang after an attack by the Japanese but loses heavy equipment
Supreme Commander
Appointed Supreme Commander of Allied forces in India & Burma
Supreme Commander
Appointed Supreme Commander of Allied forces in India & Burma
Operation Biting
Combined Operations supports the Bruneval radar raid.
Operation Biting
British airborne planning supports the Bruneval radar raid.
Operation Biting
Commands paratroopers in the Bruneval radar raid.
Operation Biting
Seeks intelligence on German Wurzburg radar capabilities.
Operation Biting
Dismantles Wurzburg radar components during the raid.
Colonel
Appointed Colonel General
Colonel
Appointed Colonel General
Medal
Awarded the Oak Leaf to the Knights Cross
Birth of Lewis Brian Hopkin Jones
Birth of Lewis Brian Hopkin Jones
Birth of Brian Jones
Birth of Brian Jones, founder and multi-instrumentalist of the Rolling Stones.
Bruneval Raid
The Bruneval raid brings Wurzburg radar parts back to Britain.
Operation Biting
British paratroops seize components from a German Wurzburg radar.
Arrest of Edouard Daladier
Interned by the Vichy Government & tried for betraying his country
Exile of Edouard Daladier
Deported to Germany & held there until the end of the war
Vichy Government
Interned by the Vichy Government & tried for betraying his country
Major General
Promoted to the rank of Major General (Generalmajor)
Invasion of Russia
By the end of Feb there are over 1 million German losses. By the end of Feb German forces are driven 200 miles from Moscow
Siege of Moscow
By the end of Feb German forces are driven 200 miles from Moscow
Major General
Promoted to the rank of Major General (Generalmajor)
Enigma Machine
Faces the loss of readable U-boat traffic when four-rotor Naval Enigma creates the Shark blackout.
Mobilization
The Eighth Army reaches Agheila but it cannot be captured from Rommel
Capture of Sumatra
Leads the principal assault in the Japanese capture of southern Sumatra
Battle of Stalingrad
Personally accepts the surrender of Marshal Paulus & his 6th Army
Result of Surrender of German Sixth Army
The defeat of the German Sixth Army strengthens Soviet control of the Stalingrad battlefield.
Surrender of German Sixth Army
Helps defeat the German 6th Army
Battle of Stalingrad
The remainder of the German forces in Stalingrad lay down their arms
Battle of Stalingrad
The remainder of the German forces in Stalingrad lay down their arms
Ambassador to the Holy See
Leaves the Foreign Ministry and is appointed Italian ambassador to the Holy See.
Battle of Guadalcanal
Forced to evacuate from Guadalcanal
Promotion to Four-Star General
Promoted to temporary full General while commanding Allied forces in North Africa.
Beveridge Debate
Defends government caution over immediate Beveridge implementation.
Beveridge Debate
Presses ministers to act more boldly on Beveridge.
Beveridge Debate
Presses for more ambitious social and health reform.
Military MBE
Is appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire for gallant and distinguished military service in the Middle East.
Battle of Pavlograd
Destroys the 3rd Soviet Tank Army
Unternehmen Blau
Model prepares for the withdrawal from Rhzev
Army Group Africa
The Panzer Army Africa, (now called the German-Italian Panzer Army,) is redesignated as the Italian First Army and put under the command of Italian general Giovanni Messe, while Rommel is placed in command of a new Army Group Africa (Heeresgruppe Afrika)
First Army
The Panzer Army Africa, (now called the German-Italian Panzer Army,) is redesignated as the Italian First Army and put under the command of Italian general Giovanni Messe, while Rommel is placed in command of a new Army Group Africa (Heeresgruppe Afrika)
Afrika Korps
The Panzer Army Africa, (now called the German-Italian Panzer Army,) is redesignated as the Italian First Army and put under the command of Italian general Giovanni Messe, while Rommel is placed in command of a new Army Group Africa (Heeresgruppe Afrika)
Army Group Africa
The Panzer Army Africa, (now called the German-Italian Panzer Army,) is redesignated as the Italian First Army and put under the command of Italian general Giovanni Messe, while Rommel is placed in command of a new Army Group Africa (Heeresgruppe Afrika)
First Army
The Panzer Army Africa, (now called the German-Italian Panzer Army,) is redesignated as the Italian First Army and put under the command of Italian general Giovanni Messe, while Rommel is placed in command of a new Army Group Africa (Heeresgruppe Afrika)
Heeresgruppe Afrika
The Panzer Army Africa, (now called the German-Italian Panzer Army,) is redesignated as the Italian First Army and put under the command of Italian general Giovanni Messe, while Rommel is placed in command of a new Army Group Africa (Heeresgruppe Afrika)
Bombing of U-boat Bases
Priority is switched to bombing U-boat bases
Birth of George Harrison
Birth of George Harrison, in Speke
Birth of George Harrison
Birth of George Harrison in Liverpool.
Birth of Carlos Alberto Gomes Parreira
Birth of Carlos Alberto Gomes Parreira
Aperiodic Crystal Concept
Argues in his What Is Life? lectures that hereditary information could be encoded in an aperiodic molecular structure within living cells.
What Is Life Lectures
Delivers the celebrated What Is Life? lectures at Trinity College Dublin under the auspices of the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
Commander of Dachau
Appointed Commander of Dachau Concentration Camp
Commander of Dachau
Appointed Commander of Dachau Concentration Camp
Commander of Dachau
Appointed Commander of Dachau Concentration Camp
Commander of Dachau
Appointed Commander of Dachau Concentration Camp
Enigma Machine
Becomes head of the ISK section responsible for cryptanalysis of German Abwehr Enigma.
Assassination of Franz Kutschera
Assassinated by Polish partisans
Death of Franz Kutschera
Death of Franz Kutschera, assassinated by Polish partisans
Siege of Korsun
The Korsun pocket is closed
Population Transfer Proposal
Eden explains Soviet assurances that Poles east of the proposed frontier and Ukrainians west of it could transfer across a Curzon-based settlement.
Chequers Frontier Talks
Churchill presses Mikolajczyk at Chequers to recognize that the Riga frontier must change and that the Curzon Line should guide negotiations.
Rejects Immediate Curzon Acceptance
Mikolajczyk argues that Poland cannot immediately accept the Curzon Line and proposes postponing the final frontier until after hostilities.
Medal
Awarded the Oak Leaf to the Knights Cross for sealing Battle lines around the Dneiper
Battle of Riga
The 16th & 18th Armies are ordered back to the Panther Line. Luga is liberated by the Russians
Siege of Luga
Luga is liberated by the Russians after the Battle of Riga
Birth of Mick Avory
Birth of Kinks drummer Mick Avory.
Implosion Leadership Change
Kistiakowsky becomes a full-time Los Alamos staff member and takes leadership of the rapidly expanding implosion effort from Neddermeyer.
Shingle
The Germans drive a wedge between the British & American sectors, Lucas is dismissed
Health White Paper
Criticises cautious coalition health service proposals.
A National Health Service
Presents the coalition White Paper on a national health service.
Free Service Principle
Supports treatment without charge as a planning principle.
Commander of 6th Corps
Appointed Commander of 6th Corps
Commander of 6th Corps
Appointed Commander of 6th Corps
Curzon Demarcation Proposal
Churchill tells Stalin that Poland could accept administration west of a Curzon-based demarcation line while reserving formal rights pending final negotiations.
Riga Frontier Declared Outdated
Churchill reports that the Polish Government is prepared to acknowledge that the 1921 Riga frontier no longer corresponds to wartime realities.
Exile of Joseph Stalin
Orders mass deportation of Caucasian Muslim nations, Chechens & Ingush to Kazakhstan are deported for resisting Soviet rule and abetting the Germans, 475,000 persons are evicted
Exile of Joseph Stalin
Orders mass deportation of Caucasian Muslim nations, Chechens & Ingush to Kazakhstan are deported for resisting Soviet rule and abetting the Germans, 475,000 persons are evicted
President of Argentina
Appointed de facto President of Argentina
French Forces of the Interior
Founds the French Forces of the Interior to control the activities of the Resistance
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
A Wehrmacht attempt on the Eastern Front of World War II to evade encirclement by the Red Army
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
Georgi Zhukov realized the role of the 1st Panzer Army, and began planning to bring about the Wehrmachts Armys destruction that could, and did, result in the collapse of the entire South-Eastern Front.
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
The 1st Panzer Army, commanded by Generaloberst Hans-Valentin Hube consisted of four Corps, three of which were Panzerkorps (comprising some 20 panzer or panzer grenadier divisions).
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
The Army had just completed operations to rescue the two Corps trapped in the Korsun-Shevchenkovsky Offensive, which had exhausted the armys III Panzerkorps. The 1st Panzer Army found itself defending the line in the north-western Ukraine.
Eastern Front
A Wehrmacht attempt on the Eastern Front of World War II to evade encirclement by the Red Army
Wehrmacht
Georgi Zhukov realized the role of the 1st Panzer Army, and began planning to bring about the Wehrmachts Armys destruction that could, and did, result in the collapse of the entire South-Eastern Front. A Wehrmacht attempt on the Eastern Front of World War II to evade encirclement by the Red Army
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
Georgi Zhukov realized the role of the 1st Panzer Army, and began planning to bring about the Wehrmachts Armys destruction that could, and did, result in the collapse of the entire South-Eastern Front
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
The 1st Panzer Army included over 200,000 troops, and was the most powerful formation of Field Marshall Erich von Mansteins Army Group South. The 1st Panzer Army found itself defending the line in the north-western Ukraine.
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
The Army had just completed operations to rescue the two Corps trapped in the Korsun-Shevchenkovsky Offensive, which had exhausted the armys III Panzerkorps.
Wehrmacht
Georgi Zhukov realized the role of the 1st Panzer Army, and began planning to bring about the Wehrmachts Armys destruction that could, and did, result in the collapse of the entire South-Eastern Front
OKW Operations Chief as Generaloberst
Jodl continues directing the OKW Operations Staff after his promotion to Generaloberst.
Conscription
Decrees males 16 to 60 & females 18 to 45 are liable for labour conscription
Animal Farm Draft
Completes the political fable Animal Farm.
Ukrainian Government Chairmanship
Becomes chairman of the Ukrainian republican government while retaining senior party responsibilities.
Malta Foreign Ministers Preparations
Takes part in pre-Yalta foreign-minister discussions aboard HMS Sirius in Grand Harbor.
Malta Conversation with Eden
Meets Anthony Eden to coordinate diplomatic issues before the delegations continue to Yalta.
US Polish Frontier Proposal
The American delegation proposes using the Curzon Line in northern and central sectors while seeking a southern adjustment that would leave Lwow with Poland.
Eastern Front
The Russians on the eastern front reach the River Oder
Invasion of Germany
The Russians on the eastern front reach the River Oder
Malta Combined Chiefs Session
Reviews Allied military planning with Roosevelt and the Combined Chiefs of Staff before Yalta.
Malta Luncheon with Churchill
Meets Churchill for lunch aboard USS Quincy before both leaders travel to meet Stalin.
Opening of Yalta Conference
Joins Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin as the Yalta Conference opens in Crimea.
Tripartite Dinner on Smaller Powers
Discusses how smaller states should be represented in the postwar international organization during the evening dinner.
Discusses France with Roosevelt
Discusses France's postwar role with Roosevelt during their first bilateral Yalta meeting.
Soviet Position at Yalta
Represents the Soviet Union in the opening Yalta discussions with Roosevelt and Churchill.
Yalta Joint Chiefs Opening Session
Attends the opening American Joint Chiefs meeting at Livadia Palace before the first plenary session.
First Plenary Military Review
Takes part in the first plenary session, which concentrates on the military situation in Europe.
Reviews Yalta Action Agenda
Reviews proposed action on the United Nations, Germany, Poland, Eastern Europe, Iran and China with advisers.
Roosevelt at Yalta Opening
Meets Churchill and Stalin as the Yalta Conference begins at Livadia Palace.
Reviews German Forces in Norway
Participates in tripartite military discussion of German forces in Norway and future Allied operations.
Foreign Ministers Discuss German Treatment
Discusses Germany's postwar treatment and economic questions with Stettinius and Molotov.
Argues for French Role in Germany
Supports a significant French role in postwar German occupation and control arrangements.
Tripartite Offensive Coordination
Takes part in military talks on coordinating Allied offensives, liaison and the expected end of the German war.
Foreign Ministers Economic Discussion on Germany
Reviews economic questions concerning defeated Germany during the foreign ministers' luncheon.
Presses German Reparations Question
Presses the Allies to settle principles for extracting reparations from defeated Germany.
Reviews Soviet Entry against Japan
Joins the American chiefs in examining military implications of possible Soviet participation in the Pacific war.
Reviews German Occupation Zones
Participates in Joint Chiefs discussion of occupation zones in Germany and Soviet participation against Japan.
Second Plenary Germany Debate
Participates in debate over German dismemberment, occupation zones, France and reparations.
Tripartite Bomb-Line Coordination
Discusses bomb-line arrangements and coordination between Western and Soviet forces advancing into Germany.
Dismemberment Referral Discussion
Discusses referring the question of German dismemberment to the European Advisory Commission.
Reaffirms Curzon Support
Churchill states that Britain has consistently supported the Curzon Line, including leaving Lwow to the Soviet Union, while requesting a gesture toward Poland.
Third Plenary Polish Government Debate
Participates in the third plenary debate over Poland's government and future boundaries.
Defends Curzon Line
Stalin argues that the Curzon Line was devised by non-Russian Allied statesmen on ethnographic grounds and says he cannot retreat substantially from it.
Combined Chiefs End-of-War Planning
Joins military planning on occupation zones, strategic bombing liaison and estimates for the end of the German war.
Discusses Air Bases for Eastern Operations
Participates in staff talks on airfields, strategic bombing and operational liaison with Soviet forces.
Luncheon Consultation with Churchill
Meets Churchill privately for lunch as negotiations over Germany, Poland and the United Nations continue.
Supports Curzon Line in General
Roosevelt tells Stalin at Yalta that he generally favours the Curzon Line but asks whether Poland might retain Lwow or nearby oil-producing territory.
Third Plenary United Nations Debate
Leads discussion of the American Security Council voting formula during the third plenary meeting.
Presents Security Council Voting Position
Presents the American position on voting procedure in the proposed United Nations Security Council.
Discusses French German Occupation Zone
Reviews proposals for a French occupation zone and French membership on Germany's control machinery.
Fourth Plenary Poland Discussion
Participates in renewed debate over the composition and frontiers of postwar Poland.
Accepts Secret Staff Talks
Accepts the American proposal for confidential staff discussions concerning the Far Eastern war.
Presents Soviet Reparations Proposal
Advances Soviet proposals on German reparations and an Allied reparations commission.
Requests Soviet UN Assembly Votes
Requests separate United Nations representation for several Soviet republics during the fourth plenary session.
Proposes Secret Soviet Staff Meeting
Requests a secret meeting between American and Soviet chiefs to discuss possible Soviet participation against Japan.
Reviews Prisoner Repatriation Planning
Joins Joint Chiefs discussion of reciprocal arrangements for prisoners liberated by Allied and Soviet armies.
Security Council Voting Formula Accepted
Secures acceptance of the American formula for voting in the future United Nations Security Council.
British Revised Polish Formula
A British revised formula states that Poland's eastern frontier should follow the Curzon Line with local adjustments of five to eight kilometres in Poland's favour.
Discusses Iran at Foreign Ministers Meeting
Reviews Allied troops, oil concessions and diplomatic policy toward Iran with Stettinius and Molotov.
Discusses Periodic Foreign Ministers Meetings
Agrees that the three foreign ministers should meet periodically after the conference.
Operation Veritable Opens Rhineland Offensive
21st Army Group opens Operation Veritable to clear German forces from the northern Rhineland.
Questions American Naval Planning
Raises naval and Far Eastern questions during confidential American-Soviet staff discussions.
Discusses Yugoslav and Balkan Questions
Reviews Yugoslav issues and Allied control arrangements in Bulgaria and Hungary with the other foreign ministers.
Accepts Two Soviet Republic UN Seats
Accepts a compromise under which Ukraine and Byelorussia will be supported for separate United Nations membership.
States Conditions for War against Japan
Discusses political conditions under which the Soviet Union would enter the war against Japan.
First American-Soviet Far East Staff Talks
Takes part in secret American-Soviet military talks focused on operational problems in the Far East.
Discusses Trusteeship for Korea
Discusses possible international trusteeship arrangements for Korea during his bilateral meeting with Stalin.
Far Eastern Air Base Talks with Stalin
Discusses air bases, supply routes and strategic cooperation in the Far East with Stalin.
Sets San Francisco Conference Date
Helps settle plans for the United Nations conference to open in the United States on 25 April.
Accepts Curzon Modifications Formula
The United States delegation raises no objection to a Soviet proposal placing Poland's eastern frontier on the Curzon Line with five-to-eight-kilometre adjustments.
Discusses United Nations Conference Site
Discusses membership, timing and location for the conference that will draft the United Nations Charter.
Presents British Proposal on Iran
Advances a British proposal concerning Allied policy toward Iran during the foreign ministers' meeting.
Reviews War Criminals Question
Participates in discussion of how major Axis war criminals should be treated after victory.
Revises Polish Government Proposal
Advances a revised British proposal on the composition of the postwar Polish government.
Discusses Yugoslav Settlement Amendments
Supports British amendments concerning the proposed Yugoslav political settlement.
Answers American Far East Questions
Provides Soviet responses to American military questions during the second secret staff meeting.
Late-Night Polish Formula Negotiation
Joins late-night negotiations that produce an agreed formula on the future Polish government.
Proposes Amendments on Poland
Presents Soviet amendments to the American proposal on the composition of the Polish government.
Second American-Soviet Air Cooperation Talks
Continues staff discussion with Soviet officers on air cooperation, facilities and operational liaison.
Prisoner Repatriation Draft Meeting
Takes part in tripartite work on an agreement for liberated prisoners of war and civilians.
Advances Declaration on Liberated Europe
Supports a declaration committing the Allies to consultation and democratic political processes in liberated Europe.
Discusses Territorial Trusteeships
Reviews proposed trusteeship arrangements for mandates, former enemy territories and territories voluntarily placed under trusteeship.
Reviews Remaining Poland Issues
Reviews unresolved questions concerning Poland, reparations, the United Nations, Iran and Yugoslavia.
Battle of Rhineland
Rundstedt is forbidden to evacuate any city or fortification. Hitler agrees to Rundstedts request to retreat & reconsolidate
Proposes Declaration on Liberated Europe Amendment
Offers a British amendment to the draft Declaration on Liberated Europe.
Raises Austrian-Yugoslav Frontier
Presents a British proposal concerning the future Austrian-Yugoslav frontier.
Raises Venezia Giulia Question
Presents British proposals concerning Venezia Giulia and the Yugoslav-Italian frontier.
Reopens Reparations at Final Dinner
Takes part in an evening reconsideration of German reparations with Roosevelt and Stalin.
Secures French Place on German Control Council
Supports French participation in the Allied Control Council and a French occupation zone in Germany.
Supports Message to Yugoslav Leaders
Agrees to send a joint message to Tito and Subasic concerning the formation of a Yugoslav government.
Discusses Montreux Convention Review
Participates in agreement that the foreign ministers will later consider Soviet proposals on the Turkish Straits convention.
Accepts Polish Government Formula
Agrees to a formula for reorganizing the Soviet-backed Polish provisional government on a broader basis.
Drafts Political Terms for Japan Entry
Drafts conditions concerning Mongolia, Sakhalin, Port Arthur, Dairen and Manchurian railways for Soviet entry against Japan.
Revises Soviet Japan Entry Conditions
Suggests changes to Stalin's draft political conditions for Soviet entry into the Pacific war.
Agrees Polish Frontier Statement
Joins agreement on a statement linking Poland's eastern frontier to the Curzon Line with adjustments.
Approves Declaration on Liberated Europe
Joins Churchill and Stalin in approving the Declaration on Liberated Europe.
Requests Possible Extra US Assembly Votes
Asks Stalin and Churchill to support additional American votes if the United States later seeks them in the General Assembly.
Finalizes UN Conference Arrangements
Works with Eden and Molotov on invitations and preparations for the United Nations conference.
Signs Yalta Protocol of Proceedings
Signs the final Protocol of Proceedings on behalf of the British government.
Approves French German Occupation Role
Approves inviting France to occupy a German zone and join the Allied Control Council.
Signs German Reparations Protocol
Signs the tripartite protocol governing the initial Allied approach to German reparations.
Signs Soviet Japan Entry Agreement
Joins Roosevelt and Stalin in approving the secret Far Eastern agreement on Soviet entry against Japan.
Suggests Final Communique Amendments
Proposes wording changes to the final conference communiquรฉ during the eighth plenary meeting.
Signs Yalta Protocol of Proceedings
Signs the Protocol of Proceedings summarizing the principal conclusions reached by the three governments.
Approves Periodic Foreign Ministers Consultation
Agrees to regular meetings of the three foreign ministers, beginning with a session in London.
Far Eastern Yalta Terms
Secures Allied agreement to Soviet interests in southern Sakhalin, the Kurile Islands, Port Arthur and Manchurian railways.
Raises Iranian Oil at Final Luncheon
Raises the subject of Iranian oil during the final tripartite luncheon.
Signs Agreement to Enter War against Japan
Agrees that the Soviet Union will enter the war against Japan after Germany's defeat under specified Far Eastern conditions.
Signs German Reparations Protocol
Signs the reparations protocol calling for German payments in kind to Allied countries.
Signs Liberated Persons Agreement
Signs the American-Soviet agreement governing the care and repatriation of liberated prisoners and civilians.
Approves San Francisco United Nations Conference
Agrees that the conference to draft the United Nations Charter will open in the United States on 25 April.
Declaration on Liberated Europe
Supports the Declaration on Liberated Europe, which commits the Allies to democratic political processes in liberated states.
Signs German Reparations Protocol
Signs the protocol establishing principles and machinery for German reparations.
Signs Soviet Japan Entry Agreement
Signs the secret agreement setting conditions for Soviet entry into the war against Japan.
Final Foreign Ministers Protocol Review
Reviews final protocol language on the United Nations, Iran, Yugoslavia and the Turkish Straits.
Signs Yalta Protocol of Proceedings
Signs the conference Protocol of Proceedings for the United States.
Records Final Communique Revision
Records final plenary revisions to the communiquรฉ and conference protocol.
First and Second Van Acker Governments
Begins the First and Second Van Acker Governments in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Hubert Pierlot Government
The Hubert Pierlot Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Bombing of Dresden
Allied bombing of Dresden leaves 25,000 dead
Bombing of Dresden
Allied bombing of Dresden leaves 25,000 dead
Peace
Fails to persuade Hirohito to make peace
Capture of River Neisse
Reaches the Oder-Neisse line
Capture of River Oder
Reaches the Oder-Neisse line
Cabinet Report on Yalta
Reports to the British Cabinet on the principal agreements reached at the Big Three conference in Crimea.
Tank Defense of Iwo Jima
Nishi commands the Twenty-Sixth Tank Regiment, whose vehicles are largely employed as fortified firing positions on Iwo Jima.
Defense of Iwo Jima
Kuribayashi holds much of his fire until American Marines are ashore, then opens a coordinated defense from concealed positions.
Naval Defense of Iwo Jima
Ichimaru commands the principal Japanese naval contingent defending Iwo Jima alongside Kuribayashi's army forces.
Geneva Convention Denunciation Opposed
Jodl argues that Germany should not renounce the Geneva Convention because doing so would bring greater disadvantages.
Battle of Manila
Suicidally chooses to destroy the Intramuros & loses over 16,000 Japanese dead. Manila is isolated from Yamashita main forces. Ignores Yamashitas orders not to defend the city
Army Group Vistula
The newly created Army Group Vistula, under the command of Reichsfuhrer-SS Heinrich Himmler,attemped a counter-attack but failed by 24 February
Battle of Berlin
The newly created Army Group Vistula, under the command of Reichsfuhrer-SS Heinrich Himmler,attemped a counter-attack but failed by 24 February
Bombing of Tokyo
The USA bombs Tokyo, 200,000 are killed
Commons Debate on Yalta
Defends the Yalta agreements during a House of Commons debate that ends with a vote of confidence.
Final Plutonium Bomb Design Meeting
A senior design meeting fixes the plutonium bomb approach around a solid core, explosive lenses, electric detonators and a modulated neutron initiator.
Epidemic
35,000 die in the 1st 2 months of 1945
Declaration of War
Stalin secretly agrees with Roosevelt & Churchill to fight Japan after German defeat
Neutrality
Japan approaches Russia, as neutrals, to arrange peace but receives no reply
Peace
Japan approaches Russia, as neutrals, to arrange peace but receives no reply
Capture of Japan
The US recapture Corregidor
Vorrink Testifies on German Occupation of Netherlands
Vorrink provides evidence about German occupation policy, political repression and treatment of Dutch civilians.
General
Appointed General Secretary of the United Nations
Van der Essen Testifies on Occupation Policy
Van der Essen gives evidence concerning German occupation practices and the historical record of policies applied in western Europe.
Provisional People's Committee
Becomes chairman of the provisional northern government.
Harris Hospital Mastoidectomy
Lee entered Harris Hospital with acute mastoiditis and underwent an uncomplicated mastoidectomy before leaving four days later.
Paulus Testifies on Planning against Soviet Union
Paulus gives evidence about German military planning for the attack on the Soviet Union and the role of senior commanders in preparations.
Buschenhagen Testifies on Invasion Planning
Buschenhagen answers Soviet prosecution questions about German military planning and cooperation connected with operations against the Soviet Union.
Prime Minister of Egypt
Returns as Prime Minister and opens negotiations with Britain.
ACE
Works on the design of the ACE (Automatic Computing Engine) at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL)presents a paper which was the first detailed design of a stored-program computer
Employment Act
The Act declares federal responsibility for promoting maximum employment, production and purchasing power.
Employment Act of 1946
Truman signs the Employment Act of 1946, establishing a federal commitment to promote maximum employment, production, and purchasing power that becomes an important part of the postwar policy setting in which the Federal Reserve operates.
Orbeli Testifies on Cultural Destruction
Orbeli describes damage and destruction affecting cultural institutions and historic property during the German invasion of the Soviet Union.
Rajzman Testifies on Treblinka
Rajzman recounts deportation and mass killing at Treblinka, giving direct evidence about the operation of the extermination camp.
Lomakin Testifies on Leningrad Destruction
Lomakin gives Soviet evidence concerning destruction, bombardment and civilian suffering connected with the siege of Leningrad.
Birth of Robin Finlayson Cook
Birth of Robin Finlayson Cook
Treaty of Sino-French
A Sino-French Treaty provides for the return of French troops from South East Asia
Moon Radar Echo
Receives radar echoes from the Moon in independent experiments.
Speech
Makes an "electoral speech" attacking leading intellectuals
Independence of Korea
Organizes the National Asociation for the Acceleration of Korean independence. Appointed President of the South Korean Democratic Council of the Republic of Korea
Independence of South Korea
Organizes the National Asociation for the Acceleration of Korean independence. Appointed President of the South Korean Democratic Council of the Republic of Korea
President of South Korea
Appointed President of the South Korean Democratic Council of the Republic of Korea
Departs on HMS Vanguard for South Africa to help Jan Smuts against
Departs on HMS Vanguard for South Africa to help Jan Smuts against the Nationalist Party
Visit to Portsmouth
Embarks on the HMS Vanguard for royal state visit to South Africa & Rhodesia. Elizabeth IIs 1st trip outside the British Isles
George V departs to South Africa to help Smuts against the Nationalist
George V departs to South Africa to help Smuts against the Nationalist Party
Great Britain Football Team
Great Britain joins together to form a football team, which Hardwick captained and led to victory (61) against the rest of Europe
Karl Brandt Testifies in Doctors Trial
Karl Brandt took the stand in his own defence and addressed his authority in the German medical system, euthanasia policy and allegations concerning human experimentation.
Karl Brandt Defence Case Begins
Brandt begins his defence against charges involving medical experiments, euthanasia policy and responsibility within the Nazi health system.
Birth of David Russell Gordon Davies
Birth of David Russell Gordon Davies
Speer Gives Sworn Interrogation for Milch Case
Speer was examined under oath in connection with the Milch Case, answering questions about Milch's position, armaments administration, labour matters and wartime organizational relationships.
Second Olafur Thors Government
The Second Olafur Thors Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Stefan Johann Stefansson Government
Begins the Stefan Johann Stefansson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Prime Minister of Iceland
Appointed Prime Minister of Iceland
Formation of Second Rifai Government
Al-Rifai formed his second government after Jordan had achieved independence in 1946. He served as prime minister while also holding the foreign affairs and defense portfolios.
Hippke Testifies in Milch Defence
Former Luftwaffe medical inspector Erich Hippke gives defence evidence concerning medical administration and responsibility for wartime experiments.
Gutzeit Testifies on Karl Brandt Medical Reputation
Gutzeit testified about Karl Brandt's professional standing and discussed wartime medical administration in support of the lead defendant's case.
Lammers Testifies for Karl Brandt Defence
Lammers gave evidence about Karl Brandt's access to Hitler, governmental responsibilities and the administrative setting in which Brandt exercised medical authority.
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland, 1st term
Peace Treaty
Peace treaty with Italy confirms Albanian sovereignty after World War Two
Richter Testifies in Milch Case
Karl Richter appears for the defence as the Milch proceedings examine responsibility for aviation medicine and forced labour.
Handloser Defence Case Begins
Handloser's defence addresses command responsibility within the German armed forces medical service and his connection to wartime experimentation.
Handloser Testifies on Military Medical Command
Handloser testified about the structure of the armed-forces medical service and disputed that his senior position gave him operational control over every experimental programme.
Neff Appears in Milch Trial
Walter Neff gives evidence in the Milch Case concerning matters already examined in connection with concentration-camp medical experiments.
Panglong Agreement
Secures agreement with Shan Kachin and Chin leaders for a future Burmese Union
Ruff Testifies in Milch Case
Siegfried Ruff is called in the Milch defence to address aviation research and questions surrounding high-altitude experimentation.
Harding Named Alternate Judge of Tribunal III
Harding was named alternate judge for the Justice Case, providing the tribunal with a replacement member if one of the regular judges became unable to continue.
Marshall Appointed Presiding Judge of Tribunal III
Marshall was designated presiding judge of Military Tribunal III, the court constituted to hear the Justice Case against judges and Justice Ministry officials.
Brand Appointed Judge of Tribunal III
Brand was appointed a member of Military Tribunal III and joined the judicial panel created to hear the prosecution of Nazi-era legal officials.
Blair Appointed Judge of Tribunal III
Blair received appointment to Military Tribunal III, giving him responsibility for hearing evidence about the use of German courts as instruments of persecution.
Speer Testifies for Milch Defence
Albert Speer testifies about Milch's wartime position, armaments administration and relations within the German war economy.
Visit to Cape Town
Arrives at Duncan Dock received by the Governor of General, Prime Minister & the Cabinet. 1st time a reigning British Sovereign had step foot on South African soil
Wuerfler Testifies for Handloser Defence
Wuerfler described the armed-forces medical hierarchy and offered evidence intended to define the practical limits of Handloser's command authority.
Wolff Testifies in Milch Case
Karl Wolff appears as a defence witness while the Tribunal considers Milch's connections with senior Nazi and SS officials.
Hartleben Testifies on Handloser Command Structure
Hartleben testified about reporting relationships within German military medicine and the channels through which research and administrative decisions were communicated.
Bernhard Schmidt Testifies on Military Medical Organization
Schmidt explained military medical organization and responsibilities, supplying the Tribunal with evidence relevant to the defence of Siegfried Handloser.
Rostock Testifies on Medical Research Administration
Rostock described his work in medical research administration and challenged the prosecution's claim that his office coordinated criminal experiments on concentration-camp prisoners.
Rostock Defence Case Begins
Rostock opens his defence against allegations concerning the organisation and coordination of criminal medical research.
Independence of Great Britain
Agrees to grant Indian independence no later than 1948
Independence of India
Agrees to grant Indian independence no later than 1948
Withdrawal Negotiations
Informs the US Britain cannot afford to keep troops in Greece and will withdraw by April
Christensen Testifies for Rostock Defence
Christensen gave evidence about the Office for Medical Science and Research and supported Rostock's argument that the organization did not centrally direct criminal experiments.
Schroeder Testifies on Luftwaffe Medical Service
Schroeder testified about Luftwaffe medical responsibilities, research requests and his knowledge of experiments involving seawater, aviation medicine and infectious disease.
Schroeder Defence Case Begins
Schroeder's defence examines his Luftwaffe medical responsibilities and the evidence connecting him to experiments on concentration-camp prisoners.
Karlstetter Testifies in Rostock Defence
Karlstetter testified about administrative matters surrounding Rostock's office and supplied evidence concerning its daily work and personnel relationships.
Jentsch Testifies for Schroeder Defence
Jentsch described Luftwaffe medical administration and offered testimony concerning Schroeder's responsibilities, communications and involvement in wartime research programmes.
Augustinick Testifies on Luftwaffe Medical Work
Augustinick gave evidence about Luftwaffe medical operations and sought to clarify how research proposals and orders moved through the service during Schroeder's tenure.
Genzken Testifies on Waffen SS Medical Authority
Genzken explained the organization of Waffen-SS medical services and responded to allegations linking his command position with experiments performed on prisoners.
Genzken Defence Case Begins
Genzken begins answering charges arising from his senior medical role in the Waffen-SS and alleged participation in experimentation.
Witt Testifies for Schroeder Defence
Witt appeared for Schroeder's defence and provided evidence about the administrative context of Luftwaffe medical work examined by the Tribunal.
Citizenship
Takes the oath of allegiance & becomes a British subject
Normanton By-Election
Contests the Normanton by-election as a Conservative candidate but is not elected.
Offers to return to Britain from the tour of South Africa
Offers to return to Britain from the tour of South Africa, but Attlee refuses
Opens the new session of Parliament in Cape Town
Opens the new session of Parliament in Cape Town
Rule of Mahabad
The Kurdish Republic of Mahabad falls under control of the Shah
Famine
Famine in the Ukraine, 1946-1947
Braeutigam Testifies in Ministries Case
Otto Braeutigam testifies about Eastern policy and the activities of government ministries involved in occupied territories.
Birth of Alice Cooper
Birth of Alice Cooper, Vincent Furnier
High Command Trial Opens
The High Command Case opened against senior German commanders and staff officers.
Schmidt Testifies in Ministries Case
Paul Schmidt appears as a witness while the prosecution develops evidence concerning diplomacy, policy decisions and senior government responsibility.
Young Presides as High Command Trial Opens
Young presided when the High Command Case opened against senior German military leaders accused of responsibility for unlawful orders and wartime operations.
Harding Joins High Command Tribunal
Harding joined the High Command Tribunal after earlier service in the Justice Case, participating in the prosecution of senior German military officers.
Hale Takes Seat on High Command Tribunal
Hale took his seat on Military Tribunal V at the opening of the High Command Case and began hearing evidence against senior commanders.
Heusinger Testifies in High Command Case
Adolf Heusinger testifies about German operational planning and the relationships among senior army commands.
Linge Testifies in High Command Case
Kurt Linge gives evidence as prosecutors begin presenting the military command structure and documentary record of wartime orders.
Battle of Naushera
Jadunath Singh leads the defence of a forward post at Naushera and is killed after repelling repeated assaults.
Shake Signs Revised Tribunal VI Procedure Rules
Shake signed an order adopting revised uniform procedural rules for Military Tribunal VI while the IG Farben Case remained in progress.
Army Resignation for Columbia University
Leaves active Army leadership to take up the presidency of Columbia University.
Wagner Testifies in High Command Case
Gerhard Wagner gives evidence concerning naval planning and the role of senior commanders in German military operations.
Westhoff Testifies on Prisoner Policy
Adolf Westhoff testifies about prisoner-of-war administration and military policies examined in the High Command prosecution.
Schemmel Testifies in High Command Case
Nikolaus Schemmel gives evidence while prosecutors develop the record of command responsibility and wartime military orders.
Resignation of Tetsu Katayama
Resigns after the budget is rejected by the head of the budget committee in the Diet
Lahousen Testifies in High Command Case
Erwin Lahousen returns as a witness to describe criminal orders and command discussions within the German armed forces.
Busson Testifies in High Command Case
Henri Busson gives evidence concerning German military conduct in occupied territories during the High Command proceedings.
Ohler Testifies in High Command Case
Paul Ohler appears as a prosecution witness as the Tribunal examines orders, reprisals and military responsibility.
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of Venezuela
Stumpff Testifies in High Command Case
Hans Stumpff testifies as prosecutors question witnesses about the structure, authority and conduct of Germany's senior military leadership.
Schoenig Testifies in High Command Case
Hans Schoenig gives evidence during the prosecution case concerning senior command policies and actions on the Eastern Front.
First Inter-Party Government
Becomes Taoiseach of the state's first inter-party government.
Hostage Trial Judgment
The tribunal found List guilty on war-crimes charges in the Hostage Case.
Hostage Trial Sentence
Kuntze was sentenced to life imprisonment in the Hostage Case.
Birth of Anthony Frank Iommi
Birth of Anthony Frank Iommi, later guitarist and sole continuous member of Black Sabbath.
Wennerstrum Presides over Hostage Judgment
Wennerstrum presided when the tribunal issued its Hostage Case judgment, addressing military command responsibility, reprisals and the treatment of civilians in occupied territory.
Burke Joins Hostage Judgment
Burke participated in the final judicial decision in the Hostage Case after the tribunal completed its review of evidence against the German commanders.
Capture of Prague
The Czechoslovak Communist Party is ordered to take power in Prague
Coup
The Czechoslovak Communist Party is ordered to take power in Prague
First Gottwald Government
The First Gottwald Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Second Gottwald Government
Begins the Second Gottwald Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Doctors' Terms
Offers concessions to secure medical profession participation.
First Federal Budget
The government presents Pakistan's first federal budget.
Occupation
Joseph Dodge is appointed to implement the 9-Point Program
Trial
Godse & Apte are sentenced to death for the assassination of Gandhi
Trial
Godse & Apte are sentenced to death for the assassination of Gandhi
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, 3rd term
Birth of Jimmy Greaves
Birth of Jimmy Greaves
Peace
Israel signs an armistice with Egypt
Martial Law
The Shah declares martial law
Coup
Involved in an abortive military attempt to return to power
Prime Minister of Bulgaria
Appointed Prime Minister of Bulgaria
Independence of Vietnam
Recognized as "an associated state within the French Union" ruled by Bao Dai
Birth of James Dunn
Birth of James Dunn, US vocalist Stylistics
Armament
Chinese communists provide modern weapons to the Vietminh
Chinese communists provide modern weapons to the Vietminh
Chinese communists provide modern weapons to the Vietminh
Independence of United States of America
The United States & Britain recognize Bao Dais Government
United States & Britain recognize Bao Dais Government
The United States & Britain recognize Bao Dais Government
Independence of Vietnam
Bao Dais Government is recognized by the US & Britain
Deputy Minister of State Security
Appointed as the first Deputy Minister of State Security of the GDR
Minister of State Security
Appointed as the first Minister of State Security of the GDR
Birth of Stephen Richard Hackett
Birth of Stephen Richard Hackett, later Genesis guitarist during the classic progressive rock era.
Birth of Peter Brian Gabriel
Birth of Peter Brian Gabriel
Birth of Peter Brian Gabriel
Birth of Peter Brian Gabriel, later Genesis vocalist, lyricist and theatrical frontman.
Treaty of Friendship
Russia & China sign a 30 year Treaty of Friendship, Alliance & Mutual Assistance
Sino-Soviet Treaty
Participates in negotiations leading to the Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance with the Soviet Union.
Birth of Julie Walters
Julie Walters is born in Edgbaston and later becomes an acclaimed actor.
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for Bexley
Birmingham Stechford
Wins Birmingham Stechford after boundary changes abolish Southwark Central.
General Election - General Election
Retains Plymouth Devonport for Labour at the 1950 general election.
General Election Election Outcome
General election outcome recorded for Michael Mackintosh Foot: Retains Plymouth Devonport for Labour at the 1950 general election.
General Election Government
Government context for this general election: Retains Plymouth Devonport for Labour at the 1950 general election.
General Election
Retains Plymouth Devonport for Labour at the 1950 general election.
Election
A swing of 3.3% from Labour to Conservative produces a Labour majority of 6
Election
Reduced Labour majority: Labour 315, Conservatives 298, Liberals 9 and others 8. Labour polls a popular vote not exceeded by any political party until 1992
Election
The Labour Party wins 48.8% of votes cast, a record, and 315 MPs
General Election
Helps the Conservatives recover ground in the 1950 general election
Election to Parliament
Is elected Conservative MP for Bexley at the 1950 general election.
Constituency Redistribution
Moves to Birmingham Stechford after Southwark Central disappears during boundary changes.
General Election
Retains Coventry East at the 1950 general election.
General Election
Retains Wakefield for Labour with a substantial majority in the general election.
General Election
Healey again contests Pudsey and Otley but remains outside the House of Commons.
Pudsey and Otley
Healey contests Pudsey and Otley again but does not win the seat.
Minister of Economics
Appointed Minister of Economic Affairs
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 2nd term
Birth of Kevin Whately
Birth of Kevin Whately, Humshaugh, near Hexham, Northumberland
Strike
Orders the Army to control US railways during the strike
Birth of Joseph Kevin Keegan
Birh of Joseph Kevin Keegan
Nationalisation of Steel
The Iron and Steel Corporation assumes ownership of major iron and steel companies.
Birth of Barzan Ibrahim El-Hasan al-Tikriti
Birth of Barzan Ibrahim El-Hasan al-Tikriti
Politburo Membership
Becomes a senior party leader during the Second Party Congress period
Birth of Gordon Brown
James Gordon Brown is born in Giffnock near Glasgow.
Resignation of Rene Pleven
The coalition Government falls on the issue of electoral reform
Ferranti Mark I Programming
Takes a leading role in preparing programmers to use the Ferranti Mark I delivered to Manchester.
Head of State Begins
Elizabeth II becomes monarch and head of state for Montserrat
Council of Accession
Attends the Accession Council which proclaims Queen Elizabeth II
Succession
Attends the Accession Council which proclaims Queen Elizabeth II
Death of George VI
Death of George VI, only 56
Death of Bowes-Lyon
Death of George VI, her husband
Death of Elizabeth II
Death of George VI, hears of death in a tree-tops hut in the Aberdare Forest, Kenya
Succession
Succeeds as Queen of Great Britain, Succeeds George II after his death. Both Houses of Parliament take the oath of allegiance to Elizabeth II
By-election
Healey wins the Leeds South East by-election and enters the House of Commons.
Parliamentary Entry
Healey enters Parliament after winning the Leeds South East by-election for Labour.
Demonstrations
Addresses a meeting of 500 activists opposed to forced removals from Sophiatown
Evacuation
The forced evacuation of Sophiatown to Meadowlands takes place
Evacuation
The forced evacuation confirms Mandelas belief in armed & violent resistance
Greece Joins NATO
Papagos's government presides over Greece's accession to NATO.
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Greece & Turkey are admitted to NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Both Greece & Turkey are admitted to NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Both Greece & Turkey are admitted to NATO
First Parliamentary Election
Libya holds its first national parliamentary election under the federal constitution.
Birth of Jean-Jacques Burnel
Birth of Jean-Jacques Burnel, later bassist, vocalist and founding member of The Stranglers.
Identity Cards
Identity cards are abolished
Battle of Hoa Binh
Compels the French to withdraw from Hoa Binh southwest of Hanoi
Governor
Appointed Governor General of Canada, 1st Canadian born person to hold this post
Election
Healey is elected to the House of Commons as Member of Parliament for Leeds South East at a by-election with a majority of 7000 votes.
Health of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
Churchill has a small arterial spasm
Strait Neutralization Policy
The United States ends its policy of neutralizing the Taiwan Strait, allowing Chiangโs forces greater freedom of action against the mainland.
Coal Common Market
The ECSC common market for coal opened while Monnet chaired the High Authority.
Plot
28 doctors & their wives are arrested
Crimea Transfer Approved
The Soviet Presidium approves transfer of Crimea from the Russian republic to the Ukrainian republic during his leadership.
Cold War Commentary
Kerensky continues political activity connected with cold war commentary.
Transfer to Kazakhstan Party Leadership
Moves to Kazakhstan as the party's second-ranking official, helping staff the expanding Virgin Lands campaign.
Artillery Emplaced
Positions artillery around the French base before the final siege
Hansen Premiership
Begins the Hansen Premiership in Copenhagen and serves as Prime Minister of Denmark.
President of Panama
Appointed President of Panama
Birth of Marina Palei
Birth of Marina Palei
Resignation of Pierre Mendes
The Government falls over the question of North-African insurgency
Tachen Islands Evacuation
American naval forces assist the evacuation of Nationalist Chinese forces and civilians from the Tachen Islands.
Malenkov Removed as Premier
Helps force Georgy Malenkov from the premiership, strengthening Khruschev's position in the collective leadership.
Resignation of Georgi Maksimilanovich Malenkov
Resigns as Prime Minister after a budget to reduce arms expenditure is rejected
Prime Minister of Russia
Appointed Chairman of the Council of Minister's, Prime Minister
Succession
Cabinet decides to grant Prince Philip the title, Prince of the United Kingdom
Prime Minister of France
Appointed Prime Minister of France
Pact between Turkey and Iraq
Turkey & Iraq sign a Treaty of alliance, Parliament votes to support it
Alliance Adnan Menderes and Iraq to counter Russian expansionism in the Middle East
Signs a Treaty of with Iraq to counter Russian expansionism in the Middle East
Resignation of Pierre Mendes
Mendes is forced to resign during the Algerian crisis
Resignation of Pierre Mendes
Mendes is forced to resign during the Algerian crisis
Closes the Russian consulate
Closes the Russian consulate
Congress of Communist Party, 20th
Makes a speech in closed session demolishing Stalins supposed infallibility
Twentieth Party Congress Opens
Opens the Twentieth Party Congress and presents a report emphasizing peaceful coexistence and economic competition.
President of Finland
Appointed President of Finland
Visit to To Nigeria
Makes a state visit to Nigeria
National Radical Union Election Victory
Karamanlis wins a parliamentary majority leading the National Radical Union.
Congress of Communist Party, 20th
Denounces Stalin as a criminal & that unreconstructed Stalinists are no better
Secret Speech Against Stalin
Delivers the secret speech denouncing Stalin's cult of personality, purges and abuses of power.
Stalinization
Makes a speech denouncing Stalin as a military incompetent, a liar & mass murderer
Second-Term Candidacy Announced
Announces that he will seek a second presidential term.
Return to CPSU Secretariat
Returns to Moscow as a Secretary of the Communist Party Central Committee.
Peaceful Coexistence Policy
Promotes peaceful coexistence with capitalist states as an official theme of Soviet foreign policy.
Mayor of Amsterdam
Takes office as Mayor of Amsterdam.
Parliamentary Reform
I participates in parliamentary reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Birth of Ali Campbell
Birth of Ali Campbell, later lead singer of UB40.
Herbert Matthews Interview
Fidel Castro meets New York Times correspondent Herbert Matthews in the Sierra Maestra, helping demonstrate publicly that the rebel leader is alive and active.
New York Times Interview
Publishes interviews showing Castro is alive and active.
New York Times Interview
Uses press coverage to strengthen rebel legitimacy.
Treaty of Rome
Pineau joins the foreign ministers' meeting that prepares settlement of the remaining questions before the final Paris conference.
Treaty of Rome
Martino attends the foreign ministers' preparatory meeting before the final Paris conference of the Six.
Treaty of Rome
Spaak represents Belgium at the Paris conference that resolves the final political obstacles before signature in Rome.
Treaty of Rome
Van Acker joins the final Paris conference of heads of government and foreign ministers to settle outstanding treaty questions.
Treaty of Rome
Mollet convenes the final conference of the Six to resolve outstanding issues and permit rapid signature of the treaties.
Treaty of Rome
Faure takes part in the Paris conference dealing with overseas territories, Algeria, the common external tariff and Euratom questions.
Death of Maurice-Francois Garin
Death of Maurice-Francois Garin
Treaty of Rome
Adenauer joins the Paris conference that settles final disputes over the common market, overseas territories and Euratom.
Treaty of Rome
Von Brentano accompanies Adenauer at the final Paris conference of the Six before the Rome signing.
Armament
Makes a speech in Parliament calling for global disarmament & a summit
Treaty of Rome
Badini Confalonieri accompanies the Italian delegation at the Paris conference addressing the final unresolved treaty issues.
Treaty of Rome
Martino joins the Paris conference that settles the remaining political questions before the treaties are signed.
Treaty of Rome
Segni joins the other heads of government in Paris to settle the treaty package at political level.
Treaty of Rome
Bech attends the final Paris conference that clears the remaining political obstacles before signature in Rome.
Treaty of Rome
Van der Beugel participates in the Dutch delegation at the final Paris conference on the Rome Treaties.
Treaty of Rome
Luns joins Drees at the Paris conference that settles the final political questions before signature.
Treaty of Rome
Drees brings Dutch government concerns to the Paris summit, where the Six close their remaining treaty disputes.
Treaty of Rome
Mollet helps conclude the Paris settlement that clears the way for the Rome Treaties to be signed the following month.
Succession
Cabinet grants Philip the title, Prince of the United Kingdom, Churchills suggestion
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, 1st term
Birth of Timothy Leonard Spall
Birth of Timothy Leonard Spall
Treaty of Rome
Hallstein helps complete the Federal German negotiating position as the Rome Treaties move toward final drafting.
Visit to To Portugal
Pays a state visit to Portugal. Makes a state visit to Portugal
Resignation of Tanzan Ishibashi
Resigns due to ill health
Health of Tanzan Ishibashi
Resigns due to ill health
United Arab Republic
Agrees with Syrian leaders to unite Egypt and Syria as the United Arab Republic.
Beatles, The
Paul McCartney introduces George Harrison to the Quarrymen at a basement teen club called the Morgue, George joins the group
Beatles, The
Paul McCartney introduces George Harrison to the Quarrymen at a basement teen club called the Morgue, George joins the group
Quarrymen
Paul McCartney introduces George Harrison to the Quarrymen at a basement teen club called the Morgue, George joins the group
Beatles, The
Paul McCartney introduces George Harrison to the Quarrymen at a basement teen club called the Morgue, George joins the group
Quarrymen
Paul McCartney introduces George Harrison to the Quarrymen at a basement teen club called the Morgue, George joins the group
Quarrymen
Paul McCartney introduces George Harrison to the Quarrymen at a basement teen club called the Morgue, George joins the group
Quarrymen
Paul McCartney introduces George Harrison to the Quarrymen in Liverpool.
Quarrymen
Joins the Quarrymen after being introduced by Paul McCartney.
Plan-Rapacki
Circulates the Rapacki Plan to remove nuclear weapons from central Europe
Plan-Rapacki
Circulates the Rapacki Plan to remove nuclear weapons from central Europe
Nuclear Power
Circulates the Rapacki Plan to remove nuclear weapons from central Europe
Munich Air Disaster
Seven of Manchester Uniteds players die immediately, and Duncan Edward's dies from his injuries on 21 February, 2 other players had to retire because of their injuries
Munich Air Disaster
Although the crash was originally blamed on pilot error, it was subsequently found to have been caused by the build-up of slush towards the ends of the runway.
Munich Air Disaster
The take-off from Belgrade was delayed for an hour as the United player Johnny Berry had lost his passport, then the plane made a scheduled stop in Munich to refuel.
Munich Air Disaster
causing deceleration of the aircraft and preventing safe flying speed from being attained.
Munich Air Disaster
There is speculation that the club would fold, but a threadbare United team completes the 1957-1958 season, with Uniteds coach Jimmy Murphy standing in as manager
Munich Air Disaster
Man Utd chartered an aeroplane to fly them home from their European Cup match against the Yugoslavian team Red Star Belgrade, which ended in a 3-3 draw (United won the tie 5-4 on aggregate)
Munich Air Disaster
Matt Busby is seriously injured and had to stay in hospital for some time after the crash, and is read his last rites twice.
Munich Air Disaster
Seven of Manchester United's players die immediately, and Duncan Edwards dies from his injuries on 21 February, 2 other players had to retire because of their injuries.
Munich Air Disaster
The British European Airways Flight 609 crashes on its 3rd attempt to take off from a slush-covered runway at the Munich-Riem airport, 23 of the 44 passengers on board die including 8 of the "Busby Babes".
Munich Air Disaster
The take-off from Belgrade was delayed for an hour as the United player Johnny Berry had lost his passport, then the plane made a scheduled stop in Munich to refuel.
Munich Air Disaster
There is speculation that the club would fold, but a threadbare United team completes the 1957-1958 season, with United's coach Jimmy Murphy standing in as manager.
Advanced Research Projects Agency Established
The Department of Defense establishes ARPA as the administration accelerates advanced research after Sputnik.
Second Battle of Pino del Agua
Rebel forces win another important engagement at Pino del Agua during the growth of the guerrilla war.
UAR
Proclaims the United Arab Republic after Egypt and Syria approve their union.
United Arab Republic
Proclaims the union of Egypt and Syria as the United Arab Republic.
Radio Rebelde Founded
Under Guevara's supervision, Radio Rebelde begins broadcasting from the Sierra Maestra to carry rebel news and the movement's messages across Cuba.
Radio Rebelde
Directs rebel radio broadcasts from the Sierra Maestra.
Promotion to Commander
Almeida is promoted to commander in the Rebel Army before taking responsibility for a major eastern front of the revolutionary campaign.
Frank Pais Eastern Front
Appointed Comandante and assigned the mission to cross the old province of Oriente leading a column of guerrillas to open, to the northeast of that territory, the "Frank Pais Eastern Front"
Oriente Campaign
Appointed Comandante and assigned the mission to cross the old province of Oriente leading a column of guerrillas to open, to the northeast of that territory, the "Frank Pais Eastern Front"
Promotion to Comandante
Appointed Comandante and assigned the mission to cross the old province of Oriente leading a column of guerrillas to open, to the northeast of that territory, the "Frank Pais Eastern Front"
Frank Pais Eastern Front
Opens the Frank Pais Eastern Front in Oriente.
Movement Political Programme
Castro's movement reports that professors from the University of Oriente are drafting a more formal political and economic programme for the 26th of July Movement.
Radio Rebelde
Radio broadcasts were made possible by Carlos Franqui
Escopeteros
The Revolutionary Directorate attacks Batista's palace and radio station.
Radio Rebelde
The Revolutionary Directorate attacks Batista's palace and radio station.
Rebel Radio
The Revolutionary Directorate attacks Batista's palace and radio station.
Free Trade Area Proposal
Promotes an alternative free trade area rather than joining the supranational common market.
Death of Ritchie Valens
Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and the Big Bopper (J.P. Richardson) are killed when a plane Buddy Holly had chartered from Mason City, Iowa, to Fargo, North Dakota crashes in a corn field
El Pedrero Speech
Guevara addresses residents at El Pedrero and links the revolution's victory to social change in rural Cuba.
Cuban Citizenship Granted
The revolutionary government grants Guevara Cuban citizenship in recognition of his role in the armed struggle.
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of Venezuela
Inauguration
Miro unexpectedly resigns & Castro is sworn in as Prime Minister of Cuba
Prime Minister of Cuba
Miro unexpectedly resigns & Castro is sworn in as Prime Minister of Cuba
Resignation of Miro
Miro unexpectedly resigns & Castro is sworn in as Prime Minister of Cuba
Prime Minister
Becomes prime minister of the new revolutionary government.
Birth of John McEnroe
Birth of John McEnroe
Air Crash
Menderes survives an air crash
Independence of Cyprus
Turkey & Greece accept plans for the basis of an independent Cyprus. The basis for Cyprus independence is agreed, Britain can keep its sovereign bases
Independence of Great Britain
Turkey & Greece accept plans for the basis of an independent Cyprus. The basis for Cyprus independence is agreed, Britain can keep its sovereign bases
Visit to London
Visits Khruschev to "have an exploratory exchange of views on world problems"
Russian Language Test
Oswald took a Marine foreign-language qualification test in Russian on February 25, 1959, and received poor ratings in all tested areas.
Parliamentary Reform
al-Fayez participates in parliamentary reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Agreement on Buy oil from the USSR
Cuba signs an agreement to buy oil from the USSR
Economy of Cuba
US refineries in Cuba refuse to process Cuban oil, they are expropriated, & the US breaks off diplomatic relations with the Castro Government. Cuba signs an agreement to buy oil from the USSR
Nationalization
US refineries in Cuba refuse to process Cuban oil, they are expropriated, & the US breaks off diplomatic relations with the Castro Government
Death of Daniel Francois Malan
Death of Daniel Francois Malan
Death of Daniel Francois Malan
Death of Daniel Francois Malan
Independence of African colonies
In a speech to MPs in the Houses of Parliament in Cape Town, Mr Macmillan spoke of the "wind of change" blowing through the continent of Africa
Independence of Great Britain
In a speech to MPs in the Houses of Parliament in Cape Town, Mr Macmillan spoke of the "wind of change" blowing through the continent of Africa
Speech
Macmillans "wind of change" speech became a historical landmark, the first sign that the British Government accepted that the days of Empire were over. In a speech to MPs in the Houses of Parliament in Cape Town, Mr Macmillan spoke of the "wind of change" blowing through the continent of Africa
Visit to Pretoria
Visits South Africa & says "a wind of change is blowing through the continent"
Macmillan Speech Reception
Rejects external pressure to dismantle the apartheid system.
Wind of Change Response
Receives Harold Macmillan's Wind of Change speech before Parliament.
Speech
Makes maiden speech in Parliament
House of Windsor
Elizabeth II confirms that she and her descendants will be known as the House and Family of Windsor, and further provided that their personal surname, whenever one should be needed, is "Mountbatten-Windsor"
Politburo
Appointed Member of Politburo
Strike
Gains approval from the cabinet to offer the NUR 5% which ia accepted
Nuclear Power
France explodes its first atomic bomb in the Sahara desert, it has a yield of 60-70 kilotons
Gerboise Bleue
France tests its first atomic weapon in Algeria.
Gerboise Bleue Nuclear Test
France detonates Gerboise Bleue in Algeria and becomes the fourth state to test a nuclear weapon.
President of Pakistan
Ayub Khan receives a renewed presidential mandate from the Basic Democracies electorate.
Presidential Referendum
Basic Democrats confirm Ayub Khan as President through an indirect referendum.
Anti-Nuclear Protest
Takes part in nuclear disarmament protest activity.
Hansen Premiership
The Hansen Premiership ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Birth of Andrew
Birth of Andrew, gives birth to Prince Andrew
Kampmann Premiership
Begins the Kampmann Premiership in Copenhagen and serves as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Birth of Naruhito Hironomiya
Birth of Naruhito Hironomiya, eldest son of Akihito
Operation Amigo Begins
Begins a South American goodwill mission known as Operation Amigo, visiting Brazil, Argentina, Chile and Uruguay.
Free Transfer of Scottish Forward
Liverpool signed Sammy Reid from Motherwell on a free transfer in February 1960 as Bill Shankly began reshaping the playing staff.
TIFRAC
R. Narasimhan and the TIFR team complete TIFRAC, an early indigenous digital computer designed and built in India.
Federal Capital Relocation
The federal government moves from Karachi to temporary offices in Rawalpindi.
MacMillan makes a speech
MacMillan makes a speech before the South African Parliament, the "winds of change"
Speech
MacMillan makes a speech before the South African Parliament, the "winds of change"
Cuban Political Screening Initiated
King's division begins screening Cuban political figures for a future exile front and covert political programme.
Miami Covert Facilities Reconnaissance
King's division surveys Miami for covert offices, safehouses and recruiting facilities for anti-Castro operations.
JCS Favorable Strike Evaluation
Lemnitzer forwards the Joint Chiefs' favorable evaluation of the proposed exile strike plan to the CIA.
Cautious Cuba Approach Urged
Mann urges officials to proceed cautiously while the administration considers the proposed invasion force.
Cavern Club
The Beatles make their Cavern Club debut in Liverpool.
Cavern Club
The Beatles make their Cavern Club debut in Liverpool.
Cavern Club
The Beatles make their Cavern Club debut in Liverpool.
Cavern Club
Performs when the Beatles make their Cavern Club debut.
Cavern Club
Performs when the Beatles make their Cavern Club debut.
Cavern Club
Performs when the Beatles make their Cavern Club debut.
Strike Force Alternatives Requested
Berle requests a paper assessing the consequences of disbanding the exile strike force and possible alternatives.
Technical Advisory Committees Convention
Guevara addresses a national convention of Technical Advisory Committees on industrial organization and production.
Revolutionary Council Formation Discussed
Bissell discusses creation of a Cuban Revolutionary Council to provide political leadership for the anti-Castro operation.
Venera 1 Launch
The Soviet planetary programme launches Venera 1 toward Venus, beginning a long series of dedicated Venus missions.
Apollo Program
Becomes NASA administrator during Apollo expansion.
Civilian Military Relations Reviewed
Bissell reviews Cuban civilian-military relations and links between exile political leaders, the strike force and Joint Chiefs staff.
Invasion of Cuba
Kennedy asked Asks advisers whether the toppling of Castro might be related to weapon shipments and if it was possible to claim the real targets were modern fighter aircraft and rockets which endangered Americas securit
Minister of Industries Appointment
Guevara becomes head of the newly established Ministry of Industries.
Parliamentary Reform
Kabariti participates in parliamentary reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Interview on Ministry of Industries
Guevara discusses his new responsibilities as minister and the government's industrial development programme.
Exile Government Procedure Negotiated
Varona represents the Democratic Revolutionary Front in negotiations over procedures for choosing a future Cuban Revolutionary Council.
Exile Unity Negotiations
Ray negotiates with Varona and other opposition leaders over a unified political structure for the anti-Castro movement.
Revolutionary Council Selection Talks
Artime joins leading Cuban exiles in negotiating the composition and political programme of a future revolutionary council.
Provisional Government Planning Committee
Carrillo participates in the six-man exile committee designing procedures for a post-Castro provisional government.
Ileo Government
Ileo heads a government aligned with President Kasa-Vubu during the continuing constitutional crisis.
Request to Recover Passport
In February 1961, Oswald asked the American Embassy to return his passport and said that he wanted to return to the United States.
Cuban Revolutionary Council Planning
Hunt helped prepare the exile political structure that evolved into the Cuban Revolutionary Council before the Bay of Pigs invasion.
Joint Chiefs Assessment
Lemnitzer coordinates military review of the CIA invasion proposal.
Operation Ranchand
Bombing trails used by the Viet Cong, 6 million acres treated with herbicides by 1971
Cold War
In response to the Cuban alignment with the Soviet Union during the Cold War, President John F. Kennedy extended measures by Executive Order, widening the scope of the trade restrictions
Economy of Cuba
In response to the Cuban alignment with the Soviet Union during the Cold War, President John F. Kennedy extended measures by Executive Order, widening the scope of the trade restrictions
Sanctions
In response to the Cuban alignment with the Soviet Union during the Cold War, President John F. Kennedy extended measures by Executive Order, widening the scope of the trade restrictions
Cold War
In response to the Cuban alignment with the Soviet Union during the Cold War, President John F. Kennedy extended measures by Executive Order, widening the scope of the trade restrictions
Sanctions
In response to the Cuban alignment with the Soviet Union during the Cold War, President John F. Kennedy extended measures by Executive Order, widening the scope of the trade restrictions
Trade Relations at Geneva
In response to the Cuban alignment with the Soviet Union during the Cold War, President John F. Kennedy extended measures by Executive Order, widening the scope of the trade restrictions
Economy of Cuba
The US imposes an embargo against Cuba
Embargo
The US imposes an embargo against Cuba
Trade Embargo
The US imposes an embargo against Cuba
MACV Formation
Becomes first commander of Military Assistance Command Vietnam
MACV Established
Establishes Military Assistance Command Vietnam
Final Premiership Ends
Ends his final prime ministerial term
President of Austria
Appointed President of the National Council
Birth of June Lee Oswald
Lee became a father when Marina gave birth to their daughter June Lee in Minsk on February 15, 1962.
Deputy Directorate for Research Notice
CIA issued the headquarters notice establishing the Deputy Directorate for Research, placing important technical collection programs within the new organization.
Scoville Appointed Research Deputy
McCone appointed Herbert Scoville to lead the new Deputy Directorate for Research and concentrate CIA's emerging scientific and technical work.
1st Orbit of the Earth
Orbits the Earth 3 times & returns safely
Space Race
States on TV that in space America must "be in a position 2nd to none"
Space Race
Appears on US TV & states that in space America must "be in a position 2nd to none"
Space Race
States on TV that in space America must "be in a position 2nd to none"
1st Orbit of the Earth
John Glenn becomes the first American to circle the Earth, making three orbits in his Friendship 7 Mercury spacecraft
Friendship 7 Mercury
John Glenn becomes the first American to circle the Earth, making three orbits in his Friendship 7 Mercury spacecraft
Furnell Joins Goalkeeping Department
Goalkeeper Jim Furnell arrived from Burnley in February 1962, adding competition and experience as Liverpool approached promotion.
Oberhausen Manifesto
Young filmmakers issue the Oberhausen Manifesto declaring the old cinema dead.
Third General Election
The third Lok Sabha election again returns a Congress majority, continuing Jawaharlal Nehru's premiership.
Reform of Government
Announces self-Government for Transkei, to show races can have self-development
Rule of Transkei
Announces self-Government for Transkei, to show races can have self-development
African Diplomatic Campaign
Builds diplomatic backing for the South African liberation struggle.
Pan-African Conference Mission
Addresses African leaders while seeking support for the ANC.
Carlos Marcello Flight Allegation
The HSCA noted an unconfirmed Border Patrol report alleging that Ferrie flew Carlos Marcello back to the United States in 1962; Marcello denied that account.
Permanent Drummer
Becomes the Rolling Stones's permanent drummer.
Leadership Election
Wins the first leadership ballot with 115 votes against George Brown's 88 and James Callaghan's 41.
Test Ban Treaty Verification Review
McCone warned that a proposed test ban could constrain American weapons development without adequate assurance that prohibited Soviet activity would be detected.
Leadership Election
Wins the second leadership ballot against George Brown and becomes Leader of the Labour Party.
Shadow Education Portfolio
Becomes Labour's shadow spokesman for education after Harold Wilson assumes the leadership.
Parliamentary Reform
bin Abdullah participates in parliamentary reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Beatles, The
The Beatles "Please Please Me" tops the UK charts
Beatles, The
The Beatles "Please Please Me" tops the UK charts
Everett Glover Gathering
Oswald and Marina attended Everett Glover's gathering on February 22, 1963, where Marina met Ruth Paine.
Everett Glover Gathering
Ruth Paine met Lee and Marina Oswald at a gathering hosted by Everett Glover, where Russian-speaking guests had been invited to meet the couple.
Oswald Lawyer
Andrews informed the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) that three days earlier (on the day of the assassination of President Kennedy) he received a telephone call from a Clay Bertrand who asked him whether he would be willing to represent the suspected assassin of Kennedy, Lee Harvey Oswald
Oswald Lawyer
Andrews informed the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) that three days earlier (on the day of the assassination of President Kennedy) he received a telephone call from a Clay Bertrand who asked him whether he would be willing to represent the suspected assassin of Kennedy, Lee Harvey Oswald
Death of Rajendra Prasad
Rajendra Prasad dies in Patna after serving as India's first President.
Against Bureaucratism
Guevara publishes a critique of bureaucratic habits and administrative inefficiency in revolutionary institutions.
Khmer Rouge
Tous allies, Nuon Chea and Keo Meas, are removed from the Central Committee and replaced by Son Sen and Vorn Vet
Khmer Rouge
Tous allies, Nuon Chea and Keo Meas, are removed from the Central Committee and replaced by Son Sen and Vorn Vet
Khmer Rouge
Tous allies, Nuon Chea and Keo Meas, are removed from the Central Committee and replaced by Son Sen and Vorn Vet. Pol Pot and loyal comrades from his Paris student days control the party centre, edging out older veterans whom they considered excessively proese. At the WPKs second congress, Pol Pot is chosen to succeed Tou Samouth as the party's general secretary
Vietnam Estimate Revision
McCone rejected a pessimistic draft national estimate on South Vietnam and directed further consultation, producing a final estimate with a more optimistic assessment.
Meeting
Introduced to Marina Oswald and Lee Harvey Oswald by George De Mohrenschildt
Russian Conversation with Marina
Paine's knowledge of Russian helped her converse with Marina Oswald, and the two women developed a friendship after their February introduction.
Arrest of Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela
President de Klerk announces his intention to release Nelson Mandela
Witness Hearings Begin
Under Warren's chairmanship, the commission began taking sworn witness testimony on February 3, 1964.
Long Tall Sally
Produces The Kinks debut single Long Tall Sally.
Change of Venue Hearing
A hearing on Ruby's request to move his murder trial outside Dallas began on February 10, 1964; the trial court ultimately refused the requested change of venue.
Beatles, The
The Beatles begin their first US tour at the Coliseum in Washington, D.C
Beatles, The
The Beatles begin their first US tour at the Coliseum in Washington, D.C
Supplemental Address Book Report
A later FBI report to the Warren Commission included the Hosty information that had been missing from the December submission.
Government Report
A report submitted to the party seeks the "annihilation of the bourgeois"
Nosenko Brought to United States
Following McCone's order, Soviet KGB defector Yuri Nosenko was brought to the United States for intensive questioning about his intelligence claims and Lee Harvey Oswald.
Special Group Cuba Covert Activities Review
McCone joined a Special Group meeting reviewing clandestine and covert activities against Cuba while the Johnson administration reconsidered its pressure campaign.
World Champion
Prior to Alis fight with & defeat of Sonny Liston for his 1st World title he declares that he would "float like a butterfly and sting like a bee"
World Champion
Prior to Alis fight with & defeat of Sonny Liston for his 1st World title he declares that he would "float like a butterfly and sting like a bee". Liston loses his title when he quit in his corner before the start of the seventh round, claiming he had hurt his shoulder, some believe the fight was fixed, and doubted that Listons shoulder injury was real
On the Budgetary Finance System
Guevara sets out his views on centralized financing, planning and management in Cuba's state industrial sector.
Visit to Burma
Visits Burma after the African tour and continues regional diplomacy based on peaceful coexistence.
Visit to Pakistan
Visits Pakistan after the African tour and discusses bilateral and regional issues.
Visit to Somalia
Visits Somalia near the end of the ten-country African tour.
Arrest of Ruhollah Khomeini
Khomeini is released after eight months of house arrest and continues his agitation, condemning the regimes close cooperation with Israel and its capitulations, or extension of diplomatic immunity to American Government personnel in Iran
Khomeini is released
Khomeini is released after eight months of house arrest and continues his agitation, condemning the regimes close cooperation with Israel and its capitulations, or extension of diplomatic immunity to American Government personnel in Iran
Marguerite Oswald Testimony
Warren participated in commission proceedings examining Marguerite Oswald about Lee Harvey Oswald's upbringing, family background, and circumstances surrounding the assassination investigation.
Marina Oswald Testimony
Warren participated in commission proceedings examining Marina Oswald about her husband's life, activities, weapons, and conduct before the assassination.
International Gold Standard
De Gaulle calls for an international monetary system based more directly on gold than dollars.
Hanoi Visit
Visits Hanoi during early US escalation and discusses aid with North Vietnamese leaders
Siege of Pleiku
Viet Cong guerrillas attack the U.S. compound at Pleiku in the Central Highlands, killing 8 Americans, wounding 126 & destroying 10 aircraft
Bombing of Dong Hoi
Johnson approves Operation Flaming Dart, the bombing of a North Vietnamese army camp near Dong Hoi
Flaming Dart
Johnson approves Operation Flaming Dart, the bombing of a North Vietnamese army camp near Dong Hoi
Pleiku Attack
Westmoreland reports the attack on US facilities near Pleiku as Washington considers retaliation
Pleiku Attack
Bundy is in South Vietnam during the Pleiku attack that helps trigger US air escalation
Pleiku Attack
Viet Cong forces attack Camp Holloway near Pleiku, prompting US retaliatory air strikes
Operation Flaming Dart
Johnson orders retaliatory air strikes against North Vietnam after the attack on Camp Holloway near Pleiku
Bombing of Dong Hoi
U.S. air attacks take place on bases at Dong Hoi in retaliation for Pleiku. The beginning of limited offensive attacks on military targets in North Vietnam
Operation Rolling Thunder
President Johnson authorizes Operation Rolling Thunder
Operation Rolling Thunder
President Johnson approves sustained bombing plans against North Vietnam
Indochina Conference
Hosts the first Conference of the Indochinese Peoples in Phnom Penh
Maple Leaf Flag
Adopts the Maple Leaf flag as Canada national flag.
Shadow Chancellor
Serves briefly as Shadow Chancellor before becoming party leader.
Parliamentary Reform
Razzaz participates in parliamentary reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Coup
General Khanh finally ousted from power and a new military/civilian Government installed, led by Dr. Phan Huy Quat
Khanh Ouster
Ky helps the military leadership neutralise Khanh's attempt to rally support after his removal
Coup Crisis
Dissident generals and the Armed Forces Council move against Khanh during South Vietnam's February coup crisis
Khanh Ouster
Khanh travels to Da Lat while trying unsuccessfully to resist the Armed Forces Council's decision to remove him
Assassination of Malcolm X
Assassinated addressing a rally at the Audobon Ballroom, Harlem, on the first day of National Brotherhood Week
Death of Malcolm X
Death of Malcolm X, assassinated
Assassination of Malcolm X
Assassinates Malcolm X
Created Cardinal
Pope Paul VI creates Conway a cardinal while he is serving as Archbishop of Armagh.
Siege of Da Nang
General Westmoreland requests 2 battalions of US Marines to protect the American air base at Da Nang from 6000 Vietcong
Death of Arthur Stanley Jefferson Laurel
Death of Arthur Stanley Jefferson Laurel
Afro-Asian Solidarity Seminar Speech
Guevara addresses the Second Economic Seminar of Afro-Asian Solidarity in Algiers.
Ambassador-at-Large
Khanh accepts the face-saving post of ambassador-at-large after being forced from power by the Armed Forces Council
The Last Time
The Rolling Stones release The Last Time, an early Jagger-Richards hit.
Bloody Sunday
His death inspires the Selma to Montgomery march.
President of Austria
Appointed President of Austria
Nyerere State Visit Talks
Meets Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere and discusses economic cooperation, including proposals for a Tanzania-Zambia railway.
Mockingbirds
Gouldman dissolves and formsThe Mockingbirds with Jacobsen and Basso and a former member of fellow Manchester band The Sabres, Kevin Godley (drums)
Mockingbirds
Gouldman dissolves and formsThe Mockingbirds with Jacobsen and Basso and a former member of fellow Manchester band The Sabres, Kevin Godley (drums)
Alliance Aleksei Nikolaevich Kosygin and to counter the American "aggression
Prime Minister Kosygin is pressured by the North Vietnamese to provide unlimited military aid to counter the American "aggression"
Alliance Lyndon Baines Johnson and to counter the American "aggression
Prime Minister Kosygin is pressured by the North Vietnamese to provide unlimited military aid to counter the American "aggression"
Opinion Poll
Opinion polls shortly after the bombing indicate a 70 percent approval rating for the President and an 80 percent approval of U.S. military involvement
Death of Buster Keaton
Death of Buster Keaton
First Lunar Soft Landing
The achievement marks first lunar soft landing as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Luna 9 Landing
Leads design work for Luna 9, the first spacecraft to land softly on the Moon.
Anti-Bolshevik Activity
Kerensky continues political activity connected with anti-bolshevik activity.
London Peace Effort
Meets Harold Wilson during British efforts to explore Vietnam peace diplomacy
Honolulu Conference
Meets President Johnson during the Honolulu Conference
February Outline
The February Outline attempts to limit cultural criticism and is later attacked by Mao's allies
Geneva Agreement
Venezuela, the United Kingdom, and British Guiana signed the Geneva Agreement concerning the Essequibo territorial dispute.
Aden
The Government announces that British forces will withdraw from Aden as part of the defence review.
Defence Review
The Defence Review sets out plans to reduce overseas commitments while retaining a limited East of Suez role.
Dedicated Follower of Fashion
The Kinks release Dedicated Follower of Fashion.
AS-201
Apollo-Saturn 201 tests spacecraft systems without a crew.
Election
Announces a general election for the 31st of March in order to win a working majority
Vietnam Peace Mission
Nkrumah travels on a diplomatic mission connected with efforts to mediate the Vietnam War and is outside Ghana when his government is overthrown.
Trial
Trial of dissident writer Angrei Siniavskii
Arrest of Yuli Daniel
Arrested for being a disident, imprisoned 1966-1970
Trial
A dissident writer who goes on trial, the trial signifies the end of a Russian "thaw"
London Fog Residency
Develops its live sound during a London Fog residency.
National Security Council Established
Abolishes the National Defense Council and establishes the National Security Council during the Period of Communist Rebellion.
Shanghai Commune
Wang Hongwen helps proclaim the Shanghai Commune before it is replaced by a revolutionary committee
Visit to London
Kosygin visits Wilson in Britain to discuss the Vietnam War
Kosygin Peace Initiative
Meets Alexei Kosygin during an attempted Vietnam peace initiative
London Vietnam Talks
Discusses possible Vietnam peace moves with Harold Wilson in London
Visit to London
Kosygin visits Wilson in Britain to discuss the Vietnam War
Pink Floyd
Granada's TV documentary on the UFO club and underground scene is broadcast
Pink Floyd
Granada's TV documentary on the UFO club and underground scene is broadcast
Demonstrations
A curfew is imposed in Aden after nationalist riots
Capture of Shanghai
The Red Guard captures Shanghai & uses the Paris commune of 1871 as a model
Siege of Shanghai
The Red Guard captures Shanghai & uses the Paris commune of 1871 as a model
Treaty of Tlatelolco
Guiding force behind the Treaty which bans nuclear weapons from Latin America. 21 nations sign a Treaty prohibiting nuclear weapons from Latin America
Election
Congress remains the largest party in the 1967 general election but suffers major losses nationally and in several states.
Penny Lane
Produces Penny Lane, adding bright brass colour to McCartney's Liverpool memory piece.
Strawberry Fields Forever
Produces Strawberry Fields Forever, joining different takes into a landmark psychedelic recording.
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, 2nd term
Wilson Joins from Preston
Dave Wilson transferred from Preston North End to Liverpool in February 1967 as the club sought to maintain squad depth.
Birth of Kurt Donald Kobain
Birth of Kurt Donald Kobain
Government
The 18 nation disarmament conference re-opens in Geneva
Death of David Ferrie
David Ferrie died in New Orleans from a ruptured blood vessel at the base of the brain shortly after being named in Jim Garrison's assassination investigation.
Junction City
The U.S. & South Vietnamese forces begin Operation Junction City
Twenty-fifth Amendment
Johnson marked ratification of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, which clarified presidential succession and created a procedure for filling a vacant vice presidency.
Shanghai Revolutionary Committee
Mao favours replacing the Shanghai Commune with a revolutionary committee model
Hughes Begins Long Anfield Career
Emlyn Hughes signed for Liverpool from Blackpool in February 1967, beginning a career in which he would later captain the club to European honours.
EMI Records
Pink Floyd sign to EMI Records before recording their debut album
Seizure of Power
Xie Fuzhi supports radical attacks on existing public security and party structures
Fourth General Election
India holds its fourth general election; Congress retains national power but loses ground across many states.
Perry Russo Located
Garrison's office located Perry Russo after a newspaper article quoted Russo making statements concerning David Ferrie.
Sciambra Interview of Perry Russo
Assistant District Attorney Andrew Sciambra interviewed Perry Russo in Baton Rouge before Russo became the prosecution's principal witness against Shaw.
Operation Arc Light
McNamara approves a sortie rate of 1,200 effective from 1st Feb
Operation Arc Light
McNamara approves a sortie rate of 1,200 effective from 1st Feb
Saigon Execution Photograph
Takes the photograph of Nguyen Ngoc Loan executing a prisoner
Saigon Execution Photograph
Takes the photograph of Nguyen Ngoc Loan executing a prisoner in Saigon
Saigon Execution
Executes a Viet Cong prisoner during the Tet Offensive
Saigon Execution
Executes a Viet Cong prisoner during the Tet Offensive, captured in Eddie Adams's photograph
Baunsgaard Government
Begins the Baunsgaard Government in Copenhagen and serves as Prime Minister of Denmark.
First Krag Premiership
The First Krag Premiership ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Denmark.
The Silent Sun
Sings on The Silent Sun, the first Genesis single released through Decca.
Hue Counteroffensive
Commands South Vietnamese forces during the battle to retake Hue
Civil Rights
Civil rights disturbances occur at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Demonstrations
Civil rights disturbances occur at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Civil Rights
A civil rights protest staged at a white-only bowling alley in Orangeburg, South Carolina is broken up by highway patrolmen; 3 college students are killed
Demonstrations
A civil rights protest staged at a white-only bowling alley in Orangeburg, South Carolina is broken up by highway patrolmen; 3 college students are killed
County Administrative Reform
Ceausescu's government replaces regions with counties in a national administrative reform.
Constitution of Romania
Administrative reforms in Romania divide the country into 39 counties
Strike
The Florida Education Association (FEA) initiates a mass resignation of teachers to protest state funding of education, in effect, the first statewide teachers strike in the United States
Change of Venue Motion
Shaw formally sought a change of venue on February 19, 1968, citing the extensive publicity surrounding the case.
Review of Senate Tonkin Inquiry
Johnson discussed the renewed Senate scrutiny of the Tonkin episode with his senior foreign-policy advisers as the hearings raised questions about the evidence presented to Congress in 1964.
Closed Testimony on Tonkin
McNamara gave closed testimony to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on the confirmed 2 August attack and the disputed reports of a second attack on 4 August 1964.
Tonkin Gulf Hearings Opened
Fulbright's Senate Foreign Relations Committee opened closed hearings that reexamined the evidence behind the 1964 Tonkin incidents and questioned the credibility of the administration's original account.
Challenge during Tonkin Hearings
Morse used the Senate investigation to challenge the administration's interpretation of the 1964 naval events and to argue that Congress had not received the full context before voting on the resolution.
President Re-Elected
Senghor wins another presidential term
Tet Aftermath Commentary
Broadcasts a widely noted assessment after reporting from Vietnam following Tet
Vietnam Commentary
Broadcasts a commentary saying the war appears stalemated
Vietnam Commentary
Broadcasts that the Vietnam War appears stalemated after visiting Vietnam
Pulsar Discovery Publication
Publishes the discovery of rapidly pulsating radio sources with Jocelyn Bell and colleagues.
Operation Light Arc
The monthly sortie rate is increased to 1,800
Siege of Saigon
The Viet Cong are driven back from Saigon
Issues a directive to the National Security Council for a rrapprochement with
Issues a directive to the National Security Council for a rrapprochement with China
Death of Boris Karloff
Death of Boris Karloff
Garrison Opening Statement
In his opening statement at Clay Shaw's trial, Garrison alleged that Shaw, Ferrie and Oswald had participated in meetings concerning a plan to assassinate President Kennedy.
Vietnamization
Forms joint US & Vietnam Armed Forces Joint General Staff. Adopts a policy of "Vietnamization", transfer burden of war from U.S. to ARVN
Drama
Makes his debut at Broadway appearing in his own play, "Play it Again, Sam"
Marriage
Lulu marries Maurice Gibb of the Bee Gees
Communism
Rocket & mortar attacks are launched on 100 cities & bases throughout South Vietnam
Trial
Andrews testified during the trial of Clay Shaw that the name "Clay Bertrand was a figment of his imagination" and that he had been "carrying on a farce" in order to prevent "bringing a lot of heat and trouble to someone who didnt deserve it"
Kommune I
American president Richard Nixon visits Berlin, among the many Berliners waiting to greet him are Kommune I members Dieter Kunzelmann and Rainer Langhans, they attempt to bomb Nixons motorcade, but the bomb is discovered
Motorcade Route
American president Richard Nixon visits Berlin, among the many Berliners waiting to greet him are Kommune I members Dieter Kunzelmann and Rainer Langhans, they attempt to bomb Nixons motorcade, but the bomb is discovered
Arrest of Rainer Langhans
Langhans, now a member of West Berlin Tupamaros (a precursor of Movement 2 June), is arrested
Kommune I
American president Richard Nixon visits Berlin, among the many Berliners waiting to greet him are Kommune I members Dieter Kunzelmann and Rainer Langhans, they attempt to bomb Nixons motorcade, but the bomb is discovered
Motorcade Route
American president Richard Nixon visits Berlin, among the many Berliners waiting to greet him are Kommune I members Dieter Kunzelmann and Rainer Langhans, they attempt to bomb Nixons motorcade, but the bomb is discovered
Tupamaros
Langhans, now a member of West Berlin Tupamaros (a precursor of Movement 2 June), is arrested
International Agreement at Paris
Meets Nixon to agree a friendly policy toward China
INIS Approved by Board
The Board of Governors approves establishment of the International Nuclear Information System.
Clay Shaw Trial
During Clay Shaw's trial, Perry Russo testified that he had attended a September 1963 gathering at Ferrie's apartment where, he said, Ferrie, Shaw and Oswald discussed assassinating President Kennedy.
International Agreement at Paris
Meets de Gaulle to agree a pact with China, seen by the State Dept as the main enemy
Federal Reserve Chair
Becomes chair of the Federal Reserve Board
Patton Film
Stars as George S. Patton in Patton
Patton Film
Directs Patton
Morrison Hotel
Releases Morrison Hotel.
Burnt Weeny Sandwich
Releases Burnt Weeny Sandwich, combining live material, studio editing, instrumental composition and doo-wop influences.
Black Sabbath
Drums on the debut album Black Sabbath, helping establish the band's slow, heavy power.
Black Sabbath
Writes dark lyrical themes for the debut album, adding occult and anti-war imagery to the band's music.
Black Sabbath
Sings on Black Sabbath's debut album, released on Friday the thirteenth in February 1970.
Black Sabbath Debut Album
Osbourne sings on Black Sabbath's debut album, released during the band's Birmingham breakthrough.
Black Sabbath
Records the debut album with heavy riffs that help define the emerging heavy metal style.
Live at Leeds
The Who record Live at Leeds at the University of Leeds.
Death of Hugh Dowding
Death of Hugh Caswall Tremenheere Dowding
Defeat to Frazier
Loses the WBA heavyweight title fight to Joe Frazier
World Heavyweight Title
Defeats Jimmy Ellis at Madison Square Garden to become recognized world heavyweight champion
Paris Talks
Conducts secret talks with Le Duc Tho
Secret Paris Talks
Begins secret talks in Paris with Le Duc Tho
Paris Talks
Meets Henry Kissinger in secret negotiations
Government Leadership Begins
Diouf begins leading the government under President Senghor
Prime Minister Takes Office
Abdou Diouf becomes Prime Minister when the office is restored
Entire Sioux Nation
Farren and Took headhunted guitarist Larry (or "Lazza") Wallis and bassist Tim Taylor from their underground band, the Entire Sioux Nation
Entire Sioux Nation
Farren and Took headhunted guitarist Larry (or "Lazza") Wallis and bassist Tim Taylor from their underground band, the Entire Sioux Nation
Entire Sioux Nation
Farren and Took headhunt guitarist Larry (or "Lazza") Wallis and bassist Tim Taylor from their underground band, the Entire Sioux Nation
Entire Sioux Nation
Farren and Took headhunted guitarist Larry (or "Lazza") Wallis and bassist Tim Taylor from their underground band, the Entire Sioux Nation
Battle of Britain
At a memorial service at Westminster Abbey, his ashes were laid to rest below the Battle of Britain Memorial Window in the Royal Air Force chapel
Long Player
Releases Long Player with Faces as the band's reputation grows on both sides of the Atlantic.
Arrest of Hans-Jurgen Becker
Hans-Jurgen Becker, who left the group the previous year, is arrested
Withdrawal Negotiations
Offers an interim peace arrangement if Israel withdraws from the eastern bank of the Suez Canal.
Border Agreement
Sadat offers a full peace agreement including security guarantees if Israel returns to 1967 borders
Apollo 14 Lunar Orbit Insertion
Commands Apollo 14 during insertion into lunar orbit before the Fra Mauro landing.
Apollo 14 Lunar Orbit Insertion
Serves as lunar module pilot as Apollo 14 enters lunar orbit.
Apollo 14 Descent Orbit Maneuver
Participates in the service propulsion maneuver that lowers the spacecraft into a 67-by-10-mile lunar orbit to conserve Antares descent fuel.
Apollo 14 S-IVB Lunar Impact Monitoring
Monitors Mission Control as Apollo 14's spent Saturn V third stage strikes the Moon and produces seismic signals detected by Apollo instruments.
Apollo 14 ALSEP Deployment
Helps deploy the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package during the first surface EVA.
Apollo 14 ALSEP Traverse to Deployment Site
Pulls the Modular Equipment Transporter westward while carrying equipment to the selected experiment site about six hundred feet from Antares.
Apollo 14 Antares Undocking
Separates Antares from Kitty Hawk on the twelfth lunar revolution and begins independent preparations for descent to Fra Mauro.
Apollo 14 Comprehensive Sample Site
Marks a comprehensive sampling area in the lunar soil and collects geological material near the deployed scientific instruments.
Apollo 14 First EVA Sample Stowage
Returns to Antares with Mitchell and packs lunar samples and equipment before closing out the first surface excursion.
Apollo 14 First Step at Fra Mauro
Descends the Antares ladder and becomes the fifth person to walk on the Moon during the first Apollo 14 lunar surface excursion.
Apollo 14 Flag Deployment
Plants the United States flag with Mitchell and photographs the display as part of the first Apollo 14 lunar surface excursion.
Apollo 14 Landing
Pilots Antares to the most precise Apollo lunar landing achieved to that point.
Apollo 14 Modular Equipment Transporter Deployment
Removes and unfolds the two-wheeled Modular Equipment Transporter that will carry instruments, tools and samples during the lunar traverses.
Apollo 14 S-Band Antenna Setup
Sets up the S-band dish antenna near Antares to improve communications between the Fra Mauro surface crew and Earth.
Apollo 14 Television Camera Setup
Removes the lunar television camera from Antares and places it on a tripod so Mission Control and viewers can follow surface operations.
Apollo 14 ALSEP Deployment
Helps deploy the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package during the first Fra Mauro excursion.
Apollo 14 ALSEP Fuel Cask Retrieval
Retrieves the plutonium fuel cask used to power the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package radioisotope thermoelectric generator.
Apollo 14 Abort Switch Workaround
Helps prepare Antares for descent after procedures are developed to bypass a faulty abort-switch signal.
Apollo 14 Active Seismic Geophone Line
Deploys the geophone line used by the active seismic experiment to record vibrations produced by controlled impacts on the lunar surface.
Apollo 14 Active Seismic Thumper Survey
Operates the active seismic experiment's thumper along the geophone line to generate signals used to investigate shallow lunar structure.
Apollo 14 Antares Systems Activation
Activates the Antares lunar module systems with Shepard and deploys the landing gear before separation for the Fra Mauro descent.
Apollo 14 Contingency Sample Collection
Collects a contingency sample soon after stepping onto the Moon so material would be available even if an emergency liftoff became necessary.
Apollo 14 First EVA
Explores Fra Mauro with Shepard during the missionโs first lunar surface excursion.
Apollo 14 Landing Radar Signal Recovery
Helps restore a usable landing-radar signal by cycling the appropriate circuit breakers during Antares' powered descent toward Fra Mauro.
Apollo 14 Landing
Walks on the Moon with Shepard during Apollo 14.
Apollo 14 Laser Ranging Retroreflector Deployment
Places the laser ranging retroreflector west of the ALSEP site so laser pulses from Earth can be reflected for precise lunar-distance measurements.
Apollo 14 Lunar Surface Egress
Climbs down the Antares ladder several minutes after Shepard and joins him on the lunar surface at the Fra Mauro landing site.
Apollo 14 Solar Wind Experiment Deployment
Deploys the Solar Wind Composition foil experiment to collect particles from the solar wind for later return and laboratory analysis.
Apollo 14 Antares Sighting from Lunar Orbit
Uses Kitty Hawk's optics to locate Antares and its shadow on the lunar surface while passing above the Fra Mauro landing region.
Apollo 14 Kitty Hawk Orbit Circularization
Fires Kitty Hawk's service propulsion engine after undocking to return the command module to a circular orbit about sixty miles above the Moon.
Apollo 14 Lunar Orbit Plane Change
Performs a nineteen-second plane-change maneuver in Kitty Hawk to improve alignment for the later rendezvous with Antares.
Apollo 14 Lunar Orbit
Pilots Kitty Hawk while Apollo 14 explores Fra Mauro.
Fra Mauro Landing
Pilots Antares to a precise landing in the Fra Mauro highlands.
Hycon Camera Operations
Attempts high-resolution lunar photography from Kitty Hawk while Shepard and Mitchell explore Fra Mauro.
Apollo 14 ALSEP Antenna Realignment
Returns to the ALSEP site near the end of the second excursion and adjusts its antenna to improve communications with Earth.
Apollo 14 Antares Liftoff
Commands Antares as its ascent stage leaves Fra Mauro to rendezvous with Kitty Hawk.
Apollo 14 Big Bertha Sample Collection
Collects the approximately nine-kilogram breccia later nicknamed Big Bertha near the edge of Cone Crater during the second lunar excursion.
Apollo 14 Core Drill Sample Collection
Collects a core sample during the second lunar traverse to preserve material from below the immediate surface for later scientific examination.
Apollo 14 Golf Shots
Hits two golf balls on the lunar surface near the end of Apollo 14 surface operations.
Apollo 14 Lunar Sample Transfer to Kitty Hawk
Transfers rock boxes, sample containers and other mission material from Antares into Kitty Hawk after the lunar module rejoins the command module.
Apollo 14 MET Loading for Cone Crater Traverse
Loads photographic equipment, geological tools and sample bags onto the Modular Equipment Transporter before starting the second lunar traverse.
Apollo 14 Second EVA
Explores toward Cone Crater with Mitchell during Apollo 14's second lunar excursion.
Apollo 14 Antares Jettison
Closes out the lunar module transfer operations before Antares is separated from Kitty Hawk for its planned disposal impact on the Moon.
Apollo 14 Antares Liftoff
Leaves the lunar surface with Shepard aboard Antares after completing the Fra Mauro exploration.
Apollo 14 Closest Approach to Cone Crater Rim
Reaches the crew's closest approach to the Cone Crater rim before time and consumable limits require the astronauts to begin their return.
Apollo 14 Cone Crater Traverse Navigation
Uses traverse maps while moving through heavily cratered and undulating terrain as the crew attempts to reach the rim of Cone Crater.
Apollo 14 Docking Probe Return for Analysis
Transfers the docking probe into Kitty Hawk so engineers can examine it after the difficulties experienced during the initial mission docking.
Apollo 14 Lunar Portable Magnetometer Measurement
Uses the Lunar Portable Magnetometer during the Cone Crater traverse to measure the weak magnetic field present at the Fra Mauro site.
Apollo 14 Saddle Rock Sampling
Chips and documents a sample from Saddle Rock near the rim of Cone Crater during the mission's principal geological traverse.
Apollo 14 Second EVA
Explores toward Cone Crater with Shepard while collecting and documenting lunar samples.
Apollo 14 Solar Wind Collector Retrieval
Rolls up the Solar Wind Composition foil after about twenty-one hours of exposure so the captured particles can be returned to Earth.
Apollo 14 Turtle Rock Sampling
Travels north of Antares near the end of the second excursion to collect material from the boulder formation nicknamed Turtle Rock.
Cone Crater Sampling
Collects rocks and soil near Cone Crater during Apollo 14โs second EVA.
Apollo 14 Antares Redocking
Pilots Kitty Hawk during rendezvous and docking with Antares after the lunar surface mission.
Apollo 14 Kitty Hawk Inspection Rotation
Commands Kitty Hawk through a full pitch rotation during rendezvous so Shepard and Mitchell can inspect the command and service module before docking.
Cone Crater Traverse
Travels with Mitchell toward Cone Crater while conducting geological observations and sample collection.
Apollo 14 Antares Seismic Impact
Observes mission operations as the discarded Antares ascent stage is deliberately sent into the Moon to create a seismic signal for surface instruments.
Apollo 14 Heat Flow and Convection Demonstration
Conducts a microgravity experiment examining heat transfer and convection in liquids and gases during the return journey from the Moon.
Lam Son 719 Support
Supports South Vietnamese operations in Laos without US ground troops crossing the border
Aviation and Artillery Support
Commands US support elements connected with Operation Lam Son 719
US Support Command
Commands US support forces outside Laos for Operation Lam Son 719
Lam Son 719 Support
Supports South Vietnamese operations against the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Laos
Operation Lam Son 719
Participates in White House planning and review of the Laos operation
Lam Son 719 Policy
Backs the South Vietnamese incursion into Laos as part of Vietnamization
Lam Son 719
Gives US air support for a south Vietnamese raid on the Ho Chi Minh trail
Operation Lam Son 719
Backs the South Vietnamese operation into Laos as a test of Vietnamization
Lam Son
Commands 17,000 ARVN troops to cut off Viet Cong supply lines
Lam Son
Launched to block the Viet Cong supply lines & prevent an invasion
Operation Lam Son
Commands South Vietnamese forces entering Laos during Operation Lam Son 719
Airborne Operations
Commands airborne forces during Operation Lam Son 719
Lam Son 719 Command
Commands South Vietnamese forces in Operation Lam Son 719
Lam Son 719 Command
Commands the South Vietnamese operation into Laos
Infantry Operations
Commands ARVN infantry forces in Operation Lam Son 719
Marine Operations
Commands South Vietnamese marine forces during Operation Lam Son 719
Lam Son 719
Orders South Vietnamese forces into Laos during Operation Lam Son 719
Lam Son 719
Orders South Vietnamese forces into Laos to attack the Ho Chi Minh Trail
Lam Son 719
South Vietnamese forces enter Laos in Operation Lam Son 719
Apollo 14 Splashdown
Returns with Mitchell and Roosa after completing the Fra Mauro lunar landing mission.
Lam Son 719 Death
Dies when a helicopter is shot down during coverage of Lam Son 719
Seabed Arms Control Treaty
Represents Soviet foreign policy in the arms-control diplomacy around the Seabed Treaty.
Seabed Arms Control Treaty
The Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Seabed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil is signed in Washington, Moscow and London
Invasion of Laos
US troops support South Vietnam in their invasion of Laos. The South Vietnamese are driven out with heavy casualties
Debut
Keegan makes his Liverpool debut against Nottingham Forest at Anfield and scores after just 12 minutes
What Is Life?
Releases the single, "What Is Life?" in America
Decimalisation
Britain replaces pounds, shillings and pence with a decimal currency of one hundred new pence.
Reform of Currency
Decimal coins replace shillings & pence, known as "D-Day"
Decimalisation
Oversees decimalisation as Britain changes its currency system.
The Yes Album
Sings on The Yes Album as the group reaches a wider progressive rock audience.
The Yes Album
Makes his Yes studio debut on The Yes Album, helping define the classic sound.
Nationalization
Algeria nationalizes majority control of French oil and gas interests
League Cup Final
Third Division Villa reaches Wembley before losing the League Cup final to Tottenham Hotspur.
Red Army
Through the coming months the SPK begins to align itself with the Red Army Faction; soon they stop signing their documents "SPK," and began signing them "RAF"
SPK
Through the coming months the SPK begins to align itself with the Red Army Faction; soon they stop signing their documents "SPK," and began signing them "RAF". Siegfried Hausner and Carmen Roll of the Socialists Patients Collective (SPK) attempt to bomb the train of the Federal Republics president, they arrive too late at the train station and their plan is thwarted
SPK
Siegfried Hausner and Carmen Roll of the Socialists Patients Collective (SPK) attempt to bomb the train of the Federal Republics president, they arrive too late at the train station and their plan is thwarted
Rolls Royce Nationalization
Authorises state action after Rolls Royce enters financial crisis.
Apollo 14 Descartes Photography
Attempts high-resolution photography of the Descartes region, later selected for Apollo 16.
Apollo 14 Orbital Science
Conducts photography and other orbital science while Shepard and Mitchell explore Fra Mauro.
Apollo 14 Trans-Earth Injection
Pilots Kitty Hawk during the return phase as Apollo 14 departs lunar orbit for Earth.
Pentagon Papers
In February 1971, Ellsberg discussed the study with The New York Times reporter Neil Sheehan, and gave 43 of the volumes to him in March
Pentagon Papers
In February 1971, Ellsberg discussed the study with The New York Times reporter Neil Sheehan, and gave 43 of the volumes to him in March
Lam Son 719 Response
North Vietnamese forces resist South Vietnamese operations in Laos
Harvest
Releases Harvest, his biggest commercial album and the home of Heart of Gold.
Bloody Sunday
Is appointed to conduct the first inquiry into the shootings.
Assassination of Irwin Beelitz
A bomb explodes in West Berlins British Yacht Club, killing an elderly German boatbuilder, Irwin Beelitz, Movement 2 June claims responsibility, indicating that the attack was in support of the Irish Republican Army
Movement 2 June
A bomb explodes in West Berlins British Yacht Club, killing an elderly German boatbuilder, Irwin Beelitz, Movement 2 June claims responsibility, indicating that the attack was in support of the Irish Republican Army
Deportation
In a secret memo, Senator Strom Thurmond suggests to Attorney General John Mitchell that John Lennon, whom the Government suspects of consorting with "known radicals," be deported
Internal Security
In a secret memo, Senator Strom Thurmond suggests to Attorney General John Mitchell that John Lennon, whom the Government suspects of consorting with "known radicals," be deported
Nuclear Arms Control
The sixth round of the SALT talks begins in Vienna
Government
The 6th round of the SALT talks begins in Vienna
Scaled Gemstone Proposal
Hunt continued working with Liddy as the expensive Gemstone proposal was reduced after senior officials rejected the original plan.
Revised Intelligence Plan Presentation
Liddy presents a revised intelligence proposal costing about half a million dollars and emphasizing electronic surveillance; Mitchell again declines to approve the plan.
Agreement on Sell 42 F-4 Phantom jets to Israel
The United States agrees to sell 42 F-4 Phantom jets to Israel
Death of Talal
Death of Talal
Agriculture Policy and Earl Butz
Reviews Agriculture Secretary Earl Butz's role, support among farmers and comparisons with former secretary Clifford Hardin.
China Trip Speech Preparation
Reviews speech preparation connected with the forthcoming China trip and the public presentation of administration foreign policy.
Congressional Leaders Meeting
Reviews the President's schedule for meetings with congressional leaders and Cabinet members.
Dock Strike
Discusses the dock strike and administration handling of the issue during a broader review of the President's schedule and domestic policy.
Environmental Program Message
Participates in discussion of Nixon's environmental program message, including signing arrangements and a planned photograph opportunity.
Food Price Discussion
Discusses food prices, including beef and retail costs, in the context of agricultural policy and public concerns.
McNamara Meeting Schedule
Reviews scheduling questions concerning Robert McNamara, Peter Flanigan and other officials during presidential preparations.
Vietnam Peace Proposal Speech
Discusses drafting and audience considerations related to Nixon's January 25 Vietnam peace proposal speech.
State of Emergency
A state of emergency is declared
Strike
A state of emergency is declared
Strike
Police are forced to give way to pickets at the Saltley coke works
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador after the 1972 military coup
Election
Resigns to become Chairman of the Committee to re-elect the President
Rolling Stones, The
Rolling Stones release the album, "Milestones"
Meeting with Mao & Zhou En-Lai bringing the period
Meets Mao & Zhou En-Lai bringing the period of US hostilities toward China to an end
Nixon Arrival in China
Receives President Richard Nixon as the first sitting United States president to visit the People's Republic of China.
Visit to China
21-28 February, visits China to restore relations with its Government
Recognition of Bangladesh
Bhutto's government later recognizes Bangladesh as an independent state.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Pink Floyd
Recording starts at Chateau d'Herouville outside Paris for the soundtrack of "Obscured By Clouds", the album is finished by the 29th
Pink Floyd
Recording starts at Chateau d'Herouville outside Paris for the soundtrack of "Obscured By Clouds", the album is finished by the 29th
Strike
It is announced in Cabinet 35 million will be found to keep 3 of the 4 shipyards open
Shanghai Communique
Concludes negotiations producing the Shanghai Communique, setting a framework for improved Sino-American relations.
Government
The murder trial of the black militant begins in San Jose
Friendly against Santos
Pele plays at Villa Park as Aston Villa defeats Santos in a prestigious friendly.
Declaration of Shanghai
The Shanghai Communique paves the way for relations between Communists & Nationalists
Nixon-Zhou Talks
Holds extensive talks with Nixon on normalization, Taiwan, regional conflicts and the international balance of power.
Declaration of Shanghai
The US-PRC Shanghai Communiquรฉ alters the diplomatic environment facing Chiangโs government and deepens Taiwanโs international isolation.
Deportation
With the expiration of John Lennons US non-immigrant visa, deportation proceedings begin. Lennon will wage a four-year Battle with the federal Government to remain in the US
Strike
Wilberforce reccomends 30% to the miners, accepted by the Government, 3X the NCB offer. The miners return to work. Miners reject Wilberforces offer & gain concessions at Downing St
Meeting with Prime Minister Sato
Nixon meets Prime Minister Sato before visiting China
ICCS
The International Commission of Control and Supervision (ICCS) was created at the Paris Peace Accords - signed by the US, the Vietcong, North Vietnam & South Vietnam
ICCS
Under the terms of the peace agreement the ICCS is to establish regional and sub-regional administrations based in the demilitarised zone below the Seventeenth Parallel.
Paris Peace Accords
The International Commission of Control and Supervision (ICCS) was created at the Paris Peace Accords - signed by the US, the Vietcong, North Vietnam & South Vietnam
Paris Peace Accords
Under the terms of the peace agreement the ICCS is to establish regional and sub-regional administrations based in the demilitarised zone below the Seventeenth Parallel.
ICCS
Under the terms of the peace agreement the ICCS is to establish regional and sub-regional administrations based in the demilitarised zone below the Seventeenth Parallel. The International Commission of Control and Supervision (ICCS) was created at the Paris Peace Accords - signed by the US, the Vietcong, North Vietnam & South Vietnam
Paris Peace Accords
Under the terms of the peace agreement the ICCS is to establish regional and sub-regional administrations based in the demilitarised zone below the Seventeenth Parallel. The International Commission of Control and Supervision (ICCS) was created at the Paris Peace Accords - signed by the US, the Vietcong, North Vietnam & South Vietnam
Watergate Committee Created
Becomes chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, created to investigate Watergate, campaign espionage and related abuses.
Watergate Committee Leadership
Serves as Republican vice chairman of the newly created Senate Watergate Committee, giving the investigation bipartisan leadership.
White House Tape 854-017
Charles Colson appears with Richard Nixon in the 12-minute White House recording numbered 854-017; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 854-017
Richard Nixon appears with Charles Colson in the 12-minute White House recording numbered 854-017; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
Andean Pact
Venezuela joined the Andean Pact to participate in regional economic integration.
Popular Front
Thieu announces a "Popular Front" for peace & self-determination
White House Tape 855-010
Charles Colson appears with Richard Nixon in the 20-minute White House recording numbered 855-010; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 856-004
John Ehrlichman appears with Richard Nixon in the 16-minute White House recording numbered 856-004; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 855-010
Richard Nixon appears with Charles Colson in the 20-minute White House recording numbered 855-010; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 856-004
Richard Nixon appears with John Ehrlichman in the 16-minute White House recording numbered 856-004; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 858-003
John Ehrlichman appears with Richard Nixon and L. Patrick Gray in the 29-minute White House recording numbered 858-003; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 858-003
L. Patrick Gray appears with Richard Nixon and John Ehrlichman in the 29-minute White House recording numbered 858-003; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 858-003
Richard Nixon appears with John Ehrlichman and L. Patrick Gray in the 29-minute White House recording numbered 858-003; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
Immigration Rules Debate
Speaks during debate on immigration rules and challenges government policy in the House of Commons.
Diplomatic Plan at Sinai
Israeli fighter planes shoot down a Libyan Airlines jet over the Sinai Desert, killing 108 people
Libyan Airlines
Israeli fighter planes shoot down a Libyan Airlines jet over the Sinai Desert, killing 108 people
Vientiane Agreement
Represents the Pathet Lao side in the peace settlement
Vientiane Agreement
Signs an agreement intended to restore peace and national reconciliation
Senate Watergate Investigation Planning
Discusses with Nixon the developing Senate Watergate investigation, John Dean's activities, minority counsel arrangements and possible White House responses.
Watergate IRS Questions
Discusses Internal Revenue Service issues and John Dean's activities during a broader review of the Watergate investigation.
Watergate Minority Counsel
Reviews the role of Senator Howard Baker's minority counsel, including Fred Thompson, as the Senate Watergate investigation takes shape.
White House Tape 862-004
John Ehrlichman appears with Richard Nixon in the 22-minute White House recording numbered 862-004; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 862-004
Richard Nixon appears with John Ehrlichman in the 22-minute White House recording numbered 862-004; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 862-006
Richard Nixon appears in the 44-minute White House recording numbered 862-006; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 864-004
John Dean appears with Richard Nixon in the 3-minute White House recording numbered 864-004; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 864-004
Richard Nixon appears with John Dean in the 3-minute White House recording numbered 864-004; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 865-014
John Dean appears with Richard Nixon in the 56-minute White House recording numbered 865-014; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 865-014
Richard Nixon appears with John Dean in the 56-minute White House recording numbered 865-014; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
Kissinger February Visit
Meets Henry Kissinger for further talks on bilateral relations, Taiwan and international affairs.
Second Dollar Devaluation
The United States announces another dollar devaluation, later setting the official gold price at 42.22 dollars as major currencies move toward floating exchange rates.
Zinc Alloy
Zinc Alloy and the Hidden Riders of Tomorrow is released and reaches number 12 in Britain.
Mariner 10 Gravity Assist
Mariner 10 uses Venus for the first interplanetary gravity assist, placing the spacecraft on course for its first Mercury encounter.
Impeachment
The House voted to authorized the Judiciary Committee to investigate grounds for impeaching president Nixon
Watergate
The House voted to authorized the Judiciary Committee to investigate grounds for impeaching president Nixon.
Impeachment Inquiry Authorized
Leads the House Judiciary Committee after the House authorizes a formal investigation into whether grounds exist to impeach President Nixon.
Independence of Great Britain
The island nation of Grenada wins independence from Britain, includes the northern islands of Carriacou and Petite Martinique
Independence of Grenada
The island nation of Grenada wins independence from Britain, includes the northern islands of Carriacou and Petite Martinique
Rule of Grenada
The island nation of Grenada wins independence from Britain, includes the northern islands of Carriacou and Petite Martinique
Death of Fritz Zwicky
Death of Fritz Zwicky
Miners Strike
Faces a full national miners strike that deepens the Three Day Week and election crisis.
Election
Wilson compares himself to Cromwell prior to Marston Moor
Rolling Stones, The
It is announced that Mick Taylor will be leaving the Rolling Stones
Birth of Robert Peter William's
Birth of Robert Peter Williams, later singer with Take That and a major British solo artist.
Birth of Robert Peter Robbie William's
Birth of Robert Peter "Robbie" Williams
Exile of Alexander Solzhenitsyn
Solzhenitsyn is deported from the Russia to Frankfurt, West Germany and stripped of his Soviet citizenship, Solzhenitsyn lives in Heinrich Bulls house
Rebel Rebel
Releases Rebel Rebel, a guitar-driven single that becomes one of his last major glam rock statements.
Five Goal Clasico Victory
Orchestrates Barcelona's celebrated 5-0 league victory over Real Madrid at the Santiago Bernabeu.
Economy of Great Britain
In The Times Healey says that he would "squeeze property speculators until the pips squeak".
Watergate Public Hearings End
Joins a unanimous committee decision to end public Watergate hearings and complete remaining work privately while criminal and impeachment proceedings continue.
Independence of Bangladesh
Pakistan officially recognizes Bangladesh
Recognition of Bangladesh
Pakistan officially recognizes Bangladesh
Diplomatic Relations with Bangladesh
Pakistan recognizes Bangladesh during the Islamic Summit in Lahore.
Recognition of Bangladesh
Bhutto's government establishes formal relations with independent Bangladesh.
Second Islamic Summit
Pakistan hosts leaders of Muslim states at the Lahore Islamic Summit.
Election
Powell makes a speech asking the electorate to vote Labour because of their EC policy
Kidnap
Peter Lorenz, the CDU candidate for Mayor of Berlin, is kidnapped
Member of Parliament
Nigel Lawson is elected Conservative Member of Parliament for Blaby at the February 1974 general election.
Election
Loses his Commons majority after the February general election produces a hung parliament.
Election
Wilson wins is 3rd election out of 4. The Labour Party wins 37.2 percent of votes cast & 301 MPs. No party can form a majority even with the support of the Liberals
East Surrey Election
Is elected Conservative Member of Parliament for East Surrey after the abolition of the Reigate constituency.
Retirement from Parliament
Leaves the House of Commons after deciding not to contest the February general election.
Hung Parliament
The February election produces a hung parliament and leads to a Labour minority government.
Election
The Liberals win 19.3% of votes cast & 14 MPs & hold the balance of power
Prime Minister of Ethiopia
Appointed Prime MInister of Ethiopia
Reform of Government
Reforms the Government after the famine of 1973
Economy of Great Britain
Trade figures show a defict of 383 pounds million, the largest on record. The RPI shows that fod prices had risen + 20% over the last year
Election
The RPI shows that fod prices had risen + 20% over the last year. The elections main issues are the miners strike & "who governs Britain". The Conservative Party win 37.9% of votes cast & 297 MPs. Enoch Powell decides he cannot stand for the Conservatives because of their EU policy. An error is reported in the NCBs claim miners earn +8% national average, it is -8%
Strike
The elections main issues are the miners strike & "who governs Britain". An error is reported in the NCBs claim miners earn +8% national average, it is -8%
Minister of Energy
Appointed Secretary of State for Energy
Who Governs Britain Campaign
Calls a general election asking voters who governs Britain amid union confrontation.
Election
Enoch Powell decides he cannot stand for the Conservatives because of their EU policy
Election
Enoch Powell decides he cannot stand for the Conservatives because of their EU policy
Election
The RPI shows that food prices had risen by 20 percent over the last year. Labour 301, Conservatives 296 & others 37
Referendum Pledge
Promises a referendum after renegotiating European Community membership.
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for Eastbourne
Retirement
Retires from the House of Commons
Election
Enoch Powell decides he cannot stand for the Conservatives because of their EU policy
General Election Intervention
Powell urges Birmingham voters to support Labour because of its European Community policy.
EEC Areas of Agreement Speech
Addresses a public meeting on the EEC as campaigning develops before the 1975 membership referendum.
Election
Margaret Thatcher wins 130 votes, Ted Heath 119 & Hugh Fraser 16, 1st round
Leadership Challenge
Is challenged by Margaret Thatcher in the Conservative leadership contest.
Constitution of Spain
500 Spanish civil servants sign a pro-democracy manifesto
Equal Pay Directive
Supports the Community directive requiring equal pay for men and women.
Member of Parliament
Defeated by Margaret Thatcher
Election
Heaths favoured candidate William Whitelaw loses to Thatcher, 146 to 79
Party Leader
Appointed Leader of the Conservative Party
Shadow Chancellor Appointment
Is appointed Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer and becomes the Conservative Party's principal spokesman on economic and Treasury policy.
Second Jรธrgensen Premiership
Begins the Second Jรธrgensen Premiership in Copenhagen and serves as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Hartling Government
The Hartling Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Watergate Sentence
Receives a prison sentence of two and a half to eight years following his Watergate cover-up conviction; the sentence is later reduced on appeal.
Physical Graffiti
Releases the double album Physical Graffiti on Swan Song.
Yesterdays
Appears on Yesterdays, a compilation drawing from the band's early catalogue.
Resignation of Edward Richard George Heath
Leaves the Conservative leadership after losing the first ballot to Margaret Thatcher.
A Trick of the Tail
Sings lead on A Trick of the Tail, proving Genesis can continue after Gabriel.
A Trick of the Tail
Contributes keyboards and composition to A Trick of the Tail during the first Collins-fronted era.
National Exhibition Centre
Elizabeth II opens the National Exhibition Centre near Birmingham.
Death of Benjamin Britten
Death of Benjamin Britten
Capture of Huambo
UNITAs capital falls to the FNLA
President of Nigeria
Appointed military Head of State of Nigeria after the assassination of Murtala Muhammed
Economy of Great Britain
Britain slashes welfare spending.
Economy of Great Britain
Britain slashes welfare spending
Economy of Great Britain
Britain slashes welfare spending as the Government announces major public expenditure reductions.
Twenty-Fifth CPSU Congress Opens
Opens the Twenty-Fifth Communist Party Congress and addresses thousands of Soviet and foreign delegates.
Dรฉtente Policy at Twenty-Fifth Congress
Reaffirms dรฉtente while declaring continued Soviet support for Communist and national liberation movements.
Rolling Stones, The
Bill Wyman releases his solo album, "Stone Alone"
Stone Alone
Bill Wyman releases his solo album, "Stone Alone"
Constitution of Portugal
Military & political leaders agree to end military rule & establish democracy
Rolling Stones, The
It is announced that Ronnie Wood has joined the Rolling Stones
Government
Forms a caretaker Government
Prime Minister of Italy
Appointed Prime Minister of Italy, 3rd term
Twenty-Fifth Congress Foreign Policy Report
Defends dรฉtente while promising continued support for allied Communist governments and liberation movements.
HSCA Reconstituted
The House reauthorized the Select Committee on Assassinations, allowing the Kennedy investigation to continue in the new Congress.
Death of Brett Halliday
Death of Brett Halliday, American writer
Sleepwalker
The Kinks release Sleepwalker.
Loya Jirga
A Loya Jirga ratifies a constitution concentrating executive power in the presidency.
Death of Charles Anthony Raven Crosland
Death of Charles Anthony Raven Crosland
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Minister
Independence of Great Britain
The Scottish Devolution Bill is defeated
Independence of Scotland
The Scottish Devolution Bill is defeated
Release From Federal Custody
Hunt was released after serving roughly thirty-three months in custody for his Watergate convictions.
Constitution of Afghanistan
Daoud signs a constitution creating a centralized presidential and one-party republic.
Presidential Election
The Loya Jirga unanimously elects Daoud president for a six-year term.
Departure
Leaves the Sex Pistols before the album is completed, though his songwriting remains important to the record.
Sex Pistols
The Paradiso gigs would be their last with Matlock, and he parts company with the band
Sex Pistols
Matlock is replaced by Rotten's friend and self-appointed "ultimate Sex Pistols fan" Sid Vicious (Simon John Ritchie), previously drummer of Siouxsie & the Banshees and The Flowers of Romance
Sex Pistols
Joins as bassist after Glen Matlock leaves, bringing notoriety and a harsher public image to the band.
Demonstrations
18 groups in a number of cities marched to honor the fallen and protest against the rule of the Shah & violence erupts in Tabriz, where five hundred demonstrators were killed according to the opposition, ten according to the Government
Buzzcocks
The Buzzcocks release "What Do I Get"
No Time to Be 21
No Time to Be 21 enters the Official Singles Chart and reaches number thirty-four.
Drama
The BBC TV show Grange Hill, a childrens drama created by Phil Redmond, makes its debut
Shot by Both Sides Chart Entry
Magazine's Shot by Both Sides enters the Official Singles Chart and reaches number forty-one.
What Do I Get Chart Entry
What Do I Get becomes Buzzcocks' first Official Singles Chart hit and reaches the UK Top Forty.
Order of Victory Award
Receives the Soviet Order of Victory, an award normally associated with senior Second World War commanders.
President Re-Elected
Senghor wins his final presidential election
Death of Robert Sobukwe
Death of Robert Sobukwe
Budokan
Records performances later issued as Bob Dylan at Budokan.
World Champion
Ali loses his title to Leon Spinks
Transfer
Moves from Birmingham City to Nottingham Forest as Britain's first ยฃ1 million footballer.
Return from Exile
Khomeini returns to Iran after years of exile and is welcomed by huge crowds in Tehran
Return from Exile
Khomeini returns to Iran after years of exile and is welcomed by huge crowds in Tehran
Return from Exile
Huge crowds welcome Khomeini in Tehran after his return from exile
Return from Exile
Khomeini returns from exile and receives a triumphant welcome in Tehran
Death of Sid Vicious
Death of Sid Vicious, of a heroin overdose after a party held to celebrate his release on bail
Death of Sid Vicious
Dies in New York after the collapse of the Sex Pistols and the death of Nancy Spungen.
Interim Government
Yazdi joins Bazargan's provisional government and becomes a senior foreign policy figure
Interim Government
Khomeini appoints Bazargan as prime minister of the provisional revolutionary government
Interim Government
Khomeini appoints Bazargan as interim prime minister and calls on Iranians to support him
Prime Minister of Iran
Bazargan is appointed prime minister of the provisional revolutionary government
Interim Government
Khomeini backs Bazargan's provisional government while revolutionary institutions grow in power
Interim Government
Khomeini appoints Bazargan and supports a provisional revolutionary government
Interim Government
Khomeini appoints Mehdi Bazargan as interim prime minister and orders supporters to obey him
Interim Government
Khomeini appoints Bazargan as prime minister of the provisional revolutionary government
Death of Josef Mengele
Death of Josef Mengele
Transfer
Signs Trevor Francis from Birmingham City in Britain's first ยฃ1 million football transfer.
Curfew Defiance
Khomeini orders supporters to defy Bakhtiar's curfew as the final uprising accelerates
Martial Law
Bakhtiar announces martial law and a curfew as armed clashes spread in Tehran
Hudood Ordinances
Zia promulgates the Hudood Ordinances as part of his Islamization programme.
Revolution of Iran
Khomeini declares victory as the monarchy collapses and the revolutionary state takes power
Revolution of Iran
Khomeini's supporters take power after the collapse of Bakhtiar's government
Government Collapse
Bakhtiar's government collapses and he goes into hiding before fleeing Iran
Military Neutrality
The armed forces declare neutrality, causing the final collapse of the Pahlavi state
Revolution of Iran
Khomeini declares the triumph of the revolution after Bakhtiar's government collapses
Revolution of Iran
Khomeini's followers consolidate power as the revolutionary victory becomes clear
Revolution of Iran
Khomeini's movement takes power after the collapse of the monarchy
Revolution of Iran
Khomeini declares victory as revolutionary forces defeat the monarchy's last government
Revolution of Iran
Khomeini's revolutionary movement takes power after the monarchy collapses
Government
The American Ambassador is assassinated. Death of Adolph Dubs, assassinated
Formation of Coalition
Khmer Rouge reorganize as part of anti-Vietnam resistance networks
Valley of the Dolls Album
Valley of the Dolls enters the UK albums chart during Generation X's second album campaign.
Visit to Revolutionary Iran
Arafat visits Tehran soon after the Iranian Revolution and meets the new Iranian leadership while seeking broader political support for the Palestinian cause.
PLO Mission Opens in Tehran
Arafat attends the opening of a PLO diplomatic mission in the former Israeli embassy, symbolizing Iran's new alignment with the Palestinian movement.
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
President of Algeria
Appointed President of Algeria, 1st term
Invasion of Vietnam
China invades Vietnam for a 4 week period
Islamic Republic Party
Beheshti helps organise the Islamic Republic Party to consolidate clerical political power
Islamic Republic Party
Rafsanjani helps found the Islamic Republic Party with other close supporters of Khomeini
Islamic Republic Party
Khamenei becomes one of the clerical founders of the Islamic Republic Party
Council of Revolution of Iran
Bahonar is associated with the Revolutionary Council and the formation of clerical political power
Islamic Republic Party
Bahonar becomes a founder member of the Islamic Republic Party
Islamic Republic Party
Bahonar helps found the Islamic Republic Party and supports the revolutionary clerical programme
Islamic Republic
Bahonar helps organise revolutionary political activity around the Islamic Republic Party
Islamic Republic
Bahonar supports the clerical programme that leads to the Islamic Republic
Revolution of Iran
Bahonar supports the revolutionary clerical movement after the fall of the monarchy
Council of Revolution of Iran
Bahonar is linked to the Revolutionary Council and the Islamic Republic Party
Islamic Republic Party
Bahonar is a founder member of the Islamic Republic Party
Islamic Republic
Bahonar helps build clerical support for the Islamic Republic
Islamic Republic
Bahonar supports the Islamisation of politics after the revolution
Revolution of Iran
Bahonar supports revolutionary religious politics after the fall of the Shah
Debut
Robson makes his full international debut, and his first appearance at Wembley, as England beat the Republic of Ireland 2-0 in a qualifier for that summers European Championships
The Wall Live
Pink Floyd begin the original live performances of The Wall in Los Angeles
Benedikt Grondal Government
The Benedikt Grondal Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Gunnar Thoroddsen Government
Begins the Gunnar Thoroddsen Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Prime Minister of Iceland
Appointed Prime Minister of Iceland
PT Party
Helps found the Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT) or Workers Party
Ayatollah
Assumes power as head of a theocratic state
Boycott
Calls for a boycott of the Moscow Olympics because of the invasion of Afghanistan
Conference of Islam
The Foreign Minister's of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference deplore the invasion and demand Soviet withdrawal at a meeting in Islamabad
Invasion of Afghanistan
The Foreign Minister's of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference deplore the invasion and demand Soviet withdrawal at a meeting in Islamabad
Conference of Islam
The Foreign Minister's of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference deplore the invasion and demand Soviet withdrawal at a meeting in Islamabad
Invasion of Afghanistan
The Foreign Minister's of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference deplore the invasion and demand Soviet withdrawal at a meeting in Islamabad
Diplomatic Mission
Egypt and Israel exchange Ambassadors for the 1st time
Leaves Defence Ministry
Leaves the Defence Ministry and is succeeded by Van Tien Dung
Duchy Patronage Responsibilities
Explains his Duchy patronage duties, including appointments connected with church livings, educational governing bodies, chaplaincies and charitable homes.
Duchy of Lancaster Staffing
Answers Commons questions on the Duchy of Lancaster office, stating that its staff included administrators, surveyors, accounts personnel and clerical employees.
New Towns
Addresses Commons questions on policy and expenditure for the new towns.
Partnership Committees
Addresses Commons questions on inner-city partnership committees.
First Gro Harlem Brundtland Government
Begins the First Gro Harlem Brundtland Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Prime Minister of Norway
Appointed Prime Minister of Norway, 1st term, Norways 1st woman Prime Minister
Odvar Nordli Government
The Odvar Nordli Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Resignation of Josef Pinkowski
Forced to resign after 5 months of unrest
Strike
Thatchers Conservative Government withdraws plans to close 23 pits in its first major u-turn since coming to power 2 years ago
World Record
Breaks the indoor mile record, 3 mins 50.6 secs
Strike
Miners vote in favour of a 9.3 per cent pay rise
Twenty-Sixth CPSU Congress Opens
Opens his final Communist Party Congress with a lengthy report on domestic and international policy.
New Arms Control Proposal
Uses the Twenty-Sixth Party Congress to call for another round of arms-control negotiations.
Coup
Holds 300 members of the Cortes at gunpoint in a failed coup
Coup
Leads 200 civil guards in a takeover of the Cortes. Holds 300 members of the Cortes at gunpoint in a failed coup
Grammy Award
John Lennon and Yoko Onos Double Fantasy wins Album of the Year for 1981 at the 24th Annual Grammy Awards
John Lennon and Yoko Onos Double
John Lennon and Yoko Onos Double Fantasy wins Album of the Year for 1981 at the 24th Annual Grammy Awards
Constitution of Spain
The attempted military coup fails when the King supports Constitutional Government
Coup
The attempted military coup fails when the King supports Constitutional Government
Commons Business Programme
Announces Commons business including a scheduled debate on the independent strategic deterrent, legislation and opposition supply business for the following week.
Constitution of Spain
Forms a Cabinet, the 1st in Spain since 1939 without generals
You Better You Bet
Release You Better You Bet.
Twenty-Sixth CPSU Congress Speech
Addresses the Twenty-Sixth Communist Party Congress before joining the party's Central Committee.
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain
Selected for Falklands Operation
Is told that his 25th Infantry Regiment has been selected for the planned operation to seize the Falkland Islands.
Invasion Force Planning
Informs Mohamed Ali Seineldin that the 25th Infantry Regiment has been selected for the planned Falklands operation.
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
Thatcher in a private letter to a Conservative Party activist makes clear that she regards the Royal Marine presence in Stanley as sufficient to prevent an Argentine invasion
Britain renews its formal protest at Davidoff's unauthorised landing in South Georgia
Britain renews its formal protest at Davidoff's unauthorised landing in South Georgia
Invasion of South Georgia
Britain renews its formal protest at Davidoff's unauthorised landing in South Georgia
South Georgia Protest
Renews protest over Davidoff activity on South Georgia.
Britain renews its formal protest at Davidoff's unauthorised landing in South Georgia
Britain renews its formal protest at Davidoff's unauthorised landing in South Georgia
Invasion of South Georgia
Britain renews its formal protest at Davidoff's unauthorised landing in South Georgia
Death of Alex Harvey
Death of Alex Harvey, Scottish musician
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
Thatcher confirms the retirement of HMS Endurance
HMS Endurance Decision
Confirms the planned withdrawal of HMS Endurance.
Death of Takashi Shimura
Death of Takashi Shimura
Appointed Prime Minister
Chan Sy is formally appointed Prime Minister of the People's Republic of Kampuchea
Government Confirmed
Chan Sy's government is confirmed under the PRK system
Nationalization
The Socialist government nationalizes major banks and industrial groups
Foundation of UDPS
Tshisekedi and other parliamentarians establish the Union for Democracy and Social Progress.
Toxteth Regeneration
Answers a parliamentary question concerning Toxteth and the Government's urban response.
Dismissal from Cabinet
Mugabe dismisses Nkomo and other ZAPU ministers after alleged arms discoveries.
Veronika Voss
Directs Veronika Voss.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Album of the Year
Yoko Ono recieves the "Album of the Year Award" for "Double Fantasy" at the 24th annual Grammys
Grammy Award
Yoko Ono recieves the "Album of the Year Award" for "Double Fantasy" at the 24th annual Grammys
Diplomatic Negotiations at Falkland Islands
Deputy Foreign Minister Richard Luce begins sovereignty talks with his Argentine counterpart Ernesto Ros in New York
Diplomatic Negotiations at Falkland Islands
Deputy Foreign Minister Richard Luce begins sovereignty talks with his Argentine counterpart Ernesto Ros in New York
Sovereignty Talks
Opens sovereignty talks with Argentine representatives.
National Party Caucus Victory
Wins overwhelming Transvaal party support for his policy direction.
Treurnicht Challenge Defeated
Defeats Andries Treurnicht's challenge over constitutional reform.
Falklands Invasion Planning
Participates in senior military planning that develops the operation to seize the Falkland Islands.
Congress of CCP
The Congress reaffirms Dengs policies, including economic liberalization
Resignation from Aston Villa
Saunders resigns during Villa's European Cup campaign after a dispute with the board.
Peace
Olaf Palme makes his 5th unsuccessful United Nations peace bid
Cruise Missiles
Addresses Commons questions on deployment of cruise missiles in the United Kingdom.
Defence Capability and Deployment
Answers a parliamentary question concerning British defence capability and deployment.
South Atlantic Military Presence
Answers a parliamentary question on the continuing British military presence in the South Atlantic.
Death of Sue Carol
Death of Sue Carol
Death of Karen Carpenter
Death of Karen Carpenter, heart attack caused by anorexia nervosa
Trial
Former Nazi Gestapo official Klaus Barbie brought to trial
Nuclear Weapons Publicity
Answers a parliamentary question concerning Government publicity on nuclear weapons.
Resignation of Ariel Sharon
Resigns after an enquiry into the massacre of Palestinian refugees in West Beirut
Black Friday
The government devalued the bolivar and imposed exchange controls during the economic crisis known as Black Friday.
President Elected
Diouf wins his first presidential election as incumbent
Grammy Award for Up Where We Belong
Wins the Grammy for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal with Jennifer Warnes.
Chief Minister Re-Elected
Continues as Chief Minister after the 1983 election
Visit to Hungary
Thatcher visits Hungary, 1st Warsaw country visited as PM
Foreign Secretary of Greece
Papoulias is appointed Alternate Minister for Foreign Affairs.
Burial
Attends Andropovs funeral in the USSR
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet, Head of State
General
Appointed General Secretary of the Communist Party
Death of Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov
Death of Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov, aged 69
Economy of China
Russia & China sign a $1.2 billion trade agreement
Trade Agreement
Russia & China sign a $1.2 billion trade agreement
Economy of Russia
Russia & China sign a $1.2 billion trade agreement
Trade Agreement
Russia & China sign a $1.2 billion trade agreement
Meeting with Konstantin Chernenko
Margaret Thatcher meets Konstantin Chernenko
Meeting with Konstantin Chernenko
Margaret Thatcher meets Konstantin Chernenko. Calls for peaceful coexistence with the US
Withdrawal of United States Marines
United States Marine forces withdraw from Beirut to offshore positions as the multinational intervention contracts and President Amin Gemayel's government faces worsening internal military fragmentation.
Death of Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov
Death of Mikhail Sholokov
Invasion of Iraq
Iran opens a "massive" offensive against Iraq
Invasion of Iran
Iran launches a "massive" offensive against Iraq
Siege of Beirut
The Lebanese Army loses control of West Beirut
Foreign Policy Pressure
Responds to growing United States criticism of the military governmentโs human rights record.
International Human Rights Pressure
Faces increasing international financial and diplomatic pressure over human rights violations.
Free movement between Spain & Gibraltar returns
Free movement between Spain & Gibraltar returns
Government
The US halts its loan to Chile due to human rights abuse
Politics
The US halts its loan to Chile due to human rights abuse
RAF Molesworth
Makes and defends Government policy concerning RAF Molesworth.
Health of Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko
Russia announces that Chernenko is ill
Assassination of Jerzy Popieluszko
4 Polish officers are given jail sentences
Arrest of Nelson Mandela
Nelson Mandela rejects Bothas offer of conditional release
Arrest of Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela
Nelson Mandela rejects Bothas offer of conditional release
Botha Release Offer Refused
Insists that political rights must precede meaningful personal freedom.
Rejects Conditional Release
Rejects an offer of freedom conditional on renouncing violence.
Ponting Acquittal
Is acquitted after the Belgrano documents case.
Ponting Trial
Faces trial over leaked Belgrano documents.
Invasion of Afghanistan
The last Russian troops leave Afghanistan
Resignation of Clive Ponting
Ministry of Defence assistant secretary Clive Ponting resigns from his post over the Belgrano affair
Charon
The first successful observation of a predicted Pluto-Charon mutual event occurs within about forty minutes of Harrington's forecast.
General Belgrano
Takes part in a major Commons debate concerning the sinking of the General Belgrano during the Falklands War.
Congress of USA
Addresses the joint session of the US Congress
Strike
Miners reject peace plan by trades unionleaders and Government
Resignation of Maria Estela Martinez Cartas de Peron
Resigns as Party Leader of the Peronist Party
Government
Reagan says his goal is to topple the Sandanista Government
Charon
An IAU circular reports confirming mutual-event observations, after which Pluto's large satellite is officially named Charon.
General Election - Non-Party General Election
Pakistan holds general elections without formal party participation.
Non-Party General Election Election Outcome
General election outcome recorded for Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq: Pakistan holds general elections without formal party participation.
Non-Party General Election Government
Government context for this general election: Pakistan holds general elections without formal party participation.
Non-Party General Election
Pakistan holds general elections without formal party participation.
Death of Henry Cabot Lodge
Death of Henry Cabot Lodge
Strike
More than 50 perent of miners back at work
NCB Labour Numbers
By late February more miners were returning to work while the NUM considered its options.
Death of David Byron
Death of David Byron
Arundells Home
Acquires Arundells in Salisbury which later becomes closely associated with his retirement years.
Meeting
Excited crowds of around 100,000 people greet the Pope as he arrives in the city from New Delhi where he spent the first two days of his tour of India.
Meeting
The Pope delivers a short sermon saying: "Nirmil Hriday is a place of hope, a house built on courage and faith, a home where love reigns, a home filled with love".
Meeting
The Pope meets Mother Teresa, head of the Missionaries of Charities order, in Calcutta & visits her refuge for the sick & dying.
Nirmil Hriday
The Pope delivers a short sermon saying: "Nirmil Hriday is a place of hope, a house built on courage and faith, a home where love reigns, a home filled with love"
Tour of India
Excited crowds of around 100,000 people greet the Pope as he arrives in the city from New Delhi where he spent the first two days of his tour of India
Election
Marcos rigs the election results & claims victory for himself. A united front defeats Marcos
President of Haiti
Appointed President of Haiti
Jordan-PLO Negotiations Collapse
Political negotiations between Arafat and King Hussein break down over competing approaches to a possible peace settlement with Israel.
Arrest of Anatoly Shcharansky
Released during an exchange for 5 East Europeans
Treaty of Channel Tunnel
The Channel Tunnel Treaty with France is signed
Neptune Targeting Maneuver
Voyager 2 performs a major trajectory correction after Uranus to target its future Neptune encounter.
Single European Act
Heads the German government when Germany joins the first group of states signing the Single European Act.
Single European Act
Signs the Single European Act expanding European integration and single market commitments.
Single European Act
Heads the Irish government when Ireland signs the Single European Act.
Single European Act
Signs the Single European Act for Italy as Foreign Minister.
Single European Act
Heads the Italian government when Italy signs the Single European Act.
Politburo Candidate Membership
Becomes a candidate, non-voting member of the CPSU Politburo.
Capture of Faw
Iran captures the port of Faw & gains control of the Shatt al-Arab waterway
Capture of Faw
Iran captures the port of Faw & gains control of the Shatt al-Arab waterway
Mir Core Module Launch
Directs the programme launching the core module of the Mir space station.
Mir Space Station
The achievement marks mir space station as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Exile of Ferdinand Edralin Marcos
The US military command provide a helicopter at Clark airbase to fly him to Hawaii
Election
Wins an election following the assassination of her husband Benigno Aquino
President of Philippines
Appointed President of the Philippines, 1st woman President of the Philippines
Amnesty
Announces an amnesty for all political prisoners
President of Austria
Appointed President of the National Council
Single European Act Signature
Represents Greek foreign policy as the Single European Act is signed.
Single European Act Signature
Heads the Greek government when Greece joins the signing of the Single European Act.
Prime Minister of Sweden
Swedens Prime Minister is assassinated
Death of Olof Palme
Death of Olof Palme
Single European Act Support
Mitterrand supported the Single European Act as the treaty basis for completing the internal market.
Exile of Jean-Claude Duvalier
Escapes to France after anti-Government demonstrations
Coup
Fidel Ramos & Juan Ponce Enrile lead a successful miliatary revolt against Marcos
Coup
Fidel Ramos & Juan Ponce Enrile lead a successful miliatary revolt against Marcos
Coup
Fidel Ramos & Juan Ponce Enrile lead a successful miliatary revolt against Marcos
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff
Coup
Fidel Ramos & Juan Ponce Enrile lead a successful miliatary revolt against Marcos
Twenty-Seventh Congress Reform Speech
Uses the Twenty-Seventh Party Congress to criticize administrative inertia and call for faster reform.
Popular Music
Death of Liberace, American musician
Soyuz TM-2 Docking
Docks with Mir alongside Yuri Romanenko, beginning the station's second principal expedition and a new period of human occupancy.
Physical Protection Convention Enters Force
The Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material enters into force.
British Airways Privatisation
British Airways shares begin trading after the airline's flotation.
Nuclear Power
Proposes a separate agreement on abolition of medium range nuclear missiles in Europe. Drops his insistence on the curtailment of the US SDI program
Arrest of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev
Gorbachev & Sakharov meet publicly in Moscow at the International Peace Forum
Congress of Communist Party, 27th
27th Party Congress
Economy of Russia
Creates co-operative businesses in catering, services & consumer goods manafacture
Reform of Government
Creates co-operative businesses in catering, services & consumer goods manafacture
Arrest of Political prisoners
About 140 political prisoners are released
National Union of Seamen (NUS)
The National Union of Seamen (NUS) backs down in the High Court after a three-day stoppage, which has stifled seafaring trade and transport in the UK
Strike
The National Union of Seamen (NUS) backs down in the High Court after a three-day stoppage, which has stifled seafaring trade and transport in the UK
Strike
Thousands of seamen at major british ports are continuing to strike even though their union has called an end to the action
General Education Closures
Israeli authorities order hundreds of schools and higher education institutions in the occupied territories closed until further notice.
Rehabilitation
Rehabilitated by the USSR Supreme Soviet
Removed from Politburo Candidate Membership
Is removed from candidate membership of the CPSU Politburo.
Community Financing Reform
Supports the compromise strengthening Community resources and expenditure discipline.
Special Brussels European Council
Represents Greece at the special summit that reaches agreement on Community financing and agricultural reform.
Rule of Nagorny
The Nagorny-Karabakh Soviet votes for a transfer to Armenia
Privatization
Announces to the House of Commons his intention to privatize the electricity industry
Prithvi Missile Test
Under A. P. J. Abdul Kalam's missile programme leadership, the Prithvi surface-to-surface missile undergoes its first test flight.
Solar Array Replacement EVA
Performs a spacewalk with Musa Manarov to replace part of a solar array and increase Mir's electrical power output.
President Re-Elected
Diouf wins re-election amid opposition protests
Delors I Budget Package
Delors secured a multi-year budget and reform package that gave the Community greater financial stability.
Demonstrations
About a million Armenians demonstrate for Armenian reunification
Diplomatic Mission
In his first diplomatic mission of the Bush administration, Vice President Dan Quayle begins a trip to Venezuela and El Salvador
Meeting with The Japanese Prime Minister Noboru Takeshita
President Bush meets the Japanese Prime Minister Noboru Takeshita, after which both leaders sounded upbeat about U.Sese relations
ANC
Announces the lifting of the ban on the ANC during the opening of Parliament
Arrest of Nelson Mandela
Announces the intention to release Nelson Mandela during the opening of Parliament
Communist Party
Announces the lifting of the ban on the Communist Party
ANC
President de Klerk announces his intention to lift the ANC ban
Botha Succession
Positions himself to succeed Botha as head of government.
National Party Leadership
Is chosen National Party leader after P W Botha resigns.
De Klerk Succession
F W de Klerk subsequently succeeds him as party leader.
National Party Leadership Resignation
Resigns as National Party leader after his stroke.
Meeting with The Japanese Prime Minister Noboru Takeshita
President Bush meets the Japanese Prime Minister Noboru Takeshita, after which both leaders sounded upbeat about U.Sese relations
Coup
Leads the military coup that removes Alfredo Stroessner from power.
Exile of Alfredo Stroessner
Is deposed and forced into exile in Brazil after the military coup.
President of Paraguay
Becomes president after the overthrow of Alfredo Stroessner.
Coup
Is overthrown in a military coup led by General Andres Rodriguez.
Visit to By a Soviet Foreign Minister in three
Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze wraps up four days of high-level talks in China, the first visit by a Soviet Foreign Minister in three decades
Invasion of Afghanistan
Russia announces that all but a small rear-guard contingent of its troops had left Afghanistan
Devaluation
In Argentina devaluation causes a wild panic in the financial district of Buenos Aires
Economy of Argentina
In Argentina devaluation causes a wild panic in the financial district of Buenos Aires
Economy of USA
President Bush, in his first major speech to Congress, proposes a $1.16 trillion "common sense" budget for fiscal 1990
Drops his anti-imperialist rhetoric and espouses capitalism, private investment and
Drops his anti-imperialist rhetoric and espouses capitalism, private investment and good relations with the US & begins an economic overhaul program
Economy of Jamaica
Drops his anti-imperialist rhetoric and espouses capitalism, private investment and good relations with the US & begins an economic overhaul program
Election
Michael Manley defeats Seaga in the national elections. Drops his anti-imperialist rhetoric and espouses capitalism, private investment and good relations with the US & begins an economic overhaul program
Democratic National Committee
Ron Brown is elected Chairman of the Democratic National Committee, becoming the first black to head a major US political party
Arrest of Nelson Mandela
Nelson Mandela is released from prison
Arrest of Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela
Released from the Victor Verster prison after 27 years
Arrest of Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela
Mandela is released from prison
Death of Thomas Bernhard
Death of Thomas Bernhard, Austrian novelist and playwright
Trial
The special prosecutor in the Iran-Contra case and the Justice Department reaches an agreement on protecting classified materials aimed at allowing the trial of Oliver North to proceed
Fatwah
Ayatollah Khomeni pronounces a death sentence for blasphemy in "The Satanic Verses"
The Satanic Verses
Publication of "The Satanic Verses"
Soviet Withdrawal
The last Soviet troops leave Afghanistan while Najibullah's government remains in power.
Invasion of Afghanistan
The last Russian troops withdraw from Afghanistan
Invasion of Afghanistan
The last Russian troops withdraw from Afghanistan. Russian withdrawal signifies a Mujahadin victory. 14,454 Russians had died in the conflict
Assassination of Robert Ouko
Assassination of Robert Ouko
Death of Robert Ouko
Death of Robert Ouko, assassinated
Avi Sasportas Abduction
Hamas militants abduct Israeli soldier Avi Sasportas, prompting an intensified Israeli security investigation into the movement's developing armed networks.
Death of Konrad Zacharias Lorenz
Death of Konrad Zacharias Lorenz, Lorenz has been called The father of ethology
Caracazo
Price increases and transport costs triggered widespread unrest, followed by a forceful government security response.
President of Austria
Appointed President of the National Council
Fatwah
The Ayatollah Khomeini calls for the death of Salman Rushdie
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Britain
Iran breaks off diplomatic relations with Britain
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Britain
The Ayatollah Khomeini calls for the death of Salman Rushdie. Iran breaks off diplomatic relations with Britain
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Britain
Iran breaks off relations with Britain
Fatwah
The Ayatollah Khomeini calls for the death of Salman Rushdie
Political Liberalisation
Legalises opposition activity and begins dismantling parts of the Stroessner system.
Demonstrations
Disorders in in Nagorno-Karabakh, ethnic conflicts
Constitution of Bulgaria
The Eighth all-Communist Government is formed
ANC
Announces lifting the 30 yr ANC ban, prohibited since Sharpville in 1960
PAC
Announces lifting the 30 yr PAC ban, prohibited since Sharpville in 1960
ANC
de Klerk announces lifting the 30 yr ANC ban, prohibited since Sharpville in 1960
Crisis
Announces increased compensation to farmers affected by BSE
Constitution of Russia
The Cental Committee of the CP in USSR votes to end the CP political monopoly
Provisional Council of National Unity
Iliescu chairs the expanded provisional governing council before elections.
Indian Rope Chart Debut
The Charlatans make their first UK chart appearance with Indian Rope.
Galileo Venus Flyby
Galileo flies past Venus for a gravity assist on its journey to Jupiter and obtains additional planetary observations.
Venus Cloud Observations
Galileo instruments observe Venus's clouds and atmospheric properties during the spacecraft's gravity-assist encounter.
Soyuz TM-9 Launch
Launches with Aleksandr Balandin for a long-duration expedition focused on scientific research, maintenance and continued station development.
Arrest of Nelson Mandela
Mandela is released from prison after 27yrs
Arrest of Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela
Mandela is released from prison after 27yrs
Freedom after Twenty-Seven Years
Ends more than twenty-seven years of imprisonment.
Release from Prison
Walks free from Victor Verster Prison.
Prime Minister of Sweden
Appointed Prime Minister of Sweden
Pale Blue Dot
Persuades NASA to command Voyager 1 to photograph Earth from beyond Neptune.
Solar System Family Portrait
Voyager 1 photographs a family portrait of the Solar System at Sagan's long-standing urging.
Voyager 1 Cameras Off
Voyager 1's imaging cameras are switched off after completion of the Solar System family portrait.
The Nasty Girl
Directs Das schreckliche Madchen.
Election
Elected President of Namibia, Namibias 1st President
President of Namibia
Appointed President of Namibia, Namibias 1st President
Election
The Liberal Democrat Party wins the election
Independence of Namibia
The Republic of Namibia becomes an independent state
Independence of Namibia
The Republic of Namibia becomes an independent state. South Africa withdraws from Namibia
Independence of South Africa
The Republic of Namibia becomes an independent state. South Africa withdraws from Namibia
Strike
The ambulance dispute is settled
Election
The Nationalists defeat the Communists
Election
The US backed coalition defeats Ortegas Sandanista Government
Election
The US backed coalition defeats Ortegas Sandanista Government
Independence of Czech Republic
Russia agrees to withdraw troops from Czech by July 1991
Independence of Czechoslovakia
Russia agrees to withdraw troops from Czech by July 1991
Independence of Russia
Russia agrees to withdraw troops from Czech by July 1991
Governor-General Takes Office
Vincent Eri becomes Governor-General of Papua New Guinea
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, 2nd term
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the Communist Party
Resignation of Petur Mladenov
Announces he cannot be both President & Pary Leader of the Bulgarian Communist Party
Accords of Peace
A "national peace accord" is agreed between the Inkatha, ANC & National Party
Group Areas Act
Announces the Group Areas Act of 1966 will be abolished
Land Acts
Announces the Land Acts of 1913 & 1936 will be abolished
Accords of Peace
A "national peace accord" is agreed between the Inkatha, ANC & National Party
Award
Joni Mitchel is inducted into the Canadian Hall of Fame
Bombing of IRA
IRA mortar bombs cause damage at 10 Downing St where a Cabinet meeting is in progress
IRA - Bombing of IRA
Government record concerning the IRA: IRA mortar bombs cause damage at 10 Downing St where a Cabinet meeting is in progress
IRA - Bombing of IRA
Historical IRA record under Conservative Party Government: IRA mortar bombs cause damage at 10 Downing St where a Cabinet meeting is in progress
IRA - Bombing of IRA
IRA context for John Roy Major: IRA mortar bombs cause damage at 10 Downing St where a Cabinet meeting is in progress
IRA
IRA mortar bombs cause damage at 10 Downing St where a Cabinet meeting is in progress
Referendum
A referendum in Lithuania votes in favour of independence from Moscow
Al-Amiriyah Shelter Strike
A coalition strike destroys the Al-Amiriyah facility and kills many civilians sheltering inside.
Explanation of Al-Amiriyah Target
Bush's administration states that the attacked Baghdad facility was believed to be military.
Kuwait Coastal Mine Threat
Iraqi minefields complicate naval support for the ground offensive.
Mine Countermeasure Campaign
Directs mine-clearing operations near the Kuwaiti coast.
USS Tripoli and USS Princeton Mine Strikes
Arthur directs damage control and continued operations after two ships strike Iraqi mines.
Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award
Receives the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.
Coalition Deception Attack
The action helps conceal the main western coalition maneuver.
Wadi al-Batin Feint
Conducts attacks supporting deception near Wadi al-Batin.
Ceasefire
Iraq agreed to a Soviet-proposed ceasefire agreement
Conditional Withdrawal Proposal
Iraq offers withdrawal terms that the coalition rejects as conditional and incomplete.
Soviet-Brokered Withdrawal Offer
Saddam accepts a Soviet proposal containing conditions unacceptable to the coalition.
Soviet Peace Proposal
Gorbachev proposes a timetable for Iraqi withdrawal and an end to fighting.
Ceasefire
Iraq agreed to a Soviet-proposed ceasefire agreement
Final Coalition Ultimatum
Bush gives Iraq a final deadline to begin an immediate and unconditional withdrawal.
Withdrawal Terms Announced
Bush publishes coalition conditions that could prevent the ground campaign.
Rejection of Coalition Withdrawal Terms
Iraq fails to accept the coalition's unconditional withdrawal deadline.
Final Deadline before Ground War
Bush requires Iraq to begin withdrawing immediately or face coalition ground attack.
Amphibious Deception
Maintains a credible threat of amphibious assault on Kuwait.
Faylaka Landing Threat
The deception fixes Iraqi forces along the coast.
French Western Flank Advance
The division helps secure routes threatening Iraqi forces around Kuwait.
Operation Daguet Ground Attack
Commands French forces advancing on the coalition's western flank.
Division Daguet Advance
Roquejeoffre's French forces attack on the far western coalition flank.
British Brigade Advance
The Desert Rats engage Iraqi armored and artillery positions.
Desert Rats Ground Offensive
Commands the 7th Armoured Brigade in Operation Granby.
British Brigade Advance
Denaro leads the brigade through Iraqi defences during Operation Granby.
British Ground Offensive
De la Billiere directs British forces supporting the coalition's armoured attack.
British Armoured Offensive
Commands Britain's armoured division during the ground offensive.
Operation Granby Ground Attack
The division attacks Iraqi forces on VII Corps' southern flank.
British Armoured Offensive
Commands Britain's 1st Armoured Division during the ground offensive.
British Armoured Division Attack
Smith's division attacks Iraqi positions as part of the VII Corps advance.
Invasion of Iran
The Allied land offensive begins against Iraq
Coalition Ground Offensive
Directs Saudi and Arab formations during the coalition ground offensive.
Coalition Ground Campaign Begins
Bush authorises the ground campaign after Iraq fails to accept the coalition withdrawal terms.
Desert Sabre Offensive
Ground forces begin the final campaign to liberate Kuwait.
Diplomacy Ends before Ground Attack
Bush concludes that diplomatic proposals have not secured Iraq's unconditional withdrawal.
Ground Offensive Authorized
Authorizes the coalition ground offensive against Iraqi forces.
Ground War Begins
Authorizes the coalition ground offensive.
Invasion of Iraq
The Allied land offensive begins against Iraq
Coalition Land Attack Directed
Coordinates Marine, Army and Arab advances against Iraqi defenses.
Ground Offensive Command
Directs the coalition ground offensive into Kuwait and Iraq.
Armored Left Hook
Drives eastward against Iraqi Republican Guard formations.
Republican Guard Offensive
Corps forces attack Republican Guard formations protecting withdrawal routes.
VII Corps Left Hook
Commands VII Corps during the armored envelopment west of Kuwait.
VII Corps Offensive
Commands VII Corps in the coalition's armored offensive.
Western Flank Offensive
Airborne and mechanized forces isolate Iraqi units occupying Kuwait.
XVIII Airborne Corps Advance
Commands the far western wing of the ground offensive.
XVIII Airborne Corps Offensive
Commands the western wing of the coalition ground attack.
VII Corps Ground Attack
Franks begins the armoured advance intended to destroy the Republican Guard.
Western Corps Advance
Luck's corps advances deep into Iraq on the coalition's western flank.
Scud Missile Attacks
Iraqi forces fired a Scud missile at an American barracks in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. The missile attack killed 28 US military personnel
Advance toward Euphrates Valley
McCaffrey's mechanised division advances rapidly through western Iraq to block retreat routes.
Iraqi Retreat from Kuwait
The retreat marks collapse of Iraq's occupation.
Withdrawal Order
Orders Iraqi forces to leave Kuwait during the coalition advance.
Bombing of New York
Al-Qaedas involvement is unclear but some analysts believe after the attack the group seeks out the plotter Ramzi Yousef and offers him money, Yousef later serves a life sentence for the attack. A bomb explodes at the World Trade Center
Bombing of New York
Al-Qaedas involvement is unclear but some analysts believe after the attack the group seeks out the plotter Ramzi Yousef and offers him money, Yousef later serves a life sentence for the attack
Battle of 73 Easting
McMaster leads Eagle Troop in a rapid armoured engagement against Republican Guard forces.
Second Cavalry Regiment at 73 Easting
Holder's regiment finds and engages major elements of the Tawakalna Division.
Left Hook Encirclement
Schwarzkopf's western manoeuvre cuts Iraqi communications and threatens retreating formations.
VII Corps Engages Republican Guard
Franks commits armoured divisions against Republican Guard formations in southern Iraq.
Iraqi Retreat Routes Threatened
His division threatens routes used by Iraqi forces leaving Kuwait.
Twenty-Fourth Division Advance
Leads mechanized forces rapidly through southern Iraq.
Twenty-Fourth Division Deep Advance
Leads a rapid mechanized advance through southern Iraq.
Community Charge Consultation
Meets local-authority associations and opposition parties while considering alternatives to the existing community-charge system.
Kuwait Liberated
Announces that Kuwait has been liberated.
Occupation Defeated
Coalition forces restore control of Kuwait City to Kuwaiti authorities.
Battle of Medina Ridge
Griffith's division defeats Republican Guard armour during the battle of Medina Ridge.
Battle at Objective Norfolk
Rhame's division fights through Iraqi armoured forces around Objective Norfolk.
British Combat Operations End
Confirms British offensive combat has ended.
Coalition Ceasefire
The hundred-hour ground campaign comes to an end.
Ground Offensive Halted
Bush orders coalition forces to suspend offensive combat after one hundred hours of ground operations.
Hundred-Hour Ground War Ends
The ground campaign ends after Iraqi forces are expelled from Kuwait.
Offensive Ceasefire
Orders coalition offensive operations suspended.
One Hundred Hour Ground War Ends
Bush suspends offensive combat exactly one hundred hours after the ground campaign begins.
Coalition Ceasefire Order
Schwarzkopf orders coalition formations to halt offensive movement and hold defensive positions.
Alliance Vaclav Havel and Visegrad Triangle for investment and EU membership
Hungary, Poland and Czech join the Visegrad Triangle for investment and EU membership
Visegrad Group
Hungary, Poland and Czech join the Visegrad Triangle for investment and EU membership
Alliance Vaclav Havel and Visegrad Triangle for investment and EU membership
Hungary, Poland and Czech join the Visegrad Triangle for investment and EU membership
Visegrad Group
Hungary, Poland and Czech join the Visegrad Triangle for investment and EU membership
Dismissal
Sacked with Stoke on their way to recording their lowest ever final league position of 15th in the leagues third tier
Hungary, Poland & Czech join the Visegrad Triangle for investment & EU
Hungary, Poland & Czech join the Visegrad Triangle for investment & EU membership
Visegrad Triangle
Hungary, Poland & Czech join the Visegrad Triangle for investment & EU membership
Visegrad-Triangle
Hungary, Poland & Czech join the Visegrad Triangle for investment & EU membership
Hungary, Poland & Czech join the Visegrad Triangle for investment & EU
Hungary, Poland & Czech join the Visegrad Triangle for investment & EU membership
Visegrad Triangle
Hungary, Poland & Czech join the Visegrad Triangle for investment & EU membership
Visegrad-Triangle
Hungary, Poland & Czech join the Visegrad Triangle for investment & EU membership
Treaty of Visegrad
Hungary, Poland & Czech join the Visegrad Triangle for investment & EU membership
Visegrad Triangle
Hungary, Poland & Czech join the Visegrad Triangle for investment & EU membership
Treaty of Visegrad
Hungary, Poland & Czech join the Visegrad Triangle for investment & EU membership
Visegrad Triangle
Hungary, Poland & Czech join the Visegrad Triangle for investment & EU membership
Arab Joint Forces Command
Commands Saudi and allied Arab contingents in the coalition.
Kuwait Liberation Advance
Directs Arab formations advancing toward Kuwait City.
Hail Mary Maneuver
Employs a wide western envelopment against Iraqi forces.
Western Envelopment Plan
The maneuver helps isolate Iraqi formations occupying Kuwait.
Camp David Declaration on New Relationship
Joins George H. W. Bush in declaring that Russia and the United States no longer regard each other as potential adversaries.
Camp David Summit with George H. W. Bush
Meets President George H. W. Bush at Camp David to discuss the post-Cold War relationship and strategic arms.
Strategic Arms Reduction Commitment
Agrees with George H. W. Bush on major strategic nuclear reductions and a new post-Cold War relationship.
Military Coup Attempt
Military officers led by Hugo Chavez attempted unsuccessfully to overthrow President Carlos Andres Perez.
Scandal
Admits affair with secretary
Belgian Monetary Union Signature
Supports convergence rules leading toward the common European currency.
Treaty of Maastricht
Signs the Treaty on European Union for Belgium as Finance Minister.
Belgian Treaty Signature
Confirms Belgian support for deeper political and monetary integration.
Treaty of Maastricht
Signs the Treaty on European Union for Belgium as Foreign Minister.
Danish Treaty Signature
Signs the Treaty on European Union for Denmark alongside Foreign Minister Uffe Ellemann-Jensen.
Maastricht Economic Signature
Signs the economic and monetary commitments contained in the Treaty on European Union as Denmark's Minister for Economic Affairs.
Treaty of Maastricht
Signs the Treaty on European Union for Denmark as Minister for Economic Affairs.
Treaty of Maastricht
Signs the Treaty on European Union for Denmark alongside Economic Affairs Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen.
French Treaty Signature
Confirms French participation in the new European Union framework.
Treaty of Maastricht
Signs the Treaty on European Union for France as Foreign Minister.
French Monetary Union Signature
Supports the timetable and convergence provisions for monetary union.
Treaty of Maastricht
Signs the Treaty on European Union for France as Minister of Economy and Finance.
Treaty of Co-operation
Yeltsin and French President Francois Mitterrand sign a cooperation Treaty in Paris
Treaty of Maastricht
Signs the Treaty on European Union for Germany as Federal Finance Minister.
Treaty of Maastricht
Signs the Treaty on European Union for Germany as Federal Foreign Minister.
British Finance Signature
Represents Britain while preserving the single-currency opt-out.
Treaty of Maastricht
Signs the Treaty on European Union for Great Britain as Financial Secretary to the Treasury.
British Treaty Signature
Confirms the negotiated British position including treaty opt-outs.
Treaty of Maastricht
Signs the Treaty on European Union for Great Britain as Foreign Secretary.
Brexit
Signs the Maastricht Treaty, deepening Conservative divisions over Europe.
Treaty of Maastricht
Signs the Treaty on European Union for Greece as Foreign Minister.
Treaty of Maastricht
Signs the Treaty on European Union for Greece as Minister of National Economy.
Irish Treaty Signature
Signs the Treaty on European Union for Ireland as Minister for Finance alongside Gerry Collins.
Treaty of Maastricht
Signs the Treaty on European Union for Ireland as Minister for Finance.
Treaty of Maastricht
Signs the Treaty on European Union for Ireland as Minister for Foreign Affairs.
Treaty of Maastricht
Signs the Treaty on European Union for Italy as Foreign Minister.
Treaty of Maastricht
Signs the Treaty on European Union for Italy as Treasury Minister.
Luxembourg Monetary Union Signature
Supports convergence requirements and the planned common European currency.
Treaty of Maastricht
Signs the Treaty on European Union for Luxembourg as Finance Minister.
Luxembourg Treaty Signature
Supports the creation of the Union's political and institutional structure.
Treaty of Maastricht
Signs the Treaty on European Union for Luxembourg as Foreign Minister.
Economic and Monetary Union Signature
Commits the Netherlands to the treaty's monetary-union framework.
Treaty of Maastricht
Signs the Treaty on European Union for the Netherlands as Finance Minister.
Treaty Signature
Participates in the formal Maastricht ceremony completing the negotiated treaty.
Treaty of Maastricht
Signs the Treaty on European Union for the Netherlands as Foreign Minister.
Treaty of Maastricht
Braga de Macedo completes Portugal's treaty delegation by signing the Maastricht settlement as Finance Minister.
Treaty of Maastricht
Pinheiro signs at Maastricht on Portugal's behalf, endorsing the new Union treaty as Foreign Minister.
Franco-Russian Cooperation Treaty
Signs a bilateral cooperation treaty with French President Franรงois Mitterrand.
Treaty of Maastricht
Fernandez Ordonez adds Spain's signature to the Maastricht Treaty as the government's senior foreign-policy representative.
Spanish Monetary Union Signature
Supports monetary convergence and greater economic cohesion within Europe.
Treaty of Maastricht
Signs the Treaty on European Union for Spain as Minister of Economy and Finance.
Spooky Top Ten Album
Lush's Spooky reaches number seven on the UK albums chart.
Ulysses Jupiter Gravity Assist
Oversees the Ulysses Jupiter gravity assist that redirects the spacecraft into a high-inclination solar orbit needed to measure the solar wind over the Sun's poles.
Ulysses Io Plasma Torus Crossing
Ulysses traverses the Io plasma torus and measures its charged-particle environment.
Ulysses Jupiter Flyby
Ulysses flies past Jupiter while studying the planet's magnetosphere and surrounding plasma.
Trial
Tyson is convicted and imprisoned
Taoiseach of Ireland
Succeeds Charles Haughey as Taoiseach.
Government
Admits he avoided the Vietnam war draft
Election
Calls elections to be held on April 21 after Maccanico is unable to form a Government
UNPROFOR Authorized
Supports deployment of a United Nations protection force in former Yugoslavia.
UNPROFOR Authorized
Faces international peacekeeping deployment amid the Yugoslav conflicts.
Grammy Award
John Lennon is given the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 34th Annual Grammy Awards
Constitution of Serbia
The constitution of the Serb Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina is adopted and declared that the states territory includes Serb autonomous regions, municipalities, and other Serbian ethnic entities in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Republic of the Serbian People of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The assembly adopted the Constitution of the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina including districts, municipalities, and regions where Serbs are the majority and a minority because of persecution during World War II
Peace
Agrees a provisional cease-fire with the Allies
UNTAC Period
Hun Sen continues as Prime Minister during the United Nations transition
Constitution of Bosnia
The referendum is boycotted by Serbs, who regard it as an unconstitutional move, but achieves a 99.4% vote in favour on a 67% turnout (which almost entirely constituted of the Bosniak and Croat communities)
Independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The referendum is boycotted by Serbs, who regard it as an unconstitutional move, but achieves a 99.4% vote in favour on a 67% turnout (which almost entirely constituted of the Bosniak and Croat communities).
Referendum
The referendum is boycotted by Serbs, who regard it as an unconstitutional move, but achieves a 99.4% vote in favour on a 67% turnout (which almost entirely constituted of the Bosniak and Croat communities).
Prime Minister of Ireland
Appointed Prime Minister of Ireland
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the Fianna Fail Party
PLO
Yitzhak Rabin announces that his country would repatriate about 100 Palestinians deported to Lebanon, an offer rejected by the deportees
Death of Joseph Leo Mankiewicz
Death of Joseph Leo Mankiewicz
February RPF Offensive
Launches a major offensive after renewed violence against Tutsis.
RPF Advances toward Kigali
RPF forces advance rapidly before international pressure halts fighting.
Edinburgh Accession Bill
Introduces legislation for Denmark's accession to the Edinburgh decision and the Maastricht Treaty.
European Communities Act Amendment
Introduces legislation amending Denmark's European Communities Act as part of the renewed Maastricht ratification package.
Second Maastricht Referendum Bill
Introduces the bill providing for a referendum on Denmark's accession to the Edinburgh decision and Maastricht Treaty.
Constitution of South Africa
The ANC & NP agree on a transistional Government of "National Unity"
Constitution of South Africa
The ANC & NP agree on a transistional Government of "National Unity"
Parliamentary Reform
Razzaz participates in parliamentary reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Treaty of Maastricht
Heads Portugal when it completes formal notification of ratification to the treaty depositary.
European Regional Development Fund
Addresses Commons questions concerning European regional development funding.
Industrial Strategy
Addresses Commons questions concerning industrial strategy.
Inward Investment
Addresses Commons questions on attracting inward investment to the United Kingdom.
President Re-Elected
Diouf wins another presidential term
Siege of Waco
4 Federal Agents are killed searching for illegal guns & arresting David Koresh. 100 Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco & Firearms agents arrive with search & arrest warrants
First Inflation Report Published
Robin Leigh-Pemberton oversees publication of the Bank of England's first quarterly Inflation Report analysing progress toward the government's inflation objective.
Privatization
The stock-market confirms German prestige car-maker BMW is buying the majority share - 80% - in Rover from British Aerospace (BAe) for 800 million pounds. Rover chairman George Simpson flies to Tokyo as soon as the BAe board agrees to accept BMWs offer
Privatization
The stock-market confirms German prestige car-maker BMW is buying the majority share - 80% - in Rover from British Aerospace (BAe) for 800 million pounds
Privatization
There are angry clashes in the House of Commons over the sale of the last major british car manufacturer Rover
Streets of Philadelphia
Releases Streets of Philadelphia for the film Philadelphia, winning major awards for the song.
International Court Aouzou Judgment
The International Court of Justice rules that the Aouzou Strip belongs to Chad.
Appointment as Prime Minister
President Konare appoints Keita to lead the Government of Mali.
Death of Han Jansen
Death of Han Jansen
FOMC Begins Same-Day Policy Announcements
The Federal Open Market Committee raises its federal funds rate objective and, for the first time, publicly announces a policy decision on the day of the meeting, beginning a major shift toward greater monetary-policy transparency.
Markale Market Attack
Calls for international action after civilians are killed at Markale market.
Markale Market Attack
Commands UNPROFOR as international pressure increases around Sarajevo.
Deregulation and Contracting Out Bill
Takes part in Commons proceedings on the Deregulation and Contracting Out Bill.
International Accord
PLO leader Yasser Arafat and Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres initial an agreement on security measures that had been blocking a peace accord
PLO
PLO leader Yasser Arafat and Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres initial an agreement on security measures that had been blocking a peace accord
Cairo Security Agreement Initialled
Arafat and Shimon Peres initial an agreement resolving key security issues needed to implement Palestinian self-rule in Gaza and Jericho.
Line Up UK Chart
Elastica's Line Up reaches the UK Top Twenty, giving the band an early national chart breakthrough.
Swallow EP Chart Debut
Sleeper make an early UK chart appearance with the Swallow EP, fronted by Louise Wener.
International Court of Justice
Libya withdraws troops from Chad due to a judgement of the International Court of Justice
Invasion of Chad
Libya withdraws troops from Chad due to a judgement of the International Court of Justice
Kazakhstan Accedes to NPT
Kazakhstan accedes to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty as a non-nuclear-weapon state.
Massacre
In the Hebron massacre, Jewish settler Dr. Baruch Goldstein opens fire on Palestinians praying in the Tomb of the Patriarchs in Hebron killing 29 people
PLO
In the Hebron massacre, Jewish settler Dr. Baruch Goldstein opens fire on Palestinians praying in the Tomb of the Patriarchs in Hebron and kills 29 people
Hebron Massacre
Rabin condemns the Hebron massacre and faces pressure to protect the Oslo process
Massacre
In the Hebron massacre, Jewish settler Dr. Baruch Goldstein opens fire on Palestinians praying in the Tomb of the Patriarchs in Hebron killing 29 people
PLO
In the Hebron massacre, Jewish settler Dr. Baruch Goldstein opens fire on Palestinians praying in the Tomb of the Patriarchs in Hebron and kills 29 people
Oslo Crisis
Baruch Goldstein kills Muslim worshippers in Hebron creating a major crisis for the peace process
Hebron Massacre
Arafat faces Palestinian anger after the Hebron massacre while continuing negotiations with Israel
First Annual Presidential Address
Delivers his first annual presidential address and urges a stronger social dimension to economic reform.
Iraqi Fissile Material Removal
Oversees removal of the final declared weapons-usable spent fuel from Iraq.
Spent Fuel Removed from Iraq
The operation advances elimination of Iraq's former nuclear weapons capability.
Conference of Cairo
The leaders of Egypt, Israel, Jordan and the Palestinians hold an unprecedented summit in Cairo to try to revive the Mideast peace process
Reform of Currency
Promises Britain will not back a proposed single EU currency before 1997
Reform of Currency
Promises Britain will not back a proposed single EU currency before 1997
Death of Roel Wiersma
Death of Roel Wiersma
Parliamentary Reform
Al-Khasawneh participates in parliamentary reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Death of Anthony Michael Tony Secunda
Death of Anthony Michael "Tony" Secunda
Conference of Belfast
Major & Bruton present a 37 page peace guide at a press conference in Belfast
International Conference at Belfast
Major & Bruton present a 37 page peace guide at a press conference in Belfast
International Conference at Belfast
Major & Bruton present a 37 page peace guide at a press conference in Belfast
Framework Documents
Supports publication of the joint British-Irish Framework Documents on future political relationships.
Oxygen Detected on Europa
Hall's Hubble spectroscopy identifies oxygen in Europa's tenuous atmosphere, the first such detection around a planetary satellite.
Waking Up UK Chart
Elastica's Waking Up reaches number thirteen on the UK singles chart.
Greatest Hits
Releases Greatest Hits with several new songs recorded with the E Street Band.
Federal Capture of Grozny
Federal forces capture most of Grozny after heavy fighting during the First Chechen War.
Treaty of Test Ban
Paris agrees to a 10-year compensation package for French Polynesia to rectify some of the damage caused by the programme of nuclear testing. Chirac announces an end to nuclear tests, accedes to the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
Nuclear Power
Chirac announces an end to nuclear tests, accedes to the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
Legislation
Signs the Communications Decency Act, attempts to regulate both indecency (when available to children) and obscenity in cyberspace
Death of Gene Kelly
Death of Gene Kelly
Sweet Catatonia Chart Entry
Catatonia enter the UK singles chart with Sweet Catatonia as the Welsh band's national profile begins to grow.
Slight Return Number Two
Slight Return reaches number two on the UK singles chart and becomes The Bluetones' signature hit.
Prime Minister of Jordan
Appointed Prime Minister of Jordan
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
Inauguration
Sworn in as President of Haiti
Minister of Interior
Appointed Minister of the Interior
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland
Dismissal
Dismissed after a vote of no confidence
Legislation
Signs the Telecom Reform Act, Congress forces local telephone companies to share their lines with competitors at regulated rates
Foreign Secretary of Macedonia
Appointed Foreign Minister
Election
Appointed President of the Palestine Authority
Election
Violence in Bangladesh kept the election turnout to about 15%. Opposition leaders filed no candidates and claimed that the results showed that Prime Minister Zia had lost authority to rule
Prime Minister of Bangladesh
Appointed Prime Minister of Bangladesh
Secretary of State for Defence
Appointed Minister of Defence
Re-election Campaign Announced
Announces his campaign for a second presidential term while his approval ratings remain low.
Inauguration
Sworn in as Governor of Autralia
The Riverboat Song
The Riverboat Song reaches the UK Top Twenty and begins Ocean Colour Scene's major 1996 breakthrough.
Bombing of London
Three people are feared dead & eight have been hurt after a bomb exploded on a double decker bus in the heart of London's West End. The explosion comes just nine days after the IRA ended its ceasefire with a bombing in the Docklands area of London, which killed two people
Ceasefire
The explosion comes just nine days after the IRA ended its ceasefire with a bombing in the Docklands area of London, which killed two people
IRA - Bombing of London
Government record concerning the IRA: Three people are feared dead & eight have been hurt after a bomb exploded on a double decker bus in the heart of London's West End. The explosion comes just nine days after the IRA ended its ceasefire with a bombing in the Docklands area of London, which killed two people
IRA - Bombing of London
Historical IRA record under Conservative Party Government: Three people are feared dead & eight have been hurt after a bomb exploded on a double decker bus in the heart of London's West End. The explosion comes just nine days after the IRA ended its ceasefire with a bombing in the Docklands area of London, which killed two people
IRA - Bombing of London
IRA context for John Roy Major: Three people are feared dead & eight have been hurt after a bomb exploded on a double decker bus in the heart of London's West End. The explosion comes just nine days after the IRA ended its ceasefire with a bombing in the Docklands area of London, which killed two people
IRA
The explosion comes just nine days after the IRA ended its ceasefire with a bombing in the Docklands area of London, which killed two people
Brit Awards Stage Protest
Interrupts Michael Jackson's Earth Song performance at the Brit Awards in a widely reported stage protest.
AFI Life Achievement Award
Receives the American Film Institute Life Achievement Award.
Bombing of Docklands
The IRA bombing of the Docklands ends their ceasefire
Ceasefire
The IRA bombing of the Docklands ends their ceasefire
IRA - Bombing of Docklands
Government record concerning the IRA: The IRA bombing of the Docklands ends their ceasefire
IRA - Bombing of Docklands
Historical IRA record under Conservative Party Government: The IRA bombing of the Docklands ends their ceasefire
IRA - Bombing of Docklands
IRA context for John Roy Major: The IRA bombing of the Docklands ends their ceasefire
IRA
The IRA bombing of the Docklands ends their ceasefire
Earthling
Releases Earthling, incorporating drum and bass and electronic music into his late-1990s sound.
General Election - General Election
Nawaz Sharif's party wins a commanding parliamentary majority.
General Election Election Outcome
General election outcome recorded for Nawaz Sharif: Nawaz Sharif's party wins a commanding parliamentary majority.
General Election Government
Government context for this general election: Nawaz Sharif's party wins a commanding parliamentary majority.
General Election
Nawaz Sharif's party wins a commanding parliamentary majority.
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
President of Ecuador
Appointed acting President of Ecuador during the constitutional crisis
Parliamentary Reform
Tai participates in parliamentary reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
President of Ecuador
Appointed interim President of Ecuador after the removal of Abdala Bucaram
Hubble Servicing Mission 2 Launch
Bowersox commands Discovery as the second Hubble servicing mission launches to install new instruments and maintain the observatory.
Hubble Captured for Second Servicing
Hawley operates Discovery's robotic arm to capture Hubble and secure the telescope for Servicing Mission 2.
STIS Installed on Hubble
Lee helps install the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph, extending Hubble's ability to study spectra across a broad wavelength range.
NICMOS Installed on Hubble
Smith helps install NICMOS, giving Hubble powerful new near-infrared imaging and spectroscopic capability.
Hubble Fine Guidance Sensor Replaced
Harbaugh helps replace a degraded Fine Guidance Sensor and upgrade Hubble's precision pointing capability.
Hubble Tape Recorder Replaced
Tanner helps replace a failed Engineering and Science Tape Recorder during the second servicing mission.
Hubble Data Interface Unit Replaced
Lee helps replace a Data Interface Unit that routes commands and information between Hubble spacecraft systems.
Hubble Reaction Wheel Replaced
Lee helps replace a reaction wheel assembly used to turn Hubble toward targets and maintain stable pointing.
Hubble Solid State Recorder Installed
Smith helps replace a reel-to-reel recorder with a digital solid-state recorder capable of simultaneous recording and playback.
Prime Minister of Pakistan
Nawaz Sharif begins his second term as Prime Minister.
Hubble Thermal Insulation Repaired
Harbaugh installs new thermal blankets over degraded insulation around Hubble's light shield.
Hubble Solar Array Drive Electronics Replaced
Tanner helps replace electronics that control the positioning of Hubble's solar arrays.
Hubble Electronics Insulation Added
Smith attaches thermal insulation over key Hubble data-processing, electronics and instrument-telemetry areas during the final spacewalk.
Death of Deng Xiaoping
Death of Deng Xiaoping
Death of Deng Xiaoping
Death of Deng Xiaoping
Europa Close Flyby
Galileo passes within about 586 kilometres of Europa and images additional regions of its fractured icy surface.
Hubble Servicing Mission 2 Completed
Bowersox commands Discovery's return after Hubble is released as a more capable observatory following Servicing Mission 2.
Death of Sidney Gilliat
Death of Frank Launder
Mir Oxygen Generator Fire
Helps the crew respond when an oxygen-generating device catches fire, filling the station with smoke and forcing emergency protective measures.
Health of Lance Armstrong
Declared cancer-free
Purchase of Minnesota Vikings
Tom Clancy signs agreement to purchase Minnesota Vikings for slightly more than $200 million
Death of John Enoch Powell
Death of John Enoch Powell
Death of Carl Wilson
Death of Carl Wilson, the Beach Boys officially break up shortly after Carl Wilson's death
Liverpool Dockers
Pours water over John Prescott at the BRIT Awards in support of Liverpool dockers.
BrahMos Joint Venture
A. Sivathanu Pillai helps establish BrahMos Aerospace to develop a supersonic cruise missile through an India-Russia joint venture.
Junta Removed
AFRC junta loses Freetown after ECOMOG military action
President Restored
Restored to the presidency after ECOMOG removes the AFRC junta
Voyager Distance Record
Voyager 1 passes Pioneer 10 to become the most distant human-made object.
Al-Qaeda
Bin Laden issues fatwa calling for attacks on US citizens
Millenium Dome
Unveils plans for the interior of the Millenium Dome
President of Laos
Becomes president of Laos
Prime Minister
Becomes prime minister after Khamtai Siphandon moves to the presidency
Grammy Album of the Year
Wins Album of the Year for Time Out of Mind.
Kosovo Conflict Escalates
Emerges as a political representative of the Kosovo Albanian insurgency.
Kosovo Conflict Escalates
Orders Serbian security operations as the Kosovo conflict escalates.
Federal Assembly Reform Criticism
Uses his annual address to criticize the pace of government reform and demand stronger economic management.
Premiership Ends
Ciubuc resigns and leaves the prime ministership
Government
Monica Lewinsky gives a deposition in the imeachment trial of Bill Clinton
Impeachment
Monica Lewinsky gives a deposition in the imeachment trial of Bill Clinton
Europa February Flyby
Galileo completes another close pass of Europa before shifting the extended mission toward Callisto and Io encounters.
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of Venezuela, 1st term
Council Co-Chair Takes Office
Svetozar Mihajlovic becomes co-chairman of the Council of Ministers
Zinoviev Letter
Claims the Zinoviev letter was written by White Russians living in Latvia
Parliamentary Reform
I participates in parliamentary reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Rambouillet Conference Opens
Leads the Kosovo Albanian delegation during the Rambouillet negotiations.
Rambouillet Conference Opens
Presses Serbian and Kosovo Albanian delegations to accept a settlement.
Accession
Ascends to the throne
Succession
Ascends to the throne
Death of Hussein I
Death of Hussein I
Death of Hussein bin Talal
Death of King Hussein of Jordan
Impeachment
1st day of Clintons impeachment trial at the Senate
Trial
Manslaughter trial for part played in blood scandal spreading Aids to 4,000 people
Death of Iris Murdoch
Death of Iris Murdoch
Aimee and Jaguar
Directs Aimee and Jaguar.
Impeachment
Senate votes 55-45 not to impeach Clinton for perjury. Senate votes 50-50 to impeach Clinton for obstructing justice. Cleared of high crimes & misdemeanours by the Senate
Acting Prime Minister Takes Office
Ion Sturza begins a short acting term as head of government
Declaration of Lahore
Vajpayee and Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif sign the Lahore Declaration after Vajpayee's bus journey to Pakistan.
Lahore Declaration
Nawaz Sharif and Atal Bihari Vajpayee sign the Lahore Declaration.
Manager
Keegan is named the new England coach
Arrest of Hissene Habre
Habre is indicted
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor of Austria
Federal Vice Chancellor
Appointed Federal Vice Chancellor
Reballion of Rebels in Chechnya
Putin announces that federal forces had scored a major victory in Chechnya
Rule of Chechnya
Putin announces that federal forces had scored a major victory in Chechnya
Economy of Russia
The Government announces that it will raise the minimum price for a bottle of vodka by 30% at the end of the month
Arrest of Salman Raduyev
Russian agents capture Salman Raduyev, a Chechen warlord
Reballion of Rebels in Chechnya
Russian agents capture Salman Raduyev, a Chechen warlord
Reballion of Rebels in Chechnya
Russian agents capture Salman Raduyev, a Chechen warlord
FSB
Putin signs a decree to re-establish the "special departments" (FSB) to seek out political disloyalty in the military
Constitutional Referendum Defeat
Voters reject the draft constitution supported by the government.
Constitutional Referendum Defeated
Voters reject the government's proposed new constitution.
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Russia and NATO announce a resumption of contacts that were broken in Mar 1999 due to NATO bombing in Yugoslavia
Russia and NATO announce a resumption of contacts that were broken in
Russia and NATO announce a resumption of contacts that were broken in Mar 1999 due to NATO bombing in Yugoslavia
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Russia and NATO announce a resumption of contacts that were broken in Mar 1999 due to NATO bombing in Yugoslavia
Russia and NATO announce a resumption of contacts that were broken in
Russia and NATO announce a resumption of contacts that were broken in Mar 1999 due to NATO bombing in Yugoslavia
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Russia and NATO announce a resumption of contacts that were broken in Mar 1999 due to NATO bombing in Yugoslavia
Rule of Chechnya
Putin names Vladimir Kalamanov, Head of the Migration service, to look into allegations of torture, rape and executions by Russian soldiers against Chechen civilians
Politics
Russia is accused by human rights groups and refugees of brutality toward Chechens in camps
Reballion of Rebels in Chechnya
Russia is accused by human rights groups and refugees of brutality toward Chechens in camps. Putin names Vladimir Kalamanov, Head of the Migration service, to look into allegations of torture, rape and executions by Russian soldiers against Chechen civilians
Rule of Chechnya
Putin names Vladimir Kalamanov, Head of the Migration service, to look into allegations of torture, rape and executions by Russian soldiers against Chechen civilians
Election
Iranian reformists win landslide victory in the general election
Galileo February Io Flyby
Galileo flies about 198 kilometres above Io, obtaining close measurements of its active volcanic environment.
Death of Stanley Matthews
Death of Stanley Matthews
League Cup Final Winning Double
Elliott scores both Leicester City goals in the 2000 League Cup final, defeating Tranmere Rovers 2-1 at Wembley as team captain.
League Cup Triumph Midfield Energy
Savage supplies persistent midfield pressure during Leicester City's 2000 League Cup-winning campaign, helping the side overcome Tranmere Rovers in the final.
League Cup Winning Defensive Display
Taggart helps Leicester City withstand Tranmere Rovers' attacks in the 2000 League Cup final as Martin O'Neill's side wins 2-1.
Arrest of Hissene Habre
A Senegalese court indicts Hissene Habre, the former autocrat of Chad
Political Support
President Clinton extends ban on US oil contracts with Iran, accusing it of continuing to support international terrorism
National Command Authority
Musharraf's government establishes the National Command Authority to oversee major decisions concerning Pakistan's nuclear forces.
Fast-Track Land Reform Begins
The government accelerates compulsory redistribution of commercial agricultural land.
Seventieth Birthday Public Appearance
Marks his seventieth birthday with public recognition of his role as Russia's first elected president.
Election
Right-wing Likud leader Ariel Sharon elected Prime Minister in Israel replacing Ehud Barak and promising "peace and security"
Prime Minister of Israel
Appointed Prime Minister of Israel
Election
Right-wing Likud leader Ariel Sharon elected Prime Minister in Israel replacing Ehud Barak and promising "peace and security."
Prime Ministerial Election Victory
Sharon wins the direct election for prime minister amid public concern over security and the continuing breakdown of the peace process.
Fourth Commissioners Session
Chairs the fourth session of UNMOVIC Commissioners.
UNMOVIC College Meeting
Inspection planning continues despite the absence of access to Iraq.
Chairman Takes Office
Bozidar Matic becomes Chairman of the Council of Ministers
Treaty of Nice Signature
Chirac joined European leaders in signing the Treaty of Nice, designed to prepare the institutions for enlargement.
Treaty of Nice Signature
Fischer signs the Nice Treaty, backing institutional changes intended to prepare the Union for enlargement.
Treaty of Nice
Papandreou signs the Nice Treaty, backing institutional changes designed for enlargement.
Treaty of Nice
Represents Ireland at the signing of the Treaty of Nice.
Treaty of Nice
Dini places Italy's signature on the Nice Treaty, backing institutional adjustments for an enlarged Union.
Secretary of Treasury
Appointed Secretary of the Treasury
Final Performance
Plays a final Who concert before his death.
Musharraf gives a landmark speech against Islamic extremism, He unequivocally condemns
Musharraf gives a landmark speech against Islamic extremism, He unequivocally condemns all acts of terrorism, including those carried out in the name of freeing Kashmirs Muslim majority from Indian rule
Death of Walter Winterbottom
Death of Walter Winterbottom
Eighth Commissioners Session
Chairs the eighth UNMOVIC Commissioners session.
Inspection Readiness Review
The Commission reviews inspection readiness and unresolved Iraqi disarmament issues.
Death of John Edward Thaw
Death of John Edward Thaw
Cole Scores Blackburn League Cup Winner
Cole scores the winning goal against Tottenham Hotspur as Blackburn Rovers win the League Cup 2โ1 in Cardiff.
Souness Wins League Cup With Blackburn
Souness leads Blackburn to their first League Cup title, beating Tottenham Hotspur with goals from Matt Jansen and Andy Cole.
Dunn Helps Blackburn Win League Cup
Dunn supports Blackburn's forward movement in the League Cup final as Rovers defeat Tottenham Hotspur 2โ1.
Friedel Frustrates Tottenham at Cardiff
Friedel produces important saves against Tottenham Hotspur in the League Cup final, enabling Blackburn to protect a 2โ1 victory.
Economy of Georgia
It was reported that the US has begun providing the former Soviet Republic of Georgia with military aid to counter terrorist threats in the Pankisi Gorge region
Military Aid Agreement
It was reported that the US has begun providing the former Soviet Republic of Georgia with military aid to counter terrorist threats in the Pankisi Gorge region
Military Aid
It was reported that the US has begun providing the former Soviet Republic of Georgia with military aid to counter terrorist threats in the Pankisi Gorge region
European Convention Opens
Giscard dEstang opened the Convention on the Future of Europe as its chairman.
Sun City Inter-Congolese Dialogue
Participates in the Inter-Congolese Dialogue intended to design a political settlement for the divided country.
HIPC Decision Point Reached
Ghana reaches the decision point under the enhanced HIPC initiative, qualifying for substantial debt-service relief linked to poverty-reduction reforms.
Godhra Train Fire and Gujarat Violence
A train coach burns at Godhra, killing Hindu passengers; large-scale communal violence follows across Gujarat.
Reballion of Rebels in Ayodhya
Muslims set fire to a train carrying Hindus returning from pilgrimage to Ayodhya. More than 800, mainly Muslims, die in revenge killings by Hindu mobs
Swiss bank UBS pulls out of the Ilisu dam project
The Swiss bank UBS pulls out of the Ilisu dam project
Treaty of Nice Enters into Force
Heads the German government when the Treaty of Nice enters into force.
Treaty of Nice Enters into Force
The Nice Treaty becomes legally effective during Ahern's government, preparing Union institutions for enlargement.
Treaty of Nice Enters into Force
The Nice Treaty becomes legally effective during Berlusconi's government, completing institutional reforms designed for enlargement.
Scandal
Reveals he shares his bed with young boys during "Living with Michael Jackson"
Arms Control Talks
Iran makes an offer of negotiation with the US that covers nuclear matters and Irans support for Palestinian groups resisting Israeli occupation, the offer is spurned by the Bush administration
Al-Qaeda
Powell presented evidence alleging that Iraq was actively producing chemical and biological weapons and had ties to al-Qaeda
Invasion of Iraq
His presentation to the United Nations Security Council contained a computer-generated image of a "mobile biological weapons laboratory.."
Invasion of Iraq
However, this information was based on claims of Rafid Ahmed Alwan al-Janabi, codenamed "Curveball", an Iraqi emigrant living in Germany who later admitted that his claims had been false.
Invasion of Iraq
On 5 February 2003, U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell addressed the United Nations General Assembly, continuing U.S. efforts to gain United Nations authorization for an invasion.
Invasion of Iraq
Fails to gain support from United Nations Security Council members France, Germany & Russia
UN Security Council
Fails to gain support from United Nations Security Council members France, Germany & Russia
Interest Rate Reduction
The Bank of England reduces its policy rate to 3.75 percent.
Economy of Great Britain
The Bank of England cuts interest rates to 3.75%, lowest for 50 yrs
Interest Rates
The Bank of England cuts interest rates to 3.75%, lowest for 50 yrs
Second Baghdad Inspection Mission Begins
Returns to Baghdad with Mohamed ElBaradei for further discussions focused on unresolved chemical, biological and missile disarmament questions.
Iraqi Disarmament Papers Reviewed
Reviews papers supplied by Iraq on unresolved weapons issues but finds that they do not provide the new evidence needed to close major questions.
Broadcast
A bin Laden broadcast by al-Jazeera says, "we will fight for our brothers in Iraq"
WMAP
Bennett releases first WMAP results that refine the age, composition, and geometry of the universe
Good Bye, Lenin!
Directs Good Bye, Lenin!, a major post-reunification German film.
United Nations
Blix claims that "If Iraq had provided the necessary cooperation in 1991, the phase of disarmament -- under resolution 687 -- could have been short and a decade of sanctions could have been avoided"
Aerial Surveillance Access Report
Tells the Security Council that Iraq has accepted aerial-surveillance arrangements that strengthen inspectors' ability to monitor sites across the country.
Anthrax Accounting Concern
Highlights unresolved questions about Iraq's past anthrax programme because documentation does not yet establish what happened to all declared quantities.
February Security Council Report
Reports again to the Security Council on Iraqi cooperation.
Four Hundred Inspection Milestone
Reports that inspection teams have completed more than four hundred visits to about three hundred sites, generally receiving prompt access.
Inspection Cooperation Update
Notes improved access while outstanding disarmament issues remain.
Private Scientist Interview Assessment
Reports that Iraq has begun accepting interviews with scientists without government witnesses, improving an important inspection procedure.
VX Documentation Concern
Identifies continuing uncertainty over Iraq's VX nerve-agent work and asks for documentary or material evidence capable of resolving the discrepancy.
Iraq War Protest
Addresses one of Britain's largest anti-war demonstrations.
Demonstrations
At least 1 million demonstrate against the war in Iraq
Demonstrations
Anti-war protests are held, the largest of their kind since the Vietnam War took place with 6-10 million people in over 60 countries around the world
Reform of Government
Traffic levels fall 25% on the 1st day of the congestion charge
Galileo Flight Team Operations End
Routine Galileo flight-team operations end after the final playback of stored scientific data, months before the spacecraft's planned Jupiter impact.
Iran Safeguards Mission
Visits Iran and presses for greater transparency, early design information and consideration of an Additional Protocol.
Demonstrations
Nationwide demonstrations against war in Iraq
Debut
Makes senior international debut aged 17, becoming the youngest player to represent England
Economy of Turkey
The International Monetary Fund agrees a $18 billion loan package
S 2003 J9 Discovery
Discovers S 2003 J9 during a survey that greatly expands the known population of Jupiter's irregular moons.
Invasion of Iraq
US Secretary of State Colin Powell addressed the United Nations General Assembly, continuing US efforts to gain United Nations authorization for an invasion. Powell presented evidence alleging that Iraq was actively producing chemical and biological weapons and had ties to al-Qaeda
Invasion of Iraq
US Secretary of State Colin Powell addressed the United Nations General Assembly, continuing US efforts to gain United Nations authorization for an invasion
Invasion of Iraq
US Secretary of State Colin Powell addressed the United Nations General Assembly, continuing US efforts to gain United Nations authorization for an invasion. Powell presented evidence alleging that Iraq was actively producing chemical and biological weapons and had ties to al-Qaeda
Invasion of Iraq
US Secretary of State Colin Powell addressed the United Nations General Assembly, continuing US efforts to gain United Nations authorization for an invasion
Disengagement Plan
Announces a unilateral plan to remove Israeli settlements from the Gaza Strip.
Chemical Weapons Convention Enters Force
The Chemical Weapons Convention enters into force for Libya.
Libya Joins Chemical Weapons Convention
The Chemical Weapons Convention enters into force for Libya following its accession the previous month.
Invasion of Iraq
Blix accuses the US and British Governments of dramatising the threat of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, in order to strengthen the case for the 2003 war against the regime of Saddam Hussein
United Nations
Blix accuses the US and British Governments of dramatising the threat of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, in order to strengthen the case for the 2003 war against the regime of Saddam Hussein
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
Blix accuses the US and British Governments of dramatising the threat of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, in order to strengthen the case for the 2003 war against the regime of Saddam Hussein
Discovery of Orcus
Brown, Trujillo and David Rabinowitz discover Orcus, a large resonant trans-Neptunian object with an orbit similar to Pluto's.
World Record
Breaks the indoor 5,000 metres world record in Birmingham.
Mystic River
Receives Academy Award nominations for Best Picture and Best Director for Mystic River.
Veritas Party
Kilroy-Silk founds the Veritas Party on an anti-immigration platform
World Record
MacArthur sets a record for the quickest round-the-world solo sail in 71 days, 14 hrs
Death of Ossie Davis
Death of Ossie Davis
President of Greece
Parliament elects Karolos Papoulias President with 279 votes.
Mahmoud Abbas
Sharon meets Abbas at Sharm el Sheikh during efforts to end the Second Intifada
Sharm el Sheikh Summit
Sharon meets Abbas at Sharm el Sheikh during efforts to end the Second Intifada
Intifada, 2nd
Meets Mahmoud Abbas and announces steps intended to end the Second Intifada.
Intifada, 2nd
Sharon meets Abbas and announces understandings intended to end the Second Intifada
Ceasefire
Abbas meets Ariel Sharon at Sharm el Sheikh and announces steps to reduce violence
Sharm el Sheikh Summit
Meets Sharon and declares an end to armed attacks against Israelis.
Mutual Ceasefire Declaration
Abbas and Sharon announce commitments to stop violence against Israelis and Palestinians at the Sharm el-Sheikh summit.
Sharm el Sheikh Summit
Supports the understandings announced by Sharon and Abbas after Arafat's death.
Arrest of Anthony Charles Lynton Blair
Apologizes to the Conlon and McGuire families wrongly convicted of 1974 IRA bombing
IRA - IRA
Government record concerning the IRA: Apologizes to the Conlon and McGuire families wrongly convicted of 1974 IRA bombing
IRA - IRA
Historical IRA record under Labour Party Government: Apologizes to the Conlon and McGuire families wrongly convicted of 1974 IRA bombing
IRA - IRA
IRA context for Anthony Charles Lynton Blair: Apologizes to the Conlon and McGuire families wrongly convicted of 1974 IRA bombing
IRA
Apologizes to the Conlon and McGuire families wrongly convicted of 1974 IRA bombing
Election
Launches a whistlestop tour of marginal constituencies, unveiling 6 election pledges
Legislation
The Commons passes the Identity Cards Bill at its 3rd reading by 224 votes to 64
Reform of Parliament
The Commons passes the Identity Cards Bill at its 3rd reading by 224 votes to 64
Marriage
Clarence House announces Charles will marry Camilla Parker Bowles Eighth Feb
Marriage
It is announced by Clarence House that the Prince of Wales and Camilla Parker Bowles will marry on 8 April in a civil ceremony at Windsor Castle, with a subsequent religious blessing at the castles St George's Chapel
Assassination of Rafik Hariri
Former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri is killed by a massive bombing in central Beirut, triggering a profound political crisis during President Emile Lahoud's extended term.
Prime Minister of Georgia
Georgias Parliament approves Zurab Nogaideli as Premier
Hunting
The Hunting Act, the ban on hunting with dogs, comes into force. Hounds ca follow a scent & flush out a fox & foxes can still be shot, or killed by birds of prey, after being tracked by a pair of hounds
Legislation
The Hunting Act, the ban on hunting with dogs, comes into force
Reform of Government
The Hunting Act, the ban on hunting with dogs, comes into force
World Champion
Ronnie OSullivan beats John Higgins 10 frames to 3 to win his second Masters title
Constitution of Egypt
Proposes amending the constitution to permit a presidential election with multiple candidates.
Constitutional Amendment
Requests a constitutional amendment replacing single-candidate referendums with multi-candidate presidential elections.
Presidential Election Reform
Calls for a constitutional change allowing more than one candidate to contest the presidency.
Chelsea League Cup Victory
Wins his first English trophy as Chelsea defeat Liverpool after extra time in the League Cup final.
Academy Award
Wins Best Picture and Best Director Academy Awards for Million Dollar Baby.
Knight of the Legion of Honour
Sarkozy is made Knight of the Legion of Honour by President Chirac
Bernanke Becomes Federal Reserve Chairman
Ben Bernanke begins his term as Federal Reserve chairman, succeeding Alan Greenspan and assuming leadership of monetary policy shortly before the housing and financial crises emerge.
Iran Policy Statement
Provincial minister Siraj-ul-Haq opposes any military attack on Iran.
Nuclear Power
Sirajul Haq warns that an attack on Iran would have serious implications for Pakistan.
Government Report
The IAEA votes 27-3 to report Iran to the United Nations Security Council, After the vote, Iran announces its intention to end voluntary co-operation with the IAEA beyond basic Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty requirements
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
The IAEA votes 27-3 to report Iran to the United Nations Security Council, After the vote, Iran announces its intention to end voluntary co-operation with the IAEA beyond basic Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty requirements
Nuclear Power
The IAEA votes 27-3 to report Iran to the United Nations Security Council, After the vote, Iran announces its intention to end voluntary co-operation with the IAEA beyond basic Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty requirements
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
The IAEA votes 27-3 to report Iran to the United Nations Security Council, After the vote, Iran announces its intention to end voluntary co-operation with the IAEA beyond basic Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty requirements
United Nations
The IAEA votes 27-3 to report Iran to the United Nations Security Council, After the vote, Iran announces its intention to end voluntary co-operation with the IAEA beyond basic Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty requirements
Government Report
Iran says it will no longer allow snap inspections of its nuclear sites, after the United Nations nuclear watchdog vote to report Tehran to the Security Council
Report on Tehran to the Security Council
Iran says it will no longer allow snap inspections of its nuclear sites, after the United Nations nuclear watchdog vote to report Tehran to the Security Council
Nuclear Power
Iran says it will no longer allow snap inspections of its nuclear sites, after the United Nations nuclear watchdog vote to report Tehran to the Security Council
Dunfermline and West Fife By-Election
Labour loses the Dunfermline and West Fife by-election after a campaign involving Brown.
Dunfermline By-Election Campaign
Brown campaigns in a Scottish by-election that Labour loses to the Liberal Democrats.
Discovery of Weywot
Hubble observations reveal a small moon orbiting Quaoar, later named Weywot.
Promulgation of Constitution
Kabila promulgates the constitution approved in the national referendum.
Haniyeh Government Mandate
Following Hamas's legislative election victory, Abbas formally asked Ismail Haniyeh to form a Palestinian government. The decision began a difficult period of institutional coexistence between the Fatah-led presidency and a Hamas-led cabinet.
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
The Sex Pistols are officially inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, but they refused to attend the induction, calling the museum a "piss stain"
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
The Sex Pistols are officially inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, but they refused to attend the induction, calling the museum a "piss stain"
League Cup Victory Over Wigan
Manchester United beat Wigan Athletic 4-0 in the League Cup final, earning Ferguson another domestic trophy while a younger squad develops.
Benghazi Unrest Investigation Requested
Human-rights campaigners seek accountability for deaths during disturbances in Benghazi.
Human Rights Inquiry Petition
The Libyan League for Human Rights requests an independent inquiry into Benghazi unrest.
Voyager 1 Plasma Science Shutdown
Voyager 1's plasma science instrument is switched off after its performance becomes degraded.
Invasion of Iraq
National Intelligence Estimate finds the Iraqi leadership is likely too weak to hold the country together, the military is ill-equipped to rein in militias, and US troops are necessary to stabilize Iraq
Death of Jose Carlos Bauer
Death of Jose Carlos Bauer, Brazilian World Cup footballer.
Death of Jules Olitski
Jules Olitski, Ukrainian-born American abstract painter and sculptor
Death of Barbara McNair
Death of Barbara McNair, American singer and actress
Economy of USA
President Bush says the $2.9 trillion budget will eliminate the federal deficit by 2012 without increasing taxes
Agreement on End violence
US and Israel insist that the new Government must recognize right of Israel to exist, disarm terrorist groups and agree to end violence. Hamas officials reiterate that they will never recognize Israel
Hamas
Palestinian Unity Agreement in Mecca, Hamas and Fatah agree to share power, based on vaguely worded agreement. Hamas officials reiterate that they will never recognize Israel
Independence of Israel
US and Israel insist that the new Government must recognize right of Israel to exist, disarm terrorist groups and agree to end violence
Palestinian Unity Agreement
US and Israel insist that the new Government must recognize right of Israel to exist, disarm terrorist groups and agree to end violence. Palestinian Unity Agreement in Mecca, Hamas and Fatah agree to share power, based on vaguely worded agreement. Hamas officials reiterate that they will never recognize Israel
Rule of Israel
Hamas officials reiterate that they will never recognize Israel
Election
The choice of the announcement site is symbolic because it was also where Abraham Lincoln delivered his historic "House Divided" speech in 1858. Obama announces his candidacy for President of the United States in front of the Old State Capitol building in Springfield, Illinois
Election
Obama announces his candidacy for President of the United States in front of the Old State Capitol building in Springfield, Illinois, th site is symbolic because it was also where Abraham Lincoln delivered his historic "House Divided" speech in 1858
International Sanctions
Officials show weapons, including mortar shells, rocket-propelled grenades, and explosive penetrators they say were manufactured in Iranian factories, they also say that Iranian Government officials sanctioned the transfer of the weapons
Presidential Election
Berdymukhamedov wins the presidential election after Niyazov's death
Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award
Receives a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.
International Sanctions
Officials show weapons, including mortar shells, rocket-propelled grenades, and explosive penetrators they say were manufactured in Iranian factories, they also say that Iranian Government officials sanctioned the transfer of the weapons
Abdul Aziz Award
Saudi King Abdullah awards Putin the King Abdul Aziz Award, Saudi Arabias top civilian decoration
Saudi King Abdullah awards Putin the King Abdul Aziz Award, Saudi Arabias
Saudi King Abdullah awards Putin the King Abdul Aziz Award, Saudi Arabias top civilian decoration
Nuclear Power
At a meeting with diplomats from the US, China, South Korea, Russia, and Japan, North Korea agrees to dismantle its nuclear facilities and allow international inspectors to enter the country in exchange for about $400 million in oil and aid
Cabinet Chairmanship
As President, Berdymukhamedov heads the Cabinet of Ministers
Head of Government Role
Berdymukhamedov assumes the combined head-of-state and head-of-government role
President Takes Office
Berdymukhamedov is inaugurated as President of Turkmenistan
Siege of Baghdad
Despite an increase in violence in Bagdhad, Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki called the security offensive a "dazzling success"
Invasion of Iraq
The House of Representatives votes, 246-182, in favor of a nonbinding resolution that expresses support for US troops but criticizes President Bushs "surge" that calls for some 20,000 additional troops to be sent to Iraq
Siege of Baghdad
Despite an increase in violence in Bagdhad, Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki called the security offensive a "dazzling success"
Bombing of Baghdad
At least 60 people die when a bomb tears through a crowded market in Baghdad, the attack comes two days after Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki called the security offensive a "dazzling success"
Coup
Hamas ousts Fatah from Gaza in bloody coup
Hamas
Hamas ousts Fatah from Gaza in bloody coup
Rule of Gaza
Hamas ousts Fatah from Gaza in bloody coup
Summit Meeting at Mecca
Trilateral Israeli-Palestinian-American summit with Secretary of State Rice, PM Ehud Olmert and President Abbas ended with no visible result
Summit
Trilateral Israeli-Palestinian-American summit with Secretary of State Rice, PM Ehud Olmert and President Abbas ended with no visible result
Invasion of Iraq
Blair says as many as 1,600 of the 7,100 troops stationed in southern Iraq will leave in the next few months. "What all this means is not that Basra is how we want it to be, but it does mean that the next chapter in Basras history can be written
Bombing of Baghdad
A bomb explodes at Baghdads Mustansiriya University, killing about 40 people, mostly students
Second Chelsea League Cup Victory
Chelsea defeat Arsenal 2-1 in the League Cup final to win another domestic trophy.
President Re-Elected
Wade wins re-election for a second presidential term
Letters from Iwo Jima Academy Nominations
Receives Academy Award nominations connected with Letters from Iwo Jima.
Economy of Iraq
The Iraqi cabinet passes a draft law on oil revenues that calls on the Government to distribute oil revenues to regions based on their populations and allows regions to negotiate contracts with foreign companies to explore and develop oil fields
Bombing of Kabul
A suicide bomber attacks a United States base near Kabul, about a mile away from where the vice president is staying, the Taliban claims responsibility for the attack which killed more than 20 people
Suicide
A suicide bomber attacks a United States base near Kabul, about a mile away from where the vice president is staying, the Taliban claims responsibility for the attack which killed more than 20 people
Taliban
A suicide bomber attacks a United States base near Kabul, about a mile away from where the vice president is staying, the Taliban claims responsibility for the attack which killed more than 20 people
Diplomatic Negotiations
In a policy shift US officials say they will participate in high-level talks with Iran and Syria at a meeting about Iraq
Resignation of Romano Prodi
Romano Prodi submits his resignation after a measure about deploying more troops to Afghanistan and allowing the US to expand a military base in Italy fails in the Senate, he has been in power only nine months. Prodi remains in power, as the Senate narrowly passes a vote of confidence in the Prime Minister's weak Government
Romano Prodi submits his resignation
Romano Prodi submits his resignation after a measure about deploying more troops to Afghanistan and allowing the US to expand a military base in Italy fails in the Senate, he has been in power only nine months
New Horizons
New Horizons uses Jupiter for a gravity assist that shortens its flight time to Pluto.
Jupiter Ring Clumps
New Horizons images clumpy structures in Jupiter's faint rings and improves understanding of ring dynamics.
Little Red Spot Close-Up
New Horizons obtains close views of the developing Little Red Spot and measures storm dynamics.
New Horizons Jupiter Flyby
New Horizons uses Jupiter for a gravity assist and conducts a broad scientific survey of the system.
Polar Lightning on Jupiter
New Horizons detects lightning at high Jovian latitudes, extending known lightning activity toward the poles.
Tvashtar Eruption Imaging
New Horizons records a giant plume from Io's Tvashtar volcano and traces its changing structure.
Scandal
Questioned for a 2nd time by police over the cash-for-peerages scandal
Al-Aqsa Mosque
Israeli renovations near the Mughrabi gate of the Al-Aqsa mosque in Jerusalem spark widespread unrest in the Arab world, over false charges that Israel is destroying the mosque
At the Munich Conference
At the Munich Conference on Security Policy, criticises the USAs dominance in global relations, and points out that the USA displayed an "almost uncontained hyper use of force in international relations"
Conference of Munich
Calls for "fair and democratic world order that would ensure security and prosperity not only for a select few, but for all". At the Munich Conference on Security Policy, criticises the USAs dominance in global relations, and points out that the USA displayed an "almost uncontained hyper use of force in international relations"
Io Plume Observations
New Horizons observes giant volcanic plumes and changing surface features on Io.
Political Rallies Restricted
Police impose temporary restrictions on opposition rallies and demonstrations.
Super Bowl XLII
Leads the New York Giants to a Super Bowl victory over the New England Patriots
Death of Tata Guines
Death of Tata Guines, Cuban conga drummer, his six decade career helped popularize Afron rhythms worldwide
Super Tuesday
Competes with Hillary Clinton across multiple Super Tuesday Democratic contests
Visit to Israel and Palestinian Territories for the first
President George W Bush visits Israel and Palestinian Territories for the first time
US Justice Department officials announce that a US Government official and up
US Justice Department officials announce that a US Government official and up to four Chinese nationals are being charged with spying on the United States and giving US military secrets to the Chinese Government
Credit Crunch
Bush signs the Economic Stimulus Act, providing tax rebates and business incentives intended to support demand as the financial downturn spreads.
Economic Stimulus Act
Signs the Economic Stimulus Act to send tax rebates and business incentives during the downturn
President of Cuba
Raul Castro became the new President, the islands Parliament appoints revolutionary leader Jose Ramon Machado for the Governments No. 2 spot
President of Cuba
Raul Castro became the new President, the islands Parliament appoints revolutionary leader Jose Ramon Machado for the Governments No. 2 spot
Northern Rock Nationalisation
Brown's government chooses temporary public ownership after private-sale efforts fail.
Northern Rock Public Ownership
Darling announces that Northern Rock will transfer into temporary public ownership.
Credit Crunch
Darling announces that Northern Rock will enter temporary public ownership after private rescue proposals fail to provide acceptable value for taxpayers.
Nationalization
Alistair Darling announces that Northern Rock will be nationalised
Northern Rock Public Ownership Announcement
Brown's government announces that Northern Rock will enter temporary public ownership.
Resignation of Fidel Alejandro Castro
An ailing, 81-year-old Fidel Castro resigns as Cuba's President after nearly a half-century in power, saying he will not accept a new term when Parliament meets Feb 24
Health of Fidel Alejandro Castro
An ailing, 81-year-old Fidel Castro resigns as Cuba's President after nearly a half-century in power, saying he will not accept a new term when Parliament meets Feb 24
President of Georgia
Mikheil Saakashvili sworn in for second - and last - term as president of Georgia
Treaty of Lisbon
The European Parliament approves the Treaty by 525 votes in favour and 115 against
Voyager 2 Planetary Radio Astronomy Shutdown
Voyager 2's planetary radio astronomy experiment is switched off to conserve spacecraft power.
Northern Rock Transfer Order
Northern Rock formally transfers into temporary public ownership.
Presidential Campaign Launch
Mugabe opens his campaign by attacking opposition presidential candidates.
Benayoun Winner at Real Madrid
Benayoun heads a late winner against Real Madrid in the Champions League round of sixteen as Liverpool earn a crucial away victory.
Second Geir Haarde Government
The Second Geir Haarde Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
First Johanna Sigurdardottir Government
Begins the First Johanna Sigurdardottir Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Prime Minister of Iceland
Innaugurated as Prime Minister of Iceland
Super Bowl XLIII
Performs the halftime show at Super Bowl XLIII with the E Street Band.
Election as African Union Chairman
African leaders elect Gaddafi chairman of the African Union for a one-year term.
Constitution of Bolivia
Morales promulgates the constitution creating the Plurinational State of Bolivia.
Election
Parliamentary elections held in Israel prove inconclusive, the centrist Kadima party, led by Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni, wins 28 seats in the 120-seat Knesset, the most of any party
108 Caps
Beckham makes history by drawing level with Bobby Moores record of 108 caps for an English outfield player, coming on as a substitute for Stewart Downing in a friendly match against Spain
Sworn In as Prime Minister
Tsvangirai becomes Prime Minister under the Global Political Agreement.
Banking Act
The Banking Act creates a permanent framework for resolving failing banks.
Bombing of Baghdad
A female suicide bomber kills 35 Shiite pilgrims in Baghdad, the deadliest attack in a string of bombings
Suicide
A female suicide bomber kills 35 Shiite pilgrims in Baghdad, the deadliest attack in a string of bombings
Appointment as Finance Minister
Biti assumes responsibility for government finances during the unity administration.
Constitution of Venezuela
Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez wins his bid to end presidential term limits in his country, thus allowing him to run for reelection
Election
Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez wins his bid to end presidential term limits in his country, thus allowing him to run for reelection
Swat Regulation
The federal government accepts a peace arrangement allowing Islamic regulation in the Swat region.
Swat Peace Agreement
Gillani's government supports a truce and legal changes intended to end fighting in Swat.
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
The Act provides tax relief, public investment and transfers intended to counter recession.
Recovery Act Oversight
Helps oversee implementation of the Recovery Act.
Sport England Chair Appointment
Burnham appoints Richard Lewis as chair of Sport England.
The Lady in the Van
The radio play is broadcast on BBC Radio 4, with actress Maggie Smith reprising her role of Miss Shepherd and Alan Bennett playing himself
The Lady in the Van
The radio play is broadcast on BBC Radio 4, with actress Maggie Smith reprising her role of Miss Shepherd and Alan Bennett playing himself
Reballion of people in an
Mutinous Bangladeshi border guards open fire at their headquarters in the capital and seize a nearby shopping mall, injuring several people in an insurrection apparently sparked by pay disputes
Credit Crunch
The Treasury publishes Asset Protection Scheme terms as Royal Bank of Scotland agrees protection against exceptional losses on a large portfolio of risky assets.
Independence of Iraq
In front of a crowd of Marines in Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, President Obama announced his intention to withdraw most American troops out of Iraq by August 31, 2010
Invasion of Iraq
In front of a crowd of Marines in Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, President Obama announced his intention to withdraw most American troops out of Iraq by August 31, 2010
Rule of Iraq
In front of a crowd of Marines in Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, President Obama announced his intention to withdraw most American troops out of Iraq by August 31, 2010
Permanent Dortmund Transfer
Completes a permanent move from Bayern Munich to Borussia Dortmund after an initial loan and becomes an integral part of the defence.
President of Greece
Parliament re-elects Karolos Papoulias for a second presidential term.
Pluto
New Hubble maps assembled from 2002-2003 observations reveal measurable changes in Pluto's surface color and brightness patterns.
Hillsborough Castle Agreement
Brown helps secure agreement on devolving policing and justice powers to Northern Ireland.
Super Bowl XLIV
The Who perform the Super Bowl XLIV halftime show.
Sanctions
Congressman Rep. Collin Peterson of Minnesota introduced a bill that would bar the president from prohibiting travel to Cuba or preventing transactions required for such trips
Final Assisted Suicide Policy
Starmer publishes final public-interest guidance for assisted-suicide prosecution decisions.
New Horizons
New Horizons passes the halfway point in travel time between its 2006 launch and the 2015 Pluto encounter.
Earthquake Emergency
Declares emergency measures after a major earthquake and tsunami strike central and southern Chile.
League Cup Retained Against Aston Villa
Manchester United retain the League Cup by defeating Aston Villa 2-1 at Wembley, with Ferguson overseeing another final victory in domestic cup football.
Uranium Enrichment
Iran begins producing uranium enriched up to 20 percent U-235 at the Natanz Pilot Fuel Enrichment Plant.
New START Enters Force
New START enters into force after the United States and Russia exchange instruments of ratification.
Death of Gary Moore
Death of Gary Moore
Transfer of Presidential Powers
Assumes executive authority for the military council after Hosni Mubarak resigns.
Benghazi Protests Begin
Demonstrations against the government begin after the arrest of a human-rights lawyer.
Champions League Equaliser Against Barcelona
Scores from a tight angle to equalise against Barcelona in Arsenal's Champions League round-of-16 victory.
Champions League Winning Goal Against Barcelona
Finishes a rapid counter-attack to give Arsenal a 2-1 Champions League victory over Barcelona.
Defiant National Address
Gaddafi vows to remain in Libya and suppress the expanding uprising.
United Nations Resolution 1970
The Security Council imposes an arms embargo, travel bans and asset freezes.
League Cup Final Substitute Appearance
Beausejour entered the 2011 final in place of Craig Gardner, offering width as Birmingham City sought ways to trouble Arsenalโs defence.
Central Defensive Role Against Arsenal
Jirรกnek started at centre-back for Birmingham City in the League Cup final, confronting Arsenalโs passing attacks throughout the 2โ1 upset.
Arsenal League Cup Final Setback
Arsenal reached the League Cup final under Wenger but lost 2-1 to Birmingham City after a late goal at Wembley.
Left-Back Role in Wembley Upset
Ridgewell defended Birmingham Cityโs left side in the League Cup final as Arsenal sought an equaliser before Martins struck late on.
League Cup Final Defensive Performance
Johnson headed the ball towards goal from a first-half corner and worked alongside Martin Jirรกnek as Birmingham City protected their chance of Wembley glory.
League Cup Final Man of the Match
Foster made a series of important saves against Arsenal and received the Alan Hardaker Trophy as Birmingham City won the League Cup 2โ1.
Plays Through Injury in Cup Final
Ferguson continued playing after suffering a rib injury in the 2011 League Cup final, helping Birminghamโs midfield contest possession against Arsenal.
Attacking Midfield Start at Wembley
Gardner started the League Cup final for Birmingham City and pressed forward from midfield before being substituted for Jean Beausejour.
Birmingham League Cup Final Midfield Role
Bowyer played behind Nikola ลฝigiฤ and helped Birmingham City challenge Arsenal in midfield during the clubโs second League Cup triumph.
Captains League Cup Final Victory
Carr captained Birmingham City at right-back against Arsenal, helping his team withstand intense pressure before Obafemi Martins scored the late winner.
Wembley Shot Strikes Arsenal Post
Fahey struck the post during Birmingham Cityโs League Cup final against Arsenal before being replaced by eventual match-winner Obafemi Martins.
National Transitional Council Established
Opposition representatives establish the National Transitional Council as a provisional authority.
Late League Cup Final Winner
Martins came off the bench and capitalised on an Arsenal defensive mix-up in the 89th minute to give Birmingham City a 2โ1 victory.
League Cup Final Opening Header
ลฝigiฤ headed Birmingham City in front against Arsenal from close range, then contributed to the confusion that preceded the winning goal.
Set-Piece and Wide Midfield Duties
Larsson played on Birmingham Cityโs right flank against Arsenal, providing deliveries and working back as the Blues won the League Cup.
Prime Minister of Tunisia
Beji Caid Essebsi became prime minister of the transitional government.
Resignation of Prime Minister
Mohamed Ghannouchi resigned as prime minister amid continuing demonstrations.
Libya Evacuation Operation
Updates Parliament after British aircraft and ships help evacuate nationals from unrest in Libya.
Royal Borough Status
Grants Greenwich royal borough status in the Diamond Jubilee year.
Re-Elected President
Berdymukhamedov wins a second presidential election
Hadi Elected President
The vote formalizes the post-Saleh political transition.
Transitional Presidential Election
Is elected president in the transitional election.
Hadi Sworn In
Begins the formal transitional presidency.
Presidential Oath
Takes the presidential oath before Parliament.
Second-Term Cabinet
Cabinet authority continues under the re-elected President
Hadi Transition Support
Supports President Hadi's transitional government.
US-Yemen Partnership Continued
Maintains security and diplomatic cooperation during the political transition.
Assassination of Chokri Belaid
Opposition politician Chokri Belaid was assassinated, producing a national political crisis.
Resignation of Benedict XVI
The Vatican confirms that Benedict XVI would resign the papacy on 28 February 2013, as a result of his advanced age, the first Pope to resign since Gregory XII in 1415
EU Budget Real-Terms Cut
Reports an agreement that reduces the European Union's seven-year spending ceiling in real terms.
Third Nuclear Test
North Korea conducts its third nuclear test.
North Korea Third Nuclear Test
North Korea announces its third nuclear test explosion, detected by the CTBTO monitoring network.
Large Hadron Collider Run 1 Completion
Marks the end of the Large Hadron Collider's first three-year running period before the machine enters its first long shutdown.
Resignation of Head of Government
Hamadi Jebali resigned after failing to form a nonpartisan government.
Yellen Becomes Federal Reserve Chair
Janet Yellen begins service as chair of the Federal Reserve Board, becoming the first woman to lead the United States central bank and taking office as policymakers continue the post-crisis normalization process.
United Kingdom Campaign Speech
Calls on people across Britain to argue positively for Scotland to remain in the United Kingdom.
Loan to Fiorentina
Joins Fiorentina on loan from Chelsea until the end of the season, beginning a productive spell in Italian football.
Head of Government of Tunisia
Habib Essid became head of government after the 2014 elections.
Prime Minister Takes Office
Chiril Gaburici becomes Prime Minister after Leanca's government ends
Escape to Aden
Leaves house arrest in Sanaa and reaches Aden.
Presidential Authority Reasserted
Withdraws his resignation and reasserts presidential authority.
American Sniper Academy Nomination
Receives a Best Picture nomination as producer of American Sniper.
EU Renegotiation Progress Statement
Reports to the House of Commons on draft proposals emerging from the European Union renegotiation.
Huth Two Goals at Manchester City
Huth scores twice as Leicester beat Manchester City 3โ1 away in a landmark victory during Ranieri's title challenge.
Gravitational Waves
Reitze announces the first direct detection of gravitational waves by the LIGO collaboration
Brexit
Secures a renegotiated EU membership deal at the European Council.
EU Renegotiation
Secures a renegotiated EU membership deal at the European Council.
Brexit
Declares support for leaving the European Union.
Brexit
Announces his support for Leave as a senior cabinet minister.
Brexit
Announces that the EU membership referendum will be held on 23 June 2016.
Referendum Date
Announces that the EU membership referendum will be held on 23 June 2016.
Brexit
Supports Remain as First Minister of Wales.
Brexit
Campaigns for Scotland to remain in the European Union.
Brexit
Campaigns for Leave after the referendum date is announced.
Term Limits Referendum
Voters reject a constitutional amendment allowing Morales to seek another consecutive term.
Brexit
Announces support for the campaign to leave the European Union.
Brexit
Backs Leave, becoming one of the campaign's highest-profile Conservative figures.
Brexit
Supports the Remain campaign as Chancellor of the Exchequer.
Brexit
Addresses Parliament in support of remaining in the European Union.
Remain Campaign
Addresses Parliament in support of remaining in the European Union.
Boris Johnson Leave Decision
Criticises Boris Johnson's decision to support Leave, arguing that uncertainty about such a fundamental choice favours remaining in the European Union.
Leave Campaign
Supports leaving the European Union as Leader of the House of Commons.
Article 50 Bill Commons Vote
Starmer supports the bill while pressing for parliamentary scrutiny and negotiating safeguards.
The End
Plays Black Sabbath's final concert in Birmingham during The End tour.
Anti-Corruption Protests
Supports protesters opposing emergency ordinance changes.
Re-Elected President
Berdymukhamedov wins another presidential term under the revised system
PSLV-C37
PSLV-C37 deploys 104 satellites in one mission during A. S. Kiran Kumar's tenure as ISRO chairman.
Acting Governor-General
Theo Zurenuoc serves as acting Governor-General after Ogio dies
Death in Office
Michael Ogio dies while serving as Governor-General
TRAPPIST-1 Atmospheres
De Wit uses Hubble spectra to test atmospheres of Earth-sized TRAPPIST-1 planets and finds no evidence for thick hydrogen envelopes on the inner worlds.
Icon Award
Receives the BRITs Icon Award, adding to his record haul of BRIT trophies.
Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad
Bajwa oversees the launch of Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad, a nationwide campaign intended to consolidate earlier counterterrorism operations.
EFL Cup Victory
Manchester United defeat Southampton 3-2 at Wembley to win the EFL Cup.
Governor-General Takes Office
Bob Dadae becomes Governor-General of Papua New Guinea
Article 50 Debate
Leads Labour scrutiny of the Article 50 legislation.
Move to Molde
Haaland joined Molde FK and continued his development in the Norwegian top division under a coaching staff that included Ole Gunnar Solskjaer.
Third-Term Cabinet
Continues as head of the Cabinet of Ministers after re-election
Governor Appointed
Andrew Pearce becomes Governor of Montserrat
Powell Becomes Federal Reserve Chair
Jerome Powell begins service as chair of the Federal Reserve Board, succeeding Janet Yellen and taking responsibility for monetary policy and financial supervision late in a long economic expansion.
Kuiper Belt Image Record Announced
NASA announces New Horizons images of 2012 HZ84 and 2012 HE85 as record-setting distant spacecraft observations of Kuiper Belt objects.
United Nations Security Council Address
Abbas addressed the United Nations Security Council in person and presented the Palestinian case for multilateral involvement in the peace process. His speech called for an international framework rather than exclusive United States mediation.
Murder of Jan Kuciak
Is murdered with Martina Kusnirova.
Permanent Customs Union Policy
Starmer announces Labour support for a new permanent customs union with the European Union.
INF Treaty Suspension
Russia suspends participation in the INF Treaty after the United States announces withdrawal.
State of the Union 2019
Delivers State of the Union emphasising economic growth.
National Emergency
Declares a national emergency to seek funding for a border wall.
Border Wall Funding Reprogramming
Moves to reprogram Pentagon funds for border wall.
National Emergency on Border
Declares a national emergency to secure border wall funding.
MINURSO Appointment
The United Nations appoints Zia Ur Rehman of Pakistan as Force Commander of MINURSO.
Premiership Ends
Sagintayev leaves the prime ministership
Prime Minister Takes Office
Askar Mamin becomes Prime Minister
Presidential Election
Wins re-election as President of Nigeria.
Hanoi Summit
Meets Donald Trump at the Hanoi summit.
Aerial Engagement
Mujahid Anwar Khan leads the Pakistan Air Force during the aerial confrontation with India following the Balakot strike.
Release of Captured Pilot
Imran Khan announces that Pakistan will release captured Indian pilot Abhinandan Varthaman as a gesture intended to reduce tensions.
De-escalation Diplomacy
Qureshi conducts diplomatic outreach as Pakistan seeks international support for de-escalation during the February crisis with India.
Manchester United Debut
Makes his Manchester United debut against Wolverhampton Wanderers.
Premier League Introduction
Begins an influential period as the club's attacking midfielder.
COVID-19
The Philippines reports the first COVID-19 death outside China.
COVID-19
Taiwan expands travel and quarantine measures during the early outbreak.
State of the Union 2020
Delivers State of the Union highlighting economy and impeachment.
Death of Kirk Douglas
Death of actor Kirk Douglas.
First Impeachment Acquittal
Acquitted by the Senate in his first impeachment trial.
First Impeachment Acquittal
Is acquitted by the Senate in his first impeachment trial.
COVID-19
Singapore raises its disease outbreak response level as cases increase.
1917 Awards
Wins Academy Awards recognition for the film 1917 though not Best Picture
Parasite
Parasite wins Best Picture at the Academy Awards.
International Nuclear Security Conference
Opens the IAEA International Conference on Nuclear Security, emphasizing sustained international cooperation against nuclear security threats.
Solar Orbiter Launch
Begins the Solar Orbiter mission combining remote observations of the Sun with direct measurements of the surrounding plasma to investigate how the solar wind is created and accelerated.
COVID-19
Vietnam quarantines Son Loi commune during the early COVID-19 outbreak.
Brace Against Paris Saint-Germain
Haaland struck twice in Dortmundโs 2-1 Champions League round-of-16 first-leg victory over Paris Saint-Germain, including a powerful winner.
COVID-19
Iran confirms its first COVID-19 cases and deaths.
First Anti-Epidemic Fund Approved
Legislative Council funding establishes a thirty-billion-dollar Anti-epidemic Fund to strengthen disease control and provide relief to affected businesses and residents.
Michael Bloomberg Endorsement
Says he supports Michael Bloomberg during the 2020 presidential campaign.
COVID-19
Places towns in Lombardy and Veneto under quarantine as cases rise.
COVID-19
Raises South Korea's alert to the highest level amid the Daegu outbreak.
Death of Hosni Mubarak
Former President Hosni Mubarak dies in Cairo at the age of ninety-one.
COVID-19
Brazil confirms the first COVID-19 case in Latin America.
Budget Relief Package
The Government presents a large relief package in the 2020-21 Budget to support households and businesses facing severe economic disruption from COVID-19.
COVID-19
Named to lead the White House coronavirus task force.
COVID-19
Nigeria confirms the first COVID-19 case in sub-Saharan Africa.
Head of Government of Tunisia
Elyes Fakhfakh became head of government after receiving parliamentary confidence.
South Carolina Primary
Wins the South Carolina Democratic primary.
Deposed in Coup
Win Myint is detained as the military seizes power
Acting President Installed
Myint Swe is installed as acting president after the coup
Emergency Powers Transferred
Myint Swe transfers executive power to Min Aung Hlaing
New START Extended Five Years
The United States and Russia agree to extend New START for five years through February 2026.
Selection as Presidential Council President
The Libyan Political Dialogue Forum selects al-Menfi to lead the new Presidential Council.
Selection as Prime Minister-Designate
The Libyan Political Dialogue Forum selects Dbeibah to form a unified interim government.
Cairo Factional Election Talks
Fatah joined Hamas and other Palestinian factions in Egyptian-brokered talks on arrangements for the planned elections. The discussions addressed electoral security, dispute resolution and other practical issues needed for a nationwide vote.
Second Impeachment Trial
Faces second impeachment trial in the Senate.
Club World Cup Completes Six-Trophy Run
Hansi Flick leads Bayern to a 1-0 victory over Tigres UANL in the Club World Cup final, completing a run of six major trophies.
Deputy Chairman Appointed
Serdar Berdymukhamedov is appointed Deputy Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers
Second Impeachment Acquittal
Is acquitted in his second impeachment trial.
Appointment as Prime Minister
Tshisekedi appoints Sama Lukonde to form a new parliamentary government.
Vaccination Programme Arrangements Announced
The Government announces detailed arrangements for priority groups to begin receiving COVID-19 vaccinations through community centres, clinics and participating doctors.
Medvedchuk Sanctions
Enacts National Security and Defense Council sanctions targeting Viktor Medvedchuk and associated interests.
Iran Temporary Technical Understanding
Reaches a temporary technical understanding with Iran allowing necessary verification and monitoring activities to continue.
COVID-19 Vaccination Programme Launched
Hong Kong formally launches its public COVID-19 vaccination programme, initially offering doses to priority groups through designated centres and clinics.
Early Election Announced
Berdymukhamedov signals an early presidential election and managed succession
Emergencies Act
Invokes the Emergencies Act during convoy protests.
Sixth Anti-Epidemic Fund Approved
Lam welcomes approval of funding for a sixth round of Anti-epidemic Fund measures as Hong Kong confronts a severe fifth wave of COVID-19.
150 Liverpool Goals
Scores his 150th Liverpool goal in a comeback victory over Norwich City, reaching the landmark in his 233rd appearance.
Recognition of Separatist Republics
Recognizes the Donetsk and Luhansk separatist republics before the full invasion.
Compulsory Universal Testing Announced
Lam announces plans for compulsory universal COVID-19 testing, with residents expected to undergo multiple rounds of nucleic acid testing during the fifth wave.
Recognition Treaties
Signs treaties with separatist authorities before the invasion.
Belarus Staging Ground
Allows Russian forces to attack Ukraine from Belarusian territory.
Sanctions against Russia
Iceland aligns with European restrictive measures against Russia following the invasion of Ukraine and strengthens political support for Ukraine.
Hostomel Airport Battle
Russian airborne forces attack Hostomel airport near Kyiv.
Russian Offensive
Oversees Russian military operations during the invasion's opening phase.
Full-Scale Invasion Announced
Announces a special military operation as Russian forces begin the full-scale invasion of Ukraine
Full-Scale Invasion
Orders the full-scale invasion of Ukraine from Russia, Belarus and Crimea.
Snake Island
Symbolizes Ukrainian resistance after Snake Island refuses Russian surrender demands.
Defense of Ukraine
Directs Ukrainian armed resistance during the opening day of the Russian invasion
National Defense
Commands Ukrainian armed forces during the opening invasion.
Sumy Fighting
Reports heavy fighting as Russian troops enter Sumy Oblast.
Kyiv Defense
Helps organize Kyiv's civic defense during the Russian assault.
Full-Scale Invasion Address
Addresses Ukrainians after Russia launches its full-scale invasion and pledges national resistance.
General Mobilization
Orders general mobilization after Russia begins the full-scale invasion.
Martial Law
Declares martial law after Russia launches its full-scale invasion.
Sanctions on Russia
Announces new sanctions after Russia attacks Ukraine.
Battle of Kyiv
Helps command the defense of Kyiv against Russian forces.
Defense of Kyiv
Helps organize civil defense and curfew measures in Kyiv as Russian forces advance
Kyiv Video Address
Appears in central Kyiv with senior officials to show that the government remains in the capital.
Ketanji Brown Jackson Nomination
Nominates Ketanji Brown Jackson to the Supreme Court.
Mykolaiv Defense
Organizes regional defense as Russian forces threaten Mykolaiv.
Carabao Cup Victory
Plays as Liverpool defeat Chelsea in a prolonged penalty shootout to win the Carabao Cup at Wembley.
Kelleher League Cup Final Penalty
Kelleher converts Liverpool's eleventh penalty before Chelsea goalkeeper Kepa Arrizabalaga misses, securing the League Cup under Klopp.
Nuclear Deterrent Alert
Orders Russian nuclear deterrence forces to a heightened alert posture
Siege of Chernihiv
Chernihiv comes under siege during Russia's northern offensive.
Battle of Kharkiv
Kharkiv resists Russian attacks in the war's first days.
EU Membership Application
Signs Ukraine's application for membership of the European Union.
UN Emergency Session
Addresses the United Nations emergency session on Russia's invasion.
International Appeal
Appeals for sanctions, weapons and diplomatic support.
EU-Ukraine Summit in Kyiv
Hosts European Union leaders for a summit focused on accession reforms and wartime support.
Second State of the Union
Delivers his second State of the Union address.
Quaoar Ring Discovery
Morgado and colleagues report a dense ring around Quaoar orbiting far outside the object's classical Roche limit.
London Visit
Addresses the British Parliament during a European diplomatic tour.
Paris Meeting with Macron and Scholz
Meets Emmanuel Macron and Olaf Scholz during a European tour seeking heavier weapons and aircraft.
Wagner Prisoner Recruitment Ends
Says Wagner has stopped recruiting prisoners.
EU Leaders Brussels Meetings
Meets European Union leaders and presses for fighter aircraft, air defense and artillery.
European Parliament Brussels Address
Addresses a special session of the European Parliament and links Ukraine's defense to European freedom.
SSLV-D2
The second SSLV developmental mission succeeds during S. Somanath's chairmanship and places its payloads into the intended orbit.
Twelve Additional Jupiter Moons Confirmed
Twelve newly confirmed moons raise Jupiter's recognized satellite count to 92 at the time.
Club World Cup Final Brace
Scores twice as Real Madrid defeat Al Hilal 5-3 to win the Club World Cup.
Club World Cup Final Brace
Scores twice as Real Madrid defeat Al Hilal 5-3 in the Club World Cup final.
Prime Minister Takes Office
Dorin Recean becomes Prime Minister after Gavrilita resigns
Kyiv Visit
Makes an unannounced visit to Kyiv.
Russia Suspends New START Participation
Announces suspension of Russian participation in New START while stating that Russia will continue observing the treaty's central numerical limits.
New START Suspension
Announces Russia will suspend participation in the New START nuclear arms treaty
East Palestine Response
Directs federal response after the Ohio train derailment.
Five National Missions
Starmer presents five long-term missions intended to guide a future Labour government.
Mission for Economic Growth
Starmer makes sustained economic growth the first of Labour's national missions.
China Peace Plan
China issues a twelve-point position paper on the war.
Donbas Command Change
Is dismissed from a Donbas command role.
Brexit
Agrees the Windsor Framework with the European Union.
Juno Second Close Io Flyby
Juno completes a second close Io encounter, extending measurements of volcanism and tidal heating.
President Re-Elected
Bukele wins re-election after court rulings allow immediate presidential re-election
Premiership Ends
Smailov's government resigns before a new prime minister is appointed
Prime Minister Takes Office
Olzhas Bektenov is appointed Prime Minister of Kazakhstan
General Election - General Election
Pakistan holds general elections under the caretaker federal government.
General Election Election Outcome
General election outcome recorded for Anwaar-ul-Haq Kakar: Pakistan holds general elections under the caretaker federal government.
General Election Government
Government context for this general election: Pakistan holds general elections under the caretaker federal government.
General Election
Pakistan holds general elections under the caretaker federal government.
Commander-in-Chief Replacement
Replaces Valerii Zaluzhnyi with Oleksandr Syrskyi as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.
Commander in Chief
Appointed commander in chief of Ukraine's armed forces
Commander in Chief Appointment
Zelenskyy appoints Syrskyi commander in chief.
Commander Replacement
Leaves the commander in chief role after leading wartime defense.
Syrskyi Strategy Statement
Promises to preserve soldiers' lives after taking command.
Euclid Dark Universe Survey Begins
Mellier leads the scientific consortium as Euclid begins its nominal six-year survey to measure billions of galaxies and trace dark energy over cosmic time.
Security Agreement with Ukraine
Signs a security agreement with Ukraine.
Security Agreement with Ukraine
Signs a security agreement with Ukraine.
Navalny Death Reaction
Dies in a Russian prison during the war period.
France Long-Term Defense Accord
Concludes a ten-year accord with Emmanuel Macron providing sustained military, political, financial and humanitarian cooperation.
Germany Long-Term Support Accord
Agrees with Olaf Scholz on ten years of defense support, emergency consultations and cooperation toward Euro-Atlantic integration.
Ammunition Initiative
Promotes an international initiative to source artillery ammunition for Ukraine
Avdiivka Captured
Russia claims capture of Avdiivka after Ukrainian withdrawal.
Avdiivka Withdrawal
Orders Ukrainian forces to withdraw from Avdiivka
Avdiivka Withdrawal
Orders Ukrainian withdrawal from Avdiivka to avoid encirclement.
Munich Security Conference
Appeals for faster weapons deliveries and advances Ukraine's case for NATO membership.
Immediate Humanitarian Ceasefire Position
Starmer supports an immediate humanitarian ceasefire and release of hostages in Gaza.
Swing Fever
Releases Swing Fever with Jools Holland, returning to swing and big-band standards.
Two New Neptune Moons Announced
Sheppard announces two newly confirmed irregular moons of Neptune, raising the known total to sixteen.
Canada Strategic Security Partnership
Establishes a long-term strategic security partnership with Justin Trudeau covering defense, resilience and reconstruction support.
Italy Defense Cooperation Pact
Concludes a ten-year pact with Giorgia Meloni covering military assistance, reconstruction and consultations after future aggression.
Kelleher Young Side League Cup Clean Sheet
Kelleher makes important saves as a youthful Liverpool squad defeats Chelsea in the League Cup final under Klopp.
Van Dijk Extra-Time League Cup Winner
Van Dijk heads an extra-time winner against Chelsea as Liverpool claim the League Cup in Klopp's last season.
Troop Discussion
Says Western troop deployment should not be ruled out.
Five Goals Against Luton Town
Haaland scored five times in Manchester Cityโs 6-2 FA Cup win over Luton Town, with Kevin De Bruyne assisting four of the goals.
Southeast Europe Summit
Attends the Ukraine-Southeast Europe summit and seeks regional support for defense and the peace formula.
Kursk Salient Defense
Ukrainian forces defend positions in Russia's Kursk region.
Canada Mexico and China Tariffs
Trump announces additional tariffs on imports from Canada, Mexico and China.
Grammy Album of the Year
Wins Album of the Year for Cowboy Carter.
Military Spending Drive
Oversees Russia's wartime defense spending increase.
Formation of Nawaf Salam Government
President Joseph Aoun and Prime Minister Nawaf Salam sign the decrees establishing a twenty-four-member government tasked with reform, reconstruction and implementation of Lebanon's state responsibilities.
Super Bowl Halftime Show
Headlines the Super Bowl LIX halftime show.
Super Bowl LIX
Leads the Eagles to victory in Super Bowl LIX.
Artificial Intelligence Action Summit
Starmer attends international discussions on artificial intelligence investment, safety and governance.
First Cabinet Session of Aoun Presidency
President Joseph Aoun chairs the first cabinet meeting of the new government at Baabda Palace, where ministers begin work on the policy statement and immediate administrative and security priorities.
Election as President
Parliament elects Tassoulas President of the Hellenic Republic.
Resignation of Klaus Iohannis
Leaves office after announcing his resignation.
Fourth Quarter GDP Growth
ONS estimates that the economy grew by 0.1 percent in the fourth quarter of 2024.
Munich Ukraine Speech
Criticizes European policy during wartime security talks.
Kursk Counterattacks
Russian forces intensify counterattacks in Kursk Oblast.
Drone Procurement Expansion
Expands drone procurement for Ukraine's armed forces.
M23 Capture of Bukavu
Faces a major loss of government control as M23 forces enter and capture Bukavu in South Kivu.
Two Million Additional Appointments
Starmer announces that more than two million additional NHS appointments were delivered early.
European Ukraine Summit
Hosts European leaders to discuss Ukraine security support.
Asensio Two Goals Versus Chelsea
Asensio scores twice as a substitute against Chelsea, turning a deficit into a 2โ1 Premier League victory for Emery's Villa.
First Free Breakfast Club Schools
The Government confirms the first 750 schools selected for free breakfast clubs.
Defence Spending Increase
Starmer announces a timetable for defence spending to reach two and one-half percent of GDP.
Voyager 1 Cosmic Ray Instrument Shutdown
Voyager 1's cosmic ray subsystem is switched off to preserve power for the remaining mission.
Minerals Agreement Proposal
Links U.S. support to a proposed minerals agreement with Ukraine.
Confidence Vote for Nawaf Salam Government
Parliament grants confidence to Prime Minister Nawaf Salam's government by a large majority, giving the administration formed under President Joseph Aoun a parliamentary mandate to pursue its reform programme.
Rio Indio Lake Project
Canal board approves plans for the Rio Indio lake project.
IM-2 Lunar Mission
Intuitive Machines launches the IM-2 lunar mission.
White House Meeting Clash
Meets Donald Trump in a tense Oval Office exchange over the war and proposed minerals agreement.
Annual GDP Growth in 2025
ONS initially estimates that the economy grew by 1.3 percent across 2025.
Annual GDP per Head Growth in 2025
ONS initially estimates that real GDP per head increased by 1.0 percent across 2025.
Final Mayoral Budget
Burnham presents the Greater Manchester mayoral general budget for 2026/27.
Four Years of Full-Scale War
Marks four years since Russia's full-scale invasion and calls for sustained international support.