Assassination of Gaius Julius Caesar Caligula
Leads a group of Praetorians who assassinate Caligula
Historical events in January
5,935 historical records across all years
Death of Cassius Chaerea
Leads a group of Praetorians who assassinate Caligula
Assassination of Gaius Julius Caesar Caligula
After declaring himself a God by the prefect of the Praetorians, Cassius Chaerea
Assassination of Gaius Julius Caesar Caligula
Is assassinated by Praetorian conspirators.
Death of Caligula
Death of Caligula, assassinated
Praetorian Recognition
Members of the Praetorian Guard discover Claudius after Caligula's assassination and acclaim him emperor.
Succession
Claudius is proclaimed emperor after the assassination of Caligula on January 24, 41.
Assassination of Caligula
Leads the attack that kills Caligula.
Succession
Marches to Rome & drapes the purple robes of the Emperor on Vitellius
Succession
The Roman legions refuse to accept Galba as their Emperor & proclaim Vitellius Emperor. Succeeds as Emperor of Rome
Assassination of Galba
Helps Otho to murder the Emperor Galba
Assassination of Galba
Galbas head is cut off & paraded around the Castra Praetoria. Assassinated by the Praetorian Guards
Assassination of Galba
Galba & his heir are assassinated & Otho is proclaimed master of Rome. Assassinated in a plot led by Otho
Rome-Germania War
Defends the Italian border against the advancing legions of the Rhine
Master of Rome
Appointed Master of Rome after the assassination of Vitellius
Master of Rome
Appointed Master of Rome after the assassination of Vitellius
Reballion of Civilis in Germania
Sends troops to crush the uprising led by Civilis in Germania
Birth of Hadrian
Birth of Hadrian at Italica in Hispania Baetica.
Death of Nerva
Dies after a short reign and is succeeded by Trajan.
Succession
After Nerva dies, Trajan succeeds as Roman emperor while commanding on the Rhine frontier.
Accession on the Rhine
Trajan receives news of Nerva's death and his imperial succession while commanding Roman forces on the Rhine frontier.
Death of Aelius Caesar
Dies before succeeding Hadrian.
Death of Lucius Verus
Dies while returning from the Danube frontier.
Priestly Colleges Admission
Commodus was admitted to the principal Roman priestly colleges while still a young imperial heir.
Succession
Is proclaimed emperor after Commodus is killed.
Reform of Armed Forces
Attempts financial discipline and military reform.
Capture of Ctesiphon
Roman forces under Septimus Severus capture and sack the Parthian capital Ctesiphon.
Pope
Felix was chosen as Pope in succession to Pope Dionysius
Pope
Appointed Pope
Burial
Buried in the Crypt of the Popes in the catacomb of St. Callistus
Death of Fabian
Death of Fabian, a martyr
Imperial Presence at Trier
A law dated January 8 records Constantine II at Trier, confirming the city as an imperial residence during his reign.
Assassination of Constans
When the army grew dissatisfied with the behaviour of Roman Emperor Constans, it elevated Magnentius at Autun
Succession
Magnentius quickly attracts the loyalty of the provinces in Britannia, Gaul, and Hispania, in part because he proved to be far more tolerant towards both Christians and Pagans
Succession
Jovian & his infant son Varronianus assume the Consulship
Succession
Succeeds as Emperor of Rome, in the East
Death of Theodosius I
Death of Theodosius I, in Mediolanum (Milan)
Invasion of France
Leads an invasion Army across the River Rhine
Marriage
Marries Galla Placida the sister of Emperor Honorius at Narbonne
Nika Riots
Partisans of the chariot racing factions in Constantinople, normally divided among themselves, unite against Justinian in a revolt that has become known as the Nika riots. Orders the brutal suppression of the riots by his generals Belisarius and Mundus, 30,000 unarmed civilians are killed in the Hippodrome
Reballion of Rebels in Istanbul
Partisans of the chariot racing factions in Constantinople, normally divided among themselves, unite against Justinian in a revolt that has become known as the Nika riots. Orders the brutal suppression of the riots by his generals Belisarius and Mundus, 30,000 unarmed civilians are killed in the Hippodrome
Succession
Succeeds as King of Kent
Burial
Charlemagne is buried at his palace church in Aachen on the day of his death.
Death of Charlemagne
Charlemagne dies at Aachen after developing fever and pleurisy.
Battle of Reading
Alfred and Aethelred are defeated by the Danes at Reading after the Viking army occupies the town.
Battle of Reading
The Danes defeat Aethelred and Alfred at Reading before the West Saxon victory at Ashdown.
Battle of Ashdown
Leads an assault on 2 Danish Kings, Healfdene & Bagsecg. Kills King Bagsecg & drives away the "great army"
Death of Aethelred I
Kills King Bagsecg at the Battle of Ashdown
Great Army
Kills King Bagsecg & drives away the "great army"
Battle of Ashdown
Bagsecg fights Alfred and Aethelred at Ashdown and is killed during the West Saxon victory.
Death of Bagsecg
Bagsecg dies at the Battle of Ashdown as the Danes suffer defeat against Wessex.
Battle of Ashdown
Aethelred and Alfred defeat the Viking army at Ashdown after Alfred leads the West Saxon attack.
Battle of Ashdown
Alfred and Aethelred lead the West Saxons to victory over the Vikings at Ashdown.
Battle of Basing
The Danes defeat Aethelred and Alfred at Basing during the hard winter campaign against Wessex.
Invasion of Wessex
Guthrum launches a surprise midwinter attack on Alfred at Chippenham.
Occupation of Chippenham
Guthrum surprises Alfred at Chippenham and forces the West Saxon king into temporary refuge.
Capture of Chippenham
Guthrum surprised Alfred at Chippenham and temporarily overran much of Wessex.
Invasion of Wessex
Guthrum launches a surprise midwinter attack at Chippenham and overruns much of Wessex.
Battle of Cynwit
The Viking force waits below the stronghold, expecting hunger and thirst to force the West Saxons to surrender.
Battle of Cynwit
Odda defeats a Viking force linked with Ubba, and many Vikings are killed during the west-country campaign.
Battle of Cynwit
Ubba lands with a Viking force in western Wessex while Alfred is still recovering from the Danish attack on Chippenham.
Death of Ubba
Ubba is killed when Odda's West Saxons break out from the hillfort and overwhelm the Viking besiegers.
Raven Banner
Odda's men capture the Viking raven banner after killing Ubba and many of his warriors at Cynwit.
Siege of Cynwit
Ubba's army besieges a West Saxon stronghold after finding Odda's men positioned in a defensible hillfort.
Battle of Cynwit
Odda defeats a Viking force linked with Ubba, helping protect Alfred while he is based in the marshes.
Battle of Cynwit
Odda's victory at Cynwit destroys a Viking army threatening Alfred's position in the west.
Death of Charles III the Fat
Death of Charles III the Fat
Death of Charles III the Simple
After Odos death the Carolingian Charles is fully recognised as King of France
Succession
Succeeds as King of the Franks
Death of Eudes
Death of Eudes
Tamworth Marriage Alliance
Athelstan arranged the marriage of a sister to Sihtric, the Scandinavian ruler of York.
Death of Otto III
Succeeded by his cousin Duke Henry of Bavaria. Death of Otto III, of malaria while on a campaign against the Romans
Coronation
Crowned at St Pauls cathedral
Battle of Carham
Owen of Strathclyde supports Malcolm II against Northumbrian forces at Carham and is later remembered as a key Scottish ally.
Marriage
Marries Edith, daughter of Earl Godwin who becomes the power behind the throne
Marriage
For religious reasons Edward will not consumate the marriage & will not have an heir. Edward marries Edith, daughter of Earl Godwin
Marriage
For religious reasons Edward will not consumate the marriage & will not have an heir. Edward marries Edith, daughter of Earl Godwin
Death of Edward Confessor
Edward the Confessor dies without a direct heir and the English succession becomes contested
Deathbed Designation
Edward the Confessor entrusts the kingdom to Harold on his deathbed, strengthening Harold's immediate claim to the throne.
Death of Edward the Confessor
Edward the Confessor dies, opening the succession crisis in which William asserts his claim to the English throne.
Death of Edward the Confessor
The Bayeux Tapestry depicts the death and funeral of Edward the Confessor.
Death of Edward the Confessor
Death of Edward the Confessor
Death of Harold II
Death of Edward, he nominates Harold his successor on his deathbed
Coronation of Harold II
Harold Godwinson is crowned king after the death of Edward the Confessor
Coronation
Harold Godwinson is crowned king after the death of Edward the Confessor
Royal Authority Assumed
Harold assumes royal authority after Edward's death and the rapid decision of the English political leadership.
Harold Crowned King
Harold Godwinson is crowned king, and William treats the accession as a rejection of his claimed right to succeed Edward.
Coronation of Harold II
The embroidery depicts Harold receiving the English crown after Edward's death.
Coronation of Harold II
Ignores the oath made to William Duke of Normandy in 1064. Crowned King of England, on the same day Halleys comet is seen, an ominous portent
Coronation
Ignores the oath made to William Duke of Normandy in 1064. Crowned King of England, on the same day Halleys comet is seen, an ominous portent
Succession
Succeeds as King of England. Harold Godwinson is chosen by the Witan to succeed Edward the Confessor
Coronation of Harold II
Harold ignores the oath made to William Duke of Normandy in 1064
Coronation
Harold ignores the oath made to William Duke of Normandy in 1064
Coronation of William I the Conqueror
Harold ignores the oath made to William Duke of Normandy in 1064
Coronation
Harold ignores the oath made to William Duke of Normandy in 1064
News of Harold's Coronation
William learns that Harold Godwinson has taken the English crown and begins preparing to enforce his own claim.
Succession
The Witanagemot elects Harold Godwinson, the man best placed to defend the country against the competing foreign claimants, to succeed Edward
Marriage
Eudokia marries the general Romanos Diogenes, who now became senior co-emperor alongside Michael VII, Konstantios, and another brother, Andronikos
Marriage
Eudokia marries the general Romanos Diogenes, who now became senior co-emperor alongside Michael VII, Konstantios, and another brother, Andronikos
Marriage
While waiting for his execution he was summoned into the presence of the Empress Regent, Eudokia Makrembolitissa, whom he so fascinated that she granted him a free pardon and married him on January 1, 1068
Succession
While waiting for his execution he was summoned into the presence of the Empress Regent, Eudokia Makrembolitissa, whom he so fascinated that she granted him a free pardon and married him on January 1, 1068
Eighteen-Day Siege of Exeter
William besieges Exeter for eighteen days before the city submits to royal authority.
Exeter Refuses Submission
Exeter resists William's demands, prompting a royal campaign against the south-western city.
Exeter Submission
Exeter surrenders after the siege, allowing William to strengthen Norman control in the south-west.
Siege of Exeter
Besieges the rebel city of Exeter & recaptures it
Destruction of Northern Supplies
William's forces destroy crops, livestock and settlements to prevent northern rebels and Danish forces from sustaining resistance.
Pennine Winter March
William drives his army across the Pennines during the winter campaign to extend royal control westward.
Exile of Edgar the Atheling
Edgar returns to Scotland
Invasion of England
Early in 1070 William moves against Edgar and other English leaders who had taken refuge with their remaining followers in a marshy region, perhaps Holderness, and put them to flight
Absolution
Henry IV gains absolution from Pope Gregory VII after bowing to his authority
Holy Roman Empire
Henry IV gains absolution from Pope Gregory VII after bowing to his authority
Absolution
Henry IV gains absolution from Pope Gregory VII after bowing to his authority
Siege of Antioch
Raymond of Toulouse leads the first contingent away from Antioch and toward Jerusalem
Siege of Jerusalem
Raymond of Toulouse leads the first contingent away from Antioch and toward Jerusalem
Coronation
Crowned King of Scotland
Marriage
Marries Adeliza, daughter of Godfrey I Duke of Lower Lorraine
Oath
David I & clerical & lay magnates of England accept Matilda as heir
Succession
David I & clerical & lay magnates of England accept Matilda as heir
Assassination of Canute Lavard
Magnus kills his cousin Canute Lavard, civil war ensues as Canutes half-brother Eric tries to avenge his death
Battle of Fodevig Bay
Niels and Magnus land at Fodevig Bay determined to finish off Eric, they are taken by surprise by a contingent of German soldiers, Niels army is slaughtered & Magnus is killed
Exile of Niels of Denmark
The church and most of the Danish public support king Niels, and Eric makes little progress, being forced at last to flee to Sweden
Succession
The Pope confirms Stephens claim to the English throne
Capture of Alnwick
David I crosses the border and reaches Durham, he captures Carlisle, Wark, Alnwick, Norham and Newcastle-upon-Tyne
Capture of Carlisle
David I crosses the border and reaches Durham, he captures Carlisle, Wark, Alnwick, Norham and Newcastle-upon-Tyne
Capture of Newcastle-upon-Tyne
David I crosses the border and reaches Durham, he captures Carlisle, Wark, Alnwick, Norham and Newcastle-upon-Tyne
Capture of Norham
David I crosses the border and reaches Durham, he captures Carlisle, Wark, Alnwick, Norham and Newcastle-upon-Tyne
Capture of Wark
David I crosses the border and reaches Durham, he captures Carlisle, Wark, Alnwick, Norham and Newcastle-upon-Tyne
Invasion of England
David I crosses the border and reaches Durham, he captures Carlisle, Wark, Alnwick, Norham and Newcastle-upon-Tyne
Battle of Lincoln
Arrives outside Lincoln to recapture it from Ranulf, Earl of Chester
Invasion of France
Early in January 1153, just months after his wedding, he crossed the Channel one more time, his fleet was 36 ships strong, transporting a force of 3,000 footmen and 140 horses
Invasion of Holy Land
Assembles troops for the 3rd Crusade
Doge
Appointed as 39th Doge of Venice, Enrico Dandolo is already old and blind, but deeply ambitious, and displays tremendous mental and (for his age) physical strength
Birth of Tsuchimikado
Birth of Tsuchimikado, firstborn son of Emperor Go-Toba
Peace
Signs a truce with Philip II
Peace
Philip II signs a truce with Richard I
Council of Barons
Summons a Council who raise enough money to launch another campaign in Normandy
Invasion of Normandy
Summons a Council who raise enough money to launch another campaign in Normandy
Birth of Richard of Cornwall
Birth of Richard of Cornwall, son of John I & Isabella dAngouleme
Constitution of England
The Barons demand confirmation of the Laws of Edward the Confessor , John delays. The Barons demand confirmation of the charter of Henry I
Invasion of Georgia
The Mongols invade Georgia
Coronation
Officiates as High Steward at the coronation of Henry IIIs Queen, Eleanor of Provence
Coronation
The 19 year old is crowned Queen
Coronation
Officiates at the Coronation of Eleanor of Provence at Westminster
Marriage
Henry III marries Eleanor of Provence
Marriage
Henry III marries Eleanor of Provence
Interregnum
William of Holland died during a campaign in Friesland, reopening the disputed royal succession.
Interregnum
A group of electors chose Richard of Cornwall as King of the Romans.
Reballion of Rebels in Amiens
Mise of Amiens, judgment of Louis ix in favor of Henry III & against the Barons
Mise of Amiens
Londoners refuse to obey the Mise of Amiens
Reballion of Rebels in London
Londoners join Despenser who hold the Tower & burn the manor of the King of the Romans
Siege of Tower of London
Londoners join Despenser who hold the Tower & burn the manor of the King of the Romans
Mise of Amiens
The Mise of Amiens provokes de Montfort into leading another Barons War. Louis IX finds in favor of Henry III & exempts him from the Provisions of Oxford
Mise of Amiens
Louis IX rules in Henrys favour
Mise of Amiens
The Oxford Provisions are declared void by the Mise of Amiens. A judgement of Louis IX in favor of Henry III against the English barons
Mise of Amiens
The Provisions of Oxford are declared invalid
Provisions of Oxford
The Oxford Provisions are declared void by the Mise of Amiens
Mise of Amiens
Louis declares the Provisions of Oxford null & void
Provisions of Oxford
Rules against the Provisions of Oxford, Simon de Montfort leads a civil war. Helps release Henry III from the Provisions of Oxford
Mise of Amiens
Louis declares the Provisions of Oxford null & void
Constitution of England
Convenes the opening of Parliament which includes commoners for the 1st time
Parliament
Convenes the opening of Parliament which includes commoners for the 1st time
Constitution of England
For the 1st time England is represented in a single chamber at Westminster Hall
Parliament
Parliament opens with representitives from country gentry & town burgesses. For the 1st time England is represented in a single chamber at Westminster Hall
Reform of Parliament
For the 1st time England is represented in a single chamber at Westminster Hall
Reform of Parliament
Convenes the opening of Parliament which includes commoners for the 1st time
Invasion of Naples
Charles of Anjou invades Naples
Death of William Maudit
Death of William Maudit, 8th Earl of Warwick
Philip IV summons Edward I to Paris as his vassal, Edward sends
Philip IV summons Edward I to Paris as his vassal, Edward sends Edmund of Lancaster
Trial
Sends Edmund, his brother, to Philip the Fair on charges of piracy & other greivences
Marriage
An agrrement is made is Paris for Edward to marry Philips sister Margaret
Rule of Agenais
A part of Agenais is ceded to Philip IV
Rule of Saintonge
A part of Saintonge is ceded to Philip IV
Battle of Mons Madog
Defeats the Welsh at Conway, the Welsh suffer their largest losses in a single day
Battle of Mons Madog
Defeated by the Earl of Warwick, the Welsh suffer their largest losses in a single day
Alliance Edward I and Guy, Count of Flanders
Concludes a Treaty of alliance with Guy, Count of Flanders
Marriage to Joan of Burgundy
Philip married Joan of Burgundy, daughter of Otto IV of Burgundy and Mahaut of Artois.
Excommunication
Excommunicated by the papal nuncio when the English Parliament meets in Carlisle
Papal Nuncio
Excommunicated by the papal nuncio when the English Parliament meets in Carlisle
Marriage
Edward II married Isabella of France, the daughter of King Philippe IV of France
Condemnation of Spiritual Doctrines
John declared a number of doctrines associated with the Spiritual Franciscans erroneous.
Succession
Succeeds as King of France, Philip Vs brother
Death at Longchamp
Philip died at Longchamp after falling seriously ill during the final months of his reign.
Submission at Shrewsbury
Mortimer surrendered to Edward II at Shrewsbury after the marcher resistance collapsed.
Burning of Bridgnorth
Roger Mortimer attacked and burned Bridgnorth during the final phase of the Marcher rebellion against Edward II.
Arrest of Roger Mortimer
Arrested by an army led by Edward II
Arrest of Roger Mortimer
Leads an army & captures Roger Mortimer & keeps him in the Tower
Rule of Empire
Louis IV of Bavaria declares Papal approval is unnecessary to appoint an Emperor
Treaty of Ulm
The Treaty of Ulm provided that Frederick would govern Germany as king while Louis pursued the imperial crown.
Alliance Isabella and Queens cause
A group of Bishops take an oath at the Guildhall to support the Queens cause
Oath
A group of Bishops take an oath at the Guildhall to support the Queens cause
Abdication
The Archbishop of Canterbury announces in Westminster hall that Edward II is deposed
Arrest of Edward II
Edward II is arrested
Abdication
Edward II agrees to abdicate from the throne after pressure from Parliament
Regency
Placed under the dual control of a regency Council of Barons led by Henry of Lancaster
Succession
Succeeds as King of ngland, age 14 at his succession
Coronation
Coronation of Edward III, the country is ruled by Mortimer and Isabella
Succession
Court is dominated by Roger de Mortimer while Edward is held at the Tower of London
Imperial Coronation
Louis IV is crowned emperor in Rome without papal approval
Roman Coronation
Louis is crowned in Rome by representatives of the Roman people
Marriage to Edward III
Philippa marries Edward III and becomes Queen of England
Marriage to Philippa
Marries Philippa of Hainault in York Minster
Marriage to Philippa
Edward III marries Philippa of Hainault at York
Marriage
Marries Philippa of Hainault, daughter of William I Count of Hainault, in York Minster
Marriage
Philippa of Hainault & Prince Edward marry
Entry into Rome
Louis IV enters Rome during his conflict with Pope John XXII
Capture of Germany
Captures Rome from the Papacy
Capture of Rome
Captures Rome from the Papacy
Coronation
Crowned Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
Louis IV of Bavaria arrives in Rome. Crowned Emperor. Captures Rome from the Papacy
Invasion of Italy
Louis IV of Bavaria arrives in Rome
Imperial Challenge
John XXII faces Louis IV's challenge to papal authority
Death at Gutenstein
Frederick died at Gutenstein Castle and ended his long rivalry and later co-kingship with Louis IV.
Enthronement
Benedict XII was formally enthroned after his election to the papacy.
Benedictus Deus
Benedict issued Benedictus Deus, defining that purified souls enjoy the beatific vision before the Last Judgment.
Succession
The Scots draw up a draft Treaty agreeing to recognise the elderly and childless Edward Balliol as King, so long as David II would be his heir, however, David II rejects it
Treaty Negotiations
The Scots draw up a draft Treaty agreeing to recognise the elderly and childless Edward Balliol as King, so long as David II would be his heir, however, David II rejects it
Succession
The Scots draw up a draft Treaty agreeing to recognise the elderly and childless Edward Balliol as King, so long as David II would be his heir, however, David II rejects it
Succession
Claims the French throne from his mother who is heiress of her brother Charles IV. Assumes the title of King of France
Alliance Edward III and Flemish towns
Edward III allies himself with the Flemish towns
King of France Title
Publicly assumes the title King of France
Rule of France
Edward III declares himself as King of France
Succession
Claims the French throne from his mother who is heiress of her brother Charles IV. Assumes the title of King of France
Birth of Walter Wat Tyler
Birth of Walter "Wat" Tyler
Truce of Malestroit
Accepts a truce in the French and Breton wars
Birth of Thomas of Woodstock
Gives birth to Thomas of Woodstock
Birth of Richard II
Birth of Richard II, son of Edward the Black Prince Prince of Aquitaine & Joan of Kent
Birth of Richard II
Birth of Richard II, son of Edward the Black Prince Prince of Aquitaine & Joan of Kent
Hongwu Reign Begins
Hongwu begins ruling as the first emperor of the Ming dynasty
Ming Dynasty Founded
Zhu Yuanzhang proclaims the Ming dynasty and takes the Hongwu reign title
Northern Expedition Command
Chang Yuchun serves as a senior commander in the Ming advance north
Northern Expedition Command
Xu Da commands the Ming northern expedition against the Yuan
Ming Administration
Li Shanchang helps organize the early Ming civil administration
Capital at Nanjing
Hongwu establishes Nanjing as the first Ming capital
Hanseatic War Continues
Valdemar IV faces renewed war from the Cologne Confederation of Hanseatic towns
Burial
Given a state funeral and interred at Westminster Abbey. Her tomb was placed on the northeast side of the Chapel of Edward the Confessor and on the opposite side of her husband's grandparents Edward I and Eleanor of Castile and great grandfather Henry III
Parliament
Appointed Speaker of the House in the Good Parliament, 1st to hold the position
Speaker of House of Commons
Appointed Speaker of the House in the Good Parliament, 1st to hold the position
Avignon Papacy
The Schism in the Western Roman Church resulted from the return of the papacy to Rome under Gregory XI on January 17, 1377, ending the Avignon Papacy, which had developed a reputation for corruption that estranged major parts of Western Christendom
Western Schism
The Schism in the Western Roman Church resulted from the return of the papacy to Rome under Gregory XI on January 17, 1377, ending the Avignon Papacy, which had developed a reputation for corruption that estranged major parts of Western Christendom
Reform of Taxation
A 4d poll tax per head is raised
Birth of Thomas de Beaufort
Birth of Thomas de Beaufort, son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster
Reform of Government
Graded by rank from 4d to 10 marks
Succession
Parliament declares that Richard is old enough to rule
Marriage
Marries Anne of Bohemia, daughter of Charles VI at St Stephens Chapel
Marriage
Marries Richard II
Coronation
Crowned at Westminster Abbey
Succession
Suppresses the rebellious supporters of Richard II
Death of Thomas Netherlands, The
Death of Thomas Holland, 1st Duke of Surrey
Marriage
Marries Lady Margaret de Neville, daughter of Thomas de Neville
Parliament
Parliament opens from January to March
Lord Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor
Birth of Joan of Arc
Birth of Joan of Arc, born at Domremy to Jacques and Isabelle dArc, during the Truce of Leulinghen
Arrest of John Acton
Leader of the Lolloards plans to kidnap Henry V in Kent but is captured & executed
Death of John Acton
Death of John Acton, executed
Execution
Leader of the Lolloards plans to kidnap Henry V in Kent but is captured & executed
Plot
Leader of the Lolloards plans to kidnap Henry V in Kent but is captured & executed
Plot
Appointed Regent, during Philip IIs crusade
Reballion of Rebels in St Giles Field
Lollards try to capture Henry V his troops arrest them as they approach the City
Capture of Louviers
Captures Louviers
Capture of Rouen
The siege ends with English occupation
Siege of Rouen
The siege of Rouen ends with English occupation
Siege of Rouen
Henry V triumphantly enters Rouen
Marriage to Philip
Isabella of Portugal marries Philip the Good at Bruges.
Order of Golden Fleece
Philip founds the Order of the Golden Fleece at Bruges.
Arrest of Joan of Arc
Joan of Arcs trial begins, overseen by pro-English clergy paid by the English Government
Trial
Joan of Arcs trial begins, overseen by pro-English clergy paid by the English Government
Trial
Joan of Arc is sentenced to life imprisonment. 1st day of the trial of Joan of Arc
Exile of Henry VI
Returns from France to England never to set foot on French soil again
Death of Catherine of Valois
Death of Catherine of Valois. Shortly after childbirth
Burial
Buried in Westminster Abbey
Birth of Ivan III the Great
Birth of Ivan III the Great
Coronation
Crowned as Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire
Reballion of France
Soldiers waiting to cross to France rebel over pay & conditions
Birth of only child
Taken into the care of her brother-in-law Jasper, at Pembroke Castle, the Countess gave birth to her only child, Henry Tudor, the future Henry VII of England
Birth of Henry VII
Henry VII is born at Pembroke Castle, the son of Edmund Tudor and Margaret Beaufort.
Marriage
The 14-year-old Margaret marries Sir Henry Stafford, son of Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham
Succession
Succeeds as King of Hungary, elected King
Siege of Calais
Yorkists under Wenlock & Denham capture Rivers in Sandwich & take him to Calais
Siege of Calais
Yorkists under Wenlock & Denham capture Rivers in Sandwich & take him to Calais
Siege of Calais
Yorkists under Wenlock & Denham capture Rivers in Sandwich & take him to Calais
Siege of Calais
Rivers assembles a force to relieve Somerset who has asked for reinforcements
Siege of Calais
Rivers assembles a force to relieve Somerset who has asked for reinforcements
Mobilization
Queen Margaret & Somerset march southwards from York
Mobilization
Queen Margaret & Somerset march southwards from York
Siege of Huntingdon
The Queens border soldiers sack Huntingdon
Siege of Melbourne
The Queens border soldiers sack Melbourne
Siege of Royston
The Queens border soldiers sack Royston
Birth of Frederick III the Wise
Birth of Frederick III the Wise, son of Elector Ernest.
States General Meets
Philip the Good convenes the first meeting of the States General.
Bishoprics Founded
Secures creation of new bishoprics at Vienna and Wiener Neustadt.
Siege of Neuss
Charles expansionist strategy suffers a first setback when his attack on the Archbishopric of Cologne fails after the unsuccessful Siege of Neuss
Battle of Vaslui
Defeats a major Ottoman army at Vaslui.
Exile of Margaret of Anjou
Renounces all claims to the throne of England & returns to France
Death of Edward IV
Edwards ally, the Duke of Burgundy, dies without an heir, Louis XI claims his lands. Burgundys daughter Mary & stepmother Margaret of York turn to Edward for help
Death of Charles the Bold
Death of Charles the Bold, during the Battle of Nancy, end of the House of Burgundy
Battle of Nancy
Dies in battle retreating from the Swiss advance into Burgundian territory. 10-12,000 men from Lorraine and 10,000 Confederation Swiss mercenaries smash the Burgundian army of Charles the Bold that is besieging Nancy
Battle of Nancy
Final & decisive Battle of the Burgundy Wars, fought outside the walls of Nancy between Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, and Rene, Duke of Lorraine, Renes forces win the battle, Charles body is found 3 days later.
Battle of Nancy
The Duchy of Burgundy and several other Burgundian lands become part of France, while the Burgundian lands in The Netherlands and the Franche Comte are inherited by Charless daughter, and eventually pass to the House of Habsburg.
Rule of Burgundy
The Duchy of Burgundy and several other Burgundian lands become part of France, while the Burgundian lands in The Netherlands and the Franche Comte are inherited by Charless daughter, and eventually pass to the House of Habsburg
Rule of Franche Comte
The Duchy of Burgundy and several other Burgundian lands become part of France, while the Burgundian lands in The Netherlands and the Franche Comte are inherited by Charless daughter, and eventually pass to the House of Habsburg
Siege of Nancy
10-12,000 men from Lorraine and 10,000 Confederation Swiss mercenaries smash the Burgundian army of Charles the Bold that is besieging Nancy
Siege of Nancy
Raises 10000-12000 men from Lorraine, & the Lower Union (of the Rhine) & 8400 Confederation Swiss mercenaries to his banner, reaches Nancy
Death of Charles the Bold
Death of Charles the Bold, during the Battle of Nancy
Invasion of Burgundy
Dies in battle retreating from the Swiss advance into Burgundian territory
Parliament
Richard III opens his first Parliament and seeks statutory recognition of his title.
Titulus Regius
Richard III's first Parliament confirms the Titulus Regius, declaring Edward IV's children illegitimate and strengthening Richard's claim.
Succession
Richard III's first Parliament of January 1484 stripped Elizabeth Woodville of all the lands given her during Edward IV's reign
Birth of Catherine of Aragon
Birth of Catherine of Aragon, daughter of Ferdinand II & Isabella of Spain
Marriage
Unites the Houses of Lancaster & York. Marries Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV
Marriage
Henry VII marries Elizabeth of York, uniting the Tudor claim with the senior Yorkist line.
Marriage Unites Tudor and York Claims
Elizabeth of York marries Henry VII, joining the leading Yorkist bloodline to the new Tudor monarchy and strengthening their children's dynastic position.
Marriage
Taken from the Tower of London to marry Henry VII. Parliament itself, on behalf of the people, petitions Henry VII to carry out his promise to marry Elizabeth of York. Marries Henry VII, unites the Houses of Lancaster & York and unites rival Lancastrian & Yorkist factions. Honours a promise made to the Yorkists who defected from Richard III
Discovery of America
Agrees to back Colombus expedition to America
Rule of Haiti
Colombus discovers Haiti & calls it Hispaniola
Exile of Ferdinand II
Expels the Jews from Spain
Discovery of America
Colombus sets sail from Haiti & returns to Spain
Discovery of America
Rejoins Colombus & returns to Spain
Rule of Cerdagne
The Treaty of Narbonne cedes Rousillion & Cerdagne from France to Aragon
Rule of Rousillion
Under the Treaty of Narbonne cedes Rousillion & Cerdagne from France to Aragon
Treaty of Narbonne
Hopes to obtain Ferdinands support to invade Italy, Ferdinand joins Maximilian I. Cedes Rousillion & Cerdagne from France to Aragon
Treaty of Narbonne
Rousillion & Cerdagne are ceded by France to Aragon. Charles VIII hopes to have Ferdinands support to invade Italy but he joins the Pope
Warbeck Support Allegation
William Stanley is accused of indicating that he would not fight Warbeck if the pretender were truly a son of Edward IV, exposing him to treason proceedings.
Rule of Brazil
Discovers Brazil & claims it for Portugal
Discovery of Brazil
Discovers Brazil & claims it for Portugal
Perpetual Peace Border Procedures
Agrees procedures for managing border disputes so local violence will be less likely to escalate into war between England and Scotland.
Perpetual Peace Signed at Richmond
Signs a lasting peace settlement with Scotland intended to end recurring warfare and stabilise the northern border through dynastic cooperation.
Scottish Marriage Peace Clause
Becomes the dynastic centrepiece of the Anglo-Scottish peace through an agreement that she will marry James IV of Scotland.
Marriage
The marriage Treaty between James IV & Margaret Tudor is signed
Marriage
A proxy mariage for James IV & Margaret takes place, Bothwell stands in for his King
Foundation of Henry VII Chapel
The foundation stone of Henry VII's Lady Chapel is laid at Westminster Abbey as a major royal religious and dynastic project.
Scottish Proxy Marriage
Marries James IV by proxy under the diplomatic arrangements that reinforce the recently concluded Anglo-Scottish peace settlement.
Final Parliament Opens
Henry's seventh and final Parliament opens at Westminster and deals with finance, law and control of retaining.
Philip of Burgundy Lands in England
Storms force Philip of Burgundy and Joanna of Castile to land in England, giving Henry unexpected diplomatic leverage.
Treaty of Tordesillas
Confirms papal approval of the mare clausum policy pursued by Spain and Portugal
Treaty of Tordesillas
Julius II approves changes to the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas
Parliament
Parliament opens for the 1st time during Henrys reign. Opens Parliament, 21 Jaunuary-21 February
First Parliament of Henry VIII Opens
Henry VIII's first Parliament begins work on fiscal, legal and political business inherited from the previous reign.
Birth of Henry of Richmond
Birth of Henry of Richmond, son of Henry VIII
Birth of son
First Son, born at Richmond Palace, the Duke of Cornwall
Succession
Has a son who lives for only 52 days
Prince Henry Christened
Henry and Catherine's infant son is christened after his birth, briefly giving the Tudor dynasty the male heir the court had awaited.
Death of Margaret
Death of Louis XII, 2 months after his marriage to Margaret
Death of Louis XII
Death of Louis XII, succeeded by his cousin & son-in-law Francis, Count of Angouleme
Death of Margaret
Margaret signs an oath saying she had no issues to Louis XII
Death of Catherine of Aragon
Death of Ferdinand of Aragon, Catherines father
Invasion of Egypt
Marches across the Gaza Desert via Salihia
Birth of Henry Grey
Birth of Henry Grey, Duke of Suffolk, 3rd Marquis of Dorset
Battle of Ridanieh
Defeats the Marmelukes & marches into Cairo
Death of Maximilian I
Death of Maximilian I
Battle of Lake Asunden
The leader of the Swedish resistance to Denmark, Sten Sture, is killed in battle. Christian II defeats a peasant army from Sweden
Battle of Lake Asunden
The leader of the Swedish resistance to Denmark, Sten Sture, is killed in battle
Death of Sten Sture
Death of Sten Sture, killed in battle
95 Theses
Burns the papal bull condemning his 95 theses & is excommunicated by Pope Leo X
Excommunication
Burns the papal bull condemning his 95 theses & is excommunicated by Pope Leo X
Papal Bull
Burns the papal bull condemning his 95 theses & is excommunicated by Pope Leo X
Reformation, The
Burns the papal bull condemning his 95 theses & is excommunicated by Pope Leo X
Diet of Worms
Summoned to appear at the Diet of Worms
Diet of Worms
Conducted from 28 January to 25 May 1521, with the Emperor Charles V presiding. Transfers the hereditary Habsburg lands within the Empire to his brother Ferdinand. Luther is tried before the Emperor at the Diet of Worms & given an Empire ban
Pope
Appointed Pope, Florensz Boeyens, the Cardinal of Utrecht
Capture of Rhodes
The Turks lose 50,000. Captured after a 6 month siege, once the base of the knights of St John
Siege of Rhodes
The Turks lose 50,000. Captured after a 6 month siege, once the base of the knights of St John
Calais Wool Staple Agreement
Concludes an Anglo-Imperial commercial arrangement regulating coinage and the Calais wool staple alongside the continuing political alliance.
Peace Negotiations at London
Joins the peace negotiations between England & France
Rule of Artois
Surrenders Artois to Charles V
Rule of Burgundy
Surrenders Burgundy to Charles V
Rule of Flanders
Surrenders Flanders to Charles V
Treaty of Madrid Cedes French Claims in Flanders
Francis I accepts terms surrendering claims affecting Flanders while imprisoned after the Battle of Pavia.
Treaty of Madrid
Signs a Treaty giving up all claims in Italy
Habsburg Control of Flanders Reinforced by Madrid Treaty
Charles V strengthens Habsburg control of Flanders through the settlement imposed on Francis I.
Rule of Artois
Under the Treaty of Madrid Francis surrenders Burgundy, Artois & Flanders to Charles V
Rule of Burgundy
Under the Treaty of Madrid Francis surrenders Burgundy, Artois & Flanders to Charles V
Rule of Flanders
Under the Treaty of Madrid Francis surrenders Burgundy, Artois & Flanders to Charles V
Treaty of Madrid
Under the Treaty of Madrid Francis surrenders Burgundy, Artois & Flanders to Charles V. Under the Treaty of Madrid Francis gives up all claims in Italy
Capture of Artois
Gains Flanders from France. Gains Artois from France
Capture of Burgundy
Gains Burgundy from France
Holy Roman Empire
Gains Flanders from France. Gains Artois from France
Holy Roman Empire
Gains Burgundy from France
Coronation
Crowned in Uppsala Cathedral
French Ransom Loan Obligation
Receives a formal French obligation to repay money England advances toward the ransom demanded for Francis I's children.
Election
Secures the election of his younger brother Ferdinand as King of the Romans
Convocation of Clergy
The Convocation of clergy agree to pay extra taxation
Taxation
The Convocation of clergy agree to pay extra taxation
Reformation Parliament
Cromwell favours the assertion of royal supremacy and manipulates the Commons by resurrecting anti-clerical grievances
Reformation Parliament
The Reformation Parliament opens
Reformation, The
Cromwell favours the assertion of royal supremacy and manipulates the Commons by resurrecting anti-clerical grievances
Reformation, The
The Reformation Parliament opens
Coronation
Refuses to attend the coronation of Anne Boleyn
Marriage
Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn in a secret ceremony while his marriage to Catherine of Aragon is still disputed.
Marriage
Marries Anne Boleyn in secret
Marriage
Marries Henry VIII, secret wedding while pregnant with the future Elizabeth I
Secret Marriage to Anne Boleyn
Henry privately marries Anne Boleyn while Catherine remains alive, creating the marriage from which he expects a legitimate successor.
Lord Chancellor
Appointed Lord Chancellor
Marriage
Cranmer validates Henry and Annes marriage
Reformation, The
Cranmer validates Henry and Annes marriage
Pregnancy
Anne Boleyn's pregnancy gives urgency to Henry VIII's attempt to secure recognition of the marriage.
Bishop
Consecrated as the Bishoop of Coventry & Lichfield
Lima
Pizarro founded the city of Lima in Perus central coast on 18 January 1535, a foundation that he considered as one of the most important things he had created in life
Rule of Peru
Pizarro founded the city of Lima in Perus central coast on 18 January 1535, a foundation that he considered as one of the most important things he had created in life
Valor Ecclesiasticus Commissioned
Cromwell directs a nationwide valuation of ecclesiastical wealth that supplies the Crown with detailed information about clerical and monastic revenues.
Thomas Cromwell Appointed Vicegerent
Henry appoints Thomas Cromwell as vicegerent in spirituals, giving a lay minister exceptional authority to supervise reform of the English Church.
Death of Henry VIII
Catherine of Aragon dies, removing Henry VIII's first wife from the marriage dispute.
Death of Henry VIII
Death of Catherine of Aragon, Henry & Anne's offspring can inherit the throne
Death of Catherine of Aragon
Death of Catherine of Aragon, at Kimbolton Palace, Cambridgeshire
Catherine of Aragon Dies
Mary's mother Catherine of Aragon dies while Mary remains out of favour
Burial
Buried at Peterborough Cathedral, the same day Anne Boleyn miscarries
Death of Anne Boleyn
Henry believes his marriage to Anne is damned. Anne Boleyn & Henry have a stillborn son
Burial
Catherine of Aragon is buried at Peterborough Abbey.
Miscarriage
Anne Boleyn miscarries a male child, weakening her position at court.
Pregnancy
Anne Boleyn miscarries a male child, weakening her position at court.
Reformation, The
When Anne miscarries a son, the begins to reflect again on the biblical prohibitions that had haunted him during his marriage with Catherine of Aragon
Anne Boleyn Miscarries Male Child
Anne miscarries a male fetus, a severe dynastic setback that weakens her position because Henry still lacks a surviving legitimate son.
Miscarriage
News of Henry falling from his horse in a coma causes Anne to miscarry a male child
Reformation, The
When Anne miscarries a son, the begins to reflect again on the biblical prohibitions that had haunted him during his marriage with Catherine of Aragon
Marriage
Marries Francis Is daughter Madeleine
Marriage
Marries James V
Bigod's Rebellion
Sir Francis Bigod launches a new rising after distrust grows over Henry VIII's promises to the north.
Bigod's Rebellion
Bigod's attempt to seize Hull fails and the renewed northern rebellion loses momentum.
Pilgrimage of Grace
Robert Aske visits Henry VIII's court after the rising and seeks fulfilment of the king's promises.
Reballion of with the northern
Minor riots in connection with the northern rebellion
Bigods Rebellion
A new rising takes place in Cumberland and Westmorland called Bigods Rebellion (which Aske attempted to prevent) under Sir Francis Bigod, of Settrington in the North Riding of Yorkshire
Death of Francis Bigod
The King arrests Aske and several of the other leaders, such as Darcy, Constable, and Bigod, who were all convicted of treason and executed
Execution
The King arrests Aske and several of the other leaders, such as Darcy, Constable, and Bigod, who were all convicted of treason and executed
Pilgrimage of Grace
The King arrests Aske and several of the other leaders, such as Darcy, Constable, and Bigod, who were all convicted of treason and executed. A new rising takes place in Cumberland and Westmorland called Bigods Rebellion (which Aske attempted to prevent) under Sir Francis Bigod, of Settrington in the North Riding of Yorkshire
Treason
The King arrests Aske and several of the other leaders, such as Darcy, Constable, and Bigod, who were all convicted of treason and executed
Death of Robert Aske
The King arrests Aske and several of the other leaders, such as Darcy, Constable, and Bigod, who were all convicted of treason and executed
Execution
The King arrests Aske and several of the other leaders, such as Darcy, Constable, and Bigod, who were all convicted of treason and executed
Pilgrimage of Grace
The King arrests Aske and several of the other leaders, such as Darcy, Constable, and Bigod, who were all convicted of treason and executed
Treason
The King arrests Aske and several of the other leaders, such as Darcy, Constable, and Bigod, who were all convicted of treason and executed
Execution
The King arrests Aske and several of the other leaders, such as Darcy, Constable, and Bigod, who were all convicted of treason and executed
Pilgrimage of Grace
The King arrests Aske and several of the other leaders, such as Darcy, Constable, and Bigod, who were all convicted of treason and executed
Pilgrimage of Grace
A new rising takes place in Cumberland and Westmorland called Bigods Rebellion (which Aske attempted to prevent) under Sir Francis Bigod, of Settrington in the North Riding of Yorkshire
Treason
The King arrests Aske and several of the other leaders, such as Darcy, Constable, and Bigod, who were all convicted of treason and executed
Reballion of with the northern
Minor riots in connection with the northern rebellion
Birth of Louis of Nassau-Dietz
Birth of Louis of Nassau-Dietz
Execution of Henry Pole
Henry Pole is beheaded for treason after the government links him with Catholic opposition and the Exeter conspiracy.
Marriage
Meets Anne of Cleves for the 1st time. Feels he has been tricked by Cromwell into marrying Anne of Cleves
Marriage
Meets Henry VIII for the first time
Alliance Agreement with German Protestants against the Holy Roman
Cromwell recommends an alliance with German Protestants against the Holy Roman Empire
Alliance Henry VIII and German Protestants
Cromwell recommends an alliance with German Protestants against the Holy Roman Empire
Marriage
Henry VIII marries Anne of Cleves, fourth wife of Henry VIII of England from 6 January 1540 to 9 July 1540
Marriage
Marries Anne of Cleves, the daughter of the Duke of Cleves. Cromwell recommends an alliance with German Protestants against the Holy Roman Empire
Marriage
Henry VIII & Anne of Cleves are married at the royal Palace of Placentia in Greenwich, London by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer
Marriage
Marries Henry VIII, his 4th wife. Henry calls her "the Flanders mare" & the marriage is never consumated. Arranged by Cromwell to seek an alliance with a foreign royal house
Marriage
Henry VIII & Anne of Cleves are married at the royal Palace of Placentia in Greenwich, London by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer
Marriage
Anulled because of Annes contract to the son of the Duke of Lorraine
Marriage
Receives a generous settlement, including Hever Castle, home of Henrys former in-laws, the Boleyns
Marriage
Henry VIII annuls the marriage because it was without his consent
Marriage
Anne was commanded to leave the court of Henry VIII
Arrest of Thomas Wyatt and Ralph Sadler
Cromwells supporters are arrested, includes Thomas Wyatt & Sir Ralph Sadler
Speaker of House of Commons
Serves as Speaker of the House of Commons during Henry VIII's 1542 parliamentary session.
Eighth Parliament
Henry VIII opens his eighth Parliament at Westminster, beginning a session dealing with major Tudor political and religious business.
Regency
Appointed Regent
Marriage Alliance
Henry VIII seeks to marry Prince Edward to Mary, Queen of Scots, as a means of uniting the kingdoms.
Invasion of Scotland
Henry VIII proposes that Prince Edward should marry Mary, Queen of Scots, to unite the Tudor and Stuart lines.
Birth of Francis II
Birth of Francis II
Fortification
English engineers and labourers work to strengthen Boulogne as a fortified continental possession.
Death of Elizabeth I
Death of Henry VIII, Elizabeth hears the news at Enfield
Capture of Boulogne-sur-Mer
The French recapture Boulogne-sur-Mer
Siege of Boulogne-sur-Mer
The French recapture Boulogne-sur-Mer
Capture of Boulogne-sur-Mer
The French recapture Boulogne-sur-Mer
Health of Henry VIII
Informed by Anthony Denny that he is "not like to live", he refuses to believe it
Coronation
Coronation of Ivan IV the Terrible, the 1st Russian Tsar
Death of Thomas Howard
Death of Thomas Howard, executed during a power struggle for the Regency Council
Execution
Executed during a power struggle for the Regency Council during Edward's minority
Execution
Executuion of Henery Howard, Earl of Surrey
Death of Howard
Death of Henry Howard, executed for treason
Treason
Death of Henry Howard, executed for treason
Alliance Mary Queen of Scots and Henry II's son
The Scottish Parliament agrees marriage between Mary Queen of Scots & Henry IIs son. Agreed by the Earl of Arran & Henry II
Marriage
The Scottish Parliament agrees marriage between Mary Queen of Scots & Henry IIs son
Death of Herbert
Henry VIIs will is stamped under the supervision of Somerset, Paget, Herbert & Denny
Death of Anthony Denny
Henry VIIs will is stamped under the supervision of Somerset, Paget, Herbert & Denny
Death of Paget
Henry VIIs will is stamped under the supervision of Somerset, Paget, Herbert & Denny. Drafts a clause giving the Regency Council "full power & authority"
Accession
Edward succeeds Henry VIII as King of England at the age of nine.
Edward VI Accedes to the Throne
Edward becomes king on Henry VIII's death, placing the crown in the hands of the only surviving legitimate Tudor son.
Death of Henry VIII
Death of Henry VIII at Whitehall Palace.
Will
The will takes effect after Henry VIII dies, leaving the Crown to Edward VI under a regency council.
Edward VI Accession
Mary becomes heir presumptive after Edward VI under Henry VIII's settlement
Henry VIII Dies
Henry VIII dies and Edward VI succeeds before Mary
Lord Protector
Appointed Lord Protector of the Realm
Peerage
Created Earl Southampton
Dissolution of Parliament
Henry VIIIs 9th Parliament closes, final Parliament of reign
Peerage
Created Marquis of Northampton
Peerage
Created Baron Seymour of Sudeley, part of an unfulfilled gifts clause left unmentioned in Henrys will
Death of Paget
Implements the "unfulfilled gifts clause" rewarding Somesets supporters
Edward VI Proclaimed King
Edward is publicly proclaimed king, implementing the succession order established by statute and Henry VIII's will.
Death of Henry VIII
News of Henry VIII's death is publicly released after being kept secret for three days.
Sermon of the Plough
Preaches against negligent clergy and social injustice.
Council of Trent
Paul III agrees to move the Council back to Trent
Arrest of Thomas Seymour
Thomas broke into the King's apartments at Hampton Court Palace, he entered the privy garden and awoke one of the King's pet spaniels.alerted by the dog, the guards arrested Thomas, and he was sent to the Tower of London
Plot
Thomas broke into the King's apartments at Hampton Court Palace, he entered the privy garden and awoke one of the King's pet spaniels.alerted by the dog, the guards arrested Thomas, and he was sent to the Tower of London
Succession
Thomas broke into the King's apartments at Hampton Court Palace, he entered the privy garden and awoke one of the King's pet spaniels.alerted by the dog, the guards arrested Thomas, and he was sent to the Tower of London
Arrest of Thomas Seymour
An arrest order is made for Thomas Seymour
Attempted Access to Edward VI
Thomas Seymour enters the royal apartments at night during an alleged attempt to gain control of Edward VI, and the king's barking dog is shot.
Thomas Seymour Arrested by the Council
Thomas Seymour is arrested after the council accuses him of unlawful political schemes involving the young king and Princess Elizabeth.
Arrest of Thomas Seymour
Placed under arrest by his brother, Edward the Lord Protector. For scheming to marry Edward VI to Lady Jane Grey & himself to Pricess Elizabeth
Plot
For scheming to marry Edward VI to Lady Jane Grey & himself to Pricess Elizabeth
Arrest of Thomas Seymour
Seymour is arrested for fraud
Arrest of Thomas Seymour
The Privy Council sent agents to question everyone associated with Thomas, including Princess Elizabeth, who by now was suspected of a sexual relationship with him and even of being pregnant with his child
Plot
The Privy Council sent agents to question everyone associated with Thomas, including Princess Elizabeth, who by now was suspected of a sexual relationship with him and even of being pregnant with his child
Succession
The Privy Council sent agents to question everyone associated with Thomas, including Princess Elizabeth, who by now was suspected of a sexual relationship with him and even of being pregnant with his child
Arrest of Parry
Arrested for conspiring to marry Elizabeth to Thomas Seymour
First Act of Uniformity Passed
Parliament requires a single authorised English liturgy, establishing nationwide use of the first Book of Common Prayer.
First Act of Uniformity
Parliament approves uniform English worship and authorises the first Book of Common Prayer.
Arrest of Thomas Seymour
The council arrests Thomas Seymour after the Hampton Court incident and investigates accusations that he intended to seize the king and advance his own power.
Detention in Seymour Inquiry
Katherine Ashley is detained and questioned about Thomas Seymour and Princess Elizabeth as councillors investigate whether a marriage scheme concealed a wider political conspiracy.
Arundell Executed for Western Rising
Humphrey Arundell is executed for leading the western rebellion against Edward VI's religious changes.
Execution
Orders the execution of the Duke of Somerset
Lord Protector
Appointed Lord Protector
Execution of Duke of Somerset
Edward's uncle and former Lord Protector is executed on Tower Hill after his conviction.
Death of Edward Seymour
Death of Edward Seymour, executed
Execution
Death of Edward Seymour, executed
Execution of Edward Seymour
Edward Seymour is beheaded after conviction for felony arising from a plot against political rivals in the royal council.
Burial
Buried in the Chapel of St. Peter ad Vincula
Metz Defence Succeeds
Imperial siege of Metz fails and Guise's military reputation grows
Foreign Office Restriction
Secures a marriage clause preventing Philip from filling English offices with foreign appointees and protecting native control of royal administration.
Marriage Sovereignty Safeguard
Accepts treaty provisions reserving the effective government of England to Mary and limiting the independent political authority of Philip.
No Automatic Habsburg War Clause
Agrees that marriage to Philip will not automatically compel England to fight in the wider wars of Charles V.
Spanish Marriage Articles Agreed
Agrees detailed marriage articles with Philip of Spain intended to protect English sovereignty while permitting a dynastic union.
Succession Protection Clause
Accepts terms preventing Philip from retaining the English crown if Mary dies without a surviving child of their marriage.
Wyatt Rebellion
Warns Mary's council about suspected rebellion against the Spanish marriage.
Wyatt Rebellion
Questions Courtenay after Renard warns of the plot.
Wyatt Rebellion
Reveals details of the conspiracy after questioning by the council.
Wyatt Rebellion
Prepares to raise support in the Midlands.
Wyatt Rebellion
Is named among conspirators expected to raise western support.
Wyatt Rebellion
Is suspected of involvement in the anti-Spanish marriage conspiracy.
Wyatt Rebellion
Plans resistance in Devon against Mary's Spanish marriage.
Wyatt Rebellion
Prepares the Kentish rising from his family base at Allington.
Wyatt Rebellion
Is implicated in plans against Mary during the rebellion crisis.
Wyatt Rebellion
Orders action against suspected conspirators as the plot becomes known.
Wyatt Rebellion
Faces the Kentish rising as Wyatt raises his standard of revolt.
Wyatt Rebellion
Raises the standard of revolt in Kent against Mary's Spanish marriage.
Wyatt Rebellion
Marches against Mary's Spanish marriage and the perceived threat to English autonomy.
Wyatt Rebellion
Raises his standard in Kent against the Spanish marriage.
Arrest of Elizabeth I
Mary orders Elizabeth to London for her own safety
Arrest of Elizabeth I
Mary orders Elizabeth to London for her own safety
Wyatt Rebellion
Occupies Rochester and gathers support from Kentish rebels.
Wyatt Rebellion
Occupies Rochester and issues a proclamation to Kent.
Wyatt Rebellion
Royal troops sent against Wyatt suffer defections near Rochester.
Wyatt Rebellion
Defects from Norfolk's force to Wyatt's rebels.
Wyatt Rebellion
Comes under suspicion because rebels discuss replacing Mary with her.
Wyatt Rebellion
Refuses to flee London despite news of Wyatt's advance.
Wyatt Rebellion
Supports Mary and helps organise defence of London.
John Rogers Committed to Newgate
John Rogers is committed to prison after refusing to abandon Protestant teaching when Mary I restores Catholic worship and heresy proceedings.
Spanish Marriage Debated
Maryโs proposed Spanish marriage is defended as Catholic policy continues.
Rowland Taylor Detained for Heresy Proceedings
Rowland Taylor is detained after defending Protestant worship in his Suffolk parish and refusing to accept the restored Catholic Mass.
Heresy Laws Restored
Revived heresy statutes provide the legal framework for prosecuting Protestants who refuse restored Catholic doctrine.
Second Statute of Repeal Takes Effect
Parliament repeals Henrician legislation against papal authority while protecting many owners of former monastic lands.
Birth of Archibald Douglas
Birth of Archibald Douglas, Eighth Earl of Angus and 5th Earl of Morton, son of David, 7th Earl
Lord Chancellor
Appointed Lord Chancellor
Philip Becomes King of Spain
Mary becomes queen consort of Spain when Philip succeeds Charles V
Spanish Throne
Philip becomes King of Spain while remaining Mary I's husband
Disaster
The Worlds worst ever disaster, 830,000 perish. About 830,000 perish after earthquakes cause the Yellow & Wei rivers to flood
Earthquake
About 830,000 perish after earthquakes cause the Yellow & Wei rivers to flood
Plot
The plot is betrayed to Cardinal Pole & the plotters are arrested & put in the Tower
Gunpowder Treason Plot
The plot is betrayed to Cardinal Pole & the plotters are arrested & put in the Tower
Dudley Plot Betrayed
A plot against Mary is betrayed to Cardinal Pole and conspirators are arrested
Plot
The plot is betrayed to Cardinal Pole & the plotters are arrested & put in the Tower
French Attack on Calais
Guise opens a rapid French offensive against the Pale of Calais, exploiting weak winter defences around England's last major possession in France.
Siege of Calais Begins
Guise opens the winter campaign against Calais
Siege of Calais
Begins the siege that leads to the French capture of Calais
French Assault on Calais
French forces open the campaign that leads to the fall of Calais
Capture of Fort Nieulay
Guise captures Fort Nieulay during the Calais campaign
Capture of Risbank
Guise captures Risbank and isolates Calais harbour
Capture of Risbank
Guise captures key defences protecting Calais harbour
Calais Surrendered
Wentworth surrenders Calais after French forces overwhelm the town
Fall of Calais
Guise captures Calais after a short siege, ending more than two centuries of English possession and removing the traditional base for invasions of France.
Calais Lost
The last English possession on the French mainland is lost during Mary's reign
Calais Surrendered
Calais falls and England loses its last mainland French stronghold
Capture of Calais
French forces capture Calais the last major English possession on the French mainland
Capture of Calais
The last major English possession on French soil is taken by the French
Capture of Calais
French forces capture Calais during Mary's final year
French Capture Calais
French forces take Calais from England
Rule of Calais Ends
English rule of Calais ends when French forces take the town
Rule of Calais Ends
The last major English possession on French soil is lost
Surrender of Calais
Calais is surrendered to French forces
Surrender of Calais
Calais falls to France after a rapid winter campaign
Loss of Calais
Calais falls to French forces during Mary's final year
Loss of Calais
England loses Calais to French forces during Mary's reign
Rule of Calais Ends
English rule of Calais ends after more than two centuries
Calais Victory
Henry II celebrates the recovery of Calais from England
Capture of Calais
Henry II gains a major propaganda victory from the capture of Calais
Capture of Calais
Guise captures Calais from England after a rapid winter campaign
Capture of Calais
Helps capture Calais from the English
Capture of Calais
Guise captures Calais from the English during the Italian War
Capture of Calais
Captures Calais from the English in a major French victory
Capture of Calais
Guise captures Calais from the English
Capture of Calais
Sees action during the French capture of Calais from England
Capture of Calais
Supports French forces during the capture of Calais
Guisnes Surrendered
Grey surrenders Guisnes after prolonged French pressure
Guisnes Falls
French forces capture Guisnes after Calais falls
Guisnes Lost
Guisnes falls after the loss of Calais
Capture of Guisnes
Guise captures Guisnes after the fall of Calais
Fall of Guines
Guise's forces take Guines after the fall of Calais, eliminating the remaining major English fortified position in the former Pale.
William Cordell Chosen Commons Speaker
William Cordell becomes Speaker of Mary's final Parliament, which continues sitting into the year of her death.
Guisnes Defence
Grey defends Guisnes after Calais falls
Calais Relief Ordered
Mary's government attempts to respond as French forces attack Calais
Calais Campaign
Henry II authorizes the French campaign against English Calais
Declaration of War
Beginning of the Livonian War
Livonian War Begins
Ivan IV begins the Livonian War against the Livonian Confederation
War with France
Philip II continues the Habsburg war against France
Death of Christian III
Christian III dies and the Danish throne passes to Frederick II
Accession
Frederick II succeeds Christian III as King of Denmark and Norway
Coronation Eve City Entry
Elizabeth enters the City of London in a carefully staged public procession on the day before her crowning.
Coronation Procession
Elizabeth rides through London in a public coronation procession before her crowning
Coronation
A Coronation procession is held in the streets of the City of London
Elizabeth I Cheapside Coronation Pageant
Elizabeth pauses at a major Cheapside display where civic symbolism links the queen with good government and national renewal.
Elizabeth I Cornhill Coronation Pageant
A pageant at Cornhill forms part of the city's elaborate welcome and reinforces expectations for the new reign.
Fenchurch Coronation Pageant
A civic pageant greets Elizabeth near Fenchurch, beginning a sequence of symbolic displays along the route.
Gracechurch Coronation Pageant
Elizabeth encounters another London pageant presenting political and religious imagery to the new queen.
Truth and Time Pageant
A pageant using the figures of Time and Truth presents Elizabeth with symbolic religious and political messages before her coronation.
Oglethorpe Anoints Elizabeth
Oglethorpe anoints Elizabeth during the sacred central section of the service.
Oglethorpe Chosen as Coronation Bishop
Owen Oglethorpe conducts the coronation because Canterbury is vacant and the Archbishop of York declines to perform the service.
Coronation
Elizabeth is crowned Queen of England at Westminster Abbey
Elizabeth I Crowned
Elizabeth is crowned queen in Westminster Abbey as the Tudor succession passes to Henry VIII's younger surviving daughter.
Elizabeth Receives Coronation Regalia
Elizabeth receives the traditional regalia of sovereignty before the formal crowning.
Elizabeth's Coronation Banquet
A formal feast follows the Abbey service and concludes the public coronation celebrations of the new queen.
Elizabeth's Coronation Oath
Elizabeth takes the coronation oath as the religious and constitutional inauguration of her monarchy proceeds.
Elizabeth's Coronation Recognition
Oglethorpe presents Elizabeth before the Abbey congregation, marking the public recognition of the new queen before her oath.
Mixed Latin and English Coronation Service
Parts of Elizabeth's coronation are conducted in Latin and parts in English, reflecting the unsettled religious position at the start of the reign.
Elizabeth's First Parliament Assembles
Elizabeth's first Parliament meets to establish the legal foundations of the new reign and reverse key features of Mary's religious policy.
Reform of Parliament
Parliament supports Elizabeth's reforms even though the Bishops do not
Death of Christian II
Death of Christian II former King of Denmark Norway and Sweden
Parliament
Attends the opening of a Reformation Parliament
Reformation, The
Attends the opening of a Reformation Parliament
First Parliament Opens
Elizabeth opens her first parliament to settle religion and succession
Cecil Confirmed
William Cecil becomes Elizabeth's principal adviser in the early reign
Privy Council Reformed
Elizabeth reshapes the Privy Council around trusted Protestant and moderate advisers
Thomas Gargrave Chosen Speaker
Thomas Gargrave becomes Speaker of Elizabeth's first Parliament as the new government introduces its religious and constitutional settlement.
Fleet in Firth of Forth
Lands at Forth & sails for the communication line between Leith & the French
Cardinal Created
Charles Borromeo becomes a cardinal under Pope Pius IV
Charles Borromeo Promoted
Pius IV promotes his nephew Charles Borromeo to the cardinalate
Alliance Thomas Howard and Scottish Lords
Forces the French to leave the Forth
Fleet in Firth of Forth
Clinton supports operations against French supply lines near Leith
Council of Trent Reopens
Pius IV reopens the final sessions of the Council of Trent
Birth of Francis Bacon
Birth of Francis Bacon at York House near the Strand
Birth of Francis Bacon
Francis Bacon is born at York House in London.
Edict of Orleans
Edict of Orleans suspends persecution of Huguenots pending wider settlement
Edict of Orleans
Persecution of French Huguenots is suspended by the Edict of Orleans
Huguenot Relief
The Edict of Orleans eases pressure on French Huguenots
Persecution Suspended
Royal policy temporarily suspends persecution of Huguenots
French Diplomacy
Elizabeth manages diplomacy after the death of Francis II and Mary of Scots widowhood
Scottish Succession Question
Elizabeth refuses to recognize Mary of Scots as heir without treaty guarantees
Tolerance Policy
L'Hospital advocates moderation toward French Protestants
Moderation Policy
Catherine seeks a moderate religious settlement to prevent civil war
Royal Minority
Charles IX rules as a minor under Catherine de Medici's regency
Book of Discipline Debated
Knox's proposed discipline for the reformed church faces political resistance
Birth of Charles Emmanuel
Charles Emmanuel future Duke of Savoy is born
Birth of Charles Emmanuel
Birth of Charles Emmanuel son of Emmanuel Philibert and Margaret of France
Edict of Saint Germain
Catherine issues limited toleration for Protestant worship outside towns
Edict of Saint Germain
The royal government grants limited toleration to Huguenots
Huguenot Negotiations
Beza supports Protestant efforts to secure legal toleration
Edict of Saint-Germain
The Edict of Saint-Germain provides limited tolerance of Protestantism in her Roman Catholic realms, especially in relation to the French Huguenots. The Edict of Saint-Germain is an edict of toleration promulgated by the Regent, Catherine de Medici
Huguenots
The Edict of Saint-Germain provides limited tolerance of Protestantism in her Roman Catholic realms, especially in relation to the French Huguenots. The Edict of Saint-Germain is an edict of toleration promulgated by the Regent, Catherine de Medici
Council of Trent Continues
Pius IV oversees the final period of the Council of Trent
Marriage
Lady Janet Hepburn, Bothwells sister, marries Queen Marys half-brother Lord John
Marriage
Lady Janet Hepburn, Bothwells sister, marries Queen Marys half-brother Lord John
Parliament
Carries the canopy of state when Queen Elizabeth opened her second Parliament
Second Parliament Opens
Elizabeth opens her second Parliament amid concern over religion succession and foreign war
Parliament
Emphasises the shortage of Church ministers
Opening of Parliament
Bacon addresses Parliament and stresses the shortage of learned ministers
Parliamentary Service
Walsingham sits in Parliament during Elizabeth's second Parliament
Speaker Elected
Williams is chosen Speaker of the House of Commons
Succession Petition
Parliament petitions Elizabeth to marry or name a successor
Thirty-Nine Articles Agreed by Convocation
Convocation agrees the Thirty-Nine Articles, defining central doctrinal positions of the Elizabethan Church.
Thomas Williams Chosen Speaker
Thomas Williams becomes Speaker during a Parliament dealing with religion, labour regulation, poverty and pressure over the royal succession.
Le Havre Garrison Reinforced
Elizabeth supports the English garrison at Le Havre during the French civil war
Marriage
Marries Mary Fleming, a kin of ary Queen of Scots, the Chapel Royal at Stirling
Assassination of Henry Stewart
Writes a letter to Beaton expressing her contempt for Darnley
Assassination of Henry Stewart
A conference takes place between Bothwell, Morton, Archibald Douglas & Maitland
Assassination of Henry Stewart
A conference takes place between Bothwell, Morton, Archibald Douglas & Maitland
Assassination of Henry Stewart
A conference takes place between Bothwell, Morton, Archibald Douglas & Maitland
Dissolution of Parliament
Attends the closing session of Parliament
Plot
Moves James from Stirling to Holyrood amid rumours Lennox plans to make Darnley Regent
Plot
Informs Mary of a suspected plot by Darnley to seize James & control the Government
Assassination of Henry Stewart
Contracts syphilis & is brought to a house at Kirk oField in Edinburgh by Queen Mary
Plot
Moves Prince James from Glasgow to Stirling Castle
Death of Catherine Grey
Catherine Grey dies in custody, leaving her two sons as disputed representatives of the Tudor-descended Suffolk line.
Succession
Writes she would rather die than resign her crown
Trial
Announces she cannot find guilt with either Mary or her accuser Murray
Trial
Moray returns to Scotland, Elizabeth says nothing has been proven
Trial
Moray returns to Scotland, Elizabeth says nothing has been proven
Trial
Moray returns to Scotland, Elizabeth says nothing has been proven
Execution of Thomas Plumtree
Thomas Plumtree is executed for serving as a Catholic chaplain during the Northern Rebellion against Elizabeth I.
Assassination of James Stewart
Moray is shot dead in Linlithgow by Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh, a supporter of Mary
Death of James Stewart
Death of James Stewart of Moray, shot dead in Linlithgow by Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh, a supporter of Mary
Royal Exchange
Elizabeth I opens the Royal Exchange
Commonwealth
Considered the formal beginning of religious freedom in Poland, makes the Polishn Commonwealth more tolerant
Confederation
Considered the formal beginning of religious freedom in Poland, makes the Polishn Commonwealth more tolerant
Commonwealth
Considered the formal beginning of religious freedom in Poland, makes the Polishn Commonwealth more tolerant
Confederation
Considered the formal beginning of religious freedom in Poland, makes the Polishn Commonwealth more tolerant
Commonwealth
Considered the formal beginning of religious freedom in Poland, makes the Polishn Commonwealth more tolerant
Confederation
Considered the formal beginning of religious freedom in Poland, makes the Polishn Commonwealth more tolerant
Articles-Henrician
Warsaw Confederation is incorporated into the Henrician Articles & becomes the Pacta Conventa
Commonwealth
Considered the formal beginning of religious freedom in Poland, makes the Polishn Commonwealth more tolerant
Confederation
Warsaw Confederation is incorporated into the Henrician Articles & becomes the Pacta Conventa. Considered the formal beginning of religious freedom in Poland, makes the Polishn Commonwealth more tolerant
Constitution of Poland
Warsaw Confederation is incorporated into the Henrician Articles & becomes the Pacta Conventa
Pact between Henry of Valois and Polish Nobility
Warsaw Confederation is incorporated into the Henrician Articles & becomes the Pacta Conventa
Confederation
Krasinski is the only Bishop to sign the Confederation of Warsaw
Battle of Walcheren
The Sea Beggars smash another Spanish fleet
Siege of Leyden
Attempts to relieve Leyden by William of Orange & Louis of Nassau fail
Battle of Gembloux
The Spanish harry and defeat Dutch causing 10,000 casualties while losing only 100 of their own. Don John defeats the Northern Netherlands Army at Gembloux, Brabant
Battle of Gembloux
Defeats The Netherlands Army at Gembloux, Brabant
Coronation
Proclaims independence of the northern provinces, William becomes uncrowned ruler
Independence of Netherlands
Proclaims independence of the northern provinces, William becomes uncrowned ruler
Treaty of Union of Utrecht
6 Dutch Habsburg provinces pledge to act as allies in the event of war
Treaty of Union of Utrecht
Proclaims independence of the northern provinces, William becomes uncrowned ruler
Union of Utrecht
6 Dutch Habsburg provinces pledge to act as allies in the event of war
Union of Utrecht
Proclaims independence of the northern provinces, William becomes uncrowned ruler
Independence of Netherlands
The Union of Utrecht unites 7 provinces which declare their Independence from Spain
John Popham Chosen Speaker
John Popham becomes Speaker as Parliament adopts stronger legislation against Catholic missionary activity and recusancy.
Truce of Yam-Zapolski
Acts for Stephen Bathory in the diplomacy surrounding the Truce of Yam-Zapolski
Truce of Yam-Zapolski
Secures a favorable truce with Ivan IV that restores Polish-Lithuanian control in Livonia and Polotsk
Rule of Livonia
Renounces Russian claims to Livonia under the Truce of Yam-Zapolski
Truce of Yam-Zapolski
Concludes the Truce of Yam-Zapolski with Poland-Lithuania during the Livonian War
Death of Edward Clinton
Death of Edward Clinton
Neville Denounces Parry
Edmund Neville reports Parry's assassination discussions to the government, giving ministers the evidence they use to open a formal treason investigation.
Death of Catherine de Medici
Death of Catherine de Medici, wife of Henry II
Birth of Robert Devereux
Birth of Robert Devereux, son of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex
Birth of Shahabuddin Mohammed Shah Jahan
Birth of Shahabuddin Mohammed Shah Jahan
Birth of Pierre Gassendi
Pierre Gassendi is born at Champtercier in Provence.
Pope
Appointed Pope, the last pontiff to serve during the Counter-Reformation
Arrest of Roderigo Lopez
Roderigo Lopez is arrested after investigators allege that he participated in a Spanish-backed scheme to poison Elizabeth, although the evidence remains historically disputed.
Roderigo Lopez Arrested over Poison Allegation
Roderigo Lopez is arrested after being accused of involvement in a Spanish-backed plan to poison Elizabeth I, a charge he denies.
Death of Francis Drake
Dies of dysentery on board his ship
Battle of Turnhout
Maurice marches with 7,000 troops & routs a 6,000 Spanish under Jean de Rie of Varas
Battle of Turnhout
Maurice marches with 7,000 troops & routs a 6,000 Spanish under Jean de Rie of Varas
Essex Rebellion
Essex is tried before his peers on charges of treason
Surrender of Kinsale
Aguila agrees terms to surrender Kinsale and other Spanish-held positions, ending the principal invasion attempt launched in support of the Irish rebellion.
Elizabeth Writes James in Final Months
Elizabeth writes to James early in her final year, maintaining the diplomatic relationship with the ruler increasingly expected to succeed her.
Astronomiae Pars Optica (The Optical Part of Astronomy), describes the astronomical implications of optics such as parallax and the apparent sizes of heavenly bodies
Publication of Astronomiae Pars Optica (The Optical Part of Astronomy), describes the astronomical implications of optics such as parallax and the apparent sizes of heavenly bodies
Astronomiae Pars Optica
Publication of Astronomiae Pars Optica (The Optical Part of Astronomy), describes the astronomical implications of optics such as parallax and the apparent sizes of heavenly bodies
Discovery of Parallax
Publication of Astronomiae Pars Optica (The Optical Part of Astronomy), describes the astronomical implications of optics such as parallax and the apparent sizes of heavenly bodies
Reform of Bible Use
Authorizes the King James Bible
King James Version Bible
The Hampton Court Conference also bore fruit for the Puritans, who insisted that man know Gods word without intermediaries, as it led to Jamess commissioning of that translation of the Christian Bible into the English vernacular, which would be known as the Authorised Version because it alone was authorised to be read in Churches. It is now commonly described as the King James Version
Plot
The trial begins for the plotters involved in the gunpowder plot
Plot
The trial begins for the plotters involved in the gunpowder plot
Trial
The trial begins for the plotters involved in the gunpowder plot
Plot
The trial begins for the plotters involved in the gunpowder plot
Plot
The trial begins for the plotters involved in the gunpowder plot
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Fawkes, Wintour, Ambrose, Rookwood & Keyes are hanged, drawn & quartered
Execution of Gunpowder Plotters
Fawkes, Wintour, Ambrose, Rookwood & Keyes are hanged, drawn & quartered
Plot
Fawkes, Wintour, Ambrose, Rookwood & Keyes are hanged, drawn & quartered
Death of Guy Fawkes
Along with his fellow conspirators is hanged, drawn & quartered
Execution of Fawkes
Fawkes manages to die while being hanged before he is drawn & quartered
Execution
Fawkes, Wintour, Ambrose, Rookwood & Keyes are hanged, drawn & quartered
Plot
Fawkes, Wintour, Ambrose, Rookwood & Keyes are hanged, drawn & quartered
Plot
Fawkes, Wintour, Ambrose, Rookwood & Keyes are hanged, drawn & quartered
Execution of Gunpowder Plotters
Fawkes, Wintour, Ambrose, Rookwood & Keyes are hanged, drawn & quartered
Plot
Fawkes, Wintour, Ambrose, Rookwood & Keyes are hanged, drawn & quartered
Birth of James Stanley
Birth of James Stanley, styled the Great Earl of Derby, eldest son of William, 6th Earl of Derby
Callisto
The name is suggested by Simon Marius soon after the moons discovery
First Telescopic Observation of Jovian Satellites
Observes three points of light close to Jupiter, beginning the discovery of its major moons.
Observation of Galilean Moons
Independently observes Jupiter's four large moons at about the same time as Galileo.
Discovery of Callisto
Observes the fourth Galilean moon, later named Callisto.
Jovian Moons Recognized as Satellites
Concludes that four observed bodies orbit Jupiter rather than the Earth.
Birth of Thomas Fairfax
Birth of Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron, eldest son of Ferdinando Fairfax, 2nd Lord Fairfax of Cameron
Birth of Thomas Fairfax
Birth of Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron
Siege of Osaka Castle
Sends in 70,000 troops under the command of Hidetadada
1st Cape Horne
Rounds the southern tip of the Americas & names it Cape Horn after his birthplace
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor of England
Lord Chancellor
Appointed Lord Chancellor
Arrest of John Pym
Places John Pym under house arrest for hostile remarks in the Commons
Birth of Robert Boyle
Birth of Robert Boyle
Bankruptcy
The Government goes bankrupt & pays off its creditors in Government bonds, "juros"
Economy of Spain
The Government goes bankrupt & pays off its creditors in Government bonds, "juros"
Birth of George Villiers
Birth of George Villiers, son of the 1st Duke of Buckingham
Treaty of Barwalde
France promises Gustavus Adolphus an annual subsidy of a million pounds
Alliance Sweden and France, Treaty of Barwalde
An alliance between Sweden & France, Treaty of Barwalde
Treaty of Barwalde
Guarantees freedom of worship for Catholics in Germany. An alliance between Sweden & France. Agrees not to make a separate peace for 5 yrs
Appointment as Lord Deputy of Ireland
Charles I appointed Wentworth lord deputy of Ireland.
Withdrawal from Salses
The French withdraw from Salses in Rousillon
Lord Lieutenant Appointment Confirmed
Strafford receives the senior title of Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.
Created Baron Raby
Wentworth received the additional title Baron Raby when he became Earl of Strafford.
Created Earl of Strafford
Wentworth is created Earl of Strafford and elevated within the English peerage.
Rule of Portugal
The Cortes offers the Portuguese throne to Louis XIII
Articles of Impeachment Sent to Lords
Detailed articles supporting Strafford's impeachment are delivered to the House of Lords.
Appointment as Solicitor General
St John becomes Solicitor General while remaining aligned with parliamentary reformers.
Commons Meets at Guildhall
Pym participates as the Commons temporarily meets in the City for protection.
Appointment as Chancellor of the Exchequer
Charles appoints Culpeper Chancellor of the Exchequer during the constitutional crisis.
Accusation of High Treason
Charles I accuses William Strode and other parliamentary leaders of high treason.
Named in Treason Accusation
Strode is named with the other Commons members in the royal accusation.
Accusation of High Treason
Charles I accuses John Hampden and other parliamentary leaders of high treason.
Named in Treason Accusation
Hampden is accused alongside Pym and other parliamentary leaders.
Accusation of High Treason
Charles I accuses Denzil Holles and other parliamentary leaders of high treason.
Named in Treason Accusation
Holles is included among the Commons members accused by Charles.
Accusation of High Treason
Charles I accuses Arthur Haselrig and other parliamentary leaders of high treason.
Named in Treason Accusation
Haselrig becomes one of the parliamentary leaders accused of treason.
Accusation of High Treason
Charles I accuses John Pym and other parliamentary leaders of high treason.
Named in Treason Accusation
Pym is named as a principal target in the King's treason accusation.
Accusation of High Treason
Charles accuses Holles and the other parliamentary leaders of high treason.
Formal Accusation against Five Members
Charles formally accuses five Commons members and Lord Mandeville of high treason.
Formal Accusation against Five Members
Charles formally accuses five Commons members and Lord Mandeville of high treason.
Accusation against Lord Mandeville
Mandeville is accused alongside the five members of the House of Commons.
Accusation of High Treason
Charles I accuses Lord Mandeville alongside the five Commons members.
Escape from Royal Arrest
Strode evades the royal attempt to seize the five Commons members.
Failed Arrest of Five Members
Strode avoids capture when the King enters the Commons.
Escape from Royal Arrest
Hampden avoids the attempted royal arrest and shelters within the City.
Failed Arrest of Five Members
Hampden escapes before Charles enters the Commons to arrest the parliamentary leaders.
Escape from Royal Arrest
Holles leaves Westminster before the King arrives to arrest him.
Escape from Royal Arrest
Haselrig escapes the Commons and takes refuge among parliamentary supporters.
Failed Arrest of Five Members
Haselrig avoids arrest when Charles enters the Commons seeking the Five Members.
Escape from Royal Arrest
Pym reaches safety in the City before the King enters the Commons.
Failed Arrest of Five Members
Pym evades arrest and takes refuge within the City of London.
Speaker Defies Royal Demand
Lenthall refuses to disclose the missing members' location without instructions from the House.
Speaker Defies Royal Demand
Lenthall refuses to reveal the Five Members' whereabouts and declares himself the servant of the House.
Entry into House of Commons
Charles enters the Commons with an armed escort seeking the accused members.
Entry into House of Commons
Charles enters the Commons with an armed escort seeking the accused members.
Attempted Arrest of Five Members
Holles is one of the five Commons members sought by Charles I during the failed arrest attempt at Westminster.
Attempted Arrest of Five Members
Pym avoids arrest when Charles I enters the House of Commons seeking five leading opponents of royal policy.
Attempted Arrest of Five Members
Charles enters the Commons but finds the accused members have escaped.
Attempted Arrest of Five Members
Charles enters the Commons but finds the accused members have escaped.
City Protects Five Members
Penington supports City resistance to royal efforts to capture the parliamentary leaders.
Death of Galilei Galileo
Death of Galilei Galileo
Charles Leaves Whitehall
Popular opposition after the failed arrests causes Charles and the royal family to leave Whitehall.
Departure from London
Charles and the royal family leave London after popular demonstrations support Parliament.
Royal Family Leaves Whitehall
The royal family moves from Whitehall to Hampton Court amid public unrest.
Charles Leaves Whitehall
Popular opposition after the failed arrests causes Charles and the royal family to leave Whitehall.
Departure from London
Charles and the royal family leave London after popular demonstrations support Parliament.
Royal Family Leaves Whitehall
The royal family moves from Whitehall to Hampton Court amid public unrest.
Command of London Militia
Parliament appoints Skippon to command the London Trained Bands.
Commander of London Trained Bands
Parliament appoints Skippon commander of the London Trained Bands.
Return of Five Members
Pym returns to Westminster with the other accused Commons members.
Triumphal Return to Westminster
Pym returns to Parliament by river with the other accused members.
Conciliatory Message to Parliament
Charles sends Parliament a conciliatory message after leaving London.
Conciliatory Message to Parliament
Charles sends Parliament a conciliatory message after leaving London.
Mobilization
Digby attends a Royalist recruiting muster at Kingston-upon-Thames.
Exile of George Digby
Digby leaves England to avoid arrest after supporting the attempted action against parliamentary leaders.
Second Conciliatory Message
Charles sends another message seeking negotiations with the two Houses.
Second Conciliatory Message
Charles sends another message seeking negotiations with the two Houses.
Execution
Roe is executed at Tyburn after conviction as a Catholic priest.
Execution
Greene is executed at Tyburn for exercising his Catholic priesthood.
Appointment as Governor of Hull
Parliament appoints Hotham governor of Hull and its important military magazine.
Peace
The King's reply to the peace petition is read dismisivly in the Guildhall
Capture of Leeds
Captures Leads for the Parliamentarians
Siege of York
Withdraws the Royalists from Wakefield & Pontefract & gathers them at York
Peace
Rejects proposals drawn up by the Lords & Parliament after the Battle of Edgehill
Siege of York
Left to hold York by Newcastle
Civil War
The Covenanter Army gathers at Harlaw, Berwickshire, 18,000 foot & 3,000 horse
Capture of Arundel Castle
Waller receives the surrender of Arundel Castle, checking Royalist attempts to penetrate Sussex and Kent.
Civil War
The Covenanter Army crosses the border at Berwick
Oxford Parliament Opens
Charles summons a rival Parliament at Oxford after the Civil War has divided the kingdom.
Oxford Parliament Opens
Charles summons a rival Parliament at Oxford after the Civil War has divided the kingdom.
Oxford Parliament
Attends the opening of Charles Is Parliament in Oxford
Peerage
Created Duke of Cumberland
Peerage
Created Earl of Holderness
Battle of Nantwich
Joins forces with Fairfax & helps defeat Royalists led by Lord Byron
Battle of Nantwich
Fairfax helps defeat Byron's Royalist army at Nantwich, relieving the town and weakening Royalist control in Cheshire.
Relief of Nantwich
Brereton joins Fairfax in breaking the Royalist siege of Nantwich and restoring Parliament's position in Cheshire.
Battle of Nantwich
Defeats Irish Royalists & local troops who have laid siege to Nantwich
Arrest of George Monck
Captured at Nantwich while serving the Royalists, Monck is sent as a prisoner to London.
Battle of Nantwich
Monck is captured by Parliamentarian forces after the Royalist defeat at Nantwich.
Battle of Nantwich
Forced to retreat to Chester
Battle of Nantwich
Defeated by Fairfax. Byrons infantry join the Parliamentarians
Arrest of James Hamilton
Imprisoned at Pendennis Castle by Charles I
Capture of Northumbria
The Covenanter Army occupies Northumbria
Invasion of England
The Covenanter Army occupies Northumbria
Execution of John Hotham
Hotham is executed after a court martial convicts him over his wartime dealings with the Royalists.
Death of William Laud
Death of William Laud, executed for treason
Execution
Beheaded for treason
Treason
Death of William Laud, executed for treason. Beheaded for treason
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant General of the Horse & Foot. Appointed 2nd-in-Command for Manchester
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant General of the Horse & Foot
Peace
Signs a brief truce but breaks it when he refuses to accede to Parliaments terms
Treaty of Uxbridge
Signs a brief truce but breaks it when he refuses to accede to Parliaments terms
Arrest of Charles I
Parliament pays a 400,000 pounds ransom to Charles Scottish captors
Arrest of Thomas Fairfax
Charles I is deliverred by the Scots to the commissioners of Parliament, Fairfax meets the King beyond Nottingham, and accompanies him during the journey to Holdenby
Civil War
Turns Charles I over to Parliament
Parliament
Following his Treaty with the Scots Parliament renounces allegiance to Charles I
Treaty of Scotland
Following his Treaty with the Scots Parliament renounces allegiance to Charles I
Treaty of Westphalia
Secures international recognition of Dutch sovereignty.
Peace of Westphalia
Serves on the Dutch delegation at Munster.
Peace of Westphalia
Helps secure Spanish recognition of Dutch independence.
Treaty of Westphalia
Pauw helps negotiate Dutch recognition in the Treaty of Munster.
Peace of Westphalia
Rules as Spain recognises the sovereignty of the Dutch Republic.
Treaty of Westphalia
The Dutch Republic's independence is recognised by Spain.
Peace of Westphalia
Bruges remains in the Spanish Netherlands after the Peace of Westphalia.
Treaty of Westphalia
Represents Spanish interests in negotiations with the Dutch Republic.
Peace of Westphalia
Represents Spanish interests in negotiations with the Dutch Republic.
Peace of Westphalia
Recognises the independence of the Dutch Republic in the Treaty of Munster.
Treaty of Westphalia
Recognises the independence of the Dutch Republic after decades of revolt.
Treaty of Westphalia
Spain recognises the independence of the Dutch Republic in the wider Westphalian settlement.
Trial
Parliament passes an Ordinance setting up a High Court of Justice to try Charles I
Flight from Paris
Leaves Paris during the Fronde unrest.
Trial of Charles I
Bradshaw presides over the High Court of Justice during the trial of Charles I.
Levellers
Lilburne and the Leveller movement press the revised Agreement of the People as a proposed written constitution, but Parliament does not adopt it as the national settlement
Treason
Charles I goes on trial for treason
Trial
Charles I goes on trial for treason
Trial
Charles I goes on trial, he refuses to plead
Execution
One of the signatories of Charles Is death warrant
Execution
One of the signatories of Charles Is death warrant
Trial
Sentenced to death as a "tyrant, traitor & murderer"
Interregnum
Bradshaw pronounced sentence against Charles I before the regicide.
Death Warrant of Charles I
Ireton signs the death warrant authorising the execution of Charles I after the King's conviction by the High Court.
Signing of Death Warrant
Pride signs the death warrant for Charles I after the High Court reaches its judgment against the King.
Law Code
The Zemsky Sobor adopts the Sobornoye Ulozheniye, the great law code of Muscovite Russia
Serfdom
The Ulozheniye legally binds peasants more tightly to landowners and helps define hereditary serf status
Execution
Charles I is executed outside the Banqueting House after conviction for treason.
Death of Charles I
Says to Bishop Juxon, "I go from a corruptible crown to an uncorruptible crown"
Death of Charles I
Walks from St James Palace to his execution at Whitehall
Execution
Says to Bishop Juxon, "I go from a corruptible crown to an uncorruptible crown"
Execution
Walks from St James Palace to his execution at Whitehall
Interregnum
Charles I was executed, removing the monarch and beginning republican government.
Succession
The interregnum lasts until 1660, ended by the restoration of Charles II. 1st day of the Interregnum, rule without monarchy
Execution
Executes Charles I
Death of Charles I
Death of Charles I
Execution
Executed in front of the Whitehall Banqueting House; Charles II is proclaimed king in Scotland after the execution
Interregnum
Cromwell supported the trial and execution that preceded abolition of the monarchy.
High Court of Justice
Pride is appointed among the commissioners of the High Court established to try Charles I for high treason.
Invasion of Scotland
Defends Scotland from invasion by Oliver Cromwell after Charles II lands in Scotland
Coronation
Given a Presbyterian Coronation at Scone
Interregnum
Charles II was crowned King of Scots while the English Commonwealth rejected his claim.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, Scottish Army
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, Scottish Army
Second in Command of Royalists
Appointed 2nd-in-Command to Charles II
Second in Command of Royalists
Appointed 2nd-in-Command to Charles II
Arrest of Alexander Leslie
Arrested & held prisoner for the rest of the war
Treaty of Pereiaslav
The Cossack alignment with Moscow draws the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth into war
Rule of Cossacks
Accepts the Cossack submission to Moscow
Treaty of Pereiaslav
Accepts Cossack Ukraine under Russian protection
Pereiaslav Council
Recognizes the suzerainty of Moscow on behalf of the Cossack host
Treaty of Pereiaslav
Places the Cossack host under the protection of the Tsar
Recapture of Recife
Compels the Dutch surrender in Brazil, ending Dutch rule there
Succession
Succeeds as Emperor of Japan after the abdication of Go-Komyo
Dissolution of Parliament
Dissolves the First Protectorate Parliament after constitutional conflict
Interregnum
Cromwell dissolved the First Protectorate Parliament after disputes over constitutional authority.
Battle of Okhmatov
Helps defeat a joint Russian-Cossack force at Okhmatov
Crimean Intervention
Intervenes as Poland's Tatar ally during fighting against Russian-Cossack forces
Siege of Bright Hill
John II Casimir returns to Poland after the defence of Bright Hill
Invasion of Denmark
Leads an invasion of Denmark & forces the Danes to sue for peace
Parliament
Opening day of the Proectorate Parliament called up by Cromwell
Interregnum
Richard opened the Third Protectorate Parliament amid conflict with army officers.
Diary
Begins to keep his "Diary"
March from Scotland
Marches south from Scotland, calling for order and a free Parliament.
Reballion of Rebels in London
Venner leads a Fifth Monarchist rising against the restored monarchy.
Venner's Rising
Venner leads armed Fifth Monarchists against the restored monarchy in London.
Reballion of Rebels in London
Venner leads armed Fifth Monarchists in a short-lived rising against the Restoration government.
Capture of Venner
Venner is captured after the failure of the Fifth Monarchist rising.
Sovereignty Act
Receives formal recognition of hereditary sovereignty.
Execution
Venner is executed after leading the Fifth Monarchist rising against Charles II.
Posthumous Execution
Ireton's body is posthumously hanged at Tyburn for his role in the Commonwealth regime.
Posthumous Execution
Cromwell's body is posthumously hanged at Tyburn as part of the Restoration punishment of regicide leaders.
Posthumous Execution
Bradshaw's body is posthumously hanged at Tyburn for presiding over the trial of Charles I.
Birth of John Holles
Birth of John Holles, later Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne.
Company of Royal Adventurers
James Duke of York becomes a leading figure in the African trading company.
Company of Royal Adventurers
Charters the Company of Royal Adventurers trading to Africa.
Company of Royal Adventurers
Participates in the company chartered for English trade on the African coast.
Company of Royal Adventurers
Noell is associated with the Restoration trading company operating toward Africa.
Treaty of Ghilajharighat
Jayadhwaj Singha accepts the Treaty of Ghilajharighat after Mir Jumla's invasion forces the Ahom kingdom into a temporary settlement.
Lucasian Professor
Becomes the first Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge.
Cell Observation
Uses the word cell while describing cork structure in Micrographia.
Micrographia
Presides over the Royal Society as Hooke's Micrographia appears.
Micrographia
Publishes Micrographia, presenting microscopic observations and scientific illustrations.
Journal des Savants
Edits the first issue of the Journal des Savants.
Journal des Savants
Rules as the Journal des Savants begins publication.
Journal des Savants
The Journal des Savants begins publication as one of Europe's first learned journals.
Journal des Savants
Supports learned publishing and royal intellectual policy in France.
Death of Anne of Austria
Death of Anne of Austria, dies of breast cancer
Death of Jahan
Death of Jahan
Treaty of Andrusovo
Under the Treaty of Andrusovo Poland agrees to cede the Smolensk and Czernihow Voivodships and acknowledges Russian control over the Left-bank Ukraine. Signed by Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin (Russia) and Jerzy Chlebowicz (Poland) in a village of Andrusovo not far from Smolensk
Treaty of Andrusovo
Under the Treaty of Andrusovo Poland agrees to cede the Smolensk and Czernihow Voivodships and acknowledges Russian control over the Left-bank Ukraine. Signed by Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin (Russia) and Jerzy Chlebowicz (Poland) in a village of Andrusovo not far from Smolensk
Commonwealth
A truce for 13 years and a half, signed in 1667 between Muscovy and the Polishn Commonwealth, which were at war since 1654 over the territories of modern day Ukraine and Belarus
Rule of Czernihow Voivodships
Under the Treaty of Andrusovo Poland cedes Czernihow Voivodships to Russia
Rule of Kiev
Under the Treaty of Andrusovo Russia gains control of Kiev
Rule of Smolensk
Under the Treaty of Andrusovo Poland cedes Smolensk to Russia
Rule of Ukraine
Under the Treaty of Andrusovo Poland cedes parts of Ukraine to Russia
Treaty of Andrusovo
A truce for 13 years between Russia & Poland over the Ukraine and Belarus
Treaty of Andrusovo
Signed by Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin (Russia) and Jerzy Chlebowicz (Poland) in the village of Andrusovo near Smolensk
Treaty of Andrusovo
Under the Treaty of Andrusovo Poland cedes Czernihow Voivodships to Russia
Treaty of Andrusovo
Under the Treaty of Andrusovo Russia gains control of Kiev
Treaty of Andrusovo
Under the Treaty of Andrusovo Poland cedes Smolensk to Russia
Treaty of Andrusovo
Under the Treaty of Andrusovo Poland cedes parts of Ukraine to Russia
Triple Alliance
England, Holland & Sweden ally against France's ambitions in the Spanish Netherlands
Lund University Inaugurated
Lund University is ceremonially inaugurated on the King's name day.
Lund University Inaugurated
Lund University is ceremonially inaugurated on the King's name day.
Rule of Lille
The Triple Alliance of the Dutch Republic, England, and Sweden grant Louis the territory he had demanded at the start of the war but warn France against further expansion
Capture of Franche-Comte
France gains some territory in Flanders, but the Spanish Netherlands, as well as the Franche-Comte, are returned to Spain
Capture of Franche-Comte
French troops under Prince de Conde (the "Grand Conde") occupy the Franche-Comte, but with his troops ranged across a long front Louis accedes to the Triple Alliances demands.
Rule of Flanders
France gains some territory in Flanders, but the Spanish Netherlands, as well as the Franche-Comte, are returned to Spain
Triple Alliance
French troops under Prince de Conde (the "Grand Conde") occupy the Franche-Comte, but with his troops ranged across a long front Louis accedes to the Triple Alliances demands
Death of George Monck
George Monck dies at Potheridge after a career that shaped the Restoration.
Birth of Francois-Marie de Broglie
Birth of Francois-Marie de Broglie
Impeachment
Impeached for embezzlement, cleared but resigns & becomes Lord Chamberlain. Charged by the Commons with "popery"
Resignation of Henry Bennett
Impeached for embezzlement, cleared but resigns & becomes Lord Chamberlain
Burial
Buried in Westminster Abbey
Battle of Stromboli
Fights an inconclusive Battle against Duquesne
Treaty of Eternal Peace
The city of Kiev had to remain with Russia only until 1669, but Russia managed to keep it by signing the Eternal Peace Treaty with Poland in 1686
Pregnancy
Anne miscarries, 3rd time
Birth of Montesquieu
Birth of Montesquieu
Convention Parliament
The Convention Parliament first meets to resolve the throne and rights settlement
Convention Parliament
The Convention Parliament meets to determine the constitutional settlement following James II's departure.
Interregnum
The Convention Parliament assembled to determine the constitutional settlement.
Marriage
Marries Eudoxia Lopukhina
Interregnum
The Commons resolved that James had abdicated and that the throne was vacant.
Destruction of Speyer Defences
Montclar directs French operations that dismantle the fortifications of Speyer during the scorched-earth withdrawal.
Royal Supper at Shrewsbury's
Dines with William III at Shrewsbury's house during efforts to improve relations with influential peers.
Lords Teller on Royal Travel
Acts as a teller in a Lords division concerning whether the king should seek parliamentary advice before travelling to Scotland or Ireland.
Norfolk Divorce Bill Dissent
Dissents from the Lords decision to receive the Duke of Norfolk's divorce bill.
Dismissal from Royal Offices
William III abruptly removes Marlborough from his royal and military offices amid distrust and political tensions.
Conference on Naval Admirals
Is named to manage a parliamentary conference examining council proceedings concerning the previous summer's fleet commanders.
Adjournment Proposal
Suggests that the Lords adjourn until they receive a more satisfactory royal answer concerning naval affairs.
Coinage Bill Protest
Protests against decisions on clauses governing clipped coin and the export of coin during the great recoinage debates.
Huntingdon Family Mediation
Helps mediate a dispute between the Earl of Huntingdon and his son, Lord Hastings.
Birth of John Baskerville
Birth of John Baskerville, later a leading Birmingham printer and type designer.
Succession
Succeeds as Elector of Hanover
Rule of Croatia
Under the Treaty of Karlowitz Austria gains Croatia
Rule of Hungary
Under the Treaty of Karlowitz Hungary is returned to Austria
Rule of Slovenia
Under the Treaty of Karlowitz Austria gains Slovenia
Treaty of Karlowitz
Venice gains the Morea. Turkish conrol of Hungary comes to an end. Turkey cedes Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia & Slavonia to Austria. Poland gains Podolia & part of the Ukraine. Ends the Austria war after the Battle of Zenta
Support for George Churchill's Election
Attends the St Albans election in support of his brother George Churchill's parliamentary candidacy.
Order of the Black Eagle
Frederick establishes the Order of the Black Eagle before his coronation.
Kingdom of Prussia
Frederick's coronation establishes the royal title King in Prussia.
Royal Proclamation
Frederick publicly assumes the new royal dignity.
King in Prussia
Crowns himself King in Prussia with imperial consent.
Royal Coronation
The Elector of Brandenburg crowns himself King in Prussia.
Royal Coronation
Frederick crowns himself King in Prussia at Konigsberg.
Coronation as Queen
Sophie Charlotte is crowned Queen in Prussia during the royal ceremony.
Birth of Charles Marie de La Condamine
Charles Marie de La Condamine is born in Paris.
Recognition of Prussian Kingship
Leopold's prior consent enables Frederick to assume the title King in Prussia.
Castle Rising Election
Walpole enters Parliament as member for Castle Rising.
First Issue of Vedomosti
Peter authorises publication of the first issue of the Vedomosti newspaper.
Synopsis of the Astronomy of Comets
Halley publishes his cometary calculations and predicts that the comet seen in 1682 will return in 1758.
Blenheim Standards Parade
Captured standards from Blenheim are ceremonially displayed in Westminster Hall as public recognition of Marlborough's victory.
Goldsmiths' Hall Dinner
Is honoured at a civic dinner at Goldsmiths' Hall paid for by the lord mayor and aldermen.
Commons Address for Lasting Honour
The Commons asks Queen Anne to find a lasting way to commemorate Marlborough's military services.
Birth of Benjamin Franklin
Birth of Benjamin Franklin
Entry into Valencia
Peterborough enters Valencia and expands Allied influence in eastern Spain.
Grodno Campaign
Manoeuvres against Peter I and Russian forces around Grodno.
Unification
The Scottish Parliament accepts the Act of Union
Birth of Frederick Louis
Birth of Frederick Louis, eldest son of George II
Birth of Frederick Louis
Birth of Frederick Louis, eldest son of George II
Invasion of Russia
Charles XII crosses the Vistula at the head of the Swedish army during the Russian campaign.
Capture of Grodno
Charles XII captures Grodno during the opening phase of the Russian campaign.
Capture of Grodno
Charles XII occupies Grodno while Peter I avoids decisive battle.
Capture of Grodno
Occupies Grodno while Peter avoids decisive battle.
Grodno Winter Quarters
Charles XII uses Grodno as part of his winter position during the Russian campaign.
Recovery of Bruges
Bruges returns to Allied control as French troops withdraw after the recovery of Ghent.
Great Winter
Faces famine and crisis during the severe winter.
Great Winter
The harsh winter deepens France's famine and financial crisis during the war.
Congress of Utrecht
The opening day of the peace Congress of Utrecht
Ottoman Diplomacy
Encourages Ottoman leaders to confront Russia.
Defence of Allied Generals
Defends Galway and Tyrawly in the Lords, objecting to experienced wounded commanders being treated like offenders during parliamentary examination.
Conference of Utrecht
First day of the Utrecht Peace Conference
Birth of Frederick II the Great
Birth of Frederick II the Great, 3rd eldest son of Frederick William I of Prussia
Battle of Agra
Jahandar Shah is defeated in battle at Agra by Farrukhsiyar, his nephew the second son of Azim-ush-shan, with the support of the Saiyid Brothers
Battle of Samugarh
Jahandar Shah is defeated at Samugarh near Agra, the Saiyad brothers, who were the king-makers of that era, place Farukhsiyar on the throne as nominal emperor
Succession
Jahandar Shah is defeated in battle at Agra by Farrukhsiyar, his nephew the second son of Azim-ush-shan, with the support of the Saiyid Brothers
Succession
Jahandar Shah is defeated at Samugarh near Agra, the Saiyad brothers, who were the king-makers of that era, place Farukhsiyar on the throne as nominal emperor
Battle of Agra
Jahandar Shah is defeated in battle at Agra by Farrukhsiyar, his nephew the second son of Azim-ush-shan, with the support of the Saiyid Brothers
Invention of Typewriter
Patents the 1st typewriter
Exile of James Francis Edward Stewart
The Triple Alliance forces James Edward Stuart to leave France
Council of Finance
Appointed Head of the Council for Finance
Keeper of Seal
Appointed Keeper of the Seals
Controller General
Appointed Controller General of Finance
Death of Peter I the Great
Death of Peter I the Great, his widow continues to reign as Catherine I
Birth of James Wolfe
Birth of James Wolfe, Westerham, Kent, elder son of a Lieutenant Colonel
Investiture
Investited as Prince of Wales
Birth of Edmund Burke
Birth of Edmund Burke
Death of Peter II
Dies of smallpox age 14 on the day set for his wedding to one of the Dolgoruky family
Birth of John Jervis
Birth of John Jervis, Meaford, Staffordshire
Birth of James Watt
Birth of James Watt
Birth of Thomas Paine
Birth of Thomas Paine
Convention
Compromise settlement of commercial disputes with Spain
Capture of Silesia
Frederick II the Great captures Silesia from Maria Theresa
Invasion of Silesia
Refuses to negotiate with Frederick II while he has troops in Silesia
Capture of Silesia
Frederick II the Great captures Silesia from Maria Theresa
General Magazine
Franklin began publishing The General Magazine and Historical Chronicle for the British plantations in America.
Resignation of Robert Walpole
Resigns as Prime Minister of Great Britain
Capture of Munich
Charles Albert is elected Holy Roman Emperor during the capture of Munich by Austria
Holy Roman Emperor
Charles Albert is elected Holy Roman Emperor during the capture of Munich by Austria
Succession
Charles Albert is elected Holy Roman Emperor during the capture of Munich by Austria
Marriage
Maries Maria Theresa's sister, Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria
Governor
Appointed Governor of the Austrian Netherlands
Battle of Amberg
The Austrians launch a surprise attack & overrun most of Bavaria
Quadruple Alliance
Austria, Saxony, England & Holland unite against France, Bavaria & Prussia
Quadruple Alliance
Austria, Saxony, England & Holland unite against France, Bavaria & Prussia
Alliance Agreement
England, Austria, Saxony and The Netherlands form an alliance against Russia
Alliance England, Austria, Saxony and The Netherlands
England, Austria, Saxony and The Netherlands form an alliance against Russia
Death of Charles VII
When Charles VII died in Munich on the 20th of January, 1745, his successor as Elector of Bavaria, Maximilian III Joseph, signed a preliminary peace with Austria. But a strong war-party led by Ignaz von Torring and supported by France wanted to continue the war. After the decisive defeat in the Battle of Pfaffenhofen on 15 April, Maximilian Joseph chose for peace
Mobilization
The Princes army arrives in the Stirling area. The Jacobite army is reinforced by the arrival of Lady MacKintosh and 400 clansmen
Battle of Falkirk
General Hawley brought an army of 13,000 from Newcastle upon Tyne to Edinburgh, sending an advance unit to Linlithgow on 13 January
Battle of Falkirk
Hawley advanced with his main army of 6,000 on 15 January, intending to relieve Stirling Castle
Siege of Stirling Castle
Hawley advanced with his main army of 6,000 on 15 January, intending to relieve Stirling Castle
Mobilization
Draws up the Jacobite army in battle order south of Bannockburn
Battle of Falkirk
Present at the Battle of Falkirk against Prince Charles Edward Stuart
Battle of Falkirk
Captures Edindurgh then tries to releive the siege of Stirling but defeated at Falkirk
Siege of Stirling Castle
Captures Edindurgh then tries to releive the siege of Stirling but defeated at Falkirk
Battle of Falkirk
On the morning of 17 January, the Jacobites planned an offensive. The army moved cautiously towards Falkirk, avoiding the main road and heading for the Hill of Falkirk which overlooked Hawley's encampment below. With General Hawley established at nearby Callendar House, the Government army was taken by surprise
Battle of Falkirk
The Jacobites emerged victorious, but failed to take advantage of the encounter. Hawley claimed to have suffered only 280 casualties, but his losses were much greater. Around 350 Royal troops were killed, wounded or missing, and some 300 captured
Battle of Falkirk
The rebels are led by Prince Charles Edward Stuart & Lord George Murray
Battle of Falkirk
On the morning of 17 January, the Jacobites planned an offensive. The army moved cautiously towards Falkirk, avoiding the main road and heading for the Hill of Falkirk which overlooked Hawley's encampment below. With General Hawley established at nearby Callendar House, the Government army was taken by surprise
Battle of Falkirk
The Jacobite losses were around 50 dead and 80 wounded. The Jacobites seized some Hanoverian tents, ammunition, wagons, and three of their cannons, but they remained in or around Falkirk for most of the month and lost any initiative they may have gained from the victory
Battle of Falkirk
The rebels are led by Prince Charles Edward Stuart & Lord George Murray. Charles Edward & his Highlanders defeat British dragoons capturing 7 guns & 700 men
Capture of Edinburgh
Hawley occupies Edinburgh. Captures Edindurgh then tries to releive the siege of Stirling
Siege of Stirling Castle
Goes to the relief of General Blakeney but defeated at Falkirk
Battle of Falkirk
Lieutenant General Henry Hawley led his troops from Edinburgh to relieve Blakeney. The Jacobite army was 8,000 strong, the largest assembled throughout the Rising. They were pitched against a regular Hanoverian army
Siege of Stirling
Lieutenant General Henry Hawley led his troops from Edinburgh to relieve Blakeney. The Jacobite army was 8,000 strong, the largest assembled throughout the Rising. They were pitched against a regular Hanoverian army
Siege of Stirling Castle
Lays siege to Stirling Castle
Siege of Stirling
After turning back from Derby, for want of either any significant support from English Jacobites or a French invasion, the Jacobite Army returned to Scotland and besieged Major General Blakeney in Stirling Castle
Major
Appointed Major, Twentieth Foot
Reform of Calendar
Officially New Years day for the 1st time, until now the year had begun 25th March
Birth of Muzio Clementi
Birth of Muzio Clementi
Siege of Calcutt
The British settlement at Fort William seeks assistance from Presidency of Fort St. George at Madras, which sends Colonel Robert Clive and Admiral Charles Watson, they re-capture Calcutta
Siege of Calcutta
Commands the fleet which transports Clives forces to relieve Calcutta
Siege of Calcutt
The British settlement at Fort William seeks assistance from Presidency of Fort St. George at Madras, which sends Colonel Robert Clive and Admiral Charles Watson, they re-capture Calcutta
Convention
Forma an alliance with England, offset by the Austro-French alliance
Birth of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Birth of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in Salzburg.
Family
Leopold Mozart is father of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
Family
Anna Maria Mozart is mother of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
Family
Maria Anna Mozart is Wolfgang's elder sister and early musical companion.
Capture of Calcutta
Successfully relieves Calcutta. Captures Calcutta
Siege of Calcutta
Successfully relieves Calcutta
Siege of Calcutta
East India Company forces under Robert Clive and Charles Watson retake Calcutta before renewing pressure on Siraj-ud-Daulah.
Birth of Robert Burns
Birth of Robert Burns
Third Battle of Panipat
Ahmad Shah defeats the Maratha army at Panipat and preserves Durrani influence in northern India.
Treaty of Hubertusburg
Peace is concluded by the Treaty of Hubertusburg
Birth of Wolfe Tone
Birth of Wolfe Tone
Death of James Stewart
Death of James Stewart, "the Old Pretender"
Birth of Joseph Bonaparte
Birth of Joseph Bonaparte
Royal Academy
Opening day of the Royal Academy
Birth of Michel Ney
Birth of Michel Ney
HMS Raisonnable
Receives his nephew Horatio Nelson into naval service aboard HMS Raisonnable.
HMS Raisonnable
Reports aboard HMS Raisonnable under his uncle Maurice Suckling.
Privy Council
Appointed Privy Counsellor
Lord Chancellor
Appointed Lord Chancellor
Peerage
Created 1st Lord Apsley, Baron of Apsley, Sussex
1st Antarctic Circle Crossing
1st person to cross the Antarctic circle
Discovery of Antarctica
First recorded crossing of the Antarctic Circle during Cook's second voyage
Farthest South
Reaches about 71 degrees 10 minutes south, farther south than any recorded navigator before him, but finds only ice and no temperate southern continent
La finta giardiniera
La finta giardiniera premieres in Munich.
Birth of Andre-Marie Ampere
Birth of Andre-Marie Ampere
Six Edicts, The
Suppresses duties on grain, harbour dues, statutes of apprenticeship & the corvee
Battle of Princeton
After the battle, Cornwallis abandons many of his posts in New Jersey, and orders his army to retreat to New Brunswick.
Battle of Princeton
Defeats the British, New Jersey.
Battle of Princeton
The Battle at Princeton cost the British some 276 men killed, wounded or captured and greatly boosted the morale of the Continental troops, leading 8,000 new recruits to join the Continental Army.
Battle of Princeton
Washington reforms his army, and then splits it into two parts-the smaller left wing under General Nathaniel Greene and the larger right wing under General John Sullivan.
Continental Army
The Battle at Princeton cost the British some 276 men killed, wounded or captured and greatly boosted the morale of the Continental troops, leading 8,000 new recruits to join the Continental Army
Battle of Princeton
A number of British troops left behind in Princeton surrender to Captain Alexander Hamilton
Battle of Princeton
Colonel John Haslet of Delaware replaces General Mercer and was killed by a shot to the head
Battle of Princeton
General Mercer is wounded but refuses to surrender, he dies nine days later
Battle of Princeton
General John Cadwalader fights for the American victory over the British
Battle of Princeton
Washington reforms his army, and then splits it into two parts-the smaller left wing under General Nathaniel Greene and the larger right wing under General John Sullivan
Battle of Princeton
Washington reforms his army, and then splits it into two parts-the smaller left wing under General Nathaniel Greene and the larger right wing under General John Sullivan
Education
Begins attending the College of Autun at Brienne
Discovery of Hawaii
Discovers Hawaii, names them the Sandwich Islands after Lord Sandwich
Education
Enters the College of Autun
Birth of Charles Manners-Sutton
Birth of Charles Manners-Sutton, son of Charles Manners-Sutton, the Archbishop of Canterbury
Battle of Cape St Vincent
Gibraltar is relieved by the British, all but four of the Spanish fleet are destroyed
Battle of Moonlight
Defeats the Spanish during their siege of Gibraltar
Battle of Cowpens
Morgan retreats to Southern Virginia
Idomeneo
Idomeneo premieres in Munich.
Rear Admiral
Joins Rodney in his flagship Barfleur, and remains in the West Indies or on the coast of North America until the close of the War of American Independence
Peace Treaty
The US Congress ratifies the Treaty of Paris
Treaty of Paris
The US Congress ratifies the Treaty of Paris
Peace Treaty
The US Congress ratifies the Treaty of Paris
Treaty of Paris
The US Congress ratifies the Treaty of Paris
Birth of George Hamilton-Gordon
Birth of George Hamilton-Gordon, member of the Aberdeenshire family of Gordon
Daily Universal Register
Publishes the first issue of the Daily Universal Register
1st Channel Crossing
Completes the first Channel crossing in a hot air balloon
1st Hot Air Balloon
1st to pilot a hot-air balloon across the Channel from Dover to Calais
Birth of Jakob Grimm
Birth of Jakob Grimm
Discovery of Oberon
Herschel discovers a new moon of Uranus, Oberon
Discovery of Titania
Herschel discovers a new moon of Uranus, Titania
Continental Army
A former Captain of the Continental Army lays siege to the Government arsenal
Siege of Springfield
A former Captain of the Continental Army lays siege to the Government arsenal
Death of Francois Joseph Paul de Grasse
Death of Francois-Joseph De Grasse
Sydney
Sydney Cove named in honour of Townshend, the settlement becomes known as Sydney
Sydney
Founds Sydney, becomes Australia Day
Patriotic Fund Proposal
Olympe de Gouges proposed a voluntary patriotic fund as a way to address the monarchy's financial crisis.
Social Reform Proposals
Olympe de Gouges proposed workshops for unemployed people and support for impoverished women, children and older people.
Sieyes defines Third Estate as the nation
Sieyes's pamphlet argued that the ordinary productive population constituted the essential nation. The sieyes publishes what is the third estate formed part of the transition from estate-based consultation toward claims of national sovereignty.
Necker faces new expectations beyond budget reform
The pamphlet reflected demands for political equality that financial ministers could no longer ignore. The consequences of sieyes publishes what is the third estate helped redefine the place of the three orders in French public life.
Mirabeau draws on rising constitutional debate
Mirabeau entered the political field in which Sieyes's challenge to privilege rapidly gained importance. The debate over sieyes publishes what is the third estate demonstrated why electoral rules and parliamentary procedure mattered to constitutional reform.
Royal electoral process draws regional reformers
The forthcoming meeting drew experienced provincial reformers into a representative body summoned by the crown. The consequences of barnave chosen as reformist deputy helped redefine the place of the three orders in French public life.
Barnave enters national electoral politics
Barnave's constitutional reputation in Dauphinรฉ helped secure his role in the national assemblies. The barnave chosen as reformist deputy formed part of the transition from estate-based consultation toward claims of national sovereignty.
Mounier's provincial reform activity leads to national prominence
Mounier's work in the Dauphinรฉ movement connected regional protest to the coming Estates General. The debate over barnave chosen as reformist deputy demonstrated why electoral rules and parliamentary procedure mattered to constitutional reform.
Election for Dauphine
Barnave was elected as a Third Estate deputy for Dauphine before the opening of the Estates General.
Necker oversees preparations for meeting
The government coordinated the complex electoral process while still trying to address fiscal collapse. The debate over rules issued for election of deputies demonstrated why electoral rules and parliamentary procedure mattered to constitutional reform.
King promulgates electoral instructions
The crown issued regulations for electing representatives and compiling local statements of grievances. The rules issued for election of deputies formed part of the transition from estate-based consultation toward claims of national sovereignty.
Mounier sees electoral opportunity for constitutional reform
The elections offered provincial constitutionalists such as Mounier a route into national debate. The consequences of rules issued for election of deputies helped redefine the place of the three orders in French public life.
Electoral Regulations for Estates General
Louis XVI issued regulations governing elections and the preparation of grievance lists for the forthcoming Estates General.
What is the Third Estate?
Sieyes published "Qu'est-ce que le Tiers-Etat?", arguing that the Third Estate represented the nation.
Bailly balances order and liberty in capital
Bailly governed a city in which revolutionary freedom had been won through street action but security still required regulation. This tension shaped the dilemmas of his mayoralty.
Reballion of Bounty
Leads the rebellion of the Bounty
Execution
Joseph-Ignace Guillotin proposed the Guillotin as a "humane" method of execution to the Constituent Assembly.
Execution
Proposes the Guillotin as a "humane" method of execution to the Constituent Assembly
Invention of Guillotin
Proposes the Guillotin as a "humane" method of execution to the Constituent Assembly
Cosi fan tutte
Cosi fan tutte premieres at the Burtheater.
Cosi fan tutte
Writes the libretto for Mozart's Cosi fan tutte.
Press Offences Report
Sieyes presented a report on press offences as the Assembly debated the limits of political expression.
Jacobin Club
The Society of the Friends of the Constitution becomes widely known as the Jacobin Club from its meeting place in the former Jacobin convent
Jacobin Club
The Society of the Friends of the Constitution becomes widely known as the Jacobin Club from its meeting place in the former Jacobin convent.
Jacobin Affiliation
Barras joined the Jacobin political movement as his support for the Revolution became more radical.
Slavery
Wilberforce succeedes in gaining approval for a Parliamentary select committee to consider the slave trade and to examine the vast quantity of evidence which he put forward
Piano Concerto No 27
Completes Piano Concerto No 27 in B-flat major.
Paris Department Administration
Mirabeau was chosen for the administration of the Paris department while remaining a major constitutional figure.
Birth of Samuel Guthrie
Birth of Samuel Guthrie, later associated with chloroform discovery
Residence Act Site
Issues the proclamation fixing the federal district on the Potomac
President of National Assembly
Elected president of the National Assembly
President of National Assembly
Honore Gabriel Mirabeau was elected president of the National Assembly.
Defence of Jacobin Club
Barnave defended the Jacobin Club against constitutional monarchist rivals during a major political dispute.
Republican Debate
The Jacobin Club becomes a forum where doubts about monarchy and royal trust increasingly appear
Republican Debate
The Jacobin Club becomes a forum where doubts about monarchy and royal trust increasingly appear.
Rule of Bessarabia
Under the Treaty of Jassy Russia returns Bessarabia to Turkey
Rule of Crimea
The Treaty of Jassy legitimizes Russian claima to the Crimea
Rule of Moldova
Under the Treaty of Jassy Russia returns Moldova to Turkey
Treaty of Jassy
Russia retains all conquered territory east of the Dniester River. A pact between the Russian and Ottoman Empires ending the Russo-Turkish War of 1787-92 and confirming Russias increasing dominance in the Black Sea
Treaty of Jassy
Signed by Grand Vizier Yusuf-Pasha and Prince Bezborodko (who had succeeded Prince Potemkin as the head of the Russian delegation upon the latters death). Russia returns Moldova & Bessarabia to Turkey.
Treaty of Jassy
The Treaty recognizes Russias 1783 annexation of the Crimean Khanate and transfers Yedisan to Russia making the Dniester the Russo-Turkish frontier in Europe. The Treaty of Jassy legitimizes Russian claima to the Crimea.
Ultimatums against external royalist support debated
Brissot argued that the government should not tolerate cross-border military threats from รฉmigrรฉs and their protectors. The debate accelerated pressure on Louis XVI's ministers to respond.
War Debate
Robespierre warns in the club that war may strengthen generals and endanger the Revolution
War Debate
Robespierre warns in the club that war may strengthen generals and endanger the Revolution.
Austrian Policy Speech
Brissot pressed for a firm response to Austria and became a leading advocate of revolutionary war.
French Navy
Brunel's naval service ends when his frigate pays off its crew and he returns to Normandy.
President of National Convention
Vergniaud took the Convention's presidential chair during the decisive January phase of Louis XVI's trial.
Trial of Louis XVI
Saint-Just argues that the former king must be judged as an enemy of the people and the Revolution
Trial of Louis XVI
Saint-Just argues that the former king must be judged as an enemy of the people and the Revolution.
Louis XVI Found Guilty
Vergniaud presides as the Convention concludes that Louis XVI is guilty of conspiracy against public liberty and the security of the state.
Appeal to the People Rejected
The Convention rejected a proposal to submit the judgment against Louis XVI to popular ratification.
Vote on Guilt
The Convention voted overwhelmingly that Louis XVI was guilty of conspiracy against public liberty and the security of the state.
Louis XVI Conviction Formally Recorded
The Convention voted that Louis XVI was guilty of conspiracy against public liberty and state security. His condemnation marked an unprecedented judicial reckoning with the conduct of a reigning monarch.
Appeal to the People Debate
Brissot supports submitting the fate of Louis XVI to the electorate, but the Convention rejects an appeal to the people.
Death of Louis XVI
Louis XVI was sentenced to death.
Death of Louis XVI
Sentenced to death
Execution
Sentenced to death
Convention Announces Death Sentence Majority
Vergniaud presided over the formal communication of the Convention's vote to sentence Louis XVI to death. The result transformed the legal dispute into an urgent argument over execution and postponement.
Death Sentence for Louis XVI
Vergniaud announces the result of the Convention's roll-call vote imposing the death penalty on Louis XVI.
Death Penalty Vote
The Convention completed the decisive vote that condemned Louis XVI to death.
Death of Louis XVI
Louis XVI was sentenced to death.
Vote on Louis XVI
Barras voted for the death of Louis XVI without an appeal to the people or a suspension of sentence.
Death of Louis XVI
The appeal against Louis death sentence is turned down
Death of Louis XVI
The appeal against Louis death sentence is turned down.
Execution
The appeal against Louis death sentence is turned down
Reprieve Rejected
The Convention rejected a proposed delay in carrying out the death sentence imposed on Louis XVI.
Reprieve for Louis XVI Rejected
Vergniaud oversees the final proceedings as the Convention rejects a proposed delay of the sentence against Louis XVI.
Final Meeting with Family
Louis XVI met his family for the final time on the evening before his execution.
Sentence Announced
A Convention delegation informed Louis XVI that his death sentence would be carried out the following day.
Reprieve for Louis XVI Rejected
After voting for the death sentence, the Convention rejected delaying its implementation. The failure of the reprieve ensured that the former king would be executed without an extended political settlement.
Louis XVI executed
The former king was guillotined after his conviction by the National Convention. Marie Antoinette became a widow in prison and faced growing pressure for her own prosecution.
Execution of Louis XVI
The execution of Louis XVI intensifies conflict between Jacobins Girondins and foreign enemies of the Republic
Execution of Louis XVI
The execution of Louis XVI intensifies conflict between Jacobins Girondins and foreign enemies of the Republic.
Armed Escort Accompanies Former King to Execution
Santerre was responsible for military security during the execution of Louis XVI. Guard formations protected the procession and sought to deter attempts at intervention.
Guard deployed for Louis XVI execution
Santerre supervised National Guard forces assigned to maintain order when Louis XVI was executed. The deployment helped demonstrate the republic's control over the capital.
Burial at Madeleine Cemetery
After the execution, Louis XVI's remains were buried in the Madeleine Cemetery in Paris.
Final Religious Service
Louis XVI attended a final religious service in the Temple before being taken to the place of execution.
Journey to Place de la Revolution
Louis XVI was transported under heavy guard from the Temple to the Place de la Revolution.
Death of Louis XVI
Louis XVI was sent to the giuillotine in the Place de la Revolution, now the Place de la Concorde.
Death of Louis XVI
Sent to the giuillotine in the Place de la Revolution, now the Place de la Concorde
Execution
Sent to the giuillotine in the Place de la Revolution, now the Place de la Concorde
Declaration of War
France declares war on Britain to defend the gains of the revolution. France declares a war of European liberation
Declaration of War
France declares war on Britain to defend the gains of the revolution. France declares a war of European liberation.
Capture of Danzig
Prussia takes Danzig, Thorn & Great Poland
Capture of Thorn
Prussia takes Danzig, Thorn & Great Poland
Invasion of Poland
Prussia takes Danzig, Thorn & Great Poland
Rule of Danzig
Prussia takes Danzig, Thorn & Great Poland
Rule of Poland
Russia takes most of Lithuania & western Ukraine during the 2nd partition of Poland. Prussia takes Danzig, Thorn & Great Poland
Rule of Thorn
Prussia takes Danzig, Thorn & Great Poland
Partition
Russia takes most of Lithuania & western Ukraine. Russia has the right of troop movement & to direct Polish Foreign policy. Prussia takes Danzig, Thorn & great Poland
Partition
Russia takes most of Lithuania & western Ukraine. Russia has the right of troop movements & to direct Polish foreign policy. Prussia takes Danzig & great Poland
Military Oversight Proposal
Saint-Just proposed that Convention deputies directly supervise military operations or receive reports without executive intermediaries.
Convention sentences Louis XVI: Former monarch's fate settled
Danton supported a decisive disposition of Louis XVI's case by the Convention. The execution made the republic's conflict with monarchist powers more acute.
Death of Lazare Nicholas Marguerite Carnot
Lazare Nicholas Marguerite Carnot voted for the immediate execution of Louis XVI.
Death of Lazare Nicholas Marguerite Carnot
Votes for the immediate execution of Louis XVI
Execution
Votes for the immediate execution of Louis XVI
Vote on Louis XVI
Lazare Nicholas Marguerite Carnot voted for the death of Louis XVI without delay.
Appeal to the people over royal sentence: Deputies question Parisian pressure
Buzot shared the Girondin suspicion that pressure from the capital could distort national decisions. The argument for broader electoral judgment reflected anxieties about the Convention's independence.
Brissot Advocates Appeal on Royal Sentence
Brissot argued for consulting the electorate about the judgment on the former king. His position reflected anxiety that a unilateral Convention decision would further divide the Republic.
Girondin Appeal to People Considered
Vergniaud participated in debates over whether citizens should ratify the Convention's decision concerning Louis XVI. The appeal question exposed divisions between direct popular sovereignty and the immediate exercise of republican authority.
Appeal to the people over royal sentence: Trial vote exposes divisions
Vergniaud took part in debates on the former king's punishment and the appeal to the people. The decision revealed differences within the Convention about sovereignty and political necessity.
Appeal to people proposed in royal trial
Brissot supported consulting the French electorate over the former king's fate. The Convention rejected the appeal, leaving the deputies to decide Louis XVI's sentence themselves.
Brissot's conditional death vote for Louis XVI
Brissot voted for Louis XVI's death with conditions related to popular ratification. The position reflected Girondin concern about both royal guilt and the political consequences of immediate execution.
Appeal to the people over royal sentence: Popular ratification sought
Brissot supported referring the fate of Louis XVI to a wider popular decision. This proposal failed and deepened his faction's division from deputies advocating immediate execution.
Convention sentences Louis XVI: Regicide as republican necessity
Saint-Just favored execution of Louis XVI in keeping with his argument that kingship was incompatible with national sovereignty. His position helped establish his reputation for ideological severity.
Convention sentences Louis XVI: Death sentence advocated
Robespierre called for the former king's execution as a safeguard for the republic. The decision marked a decisive break with constitutional monarchy and increased foreign hostility.
Trial
Tried & found guilty before the Convention
Trial
Tried and found guilty before the Convention.
Anniversary of Louis XVI Execution
Billaud-Varenne supported official commemoration of the execution of Louis XVI as a republican political anniversary.
Aftermath of Toulon Reprisals Remains Contested
Political violence following the reconquest continued to shape local memories and national controversy. Revolutionary justice in the port exemplified the difficulties of reconciling security with civilian protection.
Moderate factions regain leverage - Public response
Jean-Lambert Tallien figured in events surrounding moderate factions regain leverage at Paris. The realignment changed political alliances without ending intense conflict over the Revolution's legacy. The episode altered the political climate in Paris as former supporters of the Terror confronted a hostile new majority.
Moderate factions regain leverage
Tallien remained influential as the Convention increasingly favored measures against surviving Jacobin networks. The realignment changed political alliances without ending intense conflict over the Revolution's legacy.
Occupation
Marches his forces into Amsterdam
Attack on Emigres
Barras publicly attacked returning emigres as Thermidorian politics moved against royalist influence before the establishment of the Directory.
Battle of Rivoli
Napoleon defeated the Austrian relief army at Rivoli, breaking the final major attempt to relieve Mantua.
Battle of Rivoli
Massena's troops marched hard and fought at Rivoli, helping defeat the final Austrian attempt to relieve Mantua.
Battle of Rivoli
Fights at the Battle of Rivoli
Partition
Russia, Prussia and Austria sign an act that terminates the Lithuanian-Polish state
Rule of Poland
Russia, Prussia and Austria sign an act that terminates the Lithuanian-Polish state
Battle of La Favorita
Massena fought at La Favorita after Rivoli as French forces completed the defeat of the Austrian relief effort around Mantua.
Birth of Franz Peter Schubert
Birth of Franz Peter Schubert
Anti-British Circular
Talleyrand issued a diplomatic circular portraying Britain as France's remaining principal enemy after peace with Austria.
Conscription Report
Jourdan presented a report proposing a new system for recruiting France's armies and developing the principle that became military conscription.
Army of England Appointment
Massena was assigned to the Army of England while French leaders considered operations against Britain.
Birth of Auguste Comte
Auguste Comte is born in Montpellier into a conservative Catholic family.
Egypt Strategy Talks
Talleyrand met Bonaparte to discuss an expedition to Egypt as an alternative means of striking British interests.
Ambassador to Holland
Fouche served as French ambassador in Holland before being recalled to take charge of the Ministry of Police.
Birth of Millard Fillmore
Birth of Millard Fillmore
Act of Union
The Act of Union of Great Britain & Ireland comes into effect. The Act of Union of Great Britain & Ireland becomes effective
Act of Union
The Act of Union of Great Britain & Ireland comes into effect
Constitution of Great Britain
The new state is to be called the United Kingdom. The Act of Union of Great Britain & Ireland becomes effective. Ireland will send 4 spiritual Lords & 28 temporal peers to Westminster. Ireland is to send 100 MPs to Westminster. Churches are united into a single Protestant Episcopal Church
Legislation
The Act of Union of Great Britain & Ireland comes into effect
Unification
The Act of Union of Great Britain & Ireland comes into effect
Protestant Episcopal Church
Churches are united into a single Protestant Episcopal Church
Vice Admiral
Is promoted vice admiral before the Baltic campaign.
Constitution of Great Britain
1st Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Ireland assembles
Reform of Political Repression
The Council of State supports Napoleon's mass deportations against the "Jacobins"
Death of John Moore
Death of John Moore
Portsmouth Block Mills
The first series of Brunel's machines is installed to manufacture medium-sized pulley blocks.
Head of Confederation
Appointed Head of the Confederation, 1st term
Head of Confederation
Appointed Head of the Confederation
Blockade of Toulon
Villeneuve decides to dash toward Gibraltar after the long Toulon blockade.
Siege of Toulon
Villeneuve decides to dash toward Gibraltar after the long Toulon blockade.
Toulon Breakout Decision
Villeneuve decides to leave Toulon and move toward Gibraltar after prolonged British naval pressure.
Blockade of Toulon
Nelson receives a signal at Agincourt Sound that the French are at sea.
Toulon Fleet Breakout Reported
News that the French fleet has sailed from Toulon triggers Nelson's renewed Mediterranean pursuit.
Blockade of Toulon
The French fleet escapes from Toulon and the British fleet loses contact.
Toulon Contact Lost
The French fleet escapes Toulon and British forces temporarily lose contact during the subsequent pursuit.
Blockade of Toulon
Heads east through the Straits of Messina in pursuit of the French fleet.
Toulon Fleet Pursuit through Messina
Nelson passes through the Straits of Messina while searching for Villeneuve after the Toulon blockade is disrupted.
Head of Confederation
Appointed Head of the Confederation
Lying in State
Nelson lies in state before his funeral.
Nelson Funeral
Nelson is buried at St Paul's Cathedral.
Nelson Funeral
Attends Nelson's funeral after serving beside him at Trafalgar.
Burial
Is buried in St Paul's Cathedral after the national funeral.
State Funeral
Receives a state funeral at St Paul's Cathedral.
Death of William Pitt the Younger
His last words are "oh, my Country! how I leave my Country"
Colonel
Appointed Colonel of the 33rd Regiment
Head of Confederation
Appointed Head of the Confederation, 1st term
Decree
Answers Napoleon's decree by British Order in Council closing coastal waters to France
Birth of Robert Edward Lee
Birth of Robert Edward Lee
Birth of Robert McClure
Robert McClure is born in Wexford and later leads the expedition credited with completing the first known transit of the Northwest Passage.
Slavery
A Letter on the Abolition of the Slave Trade, an essay summarizing the evidence, is published by Wilberforce and forms the basis for the final phase of the campaign
Head of Confederation
Appointed Head of the Confederation
Head of Confederation
Appointed Head of the Confederation, 2nd term
Birth of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon is born in Besancon to a cooper and a kitchen servant.
Battle of Corunna
The Battle diverts Napoleon from engulfing Spain with a single manoeuvre as planned. Soult defeats the British who leave the Peninsular, Napoleon feels safe to leave Spain. Believes the British army will run to the Navy, a belief held until Waterloo
Battle of Corunna
The Battle diverts Napoleon from engulfing Spain with a single manoeuvre as planned. Killed in battle. Fights the battle as his troops are embarking for home
Death of John Moore
Death of John Moore, killed at the Battle of Corunna
Birth of Edgar Allan Poe
Birth of Edgar Allan Poe
Invasion of Spain
"There will not be a single village in revolt". Promises Joseph 100,000 veterans in Spain. Forced to withdraw from Spain after Austria prepares for war, never returns to Spain
Head of Confederation
Appointed Head of the Confederation, 2nd term
State Council
Establishes the State Council as a central advisory body for reviewing legislation and administration.
Treaty of Tilsit, 2nd
Breaks the Treaty of Tilsit by capturing Oldenburg
Execution
Murillo is executed by royalist authorities after the defeat of the La Paz uprising
Constitution of Spain
A Supreme Council of Regency is established, ruling in the name of Ferdinand VII
Supreme Council
A Supreme Council of Regency is established, ruling in the name of Ferdinand VII
Head of Confederation
Appointed Head of the Confederation, 2nd term
Battle of Guadalajara
Defeated by General Calleja near Guadalajara
Reballion of Hidalgo
Crushes the rebellion led by Hidalgo
Birth of James Hamilton
Birth of James Hamilton
Capture of Oldenburg
Napoleon's capture of Oldenburg violates the Treaty of Tilsit
Treaty of Tilsit, 2nd
Napoleon's capture of Oldenburg violates the Treaty of Tilsit
Head of Confederation
Appointed Head of the Confederation, 2nd term
Capture of Pomerania
The French capture Swedish Pomerania
Capture of Rugen
The French capture Rugen
Capture of Rodrigo
Captures Ciudad Rodrigo
Siege of Valencia
Suchet captues Valencia
Siege of Badajoz
After Lord Wellington laid siege to Cuidad Rodrigo in January 1812, he moved Badajoz
Head of Confederation
Appointed Head of the Confederation, 2nd term
Alliance Napoleon I and Murat
Murat deserts Napoleon for the Allies
Alliance Murat and the Allies
Murat deserts Napoleon for the Allies
Birth of Henry Bessemer
Birth of Henry Bessemer
Birth of John Fremont
Birth of John Fremont
Concordat
Pius VII signs a concordat with Napoleon
Concordat
Pius VII signs a concordat with Napoleon
Siege of Cadiz
Wellington marches in triumph through Cadiz
Peace
Murat signs peace with the Allies
Peace
Murat signs peace with the Allies
Rule of Norway
Under the Treaty of Kiel Norway is ceded to Sweden
Treaty of Kiel
Under the Treaty of Kiel Norway is ceded to Sweden
Battle of Brienne
Wins an engagement against the Allies who eventually force the surrender of France
Battle of New Orleans
Fought 2 weeks after the Treaty of Ghent had ended the war. Attacks Jacksons base but 2,000 British troops & Pakenham are killed
Siege of New Orleans
Attacks Jacksons base but 2,000 British troops & Pakenham are killed
Battle of New Orleans
Inflicts 2,000 British casualties & kills their commander during a British attack. Defeats the British forces led by Pakenham, the Duke of Wellingtons brother-in-law
Siege of New Orleans
Defeats the British forces led by Pakenham, the Duke of Wellingtons brother-in-law
Birth of Horace Wells
Birth of Horace Wells, discoverer of "laughing gas"
Birth of William Jener
Birth of William Jener
Death of Samuel Hood
Death of Samuel Hood
Shield Compartment Principle Patented
Brunel patents a tunnelling shield divided into protected working compartments, allowing excavation and brick lining to advance together.
Tunnelling Shield
Brunel patents a tunnelling shield that allows miners to excavate in protected compartments while brickwork is built behind them.
Birth of Anne Bronte
Birth of Anne Bronte
Discovery of Antarctica
Records sighting ice-covered Antarctic land during the Russian expedition, one of the earliest sightings of the continent
Discovery of Antarctica
Commands Mirny alongside Bellingshausen's Vostok during the Russian sighting of Antarctic land
Death of George III
Death of George III, age 81
Succession
Succeeds as King of Great Britain, succeeds his father George III
Discovery of Antarctica
Sights the Trinity Peninsula area during the British survey voyage, becoming one of the earliest recorded observers of Antarctic land
Antarctic Peninsula Sighted
Bransfield's expedition sights the mountainous coast of the Antarctic Peninsula, producing the first reported observation and charting of that mainland sector.
Trinity Land Named
Bransfield names the newly sighted northern part of the Antarctic Peninsula Trinity Land while continuing his survey from the Williams.
King George Island Claimed
Bransfield's expedition lands on King George Island and formally claims territory during its survey of the South Shetland archipelago.
South Shetland Islands Survey
Bransfield surveys the South Shetland Islands and records coastal information while extending the voyage farther south into previously uncharted waters.
Wallachian Uprising
Launches an uprising against Phanariot rule.
Discovery of Peter I Island
Discovers and names Peter I Island during the Russian Antarctic expedition
Congress of Laibach
Attends the Congress of Laibach and supports Austrian intervention against the revolution in Naples.
Discovery of Alexander I Island
Discovers Alexander I Island, one of the major land discoveries of the Russian Antarctic expedition
Independence Declared
The First National Assembly declares independence and adopts the provisional constitution at Epidaurus.
Birth of Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius
Birth of Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius
Executive Council Elected
The First National Assembly elects Mavrokordatos to preside over the revolutionary executive.
Provisional Government Formed
Mavrokordatos becomes President of the first revolutionary executive.
First National Legislative Body
Ypsilantis becomes president of the legislative branch created by the First National Assembly.
Abdication
Abdicates after political opposition demands an end to his government.
Birth of Thomas Jonathan Stonewall Jackson
Birth of Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson
Assassination of Charles MCarthy
Captured by the Ahanti & killed
Death of Charles MCarthy
Captured by the Ahanti & killed
Death of Ferdinand I
Death of Ferdinand I
Treaty of Tantauco
Accepts the Treaty of Tantauco incorporating Chiloe into the Chilean state.
Chief Engineer
Brunel assumes full responsibility for directing the engineering work inside the Thames Tunnel.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, British Army
President of Chile
Temporarily assumes the presidency during the transition from the office of Supreme Director.
Independence of Peru
Peru secedes from Bolivars Gran Colombia & charges Bolivar with tyranny
Independence of Venezuela
Peru secedes from Bolivars Gran Colombia & charges Bolivar with tyranny
Rescue
Brunel is pulled from the flooded tunnel after being trapped by timber and swept through the workings.
Thames Tunnel
A major tunnel flood kills six workers and seriously injures Brunel, forcing him to withdraw from the project.
Tunnel Flood
A major flood kills six workers, seriously injures Isambard Kingdom Brunel and forces suspension of the tunnel works.
Resignation of Frederick John Robinson Goderich
Unable to keep the Tories united
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain by George IV
Constituent Congress Elections
Calls elections for a constituent congress that prepares the liberal Constitution of 1828.
Governor Arrives
Kapodistrias arrives at Aegina and begins governing the emerging Greek state.
Government
Only Huskisson, Peel & the "Canningites" serve as Minister's in Wellingtons Cabinet
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Fills a vacuum after refusal by Whig & Tory Party leaders to accept the office
Birth of Oscar II
Birth of Oscar II
Institution of Civil Engineers
Brunel becomes an associate member of the Institution of Civil Engineers.
Siege of Shumla
As winter approached, the Russian army is constrained to leave Shumla and retreat back to Bessarabia
Death of Thomas Lawrence
Thomas Lawrence dies while serving as President of the Royal Academy.
First President of Venezuela
Becomes the first President of the newly independent Republic of Venezuela.
Second Reply to Hayne
Delivers his famous Second Reply to Hayne in the United States Senate.
Conference of London
The Conference agrees on the Belgian borders, the Bases de Separation
Death of Ludwig Achim von Arnim
Death of Ludwig Achim von Arnhim
Birth of Charles George Hamilton Gordon
Birth of Charles George Hamilton Gordon, son of a Lieutenant General
Birth of John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton
Birth of John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton
President of Venezuela
Appointed acting President of Venezuela
Under Secretary
Appointed Under Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, an office he held until the Governments resignation in April 1835
Under Secretary
Appointed Under Secretary for War, serves under Sir Robert Peel
Treaty with United States
Venezuela and the United States signed a treaty of peace, friendship, navigation, and commerce.
Rule of Michigan
Michigan becomes the 26th US State
Unification
Michigan becomes the 26th US State
Birth of Max Bruch
Birth of Max Bruch, composer
Invention of Telegraph
Demonstrates the electric telegraph system
1st Photograph of Moon
Takes the 1st photograph of the moon
Birth of Paul Cezanne
Birth of Paul Cezanne
Battle of Yungay
Santa Cruz is defeated by Chilean and Peruvian restorationist forces, ending the Confederation
Battle of Yungay
Receives news of the victory that ends the Peru-Bolivian Confederation.
Discovery of Antarctica
Charts a long stretch of Antarctic coastline later associated with Wilkes Land, strengthening the case for Antarctica as a continent
Invention of Stamp
Intoduces the Penny Post to Britain
Birth of Sophia Jex-Blake
Birth of Sophia Jex-Blake
Convention
Hong Kong is ceded to Britain at the Convention of Chuanbi
Rule of Hong Kong
Hong Kong is ceded to Britain at the Convention of Chuanbi
Convention
Hong Kong is ceded to Britain at the Convention of Chuanbi
Rule of Hong Kong
Hong Kong is ceded to Britain at the Convention of Chuanbi
Capture of Hong Kong
Hong Kong is ceded to Britain by China
Birth of Henry Morton Stanley
Birth of Henry Morton Stanley
Great Ice Barrier
Encounters the Great Ice Barrier, later known as the Ross Ice Shelf, while exploring the Ross Sea
Birth of William Joseph Walsh
William Joseph Walsh is born in Dublin and later becomes a leading Catholic educationalist and Archbishop of Dublin.
Ban on the Leipziger Allgemeine Zeitung
Publishes the opening instalment of an article opposing the ban on the Leipziger Allgemeine Zeitung.
Reply to Oberpraesident von Schaper
Publishes a reply to Oberpraesident von Schaper during the Rheinische Zeitung's dispute with Prussian authorities.
Swindon Railway Works
The Great Western Railway works open at New Swindon and become a major centre for locomotive engineering.
Polemical Articles Against the Allgemeine Zeitung
Begins a series of polemical articles answering the Allgemeine Zeitung.
Performance
1st performance of, "Il Trovatore"
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of Venezuela
Birth of Umberto I
Birth of Umberto I, son of Victor Emannuel II
Death of Vinzenz Rittimann
Death of Vinzenz Rittimann
Death of Johannes van den Bosch
Death of Johannes, Count van den Bosch
Burial
Funeral of Andrew Jackson
Battle of Aliwal
Tej Singh's Sikh forces face the British-led army at Aliwal during the First Sikh War.
President of Switzerland
Appointed President of the Diet, 1st term
Risorgimento
The revolutionary disturbances began on January 5 with a civil disobedience strike in Lombardy, as citizens stopped smoking and playing the lottery, which denied Austria the associated tax revenue
Atmospheric Railway
Atmospheric railway services reach Newton Abbot as Brunel continues testing the experimental system.
Atmospheric Service Extended to Newton
Atmospheric passenger working extends from Teignmouth to Newton on Brunel's South Devon system.
Discovery of Gold
Marshall discovers gold at Sutter's Mill, sharply increasing migration and transisthmian travel.
Attack on Congress
Armed supporters confronted Congress, consolidating President Jose Tadeo Monagas's control over national institutions.
Battle of Chillianwalla
A British force is defeated by the Sikhs
Battle of Chillianwala
Sher Singh Attariwalla commands Sikh forces at Chillianwala, where both armies suffer heavy casualties.
Birth of Edmund Barton
Birth of Edmund Barton
Siege of Multan
Present at the successful storming of Multan
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Alliance of Three Kings
Elections to the Erfurt Parliament received little popular support. Democrats boycot the election and Saxony and Hanover leave the Alliance of Three Kings
Erfurt Union
Elections to the Erfurt Parliament received little popular support. Democrats boycot the election and Saxony and Hanover leave the Alliance of Three Kings
Erfurt Union
No state Government agrees to the constitution even though it was accepted by the Gotha Party who are defeated in the elections. The Erfurt Parliament never materialises
Unfification
Elections to the Erfurt Parliament received little popular support. Democrats boycot the election and Saxony and Hanover leave the Alliance of Three Kings
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Paddington Station
Brunel presents preliminary plans for rebuilding Paddington as a grand permanent railway terminus.
Confederation
Prussia refuses to allow all of Austria into the German Confederation
Conference of Dresden
Prussia refuses to allow all of Austria into the German Confederation
Alliance Prussia and Austria
Prussia will defend Austria if it accepts Prussia within the German Confederation
Conference of Dresden
Prussia refuses to allow all of Austria into the German Confederation
Constitution of Germany
Prussia will defend Austria if it accepts Prussia within the German Confederation
Unification
Prussia will defend Austria if it accepts Prussia within the German Confederation
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Birth of Joseph Joffre
Birth of Joseph Joffre
Convention
Gains recognition from Britain of the independence of the Boer State of Transvaal
Moltke Government
The Moltke Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Denmark.
First Bluhme Government
Begins the First Bluhme Government in Copenhagen and serves as Prime Minister of Denmark.
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Reply to Kossuth's Secretary
Publishes a response to claims made by the secretary of Hungarian revolutionary leader Lajos Kossuth.
The Defeat of the Ministry
Publishes a Tribune article examining the defeat of the British ministry.
Birth of Jose Perez
Birth of Jose Perez
A Superannuated Administration
Publishes a Tribune article assessing the outgoing administration and prospects for a coalition ministry.
Marriage
Marries Eugenie de Montijo, a Spanish Countess
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Black Sea Allied Fleet Deployment
British and French warships enter the Black Sea, increasing pressure on Russia while supporting the Ottoman alliance.
Blockade of Black Sea
France and Britain send a joint fleet to the Black Sea and ally themselves with Turkey.
Allied Fleet Enters Black Sea
Leads French warships into the Black Sea alongside the British fleet.
Allied Fleet Enters Black Sea
Leads British warships into the Black Sea as Allied naval pressure on Russia increases.
Battle of Cetate
Defends Cetate through the renewed Ottoman assault until Russian reinforcements arrive.
Advance to Cetate
Advances toward Cetate with reinforcements, helping prompt the Ottoman withdrawal from the area.
Battle of Cetate
Brings Russian reinforcements into the fighting around Cetate during the January engagement.
Battle of Cetate
Renews the Ottoman attack at Cetate before withdrawing as Russian reinforcements approach.
Press
Publishes the 1st issue of the Citizen
Paddington Station
The first Great Western Railway service departs from Brunel's new Paddington Station before completion of the roof.
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Sardinian Alliance
Sends Sardinian troops to support the Allies.
Birth of John Moses Browning
Birth of John Moses Browning
Completion of Panama Railroad
Workers complete the railway linking the Atlantic and Pacific sides of the isthmus.
Opening of Panama Railroad
The first through train operates between Colon and Panama City.
Resignation of George Hamilton-Gordon
The Government is defeated over conditions facing the troops in the Crimea
Alliance Camillo Benso di Cavour and Allies
Sends 10,000 Piedmontese troops to assist the Allies.
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Canal Neutrality
Issues a second canal concession requiring equal access for merchant vessels.
Sovereignty of Canal Concession
Approves a second concession defining the Suez Canal Company's rights and obligations under Egyptian authority.
Canal Concession
Secures a second concession clarifying company powers and obligations for construction of the canal.
Victoria Cross
Institutes the Victoria Cross, Britains highest military decoration
SS Great Eastern
Work on SS Great Eastern stops temporarily after John Scott Russell's shipbuilding business becomes bankrupt.
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Anglo-Afghan Alliance
A supplementary treaty provides British financial and military support during the war with Persia.
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Birth of Beatrice Potter Webb
Birth of Beatrice Potter Webb
Marriage
Marries Victoria, eldest daughter of Queen Victoria.
Marriage
Marries Victoria, Princess Royal of Great Britain.
Halle Orchestra
Founds the Halle Orchestra
SS Great Eastern
SS Great Eastern is finally floated after repeated and costly launching attempts.
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Election as Prince of Moldavia
Cuza is elected Prince of Moldavia, advancing the unionist programme.
Election as Prince of Wallachia
Cuza is elected Prince of Wallachia, creating a personal union of the principalities.
Union of the Principalities
Cuza's double election establishes the United Principalities under one ruler.
Death of Frederick John Robinson Goderich
Death of Frederick John Robinson
Treaty of Cobden
Cobden & Napoleon agree the Treaty
Treaty of Cobden
Has a budget surplus & wishes to quell anti-French feeling
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Holy Roman Empire
Creates free trade between Europes 2 largest traders. Agreed by Napoleon & ratified by the British House of Commons
Treaty of Cobden
Creates free trade between Europes 2 largest traders. Agreed by Napoleon & ratified by the British House of Commons
Prime Minister of Italy
Appointed Prime Minister of Piedmont
Unification
Intends to unite the duchies of Parma, Modena, Romagna & Tuscany
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Crown Prince
Becomes Crown Prince of Prussia when William I becomes king.
Slave State Secession
Texas convention votes to secede from the Union
Death of Ludwig Friedrich Leopold von Gerlach
Death of Ludwig Friedrich Leopold von Gerlach
Military Coup
Acha joins the military overthrow of President Linares.
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
French News Humbug and Economic Consequences of War
Publishes an article linking misleading French reports with the economic consequences of war.
Pro-American Meeting
Publishes an article on a British public meeting expressing support for the United States.
Bureau of Internal Revenue
Revenue Act establishes the Bureau of Internal Revenue
Pacific Railway Act
Lincoln signs the Pacific Railway Act supporting a transcontinental railroad
Pacific Railway Act
Lincoln signs the Pacific Railway Act supporting construction of the first transcontinental railroad
Revenue Act
Lincoln signs a broader Revenue Act expanding federal tax administration
Transcontinental Railroad
Pacific Railway Act grants federal support for construction of the transcontinental railroad
Annual Message to Congress
Lincoln sends his second annual message to Congress
Seward's Suppressed Dispatch
Publishes an article discussing a suppressed diplomatic dispatch associated with William Seward.
Unified Government
Cuza forms a single government and parliament for the United Principalities.
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Emancipation Proclamation
Lincoln issues the final Emancipation Proclamation
Emancipation Proclamation
Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation freeing enslaved people in rebellious areas
Foreign Neutrality
Emancipation policy makes foreign recognition of the Confederacy less likely
Slavery
Emancipation Proclamation changes the Civil War into a war for Union and freedom
Metropolitan Railway
Fowler helps open the Metropolitan Railway, the world's first underground passenger railway.
London Underground
Opens the London Underground
Birth of son
Born in Cologne, son of a teacher
Birth of David Lloyd George
Birth of David Lloyd George
Construction of Suez Canal
Succeeds Said Pasha while construction of the Suez Canal remains underway.
Khedive
Succeeds Said Pasha as Wali of Egypt and claims the higher title of Khedive.
Wali of Egypt
Succeeds Said Pasha as Wali and begins an ambitious modernization programme.
Siege of Vicksburg
Attempts to capture Vicksburg but fails
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
November Constitution
Bismarck issued an ultimatum to Denmark demanding that the November Constitution should be abolished within 48 hours
November Constitution
Bismarck issues an ultimatum to Denmark demanding that the November Constitution should be abolished within 48 hours
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Death of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon dies at Passy near Paris, aged fifty-six.
On Proudhon
Writes to J. B. Schweitzer assessing Proudhon's ideas and political significance.
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Declaration of War
Peru declares war on Spain
Declaration of War
Peru declares war on Spain
Congress Programme Discussion Procedure
Drafts a resolution on procedures for discussing the International's congress programme.
North German Confederation
Bismarck seeks advice from conservative and democratic politicians and presents a draft constitution to the other state Governments. It is his intention to make the new federal state look like a confederation in the tradition of the German Confederation
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Statehood of Nebraska
Nebraska becomes the 37th State of the Union
Birth of William Lashly
Birth of William Lashly
Death of Victor Cousin
Victor Cousin dies after a long career in philosophy and public education.
Birth of Maxime Weygand
Birth of Maxime Weygand
Speech to the Polish Meeting in London
Addresses a London meeting supporting Poland and links national liberation with wider democratic struggle.
Vice President
Appointed Vice President of the State Council, Japans ruling body
Assassination of Komei
Kills Komei who dies of smallpox, caused by a handkerchief contaminated with a virus
Death of Iwakura Tomomi
Kills Komei who dies of smallpox, caused by a handkerchief contaminated with a virus
Assassination of Komei
Death of Komei, dies of smallpox, killed by a handkerchief contaminated with a virus
Death of Komei
Death of Komei
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Expedition
Attempts to rescue an English group including the British Consul arrested by Theodore
Expedition
Lands in Abysinnia with a force of 32,000 men
Restoration
Leads his troops into the Imperial Palace to proclaim the restoration of the Emperors
Restoration
Leads his troops into the Imperial Palace to proclaim the restoration of the Emperors
Restoration
Leads his troops into the Imperial Palace to proclaim the restoration of the Emperors
Second Charles Rogier Government
The Second Charles Rogier Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.
First Frere-Orban Government
Begins the First Frere-Orban Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
Expedition
Marches 400 miles to Magdala & releases British prisoners
Occupation of Asuncion
Leads Allied forces into Asuncion during the final phase of the war.
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Resume of General Council Meetings
Helps prepare a summary of General Council meetings for publication in The Bee-Hive.
President of Ecuador
Appointed acting President of Ecuador
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Standard Oil Company
Rockefeller and his partners incorporate Standard Oil of Ohio.
Mobilization
Bavaria & Baden mobilize under the terms of the 1866 military treaties
Bundesprasidium
The federal constitution establishes a constitutional monarchy with the Prussian King as the bearer of the Bundesprasidium, or head of state
Constitution
Laws can only be enabled with the consent of the Reichstag (a Parliament based on universal male suffrage) and the Federal Council (a representation of the states)
Constitution
The North German Confederation adopts a new constitution, which was written under the title of a new "German Confederation" but already gave it the name "German Empire"
Constitution
The federal constitution establishes a constitutional monarchy with the Prussian King as the bearer of the Bundesprasidium, or head of state
German Empire
The North German Confederation adopts a new constitution, which was written under the title of a new "German Confederation" but already gave it the name "German Empire"
North German Confederation
Laws can only be enabled with the consent of the Reichstag (a Parliament based on universal male suffrage) and the Federal Council (a representation of the states)
North German Confederation
The North German Confederation adopts a new constitution, which was written under the title of a new "German Confederation" but already gave it the name "German Empire"
North German Confederation
The south German states of Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, Wurttemberg and Bavaria join the North German Confederation
Unification
The North German Confederation adopts a new constitution, which was written under the title of a new "German Confederation" but already gave it the name "German Empire"
Unification
The south German states of Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, Wurttemberg and Bavaria join the North German Confederation
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Commissioned into Royal Engineers
Receives a commission in the Royal Engineers after returning from volunteer service in France.
Battle of Le Mans
Defeats General Chanzy
Overthrow of Melgarejo
Morales leads the uprising that removes Melgarejo from power.
Constitution of Germany
Declared Emperor of a united German Reich in the Galerie des Glaces in Versailles
German Empire Proclaimed
Becomes Crown Prince of the new German Empire.
German Empire Proclaimed
Proclaimed German Emperor while Frederick remains heir.
Unification
Declared Emperor of a united German Reich in the Galerie des Glaces in Versailles
Peace
Royal orders force Moltke to submit to Bismarck who wishes to end the war
Peace
Put in control of the armistice talks
Siege of Paris
Forced back across the border into Switzerland as Paris capitulates
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Birth of Aleksandr Scriabin
Birth of Aleksandr Scriabin
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Invasion of France
German occupation forces begin to evacuate France following the death of Napoleon III
Invasion of France
German occupation forces begin to evacuate France following the death of Napoleon III
Kulturkampf
To characterize Bismarck's politics toward the Catholic Church, the pathologist and member of the Parliament of the Deutsche Fortschrittspartei (Progressive Liberals) Rudolf Virchow uses the term Kulturkampf the first time
Birth of Sidonie Gabrielle Claudine Colette
Birth of Sidonie Gabrielle Claudine Colette
Legislation
Passes the Conscription Act for all levels of Russian Society. Men are liable to service at the age of 20 with each district providing a quota
Reform of Armed Forces
Passes the Conscription Act for all levels of Russian Society. Men are liable to service at the age of 20 with each district providing a quota
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Resignation of Emilio Castelar
Castelar resigns from office
Constitution of Spain
Serrano becomes dictator
Government
Serrano becomes dictator
Reform of Armed Forces
Conscription comes into effect
Election
The Catholic Centre increases its seats because of hatred of the May Laws. Catholics rally around the Centre Party which increases its vote from 63 to 91 seats
Birth of William Somerset Maughan
Birth of William Somerset Maughan
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Succession
Succeeds as Emperor of China
Resignation of William Ewart Gladstone
Gladstone resigns as Party Leader in the Commons
Specie Payment Resumption Act
The Specie Payment Resumption Act commits the Treasury to redeem United States notes in coin from 1879, establishing a timetable for restoring gold convertibility.
Specie Payment Resumption Act
The Act schedules redemption of Civil War greenbacks in gold from January 1879.
Constitution of France
The republican constitution is passed by 1 vote
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Birth of Conrad Adenauer
Birth of Conrad Adenauer, the "Old Fox"
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Succession
Inaugurated Empress of India
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Succession
Succeeds as King of Italy
Invention of Telephone
Watches a demonstration of the telephone
Birth of Frederick Arthur Stanley
Birth of Frederick Arthur Stanley
Birth of Edward Morgan Forster
Birth of Edward Morgan Forster
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Resumption of Specie Payments
The Treasury resumes redemption of United States notes in gold at par.
Specie Resumption
The Treasury resumes redemption of United States notes in gold, formally restoring specie convertibility after the Civil War suspension.
Specie Payments
The Treasury resumes gold redemption of United States notes at the established parity.
Resignation of Marie Edme Patrice Maurice de MacMahon
Forced to resign
Canal Promoter
Ceremonially begins the French attempt to build the Panama Canal
Canal Promoter
French company begins work on a canal across Panama
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Birth of Antoine Alfred Agenor de Gramont, 10th
Death of Antoine Alfred Agenor, 10th Duc de Gramont
Birth of Paul Ehrenfest
Birth of Paul Ehrenfest
Provisional Presidency
Campero becomes provisional president during the continuing war with Chile.
Droz Heads Confederation
Serves as Switzerland's federal president during 1881.
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Swiss Presidency
Begins his term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Battle of Laings Nek
Fails to break through Boer positions at Laings Nek.
British Defeat at Laing's Nek
British forces suffer a serious reverse while attempting to enter Transvaal.
Laing's Nek Assault
Leads an unsuccessful assault on Boer positions at Laing's Nek.
Battle of Laings Nek
Joubert leads a Boer force which inflicts serious losses under a force led by Colley
Battle of Laings Nek
Defeats Colley's attempt to enter the Transvaal.
Boer Victory at Laing's Nek
His forces block the British advance into the Transvaal.
Defence of Laing's Nek
Directs Boer resistance to Colley's attack at Laing's Nek.
Billroth Gastric Surgery
The operation becomes a landmark in abdominal surgery.
First Successful Gastrectomy
Performs the first successful partial gastrectomy for stomach cancer.
First Successful Gastrectomy
Performs the first successful removal of part of a cancerous stomach.
Stomach Cancer Surgery
Establishes a landmark operation in abdominal and gastrointestinal surgery.
Bavier Leads Federal Council
Bavier serves as Switzerland's federal president during 1882.
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Swiss Presidency Begins
Begins his term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Standard Oil Trust Agreement
Standard Oil interests adopt a formal trust agreement.
Standard Oil Trust Created
Rockefeller consolidates control through the new trust structure.
Standard Oil Trust
Rockefeller's companies adopt a trust structure coordinating control of the oil business.
Quote
Tells US customs officers, "I have nothing to declare except my genius"
Constitution of Germany
Passes a Royal Edict proclaiming the Emperors responsibility for Government policy
Birth of Alan Milne
Birth of Alan Milne, creator of "Winnie the Pooh"
Alan Alexander Milne Born
The future creator of Winnie-the-Pooh is born in Kilburn.
Birth of A. A. Milne
Alan Alexander Milne is born in London.
Birth of Andrew
Birth of Andrew
Constitution of Germany
Informs the Landtag that the First Minister will be the servant of the King-Emperor
Birth of Virginia Woolf
Birth of Virginia Woolf
Birth of Virginia Woolf
Virginia Stephen, later Virginia Woolf, is born in London.
Virginia Stephen Born
The future modernist writer is born at Hyde Park Gate.
Birth of Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Birth of Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Birth of Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt is born at Hyde Park, New York.
Franklin Roosevelt Born
The future Democratic president is born into the Roosevelt family.
Constitution of Germany
Says the Emperor is the real Minister President of Prussia
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Birth of Clement Richard Attlee
Birth of Clement Richard Attlee in Putney, London
Legislation
Signs the Tariff Act, raises rates
Reform of Taxation
Signs the Tariff Act, raises rates
Birth of Gottfried Feder
Birth of Gottfried Feder
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Fabian Society
Helps found the Fabian Society
Fabian Society
Helps found a new Socialist party
Death of Gregor Johann Mendel
Death of Gregor Johann Mendel, father of genetics
Fabian Society
Named after a Roman Commander Fabius Maximus who adopted a policy of gradualism
Birth of Arthur Ransome
Birth of Arthur Ransome, childrens writer
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain, 4th term
Birth of Auguste Piccard
Birth of Auguste Piccard
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Birth of John Joseph Ambrose Curtin
Birth of John Joseph Ambrose Curtin
1st Appendctomy
Undergoes the 1st appendectomy
Siege of Khartoum
Arrives at Korti at the head of a relief expedition to relieve Khartoum
Siege of Khartoum
A relief expedition arrives at Korti under Sir Charles Wilson
Capture of Khartoum
The Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad captures Khartoum
Death of Charles George Hamilton Gordon
Death of Charles George Hamilton Gordon, during the siege of Khartoum
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer
Patent
Patents a 3 wheel drive motor car & the internal combustion engine
Resignation of Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil
Resigns after having lost Irish Party support
Birth of Jose Linhares
Birth of Jose Linhares
Rule of India
Declared Empress of India by Disraeli
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Rule of Pearl Harbor
The US Senate approves an agreement to lease Pearl Harbor in Hawaii as a naval base
Birth of Arthur Rubenstein
Birth of Arthur Rubenstein
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Birth of Herbert Stanley Morrison
Birth of Herbert Stanley Morrison
Invention of Straws
Patents the paper drinking straw
Birth of Courtney Hicks Hodges
Birth of Courtney Hicks Hodges
Birth of Heinz Guderain
Birth of Heinz Guderain, son of an army officer
Wounded at Handub
Is wounded during fighting near Handub while commanding forces based around Suakin.
Invention of Tabulator
Patents an electrical computer for processing data
City Status
Queen Victoria grants Birmingham city status by letters patent.
Battle of Dogali
An Italian force of 500 is destroyed
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Sleeping Beauty
1st performance of, "Sleeping Beauty"
Reform of Labour Law
Proposes shortening working hours & regulating Sunday work. Attributes the rise of socialism to failure of the Government to reform
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Rule of Matabeleland
Administration extended over the Matabele territory
Birth of Otto Moritz Walter Model
Birth of Otto Moritz Walter Model
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Cuban Revolutionary Party
Participates in a reunion of the emigration representatives, in Cayo Hueso, where the Bases del Partido Revolucionario (Basis of the Cuban Revolutionary Party) is passed. Helps found the Cuban Revolutionary Party to campaign for independence for Cuba
Khedive of Egypt
Succeeds Tewfik as Khedive of Egypt.
Birth of Harold Eugene Hal Roach
Birth of Harold Eugene "Hal" Roach, Sr
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Birth of Herman Goering
Birth of Herman Goering, in Rosenheim, Upper Bavaria, the son of a colonial official
Independent Labour Party
Founds & leads new Party
Birth of Ivor Novello
Birth of Ivor Novello
Created Cardinal
Logue is named a cardinal, becoming the first Archbishop of Armagh to receive the rank.
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Franco-Russian Alliance Formalised
The exchange of diplomatic approval formally establishes the Franco-Russian alliance.
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Trial
Subject to ritual degradation on the parade ground of the Military Academy
Invasion of Cuba
The North American authorities stop the steamship Lagonda and two other suspicious ships, Amadis, and Baracoa at the Fernandina port in Florida, confiscating weapons and ruining Plan de Fernandina (Fernandina Plan)
Plan de Fernandina
The North American authorities stop the steamship Lagonda and two other suspicious ships, Amadis, and Baracoa at the Fernandina port in Florida, confiscating weapons and ruining Plan de Fernandina (Fernandina Plan)
Discovery of Antarctica
Lands at Possession Island, leaves a message in a canister to prove the visit, and records lichen, one of the first plant-life finds south of the Antarctic Circle
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina after the resignation of Luis Saenz Pena
Death of Randolph Henry Spencer-Churchill
Death of Randolph Henry Spencer Churchil, from a brain disease
1st Antarctic Landing
Borchgrevinks party claim this as the first landing on the Antarctic mainland
Cape Adare Landing
Takes part in the landing at Cape Adare, later treated as the first confirmed landing on the Antarctic mainland
Discovery of Antarctica
Goes ashore with Bull, Kristensen and others at Cape Adare in what is widely treated as the first confirmed landing on the Antarctic mainland
Death of Arthur Cayley
Death of Arthur Cayley
Discovery of Antarctica
Collects rocks and lichens after the Cape Adare landing, strengthening his belief that the site can support a future overwintering base and inland exploration
Battle of Krugerdorp
Defeated by the Boers
Jameson Raid
Around noon the Jameson force is around twenty miles further on, at Krugersdorp, where a small force of Boer soldiers had blocked the road to Johannesburg and digs in
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Arrest of Leanders Starr Jameson
Turned over to the British for trial in England
Result of Surrender of Jameson Raid Force
The Jameson Raid ends in failure and its participants are handed over for trial.
Surrender of Jameson Raid Force
Turned over to the British for trial in England. Surrenders to a Boer force led by General Cronje at Doorn Kop
Jameson Raid
Captures the raiders and strengthens Boer nationalism.
Jameson Raid
The tired Jameson raiders exchange fire with the Boers, losing around thirty men before Jameson realizes the position is hopeless and surrenders to Commander Piet Cronje, the raiders are taken to Pretoria and jail. The Boers track the move overnight and as the light improves Jameson reaches Doornkop where a substantial Boer force with some artillery is waiting
Jameson Raid
The tired Jameson raiders exchange fire with the Boers, losing around thirty men before Jameson realizes the position is hopeless and surrenders to Commander Piet Cronjโ, the raiders are taken to Pretoria and jail
Kruger Telegram
Congratulates Kruger after the Jameson Raid.
Jameson Raid
The Kaiser sends a telegram ("Kruger telegram") congratulating President Kruger and the Transvaal Government on their success
Kruger Telegram
The Kaiser sends a telegram ("Kruger telegram") congratulating President Kruger and the Transvaal Government on their success. Disclosed in the British press, raises a storm of anti-German feeling
Telegram
Forces the surrender of the Jameson Raid, sharpening Anglo-Boer tensions.
Kruger Telegram
The Kaiser sends a telegram ("Kruger telegram") congratulating President Kruger and the Transvaal Government on their success
Jameson Raid
The Kaiser sends a telegram ("Kruger telegram") congratulating President Kruger and the Transvaal Government on their success
Raid
Resigns pending enquiries into the Jameson Raid, found guilty of engineering the raid
Resignation of Cecil Rhodes
Resigns pending enquiries into the Jameson Raid, found guilty of engineering the raid
Trial
Resigns pending enquiries into the Jameson Raid, found guilty of engineering the raid
Unification
Utah becomes the 45th state of the Union
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Gold Standard
A decree introduces gold coinage and establishes a ruble parity of 0.77 grams of fine gold.
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Comptroller of Currency
Appointed Comptroller of the Currency by President McKinley.
Trial
Emile Zolas famous defense of Captain Alfred Dreyfus, "Jaccuse," is published, the open letter to French President Felix Faure accuses the French judiciary of giving into pressure from the military
Trial
Emile Zolas famous defense of Captain Alfred Dreyfus, "Jaccuse," is published, the open letter to French President Felix Faure accuses the French judiciary of giving into pressure from the military
Death of Author Charles Lutwidge Dodgson
Death of Author Charles Lutwidge Dodgson-better known as "Alice in Wonderland" creator Lewis Carroll
The Turn of the Screw
Henry James publishes "The Turn of the Screw"
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
Approves the condominium agreement establishing joint British-Egyptian authority over Sudan.
Jules Vandenpeereboom Government
Begins the Jules Vandenpeereboom Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.
First de Smet de Naeyer Government
The First de Smet de Naeyer Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.
Birth of Paul Henri-Charles Spaak
Birth of Paul Henri-Charles Spaak
Colesberg Operations
French presses Boer positions around Colesberg with mobile cavalry tactics intended to threaten their flanks.
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Colesberg Counterattack
Schoeman takes part in Boer counterattacks that check British pressure around Colesberg.
Appointed to resolve conflicts between Germans & Czechs in Austria
Appointed to resolve conflicts between Germans & Czechs in Austria
Chief of Staff
Serves as Roberts's chief of staff.
Arrival in South Africa
Arrives to replace Buller as senior British commander.
Capture of Spion Kop
Captures Spion Kop
Battle of Spion Kop
Commands the failed British attack at Spion Kop.
Battle of Spion Kop
Thorneycroft assumes command on the summit and refuses a Boer demand for surrender during the crisis at Spion Kop.
Battle of Spion Kop
Lyttelton sends reinforcements across the Tugela as British troops struggle to hold Spion Kop.
Battle of Spion Kop
Woodgate commands the troops occupying Spion Kop and is mortally wounded during the battle.
Battle of Spion Kop
Helps defeat British forces at Spion Kop.
Battle of Spion Kop
Helps organize Boer resistance during the battle of Spion Kop.
Upper Tugela Defence
Contributes to another British failure on the Upper Tugela.
Southern Cross Expedition
The Southern Cross returned to Cape Adare from Australia
Empress Dowager changed her long policy of suppressing Boxers, and issued
The Empress Dowager changed her long policy of suppressing Boxers, and issued edicts in their defence, causing protests from foreign powers
The Boxers
With a majority of conservatives in the imperial court, Empress Dowager Cixi changed her long standing policy of suppressing Boxers, and issued edicts in their defence, causing protests from foreign powers
Roberts Campaign Reorganisation Supported
Helps reorganise transport, supply and staff arrangements for Roberts's renewed British offensive.
Southern Cross Expedition
When the Southern Cross returned at the end of January 1900, Borchgrevink decided to abandon the camp, although there were sufficient fuel and provisions left to last another year, sledging activity became possible, Borchgrevinks assumptions about an easy route to the interior proved false; the glaciated mountain ranges adjoining Cape Adare precluded any travel inland, restricting exploration to the immediate area around the cape
Long Cecil Construction
Labram designs and builds the Long Cecil gun in the De Beers workshops during the siege of Kimberley.
Commonwealth of Australia
The Commonwealth of Australia is established
Commonwealth
The Commonwealth of Australia is established
Independence of Australia
The Commonwealth of Australia is established. Appointed the 1st Prime Minister of an independent Australia
Prime Minister of Australia
Appointed Prime Minister of Australia
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Birth of Frank James Gary Cooper
Birth of Frank James "Gary" Cooper
Paris Oil Concession Meeting
Meets Antoine Kitabgi in Paris and agrees in principle to seek a Persian petroleum concession.
Health of Victoria
Victoria collapses at Osborne House
Death of Victoria
Death of Victoria, at Osborne House, longest & oldest British monarch
Field-Marshal
Appoints his cousin Kaiser Wihelm II of Germany as a Field-Marshal in the British Army
Action near Naauwpoort
Hardham rides back under heavy fire to rescue a wounded soldier and later becomes the first New Zealand-born recipient of the Victoria Cross.
Defection
Lunches with Herbert Gladstone to discuss seats for himself as a Liberal MP
Cape Colony Raid
Invades Cape Colony to spread guerrilla resistance.
Strike
Organizes a major industrial strike
Birth of Georgi Maksimilanovich Malenkov
Birth of Georgi Maksimilanovich Malenkov
Discovery Expedition
The Discovery arrives at Cape Adare
Capture of Riyadh
Recaptures Riyadh and begins the formation of the modern Saudi state.
Capture of Riyadh
Takes part in the assault that restores Saudi control of Riyadh.
Execution of Gideon Scheepers
Scheepers is executed by British authorities after his capture and conviction by court martial during the guerrilla war.
Tour de France
The plan was a five-week tour from May 31 to July 5; however, this proved too daunting, with only 15 entrants, so Desgrange cut the length to 19 days, changed the date to run from July 1 to 19, and offered a daily allowance which attracted 60 entrants. LAuto announces the 1st Tour de France
Alliance Great Britain and Japan
Great Britain & Japan sign an alliance, ends British "splendid isolation"
Splendid Isolation
Great Britain & Japan sign an alliance, ends British "splendid isolation"
Alliance Great Britain and Japan
Great Britain & Japan sign an alliance
Discovery Expedition
The Discovery follows the Barrier to its eastern extremity where, on 30 January, the land predicted by Ross was confirmed, and named King Edward VII Land
Discovery of King Edward VII Land
The Discovery follows the Barrier to its eastern extremity where, on 30 January, the land predicted by Ross was confirmed, and named King Edward VII Land
British Offensive
Launches major offensives against the Boers
Final Offensive
Launches final drives against remaining commandos.
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Death of Alois Hitler
Death of Alois Hitler, Adolf Hitler's father
Death of Alois Hitler
Death of Alois Hitler, Adolf Hitler's father
Tour de France
Geo Lefevre surveys the 1st Tour de France route and on 19 January 1903, just four days after losing the plagiarism suit to Giffard, Desgrange announced the race on the pages of the newly-christened L'Auto.
Tour de France
The Tour de France is announced for the 1st time.
Tour de France
The race was advertised as "the greatest cycling trial in the entire world.."
Tour de France
The route would last more than a month and run from Paris through Lyon, Marseille, Toulouse, Bordeaux, and Nantes before returning to Paris.
Succession
Succeeds as King of Great Britain. Proclaimed Emperor of India
Tour de France
A race more than a month long: Paris to Lyon to Marseille to Toulouse to Bordeaux to Nantes to Paris"
Tour de France
Desgrange announced the race on the pages of the newly-christened lAuto. The race would be "the greatest cycling trial in the entire world.
Tour de France
Desgrange moved the race to July 1 to July 19, promised a five france per day living allowance to the first fifty riders and upped the prize money to 20,000 francs. 60 riders rose to the challenge.
Tour de France
Desgrange scheduled five weeks for this epic from May 31 to 5 July, specified "equal terms" (no pacers), an entry fee of twenty francs.
Tour de France
The conditions were deemed too hard, such that with a week to go, only fifteen had signed up for the event.
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Discovery Expedition
The relief ship Morning returned, this time with a second ship, the Terra Nova.
Discovery of Cullinan Diamond
Worlds largest diamond discovered in the Prime Minister diamond mine in South Africa
Discovery Expedition
The Terra Nova relief ship meets Discovery. Evans leads men laying explosives to blast a channel through eight miles of ice, helping free Discovery shortly before a heavy gale strikes.
Discovery Expedition
In recognition of his work with the expedition, Scott names a mountain overlooking the Sound as Mount Evans
Defection
The Conservative whip is withdrawn because of his support Liberal support
Magnificent Becomes Channel Fleet Flagship
While under Carden's command, HMS Magnificent serves within the reorganised Channel Fleet structure.
Siege of Port Arthur
Russia offers terms of surrender at Port Arthur to Japan
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Siege of Port Arthur
Nogi accepts the Russian surrender
Siege of Port Arthur
Nogi accepts the Russian surrender
Port Arthur Defeat
Russia's defeat at Port Arthur deepens pressure on the government.
Surrender of Port Arthur
Surrenders Port Arthur to Japanese forces.
Result of Surrender of Russia at Port Arthur
Port Arthur passes to Japanese control, removing a major Russian base from the war.
Surrender of Russia at Port Arthur
Russia's offer of surrender is accepted by Japan
Bloody Sunday
Putilov dismissals help ignite the strike wave before Bloody Sunday.
Strike
Appeals to workers to stay away from the demonstrations threatening to use force
Strike
Gapon asks the Tsar to reduce the working day to 8 hrs and improve conditions and wages. 82,000 workers go out on strike
Strike
More than 80,000 workers go on strike in Saint Petersburg
Election
Balfour loses his seat in Manchester East
Arrest of Georgy Gapon
Sends out orders to arrest Gapon but Gapon goes into hiding
Bloody Sunday
Attempts to contain the strike and petition movement before the march.
Bloody Sunday
Permits a petition but tries to restrict the workers' route.
Strike
120,000 workers go out on strike
Strike
Troops open fire and 200 are killed and 800 injured
Bloody Sunday
Military repression helps turn protest into revolution.
Bloody Sunday
Earlier police-union experiments collapse under the crisis.
Bloody Sunday
Encourages women and families to join the peaceful procession.
Bloody Sunday
Bloody Sunday turns reform pressure into national crisis.
Bloody Sunday
Is absent from the capital as troops confront petitioning workers.
Arrest of Maxim Gorky
Arrested for expressing sympathy with the Saint Petersburg marchers
Bloody Sunday
Interprets the massacre as the opening of revolution.
Bloody Sunday
Becomes associated with repression after the massacre.
Bloody Sunday
Liberal opposition gains strength after the massacre.
Bloody Sunday
Mensheviks analyse the massacre as a mass political awakening.
Bloody Sunday
Denounces the shootings and is arrested during the aftermath.
Bloody Sunday
Is arrested after condemning the Bloody Sunday shootings.
Strike
The Government appeals in vain for the workers to return to work
Dismissal
Loses authority after the failure to contain the crisis.
Strike
Strikers in Warsaw loot and burn shops, 93 are killed by Russian troops
Strike
During a strike in Riga troops charge demonstrators and 70 are killed
Christensen Government
Begins the Christensen Government in Copenhagen and serves as Council President of Denmark.
Deuntzer Government
The Deuntzer Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Council President of Denmark.
Strike
93 are killed during strikes in Warsaw
Dreadnought Preliminary Design Approved
The Committee on Designs approves preliminary plans for the all-big-gun battleship that becomes HMS Dreadnought.
Invincible Preliminary Design Approved
The Committee on Designs approves preliminary work on the fast armoured cruisers that become the Invincible class.
Governor
Appointed Governor General of Saint Petersburg
Minister of Interior
Appointed Minister of the Interior
Dismissal
Dismissed as Minister of the Interior after demonstrations in Saint Petersburg
Governor General
Is appointed governor general to restore order.
Bloody Sunday
Is dismissed after the crisis caused by Bloody Sunday.
Demonstrations
Allows the demonstration but forbids demonstrators to go near the Winter Palace
Demonstrations
Troops fire on demonstrators, helping spark the 1905 Revolution.
Petition
The Union of Liberation presents a petition to the Tsar
Bloody Sunday
Troops fire on workers marching to the Winter Palace.
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain, 2nd term
Magnificent Transfers to Atlantic Fleet
Following fleet reorganisation, HMS Magnificent becomes part of the Atlantic Fleet while Carden remains associated with the battleship.
Committee on Designs Convened
Fisher establishes and chairs the Committee on Designs to examine new battleship and armoured-cruiser concepts.
Military Service
Joins an Italian regiment for military service
Bloody Sunday
Uses the crisis to press demands for constitutional reform.
Bloody Sunday
Warns that repression alone cannot stabilise the empire.
Strike
Strikers are joined by the crew of the Potemkin, 2,000 demonstrators are killed
Opposition Advocacy
Advocates constitutional reform after the 1905 revolution.
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Bakhtiari Agreement Challenged
Faces Persian government refusal to recognize the syndicate's separate agreement with Bakhtiari chiefs.
Election
First day of polling during the general election
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for Manchester North West, majority of 1,200
Doctorate Formally Awarded
The University of Zurich formally awards Einstein his doctorate in physics.
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador, 2nd term
Birth of Frank Launder
Birth of Frank Launder
Royal Greenwich Observatory
Nominated to the post of chief assistant to the Astronomer Royal at the Royal Greenwich Observatory
Government Programme
Attempts to stabilise the regime before the first Duma meets.
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Birth of Ray Milland
Birth of Ray Milland, born Reginald Alfred John Truscott-Jones in Neath, Wales
Promotion to Lieutenant
Manstein received a commission as a lieutenant in the Prussian Army. The promotion began his career as a junior officer in the prestigious Foot Guards.
South Pole
Shackletons ship, the Nimrod, leaves Port Lyttlelton for the South Pole
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Frans Schollaert Government
Begins the Frans Schollaert Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.
Birth of Simone de Beauvoir
Simone de Beauvoir is born in Paris to Georges Bertrand de Beauvoir and Francoise Brasseur.
Birth of Stephane Grappelli
Birth of Stephane Grappelli
Second Lieutenant
Appointed 2nd Lieutenant in the 10th Hannoverian Jager Battalion
Masjed Soleyman Third Well Drilled
The concession syndicate begins drilling a third well at Masjed Soleyman after failures at earlier sites.
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Death of Chang Chidong
Death of Shihkai & Chidong, power is passed to the Manchus. Death of Chang Chidong
Death of Yuan Shihkai
Death of Shihkai & Chidong, power is passed to the Manchus
Discovery of South Pole
Writes, "The end is in sight...we are weakening rapidly"
Discovery of South Pole
Shackleton stops at 88 degrees 23S, 111 miles short of the South Pole. Names the area where they stop as King Edward VII Plateau
Farthest South
Turns back at about 88 degrees 23 minutes south, within roughly 97 nautical miles of the South Pole
South Pole
Names the area where they stop as King Edward VII Plateau
Farthest South
Accompanies Shackleton, Jameson Adams and Eric Marshall to the Nimrod Expedition farthest south point
Farthest South
Reaches the farthest south point with Shackletons party.
Nimrod Southern Party
Provides medical expertise during the exhausting polar journey.
Farthest South
Turns back after reaching a new farthest south record.
Nimrod Southern Party Turns Back
Chooses survival rather than continuing toward the South Pole.
Farthest South
Reaches the new farthest south record with Shackleton.
Nimrod Southern Party
Helps haul the expedition sledge during the southern journey.
Farthest South
Reaches the expeditions farthest south point with Shackleton.
Nimrod Southern Party
Turns north with the weakened four-man southern party.
Farthest South Record
Shackleton's four-man party reaches 88 degrees 23 minutes south, setting a new furthest-south record before turning back because supplies are dangerously low.
Rule of Panama
Colombia signs a convention with the USA recognizing Panama
Discovery of South Pole
Reaches the South Magnetic Pole
Magnetic Pole Journey
Completes the hazardous northern journey across Victoria Land.
South Magnetic Pole
Reaches the South Magnetic Pole with David and Mawson.
Inauguration
Sworn in as President of Cuba
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Acting President
Appointed Acting President of Panama
Constitution of Great Britain
Calls the Lords an "anachronistc assembly" & wants to "finish it off for ever"
House of Lords
Calls the Lords an "anachronistc assembly"
Speech
Calls the Lords an "anachronistc assembly" & wants to "finish it off for ever"
Constitution of Great Britain
Lords, "doddering peers, cute financial magnates, clever wire pullers"
Acting President
Appointed Acting President of Panama
First Sea Lord Appointment
Succeeds John Fisher as First Sea Lord.
Royal Navy Professional Leadership
Becomes the Royal Navy's senior professional officer.
First Sea Lord Retirement
Fisher retires as First Sea Lord after more than five years directing major reforms of the Royal Navy.
Rear Admiral
Appointed Rear Admiral
Reform of Labour Law
The 1st of 80 Labour Exchanges are opened
Peace
Declares a truce with the Government in the hope of reaching a compromise
Conservative Election Campaign
Makes opposition to Liberal constitutional policy a central issue.
January General Election
Leads Conservatives through the January general election.
General Election - January General Election
Remains prime minister after the inconclusive January general election.
January General Election Election Outcome
General election outcome recorded for Henry Herbert Asquith: Remains prime minister after the inconclusive January general election.
January General Election Government
Government context for this general election: Remains prime minister after the inconclusive January general election.
January General Election
Remains prime minister after the inconclusive January general election.
Liberal Government Retained
Depends on Labour and Irish Nationalist support in Parliament.
January Election Balance
The January election leaves Liberals dependent on Labour and Irish Nationalist support.
January Premiership Retained
Remains Prime Minister after the inconclusive January general election.
Paris Plenum
Participates in a plenum attempting party reunification.
Paris Plenum
Mensheviks join formal unity discussions at the plenum.
Knighthood
Knighted for humanitarian work in the Congo & Brazil.
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Mount Erebus Sighted
Scott records Mount Erebus in sight as Terra Nova approaches Ross Island.
Constitution of Great Britain
Advises Asquith to create 500 peers if necessary to pass the Parliament Act
Siege of Sydney St
Instructs the firebrigade to let the house burn, 1 is shot & another asphyxiated. Deploys Scots guards to cover an east London house when 2 anarchists fire on police. "better to let the house burn down than spend good British lives". 3 policemen are murderred by a gang & then trapped in Sydney St
Home Office Crisis Response
Faces controversy over his visible involvement in the armed confrontation.
Siege of Sidney Street
Attends the police operation during the Siege of Sidney Street.
Cape Evans Site Selected
Scott selects the west Ross Island site that becomes the expedition's main winter station.
Cape Evans Named
Scott names Cape Evans in honour of his second in command while selecting the winter-quarters site.
Cape Evans Hut Construction Begins
Construction begins on the expedition's main hut at Cape Evans.
Cape Evans Landing
Lands the shore party and stores at Cape Evans.
Cape Evans Naming
Scott renames the selected winter-quarters site Cape Evans in honour of expedition second-in-command Edward Evans.
Winter Quarters Established
Cape Evans becomes the principal base of the Terra Nova expedition.
Cape Evans Landing Support
Evans joins the shore party during the landing and establishment of the Cape Evans base.
Cape Evans Landing
The expedition lands at Cape Evans on 4 January. Evans joins the shore party while Lieutenant Harry Pennell takes command of Terra Nova.
Cape Evans Naming
Cape Evans is named in his honour.
Terra Nova Expedition
Scott names the west Ross Island winter-quarters site Cape Evans in honour of Edward Evans.
Motor Tractor Lost
One of the expedition's three motor tractors is lost through sea ice during the unloading operation at Cape Evans.
Main Stores Landed
Scott records that the expedition is effectively landed with its essential stores ashore at Cape Evans.
Framheim
Establishes Framheim at the Bay of Whales as the Norwegian base for the South Pole attempt
South Pole Expedition
The expedition arrived at the eastern edge of the Ross Ice Shelf (then known as "the Great Ice Barrier"), at a large inlet called the Bay of Whales
South Pole Expedition
Amundsen established his base camp there, calling it Framheim
South Pole
The expedition arrived at the eastern edge of Ross Ice Shelf at a large inlet called the Bay of Whales where Amundsen located his base camp and named it Framheim
Discovery Hut Inspected
Scott inspects the old Discovery hut at Hut Point.
Hut Point Shelter Assessed
He finds the building heavily filled with snow and ice.
Cape Evans Hut Occupied
The shore party moves into the completed Cape Evans hut and begins organised winter-quarters life.
Cape Evans Hut Interior Built
Bowers constructs internal partitions and storage arrangements as the expedition settles into the Cape Evans hut.
Meteorological Corner Established
Simpson establishes his meteorological working area within the Cape Evans hut for regular atmospheric observations.
Cape Evans Hut Completed
The main expedition hut at Cape Evans is completed.
Expedition Base Completed
The shore party now has permanent winter accommodation.
Siege of Sydney St
Gives evidence at the Sydney St inquest
Terra Nova Grounding
Terra Nova briefly grounds near Cape Evans while manoeuvring around the ice edge.
Birth of Bruno Kreisky
Birth of Bruno Kreisky
Election
The Liberals win the election with 275 seats. The Government depends on 41 Labour & 71 Irish. Conservatves increase their seats from 116 to 273
Terra Nova Leaves Winter Quarters
Pennell takes Terra Nova away from Cape Evans to continue ship operations and return toward New Zealand.
Der Rosenkavalier Premiere
Der Rosenkavalier receives its world premiere at the Royal Opera.
Royal Opera Dresden Premiere
The new comic opera establishes an immediate international success.
First Western Geological Journey
Debenham begins the first Western Party field journey after Terra Nova lands the geological team near Butter Point.
Western Party Landing
Wright lands with the Western Party near Butter Point for geological and glaciological fieldwork.
Eastern Party Reconnaissance
Campbell's party searches for a suitable eastern base before conditions force Terra Nova away from Cape Colbeck.
Western Party Landed
Terra Nova lands Taylor's Western Party near Butter Point.
Western Geological Journey Begins
The group begins geological exploration west of McMurdo Sound.
Motor Sledge Lost During Landing
A motor sledge is lost through the sea ice during unloading, reducing the expedition's mechanical transport resources.
Cape Evans Hut Construction
Davies supervises construction of the expedition hut after its prefabricated components and stores are landed at Cape Evans.
Cape Crozier Base Assessment
Scott examines Cape Crozier as a possible base location but abandons the site before establishing winter quarters farther west.
Cape Evans Hut
Establishes the expedition hut on Ross Island.
Western Party
Leads geological work west of McMurdo Sound.
Cape Evans Stores Annex
Bowers organizes expedition stores and builds an annex from packing cases along the south side of the Cape Evans hut.
Depot Laying
Helps lay depots for the southern journey.
Liberal Parliamentary Dependence
The government depends on Labour and Irish Nationalist support in Parliament.
Calendar
Abolishes the 10 day lunar calendar for the western calendar with weeks of 7 days
Reform of Calendar
Abolishes the 10 day lunar calendar for the western calendar with weeks of 7 days
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Final Polar Party
Continues with Scott toward the South Pole.
Final Polar Party
Chooses a five-man party for the final polar march.
Final Polar Party
Is added to Scott's final polar party.
Final Polar Party
Continues south with Scott's final party.
Final Polar Party
Continues south with Scott's final polar party.
Final Polar Party Selection
Scott announces his decision: five men (Scott, Edward Wilson, H. R. Bowers, Lawrence Oates and Edgar Evans) would go forward to the South Pole.
Final Polar Party Selection
Scott announces his decision: five men (Scott, Edward Wilson, H. R. Bowers, Lawrence Oates and Edgar Evans) would go forward to the South Pole.
Final Polar Party Selection
Scott announces his decision: five men (Scott, Edward Wilson, H. R. Bowers, Lawrence Oates and Edgar Evans) would go forward to the South Pole.
Final Polar Party Selection
Scott announces his decision: five men (Scott, Edward Wilson, H. R. Bowers, Lawrence Oates and Edgar Evans) would go forward to the South Pole.
Last Supporting Party Turnback
William Lashly joins Edward Evans and Tom Crean in the last supporting party ordered to turn back before Scott's final advance to the Pole.
Last Supporting Party Begins Return
Lashly starts the long return journey with Edward Evans and Crean after the final polar party is selected.
Bowers Joins Final Polar Party
Scott adds Bowers to the final group of five continuing toward the South Pole.
Last Supporting Party Begins Return
Evans leads Crean and Lashly north after Scott orders the final supporting party to turn back.
Last Supporting Party Turnback
Evans, Lashly and Crean turn north on 4 January, about 160 miles from the Pole, while Bowers remains with Scott's final party.
Last Supporting Party Turnback
Scott orders Evans and the Last Supporting Party to turn back. Evans is physically exhausted after hauling a loaded sledge for much of the southward journey.
Northern Party Transfer South
Campbell's Northern Party leaves Cape Adare aboard Terra Nova for a second season of geological work farther south.
Last Supporting Party Return
Evans starts the return journey with Lashly and Crean after the last supporting party is dismissed from the southbound expedition.
Last Supporting Party Turns Back
Turns north with Crean and Lashly as the last supporting party.
Return from Polar Plateau
The three begin a difficult return journey toward Hut Point.
Last Support Party Return
Turns back with Crean and Lashly from 87 degrees south.
Last Support Party Return
Begins the difficult return with Evans and Crean.
Last Supporting Party Begins Return
Crean turns north with Edward Evans and Lashly when Scott reduces the southbound group to the final five.
Last Support Party Return
Begins the return journey with Evans and Lashly.
Last Support Party Withdrawal
Crean helps haul the weakened Evans toward safety.
Return from Polar Plateau
Turns back with Edward Evans and William Lashly.
Unification
New Mexico becomes the 47th state of the Union
Evans Coves Geological Camp
Campbell establishes the Northern Party at Evans Coves for a planned six-week programme of geological and glaciological exploration.
Admiralty Planning Reform
Improves centralized planning for intelligence, operations and mobilization.
Naval War Staff Established
Establishes a Naval War Staff within the Admiralty.
President of Panama
Appointed President of Panama
Birth of Holden Alvaro Roberto
Birth of Holden Alvaro Roberto
Norwegian Flag Sighted
Bowers spots a dark marker ahead, leading the party to discover clear evidence that Amundsen has preceded them.
South Pole Reached
Scott's five-man party reaches the South Pole on 17 January 1912 and discovers that Roald Amundsen's Norwegian party has arrived first.
South Pole Arrival
Oates reaches the South Pole with Scott's party and learns that Amundsen has won the race.
South Pole
Reaches the South Pole and finds that Amundsen's Norwegian party has arrived first
South Pole Arrival
Wilson reaches the South Pole with Scott, Bowers, Oates and Edgar Evans after the Norwegians have already arrived.
South Pole
Stands with Scott, Oates, Bowers and Evans at the South Pole after the Norwegian party has already departed
South Pole Arrival
Bowers reaches the South Pole as a member of Scott's five-man polar party.
South Pole Arrival
Edgar Evans reaches the South Pole with Scott's five-man party after the Norwegian expedition.
Amundsen Tent Found
The party discovers that Amundsen's Norwegian team arrived first.
South Pole Arrival
Reaches the South Pole after Amundsen's party.
South Pole Reached
Reaches the South Pole with Wilson, Bowers, Oates and Edgar Evans.
Return from South Pole Begins
The Polar Party begins the roughly 800-mile return journey from the South Pole on 18 January.
South Pole Sketching
Wilson sketches at the South Pole while the party records evidence of the Norwegian expedition.
Amundsen Tent Inspected
Scott examines Amundsen's tent and the records left by the Norwegian polar party before turning north.
South Pole Photography
Bowers photographs Scott's party and the polar camp before the five men begin their return journey.
Norwegian Tent
Finds Amundsen's tent and evidence of Norwegian success.
Norwegian Camp Confirmed
The British team confirms the Norwegian expedition's earlier arrival.
Polar Records Examined
Examines evidence left by Amundsen's party at the South Pole.
Prague Conference
Organises the conference that creates a distinct Bolshevik party apparatus.
Prague Conference
Is co-opted into the Bolshevik Central Committee after Prague.
Prague Conference
Is elected to the Bolshevik Central Committee.
Polar Party Heads North
The five men face worsening weather and declining health.
Return Journey from Pole
Begins the return journey north with Scott's polar party.
Florida Railway
Privately financed rail connection between Key West and mainland Florida, built by Henry Morrison Flagler, is completed
Frostbite on Polar Plateau
Evans suffers worsening frostbite to his hands and nose during the return across the polar plateau.
Return to Framheim
Returns safely to Framheim with the South Pole party after completing the polar journey
South Pole Expedition
The team returned to Framheim with 11 surviving dogs
South Pole
The team return to Framheim with 11 dogs
Assassination of Eloy Alfaro Delgado
Death of Eloy Alfaro Delgado, assassinated
Death of Eloy Alfaro Delgado
Death of Eloy Alfaro Delgado, assassinated
Leg Injury on Return
Wilson strains a tendon during the return journey but continues travelling with the polar party.
Armament
Cassel warns Churchill & Lloyd George about German naval expansion
Armament
Cassel warns Churchill & Lloyd George about German naval expansion
Northern Party Coastal Work
Dickason contributes seaman's skills and sledging labour to Campbell's isolated Northern Party during its coastal exploration.
Northern Party Glacier Survey
Priestley studies local geology and glaciers during the Northern Party's summer field programme around Evans Coves.
Northern Party Biological Work
Levick combines medical duties with biological observations while Campbell's party works from its temporary Evans Coves camp.
Northern Party Field Support
Browning supports the Northern Party's field programme, hauling equipment and supplies between the coastal camp and survey areas.
Northern Party Sledging
Abbott undertakes sledging and camp work during the Northern Party's survey season on the Victoria Land coast.
Armament
Learns plans to deepen the Kiel Canal, Britain will need 40 battleships within 24 hrs
Death of Alfred Graf von Schlieffen
Death of Alfred Graf von Schlieffen
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
D'Arcy Concession Government Review
The Foreign Office reviews the history and strategic significance of D'Arcy's Persian petroleum concession.
Death of James Hamilton
Death of James Hamilton, 2nd Duke of Abercorn
Birth of Richard Milhous Nixon
Birth of Richard Milhous Nixon, 25 miles south of Los Angeles in a 2 story farmhouse
Birth of Gustav Husak
Birth of Gustav Husak
Expedition Closure
Helps close the Cape Evans hut before departure.
Terra Nova Return
Returns in Terra Nova for the expedition's final relief.
Final Cape Evans Departure
Evans oversees the final departure from Cape Evans as Terra Nova takes the remaining expedition members north from Antarctica.
Birth of William Conway
William Conway is born in Belfast and later becomes Archbishop of Armagh and a leading Irish participant in the Second Vatican Council era.
Young Turk Coup
Prepares Serbia for resumed operations after the Ottoman political crisis.
Coup
The Turkish Government is overthrown by the Young Turks & its leader Enver Bey. After a coup, Kiamil Pasha is driven from power and Nazim Pasha murdered by Enver Bey, who places himself at the head of a new Government
Young Turks
The Turkish Government is overthrown by the Young Turks & its leader Enver Bey
Conference of London
When the news of the Turkish coup reaches London it was recognized that further negotiations are useless and that the London Peace Conference had failed
Coup
After a coup, Kiamil Pasha is driven from power and Nazim Pasha murdered by Enver Bey, who places himself at the head of a new Government
Coup
When the news of the Turkish coup reaches London it was recognized that further negotiations are useless and that the London Peace Conference had failed
Young Turk Coup
Helps overthrow Kiamil Pasha during the war.
Young Turk Coup
Helps overthrow the Ottoman government and renew the war.
Young Turk Coup
Is forced from power by the Young Turk coup.
Death of Nazim Pasha
Is killed during the Young Turk coup.
Second Gunnar Knudsen Government
Begins the Second Gunnar Knudsen Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Jens Bratlie Government
The Jens Bratlie Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Western Party Specimen Recovery
Geological specimens cached during the Western Party journeys are recovered as Terra Nova completes the expedition's final Antarctic season.
Marxism and National Question
Writes on nationality policy for the Bolshevik current.
Siege of Adrianople
Bulgarian forces conquer Adrianople while Greek forces liberate Ioannina
Siege of Ioannina
Bulgarian forces conquer Adrianople while Greek forces liberate Ioannina
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Inspector
German General appointed as Inspector General of the Turkish Army
Constitution of China
Dismisses Parliament & becomes a dictator
Parliament
Dismisses Parliament & becomes a dictator
Constitution of China
Governs China without Parliament
First SOLAS Convention Signed
Chairs the conference that produces the first International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea in response to Titanic.
SOLAS International Ice Patrol
Helps establish the international system for ice observation and patrol intended to warn North Atlantic shipping about dangerous ice.
SOLAS Lifesaving Appliance Standards
Helps establish international standards for lifeboats and other life-saving appliances through the first SOLAS Convention.
SOLAS Shipboard Radio Requirement
Helps establish international requirements for radio equipment on passenger ships so distress communications can be received and transmitted.
SOLAS Watertight Construction Standards
Helps establish international construction requirements addressing watertight bulkheads and passenger-ship subdivision.
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Council of Minister's, 2nd term
Armament
Churchills proposals to increase Naval expenditure split the cabinet
Budget
Churchills proposals to increase Naval expenditure split the cabinet
Dissolution of Parliament
Yuan closes Parliament
Election
Appointed President of China for life by a council of his own selection
President of China
Appointed President of China for life by a council of his own selection
Panama Canal
Appointed Governor of the Canal Zone
Western Front
Suggests an attack on Turkey or Austria to end the deadlock in western front
HMS Formidable Loss Assessed
The Admiralty assesses the loss of HMS Formidable after the battleship is torpedoed by U-24.
Dardanelles Naval Strategy Advocated
Churchill proposes forcing the Dardanelles with naval power to threaten Constantinople and assist Russia.
Churchill Requests Dardanelles Feasibility Opinion
Churchill asks Carden whether the Dardanelles can be forced by ships alone and requests his professional assessment.
Rush through Straits Rejected
Carden replies that a sudden rush through the Straits is impracticable but sustained operations with sufficient force may succeed.
Systematic Reduction Strategy Proposed
Carden proposes reducing forts, suppressing mobile guns and clearing minefields rather than attempting a rapid passage.
Battle of Dardanelles
Suggests an attack on the Dardanelles at a War Council meeting
Planned Offensive in Flanders
The War Council meeting agrees French's plan for an offensive in Flanders
Dardanelles Attack Plan Submitted
Carden submits a staged plan for reducing Ottoman forts and clearing the Dardanelles minefields.
Battle of Dardanelles
At Churchills request, the commander of the Royal Navys Mediterranean Squadron, Vice Admiral S.H. Carden proposed a plan for forcing the Dardanelles using battleships, submarines and minesweepers
Six Submarines Requested
Carden's plan includes six submarines for operations beyond and within the Straits.
Sixteen Destroyers Requested
Carden asks for sixteen destroyers to support the fleet during the proposed Dardanelles operation.
Three Battlecruisers Requested
Carden includes three battlecruisers in the force he considers necessary for sustained operations in the Straits.
Three Light Cruisers Requested
Carden's force proposal includes three light cruisers for reconnaissance, support and protection duties.
Twelve Battleships Requested
Carden's scheme requests twelve battleships as the core heavy force for the proposed Dardanelles operation.
Twelve Minesweepers Requested
Carden requests twelve minesweepers because clearing Ottoman minefields is essential to any advance toward the Narrows.
Diplomatic Negotiations
The Romanian Government negotiates loan of 5,000,000 pounds in Great Britain
Constitution of USA
The US House of Representatives rejected a proposal to give woment the vote
Legislation
The US House of Representatives rejected a proposal to give woment the vote
Foreign Secretary of Austria
Baron Burian succeeds Count Berchtold as Austro-Hungarian Minister for Foreign affairs
Battle of Dardanelles
The British War Council resolve that the Admiralty should prepare for a naval expedition in February against the Dardanelles
Battle of Dardanelles
The British War Council approves the plan, and Carden is supplied with additional pre-Dreadnought battleships, the battleship HMS Queen Elizabeth and the battlecruiser HMS Inflexible. Churchill argues for just a naval attack at the War Council. Cabinet approves the attack with ships
War Council
The British War Council resolve that the Admiralty should prepare for a naval expedition in February against the Dardanelles
War Council Approves Naval Expedition
The War Council approves preparation for a naval expedition based on Carden's staged Dardanelles scheme.
Capture of Swakopmund
Swakopmund in German South West Africa is captured by forces under Louis Botha
Battle of Dardanelles
The War Council accepts Churchills idea for a naval expedition to the Dardanelles. A plan to create a supply link to the Russian front & secure the Balkan states
Agreement on Mutual support between Italy and Rumania announced
Existence of secret agreement for mutual support between Italy and Rumania announced by respective Governments
Agreement on Mutual support between Italy and Rumania announced
Existence of secret agreement for mutual support between Italy and Rumania announced by respective Governments
Endurance Expedition
Endurance becomes trapped in Weddell Sea pack ice, ending the planned crossing of Antarctica
Endurance Trapped in Pack Ice
Endurance becomes firmly trapped in Weddell Sea pack ice, preventing Shackleton from landing the transcontinental party on Antarctica.
21 Demands
Japan issues the 21 Demands to China, grievances to be settled under threat of war. China must grant Japanese control over Manchuria & Shantung. China must cease leasing coastal ports. China must allow Japanese part ownership of its heavy industries. China must allow Japanaes "advisers" into every stratum of Government activity. China is forced to accept Japans 21 Demands
Japan issues the 21 Demands to China, grievances to be settled under
Japan issues the 21 Demands to China, grievances to be settled under threat of war
Blockade of Great Britain
German zeppelins launch the 1st air raid on Britain
First Zeppelin Raid on Britain
German Zeppelins launch the first air raid on Britain.
Great Britain Home Front under Blockade Pressure
German attacks on Britain occur alongside the wider effort to pressure the country through maritime and aerial warfare.
Endurance Trapped in Pack Ice
Crean remains aboard Endurance after the ship becomes trapped in Weddell Sea pack ice and begins drifting with the frozen sea.
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War
Dogger Bank Raid Objective Set
Hipper sails with battlecruisers, Blรผcher, light cruisers and destroyers to strike British forces around Dogger Bank.
Dogger Bank Patrol Ordered
Ingenohl orders Hipper's scouting force toward Dogger Bank to attack British fishing vessels and patrols.
Harwich Force Sorties for Dogger Bank
Tyrwhitt's light cruisers and destroyers sail from Harwich to join the planned interception near Dogger Bank.
Admiralty Dogger Bank Interception Planned
British naval intelligence gives the Admiralty enough warning to organise an interception of Hipper's force.
Room 40 Deciphers German Dogger Bank Orders
Room 40 deciphers German naval signals revealing Hipper's planned operation toward Dogger Bank.
Battlecruiser Force Dispatched from Rosyth
Beatty sails from Rosyth with five battlecruisers after the Admiralty orders an interception of Hipper.
Battle of Dogger Bank
Hipper's squadron, sent to attack British fishing vessels and patrols, is intercepted by Beatty. SMS Blรผcher is sunk while the surviving German battlecruisers escape.
Blรผcher Left Behind during German Escape
Hipper's faster battlecruisers continue their withdrawal while the crippled Blรผcher falls farther behind.
British Force Sighted at Dogger Bank
Hipper recognises that stronger British forces are approaching and prepares to withdraw toward Germany.
German Battlecruisers Concentrate Fire on HMS Lion
Hipper directs concentrated German fire against Beatty's flagship HMS Lion, causing serious damage.
German Squadron Orders Retreat
Hipper turns southeast toward home after discovering that Beatty's battlecruiser force outguns his squadron.
SMS Blรผcher Slows German Withdrawal
The slower armoured cruiser SMS Blรผcher prevents Hipper's squadron from escaping at the speed of its battlecruisers.
SMS Seydlitz Heavily Hit
Hipper's flagship SMS Seydlitz is heavily hit, causing a dangerous fire near its aft turrets and magazines.
Seydlitz Magazine Disaster Narrowly Avoided
Emergency action prevents the fire aboard Seydlitz from reaching its magazines and destroying the battlecruiser.
Seydlitz Moltke and Derfflinger Escape
Hipper escapes with Seydlitz, Moltke and Derfflinger after British fire shifts toward the damaged Blรผcher.
Sinking of SMS Blรผcher - German Rearguard
Blรผcher fell behind the German battlecruisers after heavy British fire and was overwhelmed during the withdrawal from Dogger Bank.
Sinking of SMS Blรผcher
SMS Blรผcher, slower than Hipper's battlecruisers, falls behind during the retreat and is sunk by British fire.
Aurora Encounters SMS Kolberg
HMS Aurora encounters SMS Kolberg near Dogger Bank, helping trigger the opening exchanges of the battle.
First Light Cruiser Squadron Joins Interception
Goodenough's light cruisers support Beatty's force during the British interception of Hipper's squadron.
Blรผcher Sinking Welcomed
Churchill treats the destruction of Blรผcher as evidence of British battlecruiser superiority.
Dogger Bank Battle Report Sent to Kitchener
Churchill reports the battle to Kitchener and describes the pursuit and sinking of Blรผcher.
Dogger Bank German Sortie Intercepted
Admiralty intelligence helps British battlecruisers intercept Admiral Hipper's force at Dogger Bank.
HMS Lion Damage Reported
Churchill reports that Beatty's flagship Lion is damaged but returning safely after Dogger Bank.
Battle of Dogger Bank
Beatty's battlecruisers intercept Hipper's squadron at Dogger Bank. SMS Blรผcher is sunk while the surviving German battlecruisers escape.
Battlecruiser Pursuit of Hipper Begins
Beatty begins a high-speed pursuit as Hipper's force retreats from the approaching British battlecruisers.
Beatty Pursuit Signal Misunderstood
Confusing signals from the damaged Lion are misunderstood, disrupting Beatty's attempt to continue pursuing Hipper.
British Battlecruisers Open Long-Range Fire
Beatty closes the range and his battlecruisers open fire on Hipper's retreating ships.
British Dogger Bank Rendezvous Arranged
Beatty's battlecruisers are directed toward a rendezvous with supporting cruisers and destroyers near Dogger Bank.
British Fire Redirected onto SMS Blรผcher
British battlecruisers concentrate on the crippled Blรผcher instead of continuing the pursuit of Hipper's surviving ships.
Dogger Bank Tactical Victory Confirmed
Britain claims a tactical victory after sinking Blรผcher and forcing Hipper's surviving squadron to retreat.
HMS Lion Severely Damaged
Repeated German hits flood compartments, reduce Lion's speed and eventually force Beatty's flagship out of the pursuit.
SMS Blรผcher Disabled during British Pursuit
British fire cripples Blรผcher during the pursuit after Beatty's flagship Lion is seriously damaged.
Sinking of SMS Blรผcher
Beatty's force concentrates fire on the damaged SMS Blรผcher, which is sunk during the Battle of Dogger Bank.
Naval Policy Memorandum Submitted
Fisher submits a naval-policy memorandum warning against weakening home-water margins for peripheral operations.
Ship Bombardment without Troops Opposed
Fisher argues against using major fighting ships for bombardment unless operations are supported by adequate military forces.
Battle of Dardanelles
Churchill argues for just a naval attack at the War Council
Baltic Special-Vessel Strategy Defended
War Council discussion records Fisher's special cruisers and other vessels intended for a future Baltic operation.
Dardanelles Dispute Discussed with Asquith
Fisher discusses the proposed Dardanelles operation with Asquith and Churchill before the War Council meeting.
Dardanelles Naval Attack Reluctantly Accepted
Fisher returns to the War Council and remains in office after the naval attack on the Dardanelles is approved.
Kitchener Persuades Fisher to Remain
Kitchener persuades Fisher that he should remain First Sea Lord despite being the principal dissenter over the operation.
War Council Resignation Attempt
Fisher leaves the War Council table and tells Kitchener he intends to resign over the Dardanelles decision.
War Council Approves Dardanelles Naval Operation
Asquith's War Council approves a naval operation intended to force the Dardanelles.
Commander of Army Group North
Appointed Commander of the Army Group North, given full command
Commander of Army Group North
Appointed Commander of the Army Group North, given full command
Iron Cross
Awarded the Iron Cross, 1st class
Battle of Dardanelles
An attack on the Dardanelles could give Russia a supply route and might encourage Bulgaria and Romania to join the allied side
Battle of Dardanelles
In a new year review submitted to the Prime Minister, Herbert Asquith, outlines two possible new fronts against the Germans, intended to break the stalemate and accompanying enormous loss of life which had rapidly set in on the western front.
Battle of Dardanelles
The Russian plea for assistance, coupled with a perception of the Ottoman Empire as a weak enemy ("the sick man of Europe"), made the prospect of a campaign in the Dardanelles seem appealing.
Combined Dardanelles Operation Preferred
Fisher favours any attempt against the Straits being made rapidly with strong naval and military forces acting together.
Queen Elizabeth Added to Dardanelles Force
Fisher supports adding the new battleship Queen Elizabeth to strengthen the proposed Dardanelles bombardment force.
Two Fifteen-Inch Monitors Ordered
The Admiralty orders two additional large monitors armed with fifteen-inch guns as Fisher's shallow-water programme expands.
Intermediate Batteries Defined as Second Objective
Carden plans to suppress intermediate batteries and mobile guns after reducing the entrance forts.
Minefields Defined as Operational Barrier
Carden makes systematic minesweeping essential before battleships can safely approach the Narrows.
Narrows Forts Defined as Final Naval Objective
Carden's phased scheme culminates in close attack on the forts defending the Narrows once a safe channel is created.
Outer Forts Defined as First Objective
Carden identifies the entrance forts at Cape Helles and Kum Kale as the first targets of the naval operation.
New Army Divisions Prepared for France
Pushes training and equipment programmes so New Army divisions can begin joining the Western Front.
General
Appointed Commander of the new 10th army following the dissolution of his army-group in anticipation of the Tyrol Offensive
Generaloberst
Having overseen the successful defense of the Corinthian frontier, Rohr was promoted to the rank of Generaloberst
General
Appointed Commander of the new 10th army following the dissolution of his army-group in anticipation of the Tyrol Offensive
Generaloberst
Having overseen the successful defense of the Corinthian frontier, Rohr was promoted to the rank of Generaloberst
Tenth Army
Appointed Commander of the new 10th army following the dissolution of his army-group in anticipation of the Tyrol Offensive
Commander of 6th Royal Scots
Appointed Commander of the 6th Royal Scots Fusiliers, battalion of the 9th Division
Major
Informed he will command the 6th Royal Scots Fusiliers
Commander of 6th Royal Scots
Appointed Commander of the 6th Royal Scots Fusiliers, battalion of the 9th Division
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Commander of 6th Royal SF
Appointed Commander of the 6th Royal Scots Fusiliers
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant Colonel
Commander of 6th Royal SF
Appointed Commander of the 6th Royal Scots Fusiliers
Commander of 6th Royal Scots
Appointed Commander with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel
Derby Recruiting Scheme Reviewed
Reviews the results and outstanding issues arising from Lord Derbyโs voluntary recruiting scheme.
Battle of Mojkova
The Montenegrin Army was weakened by the harsh weather and lack of supplies. On 5 January 1916, they received a command to protect the retreat of the Serbian army to Corfu via Albania
Battle of Mojkovac
In the winter of 1915, the Army of Montenegro had been fighting Austro-Hungary for three months in Serbia. In January 1916 they had to resist the invasion of their own territory.
Battle of Mojkovac
The 62nd and 53rd Infantry Division entered Montenegro on 5 January 1916 from the north-east and advanced along the river towards Pljevlja and Bijelo Polje, where they were stopped by the Montenegrins in the Battle of Mojkovacc.
Battle of Mojkovac
The Austro-Hungarian forces left the battlefield, leaving more than 2,000 of their soldiers dead. By the end of the day, Montenegrin forces were able to push back multiple attacks made by Austro-Hungarian forces, taking back control of Mojkovacc and its surroundings.
Battle of Mojkovac
The Battle of Mojkovacc was a World War I battle fought between 6 January and 7 January 1916 near Mojkovacc, Montenegro, between the armies of Austria-Hungary and Montenegro. It ended with a Montenegrin victory.
Invasion of Montenegro
The 62nd and 53rd Infantry Division entered Montenegro on 5 January 1916 from the North-East and advanced along the river towards Pljevlja and Bijelo Polje, where they were stopped by the Montenegrins in the Battle of Mojkovac
Major
Takes command the 6th Royal Scots Fusiliers
Military Service Bill Introduced
Introduces legislation imposing compulsory service on eligible unmarried men after the Derby Scheme.
Army Expansion Results Reported to Lords
Reports that the volunteer system has created forces far larger than Britain possessed before the war.
Conscription Press Crisis
A political crisis follows reports that Asquith will not introduce conscription.
Conscription
Crisis breaks out when the press announces Asquith will not introduce concscription
Battle of Mojkova
On 7 January, the Austro-Hungarians launched a second attack on Montenegrin positions. The attack again failed, with heavy losses on both sides. Despite having a much stronger, larger, and better-equipped army, Austro-Hungarian forces abandoned their positions in Mojkovac on the 7th and retreated
Final Helles Defensive Line Maintained
Hunter-Weston's forces maintain the Helles perimeter while men, guns and stores are progressively embarked.
Cape Helles Rear Guard Withdraws
Hunter-Weston's rear guards leave their positions as the final evacuation of Cape Helles begins.
Dardanelles Expedition Ends after Helles Withdrawal
Monro reports completion of the final Helles evacuation, ending the Allied Dardanelles expedition.
Gallipoli Peninsula Fully Evacuated
Monro completes the withdrawal of the remaining Allied forces, ending the Gallipoli campaign.
Gallipoli Evacuation Completed
The final day of troop withdrawal from Gallipolli
Hamilton Gallipoli Report Discussed
Addresses publication and parliamentary consideration of Sir Ian Hamiltonโs report on the Gallipoli campaign.
January War Statement Delivered
Gives Parliament a statement on current military and governmental questions at the start of 1916.
President of Panama
Appointed President of Panama
Birth of Pieter Willem Botha
Pieter Willem Botha is born near Paul Roux.
P W Botha Born
The future prime minister and state president is born.
Capture of Berane
Austria captures Berane
Capture of Cetinje
Austria captures Cetinje
Schwarzschild Solution Presented to Academy
Communicates Karl Schwarzschild's exact solution of the new field equations to the Prussian Academy, demonstrating that general relativity admits important exact solutions.
Promotion to Oberleutnant
Jodl is promoted to Oberleutnant while serving in the First World War.
Free State
The Irish Free State, southern Ireland, is established
Independence of Ireland
The Irish Free State, southern Ireland, is established
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Council of Minister's
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Council of Minister's
Capture of Antivari
Antivari (Montenegro) occupied by Austrian forces
Capture of Podgoritza
Podgoritza (Montenegro) occupied by Austrian forces
Capture of Scutari
Scutari (Albania) occupied by Austrian forces
Conscription Introduced
Conscription is introduced during Asquith's wartime premiership.
Conscription
Conscription is introduced
Capture of San Giovanni
San Giovanni di Medua (Albania) captured by Austrian forces
Invasion of Montenegro
By 25 January the entire army of Montenegro had laid down its weapons
Montenegrin Campaign
By 25 January the entire army of Montenegro had laid down its weapons
Invasion of Montenegro
Mount Lovcen was the key defensive position of the Montenegrin army, who defended it as a citadel with roughly 2/3 of its forces. The Austrian-Hungarians, under Croatian general Stjepan Sarkotic, gathered large quantities of heavy artillery in Kotor, supported by ships artillery from the Austro-Hungarian Navy
Montenegrin Campaign
Mount Lovcen was the key defensive position of the Montenegrin army, who defended it as a citadel with roughly 2/3 of its forces. The Austrian-Hungarians, under Croatian general Stjepan Sarkotic, gathered large quantities of heavy artillery in Kotor, supported by ships artillery from the Austro-Hungarian Navy
Battle of Ploegsteert
Takes the battalion of 6th Royal Scots Fusiliers across the Belgian border
Invasion of Montenegro
The Montenegrin Campaign in 1916 was a part of the Serbian Campaign in World War I, in which Austria Hungary defeated and occupied the Kingdom of Montenegro, an ally of Serbia
Montenegrin Campaign
The Montenegrin Campaign in 1916 was a part of the Serbian Campaign in World War I, in which Austria Hungary defeated and occupied the Kingdom of Montenegro, an ally of Serbia
Schwarzschild Solution
Finds the exact spherical solution to Einstein's field equations, foundational for black hole theory.
Royal Flying Corps
Joins the Royal Flying Corps in January 1916 and is accepted for pilot training
Military Service Act Supported
Supports compulsory service for eligible unmarried men after voluntary recruiting proves insufficient.
Field Marshal
Public announcement of Haigs promotion to Field Marshal
Mining of Heligoland
Proposes mining the Heligoland Blight with 80,000 mines, publicly announced 23rd Jan
Field Marshal
Public announcement of Haigs promotion to Field Marshal
Arrest of David Lloyd George
Arrested for a plot to murder Lloyd George on a golf course
Assassination of David Lloyd George
The Wheeldon family is arrested for the attempted murder of Lloyd George
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Winter Operations on the Somme
British troops advance east of Beaucourt and take German prisoners.
Battle of Putna
Begins the first day of the Battle of Putna
Capture of Gurgueti
Captures Gurgueti
Capture of Romanul
Captures Romanuli
Einar Arnorsson Ministry
The Einar Arnorsson Ministry ends, concluding this period as Minister for Iceland.
Prime Minister of Iceland
Appointed Prime Minister of Iceland
First Jon Magnusson Government
Begins the First Jon Magnusson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Neutrality
Says "There will be no war...it would be a crime against civilisation for us to go in"
Winter Operations on the Somme
British troops capture two German posts near Beaumont-Hamel.
Rome Allied Strategy Conference
Attends Allied discussions in Rome and argues for greater attention to the Italian front.
War Aims
Outlines his war aims in a speech to TU delegates at Central Hall, Westminster
Italian Front Offensive Alternative Promoted
Presses an alternative Allied strategy intended to avoid another Somme-scale battle in France.
Rafa Encirclement Directed
Chauvel directs the mounted encirclement and assault on the Ottoman position at Rafa.
Mobilization
At a GHQ meeting agrees to unrestricted submarine warfare
New Zealand Brigade Attacks Rafa
Chaytor's brigade attacks the Rafa defences as mounted forces close the encirclement.
Operations on the Ancre
Commands British Fifth Army during renewed winter operations on the Ancre front.
Operations on the Ancre
Directs continued pressure on German positions north of the Ancre after the 1916 Somme battle.
April Crisis
Kerensky records his position on april crisis in exile.
Arrival in New York
Arrives in New York after expulsion from Europe and joins the Russian socialist รฉmigrรฉ community.
Mobilization
Moves the GHQ to Baden
Operations on the Ancre
British troops capture German posts on a 600 yard front north of Beaucourt-sur-Ancre.
Capture of Wejh
Helps support the Arab capture of Wejh on the Red Sea coast.
Birth of Ernest Borgnine
Birth of Ernest Borgnine
Battle of Verdun
A mile long stretch of French trenches is stormed at Hill 304 but recaptured
Operations on the Ancre
British troops take a position near Le Transloy and capture a German garrison.
Capture of Ancre
The British capture Ancre
Operations on the Ancre
British operations continue on the Ancre front after the winter pause following the 1916 Somme battle.
Peace
Writes a letter of peace to the Allies
Operations on the Ancre
British troops repulse German counter-attacks on the Ancre front.
Capture of Germany
Consolidates German control of Romania
Grand Fleet Plotting System Improved
Beatty introduces improved plotting arrangements to track British and enemy forces more clearly during operations.
HMS Queen Elizabeth Selected as Grand Fleet Flagship
Beatty uses the fast battleship Queen Elizabeth as his Grand Fleet flagship.
Agreement of Calais
Nivelle travels to London to sell his project to Lloyd George, the French would attack on the Oise, he wanted Haig to attack from Arras and then the French would smash the enemy on the Aisne at the Chemin des Dames
Battle of Passchendaele
The idea of a Flanders offensive had been in the mind of British commander Sir Douglas Haig for some time before the Battle of Passchendaele began. Orders plans to be drawn up for an attack in the area, and this attack might well have happened had the Germans not launched the Battle of Verdun
Dominion Participation in War Direction Expanded
Expands imperial consultation so Dominion governments can contribute to common strategy.
Food Supply Emergency Reviewed
Orders closer government supervision of food stocks, imports and domestic production.
Home Food Production Drive Expanded
Backs measures to increase British agricultural output and reduce dependence on imported food.
Imperial War Cabinet Invitations Issued
Invites Dominion prime ministers to take part directly in high-level wartime deliberations.
Merchant Tonnage Crisis Given Cabinet Priority
Makes merchant shipping capacity a central War Cabinet concern as losses and imports tighten.
National Service Labour Registration Advanced
Supports stronger organisation of civilian labour for munitions, transport and essential services.
Plot
A failed attempt is made on Lenins life
Volkerfiede, Der
"under the editorship of Karl Radek for free distribution among our German brothers". Die Fackel is renamed der Volkerfriede
Volunteer Army Command
Assumes leading command in the anti-Bolshevik Volunteer Army.
Conference of Brest Litovsk
Ukrainian nationalists have separate peace talks with the Germans
Independence of Russia
Ukrainian nationalists have separate peace talks with the Germans
Independence of Ukraine
Ukrainian nationalists have separate peace talks with the Germans
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Bolshevik Party
The Bolsheviks denounce the terms offerred at the peace negotiations
Peace
The Bolsheviks denounce the terms offerred at the peace negotiations
Peace
The Ukrainian delegation arrives at the peace negotiations
Menshevik Opposition
Criticizes Bolshevik dictatorship and supports a non-Bolshevik socialist alternative
Bolshevik Party
The Constituent Assembly in which the Bolsheviks are a minority meets for one day before being suppressed
Constituent Assembly
The Constituent Assembly in which the Bolsheviks are a minority meets for one day before being suppressed
Election as Constituent Assembly Chairman
Chernov is elected chairman when the Constituent Assembly finally meets with a Socialist Revolutionary majority.
Dissolution of Constituent Assembly
The Bolshevik government prevents the Constituent Assembly from reconvening after its single contentious session.
Constitution of Russia
Dissolves the Constituent Assembly & "establishes the dictatorship of the proletariat"
Congress of Soviets
Proclaims the Soviet Russian Republic. Passes the "declaration of the rights of the toiling & exploited masses"
Mobilization
Sets up battalions for civil defense duties for digging trenches & surveillance
Bolshevik Party
The Bolsheviks resume negotiations under Trotsky
Peace
The Bolsheviks resume negotiations under Trotsky
League of Nations
Founded to preserve national independence, 14 points
League of Nations
Wilson calls for a general association of nations in the Fourteen Points.
Peace
Wilson calls for a general association of nations in the Fourteen Points.
Fourteen Points
Calls for a general association of nations to preserve peace.
14 Points
The Fourteen Points in Wilson's speech are based on the research of the Inquiry, a team of about 150 advisers led by foreign-policy adviser Edward M. House into the topics likely to arise in the anticipated peace conference
14 Points
The 14th point, "A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike"
14 Points
The 1st point, "Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view".
14 Points
The 2nd point, "Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants".
14 Points
The 3rd point, "The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance".
14 Points
The 4th point, "Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety".
14 Points
The Fourteen Points in Wilson's speech are based on the research of the Inquiry, a team of about 150 advisers led by foreign-policy adviser Edward M. House into the topics likely to arise in the anticipated peace conference.
14 Points
Wilson's speech takes many of the principles of progressivism that had produced domestic reform in the US and translated them into foreign policy (free trade, open agreements, democracy, and self-determination). Wilson is awarded the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize for his peace-making efforts.
1st point, Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at
The 1st point, "Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view"
Supreme War Council
His Fourteen Points influence Allied peace and armistice discussions.
Grand Fleet
Establishes the Grand Fleet Strategy
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Heads the Russian peace Treaty negotiations which are resumed
Conference of Brest Litovsk
The Brest negotiations resume with Trotsky heading the Russian delegation. Plays for time but would capitulate if Germany gave an ultimatum
Manifesto
Issues the White Army Manifesto
White Army
Issues the White Army Manifesto
Acting President
Appointed Acting President of Panama
Third Congress of Soviets
Helps consolidate Bolshevik power at the Third Congress of Soviets
Third Congress of Soviets
Sverdlov presides as the Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets consolidates Bolshevik authority after the Constituent Assembly's dissolution.
Volunteer Army Strategy
Argues for uncompromising military struggle against Bolshevism.
Declaration of Rights Adopted
The Congress adopts the Declaration of Rights of the Working and Exploited People as a statement of Soviet political principles.
Industrial Manpower Transfers Proposed
Calls for younger men in essential industries to be replaced where possible and transferred to the forces.
Ireland Initially Excluded from New Conscription
States that the government will not yet extend compulsory military service to Ireland.
Manpower Programme Announced
Presents new measures to release more men from industry for military service.
Birth of Gamal Abdel Nasser
Gamal Abdel Nasser is born in Alexandria to a postal worker's family.
Workers and Peasants Red Army Decree
The Soviet government decrees creation of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army on a voluntary basis.
Military Service Bill Defended
Defends further military service legislation as necessary to meet the army's manpower needs.
Conference of Paris
Elected Chairman of the Peace Conference
Peace
Trotsky breaks off the peace negotiations
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Trotsky obtains a 10 day adjournment to return to Petrograd for further instructions. Hoffman demands the German occupation of Poland, Lithuania, White Russia & Latvia
Constituent Assembly
Issues a decree abolishing the Constituent Assembly
Constitution of Russia
Issues a decree abolishing the Constituent Assembly
Church and State Separation
The Soviet government issues a decree separating church and state and removing the church's privileged legal position.
Confiscation of Church Property
Church property is confiscated & all religious instruction in the schools abolished
Nationalization
Church property is confiscated & all religious instruction in the schools abolished
Religious Instruction
Church property is confiscated & all religious instruction in the schools abolished
Operation Michael
Ludendorf decides on a spring offensive
Constitution of Great Britain
The Parliament of Northern Ireland is established
Home Rule
The Government decided to extend conscription to Ireland, and that Ireland would have to be given home rule in order to make it acceptable, Carson disagrees in principle and again resigns
Rule of Ireland
The Government decided to extend conscription to Ireland, and that Ireland would have to be given home rule in order to make it acceptable, Carson disagrees in principle and again resigns
Rule of Ulster
The Parliament of Northern Ireland is established. The Government decided to extend conscription to Ireland, and that Ireland would have to be given home rule in order to make it acceptable, Carson disagrees in principle and again resigns
Resignation of Edward Carson
The Government decided to extend conscription to Ireland, and that Ireland would have to be given home rule in order to make it acceptable, Carson disagrees in principle and again resigns
Congress of Soviets
Repudiates foreign & domestic debts
Peace
Trotsky suspends the peace negotiations
Calendar Reform Decree
The Soviet government adopts the Gregorian calendar, bringing Russian civil dating into line with Western Europe.
Battle of Tafileh
Takes part in the Arab victory at Tafileh and is later awarded the Distinguished Service Order.
Birth of Nicolae Ceausescu
Birth of Nicolae Ceausescu, born Scornicesti-Olt, son of an alcoholic peasant
Relations are severed with Romania
Relations are severed with Romania
Conference of Brest Litovsk
Trotsky denounces the German Peace Terms as unacceptable and walks out of the peace negotiations at Brest- Litovsk
Peace
Trotsky resumes peace talks
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Negotiations are resumed with strikes & anti-war demonstrations spreading from Berlin. At this stage Trotskys policy of procrastination seems to be paying off
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal
Martial Law
Martial Law is declared in Berlin
Martial Law
Martial Law is declared in Hamburg
Grand Fleet Night Exercise Ordered
Beatty takes a large force from the Forth for an intensive night exercise involving ships and submarines.
Constitution of Russia
Declaration of the USSR
Reballion of Rebels in Bavaria
Stirs up industrial unrest during the "January Strike"
Reballion of Rebels in Bavaria
Stirs up industrial unrest during the "January Strike"
Januarstreik
A strike demanding an end to the war and better food provisioning is organized by revolutionaries affiliated with the USPD
Western Front Staff Officer Service
Jodl serves in a staff role on the Western Front during the final year of the war.
Tafileh Operations
Helps Arab forces hold Tafileh against Ottoman counterattack.
BEF Manpower Shortage Reviewed
Haig warns that reduced infantry strength leaves British armies vulnerable to a major German offensive.
Allied Manpower Balance Reviewed
Reviews Allied and German manpower resources as divisions are transferred from the Eastern Front.
Food Rationing Expansion Approved
Supports wider compulsory rationing to protect civilian supplies during the final year of war.
Petrograd Soviet
Leads the Petrograd Soviet during early Bolshevik rule.
Bolshevik Party
The Bolsheviks resolve that the Trades Unions become "organs of the socialist state"
Congress of Soviets
Congress of Soviets makes the Declaration of Rights of the Toiling & Exploited People
Congress of Trades Unions, 1st
Workers control is shifted from Factory Committee's to Trades Unions. The Bolsheviks resolve that the Trades Unions become "organs of the socialist state". Factory Committee's should be subject to the Alln Council of Workers control
Conscription
Introduces "universal labor obligation"
Declaration of Rights
Congress of Soviets makes the Declaration of Rights of the Toiling & Exploited People
Nationalization
The 3rd All-Russian Congress proclaims factories, mines & transport state property. The Merchant Fleet is taken over by decree
Reform of Workers Rights
Issues the "Declaration of the Rights of the Toiling & Exploited Masses"
NSDAP
The German Workers Party has its 1st meeting at the Furstenfelder-Hof. Helps founds the German Workers Party, forerunner of the Nazi Party
General Strike
A General strike & communist uprising takes place in Berlin
Strike
A General strike & communist uprising takes place in Berlin
Minister of Air
Appointed Minister of Air
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War
Supreme War Council
Advises Allied leaders on military enforcement after the armistice.
Supreme War Council
Uses the council framework during transition from war to peace conference.
Supreme War Council
Supports British diplomatic work following the wartime council.
Supreme War Council
Moves from wartime council work into peace conference diplomacy.
Supreme War Council
Reports on military demobilisation after the armistice.
Supreme War Council
Represents Italy in Allied postwar deliberations.
Supreme War Council
Represents Japanese interests in Allied deliberations at Paris.
Conference of Paris
Heads the Polish delegation at the Paris Peace Conference
Supreme War Council
Advises American negotiators on occupation and demobilisation issues.
Supreme War Council
Participates in Allied decisions as peace negotiations begin.
Spartacist League
Bloody street fights culminated in the beating and shooting deaths of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht after their arrests
Assassination of Karl Liebknecht
Murdered while under arrest
Death of Karl Liebknecht
Death of Karl Liebknecht, murdered while under arrest
Assassination of Rosa Luxemburg
Murdered while under arrest
Death of Rosa Luxemburg
Murdered while under arrest
Spartacist League
Bloody street fights culminated in the beating and shooting deaths of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht after their arrests
Spartacist League
Bloody street fights culminated in the beating and shooting deaths of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht after their arrests
Government
Forms a coalition cabinet with General Pilsudski as provisional president
Constitution of Germany
Elections are held for the National Constitutional Assembly
Constitution of Germany
To avoid the ongoing fights in Berlin, the National Assembly convenes in the city of Weimar, giving the future Republic its unofficial name
Election
The Socialist and (Non-Socialist) Democratic parties obtained a solid 80 per cent of the vote. The National Assembly elections took place, the radical left-wing parties, including the USPD and KPD, are barely able to get themselves organized, leading to a solid majority of seats for the MSPD moderate forces. Elections are held for the National Constitutional Assembly
National Assembly
The National Assembly elections took place, the radical left-wing parties, including the USPD and KPD, are barely able to get themselves organized, leading to a solid majority of seats for the MSPD moderate forces
National Assembly
To avoid the ongoing fights in Berlin, the National Assembly convenes in the city of Weimar, giving the future Republic its unofficial name
Weimar Republic
To avoid the ongoing fights in Berlin, the National Assembly convenes in the city of Weimar, giving the future Republic its unofficial name
Election
The Haase-led USPD only achieve 7% of the vote for the National Assembly
Foreign Secretary of Poland
Appointed Foreign Minister
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland
Menshevik Party
The Mensheviks are legalised and allowed to publish Vsegda Vpered in Moscow
Vsegda Vpered
The Mensheviks are legalised and allowed to publish Vsegda Vpered in Moscow
Constitution of Great Britain
The Sinn Fein decalre the foundation of the Irish Republic
Constitution of Ireland
Sinn Fein elect an Aireacht (ministry) headed by a Priomh Aire (Prime Minister). 30 of the Sinn Fein MPs assembled in Dublins Mansion House and proclaim themselves the Parliament of Ireland, Dail Eireann
Dail Eireann
30 of the Sinn Fein MPs assembled in Dublins Mansion House and proclaim themselves the Parliament of Ireland, Dail Eireann
Priomh Aire
Sinn Fein elect an Aireacht (ministry) headed by a Priomh Aire (Prime Minister)
Sinn Fein
30 of the Sinn Fein MPs assembled in Dublins Mansion House and proclaim themselves the Parliament of Ireland, Dail Eireann
Constitution of Ireland
37 Sinn Fein MPs establish the Dail Eirean, Irish Parliament
Constitution of Ireland
The Irish Republic is proclaimed
First Dail Ministry
Takes responsibility for finance in the temporary ministry formed by the First Dail.
First Dail Ministry
Joins the temporary First Dail ministry with responsibility for Home Affairs.
First Dail Government
Assumes leadership of the temporary First Dail ministry after the revolutionary parliament is established.
Member of Parliament
Elected 1st woman MP, 1919-1945, succeeds her husband as Member of Parliament for Plymouth
Birth of Bill Nicholson
Birth of Bill Nicholson, in Scarborough, Yorkshire, the eighth of nine children
Capture of Teschen
The Czechs occupy the disputed area of Teschen on the Polish border
Constitution of Germany
The Weimar Constitution creates a republic under a semi-presidential system with the Reichstag elected by proportional representation
Weimar Republic
The Weimar Constitution creates a republic under a semi-presidential system with the Reichstag elected by proportional representation
German Workers Party
Helps found the German Workers Party, forerunner of the Nazi Party
NSDAP
Helps found the German Workers Party, forerunner of the Nazi Party
Paris Peace Conference
Attends the Paris Peace Conference as an advocate for Faisal and Arab claims.
Dail Eireann
Cathal Brugha is elected Priomh Aire (literally Prime Minister, translated as "President of Dail Eireann"), to be replaced by de Valera, when Collins helps him escape from Lincoln prison, in April, 1919
Constitution of Ireland
That new Parliament, called Dail Eireann (meaning "Assembly of Ireland", First Dail) meets in the Mansion House
Dail Eireann
That new Parliament, called Dail Eireann (meaning "Assembly of Ireland", First Dย il) meets in the Mansion House. That new Parliament, called Dail Eireann (meaning "Assembly of Ireland", First Dail) meets in the Mansion House. Cathal Brugha is elected Priomh Aire (literally Prime Minister, translated as "President of Dail Eireann"), to be replaced by de Valera, when Collins helps him escape from Lincoln prison, in April, 1919
Minister of Finance
Appointed to the Aireacht (ministry) as Minister for Finance
National Loan
Produces a Finance Ministry that is able to organise a large bond issue in the form of a "National Loan" to fund the new Irish Republic. Lenin sends a representative to Dublin to borrow some money from the Irish Republic to help fund the Russian Republic, offering some of the Russian Crown Jewels as collateral
Twelve Apostles
Creates a special assassination squad called The Twelve Apostles to kill British agents
IRA
The Irish War of Independence begins on the same day the First Dail meets, when two policemen guarding a consignment of gelignite are shot dead by IRA volunteers acting without orders
Bolshevik Party
Drives out the Bolsheviks & leads the White counter-revolutionary forces
Capture of Caucasus
Drives out the Bolsheviks & leads the White counter-revolutionary forces
Chief of Staff
Appointed Commander of the White counter-revolutionary forces
League Covenant
Presses the peace conference to include a League covenant.
Birth of Jerome David Salinger
Birth of Jerome David Salinger
Birth of Isaac Asimov
Birth of Isaac Asimov
Birth of William Egan Colby
Birth of William Egan Colby
Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles comes into effect
Secretary-General
Becomes the League's first Secretary-General.
League Council
Presides over early League Council work.
Election
Defeated in the presidential election
Birth of Frederico Fellini
Birth of Frederico Fellini
Birth of Alf Ramsey
Birth of Alf Ramsey
1st Woman MP
Elected Member of Parliament for Plymouth, 1st woman MP
Student Movement Arrest
Is detained during a crackdown on student activism in Tianjin.
Aston Villa Debut
Walker scores twice on his debut and begins a club-record scoring career.
Death of Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
Death of Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
Seventeenth Infantry Brigade Cork Appointment
Becomes brigade major of 17th Infantry Brigade at Victoria Barracks during the Irish conflict.
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Occupation
Becomes the 1st Prime Minister to reside in Chequers
Conference of Paris
The Paris Conference fixes German war reparations
Reparations
The Paris Conference fixes German war reparations
President of Bolivia
Saavedra begins his constitutional presidency after the Republican movement takes power.
Fรผhrergehilfen Staff Training Begins
Jodl begins Fรผhrergehilfen training, the Reichswehr's concealed system of general staff education.
Battle of Inonu, 1st
Defeats the Greeks at the 1st Battle of Inonu
Geometry and Experience Lecture
Explains how geometry acquires physical meaning through measurement and discusses the relationship between mathematical geometry and the spacetime structure of general relativity.
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Siege of Rostov
Stalin signs an instruction of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Southern Front to the armies of the front for the capture of Rostov
Conference of Cannes
Leads the German delegation at the Cannes discussions on reparations and European economic recovery.
Treaty Ratification
Supports the Dail vote ratifying the Anglo-Irish Treaty.
Anglo-Irish Agreement
A group of 200 anti-Treaty IRA men occupy the Four Courts in Dublin in defiance of the Provisional Government, Collins, who wanted to avoid civil war at all costs, does not attack them until June 1922, when British pressure forced his hand
Assassination of Henry Wilson
The British forces Collins to take action against the Four Courts men, Collins borrows two 18 pounder artillery pieces from the British and bombards the Four Courts until its garrison surrenders. Collins orders the killing of Henry Wilson in reprisal for failing to prevent the attacks on Roman Catholics in Northern Ireland
IRA
A group of 200 anti-Treaty IRA men occupy the Four Courts in Dublin in defiance of the Provisional Government, Collins, who wanted to avoid civil war at all costs, does not attack them until June 1922, when British pressure forced his hand
Provisional Government
A group of 200 anti-Treaty IRA men occupy the Four Courts in Dublin in defiance of the Provisional Government, Collins, who wanted to avoid civil war at all costs, does not attack them until June 1922, when British pressure forced his hand
Siege of Four Courts
A group of 200 anti-Treaty IRA men occupy the Four Courts in Dublin in defiance of the Provisional Government, Collins, who wanted to avoid civil war at all costs, does not attack them until June 1922, when British pressure forced his hand
Anglo-Irish Agreement
Sinn Fein splits over the Treaty, and the Dail debates the matter bitterly for ten days until it is approved by a vote of 64 to 57
Anglo-Irish Agreement
Sinn Fein splits over the Treaty, and the Dail debates the matter bitterly for ten days until it is approved by a vote of 64 to 57
Resignation after Treaty Vote
Resigns after the Dail ratifies the Anglo-Irish Treaty and rejects his position on the settlement.
President of Dail Eireann
Becomes President of Dail Eireann following de Valera's resignation.
Siege of Donbas
Stalin signs an order of the day of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Southern Front congratulating the armies of the front on the defeat of Denikins armies and the capture of the Donbas and Rostov
Siege of Rostov
Stalin signs an order of the day of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Southern Front congratulating the armies of the front on the defeat of Denikins armies and the capture of the Donbas and Rostov. Stalin informs Lenin of the capture of Rostov by Budyonnys Cavalry
Cannes Reparations Address
Addresses the Allied Supreme Council on Germany's financial position and argues that reparations must reflect German economic capacity.
Arrest of Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler sentenced to three months
Genoa Conference Invitation
Receives the Italian invitation for Germany to attend the international economic and financial conference planned for Genoa.
Dublin Castle Handover
Leads the Provisional Government delegation receiving the formal handover of Dublin Castle.
Provisional Government
Becomes chairman of the Provisional Government as the new administration takes office.
Bratianu Government
Bratianu begins a government that consolidates institutions across Greater Romania.
Birth of David Paul Scofield
Birth of David Paul Scofield.
Foreign Minister of Germany
Is appointed Foreign Minister in Joseph Wirth's government.
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Occupation
Hitler announces there will be 12 Party rallies on 27th January. French & Belgian troops march into the Ruhr after Germany defaults on reparations
Death of Constantine I
Death of Constantine I
Occupation
German Chancellor Cuno declares "passive resistance", strikes, riots and bloody clashes of the occupation troops with workers are common
Reparations
German Chancellor Cuno declares "passive resistance", strikes, riots and bloody clashes of the occupation troops with workers are common
Birth of Teng-hui
Birth of Teng-hui
Death of Wallace Reid
Death of Wallace Reid
1st Nazi Party Day
Includes 12 public rallies held in & around Munich in defiance of a police ban
Nazi Party Day
The trooping of the SA colours takes plac attended by 60,000 storm troopers
Population Exchange
Greek refugee settlement becomes a major League concern.
Population Exchange
League officials monitor humanitarian effects of the Greek-Turkish exchange.
Birth of Norman Kingsley Mailer
Birth of Norman Kingsley Mailer
Economy of Germany
At the end of the reparations moratorium, Germany cannot resume payments and defaults, France, accompanied by a token Belgian force, marches into the Ruhr Valley and sets up a military occupation
Invasion of Germany
At the end of the reparations moratorium, Germany cannot resume payments and defaults, France, accompanied by a token Belgian force, marches into the Ruhr Valley and sets up a military occupation
Reparations
At the end of the reparations moratorium, Germany cannot resume payments and defaults, France, accompanied by a token Belgian force, marches into the Ruhr Valley and sets up a military occupation
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
President of Panama
Appointed President of Panama
Constitution of China
The Kuomintangโs First National Congress adopts cooperation with the Chinese Communist Party and Soviet advisers.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Vote of Confidence
The Conservatives are defeated in Parliament
Lenin Death Reaction
Continues anti-Bolshevik commentary after Leninโs death.
Election
Resigns after the Conservatives lose their majority at the general election
Resignation of Stanley Baldwin
Resigns after the Conservatives lose their majority at the general election
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Minister
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 1st term
Parliamentary Secretary to Ministry of Health
Is appointed Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Health in Ramsay MacDonaldโs first Labour government.
Election
A Royal decree dissolves the Chamber & elections are announced for 6 April
Leningrad Renaming
Petrograd is renamed Leningrad after Lenin's death.
Wafd Government
Forms the first Wafd government after a decisive parliamentary election victory.
Burial
A mausoleum is constructed in Red Square where Lenins embalmed body lies in public
Secretary of Labour Party
Appointed Secretary of the Labour Party
Congress of Communist Party, 13th
The Conference, held in January 1924 just before Lenins death, denounced Trotsky and Trotskyism
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Independence of Syria
The Peoples Party demands independence. France agrees to the unity of Damascus & Aleppo with a French high commissioner
Extragalactic Nature of Spiral Nebulae
Hubble's results on Cepheid variables in spiral nebulae are formally presented at a joint meeting of the American Astronomical Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
NSDAP
Hitler begins his political comeback by meeting with new ministers and President of Bavaria
Governor
Appointed Governor of Wyoming, 1st female Governor in the USA
Birth of John De Lorean
Birth of John De Lorean
Conference of Allies
Tries to reduce Germany's war debts to France & France's war debts to the US. Attends the Allied Financial Conference
French Security Note
A January approach to France opens Stresemann's push for a western security settlement.
German note sent to France suggesting western security pact
German note sent to France suggesting western security pact
Dismissal
Stalins "Socialism in one country" conflicts with Trotskys "Permanent Revolution". Dismissed as the Chairman of the Russian Revolutionary Council
Birth of Gilles Deleuze
Gilles Deleuze is born in Paris.
Withdrawal Negotiations at Sakhalin
Diplomatic relationa are restored with Russia as Japan withdraws from north Sakhalin
Rule of Sakhalin
Japan evacuates North Sakhalin
German note sent to London suggesting western security pact
German note sent to London suggesting western security pact
London Security Note
Later in January, a German diplomatic note asks London to consider the proposed western pact.
Birth of Paul Leonard Newman
Birth of Paul Leonard Newman
Birth of Douglas Engelbart
Birth of Douglas Engelbart
President Appointed
Elected President after the republic is proclaimed
Andromeda Extragalactic Result Presented
Presents the Andromeda Cepheid evidence to the astronomical community, establishing M31 as a separate galaxy and greatly enlarging the known scale of the universe.
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Birth of George Henry Martin
Birth of George Henry Martin, later record producer, arranger, composer and important Beatles collaborator.
Birth of George Martin
Birth of George Martin
Dictatorship Consolidated
Pangalos formally consolidates dictatorial powers after his 1925 military takeover.
King of Hejaz and Nejd
Is proclaimed King of the Hejaz while retaining rule over Nejd.
King of Hejaz and Nejd
Supports the new royal administration established across the Hejaz.
Independence of Saudi Arabia
Renames Hejaz, Saudi Arabia
Unification
Renames the Country the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Attorney General
Begins service as Attorney General during the Cumann na nGaedheal administration.
President of Bolivia
Siles Reyes begins his constitutional presidency.
President of Ecuador
Appointed second collective provisional government of Ecuador
Birth of Pieter Botha
Birth of Pieter Botha
Resignation of Wihelm Marx
Dr Marx leaves office
Chancellor
Dr Hans Luther (No party affiliation) forms 2nd cabinet
Birth of Patricia Neal
Birth of Patricia Neal
First Eigenvalue Paper Submitted
Submits the first paper in his series on quantization as an eigenvalue problem, applying wave mechanics to the hydrogen atom.
Invention of Television
Demonstrates the television to members of the Royal Society
Birth
Is born in Jhang in Punjab, then part of British India and now in Pakistan.
Occupation
British troops withdraw from the Rhineland
Cologne Zone Evacuation Follows Locarno Diplomacy
Allied occupation of the Cologne zone ends as political conditions improve after the Locarno settlement.
Congress of Kuomingtang
The Second National Congress of the Kuomintang meets as Chiangโs military influence within the party is growing.
Instructor
Appointed Instructor at the Staff College
Comintern
The policy of Socialism in one country is finalized as e state policy after Stalins January 1926 article On the Issues of Leninism
Socialism in One Country
The policy of Socialism in one country is finalized as e state policy after Stalins January 1926 article On the Issues of Leninism
Comintern
The policy of Socialism in one country is finalized as e state policy after Stalins January 1926 article On the Issues of Leninism
Socilaism in One Country
The policy of Socialism in one country is finalized as e state policy after Stalins January 1926 article On the Issues of Leninism
Constitution of China
The Nationalist political center develops at Wuhan during the early 1927 phase of the Northern Expedition.
Sandanistas
Sends in US troops to fight the Sandanistas
Exile of Joseph Stalin
Oppositionists including Trotsky are exiled by Stalin
Exile of Joseph Stalin
Has Trotsky exiled
Metropolis
Metropolis premieres in Berlin.
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor of Germany, 3rd term
Resignation of Wihelm Marx
Marxs 3rd cabinet leaves office
Birth of Olaf Palme
Birth of Olaf Palme
Occupation
Allied military control comes to an end
Allied Control Commission
The Allied Control Commission is withdrawn from Germany
Allied Control Ends
The Allied Control Commission is withdrawn from Germany.
Visit to Mussolini in Italy
Visits Mussolini in Italy, 1st visit to Italy
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Reform of Social Welfare
The over-65s receive first state pensions
Birth of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
Birth of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
Chairman
Strengthens his control of the Kuomintangโs central party machinery after the Northern Expedition.
Commander in Chief
Serves as commander-in-chief of National Revolutionary Army forces during the final Northern Expedition campaigns.
President of Panama
Appointed President of Panama
Burial
Buried in Stinsford, Dorset
Birth of Edward Shevarnadze
Birth of Edward Shevarnadze
Birth of Hans Modrow
Birth of Hans Modrow
Christopher Hornsrud Government
Begins the Christopher Hornsrud Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Ivar Lykke Government
The Ivar Lykke Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Exile of Leon Trotsky
Hauled out of his Kremlin appartment & exiled to Alma Ata
Birth of Ahmed Yassin
Birth of Ahmed Yassin in the British Mandate of Palestine
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Reichsfuhrer
Appointed Reichshuhrer of the SS, it numbers 200 men. Appointed by Hitler to build up a personal bodyguard
Reichsfuhrer
Heinrich Himmler becomes Reichsfuhrer-SS and referred to himself by his title instead of his regular SS rank, this sets the precedent for the Commanding General of the SS to be called Reichsfuhrer-SS
Constitution of Yugoslavia
Establishes a royal dictatorship. Adopts the name of Yugoslavia. Abolishes the constitution of 1921
Succession
Succeeds as King of Yugoslavia
Tintin
Creates Tintin & his dog Snowy
Abdication
Amanullah abdicates as rebel forces threaten Kabul.
Succession
Inayatullah Khan succeeds Amanullah during the collapse of the royal government.
Birth of Martin Luther King
Birth of Martin Luther King, Jr., born to teacher Alberta King and Baptist minister Michael Luther King
Exile of Joseph Stalin
Stalins proposal to exile Trotsky from Russia is accepted by the Politburo
Capture of Kabul
Habibullah Kalakani captures Kabul and takes power from the Barakzai monarchy.
Abdication
Inayatullah abdicates after only three days as rebel forces enter Kabul.
Dissolution
The Croat Party is dissolved
Political Lectures
Kerensky records his position on political lectures in exile.
Resignation of Jose Primo de Rivera
Resignation of Jose Primo de Rivera
Pandora's Box
Directs Pandora's Box starring Louise Brooks.
Exile of Leon Trotsky
Trotsky is expelled from Russia
Exile of Joseph Stalin
Has Trotsky exiled to Turkey. Exiles Trotsky & Zinoviev, marks the end of legal opposition in the party. Exiles Trotsky & Zinoviev marking the end of legal opposition in the party
Capture of Changsha
Drives Ho out of Changsha
Commander of 5th Army
Appointed Commander of the 5th Army
Opposition
The word "opposition" is no longer used
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Collectivization-Farms
Collectivizes all farms in Russia
Economy of Russia
Collectivizes all farms in Russia
Gold Standard
Inoue directs Japan's return to the gold standard by reopening gold exports at the old parity.
Economy of Japan
The Government lifts the gold export embargo at the pre-war parity, intensifying deflationary pressure.
Birth of Buzz Aldrin
Birth of Buzz Aldrin
Housing on London County Council Estates
Answers questions on housing provision and policy affecting London County Council estates.
Conference of London
Opens the London conference on naval disarmament
Slum Clearance on Tyneside
Addresses government action and local authority responsibilities for slum clearance on Tyneside.
Minister of Interior
Appointed Minister of the Interior for Thuringia
Harton Hospital Patient Death
Answers questions concerning a patient death at Harton Hospital.
Insurance Benefit and Poor Law Relief
Explains the relationship between insurance benefits and Poor Law relief.
London Refuse Disposal
Deals with questions concerning refuse disposal and public health in London.
Nurses Registration Act
Answers Commons questions concerning administration of the Nurses Registration Act.
Psittacosis
Responds to public-health questions concerning the outbreak of psittacosis.
Slum Clearance
Defends Labour government policy on slum clearance and housing conditions.
Discovery of Pluto
Tombaugh exposes one of the photographic plates later used, with the January 29 plate, to identify Pluto's motion.
Arrest of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
Released from prison to have talks with the British colonial Government in India
Coup
Deposed, Republicans win landslides in municipal elections
Election
Deposed, Republicans win landslides in municipal elections
Discovery of Pluto
Tombaugh exposes the second of the two photographic plates later used to identify Pluto's motion against background stars.
Capture of Changsha
Forced to retreat from Changsha after workers fail to rally to the Communists
Conference of London
The tonnage ratio for US, British & Japanese cruiser fleets will be 10:10:7. The resolutions of the Washington conference of 1922 are reinforced
Conference of London
The tonnage ratio for US, British & Japanese cruiser fleets will be 10:10:7. Creates a militaty reaction against liberal policies & ambition to master the Pacific
London Naval Conference
Leads the American delegation seeking agreement with Britain and Japan on auxiliary naval forces.
Bank for International Settlements
The Young Plan calls for an international bank of settlements to handle the reparations transfers, the resulting Bank for International Settlements was duly established at the Hague Conference
Conference of Hague
The Young Plan is formally adopted at the second Hague Conference
Dawes Plan
The Young Plan sets the total reparations at $26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58 years & is adopted by the Allied Powers to supersede the Dawes Plan
Young Plan
Germany would know the exact extent of German obligations and to reduce the payments appreciably, the Young Plan divided the annual payment, set at about $473 million, into two elements-an unconditional part (one third of the sum)
Young Plan
The Young Plan calls for an international bank of settlements to handle the reparations transfers, the resulting Bank for International Settlements was duly established at the Hague Conference.
Young Plan
The Young Plan sets the total reparations at $26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58 years & is adopted by the Allied Powers to supersede the Dawes Plan. The Young Plan is formally adopted at the second Hague Conference.
Inauguration
The NSDAP HQ is inaugurated
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Slum Clearance in Kent
Provides a ministerial answer concerning slum clearance activity in Kent.
Hackney Hospital Patient Death
Responds to questions about a patient death at Hackney Hospital.
Local Authority Housing Programmes
Answers questions about local authoritiesโ housing and improvement programmes.
London Refuse Dumps
Addresses health concerns associated with refuse dumps in London.
Town Planning in Built-Up Areas
Addresses town-planning powers and policy in built-up areas.
Tuberculosis
Responds to Commons questions on tuberculosis and public-health administration.
Vaccination
Answers parliamentary questions concerning vaccination policy and administration.
Independence of India
Released from prison to have discussions with the British
Resignation of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
Resigns from the shadow Cabinet over Baldwins support for Indian self-Government
Military Dept
Appointed Head of the Military Dept
Mount Wilson Hubble Discussion
Visits Mount Wilson and discusses observational cosmology, confronting evidence that distant galaxies exhibit the redshift-distance relation associated with cosmic expansion.
Rule of Manchukuo
The Republic of Manchukio is proclaimed in Japanese occupied Manchuria
Indian National Congress
The National Congress of India is declared illegal
Birth of Umberto Eco
Birth of Umberto Eco
Stimson-Doctrine
The United States announces the Stimson Doctrine, refusing to recognize territorial changes in China achieved by force.
1st Female Senator
1st woman elected to the US Senate
Election
1st woman elected to the US Senate
Birth of Robert Anton Wilson
Birth of Robert Anton Wilson
Reconstruction Finance Corporation Established
Federal Reserve governor Eugene Meyer supports creation of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, which is established to provide emergency credit to banks, railroads, and other institutions during the Depression.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
The Reconstruction Finance Corporation begins lending to banks, railroads and other institutions.
Outstandind biorder disputes are settled with Persia
Outstandind biorder disputes are settled with Persia
Siege of Shanghai
Japanese and Chinese forces begin major fighting in Shanghai during the January 28 Incident.
La Matanza Repression
Government suppresses peasant and indigenous uprising during Martinez rule
Shanghai Incident
The Japanese navy bombs Shanghai, the "Shanghai Incident"
Siege of Shanghai
Japan sends troops to "protect" Japanese residents
Independence of Korea
Seeks support from the League of Nations for Korean independence
Independence of South Korea
Seeks support from the League of Nations for Korean independence
Second Five Year Plan
Stalin launches the Second Five-Year Plan, emphasizing heavy industry, transport, steel, coal and continued central planning.
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Government
Hitler & Papen meet in the House of the banker Schroder to form a joint Government
Reichstag
Meets Hitler at von Schroeders home. It is agreed Papen will ask Hindenburg to make Hitler Chancellor
Alliance Adolf Hitler and Franz von Papen
Meets Papen at von Schroeders home. It is agreed Papen will ask Hindenburg to make Hitler Chancellor
NSDAP
Meets Papen at von Schroeders home. It is agreed Papen will ask Hindenburg to make Hitler Chancellor
Death of Calvin Coolidge
Death of Calvin Coolidge
Five Year Plan
The goal of the Second Five-Year Plan (1933-1937) is the reconstruction of the entire Soviet economy and the creation of a new technical base. Stalin delivers a report on "Results of the First Five-Year Plan" at the joint plenum of the CC and CCC CPSU
Five Year Plan
The goal of the Second Five-Year Plan was the construction of twenty five to thirty thousand kilometres of new railway lines and 22 million tons of pig iron would be smelted by the end of the plan.
Five Year Plan
The goal of the Second Five-Year Plan was to increase machine production from 3 to 3.5 times, the mining of coal was increased from 90 million tons to 250 million.
Five Year Plan
The plan also projected an increase for consumer goods from 22.2 billion rubles in 1932 to 47.2 billion in 1937, the plan was only able to fulfill 85.4 percent of this target.
Government Report
Stalin delivers a report on "Results of the First Five-Year Plan" at the joint plenum of the CC and CCC CPSU
Reballion of Libertarian Communists
Libertarian Communists rebel in Analucia
Reballion of Libertarian Communists
Libertarian Communists rebel in Catalonia
Reballion of Libertarian Communists
Libertarian Communists rebel in Analucia
Reballion of Libertarian Communists
Libertarian Communists rebel in Catalonia
Down and Out in Paris and London
Publishes Down and Out in Paris and London.
George Orwell Pseudonym
Publishes under the name George Orwell.
Death of Martin van der Lubbe
Death of Martin van der Lubbe, executed
Execution
Death of Martin van der Lubbe, executed
Plot
The Nazis allege that Van der Lubbe is part of the Communist conspiracy to burn down the Reichstag & seize power. Death of Martin van der Lubbe, executed
Death of Joseph Stalin
Stalin attends the memorial meeting at the Bolshoi Theatre to commemorate the ninth anniversary of the death of Lenin
Election
Gains the support of Oscar von Hindenburg who agrees to appoint Hitler Chancellor
Birth of Maria Corazon Aquino
Birth of Maria Corazon Aquino
Cabinet
Forms a Cabinet without Socialists, will not adhere to the Socialist financial program
Appointment of Hitler
Becomes Chancellor after Hindenburg appoints him to lead a coalition cabinet with Nazi and German Nationalist ministers.
Constitution of Germany
Hindenburg asks Hitler to form a Government
Constitution of Germany
The "National Revolution" is followed by a "Lawful Revolution". The Government rules by Presidential decree as a coalition of "National accord"
Election
Calls for a Rechstag election for 5th March
Minister President
Appointed Minister President for Prussia
Minister of Communication
Appointed Minister of Communications
Cabinet Appointment
Represents the German Nationalist coalition partners in Hitler's first cabinet as Minister of Economics and Agriculture.
Minister of Economics
Appointed Minister of Economics
Cabinet Appointment
Enters Hitler's first cabinet as Reich Interior Minister, giving the Nazis direct influence over internal administration and police policy.
Minister of Interior
Appointed Minister of the Interior
Minister of Justice
Appointed Minister of Justice
Minister of Labour
Appointed Minister of Labour
Cabinet Appointment
Receives a cabinet post and gains increasing authority in Prussia, allowing Nazi control over Germany's largest police apparatus.
Appointment of Hitler
Appoints Adolf Hitler Chancellor at the head of a Nazi DNVP coalition, ending the last Weimar attempt to contain the Nazi movement through conservative cabinet politics.
Rubber Lion
Blomberg becomes one of Hitler's most devoted followers, and as such is nicknamed "Rubber Lion" by some of his critics in the army who were less than enthusiastic about Hitler
Secretary of State for Defence
Blomberg becomes one of Hitler's most devoted followers, and as such is nicknamed "Rubber Lion" by some of his critics in the army who were less than enthusiastic about Hitler. Appointed Minister of Defence
Coalition Government
Joins Hitler's cabinet as Vice Chancellor, believing conservative ministers can control the new Chancellor from inside the Government.
Government
As Vice Chancellor believes he can contain Hitler & use him to gain supreme power
Vice Chancellor
Appointed Vice Chancellor
Secretary of State for Defence
Appointed Minister of Defence
Dissolution
Dissolves the Reichstag & calls an election
Election
Dissolves the Reichstag & calls an election
Harzburg Coalition
Asked by Hindenburg to head a Harzburg coalition of the NSDAP & Hugenberg Nationalists
President of Germany
Appoints Hitler as Chancellor
Election
The election increases de Valeras support
Enigma Machine
Uses the reconstructed machine and recovered daily settings to read German military Enigma traffic.
Legislation
Sterilization measures come into effect to prevent hereditary illness
Letter
Thanked by Hitler for "services rendered to the National Socialist movement"
National Socialism
Thanked by Hitler for "services rendered to the National Socialist movement"
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
First Tatarescu Government
Tatarescu begins a long Liberal administration under Carol II.
Reichstag Fire
Van der Lubbe is beheaded in a German prison yard after being found guilty of the Reichstag fire
Execution
Guillotined in a Leipzig prison yard, three days before his 25th birthday
Reichstag Fire
Van der Lubbe is beheaded in a German prison yard after being found guilty of the Reichstag fire
Birth of Josep Jacques Jean Chretien
Birth of Josep Jacques Jean Chretien
Fall of Grau Government
Leaves office under pressure from Batista and conservative forces.
Artificial Radioactivity
Announces artificial radioactivity with Irene Joliot-Curie.
Artificial Radioactivity
Announces artificial radioactivity with Frederic Joliot-Curie.
Birth of Raymond Briggs
Birth of Raymond Briggs
Birth of Placido Domingo
Birth of Placido Domingo
Pact between Germany and Poland
Pact of non-aggression and friendship between Germany and Poland
Pact of non-aggression and friendship between Germany and Poland
Pact of non-aggression and friendship between Germany and Poland
Alliance Germany and Poland
Pact of non-aggression and friendship between Germany and Poland. Attempts to undermine France's alliances with Eastern Europe
Pact between Germany and Poland
Pact of non-aggression and friendship between Germany and Poland
Treaty of Non-Aggression
Pact of non-aggression and friendship between Germany and Poland
Alliance Adolf Hitler and France
Diffuses aggressive intentions & draws Poland away from an alliance with France
Alliance Agreement with France
Diffuses aggressive intentions & draws Poland away from an alliance with France
Signs a pact of non-aggression with Poland
Signs a pact of non-aggression with Poland
Fatherland Front
All political parties are banned except for the "Fatherland Front"
Political Parties
All political parties are banned except for the "Fatherland Front"
Gold Reserve Act
Roosevelt signs the Gold Reserve Act, transferring monetary gold to the United States Treasury and ending domestic redemption of currency in gold as the monetary framework changes during the Depression.
Gold Reserve Act
The Act transfers monetary gold to the Treasury and changes the official gold value.
Gold Reserve Act
The Gold Reserve Act transfers monetary gold to the Treasury and ends domestic redemption of dollars in gold, consolidating the administration's new monetary regime.
Gold Reserve Act
The Gold Reserve Act transfers monetary gold to the Treasury and prohibits dollar redemption in gold.
Dollar Gold Revaluation
Roosevelt fixes the official price of gold at 35 dollars per ounce, devaluing the dollar and establishing the gold price later used by the Bretton Woods system.
Commander of Long March
Appointed Commander during the Long March
Long March
Appointed Commander during the Long March
Congress of Ruijing
Supports Russia & its achievements & says the communist army will be victorious
Commander of Long March
Appointed Commander during the Long March
Army Power
Becomes Cuba's dominant military power after the 1933 revolution.
Exchange Stabilization Fund
Treasury establishes the Exchange Stabilization Fund using profits from the gold revaluation, giving the government a new instrument for managing currencies and reserves.
Abwehr
Appointed head of the German armed forces intelligence
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Alliance Samuel Hoare and Pierre Laval
Signed by Samuel Hoare & Pierre Laval. Parts of Abyssinia are ceded to Italy, the ensuing outcry forces Hoare to resign. A settlement between Abyssinia & Italy
Birth of Elvis Aaron Presley
Birth of Elvis Aaron Presley
1st Flight Hawaii-California
1st person to fly solo from Hawaii to California
Referendum
Overwhelming victory, German rule is not allowed by World War I peace treaties. Hitler wins the referendum for the return of Saarland
Rule of Saarland
Hitler wins the referendum for the return of Saarland
Saar Plebiscite
The Saar votes to return to Germany after League supervision.
Arrest of Bruno Kreisky
Arrested & convicted of high treason
Treason
Arrested & convicted of high treason
Zunyi Conference
Participates in the Zunyi Conference and supports changes in Communist military and political leadership.
Trial
Zinoviev, Kamanev & 17 others are tried for the murder of Kirov
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Cortes
The Cortes is closed
Death of John Gilbert
Death of John Gilbert
Health of George V
Begins an illness which ends in his death
Election
A Popular Front electoral platform is agreed
US Declaration of Intention
Files a declaration of intention to become a citizen of the United States.
1st Flight
1st British monarch to fly in a plane
Succession
Succeeds as King of Great Britain
Death of George V
Georges last words are, "How is the Empire?". Death of George V
Birth of Horst Mahler
Birth of Horst Mahler
Wigan Journey
Travels north to investigate working-class life and unemployment.
Purge
CP members are directed to renew their documents, "passive people" are rooted out
Tribune
Helps launch Tribune as a socialist weekly.
International Agreement at Rome
The 2 countries recognize the others interests in the Mediterranean. Makes a "gentlemens agreement" with Britain
Civil War
Mussolini signs an agreement with Britain to preserve the independence of Spain. Mussolini signs an agreement with Britain on the status of the Mediterranean
Independence of Italy
Mussolini signs an agreement with Britain to preserve the independence of Spain
Independence of Spain
Mussolini signs an agreement with Britain to preserve the independence of Spain
Birth of Ian La Frenais
Birth of Ian La Frenais
Marriage
Marries Prince Bernhard
Execution
Ryutin was eventually executed on January 10, 1937, during the Great Purge
Purge
Ryutin was eventually executed on January 10, 1937, during the Great Purge
Election
Wins all States except for Maine & Vermont in a landslide, success of his "new deal"
New Deal
Wins all States except for Maine & Vermont in a landslide, success of his "new deal"
President of USA
Appointed President of the USA, 26th President, 2nd term
Armament
Proclaims to the Reichstag Germany's withdrawal from the Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of Versailles
Proclaims to the Reichstag "withdrawal of the German signature" from Versailles. Addresses the Reichstag proclaiming "withdrawal" from the Treaty of Versailles
Belgian and Dutch Inviolability Assurance
Hitler publicly repeats an assurance of neutrality and territorial inviolability for Belgium and the Netherlands.
German Neutrality Offer to Belgium and Netherlands
Hitler says Germany is prepared to recognize and guarantee the inviolability and neutrality of Belgium and the Netherlands.
Post-Locarno Western Security Claims
After repudiating Locarno in 1936, Hitler presents bilateral neutrality guarantees as an alternative western security policy.
Reichstag Speech on Western Neutrality
Hitler uses a Reichstag speech to offer neutrality guarantees to Belgium and the Netherlands after Locarno's collapse.
Birth of Vanessa Redgrave
Birth of Vanessa Redgrave
Commander of 3rd Army
Appointed Commander of the 3rd Army
Commander of 3rd Army
Appointed Commander of the 3rd Army
Trial
The second show trial of Karl Radek, Grigory Sokolnikov, Yuri Pyatakov and 14 others took place in January 1937, with even more alleged conspiracies and crimes linked to Trotsky
Purge
Exposed as a "Tsarist police spy, a thief & an embezzler". Expelled from the CP during Stalins "great purges" of the Party
Purge
Expelled from the CP during Stalins "great purges" of the Party
Purge
Show trials are held including Radek & Pyatakov
Trial
The second show trial of Karl Radek, Grigory Sokolnikov, Yuri Pyatakov and 14 others took place in January 1937, with even more alleged conspiracies and crimes linked to Trotsky
Trial
Sentenced to imprisonment
Trial
The second show trial of Karl Radek, Grigory Sokolnikov, Yuri Pyatakov and 14 others took place in January 1937, with even more alleged conspiracies and crimes linked to Trotsky
Purge
Expelled from the CP during Stalins "great purges" of the Party
Trial
The second show trial of Karl Radek, Grigory Sokolnikov, Yuri Pyatakov and 14 others took place in January 1937, with even more alleged conspiracies and crimes linked to Trotsky
Purge
Show trials are held including Radek & Pyatakov
POUM Militia
Serves with the POUM militia on the Aragon front.
Einstein-Rosen Waves
Einstein and Rosen publish a corrected treatment of cylindrical gravitational waves, demonstrating that exact wave solutions can exist within general relativity.
Lieutenant General
Appointed Lieutenant General
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Birth of Juan Carlos I
Birth of Juan Carlos I
Recognition of the Franco Government in Spain
Austria recognizes the Franco Government in Spain
Crisis
Hitler attends the wedding of von Blomberg to Eva Gruhn, allegedly a former prostitute
Marriage
Marries Erna Gruhn (sometimes referred to as "Eva" or "Margarete"), a 26-year-old typist. A marriage used by Hitler to cause a scandal & take over command of the armed forces
Crisis
Hitler attends the wedding of von Blomberg to Eva Gruhn, allegedly a former prostitute
Recognition of the Franco Government in Spain
Austria recognizes the Franco Government in Spain
National Assembly
Approved by the Turkish Grand National Assembly
Pact between Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Afghanistan
Approved by the Turkish Grand National Assembly
Purchase of Izmir Telephones
Izmir Telephone enterprise is purchased by the Government
Nationalization
Izmir Telephone enterprise is purchased by the Government
Anschluss
Documents are found signed by Hess clearing an Austrian Nazi revolt in the Spring. Austrian police raid the Committee of Seven Vienna HQ
Crisis
It is revealed to Hitler that Blomberg had married a whore & he resigns. Hitler & Goering were witnesses at Blombergs wedding
Resignation of Werner von Blomberg
Blomberg resigns after Heydrichs SD exposes Blombergs wifes record of prostitution
Resignation of Werner von Blomberg
Hitler uses Blombergs resignation to become Commander in Chief
Resignation of Werner von Blomberg
Blomberg resigns after Heydrichs SD exposes Blombergs wifes record of prostitution
Munich Conference
Mussolini, Chamberlain and Daladier agree to the German claims to the Sudetenland
General
Franco forms his first Ministry
Government
Franco forms his first Ministry
Crisis
Presents his dossier on von Blombergs wife to Goering. Gathers embarassong evidence about von Blombergs new wife, Eva Gruhn
Crisis
Hitler uses the crisis to appoint himself supreme commander of the armed forces. Dismisses 16 high ranking officers during the Blomberg-Fritsch crisis
Dismissal
Forces von Leeb into retirement during the Blomberg-Fritsch crisis
Candidate Politburo Membership
Becomes a candidate member of the Politburo as his national influence expands.
Transfer to Ukrainian Party Leadership
Is sent to Ukraine to lead the Communist Party organization after extensive purges of its leadership.
Reform of Royal Succession
Jews have to add the name Israel to their signature
General
Appointed General of the Artillery
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Jewish Emigration
Hermann Goering Appoints Reinhard Heydrich as Head of Jewish Emigration
Jewish Emigration
Hermann Goering Appoints Reinhard Heydrich as Head of Jewish Emigration
Visit to Paris
Visits Leon Blum
Nuclear Fission
Confirms uranium fission experimentally with Meitne
President of Germany
Appointed President of the Reichsbank
Chillan Earthquake
Directs national emergency and reconstruction measures after the Chillan earthquake.
Capture of Barcelona
Francos rebel troops capture Barcelona from the Republicans
Capture of Barcelona
The Fascists capture Barcelona from the Repulican Government
Capture of Madrid
The Fascists capture Madrid from the Repulican Government
Capture of Madris
The Fascists capture Madrid from the Repulican Government
Siege of Barcelona
The Fascists capture Barcelona from the Repulican Government
Siege of Madris
The Fascists capture Madrid from the Repulican Government
Foreign Policy Statement at Berlin
Makes a speech praising the Italian Government & its leader Mussolini
Final Solution
Prior to the beginning of World War II, during a speech (the six year anniversary of his accession to power), Hitler foretold the coming Holocaust of European Jewry
Holocaust
Prior to the beginning of World War II, during a speech (the six year anniversary of his accession to power), Hitler foretold the coming Holocaust of European Jewry
Term Nuclear Fission
Introduces the term nuclear fission while explaining the splitting of uranium nuclei with Lise Meitner.
Visit to Prague
Visits Hitler who threatens to break-up Czechoslovakia
Fission Theory
Carries news of uranium fission to the United States.
Presidential Term Extended
Constitutional changes extend Martinez authority over the presidency
Enigma Machine
Takes part in the January Paris discussions linking French, Polish and British Enigma work.
Dismissal
Schacht is dismissed as President of the Reichsbank
Recieves the Czech Foreign Secretary Chvalkovsky & threatens the breakup of Czech
Recieves the Czech Foreign Secretary Chvalkovsky & threatens the breakup of Czech
Reform of Labour Service
All women under 25 are required to do 1 year labour service
Dismissal
Schacht is dismissed as President of the Reichsbank
Visit to Rome to prise Italy from the Axis
Visits Rome to prise Italy from the Axis, invited by Mussolini to pressurise France
Enigma Machine
Represents GC&CS at the January Paris meeting with Polish and French cryptologists.
Enigma Machine
Attends the January Paris meeting and assesses the allied position against military Enigma.
Re-election as Congress President
Subhas Chandra Bose wins re-election as Congress president despite opposition from Gandhi's supporters.
Chamberlain tries to prise Italy away from the Axis
Chamberlain tries to prise Italy away from the Axis
Alliance Pact of Steel
Mussolini instructs Ciano to inform Ribbentrop he will accept the Pact of Steel
Pact between Italy and Germany
Mussolini instructs Ciano to inform Ribbentrop he will accept the Pact of Steel
Pact of Steel
Mussolini instructs Ciano to inform Ribbentrop he will accept the Pact of Steel
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan
Declaration of War
Russia & Japan clash on the border between Manchuria & Outer Mongolia
Enigma Machine
Represents the Polish Cipher Bureau at the January allied cryptanalytic meeting in Paris.
Enigma Machine
Attends the January Paris meeting while Poland initially withholds the full extent of its Enigma success.
Neutrality Act
Requests Congress to amend the Neutrality Act to sell arms
Neutrality
Requests Congress to amend the Neutrality Act to sell arms
Requests Congress to amend the Neutrality Act to sell arms
Requests Congress to amend the Neutrality Act to sell arms
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
President of Panama
Appointed President of Panama
Iron Ore Debate
Halifax weighs diplomatic risks of violating Norwegian neutrality against the need to restrict German ore imports.
Iron Ore Debate
Pound advises on the naval risks of mining Norwegian waters and operating near Narvik.
Barttle of Narvik
Argues that control of Narvik is vital to disrupting German iron ore supplies.
Iron Ore Debate
Argues that German iron ore shipments through Narvik should be disrupted.
Iron Ore Debate
Churchill argues that mining Norwegian waters would disrupt German iron ore shipments through Narvik.
Narvik Landing Plan
Examines military requirements for an Allied expedition toward Narvik.
Iron Ore Debate
Ironside reviews the military implications of a possible Allied landing at Narvik to cut Germany's ore supply
Iron Ore Debate
Chatfield considers whether naval mining and a Narvik operation can be justified by Allied strategic needs.
Iron Ore Debate
The War Cabinet debates action against German iron ore supplies moving through Narvik.
Narvik Operation Plan
War Cabinet reviews possible action against German iron ore moving through Narvik.
Quantitative Neutron Moment Publication
Publishes the neutron magnetic-moment measurement obtained with Luis Alvarez.
Quantitative Neutron Moment Publication
Publishes a quantitative magnetic-resonance determination of the neutron magnetic moment with Felix Bloch.
Norwegian Waters Plan
Presses naval plans to mine Norwegian waters and interrupt ore traffic.
Invasion of Finland
Praises the Finns for "what fee men can do" in the defense of their country
Enigma Machine
The first operational break into Enigma when the team working under Dilly Knox, with the mathematicians John Jeffreys, Peter Twinn and Alan Turing, unravelled the German Army administrative key that became known at Bletchley Park as The Green, encouraged by this success, the codebreakers later crack the Red key used by the Luftwaffe
Luftwaffe
The first operational break into Enigma when the team working under Dilly Knox, with the mathematicians John Jeffreys, Peter Twinn and Alan Turing, unravelled the German Army administrative key that became known at Bletchley Park as The Green, encouraged by this success, the codebreakers later crack the Red key used by the Luftwaffe
Enigma Machine
The first operational break into Enigma when the team working under Dilly Knox, with the mathematicians John Jeffreys, Peter Twinn and Alan Turing, unravelled the German Army administrative key that became known at Bletchley Park as The Green, encouraged by this success, the codebreakers later crack the Red key used by the Luftwaffe
Luftwaffe
The first operational break into Enigma when the team working under Dilly Knox, with the mathematicians John Jeffreys, Peter Twinn and Alan Turing, unravelled the German Army administrative key that became known at Bletchley Park as The Green, encouraged by this success, the codebreakers later crack the Red key used by the Luftwaffe
Enigma Machine
The first operational break into Enigma when the team working under Dilly Knox, with the mathematicians John Jeffreys, Peter Twinn and Alan Turing, unravelled the German Army administrative key that became known at Bletchley Park as The Green, encouraged by this success, the codebreakers later crack the Red key used by the Luftwaffe
Luftwaffe
The first operational break into Enigma when the team working under Dilly Knox, with the mathematicians John Jeffreys, Peter Twinn and Alan Turing, unravelled the German Army administrative key that became known at Bletchley Park as The Green, encouraged by this success, the codebreakers later crack the Red key used by the Luftwaffe
Enigma Machine
The first operational break into Enigma when the team working under Dilly Knox, with the mathematicians John Jeffreys, Peter Twinn and Alan Turing, unravelled the German Army administrative key that became known at Bletchley Park as The Green, encouraged by this success, the codebreakers later crack the Red key used by the Luftwaffe
Luftwaffe
The first operational break into Enigma when the team working under Dilly Knox, with the mathematicians John Jeffreys, Peter Twinn and Alan Turing, unravelled the German Army administrative key that became known at Bletchley Park as The Green, encouraged by this success, the codebreakers later crack the Red key used by the Luftwaffe
Commander
Manstein is sacked as Chief of Staff of Army Group A and appointed Commander of an army corps in East Prussia
Commander
Manstein is sacked as Chief of Staff of Army Group A and appointed Commander of an army corps in East Prussia
Invasion of France
Manstein is sacked as Chief of Staff of Army Group A and appointed Commander of an army corps in East Prussia
Invasion of Norway
Hitler orders comprehenisive plans be made for the invasion of Norway
Death of Isaak Emmanuilovich Babel
Death of Isaak Emmanuilovich Babel
Execution
Executed for spying
Nationalist Party Reorganisation
Becomes a central leader of the reorganized Afrikaner nationalist opposition.
Reunited National Party
Helps establish the Reunited National Party after the wartime split.
Mobilization
Draws up a memo for armoured units to counter German invasion of Holland & Belgium
Western Offensive Postponement Orders Processed
Jodl signs or processes repeated postponement orders for the western offensive as weather and readiness delay the attack.
Enigma Machine
Meets Polish cryptanalysts in Paris and absorbs techniques that influence the British Bombe design.
Enigma Machine
Takes charge of Hut 6 as it develops industrial-scale attacks on Army and Luftwaffe Enigma.
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan
Economy of Japan
Major shortage of foods & other goods, prices rising quickly
Enigma Machine
Meets Turing in France and discusses Polish Enigma methods after the Cipher Bureau's evacuation.
Invasion of Greece
Negotiations begin for passage through Bulgaria to reach Greece & Russia
Invasion of Russia
Negotiations begin for passage of troops through Bulgaria to reach Greece & Russia
Operation Barbarossa
Negotiations begin for passage of troops through Bulgaria to reach Greece & Russia
Pact between 26 United Nations Signatories
The pact of the "United Nations" is signed in Washington by 26 nations, they commit themselve to not agree to any seperate peace with Germany or Japan
Pact between 26 United Nations Signatories
The pact of the "United Nations" is signed in Washington by 26 nations, they commit themselve to not agree to any seperate peace with Germany or Japan
United Nations
The pact of the "United Nations" is signed in Washington by 26 nations, they commit themselve to not agree to any seperate peace with Germany or Japan
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Agreement on Any seperate peace with Germany or Japan
The pact of the "United Nations" is signed in Washington by 26 nations, they commit themselve to not agree to any seperate peace with Germany or Japan
Pact between 26 United Nations Signatories
The pact of the "United Nations" is signed in Washington by 26 nations, they commit themselve to not agree to any seperate peace with Germany or Japan
Agreement on Any seperate peace with Germany or Japan
The pact of the "United Nations" is signed in Washington by 26 nations, they commit themselve to not agree to any seperate peace with Germany or Japan
Pact between 26 United Nations Signatories
The pact of the "United Nations" is signed in Washington by 26 nations, they commit themselve to not agree to any seperate peace with Germany or Japan
United Nations
The pact of the "United Nations" is signed in Washington by 26 nations, they commit themselve to not agree to any seperate peace with Germany or Japan
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Death of Henri Bergson
Henri Bergson dies in occupied Paris, aged eighty-one.
Post-War Reconstruction Planning
Takes responsibility for coordinating study of post-war reconstruction and chairs the ministerial machinery established for reconstruction problems.
Armistice
Orders siezure of the French fleet at Toulon in violation of the Compiegene Armistice
Marita
Orders Operation Marita to commence on 26th March
Operation Attila
Orders the occupation of the rest of France
Operation Attila
Orders the siezure of the French fleet at Toulon
Siege of Toulon
Orders siezure of the French fleet at Toulon in violation of the Compiegene Armistice
Burial
A Memorial service is held at Westminster Abby for Baden-Powell
Democratic Programme
Kerensky records his position on democratic programme in exile.
Trade Treaty
Germany & Russia sign a fresh Treaty recognizing spheres of influence & trade
Trade Treaty
Germany & Russia sign a fresh Treaty recognizing spheres of influence & trade
Albania Intervention Order Initialled
Jodl initials Hitler's order preparing German intervention in support of operations connected with Greece and Albania.
General Order No 1
Decrees no member of the Government or military should know more than necessary
Invasion of Albania
Orders German reinforcements for Albania
Operation Alpine Violets
Orders German reinforcements for Albania
Sunflower
Orders German reinforcements for Tripoli
Pact between Germany, Italy, Japan and Bulgaria
Hitler demands that Bulgaria joins the Tripartite Pact
Tripartite Pact
Hitler demands that Bulgaria joins the Tripartite Pact
Death of James Joyce
Death of James Joyce
Meeting with At Berchtesgaden
Mussolini accepts Hitler's offer of help in north Africa but not in Albania. Hitler & Mussolini meet at Berchtesgaden
Invasion of Italian East Africa
British forces in the Sudan led by General Platt attack Italian forces, marks the beginning of Wavells campaign against Italian East Africa
Invasion of Italian East Africa
British forces in the Sudan led by General Platt attack Italian forces, marks the beginning of Wavells campaign against Italian East Africa
Invasion of Albania
Mussolini discusses the Albanian and Greek fronts with Hitler and receives assurances of German support.
Invasion of Albania
Italian forces stabilize parts of the Albanian front after months of Greek advances.
Meeting with Hitler at Berchtesgaden to discuss Axis strategy
Mussolini meets Hitler at Berchtesgaden to discuss Axis strategy and Italy's military difficulties.
Mussolini accepts German help in North Africa
Mussolini accepts German help in North Africa while discussions with Hitler also touch on future operations against the Soviet Union.
Romania Force Purpose Discussed
Jodl attends a conference where German concentrations in Romania are discussed as forces for operations against Greece.
Daily Worker
The communist newspaper, "The Daily Worker" is banned in London
Legionary Rebellion
Antonescu defeats the Iron Guard rebellion and consolidates personal rule.
Battle of Tobruk
The British capture the port of Tobruk in Libya from the Italians
Capture of Tobruk
The British capture the port of Tobruk in Libya from the Italians
Siege of Tobruk
The British capture the port of Tobruk in Libya from the Italians
Capture of Tobruk
The British Army captures Tobruk
Death of Robert Baden-Powell
Death of Robert Baden-Powell
ABC1
Leads to a US mission visiting Britain in March for possible military bases. Decision code named ABC1 is made that places Germany's defeat as the principle Allied aim in the event of the USA declaring war
Appointment after Death of Metaxas
Koryzis becomes Prime Minister after the death of Ioannis Metaxas.
Birth of Eugene Ney TerreBlanche
Birth of Eugene Ney TerreBlanche
Southern Anhui Incident Response
Protests Nationalist action against the New Fourth Army and works to preserve the anti-Japanese united front.
Capture of Kufra
Leads the Free French & captures Kufra Libya
Free French
Leads the Free French & captures Kufra Libya
Siege of Kufra
Leads the Free French & captures Kufra Libya
Enigma Machine
Shows visiting American intelligence officers the British Bombe during the Sinkov Mission.
Alliance United States and Great Britain
Agreement ABC-1 accepts the War & Navy Depts for planning when the US enters the war
Governor
After the capture of Tobruk, Wilson is recalled to Cairo where he was offered and accepted the position of Military Governor of Cyrenaica
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of the Red Army
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of the Red Army
Capture of Lozovaya
Captures Lozovaya & discovers a German camp with appalling conditions
Enigma Machine
Visits Bletchley Park and learns about Britain's Bombe-based exploitation of Enigma.
Atlantic Charter
China joins the major Allies in affirming Atlantic Charter principles.
Atlantic Charter
Signs the Declaration by United Nations for China.
Peace
China joins the United States, Britain, Soviet Union and other Allies in the Declaration by United Nations, pledging not to make a separate peace.
Commander of Eighty 6th Infantry Division
While on the Eastern Front, Weidling is appointed to Commander of the 86th Infantry Division
Commander of Eighty 6th Infantry Division
While on the Eastern Front, Weidling is appointed to Commander of the 86th Infantry Division
Conference of Washington
Declaration 26 not to conclude a separate armistice, becomes the basis for the foundation of the United Nations
Atlantic Charter
Reaffirms the Atlantic Charter and a pledge against separate peace.
Atlantic Charter
Signs the Declaration by United Nations in Washington.
Conference of Washington
Declaration 26 not to conclude a separate armistice, becomes the basis for the foundation of the United Nations. 26 Allied countries sign the United Nations Declaration following the principles of the Atlantic Charter
Conference of Washington
A pact made at the Washington Conference becomes the nucleus of the United Nations
United Nations
Declaration by 26 Allies not to conclude a separate armistice, the pact becomes the UN. A pact made at the Washington Conference becomes the nucleus of the United Nations
Conference of Washington
Declaration by 26 Allies not to conclude a separate armistice. A pact made at the Washington Conference becomes the nucleus of the United Nations
Atlantic Charter
Accepts the common programme embodied in the Atlantic Charter.
Atlantic Charter
Signs the Declaration by United Nations for the Soviet Union.
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Conference of Washington
An allied pact becomes the United Nations
United Nations
Declaration by 26 Allies not to conclude a separate armistice, the pact becomes the UN. Declaration 26 by Allies not to conclude a separate armistice becomes basis for the UN
Conference of Washington
Declaration by 26 Allies not to conclude a separate armistice. An allied pact becomes the United Nations
Declaration of Allies
Declaration by 26 Allies not to conclude a separate armistice, the pact becomes the UN
Treaty of Peace-Allies
Declaration 26 by Allies not to conclude a separate armistice becomes basis for the UN
Atlantic Charter
Helps transform the charter's principles into a wider Allied commitment.
Atlantic Charter
Signs the Declaration by United Nations incorporating Atlantic Charter principles.
Peace
Britain, the USA, China & 22 Allies agree not to make a separate peace with Germany
Battle of Bardia
The Allies recapture Bardia
Peace
Britain, the USA, China & 22 Allies agree not to make a separate peace with Germany
Peace
Britain, the USA, China & 22 Allies agree not to make a separate peace with Germany
Birth of John Edward Thaw
Birth of John Edward Thaw
Invasion of Russia
Plans a counter-offensive at the meeting of the Stavka & State Defence Committee
STAVKA
Plans a counter-offensive at the meeting of the Stavka & State Defence Committee
Birth of Stephen William Hawking
Birth of Stephen William Hawking
Marriage
Marries Mickey Rooney
Diplomatic Mission
Ciano visits Budapest as Italy maintains Axis diplomatic contacts during the expanding European war.
Death of Carole Lombard
Death of Carole Lombard
War Production Board
Nelson coordinates conversion of civilian factories and allocation of strategic materials.
Dismissal
Fails to capture Leningrad & is dismissed by Hitler
Birth of Muhammad Ali
Birth of Muhammad Ali, born Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr
Commander of Ninth Army
Appointed Commander of the Ninth Army
Commander of Ninth Army
Appointed Commander of the Ninth Army
Siege of Moscow
Consolidates the front during the retreat from Moscow
Conference Secretary Role
Records and later prepares the conference protocol.
Heydrich Conference Preparation
Provides data used in planning continent-wide deportations.
Wannsee Briefing Papers
Prepares briefing materials for Reinhard Heydrich before Wannsee.
Wannsee Conference Participation
Attends the Wannsee Conference as Heydrich's specialist official.
Conference of Wansee
Takes minutes at the Wansee Conference. Summoned by Heydrich to discuss Jewish extermination. Later travels throughout Europe to witness the Wansee decisions
Concentration Camps
During the Wannsee Conference the procedures of the elimination of the European Jews are discussed, shortly after this conference, the elimination camps of Chelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Majdanek and Auschwitz-Birkenau begin their work
Conference of Wansee
The Conference sets in motion the "Final Solution of the Jewish question". During the Wannsee Conference the procedures of the elimination of the European Jews are discussed, shortly after this conference, the elimination camps of Chelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Majdanek and Auschwitz-Birkenau begin their work
Final Solution
A surviving copy of the minutes of this meeting was found by the Allies in 1947.
Final Solution
During the Wannsee Conference the procedures of the elimination of the European Jews are discussed, shortly after this conference, the elimination camps of Chelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Majdanek and Auschwitz-Birkenau begin their work.
Final Solution
During the conference, there was a discussion held by a group of German Nazi officials to decide on the "Final Solution of the Jewish Question."
Final Solution
The Conference sets in motion the "Final Solution of the Jewish question".
Conference of Wansee
Chairs the Conference which sets in motion the "Final Solution of the Jewish question"
Command of Ariete
De Stefanis assumes command of the Ariete Armoured Division during the North African campaign.
Siege of Agedabia
The Allies are forced back to Agedabia
Axis Counteroffensive
Bastico oversees Italian forces as the Axis counteroffensive begins from the El Agheila area toward Cyrenaica.
Capture of Agedabia
Agedabia is captured by the Germans
Siege of Agedabia
Agedabia is captured by the Germans
Visit to Belfast
The first US Army unit to arrive in Britain, elements of the 34th Division, land at Belfast (Northern Ireland)
Social Insurance Committee
Answers Commons questions on the committee examining social insurance and allied services.
Massacre
150 houses are burned to the ground, 8 people are shot dead
Massacre
"the result of the war will be the complete annihilation of the Jews". Celebrates his 9th anniversary of power
Battle of Moulmein
Driven out of Moulmein by the Japanese & forced to withdraw across the Salween
Capture of Japan
The Japanese complete the capture of Malaya
Mobilization
Moves the 6th Army HQ to Kharkov
Siege of Kharkov
The Russians under Timosheko lay siege to Kharkov but call it off after 2 months
Sixth Army
Moves the 6th Army HQ to Kharkov
Flotilla Leader
Appointed Flotilla Leader
Enigma Machine
Leaves Hut 8 to become deputy to Dilly Knox in the section attacking Abwehr Enigma.
Siege of Tobruk
Rommel drives the Eighth Army back to Gazala, only 25 miles outside Tobruk
Operation Overlord
Studies plans written by the British & USA Combined-Chiefs of Staff
Siege of Tobruk
Sent by Churchill to persuade Auchinleck to capture Cyrenaica but Cripps fails
Alliance Great Britain and allied partners not stated in source
The Alliance is confirmed, British Chiefs of Staff confirm their role
Flotilla Leader
Appointed Flotilla Leader
Invasion of Burma
Begins the Japanese invasion of Burma
Invasion of Burma
Helps the Japanese invade Burma after being promised Burmas independence from Britain
Capture of Lozovaya
Captures Lozovaya & discovers a German camp with appalling conditions
Siege of Kharkov
Captures the Barvenkovo salient
Siege of Kharkov
The Russians under Timosheko lay siege to Kharkov but call it off after 2 months
Lieutenant General
Promoted to the rank of Lieutenant General (Generalleutnant)
Lieutenant General
Promoted to the rank of Lieutenant General (Generalleutnant)
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Battle of Stalingrad
Rokossovsky sends in a request for the German 6th Army to surrender, this is refused
Sixth Army
Rokossovsky sends in a request for the German 6th Army to surrender, this is refused
Battle of Stalingrad
Rokossovsky sends in a request for the German 6th Army to surrender, this is refused
Result of Surrender of German Sixth Army
Paulus rejects the offered terms, so fighting at Stalingrad continues temporarily.
Sixth Army
Rokossovsky sends in a request for the German 6th Army to surrender, this is refused
Surrender of German Sixth Army
Offers surrender terms but they are rejected by Paulus
Battle of Stalingrad
The 65th Army advances 5 miles in the first day
Equal Treaty with Britain
Nationalist China signs a parallel treaty with Britain ending British extraterritorial privileges in China.
Equal Treaty with United States
Nationalist China signs a treaty with the United States ending American extraterritorial rights and revising the unequal treaty system.
Iskra
Launches Operation "Iskra" with the Leningrad garrison moving south along Lake Ladoga
Conference of Casablanca
The Combined Chiefs of Staff use diplomacy to persuade Turkey to join the Allies. Arrives to discuss the blueprint for military victory with President Roosevelt
Capture of Karpovka
The most westerly of the 7 airfields supplying the German sixth army in Stalingrad
Sixth Army
The most westerly of the 7 airfields supplying the German sixth army in Stalingrad
Battle of Stalingrad
Put in command of the air supply of Stalingrad by Hitler, Goerings deputy
Conference of Casablanca
Churchill and Roosevelt discuss next phase of war, a decision is made to attack Sicily and Italy in bid to divert German military resources and make good pledge to Stalin for a second front in Europe
Churchill and Roosevelt discuss next phase of war, a decision is made
Churchill and Roosevelt discuss next phase of war, a decision is made to attack Sicily and Italy in bid to divert German military resources and make good pledge to Stalin for a second front in Europe
Churchill and Roosevelt discuss next phase of war, a decision is made
Churchill and Roosevelt discuss next phase of war, a decision is made to attack Sicily and Italy in bid to divert German military resources and make good pledge to Stalin for a second front in Europe
Conference of Casablanca
Churchill and Roosevelt discuss next phase of war, a decision is made to attack Sicily and Italy in bid to divert German military resources and make good pledge to Stalin for a second front in Europe
Battle of Basrat
Rommel tries to halt the Eighth 200 miles east of Tripoli but retreats to Tripoli
Battle of Basrat
Rommel tries to halt the Eighth 200 miles east of Tripoli but retreats to Tripoli
Capture of Pitomnik
The only airfield with a night flying to supply the German 6th army in Stalingrad
Iskra
Links up with the Volkhov front to repel the Germans after their siege of Leningrad
Birth of Janis Joplin
Birth of Janis Joplin
Break with Axis Powers
Breaks diplomatic relations with Germany, Italy and Japan during the Second World War.
Battle of Stalingrad
The last German airfield at Gumrak is captured
Battle of Stalingrad
The last German airfield at Gumrak is captured
Capture of Tripoli
Britain captures Tripoli
Capture of Tripoli
The Eighth Army marches into Tripoli & all of North Africa comes into Allied hands
North Africa Campaign
Enters Tripoli after the Axis retreat from Egypt, removing the immediate landward threat to the Suez Canal.
Tripoli Entered by Eighth Army
Eighth Army enters Tripoli after the long pursuit from El Alamein across Libya.
Battle of Stalingrad
The Russians offer Paulus the chance to surrender but Hitler rejects the offer
Battle of Stalingrad
The Russians offer Paulus the chance to surrender but Hitler rejects the offer
Conference of Casablanca
Agrees to end the war unconditionally, Germany will be defeated then Japan
Invasion of Sicily
The Casablanca Conference agrees Sicily will be invaded in July & in August
Alliance United States and Great Britain
Roosevelt & Churchill demand the unconditional surrender of Germany, Italy & Japan. 2nd meeting of US & UK leaders
Conference of Casablanca
Sicily will be invaded in July & in August. An Allied strategy is agreed to defeat Germany then Britain will fight against Japan. A joint Allied offensive will be launched on the Contentin Peninsula
Invasion of Sicily
The Casablanca Conference agrees Sicily will be invaded in July & in August
Result of Surrender of Germany, Italy and Japan
The Allies adopt unconditional surrender as their declared objective for Germany, Italy and Japan.
Surrender of Germany, Italy and Japan
Roosevelt & Churchill demand the unconditional surrender of Germany, Italy & Japan
Leclerc Joins Eighth Army
Marches 1,500 miles & joins up with Montgomerys Eighth Army
Siege of Stalingrad
The German troops are "liquidated"
Conference of Casablanca
Roosevelt & Churchill agree to supply Stalin war materials & divert German forces
Bombing of Germany
The US airforce bombs Germany for the 1sr time
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander of the German Navy, directs the U-boat offensive
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander of the German Navy, directs the U-boat offensive
Battle of Stalingrad
Hitler promotes Paulus to Field Marshal because no Field Marshal has ever surenderred
Battle of Stalingrad
Makes Paulus Field Marshal because a German Field Marshal has never been captured
Retirement
Disagrees with Hitler's strategy of scrapping the surface fleet & retires
Visit to Turkey to get it to join the
Visits Turkey to get it to join the Allies, Turkey refuses because it distrusts Russia
Battle of Stalingrad
The Germans have lost 600,000 & the Russians 400,000. Paulus surrenders the 6th Army at the Battle of Stalingrad
Result of Surrender of German Sixth Army
The German Sixth Army at Stalingrad ceases resistance, marking a major Soviet victory.
Sixth Army
Paulus surrenders the 6th Army at the Battle of Stalingrad
Surrender of German Sixth Army
Paulus surrenders the 6th Army at the Battle of Stalingrad
Battle of Stalingrad
Paulus, with 25 other generals, surrenders to the Russians
Battle of Stalingrad
The German 6th Army surrenders. Since Zhkovs counter-attack 32 Axis Divisions & 3 Axis Brigades have been destroyed
Sixth Army
The German 6th Army surrenders
Battle of Stalingrad
The Germans under Paulus surrender Stalingrad to Rokossovsky
Battle of Stalingrad
Paulus surrenders the German 6th Army. During the battle the Germans lose 600,000 & the Russians 400,000
Result of Surrender of German Sixth Army
The German Sixth Army is eliminated as an effective field formation at Stalingrad.
Surrender of German Sixth Army
Paulus surrenders the German 6th Army
Reichsvereinigung
Deported to the Theresienstadt concentration camp
Unternehmen Blau
Hitler agrees to withdraw from the Rhzev sector. Germany retains possession of Rhzev
Order of Bath
Made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath
Order of Bath
Made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath
Buerat Position Outflanked
Uses manoeuvre and pressure to force Axis troops from the Buerat position during the advance on Tripoli.
Invasion of Sicily
Orders for the invasion of Sicily are given, operation "Huskey"
Operation Husky
A planning staff known as Force 141 is established to plan the invasion of Sicily
Operation Husky
Orders for the invasion of Sicily are given, operation "Huskey"
Y-12 Completion Deadline
Groves presses for the first Y-12 electromagnetic racetrack to be completed by July as detailed plant plans are reviewed.
Invasion of Sicily
Supreme Allied commander for the attack of Sicily & the Axis "underbelly" in Europe
Operation Husky
Supreme Allied commander for the attack of Sicily & the Axis "underbelly" in Europe
Polish National Council
Founds the Polish National Council to establish communist rule in Poland
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Battle of Kirovograd
Kirovograd is liberated by the Russians
Birth of Syd Barrett
Birth of Syd Barrett, later founder, singer, guitarist and early songwriter of Pink Floyd
Invasion of Poland
The Red Army crosses into Poland
Red Army
The Red Army crosses into Poland
Birth of James Patrick Jimmy Page
Birth of James Patrick "Jimmy" Page
Birth of Jimmy Page
Birth of Jimmy Page, later guitarist, producer and founder of Led Zeppelin.
Urges Polish Reconsideration
Eden urges Polish representatives not to reject the Soviet statement outright and argues that its reference to the Curzon Line leaves some room for adjustment.
Implosion Theory Group
An implosion theory group is established at Los Alamos with Teller as its first head.
Execution
Has Ciano & 4 others executed who betrayed him at the Grand Council of 25th July 1943
Purge
Has Ciano & 4 others executed who betrayed him at the Grand Council of 25th July 1943
Arrest of Ciano
Arrested for corruption, along with other members of the Fascist Grand Council
Death of Ciano
Death of Galeazzo Ciano, executed
Execution
Executed with those who betrayed Mussolini at the Grand Council meeting 25 July 43
Fascist Grand Council
Arrested for corruption, along with other members of the Fascist Grand Council
Arrest of Galeazzo Ciano
Arrested for corruption, along with other members of the Fascist Grand Council
Arrrest
Arrested for corruption, along with other members of the Fascist Grand Council
Death of Galeazzo Ciano
Death of Galeazzo Ciano, executed
Soviet Curzon Line Proposal
The Soviet Government publicly proposes that a future Polish-Soviet boundary follow approximately the Curzon Line with possible adjustments favourable to Poland.
Birth of Joseph William Frazier
Birth of Joseph William Frazier
Polish Reply to Soviet Proposal
Mikolajczyk's government issues a moderated reply to the Soviet declaration but does not accept the Curzon Line as Poland's future eastern frontier.
Siege of Leningrad
Begins the offensive to recapture Leningrad
Atlantic Wall Inspection Report
Jodl reports serious weaknesses after inspecting Atlantic Wall defences along the Channel coast.
Atlantic Wall Weaknesses Reported to Hitler
Jodl reports that major sections of the Atlantic Wall remain incomplete and inadequately prepared.
Normandy Ground Plan Approved
Secures Allied approval for his revised ground plan for the Normandy invasion.
Operation Overlord
Montgomerys plans for D-Day are approved by the Allies
Operation Overlord
The Allies agree the plans for D-Day
Reballion of Rebels in Drvar
Moves his HQ to Drvar
Reballion of Rebels in Jajce
The Germans launch an offensive against Titos partisans & drive them out of their HQ
Siege of Leningrad
Requests permission from Hitler to withdraw to the Panther Line, permission refused
Siege of Monte Cassino
The British X Corps establish bridgeheads across the River Garigliano
Invasion of Poland
Russia rejects a Polish proposal to negotiate a boundary dispute
Health of Berthold Konrad Hermann Albert Speer
Collapses & enters hospital suffering from exhaustion, depression & an inflamed knee
Battle of Novgorod
Novgorod falls to the Russians Kuechler is forced to order a withdrawal from Leningrad
Dismissal
Dismissed by Hitler for withdrawing from Leningrad, replaced by Model
Bombing of Berlin
The RAF drops 2,300 tons of bombs on Berlin
Bombing of Berlin
The RAF drops 2,300 tons of bombs on Berlin
Commander of Twenty First Bomber Command
Appointed Commander of the 21st Bomber Command
Commander of Twenty First Bomber Command
Appointed Commander of the 21st Bomber Command to launch raids on Japan
Marriage
Eva meets Colonel Juan Peron in Buenos Aires during a charity event at the Luna Park Stadium to benefit the victims of an earthquake in San Juan, the two are married the following year
Invasion of Italy
The Allies land in Anzio
Invasion of Italy
The Allied landings in Anzio begin
Battle of Anzio
Lands behind the German lines at Anzio, code named Operation Shingle
Battle of Bulge
Hitler's last powerful reserve, the panzer elite, are lost. Despite initial gains 77,000 Allies & 130,000 Germans are lost
Invasion of Italy
36,000 Allied roops sucessfuly land with the loss of only 13 lives
Battle of Korsun
Orders an immediate counter-attack to releive the "Korsun pocket". 60,000 Germans are caught in a trap
Front
About 60,000 German troops are encircled
Siege of Korsun
The 1st & 2nd Ukranian Fronts attempt to cut off the Germans
Supreme Allied Commander
The directive appointing Eisenhower Supreme Allied Commander for Overlord is issued. Appointed Supreme Allied Commander
Operation Overlord
The directive appointing Eisenhower Supreme Allied Commander for Overlord is issued
Supreme Allied Commander
The directive appointing Eisenhower Supreme Allied Commander for Overlord is issued. Appointed Supreme Allied Commander
Siege of Leningrad
The Germans officially lift the siege of Leningrad
Birth of Nick Mason
Birth of Nick Mason, later drummer and the only member to appear on every Pink Floyd album.
Advises Curzon Line Basis
Churchill tells Polish ministers that Britain considers the Curzon Line a realistic basis for negotiations linked to territorial compensation in the north and west.
Siege of Leningrad
The Soviet Union announces the end of the deadly German siege of Leningrad, which had lasted 880 days with 600,000 killed. 633,000 civilians had died from starvation & a 200,000 from German military action
Execution
Orders the public execution of 33 Polish partisans
Reports Curzon Proposal to Roosevelt
Churchill informs Roosevelt that he has advised the Polish Government to examine the Curzon Line as part of a wider territorial settlement.
Siege of Leningrad
The Germans fall back to the River Luga
Promotion to Generaloberst
Jodl is promoted to Generaloberst while continuing as chief of the OKW Operations Staff.
Shingle
Decides to attack through Cisterna & Camoleone but is pushed back
Death of Theodor August Otto Wilhelm Habicht
Death of Theodor August Otto Wilhelm Habicht
Commander of Army Group B
Appointed Commander of Army Group B
Army Group North
Appointed Commander of the Army Group North, Jan-March
Commander of Army Group North
Appointed Commander of the Army Group North, Jan-March
Commander of Army Group B
Appointed Commander of Army Group B to defend France from Allied invasion
Invasion of France
Responsible for defending occupied France from Allied invasion
Siege of Leningrad
The siege of Leningrad is officially lifted
Army Group North
Appointed Commander of the Army Group North, Jan-March
Commander of Army Group North
Appointed Commander of the Army Group North, Jan-March
Battle of Anzio
Hastily improvises a beachead containment after the Allied landings at Anzio
Channel Islands Defence Inspection
Jodl's inspection identifies shortages and weaknesses in German defensive preparations in the Channel Islands.
Operation Ratweek
In 2000 it is revealed that the operation had been supervised by Edwin Hardy Amies, at the time head of SOEs Belgian Section. Assassination offensive against Nazi security forces in Occupied Europe by the SOE, to create confusion and trepidation at the same time as the Allies increase preparations for the Resistances contribution to the Normandy Landings
Operation Ratweek
In 2000 it is revealed that the operation had been supervised by Edwin Hardy Amies, at the time head of SOEs Belgian Section
Operation Ratweek
Assassination offensive against Nazi security forces in Occupied Europe by the SOE, to create confusion and trepidation at the same time as the Allies increase preparations for the Resistances contribution to the Normandy Landings
Operation Overlord
Succesfully argues the case for more troops & a broader landing area
Overlord Assault Front Broadened
Expands the planned Normandy assault from three to five seaborne divisions with stronger airborne support.
Armia Ludowa
Founds the Peoples Army in Poland, a rival Polish Army to fight the Germans
Victor Street Residence
Marguerite withdrew Lee from the children's home and moved with him to a house on Victor Street in Dallas.
Y-12 Calutron Operations
The first Alpha calutron at Y-12 begins operation as electromagnetic isotope separation moves from construction into production.
K-25 Barrier Redesign
Groves orders a change in the gaseous-diffusion barrier approach after continuing failures to produce a suitable barrier for K-25.
Chief of General Staff
Appointed Chief of General Staff
Jumbo Test Vessel Authorised
Groves and Oppenheimer decide to plan a full-scale fission-bomb test, and Groves authorises construction of the massive steel vessel called Jumbo.
Operation Overlord
Arrives in England to assume duties as Supreme Allied Commander of Operation Overlord
Chief of General Staff
Appointed Chief of General Staff
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Parliamentary Election
Leads the government during elections boycotted by the Wafd Party.
Proposes Preliminary Foreign Ministers Meeting
Suggests an advance meeting of the three foreign ministers before the Big Three conference.
Requests Malta Chiefs of Staff Meeting
Emphasizes the importance of Combined Chiefs of Staff discussions at Malta before travelling to Yalta.
Birth of Rod Stewart
Birth of Rod Stewart
Birth of Roderick David Stewart
Birth of Roderick David Stewart, later a major British rock and pop singer.
Proposes Eden-Stettinius Malta Talks
Proposes short talks between Anthony Eden and Edward Stettinius during the Malta preparations.
Birth of Anthony John Selvidge
Birth of Anthony John Selvidge, later known as Tony Kaye, original Yes keyboard player.
Accepts Argonaut Conference Code Name
Accepts the Allied code name Argonaut for the forthcoming Malta and Yalta conference arrangements.
Battle of Oder River
The Soviets launch an attack on the Baranov Bridgehead & cross the River Oder
Battle of Berlin
The Red Army begins the Vistula-Oder offensive across the Narew River and, from Warsaw, a three-day operation on a broad front which incorporated four army Fronts
Red Army
The Red Army begins the Vistula-Oder offensive across the Narew River and, from Warsaw, a three-day operation on a broad front which incorporated four army Fronts
Sends Hopkins Ahead of Conference
Plans for Harry Hopkins to visit Britain before the Malta and Yalta meetings.
Reviews Turkish Straits Passage
Raises practical questions about Allied ships passing through the Turkish Straits on the journey toward Crimea.
Sets Malta and Yalta Arrival Timetable
Confirms expected arrival dates for the preliminary Malta talks and the subsequent Crimea conference.
Evacuation
Hitler evacuates his HQ at Adlershorst
Invasion of Germany
Hitler evacuates his HQ at Adlershorst
Battle of Bulge
Final day of the Battle of the Bulge, gives way to the Allied advance
Nationalization
The Renault company is nationalized after accusations of collaboration during the occupation
Commander of Central Zone
Appointed Commander of the German Central Zone including Berlin
Fuhrerbunker
Hitler's secretaries include Traudl Junge a nurse named Erna Flegel and telephonist Rochus Misch
Fuhrerbunker
Hitler moves into the Fuhrerbunker, he is joined by his senior staff, Martin Bormann, and later, Eva Braun and Joseph Goebbels with Magda and their six children who took residence in the upper Vorbunker
Fuhrerbunker
Hitler's secretaries include Traudl Junge a nurse named Erna Flegel and telephonist Rochus Misch
Fuhrerbunker
Hitler's secretaries include Traudl Junge a nurse named Erna Flegel and telephonist Rochus Misch
Commander of Central Zone
Appointed Commander of the German Central Zone including Berlin
Battle of Berlin
Starting on 16 January 1945, the Red Army breached through the German front as a result of the Vistula-Oder Offensive and rapidly advanced westward as fast as 30-40 kilometres a day
Fuhrerbunker
Hitler moves into the Fuhrerbunker, he is joined by his senior staff, Martin Bormann, and later, Eva Braun and Joseph Goebbels with Magda and their six children who took residence in the upper Vorbunker
Invasion of Germany
Hitler transfer his HQ to Berlin, he stays there
Red Army
Starting on 16 January 1945, the Red Army breached through the German front as a result of the Vistula-Oder Offensive and rapidly advanced westward as fast as 30-40 kilometres a day
Siege of Budapest
Hitler transfers forces from the western front to Budapest
Western Front
Hitler transfers forces from the western front to Budapest
Battle of Berlin
Starting on 16 January 1945, the Red Army breached through the German front as a result of the Vistula-Oder Offensive and rapidly advanced westward as fast as 30-40 kilometres a day
Red Army
Starting on 16 January 1945, the Red Army breached through the German front as a result of the Vistula-Oder Offensive and rapidly advanced westward as fast as 30-40 kilometres a day
Reports Yalta Accommodation Arrangements
Reports arrangements for Roosevelt and the American party to stay in the Yalta area.
Medal
Awarded the swords to the oak leaf by Adolf Hitler
Dragon Prompt Critical Experiment
Frisch's Dragon experiment produces the first assembly made prompt critical by neutrons alone, using uranium hydride at Los Alamos.
President of USA
Inaugurated President of the USA
Invasion of Germany
Russian forces reach Germany for the 1st time
Death of Archibald James Murray
Death of Archibald James Murray
Proposes Press Exclusion at Yalta
Proposes excluding the press from the conference to protect secrecy and reduce logistical pressure.
Agrees to Exclude Conference Press
Agrees with Churchill that journalists should not attend the conference sessions in Crimea.
Requests Eisenhower and Alexander Attendance
Suggests that Generals Eisenhower and Alexander attend Yalta as well as the Malta military discussions.
Siege of Gloggau
Moves his HQ to Gloggau on the Oder to defend it from the Soviet advance
Birth of Jacqueline du Pre
Birth of Jacqueline du Pre
Commander of Army Group North
Appointed Commander of the Army Group North
Commander of Army Group North
Appointed Commander of the Army Group North
Siege of River Oder
Rendulic is given the task of holding back the Russians who had advanced as far as the Oder
Government
Heads a new coalition of Christian Democrats, Democratic Socialists & Republicans
Prime Minister of Italy
Appointed Prime Minister of Italy, 2nd term
Completes Malta-to-Yalta Travel Plans
Sends Churchill final travel arrangements for moving from the Malta talks to the Crimea conference.
Invasion of Poland
Russian troops cross the Polish border
Invasion of Poland
Russian troops cross the Polish border
Kolberg
Directs Kolberg, one of the last major Nazi-era productions.
Invasion of Poland
Leads the Russian movement into Poland
Y-12 Two Hundred Grams Daily Output
Y-12 production rises to roughly 204 grams per day of uranium enriched to about eighty percent uranium-235.
Massacre
Reports on the GI massacre by Nazis in "Stars & Stripes"
Constitution of Japan
Issues an Imperial Rescript rejecting Japanese racial superiority. Issues an Imperial Rescript denying his divinity
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Ohlendorf Testifies about Einsatzgruppen Killings
Ohlendorf testifies about Einsatzgruppe operations and acknowledges that mobile killing units carried out systematic mass executions in occupied Soviet territory.
Birth of John Paul Jones
Birth of John Paul Jones, later Led Zeppelin bassist, keyboard player and arranger.
Hoellriegel Testifies on Mauthausen Gas Chamber
Hoellriegel provides evidence concerning killing facilities and procedures at Mauthausen concentration camp.
Recognition of Outer Mongolia
The National Government formally recognises the independence of Outer Mongolia under the Sino-Soviet Treaty framework
Ceasefire Breakdown
Fighting around Hankou shows the fragility of local ceasefire arrangements
Peace Breakdown
Local clashes around Hankou illustrate the breakdown of peace efforts
Birth of Roger Keith Syd Barrett
Birth of Roger Keith "Syd" Barrett
Constitution of Austria
The Austrian Government has sovereignty & there must be no restoration of the monarchy
Diplomatic relations are restored between Austria & the rest of the world
Diplomatic relations are restored between Austria & the rest of the world
House
The Austrian Government has sovereignty & there must be no restoration of the monarchy
Independence of Austria
The Austrian Government has sovereignty & there must be no restoration of the monarchy. Russia, the USA, France & Britain agree to the restoration of the 1937 borders
Rule of Tyrol
The Allies cede the southern Tyrol to Italy, despite its German speaking population
Bach-Zelewski Testifies on Anti-Partisan Killings
Bach-Zelewski gives evidence about SS anti-partisan operations, mass shootings and the relationship between police formations and military authorities.
Recognition of Austria
Russia, Britain, the USA and France recognise Austria with its 1937 boundaries
Independence of Russia
Russia, Britain, the USA & France recognize Austria with its 1937 boundaries
Rule of Austria
Russia, Britain, the USA & France recognize Austria with its 1937 boundaries
Russia, Britain, the USA & France recognize Austria with its 1937 boundaries
Russia, Britain, the USA & France recognize Austria with its 1937 boundaries
Forced Labour Case Connects Goering to Four Year Plan
Evidence on forced labour emphasized that Sauckel operated within the Four Year Plan structure for which Goering held overarching authority as its plenipotentiary.
Soviet Labour Directives Presented against Goering
The prosecution cited wartime directives attributed to Goering concerning the use of Soviet civilians and prisoners of war as labour within the German war economy.
Birth of Robby Krieger
Birth of Doors guitarist Robby Krieger.
Political Consultative Conference
The Political Consultative Conference opens with Nationalist, Communist and other political representatives seeking agreement on government reconstruction and constitutional issues.
Coalition Government
Mao backs Communist participation in negotiations for a coalition government
Political Consultative Conference
Shen Junru represents Democratic League opinion during the coalition government talks
Political Consultative Conference
Zhang Junmai participates in constitutional discussions at the Political Consultative Conference
Political Consultative Conference
Chiang's government opens the Political Consultative Conference with Communist and third-party delegates
Ceasefire
A ceasefire agreement is arranged under George Marshall's mediation
Marshall Truce
General Marshall helps arrange a truce between Nationalist and Communist forces
Peace Negotiations
Marshall's mediation produces a ceasefire while political negotiations continue
Nationalist Communist Ceasefire
A ceasefire agreement temporarily halts major Nationalist-Communist fighting while American mediation attempts to create a political settlement.
Moon Radar Echo
Project Diana receives radar echoes from the Moon.
People's Republic Proclaimed
People's Republic of Albania proclaimed and Hoxha consolidates power
Abdication
Deposed in absentia
Deposed in Absentia
Monarchy abolished and Zog deposed in absentia
Blaha Testifies on Dachau Camp Conditions
Blaha recounts conditions at Dachau, including deaths, medical abuse and his work around the camp's pathological facilities.
A Nice Cup of Tea
Publishes A Nice Cup of Tea.
Heisig Testifies on Naval Conduct
Heisig gives testimony used during the prosecution's examination of German naval operations and wartime orders.
Moehle Testifies on U-Boat Orders
Moehle explains how U-boat commanders received operational orders and describes instructions relevant to the prosecution of German naval warfare.
Debut
Makes England international debut in a 20 win over Belgium in a (post-war) Victory International
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Sets up a Central Intelligence Group under National Intelligence Authority. Says that "needed intelligence information was not coordinated at any one place"
Central Intelligence Group
Sets up a Central Intelligence Group under National Intelligence Authority
Birth of Malcolm McLaren
Birth of Malcolm McLaren
Lampe Testifies on Concentration Camp Treatment
Lampe gives evidence about detention and mistreatment in the concentration-camp system during the French prosecution case.
Veith Testifies on Mauthausen
Veith recounts his imprisonment at Mauthausen and describes conditions experienced by prisoners under the concentration-camp regime.
Vaillant-Couturier Testifies on Auschwitz and Ravensbrueck
Vaillant-Couturier recounts deportation, imprisonment and conditions she witnessed at Auschwitz and Ravensbrueck concentration camps.
Dupont Testifies in French Prosecution Case
Dupont gives evidence during the French presentation concerning persecution and conditions imposed under German occupation.
Boix Testifies with Mauthausen Photographs
Boix identifies photographs connected with Mauthausen and explains how images documenting camp personnel and conditions were preserved.
Balachowsky Testifies on Camp Experiments
Balachowsky recounts imprisonment and discusses medical experimentation conducted on concentration-camp inmates.
Cappelen Testifies on Occupied Norway
Cappelen provides evidence concerning German occupation policies and conditions experienced in Norway under wartime rule.
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil
PCC Agreements
Chiang accepts conference resolutions but later disputes over implementation undermine the settlement
Civil Service
Works briefly in the Civil Service before concentrating on a parliamentary career.
Conservatives
Many prewar conservative politicians are barred from holding public office
Canadian Citizenship Act
Helps introduce distinct Canadian citizenship.
Constitution Promulgated
Promulgates the new Constitution of the Republic of China, which is scheduled to take effect later in the year.
Nationalisation of Coal
The National Coal Board assumes ownership of Britain's coal mines on Vesting Day.
Nationalisation of Cable and Wireless
Cable and Wireless enters public ownership under the postwar nationalisation programme.
Nationalization
The coal industry is nationalised
Occupation
The American and British occupation zones in Germany are economically joined together
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Atomic Energy Commission
The United States Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) is an agency of the United States Government established after World War II by Congress to foster and control the peacetime development of atomic science and technology
Coal Vesting Day
On 1 January 1947 the National Coal Board took over coal mines under the nationalisation programme overseen by the Labour government.
Nationalised Pits Open
Nationalisation transferred the principal coal mines into a single publicly owned organisation managed by the National Coal Board.
Milch Trial Opens
Military Tribunal II opened the trial of former Luftwaffe Field Marshal Erhard Milch.
Speight Serves as Alternate Judge for Milch Case
Speight served as the designated alternate for Military Tribunal II, available to replace a sitting judge if illness or incapacity interrupted the Milch Case.
Toms Presides as Milch Trial Opens
Toms presided as the Milch Case began, placing former Luftwaffe field marshal Erhard Milch before Military Tribunal II on forced-labour and wartime responsibility charges.
Phillips Takes Seat on Milch Tribunal
Phillips took his place as a member of Military Tribunal II when proceedings opened against Erhard Milch at the Palace of Justice.
Musmanno Begins Service in Milch Case
Musmanno began hearing the Milch prosecution as one of the three sitting judges responsible for evaluating testimony, documentary evidence and the defendant's legal responsibility.
Inauguration
1st sworn in as member of Congress, 18th Congress
Doctors Trial Typhus Vaccine Evidence Presented
The prosecution presents evidence on typhus and vaccine experiments carried out on concentration-camp prisoners under coercive conditions.
Peace Mediation
The Marshall Mission ends as American mediation fails to reconcile the Nationalists and Communists.
Birth of David Robert Jones
Birth of David Robert Jones, later known professionally as David Bowie.
Doctors Trial Biological Warfare Evidence Presented
The prosecution examines alleged biological-warfare research and the involvement of medical officials in experimentation on prisoners.
Doctors Trial Euthanasia Evidence Presented
Evidence is presented on the Nazi euthanasia programme and the killing of patients and other persons classified as unfit to live.
Pohl Trial Indictment
Pohl and other WVHA officials were indicted for war crimes, crimes against humanity and SS membership.
President of France
Appointed President of France
Death of Helmuth von Pannwitz
Hanged in Moscow for attrocities committed behind the estaern fron in 1941
Execution
Hanged in Moscow for attrocities committed behind the estaern fron in 1941
Rule of Poland
The Polish elections, held on January 16, 1947, resulted in Polands official transformation to a communist state by 1949
Polish Election and Yalta Commitments
Poland holds elections under a Soviet-dominated political system, intensifying Western claims that Yalta's free-election commitments were not fulfilled.
Refuses to place South West Africa under United Nations trusteeship
Refuses to place South West Africa under United Nations trusteeship
Clayton Public School Enrollment
Lee enrolled at Clayton Public School on January 27, 1947, and completed first grade there with generally good marks.
Birth of David Byron
Birth of David Byron
General Election - General Election
Monje Gutierrez organises the election that returns Bolivia to constitutional government.
General Election Election Outcome
General election outcome recorded for Tomas Monje Gutierrez: Monje Gutierrez organises the election that returns Bolivia to constitutional government.
General Election Government
Government context for this general election: Monje Gutierrez organises the election that returns Bolivia to constitutional government.
General Election
Monje Gutierrez organises the election that returns Bolivia to constitutional government.
Presidential Inauguration
Monje Gutierrez oversees Hertzog's inauguration and ends the interim administration.
Transfer of Power
Hertzog receives power after the interim government organises the 1947 election.
Resignation of Shigeru Yoshida
A strike campaign by Government workers causes the end of the Yoshida cabinet
Executive Council Leadership
Leads the interim Executive Council during independence negotiations
Nationalisation of Transport
Railways and long-distance road haulage transfer to the British Transport Commission.
President of Italy
Appointed President of Italy
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Generalized Theory of Gravitation
Publishes a generalized theory of gravitation in Reviews of Modern Physics, presenting another stage of his sustained search for a unified geometric field theory.
Independence of Great Britain
Burma becomes an independent republic
Independence of Myanmar
Burma becomes an independent republic
Independence of Myanmar
Chosen as Independence Day by Burmese Astrologers
First Cabinet
Forms the first post-independence government of the Union of Burma
Prime Minister Takes Office
U Nu becomes first Prime Minister of independent Burma
President Takes Office
Sao Shwe Thaik becomes first President of independent Burma
Ministries Trial Opens
The Ministries Case opened against former diplomats, civil servants and political officials.
Hornbostel Testifies in Ministries Case
Theodor Hornbostel gives testimony as prosecutors introduce evidence concerning German diplomacy and the operation of the Foreign Office.
Peters Testifies in Ministries Case
Hans Peters testifies during the early prosecution case as the Tribunal reviews the conduct of senior civil and political officials.
Rodlova Testifies in Ministries Case
Ida Rodlova gives evidence during the prosecution's presentation of occupation policies and their consequences for civilians.
Gandhi Fast and Pakistan Funds
During Gandhi's fast, pressure increases on the Indian government to release Pakistan's agreed share of partition financial assets.
Fast
Threatens to starve if the Government does not pay ล44 million owed to Pakistan
Release of Pakistan Funds
The Indian government agrees to release Pakistan's outstanding share of partition financial assets during Gandhi's fast.
Fast
The Indian Government agrees to Gandhis demands & pays Pakistan ล44 million
Plot
Nearly assassinates Gandhi
Plot
A 3rd assassination attempt is made on Gandhis life
Arrest of Nathuran
Arrested for the assassination of Gandhi
Assassination of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
Asssasinates Gandhi in the garden of Birla house by shooting 3 times at him
Assassination of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
Assassinates Gandhi
Assassination of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
Assassinated by a Hindu journalist
Death of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
Death of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, assassinated by a Hindu journalist
Death of Orville Wright
Death of Orville Wright
Burial
Gandhi is buried
Western Army Operations
K. M. Cariappa commands the Western Army during major operations in Jammu and Kashmir before the 1949 ceasefire.
Kashmir Ceasefire Line
The ceasefire leaves Jammu and Kashmir divided between Indian and Pakistani-administered areas.
Kashmir Ceasefire
A United Nations-backed ceasefire takes effect in Jammu and Kashmir between Indian and Pakistani forces.
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Comecon
Comecon is established at a Moscow economic conference January 5-January 8, 1949, at which the six founding member countries are represented
Economy of Russia
Comecon is established at a Moscow economic conference January 5-January 8, 1949, at which the six founding member countries are represented
National Suffrage for Women
Promulgates legislation granting women equal voting rights in presidential and parliamentary elections.
Gold Reserves Transfer
Orders Central Bank gold reserves transferred toward Taiwan as the Nationalist government prepares for possible loss of the mainland.
Birth of George Edward Foreman
Birth of George Edward Foreman
Birth of Trevor Rabin
Birth of Trevor Rabin, later Yes guitarist, vocalist and songwriter during the 1980s.
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey
Presidential Resignation
Announces his resignation as President after severe Nationalist defeats, while retaining leadership of the Kuomintang.
Capture of Beijing
Peking surrenders to the Communists
Constitution of Israel
Elected Prime Minister, Israels 1st national election
Election
Elected Prime Minister, Israels 1st national election
Comecon
Comecons foundation is publicly announced
Education
Reports to Naval Air Station Pensacola for flight training, this lasts almost 18 months, during which time he qualified for carrier landing aboard the USS Cabot and USS Wright
Capture of Beijing
Communist forces enter Beiping after the Nationalist garrison accepts a negotiated surrender.
Trial
Appeals against his sentence & is released
Prime Minister of Israel
the War of Independence
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Prime Minister of Greece
Ioannis Theotokis heads a caretaker government.
Independence of China
Britain recognizes the Republic of China
Recognition of the Republic of China
Britain recognizes the Republic of China
Recognition of Communist China
Britain recognises Communist China
Communism
Alleges that 205 Communists are working in the State Department
Election
Announces a general election will be held February 23rd
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Announces a general election will be held February 23rd
Prime Minister of Egypt
Forms his final government as Prime Minister after the Wafd wins the parliamentary election.
Wafd Government
Forms a Wafd cabinet after the party's decisive election victory.
Wafd Election Victory
Forms a Wafd government after the party wins the parliamentary election.
Independence of Vietnam
The Democratic Republic is recognized by China, Russia & Yugoslavia. Declares the Democratic Republic of Vietnam the only legal Government
Minister of Labour Appointment
Becomes Minister of Labour after the 1950 election.
Independence of Vietnam
Ho Chi Minhs Vietminh is recognized as the legitimate Government of Vietnam by China
Death of George Orwell
Death of George Orwell in London.
Death of Eric Blair, alias George Orwell
Death of Eric Blair, alias George Orwell
Burial
Is buried at All Saints' Church, Sutton Courtenay.
Constitution Comes into Force
The Constitution of India comes into force and India becomes a sovereign democratic republic.
President of India
Rajendra Prasad takes office as the first President of India.
Republic of India
The Republic of India is inaugurated with Rajendra Prasad serving as its first President.
Treaty Signed at Baltic Sea
Britain signs a treaty with Norway, Denmark and Sweden for more economic cooperation
Independence of Vietnam
Russia recoginzes Ho Chi Minhs claim to represent the whole of Vietnam
Hydrogen Bomb Programme Approved
Directs the United States Atomic Energy Commission to continue work on developing a thermonuclear hydrogen bomb.
Capture of Seoul
Chinese forces capture Seoul, the capitol of South Korea
Angular Momentum Quantization in Heavy Nuclei
Publishes a model of heavy nuclei allowing nonspherical average fields and quantized angular motion, improving explanations of large nuclear quadrupole moments.
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Invasion of Korea
400,000 Chinese & 100,000 North Koreans open a major offenisive
Invasion of Korea
400,000 Chinese & 100,000 North Koreans open a major offenisive
Siege of Seoul
Orders the evacuation of Seoul
Honorary Membership of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada
The Royal Astronomical Society of Canada elects Edwin Hubble an Honorary Member, formally recognising his influence on extragalactic astronomy and observational cosmology.
Battle of Vinh Yen
Launches attacks near Vinh Yen against French mobile forces
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Minister of Labour
Appointed Minister of Labour
The Sinner
Directs Die Sunderin, a controversial West German melodrama starring Hildegard Knef.
Nationalization
Sponsors a bill to Nationalize the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company
Mobilization
Launches a counter-offensive against the Chinese & North Koreans
Birth of Philip David Charles Collins
Birth of Philip David Charles Collins, later Genesis drummer, vocalist and solo artist.
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil, 2nd term
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
While in Washington Churchill allows US bases on British soil
While in Washington Churchill allows US bases on British soil
President of Panama
Appointed President of Panama
Jean Van Houtte Government
Begins the Jean Van Houtte Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Joseph Pholien Government
The Joseph Pholien Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Military Affairs Conference
Presides over the first major military affairs conference of his restored presidency in Taiwan.
Demonstrations
Anti-British riots follow after British forces seize the police HQ at Ismailia
Siege of Ismailia
Anti-British riots follow after British forces seize the police HQ at Ismailia
Suez Canal
Anti-British riots follow British forces seize the police HQ at Ismailia
Cairo Fire
Faces a breakdown of order as major buildings burn during the Cairo Fire.
Demonstrations
The Shepheard Hotel is burnt down killing 17 people during anti-British demonstrations
Shepheard Hotel is burnt down killing 17 people during anti-British demonstrations
The Shepheard Hotel is burnt down killing 17 people during anti-British demonstrations
High Commissioner
Appointed High Commissioner of Malaya, committed to defeating the communist insurgents
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Four-Year Economic Development Plan
The Executive Yuan announces the first Four-Year Economic Development Plan, beginning a sustained program of state-directed economic development.
Hydrogen Bomb
Truman announces that the US had developed the nuclear hydrogen bomb
Nuclear Power
Truman announces that the US had developed the hydrogen bomb
Dissolution of Political Parties
The Revolutionary Command Council dissolves existing political parties and begins creating a new political system.
Public School 117 Truancy
By January 16, 1953, Oswald had attended only a small fraction of his scheduled days at Public School 117 and had failing grades in most subjects.
Government
Inaugurated President of the USA, 34th
Vice Presidency
Inaugurated Vice President of USA, only 40 the 2nd youngest in American history
Russian Democracy Campaign
Kerensky records his position on russian democracy campaign in exile.
First Eisenhower Cabinet Takes Office
Cabinet members begin taking office on the day after Eisenhower's inauguration.
Premiership Ends
Ends his 1952 to 1953 prime ministerial term
Land-to-the-Tiller Act
Promulgates the Land-to-the-Tiller Act, transferring farmland from large landowners to tenant farmers under compensated reform.
Xiluo Bridge Opening
Attends the opening of Xiluo Bridge, a major infrastructure project completed with substantial American assistance.
Council of Freedom
The Nairobi Central Committee had reconstituted its senior ranks and renamed itself the Council of Freedom
Independence of Kenya
The Nairobi Central Committee had reconstituted its senior ranks and renamed itself the Council of Freedom
KAU
The Nairobi Central Committee had reconstituted its senior ranks and renamed itself the Council of Freedom
Assassination of Andrei Aleksandrovich Zhdanov
9 Russian & 6 Jewish doctors confess to the murder of Andrei Zhdanov
Plot
9 Russian & 6 Jewish doctors confess to the murder of Andrei Zhdanov
Plot
9 Russian & 6 Jewish doctors confess to the murder of Andrei Zhdanov
Persecution
Stalins anti-Semitism becomes official state policy
Plot
Stalin arrests & charges 9 Kremlin doctors for plotting to kill Russian leaders. Outbreak of the Doctors Plot
Film
Monroe continued to attract attention with her revealing outfits in publicity events, most famously at the Photoplay awards in January 1953, where she won the "Fastest Rising Star" award
Secretry of State
Appointed Secretry of State
Seventh Fleet Taiwan Neutralization Ended
Ends the Truman-era neutralization of the Taiwan Strait by the U.S. Seventh Fleet.
Death of Alfred Duff Cooper
Death of Alfred Duff Cooper
Constitutional Reform
I participates in constitutional reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Meeting with Nico Lopez
Guevara meets Moncada veteran Nico Lopez, strengthening his contacts with Cuban revolutionary exiles.
Big Brothers Home Visit
A Big Brothers caseworker visited Lee and Marguerite at home, but Marguerite said further counseling was unnecessary.
Workington Managerial Challenge
Shankly became manager of Workington, undertaking a demanding lower-division assignment before later moving to Huddersfield Town.
Purge
Final phase of the expulsion of black Africans from their homes in Johannesburg. 60,000 Africans are moved to the Meadowlands development 13 miles from Johannesburg
Opens the New Zealand Parliament
Opens the New Zealand Parliament
Beauregard Junior High Enrollment
Oswald enrolled in the eighth grade at Beauregard Junior High School on January 13, 1954.
USS Nautilus Launched
The first nuclear-powered submarine, USS Nautilus, is launched during Eisenhower's administration.
Assault Postponed
Postpones a quick assault and shifts to a siege strategy
The Seven Year Itch
Stars in Billy Wilders comedy The Seven Year Itch, in which she starred opposite Tom Ewell as a woman who becomes the object of her married neighbors sexual fantasies
Return to New Orleans
Marguerite took Lee back to New Orleans before January 10, 1954, without first obtaining formal permission from the New York court.
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Purge
Decides that there is no alternative to armed & violent resistance
Independence of Germany
Recognizes the Independence of West Germany
Independence of Russia
Recognizes the Independence of West Germany
Bombing of Tachen Islands
Communist attacks on Nationalist-held offshore islands intensify pressure that leads to the evacuation of the Dachen Islands.
Capture of Yikiang
Communist forces capture Yijiangshan Island during the First Taiwan Strait Crisis.
Birth of Simon Rattle
Birth of Simon Rattle
Prime Minister of Norway
Appointed Prime Minister of Norway, 2nd term
Third Einar Gerhardsen Government
Begins the Third Einar Gerhardsen Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Oscar Torp Government
The Oscar Torp Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Resignation of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
MacMillan advises Churchill to retire
Resignation of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
Advises Churchill to retire, the only member of the Government brave enough to do so
Foreign Policy Statement at Moscow
Russia declares an end to belligerency with Germany
State of War with Germany
The Soviet Union formally ends its state of war with Germany.
Birth of Nicolas Paul Stephane Sarkozy de Nagy-Bocsa
Birth of Nicolas Paul Stephane Sarkozy de Nagy-Bocsa
Alliance Dwight David Eisenhower and Taiwan
The USA adopts the policy of supporting Chiang Kai-sheks regime in Taiwan. Obtains authority from the House of Representitives & Congress to support Taiwan
Formosa Resolution
US President Dwight Eisenhower signs the Formosa Resolution authorizing protection of Taiwan and the Penghu islands during the Taiwan Strait crisis.
Second Hedtoft Premiership
The Second Hedtoft Premiership ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Formosa Resolution Approved
Signs the Formosa Resolution, authorizing the use of American forces to defend Taiwan and the Pescadores.
Triple-Axis Neutron Results
Presents early triple-axis neutron spectroscopy results after NRX returns to operation.
Avadi Resolution
The Congress session at Avadi endorses the objective of establishing a socialistic pattern of society.
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Prime Minister Term Ends
Ends his first post-abdication prime ministerial term
Conclusion of Hashem Cabinet Assignment
Al-Rifaiโs assignment as deputy prime minister and foreign minister in Ibrahim Hashemโs government ended. He was appointed to lead a new government the next day.
Fourth Government Takes Office
Al-Rifai formed his fourth cabinet under King Hussein and assumed the roles of prime minister and minister of interior. The government took office during a period of significant debate over Jordanโs political direction and military command.
President of Panama
Appointed President of Panama
Constitutional Reform
Rifai participates in constitutional reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Visit to Brazil for its Presidential inauguration
Visits Brazil for its Presidential inauguration
Eden Washington Conference
Meets British Prime Minister Anthony Eden in Washington for talks on international affairs.
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil
Birth of Johnny Rotten
Birth of Johnny Rotten, as John Joseph Lydon
J R Michels Office Boy
Lee worked briefly as an office boy for J. R. Michels, Inc., before taking messenger work at the Pfisterer Dental Laboratory.
President of Austria
Appointed President of Austria
Middle East Security Message to Congress
Asks Congress for authority to provide economic and military assistance to Middle Eastern states threatened by communist aggression.
Government
Issues a statement to protect Middle East countries from Communism. Chief architect of the Eisenhower Doctrine
Visit to Moscow
Zhou Enlai visits Moscow
Zhou Enlai Moscow Talks
Meets Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai during talks on Communist bloc relations.
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer
Government
Informs Butler that MacMillan has been selected to succeed Eden
Resignation of Robert Anthony Eden
Eden informs Heath that he intends to resign on his doctors advice
Under Secretary
Appointed Under Secretary for Education
Resignation of Robert Anthony Eden
Eden informs Elizabeth II he is resigning
Resignation of Robert Anthony Eden
Eden informs Elizabeth II that he is resigning
Resignation of Robert Anthony Eden
Eden resigns as Prime Minister
Resignation of Robert Anthony Eden
Resigns as Prime Minister and is succeeded by Harold Macmillan
Resignation of Robert Anthony Eden
Publicly announces Edens resignation
Macmillan Government
Continues as Chief Whip after Harold Macmillan becomes Prime Minister.
Government
Summoned by Elizabeth II to succeed Eden
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 1st term
Government
Sends for MacMillan to succeed Eden
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appoints MacMillan as Prime Minister
Prime Minister
Becomes Prime Minister after Anthony Eden resigns.
Birth of Bryan Robson
Birth of Bryan Robson
Neutrality Declared
Declares Cambodia neutral amid the Cold War and Indochina conflict
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary
Government
Forms a Government
Retirement from Commons
Leaves the House of Commons after his resignation as Prime Minister
Death of Humphrey Bogart
Death of Humphrey Bogart
Battle of La Plata
Guevara participates in the Rebel Army's successful attack on the La Plata army outpost.
Battle of La Plata
Wins an early guerrilla victory against an army outpost.
Camp Pendleton Infantry Training
Lee reported to Camp Pendleton for further infantry training with A Company, First Battalion, Second Infantry Training Regiment.
Second Presidential Inauguration
Takes the public oath of office for his second presidential term.
Ambush at Arroyo del Infierno
Guevara participates as the rebels ambush government troops at Arroyo del Infierno.
Death of Jose Linhares
Death of Jose Linhares
Visit to Hungary
Visits Hungary and argues that relations among socialist states should respect principles of sovereign equality.
Visit to Poland
Visits Poland and discusses relations among socialist states after the political crises of 1956.
Visit to Soviet Union
Visits the Soviet Union during efforts to manage tensions within the socialist bloc.
Quantum Gravity
Discusses singularities and the need for quantum gravity beyond classical general relativity.
EEC Treaty Enters into Force
Heads the Federal German government when the Treaty of Rome enters into force and the EEC begins operating.
EEC Treaty Enters into Force
Heads the Italian government when the Treaty of Rome enters into force and the EEC begins operating.
Treaty of Rome
Drees's cabinet enters 1958 with the common-market and Euratom treaties now legally operative in the Netherlands.
Death of Ralph Vaughan Williams
Death of Vaughan Williams
Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
Reaches the South Pole as part of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition, for which he led the New Zealand section
Commonwealth
Reaches the South Pole as part of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition, for which he led the New Zealand section
Discovery of South Pole
Reaches the South Pole as part of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition, for which he led the New Zealand section. First to reach the Pole since Amundsen in 1911 and Scott in 1912, the first motor vehicles to reach the Pole
Resignation of George Edward Peter Thorneycroft
Resigns, has a more austere view of the economy than McMillan
President of France
Appointed President of the 5th Republic
Chess
Wins the United States Chess Championship, age 14
World Champion
Wins the United States Chess Championship, age 14
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer
Constitutional Reform
Arif participates in constitutional reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of the Government Junta of Venezuela after the fall of Marcos Perez Jimenez
Overthrow of Government
Military and civilian opposition forced Marcos Perez Jimenez from power.
Government Junta
A provisional government junta led by Wolfgang Larrazabal assumed authority and promised national elections.
Explorer I First American Satellite
The United States launches Explorer I, its first successful artificial satellite.
Resignation of John Enoch Powell
Resigns as a Junior Minister at the Treasury
Resignation of Nigel Birch
Resigns as a Junior Minister at the Treasury
Peace Effort After Batista Flight
After Batista leaves Cuba, Cantillo assumes command of the armed forces and tells the United States ambassador that he intends to seek peace with Castro's movement.
Revolutionary General Strike
After Batista leaves Cuba, Castro calls for a general strike while the 26th of July Movement demands the army's unconditional surrender and a revolutionary transfer of power.
Revolutionary Victory
Castro's forces enter Havana after Batista flees Cuba.
Capture of Santiago
Santiago de Cuba surrenders as Batista's regime collapses.
Flight from Cuba
Flees Cuba as the revolution succeeds.
Revolutionary Victory
Overthrown by Fidel Castro
Capture of Santiago
Takes control of Santiago after Batista flees.
Capture of Santiago
Surrenders Santiago without a major fight.
Capture of Santiago
Santiago de Cuba surrenders as Batista's regime collapses.
Launch
1st unmanned space probe is launched, Luna I
Entry into Havana
Enters Havana as Batista's army collapses.
Victory Caravan
Begins the victory caravan from Santiago toward Havana.
First Escape-Velocity Probe
The achievement marks first escape-velocity probe as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Luna 1 Launch
Directs Luna 1, the first spacecraft to escape Earth's gravitational influence.
Luna 1 Mission
The Soviet Union launches Luna 1, the first spacecraft to escape Earth's gravity.
Provisional Government
Becomes provisional president after Batista's fall.
Luna 1 Solar Wind Detection
Uses ion traps aboard Luna 1 to obtain the first direct spacecraft evidence of a continuous stream of charged particles flowing outward from the Sun.
Banned ABAKO Rally
Authorities ban an ABAKO meeting, contributing to riots and accelerating Belgian decolonisation plans.
Prime Minister
Serves briefly as prime minister after the revolution.
Revolutionary Victory
Castro arrives in Havana to cheering mobs and assumes the post of Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces
Arrival in Havana
Arrives in Havana after the revolutionary victory.
Commander in Chief
Assumes command of the revolutionary armed forces.
Rawhide Premiere
Debuts on American television as Rowdy Yates when Rawhide begins its CBS run.
Rawhide
Receives his major break as Rowdy Yates in the CBS western television series Rawhide.
Government
Alaska becomes the 49th state of the Union
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 2nd term
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
SNAP-3 Nuclear Power Demonstration
McCone joined AEC officials in demonstrating the SNAP-3 radioisotope power technology to President Eisenhower at the White House.
Defense Portfolio Relinquished
Another cabinet adjustment ended al-Rifaiโs tenure as defense minister while he continued as prime minister and foreign minister. The reshuffle changed his official responsibilities in the closing months of the fifth government.
Social Ideals of the Rebel Army Speech
Guevara delivers a speech on the social aims and responsibilities of the Rebel Army.
Geneva Test Ban Verification
McCone explained AEC concerns that proposed improvements in detecting underground nuclear tests remained theoretical and required experimental validation.
Chairman of the Cabinet Committee
Appointed Chairman of the Cabinet Committee on price stability for economic growth
Final Santa Clara Garrison Surrenders
The last major government position in Santa Clara gives way as Batista's regime collapses.
Havana Victory Parade
Matos takes part in the revolutionary victory procession into Havana alongside Castro and other rebel commanders after Batista's departure.
Camaguey Command
Commands rebel forces in Camaguey after victory.
Revolutionary Army
Becomes a senior commander in the revolutionary army.
Revolutionary Government
Becomes a close organiser within Castro's revolutionary circle.
Revolutionary Government
Continues revolutionary work after Batista's overthrow.
Immediate Independence Demand
Uses the political crisis after the Leopoldville riots to press Belgium for rapid Congolese independence.
Military Caretaker Rule
Leads a military-backed caretaker government under constitutional arrangements
Twenty-First Party Congress
Uses the Twenty-First Party Congress to launch the Seven-Year Plan and proclaim progress toward communism.
26th of July Movement
Biographical accounts state that after Castro's January 1959 victory, Sturgis held security and intelligence-related responsibilities before later breaking with the new government.
Post-Revolution Cuban Role
After Castro's victory, Sturgis held security-related responsibilities in Cuba before his political break with the new government.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
CIA-related assassination records become part of later investigations.
Death of Albert Camus
Albert Camus dies in a motor accident near Villeblevin, aged forty-six.
Stateless Identity Document
Soviet authorities issued Oswald an identity document for stateless persons on January 4, 1960, and assigned him to live in Minsk.
Soviet Red Cross Grant
A Soviet agency described as the Red Cross gave Lee 5,000 rubles before his relocation from Moscow to Minsk.
Minsk Arrival
Oswald arrived in Minsk on January 7, 1960, where Soviet officials arranged accommodation and employment.
Construction Launch Ceremony
Nasser marks the start of construction by initiating blasting at the project site.
Start of Aswan High Dam Construction
Nasser inaugurates major construction work on the Aswan High Dam.
Belorussian Factory Employment
Oswald began work at the Belorussian Radio and Television Factory on January 13, 1960, as a metal worker.
Western Hemisphere Branch Four Organised
King oversees creation of a specialised CIA branch for covert operations against Castro.
Western Hemisphere Branch Four Established
Dulles establishes a specialised CIA branch to organise covert operations against Castro.
Constitutional Reform
II participates in constitutional reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Brussels Round Table Conference
Lumumba joins Congolese delegates negotiating the timetable and framework for independence.
Constitution of South Africa
During a vote of confidence Verwoerd announces a referendum on the republic
Referendum
During a vote of confidence Verwoerd announces a referendum on the republic
Vote of Confidence
During a vote of confidence Verwoerd announces a referendum on the republic
Nuclear Power
A B-52 bomber carrying two 24 megaton bombs crashes, one of the bombs, five of six interlocking safety devices fail, and a single switch prevents detonation, the explosion would have been 1,800 times more powerful than Hiroshima
Release for Brussels Round Table
Is released from detention so he can participate in the negotiations on Congolese independence.
Greeted by rioters in Rhodesia
Greeted by rioters in Rhodesia
Treaty of Sino-Burmese
A Sino-Burmese Treaty is signed
Broadcast
Speaks of the "national legitamacy that I incarnate & have done for 20 years". After "laffaire des barricades" in Algiers appeals for order
Chief Minister Appointed
Becomes first Chief Minister after ministerial government is introduced
President of Zambia
When Kaunda is released from prison he is elected President of UNIP
Beatles, The
The Beatles make their debut at the Cavern Club
Reform of Currency
The farthing ceases to be legal tender
Ella German Marriage Proposal
After spending New Year's Day with Ella German's family, Lee proposed marriage to her the following evening and was rejected.
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Cuba
Eisenhower breaks off diplomatic relations with Cuba
Economy of Cuba
Eisenhower breaks off diplomatic relations with Cuba
Death of Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrodinger
Death of Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrodinger
Soviet Citizenship Reconsideration
On January 4, 1961, Oswald told Soviet officials that he no longer wanted Soviet citizenship and requested only an extension of his residence permit.
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 2nd term
Announcement of Socialist Trade Agreements
Guevara reports economic agreements concluded with the Soviet Union and other socialist countries.
White House Conference on Aging
The White House Conference on Aging opens as the administration addresses policy for an expanding elderly population.
Defense Liaison Problems Reviewed
Cabell is briefed on unresolved Defense Department support problems affecting the Cuban project.
Trial
Israel begins the trial of Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem
Senate Foreign Relations Briefing
Dulles briefs a closed Senate Foreign Relations Committee session on the Cuban exile programme.
Death of Patrice Lumumba
Lumumba is executed in Katanga with Maurice Mpolo and Joseph Okito.
Transfer to Katanga Custody
Is transferred to Katanga, where he is placed in the custody of political enemies before his execution.
Farewell Address Military-Industrial Complex
Delivers his Farewell Address, warning of the potential influence of the military-industrial complex and emphasizing balanced national policy.
Pre-Inauguration CIA Briefing
Rusk receives a CIA briefing on the basic Cuban covert-action plan before taking office.
Execution
Lumumba and two other comrades (Maurice Mpolo and Joseph Okito) from the Government are lined up against a tree, President Tshombe and two other ministers are present for the executions
Execution
Lumumba and two other comrades (Maurice Mpolo and Joseph Okito) from the Government are lined up against a tree, President Tshombe and two other ministers are present for the executions
Assassination of Patrice Lumumba
Lumumba and two other comrades (Maurice Mpolo and Joseph Okito) from the Government are lined up against a tree, President Tshombe and two other ministers are present for the executions. Dismissed by the forces of Kasavubu & turned over to the Katanga regime & murdered
Death of Patrice Lumumba
Dismissed by the forces of Kasavubu & turned over to the Katanga regime & murdered. Belgium is later deemed to be in breach of its obligation (under United Nations Resolution 290 of 1949) to refrain from acts or threats "aimed at impairing the freedom, independence or integrity of another state"
Execution
Lumumba and two other comrades (Maurice Mpolo and Joseph Okito) from the Government are lined up against a tree, President Tshombe and two other ministers are present for the executions. Dismissed by the forces of Kasavubu & turned over to the Katanga regime & murdered
Independence of Zaire
Belgium is later deemed to be in breach of its obligation (under United Nations Resolution 290 of 1949) to refrain from acts or threats "aimed at impairing the freedom, independence or integrity of another state"
UN Resolution 290
Belgium is later deemed to be in breach of its obligation (under United Nations Resolution 290 of 1949) to refrain from acts or threats "aimed at impairing the freedom, independence or integrity of another state"
Birth of Peter Andrew Beardsley
Birth of Peter Andrew Beardsley
Nicarรณ Nickel Plant Speech
Guevara speaks at the Nicarรณ nickel plant about production and the responsibilities of workers and management.
Inauguration
Inaugurated President of the USA, 35th President, youngest ever President
Retirement to Gettysburg
Leaves the presidency and retires to his farm near the Gettysburg battlefield.
Inherited Invasion Plan
Kennedy enters office with the CIA Cuban invasion project already well advanced.
AEC Chairmanship Concludes
McCone completed his service as Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission at the end of the Eisenhower administration.
Cabanas Militia Speech
Guevara addresses militia members in Cabaรฑas, Pinar del Rรญo, on defence and revolutionary responsibilities.
New Administration Project Endorsement
Barnes reports that senior Kennedy administration officials generally endorse continuation of preparations.
Constitution of Venezuela
The Constitution of 1961 established a representative democratic system and protected civil and political rights.
New York Arrival
Arrives in New York and enters the Greenwich Village folk scene.
Civic Military Directory Takes Power
Civic Military Directory replaces the 1960 junta
Senior Tactical Briefing Preparation
Cabell joins preparations for the presidential meeting on the strike-force plan and military coordination.
Invasion of Cuba
Kennedy is briefed on a plan, code-named Operation Pluto, for a ship-borne invasion force to land near Trinidad, Cuba.
Operation Pluto
Kennedy is briefed on Operation Pluto, an invasion plan proposing a landing near Trinidad, Cuba.
Peace
Announces plans for a corps of volunteers to improve conditions in undeveloped nations
Covert Activities Continued
Kennedy directs continuation of propaganda, political action, sabotage, infiltration and overflight activities while military review proceeds.
Trinidad Landing Plan Reviewed
Kennedy reviews a proposed landing near Trinidad at the Escambray Mountains.
Trinidad Plan Briefing
Kennedy reviews the proposed landing near Trinidad and the Escambray Mountains.
Military Plan Reviewed
McNamara examines the military assumptions behind the proposed exile invasion.
Trinidad Plan Defense Briefing
McNamara receives a briefing on the proposed Trinidad invasion plan.
Trinidad Plan Reviewed
Rusk participates in the new administration review of the Trinidad landing proposal.
Trinidad Plan State Department Briefing
Rusk receives a briefing on the proposed Trinidad landing.
Plausible Deniability Warning
Schlesinger warns that United States responsibility for an invasion would become evident.
Warning against Covert Invasion
Schlesinger warns that the invasion could seriously damage United States credibility.
Diplomatic Objections Raised
Bowles argues that the operation threatens United States diplomatic credibility.
State Department Objections
Bowles raises objections to the invasion plan within the State Department.
Strike Plan Briefed to Senior Officers
Hawkins gives senior CIA and military officers a detailed briefing on the proposed Cuban strike plan.
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil
Joint Staff Strike Plan Briefing
Gray receives a detailed briefing on the planned exile strike force and its operational concept.
Chief Minister Election
Leads Montserrat Labour Party government after the 1961 election
Constitution of South Africa
Legislation is prepared to establish the Republic of South Africa
United States Policy against Castro
Kennedy inherits a policy intended to remove Castro and reduce Soviet influence in Cuba.
African Mission Begins
Begins an international mission on behalf of the liberation movement.
Secret Departure from South Africa
Leaves South Africa secretly for military training and political support.
USAID Aid Talks
Receives USAID administrator Fowler Hamilton for discussions on American economic assistance and development policy.
Chopper
US helicopters ferry 1,000 South Vietnamese soldiers to sweep an NFL stroghold
International Rescue Committee Request
Lee asked the International Rescue Committee for $800 to finance travel from Moscow to Texas for himself and Marina.
Farm Gate
Farm Gate aircraft fly their 1st combat mission
Foreign Policy Statement at Paris
Makes a speech excluding Great Britain from the Common Market
Scientific Directorate Announcement
McCone announced that CIA would establish a new directorate focused on research and development to strengthen technical intelligence capabilities.
Constitutional Reform
al-Bakhit participates in constitutional reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Intelligence Community Coordination Mandate
President Kennedy directed McCone to concentrate on coordinating the entire foreign intelligence community while delegating more detailed CIA administration.
Senate Confirmation Hearing
McCone appeared before the Senate Armed Services Committee during consideration of his nomination as Director of Central Intelligence.
Smallpox Debate
Answers extensive parliamentary questions during a smallpox outbreak and discusses vaccination and public-health measures.
Beatles Management
Signs a management contract with the Beatles.
Provisional President Takes Office
Cordon Cea becomes provisional President before new elections
Birth of Abdullah II
Birth of Abdullah II
John Connally Discharge Appeal Letter
Lee wrote John Connally asking for help overturning his Marine discharge, mistakenly believing Connally remained Secretary of the Navy.
Senate Confirmation
The United States Senate confirmed McCone as Director of Central Intelligence after debate over his appointment and the CIA oversight relationship.
Beatles, The
The Beatles fail an audition at Decca
Beatles, The
The Beatles fail an audition at Decca
Beatles, The
The Beatles fail an audition at Decca
Common Agricultural Policy Launch
Serves as president as Italy enters the first operational phase of the Common Agricultural Policy.
Common Agricultural Policy Launch
Heads the Italian government as the EEC begins implementing the Common Agricultural Policy.
Ap Bac Criticism
Criticizes South Vietnamese performance after the Battle of Ap Bac
Battle of Balaclava
Leads the South Vietnamese 7th Division which is defeated by an inferior Vietcong force
Battle of Ap Bac
The Vietcong stand their ground against American machinery and South Vietnamese soldiers. The Vietcong 514th Battalion and local guerrilla forces ambush the South Vietnamese
Battle of Ap Bac
Commands ARVN forces during the Battle of Ap Bac
Cuba Intelligence Community Review
McCone treated the coordinated post-crisis review of intelligence performance and Cuban reconnaissance as the final Intelligence Community report for presidential advisers.
Kennedy Intelligence Commendation
President Kennedy sent McCone a letter commending the Intelligence Community for its contribution during the Cuban Missile Crisis.
British Membership Veto
De Gaulle publicly opposed Britain's first application to join the European Economic Community.
Crozier Typing Course
Oswald enrolled in a typing course at Crozier Technical High School on January 14, 1963, and began attending classes later that month.
Death of Hugh Todd Naylor Gaitskell
Unexpected death of Gaitskell
Election
Decemberides to stand for leadership of the Labour Party after the death of Hugh Gaitskell
Leadership Election
Decides to stand for the Labour leadership after the death of Hugh Gaitskell.
Ends Katanga Secession
Accepts the end of Katanga's secession after United Nations forces establish control over the province.
Katanga Secession
The central government restores authority over Katanga after the secession collapses.
Franco-German European Cooperation
The Elysee Treaty strengthened Franco-German consultation, reinforcing a partnership central to later Community development.
Revolver Order under Hidell
Using the name A. J. Hidell, Oswald dated an order for a Smith & Wesson .38 revolver on January 27, 1963.
Smoking and Lung Cancer Policy
Answers parliamentary questions on public information about smoking and lung cancer during his final year as Minister of Health.
EEC Enlargement Opposition
Couve de Murville defended the French government's reservations about British entry into the Community.
Rolling Stones, The
Charlie Watts officially joins the Rolling Stones
General Counsel
Serves as general counsel to the Warren Commission and directs much of its staff investigation.
Economy of USA
Johnson declares war on poverty
Vietnam Counterinsurgency Reporting Check
McCone proposed a covert method for independently checking reports on the progress of the South Vietnamese war and counterinsurgency effort.
President of Panama
Appointed President of Panama
Government Report
1st Government report regarding dangers of smoking is issued by Luther Terry
Government
1st Government report regarding dangers of smoking is issued by Luther Terry
Smoking Report
1st Government report regarding dangers of smoking is issued by Luther Terry
Smoking
1st Government report regarding dangers of smoking is issued by Luther Terry
The Times They Are a-Changin
Releases The Times They Are a-Changin.
With God on Our Side
Releases With God on Our Side on the third album.
Coup
The PLO is founded by the Arab League with the aim of overthrowing the state of Israel
PLO Charter is put together with articles that proclaim Israel an
The PLO Charter is put together with articles that proclaim Israel an illegal state and pledges "the elimination of Zionism in Palestine", the PLO is founded in Egypt
PLO
The PLO is founded by the Arab League with the aim of overthrowing the state of Israel. The PLO Charter is put together with articles that proclaim Israel an illegal state and pledges "the elimination of Zionism in Palestine", the PLO is founded in Egypt
Joint Chiefs Vietnam Intelligence Review
McCone discussed Vietnam with the Joint Chiefs while questioning whether existing intelligence reporting gave policymakers a reliable picture of conditions in the field.
Birth of Nigel Benn
Birth of Nigel Benn
Inauguration
Inaugurated Prime Minister of Northern Rhodesia
Twenty-Fourth Amendment
Welcomes ratification of the Twenty-Fourth Amendment abolishing poll taxes in federal elections.
FBI Questions Address Book Omission
FBI headquarters questioned the Dallas office about why the Hosty entry had been omitted from the earlier report on Oswald's address book.
Diplomatic Relations with France
Helps establish full diplomatic relations between China and France.
Warren Commission Advised of Hosty Entry
The FBI informed the Warren Commission that Hosty's name and related information appeared in Oswald's address book.
Coup
General Nguyen Khanh led a coup replacing Duong Van Minh as Prime Minister. General Duong Van Minh is placed under house arrest, but was allowed to remain as a figurehead chief-of-state
Head of State
General Duong Van Minh is placed under house arrest, but was allowed to remain as a figurehead chief-of-state
Coup
General Nguyen Khanh led a coup replacing Duong Van Minh as Prime Minister
Coup
General Nguyen Khanh led a coup replacing Duong Van Minh as Prime Minister
January Coup
Seizes power from Duong Van Minh's military junta
One-Party Constitutional Referendum
A constitutional referendum approves amendments making the Convention People's Party the sole legal party and substantially increasing presidential authority.
Eight Principles of Foreign Aid
Sets out principles stressing equality, mutual benefit and respect for sovereignty in Chinese foreign assistance.
Visit to Ethiopia
Visits Ethiopia and meets national leaders during the African diplomatic tour.
Visit to Ghana
Visits Ghana and holds talks with President Kwame Nkrumah on African and international affairs.
Visit to Guinea
Visits Guinea and discusses development assistance and international cooperation.
Visit to Mali
Visits Mali during the African tour and promotes economic and political cooperation.
Visit to Morocco
Visits Morocco during the ten-country African tour.
Visit to Sudan
Visits Sudan as part of China's effort to expand relations across Africa.
Visit to Tunisia
Visits Tunisia and discusses bilateral relations and Afro-Asian cooperation.
Kwilu Rebellion
Leads a rural insurgency in Kwilu inspired by Lumumbist politics and revolutionary organization.
Dave Clark 5
The DC5 unseat the Beatles "I Want to Hold Your Hand" from its number one spot in the British singles charts with "Glad All Over
Economic Nationalization
Nationalizes banks and private business under Sangkum economic policy
Coup
General Nguyen Van Thieu joins forces with Air Vice Marshall Nguyen Cao Ky in a coup against General Nguyen Khanhs Government that lasted for (260 days) from January 1964-October 1964, with the support of a neutralist coalition
Neutrality
General Nguyen Van Thieu joins forces with Air Vice Marshall Nguyen Cao Ky in a coup against General Nguyen Khanhs Government that lasted for (260 days) from January 1964-October 1964, with the support of a neutralist coalition
Coup
General Nguyen Van Thieu joins forces with Air Vice Marshall Nguyen Cao Ky in a coup against General Nguyen Khanhs Government that lasted for (260 days) from January 1964-October 1964, with the support of a neutralist coalition
Neutrality
General Nguyen Van Thieu joins forces with Air Vice Marshall Nguyen Cao Ky in a coup against General Nguyen Khanhs Government that lasted for (260 days) from January 1964-October 1964, with the support of a neutralist coalition
Coup
General Nguyen Van Thieu joins forces with Air Vice Marshall Nguyen Cao Ky in a coup against General Nguyen Khanhs Government that lasted for (260 days) from January 1964-October 1964, with the support of a neutralist coalition
Neutrality
General Nguyen Van Thieu joins forces with Air Vice Marshall Nguyen Cao Ky in a coup against General Nguyen Khanhs Government that lasted for (260 days) from January 1964-October 1964, with the support of a neutralist coalition
ANC
UNIP won the General Election under the new Constitution beating the ANC under Nkumbula, Kaunda is appointed Prime Minister. UNIP win the General Election under the new Constitution beating the ANC under Nkumbula, Kaunda is appointed Prime Minister
Constitution of Zambia
UNIP won the General Election under the new Constitution beating the ANC under Nkumbula, Kaunda is appointed Prime Minister. UNIP win the General Election under the new Constitution beating the ANC under Nkumbula, Kaunda is appointed Prime Minister
Election
UNIP won the General Election under the new Constitution beating the ANC under Nkumbula, Kaunda is appointed Prime Minister. UNIP win the General Election under the new Constitution beating the ANC under Nkumbula, Kaunda is appointed Prime Minister
Prime Minister of Zambia
UNIP won the General Election under the new Constitution beating the ANC under Nkumbula, Kaunda is appointed Prime Minister
Election
When Kaunda is released from prison he is elected President of UNIP
PDPA
Helps establishes the Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistan
Death of George Clarke Simpson
Death of George Clarke Simpson
Land Day
Fatah attack of the Israeli Water System
Fatah Armed Campaign Begins
Arafat's Fatah begins an armed campaign against Israel, marking the transition from clandestine political organization to sustained guerrilla activity.
Battle of Binh Gia
Viet Cong and PAVN forces complete the Battle of Binh Gia after inflicting heavy losses on South Vietnamese troops
Presidential Election
Ayub Khan defeats Fatima Jinnah in an indirect presidential election.
State of the Union
Uses the State of the Union address to press Congress for Great Society legislation.
Government Defence
Kerensky records his position on government defence in exile.
Congressional Intelligence Briefing Preparation
McCone commended CIA officers who prepared intelligence briefings for his appearances before the Senate Armed Services Committee and the Defense Appropriations Subcommittee.
Meeting with Northern Ireland Prime Minister
Meets Northern Ireland Prime Minister Terence O'Neill in a significant step toward improved cross-border relations.
Subterranean Homesick Blues
Records Subterranean Homesick Blues with electric backing.
Tired of Waiting for You
The Kinks release Tired of Waiting for You.
Government
Inaugurated President of the USA
Inauguration
Inaugurated President of the USA
Meeting with With Jewish representatives to discuss legitimizing Jewish
Generalissimo Francisco Franco meets with Jewish representatives to discuss legitimizing Jewish communities in Spain
Inaugural Address
Declares, "We can never again stand aside, prideful in isolation. Terrific dangers & troubles that we once called foreign now constantly live among us
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Minister, 1st term
Death of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
On the 70th anniversary of the death of his Father, Lord Randolph Churchill. Death of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, exactly 70 yrs after his father,. Death of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
Death of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
Death of Winston Churchill
Prime Minister of Iran
Appointed Prime Minister of Iran
Burial
The lying-in-state commences 9:00am, Wednesday, January 27th for 3 days
Coup
General Khanh seizes full control of South Vietnam's Government
Memo
NSA Bundy & Defense Secretary McNamara send a memo to Johnson stating America's military involvement is Vietnam failing. Bundy & McNamara advise Johnson the U.S. has reached a fork in the road in Vietnam & must either soon escalate or withdraw
Memo
NSA Bundy & Defence SecretaryMcNamara send a memo to Johnson stating Americas military involvement is Vietnam failing. Bundy & McNamara advise Johnson the US has reached a fork in the road in Vietnam & must either soon escalate or withdraw
Presidential Succession Reform
Johnson urged Congress to establish clearer constitutional procedures for presidential disability and for filling a vacancy in the vice presidency.
Burial
9:35am the bearer party of Grenadier Guards removes the coffin from the Catafalque
Burial
Announces Churchills body will lie-in-state at the Palace of Westminster for 3 days
Vice Premier
Appointed Vice Premier of the State Council
Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere
"Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere", 2nd UK hit, the only song credited as being composed in a joint effort by Townshend and Daltrey
Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere
The Who release Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere, credited to Townshend and Daltrey.
I Can't Explain
The Who release I Can't Explain, produced by Shel Talmy.
Burial
Given a state funeral & buried less than 1 mile from his place of birth
Burial
Churhills body lies in state at Westminster Hall. 350,000 people queued, most for three or four hours, to pay homage
Election
Loses the Leyton by-election, considerred a safe Labour seat
Election
Forced to resign after losing the Leyton by-election
Resignation of Patrick Chrestien Gordon Walker
Forced to resign after losing the Leyton by-election
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament
Election
Labour loses with an 8.7 percent swing to the Conservatives, produces political instability
United Nations
Indonesia withdraws from the United Nations & moves closer to China
I Can't Explain
The Who release I Can't Explain, produced by Shel Talmy.
Game Warden
Operation Game Warden begins U.S. Navy river patrols on South Vietnam's 3000 nautical miles of inland waterways
Visit to South Vietnam for the 1st time
National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy visits South Vietnam for the 1st time
Memo
NSA Bundy & Defence SecretaryMcNamara send a memo to Johnson stating Americas military involvement is Vietnam failing. Bundy & McNamara advise Johnson the US has reached a fork in the road in Vietnam & must either soon escalate or withdraw
Canada Pension Plan
Introduces the Canada Pension Plan.
Humphrey Visit
Receives US Vice President Hubert Humphrey during his visit to Taiwan.
Tashkent Declaration
Shastri and Pakistani President Ayub Khan sign the Tashkent Declaration to normalise relations after the 1965 war.
Conference of Tashkent
Shastri signs the Tashkent Declaration with Pakistan, formalizing a post-war settlement after the 1965 conflict.
Tashkent Declaration
Ayub Khan and Lal Bahadur Shastri sign the Tashkent Declaration.
Second Acting Premiership
Following Shastri's sudden death in Tashkent, Gulzarilal Nanda again serves briefly as caretaker Prime Minister.
Death of Lal Bahadur Shastri
Lal Bahadur Shastri dies in Tashkent shortly after signing the Tashkent Declaration with Pakistan.
Death of Lal Bahadur Shastri
Death of Lal Bahadur Shastri
Rule of Falkland Islands
Britain agrees to United Nations resolution to find a "peaceful solution to the problem"
President of Nigeria
Appointed military Head of State of Nigeria after the January 1966 coup
Death of Courtney Hicks Hodges
Death of Courtney Hicks Hodges
Resignation of Robert Menzies
Resigns as Prime Minister of Australia
Election
A broad Congress Party election opts for Indira Gandhi, Nehrus daughter, over the right-wing, conservative Morarji Desai
Indian National Congress
A broad Congress Party election opts for Indira Gandhi, Nehrus daughter, over the right-wing, conservative Morarji Desai
Prime Minister of Australia
Appointed Prime Minister of Australia
Marriage
George Harrison marries Patty Boyd at Epsom Register Office
Akosombo Dam Inaugurated
Nkrumah formally inaugurates the Akosombo Dam, the central component of the Volta River Project and a major national development scheme.
Marriage
George Harrison organises a press conference to announce his marriage to Patty Boyd
Prime Minister of India
Indira Gandhi becomes Prime Minister of India for the first time.
Luxembourg Compromise
The Luxembourg Compromise ended the Empty Chair crisis and protected unanimity when a member claimed vital national interests.
Luxembourg Compromise
Leads West Germany as the Luxembourg Compromise ends the institutional crisis caused by France's empty-chair policy.
Return to Community Council
France resumed participation in Community Council business after the Luxembourg Compromise.
Pink Floyd
Pink Floyd make their debut appearance using that name with the line-up of Syd Barrett, Nick Mason, Roger Waters and Rick Wright, the venue is the Countdown Club in London's Palace Gate
Pink Floyd
Pink Floyd make their debut appearance using that name with the line-up of Syd Barrett, Nick Mason, Roger Waters and Rick Wright, the venue is the Countdown Club in London's Palace Gate
Pink Floyd
Pink Floyd make their debut appearance using that name with the line-up of Syd Barrett, Nick Mason, Roger Waters and Rick Wright, the venue is the Countdown Club in London's Palace Gate
Pink Floyd
Pink Floyd make their debut appearance using that name with the line-up of Syd Barrett, Nick Mason, Roger Waters and Rick Wright, the venue is the Countdown Club in London's Palace Gate
Election
Labour wins a by-election in Hull with a 4.5 percent swing in favour of the Government
Manifesto
Begins work on, "Time for Decemberision"
Chief Minister Re-Elected
Continues as Chief Minister after another Montserrat Labour Party victory
Assassination of Alhaji Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
Assassinated by a conspiracy of predominantly Ibo officers from Eastern Nigeria
Death of Alhaji Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
Assassinated by a conspiracy of predominantly Ibo officers from Eastern Nigeria
Break On Through
Releases Break On Through as a debut single.
The Doors
Releases the debut album The Doors.
January Storm
Yao Wenyuan supports radical propaganda during the Shanghai January Storm
January Storm
Zhang Chunqiao supports the seizure of power from Shanghai party authorities
January Storm
Wang Hongwen helps organise radical workers during the January Storm in Shanghai
Death of Jack Ruby
Death of Jack Ruby, from a blood clot in the lungs
1st African-American Senator
Elected Senator for Massachusetts, 1st African-American senator
Election
Elected Senator for Massachusetts, 1st African-American senator
Pink Floyd
Two days of recording at Sound Techniques studio in Chelsea with Joe Boyd, the tracks recorded are "Interstellar Overdrive", "Arnold Layne", "Let's Roll Another One" (later to be called "Candy And A Currant Bun") and "Nick's Boogie"
Pink Floyd
Two days of recording at Sound Techniques studio in Chelsea with Joe Boyd, the tracks recorded are "Interstellar Overdrive", "Arnold Layne", "Let's Roll Another One" (later to be called "Candy And A Currant Bun") and "Nick's Boogie"
Ruby Tuesday
The Rolling Stones release Ruby Tuesday as part of their 1967 single output.
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the Liberal Party
Institut Laue-Langevin Founded
Helps create the Institut Laue-Langevin to provide an intense European neutron research source.
Institut Laue-Langevin Founded
Helps found the Institut Laue-Langevin as a Franco-German centre for high-flux neutron research.
Between the Buttons
The Rolling Stones release Between the Buttons in Britain.
Knighthood
Knighted on the Quay at Greenwich by Elizabeth II
Outer Space Treaty Signed
The United States signs the Outer Space Treaty, which prohibits placing nuclear weapons in orbit or on celestial bodies.
Apollo 1 Fire
Dies with Grissom and Chaffee during the Apollo 1 test.
Apollo 1 Fire
Dies in the Apollo 1 cabin fire during a launch rehearsal.
Apollo 1 Fire
Dies during the Apollo 1 launch pad test.
Nationalisation of Union Miniere
Transfers the major Katangan mining company Union Miniere du Haut-Katanga into Congolese state control.
ANC
The ANC makes an alliance with ZAPU for armed struggle against Rhodesia & South Africa. Agrees an alliance with Rhodesia to help in the armed struggle against the ANC & ZAPU
Alliance ANC and ZAPU for armed struggle
The ANC makes an alliance with ZAPU for armed struggle against Rhodesia & South Africa. Agrees an alliance with Rhodesia to help in the armed struggle against the ANC & ZAPU
Reception of The Prime Minister of Lesotho
Vorster receives the Prime Minister of Lesotho, Chief Leabua Jonathan. Vorster receives the Prime Minister of Lesotho. South Africa & Malawi establish formal diplomatic ties
1st Heart Transplant
Gives a Cape Town dentist a heart that lasts for 19 months
Prague Spring
Starts when Alexander Dubcek comes to power and runs until August 20 when the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies (except for Romania) invade the country
Warsaw Pact
Starts when Alexander Dubcek comes to power and runs until August 20 when the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies (except for Romania) invade the country
First Secretary
Becomes party leader and begins the Prague Spring.
Plot
17 spies go on trial, 14 are hung
Plot
11 Jewish spies are hung & left suspended in Liberation Sqr
Trial
17 spies go on trial, 14 are hung
Prague Spring
Becomes leader of Czechoslovakia during reform period.
Economy of Great Britain
British Prime Minister Harold Wilson endorses the I'm Backing Britain campaign for working an additional half hour each day without pay
Defence Spending
The Government accelerates withdrawal from military commitments east of Suez to reduce future defence costs.
Education Spending
The planned increase in the school leaving age is postponed to reduce short-term public expenditure.
Prescription Charges
The Government announces the restoration of prescription charges as part of its public expenditure programme.
Public Expenditure
The Government announces major expenditure reductions to redirect resources toward exports and defend the devalued pound.
Economy of USA
Johnson calls for the non-conversion of the U.S. dollar
Federal Vice Chancellor
Appointed Federal Vice Chancellor
Demonstrations
At a White House conference on crime, singer and actress Eartha Kitt denounces the Vietnam War to Lady Bird Johnson while attending a "ladies lunch"
Demonstrations
At a White House conference on crime, singer and actress Eartha Kitt denounces the Vietnam War to Lady Bird Johnson while attending a "ladies lunch"
Blue House Raid
North Korean commandos attempt to attack South Koreas president.
Battle of Khe Sanh
Battle of Khe Sanh: one of the most publicized and controversial battles of the war begins, ending on April 8
Niagra
Orders Operation Niagra after the Viet Cong strke Khe Sanh
Khe Sanh Pressure
PAVN pressure around Khe Sanh diverts American attention before Tet
Apollo 5
Apollo 5 tests the lunar module in Earth orbit.
USS Pueblo Capture
North Korea seizes the U.S. intelligence ship Pueblo.
North Korea seizes the USS Pueblo, claiming the ship violated its territorial
North Korea seizes the USS Pueblo, claiming the ship violated its territorial waters while spying
USS Pueblo
North Korea seizes the USS Pueblo, claiming the ship violated its territorial waters while spying
Wonderwall
George Harrison completes the recording work on the "Wonderwall" album
White Light White Heat
Releases White Light White Heat, pushing the Velvet Underground toward a harsher experimental rock sound.
Tet Offensive Diplomacy
Handles British diplomacy after the Tet Offensive reshapes public debate
Tet Offensive Response
Responds to the Tet Offensive while sustaining Soviet support for Hanoi
Tet Offensive
An offensive launched by the North Vietnamese to overthrow the South Vietnamese Government
Tet Emergency
Commands US forces as communist attacks hit cities across South Vietnam
Tet Offensive
Commands US forces during the Tet Offensive
Saigon Defense
Commands US II Field Force elements defending the Saigon region during Tet
Tet Offensive Response
Responds to the Tet Offensive and mounting questions about US strategy
Tet Offensive
Communist forces attack cities and provincial capitals during Tet
Tet Offensive
Launches the Tet Offensive. Launches the offensive during the Tet truce while the south celebrates New Year. 70,000 troops attack 100 cities
Tet Offensive
4,000 troops reach Saigon but the offensive is routed a month later
Tet Offensive Strategy
Backs the Tet Offensive as a decisive political and military blow
Tet Offensive Strategy
Backs the general offensive and uprising strategy for Tet
Saigon Front Offensive
Directs communist forces in the southern theater during Tet
Political Offensive
Works on political military aspects of the Tet Offensive
Tet Offensive Coordination
Helps coordinate the high command context for the Tet Offensive
Tet Offensive
Associated with overall North Vietnamese military leadership during Tet
Tet Response
Leads the South Vietnamese government during the Tet Offensive
Saigon Crisis
Takes part in the South Vietnamese leadership response to Tet
Revolutionary Committees
Mao promotes revolutionary committees combining cadres, masses and soldiers as new local governments
Pink Floyd
Dave Gilmour steps in to play guitar when Syd is unable to play at Brighton
Pink Floyd
Gilmour formally joins Pink Floyd as guitarist and vocalist
Pink Floyd
Dave Gilmour steps in to play guitar when Syd is unable to play at Brighton
Public Spending Reductions
Secures Cabinet approval for substantial reductions in domestic and overseas spending.
Defence Budget
Wilson and Healey announce carrier cuts and withdrawals from major bases east of Suez.
Devaluation
After devaluation, Wilson and Healey announce carrier cuts and withdrawals from bases east of Suez.
East of Suez
The East of Suez phrase enters political language as Labour plans withdrawal from major overseas bases.
USS Pueblo
The North Koreans capture USS Pueblo, Johnson sends 26 more B-52s to the Pacific
Khalq Faction
Leads the Khalq faction within the PDPA, named after a party Leninist newspaper
Constitution of Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia becomes a two state federation
Second Cernik Government
Begins the Second Cernik Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Nationalization
The National Bus Company begins operation under the transport reorganisation created by the Transport Act.
Nationalization
The National Freight Corporation begins operation as part of the Labour Government's public transport reorganisation
Venera 5 Launch
Venera 5 launches with a strengthened atmospheric capsule designed to survive deeper into Venus's dense atmosphere.
France bans the sale of military supplies to Israel
France bans the sale of military supplies to Israel
Venera 6 Launch
Venera 6 launches as a companion mission to Venera 5 with instruments for measuring Venus's atmosphere.
Led Zeppelin Album
Releases Led Zeppelin's debut album through Atlantic Records.
1st Space Docking
Launched in Soyuz 5 & later performs the 1st docking in space with Soyuz 4
Soyuz 5
Launched in Soyuz 5 & later performs the 1st docking in space with Soyuz 4
Pentagon Papers
It was classified Top Secret-Sensitive, although Sensitive was not an official classification and only indicated that access should be controlled.
Pentagon Papers
McNamara left the Defense Department in February 1968, and his successor Clark M. Clifford received the finished study on January 15, 1969, five days before Richard Nixon's inauguration โ although Clifford claimed he never read it.
Pentagon Papers
The study contained 3,000 pages of historical analysis and 4,000 pages of original government documents in 47 volumes.
Completion of Vietnam Study
Gelb completes the Defense Department history and prepares the finished study for delivery to Secretary Clark Clifford.
Pentagon Papers Classification
The completed study presented by Gelb remains classified at the Top Secret level.
Presentation to Clark Clifford
Gelb presents the completed Vietnam study to Secretary of Defense Clark Clifford five days before Richard Nixon's inauguration.
Pentagon Papers
It was classified Top Secret-Sensitive, although Sensitive was not an official classification and only indicated that access should be controlled.
Pentagon Papers
McNamara left the Defense Department in February 1968, and his successor Clark M. Clifford received the finished study on January 15, 1969, five days before Richard Nixon's inauguration โ although Clifford claimed he never read it.
Pentagon Papers
The study contained 3,000 pages of historical analysis and 4,000 pages of original government documents in 47 volumes.
Self-Immolation
Sets himself on fire in protest against occupation.
First Crewed Spacecraft Transfer
The achievement marks first crewed spacecraft transfer as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 Docking
Commands Soyuz 4 during the first docking of two crewed spacecraft.
Yellow Submarine
Provides orchestral score material for Yellow Submarine alongside Beatles songs.
Statutory Incomes
The Government issues "In Place of Strife: A Policy For Industrial Relations"
Self-Immolation
Student Jan Palach sets himself on fire in Prague's Wenceslas Square to protest the renewed suppression of free speech
Appointment as White House Chief of Staff
Begins service as President Richard Nixon's White House Chief of Staff, formally holding the title Assistant to the President.
Presidential Inauguration
Inaugurated President of the USA
Martial Law
Declares Martial Law in Spain
Bombing of Vietnam
Nixon proposes "mutual withdrawal" of troops, no bombing of NV
Peace
The first substantive peace talks in Paris
Vice Chair-Housing
Appointed Vice Chair of Housing, Lambeth Council
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
CIA monitors and responds to Jim Garrison's New Orleans investigation.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Later records link Shaw to CIA Domestic Contacts Service reporting.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
The nature of this project is still classified; what little information there is suggests that those cleared for the project may possibly have been "unwitting," and that it may have been related to gathering information from businessmen
Trial
At the party, Russo said that Lee Harvey Oswald (who Russo said was introduced to him as "Leon Oswald"), David Ferrie, and "Clem Bertrand" (who Russo identified in the courtroom as Clay Shaw) had discussed killing Kennedy.
Trial
Clay Shaw, the man Garrison charged with conspiracy in the JFK murder, testified under oath "No, I have not" to the question "Mr. Shaw
Trial
During Shaws trial Russos testimony was discredited by the revelation that he underwent hypnosis and had been administered sodium pentathol, or "truth serum," at the request of the persecution.
Trial
During the trial, Russo testified that he had attended an "assassination party" at David Ferries apartment, where Shaw, Ferrie, and Lee Harvey Oswald had discussed killing President Kennedy.
Trial
Later records link Shaw to CIA Domestic Contacts Service reporting.
Trial
The conversation included plans for the "triangulation of crossfire" and alibis for the participants. Russo claimed in September, 1963, he overheard Shaw and David Ferrie discussing the proposed assassination of John F. Kennedy.
Trial
The jury didnt see enough evidence to convict Shaw, and gave a verdict of not guilty. Russo testifies that he had attended a party at the apartment of anti-Castro activist David Ferrie.
Trial
the period 1948 to 1956
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Later records link Shaw to CIA Domestic Contacts Service reporting.
Project QK ENCHANT
A document surfaced which seemed to imply that Shaw was cleared for "Project QK/ENCHANT.."
Project QK ENCHANT
Other persons cleared for this project include J. Munroe Sullivan, Shaw's "alibi," Peter Maheu (son of Robert), and no less than CIA officer E. Howard Hunt.
Project QK ENCHANT
The nature of this project is still classified; what little information there is suggests that those cleared for the project may possibly have been "unwitting," and that it may have been related to gathering information from businessmen.
Trial
Russo testifies that he had attended a party at the apartment of anti-Castro activist David Ferrie. At the party, Russo said that Lee Harvey Oswald (who Russo said was introduced to him as "Leon Oswald"), David Ferrie, and "Clem Bertrand" (who Russo identified in the courtroom as Clay Shaw) had discussed killing Kennedy. The conversation included plans for the "triangulation of crossfire" and alibis for the participants
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Later records link Shaw to CIA Domestic Contacts Service reporting.
Accuses Russia of fascist dictatorship
Accuses Russia of "fascist dictatorship"
Fascist Dictatorship
Accuses Russia of "fascist dictatorship"
National Environmental Policy Act
NEPA bears the imprint of legislation championed by Senator Henry Jackson
National Environmental Policy Act
Signs the National Environmental Policy Act
Spiro Agnew Visit
Receives US Vice President Spiro Agnew during an official visit to Taiwan.
The Madcap Laughs
Barrett releases his first solo album with help from former Pink Floyd colleagues
Policy Incomes
The Government revises rules for pay increases & ends the statutory incomes policy
Birth of Andy Burnham
Andrew Murray Burnham is born in Aintree and later grows up in Culcheth.
Foreign Tour Begins
Leaves Cambodia for a foreign tour before the political crisis in Phnom Penh
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, 3rd term
Reballion of Rebels in Biafra
Most countries in Africa support the central Government since all feare a similar breakup in their own countries, the British, Italians and the Soviet Union supplied the central Government with arms, while the French supplied the Biafrans. Biafra capitulates, ending Civil War Civil war in Nigeria that had lasted for three years. Accepts the surrender of the Biafran commanders
Rule of Biafra
Biafra capitulates, ending Civil War Civil war in Nigeria that had lasted for three years
Appointment as Prime Minister
Gaddafi assumes the office of Prime Minister while chairing the Revolutionary Command Council.
Coup
Assumes power in Libya, age 27
Federal Vice Chancellor
Appointed Federal Vice Chancellor
State of the Union
Delivers a State of the Union address emphasizing environment and domestic policy
MASH Film
Stars as Hawkeye Pierce in MASH
MASH Film
Directs MASH
Bridge Over Troubled Water
Simon and Garfunkel release the album Bridge Over Troubled Water
Bridge Over Troubled Water
Simon and Garfunkel release the album Bridge Over Troubled Water
First Strougal Government
Begins the First Strougal Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Third Cernik Government
The Third Cernik Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Bombing of Cairo
Israeli fighter jets attack the suburbs of Cairo
Winter Festival for Peace
Performs with Band of Gypsys at Madison Square Garden
Marriage
Marries Marc Bolan
The Madcap Laughs
Barrett releases solo album, "The Madcap Laughs"
The Madcap Laughs
Syd Barretts first solo album, "The Madcap Laughs" is released
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of Housing, Lambeth Council
Election
The Selsdon meeting, a radical free market agenda, condemned by the then Labour Prime Minister, Harold Wilson, as the work of "Selsdon Man". Heath held a brainstorming session of the shadow cabinet at The Selsdon Park Hotel near Croydon, Surrey, the aim of the meeting was to formulate policies for the 1970 General Election manifesto
Election
The Selsdon metting, a radical free market agenda, condemned by the then Labour Prime Minister, Harold Wilson, as the work of "Selsdon Man". Heath held a brainstorming session of the shadow cabinet at The Selsdon Park Hotel near Croydon, Surrey, the aim of the meeting was to formulate policies for the 1970 General Election manifesto
Selsdon Man
The Selsdon meeting, a radical free market agenda, condemned by the then Labour Prime Minister, Harold Wilson, as the work of "Selsdon Man"
Selsdon Man
The Selsdon metting, a radical free market agenda, condemned by the then Labour Prime Minister, Harold Wilson, as the work of "Selsdon Man"
Death of Sonny Liston
Liston was at the end of his fighting career when he is found dead by his wife in their Las Vegas home, the time of death was placed as six to eight days prior to that
Release of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
Bhutto releases Sheikh Mujibur Rahman from Pakistani custody.
Kidnap
Kidnapped by Uruguyan terrorists
Apollo 14 Call Signs Announced
Announces that the Apollo 14 command module will be called Kitty Hawk and the lunar module will be called Antares during a preflight press conference.
Apollo 14 Surface Science Briefing
Describes the planned Fra Mauro surface traverses and the use of the Modular Equipment Transporter during the Apollo 14 preflight press conference.
Apollo 14 Orbital Science Briefing
Outlines the lunar-orbit photography and scientific work he will conduct alone in Kitty Hawk while Shepard and Mitchell explore Fra Mauro.
Apollo 14 Preflight Semi-Quarantine
Begins a preflight health-stabilization period with his crewmates to reduce the risk of illness disrupting the Apollo 14 mission.
Repeal of Tonkin Gulf Resolution
Nixon signed legislation that repealed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, formally removing the 1964 congressional authorization that had been cited to support expanded United States military action in Vietnam.
Pentagon Papers
For 15 days, the Times was prevented from publishing its articles by court order requested by the Nixon administration, meanwhile, Ellsberg leaks the documents to The Washington Post and 17 other newspapers. Ellsberg releases the documents to New York Times correspondent Neil Sheehan & On Sunday, June 13, 1971, the Times publishes the first of nine excerpts and commentaries on the 7,000 page collection
Pentagon Papers
Ellsberg releases the documents to New York Times correspondent Neil Sheehan & On Sunday, June 13, 1971, the Times publishes the first of nine excerpts and commentaries on the 7,000 page collection
High Dam Dedication
Sadat cuts the ceremonial ribbon during the official dedication of the High Dam.
Inauguration of Aswan High Dam
Sadat formally inaugurates the High Dam with Soviet President Nikolai Podgorny.
Soviet Participation in Inauguration
Podgorny joins Sadat at the ceremony celebrating Soviet-Egyptian construction cooperation.
Perjury Trial Restraining Order Application
On the scheduled date of his perjury trial, Shaw sought a federal restraining order to stop Garrison from proceeding with the prosecution.
European Economic Community Debate
Speaks in the Commons debate on the European Economic Community as his opposition to British membership becomes increasingly prominent.
European Economic Community Debate Continued
Continues his parliamentary attack on entry into the European Economic Community during a second day of Commons debate.
Death of Jacobo Arbenz Guzman
Death of Jacobo Arbenz Guzman
Commonwealth
After hearing that Obote was planning to arrest him for misappropriating army funds, Amin seized power in a military coup when Obote is attending a Commonwealth summit meeting in Singapore
Coup
After hearing that Obote was planning to arrest him for misappropriating army funds, Amin seized power in a military coup when Obote is attending a Commonwealth summit meeting in Singapore.
Coup
Amin's government expelled 49,000 Ugandan Asians.
Coup
Idi Amin Dada overthrows President Obote.
Coup
Idi Amin is initially welcomed both within Uganda and by the international community, In an internal memo, the British Foreign Office described him as "A splendid type and a good football player."
Coup
Over 300,000 opponents of the new regime are killed.
Commonwealth
After hearing that Obote was planning to arrest him for misappropriating army funds, Amin seized power in a military coup when Obote is attending a Commonwealth summit meeting in Singapore
Coup
After hearing that Obote was planning to arrest him for misappropriating army funds, Amin seized power in a military coup when Obote is attending a Commonwealth summit meeting in Singapore
Apollo 14 Launch
Commands Apollo 14 on a return to lunar landing operations.
Apollo 14 Translunar Injection
Participates in spacecraft operations as the Saturn V third stage reignites and sends Apollo 14 from Earth orbit toward the Moon.
Apollo 14 Antares Extraction
Uses Kitty Hawk to extract the lunar module Antares from the spent Saturn V third stage after the docking problem is overcome.
Apollo 14 Docking Attempts
Pilots Kitty Hawk during repeated attempts to dock with lunar module Antares after launch.
Apollo 14 Docking Probe Capture Failure
Encounters repeated failure of the docking probe capture latches while attempting to connect Kitty Hawk with Antares after translunar injection.
Apollo 14 Earth Parking Orbit
Monitors spacecraft systems after the Saturn V places Apollo 14 into its temporary Earth parking orbit before departure for the Moon.
Apollo 14 Hard Dock
Pilots Kitty Hawk during the sixth docking attempt, achieving a successful hard dock with lunar module Antares.
Apollo 14 Moon Tree Seeds Flight
Carries hundreds of tree seeds in his personal kit for a United States Forest Service project that later produces the celebrated Moon Trees.
Apollo 14 Sixth Docking Attempt Success
Achieves a secure hard dock with Antares on the sixth attempt after Mission Control develops an alternative docking procedure.
Apollo 14 Transposition Maneuver
Separates Kitty Hawk from the Saturn V third stage and turns the command and service module around to face the lunar module Antares.
Black September
King Husseinโs government continued efforts to curb armed Palestinian organizations after the 1970 civil war. Periodic clashes demonstrated that the conflict known as Black September had extended into the following year.
General Secretary
Appointed General Secretary of the United Nations
Kraftwerk 2
Develops flute, rhythm box and electronic textures on Kraftwerk 2.
Kraftwerk 2
Releases Kraftwerk 2 as the band continues its experimental instrumental phase.
Internal Security
The staff of the US Senate Internal Security Subcommittee of the Judiciary Committee prepares a memo about John Lennons involvement with such radicals as Jerry Rubin, Abbie Hoffman and Rennie Davis
Federation of Arab Republics
Libya joins Egypt and Syria in the Federation of Arab Republics.
Stars
Syd plays an unannounced gig at King's College Cellar, Cambridge, with him are Twink and Eddie "Guitar" Burns, this line up becomes Stars
Nationalization
Bhutto announces nationalization of major industries after taking power
Nationalization Programme
Bhutto announces nationalization of major industries.
Space Shuttle Program
Authorizes a $5.5B space shuttle program. Approves the Space Shuttle Project
Strike
1st day of the miners strike
Arrest of Mujibar Rahman
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman returns to Dhaka from prison in West Pakistan
Treaty of Friendship
India and Bangladesh sign a friendship Treaty
Visit to Dhaka
Rahman visits Dacca
Resignation of Mujibar Rahman
Resigns in order to become Prime Minister
Second Republic Overthrown
The Second Republic ends when military officers overthrow the civilian government, terminating Akufo-Addo's presidency and suspending constitutional rule.
Invasion of Vietnam
Nixon announces an additional 72,000 troops will leave Vietnam
Invasion of Vietnam
Nixon announces an additional 72,000 troops wil leave Vietnam
Economy of Great Britain
Unemployment reaches one million
Multan Meeting
Bhutto convenes senior Pakistani scientists at Multan and directs an accelerated national effort to develop a nuclear-weapons capability.
Treaty of Accession
Signs Denmark's accession treaty as minister responsible for foreign economic relations.
Treaty of Accession
Signs Denmark's Treaty of Accession and commits the government to European Communities membership.
Treaty of Accession
Adds his signature for Denmark as part of the delegation concluding the accession treaty.
Accession Treaty Support
Pompidou supported the treaties enabling Britain, Ireland, Denmark and Norway to seek membership of the European Communities.
First Enlargement Treaty
Heads the German government when accession treaties are signed with Britain, Denmark, Ireland and Norway.
Treaty of Accession
Signs Britain's accession treaty as Foreign Secretary alongside Edward Heath and Geoffrey Rippon.
Treaty of Accession
Signs Britain's Treaty of Accession as the minister responsible for the European negotiations.
Treaty of Accession
Signs Britain's Treaty of Accession to the European Communities at the Brussels ceremony.
Treaty of Accession
Signs Ireland's accession treaty alongside Taoiseach Jack Lynch.
Treaty of Accession
Signs Ireland's Treaty of Accession to the European Communities in Brussels.
First Enlargement Treaty
Heads the Italian government when accession treaties are signed with Britain, Denmark, Ireland and Norway.
Negotiations
Nixon announce Kissinger has been secretly negotiating for peace in Paris
Negotiations
Nixon announce Kissinger has been secretly negotiating for peace in Paris
Peace
The 8 point peace proposal to north Vietnam is made public
Operation Gemstone Planning
Hunt collaborated with G. Gordon Liddy as the broad Operation Gemstone political-intelligence plan was presented to senior Nixon campaign officials.
First Intelligence Plan Presentation
Liddy presents John Mitchell, Jeb Magruder and John Dean with an intelligence plan costing about one million dollars that includes proposed electronic surveillance; Mitchell rejects it.
Bloody Sunday
Faces crisis after soldiers kill unarmed civil rights marchers in Derry.
Demonstrations
Paratroopers open fire on rioting Catholics in Londonderry killing 13. 14 unarmed are were killed by British soldiers during an illegal march in Londonderry
Massacre
Paratroopers open fire on rioting Catholics in Londonderry killing 13
Bloody Sunday
Faces political crisis after Bloody Sunday during the Northern Ireland Troubles.
Bloody Sunday
The army command faces scrutiny after Derry.
Bloody Sunday
Handles political response to Northern Ireland violence.
Bloody Sunday
Faces questions over army conduct after the shootings.
Bloody Sunday
Commands 1 Para during the Derry operation.
Bloody Sunday
Army decisions before the march later face inquiry scrutiny.
Bloody Sunday
Commands Support Company in the Derry operation.
Bloody Sunday
Receives reports after soldiers shoot civil rights marchers in Derry.
Bloody Sunday
Faces crisis as Stormont authority collapses after the killings.
Bloody Sunday
Witnesses the shootings during the civil rights march.
Bloody Sunday
Helps lead the civil rights march in Derry.
Bloody Sunday
Condemns the killings after the Derry march.
Bloody Sunday
Takes part in the march and later writes about it.
Bloody Sunday
Is shot while going to help another victim.
Bloody Sunday
Is among those killed on Bloody Sunday.
Bloody Sunday
Is killed during the army operation in Derry.
Bloody Sunday
Is shot dead during Bloody Sunday in Derry.
Bloody Sunday
Is wounded and later counted among the dead.
Bloody Sunday
Is killed by gunfire during the Derry march.
Bloody Sunday
Is killed while fleeing the shooting.
Bloody Sunday
Is killed in the Bogside area during the shootings.
Bloody Sunday
Gives a Commons statement defending the army account.
Get It On
Get It On becomes a top ten hit in the United States as Bang a Gong Get It On.
Miners Strike
Confronts the miners strike and the wider challenge of industrial unrest.
Treaty of Accession
Jorgensen heads Denmark on 1 January 1973, when the country's Community accession becomes legally effective.
First Community Enlargement
France welcomed Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom into the European Communities, increasing membership from six to nine.
First EEC Enlargement
Heads the German government as Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom join the European Communities.
Treaty of Accession
Leads Britain when the accession treaty enters into force and European Communities membership begins.
European Communities Membership
Britain enters the European Communities under Heath's government.
European Communities Membership
Britain enters the European Communities after long political debate.
Britain Joins European Communities
Britain officially becomes a member of the EU
European Communities
Welcomes Britain's entry into the European Communities.
Ireland Joins European Communities
Heads the government when Ireland becomes a member of the European Communities.
European Communities Membership
Leads Ireland as membership of the European Communities formally begins.
Treaty of Accession
Leads Ireland as the accession treaty becomes effective and European Communities membership starts.
First EEC Enlargement
Heads the Italian government as Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom join the European Communities.
Pentagon Papers Trial Opens
Russo goes on trial alongside Ellsberg in the federal Pentagon Papers prosecution.
Pentagon Papers Trial Opens
Ellsberg goes on trial with Anthony Russo over the copying and disclosure of the Pentagon Papers.
Pentagon Papers Trial Begins
Byrne begins presiding over the federal trial of Daniel Ellsberg and Anthony Russo.
White House Tape 393-013
Charles Colson appears with Richard Nixon in the 25-minute White House recording numbered 393-013; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 393-013
Richard Nixon appears with Charles Colson in the 25-minute White House recording numbered 393-013; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
Greetings from Asbury Park NJ
Releases Greetings from Asbury Park NJ, his debut album on Columbia Records.
Senator of Delaware
Is sworn in as United States Senator from Delaware.
White House Tape 160-002
Charles Colson appears with Richard Nixon in the 2-minute White House recording numbered 160-002; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 160-002
Richard Nixon appears with Charles Colson in the 2-minute White House recording numbered 160-002; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
Trial
The five burglars plead guilty as their trial begins
Watergate
The five burglars plead guilty as their trial begins
Trial
The five burglars plead guilty as their trial begins
Watergate
The five burglars plead guilty as their trial begins
Trial
The five burglars plead guilty as their trial begins
Watergate
The five burglars plead guilty as their trial begins
Trial
The five burglars plead guilty as their trial begins
White House Tape 394-021/395-001
Charles Colson appears with Richard Nixon in the 23-minute White House recording numbered 394-021/395-001; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
Trial
The five burglars plead guilty as their trial begins
Trial
The five burglars plead guilty as their trial begins
Trial
The Watergate break-in trial opens; McCord and G. Gordon Liddy proceed to trial while the other defendants enter guilty pleas during the following week.
White House Tape 394-021/395-001
Richard Nixon appears with Charles Colson in the 23-minute White House recording numbered 394-021/395-001; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
Watergate Trial Jury Selection
Jury selection begins in the Watergate break-in trial of Liddy and James McCord before Chief Judge John Sirica in federal district court.
Watergate Trial Opens
Presides as the Watergate break-in trial opens for G. Gordon Liddy and James McCord; other defendants later enter guilty pleas during the proceedings.
Watergate Trial Opens
Presides as the criminal trial begins for G. Gordon Liddy and James McCord after five other Watergate defendants choose guilty pleas.
Watergate Trial Opens
Presides as the criminal trial begins for G. Gordon Liddy and James McCord after five other Watergate defendants choose guilty pleas.
Watergate Guilty Plea
Hunt pleads guilty to charges arising from the Watergate burglary and electronic-surveillance operation.
Watergate Guilty Plea
Hunt pleads guilty to charges arising from the Watergate burglary and electronic-surveillance operation.
Watergate Guilty Plea
Pleads guilty during the Watergate break-in trial rather than contest charges arising from the burglary and surveillance operation.
Pope Paul VI has an audience with Golda Meir at the Vatican
Pope Paul VI has an audience with Golda Meir at the Vatican. 1st Israeli head of state to be received by the Pope
Watergate Guilty Plea
Bernard Barker pleads guilty to charges arising from the Watergate break-in.
Watergate Guilty Plea
Bernard Barker pleads guilty to charges arising from the Watergate break-in.
Watergate Guilty Plea
Eugenio Martinez pleads guilty to charges arising from the Watergate break-in.
Watergate Guilty Plea
Frank Sturgis pleads guilty on January 15, 1973, to charges arising from the Watergate break-in.
Watergate Guilty Plea
Virgilio Gonzalez pleads guilty to charges arising from the Watergate break-in.
Watergate Guilty Plea
Pleads guilty with Virgilio Gonzalez, Eugenio Martinez and Frank Sturgis during the Watergate break-in trial.
Peace
Halts the US offensive in Vietnam
International Accord
Israel and Egypt sign a weapons accord
Inauguration
Ford is sworn in as President of the USA, 2nd term by Chief Justice Warren Burger
Government
Sworn in as President of the USA, 2nd term by Chief Justice Warren Burger
Death of Lyndon Baines Johnson
Death of Lyndon B Johnson
Conference of Paris
The Paris Peace Agreement is signed
Peace
Hanoi & Washington impose an agreement on Saigon
Peace
The Paris Peace Agreement is signed
Accords of Paris
The Paris Accords specify a ceasefire but do not delineate territorial boundaries
Accords of Peace
Peace Accords are signed with North Vietnam
Ceasefire
The Paris Accords specify a ceasefire but do not delineate territorial boundaries
Conference of Paris
The Paris Peace Agreement is signed
Peace
Hanoi & Washington impose an agreement on Saigon
Accords of Paris
The Paris Peace Agreement is signed. The Paris Accords specify a ceasefire but do not delineate territorial boundaries
Ceasefire
The Paris Accords specify a ceasefire but do not delineate territorial boundaries
Conference of Paris
The Paris Peace Agreement is signed
Immigration Debate
Speaks in a Commons immigration debate while remaining one of the country's most prominent advocates of restrictive immigration policy.
Edmond Leburton Government
Begins the Edmond Leburton Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Fifth and Sixth Eyskens Governments
The Fifth and Sixth Eyskens Governments ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Paris Peace Accords
Paris agreement seeks to end foreign military interference in Indochina
Paris Peace Accords Response
Welcomes the Vietnam peace agreement while maintaining Soviet ties with Hanoi
Peace
Makes a peace agreement with Le Duc Tho
Peace
Provides for talks between Hanoi & Saigon which break up in April 1974. Makes provision for the release of US POWs & withdrawal of US forces from Vietnam
Peace
Signs the Paris Peace Agreement which allows South Vietnam its political sovereignty
Draft
The United States ends conscription and moves to an all-volunteer force
Paris Peace Accords
Announces the signing of the Paris Peace Accords ending direct US combat involvement
Peace
Signs a cease-fire in Paris & calls it "peace with honor"
Paris Peace Accords
Signs the Paris Peace Accords for the United States
Post-Accords Military Policy
Keeps defence policy focused on final reunification after the Paris Peace Accords
Ceasefire
Allows for the release of US POWs & withdrwawl of all US forces from Vietnam. Agrees a cease-fire with Kissinger
President Re-Elected
Senghor wins re-election as President
Declaration of Truce
A truce goes into effect
Declaration of Truce
A truce goes into effect
Unilateral Ceasefire
Proclaims a unilateral ceasefire after the Paris Peace Accords
Trial
Just ten days after Richard Nixon's second inauguration, Liddy and McCord were convicted on charges conspiracy, burglary, and wiretapping
Watergate Conviction
George Gordon Liddy is convicted of conspiracy, burglary and wiretapping charges arising from the Watergate operation.
Watergate
Just ten days after Richard Nixon's second inauguration, Liddy and McCord were convicted on charges conspiracy, burglary, and wiretapping
Watergate
Just ten days after Richard Nixon's second inauguration, Liddy and McCord were convicted on charges conspiracy, burglary, and wiretapping.
Trial
Just ten days after Richard Nixon's second inauguration, Liddy and McCord were convicted on charges conspiracy, burglary, and wiretapping.
Trial
Liddy was sentenced to a 20-year prison term and was ordered to pay $40,000 in fines. He began serving the sentence on January 30, 1973.
Watergate Conviction
George Gordon Liddy is convicted of conspiracy, burglary and wiretapping charges arising from the Watergate operation.
Watergate Conviction
James W. McCord Jr. is convicted of conspiracy, burglary and wiretapping charges arising from the Watergate operation.
Washington Burglars
Former Nixon aides G. Gordon Liddy and James W. McCord Jr. are convicted of conspiracy, burglary and wiretapping in the Watergate incident. Five other men plead guilty, but mysteries remain.
Watergate
Just ten days after Richard Nixon's second inauguration, Liddy and McCord were convicted on charges conspiracy, burglary, and wiretapping.
Fanfare for Europe
"Fanfare for Europe" celebrations are held to mark Britains entry into the EU
DiscReet Records Launched
Launches DiscReet Records with Herb Cohen under a new distribution arrangement with Warner Bros.
Trial
Sturgis, Hunt, Gonzalez, Martinez, Barker, G. Gordon Liddy and James W. McCord are convicted of conspiracy, burglary and wiretapping
Trial
Sturgis, Hunt, Gonzalez, Martinez, Barker, G. Gordon Liddy and James W. McCord are convicted of conspiracy, burglary and wiretapping
Watergate Guilty Plea
Hunt pleaded guilty to Watergate-related conspiracy, burglary, and wiretapping charges rather than contesting the case through a full trial.
Criticize Lin Criticize Confucius
Jiang Qing promotes the campaign to criticise Lin Biao and Confucius
Criticize Lin Criticize Confucius
Yao Wenyuan writes propaganda linking attacks on Confucius with current political struggles
Three-Day Week
Commercial electricity use is restricted to three consecutive days during the miners' dispute.
Three Day Week
Implements the Three Day Week as Britain limits commercial electricity use to conserve power during the miners dispute.
Three Day Week
Implements the Three Day Week to conserve electricity during the miners dispute.
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Takes up office as the leader of the Northern Ireland Assembly
Retirement
In total Best had made 466 appearances for Manchester United in all competitions from 1963 to 1974, and scored 178 goals (including six in one game against fourth division Northampton Town). Bests last competitive igame for Manchester United against Queens Park Rangers at Loftus Road
Declaration of Faith
The first occasion in apartheid South Africas history where the principles of peaceful transition and equality had been enshrined in a document which had been jointly signed by acknowledged black and white political leaders. Meets Mangosuthu Buthelezi and signed a five-point plan for racial peace in South Africa, which came to be known as the Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith
First Neutron Interferometry Signal
Leads the team that observes the first neutron interference signal using a perfect-crystal interferometer.
First Neutron Interferometry Signal
Participates in the first successful observation of neutron interference with a crystal interferometer.
Birth of sextuplets
Birth of sextuplets, worlds 1st sextuplets
Birmingham Central Library
The inverted-ziggurat Central Library opens in Chamberlain Square.
Djerba Declaration
Gaddafi and Habib Bourguiba announce a proposed union between Libya and Tunisia.
Planet Waves
Releases Planet Waves with the Band.
Disengagement
Helps negotiate the Egyptian-Israeli disengagement agreement after the war.
International Accord
Israel and Egypt sign a weapons accord
Disengagement
Helps mediate the Egyptian-Israeli disengagement agreement after the October War.
CIA Phone Contact Record
CIA records include a January 31, 1974, memorandum concerning a telephone call from Frank Sturgis during the period of renewed assassination speculation.
Household Objects
Pink Floyd abandon most of the Household Objects project and move toward new material
Constitution of Great Britain
The SDLP is one of the parties involved in the negotiations that result in the Sunningdale Agreement, which in turn resulted in the establishment of a power-sharing executive
Northern Ireland Assembly
SDLP leader Gerry Fitt became deputy chief executive in a power-sharing government with Brian Faulkner's Ulster Unionist Party and the Alliance Party.
Northern Ireland Assembly
The Assembly and Executive collapsed after four months because of sustained unionist opposition.
Northern Ireland Assembly
The SDLP is one of the parties involved in the negotiations that result in the Sunningdale Agreement, which in turn resulted in the establishment of a power-sharing executive.
Sunningdale Agreement
The SDLP is one of the parties involved in the negotiations that result in the Sunningdale Agreement, which in turn resulted in the establishment of a power-sharing executive
Northern Ireland Assembly
Gerry Fitt, the SDLP party leader, takes office as Deputy chief executive, taking Government alongside the Ulster Unionist Party (led by Brian Faulkner) and the Alliance Party but the Assembly and Executive are short-lived, collapsing after only four months due to sustained opposition from within the unionist community
Stormont Asembly
Paisley is subdued and thrown out of the Stormont Assembly by members of the RUC
Retirement
Moore plays his last game for West Ham in an FA Cup tie against Hereford United.
Oil Crisis
Continues to face domestic political and economic consequences of the oil crisis after the war.
Economy of Japan
Japan suffers its 1st "oil shock" as prices increase 4 fold over 4 months
Aftermath
Reviews the limited Jordanian military role and the diplomatic consequences of the October War.
Cabinet Instability
Rotates prime ministers as the republic faces military and economic decline
Aftermath
Faces the growing Lebanese repercussions of the Arab-Israeli conflict after the October War.
Disengagement
Monitors postwar disengagement diplomacy after the Egyptian-Israeli ceasefire.
First Irish EEC Presidency
Begins Ireland's first Presidency of the Council only two years after joining the Community.
Watergate Seven
Acquitted of all charges.
Watergate Cover-Up Trial
Is acquitted while other defendants in the Watergate cover-up trial are convicted.
Watergate Cover-Up Conviction
Is convicted in the Watergate cover-up trial of conspiracy to obstruct justice, obstruction of justice and perjury.
Nationalization
The iron ore industry is nationalized before the oil sector is brought under state ownership
Beatles, The
The Beatles final dissolution takes place
Beatles, The
The Beatles final dissolution takes place
Marriage
John and Yoko are reunited
Beatles, The
The Beatles final dissolution takes place
Beatles, The
The Beatles final dissolution takes place
Siege of Phuoc Long
The NV attack on Phuoc Long starts the 3rd Indochina War
Economy of Great Britain
OPEC agrees to a 10 percent increase in the price of crude oil, triggers huge inflation
Inflation
OPEC agrees to a 10 percent increase in the price of crude oil, triggers huge inflation
Manager
Clough makes a quick return to management with Nottingham Forest, who at the time are a Second Division side, joined by Peter Taylor
Manager
Clough makes a quick return to management with Nottingham Forest, who at the time are a Second Division side, joined by Peter Taylor
Ulster Speech
Addresses South Down Unionists on Ulster and the constitutional questions facing Northern Ireland.
Constitutional Convention Speech
Speaks at a United Ulster Unionist rally on proposals for a Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention.
Congress of National Peoples
Delivers his last speech at the 4th National Peoples Congress
Grand Design
Speaks of his "Grand Design" to modernize China
Four Modernizations
Deng Xiaoping supports Zhou Enlai's Four Modernizations programme against radical opposition
Agreement of Alvor
The Alvor Agreement grants Angola independence from Portugal on November 11, ending the war for independence while marking the transition to civil war
Independence of Angola
The Alvor Agreement grants Angola independence from Portugal on November 11, ending the war for independence while marking the transition to civil war
Agreement of Alvor
The Alvor Agreement grants Angola independence from Portugal on November 11, ending the war for independence while marking the transition to civil war. Goes to Portugal & agrees to form a coaltion Government with Roberto & Savimbi
Independence of Angola
The Alvor Agreement grants Angola independence from Portugal on November 11, ending the war for independence while marking the transition to civil war
Agreement of Alvor
The Alvor Agreement grants Angola independence from Portugal on November 11, ending the war for independence while marking the transition to civil war
Independence of Angola
The Alvor Agreement grants Angola independence from Portugal on November 11, ending the war for independence while marking the transition to civil war
Blood on the Tracks
Releases Blood on the Tracks.
Tangled Up in Blue
Releases Tangled Up in Blue on Blood on the Tracks.
Biological Weapons Convention Ratification Signed
Signs the United States instrument of ratification for the Biological Weapons Convention.
Geneva Protocol Ratification Instruments Signed
Signs the United States instrument of ratification for the 1925 Geneva Protocol.
EEC Referendum Announcement
Announces for the first time in the Commons a referendum will be held on EEC membership
Referendum
Announces for the first time in the Commons a referendum will be held on EEC membership
Referendum
Announces that collective Cabinet responsibility will be relaxed
Four Modernizations Programme
Advocates modernization of agriculture, industry, national defence, and science and technology as long-term state priorities.
Reappointment as Premier
Remains premier following the Fourth National People's Congress despite worsening health.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
The CIA was worried about the prosecution of Clay Shaw - CIA Director Helms assistant Victor Marchetti revealed in the 1975 that Helms held meetings where he would ask "are we giving them all the help we can?"
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
The CIA was worried about the prosecution of Clay Shaw - CIA Director Helms assistant Victor Marchetti revealed in the 1975 that Helms held meetings where he would ask "are we giving them all the help we can?"
Nationalization
The oil industry is nationalized and PDVSA begins operating as the state oil company
PDVSA
Petroleos de Venezuela began operations as the state holding company for the nationalized petroleum industry.
Constitution of Kampuchea
Anew constitution comes into effect in Democratic Kampuchea
New Constitution
Democratic Kampuchea constitution adopted
Desire
Releases Desire.
Hurricane
Releases Hurricane, a song about Rubin Carter.
Nationhood EEC and Devolution Speech
Links national sovereignty, EEC membership and devolution in a speech to Young Conservatives in Brighton.
Resignation of Aldo Moro
Resigns after a newspaper says the Party Secretary was not consulted about reflation
Burial
Forbidden to lay wreaths on the Martyrs Memorial in honour of Chou, causes disorder
Death of Chou En-Lai
Death of En-Lai, age 78
Constitution of India
Parliament extends its term during the Emergency and national elections are postponed.
Election Postponement
Parliamentary elections are postponed during the Emergency.
President of Ecuador
Appointed Supreme Council of Government exercising presidential authority in Ecuador
Prime Minister of Norway
Appointed Prime Minister of Norway
Diplomatic Mission at Falkland Islands
Argentina ousts a British envoy in dispute over the Falkland Islands
Rule of Falkland Islands
Argentina ousts a British envoy in dispute over the Falkland Islands
Conference of Pugwash
Indira Gandhi addresses the Pugwash Conference in Madras and defends India's peaceful nuclear programme.
Nuclear Power
Indira Gandhi defends India's 1974 nuclear test and maintains that the programme serves national scientific and security objectives.
Appointment as President of Rhodesia
Wrathall becomes President of Rhodesia after Clifford Dupont leaves office.
Black Hole Particle Emission
Calculates emission rates for massless particles from an uncharged, nonrotating black hole using Hawking radiation and black hole perturbation theory.
Helios 2 Solar Wind Mission Launch
Continues close-range investigation of solar-wind plasma after Helios 2 launches into an orbit extending well inside the orbit of Mercury.
Black Holes and Thermodynamics
Explores the thermodynamic interpretation of black holes and the relationship between horizon area, entropy and temperature.
Odvar Nordli Government
Begins the Odvar Nordli Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Second Trygve Bratteli Government
The Second Trygve Bratteli Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Federal Vice Chancellor
Appointed Federal Vice Chancellor
Concorde
The supersonic Concorde jet is put into service by Britain and France
Station to Station
Releases Station to Station, introducing the Thin White Duke persona and bridging soul, rock and European art music.
Clash
The Clash sign to CBS Records for ล100,000, a remarkable amount for a band that had played a total of about thirty gigs and almost none as a headliner
Clash
Mark Perry, founder of the leading London punk periodical, Sniffin Glue, let loose with what he would later call his "big quote": "Punk died the day The Clash signed to CBS
Dark Horse Records
George Harrison signs himself to Dark Horse Records after the Beatles recording contract with EMI expires
Election
The United Nations adopts a resolution to hold free & open elections under its supervision
Rule of Namibia
The United Nations adopts a resolution to hold free & open elections under its supervision
Constitution of Cuba
Following the enactment of the Socialist Constitution, adopted without following the procedures laid out in the Constitution of 1940, the Republic of Cuba is defined as a socialist state
Socialist Constitution
Following the enactment of the Socialist Constitution, adopted without following the procedures laid out in the Constitution of 1940, the Republic of Cuba is defined as a socialist state
Speech
Refers to herself as the "Iron Lady" after an article in the Soviet Red Star
Conference of OAU
The OAU condemns South Africas invasion of Angola
Conference of OAU
The OAU condemns South Africa for its invasion of Angola
Invasion of Angola
The United Nations Security Council condemns South Africa for its invasion of South Africa. The OAU condemns South Africas invasion of Angola
Invasion of Angola
The OAU condemns South Africa for its invasion of Angola
UN Security Council
The United Nations Security Council condemns South Africa for its invasion of South Africa
UN Security Council
The United Nations Security Council condemns South Africa for its invasion of South Africa
United Nations
The United Nations Security Council condemns South Africa for its invasion of South Africa
Jamaica Monetary Agreement
The Jamaica agreement accepts floating exchange rates and reduces gold's formal role in the IMF system, confirming the international shift away from gold-based par values.
Dismissal
Dismissed as Director of the CIA
Charter 77
Helps launch Charter 77 for human rights.
Exclusion Zone
Britains new 200 mile fishing zone comes into effect
Border Attacks
Khmer Rouge launch attacks on Vietnamese border villages
Independence of Great Britain
Ivor Richard, chairman of the Geneva conference, visits South African PM Vorster
Independence of Rhodesia
Ivor Richard, chairman of the Geneva conference, visits South African PM Vorster
Economy of Great Britain
Approval of the IMF loan strengthens confidence in Britainโs economic programme.
IMF Confidence Effect - Economic Policy
Economic-policy record linked to the IMF crisis: Approval of the IMF loan strengthens confidence in Britainโs economic programme.
IMF Confidence Effect - Government Response
Government response under Denis Winston Healey: Approval of the IMF loan strengthens confidence in Britainโs economic programme.
IMF Confidence Effect - IMF
IMF context: Approval of the IMF loan strengthens confidence in Britainโs economic programme.
IMF Confidence Effect
Approval of the IMF loan strengthens confidence in Britainโs economic programme.
IMF Standby Loan Approval - Economic Policy
Economic-policy record linked to the IMF crisis: The International Monetary Fund approves Britainโs standby loan following the December agreement.
IMF Standby Loan Approval - Government Response
Government response under Denis Winston Healey: The International Monetary Fund approves Britainโs standby loan following the December agreement.
IMF Standby Loan Approval - IMF
IMF context: The International Monetary Fund approves Britainโs standby loan following the December agreement.
IMF Standby Loan Approval
The International Monetary Fund approves Britainโs standby loan following the December agreement.
IMF Standby Loan
The International Monetary Fund approves Britainโs standby loan following the December agreement.
International Monetary Fund
The International Monetary Fund approves a loan of 2,300 million pounds to Great Britain.
International Monetary Fund
The International Monetary Fund approves a standby loan worth 2.3 billion pounds for Britain.
Post-IMF Confidence - Economic Policy
Economic-policy record linked to the IMF crisis: Sees confidence strengthen after approval of Britainโs IMF standby loan.
Post-IMF Confidence - Government Response
Government response under Denis Winston Healey: Sees confidence strengthen after approval of Britainโs IMF standby loan.
Post-IMF Confidence - IMF
IMF context: Sees confidence strengthen after approval of Britainโs IMF standby loan.
Post-IMF Confidence
Sees confidence strengthen after approval of Britainโs IMF standby loan.
International Monetary Fund
The International Monetary Fund approves a loan of 2,300 million pounds to Great Britain
International Monetary Fund
The International Monetary Fund approves a loan of pounds 2,300 million to Great Britain
Independence of Rhodesia
Ivor Richard, chairman of the Geneva conference, visits South African PM Vorster
Independence of South Africa
Ivor Richard, chairman of the Geneva conference, visits South African PM Vorster
Birth of David Millar
Birth of David Millar
River Ganges
Leads a jetboat expedition, titled "Ocean to Sky", from the mouth of the Ganges River to its source
European Commission
Takes office as President of the European Commission.
First British Commission President
Becomes the first British politician to serve as President of the European Commission.
Strike
Baggage handlers at Heathrow call off their 3 day dispute
Trial
Tried for possession of cocaine
Stroszek
Directs Stroszek.
Arrest of Abu Davoud
Released from prison
Governor Appointed
Gwilym Wyn Jones becomes Governor of Montserrat
Death of Peter Finch
Death of Peter Finch
Low
Releases Low, the first album of his Berlin-era trilogy and a major move toward electronic and ambient music.
Low
Co-produces Low with David Bowie, helping shape the first album of the Berlin trilogy.
Death of Robert Anthony Eden
Death of Robert Anthony Eden
Death of Robert Anthony Eden
Dies at Alvediston in Wiltshire
Death of Anthony Eden
Death of Anthony Eden
Independence of Great Britain
Says that Britain will forward new proposals for Rhodesia
Independence of Rhodesia
Says that Britain will forward new proposals for Rhodesia
Bread Riots
Withdraws subsidy cuts after widespread protests and rioting over food prices.
Pink Floyd
Press launch for "Animals" at Battersea Power Station
Pink Floyd
Press launch for "Animals" at Battersea Power Station
Pink Floyd
"Animals" gets a world exclusive airing on the John Peel Show
Pink Floyd
"Animals" gets a world exclusive airing on the John Peel Show
Pink Floyd
"Animals" gets a world exclusive airing on the John Peel Show
Inauguration
Inaugurated President of the USA
Pardon
Issues a pardon to all Americans who had evaded conscription in the Vietnam war
Vietnam Draft Evaders
Vietnam draft evaders are granted a full pardon by President Carter
Pink Floyd
"Animals" is released
In the Flesh Tour
Pink Floyd begin the In the Flesh tour supporting Animals
Pink Floyd
"Animals" is released
Constitution of Great Britain
Goes on national TV to discuss the constitutional crisis in Rhodesia
Independence of Great Britain
Goes on national TV to discuss the constitutional crisis in Rhodesia
Independence of Rhodesia
Goes on national TV to discuss the constitutional crisis in Rhodesia
Independence of Great Britain
Ian Smith rejects the British proposals for a Rhodesian settlement
Independence of Rhodesia
Ian Smith rejects the British proposals for a Rhodesian settlement
Independence of Great Britain
Ian Smith rejects the British proposals for a Rhodesian settlement
Independence of Rhodesia
Ian Smith rejects the British proposals for a Rhodesian settlement
British Settlement Proposals Rejected
Smith rejects new British proposals for ending Rhodesia's constitutional dispute.
Clash
The Clash sign to CBS Records for ล100,000, a remarkable amount for a band that had played a total of about thirty gigs and almost none as a headliner
Economy of Great Britain
The monthly unemployment figures reach the highest since 1948
Trial
The Tanaka trial opens
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
In 1976, the United States House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) was created to investigate the deaths of President Kennedy and King, and Gonzalez succeeded Thomas N. Downing as its chairman in January 1977
HSCA Chairman
Succeeds Thomas Downing as chairman of the committee.
Anti-Vietnam Campaign
Khmer Rouge intensify anti-Vietnam propaganda
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 3rd term
Winterland Ballroom
Plays the final show of the original Sex Pistols era at Winterland during the American tour.
Winterland Ballroom
Performs at Winterland as the American tour collapses around the original Sex Pistols line-up.
High-Value Note Demonetisation
The government demonetises high-denomination banknotes of 1,000, 5,000 and 10,000 rupees.
Simple Minds First Concert
Performs guitar at Simple Minds' first concert at Satellite City.
Sex Pistols
Rotten announces his departure from the Sex Pistols, amid a turbulent tour of the United States
Simple Minds First Concert
Performs in Simple Minds' first concert at Satellite City in Glasgow.
Bombing of Belfast
12 people are killed & 30 injured, in the La Mon House entertainment complex at 2100GMT, a peaceful area of County Down, 14 miles from Belfast
Bombing of Belfast
The IRA bomber suspects are rounded up
IRA - Bombing of Belfast
Government record concerning the IRA: The IRA bomber suspects are rounded up
IRA - Bombing of Belfast
Historical IRA record under Labour Party Government: The IRA bomber suspects are rounded up
IRA - Bombing of Belfast
IRA context for Roy Mason: The IRA bomber suspects are rounded up
IRA - IRA
Government record concerning the IRA: The IRA bomber suspects are rounded up
IRA - IRA
Historical IRA record under Labour Party Government: The IRA bomber suspects are rounded up
IRA - IRA
IRA context for Roy Mason: The IRA bomber suspects are rounded up
IRA
The IRA bomber suspects are rounded up
Senate Testimony Review Request
The HSCA requested access to earlier Senate intelligence testimony involving Sturgis as part of its renewed Kennedy investigation.
Senate Intelligence Transcript Request
The committee requested access to prior Senate intelligence testimony, including material involving Frank Sturgis and Warren DeBruey.
Joy Division
The group played their first gig as Joy Division
Sex Pistols
McLaren is accused by band members (most notably by John Lydon) of mismanaging them and refusing to pay them when they asked him for money & they split during the American tour
Sex Pistols
McLaren is accused by band members (most notably by John Lydon) of mismanaging them and refusing to pay them when they asked him for money & they split during the American tour
Damned
The Damned want Syd Barrett to produce their new album, they make do with Nick Mason instead
Demonstrations
Demonstrations break out which spread to the rest of the country
Prime Minister of Iran
Bakhtiar is appointed prime minister as the monarchy tries to survive the revolutionary crisis
House Arrest Ends
Leaves Khmer Rouge custody on the last Chinese aircraft from Phnom Penh
Presidency Ends
Khieu Samphan loses state authority as Phnom Penh falls to Vietnamese-backed forces
Fall of DK
Phnom Penh falls and Khmer Rouge flee to border regions
Head of State Appointed
Vietnamese-backed authorities install Heng Samrin as head of state
Capture of Phnom Penh
The Vietnamese forces invaded Kampuchea along with the KUFNS, capturing Phnom Penh
Capture of Phnom Penh
The Vietnamese invade Kampuchea, capturing Phnom Penh. The Vietnamese forces invaded Kampuchea along with the KUFNS, capturing Phnom Penh
Invasion of Kampuchea
The Vietnamese invade Kampuchea, capturing Phnom Penh
Siege of Phnom Penh
The Vietnamese forces invaded Kampuchea along with the KUFNS, capturing Phnom Penh
PRK Government Formed
People's Republic of Kampuchea government forms under Heng Samrin's chairmanship
President of Panama
Canal Zone is abolished and the Panama Canal Commission begins treaty era administration
President of Panama
Canal Zone is abolished as the Torrijos Carter Treaties begin implementation
Bryukhanov Unit Two Commissioning Completion
Leads the plant when Turbine Generator 4 produces industrial current and Unit 2 enters commissioned operation.
Economy of Great Britain
Misquoted in the press saying, "Crisis, what crisis?", returning from Guadaloupe
Revolutionary Council Leadership
Heng Samrin leads the People's Revolutionary Council after the fall of Democratic Kampuchea
Bakhtiar Government
Bakhtiar receives parliamentary confirmation as prime minister while trying to preserve the constitutional monarchy
Revolutionary Council
Khomeini forms the Revolutionary Council to coordinate the transition from the monarchy
Joy Division
Curtis appears on the front cover of the NME due to the persistence of music journalist Paul Morley and that same month the band record their first radio session for BBC Radio 1 DJ John Peel
Joy Division
Curtis appears on the front cover of the NME due to the persistence of music journalist Paul Morley and that same month the band record their first radio session for BBC Radio 1 DJ John Peel
Exile of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
The Shah leaves Iran with his family as revolutionary pressure makes his rule impossible to continue
Pahlavi Exile
The Shah leaves Iran as Khomeini's revolutionary movement advances toward power
Exile of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
The Shah leaves Iran and scenes of revolutionary celebration follow across the country
Nosferatu the Vampyre
Directs Nosferatu: Phantom der Nacht.
King Rocker Chart Entry
King Rocker enters the Official Singles Chart and reaches number eleven.
Khomeini Return Negotiations
Bakhtiar signals he will not block Khomeini's return while appealing for constitutional order
Khomeini Return Negotiations
Bakhtiar proposes that Khomeini return under limits while appealing for preservation of constitutional order
Khomeini Return Negotiations
Bakhtiar seeks a controlled return for Khomeini as revolutionary momentum grows
Khomeini Return Negotiations
Bakhtiar appeals for constitutional order while preparing for Khomeini's possible return
Regency Council
Tehrani resigns from the Regency Council after meeting Khomeini in France
The Wall
Ezrin works with Pink Floyd and Roger Waters on the structure of The Wall
Pay Norm
Made a type of "pay supremo" to enforce the pay norm over his Cabinet colleagues
Conference of Guadeloupe
Attends an economic conference at Guadeloupe
Pay Norm
The pay norm in Cabinet is increased from 5% to 9.5%
State of Emergency
Callaghan wishes to declare a state of emergency but is over-ruled by his colleagues
Strike
Water workers go on strike. The road haulage drivers dispute is made official by the TGWU. Railway workers want 10% bomus on top of their 20% wage demand. Oil tanker drivers accept 15%. Lorry drivers demand 20%. Local authority workers call for 8%. Cabinet decides to buy off the road haulage workers with a 20% increase
Winter of Discontent
Britain is hit by a series of public sector worker strikes that came to be known as the "Winter of Discontent", in Camden Borough, council employees unionise under the National Union of Public Employees (NUPE).
Winter of Discontent
go on strike, demanding a 35 hour limit to their working week and a weekly wage increase to pounds 60, Livingstone backs the strikers, urging Camden Council to grant their demands, eventually getting his way.
Demonstrations
Deadly Shiite riots erupt in Baghdad after the arrest of Shiite leaders
Reballion of Rebels in Baghdad
Deadly Shiite riots erupt in Baghdad after the arrest of Shiite leaders
Reform of Education
The 1st uniform national university entrance exams are introduced
Voyager 1 Jupiter Science Phase Begins
Voyager 1 begins intensive approach observations of Jupiter and its satellites before closest approach.
PRK State Leadership
Heng Samrin continues as head of state of the People's Republic of Kampuchea
Treaty of SALT II
Carter requests the Senate majority leader to delay consideration of the Treaty on the Senate floor in view of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Carter announces the US will comply with the provisions of the Treaty as long as Russia reciprocates, Brezhnev make a similar statement
Nuclear Power
Carter requests the Senate majority leader to delay consideration of the Treaty on the Senate floor in view of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Carter announces the US will comply with the provisions of the Treaty as long as Russia reciprocates, Brezhnev make a similar statement
Egypt-Israel Normalisation Summit
Sadat and Begin settle practical arrangements for normal diplomatic and communications links.
Air and Communications Agreement
Begin agrees that civilian flights, telephone lines and postal services will open during normalisation.
Aswan Summit
Begin and Sadat agree to proceed with ambassadors, air links, telephone services and postal relations.
Prime Minister of India
Indira Gandhi returns as Prime Minister after Congress wins the 1980 general election.
Rate Support Grant
Takes part in Commons proceedings concerning the rate support grant.
Afghanistan
Supports boycott and diplomatic pressure after Soviet intervention in Afghanistan.
Afghanistan
Cabinet backs an Olympic boycott response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
Return from Exile
Mugabe returns to campaign in the British-supervised independence election.
Return to Salisbury
Mugabe returns from exile to campaign in the independence election.
Anti-waste Programme
Addresses Commons questions on the Department's anti-waste programme.
Building Societies
Addresses Commons questions involving the Building Societies Association and housing finance.
Inner City Policy
Addresses Commons questions on the Government's inner-city policy.
Local Authority Expenditure Controls
Answers parliamentary questions concerning controls on local-authority expenditure.
London Docklands Regeneration
Addresses Commons questions on regeneration of London Docklands.
Property Services Agency
Answers parliamentary questions concerning the Property Services Agency.
Urban Development Corporations
Addresses the Commons on the proposed use of urban development corporations.
Seventh General Election
Congress wins the seventh general election and Indira Gandhi returns to national office.
Greek EEC Membership Takes Effect
Serves as president when Greece enters the European Communities as their tenth member state.
Greece Joins European Communities
Heads the government when Greece becomes the tenth member of the European Communities.
Treaty of Accession
Serves as Foreign Minister when Greece's membership of the European Communities formally begins.
European Community Membership
Greece becomes a member of the European Communities during Rallis's premiership.
Treaty of Accession
Heads Greece when the accession treaty enters into force and the country becomes the tenth Community member.
President Takes Office
Diouf becomes President after Senghor resigns
Prime Minister Takes Office
Habib Thiam becomes Prime Minister under President Diouf
Appointment as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
Appointed Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, adding responsibility for the Duchy office while taking a central role in managing government business in Parliament.
Leader of House of Commons
Appointed Leader of the House of Commons
Appointment as Paymaster General
Appointed Paymaster General during the January 1981 government changes, holding the Treasury post alongside his other responsibilities until September.
Cabinet
Pym becomes leader of the Commons, Nott Defence Secretary & Britain Chief Sec
Prime Minister of Great Britain
St John Stevas & Maude leave the Government
Business of the House
As Leader of the House, announces the following week's Commons business, including legislation, opposition debates and scheduled parliamentary proceedings.
Select Committee Debate
Addresses the Commons on the developing departmental Select Committee system and reiterates support for stronger parliamentary monitoring of the Executive.
Liverpool Ministerial Visit
Answers a parliamentary question concerning a ministerial visit to Liverpool.
Commission Departure
Completes his term as President of the European Commission.
Commission Presidency Ends
Ends four years as President of the European Commission.
Federal Vice Chancellor
Appointed Federal Vice Chancellor
International Agreement at Algiers
Iranian assets are transferred under the Algiers agreements, including movement through a Bank of England account
International Agreement at Tehran
All 52 American hostages are released after the Algiers agreements take effect on Reagan's inauguration day
Government
Inaugurated President of the USA, 40th President, 1st term. Fifty two American hostages are released from Iran
Hostages
The day after Jimmy Carter leaves Office the US hostages in Iran are released
Siege of US Embassy
The day after Jimmy Carter leaves Office the US hostages in Iran are released
SDP
One of the "Gang of Four", former Labour Minister's who found the SDP
Demonstrations
700,000 students & workers go on strike against Party priveleges
Trial
Maos widow is sentenced to death, suspended for 2 yrs
Trial
Sentenced to death, suspended for 2 yrs, "Gang of Four" members recieve long sentences
Trial of Gang of Four
Jiang Qing receives a suspended death sentence for counter-revolutionary crimes connected to the Cultural Revolution
SDP
One of the "Gang of Four", former Labour Minister's who found the SDP
SDP
One of the "Gang of Four", former Labour Minister's who found the SDP
SDP
One of the Gang of Four, former Labour ministers who found the SDP.
Gang of Four
Helps form the SDP as one of the Gang of Four.
Gang of Four
Helps found the SDP with Jenkins, Shirley Williams and Bill Rodgers.
Limehouse Declaration
Signs the Limehouse Declaration with other Labour defectors launching the SDP project.
Gang of Four
Joins Jenkins, David Owen and Bill Rodgers in the SDP breakaway.
Purchase of Times
Buys the English newspapers the Times & the Sunday Times
Planning Appeals System
Answers a parliamentary question concerning the planning appeals system.
Siege of Maputo
A South African commando unit enters Mozambique & lays siege to a houe with ANC members
Social Democratic Alliance
Appointed President of the Social Democratic Alliance
Invasion of Iran
Iraq beats back Irans 1st major counteroffensive
Demonstrations
Dismissed as Prime Minister after the Warsaw demonstrations & replaced by Jaruzelski
Dismissal
Dismissed as Prime Minister after the Warsaw demonstrations & replaced by Jaruzelski
Demonstrations
Visits Brezhnev & gives assurances he will end "anarchy & disarray" in Poland
Demonstrations
Solidarity agree to a 3 month moratorium on strikes
Reform of Labour Law
Jaruzelski makes concessions to Solidarity including the right to strike
Solidarity
Solidarity agree to a 3 month moratorium on strikes. Jaruzelski makes concessions to Solidarity including the right to strike
Demonstrations
Solidarity agree to a 3 month moratorium on strikes
Meeting with Lech Walesa at the Vatican
John Paul II meets Lech Walesa at the Vatican
Reform of Labour Law
Jaruzelski makes concessions to Solidarity including the right to strike
Meeting with Lech Walesa at the Vatican
John Paul II meets Lech Walesa at the Vatican
Diplomatic Mission
The British Ambassador of Argentina lodges a formal protest against the unauthorised landing on South Georgia on 20 December 1981 by Argentine scrap-metal merchant Constantino Davidoff
Invasion of South Georgia
The British Ambassador of Argentina lodges a formal protest against the unauthorised landing on South Georgia on 20 December 1981 by Argentine scrap-metal merchant Constantino Davidoff
Diplomatic Mission at London
The British Ambassador of Argentina lodges a formal protest against the unauthorised landing on South Georgia on 20 December 1981 by Argentine scrap-metal merchant shipshant Constantino Davidoff
Invasion of Falklands
The Argentine Joint Armed Forces committee beings planning military invasion of Islands
Local Government Finance No. 2 Bill
Takes part in Commons proceedings on the Local Government Finance (No. 2) Bill.
Voluntary Organisations Liverpool
Answers a parliamentary question concerning voluntary organisations in Liverpool.
Invasion of Falklands
The Juntas plans to capture Islands are revealed in a series of articles in La Prensa newspaper
Death of Alfredo Ovando
Death of Alfredo Ovando Candia
Administration After Golan Law
Following the 1981 law, Israeli authorities continued administering the occupied plateau under Israeli law despite the Security Council rejecting the legal change in its status.
Reconstruction Government
Chan Sy continues as Prime Minister during reconstruction and Vietnamese military presence
Cabinet
John Nott leaves the Defence post and Michael Heseltine succeeds him as Secretary of State for Defence.
Appointment
Appointed Secretary of State for Defence.
Cabinet
Nott resigns, Heseltine replaces him & Tom King goes to the Dept of the Environment
Broadcast
Presents Breakfast TV to Britain
Broadcast
Presents Breakfast TV to Britain
Franks Report
Publishes findings on the failure to anticipate invasion.
National Assembly
South Africa dissolves the National Assembly in Namibia & rules it from Pretoria
Rule of Namibia
South Africa dissolves the National Assembly in Namibia & rules it from Pretoria
Franco-German European Partnership
Mitterrand and Helmut Kohl marked the Elysee Treaty's twentieth anniversary while strengthening cooperation on European integration.
Franks Report
Answers a parliamentary question concerning the Franks Report on the Falklands conflict.
European Super Cup Victory
Barton leads Villa to a 3-0 second-leg victory over Barcelona after extra time.
European Super Cup Penalty
Cowans scores in extra time as Villa wins the European Super Cup 3-1 on aggregate.
Assistant Whip
Appointed Assistant Whip
Fares Fair
One aspect of the London Transport reforms was however maintained; the new system of flat fares within ticket zones, and the inter-modal Travelcard ticket continued as the basis of the ticketing system, the GLC puts together new.
Fares Fair
measures to reduce London Transport fares by a more modest amount, 25%, taking them back to roughly the price that they were when Livingstones administration took office; it is ruled legal in January 1983, and subsequently implemented.
GLC
One aspect of the London Transport reforms was however maintained; the new system of flat fares within ticket zones, and the inter-modal Travelcard ticket continued as the basis of the ticketing system, the GLC puts together new.
GLC
measures to reduce London Transport fares by a more modest amount, 25%, taking them back to roughly the price that they were when Livingstones administration took office; it is ruled legal in January 1983, and subsequently implemented.
Fifth Brigade Deployed
The government deploys the Fifth Brigade during the Gukurahundi campaign.
France gets its 1st delivery of Soviet natural gas
France gets its 1st delivery of Soviet natural gas
Death of Alexis Korner
Death of Alexis Korner, a lifelong smoker, of lung cancer
France gets its 1st delivery of Soviet natural gas
France gets its 1st delivery of Soviet natural gas
AT&T Divestiture
AT&T separates its local telephone companies under the antitrust settlement.
Restoration of Food Subsidies
Habib Bourguiba restored bread subsidies after nationwide unrest over food prices.
US & the Vatican reestablish diplomatic relations
The US & the Vatican reestablish diplomatic relations after a 117-year break
Ordnance Factories and Military Services Bill
Takes part in Commons proceedings on the Ordnance Factories and Military Services Bill.
Cruise Missile Policy
Defends Government cruise-missile policy during Commons questioning.
Death of Johny Weissmuller
Death of Johny Weissmuller
US Treaty
Russia issues a formal complaint against alleged US Treaty violations
President of Algeria
Appointed President of Algeria, 2nd term
Foreign Secretary of Brunei
Appointed Foreign Minister
Constitution of Brunei
A cabinet system of Government with the Sultan as Prime Minister
Independence of Brunei
Brunei assumes full independence
Prime Minister of Brunei
Appointed Prime Minister of Brunei
Strike
The NUM bans overtime
FIG
A Fraud Investigation Group is established to strengthen the investigation of serious financial and commercial fraud.
Delors Commission Takes Office
The first Delors Commission took office with completion of the internal market among its central objectives.
Nuclear Power
Agrees with the USA to resume negotiations to reduce nuclear weapons
Government
Agrees to negotiate for nuclear disarmament with Moscow
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff
Nuclear Power
Agrees to negotiate for nuclear disarmament with Moscow
Strike
Union votes to expel Nottinghamshire
Invention of Electric Car
Demonstrates the C5 battey-driven electric car
NUM Nottinghamshire Dispute
The union voted to expel its Nottinghamshire area amid the bitter division over continued working.
Nottinghamshire NUM Expulsion Vote
The national union voted to expel the Nottinghamshire area after a prolonged dispute over continued working.
Hun Sen Premiership Begins
Heng Samrin remains head of state as Hun Sen becomes Prime Minister
Appointed Prime Minister
Hun Sen is appointed Prime Minister of the People's Republic of Kampuchea
Election
Elected Prime Minister of Brazil, 1st civilian in 21 yrs
Young Premier Takes Office
Hun Sen begins his premiership under the PRK government
European Super Cup Victory
Zbigniew Boniek scores twice as Juventus beats Liverpool 2-0 in the one-match European Super Cup, securing another international club honor.
Death of Wilfrid Brambell
Death of Wilfrid Brambell
Government
Reagan says the US will not take part in World Court ruling on Nicaraguan charges
Government
Inaugurated President of the USA, 2nd term
Coal Negotiation Resumption
Contacts between the National Coal Board and the union continued while strike participation declined.
NCB Confidential Discussions
National Coal Board and union contacts attempted to find an end to the prolonged dispute.
MacGregor Settlement Contacts
Discussions continued between the Coal Board and union while participation in the strike diminished.
Action Directe
A director of French arms sales who is assassinted by Action Directe
Assassination of Rene Audran
A director of French arms sales who is assassinted by Action Directe
Death of Rene Audran
A director of French arms sales who is assassinted by Action Directe
Government
The US records a record trade defecit of $123 billion in 1984
Frigate Orders
Addresses Commons questions concerning orders for Royal Navy frigates.
We Are the World
Records with USA for Africa on We Are the World, the famine relief charity single.
Chemical Weapons
Addresses Commons questions concerning chemical weapons and arms-control policy.
Trident Deterrent
Defends the Trident programme during Commons questioning.
Award
Oxford University votes against the traditional honorary doctorate on a PM, the first Oxford-educated Prime Minister since the war to be denied the honour. Academics have led a campaign against honouring Mrs Thatcher in protest against the Governments cuts in funding for education
Nuclear Power
Sends a letter to the US saying Star Wars will escalate the arms race
Mandela Conditional Release Offer
Offers Nelson Mandela release if he renounces political violence.
Prison Release Proposal
Mandela rejects the condition in a statement read publicly.
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Council of Succession
Internal Market Programme
Delors made completion of the internal market a defining priority of his new Commission.
Governor Appointed
Arthur Christopher Watson becomes Governor of Montserrat
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
CIA-related assassination records become part of later investigations.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
CIA-related assassination records become part of later investigations.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
CIA-related assassination records become part of later investigations.
Trial
As a result of obtaining depositions from David Atlee Phillips, Richard Helms, G.
Trial
Gordon Liddy, Stansfield Turner, and Marita Lorenz, plus a skillful cross-examination by Mark Lane of E.
Trial
Howard Hunt, the jury decides that Marchetti had not been guilty of libel when he suggested that John F.
Trial
It emerged that Marchetti had also consulted James Angleton and Alan J.
Trial
Kennedy had been assassinated by people working for the CIA.
Trial
Mark Lane discovered Marchettis sources.
Trial
The main source was William Corson.
Trial
Weberman before publishing his article.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
CIA-related assassination records become part of later investigations.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
CIA-related assassination records become part of later investigations.
Spain and Portugal Join Communities
Delors welcomed Spain and Portugal as Community members, expanding the European Communities to twelve states.
Southern Enlargement Completed
Heads the German government as Spain and Portugal join the European Communities, expanding membership to twelve.
Portugal Joins European Community
Portugal becomes the 12th member of the EU
Treaty of Accession
Heads Portugal when the accession treaty enters into force and the country joins the European Communities.
Spain Joins European Community
Apain becomes the 11th member of the EU
Treaty of Accession
Gonzalez leads Spain into the European Communities as the 1985 treaty takes legal effect on New Year's Day.
Death of Philip Lynott
Dies in January 1986, ending the original Thin Lizzy story centred on his songwriting, bass and vocals.
United States Economic Sanctions
The United States imposes broad economic sanctions against Libya over alleged support for terrorism.
Government
Orders economic sanctions against Libya in retaliation for involvement in terrorism
Resignation of Michael Heseltine
Heseltine's Cabinet resignation becomes a major political consequence of the Westland dispute.
Westland Crisis
Michael Heseltine resigns as Secretary of State for Defence during the Westland helicopter crisis.
Resignation of Michael Heseltine
Announces his resignation after walking out of a Cabinet meeting during the Westland dispute.
Westland Crisis
Resigns from the Cabinet during the Westland helicopter crisis.
Crisis
Michael Heseltine resigns as a result of the Westland Helicopter crisis
Resignation of Michael Heseltine
Michael Heseltine resigns from Cabinet during the Westland crisis
Nuclear Power
Announces a 15 yr timetable for the abolition of all nuclear weapons
Inauguration
Innaugurated as the President of Guatemala
Channel Tunnel
Mitterand & Thatcher agree to undertake the Channel building project
Channel Tunnel
Mitterand & Thatcher agree to undertake the Channel building project
Assassination of Indira Nehru Gandhi
Three men are convicted in connection with the assassination of Indira Gandhi.
South Down By-Election Re-election
Wins the South Down by-election after Unionist MPs resign their seats to campaign against the Anglo-Irish Agreement.
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Buddy Holly is inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Chuck Berry is inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Elvis Presley is inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Fats Domino is inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
James Brown is inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Jerry Lee Lewis is inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Little Richard is inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Ray Charles is inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Sam Cooke is inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame
Board of Trade
Appointed President of the Board of Trade
President of Board of Trade
Appointed President of the Board of Trade
Miranda Coronae
Voyager images reveal large coronae and disrupted terrain across Miranda's unusual surface.
Ariel Geological Features
Voyager 2 images show Ariel crossed by valleys, faults and relatively young-looking terrain.
Oberon Cratered Surface
Voyager 2 photographs Oberon's heavily cratered terrain and prominent tectonic features.
Titania Fault Valleys
Voyager 2 images reveal large fault valleys and impact structures across Titania.
Umbriel Dark Surface
Voyager 2 imagery confirms Umbriel's dark, heavily cratered surface and bright-ringed features.
Miranda Close-Up Imaging
Voyager 2 returns unprecedented close images of Miranda during the Uranus encounter.
Uranus Imaging
Leads Voyager imaging work during the Uranus encounter.
Uranus Magnetic Field Tilt
Voyager 2 magnetometer data reveal a strongly tilted and offset Uranian magnetic field.
Uranus Magnetic Field
Finds Uranus has an unusually tilted and offset magnetic field.
Two New Uranian Rings
Voyager 2 observations reveal two additional rings and new detail in the existing ring system.
Voyager 2 Uranus Flyby
Voyager 2 makes the only spacecraft flyby of Uranus and its moons.
Uranus Atmosphere
Studies Voyager measurements of Uranus's cold and subdued atmosphere.
Uranus Wind Speeds
Voyager observations measure substantial atmospheric winds despite Uranus's subdued visible appearance.
Uranus Infrared Observations
Works with Voyager infrared data used to study temperatures and atmospheric properties in the Uranian system.
Uranus Infrared Temperatures
Voyager infrared measurements characterize temperatures in the Uranian atmosphere and satellite system.
Crisis
Resigns over the Westland Affair
Resignation of Leon Brittan
Resigns over the Westland Affair
Crisis
Resigns over the Westland Affair
Resignation of Leon Brittan
Leon Brittan resigns
Presidential Inauguration
Formally inaugurated after succeeding Stevens as APC President
President of Honduras
Appointed President of the Republic of Honduras
Seventh Star
Sings on Seventh Star, originally planned as a Tony Iommi solo project.
Death of Christa McAuliffe
Death of Christa McAuliffe, on Challenger when it explodes 74 seconds after lift-off
Visit to Washington
Visits President Reagan at the Whitehouse
Uranian Shepherd Moons
Voyager imagery identifies small moons associated with the confinement of Uranus's narrow rings.
Ten New Uranian Moons
Voyager 2 observations reveal ten previously unknown moons orbiting Uranus.
Uranus Rotation Period
Voyager radio and magnetic measurements establish a rotation period of about seventeen hours for Uranus.
Karbala-5
Iraq counterattacks with the objective of capturing Basra
Ceasefire
Najibullah begins a unilateral ceasefire intended to open negotiations with resistance groups.
National Reconciliation
Najibullah announces a unilateral ceasefire and invites opposition groups to negotiate.
Resignation of Hu Yaobang
Resigns after accepting blame for policy mistakes in handling student demonstrations
ONZ
Created a member of the Order of New Zealand (ONZ)
Federal Vice Chancellor
Appointed Federal Vice Chancellor
Appointment as First State Commissioner
Mobutu appoints economist Mabi Mulumba to head the government.
Reballion of The
The rebels also attack the Villamor air force base near Manila airport but armed forces prevented their assault after 10 minutes of heavy fighting. Aquino forces a group of heavily armed rebels occupying a television station to surrender
Governor Appointed
Christopher J. Turner becomes Governor of Montserrat
Constitution of Russia
Proposes elections for party officials, a practice which is soon adopted
Election
Proposes elections for party officials, a practice which is soon adopted
Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement
Signs the free trade agreement with the United States.
Economy of USA
The US & Canada sign a free trade pack
GIFT Birth
Indira Hinduja pioneers gamete intrafallopian transfer in India, resulting in the country's first GIFT baby.
UN Security Council Resolution 607
Receives Council action deploring Israeli deportations from occupied Palestinian territory.
UN Security Council Resolution 607
Perez de Cuellar works under Resolution 607 as the Security Council calls on Israel to refrain from deporting Palestinian civilians.
Reform of Government
1st advertisement in a Soviet newspaper appears in Izvestiya
Arrest of Christine Endrigkeit
Arrested for bombing La Belle Disco in 1986 which led to the US bombing of Tripoli
Bombing of Berlin
Plants a bomb at the La Belle Disco which leads to the US bombing of Tripoli
Bombing of Tripoli
Plants a bomb at the La Belle Disco which leads to the US bombing of Tripoli. Arrested for planting a bomb at the La Belle Disco in 1986
Birzeit University Closure
Israeli authorities close Birzeit University for one month amid fears of renewed demonstrations during the early months of the uprising.
Death of Chiang Ching-kuo
Death of Ching-kuo
President of Taiwan
Appointed President of Taiwan, 1st term
UN Security Council Resolution 608
Handles further Council demands against deportations during the First Intifada.
Iron Fist Security Policy
Rabin supports intensified arrests, curfews and other security measures as Israel attempts to suppress continuing demonstrations and civil resistance.
Reform of Government
The Government proposes football fans should carry ID cards, later abandoned
Whitbread Prize
Winner of the Whitbread Book of the Year
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Is inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Secretary-General Protection Report
Perez de Cuellar submits recommendations on measures intended to improve the safety and protection of Palestinian civilians during the uprising.
Strike
The NUS calls a national strike in support of the 161 crew sacked by the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company for refusing to accept new terms & conditions
Strike
The NUS calls a national strike in support of the 161 crew sacked by the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company for refusing to accept new terms & conditions
Deportations
Approves deportations and emergency measures against Palestinian activists during the uprising.
Bombing of Pam Am Flight 103
Thatcher distances herself from US vows to punish whoever bombed Pam Am Flight 103, saying in a TV interview that revenge "can affect innocent people"
Thatcher distances herself from US vows to punish whoever bombed Pam Am
Thatcher distances herself from US vows to punish whoever bombed Pam Am Flight 103, saying in a TV interview that revenge "can affect innocent people"
Second Gulf of Sidra Air Clash
United States aircraft shoot down two Libyan MiG-23 fighters over the Mediterranean.
US Navy F-14s shoot down 2 Libyan jet fighters over Mediterranean
The US Navy F-14s shoot down 2 Libyan jet fighters over Mediterranean
Claims nationalism has triumphed over collaboration with Russia
Claims nationalism has triumphed over collaboration with Russia
Independence of Poland
Claims nationalism has triumphed over collaboration with Russia
Diplomatic Mission
The United States presented photographic evidence to the United Nations Security Council to justify its shootdown of two Libyan jet fighters as self-defense, evidence the Libyan ambassador said was faked
UN Security Council
The United States presented photographic evidence to the United Nations Security Council to justify its shootdown of two Libyan jet fighters as self-defense, evidence the Libyan ambassador said was faked
Heisei
Heisei, which means Peace and Prosperity, is adopted as the new reign name
Succession
Succeeds as Emperor of Japan, 125th Emperor of Japan, son of Emperor Hirohito. Heisei, which means Peace and Prosperity, is adopted as the new reign name
Death of Hirohito
Death of Emperor Hirohito
Chemical Weapons
Russia promises to eliminate stockpiles of chemical weapons
Russia promises to eliminate stockpiles of chemical weapons
Russia promises to eliminate stockpiles of chemical weapons
Provisional President
Appointed Provisional President of Panama
Invasion of Angola
Cuba begins withdrawing its troops from Angola, more than 13 years after its first contingents arrived
Invasion of Angola
Cuba begins withdrawing its troops from Angola, more than 13 years after its first contingents arrived
New York
Releases New York, a direct song cycle about politics, poverty, crime and urban life.
Resignation of Ronald Wilson Reagan
President Reagan bids the nation farewell in an address from the Oval Office
Election
President of elect Bush completes the selection of his Cabinet, naming retired Adm. James D. Watkins secretary of energy and former education secretary William J. Bennett drug Czar
President of USA
President of elect Bush completes the selection of his Cabinet, naming retired Adm. James D. Watkins secretary of energy and former education secretary William J. Bennett drug Czar
The Satanic Verses
Muslims in Bradford burn a copy of, "The Satanic Verses"
The Satanic Verses
Muslims in Bradford burn a copy of, "The Satanic Verses"
Pardon
Pres Reagan pardons George Steinbrenner for illegal funds for Nixon
Resignation of Ronald Wilson Reagan
President Reagan delivers his 331st and last weekly radio address, telling listeners, "Believe me, Saturdays will never seem the same. Ill miss you"
National Security Council
From 1989 through March 1991 serves in President Bushs administration as Director then Senior Director, of Soviet and East European Affairs in the National Security Council, and a Special Assistant to the President
Health Crisis
Temporarily steps back from presidential duties during recovery.
Stroke
Suffers a stroke that weakens his political position.
Intifada, 1st
Israel's Minister of Defence Rabin proposes that Palestinians end the Intifada in exchange for an opportunity to elect local leaders who would negotiate with the Israeli Government
Intifada
Israels Minister of Defence Rabin proposes that Palestinians end the Intifadah in exchange for an opportunity to elect local leaders who would negotiate with the Israeli Government
Peace Proposal
Proposes elections in the occupied territories as a way to create Palestinian representatives for talks.
Inauguration
Inaugurated President of the USA
Schools Closed Indefinitely
Israeli authorities again order Palestinian schools in the West Bank and Gaza closed as the uprising enters its second year.
Death of Salvador Dali
Death of Salvador Dali
1st African-American Governor
Douglas Wilder, the Lieutenant Governor of Virginia, launches his successful campaign to become the first elected black Governor of a US state
Election
West German Chancellor Helmut Kohls Christian Democratic Union suffers a major setback in West Berlin municipal elections
Release from Administrative Detention
Husseini is released after six months of administrative detention and resumes public advocacy for Palestinian political rights and negotiations.
Election
Jury selection begins in the trial of former National Security Council aide Oliver North, charged in connection with the Iran-Contra affair
Trial
Jury selection begins in the trial of former National Security Council aide Oliver North, charged in connection with the Iran-Contra affair
Dismissal
Relegated after just one season back among the elite, Ball is sacked in for failing to mount a serious promotion challenge after having a serious personality clash with Portmsouths then chairman Jim Gregory
Solidarity
Solidarity is legalized
Death of Gerhard Schroder
Death of Gerhard Schroder
Fourth Irish EEC Presidency
Begins Ireland's fourth Council Presidency during a period of rapid political change in Europe.
1st Black NYC Mayor
Appointed Mayor of New York, 1st black NYC Mayor
Mayor
Appointed Mayor of New York, 1st black NYC Mayor
Voyager Interstellar Mission Begins
The Voyager Interstellar Mission formally begins after completion of the spacecrafts' planetary encounters.
Secretary of State for Employment
Appointed Minister for Employment
Resignation of Norman Fowler
Resigns from the Cabinet for family reasons
Death of Alberto Lleras Camargo
Death of Alberto Lleras Camargo
Death of Terry Thomas
Death of Terry Thomas
Constitutional Reform
al-Bakhit participates in constitutional reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
1st African-American Governor
1st elected African-American Governor in the United States
Election
1st elected African-American Governor in the United States
Bombing of Iraq
The Gulf War began with an extensive aerial bombing campaign on 16 January 1991. For forty-two consecutive days and nights, the coalition forces subjected Iraq to the most intensive air bombardment in military history. The coalition flew over 100,000 sorties, dropping 88,500 tons of bombs,102 and widely destroying military and civilian infrastructure
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Is inducted with The Kinks into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Arrest of Faisal al-Husseini
Israeli authorities arrest Husseini after alleging direct involvement in organizing the uprising, drawing criticism from diplomatic observers.
Film
Death of Ava Lavinia Gardner
Death of Ava Gardner
Death of Ava Gardner
Constitution of Bulgaria
Reform begins at the Bulgarian Communist Party's "Congress of Renewal"
Reform of Local Taxation
The Department of the Environment estimates the Community Charge will average 340 pounds. Dept of the Environment estimates for the Charge are double original estimates
Taylor Report
The Football League in England and the Scottish Football League introduces regulations that clubs in the highest divisions (top 2 divisions in the English system must comply to the Taylor recommendations.
Taylor Report
The Taylor Report is synonymous with the recommendation that all major stadia convert to an all-seater model, that all ticketed spectators have seats, as opposed to some or all being obliged to stand.
Taylor Report
The final report is published in January 1990.
Christian Social Party Leadership
Juncker began leading the Christian Social Peopleโs Party, a position he held while serving in government and participating in European integration debates.
Economy of Poland
Price controls are lifted & Government subsidies are eliminated. Currency made convertible with exchange set at black market rate
Reform of Government
President de Klerk & Nelson Mandela hold talks
Reform of Political System
President de Klerk & Nelson Mandela hold talks
Supreme Soviet Chairman
Niyazov becomes Chairman of the Supreme Soviet before the presidency is created
Economy of Czech Rep
Prices are freed in the Czech Rep
Election
Elected President of Guatemala
Final Prewar Negotiation
Iraq refuses unconditional withdrawal from occupied Kuwait.
Geneva Meeting with Baker
Meets James Baker in a final high-level diplomatic attempt.
Geneva Talks
Meets James Baker in a final major prewar negotiation.
Geneva Negotiations
Meets Tariq Aziz in an unsuccessful final diplomatic effort.
Use of Force Authorization
Receives congressional authorization to use force against Iraq.
Congressional Authorisation for Force
Bush receives congressional authority to use force to implement United Nations resolutions.
Declaration of War
Congress agrees the go-ahead for the war
Prime Minister of Portugal
Appointed Prime Minister, 2nd term
Invasion of Lithuania
Soviet troops storm a television station in Vilnius
General
Appointed General Secretary of the Arab League
Major General
Pervez Musharraf is promoted to major general.
Coalition Readiness Assessment
Powell advises that coalition forces are prepared to execute the approved campaign plan.
Bombing of Baghdad
The USA leads the allied bombing of Baghdad
Large Magellanic Cloud Distance
Hubble observations of Supernova 1987A help determine the Large Magellanic Cloud's distance to about 169,000 light-years.
Bombing of Iraq
The Gulf War began with an extensive aerial bombing campaign on 16 January 1991. For forty-two consecutive days and nights, the coalition forces subjected Iraq to the most intensive air bombardment in military history. The coalition flew over 100,000 sorties, dropping 88,500 tons of bombs, and widely destroying military and civilian infrastructure
Coalition Air War Announced
States that the campaign seeks complete Iraqi withdrawal.
Desert Storm Announcement
Announces that coalition military operations have begun.
Desert Storm Begins
Announces coalition combat operations against Iraq and occupied Kuwait.
UN Resolution 678 Enforcement
Bush invokes United Nations and congressional authority when announcing military action.
Execution of Combat Orders
Cheney oversees Defense Department execution after the President orders offensive operations.
Bombing of Iraq
The Gulf War began with an extensive aerial bombing campaign on 16 January 1991. For forty-two consecutive days and nights, the coalition forces subjected Iraq to the most intensive air bombardment in military history. The coalition flew over 100,000 sorties, dropping 88,500 tons of bombs, and widely destroying military and civilian infrastructure
Bombing of Iraq
The air campaign was commanded by USAF Lieutenant General Chuck Horner
Egyptian Coalition Participation
Mubarak maintains Egyptian military participation in the coalition opposing Iraq.
French Participation in Desert Storm
Mitterrand authorises French forces to participate in operations against Iraq.
French Ground Force Command
Roquejeoffre commands the French division assigned to the coalition's western flank.
Local Government Finance England
Leads extensive Commons questioning on local-government finance in England.
British Coalition Leadership
Maintains Britain's commitment to the coalition campaign.
British Operation Granby Combat Phase
Major commits British air, naval and ground forces to the coalition offensive.
Operation Desert Storm Begins
Major confirms British participation as coalition air operations begin against Iraqi forces.
British Joint Command
De la Billiere directs Britain's Operation Granby contribution within the coalition.
Coalition Air Campaign Begins
Coalition aircraft begin sustained attacks on Iraqi command, air-defence and military targets.
Enforcement of UN Resolution 678
Military action begins after Iraq fails to meet the United Nations withdrawal deadline.
First Day of Operation Desert Storm
Saddam's forces face the opening day of the United States-led air and missile campaign.
First Scud Attack on Saudi Arabia
Iraq launches its first Scud missile toward Saudi Arabia during the opening phase.
Host-Nation Support for Desert Storm
King Fahd supports coalition operations from Saudi territory against Iraqi occupation forces.
Arab and Coalition Command
Khalid coordinates Saudi and multinational forces operating within the coalition command structure.
Air Strikes on Baghdad
Bush authorises strikes against Iraqi command, communications and air-defence facilities around Baghdad.
First Defense Department Briefing
Cheney briefs the public on the opening coalition attacks and operational objectives.
Operation Desert Storm Command
Directs the coalition campaign after Desert Storm begins.
Coalition Command Begins Offensive
Schwarzkopf exercises operational command as the coalition begins Desert Storm.
Coalition Air Campaign
Directs coalition air operations during Desert Storm.
First Air Tasking Order
Horner's combined air operations centre coordinates thousands of coalition missions during the opening phase.
First-Night Strategic Strikes
Horner coordinates attacks on Iraqi leadership, communications, airfields and integrated air defences.
Joint Air Component Command
Horner commands the integrated coalition air effort from the Saudi operations centre.
Opening Air Campaign
Horner directs coalition aircraft against Iraqi air defences, command centres and strategic targets.
Coalition Air Offensive Directed
Air attacks isolate Iraqi forces occupying Kuwait.
Desert Storm Air Campaign
Directs coalition air operations during Desert Storm.
Maritime Interception Operations
Fogarty directs multinational enforcement of United Nations sanctions against Iraqi shipping.
Persian Gulf Naval Campaign
Directs US naval forces supporting the coalition campaign.
First Combat Tomahawk Launches
Arthur's naval forces launch Tomahawk cruise missiles during the opening attacks.
Naval Component Operations
Arthur commands carrier, surface, amphibious and mine-warfare forces supporting Desert Storm.
Six-Carrier Naval Air Campaign
Arthur employs six aircraft carriers supporting strikes from the Gulf and Red Sea.
Bombing of Dhahran
Iraq launches Scud missiles against Riyadh & Dhahran
Bombing of Israel
Iraq launches Scud missiles against Israel
Bombing of Riyadh
Iraq launches Scud missiles against Riyadh & Dhahran
First Scud Attacks on Israel
Iraq launches Scud missiles at Israel in an effort to disrupt the coalition.
Israeli Restraint after Scud Attacks
Shamir withholds immediate retaliation while consulting the United States and coalition governments.
Saudi Missile Defence
Khalid coordinates air-defence measures as Iraqi Scud missiles threaten Saudi cities and bases.
Request for Israeli Restraint
Bush urges Israel not to retaliate and risk fracturing the Arab coalition.
Offshore Positions Attacked
Coalition forces capture prisoners from occupied oil platforms.
Bombing of Israel
A Scud missile hit the Israeli city of Ramat Gan, after two coalition Patriots failed to intercept it. Three elderly people suffered fatal heart attacks, another 96 people were injured, and 20 apartment buildings were damaged.
Bombing of Israel
After this attack, the Israelis warned that if the US failed to stop the attacks, they would.
Bombing of Israel
At one point Israeli commandos boarded helicopters prepared to fly into Iraq but the mission was called off after a phone call from US Defence Secretary Dick Cheney
Bombing of Israel
reporting on the extent of coalition efforts to destroy Scuds and emphasizing that Israeli intervention could endanger US forces
Scud Missile Attacks
A Scud missile hit the Israeli city of Ramat Gan, after two coalition Patriots failed to intercept it. Three elderly people suffered fatal heart attacks, another 96 people were injured, and 20 apartment buildings were damaged.
Scud Missile Attacks
After this attack, the Israelis warned that if the US failed to stop the attacks, they would.
Scud Missile Attacks
At one point Israeli commandos boarded helicopters prepared to fly into Iraq but the mission was called off after a phone call from US Defence Secretary Dick Cheney
Scud Missile Attacks
reporting on the extent of coalition efforts to destroy Scuds and emphasizing that Israeli intervention could endanger US forces
A Scud missile hit the Israeli city of Ramat Gan
A Scud missile hit the Israeli city of Ramat Gan, after two coalition Patriots failed to intercept it. Three elderly people suffered fatal heart attacks, another 96 people were injured, and 20 apartment buildings were damaged.
After this attack, the Israelis warned that if the US failed to
After this attack, the Israelis warned that if the US failed to stop the attacks, they would.
At one point Israeli commandos boarded helicopters prepared to fly into Iraq
At one point Israeli commandos boarded helicopters prepared to fly into Iraq but the mission was called off after a phone call from US Defence Secretary Dick Cheney
Report on the extent of coalition efforts to destroy Scuds
reporting on the extent of coalition efforts to destroy Scuds and emphasizing that Israeli intervention could endanger US forces
Scud Missile Attacks
A Scud missile hit the Israeli city of Ramat Gan, after two coalition Patriots failed to intercept it. Three elderly people suffered fatal heart attacks, another 96 people were injured, and 20 apartment buildings were damaged.
Scud Missile Attacks
After this attack, the Israelis warned that if the US failed to stop the attacks, they would.
Scud Missile Attacks
At one point Israeli commandos boarded helicopters prepared to fly into Iraq but the mission was called off after a phone call from US Defence Secretary Dick Cheney
Scud Missile Attacks
reporting on the extent of coalition efforts to destroy Scuds and emphasizing that Israeli intervention could endanger US forces
Environmental Warfare
The spill creates a major wartime environmental disaster.
Kuwaiti Oil Facilities Opened
The action creates a severe Gulf environmental disaster.
Oil Released into Persian Gulf
Iraqi forces release large quantities of oil from Kuwaiti facilities.
Oocyte Donation
Indira Hinduja's work leads to India's first reported birth using an oocyte donation technique for infertility treatment.
Coalition Air Supremacy
Coalition commanders declare air supremacy after ten days of intensive operations.
Gulf Oil Pollution
Addresses the Commons on environmental damage and oil pollution arising from the Gulf conflict.
Local Government Finance Review
Addresses Commons questions on reform of local-government finance.
Battle of Khafji
Iraqi forces attacked and occupied the lightly defended Saudi city of Khafji with tanks and infantry. The Battle of Khafji ended two days later when the Iraqis were driven back by the Saudi Arabian National Guard, supported by Qatari forces and US Marines
Capture of Khafi
Mounts an offensive across the Saudi frontier & captures Khafi, recovered 2 days later
Invasion of Saudi Arabia
Iraq invades Saudi Arabia
Invasion of Saudi Arabia
Iraqi forces attacked and occupied the lightly defended Saudi city of Khafji with tanks and infantry. The Battle of Khafji ended two days later when the Iraqis were driven back by the Saudi Arabian National Guard, supported by Qatari forces and US Marines
Iraqi Offensive toward Khafji
Saddam's forces cross the Saudi border and occupy parts of Khafji.
Battle of Khafji Command
Coordinates Saudi and coalition forces during the battle of Khafji.
Battle of Bubiyan
Coalition naval aircraft destroy or disable much of Iraq's fleet fleeing toward Iran.
Energy Efficiency
Answers a parliamentary question concerning energy-efficiency policy.
Air Support during Battle of Khafji
Coalition aircraft strike Iraqi columns and reinforce Saudi and Qatari defenders.
Recapture of Khafji
Coordinates Saudi and Qatari forces that retake Khafji.
Recapture of Khafji
Oversees Saudi defense policy during the Battle of Khafji.
Saudi Response to Battle of Khafji
King Fahd commends Saudi, Qatari and coalition forces after Khafji is retaken.
Recapture of Khafji
Khalid coordinates Saudi and Qatari forces that recapture Khafji from Iraqi troops.
British Gulf Forces Directed
Coordinates Britain's land, air and maritime contribution.
Operation Granby Command
Commands British forces throughout the Kuwait liberation campaign.
President of Guatemala
Appointed President of Guatemala
Economic and Monetary Union Conference Chair
As Luxembourg held the rotating Community presidency, Juncker chaired the intergovernmental negotiations on economic and monetary union that helped shape the Maastricht settlement.
Final Prewar Diplomacy
Pursues a final diplomatic effort before coalition military action.
Gulf Sanctions Enforcement
Coalition ships monitor and divert prohibited maritime trade.
Maritime Interception Campaign
Directs naval interception operations enforcing sanctions against Iraq.
Radar Surveillance
Coalition forces use airborne radar surveillance during the Gulf War.
General Secretary
Appointed GeneralSecretary of the United Nations
Price Liberalization Begins
Price controls are largely lifted as Yeltsin's government begins rapid market liberalization.
Vance Plan Ceasefire
Accepts the ceasefire framework intended to halt fighting in Croatia.
Vance Plan Ceasefire
Brokers a ceasefire plan for Croatia under United Nations supervision.
UN Security Council Resolution 726
Boutros-Ghali serves as Secretary-General as Resolution 726 condemns further deportations of Palestinian civilians and demands their return.
Exile of Zviad Gamsakhurdia
Escapes to Armenia after the collapse of his Government
Assembly of the Serb People
The Assembly of the Serb People proclaim the Republic of the Serb People of Bosnia and Herzegovina, declaring it part of Yugoslavia
Independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The Bosnian Serb Assembly proclaims the Republic of the Serb people of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Republic of the Serbian People of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The Assembly of the Serb People proclaim the Republic of the Serb People of Bosnia and Herzegovina, declaring it part of Yugoslavia
First Confirmed Exoplanet System
Publishes evidence for planets orbiting pulsar PSR B1257+12.
Pulsar Planet Discovery
Reports the first confirmed planetary system beyond the Solar System.
Bombing of Whitehall
A 5 pound bomb explodes in Whitehall
Constitutional Reform
ibn Shaker participates in constitutional reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
For Love EP
Lush reach the UK Top Forty with the For Love EP during the band's early alternative-rock success.
Constitutional Referendum
Toure oversees a referendum approving the constitution of Mali's Third Republic.
Magic and Loss
Releases Magic and Loss, an album shaped by bereavement, illness and mortality.
Peace Accords Signed
Cristiani signs peace accords ending the Salvadoran Civil War
Provisional Government
Proclaims a civil war against the Provisional Government
Reballion of Rebels in Georgia
Proclaims a civil war against the Provisional Government
Provisional Government
Proclaims a civil war against the Provisional Government
Reballion of Rebels in Georgia
Proclaims a civil war against the Provisional Government
Declaration of War
More than 160,000 people are killed between 17 January 1992 and June 2002
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
John Lennon is inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame at the ninth annual induction dinner, Paul McCartney is his presenter, and Yoko Ono accepts the award on behalf of her late husband
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
John Lennon is inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame at the ninth annual induction dinner, Paul McCartney is his presenter, and Yoko Ono accepts the award on behalf of her late husband
Local Government Bill
Takes part in Commons proceedings on the Local Government Bill.
Dismissal
The Government collapses after the right resigns over plans for Palestinian self-rule
Rule of Palestine
The Government collapses after the right resigns over plans for Palestinian self-rule
Environment Business Forum
Addresses Commons questions concerning the Environment Business Forum.
European Regional Development Funds
Addresses Commons questions concerning European Regional Development Fund support.
Free Trade Decree
Signs a decree expanding freedom of domestic trade as part of the transition to a market economy.
Russian CIS Membership Confirmed
The Russian legislature confirms Russia's participation in the Commonwealth of Independent States.
Nuclear Power
Bush an Yeltsin cap the first day of their Washington summit by announcing their countries had agreed to slash their long-range nuclear arsenals by two-thirds
Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU)
Appointed Head of the Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU), GRU
Independence of Slovenia
The EC recognizes Slovenia
Independent Czech Republic
The Czech Republic becomes an independent state.
First Klaus Government
The First Klaus Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czech Republic.
Second Klaus Government
Begins the Second Klaus Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czech Republic.
Single Market Launch
The European single market began with free movement goals covering goods, services, people and capital.
Single Market Launch
Heads the Italian government when the European single market begins operating with four freedoms.
Pre-Election Transition
Chea Sim continues as head of state before the 1993 election settlement
National Tax Reform Takes Effect
A major tax reform prepared under Finance Minister Juncker entered into force, changing the countryโs tax arrangements during a period of European monetary integration.
Independence of Slovakia
Slovakia becomes an independent state.
Vance-Owen Peace Plan
Jointly develops the peace plan presented to the Bosnian parties.
Vance-Owen Peace Plan
Presents a proposed territorial and constitutional settlement for Bosnia.
START II Treaty Signed
Signs the START II Treaty with George H. W. Bush, requiring deep reductions in strategic nuclear weapons.
START II Treaty Signed
Signs START II with Boris Yeltsin to pursue deeper reductions in strategic nuclear arsenals.
Fourth Republic Inaugurated
Rawlings begins serving as an elected constitutional president as the 1992 Constitution enters into force and Ghana's Fourth Republic begins.
Chief of Army Staff
Abdul Waheed Kakar becomes Chief of Army Staff after the sudden death of General Asif Nawaz Janjua.
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Is inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Rock Hall Induction
Inducts The Doors into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
EEA Implementation Act
Iceland enacts legislation giving domestic legal effect to the European Economic Area Agreement ahead of its scheduled entry into force.
Chemical Weapons Convention Opens for Signature
The United States joins the opening signature conference for the Chemical Weapons Convention.
PLO
Israel recognizes the PLO as no longer criminal
Death of Audrey Hepburn
Death of Audrey Hepburn
Coal Industry Review
Addresses Commons questions on British Coal and the future of the coal industry.
Energy Review
Updates the Commons on the Government energy review and the forthcoming coal review White Paper.
Industrial Competitiveness Division
Addresses Commons questions on the DTI's Industrial Competitiveness Division.
Death of Audrey Hepburn
Death of Audrey Hepburn, in Switzerland
Secret Oslo Channel Authorized
Arafat authorizes confidential contacts that develop into the Oslo negotiating channel between PLO representatives and Israeli officials.
Stalingrad
Directs Stalingrad.
Danish EMU Opt-Out Implementation
Becomes economic affairs minister as Denmark prepares to implement the monetary provisions of the Edinburgh settlement.
Maastricht Ratification Responsibility
Becomes foreign minister and takes responsibility for completing Denmark's Maastricht ratification process.
Government Change during Maastricht Ratification
Becomes prime minister as Denmark prepares legislation and a second referendum on the Edinburgh settlement and Maastricht Treaty.
Nyrup Rasmussen Premiership
Begins the Nyrup Rasmussen Premiership in Copenhagen and serves as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Prime Minister of Denmark
Appointed Prime Minister of Denmark
Schlรผter Premiership
The Schlรผter Premiership ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Denmark.
President of Czech Republic
Is elected first President of the Czech Republic.
Constitution of Czech Republic
When the Czech Republic is created Havel stands for election as President and wins
Election
When the Czech Republic is created Havel stands for election as President and wins
President of Czech Republic
When the Czech Republic is created Havel stands for election as President and wins
Inauguration
Inaugurated President of the United States, 1st term
PLO
The Israeli Supreme Court unanimously upholds the deportations of 400 Palestinians from the occupied territories to Lebanon
First Constitution
First post-Soviet constitution confirms the presidential system
Deputy Prime Minister
Appointed Deputy Prime Minister of Ireland
Government
Helps create a Labour-Fianna Fail coalition
Army Expansion
Government expands the army rapidly to fight RUF rebels
NAFTA
Implements the North American Free Trade Agreement in Canada.
European Economic Area Launch
The European Economic Area extended much of the single market to participating EFTA countries.
Third Greek EU Presidency
Papoulias coordinates ministerial diplomacy during Greece's 1994 Presidency, which culminates in the Corfu summit.
Third Greek EU Presidency
Begins Greece's third rotating Council Presidency and its first under the European Union.
EEA Membership Takes Effect
The European Economic Area Agreement enters into force, integrating Iceland into the European single market alongside other participating EFTA states.
Constitutional Reform
al-Rifai participates in constitutional reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Soyuz TM-18 Launch
Launches toward Mir to begin the long-duration medical mission that tests human adaptation to an exceptionally extended stay in orbit.
President of Panama
Appointed President of Panama
Diplomatic Negotiations at Taba
Talks between Israeli and Palestinian negotiators resume in Taba, Egypt
Genocide Warning Cable
Warns UN headquarters about militia plans and hidden weapons.
Weapons Cache Warning
Requests authority to act against suspected arms caches.
Business Links
Addresses Commons questions concerning the Business Links network.
GATT
Addresses Commons questions on implementation and implications of the GATT negotiations.
Manufacturing Competitiveness
Addresses Commons questions concerning manufacturing performance.
Moscow Summit with Clinton
Hosts Bill Clinton for a Moscow summit focused on security cooperation, economic reform and the post-Cold War partnership.
Trilateral Nuclear Statement with Ukraine
Signs a trilateral statement with Bill Clinton and Leonid Kravchuk advancing the removal of strategic nuclear warheads from Ukraine.
Eta Carinae Hubble Imaging
Hubble images reveal detailed structure around the unstable massive star Eta Carinae and its violent surrounding ejecta.
Death of Harry Nilsson
Death of Harry Nilsson
Term Extension Referendum
Referendum extends Niyazov's presidential term until 2002
Coal Industry Bill
Leads Commons proceedings on the Coal Industry Bill.
Acting Mayor of Amsterdam
Takes office as Acting Mayor of Amsterdam.
Mayoral Term
Leaves office as Mayor of Amsterdam.
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
John Lennon is inducted into the Rock n Roll Hall of Fame by Paul McCartney
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
John Lennon is inducted into the Rock n Roll Hall of Fame by Paul McCartney
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Is inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a solo artist.
Cross Purposes
Returns as vocalist for Cross Purposes after the Dehumanizer line-up breaks apart.
Kamajor Militias
Traditional hunter militias begin supporting government forces against the RUF
Treaty of Accession
Vranitzky presides over Austria's first day as an EU member following implementation of the Corfu accession treaty.
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil, 1st term
Treaty of Accession
Aho leads Finland into the European Union when the Corfu accession settlement takes effect.
Fourth Enlargement
Austria, Finland and Sweden joined the European Union as the Delors Commission approached the end of its mandate.
World Trade Organization Membership Begins
Ghana becomes an original member of the World Trade Organization during Rawlings's presidency, deepening participation in the multilateral trading system.
World Trade Organization Membership
India becomes a founding member of the World Trade Organization.
European Union Enlargement
Heads the Irish government as Austria, Finland and Sweden join the European Union.
Treaty of Accession
Leads Sweden when the accession treaty takes effect and Swedish membership of the European Union starts.
Inward Investment
Addresses Commons questions on inward investment and the Invest in Britain effort.
Security-Belfast
Announces British troops will no longer carry out daylight street patrols in Belfast
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Is inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a solo artist.
Final European Parliament Speech
Mitterrand delivered a final major European Parliament speech warning against nationalism and defending European reconciliation.
Prime Minister of Italy
Florentine-born economist Lamberto Dini, 63, heads a new left-of-centre Italian Government that takes office January 17 and will continue for 16 months
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Pink Floyd are inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Final European Parliament Address
Delors addressed the European Parliament near the end of his ten-year Commission presidency.
Free as a Bird
"Free as a Bird," the first new Beatles single in 25 years, is premiered on the televised Beatles Anthology, the song is a 1977 demo by John Lennon completed in 1995 by the three surviving Beatles
Premiership and Treasury Responsibilities
After Jacques Santer was selected to lead the European Commission, Juncker became prime minister and minister of state while also retaining several economic and employment responsibilities.
Inbetweener Top Twenty
Inbetweener reaches number sixteen on the UK singles chart and becomes one of Sleeper's breakthrough songs.
US rescues Mexicos economy with $20-billion aid program
The US rescues Mexicos economy with $20-billion aid program
Selhurst Park Dismissal and Crowd Incident
Cantona was sent off against Crystal Palace and attacked a spectator after leaving the pitch, prompting widespread condemnation and a lengthy ban.
Prime Minister of Italy
Appointed Prime Minister of Italy
RUF Near Freetown
RUF pressure threatens the capital before government counteroffensives
Governor
Appointed Governor of General of St Kitts
President of Switzerland
Appointed President of Switzerland
Resignation of Andreas Staribacher
Resigns as Finance Minister
Resignation of Atef Sedki
Resigns with his cabinet after nearly ten years as Prime Minister.
Prime Minister of Mauritania
Appointed Prime Minister of Mauritania
Crown Prince Abdullah Regency
Assumes management of daily state affairs after King Fahd's illness.
Crown Prince Abdullah Regency
Supports government continuity during Crown Prince Abdullah's regency.
Minister of Finance
Appointed Minister of Finance
Prime Minister of Egypt
Is appointed Prime Minister and begins an economic reform programme.
Constitutional Reform
I participates in constitutional reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Resignation of Tomiichi Murayama
Announces his resignation
Secretary of State for Defence
Appointed Minister of Defence
Secretary of State for Defence
Appointed Minister of Defence
Foreign Secretary of Russia
Appointed Foreign Minister
Death of Francois Mitterand
Death of Francois Mitterand
Death of Francois Mitterrand
Death of Francois Mitterrand
Governor
Appointed Governor of the Falkland Islands
Governor
Appointed Governor of Louisiana
Secretary of State for Defence
Appointed Minister of Defence
Betelgeuse Surface Image
Dupree helps produce Hubble's first direct image resolving the surface of a star other than the Sun, revealing Betelgeuse's ultraviolet hot spot.
Resignation of Lamberto Dini
Announces his resignation
Chief of Army Staff
Jehangir Karamat becomes Chief of Army Staff and later resigns from the post in 1998.
Election
Winner of the Presidential election with 53.8% of the vote
Resignation of Andreas Papandreou
Papandreou resigns as Prime Minister because of serious illness.
Hubble Deep Field
Williams directs the Hubble Deep Field program, combining hundreds of exposures into an unprecedented deep view containing thousands of galaxies.
Palace Coup
Julius Maada Bio removes Valentine Strasser and takes control of the NPRC
Beta Pictoris Disk Warp
Burrows leads Hubble observations showing a warp in the Beta Pictoris dust disk consistent with gravitational influence from an unseen planet.
Head of State Appointed
Takes power after removing Valentine Strasser from the NPRC leadership
Transition Leader
Leads the military government during the transition to elected civilian rule
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Is inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, recognising his influence on rock, pop and visual performance.
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Is inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Velvet Underground.
Prime Minister of Greece
Konstantinos Simitis is selected to succeed Andreas Papandreou as Prime Minister.
Single Girl
Single Girl reaches the UK Top Thirty as Lush move toward the brighter pop sound of Lovelife.
Palestinian Election
Palestinian elections are held under Oslo arrangements and Abbas remains a senior PLO figure
Election
Wins the first Palestinian presidential election.
Palestinian Election
Palestinians vote for the Palestinian Authority presidency and council under Oslo arrangements
Palestinian Election
Arafat is elected President of the Palestinian Authority in elections provided for by the Oslo framework
Palestinian Authority
Wins the first Palestinian Authority presidential election as voters also choose the Palestinian Legislative Council.
Constitution of Palestine
An 88-member legislative body, the Palestinian Legislative Council, is elected
Election
Elected President of the Palestine Authority
Resignation of Jozef Oleksy
Resigns as Prime Minister of Poland
Secretary of State for External Affairs
Appointed Foreign Minister
Election
The Peoples Party wins 6 out of 9 elected seats in a 30 member Parliament
Premier of Newfoundland
Appointed Premier of Newfoundland.
France Conducts Final Nuclear Test
France conducts its final nuclear test before ending nuclear explosive testing.
Foreign Secretary of Bosnia
Appointed Foreign Minister
Resignation of Haris Silajdzic
Resigns as the Prime Minister of Bosnia & Herzogovinia
Prime Minister of Bosnia
Appointed Prime Minister of Bosnia & Herzogovinia
Prime Minister Takes Office
Hasan Muratovic becomes Prime Minister during the post-Dayton transition
Nuclear Power
France carries out a nuclear test equivalent to approximately 120,000 tonnes of conventional explosives, six times the force of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima
Routine Safeguards Environmental Sampling
The IAEA begins routine environmental sampling at declared nuclear facilities as a strengthened safeguards measure.
General Secretary
Appointed GeneralSecretary of the United Nations
Council Co-Chair Takes Office
Boro Bosic becomes co-chairman of the Council of Ministers
Council Co-Chair Takes Office
Haris Silajdzic becomes co-chairman of the first state Council of Ministers
Second Elected Presidential Term Begins
Rawlings begins his second elected presidential term after winning the 1996 election under the constitutional framework of the Fourth Republic.
Resignation of Joseph Kevin Keegan
Resigns as manager of Newcastle
Prime Minister's Questions
Deputises for Prime Minister John Major at Commons questions while Major is returning from an overseas visit.
Hebron Protocol
Agrees to redeploy Israeli forces from most of Hebron while retaining Israeli control over H2 areas.
Hebron Protocol
Signs the Hebron Protocol arranging Israeli redeployment from most of the city.
Hebron Protocol
Encourages Netanyahu and Arafat to preserve the Oslo process as Hebron negotiations reach agreement.
Presidency Ends
Snegur leaves office after Moldova's first post-independence presidency
President Takes Office
Petru Lucinschi becomes President after defeating Snegur in the 1996 election
Hebron Protocol
Approves the Hebron redeployment agreement with Netanyahu after US mediation.
Hebron Protocol
Signs the Hebron Protocol with Netanyahu after US mediation.
STS-81 Mir Crew Handover
Replaces John Blaha as the American resident aboard Mir after Atlantis docks and the two astronauts complete their formal crew exchange.
Hebron Protocol
Announces that Netanyahu and Arafat have reached agreement on Israeli redeployment in Hebron.
Hebron Protocol
Backs implementation of the Hebron redeployment agreement as the Clinton administration supports the Israeli Palestinian accord.
Hebron Protocol
Backs implementation of the Hebron redeployment agreement.
Hebron Protocol
Mediates final understandings between Israeli and Palestinian leaders before the Hebron agreement is concluded.
Accords of Oslo
The United States helps mediate the Hebron Protocol during the final phase of Christopher's tenure
Hebron Protocol
Oversees Israeli military preparations for redeployment from parts of Hebron after the protocol.
Hebron Protocol
Represents the Palestinian side in arrangements for Israeli redeployment from Hebron.
Hebron Protocol
Prepares Palestinian security coordination linked to the transfer of authority in H1 Hebron.
Hebron Protocol
Provides assurances linked to the Hebron Protocol as the United States supervises the final agreement.
Taxation
Labour pledges not to raise personal tax rates during 1st term in office
Inauguration
Inaugurated as President of the USA, 2nd term
Death of Tom Parker
Death of Tom Parker
Premiership Ends
Sangheli leaves office after more than four years as Prime Minister
Prime Minister Takes Office
Ion Ciubuc becomes Prime Minister under President Petru Lucinschi
Hosty Papers Donated to National Archives
Hosty donated papers concerning the FBI, Lee and Marina Oswald, the Kennedy assassination, and his Bureau career to the National Archives.
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor of Austria
Resignation of Franz Vranitzky
Resigns from office
Hebron Redeployment
Israeli forces redeploy from most of Hebron while retaining control over areas with Israeli settlers
Hebron Redeployment
The Palestinian Authority assumes control over most of Hebron after the redeployment agreement
Scandal
Jack Straws son is exposed for selling cannabis
Scandal
Jack Straws son is exposed for selling cannabis
Constitutional Reform
Rifai participates in constitutional reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
President of Pakistan
Muhammad Rafiq Tarar becomes President of Pakistan.
Third Klaus Government
The Third Klaus Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czech Republic.
Ice Storm
Coordinates federal response to the severe ice storm.
Accelerating Expansion Announced
Perlmutter publicly presents Supernova Cosmology Project evidence that the expansion of the universe is not being halted by gravity and is instead accelerating.
Cloning
19 European countries sign an agreement banning human cloning
Cloning
19 European countries sign an agreement banning human cloning
Health of Anthony Charles Lynton Blair
19 European countries sign an agreement banning human cloning
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Is inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Eagles.
Constitution of Great Britain
Says the Scotland Bill will give Scotland representation in Scotland & Westminster
Legislation
Says the Scotland Bill will give Scotland representation in Scotland & Westminster
Constitution of Great Britain
The Scotland Bill passes its 2nd reading in the House of Comons
ACE Solar Wind Operations Begin
Begins routine ACE science operations at the Sun-Earth L1 region, providing continuous solar-wind particle and magnetic-field measurements upstream of Earth.
Final American Mir Residency Launch
Launches aboard Endeavour on STS-89 to become the seventh and final American long-duration resident of Mir.
Bloody Sunday
Announces a new inquiry into Bloody Sunday.
President of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Appointed President of the Federation of Bosnia & Herzegovina, 1st term
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil, 2nd term
Euro Launch
France adopted the euro for accounting and electronic transactions when the single currency was launched.
Euro Introduced
Heads the German government when the euro becomes Germany's currency for electronic payments and accounting.
Euro Monetary Union Begins
Serves as finance minister when Germany enters the third stage of economic and monetary union.
Euro Monetary Union Begins
Oversees Irish fiscal policy as Ireland enters the third stage of economic and monetary union.
Euro Introduced
Heads the government when the euro becomes Ireland's currency for electronic payments and accounting.
Euro Introduction
Leads Ireland when the euro becomes the national currency for electronic and accounting purposes.
Euro Introduced
Heads the Italian government when the euro becomes Italy's currency for electronic payments and accounting.
Euro Launch Oversight
As prime minister and finance minister, Juncker oversaw Luxembourgโs participation in the launch of the euro as an electronic and accounting currency.
President of Switzerland
Appointed President of Switzerland
Death of Sebastian Haffner
Death of Sebastian Haffner
Mayor
Appointed Mayor of the District of Colombia
Prime Minister of Peru
Appointed Prime Minister of Peru
Death of Jerry Quarry
Death of Jerry Quarry
Economy of Cuba
A new policy by the USA would let millions more dollars flow to Cubans and allow more direct flights, mail service, and trade
Trade Relations
A new policy by the USA would let millions more dollars flow to Cubans and allow more direct flights, mail service, and trade
Resignation of Yiannakis Omirou
Resigns after his party, the Socialist Party, quit the governing coalition
Trade Relations
A new policy would let millions more dollars flow to Cubans and allow more direct flights, mail service, and trade
Governor
Sworn in as Governor of Virgin Islands
Secretary of State for Defence
Appointed Minister of Defence
Bombing of Iraq
Jet fighters Battle for first time in six years over Iraqi no-fly zone
Governor
Sworn in as Governor of California
Governor
Appointed Governor of Florida
Governor
Sworn in as Governor of Minnesota
Governor
Sworn in as Governor of Nevada
Inauguration
Sworn in as Governor of Florida
Nuclear Power
Washington officials say agents on arms inspection teams discovered secret weapons programs
Remaining Surrenders
Final remnants surrender to Cambodian authorities after Pol Pot death
Invasion of Freetown
AFRC and RUF forces launch a devastating attack on Freetown
Freetown Atrocities
Government faces mass civilian killings and amputations during rebel assault
Nuclear Power
Washington officials say agents on arms inspection teams discovered secret weapons programs
Death of Romanov
Death of Rostislav Romanov
Deputy Prime Minister
Appointed Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia
Foreign Secretary of Malaysia
Appointed Foreign Minister
Home Scretary
Appointed Home Minister
Minister of Finance
Appointed Minister of Finance
President of Panama
Appointed President of Panama
Re-Elected President
Nazarbayev wins re-election as President
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 4th term
Scandal
Clinton pays $850,000 to end legal action by former Arkansas employee, Paula Joness, who accused him of sexual misconduct
Impeachment
President Clinton sends Paula Jones a cheque for $850,000 sexual harassment settlement
Scandal
Clinton pays $850,000 to end legal action by former Arkansas employee, Paula Joness, who accused him of sexual misconduct
International Sanctions
The US imposes sanctions on three institutions accused of helping Iran and possibly other nations to develop nuclear weapons and missiles
Nuclear Power
The US imposes sanctions on three institutions accused of helping Iran and possibly other nations to develop nuclear weapons and missiles
Foreign Secretary of Honduras
Appointed Foreign Minister
Home Scretary
Appointed Home Affairs Minister
Vote of Confidence
Wins a vote of confidence, 136-40
Impeachment
Opening day of the trial, the 1st presidential impeachment hearing for 131 yrs
Minister of Interior
Appointed Minister of the Interior
Secretary of State for Defence
Appointed Minister of Defence
Election
The New National Party wins 62% of the vote, all 15 seats
Trial
Admits to perjury & perverting the course of justice
Economy of USA
President Clinton proposes that Government invest in the stock market to strengthen Social Security in his State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
President Clinton proposes that Government invest in the stock market to strengthen Social Security in his State of the Union Address
Resignation of Paddy Ashdown
Announces he will stand down as Party Leader in the Summer
Succession
Becomes Crown Prince
Secretary of State for Defence
Appointed Minister of Defence
Scandal
Appears on national television & states "Listen to me, Im going to say this again. I did not have sexual relations with that woman, Miss Lewinsky"
Secretary of State for Defence
Appointed Minister of Defence
UNSCOM
Evidence that UNSCOM had been used by US intelligence to penetrate Iraqi security and track President Saddam Hussein's movements emerged in January 1999. An investigation by the Washington Post claimed that CIA engineers, working as UN technicians, installed equipment to spy on Iraqi sites without Butler's knowledge, and that this explained the unidentified "burst transmissions" that had been noted by the inspectors
Award
Awarded the Companion of Honour by the Queen
Millennium Dome Opens
The Millennium Dome opens at Greenwich for the national millennium exhibition.
ECCC Planning
Plans continue for a Khmer Rouge tribunal
President of Switzerland
Appointed President of Switzerland
Dismissal
Putin fires Tatyana Dyachenko, daughter of Boris Yeltsin and Kremlin image adviser from her post in one of his first official acts, moving quickly to distance himself from Yeltsins scandal-tinged administration
Dismissal
Putin fires Tatyana Dyachenko, daughter of Boris Yeltsin and Kremlin image adviser from her post in one of his first official acts, moving quickly to distance himself from Yeltsins scandal-tinged administration
Sinking of K-141 Kursk - Source Date Conflict
K-141 Kursk actually sank in the Barents Sea on 12 August 2000; this supplied January record describes an unrelated Kremlin personnel decision.
Sinking of K-141 Kursk
Putin fires Tatyana Dyachenko, daughter of Boris Yeltsin and Kremlin image adviser from her post in one of his first official acts, moving quickly to distance himself from Yeltsins scandal-tinged administration
Europa Millennium Flyby
Galileo begins the Millennium Mission with another close flyby of Europa.
Bombing of Grozny
Russia announces a suspension of aerial bombardment in Grozny to allow civilians to escape
Reballion of Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin
Rebels attack Russian positions in Argun, Shali and Gudermes as Russia continues a bombing halt for the Orthodox Christmas
Economy of Russia
Putin announces a 20% increase in pensions ahead of the Mar 26 elections
Election
Putin announces a 20% increase in pensions ahead of the Mar 26 elections
National Security
Russia publishes the 21-page "Concept on National Security" that details the scenarios under which it would use nuclear weapons
National Security
Russia publishes the 21-page "Concept on National Security" that details the scenarios under which it would use nuclear weapons
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador after the removal of Jamil Mahuad
Arrest of Hissene Habre
A complaint is submitted in Dakar, Senegal, against former Chad dictator Hissene Habre, it details 97 allegations of political killings, 142 cases of torture and 100 disappearances
Annan Recommends Hans Blix
The nomination follows Security Council consultations on inspection leadership.
UNMOVIC Nomination
Kofi Annan recommends Blix as Executive Chairman of UNMOVIC.
Security Council Approval
The Security Council approves Blix's appointment.
UNMOVIC Chairman Approved
He is asked to take up UNMOVIC responsibilities promptly.
OVP
The OVP accepts the FPO as a coalition partner, provokes political crisis
NHS Spending Commitment
Blair publicly commits to sustained increases in health spending, signalling a major expansion of NHS resources after years of comparatively constrained funding.
President of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Appointed President of the Federation of Bosnia & Herzegovina, 2nd term
Greece Adopts Euro
Greece enters the euro area under Simitis, becoming its twelfth participating state.
Acting Mayor of Amsterdam
Takes office as Acting Mayor of Amsterdam.
Mayoral Term
Leaves office as Mayor of Amsterdam.
President of Switzerland
Appointed President of Switzerland
Secretary General of OPEC
Appointed Secretary General of OPEC
Death of William Rogers
Death of William Rogers
Inauguration
Sworn in as United States Senator
Peaceful Transfer to Kufuor
Rawlings leaves office and transfers presidential authority peacefully to John Agyekum Kufuor after the opposition wins the 2000 election.
President of Ghana
Appointed President of Ghana
Foreign Secretary of Brazil
Appointed Foreign Minister
Acting Mayoral Term
Leaves office as Acting Mayor of Amsterdam.
Mayor of Amsterdam
Takes office as Mayor of Amsterdam.
National Security Adviser
Rice headed Chevrons committee on public policy until she resigned on January 15, 2001, to become National Security Adviser to President George W. Bush
Assassination of Laurent Kabila
Laurent Kabila is shot at the presidential residence and dies from his wounds.
Assassination of Laurent-Desire Kablila
The assassination of Kabila is part of a failed coup which is crushed. Killed by a rebel minister during an attack on the presidential palace
Coup
The assassination of Kabila is part of a failed coup which is crushed
Death of Laurent-Desire Kablila
Death of Laurent-Desire Kabla, killed by a minister during an attack on the presidential palace
Government
Appointed Secretary of State, 65th Secretary of State
Secretary of State for Defence
Appointed United States Secretary of State for Defence, 2nd term
Taba Negotiations Authorized
Arafat authorizes Palestinian negotiators to enter intensive talks with Israel at Taba in an attempt to narrow remaining final-status disagreements.
Secretary of State for Defence
Appointed Minister of Defence
Minister of Interior
Appointed Minister of the Interior
Secretary of State for Defence
Appointed Minister of Defence
Presidential Oath
Joseph Kabila is sworn in as president following his father's assassination.
Disaster
A powerful earthquake strikes Gujarat, killing about 20,000 people and causing widespread destruction.
Lockerbie Trial Conviction
A Scottish court convicts Abdelbaset al-Megrahi and acquits Lamin Khalifah Fhimah.
Iraq Physical Inventory Verification
IAEA inspectors verify remaining declared nuclear material in Iraq under its NPT safeguards agreement.
Government Leadership
Tokayev continues leading the government during economic recovery
Recognition of Killings of Armenians under the Empire as
The France recognises killings of Armenians under the Empire as genocide
Cabinet Centralization
Presidential control over the cabinet remains central to Turkmenistan's government
Euro Cash Changeover
Euro banknotes and coins entered circulation in France and eleven other participating countries.
Euro Cash Introduction
Heads the German government when euro banknotes and coins replace the Deutsche Mark in everyday cash use.
Euro Cash Changeover
Oversees Germany's fiscal administration as euro notes and coins enter circulation.
Reform of Government
Millions of Germans acquire Euros
Euro Cash Changeover
Oversees the physical currency changeover from the drachma to euro notes and coins.
Euro Cash Introduction
Heads the Greek government when euro banknotes and coins replace the drachma in everyday use.
Euro Banknotes and Coins Introduced
Greece introduces euro cash after joining the euro area.
Euro Cash Changeover
Oversees the physical currency changeover from Irish pounds to euro notes and coins.
Euro Cash Introduction
Heads the government when euro banknotes and coins replace the Irish pound in everyday use.
Euro Cash Changeover
Leads the government as euro banknotes and coins replace the Irish pound in everyday use.
Euro Cash Changeover
Oversees Italy's financial administration as euro notes and coins enter circulation.
Euro Cash Introduction
Heads the Italian government when euro banknotes and coins replace the lira in everyday cash use.
Euro Banknotes and Coins Introduction
Juncker led the Luxembourg government during the transition to euro notes and coins, when the common currency replaced the Luxembourg franc in everyday cash transactions.
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina by the Legislative Assembly
Karine A Interception
Arafat faces intense international scrutiny after Israel intercepts the Karine A carrying a large shipment of weapons destined for Palestinian-controlled territory.
Al-Qaeda
The 1st al-Qaeda prisoners arrive at Guantanamo Bay
Arrest of George Walker Bush
The 1st al-Qaeda prisoners arrive at Guantanamo Bay
Address on Extremism
Musharraf condemns terrorism and announces measures against militant organizations.
Final Galileo Io Flyby
Galileo completes its final Io flyby at an altitude of roughly 102 kilometres.
Peacekeeping Success
United Nations supports completion of disarmament and transition from war
War Declared Over
Kabbah formally declares Sierra Leone civil war over
Health of Jeff Astle
The cause of death was a degenerative brain disease; failing mental ability had become apparent five years earlier, had been an exceptional header of the ball, and the coroner found that the repeated minor trauma had been the cause of his death
Death of Jeff Astle
Death of Jeff Astle
Public Order and Security Act
Mugabe signs legislation expanding state powers over public meetings and political activity.
FC Porto Manager
Becomes FC Porto head coach and begins the most successful period of his early managerial career.
UNMOVIC
Hussein accepts the resolution on November 13 and inspectors returned to Iraq under the direction of UNMOVIC chairman Hans Blix and IAEA Director General Mohamed ElBaradei
Prime Minister of Estonia
Appointed Prime Minister of Estonia
Premiership Ends
Tokayev leaves the prime ministership
Prime Minister Takes Office
Imangali Tasmagambetov becomes Prime Minister
Axis of Evil
President George Bush, in his State of the Union address, describes Iran, Iraq and North Korea as an "axis of evil"
President George Bush, in his State of the Union address, describes Iran
President George Bush, in his State of the Union address, describes Iran, Iraq and North Korea as an "axis of evil"
Nuclear Power
India tests an Agni-series nuclear-capable ballistic missile during Vajpayee's premiership.
World Trade Organisation
Taiwan joins the World Trade Organisation, a few weeks after China
Constitution of Turkey
Women are given full legal equality with men
Legislation
Women are given full legal equality with men
Reform of Government
Women are given full legal equality with men
Election Avoided
No presidential election is held after the term extension and lifetime presidency decision
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil, 1st term
Fourth Greek EU Presidency
Papandreou steers foreign-policy work during the 2003 Greek Presidency, including enlargement and Western Balkan priorities.
Fourth Greek EU Presidency
Begins Greece's fourth rotating Council Presidency with enlargement and Balkan integration among its priorities.
Quote
"I wish I had never said anything about being a virgin"
Leader of House of Commons
Appointed Leader of the House of Commons
Death of Roy Jenkins
Death of Roy Jenkins
Death of Roy Harris Jenkins
Dies at East Hendred in Oxfordshire after a heart attack
Secretary General of Association of Southeast Asian Countries
Appointed Secretary General of the Association of Southeast Asian Countries
Governor
Sudarshan Agarwal becomes Governor of Uttaranchal.
January Inspection Update
Reviews access, interviews and unresolved disarmament questions.
Security Council Inspection Briefing
Briefs the Security Council on the developing inspection process.
Foreign Secretary of Mexico
Appointed Foreign Minister
Minister of Economics
Appointed Minister of Economics
North Korea Announces NPT Withdrawal
North Korea announces withdrawal from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty during a renewed nuclear crisis.
Death of Leopoldo Galtieri
Death of Leopoldo Galtieri
Governor
Appointed Governor of Shandong, acting
Foreign Secretary of Bosnia
Appointed Foreign Minister
Minister of Finance
Appointed Minister of Finance
Chief Minister
Sushil Kumar Shinde becomes Chief Minister of Maharashtra.
Resignation of Vilasrao Deshmukh
Vilasrao Deshmukh leaves office as Chief Minister of Maharashtra.
Mayor
Appointed Mayor of Beijing
Baghdad High-Level Inspection Talks Begin
Begins two days of talks with Iraqi officials alongside Mohamed ElBaradei to review inspections and seek stronger practical cooperation.
Baghdad Cooperation Statement
Agrees a joint statement with Iraqi representatives setting out practical steps intended to improve cooperation with UNMOVIC and IAEA inspectors.
Prime Minister of Russia
Appointed Prime Minister of Adygeya
United Nations
Reports Iraq has yet to demonstrate a "genuine acceptance" of United Nations weapons inspections
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
Reports Iraq has yet to demonstrate a "genuine acceptance" of United Nations weapons inspections
Iraq Cooperation Assessment
Says important Iraqi disarmament questions remain unresolved.
Sixty-Day Inspection Update
Provides the Council's sixty-day update on resumed inspections.
Minister of Interior
Ali Ahmad Jalali is appointed Minister of Interior in the Transitional Administration.
Election
Elections in Israel give wide margin (40 seats) to right wing Likud party, returning PM Ariel Sharon for another term
Election
The Likuud Party wins 38 of the 120 seats, the most of all the parties
Prime Minister of Bosnia
Appointed Prime Minister of Bosnia & Hercegovinia
Manager
Named manager of Brazil along with Mario Zagallo as assistant director in January 2003, with the goal of defending their World Cup titlte in Germany 2006.
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
The United Nations weapons inspectors report that they had found no indication that Iraq possessed nuclear weapons or an active program
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
The United Nations weapons inspectors report that they had found no indication that Iraq possessed nuclear weapons or an active program
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
The United Nations weapons inspectors report that they had found no indication that Iraq possessed nuclear weapons or an active program
ICTY
The ICTY Trial Chamber convicts the first commander of the Sarajevo-Romanija Corps, Stanislav Galic, of the shelling and sniper terror campaign against Sarajevo, including the first Markale massacre
Siege of Sarajevo
The ICTY Trial Chamber convicts the first commander of the Sarajevo-Romanija Corps, Stanislav Galic, of the shelling and sniper terror campaign against Sarajevo, including the first Markale massacre
Trial
General Galic is sentenced to life imprisonment for the crimes against humanity during the siege
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
The United Nations weapons inspectors report that they had found no indication that Iraq possessed nuclear weapons or an active program
President of Iraq
Appointed President of the Governing Council
Sixth Irish EU Presidency
Directs Irish diplomatic work during the first half of the 2004 Presidency.
Sixth Irish EU Presidency
Begins Ireland's sixth Council Presidency with enlargement and constitutional negotiations as central priorities.
Presidential Confirmation
The electoral college vote constitutionally deems Musharraf elected President.
Vote of Confidence
Musharraf receives a vote of confidence from the federal and provincial electoral college.
President of Switzerland
Appointed President of Switzerland
Vice President
Appointed Vice President of Switzerland
Mayor of Houston
Appointed Mayor of Houston
Constitution of Afghanistan
Karzai signs the constitution establishing an Islamic republic with a presidential system and bicameral legislature.
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
The constitution formally names the country the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.
National Assembly
The constitution creates the Wolesi Jirga and Meshrano Jirga as the two houses of the National Assembly.
Constitution of Afghanistan
The country is renamed, the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
Islamic Republic
The country is renamed, the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
Agreement on Resume a structured peace dialogue
Vajpayee and Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf agree to resume a structured peace dialogue.
Cooperation with Nuclear Investigation
Libyan officials provide information about foreign suppliers involved in nuclear procurement.
Nuclear Procurement Network Exposed
Investigators identify Pakistani-linked technology supplied to Libya's former nuclear programme.
Nuclear Proliferation Investigation
Pakistan investigates allegations that nuclear technology was transferred to Libya and other states.
Pakistan-India Peace Process
Musharraf and Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee agree to resume a peace dialogue.
Nuclear Power
Officials declare Pakistani scientists gave Libya technology to build nuclear weapons
Arrest of Saddam Hussein
Hussein is given prisoner-of-war status
President of Panama
Appointed President of Panama
Bush allows Canada to bid on Iraq contracts
Bush allows Canada to bid on Iraq contracts
Criminal Investigations Division
Darby, a soldier, reports US abuses to the Armys Criminal Investigations Division
Criminal Investigations Division
Darby, a soldier, reports US abuses to the Armys Criminal Investigations Division
Hamas
Reem Raiyshis suicide bombing at the Erez crossing on 14 January 2004, which killed four civilians, was believed by the Israeli military to have been directly ordered by Yassin
Suicide
Reem Raiyshis suicide bombing at the Erez crossing on 14 January 2004, which killed four civilians, was believed by the Israeli military to have been directly ordered by Yassin
Bombing of Erez
After a womans suicide bombing at the Erez crossing, in which Reem Raiyshi detonates herself, Yassin expressed his satisfaction with the execution of the attack
Execution
After a womans suicide bombing at the Erez crossing, in which Reem Raiyshi detonates herself, Yassin expressed his satisfaction with the execution of the attack
Suicide
After a womans suicide bombing at the Erez crossing, in which Reem Raiyshi detonates herself, Yassin expressed his satisfaction with the execution of the attack
Hamas
Reem Raiyshis suicide bombing at the Erez crossing on 14 January 2004, which killed four civilians, was believed by the Israeli military to have been directly ordered by Yassin
Suicide
Reem Raiyshis suicide bombing at the Erez crossing on 14 January 2004, which killed four civilians, was believed by the Israeli military to have been directly ordered by Yassin
Governor
Appointed Governor of Kirov
Hubble Servicing Mission 4 Cancelled
O'Keefe cancels the planned fourth Hubble servicing mission because of shuttle safety concerns following the Columbia disaster.
Minister of Interior
Appointed Minister of the Interior
Nuclear Proliferation
Musharraf acknowledges evidence that Pakistani scientists participated in unauthorized nuclear transfers.
President of Georgia
Appointed President of Georgia
Death of Anthony Charles Lynton Blair
The enquiry by judge Lord Hutton into Kellys death exonerates Blairs Government of deliberately distorting intelligence to justify war
Hutton Report
The enquiry by judge Lord Hutton into Kellys death exonerates Blairs Government of deliberately distorting intelligence to justify war
Inquest
A royal coroner opens an inquest into the deaths of Diana & Dodi Fayed
Reballion of Rebels in Kashmir
Vajpayee's government holds talks with moderate Kashmiri separatist leaders in New Delhi.
Eurogroup Presidency Commences
Juncker began his term as permanent Eurogroup president, coordinating discussions among euro-area finance ministers about fiscal policy and monetary-union governance.
Luxembourg European Council Presidency
Luxembourg began its six-month presidency of the Council of the European Union with Juncker as prime minister, giving his government a central coordinating role in European negotiations.
Constitution of Vietnam
Appointed Chief of State of the Government of Free Vietnam, an anti-communist organisation located in Little Saigon, Westminster, California
Free Vietnam
Appointed Chief of State of the Government of Free Vietnam, an anti-communist organisation located in Little Saigon, Westminster, California
Death of Edward Britton
Death of Edward Britton
Senator
Obama is sworn in as a Senator. Obama becomes the fifth African American Senator in US history, and the third to have been popularly elected
Eris Identified
Brown and colleagues identify Eris in earlier Palomar survey images after recognizing its slow motion against background stars.
Second Presidential Term Begins
Kufuor is sworn in for a second constitutional term and continues the economic, infrastructure and governance programmes of his administration.
Death of Rosemary Kennedy
Death of Rosemary Kennedy, elder sister of JF Kennedy
Election
Abbas is elected President of the Palestinian Authority after the death of Yasser Arafat
Election
Abbas is elected with 62% of the vote as the new president of the Palestinian Authority
Palestinian Presidential Election Victory
Abbas wins the Palestinian presidential election and campaigns for negotiations, institutional reform and an end to the armed uprising.
Death of Amrish Puri
Death of Amrish Puri
Scandal
Published pictures of Harry wearing a Nazi military uniform at a private "fancy dress"
Defection
Jackson defects from the Conservative Party to the Labour Party
Inauguration
Abbas is formally sworn in as the President of the Palestinian National Authority in a ceremony held in the West Bank town of Ramallah
Presidential Inauguration
Abbas is sworn in as Palestinian president and calls for a negotiated political strategy while seeking greater control over competing armed groups.
Ceasefire
Israeli radio reports that Abbas had secured a 30-day ceasefire from Hamas and Islamic Jihad
Hamas
Israeli radio reports that Abbas had secured a 30-day ceasefire from Hamas and Islamic Jihad
Ceasefire
Israeli radio reports that Abbas had secured a 30-day ceasefire from Hamas and Islamic Jihad
Hamas
Israeli radio reports that Abbas had secured a 30-day ceasefire from Hamas and Islamic Jihad
Civil Rights
Condoleezza Rice Attends a memorial service in Montgomery, Alabama, in Rices home state, for Rosa Parks, an inspiration for the American Civil Rights Movement
Reform of Civil Rights
Condoleezza Rice Attends a memorial service in Montgomery, Alabama, in Rices home state, for Rosa Parks, an inspiration for the American Civil Rights Movement
Secretary of State
Senate confirms her nomination by 85-13, the negative votes, the most cast against any for Secretary of State since 1825, came from Senators who wanted to hold Rice and Bush accountable for failures in Iraq and terrorism. Confirmed by Senate by 85-13 as the 1st African-American woman Secretary of State
Reform of Civil Rights
Parks act of civil disobedience inspired blacks in Montgomery to boycott the citys buses for more than a year and to successfully challenge the Jim Crow laws that confined them to second-class status in the city. Condoleezza Rice Attends a memorial service in Montgomery, Alabama, in Rices home state, for Rosa Parks, an inspiration for the American Civil Rights Movement
Health of Chris Smith
States he has been HIV positive for 17 yrs
Trial
Sentenced to 12 yrs for the 1975 disappearance of left-wing activist Miguel Sandoval
Conference of African Union
25 African heads of state and United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan in attendance, Nigeria
Trial
Pleads his innocence before his trial for alleged child molestation
Africa Development Plan
Brown proposes expanded international aid, debt relief and development finance for Africa.
Global Aid Expansion
Brown campaigns for richer countries to increase long-term development assistance.
Ceasefire
A mandate to secure a ceasefire, reform the corrupt PLA & resume peace talks
Election
A mandate to secure a ceasefire, reform the corrupt PLA & resume peace talks
Election
Elected President with 62.3% of the votes cast
Death of Makgatho Mandela
Death of Makgatho Mandela from AIDS, Nelson Mandelas eldest son
Death of Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela
Death of Makgatho Mandela from AIDS, Nelson Mandelas eldest son
United States Condemnation
The United States labels Zimbabwe an outpost of tyranny.
ZANU-PF Officials Purged
ZANU-PF removes senior officials accused of disloyalty and espionage.
Health of Ehud Olmert
Ariel Sharon suffers a massive stroke, leaving the leadership of Israel and the new Kadima party in the hands of Ehud Olmert
Health of Ariel Sharon
Ariel Sharon suffers a massive stroke, leaving the leadership of Israel and the new Kadima party in the hands of Ehud Olmert
Resignation of Charles Peter Kennedy
Announces his resignation with immediate effect
Chairman Takes Office
Nikola Spiric becomes Chairman of the Council of Ministers after the 2006 election
Nuclear Power
Says that building the nuclear bomb is not the policy of his Government and reportedly said that there was no such policy and that such a policy was "illegal and against our religion"
Manager
Steve Staunton is appointed manager of the Republic of Ireland national team, with Robson named in a support role as International Football Consultant
Manager
Steve Staunton is appointed manager of the Republic of Ireland national team, with Robson named in a support role as International Football Consultant
Death of Shelley Winters
Death of Shelley Winters
New Horizons
Mission controllers receive New Horizons' first post-launch radio signals, confirming the Pluto-bound spacecraft is healthy.
New Horizons
New Horizons launches aboard an Atlas V rocket, beginning the first spacecraft journey to Pluto.
New Horizons SWAP Launch
Begins long-distance solar-wind measurements with the SWAP instrument aboard New Horizons as the spacecraft starts its journey through the outer solar system.
Election
Rodriguez Veltze transfers presidential authority to Evo Morales after the 2005 election.
President of Bolivia
Morales is inaugurated as President of Bolivia.
Hamas Election
Hamas wins Palestinian legislative elections creating a power struggle with Abbas and Fatah
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
The IAEA reports that "Iran has continued to facilitate access under its Safeguards Agreement as requested by the Agency ... including by providing in a timely manner the requisite declarations and access to locations"
Nuclear Power
The IAEA reports that "Iran has continued to facilitate access under its Safeguards Agreement as requested by the Agency ... including by providing in a timely manner the requisite declarations and access to locations"
Will
Heath leaves ล5 million in his will, most of it bequeathed to a charitable foundation to conserve his 18th century home, Arundells, next to Salisbury Cathedral
Our Health Our Care Our Say
The government publishes a community-care White Paper promoting more treatment outside hospitals, stronger primary care, prevention and support for people with long-term conditions.
Transfer to Ajax
Joins Ajax from Heerenveen and becomes a prolific goalscorer.
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil, 2nd term
Treaty of Accession
Stanishev heads Bulgaria on its accession date as the 2005 Luxembourg treaty becomes legally operative.
German EU Council Presidency
Begins Germany's Council Presidency as foreign minister, supporting work to revive European treaty reform.
Irish Becomes EU Official Language
Serves as Foreign Minister when Irish receives official and working language status in the Union.
Irish Becomes EU Official Language
Heads the government when Irish becomes an official and working language of the European Union.
Romania Joins European Union
Tariceanu leads the government as Romania becomes a European Union member.
Treaty of Accession
Tariceanu heads Romania on 1 January 2007 as the country's European Union membership formally starts.
Minister of Interior
Chancellor Wolfgang Schussel is sworn in as interior minister
Commander in Chief
Lt. Gen. David Petraeus is named the top Commander in Iraq
Central Command
William Fallon succeeds Gen. John Abizaid as the head of Central Command in Iraq
Resignation of Stanislaw Wielgus
A month after being appointed archbishop by Pope Benedict XVI, Stanislaw Wielgus resigns after admitting to collaborating with the Polish secret police during the Communist
Scandal
A month after being appointed archbishop by Pope Benedict XVI, Stanislaw Wielgus resigns after admitting to collaborating with the Polish secret police during the Communist
2008 Campaign Announcement
Announces a presidential campaign for 2008.
Foreign Secretary of Kazakhstan
Appointed Foreign Minister
Prime Minister of Kazakhstan
Parliament approves Karim Masimov as Prime Minister
President of Somalia
President Abdullahi Yusuf enters the capital for the first time since assuming control of the interim Government in 2004
President of Somalia
President Abdullahi Yusuf enters the capital for the first time since assuming control of the interim Government in 2004
Al-Qaeda
The US launches an air strike in Somalia, targets suspected al-Qaeda operatives who were forced to flee Mogadishu following Ethiopian air strikes that routed Islamist militias
Bombing of Sudan
The US launches an air strike in Somalia, targets suspected al-Qaeda operatives who were forced to flee Mogadishu following Ethiopian air strikes that routed Islamist militias
Al-Qaeda
The US launches an air strike in Somalia, targets suspected al-Qaeda operatives who were forced to flee Mogadishu following Ethiopian air strikes that routed Islamist militias
Bombing of Sudan
The US launches an air strike in Somalia, targets suspected al-Qaeda operatives who were forced to flee Mogadishu following Ethiopian air strikes that routed Islamist militias
First Topolanek Government
The First Topolanek Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czech Republic.
Second Topolanek Government
Begins the Second Topolanek Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czech Republic.
Rangers Manager Return
Returns to Rangers for a second spell as manager.
Premiership Ends
Akhmetov resigns as Prime Minister
Prime Minister Takes Office
Karim Massimov becomes Prime Minister
Siege of Baghdad
In a nationally televised address, President Bush announces an additional 20,000 troops will be deployed to Baghdad to try to stem the sectarian fighting
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of Venezuela, 2nd elected term under the 1999 Constitution
Prime Minister of Austria
Appointed Prime Minister of Austria
Election
Responding to claims of corruption on the electoral commission and threats by an alliance of political parties to boycott Jan. 22 election, President Iajuddin Ahmed declares a state of emergency & cancels elections
State of Emergency
Responding to claims of corruption on the electoral commission and threats by an alliance of political parties to boycott Jan. 22 election, President Iajuddin Ahmed declares a state of emergency & cancels elections
Transfer
2007 Beckham announces that he had signed a five-year deal to play for Los Angeles Galaxy beginning 1 July 2007
Invasion of Iraq
Troops storm an Iranian diplomatic office in Kurdish-controlled Erbil and detain five people, urdish officials are outraged at the move, and about 100 Kurdish troops stop US troops from crossing a checkpoint
Siege of Erbil
Troops storm an Iranian diplomatic office in Kurdish-controlled Erbil and detain five people, urdish officials are outraged at the move, and about 100 Kurdish troops stop US troops from crossing a checkpoint
Troops storm an Iranian diplomatic office in Kurdish-controlled Erbil and detain five
Troops storm an Iranian diplomatic office in Kurdish-controlled Erbil and detain five people, urdish officials are outraged at the move, and about 100 Kurdish troops stop US troops from crossing a checkpoint
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador, 1st term
Death of Barzan Ibrahim al- Tikriti
Death of Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti, executed
Execution
Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti, the half-brother of Saddam Hussein who was also sentenced to death for his role in the 1982 execution of Shiites in Dujail, is decapitated by the noose during his execution
Bombing of Baghdad
At least 70 people die when three bombs explode in attacks at the mostly Shiite Mustansiriya University
Death of Nouri Kamil Mohammed Hasan al- Maliki
Tally of death certificates and reports from morgues, hospitals, and other institutions indicates more than 34,000 Iraqi civilians died in 2006
Invasion of Iraq
The tally of death certificates and reports from morgues, hospitals, and other institutions indicates more than 34,000 Iraqi civilians died in 2006
National Intelligence
The Senate confirms Mike McConnell as the Director of National Intelligence
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court
Reversing its policy, the Justice Department announces the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court will oversee the National Security Agencys domestic wiretapping program
KBE
Created a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE)
Scott Base
Calls for the British Government to contribute to the upkeep of Scotts and Shackletons huts
Abbas Meshaal Damascus Meeting
Abbas met Hamas political leader Khaled Meshaal in Damascus in an effort to reduce factional tensions. The meeting formed part of regional attempts to prevent the Fatah-Hamas dispute from developing into a permanent political split.
SRE-1 Recovery
G. Madhavan Nair leads ISRO as the Space Capsule Recovery Experiment is recovered after demonstrating re-entry and thermal-protection technologies.
State of the Union Address
Admits that the war in Iraq is not going as planned, "This is not the fight we entered in Iraq, but it is the fight we are in," he says, "Every one of us wishes that this war were over and won"
Diplomatic Correspondence
Human Rights Watch sent an open letter to King Abdullah asking him to cease religious persecution of the Ahmadi faith in Saudi Arabia
Politics
Human Rights Watch sent an open letter to King Abdullah asking him to cease religious persecution of the Ahmadi faith in Saudi Arabia
Invasion of Iraq
Senate Foreign Relations Committee votes, 12-9, in favor of a nonbinding resolution that denounces President Bushs plan to deploy additional troops to Iraq
Senate Foreign Relations Committee
Senate Foreign Relations Committee votes, 12-9, in favor of a nonbinding resolution that denounces President Bushs plan to deploy additional troops to Iraq
Dismissal
Parliamentary committee approves Moshe Katsavs request to suspend himself after Israels attorney general announces that he would indict Katsav on charges of rape, sexual harassment, abuse of power, and other charges
Rule of Ireland
Sinn Fein endorses a plan to support the police in Northern Ireland, over 15 yrs, the composition of the force will change to reflect the population of the province, clears the path to a power-sharing Government between Catholic and Protestants
Sinn Fein
Sinn Fein endorses a plan to support the police in Northern Ireland, over 15 yrs, the composition of the force will change to reflect the population of the province, clears the path to a power-sharing Government between Catholic and Protestants
Battle of Najaf
As many as 250 are killed near Najaf as American and Iraqi troops fight with a Shiite militia, an American helicopter is shot down in the battle
Battle of Najaf
250 are killed near Najaf as American and Iraqi troops fight with a Shiite militia, an American helicopter is shot down in the battle
African Union Chairmanship
Kufuor is chosen chairman of the African Union and assumes a prominent continental diplomatic role during Ghana's fiftieth year of independence.
Health of Fidel Alejandro Castro
Footage of Castro meeting with Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez is broadcast, where, according to international media reports, Castro "appeared frail but stronger than three months ago"
Don't Let Him Waste Your Time
Releases Don't Let Him Waste Your Time, which reaches number 36 on the UK singles chart.
Fatah
Leaders from Hamas and Fatah, two Palestinian factions that have been engaged in deadly violence, meet in Mecca and reach deal to end the fighting and to form a unity Government
Hamas
President Mahmoud Abbas (Fatah) issues a decree outlawing the Hamas militia and executive force after Hamas militarily takes control of the Gaza Strip
Hamas
Abbas issues a decree outlawing the Hamas militia and executive force after Hamas takes control of Gaza
Hamas
Leaders from Hamas and Fatah, two Palestinian factions that have been engaged in deadly violence, meet in Mecca and reach deal to end the fighting and to form a unity Government
Rule of Gaza Strip
Abbas loses effective control of Gaza after Hamas defeats Fatah forces in the territory
Rule of Gaza Strip
President Mahmoud Abbas (Fatah) issues a decree outlawing the Hamas militia and executive force after Hamas militarily takes control of the Gaza Strip
CBE
Appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2008 Birthday Honours
Election Postponement
The Election Commission postpones parliamentary voting after Benazir Bhutto's assassination.
General Election Schedule
Pakistan reschedules the general election for February 2008.
Bombing of Gaza
Israeli tanks and infantry are invading Gaza with air and naval support
Siege of Gaza
Israeli tanks and infantry are invading Gaza with air and naval support
Election
Democrat Barack Obama and Republican Mike Huckabee are victorious in the Iowa caucuses, the first races of the presidential primary season
Iowa Caucus
Wins the Iowa Democratic caucus and becomes a leading presidential contender
2008 Campaign Withdrawal
Withdraws after the Iowa caucuses.
Election
Democrat Barack Obama and Republican Mike Huckabee are victorious in the Iowa caucuses, the first races of the presidential primary season
Iowa Caucus
Wins the Republican Iowa caucus at the start of the presidential race
Election
Mikhail Saakashvili wins 52.% of the vote over his nearest challenger, Levan Gachechiladze, who tallies 27%
Election
After incumbent President Mwai Kibaki is declared the winner in the presidential election over opposition candidate Raila Odinga, who had a wide lead in preliminary results, about 50 Kikuyu who seek refuge in a church in Kiambaa at the hands of a mob
Trial
The trial of Charles Taylor, charged with crimes against humanity for supporting rebel troops in Sierra Leones brutal civil war that claimed the lives of about 300,000 people in the 1990s, resumes at the Hague
Election
Odinga refuses Kibakis invitation to discuss the political crisis after Kibaki appoints his cabinet, which does not include any members of Odingas Orange Democratic Party
Election
Democrat Hillary Clinton finishes first in the New Hampshire primary, ahead of Barack Obama and John Edwards
Election
Democrat Hillary Clinton finishes first in the New Hampshire primary, ahead of Barack Obama and John Edwards
New Hampshire Primary
Wins the New Hampshire Democratic primary after losing Iowa
New Hampshire Primary
Wins the New Hampshire Republican primary and revives his presidential campaign
Death of Edmund Percival Hillary
Hillarys death is announced by New Zealand Prime Minister Helen Clark during which she states that his passing was a "profound loss to New Zealand". Death of Edmund Percival Hillary
Countrywide
Bank of America buys struggling Countrywide for $4 billion
Credit Crunch
Bank of America buys struggling Countrywide for $4 billion
Mercury Imaging
MESSENGER images terrain on Mercury that had never previously been seen by spacecraft during the first flyby.
MESSENGER Mercury Flyby
MESSENGER completes its first Mercury flyby and returns the first close-up observations of the planet in more than thirty years.
Bombing of Gaza
The Israeli operation is in retaliation to the firing of Qassasm rockets and mortar bombs into Israeli towns by Palestinian militants. Israel closes all border crossings into the Gaza Strip in response to the Palestinian attacks, aid and fuel shipments are affected by the border closing. An Israeli strike kills Several Palestinians in Gaza, as many as 20 Palestinians, many member of Hamas, die in the attack
Hamas
An Israeli strike kills Several Palestinians in Gaza, as many as 20 Palestinians, many member of Hamas, die in the attack
Sanctions
Israel closes all border crossings into the Gaza Strip in response to the Palestinian attacks, aid and fuel shipments are affected by the border closing
Credit Crunch
Merrill Lynch sub-prime losses top $23 billion
Merrill Lynch
Merrill Lynch sub-prime losses top $23 billion
Economy of USA
Bush proposes a $145 billion stimulus package, responding to a crisis in the housing market and rising oil prices, president says a combination of tax cuts for individuals and businesses will "provide a shot in the arm" to the economy
Lisbon Treaty Bill Defence
Brown's government defends legislation ratifying the Treaty of Lisbon.
Lisbon Treaty Bill Second Reading
The Commons gives the European Union Amendment Bill its second reading.
Treaty of Lisbon
In the UK, the European Union (Amendment) Bill is debated in the House of Commons on and passes its second reading that day by a vote of 362 to 224; Prime Minister Gordon Brown is absent that day, and leaves the Bill to be defended by David Miliband
Economy of USA
Responding to fears that the US is headed for an imminent recession, stock markets fall drastically in Frankfurt, Mumbai, Hong Kong, Paris, London, and other major cities in Europe and Asia
Death of Heath Ledger
Death of Heath Ledger
Death of Heath Ledger
Dies in New York before the release of The Dark Knight
Emergency Interest Rate Cut
The Federal Reserve cuts its target rate after sharp declines in international markets.
Credit Crunch
The Federal Reserve makes an emergency three-quarter-point interest-rate cut between scheduled meetings as global markets fall sharply and recession risks increase.
Economy of USA
In response to the plunge in markets around the world, the Federal Reserve bank cuts interest rates by .75%, the largest single-day reduction in the bank's history
Federal Reserve
In response to the plunge in markets around the world, the Federal Reserve bank cuts interest rates by .75%, the largest single-day reduction in the bank's history
Goma Peace Agreement
Signs a peace agreement with the government and other armed groups intended to reduce conflict in the Kivus.
Official Visit to Turkey
Karamanlis makes the first official visit by a Greek prime minister to Turkey in decades.
Hamas
After members of Hamas destroy parts of a wall that separates the Gaza Strip from Egypt, tens of thousands of Palestinians pass into Egypt to buy food and supplies that are either unavailable in Gaza or are exorbitantly priced
Sanctions
After members of Hamas destroy parts of a wall that separates the Gaza Strip from Egypt, tens of thousands of Palestinians pass into Egypt to buy food and supplies that are either unavailable in Gaza or are exorbitantly priced
Resignation of Romano Prodi
Prime Minister Romano Prodi resigns after losing a no-confidence vote in the senate
Economy of USA
The Bush administration hands out a $146 billion stimulus package that gives rebates of $300-$600 for individuals earning up to $75,000 and to couples with incomes up to $150,000
Culture Secretary Appointment
Burnham becomes Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport.
South Carolina Primary
Wins a major South Carolina Democratic primary victory over Hillary Clinton
Death of Suharto
Death of Suharto
State of the Union Address
Bush delivers his last State of the Union address
Election
Kennedy gave an endorsement to Obama despite appeals by both Clintons not to do so
Obama Endorsement
Endorses Barack Obama for the Democratic presidential nomination
Manager
Appointed manager of Leeds United
Credit Crunch
The Federal Reserve cuts the federal funds target again, reducing it by half a percentage point as financial conditions continue deteriorating.
Hezbollah
An Israeli-Government-appointed panel, the Winograd Commission, on Israels 2006 war against the militant group Hezbollah in Lebanon, calls the operation a "large and serious" failure and criticizes the countrys leadership
Invasion of Lebanon
An Israeli-Government-appointed panel, the Winograd Commission, on Israels 2006 war against the militant group Hezbollah in Lebanon, calls the operation a "large and serious" failure and criticizes the countrys leadership
Winograd Commission
An Israeli-Government-appointed panel, the Winograd Commission, on Israels 2006 war against the militant group Hezbollah in Lebanon, calls the operation a "large and serious" failure and criticizes the countrys leadership
Al-Qaeda
Pervez Musharraf is president when the United States announces the death of senior al-Qaeda commander Abu Laith al-Libi in northwest Pakistan.
Al-Qaeda
The United States announces that Abu Laith al-Libi, a senior commander of al-Qaeda who recruited and trained operatives, is killed in a missile strike in northwest Pakistan
Election
Among the January 2008 DNC-sanctioned state contests, Obama ties with Hillary Clinton for delegates in the New Hampshire primary and wins more delegates than Clinton in the Iowa, Nevada and South Carolina elections and caucuses
Health of Patrick Swayze
Diagnosed with Stage IV pancreatic cancer and undergoes chemotherapy and other treatments at the Stanford University Medical Center
Independence of Iraq
The Iraqi Government takes control of the Green Zone, the heavily fortified area that houses the offices and homes of most American and Iraqi Government officials
Euro Adoption
Slovakia adopts the euro currency.
President of Switzerland
Appointed President of Switzerland
Election
John Atta Mills of the National Democratic Congress is elected President of Ghana, with 50.2% of the vote
President of Ghana
John Atta Mills of the National Democratic Congress is elected President of Ghana, with 50.2% of the vote
Death of Alan Arthur Walters
Death of Alan Arthur Walters, upon hearing of his death Lady Thatcher describes him as "radical, fearless" and the "finest of friends"
Death of Margaret Hilda Thatcher
Death of Alan Arthur Walters, upon hearing of his death Lady Thatcher describes him as "radical, fearless" and the "finest of friends"
Hamas
Israeli defense minister Ehud Barak states that this will be a "war to the bitter end," while Hamas spokesman Ismail Radwant declares Hamas would "fight until the last breath."
Invasion of Gaza
Israeli defense minister Ehud Barak states that this will be a "war to the bitter end," while Hamas spokesman Ismail Radwant declares Hamas would "fight until the last breath."
Hamas
After over a week of intense air strikes, Israeli troops crossed the border into Gaza, launching a ground war against the militant Palestinian group, Hamas.
Hamas
Israeli defense minister Ehud Barak states that this will be a "war to the bitter end," while Hamas spokesman Ismail Radwant declares Hamas would "fight until the last breath.".
Hamas
More than 430 Palestinians and 4 Israelis have been killed since the fighting began Dec. 27, 2008.
Invasion of Gaza
27, 2008
Invasion of Gaza
After over a week of intense air strikes, Israeli troops crossed the border into Gaza, launching a ground war against the militant Palestinian group, Hamas. More than 430 Palestinians and 4 Israelis have been killed since the fighting began Dec.
Invasion of Gaza
Israeli defense minister Ehud Barak states that this will be a "war to the bitter end," while Hamas spokesman Ismail Radwant declares Hamas would "fight until the last breath.".
Invasion of Gaza
The Israeli Defence Forces ground invasion began, with mechanised infantry, armor, and artillery units, supported by helicopter gunships, entering Gaza.
Siege of Gaza
The Israeli Defence Forces ground invasion began, with mechanised infantry, armor, and artillery units, supported by helicopter gunships, entering Gaza
Hamas
Israeli defense minister Ehud Barak states that this will be a "war to the bitter end," while Hamas spokesman Ismail Radwant declares Hamas would "fight until the last breath."
Invasion of Gazal
Israeli defense minister Ehud Barak states that this will be a "war to the bitter end," while Hamas spokesman Ismail Radwant declares Hamas would "fight until the last breath."
Constitution of Bangladesh
Sheikh Hasina Wajed is sworn in for her second spell as Prime minister, restoring democracy to the impoverished country after almost two years of rule by an army-backed regime
Inauguration
Sheikh Hasina Wajed is sworn in for her second spell as Prime minister, restoring democracy to the impoverished country after almost two years of rule by an army-backed regime
Prime Minister of Bangladesh
Sheikh Hasina Wajed is sworn in for her second spell as Prime minister, restoring democracy to the impoverished country after almost two years of rule by an army-backed regime
Fourth Republic Presidential Inauguration
Mills is sworn in as president following Ghana's closely contested 2008 election and another peaceful transfer of power between political parties.
President of Panama
Appointed President of Panama
Death of Dave Dee
Death of Dave Dee
Invasion of Gaza
The United Nations declares a suspension of aid in Gaza after one driver was killed and two others wounded in stray gunfire
Death of Patrick Joseph McGoohan
Death of Patrick McGoohan
Invasion of Gaza
Despite a call from the United Nations for cease-fire, fighting continues in Gaza. An airstrike from Israel hits the United Nations Relief and Works Agency building in Gaza, injuring at least three people
United Nations
An airstrike from Israel hits the United Nations Relief and Works Agency building in Gaza, injuring at least three people
Invasion of Gaza
An airstrike from Israel hits the United Nations Relief and Works Agency building in Gaza, injuring at least three people
Death of John Mortimer
Death of John Mortimer
Invasion of Gaza
At least 1,200 Palestinians and 13 Israelis have been killed during the conflict
Hamas
Israel announces unilateral cease-fire in Gaza, Hamas will continue to fight as long as Israeli troops remain in the area
Invasion of Gaza
Israel announces unilateral cease-fire in Gaza, Hamas will continue to fight as long as Israeli troops remain in the area
Hamas
Hamas announces cease-fire in response to Israels promise of peace. They will allow Israeli troops a week to pull out of the country. Hamas announces cease-fire in response to Israels promise of peace, they will allow Israeli troops a week to pull out of the country
Invasion of Gaza
Hamas announces cease-fire in response to Israels promise of peace, they will allow Israeli troops a week to pull out of the country
Credit Crunch
Darling announces a second financial-support package including an Asset Protection Scheme and measures intended to restart lending to households and businesses.
Inauguration
The theme of the inauguration is "A New Birth of Freedom," commemorating the 200th anniversary of the birth of Abraham Lincoln. The inauguration of Obama as the forty-fourth President of the USA
Vice President of USA
Is sworn in as vice president of the United States.
NHS Constitution
The first NHS Constitution for England is published, bringing together service principles, patient rights, staff commitments and responsibilities in a single document.
Awami League
The Awami League wins a landslide victory in the countrys 481 upazilas (subdistricts), 3 people are killed, 150 injured and voter intimidation is rife
Election
The Awami League wins a landslide victory in the countrys 481 upazilas (subdistricts), 3 people are killed, 150 injured and voter intimidation is rife
Special Envoy
Appointed as a special envoy to the Middle East, working under President Barack Obama and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton
Constitutional Referendum
Voters approve the new constitution in a national referendum.
Credit Crunch
Haarde announces the resignation of his coalition government after sustained public protests over the banking collapse and the resulting economic crisis.
Death of John Updike
Death of John Hoyer Updike
Visit to Cairo
Mitchell begins his meetings in Cairo and Obama says his visit was part of the Presidents campaign promise to listen to both sides of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and work toward a Middle East peace deal
Digital Britain Interim Report
Burnham helps launch proposals for universal connectivity and a stronger digital economy.
Election
Voter turnout varies widely by area, with some regions reporting less than 50% participation and others more than 75%. Iraq holds local elections to create provincial councils, the elections are notable for their lack of violence and the noticeably diminished role the US plays in their implementation
Bombing of Mosul
In the worst single loss to the American military in nine months, a suicide bomber kills four American soldiers and their Iraqi translator in the northern Iraq city of Mosul
Election
Iraq holds local elections to create provincial councils, the elections are notable for their lack of violence and the noticeably diminished role the US plays in their implementation
Rule of Iraq
Iraq holds local elections to create provincial councils, the elections are notable for their lack of violence and the noticeably diminished role the US plays in their implementation
Suicide
In the worst single loss to the American military in nine months, a suicide bomber kills four American soldiers and their Iraqi translator in the northern Iraq city of Mosul
President of Switzerland
Appointed President of Switzerland
Anglo-American Yemen Security Coordination
Brown's government coordinates with the United States over security threats in Yemen.
Yemen Embassy Closure
Britain temporarily closes its embassy in Yemen after warnings of an al-Qaeda threat.
Al-Qaeda
The United States and the United Kingdom have close their embassies in the country of Yemen due to ongoing security threats from terrorist group Al-Qaeda. The suicide bomber on the Christmas Day flight to Detroit was tied to the terrorist organisation in Yemen
Suicide
The suicide bomber on the Christmas Day flight to Detroit was tied to the terrorist organisation in Yemen
United States and the United Kingdom have close their embassies in
The United States and the United Kingdom have close their embassies in the country of Yemen due to ongoing security threats from terrorist group Al-Qaeda
Hoon-Hewitt Leadership Challenge
Patricia Hewitt and Geoff Hoon call for a secret ballot on Brown's leadership.
Chemical Ali
Nicknamed "Chemical Ali" in the region, al-Majid is part of the group of leader who are deemed responsible for the deaths of approximately 180,000 Kurds in the Iraq War, a devastation many call genocide
Execution
Ali Hassan al-Majid, cousin of and former aid to Sadaam Hussein, is executed in Iraq for his role in the poison-gas attack of the village of Halabja, where 5,000 Kurds were killed
Kurds
Ali Hassan al-Majid, cousin of and former aid to Sadaam Hussein, is executed in Iraq for his role in the poison-gas attack of the village of Halabja, where 5,000 Kurds were killed
Kurds
Nicknamed "Chemical Ali" in the region, al-Majid is part of the group of leader who are deemed responsible for the deaths of approximately 180,000 Kurds in the Iraq War, a devastation many call genocide. Ali Hassan al-Majid, cousin of and former aid to Sadaam Hussein, is executed in Iraq for his role in the poison-gas attack of the village of Halabja, where 5,000 Kurds were killed
Massacre
Nicknamed "Chemical Ali" in the region, al-Majid is part of the group of leader who are deemed responsible for the deaths of approximately 180,000 Kurds in the Iraq War, a devastation many call genocide. Ali Hassan al-Majid, cousin of and former aid to Sadaam Hussein, is executed in Iraq for his role in the poison-gas attack of the village of Halabja, where 5,000 Kurds were killed
International Yemen Meeting
Encourages coordinated international support for the Yemeni government.
London Yemen Conference
Hosts an international meeting focused on Yemen's security and development.
Death of Jerome David Salinger
Death of Jerome David Salinger
Jarvis Cocker's Sunday Service Begins
Begins presenting Jarvis Cocker's Sunday Service on BBC Radio 6 Music.
Friends of Yemen Initiative
Supports creation of a continuing international support process for Yemen.
International Support Framework
The initiative links security concerns with economic and governance assistance.
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil, 1st term
FIFA World Coach of the Year
Receives the FIFA World Coach of the Year award for his achievements with Inter in 2010.
Acting President of Tunisia
Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi briefly announced that he would exercise presidential duties.
Departure of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali left Tunisia as protests ended his presidency.
Acting President of Tunisia
Fouad Mebazaa was sworn in as acting president under the constitutional succession rules.
National Unity Government
Mohamed Ghannouchi announced a national unity government containing opposition figures and former ruling-party ministers.
Cabinet Reshuffle
The transitional government replaced several ministers following continued public protests.
Death of John Barry
Death of John Barry Prendergast
Anti-Government Protests Spread
Demonstrations expand as Yemen joins the Arab Spring.
Yemeni Uprising Begins
Faces mass protests demanding political change.
Chairman Takes Office
Vjekoslav Bevanda becomes Chairman of the Council of Ministers
Two Percent Inflation Objective
The Federal Open Market Committee publishes its first Statement on Longer-Run Goals and Monetary Policy Strategy and identifies two percent inflation, measured by the personal consumption expenditures price index, as most consistent with its mandate over the longer run.
Automatic Voter Registration
Promulgates reform introducing automatic electoral registration and voluntary voting.
PHAT Andromeda Survey Released
The Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury releases a major resolved-star survey of M31 using ultraviolet, optical and near-infrared Hubble observations.
First Elected Term Inaugurated
Mahama is inaugurated for his elected presidential term following the December 2012 vote.
Women Join Shura Council
Joins the Consultative Council among its first group of women members.
Women Join Shura Council
Appoints women as full members of the Consultative Council.
Gun Violence Task Force
Leads administration work on gun violence proposals.
Bloomberg Speech
Promises an in-out referendum on European Union membership if the Conservatives win the next election.
Brexit
Promises an in-out referendum on European Union membership if the Conservatives win the next election.
Bloomberg Speech
Sets out the pledge for renegotiation and an in out referendum.
Direct Presidential Election
Wins the first direct presidential election.
Coalition Mid-Term Review
Launches a mid-term review with Nick Clegg assessing coalition progress and priorities for the remaining Parliament.
Conclusion of Eurogroup Presidency
Juncker ended his tenure as the Eurogroupโs first permanent president after years of coordinating finance ministers through the euroโs launch phase and the sovereign debt crisis.
Doping Confession
Armstrong admits to doping in a television interview conducted by Oprah Winfrey
Knighthood for Criminal Justice Services
Starmer receives a knighthood for services to law and criminal justice.
Indigenous Cryogenic Stage
GSLV-D5 flies successfully with an indigenous cryogenic upper stage during K. Radhakrishnan's chairmanship.
President of Panama
Appointed President of Panama
Frontier Fields Abell 2744
Lotz leads the Frontier Fields program as Hubble obtains an exceptionally deep view of galaxy cluster Abell 2744.
Death of Ariel Sharon
Death of Ariel Sharon
Joint Plan of Action Implementation
Implementation of the Joint Plan of Action begins, including limits on enrichment levels and restrictions on further expansion of enrichment capacity.
Twenty Percent Enrichment Suspension
Iran ceases production of uranium enriched up to 20 percent U-235 at Natanz under the Joint Plan of Action.
Iran Joint Plan Monitoring Begins
The IAEA begins additional monitoring and verification related to nuclear measures under the Joint Plan of Action.
National Dialogue Concludes
Oversees conclusion of the National Dialogue Conference.
Transition Roadmap Advanced
Delegates approve principles for a future federal state.
Transfer to Chelsea
Completes a transfer from Basel to Chelsea after impressing against the English club in European competition.
Constitution of Tunisia
The National Constituent Assembly adopted a new democratic constitution.
Head of Government of Tunisia
Mehdi Jomaa became head of a technocratic government charged with organizing elections.
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil, 2nd term
Rome Statute Accession
The State of Palestine deposited its instrument of accession to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. The move, undertaken under Abbas's leadership, opened a new legal and diplomatic avenue for Palestinian engagement with international institutions.
Pillars of Creation Revisited
Scowen helps lead new Hubble visible and infrared imaging of the Pillars of Creation, revealing finer structure and embedded stars.
New Horizons
New Horizons begins its formal approach phase toward Pluto after nearly nine years of interplanetary flight.
Mohammed bin Salman Appointed Defence Minister
Takes office as minister of defence after King Salman's accession.
Mohammed bin Salman Appointed Defence Minister
Appoints Mohammed bin Salman as minister of defence.
Succession of King Salman
Becomes crown prince following King Salman's accession.
Succession of King Salman
Succeeds King Abdullah as the seventh king of Saudi Arabia.
First Tsipras Government
Tsipras becomes Prime Minister after SYRIZA wins the January election.
European Council Renegotiation Update
Updates Parliament on negotiations and says the substance of an EU agreement matters more than speed.
Fourth Nuclear Test
North Korea conducts its fourth nuclear test.
North Korea Fourth Nuclear Test
North Korea announces its fourth nuclear test explosion, detected by the international monitoring system.
Blackstar
Releases Blackstar on his sixty-ninth birthday, a final studio album made with Tony Visconti and jazz musicians.
Blackstar
Co-produces Blackstar, Bowie's final studio album, released two days before Bowie's death.
Death of David Bowie
Dies in New York two days after the release of Blackstar, closing one of popular music's most influential careers.
Life Chances Programme
Sets out a social reform agenda focused on improving life chances for disadvantaged families.
Defoe Scores Survival Hat Trick Against Swansea
Defoe scores three times in a 4โ2 away win over Swansea City, underlining his importance to Sunderland's survival hopes.
JCPOA Implementation Day
JCPOA Implementation Day begins after the IAEA verifies that Iran has completed the nuclear steps required for the agreement's initial implementation.
JCPOA Implementation Day Verification
Announces that Iran completed the nuclear-related preparatory steps required to begin implementation of the JCPOA.
Death of Glenn Frey
Dies in New York, prompting major tributes to his role as Eagles co-founder and songwriter.
Prime Minister Takes Office
Pavel Filip becomes Prime Minister after Parliament confirms his cabinet
Davos Economic Address
Uses the World Economic Forum to discuss Britain's economy, employment and European reform.
Davos EU Reform Case
Uses the World Economic Forum to argue for reform of Britain's European Union membership terms.
First Presidential Inauguration
Akufo-Addo is sworn in as president after winning the 2016 election and succeeding John Dramani Mahama through a peaceful constitutional transfer.
First Bjarni Benediktsson Government
Begins the First Bjarni Benediktsson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Sigurdur Ingi Johannsson Government
The Sigurdur Ingi Johannsson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Presidential Medal of Freedom
Receives the Presidential Medal of Freedom with distinction.
Brexit
Sets out Brexit objectives in the Lancaster House speech.
Lancaster House Speech
Sets out objectives for leaving the European Union and the single market.
Inauguration
Is inaugurated as the 45th President of the United States.
CIA Speech
Delivers unscripted remarks at CIA headquarters focusing on media coverage and crowd size.
Womenโs March Response
Faces worldwide protests the day after his inauguration.
Emoluments Lawsuit Filed
Faces first lawsuit alleging violation of the Constitutionโs emoluments clause.
Global Gag Rule
Reinstates restrictions on U.S. funding to NGOs providing abortion counseling.
Mexico City Policy
Reinstates the Mexico City Policy restricting abortion-related foreign aid.
TPP Withdrawal
Directs withdrawal of the United States from the Trans-Pacific Partnership.
Brexit
Wins the Article 50 case requiring parliamentary authorisation.
Brexit
Wins the Supreme Court case requiring an Act of Parliament to authorise Article 50.
Supreme Court Article 50 Response
Starmer welcomes the ruling requiring parliamentary legislation before Article 50 is triggered.
Keystone XL Memorandum
Invites resubmission of the Keystone XL pipeline application.
Border Wall Executive Order
Signs Executive Order 13767 on border wall planning and construction.
Border Wall Order
Orders construction of a wall along the southern border.
Immigration Enforcement Order
Signs Executive Order 13768 expanding immigration enforcement.
Brexit
Introduces the European Union Notification of Withdrawal Bill.
First Travel Ban
Signs an executive order restricting entry from several Muslim-majority countries.
Article 50 Bill Second Reading
Starmer leads Labour's response during the Article 50 Bill second-reading debate.
Gorsuch Nomination
Nominates Neil Gorsuch to the Supreme Court.
Netherlands Women Manager
Becomes permanent head coach of the Netherlands women's national team shortly before the European Championship.
Transfer to Lyon
Joins Lyon and rebuilds his career as a leading attacker in Ligue 1.
Tax Cuts and Jobs Act Implementation
Begins implementation of major tax cuts passed in late 2017.
Acting Governor Appointed
Lyndell Simpson serves briefly as acting Governor
Manchester United Transfer
Sรกnchez left Arsenal to join Manchester United in a transfer arrangement involving Henrikh Mkhitaryan, beginning a new chapter at another Premier League club.
Transfer
Joins Liverpool from Southampton and strengthens the defence.
President of Brazil
Inaugurated as President of Brazil.
Arrokoth Flyby
New Horizons flies past Arrokoth, completing the most distant close reconnaissance of a Solar System object ever attempted.
Far Side Moon Landing
Chang'e 4 achieves the first soft landing on the far side of the Moon.
Declared Presidential Election Winner
Is declared winner of the delayed 2018 presidential election before taking office later in January.
Venus Giant Cloud Pattern
Akatsuki observations reveal a giant streak-like cloud structure produced by large-scale atmospheric waves and high-latitude jets.
President of Venezuela
Begins a disputed second presidential term.
Meaningful Vote Defeat
The House of Commons rejects the Withdrawal Agreement by a historic margin.
Withdrawal Agreement Defeat
The House of Commons rejects the Brexit Withdrawal Agreement by a historic margin.
First Meaningful Vote
Starmer opposes Theresa May's withdrawal agreement during the first meaningful vote.
A Bed Every Night Expansion
Burnham reports that more than nine hundred people have received accommodation and support.
Presidential Inauguration
Tshisekedi takes office in the country's first peaceful presidential transfer of power.
Government Shutdown
Agrees to reopen the federal government after the longest shutdown in United States history.
Longest Government Shutdown Ends
Agrees to reopen government after record-length shutdown.
Rangers Loan
Joins Rangers on loan from Bournemouth and adds experienced attacking depth.
Death of Qasem Soleimani
Killed by a United States drone strike near Baghdad airport.
Soleimani Strike Announcement
Announces killing of Iranian General Qasem Soleimani in a U.S. strike.
Soleimani Strike
Authorises the strike that kills Iranian commander Qasem Soleimani.
Bushfire Crisis
Deploys defence support during the severe Australian bushfire crisis.
Labour Leadership Campaign Launch
Starmer launches his campaign to succeed Jeremy Corbyn as Labour leader.
Missile Retaliation
Iran fires missiles at bases housing United States forces in Iraq.
Iran Flight PS752 Response
Addresses the crash of Ukraine International Airlines Flight PS752 and demands a full investigation.
Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752
Acknowledges that Iran unintentionally shot down Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752.
Reelection
Wins reelection as President of Taiwan.
COVID-19
Thailand reports one of the first confirmed COVID-19 cases outside China.
COVID-19
Japan confirms its first COVID-19 case.
First Impeachment Trial Begins
Faces first Senate impeachment trial.
Bundesliga Debut Hat-Trick
Haaland came off the bench to score a hat-trick in his first Bundesliga appearance, overturning the momentum as Dortmund won 5-3 at Augsburg.
Berlin Conference on Libya
Sarraj participates in international talks supporting a ceasefire and the United Nations political process.
COVID-19
China confirms human-to-human transmission of the novel coronavirus.
COVID-19
South Korea confirms its first COVID-19 case.
COVID-19
The United States confirms its first COVID-19 case.
First COVID-19 Case Confirmed
Acknowledges first confirmed COVID-19 case in the United States.
Election as First Woman President
Parliament elects Sakellaropoulou as Greece's first female head of state.
Davos World Economic Forum
Uses the World Economic Forum to promote investment and renew calls for peace in Donbas.
COVID-19
Authorities lock down Wuhan as COVID-19 spreads from Hubei province.
Withdrawal Agreement Act
The European Union Withdrawal Agreement Act receives royal assent.
COVID-19
France confirms the first known COVID-19 cases in Europe.
COVID-19 Emergency Response Activated
Lam raises Hong Kong's disease response level to Emergency and chairs a high-level command structure to coordinate measures against the novel coronavirus.
Hubei Entry Restrictions
The Government restricts entry by non-residents from Hubei and people recently present there in an effort to reduce imported coronavirus infections.
Death of Kobe Bryant
Death of Kobe Bryant in a helicopter crash.
COVID-19
Visits Wuhan as central authorities respond to the outbreak.
Cross-Boundary Travel Reduced
Lam announces major reductions in cross-boundary passenger services and temporary closure of several control points to limit movement during the coronavirus outbreak.
Trump Peace Plan
Rejects the Trump administration peace plan as unacceptable to Palestinian national claims.
Brexit
The United Kingdom leaves the European Union.
COVID-19
Italy suspends flights from China after confirmed COVID-19 cases in Rome.
Trade and Cooperation Agreement Applies
The UK EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement begins provisional application.
League Cup Final Qualification
Tottenham defeat Brentford to reach the League Cup final.
January 6 Rally Speech
Addresses supporters before the Capitol is stormed.
Second Presidential Term Begins
Akufo-Addo takes the presidential oath for a second term after the December 2020 election.
Social Media Suspensions
Faces suspension from major social media platforms.
Juno Mission Extension
NASA extends Juno through 2025 and adds close exploration of Jupiter's rings and Galilean moons.
General Secretary
Becomes general secretary of the Workers Party.
Five Year Plan
Announces a new five-year economic plan.
Second Impeachment Article Passed
House passes article of impeachment for incitement of insurrection.
General Election Decree
Abbas issued a decree scheduling legislative, presidential and Palestinian National Council elections in three stages during 2021. The order was presented as a plan to renew representative institutions after many years without national elections.
Federal Mask Order
Signs a federal mask requirement for federal property.
Paris Agreement Rejoining
Orders the United States to rejoin the Paris Agreement.
President of USA
Is inaugurated as the 46th President of the United States.
Final Day in Office
Leaves office as Joe Biden is inaugurated.
Vaccine Distribution Plan
Launches a national COVID-19 strategy.
Nuclear Ban Treaty Enters Force
The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons enters into force.
Jordan Restriction-Testing Declaration
The Government imposes a restriction-testing declaration in part of Jordan, requiring residents in the designated area to remain inside and undergo compulsory testing.
Omicron Restrictions Tightened
Lam announces tighter social-distancing and travel measures as the Omicron variant creates renewed concern over community transmission in Hong Kong.
Acting Prime Minister Takes Office
Alikhan Smailov becomes acting Prime Minister after Mamin resigns
Government Resigns
Mamin's government resigns during nationwide unrest
Prime Minister Takes Office
Smailov is appointed Prime Minister during the January crisis
Spanish Super Cup Final Penalty Save
Saves a late penalty as Real Madrid defeat Athletic Club to win the Spanish Super Cup.
Spanish Super Cup Final Opening Goal
Scores the opening goal as Real Madrid defeat Athletic Club 2-0 in the Spanish Super Cup final.
Everton Tenure Ends
Everton dismiss Benรญtez after a difficult run of Premier League results brings an early end to his tenure.
Kwai Chung Restriction-Testing Operation
The Government imposes a multi-day restriction-testing operation at Yat Kwai House after a significant COVID-19 cluster develops in Kwai Chung Estate.
Universal Guaranteed Pension
Promulgates legislation creating the Universal Guaranteed Pension while serving as acting Vice President.
Protocol Talks
Takes over responsibility for negotiations on the Northern Ireland Protocol.
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil, 3rd term
Makiivka Strike
Ukrainian strike kills Russian troops housed in Makiivka.
AMX-10RC Decision
Announces armoured combat vehicles for Ukraine.
Death of Constantine II
Constantine II dies in Athens at the age of eighty-two and is later buried at the former royal cemetery at Tatoi.
Hellenic Olympic Committee Mourning
The Hellenic Olympic Committee lowers flags at its headquarters and the Panathenaic Stadium after Constantine's death.
IOC Flag Lowered
After Constantine's death, the International Olympic Committee orders the Olympic flag at its Lausanne headquarters flown at half-mast for three days.
Leopard Tank Coalition
Presses allies to approve Leopard tank deliveries.
Soledar Captured
Wagner claims a role in capturing Soledar.
Private Funeral Status
The Greek government decides that Constantine will be buried as a private citizen without the honors reserved for a serving head of state.
Burial beside Parents
Constantine is buried at Tatoi beside his parents after Orthodox prayers are held at the Chapel of the Resurrection.
Foreign Heads of State Attend Funeral
Seven serving heads of state attend Constantine's funeral alongside representatives of European royal families.
Funeral Officiated by Archbishop
Archbishop Hieronymos II of Athens and All Greece officiates at Constantine's funeral with members of the Holy Synod present.
Funeral and Burial
Constantine II's funeral is held at the Metropolitan Cathedral of Athens before his burial at the former royal cemetery at Tatoi.
Public Viewing before Funeral
Before Constantine's funeral, his coffin lies for several hours in the Chapel of Saint Eleftherios so members of the public can pay respects.
Brovary Helicopter Crash
Dies in a helicopter crash near Kyiv.
Death of Denys Monastyrsky
Dies in a helicopter crash near Kyiv.
Second Term Begins
Dadae is re-elected by Parliament for a second term as Governor-General
Western Tank Appeal
Presses allies to provide modern battle tanks.
People's Council Chairman
Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedov is appointed chairman of the reformed People's Council
Supreme Representative Body
People's Council is transformed into a supreme representative body with broad constitutional influence
National Leader Title
Former President receives the title National Leader of the Turkmen people
Father Appointed Council Chair
Serdar appoints the former President to chair the powerful People's Council
Competitive Return Following Cancer Treatment
Makes his Bundesliga debut for Borussia Dortmund against Augsburg after undergoing treatment for testicular cancer, marking a significant personal comeback.
Fourth League Hat-Trick Against Wolves
Haaland scored a hat-trick against Wolverhampton Wanderers in a 3-0 Manchester City win, continuing his record-setting first Premier League campaign.
Standards in Public Life Speech
Starmer promises higher ethical standards and stronger integrity rules for government.
Chairwoman Takes Office
Borjana Kristo becomes Chairwoman of the Council of Ministers
Leopard Tank Decision
Announces Germany will provide Leopard 2 tanks and allow re-exports to Ukraine
Leopard Tank Decision
Approves sending Leopard tanks to Ukraine.
Abrams Tank Decision
Approves sending Abrams tanks to Ukraine.
Legislative Election, Second Round
Tunisia held the second round of legislative elections to complete the new Assembly of the People's Representatives.
Power Sharing Arrangement
Serdar's presidency operates alongside Gurbanguly's elevated People's Council role
WASP-121b Atmospheric Weather
Changeat leads a multi-year Hubble study revealing evolving cyclones and complex weather in the atmosphere of hot Jupiter WASP-121b.
President of Panama
Appointed President of Panama
DES Final Supernova Sample
Davis helps present final DES supernova results based on 1,499 high-quality Type Ia events, greatly expanding the supernova sample used to test dark-energy models.
United Kingdom Security Agreement
Signs a long-term security cooperation agreement with British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak.
Spanish Super Cup Final Hat-Trick
Scores a first-half hat-trick as Real Madrid defeat Barcelona 4-1 in the Spanish Super Cup final.
South Korea Hostile State
Declares South Korea a hostile state in policy remarks.
Roma Departure
Leaves Roma after the club ends his tenure during his third season.
M87 2018 Black Hole Image
Leads analysis of independent 2018 EHT data that reproduces M87*'s ring and black hole shadow, confirming the feature's persistence.
Second Presidential Inauguration
Takes the oath for a second presidential term after the Constitutional Court confirms the election result.
Announcement of ECOWAS Withdrawal
Mali announces with Burkina Faso and Niger that it will withdraw from ECOWAS.
Brexit
Marks four years since the United Kingdom formally left the European Union.
Klopp Begins Red Bull Global Role
Klopp starts as Red Bull's head of global soccer, moving into an advisory role across the organisation's network of clubs.
Booker Prize Aftermath
Orbital continues global attention after its Booker Prize win.
Full Schengen Accession
Ciolacu leads the government when internal land-border checks are removed.
Adult Social Care Commission
The government establishes an independent commission on adult social care chaired by Louise Casey while announcing measures intended to support care outside hospitals.
Full Bus Franchising
Burnham completes the return of Greater Manchester's bus network to local public control.
A Complete Unknown Awards
Receives major awards attention for portraying Bob Dylan.
Elective Reform Plan
The government publishes an elective reform plan proposing expanded patient choice, greater use of the NHS App and measures intended to restore shorter waits for planned treatment.
Elective Reform Plan
Starmer launches reforms intended to restore the eighteen-week planned-treatment standard.
Independent Sector Elective Agreement
The NHS agrees expanded use of independent capacity while keeping treatment free to patients.
Non-Consecutive Presidential Return
Mahama returns to office after winning the 2024 election, becoming Ghana's first president democratically elected to a non-consecutive second presidency.
Meta Policy Changes
Announces major changes to Meta content moderation policy.
BepiColombo Mercury Flyby
BepiColombo completes its sixth and final planned Mercury gravity-assist flyby before the orbital phase.
Mercury Magnetosphere
Mio collects further information on Mercury's magnetic and plasma environment during BepiColombo's sixth Mercury flyby.
Royal Fleet Auxiliary Pay Settlement
The Government reaches a pay and reform agreement ending the Royal Fleet Auxiliary dispute.
President of Lebanon
Is elected president by parliament.
President of Venezuela
Is sworn in for a disputed third presidential term.
Designation of Nawaf Salam as Prime Minister
President Joseph Aoun summons Nawaf Salam to form a government after parliamentary consultations give Salam the support of a clear majority of members of parliament.
Prime Minister of Lebanon
Is designated prime minister after Joseph Aoun's election.
Farewell Address
Gives his presidential farewell address.
UK-Ukraine One Hundred Year Partnership
Starmer and Volodymyr Zelenskyy sign a long-term partnership covering security and economic cooperation.
SpaDeX Docking
V. Narayanan leads ISRO when the two SpaDeX spacecraft successfully dock in orbit, demonstrating India's autonomous space-docking capability.
Starship Test Flight
SpaceX conducts a Starship test flight.
Better Man
Releases Better Man, a soundtrack linked to the biographical film about his life and career.
Death of Scotland and United Legend
Law died aged eighty-four, and football clubs and supporters honoured the former Scotland forward and Ballon d'Or winner.
Long-Term Manchester City Contract
Haaland signed a new long-term contract with Manchester City running until 2034, extending his commitment to the club beyond his original agreement.
Trump Inauguration Response
Says Russia is open to talks with the new U.S. administration.
JrPresidency
Leaves office at the end of his presidential term.
Final Day Pardons
Issues final-day pardons and commutations.
President of USA
Is inaugurated for a second non-consecutive presidential term.
Vice President of USA
Is inaugurated as vice president of the United States.
Trump Inauguration War Policy
Returns to office promising to seek an end to the war.
Ukraine Diplomacy
New U.S. administration inherits the ongoing war.
Secretary of State
Is sworn in as Secretary of State.
Ukraine Policy Review
Reviews U.S. policy toward Ukraine after taking office.
Second Taoiseach Term
Returns as Taoiseach after nomination by Dail Eireann and appointment by the President.
Belarus Presidential Election
Claims victory in a disputed presidential election.
M23 Entry into Goma
M23 forces enter Goma while Congolese troops continue resisting in parts of the city.
Rogers Hat-Trick Against Celtic
Rogers scores a hat-trick against Celtic in the Champions League as Villa secure direct qualification for the round of sixteen.
Most Powerful Io Eruption Recorded
Juno infrared data reveal the most powerful volcanic activity yet recorded on Io.
Interim President of Syria
Is appointed interim president during Syria's transition.
Brexit
Campaigns on post-Brexit politics through Reform UK after returning to Westminster.
President of Venezuela
Appointed interim President of Venezuela after the removal of Nicolas Maduro
Continuation of Prime Ministerial Duties
Dbeibah states that he remains in office and continues performing his government duties.
BRITPOP
Releases BRITPOP, earning a sixteenth solo UK number one album according to Official Charts.