Domus Aureus
Nero constructs a Palace for himself, the Domus Aureus
Historical events in July
7,768 historical records across all years
Great Fire of Rome
The Great Fire of Rome begins on July 18, 64, and devastates much of the city.
Succession
Hailed Emperor by the Egyptian legions under Tiberius Alexander
Execution of Governors
The Senate orders execution of governors including Lusius Quietus & Cornelius Palma
Death of Hadrian Publius Aelius
Dies at Baiae and is succeeded by Antoninus Pius.
Death of Hadrian
Dies at Baiae and is succeeded by Antoninus Pius.
Succession
Succeeds Hadrian as emperor.
Succession
Succeeds as Emperor of Rome, founds the House of Antonines
Antonine Wall
Begins construction of the Antonine Wall in Britain
Toga Virilis
Marcus Aurelius formally presented Commodus with the toga virilis and recommended him to the army.
Succession
After Constantius I dies at York, his troops acclaim Constantine; Galerius subsequently recognizes him within the imperial system as Caesar.
Death of Constantius I
Death of Constantius I, at Eburacum, York
Succession
After Constantius I dies, Galerius promotes Flavius Valerius Severus from Caesar to Augustus in the western tetrarchy.
Battle of Mardia
Forced to give up Llyricum & Greece to Constantine, retains Asia, Egypt & Thrace
Battle of Mardia
Defeated by Constantine & sues for peace
Battle of Adrianople
Constantine defeats Licinius & unites the 2 halves of the Empire under his sole rule
Battle of Adrianople
Constantine defeats Licinius near Adrianople in the renewed civil war and forces him to withdraw toward Byzantium.
Battle of Chrysopolis
Constantine defeats Licinius during a naval Battle after the Battle of Adrianople
Vicennalia
Constantine celebrates the twentieth anniversary of his accession with ceremonies in Rome.
Birth of Valentinian III
Birth of Valentinian III, son of Constantius III
Death of Celestine I
Death of Celestine I
Battle of Dara
During the Iberian War, leads the Romans to a stunning victory over the Sassanids in the Battle of Dara
Battle of Callinicum
Defeats the Persians at the Battle of Callinicum on the Euphrates, followed by the negotiation of an "Eternal Peace" with the Persians, and Roman payment of heavy tributes for years in exchange for peace with Persia
Eternal Peace
Defeats the Persians at the Battle of Callinicum on the Euphrates, followed by the negotiation of an "Eternal Peace" with the Persians, and Roman payment of heavy tributes for years in exchange for peace with Persia
Death of Eorcenbert
Death of Eorcenbert. buried in Canterbury
Death of Egbert I
Death of Egbert I
Assassination of Oswulf
Assassination of Oswulf
Death of Oswulf
Assassination of Oswulf
Alliance Offa and Charles of the Franks to protect merchants on both sides of the Channel
Allies with Charles of the Franks to protect merchants on both sides of the Channel
Death of Offa
Marks the end of Mercian dominance in England & the beginning of the rise of Wessex. Death of Offa
Death of Heizei
Heizei dies in 824 and is buried at the Yamamomo imperial mausoleum in present-day Nara.
Battle of Pressburg
A Bavarian army is devastated by Magyar forces at the Battle of Pressburg; Margrave Liutpold and Archbishop Theotmar are among those killed.
Death of Archbishop Theotmar
Archbishop Theotmar of Salzburg, a senior royal churchman, is killed with the Bavarian army at Pressburg.
Death of Liutpold at Pressburg
Margrave Liutpold is killed during the Bavarian catastrophe at Pressburg, weakening royal authority on the southeastern frontier.
Battle of Chartres
Charles III the Simples Frankish armies defeat the Vikings
Capture of Derby
Aethelflaed captured Derby, one of the Five Boroughs, though four of her thegns were killed.
Death of Edward the Elder
Edward the Elder died, opening a disputed succession between Athelstan and his half-brother Aelfweard.
Death of Edward the Elder
Edward the Elder dies and is succeeded by Athelstan as King of Wessex
Mercian Recognition
Mercian leaders recognised Athelstan as king soon after Edward the Elder died.
West Saxon Succession Dispute
West Saxon support initially favoured Aelfweard, delaying Athelstanโs acceptance across the entire kingdom.
Burial
Buried in Winchester
Conference of Eamont
Constantine of Scotland, Owain of Gwent & Hywell of Strathclyde pay homage
Eamont Agreement with Bamburgh
Ealdred of Bamburgh joins the northern rulers reaching an agreement with Athelstan at Eamont Bridge.
Eamont Agreement with Strathclyde
Athelstan secures an agreement at Eamont Bridge with the ruler of Strathclyde as part of the northern political settlement.
Meeting at Eamont
Athelstan met northern and western rulers at Eamont after taking control of York.
Submission of Constantine II
At Eamont Bridge, Athelstan secures an agreement with Constantine II of Scotland and other northern rulers; English sources portray the settlement as submission to his supremacy.
Submission of Ealdred of Bamburgh
Ealdred of Bamburgh accepted Athelstanโs authority after the collapse of Scandinavian York.
Submission of Hywel Dda
Hywel Dda of Deheubarth attended the Eamont settlement and acknowledged Athelstanโs overlordship.
Submission of Owain of Strathclyde
Owain of Strathclyde joined the rulers who accepted Athelstanโs authority at Eamont.
Unification
A meeting at Eamont Bridge is sealed by an agreement that Constantine, Eogan of Strathclyde, Hywel Dda, and Ealdred would "renounce all idolatry": that is, they would not ally with the Vikings
Meeting at Eamont
Constantine II joins other northern rulers at Eamont Bridge to reach a political settlement with King Athelstan.
Death of Edgar the Peaceful
King Edgar dies and is succeeded by his son Edward the Martyr, who is only 12 years old
Coronation
The most powerful of the French Lords is crowned King of France
Independence of Italy
After Byzantium fails to support the Pope the "Universal" Church splits
Independence
After Byzantium fails to support the Pope the "Universal" Church splits
Reballion of Rebels in Dunsinnan
Macbeth is defeated in battle by the army of Siward of Northumbria but not deposed
Coup
Duncans son Malcolm defeats MacBeth which leads to his overthrow & death 3 yrs later
Reballion of Rebels in Dunsinnan
Macbeth is defeated in battle by the army of Siward of Northumbria but not deposed. Duncans son Malcolm defeats MacBeth which leads to his overthrow & death 3 yrs later
Battle of Dunsinan
Duncans son Malcolm defeats MacBeth which leads to his overthrow & death 3 yrs later
Coup
Duncans son Malcolm defeats MacBeth which leads to his overthrow & death 3 yrs later
Dedication of Bayeux Cathedral
William attended the solemn dedication of Bayeux Cathedral built under Odo's episcopate.
Dedication of Bayeux Cathedral
Matilda attended the cathedral dedication with William and the Norman court.
Bayeux Cathedral
The Bayeux Tapestry is first shown at the dedication of Bayeux Cathedral
Bayeux Tapestry
Commissioned by William the Conquerors half brother, Bishop Odo
Dedication of Bayeux Cathedral
Odo dedicated the Romanesque cathedral after decades of construction.
Arrest of Gregory VII
Gregory VII is liberated from the Holy City by Robert Guiscard & taken to Salerno
Battle of Sorbara
Defeats the forces of Emperor Henry IV
Arrest of Gregory VII
Gregory VII is liberated from the Holy City by Robert Guiscard & taken to Salerno
Death of Robert Guiscard
Death of Robert Guiscard
Marriage
Marries Welf V of Bavaria & brings Bavaria into the papal alliance
Battle of Dorylaeum
The Crusaders survive an attack by 50,000 mounted Turkish archers & advance to Syria
Battle of Dorylaeum
The Crusaders are able to advance to Syria. Tactical victory for Crusaders who are not overcome by 50,000 mounted Turkish archers
Invasion of Syria
After the Battle of Dorylaeum the Crusaders march on Syria
Battle of Dorylaeum
Helped to relieve the vanguard at the Battle of Dorylaeum after it had been pinned down by the Seljuk Turks under Kilij Arslan I, with the help of the other crusader princes in the main force and went on to sack the Seljuk camp
Battle of Dorylaeum
The Crusaders manage not to be overcome by 50,000 mounted Turkish archers. The Crusaders avoid defeat & are able to march on Syria & Anatolia
Siege of Antioch
Bohemund of Otranto wants to keep Antioch but Raymond returns to Byzantium after an oath to Alexius
Siege of Jerusalem
Raymond of Toulouse commands Provenรงal forces during the final assault on Jerusalem and becomes one of the senior Crusader leaders after the city falls.
Capture of Jerusalem
It was an end to three years of fighting by the Crusaders, but they had finally done what they had set out to do in 1096'gnamely, to recapture the Holy Land and, in particular, the city of Jerusalem and its holy sites, such as the Holy Sepulchre, the tomb of
Capture of Jerusalem
It was in Jerusalem that the legend of Godfrey of Bouillon was born. The army reached the city in June 1099 and built a wooden siege tower (from lumber provided by some Italian sailors who intentionally scrapped their ships) to get over the walls.
Capture of Jerusalem
Jesus Christ.
Capture of Jerusalem
The First Crusade comes to an end. Jerusalem falls to the Normans after 1 month & the Crusaders slaughter 40,000
Capture of Jerusalem
The major attack took place on July 14 and 15, 1099. Godfrey and some of his knights were the first to take the walls and enter the city.
Siege of Jerusalem
It was an end to three years of fighting by the Crusaders, but they had finally done what they had set out to do in 1096'gnamely, to recapture the Holy Land and, in particular, the city of Jerusalem and its holy sites, such as the Holy Sepulchre, the tomb of
Siege of Jerusalem
It was in Jerusalem that the legend of Godfrey of Bouillon was born. The army reached the city in June 1099 and built a wooden siege tower (from lumber provided by some Italian sailors who intentionally scrapped their ships) to get over the walls.
Siege of Jerusalem
Jesus Christ.
Siege of Jerusalem
The First Crusade comes to an end. Jerusalem falls to the Normans after 1 month & the Crusaders slaughter 40,000
Siege of Jerusalem
The major attack took place on July 14 and 15, 1099. Godfrey and some of his knights were the first to take the walls and enter the city.
Siege of Jerusalem
The Crusaders have slaughtered 40,000 & the 1st Crusade comes to an end. Assists in the seige, Jerusalem falls to the Normans after 1 month
Capture of Jerusalem
Jerusalem remains in Christian hands for 88 yeas
Siege of Jerusalem
Jerusalem falls, Godfrey becomes its guardian & then self-appointed King
Succession
Succeeds as King of Jerusalem
Capture of Jerusalem
The Crusaders slaughter 40,000 & the 1st Crusade comes to an end. Jerusalem falls to the Normans after 1 month
Capture of Jerusalem
Once the city was returned to Christian rule, some form of Government had to be set up. On July 22, a council was held in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Raymond of Toulouse refused to become king. Godfrey did no damage to his own piety by accepting the position, but only as secular leader, and not as King
Rule of Jerusalem
Once the city was returned to Christian rule, some form of Government had to be set up. On July 22, a council was held in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Raymond of Toulouse refused to become king. Godfrey did no damage to his own piety by accepting the position, but only as secular leader, and not as King
Death of Godfrey of Bouillion
Death of Godfrey of Bouillion
Succession
Succeeds as King of Jerusalem, 1100-1118
Invasion of England
Duke Robert lands at Portsmouth & is supported by Barons including Robert of Belleme
Invasion of England
Duke Robert lands at Portsmouth & is supported by Barons including Robert of Belleme
Reballion of Rebels in Portsmouth
Duke Robert lands at Portsmouth & is supported by Barons including Robert of Belleme
Invasion of England
Upon his return from the Crusades, Robert, urged by Flambard & several Anglo-Norman barons, leads an invasion of England to retake the crown from his brother Henry I. Duke Robert lands at Portsmouth & is supported by a Barons including Robert of Belleme
Death of Erik I
Death of Erik I, during a pilgrimage to Jerusalem as the first king after the city was conquered during the First Crusade
Siege of Lisbon
The Siege of Lisbon, from July 1 to October 25, 1147, was the military action that brought the city of Lisbon under definitive Portuguese control and expelled its Moorish overlords
Coronation
Offers Becket the chance to return to England & recrown Prince Henry, Becket accepts. Crowned by Archbishop Roger of York in violation of the rights of Thomas a Becket
Coronation
Crowns Henry II King of England
Exile of Henry II
Offers Becket the chance to return to England & recrown Prince Henry, Becket accepts
Exile of Alexander III
Forces Henry II to end his quarrel with Thomas a Beckett
Absolution
The Emperor Frederick falls on his knees before Alexander III & obtains absolution
Absolution
Emperor Frederick falls on his knees before Pope Alexander III & obtains absolution
Coronation
Crowned King of Burgundy
Birth of Franz Kafka
Birth of Franz Kafka
Capture of Tiberias
Captures Tiberias from the Crusaders after a 6 day siege
Battle of Hittin
Saladin defeats the Franks. Defeats the Christians in a campaign to drive them out of Palestine. 20,000 Franks including Guy de Lusignan are captured
Battle of Hittin
Saladin defeats the Franks, 20,000 Franks including Guy de Lusignan are captured
Capture of Acre
Captures Acre
Capture of Jerusalem
Captures Jerusalem & wins control of Frankish Syria & Palestine. Captures Jerusalem which provokes the third Crusade of 1189-1192
Rule of Palestine
Captures Jerusalem & wins control of Frankish Syria & Palestine
Rule of Syria
Captures Jerusalem & wins control of Frankish Syria & Palestine
Succession
Henry II agrees to make Richard his heir, arrange his marriage & pay 20,000 marks
Treaty of Colombieres
Henry II agrees to make Richard his heir, arrange his marriage & pay 20,000 marks
Succession
Henry II agrees to make Richard his heir, arrange his marriage & pay 20,000 marks
Treaty of Colombieres
Henry II agrees to make Richard his heir, arrange his marriage & pay 20,000 marks
Invasion of Maine
Goes to Chinon where he learns that his favorite son, John, has deserted him
Amnesty
Proclaims an amnesty in England for offences against the forest law
Burial
Buried in Fontevrault Abbey, France
Death of Richard I the Lionheart
Death of Henry II
Pardon
Receives a pardon from the Archbishops of Canterbury & Rouen. Arrives at Seez, Normandy
Mobilization
Combines forces with Philippe II of France & sets off for the Holy Land
Capture of Acre
Acre falls to the Crusaders after Richard I defeats Saladins Army
Siege of Acre
Acre falls to the Crusaders after Richard I defeats Saladins Army
Capture of Acre
Acre falls to the Crusaders after Richard I defeats Saladins Army
Siege of Acre
Acre falls to the Crusaders after Richard I defeats Saladins Army
Ransom
The Emperor Henry VI sets Richards ransom at 100,000 pounds
Battle of Alarcos
The Almohad host came in view, Alfonso found himself outnumbered but rashly formed his army next day, offering battle, instead of retreating towards Talavera, which the Leonese troops had already reached
Battle of Alarcos
A Battle between an alliance of Almohads led by Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur and some Castilian cavalry led by Pedro Fernendez de Castro versus King Alfonso VIII King of Castille
Battle of Alarcos
Determined to bar the enemy access to the rich Tagus valley, and in his haste he did not wait for the reinforcements the King's Alfonso IX of Leon and Sancho of Navarra.
Battle of Alarcos
For the next two years, al-Mansurs forces devastated Extremadura, the Tagus valley, La Mancha and even the area around Toledo.
Battle of Alarcos
Suffers a heavy defeat. Fortunately for the Christians Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur moves back to Sevilla to make good his own considerable losses; there he takes the title of al-Mansur Billah (Made victorious by God).
Homage
Pays homage to John who then recognizes Llewelyns capture of north Wales
Siege of Mirabeau
Crosses the Loire to defend Mirabeau from Arthur of Brittany the Lusignan brothers
Death of Hubert Walter
Death of Hubert Waller, King John loses a valuable adviser
Capture of Trim
Captures Walter de Laceys castle at Trim, County Meath, Ireland
Invasion of Wales
Commences the Invasion of north Wales
Battle of Navas de Tolosa
Moslem power in Spain collapses after defeat in battle under Caliph Mohammed. Defeats the Almohades, breaks their power in Spain
Battle of Navas de Tolosa
Helps defeat the Almohads
Battle of Navas de Tolosa
Helps defeat the Moors
Interdict
The Pope raises the Papal interdict against John
Capture of Angers
Captures Angers after a succesful campaign in Poitou
Battle of Bouvines
Philip II defeats the combined forces under Otto IV & the English. Philip II becomes ruler of north France & Flanders after defeating John
Battle of Bouvines
Philip II defeats John at Bouvines to gain control of Flanders
Bouvines Alliance Strategy Fails
John's coalition strategy collapses after Philip II defeats the northern allied army at Bouvines.
Rule of Flanders
Philip II becomes ruler of north France & Flanders after defeating John
Rule of Flanders
Under the Treaty of Bouvines France gains Flanders & wins the Imperial crown for Frederick II
Rule of France
Under the treay of Bouvines John I is forced to give up his claims to northern France. Philip II becomes ruler of north France & Flanders after defeating John
Treaty of Bouvines
Under the treay of Bouvines John I is forced to give up his claims to northern France. Under the Treaty of Bouvines France gains Flanders & wins the Imperial crown for Frederick II
Rule of Hong Kong
Takes a lease out on Hong Kong
Battle of Bouvines
The Battle of Bouvines ensures the succession of Frederick II as Emperor. The Battle of Bouvines ends Johns campaigns in France. The Battle of Bouvines confirms Philip II as ruler of northern France. Phillip II captures Flanders after the Battle of Bouvines. Philip II defeats Otto IV at Bouvines after he had invaded France to assist King John
Bouvines Coalition Defeated
Philip II defeats the coalition army at Bouvines and strengthens French influence over Flanders.
Capture of Flanders
Phillip II captures Flanders after the Battle of Bouvines
Invasion of France
Philip II defeats Otto IV at Bouvines after he had invaded France to assist King John
Rule of France
The Battle of Bouvines ensures the succession of Frederick II as Emperor. The Battle of Bouvines confirms Philip II as ruler of northern France
Battle of Bouvines
France gains Flanders & wins the Imperial crown for Frederick II
Battle of Bouvines
Otto IV marches into Flanders but is defeated by the French. Ensures the succession of Frederick II as Emperor. Confirms Philip II as ruler of northern France
Invasion of France
Otto IV invades France in support of King John
Coronation
Crowned King at Aachen on the marble throne of Charlamagne
Death of Philip II
Death of Philip II, dying words are "now there is only one King in France"
Result of Surrender of Mirambeau
Mirambeau falls to Henry III, allowing his campaign to continue toward Bordeaux.
Siege of Bordeaux
Mirambeau captitulates to Henry III who then marches on Bordeaux
Surrender of Mirambeau
Mirambeau captitulates to Henry III who then marches on Bordeaux
Peace
Agrees a truce with France for 3 yrs
Battle of Neva River
The Swedes are defeated, ending Swedish attempts to conquer northern Novgorod
Battle of Taillebourg
Henry III & his French baron allies retreat to the town of Saintes. Decisive engagement of this brief, but critical war
Battle of Taillebourg
Henry III & his French baron allies retreat to the town of Saintes
Westminster Abbey
Lays the foundation stone for the complete rebuilding of Westminster Abbey
Council of Lyons
The Council of Lyons declares Frederick II deposed
Holy Roman Empire
The Council of Lyons declares Frederick II deposed
Council of Lyons
The Council of Lyons declares Frederick II deposed
Succession
Alexander III succeeds as King of Scotland on the death of his father Alexander II
Death of Alexander II
Death of Alexander II, suffers a fever at the Isle of Kerrera in the Inner Hebrides
Reballion of Rebels in Kerrera
Killed on the Island of Kerrara leading an expedition against the Norwegian Earls
Coronation
Alexander III is crowned King of Scotland
Reballion of Rebels in Western Isles
Tries to subdue a rebellion in the Western Isles
Rule of Ireland
Oferred the opportunity by Henry II to colonize all wasteland in Ireland
Death of Richard de Clare
Death of Richard de Clare
Provisions of Oxford
Henry accepts de Montforts terms
Siege of London
Montfort occupies London
Reballion of Rebels in London
Henry accepts de Montforts terms, de Montfort then occupies London
Siege of London
Henry accepts de Montforts terms, de Montfort then occupies London
Battle of Evesham
Departs from his siege of Pevensey to support his father who is near Worcester
Siege of Pevensey
Departs from his siege of Pevensey to support his father who is near Worcester
Mobilization
Stays near Kenilworth Castle on his way to support his father near Worcester
Siege of Kenilworth
Decides to march on Kenilwirth from Worcester
Siege of Newport
Prince Edward sinks or captures 11 of Earl Simons merchant ships. Marches to Newport to ship his army across the Bristol Channel
Siege of Newport
Prince Edward sinks or captures 11 of Earl Simons merchant ships
Siege of River Severn
Earl Simon is twice prevented from crossing the Severn by Prince Edward
Birth of Robert I
Birth of Robert I, born in Turnberry Castle, grandson of Robert VII de Bruce of both Norman and Celtic ancestry
Treaty of Flanders
Meets Edward I & agrees to a Treaty restoring trade between England & Flanders
Treaty of Brigham-on-Tweed
Scotland crown the legitimate successor if Edward or Margaret fail to produce an heir. Edward obtains a personal right to the Scottish inheritance which he can pass on. Conditionally agrees to Scottish independence. Agrees with the Guardians of Scotland for Margaret of Norway to marry Prince Edward
Interregnum
The Treaty of Birgham planned Margaret's marriage while formally preserving Scotland's separate government.
Treaty of Brigham-on-Tweed
Edward I agrees with the Scottish Guardians that Margaret will marry Prince Edward
Persecution
Edward expels all Jews, 16,000, & Parliament votes him a substantial grant in aid
Alliance John Balliol and Joan
Betrothed to Joan, eldest daughter of Charles of Valois, brother to the French King
Marriage
Betrothed to Joan, eldest daughter of Charles of Valois, brother to the French King
Reballion of having suppressed the
Edward is able to leave Wales having suppressed the rebellion
Abdication
Forced to abdicate, after this follows the 2nd interregnum, 1296-1306
Interregnum
Balliol was forced to renounce his kingship after Edward I's invasion.
Abdication
John Balliol renounces his crown & Kingdom in front of Edward I
Rule of Scotland
John Balliol renounces his crown & Kingdom in front of Edward I
Rule of Scotland
John Balliol renounces his crown & Kingdom in front of Edward I. At Brechin Edward subjected John to the humiliation of having his royal regalia stripped from him
Siege of Edinburgh
The Earl of Surrey routes the Scottish army at the Battle of Dunbar and by 11th July Edinburgh Castle had fallen and John had surrendered
Invasion of France
Appears on a dais outside Westminster Hall & successfully appeals for tax increases
Battle of Irvine
Robert I the Bruce is forced to surrender to Henry de Percy & Robert de Clifford
Result of Surrender of Robert I the Bruce
Bruce's submission temporarily ends his resistance to Percy and Clifford in the campaign.
Surrender of Robert I the Bruce
Robert I the Bruce is forced to surrender to Henry de Percy & Robert de Clifford
Arrest of William Wishart
Wishart is arrested
Battle of Irvine
Robert I the Bruce is defeated by the English
Battle of Selkirk
Wallace & his followers take refuge in the Forest of Selkirk
Battle of Irvine
Forced to surrender to Henry de Percy & Robert de Clifford
Invasion of Scotland
Edward I crosses the Tweed by Coldstream with 12,500 or more foot and over 2,500 horse, veterans of his campaigns in France and Wales
Battle of Caerlaverock
Distinguishes himself at the Siege of Caerlaverock Castle
Siege of Caerlaverock
Distinguishes himself at the Siege of Caerlaverock Castle
Invasion of Scotland
The Pope condemns Edward Is invasion of Scotland
Siege of Caerlaverock
Caerlaverock Castle falls to Edward I after a siege of 5 days
Battle of Courtrai
The French heavy cavalry is defeated by Flemish infantry caught in the mud. 700 Spurs are from the French Knights by the Flemish infantry, "battle of the Spurs"
Courtrai Defeat Weakens French Control
The French defeat at Courtrai sharply weakens Philip IV's effort to absorb Flanders.
Battle of Courtrai
The French are defeated, Philip can no longer support the Scottish nationalists
Battle of Bapheus
Osman defeated a Byzantine relief force at Bapheus, greatly increasing his military reputation in Bithynia.
Siege of Caerlaverock Castle
The castle falls within 5 days & the Scots give Edward I little resistance
Death of Edmund Mortimer
Death of Edmund Mortimer, 2nd Baron Mortimer
Invasion of Scotland
Stirling Castle surrenders
Siege of Stirling Castle
Stirling Castle surrenders
Invasion of Scotland
Leaves Carlisle
Death of Brother
His death leaves Frederick central to the Austrian Habsburg succession.
Invasion of Scotland
Sets up camp at Burh-upon-Sands
Death of Edward I
Dies at Burgh-upon-the-Sands, Solway. Death of Edward I, "the hammer of the Scots"
Invasion of Scotland
England rereats from Scotland, major castles are recovered except Berwick & Stirling
Death of Robert I the Bruce
The death of Edward I eases Robert Bruces nationalist struggle against the English
Coronation
Crowned King of England, son of Edward I
Battle of Halidon Hill
Robert Bruce returns from Ireland & defeats the English under de Valence
Capture of Urquhart Castle
Robert Bruce captures Urquhart Castle & places it in the care of Sir Thomas Ranpolph, the Earl of Moray
Siege of Urquhart Castle
Robert Bruce captures Urquhart Castle & places it in the care of Sir Thomas Ranpolph, the Earl of Moray
Invasion of Scotland
Launches an invasion of Scotland but dies of dysentery
Condemnation of John of Pouilly
John XXII condemned propositions attributed to the theologian John of Pouilly concerning confession and papal authority.
Arrest of Roger Mortimer
Forced to surrender to the king at Shrewsbury, Mortimer is consigned to the Tower of London
Battle of Shrewsbury
Forced to surrender to Edward II
Election
John XXII declares Louis IVs election null & void
Holy Roman Empire
John XXII declares Louis IVs election null & void
Rule of Empire
John XXII declares Louis IVs election null & void
Election
John XXII declares Louis IVs election null & void
Rule of Empire
John XXII declares Louis IVs election null & void
Weardale Campaign
Campaigns against Scottish forces during the final phase of the independence war
Marriage to David Bruce
Joan of the Tower marries David Bruce to seal the peace
Dynastic Alliance
David's marriage to Joan links the Bruce and Plantagenet houses
Marriage to Joan of Tower
David Bruce marries Joan of the Tower under the peace settlement
Flemish Revolt Campaign
Philip VI marches into Flanders to support Count Louis
Death of James Randolph
Death of Thomas Randolph
Kamakura Shogunate Ends
The Hojo regency collapses with the fall of Kamakura
Fall of Kamakura
Hojo Takatoki dies as Kamakura falls to imperial forces
Siege of Kamakura
Nitta Yoshisada attacks Kamakura and destroys Hojo power
Fall of Kamakura Shogunate
Go-Daigo's supporters overthrow the Kamakura shogunate
Yuan Rule Begins
Toghon Temur becomes emperor of the Yuan dynasty
Battle of Halidon Hill
The Scots lose 70 Lords including Earl Douglas & the Earl of Mar. Revenge for Edward IIs defeat at Bannockburn. One of the first uses of the English longbow. Defeats the Scots led by Archibald Douglas
Halidon Hill Service
Percy fights on the English side at Halidon Hill
Halidon Hill Service
Neville supports Edward III's army during the battle
Battle of Halidon Hill
Defeats the Scots outside Berwick using archers and defensive ground
Battle of Halidon Hill
Edward defeats Archibald Douglas and the Scottish army near Berwick
Halidon Hill Position
Edward takes a strong defensive position above Berwick
Longbow Tactics
English archers help break the Scottish attack at Halidon Hill
Regency Ends
Douglas's guardianship ends with his death after the battle
Battle of Halidon Hill
Wounded in battle, captured & dies in prison
Battle of Halidon Hill
Edward III avenges Scottish victories over his father Edward II. Defeated by Edward III who lays siege to Berwick with a new army & archers longbows
Battle of Halidon Hill
Edward II revenges his fathers defeat at Bannockburn
Death at Halidon Hill
Donald Earl of Mar dies in battle against Edward III
Death at Halidon Hill
Hugh Earl of Ross dies during the Scottish defeat at Halidon Hill
Death at Halidon Hill
Kenneth Earl of Sutherland is killed in the Scottish defeat
Battle of Halidon Hill
Douglas is defeated and killed during the Battle of Halidon Hill
Battle of Halidon Hill
Robert Stewart survives the disaster at Halidon Hill
Loss at Halidon Hill
David II's supporters suffer a major defeat outside Berwick
Berwick Captured
Takes Berwick after victory at Halidon Hill
Berwick Surrenders
Berwick surrenders to Edward III after the defeat of the Scottish relief army
Berwick Settlement
Edward III uses Berwick to pressure Scotland after Halidon Hill
Northern Administration
Edward III organizes English control after the capture of Berwick
Halidon Hill Campaign
Wake supports the English campaign against the Bruce party
Balliol Interest
Beaumont backs the Balliol cause and English intervention in Scotland
Halidon Hill Campaign
Montagu serves Edward III during the northern campaign
Homage to Edward III
Edward Balliol relies on Edward III after the English victory at Berwick
Balliol Restored
Edward III strengthens Edward Balliol's restored kingship after Halidon Hill
Imperial Service
Chikafusa serves the restored imperial government
Imperial Government Restored
Go-Daigo attempts direct imperial government after military rule collapses
Imperial Loyalty
Kusunoki Masashige is rewarded for loyalty to Go-Daigo
Relief of Berwick
Douglas leads a Scottish army to relieve besieged Berwick
Berwick Defence
Keith is associated with the defence of Berwick before surrender
Guardian
Following Edward's return to England, the remaining leaders of the Scots resistance choose Sir Andrew Murray as Guardian
Invasion of Scotland
Edward III and Edward Balliol return again in July with an army of 13,000, and advance through Scotland, first to Glasgow and then Perth, where Edward III installs himself
Siege of Perth
Some Scots leaders, including the Earl of Atholl and the High Steward submit themselves to Edward III at Perth. Edward III and Edward Balliol return again in July with an army of 13,000, and advance through Scotland, first to Glasgow and then Perth, where Edward III installs himself
Great Scottish Campaign
Campaigns deep into Scotland with Edward Balliol
Guardian
Following Edward's return to England, the remaining leaders of the Scots resistance choose Sir Andrew Murray as Guardian
Alliance Edward III and German Allies
Sails from Orwell to Antwerp then marches to Koblenz to join the German Allies
Siege of Tournai
Besieges Tournai during the Low Countries campaign
Invasion of France
Sets sail with 750 ships, 15,000 men including 9,000 archers, 4,000 infantry & 2,000 cavalry for a 2nd invasion
Invasion of France
Lands with an army of men-at-arms & bowmen on the Conten Peninsula, Normandy
Invasion of Gascony
Lands at la Hogue after the siege of Aigullon, to relieve Gascony, Flanders & Brittany
Normandy Landing
Lands in Normandy at the start of the Crecy campaign
Invasion of France
Edward III lands in France at St. Vaast la Hogue, 20 miles from Cherbourg
Capture of Caen
Captures and sacks Caen during the Normandy campaign
Capture of Caen
Captures Caen on the River Orne which blocks his way to Crecy
Invasion of France
Carentan, Saint-Lo and Torteval were all razed, after which Edward turned his army against Caen, the ancestral capital of Normandy
Siege of Carentan
Carentan, Saint-Lo and Torteval were all razed, after which Edward turned his army against Caen, the ancestral capital of Normandy
Siege of Saint Lo
Carentan, Saint-Lo and Torteval were all razed, after which Edward turned his army against Caen, the ancestral capital of Normandy
Torteval
Carentan, Saint-Lo and Torteval were all razed, after which Edward turned his army against Caen, the ancestral capital of Normandy
Death of Joan of England
Edward III's daughter Joan died of plague at Bordeaux while travelling to Spain for her planned marriage to Peter of Castile.
Archbishop of Canterbury
Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury
Archbishop
Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury
Rule of Gascony
Edward III grants the Prince of Wales the Kingdom of Gascony
Marriage
The daughter of Edward III marries the Earl of Kent
Guangxi Occupied
Yang Jing's forces help occupy Guangxi for the Ming
Succession
Declared heir to the throne
Coronation
Crowned in Westminster Abbey, 10 yr old grandson of Edward III
Coronation
Crowns Richard II at Westminster Abbey
Siege of London
Revokes the pardons given to the rebels
Trial
Richard II presides over the tribunal at which John Ball is condemned to death
Trial
Richard II presides over the tribunal at which John Ball is condemned to death
Invasion of Portugal
The King of Castille again invades Portugal with the purpose of conquering Lisbon and removing John I from the throne. John I of Castille is accompanied by French allied cavalry while English troops and generals take the side of John of Avizh
Succession
The King of Castille again invades Portugal with the purpose of conquering Lisbon and removing John I from the throne. John I of Castille is accompanied by French allied cavalry while English troops and generals take the side of John of Avizh
Death of Leopold III
Death of Leopold III, at the Battle of Sempach
Battle of Sempach
The Helvetic Confederation ally with Swabian & Rhenish towns to defeat the Habsburgs. Death of Leopold III, at the Battle of Sempach
Reballion of Hears of Bolingbrokes
Hears of Bolingbrokes rebellion in Ireland & lands in England
Invasion of England
Richard II leaves England to suppress a rebellion in Ireland
Reballion of Rebels in Cheshire
Gathers an army in Cheshire against Henry II in support of the Welsh
Reballion of Rebels in Nottingham
Reaches Nottingham & hears that the Percys have risen against him with the Welsh
Battle of Shrewsbury
Marches to Shrewsbury to prevent the rebels from joining up with Glendower
Death of Henry Hotspur Percy
Death of Henry "Hotspur" Hotspur, killed at the Battle of Shrewsbury
Battle of Shrewsbury
Killed at the Battle of Shrewsbury fighting Henry IV
Battle of Shrewsbury
Fights against the Percys for Henry IV
Battle of Shrewsbury
Northumberland surrenders & is pardoned with a fine. Henry "Hotspur" is killed in his effort to join Owen Glendower
Battle of Shrewsbury
Henry "hotspur" is killed in his effort to join forces with Owen Glendower
Burial
Buried in the family chapel
Invasion of England
Henry IV marches north to repel border raids from Scotland & Wales
Execution of Jan Hus
Is burned at the Council of Constance.
Plot
The conspirators favour Edmund Mortimer as King. A Lollard plot to assassinate the King at Porchester on his way to France is exposed
Reballion of Rebels in Porchester
The conspirators are supporters of Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March. A plot to assassinate the King
Invasion of France
English troops embark for France
Peerage
Created Lord of Lillebonne. Created Count of Harcourt
Capture of Compiegne
Captures Compiegne
Siege of Rouen
Start of the siege which ends in English occupation
First Defenestration of Prague
Leads radicals during the first defenestration of Prague.
Alliance Assassination of Jean-sans-Peur at Montereau and English
Assassination of Jean-sans-Peur at Montereau during a meeting with the Dauphin, his successor, Philippe-le-Bon, allies himself with the English
Assassination of Jean-sans-Peur of Burgundy
Assassination of Jean-sans-Peur at Montereau during a meeting with the Dauphin, his successor, Philippe-le-Bon, allies himself with the English
Capture of Gisors
Captures Gisors
Battle of Vitkov Hill
Defends Prague against crusading forces.
Treaty of Troyes
The Treaty of Troyes allows Henry V to marry Catherine, daughter of King Charles VI, & become king of France upon the latters death
Treaty of Troyes
The Treaty of Troyes allows Henry V to marry Catherine, daughter of King Charles VI, & become king of France upon the latters death
Death of Charles VI
Death of Henry V and Charles VI, produces a disputed kingship between the infant Henry VI and the Dauphin Charles, Duke John of Bedford becomes Regent of France on behalf of Henry VI
Battle of Cravant
Helps defeat the French in battle
Battle of Cravant
An English & Burgundian army defeat the French, who had some Scottish support
Battle of Cravant
The English defeat a pro-Dauphinist army at Cravant
Siege of Domremy
Joans home village of Domremy is raided by Burgundian troops under Lord Vergy, the villagers take refuge in the nearby city of Neufchatel
Alliance France and Burgundy
Joan of Arcs army camps near the pro-Burgundian city of Auxerre, which finally agreed to neutrality
Neutrality
Joan of Arcs army camps near the pro-Burgundian city of Auxerre, which finally agreed to neutrality
Siege of Troyes
1st day of the siege of Troyes by Joan of Arcs army
Capture of Troyes
Troyes surrenders after Joan of Arc organizes effective preparations for a full assault
Siege of Troyes
Troyes surrenders after Joan of Arc organizes effective preparations for a full assault
Capture of Troyes
Troyes surrenders after Joan of Arc organizes effective preparations for a full assault
Siege of Troyes
Troyes surrenders after Joan of Arc organizes effective preparations for a full assault
Siege of Troyes
Troyes Anglo-Burgundian garrison leaves, Joan arranges for their prisoners to be freed & the Royal army enters Troyes
Siege of Chalons-sur-Marne
Chalons-sur-Marne immediately opens its gates Joan of Arcs army
Siege of Reims
Reims immediately openes its gates Joan of Arcs army
Coronation
Charles VII is crowned at Reims Cathedral, Joan is at his side, holding her banner
Coronation
Returns to Chinon in accordance to her vision then leads the Dauphin to Reims. Joan of Arc dictates a letter to the Duke of Burgundy asking him to establish "a firm, lasting peace" with Charles & the Armagnacs. Charles VII is crowned at Reims Cathedral, Joan is at his side, holding her banner
Coronation
Crowned King of France, kills off the Treaty of Troyes
Treaty of Troyes
Crowned King of France, kills off the Treaty of Troyes
Siege of Paris
Defends Paris from the French after the coronation of Charles VII at Rheims
Capture of Compiegne
Leads the capture of Compiegne from the English
Congress of Arras
Opening day of the Congress to arrange a general peace
Congress of Arras
Heads the Congress of Arras
Congress of Arras
Philipe the Good sets himself up as an arbiter between England & France. Heads the Congress of Arras
Siege of London
Cades forces enter London & Henry VIs adviser Lord Say is executed
Siege of London
The rebels are dispersed after a general amnesty. The rebellion collapses after a Royal Pardon is granted for the rebels. Defeated at London Bridge due to the rebels indiscipline. Cade calls for the appointment of the Duke of York in Government. 3000 rebels are dispersed after a general amnesty. 3,000 are dispersed as Cade calls for inclusion of the Duke of York in Government
Siege of London
Cade is mortally wounded resisting capture at Heathfield
Canonization
Since martyrs are automatically considered saints, Joan of Arcs canonization is effectively initiated at this point
Nullification Trial
Since martyrs are automatically considered saints, Joan of Arcs canonization is effectively initiated at this point. Inquisitor Brehal & other Church officials overturn Joans conviction, in his final summary of the case, Brehal describes Joan as a martyr who was wrongly executed by corrupt, partisan clergy
Trial
Since martyrs are automatically considered saints, Joan of Arcs canonization is effectively initiated at this point. Inquisitor Brehal & other Church officials overturn Joans conviction, in his final summary of the case, Brehal describes Joan as a martyr who was wrongly executed by corrupt, partisan clergy
Trial
Inquisitor Brehal & other Church officials overturn Joans conviction, in his final summary of the case, Brehal describes Joan as a martyr who was wrongly executed by corrupt, partisan clergy
Siege of London
Begins to help organixe the details for the siege of the Tower of London
Siege of London
Begins to help organize the details for the siege of the Tower of London
Siege of London
Begins pounding the walls of the Tower of London
Siege of London
Begins pounding the walls of the Tower of London
Siege of Canterbury
The Yorkists march into Canterbury where the officers join the Yorkists
Siege of London
Warwick besieges London & forces the Lancastrians to retreat to the Tower of London
Siege of London
Organizes a siege of the Tower of London with the Mayor of the City
Battle of Northampton
Death of Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, killed at the Battle of Northampton
Battle of Northampton
The Battle is shortened when Edmund Grey, 1st Earl of Kent turned traitor to the King and ordered his men to lay down arms, allowing the Yorkists access to the camp. Buckingham, the Earl of Shrewsbury and the Lords Egremont and Beaumont are killed by a group of Kentishmen
Arrest of Henry VI
Captures Henry IV & returns to London with him
Battle of Northampton
Launches a successful assault on King Henrys earthwork camp. Defeats a Lancastrian force marching on London & re-captures Henry VI
Battle of Northampton
Captured at the Battle of Northampton & forced to acknowledge Richard as his heir
Battle of Northampton
Escapes from the Battle of Northampton & assembles a Lancastrian Army in the nth
Marriage
Marries Margaret, daughter of King Christian of Norway
Commander of Lancastrian Army
Appointed Commander of the Lancastrian Army by Queen Elizabeth
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant of the Lancastrian Army by Queen Elizabeth
Mobilization
Joins up with 400 Lancastrian archers
Siege of London
Warwick besieges London & forces the Lancastrians to retreat to the Tower of London
Death of Charles VII
Death of Charles VII
Reballion of Redesdales
Redesdale is backed by Warwick & Edgcott near Bicester. Edward IVs troops are defeated by Redesdales rebels
Reballion of Redesdales
Edward IVs troops are defeated by Redesdales rebels
Marriage to Margaret
Charles the Bold marries Margaret of York at Bruges.
Burgundian Marriage
Margaret of York marries Charles the Bold in Bruges.
Marriage
Marries Isabelle Neville, daughter of the Earl of Warwick
Battle of Edgecote Moor
On 12 July, Warwick and Clarence declared their support for the rebels & on the 18th, Warwick left London at the head of a large army to reinforce the rebels
Siege of Canterbury
Neville & Clarence mobilize for s siege of Canterbury
Battle of Edgecote Moor
The Earl of Pembroke and his brother Sir Richard Herbert are captured and executed the following day
Battle of Edgecote Moor
The rebels hurried south to meet with Warwick, bypassing the King but nearly colliding with Pembroke and Devon at Edgecote Moor, the two armies became aware of each other on 25 July and joined in battle early in the morning of the 26th. The Earl of Pembroke and his brother Sir Richard Herbert are captured and executed the following day
Battle of Edgecote Moor
The Battle pitted the forces of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, against those of King Edward IV, the battle is considered to be an important turning point in the course of the war
Battle of Edgecote Moor
The Battle pitted the forces of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, against those of King Edward IV, the battle is considered to be an important turning point in the course of the war. Edward is defeated & Rivers is later executed. After the King's defeat after the Battle of Edgecote Moor, Rivers and his second son, John, are taken prisoner
Battle of Banbury
Edward Neville plots in France for the Duke of Clarence to become King. A force advancing on Nottingham to relieve the King is cut to pieces
Battle of Edgecote Moor
The Battle pitted the forces of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, against those of King Edward IV, the battle is considered to be an important turning point in the course of the war
Plot
Edward Neville plots in France for the Duke of Clarence to become King
Alliance Richard Neville and Margaret of Anjou
Margaret of Anjou accepts Warwicks submission at the cathedral of Angers
Alliance Edward and Anne Neville
Seals the betrothal of the Queens son Edward to Warwicks daughter Anne Neville
Marriage
Seals the betrothal of the Queens son Edward to Warwicks daughter Anne Neville
Marriage
Confirms Richards title to Warwicks north possessions. Confirms Richards & share of the Beauchamp estates
Marriage
Marries Anne Neville, younger daughter of Warwick & widow of Edward Prince of Wales
Coup
Enters Edinburgh unopposed after James III had been the victim of a coup
Siege of Alnwick Castle
Richard gathers an army of 20,000 at Alnwick Castle
Siege of Berwick
Berwick surrenders to Richard, it had been surrendered to the Scots 2 decades before
Siege of Edinburgh
Enters Edinburgh unopposed after James III had been the victim of a coup
Coronation
Carries the crown into Westminster Abbey for Richard IIIs coronation
Coronation
Carries the Sword of State into Westminster Abbey for Richard IIIs coronation
Coronation
The Queens train was borne by Margaret, Countess of Richmond, whose son would become Henry VII after defeating Richard at the Battle of Bosworth. Anne Neville was crowned alongside her husband by Thomas Bourchier, Archbishop of Canterbury, in the first joint coronation after 175 years
Coronation
Makes arrangements for the coronation of Richard III
Coronation
Carries Queen Annes train at Richard IIIs coronation
Coronation
Crowned in Westminster by Cardinal Bourchier
Succession
In an act of Parliament, the Titulus Regius, Gloucester declared his elder brothers children with Elizabeth Woodville illegitimate on the grounds that his brother had a precontract with the widow Lady Eleanor Butler, which was considered a legally binding contract that rendered any other marriage contract invalid
Succession
Now referred to as Dame Elizabeth Grey, she and the Duke of Buckingham (a former close ally of Richard III) now allied themselves with Lady Margaret Beaufort and espoused the cause of Margaret Beauforts son Henry Tudor, a great-great-great-grandson of King Edward III.
Succession
To strengthen Henrys claim and unite the two feuding noble houses, Elizabeth Woodville and Margaret Beaufort agreed that the latters son should marry the formers eldest daughter, Elizabeth of York, who upon the death of her brothers became the heiress of the House of York.
Titulus Regius
In an act of Parliament, the Titulus Regius, Gloucester declared his elder brothers children with Elizabeth Woodville illegitimate on the grounds that his brother had a precontract with the widow Lady Eleanor Butler, which was considered a legally binding contract that rendered any other marriage contract invalid
Peace
A 3 year truce with Scotland is agreed
Humphrey Stafford Convicted
Stafford is convicted of treason for participating in the failed Yorkist rising against Henry VII.
Hopes for ties of blood between England & Spain
Hopes for "ties of blood" between England & Spain. Congratulates Ferdinand II on his success against the Moors
Birth of Thomas Cranmer
Thomas Cranmer is born at Aslockton and later becomes Archbishop of Canterbury and a central architect of the English Reformation.
Birth of Thomas Cranmer
Birth of Thomas Cranmer
Reballion of Rebels in Renfrewshire
Suppresses the rebellion in Renfrewshire
Birth of Elizabeth
Birth of Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VII & Elizabeth of York
Birth of Elizabeth
Birth of Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VII & Elizabeth of York
Birth of Elizabeth
Birth of Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VII & Elizabeth of York
Burial
Buried in Wawel Cathedral in Cracow
Death of Casimir III the Great
Death of Casimir III the Great
Failed Deal Landing
Warbeck's supporters attempt a landing near Deal, but local resistance defeats the force before the pretender can establish a secure English foothold.
Warbeck Landing Attempt
Warbeck attempts to land a Yorkist invasion force on the Kent coast, but local resistance drives his followers back before they can establish a foothold.
Capture of Naples
Naples surrenders to Charles VIII who is crowned King,
Coronation
Naples surrenders to Charles VIII who is crowned King,
Capture of Naples
Naples surrenders to France's Charles VIII who is crowned King
Coronation
Naples surrenders to France's Charles VIII who is crowned King
Capture of Naples
Supports Charles VIII of France during his capture of Naples
Battle of Fornovo
Retakes the city of Naples from Charles VIII
Battle of Fornovo
After the Battle of Fornovo Charles VIII abandons his claims in Italy, a victory for the Holy League
Rule of Italy
After the Battle of Fornovo Charles VIII abandons his claims in Italy, a victory for the Holy League
Alliance Henry VII and English diplomatic interests
Henry joins a wider European alliance intended to restrain French power and protect English diplomatic interests.
Holy League
Membership of the Holy League aligns England with Ferdinand, Maximilian and Pope Alexander VI against Charles VIII.
Cape Good Hope
Sets sail for India attempting to be the first to make the journey around Africa
Arrest of Perkin Warbeck
Pretends to be Edward Earl of Warwick & is arrested
Treaty of Basel
Concedes independence to the Swiss Confederation
Battle of Dornach
The Swiss & the French defeat the Emperor over a border dispute with Austria
Cornish Charter of Pardon
Henry issues a Charter of Pardon that strengthens the legal privileges of the Cornish stannaries after the earlier rebellion.
Birth of John Calvin
Birth of John Calvin
Captain
Appointed Captain General of Peru
Burial
Buried in the Henry VII Lady Chapel of the Abbey, in a black marble tomb topped with a bronze gilded effigy and canopy. She is now situated between the later graves of William and Mary and the tomb of Mary, Queen of Scots
Invasion of France
Lands in Calais
Siege of Calais
Lands in Calais
Alliance Francis I and Scotland
Sends 2 shiploads of weepons to Scotland. James IV accepts finance & equipment for a "2nd front" against England
Invasion of England
James IV accepts finance & equipment for a "2nd front" against England
Siege of Therouanne
Henry's army invests Therouanne, making the fortified French town the first major objective of his personally led invasion campaign.
Mobilization
Makes some of the canon used by the Scots Army being gathered to invade England
Treaty of St Germain-en-Laye
Louis XII cedes Touraine & pays Henry 1 million francs not to claim the French throne
Treaty of St Germain-en-Laye
Henry gains a pension & tournai, Louis XII marries Henrys sister Mary
Dynastic Marriage Negotiations at Wansted
Mary repudiates her marriage contract to the Prince of Castille during a ceremony
Marriage
Mary repudiates her marriage contract to the Prince of Castille during a ceremony
Invasion of Syria
Learns Syrians under Sultan al-Gauri are preparing to ally with Persia & invades Syria
Capture of Cairo
Makes his entry into Cairo, the Turks become masters of Egypt
Birth of Frances Brandon
Frances Brandon is born to Mary Tudor and Charles Brandon, placing her and her daughters within Henry VIII's extended succession settlement.
Anglo-French Negotiations
Conducts negotiations with French representatives that combine a general peace project with a closer Anglo-French settlement.
Debate with Johann Eck
Begins his direct theological debate with Johann Eck.
Leipzig Debate Conclusion
Completes the Leipzig disputation after weeks of debate with Karlstadt and Luther.
Leipzig Debate Support
Supports Luther during the disputation and follows its theological arguments closely.
Council Authority Challenged
Argues that church councils can err, sharpening his break with established authority.
Jan Hus Comparison
Accepts that some teachings of Jan Hus condemned at Constance were genuinely Christian.
Papal Authority Argument
Challenges Luther over papal authority and the teachings condemned at Constance.
Battle of Otumba
Cortez defeats the Aztecs
Meeting with Emperor Charles V
Meets Emperor Charles V
Alliance Agreement with France for 2 yrs
Henry VIII & Emperor Charles agree not to sign a new alliance with France for 2 yrs
Alliance Henry VIII and Emperor Charles and France for 2 yrs
Henry VIII & Emperor Charles agree not to sign a new alliance with France for 2 yrs
Alliance Agreement with France for 2 yrs
Henry VIII & Emperor Charles agree not to sign a new alliance with France for 2 yrs
Alliance Henry VIII and Emperor Charles and France for 2 yrs
Henry VIII & Emperor Charles agree not to sign a new alliance with France for 2 yrs
Meeting with Francis I
Meets Francis I after the Field of Cloth of Gold between Calais & Gravelines
Meeting with Henty VIII
Meets Henty VIII after the Field of Cloth of Gold on the border of Gravelines & Calais
Capture of Shabotz
The Turks capture Shabotz
Edict of Worms
Additional arrests were made among the Augustinians in Antwerp. Two monks, Johann Esch and Heinrich Voes, refused to recant; on 1 July 1523, they were burned at the stake in Brussels
Siege of Rhodes
Begins the siege of Rhodes
Death of Martin Luther
Two of Luthers followers, Augustine monks from Antwerp, are burnt alive
Execution
Two of Luthers followers, Augustine monks from Antwerp, are burnt alive
Attainment
Stafford is attainted by Parliament
Diplomatic Negotiations at Paris
Henry VIII breaks off talks after the Battle of Pavia. Charles V refuses to restore Henry VIII to the French throne
Peace Negotiations at London
Brinon returns to London to resume peace talks
Master of the Horse
Appointed Master of the Horse to the Duke of Richmond
Custody of James V
The Estates place James V in the care of nobles and prelates, including Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus.
Custody of James V
The Estates place James V in the care of selected nobles and prelates, including Gavin Dunbar.
Marriage
Marries Catherine, daughter and coheir of Sir William Fillol
Birth of John Dee
John Dee is born in London and later becomes a mathematician, astronomer, navigator adviser and intellectual associated with Elizabeth I's court.
Birth of Emmanuel Philibert
Birth of Emmanuel Philibert, son of Duke Charles III of Savoy
Marriage
Influences his nephew Clement VII in refusing to annul Henry VIIIs marriage
Blackfriars Court Leaves Succession Unresolved
The legatine court adjourns without granting Henry's annulment, leaving his marriage and the legitimacy of any alternative succession settlement unresolved.
Marriage
Attends the divorce tribunal on final day but papal legates refer the divorce to Rome
Marriage
Henry VIII separates from Catherine & banishes her from court
Marriage
Henry VIII separates from Catherine & banishes her from court
Separated from Catherine
Mary is separated from Catherine of Aragon as Henry pressures the royal household
Excommunication
Pope Clement VII provisionally excommunicates Henry and his advisers (which includes Cranmer) unless he repudiates Anne by the end of September
Reformation, The
Pope Clement VII provisionally excommunicates Henry and his advisers (which includes Cranmer) unless he repudiates Anne by the end of September
Excommunication
Excommunicated by Pope Clement VII. Clement VII declares the divorce from Catherine illegal. Clement VII declares Anne & Henry's children illegitimate
Excommunication
Pope Clement VII threatens Henry VIII with excommunication unless he abandons the marriage to Anne Boleyn.
Excommunication
Clement VII declares Anne & Henrys children illegitimate
Succession
Clement VII declares Anne & Henrys children illegitimate
Excommunication
Clement VII excommunicates Henry VIII
Capture of Tabriz
Suleyman I the Magnificent captures Tabriz
Murder
Archbishop John Alen is killed by followers of Silken Thomas during the Kildare rebellion.
Murder
Archbishop John Alen is killed by followers of Silken Thomas during the rebellion.
Kildare Rebellion
The rebels fail to seize Dublin Castle, the centre of English government in Ireland.
Reballion of Rebels in Dublin
Silken Thomas attacks Dublin Castle but fails to seize the centre of English government in Ireland.
Sentence
Thomas More is sentenced to the traitor's death of hanging, drawing and quartering.
Trial
Richard Rich gives evidence that Thomas More denied Parliament's power to make Henry VIII head of the Church.
Trial
Thomas More argues that his silence should not be treated as treason against Henry VIII.
Trial
Thomas More is tried for high treason before a commission including Thomas Audley and the Duke of Norfolk.
Verdict
The jury finds Thomas More guilty of high treason after a brief deliberation.
Trial for High Treason
More is tried in Westminster Hall and convicted of high treason.
Act of Succession
He believed he could not be convicted unless he explicitly denied that the king headed the Church, so he refused to answer all questions.
Act of Succession
Thomas Cromwell, the most powerful of the King's advisers, produces the Solicitor General, Richard Rich, to testify that More had, in his presence, denied that the King was the legitimate head of the Church.
Act of Succession
Thomas More was charged with high treason for denying the validity of the Act of Succession.
Execution
Sentenced to be hanged, drawn, and quartered (the usual punishment for traitors) but the King commutes this to execution by beheading
Treason
Charged with high treason for denying the validity of the Act of Succession, More believes he cannot be convicted as long as he did not explicitly deny that the king was the head of the Church, and he therefore refuses to answer all questions
Treason
Indicted of High Treason at Westminster Hall & condemned to death
Trial
Charged with high treason for denying the validity of the Act of Succession, More believes he cannot be convicted as long as he did not explicitly deny that the king was the head of the Church, and he therefore refuses to answer all questions
Trial
More is tried before a panel of judges that includes the new Lord Chancellor, Sir Thomas Audley, as well as Anne Boleyns father, brother, and uncle.
Trial
Thomas Cromwell, the most powerful of the King's advisers, produces the Solicitor General, Richard Rich, to testify that More had, in his presence, denied that the King was the legitimate head of the Church.
Trial
Sentenced to be hanged, drawn, and quartered (the usual punishment for traitors) but the King commutes this to execution by beheading. Indicted of High Treason at Westminster Hall & condemned to death. Before his sentencing, More speaks freely of his belief that "no temporal man may be the head of the spirituality"
Execution
Thomas More is beheaded at Tower Hill for refusing to accept Henry VIII's supremacy over the Church.
Execution
Sir Thomas More is executed
Execution
Thomas More is executed after refusing to accept the royal supremacy and succession oath.
Execution of Thomas More
Thomas More is executed on Tower Hill after refusing the royal supremacy oath.
Death of Thomas More
Death of Thomas More
Execution
While on the scaffold declares that he died "the King's good servant, but Gods first". Executed for refusing to acknowledge the act of supremacy
Supremacy
While on the scaffold declares that he died "the King's good servant, but Gods first". Executed for refusing to acknowledge the act of supremacy
Edict of Coucy
Following the Edict of Coucy heretics had a limited six-month period to reconcile with the Catholic faith, Calvin decides that there was no future for him in France
Edict of Coucy
Francis I issues the Edict of Coucy ending the persecution of Protestants who were calling for reform in the Catholic Church and displayed provocative placards attacking the Mass
Exile of John Calvin
Following the Edict of Coucy heretics had a limited six-month period to reconcile with the Catholic faith, Calvin decides that there was no future for him in France
Reformation, The
Following the Edict of Coucy heretics had a limited six-month period to reconcile with the Catholic faith, Calvin decides that there was no future for him in France
Reformation, The
Francis I issues the Edict of Coucy ending the persecution of Protestants who were calling for reform in the Catholic Church and displayed provocative placards attacking the Mass
Kildare Rebellion
Lord Leonard Grey strengthens royal control in Ireland after the collapse of rebel resistance.
Reballion of Kildare
Lord Leonard Grey arrives in Ireland to strengthen royal authority after the Kildare revolt.
Sentence
Henry VIII commutes Thomas More's sentence from hanging, drawing and quartering to beheading.
Lord Privy Seal
Appointed Lord Privy Seal
Lord Privy Seal
Cromwells position is now stronger than ever, succeeds Anne Boleyns father, Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, as Lord Privy Seal
Peerage
Raised to the peerage as Baron Cromwell of Wimbledon
Legislation
The Ten Articles of Protestant faith are passed
Legislation
The Ten Articles are passed
Reform of Church Governance
The Ten Articles of Protestant faith are passed
Dissolution of Parliament
Henry VIIIs 6th Parliament closes
Bishop of Rome Act
Parliament extinguishes remaining claims of papal authority within England.
Ecclesiastical Licences Act
The Ecclesiastical Licences Act replaces papal dispensations with licences granted under royal authority.
Second Succession Act
Henry VIII is authorised to determine the succession further by letters patent or by will.
Second Succession Act
The Act confirms Mary remains excluded from the succession alongside Elizabeth.
Second Succession Act
The Act declares Elizabeth illegitimate and removes her from the line of succession.
Second Succession Act
The Second Succession Act receives royal assent after the fall and execution of Anne Boleyn.
Second Succession Act
The Second Succession Act removes both Mary and Elizabeth from the succession after Anne Boleyn's fall.
Second Succession Act
The succession is vested in any legitimate children Henry VIII may have by Jane Seymour or a later wife.
Death of Henry Fitzroy
Death of Henry Fitzroy, of tuberculosis
Death of Henry VIII
Death of Henry Fitzroy
Reform of Church-State Relations
Prohibited to exercise or defend papal authority, under penalty of praemunire
Legislation
The Act of Succession is passed
Legislation
The Act of Succession, section IX allows Henry to bestow the crown on his daughters
Reform of Royal Succession
The Act of Succession is passed
English Church Doctrine Recast
Cranmer participates in drafting doctrinal statements that retain significant traditional teaching while accepting royal supremacy and reformist language.
Legitimacy
Mary & Elizabeth are bastardized, succession going to Jane Seymours son Edward VI
Succession
Mary & Elizabeth are bastardized, succession going to Jane Seymours son Edward VI
Convocation Defines Seven Sacraments Debate
Convocation debates doctrine under royal direction as the Crown seeks an English statement of belief during the break with Rome.
Succession
Mary & Elizabeth are bastardized, succession going to Jane Seymours son Edward VI
Ten Articles
The Ten Articles define official doctrine for the Church of England under Henry VIII's supremacy.
Reconciled with Henry
Mary is reconciled with Henry VIII after signing the required submission
Death of Robert Aske
Death of Robert Aske
Execution
The leader of the Pilrimage of Grace is executed
Execution
The leader of the Pilrimage of Grace is executed
Dean of Wells
Appointed Dean of Wells
Death of Madeleine
Death of Queen Madeleine
Execution
Robert Aske is executed after Henry VIII punishes the leaders of the Pilgrimage of Grace.
Bishops' Book Published
The Institution of a Christian Man is published to explain doctrine, sacraments and Christian duties for the reformed English Church.
Death of Henry VIII
Robert Aske, The leader of the Pilgrimage of Grace is executed
Execution
Robert Aske, The leader of the Pilgrimage of Grace is executed
Bishops Book
Prepares a draft document, The Institution of a Christian Man, more commonly known as the Bishops Book
Institution of a Christian Man
Prepares a draft document, The Institution of a Christian Man, more commonly known as the Bishops Book
Synod
Prepares a draft document, The Institution of a Christian Man, more commonly known as the Bishops Book
Death of James V
Death of Madeleine, Jamess wife is killed by the Scottish climate, age 16
Death of George Talbot
Death of George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury
Resignation of Bishops of Salisbury & Worcester
The Bishops of Salisbury & Worcester resign
Resignation of Hugh Latimer
Resigns after opposing the Act of Six Articles.
Resignation of Hugh Latimer
Resigns his bishopric rather than accept the Six Articles.
Legislation
The Act of Proclamations is passed
Reform of Royal Proclamations
The Act of Proclamations is passed
Reballion of Rebels in Bellahoe
Lord Leonard Grey defeats the Kildare faction of ODonnell & ONeill
Reballion of Rebels in Bellahoe
Lord Leonard Grey defeats the Kildare faction of ODonnell & ONeill
Marriage
Henry VIII seeks Anne of Cleves's formal consent for an inquiry into the validity of their marriage.
Marriage
Henry VIII asks for Anne of Cleves formal consent for the trial of their marriage
Marriage
The Church marriage tribunal finds Henry VIII's marriage to Anne of Cleves invalid
Marriage
The Church marriage tribunal finds Henry VIIIs marriage to Anne of Cleves is invalid. Sends a message to Henry VIII saying that only God can part them
Marriage
Henry's marriage to Anne of Cleves is annulled after six moninth of marriage. Court decrees that Anne is not Queen & will be known as the sister of the King
Marriage
The marriage between Henry VIII & Anne of Cleves is annulled on the grounds that it had never been consummated, Henry claimed that he had found his bride so unattractive that he could not bear to sleep with her
Marriage
Court decrees that Anne is not Queen & will be known as the sister of the King
Marriage
The marriage between Henry VIII & Anne of Cleves is anulled on the grounds that it had never been consummated, Henry claimed that he had found his bride so unattractive that he could not bear to sleep with her
Dissolution of Parliament
Henry VIIIs 7th Parliament closes
Reform of Bible Use
The English Bible is ordered in every parish church
Execution
Thomas Cromwell is executed after losing Henry VIII's confidence following the Anne of Cleves marriage.
Marriage
Marries Catherine Howard, 5th wife
Marriage
Marries Henry VIII, Henry VIIIs 5th wife
Execution of Thomas Garret
Thomas Garret is burned for heresy alongside other evangelical reformers during Henry VIII's religious reaction.
Execution of Robert Barnes
Robert Barnes is burned for heresy after renewed conservative pressure against evangelical preaching under Henry VIII.
Execution of Thomas Abel
Thomas Abel is hanged, drawn and quartered for treason after opposing Henry VIII's marriage policy and royal supremacy.
Execution of William Jerome
William Jerome is burned for heresy after condemnation for Protestant preaching and doctrine.
Society of Jesus (Jesuit)
Founds the Jesuit Order on Feast day
Reform of Inheritance Law
The Statute of Wills is passed
Roman Inquisition Established
Issues Licet ab initio, establishing a commission of six cardinals to judge cases of heresy and schism.
Roman Inquisition
Serves among the leading cardinals of the newly established Roman Inquisition, becoming a central figure in its campaign against Protestant teaching.
Anglo-Scottish Marriage Treaty
The treaty proposes marriage between Prince Edward and Mary Queen of Scots.
Treaty of Greenwich
Agrees the Treaty of Greenwich with Scottish representatives.
Treaty of Greenwich
The Treaty of Greenwich agrees peace and proposes the marriage of Prince Edward to Mary, Queen of Scots.
Third Succession Act
Third Succession Act restores Mary to the succession after Edward
Treaty of Greenwich
England and Scotland sign treaties providing for peace and the future marriage of Prince Edward to Mary, Queen of Scots.
Invasion of Scotland
Henry VIII expects the Treaty of Greenwich to bring Scotland into a closer English political orbit.
Invasion of Scotland
The Treaty of Greenwich agrees peace and the future marriage of Prince Edward to Mary, Queen of Scots.
Treaty of Greenwich
Henry VIII uses the treaty to seek a dynastic union between England and Scotland.
Treaty of Greenwich
The Treaty of Greenwich is signed, proposing peace between England and Scotland.
Treaty of Greenwich
The agreement seeks to end conflict after the Scottish defeat at Solway Moss.
Treaty of Greenwich
The settlement is intended to bring Scotland into a closer English alliance after the death of James V.
Treaty of Greenwich
The treaty arranges the future marriage of Prince Edward to Mary, Queen of Scots.
Treaty of Greenwich
The treaty provides that Mary, Queen of Scots, will marry Henry VIII's son Edward when both are older.
Peace Agreement with England
Accepts the proposed marriage between Mary and Prince Edward.
Treaty of Greenwich
Agrees peace terms with England in the Treaty of Greenwich.
Betrothal to Prince Edward
The agreement seeks a dynastic union between England and Scotland.
Treaty of Greenwich
Is formally promised in marriage to Prince Edward under the Treaty of Greenwich.
Treaty of Greenwich
Henry secures the Treaty of Greenwich proposing marriage between Prince Edward and Mary, Queen of Scots, a settlement whose rejection helps trigger renewed invasion.
Marriage to Catherine Parr
Marries Catherine Parr at Hampton Court Palace.
Marriage
Marries Catherine Parr, 6th wife, widow of Lord Latimer
Sixth Marriage of Henry VIII
Takes Catherine Parr as his sixth and final wife.
Marriage
Marries Henry VIII, his 6th wife, she is the widow of Lord Latimer
Catherine Parr Becomes Queen
Becomes Henry VIII's sixth queen consort.
Marriage to Henry VIII
Marries Henry VIII in the Queen's Privy Closet at Hampton Court.
Treaty of Greenwich
Agrees to peace afte the marriage of Margaret & Edward. Agrees that Queen Mary will marry the Prince Edward at the age of 10
Treaty of Greenwich
The Earl of Arran concludes a Treaty betrothing Mary to Prince Edward
Guardian
Marches to Linlithgow to provide guardianship for Mary Queen of Scots
Guardian
Moves Mary to Stirling castle where she cannot be abducted by the English. Gathers a force of 7,000 at Stirling
Guardianship of Mary
Helps move Mary Queen of Scots to the security of Stirling Castle.
Mary Moved to Stirling
Protects the infant queen from possible English seizure.
Invasion of Scotland
The pro-French and Catholic faction around Cardinal Beaton opposes the English marriage policy.
Invasion of Scotland
Opposition to the English marriage grows among Scots who fear domination by Henry VIII.
Appointment of John Cheke
John Cheke is summoned from Cambridge to help educate Prince Edward in languages, scripture, philosophy and the liberal sciences.
Siege of Calais
Henry joins his troops in Calais
Invasion of France
Henry VIII crosses the Channel with an invasion force during the renewed war against France.
Siege of Boulogne
The Duke of Suffolk begins the English siege of Boulogne-sur-Mer.
Siege of Montreuil
Norfolk's army begins operations against Montreuil but fails to take the town.
Siege of Montreuil
Norfolk leads the second English army against Montreuil while Henry attacks Boulogne, dividing the invasion into two major siege operations.
Siege of Boulogne
Henry concentrates his main invasion army around Boulogne, making the fortified port the central objective of his renewed war against France.
Death of Philip II
Death of Maria of Portugal, a few weeks after giving birth to Carlos
Death of Maria of Portugal
Death of Maria of Portugal, a few weeks after giving birth to Carlos
Invasion of England
A French fleet attempts to invade England to divert Henry VIII from Boulogne-sur-Mer
Invasion of England
A French fleet threatens England and lands forces on the Isle of Wight during the campaign.
Battle of the Solent
A large French fleet enters the Solent during an attempted invasion of England.
Invasion of England
A large French fleet enters the Solent during an attempted invasion of England.
Battle of the Solent
The French fleet confronts English naval forces in the Solent during the attempted invasion.
Mary Rose
The Mary Rose sinks during the naval fighting against the French fleet in the Solent.
Battle of the Solent
George Carew dies when the Mary Rose sinks during the Battle of the Solent.
Battle of the Solent
Claude d'Annebault commands the French fleet during the attempted invasion of England.
Battle of Spithead
Edward Clinton sees action against the French at Spithead under John Dudley, Viscount Lisle.
Battle of the Solent
Edward Clinton serves with the English fleet during the fighting against the French in the Solent.
Battle of the Solent
Henry VIII observes the naval campaign from the Portsmouth area as the French fleet threatens the coast.
Battle of the Solent
English and French naval forces fight in the Solent during the French invasion attempt.
Battle of the Solent
John Dudley commands the English fleet during the naval battle against the French in the Solent.
Mary Rose
The Mary Rose sinks during the Battle of the Solent with heavy loss of life.
Sinking of Mary Rose - Open Gunports
Mary Rose heeled sharply during the Solent action, allowing seawater to enter through open lower gunports before the ship sank rapidly.
Sinking of Mary Rose
The Mary Rose sinks near Portsmouth during action against the French fleet.
Battle of the Solent
John Dudley, Viscount Lisle, commands the English fleet during the Battle of the Solent.
Battle of the Solent
Edward Clinton serves with the English fleet during the fighting against the French in the Solent.
Battle of the Solent
French forces land on the Isle of Wight after the naval fighting in the Solent.
Battle of the Solent
The French fleet fails to force a decisive landing despite its strength and withdraws from the Solent campaign.
Battle of the Solent
The battle becomes associated with the loss of the Mary Rose and the failure of the French invasion attempt.
Death of Anne Askew
Death of Anne Askew, executed
Execution
Burnt for heresy, a believer in Reformation she is found to have Court connections
Reformation, The
Burnt for heresy, a believer in Reformation she is found to have Court connections
Death of Henry VIII
Anne Askew is burnt at Smithfield for heresy
Execution
Anne Askew is burnt at Smithfield for heresy
Execution
Burnt for heresy, a believer in Reformation he is found to have Court connections
Reformation, The
Burnt for heresy, a believer in Reformation he is found to have Court connections
Boulogne Peace Ratification
Confirms the settlement governing Boulogne, French payments and the restoration of peaceful relations after the costly war.
Departure
Leaves Scotland at the age of 6 to be brought up in France
Departure
Mary embarks for France in order to avoid interception by the Englsh
Book of Homilies
The first Book of Homilies is published by royal authority for clergy to read in churches.
Book of Homilies Authorised
A collection of approved homilies is issued so clergy can deliver consistent Protestant teaching even where trained preachers are unavailable.
Edwardian Royal Injunctions Issued
Royal injunctions order further reform of parish worship, preaching and images during the opening months of Edward VI's Protestant government.
Marriage
Marriage contract between Mary & Dauphin Francis
Marriage
Mary sets sail for France
Siege of Haddington
Grey commands the English garrison as Scottish and French forces begin a prolonged siege of Haddington, the key stronghold of the Tudor occupation.
Wymondham Enclosure Riots Begin
Local protestors begin tearing down enclosure fences around Wymondham, transforming economic grievances into a wider Norfolk rising.
Kett's Rebellion
Unrest over enclosure begins at Wymondham and develops into Kett's Rebellion against local abuses and land enclosure.
Mousehold Heath Rebel Camp Established
Kett's followers establish a large camp on Mousehold Heath overlooking Norwich, where thousands gather under organised rebel leadership.
Royal Pardon Rejected at Mousehold
Kett's followers reject a royal pardon because they consider their grievances just and refuse to disperse without substantive remedies.
Norwich Captured by Kett's Forces
The rebel army enters and captures Norwich, temporarily placing England's second-largest city under the control of the Norfolk rising.
Battle of Fenny Bridges
Russell's forces fight the rebels at Fenny Bridges during the difficult advance toward Exeter and the main western rebel army.
Capture of Norwich
Robert Kett's rebels take control of Norwich after weeks of mobilisation on Mousehold Heath.
Prayer Book Rebellion Defended as Reform
Cranmer defends the new liturgy while western rebels demand restoration of older Catholic worship during the Prayer Book Rebellion.
Royal Force Sent against Western Rising
Lord Russell leads a royal army westward to relieve Exeter and suppress the rebellion after local authorities fail to restore control.
Norwich Authorities Negotiate with Rebels
Mayor Thomas Codd meets the growing rebel movement as Norwich authorities attempt to prevent violence and preserve civic control.
Exeter Besieged by Western Rebels
The rebel army surrounds Exeter and attempts to force the city to join resistance against the religious settlement of Edward VI.
Norfolk Rebel Demands Drafted
The rebels formulate demands addressing enclosure, rents, local government, clerical conduct and other grievances affecting Norfolk communities.
Robert Kett Joins Norfolk Rebels
Kett joins the protestors rather than resisting them and quickly becomes the principal leader of the expanding Norfolk movement.
Prayer Book Rebellion
Rebels besiege Exeter while demanding restoration of traditional religious practices and rejection of the new prayer book.
French Marriage Treaty
Approves a dynastic treaty providing for his future marriage to Elisabeth of Valois as part of closer Anglo-French relations.
Succession
Advised to escape the control of Northumberland, moves to Kenninghall, Norfolk
Succession
Escorts Mary during her entry in state into London
Move to Kenninghall
Mary leaves Hunsdon for Kenninghall to avoid Northumberland's control
Coronation
Under the influence of the Duke of Northumberland, lady Jane Grey is crowned Queen. Mary & Elizabeth were removed from the succession
Succession
Proclaimed Queen by Northumberland who had persuaded Edward VI to leave her the throne
Death of Edward VI
Edward VI dies at Greenwich Palace aged fifteen after a prolonged pulmonary illness.
Death of Edward VI
Edward VI dies leaving a disputed Protestant succession
Edward VI Death
Edward VI's death exposes reformers to danger.
Succession
Succeeds as Lady of England, 9-19 July, Queen Janes rule lasts just 10 days
Claim to Throne
Mary asserts her hereditary claim after Edward VI dies
Jane Informed of Royal Succession
Jane is informed that Edward's device names her as successor, placing her at the centre of the attempt to exclude Mary and Elizabeth.
Jane Summoned to Syon House
Jane is summoned to Syon House after Edward's death, where councillors prepare to tell her that the crown has been assigned to her.
Succession
The Bishop of London, Nicholas Ridley, declares both Elizabeth & Mary are bastards
Succession
The Bishop of London, Nicholas Ridley, declares both Elizabeth & Mary are bastards
Escape to East Anglia
Mary escapes Northumberland's control and rallies support in East Anglia
Letters to Council
Mary writes to the council asserting her rightful claim to the throne
Ridley Sermon
Nicholas Ridley supports Jane Grey's claim and attacks Mary's legitimacy
Mary Asserts Her Title to the Council
Mary writes to the Privy Council asserting that Henry VIII's statutory settlement makes her lawful queen despite Edward's contrary device.
Paul's Cross Sermon
Preaches against Mary and Elizabeth's claims to the throne.
Succession
Supports Lady Jane Grey and declares Mary and Elizabeth illegitimate.
Arrest of Jane Grey
Taken to the Tower & executed
Plot
Her accession is seen as a plot by Marquess of Dorset & the Duke of Northumberland
Succession
Brought to the Tower & cermonially received as Queen
Proclaimed Queen
Jane Grey is proclaimed queen by supporters of Northumberland
Succession Crisis
Northumberland backs Jane Grey against Mary Tudor's claim
Reballion of Rebels in East Anglia
Mary rallies her forces
East Anglian Rising
Mary rallies supporters in East Anglia against the Jane Grey regime
Jane Establishes Court in the Tower
Jane takes up residence in the Tower as queen, following the traditional pre-coronation practice while her government confronts Mary's rival claim.
Jane Grey Proclaimed Queen
Jane is proclaimed queen in London under Edward VI's succession device, although support outside the governing circle remains uncertain.
Lady Jane Grey
Supports Lady Jane Grey after Edward VI's death.
Reballion of to suppress Marys
Leaves London in an effort to suppress Marys rebellion
Arrest of Mary I
Sent to Framligham to arrest Mary I, an unpopular request with the people of London
Northumberland Marches against Mary
Northumberland leaves London with troops to suppress Mary's growing support, weakening the political control sustaining Jane's disputed succession.
Northumberland Marches
Northumberland leads troops against Mary but support for him collapses
Succession
Ships sent to prevent Mary from retreating mutiny & the rebellion turns Marys way
Fleet Mutiny
Ships sent against Mary mutiny and the succession crisis turns in her favour
Succession
Dudley demands reinforcements but at Baynards castle Lord Arundel declares Mary Queen
Succession
Dudley demands reinforcements but at Baynards castle Lord Arundel declares Mary Queen
Mary I Proclaimed
Mary I's accession leaves Ridley exposed as a Jane Grey supporter.
Arrest of John Dudley
The Council declares for Mary & Dudley is arrested
Reballion of Rebels in Cambridge
The Council declares for Mary & Dudley is arrested
Arrest of John Dudley
The Council declares for Mary & Dudley is arrested
Reballion of Rebels in Cambridge
The Council declares for Mary & Dudley is arrested
Council Submission
Privy Council submits to Mary after abandoning Jane Grey
Council Declares for Mary
Arundel helps lead the Privy Council's break with Jane's regime, and Mary is proclaimed queen in London as Northumberland's position collapses.
Jane Grey Imprisoned after Deposition
Jane Grey is moved from royal apartments into prison quarters after the Privy Council abandons her claim and proclaims Mary queen.
Guildford Dudley Imprisoned after Jane's Fall
Guildford Dudley is detained in the Tower after the collapse of his wife's disputed government and Mary's successful accession.
Succession
Returns to England & becomes the peoples choice. Declared Queen in London
Baynard Castle Meeting
Privy councillors at Baynard Castle abandon Jane Grey and proclaim Mary queen
Declared Queen
Mary is declared Queen in London after support for Jane Grey collapses
Jane Grey Deposed
Jane Grey's nine day regime ends when Mary is proclaimed queen
Proclaimed Queen
Mary is proclaimed queen after support for Jane Grey collapses
Jane Grey's Government Collapses
Jane's effective reign ends when the council abandons her cause and accepts Mary as Henry VIII's lawful successor.
Mary I Accession
Mary's accession threatens Protestant reformers.
John Dudley Arrested at Cambridge
John Dudley is arrested after his army collapses and he abandons the attempt to enforce Lady Jane Grey's claim against Mary Tudor.
Northumberland Proclaims Mary at Cambridge
Northumberland publicly proclaims Mary queen after learning that the Privy Council has deserted Jane's cause.
Succession
Meets Mary outside London & escorts her to the capital
Nicholas Ridley Arrested after Mary's Accession
Nicholas Ridley is imprisoned after supporting Lady Jane Grey and remaining one of the leading bishops identified with Edward VI's Protestant reforms.
Northumberland Arrested
John Dudley is arrested at Cambridge after the council abandons Jane Grey and recognises Mary, ending the political operation designed to redirect the succession.
Mary Rallies Support
Mary Tudor establishes her headquarters at Framlingham and gathers nobles, gentry and military support against the council that has proclaimed Jane Grey.
Succession
Raises an army at Framligham castle after the succession of Lady Jane Grey
Framlingham Army
Mary raises an army at Framlingham Castle after Jane Grey is proclaimed
John Gates Arrested after Succession Crisis
John Gates is arrested for supporting Northumberland's attempt to exclude Mary and maintain Lady Jane Grey on the throne.
Thomas Palmer Arrested after Jane Grey Regime
Thomas Palmer is arrested for military and political support of the failed succession settlement established around Lady Jane Grey.
Arrest of Nicholas Ridley
Is arrested after Mary I secures the throne.
Imprisonment
Is imprisoned in the Tower after the succession crisis.
Capture of Hesdin
Captures Hesdin from France for the Spanish-Imperial forces
Birth of France's Brandon
Birth of France's Brandon, future mother of Lady Jane Grey. Birth of France's Brandon, daughter of Charles Brandon & Mary Tudor
Marriage
Philip of Spain lands in England
Philip Lands
Philip of Spain lands in England before marrying Mary
Philip Arrives
Philip arrives in England before marriage to Mary.
Marriage
Arrives in Southampton on his way to marry Mary I
Arrives in England
Philip arrives in England before his marriage to Mary
Wyatt Rebellion
Marries Mary despite the earlier rebellion against the match.
Marriage
The marriage causes 3 insurrections. Parliament forbids Philips coronation even though he is co-ruler
Marriage
Marries her Spanish cousin the future Philip II of Spain, in Winchester cathedral
Marriage Settlement
Mary's marriage settlement limits Philip's authority and prevents his independent coronation
Marriage to Philip
Mary marries Philip of Spain at Winchester Cathedral
Mary Marries Philip of Spain
Mary marries Philip of Spain, making the birth of an heir the central dynastic objective of the new Anglo-Spanish royal marriage.
Philip Made King Consort
Philip receives the style of king during Mary's lifetime under the marriage treaty
Philip Marriage Alliance Completed
Marries Philip of Spain at Winchester, bringing the negotiated Anglo-Spanish dynastic settlement formally into operation.
Wyatt Rebellion
Marries Philip after the rebellion has been suppressed.
Mary Marries Philip
Mary marries Philip of Spain, strengthening Englandโs Catholic alliance.
Marriage Treaty
Philip marries Mary and becomes king consort of England
Marriage
Mary I marries her cousin the future Philip II of Spain, in Winchester cathedral
First Pregnancy Fails
Mary's expected child does not arrive and the succession remains unsettled
Pregnancy Hope Fades
Mary's first expected pregnancy proves false and the succession remains unresolved
Execution
Peckham is executed for involvement in the Dudley conspiracy
Execution
Daniel is executed after the Dudley conspiracy is uncovered
Dudley Conspiracy Suppressed
Mary's government suppresses the Dudley conspiracy against the regime
Dudley Conspiracy
Government uncovers a conspiracy linked to Henry Dudley and other opponents of Mary's regime
Plotters Imprisoned
Conspirators linked to Henry Dudley are imprisoned in the Tower
Servants Arrested
Elizabeth's servants and supporters are investigated after the Dudley conspiracy
Dudley Conspiracy
Plotters seek to replace Mary with Elizabeth during the Dudley conspiracy
Dudley Plot
Henry Dudley's conspiracy aims to place Elizabeth on the throne
Invasion Plot
Henry Dudley plans foreign-backed action against Mary's government
Dudley Conspiracy
Plots an invasion of England to depose Mary and place Elizabeth on the throne
Exile Plot
Dudley seeks foreign support for a plot against Mary and Philip
Philip Departs
Philip leaves England after securing English entry into the war
Philip Leaves England
Philip II leaves England and does not return before Mary's death
Death of Anne of Cleves
Death of Anne of Cleaves
English Army in France
Pembroke commands English troops supporting Spain against France
English Troops to France
English troops support Spanish operations against France
English Army in the Low Countries
Pembroke leads an English contingent to join Philip II's forces, bringing Tudor troops into the campaign against France from the Calais region.
English Fleet at Gravelines
English naval support helps Spanish forces near Gravelines
Defeat at Gravelines
Thermes is defeated and captured by Spanish forces
Battle of Gravelines
Egmont leads Spanish cavalry to victory over France at Gravelines
Battle of Gravelines
Spanish forces defeat the French near Gravelines
Capture of Dorpat
Russian forces capture Dorpat during the Livonian campaign
Succession
The accession of Francis II and his consort, Mary Stuart, niece of Francois de Guise, is a triumph for the Guise family
Guise Ascendancy
Francis of Guise gains influence under the young Francis II
Death of Henry II
Death of Henry II, mortally wounded in a tournament
Accession
Francis II succeeds his father Henry II as King of France
Guise Faction Ascendant
Francis II's accession strengthens the political influence of the Guise family
Death of Henry II
Henry II dies from wounds suffered in a tournament
Royal Adviser
Charles Cardinal of Lorraine becomes a leading adviser to Francis II
French Queen Consort
Mary of Scots becomes Queen Consort of France and links Scotland to Guise influence
Queen Consort of France
Mary of Scots becomes queen consort of France after Francis II succeeds
Royal Injunctions of 1559 Issued
Elizabeth's injunctions regulate preaching, images, clerical conduct and parish worship while enforcing the new religious settlement.
Royal Injunctions
Royal Injunctions direct clergy and parishes to follow the new settlement
Bayezid Flees
Prince Bayezid flees toward Safavid Persia after defeat by Suleyman's supporters
Calais Reservation
Cecil protects Elizabeth's claim over Calais while accepting Scottish peace terms
Cateau Cambresis Confirmed
The treaty preserves peace between England and France after Cateau Cambresis
English Commissioner
Wotton serves as an English commissioner for the Treaty of Edinburgh
Council of Twelve Clause
Cecil supports arrangements for Scottish government by a council of nobles
Alliance with Scottish Lords
The settlement confirms England's new understanding with Protestant Scottish lords
Edinburgh Scottish Settlement
Helps negotiate a settlement reducing French military influence in Scotland and strengthening the position of the Protestant Scottish lords.
Edinburgh English Crown Recognition
Obtains treaty provisions intended to prevent Francis II and Mary, Queen of Scots, from maintaining claims represented by the English royal arms.
Edinburgh Foreign Troop Withdrawal
Secures an agreement requiring French and English forces to withdraw from Scotland after the collapse of French control there.
Mary Stuart Arms Clause
Treaty terms require Francis and Mary to stop using English royal arms
Leith Operations End
English military operations end under the Edinburgh settlement
Treaty Drafting
Cecil helps shape the treaty terms for withdrawal of foreign forces
Treaty of Edinburgh
Cecil secures terms requiring French troops to leave Scotland
Intervention Ends
Elizabeth ends the Scottish intervention once French troops agree to depart
Treaty of Edinburgh
Elizabeth's commissioners agree terms ending English and French intervention in Scotland
Treaty of Edinburgh
Treaty of Edinburgh ends English and French intervention in Scotland
Treaty of Edinburgh
Under the Treaty of Edinburgh Francis & Mary recognize Elizabeth I. France & England will not interfere & hand over Government to a Scottish Council of 12. English & French troops will withdraw from Scotland. Confirms the Treaty of Cateau Cambresis
Treaty of Edinburgh
French representatives accept terms for withdrawal from Scotland
Auld Alliance Weakened
The treaty sharply reduces French political and military influence in Scotland
Treaty of Edinburgh
Elizabeth's representatives agree the Treaty of Edinburgh, providing for French and English forces to leave Scotland and ending the intervention around Leith.
French Commissioner
Monluc helps negotiate French withdrawal from Scotland
French Commissioner
La Brosse participates in French negotiations at Edinburgh
French Withdrawal
French representatives agree to withdraw troops from Scotland
Treaty of Edinburgh
Glencairn supports the treaty settlement made by the Protestant lords
Treaty Support
Rothes supports the Lords of the Congregation during the treaty settlement
Treaty of Edinburgh
Argyll supports the settlement that removes French troops from Scotland
Treaty of Edinburgh
James Stewart supports peace terms ending French military control
Treaty of Edinburgh
James Stewart supports treaty terms ending French military control
Treaty of Edinburgh
Ruthven backs terms ending French regency military power
Treaty Support
Haliburton represents burgh support for the Protestant settlement
Treaty Negotiation
Maitland helps secure terms between England France and the Scottish lords
Treaty of Edinburgh
Maitland supports settlement between England France and the Scottish lords
Treaty of Edinburgh
French commissioners act for Francis II in making peace terms
English Arms Clause
Treaty requires Mary and Francis to cease bearing the arms of England
Treaty of Edinburgh
Treaty asks Mary and Francis to stop using English royal arms
Treaty of Edinburgh
Treaty terms are made in Mary's name but she later refuses ratification
Treaty of Edinburgh
Under the Treaty of Edinburgh Francis & Mary recognize Elizabeth I. English & French troops will withdraw from Scotland
English Withdrawal from Leith
Grey withdraws English troops after the peace settlement
English Withdrawal
English troops withdraw after the Treaty of Edinburgh
English Intervention in Scotland
The English army withdraws from Scotland
Foreign Troop Withdrawal
Elizabeth's forces withdraw after the treaty requires foreign troops to leave Scotland
French Withdrawal from Leith
Argyll's party benefits as French troops leave Leith
Surrender of Djerba Fortress
The Christian fortress on Djerba surrenders to Ottoman forces
Treaty Acceptance with Reservations
Elizabeth accepts settlement while remaining cautious over Calais and Mary Stuart's claims
Scottish Diplomacy
Randolph continues English diplomatic work in Scotland after the treaty
Scottish Policy
Knollys supports council policy after the treaty settlement in Scotland
Treaty Ratification Withheld
Elizabeth withholds ratification because Mary and Francis do not renounce English arms
Post Treaty Planning
Cecil briefs the Privy Council on the consequences of the Edinburgh settlement
Fleet Withdrawal
English naval forces prepare to leave Scottish waters after the treaty
Protestant Lords Strengthened
Argyll and other Protestant lords gain power after French withdrawal
Council of Twelve
Scottish government is to be placed in the hands of a council of nobles
Reformation Settlement
Knox's party gains strength after the treaty removes French troops
Council Settlement
Maitland supports government by a council after the treaty
Loss of Le Havre
Elizabeth loses her foothold in France when Le Havre is surrendered
Surrender of Le Havre
Warwick surrenders Le Havre after French siege and plague losses
Evacuation of Le Havre
Dudley surrenders and evacuates Le Havre after siege and disease devastate the English garrison, ending Elizabeth's attempt to hold the port.
Le Havre Recovered
French royal forces recover Le Havre from the English garrison
Holy Roman Emperor
Succeeds as Holy Roman Emperor, on the understanding that he remains a Catholic
Holy Roman Empire
After Ferdinand died in 1564, his son Maximilian II became Emperor, and like his father, accepted the existence of Protestantism and the need for occasional compromise with it
Succession
Succeeds as Holy Roman Emperor, on the understanding that he remains a Catholic
Holy Roman Empire
After Ferdinand died in 1564, his son Maximilian II became Emperor, and like his father, accepted the existence of Protestantism and the need for occasional compromise with it
Marriage
Darnley is great grandson of Margaret Tudor & grandson of Henry VII
Marriage
Marries Darnley in her private chapel. A dangerous marriage for Elizabeth I as Darnley is a grandson of Henry VII
Siege of Senglea
Suleyman I the Magnificent launches an attack on Senglea & the Fort of St Michael
Siege of Senglea
Suleyman I the Magnificent launches an attack on Senglea & the Fort of St Michael
Marriage
Mary Queen of Scots marries Earl Darnley in defiance of Elizabeth I
Darnley Marriage Strengthens Tudor Descent
Darnley's marriage to Mary combines the Tudor descent of Margaret Tudor's two family branches within one prospective Scottish heir.
Mary Stuart Marries Lord Darnley
Mary marries Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, uniting two descendants of Henry VII and strengthening the hereditary claims of any child they produce.
Invasion of Austria
Leads an invasion force of 100,000 into Austria
Constitution of Poland
Sigismund II Augustus signs the Act of Lublin
Unification
Sigismund II Augustus signs the Act of Lublin
Union of Lublin
Sigismund II Augustus signs the Act of Lublin
Abdication
Mary Queen of Scots is forced to abdicate & name James her succesor
Coronation
Scotlands 1st Protestant coronation, the "mother tongue" of Scotland is used. Scotlands 1st Protestant coronation. Crowned in accordance with Protestant rites in Holyrood Church
Mary Stuart Abdicates for James
Mary is forced to abdicate the Scottish throne in favour of her infant son, transforming James from heir into reigning king.
Diplomatic Mission
Requests Ambassador Throckmorton threaten the Scots with war if Mary is not released
Coronation
Marys son James VI is crowned in Holyood, Stirling
James VI Crowned King of Scots
The thirteen-month-old James is crowned King of Scots, giving England's increasingly important Stuart claimant an independent crown.
Abdication
Imprisoned in Edinburgh, sent to Loch Leven then forced to abdicate in July
Abdication
Abdicates in favor of her infant son James
Abdication
Appointed Regent of Scotland after the abdication of Queen Mary at Loch Leven
Arrest of Mary of Scots
Imprisoned in Edinburgh, sent to Loch Leven then forced to abdicate in July
Battle of Jemmingen
The rebels lose 7,000 killed compared to Spains 80. Groningen is captured by the Dutch & ruled for 30 yrs after the Battle of Jemmingen. Commands an army of Calvanist "Beggars". Alva moves into the Northern Netherlands, entices Louis into Battle & defeats him
Rule of Groningen
Groningen is captured by the Dutch & ruled for 30 yrs after the Battle of Jemmingen
Battle of Jemmingen
Wishes to destroy the army of "Beggars" & crush an effective force of Dutch rebels. The rebels lose 7,000 killed compared to Spains 80
Battle of Jemmingen
Alva moves into the north Netherlands, entices Louis into Battle & defeats him
Death of Philip II
Death of Carlos, Philips son, 7 months after being arrested
Death of Carlos
Death of Carlos, 7 months after being arrested by his father Philip II
Commonwealth
The Union of Lublin strengthens the Polishn Commonwealth by uniting Poland & Lithuania. The Commonwealth is ruled by an elected monarch carrying out the duties of Polish King & Grand Duke of Lithuania
Constitution of Poland
Under the Union of Lublin the Monarch will govern with a common Senate and Parliament (the Sejm). The Commonwealth is ruled by an elected monarch carrying out the duties of Polish King & Grand Duke of Lithuania
Union of Lublin
Under the Union of Lublin the Monarch will govern with a common Senate and Parliament (the Sejm). The Union of Lublin strengthens the Polishn Commonwealth by uniting Poland & Lithuania. The Commonwealth is ruled by an elected monarch carrying out the duties of Polish King & Grand Duke of Lithuania
Butler Brothers Join Munster Rising
Edmund Butler and his brothers join opposition to the crown, temporarily broadening the first Desmond rebellion beyond FitzGerald supporters.
Siege of Haarlem
Haarlem surrenders to the Spanish, the leaders are executed
Siege of Haarlem
Haarlem surrenders to the Spanish, the leaders are executed
Siege of Haarlem
Captures Haarlem after a 7 month siege, the garrison occupants are all slaughtered
Edict of Boulogne-sur-Mer
The Edict of Boulogne, also called the Edict of Pacification of Boulogne and the Peace of La Rochelle, is signed by King Charles IX of France in the Chateau de Madrid in the Bois de Boulogne
Edict of Boulogne-sur-Mer
The Edict of Boulogne-sur-Mer ends the 4th War of Religion favorably for the Huguenots
Edict of Boulogne-sur-Mer
The Edict of Boulogne-sur-Mer officially ends the 4th phase of the French Wars of Religion (set off by the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in August 1572
Huguenots
The Edict of Boulogne-sur-Mer ends the 4th War of Religion favorably for the Huguenots
Edict of Boulogne-sur-Mer
Huguenots are granted an amnesty for their past actions and the freedom of belief
Edict of Boulogne-sur-Mer
Huguenots are permitted the freedom to worship only within the towns of La Rochelle, Montauban, and Nimes within their own residences
Edict of Boulogne-sur-Mer
The Edict of Boulogne-sur-Mer officially ends the 4th phase of the French Wars of Religion (set off by the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in August 1572
Capture of Namur
The Governor Don John captures Namur
Capture of Madrid
Captures Namur following disorder in the industrial cities
Catholic Expedition Lands at Smerwick
FitzMaurice lands with a small foreign-backed expedition at Smerwick and proclaims a renewed Catholic rebellion against Elizabeth's government in Ireland.
Edmund Campion Captured at Lyford Grange
Edmund Campion is captured after priest hunters discover him at Lyford Grange, ending more than a year of clandestine Jesuit missionary work.
Execution of Everard Hanse
Everard Hanse is executed for exercising Catholic priesthood and denying the queen's religious supremacy.
Execution of Morton
Enters into correspondence with the English Government for an invasion of Scotland to rescue Morton, and on the latters execution goes to London, where he is welcomed by Queen Elizabeth
Invasion of Scotland
Enters into correspondence with the English Government for an invasion of Scotland to rescue Morton, and on the latters execution goes to London, where he is welcomed by Queen Elizabeth
Battle of Yamazaki
Secures Mount Tennozan before the Battle of Yamazaki
Battle of Yamazaki
Joins Toyotomi Hideyoshi coalition against Akechi Mitsuhide
Battle of Yamazaki
Defeated by Toyotomi Hideyoshi after the Honno-ji Incident
Battle of Yamazaki
Defeats Akechi Mitsuhide and avenges Oda Nobunaga
Battle of Yamazaki
Joins Toyotomi Hideyoshi against Akechi Mitsuhide
Kiyosu Conference
Participates in the Kiyosu Conference over the Oda succession
Kiyosu Conference
Participates in the succession settlement after Oda Nobunaga death
Kiyosu Conference
Chosen as Oda Nobunaga heir at the Kiyosu Conference
Battle of Ponta Delgada
Commands the defeated French-Portuguese fleet at Ponta Delgada
Battle of Ponta Delgada
Loses vital naval support after the defeat of his allies at Ponta Delgada
Battle of Ponta Delgada
Benefits from the Spanish victory that weakens opposition to his rule in Portugal
Battle of Ponta Delgada
Defeats the French-Portuguese fleet off Sao Miguel in the Battle of Ponta Delgada
Battle of Ponta Delgada
Serves among the Spanish commanders in the Azores campaign
Death of Henry III
Death Francois, Duke of Anjou and Alencon, heir to the throne, Henry III has no children, according to the Salic law the succession will pass on to Henry King of Navarre a Protestant
Execution
Executed for his role in the Throckmorton Plot against Elizabeth I
Dynastic Crisis
Faces a leadership crisis in the Dutch Revolt after the assassination of his father William the Silent
Succession
Succeeds as Stadtholder after the assassination of William
Succession
Becomes Prince of Orange after the assassination of his father William the Silent
Assassination of William I the Silent
Assassinated at Delft by Balthazar Gerard, a Catholic fanatic
Assassination of William Orange
Shoots William the Silent at Delft
Assassination of William Orange
Assassinated at the Prinsenhof in Delft by Balthasar Gerard
Widowhood
Becomes widow of William the Silent after his assassination
Execution
Executed after the assassination of William the Silent
Treaty of Berwick
Promises James VI an annual Grant
Treaty of Berwick
Promised an annual Grant by Elizabeth I
Babington Assassination Letter
Anthony Babington writes to Mary describing plans for Elizabeth's assassination and Mary's rescue, creating the documentary evidence later used against the conspirators.
Plot
Mary writes to Babington ploting against Elizabeth I & falls into Walsinghams trap
Mary's Letter Deciphered
Thomas Phelippes deciphers Mary's response to Babington, giving Walsingham evidence that ministers interpret as approval of the plan to remove Elizabeth.
Discovery of Potatoes
Brought over to Plymouth from Colombia
Tichborne Joins Babington Plot
Chidiock Tichborne joins Babington's circle and becomes involved in the wider conspiracy to free Mary and overthrow Elizabeth's government.
Savage Assigned Assassination Role
John Savage is identified within the Babington conspiracy as one of the men prepared to undertake the physical killing of Elizabeth I.
Invasion of England
Negotiations were abandoned, and the English fleet stood prepared, if ill-supplied, at Plymouth, awaiting news of Spanish movements
Invasion of England
Negotiations were abandoned, and the English fleet stood prepared, if ill-supplied, at Plymouth, awaiting news of Spanish movements
Diplomatic Negotiations
Negotiations are abandoned
Spanish Armada, 1st
Peace negotiations are abandoned
Armada Sighted
Howard receives reports that the Spanish Armada has been sighted off Cornwall and prepares the English fleet to contest its passage up the Channel.
Battle of Calais
An English attack is launched from the Scilly Isles by Lord Howard
Delayed by bad weather, the Armada is not sighted in England until
Delayed by bad weather, the Armada is not sighted in England until July 19, when it appears off The Lizard in Cornwall, the news is conveyed to London by a sequence of beacons that had been constructed the length of the south coast of England
Invasion of England
Delayed by bad weather, the Armada is not sighted in England until July 19, when it appears off The Lizard in Cornwall, the news is conveyed to London by a sequence of beacons that had been constructed the length of the south coast of England
Invasion of England
The Armada was delayed by bad weather, forcing the four galleys and one of the galleons to leave the fleet, and was not sighted in England until 19 July, when it appeared off The Lizard in Cornwall.
Invasion of England
The Spanish convened a council of war, where it was proposed to ride into the harbour on the tide and incapacitate the defending ships at anchor and from there to attack England; but Medina Sidonia declined to act because this had been explicitly forbidden by Philip, and decided to sail
Invasion of England
The news was conveyed to London by a system of beacons that had been constructed all the way along the south coast. On that evening, the English fleet was trapped in Plymouth Harbour by the incoming tide.
Invasion of England
on to the east and towards the Isle of Wight
Spanish Armada, 1st
The Armada was delayed by bad weather, forcing the four galleys and one of the galleons to leave the fleet, and was not sighted in England until 19 July, when it appeared off The Lizard in Cornwall.
Spanish Armada, 1st
The Spanish convened a council of war, where it was proposed to ride into the harbour on the tide and incapacitate the defending ships at anchor and from there to attack England; but Medina Sidonia declined to act because this had been explicitly forbidden by Philip, and decided to sail
Spanish Armada, 1st
The news was conveyed to London by a system of beacons that had been constructed all the way along the south coast. On that evening, the English fleet was trapped in Plymouth Harbour by the incoming tide.
Spanish Armada, 1st
on to the east and towards the Isle of Wight
Invasion of England
The Armada was delayed by bad weather, forcing the four galleys and one of the galleons to leave the fleet, and was not sighted in England until 19 July, when it appeared off The Lizard in Cornwall.
Invasion of England
The Spanish convened a council of war, where it was proposed to ride into the harbour on the tide and incapacitate the defending ships at anchor and from there to attack England; but Medina Sidonia declined to act because this had been explicitly forbidden by Philip, and decided to sail
Invasion of England
The news was conveyed to London by a system of beacons that had been constructed all the way along the south coast. On that evening, the English fleet was trapped in Plymouth Harbour by the incoming tide.
Invasion of England
on to the east and towards the Isle of Wight
Spanish Armada, 1st
The Armada was delayed by bad weather, forcing the four galleys and one of the galleons to leave the fleet, and was not sighted in England until 19 July, when it appeared off The Lizard in Cornwall.
Spanish Armada, 1st
The Spanish convened a council of war, where it was proposed to ride into the harbour on the tide and incapacitate the defending ships at anchor and from there to attack England; but Medina Sidonia declined to act because this had been explicitly forbidden by Philip, and decided to sail
Spanish Armada, 1st
The news was conveyed to London by a system of beacons that had been constructed all the way along the south coast. On that evening, the English fleet was trapped in Plymouth Harbour by the incoming tide.
Spanish Armada, 1st
on to the east and towards the Isle of Wight
Invasion of England
The Armada was delayed by bad weather, forcing the four galleys and one of the galleons to leave the fleet, and was not sighted in England until 19 July, when it appeared off The Lizard in Cornwall.
Invasion of England
The Spanish convened a council of war, where it was proposed to ride into the harbour on the tide and incapacitate the defending ships at anchor and from there to attack England; but Medina Sidonia declined to act because this had been explicitly forbidden by Philip, and decided to sail
Invasion of England
The news was conveyed to London by a system of beacons that had been constructed all the way along the south coast. On that evening, the English fleet was trapped in Plymouth Harbour by the incoming tide.
Invasion of England
on to the east and towards the Isle of Wight
Spanish Armada, 1st
The Armada was delayed by bad weather, forcing the four galleys and one of the galleons to leave the fleet, and was not sighted in England until 19 July, when it appeared off The Lizard in Cornwall.
Spanish Armada, 1st
The Spanish convened a council of war, where it was proposed to ride into the harbour on the tide and incapacitate the defending ships at anchor and from there to attack England; but Medina Sidonia declined to act because this had been explicitly forbidden by Philip, and decided to sail
Spanish Armada, 1st
The news was conveyed to London by a system of beacons that had been constructed all the way along the south coast. On that evening, the English fleet was trapped in Plymouth Harbour by the incoming tide.
Spanish Armada, 1st
on to the east and towards the Isle of Wight
Spanish Armada, 1st
As the tide turned, 55 English ships set out to confront them from Plymouth under the command of Lord Howard of Effingham, with Sir Francis Drake as Vice Admiral. Howard ceded some control to Drake, given his experience in battle. The rear admiral was Sir John Hawkins
Spanish Armada, 1st
As the tide turned, 55 English ships set out to confront them from Plymouth under the command of Lord Howard of Effingham, with Sir Francis Drake as Vice Admiral. Howard ceded some control to Drake, given his experience in battle. The rear admiral was Sir John Hawkins
Spanish Armada, 1st
As the tide turned, 55 English ships set out to confront them from Plymouth under the command of Lord Howard of Effingham, with Sir Francis Drake as Vice Admiral. Howard ceded some control to Drake, given his experience in battle. The rear admiral was Sir John Hawkins
Departure
The Armada Fleets sets sail from Corunna
Battle off Plymouth
Drake and other English commanders attack the Armada off Plymouth, using longer-range gunnery while avoiding the close grappling combat favoured by Spain.
Spanish Armada, 1st
The Spanish fleet sails past the Firth of Forth, and the English cease their pursuit, much of the Spanish fleet is destroyed as it sails around Scotland and Ireland
Calais Fireships Disrupt Armada off Flanders
Drake helps drive fireships toward the anchored Armada, forcing Spanish ships to scatter before the Gravelines fighting.
Spanish Armada, 1st
The English set alight eight fireships, sacrificing regular warships by filling them with pitch, brimstone, some gunpowder and tar, and cast them downwind among the closely anchored vessels of the Armada.
Spanish Armada, 1st
The Spanish feared that these uncommonly large fireships were "hellburners", specialised fireships filled with large gunpowder charges, which had been used to deadly effect at the Siege of Antwerp.
Spanish Armada, 1st
Two were intercepted and towed away, but the remainder bore down on the fleet. Medina Sidonia's flagship and the principal warships held their positions, but the rest of the fleet cut their anchor cables and scattered in confusion
English Fleet Presses Armada toward Flemish Coast
Howard keeps the English fleet close to the Armada as it moves toward the Flemish coast.
Armada Fails to Reach Parma Transport Force
Medina Sidonia cannot establish the protected anchorage needed to embark Parma's army from Flanders.
Spanish Armada, 1st
The two fleets sight each other off Dodman Point
Spanish Armada, 1st
Drake is waiting in Plymouth with 14 galleons & 50 other vessels
Spanish Armada, 1st
First sights the English Fleet off Dodman Point
Parma Army Waits for Armada Escort
Farnese's invasion troops wait in Flemish ports for naval protection that the Armada cannot provide.
Siege of Paris
King Henry III of France capitulates to the Duke of Guise and returns to Paris
Conversion
Henry IV hears mass & swears allegiance to the Church. A ceremony in St Denis confirms Henrys conversion to Catholicism
Spanish Raid on Cornwall
Amesquita lands Spanish troops at Mounts Bay and burns Mousehole, Paul and parts of Penzance before re-embarking, demonstrating England's vulnerability to coastal attack.
Death of Francis Knollys
Death of Francis Knollys
Poisoning Attempt on Queen's Saddle
Edward Squire later confesses that he smeared poison on the pommel of Elizabeth's saddle, hoping contact with the treated surface would kill the queen.
Nieuwpoort Campaign Conducted in Flanders
Maurice defeats the Spanish field army near Nieuwpoort during the risky coastal campaign in Flanders.
Battle of Nieuwpoort
The Battle of Nieuwpoort succeeds in the strategic goal to repel the Dutch invasion of Flanders
James Maintains Direct Correspondence with Elizabeth
James continues direct correspondence with Elizabeth while cultivating the relationship that supports his expectation of succeeding peacefully to the English crown.
Arrest of Walter Raleigh
Arrested for allegedly plotting with Spain to place Arabella Stuart on the throne
Coronation
Coronation of James I, great grandson of James IV & Margaret Tudor
Treaty Negotiations
Helps negotiate the settlement on behalf of Archduke Albert and Archduchess Isabella of the Spanish Netherlands.
Spanish Netherlands Delegation
Represents the rulers of the Spanish Netherlands in the London peace negotiations.
Treaty Negotiations
Participates in the Spanish delegation negotiating peace terms with England.
Catholic League
To create a union of Catholic states as a counterpart to the Protestant Union Maximilian starts negotiations with other Catholic princes
Peace Treaty
The Habsburgs agree to treat the United Provinces like an independent state for the duration of the Truce. Philip III ratifies the Peace Treaty. All hostilities will cease for twelve years
Rule of United Provinces
The Habsburgs agree to treat the United Provinces like an independent state for the duration of the Truce
Catholic League
The Catholic League is initially a loose confederation of Roman Catholic German states to counteract the Protestant Union (formed 1608), whereby the participating states concluded an alliance "for the defence of the Catholic religion and peace within the Empire"
Catholic League
Maximilian becomes president, and the Prince-Bishops of Augsburg, Passau, and Wurzburg his councillors, the League will continue for nine years.
Catholic League
Participating states at a Munich conference conclude an alliance "for the defence of the Catholic religion and peace within the Empire".
Catholic League
The most important regulation of the League is the prohibition of attacks on one another, so instead of fighting, conflicts have to be decided by the laws of the Empire or, if these fail to resolve conflict.
Catholic League
by arbitration within the League.
Diet of Munich
Participating states at a Munich conference conclude an alliance "for the defence of the Catholic religion and peace within the Empire"
Reformation, The
Maximilian becomes president, and the Prince-Bishops of Augsburg, Passau, and Wurzburg his councillors, the League will continue for nine years.
Reformation, The
Participating states at a Munich conference conclude an alliance "for the defence of the Catholic religion and peace within the Empire".
Reformation, The
The most important regulation of the League is the prohibition of attacks on one another, so instead of fighting, conflicts have to be decided by the laws of the Empire or, if these fail to resolve conflict.
Reformation, The
by arbitration within the League.
Election
Under the Onate Treaty Ferdinand makes a successful appeal to Philips self-interest by promising Spain the Habsburg lands in Alsace in return for Spanish support for his election
Rule of Alsace
Under the Onate Treaty Ferdinand makes a successful appeal to Philips self-interest by promising Spain the Habsburg lands in Alsace in return for Spanish support for his election
Treaty of Onate
Under the Onate Treaty Ferdinand makes a successful appeal to Philips self-interest by promising Spain the Habsburg lands in Alsace in return for Spanish support for his election
Birth of Henry Bennet
Birth of Henry Bennet
Death of William Parker
Death of William Parker, Thirteenth Baron Morley, 4th Baron Monteagle
Discovery of Newfoundland
Sir George Calvert arrives in Newfoundland to develop his land grant
Siege of La Rochelle
The English fleet under George Villiers reached La Rochelle, France, a Huguenot stronghold
Created Baron Wentworth
Charles I raised Wentworth to the peerage as Baron Wentworth.
Death of John Speed
John Speed dies in London.
Capture of Mantua
The Spanish capture Mantua
Arrival in Dublin
Wentworth arrived in Dublin and assumed personal control of the Irish administration.
Demonstrations
A riot in St Giles Cathedral when the Scottish Service Book is used, resembles a mass
Opening of Irish Parliament
Wentworth opened the Irish Parliament and demanded financial support for the Crown.
Irish Subsidies
Wentworth secured substantial subsidies intended to remove the Irish government's financial deficit.
Battle of Boyne
James only fought a delaying action and chose instead to place his line of defence on the River Boyne, around 30 miles from Dublin. James II is forced to flee to Dublin, his hopes of restoration ended. Fought between two rival claimants of the English, Scottish and Irish thrones - the Catholic King James and the Protestant King William, who had deposed James in 1688
Siege of Milan
Organizes a joint attack by Savoy, Mantua & Parma on Spanish held Milan
Surprise Attack on Breda
Henry Casimir led an unsuccessful cavalry attempt to surprise Breda before the formal siege.
Siege of Breda Begins
Frederick Henry opened the Dutch siege intended to recover Breda from Spanish control.
Covenanters
Charles I advises his Privy Council he will have to use force against the Covenanters
Capture of Salses
The French capture Salses in Rousillon
Summoned to England
Charles summoned Wentworth from Ireland to advise on the crisis with the Scottish Covenanters.
Scottish Parliament Resumes
A further Scottish parliamentary session begins without normal royal direction.
Scottish Parliament Resumes
A further Scottish parliamentary session begins without normal royal direction.
Battle of Cadiz
Defeats a Spanish fleet under Gomez de Sandoval
Battle of Cadiz
Defeated by the French fleet
Battle of Cadiz
Is defeated by Jean Armand de Breze's French fleet near Cadiz
Royal Army Command
Northumberland held nominal command of the royal army while illness limited his active service.
Lieutenant General of Royal Army
Strafford became lieutenant general under the Earl of Northumberland for the second campaign against Scotland.
Northern Army Command
Strafford works to organise and discipline the English army assembled against Scotland.
Army Assembles at York
Charles concentrates poorly supplied English forces in northern England.
Army Assembles at York
Charles concentrates poorly supplied English forces in northern England.
Star Chamber Act Supported
Hampden backs legislation removing Star Chamber jurisdiction.
High Commission Act Supported
Cromwell backs abolition of the court enforcing controversial church policies.
High Commission Abolition Supported
Holles supports legislation ending the ecclesiastical High Commission.
Star Chamber Abolition Supported
Pym supports abolition of the prerogative court associated with arbitrary royal punishment.
Star Chamber Act Legal Case
St John supports the statutory case for abolishing Star Chamber.
High Commission Abolished
Legislation removes the ecclesiastical Court of High Commission.
Star Chamber Abolished
Charles assents to legislation abolishing the Court of Star Chamber.
High Commission Abolished
Legislation removes the ecclesiastical Court of High Commission.
Star Chamber Abolished
Charles assents to legislation abolishing the Court of Star Chamber.
Prerogative Courts Abolished
Pym supports legislation abolishing Star Chamber and related prerogative jurisdiction.
High Commission Abolished
Parliament abolishes the ecclesiastical court closely associated with Laud's policies.
Loss of Ecclesiastical Courts
Laud's system loses its principal enforcement institution when High Commission is abolished.
Star Chamber Abolished
The abolition of Star Chamber removes another institution used against religious opponents.
Battle of Marfee
The Comte de Soissons wins a victory, but is killed in battle
Invasion of France
The Comte de Soissons wins a victory but is killed in battle
Invasion of France
The Comte de Soissons invades France with Spanish help
Appointment to Command the Fleet
Parliament appoints Warwick to command the fleet against royal instructions.
Naval Support for Parliament
Batten supports Warwick as the fleet rejects the King's preferred commander.
Fleet Accepts Parliamentarian Admiral
Most naval captains accept Warwick and declare their support for Parliament.
Fleet Declares for Parliament
Most of the fleet rejects royal orders and accepts Parliament's admiral.
Fleet Declares for Parliament
Most of the fleet rejects royal orders and accepts Parliament's admiral.
Loss of Fleet Command
Penington cannot secure obedience after the fleet chooses Warwick.
Battle of Barcelona
Defeats a Spanish force under Ciudad Real
Battle of Barcelona
Defeated by a French Fleet under Maille-Breze
Committee of Safety Membership
Holles receives appointment to Parliament's wartime executive committee.
Committee of Safety Appointment
Vane joins Parliament's Committee of Safety to coordinate military administration.
Committee of Safety
Vane joins the Committee of Safety directing Parliament's war administration.
Military Administration Committee
Vane helps organise military policy and supplies through the Committee of Safety.
Committee of Safety Service
Hampden joins Parliament's central committee for military affairs.
Committee of Safety Established
Pym joins the committee coordinating Parliament's armies and military supplies.
Committee of Safety Appointment
Pym becomes a leading member of Parliament's Committee of Safety.
Committee of Safety Appointment
Waller joins the committee responsible for Parliament's military direction.
Hull Defensive Flooding
Hotham's defenders open sluices and flood approaches around Hull.
Royalist Raid Repelled at Hull
Hotham's garrison drives away Royalists attempting to burn buildings outside the walls.
Resolution to Raise Parliamentary Army
Pym supports Parliament's resolution to raise an army for defence of the kingdom.
Parliamentarian Field Army Commission
Essex receives command of the army Parliament resolves to raise.
Cambridge Volunteers
Parliament authorises Cromwell to raise two volunteer companies in Cambridgeshire.
Cambridgeshire Volunteers Authorised
Cromwell receives authority to raise volunteer companies in Cambridgeshire.
Impeachment
Stanley is accused after violence during an unsuccessful Royalist move against Manchester.
Royalist Entry into Manchester
Stanley leads armed Royalists into Manchester but fails to hold the town.
Siege of Manchester
Stanley leads Royalist forces into Manchester but is driven from the town.
Royalist Siege of Hull
Charles directs an unsuccessful attempt to force Hull's Parliamentarian garrison to submit.
Withdrawal from Hull
Charles abandons the Hull siege after flooding and strong resistance frustrate the Royalists.
Royalist Siege of Hull
Charles directs an unsuccessful attempt to force Hull's Parliamentarian garrison to submit.
Withdrawal from Hull
Charles abandons the Hull siege after flooding and strong resistance frustrate the Royalists.
Battle of Lansdown
Defeated by the Royalists under Hopton
Battle of Roundway Down
Defeated by the Royalists under Lord Wilmot. Defeat by the Royalists under the Earl of Rochester
Capture of York
Helps capture York for the Parliamentarians
Capture of Bristol
Nathaniel Fiennes surrenders Bristol to Rupert of the Rhine
Siege of Bristol
Nathaniel Fiennes surrenders Bristol to Rupert of the Rhine
Siege of Bristol
Rupert begins the Royalist assault on Bristol.
Siege of Bristol
Nathaniel Fiennes surrenders Bristol to Rupert of the Rhine
Siege of Burghley
Leads a successful siege in Northamptonshire against the Countess of Essex
Surrender of Bristol
Fiennes surrenders Bristol after the Royalist assault.
Capture of Bristol
Rupert captures Bristol for the Royalists.
Capture of Bristol
Rupert of the Rhine captures Bristol, Englands 2nd port which becomes the HQ for the Prince of Wales
Siege of Bristol
Rupert of the Rhine captures Bristol, Englands 2nd port which becomes the HQ for the Prince of Wales. Joins forces with Ralph Hopton to capture Bristol
Governor
Receives news from Parliament that he has been appointed Governor of the Isle of Ely
Battle of Gainsborough
Wins a victory over Royalist forces
Death of Charles Cavendish
Cavendish is killed after Royalist cavalry are routed near Gainsborough.
Battle of Gainsborough
Cromwell helps relieve Gainsborough and drives Royalist cavalry from the field.
Mobilization
The Convention orders the raising of the "Levied Regiment" & 3 troops of horse
Governor
Appointed Governor of Hull
Bristol Defence
Fiennes commands Bristol before surrendering the city to Royalists.
Capture of Bath
Forced to evacuate Bath after being defeated by the Royalists at Lansdown
Battle of Marston Moor
Arrives at Marston Moor, 6 miles west of York on the Knaresborough Rd
Battle of Marston Moor
Reluctant to fight at all but persuades Rupert to postpone the battle 1 day
Siege of York
Rupert of the Rhine succesfully relieves York
Battle of Marston Moor
As a 2nd to Goring commands some of the Royalist cavalry, taken prisoner by the Scots
Battle of Marston Moor
Colonel Charles Fairfax is killed in action at the Battle of Marston Moor
Death of Charles Fairfax
Colonel Charles Fairfax is killed in action at the Battle of Marston Moor
Battle of Marston Moor
Commands the Scottish dragoons on the side of the English Parliament
Battle of Marston Moor
Sweeps away Gorings horse by attacking the Royalists from the rear. Defeats the Royalists near York, leaving 4,000 dead & taking 1,500 prisoners. Cromwell's first major victory, personally commands 2,500 men
Cavalry Command at Marston Moor
Cromwell commands the Parliamentarian left-wing cavalry and helps turn the fighting at Marston Moor into a decisive Royalist defeat.
Battle of Marston Moor
Fights at Marston Moor on the side of the English Parliament
Battle of Marston Moor
Commands Manchesters Foot & for a time takes charge of Cromwell's cavalry
Reballion of City Brigades
Writes complaining of the rebellion of the City Brigades
Siege of York
The city of York is taken after the Battle of Marston Moor, and nearly the whole of the north submits to the Parliament
Battle of Marston Moor
A gathering of eager national forces within a few square miles of ground naturally led to a battle, and Marston Moor proves decisive for the struggle in the north.
Battle of Marston Moor
Cromwell relieves Fairfax and Parliament is victorious.
Battle of Marston Moor
Fairfax's horse meets Gorings 1st line and charges them successfully.
Battle of Marston Moor
The city of York is taken after the Battle of Marston Moor, and nearly the whole of the north submits to the Parliament.
Battle of Marston Moor
Thomas Fairfax Cameron, 3rd commands the right suffering heavy losses from Goring.
Battle of Marston Moor
Fights for the Royalists at Marston Moor, on the losing side
Battle of Marston Moor
Commands a Parliamentary regiment at the Battle of Marston Moor
Battle of Marston Moor
Commands the Royalist horse on the left flank
Battle of Marston Moor
Totally defeated Newcastle departs for Hamburg. Commands the Royalist "whitecoats" but only 30 survive
Battle of Marston Moor
Royalist defeat near York which loses Charles stronghold in the nth. 4,000 Royalists are killed & 1,500 taken prisoner
Battle of Marston Moor
Cromwell commands Eastern Association cavalry as Parliament and the Scots defeat Prince Rupert.
Battle of Marston Moor
Commands the Royalist Horse
Battle of Marston Moor
Rupert commands the Royalist army defeated by Parliamentarian and Scottish forces at Marston Moor.
Battle of Marston Moor
Fairfax fights on the Parliamentarian side during the major victory at Marston Moor.
Battle of Marston Moor
Fights for Parliament
Battle of Marston Moor
Stabs Cromwell in the neck & is made Viscount Dungannon. Commands a regiment under Lord Byron
Reballion of City Brigades
Writes complaining of the rebellion of the City Brigades
Battle of Marston Moor
Leaves York to engage the Roundheads on Marston Moor. Leads the Royalist cavalry, the Royalists are defeated outside York. Almost captured but manages to beat a retreat to York
Battle of Marston Moor
Serves as a Lieutenant General of foot in Lord Levens Army winning great distinction. Commands the bulk of the Scottish Foot
Battle of Marston Moor
Fights for the Royalists at Marston Moor
Battle of Marston Moor
Commands the Scottish horse on the side of the English Parliament. Acts as Cromwell's 2nd-in-command & marshalls the line of battle
Battle of Marston Moor
Command the largest contingent & takes over supreme command for Parliament
Battle of Marston Moor
Commands regiments of Parliaments foot
Battle of Marston Moor
Warned by Fairfax that Rupert is advancing, Leven then engages in battle
Cromwells Plump
Sets up HQ by a clump of trees now known as Cromwell's Plump
Battle of Marston Moor
Leslie's Scottish cavalry supports Cromwell's wing and helps secure the Parliamentarian victory.
Battle of Marston Moor
Arrives too late to support Prince Rupert at Marston Moor
Siege of York
Returns to York after the Battle of Marston Moor. Collects 6,000 of his cavalry & marches into Lancashire
Siege of York
Resumes the siege of York after victory at Marston Moor
Siege of York
Resumes the siege of York after victory at Marston Moor
Siege of York
Serves as a Lieutenant General of Foot in Lord Levens Army at the siege of York
Reballion of Rebels in London
Wounded by his own men
Capture of York
Leads the "Ironsides" & captures York
Capture of York
Parliament captures York
Siege of York
Parliament captures York
Siege of Newcastle
Serves as a Lieutenant General of foot in Lord Levens Army at the siege of Newcastle
Governor
Appointed Governor of York
Command at Taunton
Blake takes command at Taunton and prepares the town to withstand repeated Royalist attempts to recover it.
Exile of Henrietta Maria
Sails from Falmouth to Brest
Peerage
Created Viscount Dungannon after the Battle of Marston Moor
Dedication to Princess Elisabeth
Descartes dedicates the Principles of Philosophy to Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia.
Principles of Philosophy
Descartes publishes the Principles of Philosophy as a systematic presentation of metaphysics and natural philosophy.
Civil War
Helps defeat a Covenant & anti-Royalist Armt led by Baille
Battle of Alford
Defeated by the Royalist Army led by Montrose
Royalist Army
Defeated by the Royalist Army led by Montrose
Civil War
Fights for Covenanters & anti-Royalists who are defeated by Royalists led by Montrose
Covenanters
Fights for Covenanters & anti-Royalists who are defeated by Royalists led by Montrose
Civil War
Helps defeat a Covenant & anti-Royalist Army led by Baille but is killed in battle. Helps defeat a Covenant & anti-Royalist Armt led by Baille
Civil War
Helps defeat a Covenant & anti-Royalist Armt led by Baille
Battle of Alford
Defeats a Covenant & anti-Royalist Army led by Baille
Capture of Dorchester
Fairfax meets the Clubmen of Dorset and Wiltshire at Dorchester
Battle of Langport
Fairfax defeats the last major Royalist field army in the west at Langport and continues the New Model Army's advance.
Battle of Langport
Fairfax boldly attacks Gorings strong defences at the Battle of Langport
Battle of Langport
Suffers a defeat by Fairfax & Cromwell. Fairfax boldly attacks Gorings strong defences at the Battle of Langport
Battle of Langport
Cromwell's cavalry contributes to Parliament's victory over Goring's forces at Langport.
Battle of Langport
Fairfax defeats Goring's Royalist army and opens the west of England to Parliamentarian advance.
Capture of Bridgewater
Fairfax takes Bridgewater
Siege of Bridgewater
Fairfax takes Bridgewater
Capture of Bath
Captures Bath from the Royalists
Battle of Langport
Commands the New Model Army to victory over Goring, a final blow to the Royalist cause
Levellers
Lilburne's imprisonment helps turn a circle of supporters into a wider Leveller movement, as campaigns for his liberty are presented as campaigns for the birthright liberties of all freeborn Englishmen
Levellers
Overton helps define the emerging Leveller movement through the Remonstrance of Many Thousand Citizens, a radical petitionary text generally treated as one of the movement's founding documents
Heads of the Proposals
Wildman is involved among the Army's radical civilian allies as the Heads of the Proposals are debated, but later criticises the plan for reflecting the King's interests too strongly
Heads of the Proposals
Petty takes part in the wider radical pressure around the Army Council, seeking stronger constitutional guarantees than those finally contained in the Heads of the Proposals
Heads of the Proposals
Walwyn is connected with the radical civilian circle consulted during the Army's settlement discussions, but the resulting Heads fall short of Leveller demands for popular sovereignty
Grandees
Ireton helps shape the Grandees' moderate constitutional programme, drafting the Heads of the Proposals to secure limited monarchy, parliamentary reform and protection for the Army
Heads of the Proposals
Ireton presents a draft settlement to the General Council of the Army, seeking a constitutional agreement after the First Civil War that would limit monarchy while avoiding the harsher Newcastle Propositions
Grandees
Lambert works with Ireton and the senior officers on the Heads of the Proposals, giving the Grandees an alternative settlement to both Parliament's Newcastle Propositions and Leveller radicalism
Heads of the Proposals
Lambert helps shape the Army's proposed settlement, working with Ireton on terms intended to reconcile King, Parliament and Army after the defeat of Charles I
Invasion of England
Leads an inexperienced Army into England
Invasion of England
Joins Hamiltons expedition into England
Siege of Prague
Captures Prague's Lesser Town during the final war phase.
Recapture of Appleby Castle
Lambert recaptures Appleby Castle while containing northern Royalist forces before the Scottish Engager invasion.
Invasion of Scotland
Crosses the Scottish border at the head of an Army of 16,000
Crossing into Scotland
Marches into Scotland with Cromwell's army during the campaign against the Covenanters.
Battle of Beresteczko
John Casimir defeats 200,000 Cossacks under Tartars & Chmielnicki
Treaty of Biala Cerkew
The Cossacks make peace with Poland, Chmielnicki continues with a few followers
Battle of Beresteczko
John Casimir defeats 200,000 Cossacks under Tartars & Chmielnicki
Invasion of England
Crosses the Border into England with a mainly Presbyterian force to restore the throne
Battle of Inverkeithing
Lambert defeats Scottish forces in Fife and opens the route for Parliamentarian operations north of the Forth.
Battle of Inverkeithing
Brown commands Scottish forces defeated by Lambert at Inverkeithing.
Arrest of John Browne
Takes the Scots comannder, John Browne, prisoner
Battle of Inverkeithing
Takes the Scots comannder, John Browne, prisoner. Defeats the Scots during Cromwell's siege of Stirling
Crossing the Forth
Supports Parliamentarian operations north of the Forth after Lambert's victory at Inverkeithing.
Arrest of John Browne
Taken prisoner by the English commanded by Lambert during the siege of Stirling
Battle of Inverkeithing
Taken prisoner by the English commanded by Lambert during the siege of Stirling
Siege of Stirling-Sotland
The Scots comannder, John Browne, prisoner by Major General Lambert
Siege of Stirling
Sent by Leslie with a force of 4,000 to drive the English back across the Forth
Governor
Aurangzeb receives his second appointment as viceroy of the Deccan, beginning another extended period of provincial command.
Rear Admiral
Appointed Member of Dutch Navy
Rear Admiral
Appointed Member of Council
Interregnum
Barebone joined the appointed assembly that replaced the dissolved Rump.
Interregnum
Rous presided over the Nominated Assembly during its brief experiment in government.
Battle of Scheveningen
Commands in the English fleet during the battle that ends the main fighting of the First Anglo-Dutch War.
Death of Maarten Tromp
Tromp is killed fighting the English fleet commanded by Monck and other generals at sea.
Council of Officers
Leader of the Council who appoint Cromwell Lord Protector
Council of State
Appointed Member of Council of State
Siege of Smolensk
Russian forces begin the siege of Smolensk
Siege of Smolensk
Begins the Russian siege of Smolensk
Succession
Becomes Habsburg heir after the death of Ferdinand IV
Battle of Dalnaspidal
Leads a royalist force for Charles II but is defeated during Glencairn's rising
Swedish Attack from Livonia
Faces Swedish forces attacking from Livonia and Pomerania
Swedish Invasion of Poland
Faces the Swedish invasion of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Livonian Offensive
Leads Swedish forces attacking from Livonia into the Commonwealth
Invasion of Poland
Invades the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and begins the Swedish Deluge
Capitulation of Ujscie
Joins the capitulation to Swedish forces in Greater Poland
Capitulation of Ujscie
Submits Greater Poland forces to Sweden at Ujscie
Polish Campaign
Commands Swedish forces in the early campaign in Greater Poland
Capitulation of Ujscie
Receives the submission of Greater Poland after the capitulation of Ujscie
Battle of Warsaw
Wins the battle & captures Warsaw for a 2nd time from John II Casimir
Dismissal
Dismissed after protesting about the offer of the Crown to Cromwell
Siege of Copenhagen
The Swedish under Wrangel are held at Copenhagen
Siege of Bremen
Crosses the frontier of Holstein & expels the Danish from Bremen
Coronation
Crowns himself Emperor with the title "Conqueror of the World"
Siege of Copenhagen
The Swedish under Wrangel are held at Copenhagen
Creation as Duke
Charles II rewards Monck by creating him Duke of Albemarle.
Duke of Albemarle
Charles II raises George Monck to the dukedom of Albemarle for his role in the Restoration.
Earl of Sandwich
Charles II rewards Edward Montagu with the earldom of Sandwich after the royal return.
Birth of Charles Talbot
Birth of Charles Talbot, 1st Duke of Shrewsbury, only son of the 11th Earl of Shrewsbury and his second wife, formerly Lady Anne-Marie Brudenell, a daughter of Second Earl of Cardigan
Privy Council
Joins the Privy Council as one of the leading figures rewarded by Charles II.
Jesus College Cambridge
Strype enters Jesus College, Cambridge.
Royal Society
Grants a royal charter to the Royal Society in London.
Royal Society
Grants the first royal charter to the Royal Society.
Royal Society Charter
Moray helps secure royal support as Charles II grants the Society its first charter.
Copper Riot
A Moscow uprising breaks out over copper coinage, hardship and government policy.
Baronetcy
Created a baronet of East Hatley; Downing Street is later named after him.
Staple Act
Ashley-Cooper supports fiscal and commercial policy tied to colonial trade regulation.
Staple Act
Clarendon's ministry supports trade regulation under the Navigation Acts.
Staple Act
Gives assent to legislation requiring European goods bound for colonies to pass through England.
Ambassador
Appointed English ambassador to France during Charles II's Restoration diplomacy.
Plague Government
Remains influential in London administration during the plague emergency.
Great Plague
Moves the court away from plague-stricken London as the epidemic worsens.
Plague Prayers
Church authorities respond to plague conditions during the epidemic.
Great Plague
Treats plague victims and later records medical observations of the epidemic.
Fleet Reorganisation
Works to rebuild and reorganise the Dutch fleet after Lowestoft.
Breaking the Thames Blockade
Monck helps break Dutch pressure after the Four Days Battle and restores English naval initiative.
St James Day Battle
Monck and Prince Rupert defeat the Dutch fleet near North Foreland.
Battle of North Foreland
Drives of De Ruyter
Battle of Foreland, North
Monck breaks the Thames blockade defeating de Ruyter who loses about 20 ships
Rule of New Jersey
Under the Treaty of Breda England is awarded possession of New Jersey
Rule of New York
Under the Treaty of Breda England is awarded possession of New York
Treaty of Breda
The Treaty of Breda ends the war. The French retain French Acadia & French Guiana. The Dutch retain Pulo-Run & Dutch Guina. England gains New York & New Jersey
Rule of Acadia
Under the Treaty of Breda France retains French Acadia
Rule of Guiana
Under the Treaty of Breda France retains French Guiana
Treaty of Breda
The French retain French Acadia and French Guiana. Ends the England-Netherlands War
Rule of Acadia
Under the Treaty of Breda the French retain French Acadia & French Guiana
Rule of French Guiana
Under the Treaty of Breda the French retain French Acadia & French Guiana
Treaty of Breda
Under the Treaty of Breda the French retain French Acadia & French Guiana. The Dutch retain Pulo-Run & Dutch Guiana. Negotiates the Treaty Ends of Breda which ends the war. England gains New York & New Jersey
Treaty of Breda Signed
Charles authorised the treaty that ended the Second Anglo-Dutch War.
French Treaty at Breda
Louis XIV concluded a parallel peace at Breda as France participated in the wider settlement.
Territorial Settlement
De Witt's government accepted a settlement confirming Dutch possession of Suriname and Run.
Stadtholder of Zeeland
William III of Orange becomes stadtholder of Zeeland as popular pressure restores Orange leadership during the invasion crisis.
Stadtholder of Holland
William III of Orange becomes stadtholder of Holland, ending the province's long period without an Orange stadtholder.
Stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland
William III of Orange becomes stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland as the Dutch Republic faces invasion.
Lifetime Military Commands
William III of Orange receives the offices of Captain-General and Admiral-General for life as his authority expands during the war.
Stadholder Oath
William III of Orange formally takes the oath associated with his restored stadtholder position.
Death of Carl Gustaf Wrangel
Death of Carl Gustaf Wrangel
Flamsteed House Occupied
Moves into the new observatory building at Greenwich.
Fall of Helsingborg
Danish forces occupy Helsingborg during their rapid advance through Scania.
Fall of Landskrona
The Danish invasion force captures the strategically important town of Landskrona.
Fall of Helsingborg
Danish forces occupy Helsingborg during their rapid advance through Scania.
Fall of Landskrona
The Danish invasion force captures the strategically important town of Landskrona.
Battle of Landskrona
Charles leads Swedish forces to victory over Christian V near Landskrona.
Danish Army Withdraws to Landskrona
The defeated Danish army retreats behind Landskrona's fortifications.
Battle of Landskrona
Charles leads Swedish forces to victory over Christian V near Landskrona.
Danish Army Withdraws to Landskrona
The defeated Danish army retreats behind Landskrona's fortifications.
Execution of Oliver Plunkett
Plunkett is executed at Tyburn after maintaining his innocence, becoming the last Catholic martyr put to death in England for the faith.
Exile of Leopold I
Leopold is forced into exile in Poland
Siege of Vienna
Vienna is besieged by a combined force of Hungarian & Turk forces. Leopold is forced into exile in Poland
Siege of Vienna
Leaves Wilanow & heads for Vienna to attack the Turkish occupiers
Marriage
Marries Queen Anne
Marriage
Anne marries Prince George of Denmark, at St Jamess Palace, St Annes Day
Marriage
Marries Anne & Prince George of Denmark, at St Jamess Palace, St Annes Day
Siege of Vienna
Arrives in Cracow where he assembles his Polish army, 27,000 combat troops & 28 cannon
Death of Maria Theresa
Maria Theresa dies at Versailles.
Battle of Sedgemoor
Monmouth is defeated in battle & his claims to the throne come to an end
Major General
Promoted major-general three days before the Battle of Sedgemoor.
Capture of Bridgewater
Monmouths forces reach Bridgewater. Learns that the Royalists under the Earl of Faversham are only 3 miles away
Battle of Sedgemoor
Serves as second-in-command under the Earl of Feversham as the royal army defeats Monmouth at Sedgemoor.
Battle of Sedgemoor
The second to last Battle fought on English soil, Monmouths makeshift force could not compete with the regular army, and was soundly defeated. Monmouth himself was captured and arrested in Dorset, Parliament later passes the Act of Attainder. Monmouth is defeated & later beheaded. Attacks a Royal army under the Earl of Faversham
Execution
Despite begging for mercy, Monmouth is executed by Jack Ketch on Tower Hill. It is said that it took multiple blows of the axe to sever his head
Death of James Scott
Executed on Tower Hill
Execution
Despite begging for mercy, Monmouth is executed by Jack Ketch on Tower Hill. It is said that it took multiple blows of the axe to sever his head
League of Augsburg
William III of Orange supports European coalition-building intended to restrain the expansion of Louis XIV's France.
League of Augsburg
European powers organise against French expansion.
Publication of Principia
Finances and manages publication of Newton's Principia.
Capture of Bonn Outwork
Schoning helps capture a key fortification near Bonn before the formal siege begins.
Capture of Bonn Outwork
Flodroff cooperates with Brandenburg forces in taking an important defensive position near Bonn.
Defence of Mainz Begins
Huxelles commands the French garrison when the Imperial army begins the siege of Mainz.
Siege of Mainz Begins
Charles V of Lorraine opens the Imperial siege of the French-held fortress of Mainz.
Battle of Killiecranki
Leads a Williamite army but is defeated in battle
Battle of Killiecranki
Leads the Jacobite forces to victory but is killed in battle
Death of John Graham
Death of John Graham, killed at the Battle of Killiecranki
Jacobite Leadership
Takes over Jacobite military leadership after Viscount Dundee is killed
Battle of Killiecrankie
Commands the Williamite army defeated at Killiecrankie
Battle of Killiecrankie
Leads the Jacobites to victory at Killiecrankie
Death of John Graham
Killed at the Battle of Killiecrankie
Battle of Boyne
After his defeat, James did not stay in Dublin, but rode with a small escort to Duncannon and returned to exile in France, even though his army left the field relatively unscathed
Battle of Boyne
For the Jacobites, the war was fought for Irish sovereignty, religious toleration for Catholicism, and land ownership. A turning point in James unsuccessful attempt to regain the crown and ultimately helped ensure the continuation of Protestant supremacy in Ireland.
Battle of Boyne
In Irish folk memory, James was derisively nicknamed Seamus a chaca - a title that translates literally to "Shitty James" or "James the shit".
Battle of Boyne
James enjoyed the support of his cousin, Louis XIV, who did not want to see a hostile monarch on the throne of England, Louis sent 6,000 French troops to Ireland to support the Irish Jacobites.
Battle of Boyne
Jamess loss of nerve and speedy exit from the battlefield of the Boyne enraged his Irish supporters, who fought on until the Treaty of Limerick in 1691. James II is forced into exile in France. James II is finally defeated by William III.
Battle of Boyne
The Battle is fought on 1 July for control of a ford on the Boyne at Oldbridge, near Drogheda.
Battle of Boyne
The Catholic upper classes had lost almost all their lands after Cromwell's conquest, as well as the right to hold public office, practice their religion, and sit in the Irish Parliament.
Battle of Boyne
The Jacobites were 23,500 strong, James had several regiments of French troops, but most of his manpower was provided by Irish Catholics.
Exile of James II
After his defeat, James did not stay in Dublin, but rode with a small escort to Duncannon and returned to exile in France, even though his army left the field relatively unscathed
Battle of Boyne
The Battle of the Boyne is fought near Drogheda as William III of Orange's army forces a crossing against the Jacobite position.
Battle of Boyne
William III of Orange commands a multinational Williamite army at the Boyne, including English, Dutch, Danish, French Huguenot and other allied troops.
Battle of Boyne
William III of Orange defeats the army of James II at the Battle of the Boyne, strengthening the Williamite position in Ireland.
Boyne River Crossing
William III of Orange personally directs operations as his army forces crossings of the Boyne and compels the Jacobite army to retreat.
Battle of Boyne
James II, supported by French troops, is defeated in Ireland
Battle of Fleurus
The French led by Marshal Luxembourg defeat the Grand Alliance
Battle of Fleurus
The French led by Marshal Luxembourg defeat the Grand Alliance
Battle of Fleurus
Luxembourg defeats the Allied army under Waldeck at the Battle of Fleurus.
Battle of Boyne
Schomberg gave his opinion against the determination of William to cross the river in face of the opposing army. After riding through the river to rally his men, he was wounded twice in the head by sabre cuts, and was shot in the neck by Cahir OToole of Ballyhubbock and instantly killed
Defeat at Fleurus
Waldeck's Allied army is defeated by Luxembourg's double-flanking attack at Fleurus.
Battle of Boyne
Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnel, they had raised an army to restore James after the Glorious Revolution
Battle of Boyne
Accompanies William III to Ireland to put down the Irish Jacobites, and commands a body of Dutch cavalry at the Battle of the Boyne
Battle of Boyne
Ginkell accompanied William III to Ireland to take on the Franco-Irish Jacobites, and commanded a body of Dutch cavalry at the Battle of the Boyne
Battle of Boyne
The Williamites triumphantly march into Dublin two days after the Battle of the Boyne, the Jacobite army abandoned the city and marched to Limerick, behind the River Shannon, where they were besieged
Siege of Dublin
The Williamites triumphantly march into Dublin two days after the Battle of the Boyne, the Jacobite army abandoned the city and marched to Limerick, behind the River Shannon, where they were besieged
Siege of Limerick
The Williamites triumphantly march into Dublin two days after the Battle of the Boyne, the Jacobite army abandoned the city and marched to Limerick, behind the River Shannon, where they were besieged
Battle of Boyne
After victory at the Boyne, William III of Orange enters Dublin while the Jacobite army withdraws toward the west of Ireland.
Entry into Dublin
William III of Orange's victory at the Boyne opens the road to Dublin and forces the main Jacobite army to retreat toward Limerick.
Battle of Beachy Head
James II retaliates to the defeat at Beachy Head by amassing an army to invade France
Invasion of France
James II retaliates to the defeat at Beachy Head by amassing an army to invade France
Battle of Beachy Head
Herbert commands the Anglo-Dutch fleet defeated by Tourville at Beachy Head.
Battle of Beachy Head
Defeats the Anglo-Dutch fleet & sinks 5 of its ships
Battle of Beachy Head
Tourville defeats the combined Anglo-Dutch fleet at the Battle of Beachy Head.
Exile of James II
Forced to embark for France from Kinsale after defeat at the Battle of the Boyne
Battle of Anthrim
Commands an Orange victory
Council of Nine Meetings
Participates regularly in meetings of the senior council advising Queen Mary during William III's absence.
Correspondence with Mary During Campaign
William III of Orange and Mary maintain close personal correspondence while he commands the campaign in Ireland.
Advance toward Limerick
After securing Dublin, William III of Orange advances westward in an attempt to break the remaining Jacobite military position.
Battle of Aughrim
A stunning defeat of the fleeing Franco-Irish followed in the confusion and darkness, with some 4000 corpses left on the field.
Battle of Aughrim
An immediate attack was resolved on, and, after a severe and at one time doubtful contest, the crisis was precipitated by the fall of the Franco-Irish leader, the French General Charles Chalmont, Marquis de St Ruth, after which his disorganized forces fled in the ensuing
Battle of Aughrim
Many of the Jacobite dead were officers, who were very difficult to replace, another 4000 Jacobites either deserted or were taken prisoner & they had lost the better part of their equipment and supplies
Battle of Aughrim
The Battle of Aughrim all but decided the war in the Williamite favour.
Battle of Aughrim
darkness of the early-morning of 13 July.
Battle of Aughrim
Williamite forces commanded by Godard van Reede Ginkel defeat the main Jacobite army at Aughrim, advancing the Irish war fought in William III of Orange's name.
Battle of Aughrim
A stunning defeat of the fleeing Franco-Irish followed in the confusion and darkness, with some 4000 corpses left on the field.
Battle of Aughrim
An immediate attack was resolved on, and, after a severe and at one time doubtful contest, the crisis was precipitated by the fall of the Franco-Irish leader, the French General Charles Chalmont, Marquis de St Ruth, after which his disorganized forces fled in the ensuing
Battle of Aughrim
As St Ruth tried to rally his cavalry on the left to counter-attack and drive the Williamite horse back, he was decapitated by a cannon ball, at this point, the Jacobite position collapsed very quickly.
Battle of Aughrim
Both armies were about 20,000 men strong, the soldiers of St Ruths army were mostly Irish Catholic, while Ginkels were English, Scottish, Danish, Dutch and French Huguenot (members of William IIIs League of Augsburg) and Ulster Protestants.
Battle of Aughrim
Ginkel marched through Ballinasloe, on the main road towards Limerick and Galway, before he found his way blocked by St Ruth's army at Aughrim on the 12th of July 1691.
Battle of Aughrim
The Battle of Aughrim all but decided the war in the Williamite favour.
Battle of Aughrim
darkness of the early-morning of 13 July.
League of Augsburg
Both armies were about 20,000 men strong, the soldiers of St Ruths army were mostly Irish Catholic, while Ginkels were English, Scottish, Danish, Dutch and French Huguenot (members of William IIIs League of Augsburg) and Ulster Protestants
Battle of Aughrim
St Ruth placed his best infantry under his second-in-command, the chevalier de Tesse, and most of his cavalry under Patrick Sarsfield
Battle of Aughrim
13 July.
Battle of Aughrim
A stunning defeat of the fleeing Franco-Irish followed in the confusion and darkness, with some 4000 corpses left on the field. Having strengthened the fortifications of Athlone and having left a garrison there, Ginkel leads the English to Aughrim.
Battle of Aughrim
An immediate attack was resolved on, and, after a severe and at one time doubtful contest, the crisis was precipitated by the fall of the Franco-Irish leader, the French General Charles Chalmont, Marquis de St Ruth, after which his disorganized forces fled in the ensuing darkness of the early-morning of
Battle of Aughrim
As St Ruth tried to rally his cavalry on the left to counter-attack and drive the Williamite horse back, he was decapitated by a cannon ball, at this point, the Jacobite position collapsed very quickly
Battle of Aughrim
Both armies were about 20,000 men strong, the soldiers of St Ruth's army were mostly Irish Catholic, while Ginkel's were English, Scottish, Danish, Dutch and French Huguenot (members of William IIIs League of Augsburg) and Ulster Protestants.
Battle of Aughrim
Defeats the Irish Jacobites, the Battle of Aughrim all but decides the war in the Williamite favour.
Battle of Aughrim
Ginkel marched through Ballinasloe, on the main road towards Limerick and Galway, before he found his way blocked by St Ruth's army at Aughrim on the 12th of July 1691.
Battle of Aughrim
Godert de Ginkell, the Williamites Dutch general, had breached the Jacobite line of defence by crossing the Shannon at Athlone - taking the town after a bloody siege.
Battle of Aughrim
The Battle of Aughrim all but decided the war in the Williamites favour.
League of Augsburg
Both armies were about 20,000 men strong, the soldiers of St Ruths army were mostly Irish Catholic, while Ginkels were English, Scottish, Danish, Dutch and French Huguenot (members of William IIIs League of Augsburg) and Ulster Protestants
Siege of Galway
Galway surrenders to Williamite forces after the defeat of the Jacobite field army at Aughrim.
Siege of Limerick
Limerick capitulates to Williamite forces after the final major siege of the Irish war.
Battle of Landen
William III of Orange commands the Allied army at Landen, where Luxembourg wins a major French victory during the Nine Years' War.
Death of Queen Ulrika Eleonora
Queen Ulrika Eleonora dies after thirteen years of marriage to Charles.
Death of Queen Ulrika Eleonora
Queen Ulrika Eleonora dies after thirteen years of marriage to Charles.
Battle of Landen
William III of Orange commands the Allied army that suffers a major defeat against Luxembourg at Landen.
Battle of Landen
Luxembourg defeats William III's Allied army at the Battle of Landen.
Alliance Grand Alliance
The Grand Alliance is crushed by the French
Battle of Neerwinden
The Grand Alliance is crushed by the French
Battle of Neerwinden
Distinguishes himself at the Battle of Neerwinden
First Court of Directors Meeting
John Houblon presides as the newly incorporated Bank of England establishes its first Court of Directors under the royal charter.
Bank of England Charter
A royal charter issued under William III of Orange and Mary incorporates the Governor and Company of the Bank of England.
Bank of England
The Bank of England receives its charter to finance government borrowing and manage public debt.
Bank of England
The Bank of England receives its charter and begins issuing notes redeemable in coin.
Siege of Namur
William III of Orange leads the Allied siege that recaptures Namur from the French.
Allied Siege Engineering at Namur
Van Coehoorn directs important Allied siege operations against the French-held fortress of Namur.
Academy of Arts
Founds the Prussian Academy of Arts in Berlin.
Tunbridge Wells Political Dinner
Hosts a political dinner attended by Sunderland, Romney, Coningsby and other prominent figures during speculation about ministerial changes.
Lord Justice
Appointed one of the Lords Justices during William III's absence.
Treaty of Constantinople
The Treaty of Constantinople confirms Russia's possession of Azov and frees Peter I to turn against Sweden.
Treaty of Constantinople
Yemelyan Ukraintsev concludes the Treaty of Constantinople with the Ottoman Empire.
Treaty of Constantinople
Peter I secures peace with the Ottoman Empire and confirmation of Russian possession of Azov.
Illness
Prince William complains of illness after his eleventh birthday celebrations at Windsor.
Succession
The death of the Duke of Gloucester leaves the Protestant succession dangerously narrow and creates a major constitutional problem for William III of Orange.
Death of William Gloucester
Prince William, Anne's only surviving child, dies aged eleven and leaves the Protestant succession uncertain.
Death of William Gloucester
Prince William, Duke of Gloucester, Anne's only surviving child, dies aged eleven, creating a Protestant succession crisis.
Succession Crisis
The death of her son Prince William, Duke of Gloucester, leaves Anne without a surviving direct heir.
Succession Crisis
The death of Prince William of Gloucester leaves Anne without a surviving child and makes a new succession settlement urgent.
Battle of Carpi
Eugene defeats Catinat's French forces at Carpi.
Battle of Carpi
Catinat is defeated by Eugene of Savoy at Carpi during the opening Italian campaign.
French Withdrawal from Carpi
Catinat withdraws after Eugene's surprise attack at Carpi.
Defence of the Duna
Steinau commands Saxon forces opposing the Swedish crossing.
Defeat at the Duna
Augustus fails to prevent Charles XII from crossing the Duna.
Russian Detachment at the Duna
Sheremetev's Russian detachment supports the Saxon position near the Duna.
Duna Battle Command
Rehnskiold commands Swedish troops during the successful river crossing.
Duna Campaign
Stenbock participates in the Swedish victory over the Saxon army.
Crossing of the Duna
Charles leads Swedish troops across the Duna under covering smoke.
Crossing of the Duna
Charles XII defeats Saxon forces and Russian detachments near the Duna and relieves Riga.
Crossing of the Duna
Defeats Saxon forces near Riga after forcing the Duna crossing.
Relief of Riga
Charles XII relieves Riga after defeating the Saxon army at the crossing of the Duna.
Relief of Riga
Relieves Riga and restores Swedish control in Livonia.
Victory at the Duna
Charles defeats the Saxon army and relieves pressure on Riga.
Crossing of the Adige
Eugene crosses the Adige and outflanks the French defensive position.
Duna Crossing Preparations
Dahlbergh supports engineering and logistical preparations for the river crossing.
Advance to Mitau
Charles enters the Courland capital after victory at the Duna.
Invasion of Poland
After the victory on the Duna, Charles XII turns south against Augustus II and his Polish-Saxon position.
Occupation of Courland
Charles occupies Courland after the Saxon withdrawal.
Battle of Kliszow
Defeated by Charles XII of Sweden
Defeat at Kliszow
Augustus suffers a major defeat against Charles XII at Kliszow.
Kliszow Command
Rehnskiold commands Swedish formations during the victory at Kliszow.
Kliszow Service
Stenbock serves in the Swedish army during the battle of Kliszow.
Battle of Kliszow
Charles defeats the larger Saxon-Polish army at Kliszow under the New Style date.
Battle of Kliszow
Defeats Augustus II's Saxon-Polish army.
Capture of Krakow
Charles XII captures Krakow
Polish Cavalry at Kliszow
Lubomirski commands Polish cavalry attached to Augustus II's army.
Battle of Hummelshof
Sheremetev defeats Schlippenbach's Swedish force at Hummelshof.
Defeat at Hummelshof
Schlippenbach suffers a severe defeat against Sheremetev in Livonia.
Antwerp Campaign Abandoned
Marlborough abandons the projected Antwerp offensive after Ekeren.
Edirne Incident
Mustafa faces a military and political revolt advancing from Istanbul.
Battle of Schellenberg
Marlborough commands the assault at Schellenberg and secures the route toward Donauworth.
Capture of Donauworth
Marlborough captures Donauworth after the Allied victory on the Schellenberg heights.
Battle of Schellenberg
Lumley serves in Marlborough's army during the assault on Schellenberg.
Election of Stanislaw
Supports Stanislaw Leszczynski as king of Poland.
Invasion of Bavaria
Marlborough and Baden invade western Bavaria before the campaign culminates at Blenheim.
Battle of Elixheim
Marlborough breaks through the Lines of Brabant at Elixheim near Landen.
Lines of Brabant Penetrated
Marlborough breaks through the French Lines of Brabant, improving Allied access into Flanders.
Lines of Brabant
Breaks part of the French defensive lines at Elixheim.
Battle of Elixheim
Villeroy's lines are broken by Marlborough at Elixheim during the Flanders campaign.
Villeroy Withdraws after Brabant Lines Breached
Villeroy pulls back after Marlborough penetrates French defensive lines protecting the approaches to Flanders.
Capture of Ostend
Ostend is captured by Allied forces after the Ramillies campaign.
Battle of Oudenaarde
Marlborough & Eugene defeat the French under the Duke of Burgundy & Vendome
Battle of Oudenaarde
Leads the Allied advance guard before Oudenaarde.
Battle of Oudenaarde
The Duke of Burgundy shares command during the French defeat at Oudenaarde.
Battle of Oudenarde
Suffers defeat during the Flanders campaign.
Battle of Oudenaarde
Vendome commands French forces during the defeat at Oudenaarde.
French Defeat at Oudenaarde
Vendome's forces suffer defeat at Oudenaarde after confused command and rapid Allied concentration.
Battle of Oudenaarde
Marlborough & Eugene defeat the French under the Duke of Burgundy & Vendome
Battle of Oudenaarde
Marlborough and Eugene defeat the French army at Oudenaarde.
Forced March to Oudenaarde
Moves quickly to bring the French army to battle.
Oudenaarde Battle Won by Allied Army
Marlborough defeats the French at Oudenaarde and restores Allied strategic initiative in Flanders.
Oudenaarde Envelopment
Uses Allied cavalry to envelop the French right at Oudenaarde, helping force Vendome's army into retreat.
Battle of Oudenaarde
Fights at the Battle of Oudenaarde
Battle of Oudenaarde
John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll, fights at the Battle of Oudenaarde.
Battle of Oudenaarde
John Dalrymple commands a brigade at Oudenaarde during Marlborough and Eugene's victory over the French.
Battle of Oudenaarde
Plays a major role at the Battle of Oudenarde
Siege of Tournai
Captures two major fortifications at Tournai
Oudenaarde Victory Report
Writes from the camp at Oudenaarde to report the Allied victory won on the previous day.
Battle of Holowczyn
Charles XII defeats Sheremetev's Russian forces at Holowczyn and advances toward the Dnieper.
Battle of Holowczyn
Defeats Russian forces and opens the road toward the Dnieper.
Invasion of Russia
The victory at Holowczyn opens the route toward the Dnieper during Charles XII's invasion.
Ghent Reoccupied by French Forces
French forces recover Ghent during the renewed campaign before the decisive battle at Oudenaarde.
Loss of Bruges
Bruges returns to French allegiance during the 1708 campaign, increasing pressure on Marlborough in Flanders.
Capture of Mogilev
Charles XII captures Mogilev during the advance toward the Russian heartland.
Capture of Mogilev
Occupies Mogilev during the Russian campaign.
Collapse of Field Army
The army's surrender leaves Sweden without its main field force.
Exile at Bendery
Charles XII reaches Bendery in Ottoman territory after escaping the Russian pursuit.
Exile of Charles XII
Charles XII and Ivan Mazepa escape to Ottoman territory after the Swedish defeat and the surrender at Perevolochna.
Poltava Aftermath
The surrender at Perevolochna destroys Charles XII's remaining field army after Poltava.
Surrender at Perevolochna
The remaining Swedish army surrenders after his escape.
Surrender at Perevolochna
The remaining Swedish army surrenders at Perevolochna after being pursued by Russian cavalry.
Surrender of Tournai
The town of Tournai surrenders; its citadel continues resistance until 3 September.
Arrest of Peter I the Great
Under the Treaty of Pruth agrees to return Charles XII to Sweden
Rule of Azov
Agrees to return Azov to the Turks under the Treaty of Pruth
Siege of Bethune
Begins operations against Bethune during the 1710 campaign.
Battle of Almenar
Wins an Allied victory in Catalonia.
Battle of Stanilesti
Russian troops under command of Boris Sheremetev attemptto invade Moldova with the aid of Moldovan ruler Dimitrie Cantemir but are defeated by Grand Vizier Baltacรพ Mehmet Pasa, in at Stanilesti
Commonwealth
The Treaty stipulated to return Azov to the Ottomans, Taganrog and several Russian fortresses were to be demolished, while the Tsar pledged to stop interfering into the affairs of the Polishn Commonwealth
Independence of Poland
Promises in the Treaty of Pruth to withdraw from Poland & refrain from intervening in Polish affairs
Independence of Russia
Promises in the Treaty of Pruth to withdraw from Poland & refrain from intervening in Polish affairs
Pruth Campaign Defeat
Russian troops under command of Boris Sheremetev attemptto invade Moldova with the aid of Moldovan ruler Dimitrie Cantemir but are defeated by Grand Vizier Baltacรพ Mehmet Pasa, in at Stanilesti
Rule of Azov
Russia returns Azov to the Turks
Treaty of Pruth
The Treaty stipulated to return Azov to the Ottomans, Taganrog and several Russian fortresses were to be demolished, while the Tsar pledged to stop interfering into the affairs of the Polishn Commonwealth. Ends the war between Russia & Turkey. Agrees to return Azov to the Turks & Charles XII to Sweden
Battle of Stanilesti
Is defeated with Russian allies by Ottoman forces.
Pruth Campaign Influence
Hopes Ottoman victory at the Pruth will restore Swedish fortunes.
Battle of Denain
Villars wins a decisive victory over Eugene's forces at Denain and changes the course of the war.
Battle of Denain
Wins at Denain and improves France's position.
British Withdrawal
Withdraws British troops from Allied operations.
Suspension of Arms
Arranges suspension of arms with France.
French Position Recovers after British Withdrawal
Villars benefits from Britain's withdrawal from active Allied operations and regains strategic freedom in the theatre.
Spanish Succession
Is recognised internationally as Philip V of Spain.
Treaty of Utrecht
Is recognised internationally as Philip V of Spain.
Asiento Contract
Britain gains the asiento for supplying enslaved Africans to Spanish America.
Mediterranean Strategy
Gibraltar and Minorca give Britain strategic Mediterranean bases.
Mediterranean Strategy
Minorca strengthens Britain's naval presence in the western Mediterranean.
Navio de Permiso
Britain receives permission for an annual trading ship to Spanish America.
Recognition of Philip V
Britain recognises Philip V as King of Spain under the treaty.
Rule of Gibraltar
Britain receives Gibraltar from Spain under the peace settlement.
Rule of Minorca
Britain receives Minorca from Spain under the peace settlement.
Treaty of Utrecht
Britain receives Gibraltar from Spain under the peace settlement.
Treaty of Utrecht
Gibraltar and Minorca give Britain strategic Mediterranean bases.
Treaty of Utrecht
Britain receives Minorca from Spain under the peace settlement.
Treaty of Utrecht
Minorca strengthens Britain's naval presence in the western Mediterranean.
Treaty of Utrecht
Britain concludes peace with Spain and receives Mediterranean concessions.
Treaty of Utrecht
Britain gains the asiento for supplying enslaved Africans to Spanish America.
Treaty of Utrecht
Britain receives permission for an annual trading ship to Spanish America.
Treaty of Utrecht
Britain recognises Philip V as King of Spain under the treaty.
Treaty with Spain
Britain concludes peace with Spain and receives Mediterranean concessions.
Asiento Contract
Grants Britain the asiento trading concession in Spanish America.
Balance of Power
Spain remains Bourbon but separate from France under the peace terms.
Loss of Gibraltar
Cedes Gibraltar to Great Britain under the Treaty of Utrecht.
Loss of Minorca
Cedes Minorca to Great Britain as part of the Utrecht settlement.
Mediterranean Losses
Spain's cession of Gibraltar and Minorca weakens its Mediterranean position.
Renunciation of France
Renounces claims to the French throne to prevent union of the crowns.
Rule of Gibraltar
Spain cedes Gibraltar to Great Britain in the Treaty of Utrecht.
Rule of Minorca
Spain cedes Minorca to Great Britain under the Treaty of Utrecht.
Spanish Empire Retained
Philip V retains Spain and its American empire while ceding European territories.
Treaty of Utrecht
Cedes Gibraltar to Great Britain under the Treaty of Utrecht.
Treaty of Utrecht
Spain cedes Gibraltar to Great Britain in the Treaty of Utrecht.
Treaty of Utrecht
Spain's cession of Gibraltar and Minorca weakens its Mediterranean position.
Treaty of Utrecht
Cedes Minorca to Great Britain as part of the Utrecht settlement.
Treaty of Utrecht
Spain cedes Minorca to Great Britain under the Treaty of Utrecht.
Treaty of Utrecht
Philip V retains Spain and its American empire while ceding European territories.
Treaty of Utrecht
Accepts peace terms while keeping the Spanish throne.
Treaty of Utrecht
Grants Britain the asiento trading concession in Spanish America.
Treaty of Utrecht
Philip V keeps Spain but renounces the French throne; Spain cedes Gibraltar and Minorca to Great Britain.
Treaty of Utrecht
Renounces claims to the French throne to prevent union of the crowns.
Treaty of Utrecht
Spain concludes peace with Britain while conceding territory and trade rights.
Treaty of Utrecht
Spain remains Bourbon but separate from France under the peace terms.
Treaty with Britain
Spain concludes peace with Britain while conceding territory and trade rights.
Spanish Settlement
Helps Philip V's administration adjust to the postwar settlement.
Treaty of Utrecht
Helps Philip V's administration adjust to the postwar settlement.
Battle of Gangut
Ehrenskiold commands the Swedish squadron defeated and captured by Russian galleys at Gangut.
Succession
Louis gives the Duke du Toulouse the right to succeed to the French throne. Louis gives the Duke du Maine the right to succeed to the French throne
Siege of Stralsund
Charles XII directs the defence of Stralsund as the coalition siege begins its final phase.
Siege of Stralsund
Directs the defence of Sweden's Pomeranian fortress.
Dynekilen Setback
Loses naval supply support after the Swedish transport fleet is attacked.
Norwegian Failure
Abandons the first Norwegian campaign after supply collapse.
Withdrawal from Norway
Charles XII withdraws from Norway after supply failures and the loss of the Swedish transport fleet.
Withdrawal from Norway
Withdraws after supply failures make the campaign untenable.
Noailles is sent by Orleans to discover Philip Vs ambitions for the
Noailles is sent by Orleans to discover Philip Vs ambitions for the French throne
Noailles is sent by Orleans to find out Philip Vs ambitions for
Noailles is sent by Orleans to find out Philip Vs ambitions for the French throne
Succession
Toulouse loses his right of succession to the French throne. Maine loses his right of succession to the French throne
Comunero Revolt
Leads opposition to royal officials during the Comunero revolt in Paraguay.
Probate of Will
His will is proved in July following his death at Cranbourne Lodge.
Treaty of Vienna
Ends the Anglo-French entente. Emperor Charles VI is given support to his "pragmatic sanction" by Walpole
Succession
Signs the Treaty of Vienna supporting the success of Maria Theresa
Treaty of Vienna
Ends the Anglo-French entente. Charles VI gains support for his "pragmatic sanction" for the succession Maria Theresa
Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
Edwards delivered his influential Great Awakening sermon at Enfield, Connecticut.
Discovery of Alaska
Vitus Bering, a Danish mariner working for Russia, lands on the Alaskan coast
Sighting of Alaska
Lookouts aboard Beringโs St Peter sighted snow-covered mountains on the North American coast.
Landing at Guantanamo Bay
Wentworth landed British and colonial troops intending to advance against Santiago de Cuba.
Evidence of Indigenous Settlement
Steller recorded fires, tools, food remains, and other evidence of Indigenous habitation on Kayak Island.
Landing on Kayak Island
Steller went ashore on Kayak Island to collect specimens and investigate the surrounding environment.
Death of Antonio Vivaldi
Antonio Vivaldi died in Vienna after a career as a violinist, teacher, and influential composer.
Declaration of War on Russia
Sweden declared war on Russia in an attempt to recover territories lost after the Great Northern War.
Invasion of Cuba
Vernon redirected his expedition toward Cuba and established a base at Guantanamo Bay.
Missing Landing Parties
Chirikov lost two landing parties sent ashore and departed when neither boat returned.
Sighting of North America
Chirikov sighted the North American coast before sending boats to investigate the shoreline.
Invasion of Georgia
The Spanish land on St Simons Island
Battle of Bloody Swamp
The Spanish are defeated for the control of Georgia. Redeems reputation from defeat at St. Augustine, Florida, 2 yrs earlier
Battle of Bloody Swamp
The Spanish are defeated for the control of Georgia
Battle of Bloody Swamp
The Spanish leave the Island of St Simons
Battle of Bloody Swamp
The Spanish leave the Island of St Simons
Treaty of Berlin, 1742
The Treaty of Berlin confirms the preliminary Treaty of Breslau and ends the First Silesian War.
Treaty of Berlin, 1742
Signs the Treaty of Berlin confirming the Treaty of Breslau and Prussian possession of most of Silesia.
Death of Spencer Compton
Death of Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington, died unmarried and without issue, and therefore all his titles became extinct upon his death
Invasion of England
Boards the du Teillay at Minden on the mouth of the Loire
Invasion of England
Intercepted by the Lion & forced to return to France with arms & ammunition
Invasion of Great Britain
Charles writes to Louis XV, saying he had been informed that England could be retaken without civil war as it was stripped of soldiers
Invasion of Great Britain
The Doutelle sails from Nantes on 22 June 1745, meeting the Elisabeth at Brittany on 4 July and then sailing together for Scotland
Invasion of England
"The Young Pretender", sets sail from Nantes to begin a Jacobite rebellion
Invasion of Great Britain
Charles had hoped for support from a French fleet, but it was badly damaged by storms, and he was left to raise an army in Scotland
Invasion of Great Britain
Charles raised funds to fit out two ships: the Elisabeth, an old man-of-war of 66 guns, and the Du Teillay (sometimes called Doutelle), a 16-gun privateer, which successfully land him and seven companions at Eriskay
Invasion of Great Britain
The Doutelle crosses the Sound of Arisaig to Forsay, Moidart
Capture of Bruges
French advances after Fontenoy threaten and secure Bruges.
Death of Philip V
Death of Philip V, insane at the age of 62
Battle of Laufield
Defeats the Duke of Cumberlands Anglo-Dutch Army
Battle of Laufield
Wounded in battle
Battle of Laufield
Defeated by Marshal Saxe
Battle of Finisterre
Fights under Anson at the Battle of Finisterre
Imprisonment at Vincennes
Diderot is confined at Vincennes because of his controversial philosophical writings.
Encyclopedie First Volume
Publishes the first volume of the Encyclopedie with collaborators.
Enlightenment Knowledge Project
Organizes scientific, technical and philosophical knowledge for a broad readership.
Birth of Theodor von Reding
Birth of Theodor von Reding
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 2nd term
Death of Siraj-Ud-Daulah
Siraj Ud Daulah, the last independent ruler of Bengal, is brutally executed by Mohammad Ali Beg under orders from Mir Jafar
Execution
Mir Jafar's supporters help remove Siraj-ud-Daulah after Plassey; Siraj is killed soon afterward.
Battle of Hastenbeck
The commander of the French right flank, General Francois de Chevert, is ordered to engage Hanoverian troops at the village of Voremberg, but fails to drive them out
Battle of Hastenbeck
Drives away the Duke of Cumberland from Hanover for the Allies
Battle of Hastenbeck
The Battle of Hastenbeck results in the Convention of Klosterzeven and the occupation of Hanover. The Battle of Hastenbeck
Convention
The Battle of Hastenbeck results in the Convention of Klosterzeven and the occupation of Hanover. Following the defeat at Hastenbeck, the allied army withdraws north and Cumberland signs the humiliating Convention of Klosterzeven, ending the war in Germany
Rule of Hanover
The Battle of Hastenbeck results in the Convention of Klosterzeven and the occupation of Hanover
Battle of Gross-Jagersdorf
Defeated by the Russians, leaves the road to Berlin open
Invasion of Hanover
Leads an Allied invasion of Hanover
Siege of Carillon
Defeated by the French at Carillon
Capture of London
Captures Fort Niagra
Siege of Louisborg
Helps capture Louisberg on Cape Breton Island to move up the St Lawrence
Capture of Cape Bretton
Captures Cape Bretton Island
Capture of Niagra
Captures Fort Niagra, killed during the siege
Capture of Ticonderoga
Captures Triconderoga
Siege of Quebec
The French launch fire ships in an effort to burn the British fleet
Capture of Crown Point
Captures Crown Point
Siege of Quebec
Launches an assault on the Montmorenci heights
Reballion of Leib Guard removes Peter from the throne
In the course of July 13 and July 14, the revolt of the Leib Guard removes Peter from the throne and proclaimes Catherine as reigning Empress
Succession
In the course of July 13 and July 14, the revolt of the Leib Guard removes Peter from the throne and proclaimes Catherine as reigning Empress
Coup
Death of Peter III, at the hands of Alexei Orlov (younger brother to Gregory Orlov, then court favorite and a participant in the coup)
Death of Catherine II the Great
Death of Peter III, at the hands of Alexei Orlov (younger brother to Gregory Orlov, then court favorite and a participant in the coup)
Election
Catherines ascension manifesto justifies her succession by citing the "unanimous election" but many regard her reign as a usurpation, tolerable only during the minority of Grand Duke Paul
Manifesto
Catherines ascension manifesto justifies her succession by citing the "unanimous election" but many regard her reign as a usurpation, tolerable only during the minority of Grand Duke Paul
Succession
Catherines ascension manifesto justifies her succession by citing the "unanimous election" but many regard her reign as a usurpation, tolerable only during the minority of Grand Duke Paul. Although not descended from any Russian Emperor, Catherine succeeds her husband and becomes reigning Empress, following an earlier precedent when Catherine I succeeded Peter I in 1725
Coup
Death of Peter III, at the hands of Alexei Orlov (younger brother to Gregory Orlov, then court favorite and a participant in the coup)
Coup
Death of Peter III, at the hands of Alexei Orlov (younger brother to Gregory Orlov, then court favorite and a participant in the coup)
Coup
Death of Peter III, at the hands of Alexei Orlov (younger brother to Gregory Orlov, then court favorite and a participant in the coup)
Death of Catherine II the Great
Death of Peter III, at the hands of Alexei Orlov (younger brother to Gregory Orlov, then court favorite and a participant in the coup)
Battle of Burkersdorf
Frederick II the Great defeats the Austrian Army under Daun
Battle of Burkersdor
Fighting alone in the east, the Austrians are soundly defeated in the Battle of Burkersdorf
Battle of Burkersdorf
Frederick II the Great defeats the Austrian Army under Daun
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 1st term
Water Frame
Arkwright patents a water-powered spinning frame suited to large factory production.
Battle of Chesma
Defeats the Turks near the Island of Chios off Anatolia
Battle of Chesma
Catherine makes Russia the dominant power in south-eastern Europe after her war against the Ottoman Empire which see major victories at Chesma and Kagul
Battle of Kagul
Catherine makes Russia the dominant power in south-eastern Europe after her war against the Ottoman Empire which see major victories at Chesma and Kagul
Baptism
Baptised in Ajaccio Cathedral
Southern Voyage
Leaves Plymouth on HMS Resolution with HMS Adventure to search the far southern oceans during his second voyage
Rule of Crimea
The Treaty of Kutchuk cedes Kerch and several other Black Sea ports in the Crimea to Russia and declared the rest of the khanate of Crimea independent
Rule of Kerch
The Treaty of Kutchuk cedes Kerch and several other Black Sea ports in the Crimea to Russia and declared the rest of the khanate of Crimea independent
Rule of Moldova
Under the Treaty of Kutchuk Kainardji Moldova is returned to Turkey
Rule of Moldovia
Moldova and Walachia were restored to the suzerainty of the sultan, but Russia obtains the right of intervening with the Sublime Porte (the sultans court) on behalf of those two principalities
Rule of Steppes
Under the Treaty of Kutchuk Kainardji the Steppes are returned to Russia
Rule of Walachia
Moldova and Walachia were restored to the suzerainty of the sultan, but Russia obtains the right of intervening with the Sublime Porte (the sultans court) on behalf of those two principalities
Rule of Wallachia
Under the Treaty of Kutchuk Kainardji Wallachia is returned to Turkey
Treaty of Kutchuk
Moldova and Walachia were restored to the suzerainty of the sultan, but Russia obtains the right of intervening with the Sublime Porte (the sultans court) on behalf of those two principalities.
Treaty of Kutchuk
Proclaimed Protectress of the Christians in the Balkans.
Treaty of Kutchuk
Russia gains access to the Black Sea & to the Straits.
Treaty of Kutchuk
Russia gains the Steppes from Turkey.
Treaty of Kutchuk
The Crimea gains its independence.
Treaty of Kutchuk
The Treaty of Kutchuk cedes Kerch and several other Black Sea ports in the Crimea to Russia and declared the rest of the khanate of Crimea independent.
Commander of Continental Forces
Appointed Commander of the Continental forces
Reform of Armed Forces
Begins transforming the army while maintaining the Siege of Boston
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief
Commander of Continental Forces
Appointed Commander of the Continental forces
Constitution of USA
Declares Government by consent of the people
Declaration of Independence
The Declaration is adopted by the Continental Congress & signed by John Hancock. Signs the Declaration of Independence in large letters so King George can read it. Hancock is best-remembered for his large, flamboyant signature on the Declaration of Independence, so much so that "John Hancock" has become, in the United States, an informal synonym for "signature"
Independence of United States of America
The Declaration is adopted by the Continental Congress & signed by John Hancock
Congress of Continental
Declaration of Independence, equality, right to life, liberty, pursuit of happiness
Constitution of USA
Declaration of Independence, equality, right to life, liberty, pursuit of happiness
Declaration of Independence
Declares equality, right to life, liberty, pursuit of happiness. Declaration of Independence, equality, right to life, liberty, pursuit of happiness
Independence of United States of America
Declares equality, right to life, liberty, pursuit of happiness
Death of James Cook
Returns to Hawaii from the North West Passage & killed in a scuffle with the Islanders
Constitution of USA
Presents the plan for confederation of 13 Colonies to Congress
Death of Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Jean-Jacques Rousseau dies at Ermenonville, aged sixty-six.
Death of Anna Maria Mozart
Anna Maria Mozart dies in Paris while travelling with Wolfgang.
Declaration of War
France declares war against Great Britain
Battle of Ushant, 1st
Serves under Louis Guillouet, comte dOrvilliers at the 1st Battle of Ushant from July 23 to 27
Battle of Levant
Commands the Foudroyant
Capture of Stony Point
Recaptures Stony Point, New Jersey
Invasion of the Carnatic
Haidar Ali invades the Carnatic with a large Mysorean army, opening the major campaigning phase of the Second Anglo-Mysore War.
Battle of Porto Novo
Haidar Ali confronts an East India Company army at Porto Novo but is forced to withdraw after heavy fighting.
Battle of Jamestown Ford
Defeats General Lafayette at Jamestown Ford, Virginia
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain
Leader of House of Commons
Appointed Leader of the House of Commons
Secretary of State for Home Department
Appointed Secretary of State for the Home Department, 1st term
The Abduction from the Seraglio
The Abduction from the Seraglio premieres at the Burgtheater.
Parliament
The Parliament at Besancon demands that the Estates General be convened
Birth of Simon Bolivar
Birth of Simon Bolivar
Constitution of Austria
Suspends the Hungarian Constitution after rebellion in Transylvania
Reballion of Hungarian Constitution after
Suspends the Hungarian Constitution after rebellion in Transylvania
Death of Denis Diderot
Denis Diderot dies in Paris, aged seventy.
Symphony No 40
Completes Symphony No 40 in G minor.
Assembly of Vizille
Barnave participated in the Dauphine political assembly at Vizille, which pressed for representative reform before the Estates General.
Letter to Duke of Orleans
Olympe de Gouges addressed the Duke of Orleans while pressing her political reform agenda during the early Revolution.
National Assembly
Addresses the National Assembly demanding withrawal of troops called up by de Broglie
National Assembly
Mirabeau addressed the National Assembly demanding withrawal of troops called up by de Broglie.
Troop Withdrawal Demand
Mirabeau demanded the withdrawal of troops concentrated around Paris and Versailles during the escalating July crisis.
Support for Troop Withdrawal
Lafayette supported Mirabeau's demand that troops concentrated around Paris and Versailles be withdrawn.
Siege of Paris
Addresses the National Assembly demanding withrawal of troops called up by de Broglie
Mounier takes part in constituent transition
Mounier supported framing the Assembly's activity as the drafting of fundamental laws. The national assembly claims constituent power made Versailles a focal point in the struggle over royal and representative authority.
Constituent designation adopted: Constitution-making formally prioritized
Mounier worked among deputies who transformed the National Assembly into the National Constituent Assembly. The new title identified a specific mission to design France's fundamental laws.
Sieyes sees national sovereignty take institutional form
The Assembly's constituent title reflected Sieyes's idea that the nation could authorize a new political order. The consequences of national assembly claims constituent power reached well beyond the palace and its neighbouring legislative chambers.
Mirabeau helps entrench constituent authority
Mirabeau continued participating as a deputy in a body now claiming the power to design a constitution. This development concerning national assembly claims constituent power exposed the limits of the old regime's political arrangements.
Constitutional Report Calls for Declaration
Mounier's constitutional report argues that the new constitution should be preceded by a declaration of fundamental principles.
Constituent designation adopted: Theory becomes institutional reality
Sieyes's concept of national representation acquired an institutional form when the Assembly assumed constituent powers. Deputies thereby placed national will above the customary estate structure.
Constitution of France
The Constituent Assembly is formed, the model for 19th century Liberal Constitutions
Constitution of France
The Constituent Assembly is formed, the model for 19th century Liberal Constitutions.
Constituent designation adopted: Permanent constitutional forum emerges
Mirabeau entered the debates of a body now explicitly committed to constitution making. The Assembly's claim to authority went beyond presenting grievances to the king.
Constitution of France
The National Assembly changes its name to the Constituent Assembly. The Constituent Assembly is recognized by the King
National Assembly
The National Assembly changes its name to the Constituent Assembly
Constituent Assembly Transformation
Louis XVI faced an Assembly that formally declared itself constituent and began drafting a new political order for France.
Constitution of France
The National Assembly changes its name to the Constituent Assembly. The Constituent Assembly is recognized by the King.
National Assembly
The National Assembly changes its name to the Constituent Assembly.
Lally-Tollendal Rights Project Submitted
Lally-Tollendal submits a proposed declaration of rights during the early constitutional drafting process.
Bailly confronts July security alarm
The concentration of royal troops near Paris and Versailles heightened anxiety among deputies. Bailly's Assembly debated its ability to work freely in the presence of military pressure.
Lafayette proposes charter of rights
Lafayette submitted a draft declaration intended to guide the constitution through statements of natural and civil rights. The lafayette presents rights declaration project made Versailles a focal point in the struggle over royal and representative authority.
Sieyes offers alternative rights framework
Sieyes produced his own analysis of rights and national sovereignty during the constituent debates. The consequences of lafayette presents rights declaration project reached well beyond the palace and its neighbouring legislative chambers.
Dismissal
Has Neckar dismissed in order to create a stronger Government under Baron de Breteuil
Dismissal
Has Neckar dismissed in order to create a stronger Government under Baron de Breteuil.
Lafayette Links Rights Declaration to Constitutional Government
Lafayette argues that a concise declaration should guide constitutional institutions by stating enduring principles of natural and social rights.
Lafayette Presents Draft Declaration of Rights
Lafayette presents his draft Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen to the National Assembly.
Jefferson influences rights drafting discussions
Jefferson's exchanges with French reformers helped circulate constitutional ideas, although he was not a deputy. This development concerning lafayette presents rights declaration project exposed the limits of the old regime's political arrangements.
Palais Royal Mobilization
Desmoulins addressed crowds at the Palais Royal and helped mobilize Parisians after news of Necker's dismissal.
Demonstrations
A massacre takes place by the Royal-Allemand cavalry on the Place Louis XV
Demonstrations
A massacre takes place by the Royal-Allemand cavalry on the Place Louis XV.
Dismissal
Parisians react to the dismissal of Neckar by gathering at the Palais Royal
Dismissal
Parisians react to the dismissal of Neckar by gathering at the Palais Royal.
Demonstrations
Louis XVI took place at St Lazre, the crowd steel quantities of grain, flour and wine.
Demonstrations
Takes place at St Lazre, the crowd steel quantities of grain, flour & wine
Early militia patrols defend municipal order
Jean-Baptiste de La Salle briefly led the emerging Paris militia during the July emergency. Patrols embodied the shift from royal policing to armed citizens under municipal influence.
Paris electors form citizens militia
Paris electors organized a citizens militia as disorder and fear of royal troops spread through the capital. The new force initially aimed to protect property and restore public security.
Bastille fall transforms the royal crisis
The capture of the Bastille deprived Marie Antoinette and the court of any expectation that the capital could be controlled without concessions. Popular mobilization dramatically altered the political leverage of Louis XVI.
Lafayette moves toward citizen-guard leadership
The July crisis created the circumstances in which Lafayette would command the Paris National Guard. The consequences of bastille news transforms palace politics reached well beyond the palace and its neighbouring legislative chambers.
Mirabeau presses concerns over royal troops
Mirabeau criticized the concentration of soldiers near Paris and Versailles as a threat to representatives. This development concerning bastille news transforms palace politics exposed the limits of the old regime's political arrangements.
Bailly observes transfer from royal to national authority
The storming of the Bastille transformed the balance between the crown and the National Assembly. Bailly's parliamentary authority soon gave way to an elected municipal leadership in the capital.
Storming of Bastille alters political program
The fall of the Bastille transformed the political conditions in which Brissot published. He interpreted popular mobilization as a force that could defend reforms against royal resistance.
Louis XVI faces collapse of coercive confidence
The capture of the Bastille revealed that military preparations could not easily restore royal control. The bastille news transforms palace politics made Versailles a focal point in the struggle over royal and representative authority.
Paris Municipal Council
Brissot entered the first Paris municipal council during the political transformation following the Bastille's fall.
Defection
5 out of the 6 battalions had deserted & were prominent in the attack on the Bastille
Defection
5 out of the 6 battalions had deserted and were prominent in the attack on the Bastille.
Demonstrations
A "citizens militia" overuns the Invalides & takes 32,000 muskets to keep order
Demonstrations
A "citizens militia" overuns the Invalides and takes 32,000 muskets to keep order.
Dissolution of Army
The Army dissolves itself
Dissolution of Army
The Army dissolves itself.
National Guard
The National Guard, a citizens militia, is formed which wears the tricolour cockade
National Guard
The National Guard, a citizens militia, is formed which wears the tricolour cockade.
Citizen militia encounters Bastille crisis
The capture of the Bastille occurred amid the rapid creation of Parisian citizen forces. Lafayette's subsequent command would place the new National Guard at the center of revolutionary public order.
Storming of the Bastille
Barras participated in the revolutionary events surrounding the storming of the Bastille in Paris.
Siege of Bastille
Takes part in the capture of the Bastille
Siege of Bastille
The fall of the Bastille is followed by a mass uproar spreading from Paris to the countryside, Noble families are attacked and aristocratic manors are burned to the ground. The Bastille surrenders to the "citizens militia"
Siege of Invalides
A "citizens militia" overuns the Invalides & takes 32,000 muskets to keep order
Siege of Bastille
The Parisians storm the Bastille
Bailly accepts Paris mayoralty
The Paris electors chose Bailly as the city's first mayor after the collapse of the old municipal administration. His appointment gave revolutionary Paris a prominent civilian figure at the head of government.
Bailly supervises transition at Hotel de Ville
Paris's Hรดtel de Ville became the seat of a municipality formed during the July upheaval. Bailly's installation there signalled a break from the older royal municipal hierarchy.
Royal Troop Withdrawal
Louis XVI announced the withdrawal of troops from the Paris region after the fall of the Bastille transformed the political situation.
Lafayette selected as National Guard chief
Paris electors chose Lafayette to lead the newly established militia in the aftermath of the Bastille's fall. His reputation from the American War of Independence lent prestige to the citizen force.
Bailly takes charge of municipal transition
Bailly faced the practical task of replacing institutions discredited by the July uprising. The new municipality had to coordinate public order, supplies and relations with the National Guard.
Ministerial Dismissal Demand
Mirabeau called for the dismissal of ministers associated with the royal military concentration around Paris.
Bastille Demolition Order
As commander of the Paris National Guard, Lafayette ordered the demolition of the captured Bastille.
Siege of Bastille
Forced to reinstate Neckar after the fall of the Bastille
Tricolour Cockade Presented to King
Lafayette and the new Paris authorities promoted the tricolour cockade combining Parisian and royal colours when Louis XVI visited city hall. It became an enduring emblem of the Revolution.
Mayor Receives Monarch at City Hall
Bailly welcomed Louis XVI at the city hall after the Bastille uprising and publicly confirmed the new municipal leadership. The encounter gave the revolutionaries an important gesture of royal recognition.
Bailly coordinates National Guard leadership
Bailly worked alongside Lafayette, who commanded the new citizen militia. Their offices embodied an attempt to balance civil authority with armed defence of the Revolution.
Bailly mediates royal symbolism and city autonomy
The public reception of Louis XVI required the newly independent municipality to acknowledge a monarch whose authority it had just constrained. Bailly performed this delicate ceremonial role as mayor.
Bailly presents civic tricolour symbolism
The new Paris leadership used the city's colours together with the royal white to symbolize political reconciliation. Bailly's reception of the king associated the municipality with the emerging national cockade.
Bailly receives king at Hotel de Ville
Bailly formally welcomed Louis XVI to Paris after the Bastille's fall. The encounter symbolized the king's need to recognize the political authority claimed by the revolutionary municipality.
Reception of Louis XVI
As mayor of Paris, Bailly formally received Louis XVI at the Hotel de Ville after the fall of the Bastille.
National Guard
The National Guard is commanded by Lafayette. Announces the creation of the National Guard formed from the "citizens militia"
National Guard
The National Guard is commanded by Lafayette. Announces the creation of the National Guard formed from the "citizens militia".
Royal Visit to Paris
Louis XVI visited Paris after the fall of the Bastille and publicly accepted the authority of the new municipal leadership.
Tricolour Cockade
Appears at the Hotel de Ville wearing the Red & Blue of Paris & the Bourbon White
Tricolour Cockade
Appears at the Hotel de Ville wearing the Red and Blue of Paris and the Bourbon White.
Commander of National Guard
Appointed Commander of the National Guard by Louis XVI
Commander of National Guard
Lafayette was appointed Commander of the National Guard by Louis XVI.
King visits Paris under armed civic escort
Louis XVI visited Paris and accepted the tricolor cockade as the new city authorities asserted control. Lafayette's Guard helped stage the visit as reconciliation between king and capital.
Commander of National Guard
Appointed Commander of the National Guard by Louis XVI
Sieyes Project for Declaration of Rights
Sieyes presents a project for a declaration of rights during the Constituent Assembly's constitutional debates.
Assassination of Louis Jean Bertier
The Governor of Paris is bayonetted to death by the mob.
Death of Louis Jean Bertier
The Governor of Paris is bayonetted to death by the mob
Bailly confronts informal revolutionary tribunals
Crowd violence against suspected enemies challenged the legitimacy of formal municipal justice after July 1789. Bailly's government struggled to establish procedures capable of replacing popular retaliation.
Battle of Oland
Fights at the Battle of Oland
Assembly Decides to Prepare Rights Declaration
The Constituent Assembly decides to prepare a Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen before completing the constitution.
Clermont-Tonnerre Rights Project Submitted
Clermont-Tonnerre submits another declaration project as deputies compare competing formulations of fundamental rights.
Brissot enters revolutionary municipal politics
Brissot participated in the emerging Paris municipal establishment after the Bastille crisis. This civic experience connected his journalism to the practical politics of the capital.
Municipality coordinates new urban security
Mayor Bailly worked alongside the National Guard to stabilize Paris after the upheaval of July. The arrangement gave elected municipal authorities a major role in policing the capital.
Paris Electors Authorize Armed Citizen Patrols
Parisian electors backed the creation of armed civic forces during the collapse of royal authority. The emerging militia sought to defend inhabitants and property while replacing unreliable royal policing.
Club Breton Organization
Sieyes helped organize the Club Breton, an early political network that later contributed to the Jacobin movement.
Mobilization
The military Governor of Paris brings in troops to defend the French capital city. The military Governor of Paris brings in extra troops to defend the French capital
Mobilization
The military Governor of Paris brings in troops to defend the French capital city. The military Governor of Paris brings in extra troops to defend the French capital.
American Rights Models Inform Lafayette Draft
Lafayette draws on American declarations of rights while refining his proposed French declaration before presenting it to the Assembly.
Virginia Declaration Influence on Rights Project
Lafayette's draft reflects principles associated with the Virginia Declaration of Rights and his experience of the American Revolution.
Lafayette Organizes Guard Command Structure
Lafayette supervised the consolidation of Parisian militia companies into a more disciplined force. His authority depended on cooperation with elected municipal officials and district units.
Name National Guard adopted
Under Lafayette the Paris citizens militia became known as the National Guard. The new name presented armed citizens as defenders of the nation rather than merely of municipal property.
Tricolor cockade associated with citizen soldiers
The Paris Guard embraced the tricolor cockade as the emblem of the new civic order. Lafayette promoted this symbolism to express a union of Paris and the monarchy under revolutionary colors.
Tricolour Cockades Identify Militia Members
Citizen soldiers adopted revolutionary colors as a visible emblem of their loyalty. The symbolism distinguished the militia from forces identified primarily with the crown.
Jefferson Consults on Lafayette Rights Draft
Jefferson discusses Lafayette's proposed declaration and provides comments during preparation of the July draft.
Jefferson Marginal Notes on Lafayette Rights Draft
Jefferson annotates a surviving version of Lafayette's draft while the French declaration project is still being developed.
Civil Constitution of the Clergy divides France
Marie Antoinette opposed the revolution's restructuring of the Catholic Church and supported the king's religious misgivings. The reform deepened conflict between the court and revolutionaries who demanded obedience to civil legislation.
Civil Constitution of the Clergy: Church organization rewritten
Talleyrand operated as a constitutional bishop during the restructuring of the French Church. The Civil Constitution subordinated much ecclesiastical administration to nationally enacted rules.
Civil Constitution of the Clergy: Catholic opposition intensifies
Maury opposed state interference with the established Church hierarchy. The July legislation heightened the dispute over whether a political assembly could remake the church without papal agreement.
Civil Constitution remakes clergy's financial status
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy restructured dioceses and salaries after Church property and tithes had been transformed. Abbe Gregoire supported revolutionary religious reforms despite the deep divisions they created.
Civil Constitution of the Clergy: Constitutional clergy controversy
Grรฉgoire supported religious reform but faced the growing division between clergy accepting and rejecting the new arrangements. The law altered episcopal jurisdictions and clerical appointments.
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Under the Civil Constitution of the Clergy the Church becomes a State Church. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy is passed by the Constituent Assembly
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Under the Civil Constitution of the Clergy the Church becomes a State Church. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy is passed by the Constituent Assembly.
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Under the Civil Constitution of the Clergy the Church becomes a State Church
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Under the Civil Constitution of the Clergy the Church becomes a State Church.
Constitution of France
Under the Civil Constitution of the Clergy the Church becomes a State Church. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy is passed by the Constituent Assembly
Constitution of France
Under the Civil Constitution of the Clergy the Church becomes a State Church
Reform of Constitution
Under the Civil Constitution of the Clergy the Church becomes a State Church
Civil Constitution of Clergy Adopted
Louis XVI received the Assembly's Civil Constitution of the Clergy, which reorganized the Catholic Church in France.
Bailly welcomes Federation delegates
Representatives of citizen guards from many departments assembled in Paris for the Festival of the Federation. Bailly helped represent the host city's civilian authority during the preparations.
Federation field preparations: Municipal logistical effort
Bailly's city administration faced the task of accommodating immense numbers of visitors and participants. The festival's construction and crowd management showcased both the energy and the administrative burdens of revolutionary Paris.
Federation field preparations: Assembly of provincial contingents
Lafayette oversaw arrangements for citizen-soldier delegations attending the Paris festivities. Coordinating their appearance helped turn formerly separate local militias into symbols of common national purpose.
Federation field preparations: Volunteer earthworks
Alexandre de Beauharnais joined preparations for the huge ceremonial ground before the Federation festival. Deputies and ordinary inhabitants worked on the site to demonstrate cooperative civic participation.
Royal family attends Federation Festival
Marie Antoinette accompanied Louis XVI to the Festival of the Federation celebrating national unity. The ceremony publicly presented the monarchy as part of the new constitutional order despite growing mutual distrust.
City Hall Supports Federation Arrangements
Municipal officials worked with Lafayette's National Guard to organize the Festival of the Federation. The celebration expressed an attempt to unite Paris and the provinces under constitutional government.
Federation national gathering: Open-air civic liturgy
Talleyrand celebrated Mass during the Festival of the Federation before the assembled deputies and National Guards. The ceremony gave a religious form to the Revolution's declaration of national solidarity.
Festival of Federation: Mass consecrates civic celebration
Talleyrand officiated at a religious service on the Champ de Mars for the new political nation. The ceremony temporarily joined Catholic ritual to revolutionary citizenship.
Federation Mass attended by National Guards
Talleyrand celebrated Mass during the Federation Festival attended by armed citizen representatives. Religious ritual was incorporated into a civic display of revolutionary solidarity.
Bailly participates in Federation celebrations
The Festival of the Federation celebrated national unity around a constitutional settlement. Bailly attended as Paris mayor while the National Guard and royal representatives publicly affirmed loyalty to the nation and law.
Federation pledges: Paris municipality's celebration
Bailly participated as mayor in the Federation festivities that presented Paris as the center of a reconciled nation. Municipal involvement connected the capital's revolutionary authorities with delegates from distant departments.
Anniversary
Leads celebrations & oath taking in memory of the 1st yr of the fall of the Bastille
Anniversary
Leads celebrations and oath taking in memory of the 1st yr of the fall of the Bastille.
Federation Oath
Louis XVI swore publicly to uphold the law and the constitutional settlement during the Festival of the Federation.
Festival of the Federation
Louis XVI attended the Festival of the Federation, a national ceremony intended to display unity around the Revolution and constitutional monarchy.
Federation national gathering: King's ceremonial appearance
Louis XVI attended the immense Federation gathering and publicly associated his monarchy with the new political order. The display of agreement between king and citizens briefly concealed unresolved disputes about sovereignty.
Federation pledges: Royal constitutional oath
Louis XVI swore to uphold the laws established by the nation's representatives at the public Federation festival. His promise became an important benchmark when his subsequent attempted flight undermined confidence in royal loyalty.
Festival of Federation: Royal consent displayed publicly
Louis XVI appeared with representatives and provincial delegates for a grand ceremony of reconciliation. Public oaths projected harmony between the monarch and a transformed nation.
King pledges fidelity at Federation ceremony
Louis XVI participated in the Federation Festival before crowds and citizen soldiers. The ceremony attempted to reconcile the royal executive with the National Guard's vision of constitutional patriotism.
Festival of the Federation Oath
Lafayette administered the National Guard oath during the Festival of the Federation at the Champ de Mars.
Federation national gathering: Guard units assemble
Lafayette supervised the arrival of citizen soldiers from across the kingdom at the Champ de Mars. Their presence displayed the ambition to unite provincial militias under a shared constitutional patriotism.
Federation oath led by Lafayette
Lafayette administered an oath of loyalty to the nation, law and king at the Festival of the Federation. Representatives of National Guards from across France gathered for the public ceremony.
Federation pledges: Military oath ceremony
Lafayette administered an oath of fidelity to the nation, law and king to the assembled National Guards. It projected a model of armed citizenship in which soldiers served constitutional institutions rather than a ruler alone.
Festival of Federation: Guards swear national allegiance
Lafayette stood at the center of the Federation celebration as citizen soldiers pledged loyalty to the revolutionary order. The occasion celebrated national unity without solving conflicts over its constitutional meaning.
Festival of the Federation Mass
Talleyrand celebrated Mass at the Festival of the Federation before the king, deputies and National Guards.
Festival of Federation Preparations
Beauharnais personally joined preparations at the Champ de Mars for the Festival of the Federation.
Radical Press
Radical newspapers help spread arguments also heard in the Jacobin and Cordelier political circles
Radical Press
Radical newspapers help spread arguments also heard in the Jacobin and Cordelier political circles.
Champ de Mars prepared for Federation Festival
National Guards and volunteers helped transform the Champ de Mars into a vast ceremonial ground. The preparations made the guard a visible participant in the revolution's first anniversary celebrations.
Federation Delegates Establish Common Ceremonial Order
Representatives of numerous guards assembled in a coordinated civic and military display. The occasion presented citizen service as a national obligation tied to the constitution.
Bailly reacts to republicanism after Varennes
The failed royal escape encouraged demands for a republic among political clubs and petitioners. Bailly continued to favour constitutional authority rather than an immediate municipal break with monarchy.
Political Rights for Women
Publishes Sur l'admission des femmes au droit de cite
Restoration
Louis XVI was restored to the throne under the Constitution.
Restoration
Reinstated to the throne of France
Priestley Riots
Rioters destroy Hutton's property because of his dissenting and reform associations.
Priestley Riots
His home and laboratory are attacked during Birmingham riots against dissenters and reformers.
Danton supports a new decision on kingship
Danton's circle insisted that the nation should reconsider Louis XVI's position after Varennes. The episode concerned republican petitions become flashpoint and affected the relationship between club activists and public authority.
Royal inviolability defended - Impact on the royal family
Antoine Pierre Joseph Marie Barnave figured in events surrounding royal inviolability defended at Paris. The position sought to separate criticism of the king's actions from abolition of monarchy. It left Louis XVI and his relatives subject to closer political supervision and damaged the prestige of the court.
Royal inviolability defended
Barnave argued for maintaining the constitutional principle of royal inviolability during debates following the flight. The position sought to separate criticism of the king's actions from abolition of monarchy.
Assembly restores royal inviolability: Legal defence of the crown
Barnave argued that the constitutional settlement required protection of royal inviolability despite Louis XVI's flight. This defence angered those who believed the king had forfeited the nation's confidence.
Assembly restores royal inviolability: Debate over public consent
Petion represented a more democratic current increasingly uneasy about preserving Louis XVI without an effective popular choice. Legislative disagreement contributed to the organizing of petitions beyond the Assembly.
Robert advocates republican petition campaign
Robert was among the Cordeliers figures pressing for a public challenge to the restoration of royal authority. The controversy surrounding republican petitions become flashpoint influenced the changing balance among revolutionary factions.
Desmoulins publicizes republican alternatives
Desmoulins argued that constitutional liberty could require limiting or replacing hereditary power. This aspect of republican petitions become flashpoint illustrates how press campaigns, popular sections and government decisions became connected.
Assembly restores royal inviolability: Popular sovereignty dispute
Robespierre resisted treating the attempted escape as politically inconsequential for France's emerging constitution. The disagreement widened the gulf between revolutionary radicals and defenders of constitutional monarchy.
Royal Inviolability Speech
Barnave defended royal inviolability and constitutional monarchy after the Flight to Varennes.
Inviolability Debate
Deputies debated whether Louis XVI remained constitutionally inviolable after Varennes, exposing deep disagreement over the future of monarchy.
Constitutional Monarchists Leave Jacobin Club
Barnave joined political moderates who broke from the Jacobin Club amid dispute over the king's future. The departing members helped create the Feuillant alignment.
Jacobin split over royal question: Moderates leave Jacobins
Barnave joined constitutional monarchists who broke away from the Jacobin Club amid arguments over the fate of Louis XVI. The division helped produce the Feuillant political alignment.
Jacobin split over royal question: Cordeliers seek independent pressure
Danton and fellow Cordeliers favored mobilization outside parliamentary circles to contest restoration of the king. Their approach helped create the setting for the next day's petition at the Champ de Mars.
Bailly opposes republican petition pressure
Following the Varennes crisis, republican campaigners demanded action against Louis XVI. Bailly resisted the claim that the city government should independently overturn the constitutional arrangements being prepared by the Assembly.
Feuillant Split
Moderate constitutional monarchists leave the Jacobin Club and form the Feuillant Club after the crisis over the king
Feuillant Split
Moderate constitutional monarchists leave the Jacobin Club and form the Feuillant Club after the crisis over the king.
Jacobin split over royal question: Remaining Jacobin opposition
Robespierre remained in the Jacobin camp while constitutional monarchists separated from its increasingly radical membership. The split made conflict over popular petitions and public order more visible.
Feuillant Club
Adrien Duport joined the Feuillant split after the Varennes crisis.
Feuillant Club
Joins the Feuillant split after the Varennes crisis
Feuillant Club
Alexandre Lameth joined the moderate constitutional monarchist Feuillant Club.
Feuillant Club
Joins the moderate constitutional monarchist Feuillant Club
Feuillant Club
Charles Lameth joined the Feuillant split from the Jacobin Club.
Feuillant Club
Joins the Feuillant split from the Jacobin Club
Feuillant Split
Antoine Pierre Joseph Marie Barnave joined moderate constitutional monarchists who leave the Jacobin Club for the Feuillants.
Feuillant Split
Joins moderate constitutional monarchists who leave the Jacobin Club for the Feuillants
Extension of Royal Suspension
The Assembly continued Louis XVI's suspension until the completed Constitution could be formally presented to him.
Martial Law Decision Divides Municipal Leadership
Bailly invoked martial law during the republican demonstration on the Champ de Mars. The resulting firing on petitioners discredited municipal moderates among many radical residents.
Petition signatures gather: Public mobilization beyond chamber
Petion's democratic political current confronted a situation in which citizens demanded a hearing outside the legislative arena. The assembly at the Champ de Mars showed the limits of elite control over constitutional debate.
Danton associated with Champ de Mars petition movement
Danton was linked to the radical petitioning movement that authorities sought to suppress. The episode concerned crowd gathers for republican petition and affected the relationship between club activists and public authority.
Municipality declares martial law: Repression threatens radicals
The declaration of martial law targeted the kind of mass politics cultivated by Danton's Cordeliers associates. It announced that municipal authorities would use military force to protect the constitutional settlement.
Petition signatures gather: Club networks mobilize citizens
Danton's political associations encouraged petitioning as a public method of pressing the royal question. Crowds at the patriotic altar reflected both political commitment and intense distrust of the authorities.
Petition to dethrone Louis XVI: Cordeliers popular petition
Danton was associated with the Cordeliers agitation urging a new settlement for the crown. Mass participation at the Champ de Mars showed how organized citizens could challenge a decision already favored by Assembly moderates.
Champ de Mars shootings polarize reformers
The National Guard's firing on demonstrators at the Champ de Mars intensified splits within the revolutionary movement. Brissot's political milieu became more skeptical of coercion used to shield the monarchy.
Firing on the Champ de Mars crowd: Petition campaign turns tragic
Brissot's republican-leaning petition milieu was confronted with a violent outcome rather than the anticipated peaceful expression of opinion. The event sharpened divisions over legitimate forms of political participation.
Petition signatures gather: Text of petition contested
Brissot's advocacy helped connect the petition with the argument that the king's flight nullified public confidence. The controversy concerned who had authority to decide the future of the throne.
Petition to dethrone Louis XVI: Petition arguments circulate
Brissot helped articulate a case for reconsidering the monarchy after the king's flight. The petition drive at the Champ de Mars sought a decision from the nation rather than simple reinstatement.
Marat condemns suppression of petitioners
Marat's radical position placed him among those hostile to official repression of republican demands. The controversy surrounding crowd gathers for republican petition influenced the changing balance among revolutionary factions.
Bailly declares martial law at Champ de Mars
Bailly proclaimed martial law as a mass petitioning crowd gathered at the Champ de Mars. His decision provided the legal framework under which armed guards attempted to disperse demonstrators.
Bailly implicated in fatal Champ de Mars firing
National Guards fired into the crowd during the Champ de Mars confrontation, killing demonstrators. Bailly's role in authorizing martial law severely damaged his reputation among republicans and radicals.
Deaths beneath the patriotic altar: Killings provoke security intervention
Bailly's municipal authorities reacted after two men were discovered and killed by members of the crowd near the altar. The episode provided the immediate pretext for extraordinary measures against the gathering.
Firing on the Champ de Mars crowd: Mayor blamed for suppression
Bailly was held politically responsible for using martial law against a revolutionary crowd. The deaths destroyed much of the prestige he had gained during the early constitutional movement.
Martial law invoked at Champ de Mars
Mayor Bailly invoked martial law amid a mass gathering demanding political action against Louis XVI. His decision enabled the National Guard to disperse protesters in a violent confrontation.
Mayor Invokes Guard to Enforce Martial Law
Bailly's decision to proclaim martial law brought National Guard units into direct confrontation with republican petitioners. Fatal shootings at the Champ de Mars damaged the municipality's legitimacy.
Municipality declares martial law: Red flag authorization
Mayor Bailly invoked the legal machinery of martial law and authorized the display of the red flag. The measure transformed a contested political assembly into a public-order emergency.
National Guard confronts demonstrators: Civil authority under challenge
Bailly's enforcement of municipal orders brought Paris's elected administration into conflict with a large gathering of petitioners. Violence damaged his reputation as a symbol of moderate reform.
Champ de Mars
The Champ de Mars massacre deepens the division between moderate constitutionalists and more radical Jacobins
Champ de Mars
The Champ de Mars massacre deepens the division between moderate constitutionalists and more radical Jacobins.
Champ de Mars demonstration suppressed - Political significance
Gilbert du Motier Lafayette figured in events surrounding champ de mars demonstration suppressed at Champ de Mars. The resulting bloodshed exposed the deep political divisions produced by the Varennes crisis. The crisis intensified the divide between constitutional monarchists and activists who doubted that the king could be trusted.
Champ de Mars demonstration suppressed
National Guards under Lafayette confronted a crowd petitioning against the monarchy at the Champ de Mars. The resulting bloodshed exposed the deep political divisions produced by the Varennes crisis.
Deaths beneath the patriotic altar: Popular press records shock
Prudhomme's revolutionary newspaper operated within the reporting environment surrounding the Champ de Mars violence. Accounts of disorder and repression shaped how Parisians interpreted the tragedy and assigned responsibility.
Desmoulins witnesses political peril of petitioning
Desmoulins's milieu faced a severe reversal when demands for popular consultation were treated as disorder. This aspect of crowd gathers for republican petition illustrates how press campaigns, popular sections and government decisions became connected.
National Guard confronts demonstrators: Radical observers condemn force
Desmoulins and other radical writers regarded armed action against petitioners as an assault on political liberty. The clash furnished material for a growing critique of constitutional moderates.
Petition to dethrone Louis XVI: Republican newspaper advocacy
Desmoulins promoted a more radical public response to the Varennes affair through journalism. The atmosphere surrounding the petition reflected an emerging republican challenge to hereditary monarchy.
Champ de Mars Massacre
The massacre deepens the split between radical Jacobins and moderate constitutionalists
Champ de Mars Massacre
The massacre deepens the split between radical Jacobins and moderate constitutionalists.
Champ de Mars Suppression
Lafayette commanded National Guard forces during the violent suppression of the republican petitioners at the Champ de Mars.
Deaths beneath the patriotic altar: National Guard receives orders
Lafayette's troops were summoned into an atmosphere of mounting violence and rumor at the Champ de Mars. Their subsequent deployment brought armed enforcement into direct confrontation with demonstrators.
Firing on the Champ de Mars crowd: Fatal shots by citizen troops
National Guards under Lafayette fired upon demonstrators at the Champ de Mars, killing an uncertain number of people. The bloodshed permanently complicated the Guard's public claim to represent the people.
Municipality declares martial law: Armed dispersal mission
Lafayette led National Guard units toward the Champ de Mars after the municipal decision to impose martial law. His role turned a prominent constitutional patriot into a defender of coercive action against demonstrators.
National Guard confronts demonstrators: Guard formation at the field
Lafayette commanded armed citizen soldiers deployed to disperse the crowd at the Champ de Mars. The confrontation exposed the incompatibility of rival revolutionary claims to speak for the nation.
National Guard fires on petitioners
National Guards under Lafayette fired on a crowd assembled at the Champ de Mars. The deaths deeply discredited constitutional leaders among many radical Parisians.
Danton evades escalating crackdown
The pursuit of radicals after the shooting made continued organization dangerous for Danton and his allies. The episode concerned champ de mars shooting triggers repression and affected the relationship between club activists and public authority.
Repression follows the shootings: Cordeliers militants targeted
Danton's club network faced heightened danger after the Champ de Mars crackdown. The threat of arrest and surveillance disrupted public agitation by advocates of a more radical settlement.
Desmoulins faces aftermath of martial law
Press allies of the Cordeliers operated under heightened pressure after National Guards shot demonstrators. This aspect of champ de mars shooting triggers repression illustrates how press campaigns, popular sections and government decisions became connected.
Bailly faces scrutiny of command responsibility
After the Champ de Mars firing, public debate focused on decisions made by civil officials as well as armed commanders. Bailly could not separate his declaration of martial law from the guards' subsequent violence.
Lafayette becomes antagonist of Cordeliers militants
Lafayette's armed suppression of the crowd widened hostility between constitutional moderates and radical clubs. The controversy surrounding champ de mars shooting triggers repression influenced the changing balance among revolutionary factions.
Repression follows the shootings: Press exposed to reprisals
Desmoulins's political activity became more vulnerable as authorities pursued opponents connected to the petition movement. The campaign against radicals narrowed the space for public criticism of the constitutional monarchy.
Repression follows the shootings: Guard's image fractured
Lafayette continued to defend public order after the shooting, but many radical Parisians saw the National Guard differently. The institution's constitutional loyalty now appeared to some citizens as protection of an untrusted king.
Danton withdraws temporarily under pressure
Threats against radical activists after the shootings limited Danton's public organizing. The episode concerned political repression reshapes the cordeliers and affected the relationship between club activists and public authority.
Desmoulins adjusts activity during crackdown
Desmoulins confronted official suspicion as authorities attempted to restrict the republican agitation. This aspect of political repression reshapes the cordeliers illustrates how press campaigns, popular sections and government decisions became connected.
Marat continues denunciations of public force
Marat's attacks on repressive officials preserved a radical narrative of the Champ de Mars crisis. The controversy surrounding political repression reshapes the cordeliers influenced the changing balance among revolutionary factions.
Bailly faces backlash from revolutionary press
Radical writers condemned the use of military force against unarmed petitioners. Bailly increasingly became a symbol of the constitutional moderates' willingness to suppress popular political demands.
Re-Election as Assembly President
Beauharnais was elected again as president of the National Assembly after his calm handling of the Varennes crisis.
Requiem Commission
Receives the anonymous commission for the Requiem.
Requiem Commission
Commissions Mozart's Requiem through an intermediary.
Radical leaders evade crackdown: Temporary removal from Paris
Danton left France for a time after the political repression associated with the July demonstrations. His absence illustrates the personal consequences of the failed campaign against reinstating Louis XVI.
Petitions challenge royal inviolability
Brissot participated in a climate of public agitation over how to hold Louis XVI accountable after Varennes. Disputes about petitions and sovereignty divided constitutional monarchists from radical reformers.
Radical leaders evade crackdown: Opposition preserves political foothold
Robespierre retained a position in radical politics despite mounting hostility between Jacobins and Feuillants. The violence had deepened rather than settled arguments about constitutional authority.
Radical leaders evade crackdown: Cordeliers circle loses freedom
Desmoulins and his allies operated in a climate of investigation and political intimidation after the shootings. Their criticism of the moderate leaders survived even as immediate organizing became more hazardous.
Guard Reputation Suffers after July Bloodshed
The Champ de Mars confrontation created deep resentment toward Lafayette's citizen militia. Opponents claimed the armed force was protecting constitutional monarchy against political participation.
Guard implicated in constitutional split
The Champ de Mars bloodshed divided supporters of Lafayette from republicans who viewed the Guard as an instrument of repression. The incident exposed conflicting definitions of revolutionary public order.
Abdication Clause Speech
Vergniaud argued that the Constitution allowed the king to be treated as having abdicated if he failed to resist armed enemies.
Homeland declared in danger
The Assembly proclaimed that the fatherland was in danger as invasion fears intensified. Brissot and his allies defended mobilization as necessary to protect the revolutionary state.
Country declared in danger - Political consequence
Jacques Pierre Brissot figured in events surrounding country declared in danger at Paris. Brissot's supporters regarded mobilization as necessary to defend the revolutionary state. The episode hastened the failure of the constitutional monarchy and intensified arguments for a newly elected national assembly.
Country declared in danger
The Legislative Assembly declared the homeland in danger amid war and fears of invasion. Brissot's supporters regarded mobilization as necessary to defend the revolutionary state.
Brunswick Manifesto threatens Paris
The Brunswick Manifesto threatened severe reprisals if the French royal family were harmed. Rather than strengthening Marie Antoinette's position, the declaration inflamed suspicion that the court relied on invading armies.
Brunswick manifesto issued - Military consequence
Charles William Ferdinand Brunswick figured in events surrounding brunswick manifesto issued at Koblenz. The ultimatum intensified fears in Paris that the monarchy was aligned with foreign intervention. It demonstrated the decisive influence of armed citizens and soldiers in the struggle over the royal government.
Brunswick manifesto issued
The allied command issued a manifesto threatening severe reprisals if the French royal family were harmed. The ultimatum intensified fears in Paris that the monarchy was aligned with foreign intervention.
Brunswick Manifesto Crisis
The Brunswick Manifesto threatened Paris if the royal family were harmed, further damaging confidence in Louis XVI.
Marseille volunteers arrive - Impact in Paris
Antoine Joseph Santerre figured in events surrounding marseille volunteers arrive at Paris. Their arrival helped reinforce the armed sections that later participated in the August uprising. The incident sharpened tensions between Parisian sections, municipal authorities and defenders of Louis XVI.
Marseille volunteers arrive
Volunteers from Marseille reached Paris amid enthusiasm for defending the Revolution. Their arrival helped reinforce the armed sections that later participated in the August uprising.
Camp of Chalons Commission
Carnot was appointed a commissioner to help organize the camp at Chalons during the growing military emergency.
Brunswick Manifesto heightens confrontation
Threats from the advancing Coalition made the monarchy's foreign relationships seem more dangerous. Brissot's earlier warnings about hostile European powers became part of a broader political reckoning.
Girondin leaders divided over monarchy's future
As war and disorder mounted, Brissot and associated deputies considered how to respond to Louis XVI's failures. They did not all agree on whether the existing monarchy could be salvaged.
Federes reinforce armed Paris sections
Volunteer detachments arriving in Paris broadened the armed movement opposed to Louis XVI. Santerre's section politics developed amid the influx of federes and rising insurrectionary pressure.
Volunteer Fighters Reinforce Parisian Militias
Federates and other volunteers joined armed political networks in Paris during the summer emergency. Their arrival strengthened groups demanding the removal of Louis XVI.
Attack on Royal Court
Brissot delivered a major speech attacking enemies of the Constitution and criticizing the royal court.
Constitution of France
The Corsican Convention dissolves Corsicas Primary Assembly. Corsica is split into 2 in order to reduce Paolis influence
Constitution of France
The Corsican Convention dissolves Corsicas Primary Assembly. Corsica is split into 2 in order to reduce Paolis influence.
Son removed from mother's custody
Officials separated Marie Antoinette from her young son Louis-Charles amid anxiety about royalist plots. The forced separation was one of the harshest personal blows of her imprisonment.
Committee of Public Safety
Georges Jacques Danton left the Committee of Public Safety.
Committee of Public Safety
Leaves the Committee of Public Safety
Dismissal
Leaves the Committee of Public Safety
Capture of Conde
Captures Conde
Assassination of Jean Paul Marat
Stabs Marat to death in his bath. Stabs Jean-Paul Marat to death in his bath. A reaction to the Jacobin challenge to the Girondists.
Assassination of Jean Paul Marat
Stabbed to death in his bath by Charlotte Corday, a Girondist and anti-Jacobin.
Death of Jean Paul Marat
Death of Jean Paul Marat, founder of "Lami du Peuple" & deputy for Paris
Death of Jean Paul Marat
Death of Jean Paul Marat, founder of "Lami du Peuple" and deputy for Paris.
Assassination of Jean Paul Marat
Marat is assassinated by Charlotte Corday and becomes a martyr figure for radical revolutionaries.
Death of Jacques Cathelineau
Death of Jacques Cathelineau, killed at the siege of Naples
Death of Jacques Cathelineau
Death of Jacques Cathelineau, killed at the siege of Naples.
Captain
Joins the Army of Carteaux acting against Marseille & Toulon
Captain
Napoleon I joined the Army of Carteaux acting against Marseille and Toulon.
Captain
Joins the Army of Carteaux acting against Marseille & Toulon
Siege of Nantes
Killed at the siege of Nantes
Death of Joseph Chalier
The leader of the Lyons Jacobins is executed
Death of Joseph Chalier
The leader of the Lyons Jacobins is executed.
Execution
The leader of the Lyons Jacobins is executed
Charlotte Corday Tried for Killing Marat
Charlotte Corday appeared before the Revolutionary Tribunal after assassinating Marat. Her trial linked an individual murder to the wider struggle between Girondins and Montagnards.
Corday Condemned After Marat Assassination
The Revolutionary Tribunal sentenced Charlotte Corday to death for killing Jean Paul Marat. Her execution made the political tensions surrounding the assassination still more bitter.
Death of Pascale Paoli
Declared a traitor to the French Republic & guillotined
Execution
Declared a traitor to the French Republic & guillotined
Final abolition of feudal dues adopted
The National Convention abolished remaining feudal dues without indemnity. The act overcame compensation requirements that had limited the August 1789 settlement.
Feudal titles ordered destroyed
The July law required the destruction of documents that had served as evidence for feudal claims. The measure aimed to prevent former lords from reviving obligations through archival proof.
Redemption principle finally abandoned
Republican lawmakers eliminated the redemption of surviving feudal charges, which had frustrated many farmers since 1789. The reform constituted a major shift from compensated abolition to outright termination.
Charlotte Corday Defends Killing of Marat
At her trial Corday acknowledged killing Marat and presented the act as a political necessity. The Tribunal rejected her justification and sentenced her to death.
Imprisonment of Olympe de Gouges
Olympe de Gouges was imprisoned because authorities regarded her political writings as counter-revolutionary.
Mines Explode beneath Defensive Works
Allied engineers detonated prepared mines beneath the outer fortifications. The blasts helped create conditions for an infantry assault on the damaged positions.
President of National Convention
Danton was elected president of the National Convention during the struggle between revolutionary factions.
French Garrison Loses Key Outer Positions
The defenders could not retain every work attacked by Coalition troops. Loss of the hornworks exposed the main position to closer artillery and assault.
Coalition Infantry Storms Valenciennes Hornworks
British and Austrian columns attacked advanced works after the mining operation. Their success made continued French resistance increasingly difficult.
Duke of York Calls for Surrender
Following the breakthrough the Allied commander sent a summons to Ferrand. The demand made clear that Valenciennes faced the prospect of a renewed attack if negotiations failed.
Committee of Public Safety
Appointed President of the Committee of Public Safety
President of France
Appointed President of the Committee of Public Safety
Robespierre Enters Public Safety Committee
Robespierre joined the Committee of Public Safety as wartime government became increasingly centralized. His association with the Jacobins gave the club a prominent connection to executive authority.
Robespierre joins emergency committee: Committee leadership rebalanced
Barรจre continued to deliver major reports amid changes in committee membership. The evolving executive concentrated wartime supervision in a small body answerable to the Convention.
Ferrand Requests Pause for Negotiations
The French commander sought time to discuss surrender terms after the fall of key defenses. Negotiations reflected the deteriorating military position of his garrison.
Committee of General Security
The Committee is already entering a more powerful and active phase, which would see it become a de facto dictatorship alongside its similarly powerful partner, the Committee of General Security
Committee of General Security
The Committee is already entering a more powerful and active phase, which would see it become a de facto dictatorship alongside its similarly powerful partner, the Committee of General Security.
Committee of Public Safety
Robespierre joined the Committee of Public Safety as it expanded control over wartime policy, the Terror and the levee en masse.
Committee of Public Safety
The Committee is responsible for interpreting and applying the decrees of the National Convention, and thus for implementing some of the most stringent policies of the Terror & the levee en masse. The Committee is already entering a more powerful and active phase, which would see it become a de facto dictatorship alongside its similarly powerful partner, the Committee of General Security. Maximilien Robespierre is elected to the Committee
Committee of Public Safety
Robespierre joins the Committee of Public Safety while Jacobin influence over revolutionary government increases
Committee of Public Safety
Robespierre joins the Committee of Public Safety while Jacobin influence over revolutionary government increases.
National Convention
The Committee is responsible for interpreting and applying the decrees of the National Convention, and thus for implementing some of the most stringent policies of the Terror & the levee en masse
National Convention
The Committee is responsible for interpreting and applying the decrees of the National Convention, and thus for implementing some of the most stringent policies of the Terror and the levee en masse.
Robespierre joins emergency committee: Alliance with Robespierre strengthens
Saint-Just worked closely with Robespierre as their political influence expanded in the summer of 1793. Their partnership later shaped military missions and high-profile prosecutions.
Committee of Public Safety
Appointed President of the Committee of Public Safety
President of France
Appointed President of the Committee of Public Safety
Robespierre joins emergency committee: Committee membership reshapes government
Robespierre joined the Committee of Public Safety after Danton's departure from its leadership. He became central to a government increasingly identified with political vigilance and revolutionary virtue.
Valenciennes Surrenders After Bombardment
The garrison under Ferrand surrendered Valenciennes after a sustained allied siege. Loss of the fortress opened another threat to the French interior.
Valenciennes Capitulates to Coalition Forces
Ferrand surrendered the fortress after the siege had rendered continued resistance increasingly dangerous. The defeat deprived France of an important fortified town on the northern frontier.
Siege Mines Prepared beneath Outer Positions
Coalition engineers dug toward the defensive works and prepared explosive charges. Mining was intended to open breaches that infantry could exploit.
End of remaining seigneurial claims publicized
The Convention's July abolition measures were communicated to local authorities and rural communities. Enforcement depended on ensuring that former lords could no longer lawfully collect the suppressed dues.
Marat assassinated: Assassination sharpens emergency atmosphere
Danton's political circle confronted the consequences of Marat's murder during an already severe crisis. The event deepened the climate of suspicion surrounding perceived enemies of the Revolution.
Defeat Exposes Fragility of Republican Frontier
Valenciennes had been expected to help protect France from invasion. Its surrender showed that fortified towns could not endure indefinitely without effective field armies.
French Defenders Await Expected Relief Attempt
Ferrand's garrison remained isolated while military commanders elsewhere debated possible countermeasures. The lack of an effective field operation weakened prospects for a prolonged defense.
Garrison Resists Continued Coalition Bombardment
French troops maintained their positions while besiegers strengthened batteries and trench lines. The defense consumed resources as the possibility of timely relief diminished.
Committee of Public Safety Membership
Saint-Just joined the Committee of Public Safety and became one of its most forceful younger members.
Marat assassinated: Martyrdom shapes revolutionary symbolism
Robespierre's political allies commemorated Marat as a patriot murdered amid factional struggle. The public cult around the journalist strengthened radical identification with the threatened Republic.
French Political Leaders Blame Northern Commanders
Military losses prompted the Convention to demand accountability from senior officers. Custine's association with the failing northern front became a major political liability.
Northern Army Cannot Relieve Valenciennes
The French field forces failed to mount an effective rescue of the besieged town. Custine's difficulties contributed to accusations that he had neglected the national defense.
Valenciennes Capture Strengthens Coalition Advance
The fall of the fortress added to a series of Allied successes during the summer of 1793. Coburg's army could now consider further operations without leaving this stronghold behind its lines.
Marat assassinated: Radical deputy killed at home
Marat was murdered by Charlotte Corday while working in his bath. His death made him a martyr for many Montagnards and intensified denunciations of the Girondin political milieu.
Allied Artillery Intensifies Pressure on Fortifications
The besiegers brought heavier fire against Valenciennes as their batteries moved closer. Sustained bombardment prepared the ground for attacks on advanced defensive structures.
Allied Command Concentrates against Eastern Hornworks
The besiegers focused on prominent outer works east of the town. Capturing these positions would bring troops and guns closer to the main fortress line.
Allied Troops Occupy Valenciennes Fortress
Coalition soldiers entered the city following the negotiated capitulation. The occupation strengthened the invaders' immediate strategic position inside northern France.
Battle of Courtrai
The Allied English & Austrian army is defeated by General Charles Pichegru
Genoa Mission
Napoleon was sent on a mission to Genoa connected with French military and diplomatic planning in northern Italy.
Battle of Courtrai
The French defeat the Allied English & Austrian army of Count Charles Von Clerfayt
Health of Horatio Nelson
The siege of Calvi costs Nelson the sight of his right eye.
Eye Injury
Suffers the eye injury that later costs sight in his right eye.
Siege of Calvi
A shot strikes a sandbag near Nelson and throws stones and sand into his face.
Siege of Calvi
Some debris strikes Nelson's right eye and forces him to retire from the position.
Siege of Calvi
The siege of Calvi costs Nelson the sight of his right eye.
Siege of Genoa
Present at the siege of Genoa
Siege of Calvi
Most of the enemy positions had been disabled, and that night Stuart, supported by Nelson, storms the main defensive position and captures it
Siege of Calvi
Stuart, supported by Nelson, storms and captures the main defensive position.
Death of Alexandre de Beauharnais
Alexandre de Beauharnais was executed in Paris during the Terror.
Execution
Beauharnais was guillotined in Paris after his arrest and prosecution during the Terror.
Final Jacobin Address Warns of Conspiracy
Robespierre addressed the Jacobin Club after a bitter Convention debate and denounced unnamed enemies. The confrontation preceded his arrest the following day.
Opposition gathers in the Convention - Political consequence
Jean-Lambert Tallien figured in events surrounding opposition gathers in the convention at Paris. His contacts with other threatened representatives helped prepare parliamentary resistance. It exposed divisions among revolutionary deputies over who should control punishment, representation and public order.
Opposition gathers in the Convention
Tallien was among deputies who feared that Robespierre's accusations would lead to further purges. His contacts with other threatened representatives helped prepare parliamentary resistance.
Final Jacobin appeal - Institutional consequence
Maximilien Robespierre figured in events surrounding final jacobin appeal at Paris. The hostile atmosphere made a direct struggle for control of the revolutionary government increasingly likely. This episode contributed to the replacement of centralized Jacobin emergency rule with a less unified, more conservative Convention.
Final Jacobin appeal
Robespierre addressed the Jacobin Club after a contentious speech in the Convention, challenging opponents he regarded as conspirators. The hostile atmosphere made a direct struggle for control of the revolutionary government increasingly likely.
Final Convention Speech
Robespierre addresses the Convention with accusations against unnamed political enemies, alarming deputies who fear a new round of purges.
Thermidor Crisis
Saint-Just prepares to defend the Committee of Public Safety as opposition to Robespierre grows
Thermidor Crisis
Saint-Just prepares to defend the Committee of Public Safety as opposition to Robespierre grows.
Thermidor Crisis
Saint-Just prepares to defend Robespierre and the authority of the Committee of Public Safety
Thermidor Crisis
Saint-Just prepares to defend Robespierre and the authority of the Committee of Public Safety.
Thermidor Crisis
Robespierre addresses the National Convention and warns of unnamed conspirators within the government
Thermidor Crisis
Robespierre addresses the National Convention and warns of unnamed conspirators within the government.
Thermidor Crisis
Robespierre refuses to name the deputies he accuses and increases fear among members of the Convention
Thermidor Crisis
Robespierre refuses to name the deputies he accuses and increases fear among members of the Convention.
Committee of Public Safety
Appointed Committee of Public Safety
President of France
Appointed Committee of Public Safety
Younger Robespierre Seeks Refuge at City Hall
Augustin Robespierre joined supporters gathered at city hall during the Thermidorian confrontation. His fate became linked to the collapse of the Commune's attempted resistance.
Commune Summons Sections to Resist Convention
Payan called on Parisian sections to defend the Commune against the Convention after the arrest of Robespierre. Many sections hesitated to mobilize effectively.
National Guard Commander Attempts Emergency Rescue
Hanriot attempted to assemble armed supporters for the detained Robespierrist leaders. Conflicting orders and weak attendance prevented an effective defense of the municipal center.
Couthon Brought into Municipal Resistance
Couthon joined the Robespierrist circle at the Hotel de Ville as the Commune tried to defy the Convention. The gathering failed to secure sufficient armed support.
Mayor Defends Arrested Robespierrist Leaders
Fleuriot Lescot used his authority as mayor to encourage resistance to the Convention's arrest decrees. City hall became a rallying point for supporters of Robespierre.
Thermidorian Deputies Overthrow Jacobin Leadership
Tallien helped unite Convention opponents against Robespierre on 9 Thermidor. The arrests destroyed the political leadership most closely associated with the Jacobins.
Thermidor Ends Leading Jacobin Control of Court
The arrest of Robespierre undermined the political network directing emergency judicial policy. Tribunal officials closely associated with his faction quickly became vulnerable.
Commune Revolt
Hanriot fails to hold together the armed force needed to rescue the Robespierrists
Commune Revolt
Hanriot fails to hold together the armed force needed to rescue the Robespierrists.
Thermidor Crisis
Hanriot attempts to mobilise armed support for Robespierre in Paris
Thermidor Crisis
Hanriot attempts to mobilise armed support for Robespierre in Paris.
Couthon seized in Thermidor - Balance of power
Georges Auguste Couthon figured in events surrounding couthon seized in thermidor at Paris. The decree struck at several central figures in the Terror simultaneously. Its importance lay in the transfer of effective authority away from the political networks that had dominated during the Terror.
Couthon seized in Thermidor
Couthon was named among Robespierre's associates to be arrested by the Convention. The decree struck at several central figures in the Terror simultaneously.
Committee rivalry reaches open conflict - Longer-term significance
Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne figured in events surrounding committee rivalry reaches open conflict at Paris. The quarrel showed that the emergency government no longer operated as a united leadership. It formed part of the unsettled transition that eventually produced the Constitution of Year III and the Directory.
Committee rivalry reaches open conflict
Billaud-Varenne joined the attacks on Robespierre as divisions within the committees erupted publicly. The quarrel showed that the emergency government no longer operated as a united leadership.
Interrupted Convention report - Public response
Louis Antoine Saint-Just figured in events surrounding interrupted convention report at Paris. His inability to complete the address deprived Robespierre's allies of a planned defense. The episode altered the political climate in Paris as former supporters of the Terror confronted a hostile new majority.
Interrupted Convention report
Saint-Just tried to deliver a report during the sitting of 9 Thermidor but opponents interrupted him. His inability to complete the address deprived Robespierre's allies of a planned defense.
Augustin shares his brother's fate - Public response
Augustin Bon Joseph Robespierre figured in events surrounding augustin shares his brother's fate at Paris. His request publicly identified him with the faction against which the Convention had turned. The episode altered the political climate in Paris as former supporters of the Terror confronted a hostile new majority.
Augustin shares his brother's fate
Augustin Robespierre asked to be arrested alongside his elder brother Maximilien. His request publicly identified him with the faction against which the Convention had turned.
Tallien challenges Robespierre - Balance of power
Jean-Lambert Tallien figured in events surrounding tallien challenges robespierre at Paris. His intervention emboldened members who wanted to arrest the leading Robespierrists. Its importance lay in the transfer of effective authority away from the political networks that had dominated during the Terror.
Tallien challenges Robespierre
Tallien helped lead the confrontation in the National Convention against Robespierre on 9 Thermidor. His intervention emboldened members who wanted to arrest the leading Robespierrists.
Robespierre ordered arrested - Political consequence
Maximilien Robespierre figured in events surrounding robespierre ordered arrested at Paris. The decision transformed a struggle of speeches into a contest between the legislature and municipal militants. It exposed divisions among revolutionary deputies over who should control punishment, representation and public order.
Robespierre ordered arrested
The Convention decreed Robespierre's arrest together with key political allies. The decision transformed a struggle of speeches into a contest between the legislature and municipal militants.
Barras receives military command - Institutional consequence
Paul Francois Jean Nicolas Barras figured in events surrounding barras receives military command at Paris. His assignment made the defense of parliamentary authority a military operation. This episode contributed to the replacement of centralized Jacobin emergency rule with a less unified, more conservative Convention.
Barras receives military command
The Convention gave Barras command of forces deployed against the insurrectionary Paris Commune. His assignment made the defense of parliamentary authority a military operation.
Thermidor Crisis
Augustin Robespierre demands to share the fate of his brother and is arrested
Thermidor Crisis
Augustin Robespierre demands to share the fate of his brother and is arrested.
Thermidor Crisis
Billaud-Varenne denounces Robespierre and joins the deputies demanding his arrest
Thermidor Crisis
Billaud-Varenne denounces Robespierre and joins the deputies demanding his arrest.
Thermidor Crisis
Tallien attacks Robespierre before the National Convention and helps start the revolt of 9 Thermidor
Thermidor Crisis
Tallien attacks Robespierre before the National Convention and helps start the revolt of 9 Thermidor.
Thermidor Crisis
Collot dHerbois presides during the stormy Convention session against Robespierre
Thermidor Crisis
Collot dHerbois presides during the stormy Convention session against Robespierre.
Thermidor Crisis
Amar aligns with opponents of Robespierre as the Convention turns against the Jacobin leadership
Thermidor Crisis
Amar aligns with opponents of Robespierre as the Convention turns against the Jacobin leadership.
Thermidor Crisis
Freron supports the Convention attack on the Robespierrists
Thermidor Crisis
Freron supports the Convention attack on the Robespierrists.
Thermidor Crisis
Legendre helps prevent Robespierre from rallying support in the Convention
Thermidor Crisis
Legendre helps prevent Robespierre from rallying support in the Convention.
Thermidor Crisis
Vadier supports the attack on the Robespierrist faction during the Convention crisis
Thermidor Crisis
Vadier supports the attack on the Robespierrist faction during the Convention crisis.
Thermidor Crisis
Barras is given command of Convention forces against the Paris Commune
Thermidor Crisis
Barras is given command of Convention forces against the Paris Commune.
Commune Revolt
Fleuriot-Lescot shelters the Robespierrists at the Hotel de Ville
Commune Revolt
Fleuriot-Lescot shelters the Robespierrists at the Hotel de Ville.
Thermidor Crisis
Fleuriot-Lescot uses the Paris Commune to support Robespierre after the arrest order
Thermidor Crisis
Fleuriot-Lescot uses the Paris Commune to support Robespierre after the arrest order.
Commune resists the Convention - Institutional consequence
Jean-Baptiste Fleuriot-Lescot figured in events surrounding commune resists the convention at Paris. The confrontation threatened to split the capital between rival centers of authority. This episode contributed to the replacement of centralized Jacobin emergency rule with a less unified, more conservative Convention.
Commune resists the Convention
Mayor Fleuriot-Lescot supported the insurrectionary municipal response to the parliamentary arrests. The confrontation threatened to split the capital between rival centers of authority.
Thermidor Crisis
Barere accepts the turn against Robespierre and supports emergency measures by the Convention
Thermidor Crisis
Barere accepts the turn against Robespierre and supports emergency measures by the Convention.
Thermidor Crisis
Carnot stands with members of the government who reject Robespierres domination
Thermidor Crisis
Carnot stands with members of the government who reject Robespierres domination.
Arrest of Georges Auguste Couthon
Couthon is taken into custody as one of the central Robespierrist leaders
Arrest of Georges Auguste Couthon
Couthon is taken into custody as one of the central Robespierrist leaders.
Thermidor Crisis
Couthon is arrested with Robespierre and other leading Robespierrists
Thermidor Crisis
Couthon is arrested with Robespierre and other leading Robespierrists.
Arrest of Louis Antoine Saint-Just
Saint-Just is arrested with Robespierre and Couthon after the Convention turns against them
Arrest of Louis Antoine Saint-Just
Saint-Just is arrested with Robespierre and Couthon after the Convention turns against them.
Thermidor Crisis
Saint-Just is interrupted before he can deliver his defence of Robespierre
Thermidor Crisis
Saint-Just is interrupted before he can deliver his defence of Robespierre.
Arrest of Robespierre
The Convention orders Robespierre arrested after deputies shout down his attempts to speak
Commune Revolt
Robespierre is brought to the Hotel de Ville as the Commune tries to create an armed uprising
Commune Revolt
Robespierre is brought to the Hotel de Ville as the Commune tries to create an armed uprising.
Execution
The Jacobin Club is closed after the execution of Robespierre and other members on 9 Thermidor of the year II (27 July 1794)
Execution
The Jacobin Club is closed after the execution of Robespierre and other members on 9 Thermidor of the year II (27 July 1794).
Jacobin Club
The Jacobin Club is closed after the execution of Robespierre and other members on 9 Thermidor of the year II (27 July 1794)
Thermidor
The Jacobin Club is closed after the execution of Robespierre and other members on 9 Thermidor of the year II (27 July 1794)
Thermidor
Robespierre is denounced in the Convention on 9 Thermidor and the Jacobin political system begins to collapse
Thermidor
Robespierre is denounced in the Convention on 9 Thermidor and the Jacobin political system begins to collapse.
Thermidor Crisis
Le Bas remains loyal to Robespierre during the crisis and is arrested with the faction
Thermidor Crisis
Le Bas remains loyal to Robespierre during the crisis and is arrested with the faction.
Thermidorian Attack on Robespierre
Tallien confronts Robespierre in the Convention and helps rally deputies against the dominant members of the Committee of Public Safety.
Motion to Arrest Robespierre
Louchet moves that Robespierre be arrested, turning the Convention's confrontation with the Robespierrists into a decisive political overthrow.
Hanriot rallies the Commune - Longer-term significance
Francois Hanriot figured in events surrounding hanriot rallies the commune at Paris. The effort could not secure a decisive armed majority against the Convention. It formed part of the unsettled transition that eventually produced the Constitution of Year III and the Directory.
Hanriot rallies the Commune
Hanriot attempted to mobilize the Paris National Guard in support of Robespierre after the arrest decrees. The effort could not secure a decisive armed majority against the Convention.
Hanriot Receives Orders during Thermidor Crisis
When the Convention moved against Robespierre, Hanriot attempted to mobilize his guards in opposition. His order faced uncertain obedience from units with divided political loyalties.
Commune Revolt
Payan calls for resistance but the Paris sections give uncertain support
Commune Revolt
Payan calls for resistance but the Paris sections give uncertain support.
Thermidor Crisis
Payan encourages the Commune to rally the sections in defence of Robespierre
Thermidor Crisis
Payan encourages the Commune to rally the sections in defence of Robespierre.
Guard command drawn into Thermidor crisis
Hanriot attempted to rally armed support for Robespierre when the Convention turned against him. The response of National Guard units was divided and insufficient to reverse the deputies' action.
Hanriot tries to free detained Jacobins
During the Thermidorian struggle Hanriot sought to mobilize force against the Convention's arrests. His efforts failed to sustain an effective coalition of armed sections.
Arrest of Robespierre
The convention orders the arrest of Robespirre
Coup
Overthrown by the revolution of 9th Thermidor
Coup
Robespierre was overthrown during the revolution of 9 Thermidor.
Thermidor Crisis
Dumas supports the Commune resistance and is later seized with the Robespierrists
Thermidor Crisis
Dumas supports the Commune resistance and is later seized with the Robespierrists.
Command Against Robespierrists
The Convention appoints Barras to direct armed forces against the Paris Commune and supporters attempting to rescue the arrested Robespierrists.
Coup
Paul Francois Barras was prominent in the overthrow of Robespierre.
Coup
Prominent in the overthrow of Robespierre
National Agent Captured After Thermidor Collapse
Payan was taken into custody after the Commune's call for armed resistance failed. The defeat destroyed the political network through which he had directed municipal mobilization.
Municipal Leadership Arrested After Failed Rising
Fleuriot Lescot was captured after the Convention's supporters retook the Hotel de Ville. His arrest brought the failed municipal insurrection to an end.
Convention Forces Approach Municipal Stronghold
Barras commanded troops acting for the Convention during the night after Robespierre's arrest. Their advance toward city hall forced the Commune's defenders to scatter.
Capture
Hanriot is captured after the collapse of Commune resistance
Capture
Hanriot is captured after the collapse of Commune resistance.
Execution
Hanriot is executed for supporting the Commune revolt against the Convention
Execution
Hanriot is executed for supporting the Commune revolt against the Convention.
Municipal insurrection suppressed - Political consequence
Paul Francois Jean Nicolas Barras figured in events surrounding municipal insurrection suppressed at Paris. Barras's command helped ensure that the rebels could not hold the Hรดtel de Ville. It exposed divisions among revolutionary deputies over who should control punishment, representation and public order.
Municipal insurrection suppressed
Forces acting for the Convention retook control from the Robespierrist Commune during the night of 9 to 10 Thermidor. Barras's command helped ensure that the rebels could not hold the Hรดtel de Ville.
Capture
Augustin Robespierre is injured after trying to escape from the Hotel de Ville
Capture
Augustin Robespierre is injured after trying to escape from the Hotel de Ville.
Thermidorian Reaction
Tallien becomes one of the visible leaders of the victorious Thermidorian deputies
Thermidorian Reaction
Tallien becomes one of the visible leaders of the victorious Thermidorian deputies.
Convention Troops
Barras leads Convention forces against the Commune stronghold during the night of 9 to 10 Thermidor
Convention Troops
Barras leads Convention forces against the Commune stronghold during the night of 9 to 10 Thermidor.
Thermidorian Reaction
Barras gains influence after commanding the troops that defeated the Commune
Thermidorian Reaction
Barras gains influence after commanding the troops that defeated the Commune.
Robespierre executed - Public response
Maximilien Robespierre figured in events surrounding robespierre executed at Paris. His execution marked the decisive defeat of the political circle most identified with the Terror. The episode altered the political climate in Paris as former supporters of the Terror confronted a hostile new majority.
Robespierre executed
Robespierre was guillotined on 10 Thermidor after the collapse of the municipal rising. His execution marked the decisive defeat of the political circle most identified with the Terror.
Saint-Just executed - Balance of power
Louis Antoine Saint-Just figured in events surrounding saint-just executed at Paris. The young revolutionary's death removed a prominent advocate of centralized emergency government. Its importance lay in the transfer of effective authority away from the political networks that had dominated during the Terror.
Saint-Just executed
Saint-Just was executed in Paris with Robespierre and other associates following their outlawry. The young revolutionary's death removed a prominent advocate of centralized emergency government.
Execution
Fleuriot-Lescot is executed for his role in the Paris Commune resistance
Execution
Fleuriot-Lescot is executed for his role in the Paris Commune resistance.
Execution
Couthon is executed as one of the principal Robespierrist leaders
Execution
Couthon is executed as one of the principal Robespierrist leaders.
Execution
Saint-Just is executed with Robespierre and other allies after the Thermidorian revolt
Execution
Saint-Just is executed with Robespierre and other allies after the Thermidorian revolt.
Execution
Saint-Just is executed with Robespierre and other leading supporters
Execution
Saint-Just is executed with Robespierre and other leading supporters.
Capture
Convention troops capture Robespierre after the Commune defence collapses
Capture
Convention troops capture Robespierre after the Commune defence collapses.
Execution
Robespierre is executed and the Jacobin Club loses its dominant position in revolutionary politics
Execution
Robespierre is executed and the Jacobin Club loses its dominant position in revolutionary politics.
Execution
Robespierre is executed by guillotine on 10 Thermidor after being declared an outlaw
Execution
Robespierre is executed by guillotine on 10 Thermidor after being declared an outlaw.
Death of Philippe Francois Joseph Le Bas
Le Bas kills himself as Convention troops close in on the Robespierrists
Death of Philippe Francois Joseph Le Bas
Le Bas kills himself as Convention troops close in on the Robespierrists.
Guard Units Fail to Secure Municipal Resistance
The insurrectionary Commune could not summon enough dependable soldiers to defeat the Convention's forces. The collapse revealed that Hanriot's formal command did not guarantee military unity.
Commune defense collapses at Hotel de Ville
Troops loyal to the Convention overcame the last municipal resistance associated with Hanriot. The collapse deprived the Robespierrists of an armed refuge in Paris.
Execution of Paris Guard commander
Hanriot was executed following the defeat of the Thermidorian insurgency. His death ended the period when one radical commander closely linked the Paris Guard to Robespierre's supporters.
Death of Maximilien Francois Marie Robespierre
Taken from the hotel de ville & guillotined with 21 of his supporters
Death of Maximilien Francois Marie Robespierre
Taken from the hotel de ville and guillotined with 21 of his supporters.
Dismissal
Removed from the Revolutionary Tribunal
Dismissal
Robespierre was removed from the Revolutionary Tribunal.
Execution
Taken from the Hotel de Ville & guillotined with 21 of his supporters
Revolutionary Tribunal
Removed from the Revolutionary Tribunal
Execution
Dumas is executed after the fall of the Robespierrists
Execution
Dumas is executed after the fall of the Robespierrists.
Communal officials executed - Longer-term significance
Jean-Baptiste Fleuriot-Lescot figured in events surrounding communal officials executed at Paris. These punishments dismantled the municipal command structure that had attempted to defy the Convention. It formed part of the unsettled transition that eventually produced the Constitution of Year III and the Directory.
Communal officials executed
Executions of surviving leaders of the Paris Commune continued after the fall of Robespierre. These punishments dismantled the municipal command structure that had attempted to defy the Convention.
Committee of Public Safety
The ultimate political vehicle for the Jacobin movement was the Reign of Terror overseen by the Committee of Public Safety, who were given executive powers to purify and unify the Republic
Jacobin Club
The ultimate political vehicle for the Jacobin movement was the Reign of Terror overseen by the Committee of Public Safety, who were given executive powers to purify and unify the Republic
Robespierre Fall Reopens Debate on Tribunal
Robespierre's overthrow exposed the political dangers of a court associated with emergency government. Deputies began disputing whether its procedures could be reconciled with republican legality.
Convention Forces Reassert Control over Paris Guard
During Thermidor Barras commanded troops supporting the Convention against insurgent municipal authorities. The victory undermined the radical political leadership of the capital's armed citizens.
Moreau Builds Experience on Eastern Front
Moreau gained further military responsibility in the revolutionary armies operating toward the Rhine. His developing reputation would later support his promotion to independent command.
Committee of Public Safety
The ultimate political vehicle for the Jacobin movement was the Reign of Terror overseen by the Committee of Public Safety, who were given executive powers to purify and unify the Republic
Committee of Public Safety
The ultimate political vehicle for the Jacobin movement was the Reign of Terror overseen by the Committee of Public Safety, who were given executive powers to purify and unify the Republic.
Constitution of France
The ultimate political vehicle for the Jacobin movement was the Reign of Terror overseen by the Committee of Public Safety, who were given executive powers to purify and unify the Republic
Execution
Robespierre tries to found the Republic of Virtue, until the Jacobins last purge, 9 Thermidor, in July 1794, executed Robespierre himself
Execution
Robespierre tries to found the Republic of Virtue, until the Jacobins last purge, 9 Thermidor, in July 1794, executed Robespierre himself.
Jacobin Club
Jacobin rule increasingly depended on the Committee of Public Safety until Robespierreโs overthrow weakened the movement.
Jacobin Club
The ultimate political vehicle for the Jacobin movement was the Reign of Terror overseen by the Committee of Public Safety, who were given executive powers to purify and unify the Republic. Robespierre tries to found the Republic of Virtue, until the Jacobins last purge, 9 Thermidor, in July 1794, executed Robespierre himself
Reign of Terror
The Reign of Terror reached its political peak under the emergency committees before Robespierreโs fall on 9 Thermidor.
Reign of Terror
The ultimate political vehicle for the Jacobin movement was the Reign of Terror overseen by the Committee of Public Safety, who were given executive powers to purify and unify the Republic. Robespierre tries to found the Republic of Virtue, until the Jacobins last purge, 9 Thermidor, in July 1794, executed Robespierre himself
Thermidor
Robespierre tries to found the Republic of Virtue, until the Jacobins last purge, 9 Thermidor, in July 1794, executed Robespierre himself
Battle of Hooglede
The Allied Army is forced to retreat northwards
Battle of Hyeres Islands
Takes part in the Battle of the Hyeres Islands.
Quiberon Expedition
Tallien observed operations connected with the defeat of the royalist expedition at Quiberon and supported severe measures against captured participants.
Moreau Wins Battle of Ettlingen
French troops overcame an Austrian field army in the fighting near Ettlingen. The victory strengthened Moreau's advance into southwestern Germany.
Siege of Mantua
Relieves Mantua
Battle of Lonato
Defeats the Austrians in Mantua
Capture of Elba
Commands the occupation of Elba.
Siege of Elba
Commands the occupation of Elba.
Attack on Cadiz
Leads boat attacks during operations against Cadiz.
Minister of Foreign Relations
Talleyrand became Minister of Foreign Relations with support from Barras, despite opposition from Carnot and Barthelemy.
Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Leads an unsuccessful attack on Santa Cruz de Tenerife.
Arm Amputation
Loses his right arm after being wounded at Tenerife.
Invasion of Egypt
Lands in Egypt
Capture of Alexandria
Napoleon captured Alexandria after landing in Egypt, establishing the first major French base for the campaign.
Battle of Pyramids
The Marmelukes are defeated by Napoleon
Battle of the Pyramids
Napoleon defeated Mamluk forces at the Battle of the Pyramids, opening the way for French occupation of Cairo.
Battle of Pyramids
Napoleon marches south from Alexandria & is met by an army of 8,000 Marmelukes at Giza. Defeats the Marmelukes within 2 hours
Entry into Cairo
Napoleon entered Cairo after the Battle of the Pyramids and began organising French administration in Egypt.
Egypt Expedition
Tallien joined the Egyptian expedition as a civilian intellectual and later participated in the Institut d'Egypte and its publications.
Capture of Alexandria
Napoleon leaves Alexandria in the hands of General Jean Kleber
Capture of Alexandria
Napoleon leaves Alexandria in the hands of General Jean Kleber
Industrial Revolution
The earliest recorded use of the term "Industrial Revolution" seems to have been in a letter written by French envoy Louis-Guillaume Otto, announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise
Invasion of Egypt
The Anglo-Turkish armada begins to bombard Alexandria
Battle of Aboukir Bay
Lands the Turkish forces at Aboukir, 60 transports & 15,000 troops. General Marmont is forced to withdraw to Alexandria & await Napoleon's orders
Capture of Cairo
Arrives in Cairo amid much pomp & ceremony
Battle of Aboukir Bay
18,000 Turks land at Aboukir, Napoleon marches with 6,000 to the Delta
Rosetta Stone Discovery
French soldiers discovered the Rosetta Stone during the Egyptian expedition, providing a text that later proved central to deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs.
Minister of Police
Fouche became Minister of Police during the final months of the Directory, replacing Bourguignon.
Resignation from Foreign Ministry
Talleyrand resigned as Minister of Foreign Relations after political attacks increased during the renewed Jacobin influence of 1799.
Battle of Aboukir Bay
Gathers 10,000 infantry & 1,000 cavalry within striking distance of Aboukir. Decides to strike at the Turkish Army. Claims the battle will, "decide the fate of the world"
Battle of Aboukir Bay
Sits tight for 2 weeks on the beaches due to extensive sickness. Assembles 10,000 infantry & 1,000 cavalry within striking distance of Aboukir
Battle of Aboukir
Napoleon defeated an Ottoman landing force at Aboukir, securing a major French battlefield victory before his departure from Egypt.
General
Appointed General de Division during the 2nd Battle of Aboukir Bay
Battle of Aboukir Bay
Napoleon's 17 year old stepson fights at the Battle of Aboukir
Battle of Aboukir Bay
Appointed General de Division during the 2nd Battle of Aboukir Bay
Battle of Aboukir Bay
Leads a division at the Battle of Aoukir
Battle of Aboukir Bay
Launches an assault on the Turks followed by the surrender of Aboukir
Battle of Aboukir Bay
Opens the attack by leading a cavalry charge. Appointed General de Division during the 2nd Battle of Aboukir Bay. Accepts the surrender of the Turkish leader Mustapha Pasha
General
Appointed General de Division during the 2nd Battle of Aboukir Bay
Battle of Aboukir Bay
Leads the French left
Battle of Aboukir Bay
The French are defeated & lose 13 of their 17 ships. Nelson's 5 ships intercept the French at Aboukir Bay. Marches back to Egypt & rallies his forces to defeat the Turks
Battle of Aboukir Bay
The Turks are defeated with 2,000 killed & 4,000 drowned, the French suffer 220 killed. Napoleon is intercepted on his march to Cairo
Siege of Cairo
Napoleon is intercepted on his march to Cairo
Arrest of Mustapha Pasha
Surrenders to Murat & is arrested
Battle of Aboukir Bay
Surrenders to Murat at the Battle of Aboukir & is arrested
Battle of Aboukir Bay
Offers surrender terms to the Turks who have fled to Aboukir castle they refuse
Invasion of Germany
Drives the French back across the Rhine
Mobilization
Assembles a Marmaluke force to re-occupy Egypt after its invasion by Napoleon
Invasion of Egypt
Napoleon's troops gather to face a probable invasion of Egypt by the Army of Rhodes
Capture of Lahore
Ranjit Singh takes Lahore and establishes it as the centre of his growing Sikh state.
Act of Union
An Act of Union with Ireland is passed in the House of Commons
Unification
An Act of Union with Ireland is passed in the House of Commons
Governor
Appointed Governor of Bohemia
Deputy
Appointed Deputy for the Seine in the Corps Legislatif
Birth of George's Sand
Birth of George's Sand
Monson's Retreat
Yashwantrao Holkar's forces pressure Colonel Monson's column during its disastrous retreat across Rajasthan.
Battle of Cape Finisterre
Fights Calder and abandons the Channel concentration plan.
Battle of Cape Finisterre
Intercepts Villeneuve and captures two Spanish ships.
Battle of Cape Finisterre
Spanish ships suffer losses during Calder's interception.
Arrival at Vigo
Takes the combined fleet into Vigo after Cape Finisterre.
Commander of Army of Italy
Appointed Commander of the Army of Italy
Commander of Army of Italy
Appointed Commander of the Army of Italy
Birth of Guisseppe Garibaldi
Birth of Guisseppe Garibaldi
Treaty of Tilsit, 1st
Gives Russia free hand in Sweden, Annexing the grand Duchy of Finland 1809
Treaty of Tilsit, 1st
The Treaties of Tilsit were two agreements signed by Napoleon I of France in the town of Tilsit in July 1807 in the aftermath of his victory at Friedland. The first was signed on 7 July, between Tsar Alexander I of Russia and Napoleon I of France, when they met on a raft in the middle of the Neman River
Treaty of Tilsit, 1st
Bennigsen had met with the crushing defeat of Friedland. The direct consequence of which is the Treaty of Tilsit
Treaty of Tilsit, 1st
Alexander accepts the creation of the Duchy of Warsaw and Kingdom of Westphalia under the Napoleonic settlement.
Treaty of Tilsit, 1st
Alexander accepts the drastic reduction of Prussia imposed by Napoleon at Tilsit.
Treaty of Tilsit, 1st
Alexander and Napoleon conclude peace between Russia and France at Tilsit.
Treaty of Tilsit, 1st
Alexander recognises Napoleon's dominant position in central and western Europe under the Treaty of Tilsit.
Treaty of Tilsit, 1st
Alexander secures Russian interests in eastern Europe while entering an uneasy partnership with Napoleon.
Treaty of Tilsit, 1st
Russia agrees to mediate between Britain and France as part of the Tilsit settlement.
Treaty of Tilsit, 1st
The settlement leaves Russia free to act against Sweden, contributing to the conquest of Finland in 1808-1809.
Treaty of Tilsit
Alexander I meets Napoleon at Tilsit and agrees to peace and alliance terms after Russian defeat.
Continental System
The Treaty of Tilsit ended war between Imperial Russia and the French Empire and began an alliance between the two empires that rendered the rest of continental Europe almost powerless. The two countries secretly agreed to aid each other in disputes. France pledged to aid Russia against Ottoman Turkey while Russia agreed to join the Continental System against the British Empire
Rule of Duchy of Warsaw
Napoleon created French client states, which were formalized and recognized at Tilsit: the Kingdom of Westphalia, the Duchy of Warsaw and the Free City of Danzig. Some territory is awarded to Russia.
Rule of Duchy of Warsaw
Napoleon not only cemented his control of Central Europe but also had Russia and the truncated Prussia ally with him against his two remaining enemies, Great Britain and Sweden, triggering the Anglo-Russian and Finnish War
Rule of Duchy of Warsaw
The second Treaty of Tilsit is signed with Prussia on 9 July.
Rule of Duchy of Warsaw
The treaties were made at the expense of the Prussian king, who had already agreed to a truce on 25 June after the Grande Armee had pursued him to the easternmost frontier of his realm.
Rule of Free City of Danzig
Napoleon created French client states, which were formalized and recognized at Tilsit: the Kingdom of Westphalia, the Duchy of Warsaw and the Free City of Danzig. Some territory is awarded to Russia.
Rule of Free City of Danzig
Napoleon not only cemented his control of Central Europe but also had Russia and the truncated Prussia ally with him against his two remaining enemies, Great Britain and Sweden, triggering the Anglo-Russian and Finnish War
Rule of Free City of Danzig
The second Treaty of Tilsit is signed with Prussia on 9 July.
Rule of Free City of Danzig
The treaties were made at the expense of the Prussian king, who had already agreed to a truce on 25 June after the Grande Armee had pursued him to the easternmost frontier of his realm.
Rule of Kingdom of Westphalia
Napoleon created French client states, which were formalized and recognized at Tilsit: the Kingdom of Westphalia, the Duchy of Warsaw and the Free City of Danzig. Some territory is awarded to Russia.
Rule of Kingdom of Westphalia
Napoleon not only cemented his control of Central Europe but also had Russia and the truncated Prussia ally with him against his two remaining enemies, Great Britain and Sweden, triggering the Anglo-Russian and Finnish War
Rule of Kingdom of Westphalia
The second Treaty of Tilsit is signed with Prussia on 9 July.
Rule of Kingdom of Westphalia
The treaties were made at the expense of the Prussian king, who had already agreed to a truce on 25 June after the Grande Armee had pursued him to the easternmost frontier of his realm.
Treaty of Tilsit, 2nd
Prussia loses most of its Polish territory which goes to the Duchy of Warsaw. Prussia loses its territory west of the River Elbe to France. Danzig becomes a free city
Treaty of Tilsit, 2nd
Napoleon I & Alexander I agree areas of interest. French control in central & western Europe & Russian Baltic control are recognised
Treaty of Tilsit, 2nd
Napoleon I & Alexander I cease hostilities
Treaty of Tilsit, 2nd
Napoleon created French client states, which were formalized and recognized at Tilsit: the Kingdom of Westphalia, the Duchy of Warsaw and the Free City of Danzig. Some territory is awarded to Russia.
Treaty of Tilsit, 2nd
Napoleon not only cemented his control of Central Europe but also had Russia and the truncated Prussia ally with him against his two remaining enemies, Great Britain and Sweden, triggering the Anglo-Russian and Finnish War.
Treaty of Tilsit, 2nd
The Treaty of Tilsit ended war between Imperial Russia and the French Empire and began an alliance between the two empires that rendered the rest of continental Europe almost powerless.
Treaty of Tilsit, 2nd
The second Treaty of Tilsit is signed with Prussia on 9 July.
Treaty of Tilsit, 2nd
The treaties were made at the expense of the Prussian king, who had already agreed to a truce on 25 June after the Grande Armee had pursued him to the easternmost frontier of his realm.
Treaty of Tilsit, 2nd
The two countries secretly agreed to aid each other in disputes. France pledged to aid Russia against Ottoman Turkey while Russia agreed to join the Continental System against the British Empire
Treaty of Tilsit
The Treaty of Tilsit ended war between Imperial Russia and the French Empire and began an alliance between the two empires that rendered the rest of continental Europe almost powerless. The two countries secretly agreed to aid each other in disputes. France pledged to aid Russia against Ottoman Turkey while Russia agreed to join the Continental System against the British Empire
Independence of Danzig
Under the 2nd Treaty of Tilsit Danzig becomes a free city
Independence of Germany
Under the 2nd Treaty of Tilsit Danzig becomes a free city
Treaty of Tilsit, 2nd
Prussia's Army is reduced to 42,000. Prussia loses most of its Polish territory to the grand Duchy of Warsaw. Prussia loses half of its territory west of the River Elbe to France. Danzig becomes a free city
Independence of Danzig
Under the Tilsit settlement, Danzig becomes a nominally free city under French influence.
Rule of River Elbe
The Tilsit settlement strips Prussia of territories west of the Elbe as Napoleon reorganises central Europe.
Treaty of Tilsit, 2nd
The second Tilsit treaty imposes severe territorial losses on Prussia and creates the Duchy of Warsaw.
Invasion of Portugal
Sets sail from Cork in Ireland for Portugal
Invasion of Portugal
Sent to Portugal with 10,000 men
Invasion of Portugal
Wellington reaches Coruna in Portugal
Invasion of Denmark
Joins the Danish expedition
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander of Forces in Portugal
Birth of Marie Edme Patrice Maurice de MacMahon
Birth of Marie Edme Patrice Maurice de MacMahon, from Irish Jacobite immigrants
Succession
Succeeds as King of Naples, with the title Joachim I Napoleon
Battle of Baylen
Between 16 and 19 July, Spanish forces converged on the French positions stretched out along villages on the Guadalquivir and attacked at several points, forcing the confused French defenders to shift their divisions.
Battle of Baylen
Caught between Castanos and Reding, Dupont attempted vainly to break through the Spanish line at Baylen in three bloody and desperate charges, losing more than 2,500 men.
Battle of Baylen
With Castanos pinning Dupont downstream at Andujar, Reding successfully forced the river at Mengibar and seized Baylen, interposing himself between the two wings of the French army.
Battle of Baylen
Between 16 and 19 July, Spanish forces converged on the French positions stretched out along villages on the Guadalquivir and attacked at several points, forcing the confused French defenders to shift their divisions.
Battle of Baylen
Caught between Castanos and Reding, Dupont attempted vainly to break through the Spanish line at Baylen in three bloody and desperate charges, losing more than 2,500 men.
Battle of Baylen
With Castanos pinning Dupont downstream at Andujar, Reding successfully forced the river at Mengibar and seized Baylen, interposing himself between the two wings of the French army.
Battle of Baylen
Between 16 and 19 July, Spanish forces converged on the French positions stretched out along villages on the Guadalquivir and attacked at several points, forcing the confused French defenders to shift their divisions.
Battle of Baylen
Caught between Castanos and Reding, Dupont attempted vainly to break through the Spanish line at Baylen in three bloody and desperate charges, losing more than 2,500 men.
Battle of Baylen
With Castanos pinning Dupont downstream at Andujar, Reding successfully forced the river at Mengibar and seized Baylen, interposing himself between the two wings of the French army.
Battle of Baylen
1st setback for Napoleon who calls Spain, "The Spanish ulcer".
Battle of Baylen
Spain successfully revolts against French domination.
Battle of Baylen
The Battle of Baylen is fought by the Spanish Army of Andalusia, led by Generals Francisco Castanos and Theodor von Reding.
Battle of Baylen
The heaviest fighting takes place near Baylen, a village by the Guadalquivir river in southern Spain.
Battle of Baylen
and the Imperial French Armys II corps dobservation de la Gironde under General Pierre Dupont de lรtang.
Battle of Baylen
1st setback for Napoleon who calls Spain, "The Spanish ulcer".
Battle of Baylen
Spain successfully revolts against French domination.
Battle of Baylen
The Battle of Baylen is fought by the Spanish Army of Andalusia, led by Generals Francisco Castanos and Theodor von Reding.
Battle of Baylen
The heaviest fighting takes place near Baylen, a village by the Guadalquivir river in southern Spain.
Battle of Baylen
and the Imperial French Armys II corps dobservation de la Gironde under General Pierre Dupont de lรtang.
Siege of Cordoba
Events proved otherwise, and after storming and plundering Cordoba in July, Dupont retraced his steps to the north of the province to await reinforcements
Siege of Cordoba
In June 1808, following the widespread uprisings against the French occupation of Spain, Napoleon organized French units into flying columns to pacify Spain's major centres of resistance.
Siege of Cordoba
One of these, under General Dupont, was dispatched across the Sierra Morena and south through Andalusia to the port of Cadiz where a French naval squadron lay at the mercy of the Spanish.
Siege of Cordoba
The Emperor was confident that with 20,000 men, Dupont would crush any opposition encountered on the way.
Battle of Wagram
Defeated by Napoleon
Battle of Wagram
Outflanks the Austrian positions & contributes to their defeat
Battle of Wagram
Defeats the Austrians 11 miles north east of Vienna. After the battle Salzburg & the Tyrol are ceded to Bavaria & Illyria to France. After the armistice Galicia is ceded to the Duchy of Warsaw
Marshal
Appointed Marshal General of the Portuguese army
Marshal
Appointed Marshal General of the Portuguese army
Armistice
Austria & France sign an armistice
Armistice
Austria & France sign an armistice
La Paz Junta
Murillo helps establish the Junta Tuitiva in La Paz
Battle of Talavera
Wellington is victorious, rewarded with the title Duke of Wellington. Defeats King Joseph & Marshal Jourdan
Reballion of peasants rise in
40,000 peasants rise in rebellion
Reballion of peasants rise in
40,000 peasants rise in rebellion
Rule of Galicia
After the Battle of Wagram Galicia is ceded to the Duchy of Warsaw
Rule of Illyrian Provinces
After the Battle of Wagram the Illyrian provinces are ceded to France
Rule of Salzburg
After the Battle of Wagram Salzburg is ceded to Bavaria
Rule of Tyrol
After the Battle of Wagram the Tyrol is ceded to Bavaria
First National Congress
Supports the opening of Chile's first National Congress during the independence movement.
Independence of Spain
Venezuela declares its independence
Independence of Venezuela
Venezuela declares its independence
Declaration of Independence
The Venezuelan Congress declared independence from Spain and created a sovereign republic.
Independence of Venezuela
Witnesses the declaration of the independence of Venezuela. Venezuela declares independence after disavowing allegiance to Ferdinand VII
Arrest of Pope Pius VII
The National Council closes when Napoleon refuses to free Pope Pius VII
Arrest of Pius VII
The National Council closes when Napoleon refuses to free Pope Pius VII
Declaration of War
America declares war against Britain for violating neutral waters
Neutrality
America declares war against Britain for violating neutral waters
Battle of Salamanca
Wellington defeats a French force of 40,000 under Marmont, opening the way to Madrid
Battle of Ostrovno
Murat fights at the Battle of Ostrovno
Invasion of Russia
Reaches Beschenkowitschi, the town has been deserted
Capitulation of San Mateo
Francisco de Miranda signed a capitulation with Spanish commander Domingo de Monteverde, ending organized resistance by the First Republic.
Battle of Ostrovno
French victory but delays their advance
Invasion of Russia
The French engage some Russian regiments to force the Russians into battle
Invasion of Russia
The French arrive at Wilna
Invasion of Russia
The Russian Army has withdrawn without any trace
Departure from Field Army
Leaves direct field command during Napoleon's invasion after advisers urge him to coordinate the wider war effort.
Siege of Cabello
Simon Bolivar is forced to surrender to the royalist Spanish General Monteverde
Siege of Cabello
Bolivar is forced to surrender to the royalist Spanish General Juan Domingo Monteverde
Capture of Caracas
Captures Caracas from the Spanish, gains the title of "el Libertador"
Siege of San Sebastian
1st day of Wellingtons siege of San Sebastian
Siege of San Sebastian
Failure to storm San Sebastian
Siege of San Sebastian
Makes an assault on San Sebastian
Battle of Sorauren
Defeats Soult
Ambassador
Appointed Ambassador
Ambassador
Appointed Ambassador
Invasion of Norway
Charles XIII invades Norway & prevents them proclaiming independence
Battle of La Puerta
Defeated & forced to flee to New Granada
Siege of Bogota
Bolivar liberates Bogota
Result of Surrender of France
France accepts Allied terms at St Cloud, clearing the way for occupation and the post-Napoleonic settlement.
Surrender of France
France surrenders by the Treaty of St Cloud
Treaty of St Cloud
France surrenders by the Treaty of St Cloud
Result of Surrender of Paris
Allied occupation of Paris confirms the collapse of Napoleon's final political and military position.
Siege of Paris
The Allies enter Paris
Surrender of Paris
The Allies enter Paris
Succession
The French Legislative Assemblies vote for the restoration of Louis XVIII
Restoration
Louis XVIII is restored to the French throne
Exile of Napoleon II
Lives in Austria
Independence of Argentina
Argentina declares independence
Erie Canal Construction
Clinton begins construction of the Erie Canal across New York State.
President of USA
Appointed President of the USA, 5th President
Marriage
William IV marries Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen
Marriage
William IV marries Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen
Cash Payments Act
Peel sponsors legislation directing a phased resumption of Bank of England gold payments.
Resumption of Cash Payments
Peel sponsors legislation directing the Bank of England to resume gold convertibility.
Vostok Expedition
Leaves Kronstadt commanding Vostok on the Russian Antarctic expedition with Mirny under Mikhail Lazarev
Birth of Francis Leopold McClintock
Francis Leopold McClintock is born in Dundalk and later becomes a leading Royal Navy specialist in Arctic sledging and Franklin searches.
Capture of Lima
San Martins forces capture Lima
Vice Admiral
Appointed Vice Admiral
Rule of Florida
Spain cedes Folrida to the USA
Rule of Florida
Spain cedes Folrida to the USA
Coronation
Crowned Emperor of Mexico
Battle of Dervenakia
Kolokotronis defeats Dramali Pasha's army in the Dervenakia passes
Battle of Dervenakia
Dramali Pasha suffers a major defeat while invading the Peloponnese
Member of Parliament
1st enters Parliament, as a Whig
Constitution of Mexico
The Constitutional Assembly proclaims the Confederation of the United Provinces. Calls up the Constituent Assembly
Independence of Mexico
The Constitutional Assembly proclaims the Confederation of the United Provinces
Independence of United Provinces of Central America
The Constitutional Assembly proclaims the Confederation of the United Provinces
Abolition of Slavery
Promulgates legislation completing the abolition of slavery in Chile.
Thames Tunnel
Brunel joins the Thames Tunnel project after his father is appointed engineer for the crossing beneath the River Thames.
Legislation
His government passes legislation allowing workers to combine over wages and hours.
Reform of Government
His government passes legislation modifying restrictions on workers' combinations.
Death of John Adams
Death of John Adams
Death of Thomas Jefferson
Death of Thomas Jefferson
Creation of Presidency
Becomes the first ruler to hold the constitutional title President of Chile.
President of Chile
Becomes the first Chilean head of state to use the title President of the Republic.
First Bank of England Branch Opens
John Richards serves as Governor when the Bank of England opens its first provincial branch in Gloucester after the banking crisis of 1825.
Birth of Edward Henry Stanley
Birth of Edward Henry Stanley
Commander Appointed
Karaiskakis is appointed to command Greek forces in Central Greece
Treaty of London
His government joins Britain and Russia in the treaty proposing mediation and an autonomous Greece under Ottoman suzerainty.
No Territorial Advantage Clause
Accepts the principle that the mediating powers should seek no exclusive territorial or commercial advantage from the settlement.
Ottoman Suzerainty Provision
Signs terms envisaging an autonomous Greece that remains formally under the Sultan's suzerainty.
Treaty Signature
Signs the Treaty of London for France as ambassador at the British court.
Greek Mediation Policy
Backs a settlement based on mediation rather than direct annexation or exclusive influence by any Great Power.
Treaty of London
His government concludes the tripartite agreement with France and Russia proposing mediation and Greek autonomy under Ottoman suzerainty.
Greek Mediation
Supports a tripartite agreement offering mediation and an autonomous Greek settlement under Ottoman suzerainty.
Ottoman Suzerainty
Accepts a plan in which the Sultan retains formal suzerainty while Greece receives internal autonomy.
Armistice Provision
Signs provisions intended to end active fighting while the powers mediate a political settlement.
Greek Autonomy Provision
Accepts a framework for Greek self-government while formal Ottoman suzerainty is retained.
Treaty Signature
Signs the tripartite Treaty of London for Britain as Foreign Secretary.
Allied Naval Cooperation
Agrees that the three powers may use naval pressure if mediation fails and hostilities continue.
Greek Autonomy
Accepts a settlement in which Greece would govern itself while remaining tributary to the Ottoman Sultan.
Treaty of London
Supports Russian participation in the tripartite agreement for mediation and an autonomous Greek settlement.
Tripartite Agreement
Supports Russian adherence to the agreement with Britain and France over the Greek conflict.
Annual Tribute Provision
Accepts treaty terms under which the proposed Greek state would pay an annual tribute to the Ottoman Empire.
Collective Mediation
Commits Russia to act jointly with Britain and France in seeking reconciliation between Greeks and Ottomans.
Treaty Signature
Signs the Treaty of London for Russia as ambassador to Britain.
Greek Autonomy
The treaty proposes an autonomous Greek polity that would remain under Ottoman suzerainty and pay tribute to the Sultan.
Independence of Greece
The Turks are called on to make peace & grant Greek independence
Independence of Turkey
The Turks are called on to make peace & grant Greek independence
Treaty of London
The treaty offers mediation and autonomous Greek government under Ottoman suzerainty, but the Ottoman government rejects the proposed settlement.
President of Argentina
Appointed provisional President of Argentina after the resignation of Bernardino Rivadavia
Greek Campaign
Commands Egyptian forces in the Morea while the London powers demand a suspension of fighting.
Greek Settlement
Supports international intervention that moves the Greek struggle toward an internationally recognised autonomous settlement.
Treaty Crisis
Regards the London intervention as an unacceptable intrusion into Ottoman authority over the Greek provinces.
Member of Parliament
Refuses to take the oath of supremacy & cannot take his seat in Parliament
Supremacy
Refuses to take the oath of supremacy & cannot take his seat in Parliament
Corn Law
Reduces high prices caused by the Corn Law of 1815
Legislation
Reduces high prices caused by the Corn Law of 1815. Corn prices are based on a sliding scale compared with domestic prices
Reform of Corn Laws
Reduces high prices caused by the Corn Law of 1815. Corn prices are based on a sliding scale compared with domestic prices
Invasion of Turkey
The contingent of 35,000 Russians move across the mountains, circumventing the besieged Shumla on their way straight to Constantinople. Diebitsch startles the Turks by launching a Transbalkan offensive, the first in the Russian history since the 10th-century campaigns of Svyatoslav I
Invasion of Turkey
The Turkish reinforcement is routed near Sliven
Fourth National Assembly
Kapodistrias reports to the Fourth National Assembly on government and state reconstruction.
Surrender of Algiers
Capitulates to the French expedition after the fall of Algiers.
Capture of Algiers
Takes Algiers after the capitulation of Hussein Dey.
Burial
George IV is buried in St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle.
Treaty of Prairie du Chien
The United States concludes a treaty involving land cessions in the upper Mississippi region.
Constitution of Uruguay
Participates in the constitutional settlement as Uruguay adopts its first constitution
July Ordinances
His government issues the July Ordinances restricting the press and electorate, provoking the July Revolution.
July Ordinances
Issues the July Ordinances restricting the press, dissolving the Chamber and narrowing the electorate.
July Revolution
Faces armed revolt in Paris after publication of the July Ordinances.
National Guard Command
Resumes command of the Paris National Guard during the July Revolution.
Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom
Accepts appointment as lieutenant-general while the Bourbon government collapses.
Support for Louis Philippe
Publicly supports Louis Philippe as a constitutional alternative to Charles X.
Fall of Polignac Ministry
His ministry collapses as the July Revolution destroys royal authority in Paris.
Marshal of France
Is promoted to Marshal of France after the conquest of Algiers.
First Joseph Lebeau Government
The First Joseph Lebeau Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.
Admiral
Attains the full rank of Admiral
Felix de Muelenaere Government
Begins the Felix de Muelenaere Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.
Reballion of to suppress the
Uses troops to suppress the rebellion in Novgorod
Bank Recharter Veto
Jackson vetoes legislation renewing the Second Bank's federal charter.
Death of Napoleon II
Death of Napoleon II, from TB
Press
Founds the propaganda journal, Le Phalanstere
Treaty of Constantinople
Greece (Hellas) is recognised as a free country from the Ottoman Empire
Treaty of Constantinople
Greece (Hellas) is recognised as a free country from the Ottoman Empire
Alliance Agreement at Unkiar Skelessi
The Treaty brought about an alliance between the two powers, as well as a guarantee that the Ottomans would close the Dardanelles to any foreign warships if the Russians requested such action.
Of the Treaty
Great Britain and Ireland, as the terms of the Treaty worried the other great powers of Europe.
Of the Treaty
The French also issued a similar statement regarding their concerns about possible Russian military interference. These two statements were indicative of how seriously the terms of the Treaty were taken by the Western powers
Treaty Negotiations at Unkiar Skelessi
The British protested the Treaty, claiming that it violated the Anglo-Ottoman Treaty of 1809, which set forth terms that no foreign warship would be allowed to enter the straits.
Treaty Negotiations at Unkiar Skelessi
The Treaty would have significant consequences regarding the Ottoman Empire'gs foreign relations, especially with Great Britain and Ireland, as the terms of the Treaty worried the other great powers of Europe. he Treaty would have significant consequences regarding the Ottoman Empirers foreign relations, especially with
Treaty Negotiations at Unkiar Skelessi
Their formal protest concluded if the stipulations of that Treaty (Unkiar Skelessi) should hereafter lead to the armed interference of Russia in the internal affairs of Turkey, the British Government will hold itself at liberty to act upon such an occasion, in any manner which
Treaty Signed at Unkiar Skelessi
The Treaty of "the Royal Pier" or "the Sultan's Pier" was signed between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire on July 8, 1833, following the military aid of Russia against Mehmed Ali that same year.
Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi
Great Britain and Ireland, as the terms of the Treaty worried the other great powers of Europe.
Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi
The British protested the Treaty, claiming that it violated the Anglo-Ottoman Treaty of 1809, which set forth terms that no foreign warship would be allowed to enter the straits.
Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi
The French also issued a similar statement regarding their concerns about possible Russian military interference. These two statements were indicative of how seriously the terms of the Treaty were taken by the Western powers
Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi
The Treaty brought about an alliance between the two powers, as well as a guarantee that the Ottomans would close the Dardanelles to any foreign warships if the Russians requested such action.
Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi
The Treaty of "the Royal Pier" or "the Sultan's Pier" was signed between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire on July 8, 1833, following the military aid of Russia against Mehmed Ali that same year.
Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi
The Treaty would have significant consequences regarding the Ottoman Empire'gs foreign relations, especially with Great Britain and Ireland, as the terms of the Treaty worried the other great powers of Europe. he Treaty would have significant consequences regarding the Ottoman Empirers foreign relations, especially with
Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi
Their formal protest concluded if the stipulations of that Treaty (Unkiar Skelessi) should hereafter lead to the armed interference of Russia in the internal affairs of Turkey, the British Government will hold itself at liberty to act upon such an occasion, in any manner which
Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi
the circumstances of the moment may appear to require.
circumstances of the moment may appear to require
the circumstances of the moment may appear to require.
Alliance Agreement at Unkiar Skelessi
The Treaty brought about an alliance between the two powers, as well as a guarantee that the Ottomans would close the Dardanelles to any foreign warships if the Russians requested such action.
In any manner
In any manner which the circumstances of the moment may appear to require. The French also issued a similar statement regarding their concerns about possible Russian military interference.
Of the Treaty
These two statements were indicative of how seriously the terms of the Treaty were taken by the Western powers.
The British Government will hold itself at liberty to
The British Government will hold itself at liberty to act upon such an occasion.
Treaty Negotiations at Unkiar Skelessi
The British protested the Treaty, claiming that it violated the Anglo-Ottoman Treaty of 1809, which set forth terms that no foreign warship would be allowed to enter the straits.
Treaty Negotiations at Unkiar Skelessi
The Treaty would have significant consequences regarding the Ottoman Empire'gs foreign relations, especially with Great Britain and Ireland, as the terms of the Treaty worried the other great powers of Europe.
Treaty Negotiations at Unkiar Skelessi
Their formal protest concluded if the stipulations of that Treaty (Unkiar Skelessi) should hereafter lead to the armed interference of Russia in the internal affairs of Turkey.
Treaty Signed at Unkiar Skelessi
The Treaty of "the Royal Pier" or "the Sultan's Pier" was signed between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire on July 8, 1833, following the military aid of Russia against Mehmed Ali that same year.
Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi
Great Britain and Ireland, as the terms of the Treaty worried the other great powers of Europe.
Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi
The British protested the Treaty, claiming that it violated the Anglo-Ottoman Treaty of 1809, which set forth terms that no foreign warship would be allowed to enter the straits.
Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi
The French also issued a similar statement regarding their concerns about possible Russian military interference. These two statements were indicative of how seriously the terms of the Treaty were taken by the Western powers
Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi
The Treaty brought about an alliance between the two powers, as well as a guarantee that the Ottomans would close the Dardanelles to any foreign warships if the Russians requested such action.
Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi
The Treaty of "the Royal Pier" or "the Sultan's Pier" was signed between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire on July 8, 1833, following the military aid of Russia against Mehmed Ali that same year.
Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi
The Treaty would have significant consequences regarding the Ottoman Empire'gs foreign relations, especially with Great Britain and Ireland, as the terms of the Treaty worried the other great powers of Europe. he Treaty would have significant consequences regarding the Ottoman Empirers foreign relations, especially with
Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi
Their formal protest concluded if the stipulations of that Treaty (Unkiar Skelessi) should hereafter lead to the armed interference of Russia in the internal affairs of Turkey, the British Government will hold itself at liberty to act upon such an occasion, in any manner which
Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi
the circumstances of the moment may appear to require.
Slavery
Rejoices at the news that the bill for the abolition of slavery had finally passed its third reading in the Commons
Great Western Railway
The proposed Great Western Railway route between Bristol and London is formally announced.
Resignation of Charles Grey
Resigns as Prime Minister due to ill health, succeeded by Lord Melbourne
Birth of Thomas Charles Scanlen
Birth of Thomas Charles Scanlen
Death of Henry Bathurst
Death of Henry Bathurst
Revolution of the Reforms
Military officers launched the Revolution of the Reforms and temporarily removed President Jose Maria Vargas.
President of Venezuela
Appointed acting President of Venezuela during the Revolution of the Reforms
President of Venezuela
Appointed acting President of Venezuela
Assassination of Edouard Adolphe Casmimir Joeseph Mortier
While accompanying Louis Philippe to a review, the marshal with eleven other persons is killed by a bomb aimed at the King by Fieschi
Death of Edouard Adolphe Casmimir Joeseph Mortier
While accompanying Louis Philippe to a review, the marshal with eleven other persons is killed by a bomb aimed at the King by Fieschi
Marriage
Brunel marries Mary Elizabeth Horsley and later establishes a home and office in Westminster.
Birmingham-Warrington Railway Connection
Creates a major railway connection between Birmingham and the northwest.
Grand Junction Railway Opening
Opens the Grand Junction Railway for passenger and goods traffic.
Buckingham Palace
1st uses Buckingham Palace as a Royal residence
SS Great Western
The wooden paddle steamship SS Great Western is launched at Bristol under Brunel's direction.
Euston Station Opening
Opens Euston with the first section of the London and Birmingham Railway.
London and Birmingham Railway Opening
Begins passenger service between London, Harrow, Watford and Boxmoor.
Glacial Theory
Publicly advances the theory of a widespread prehistoric glacial period.
Neuchatel Glacial Address
Presents evidence that extensive ancient ice once covered large regions.
Burial
Buried in St George's Chapel, Windsor
Chief Minister Imperial Domains
Appointed Chief of the Ministry of Imperial Domains
Military Aid Agreement at London
Suspends military aid to Spain until its Government pays for arms already supplied
Maidenhead Railway Bridge
Maidenhead Railway Bridge opens to traffic and vindicates Brunel's unusually flat arch design.
SS Great Britain
Construction begins on Brunel's iron-hulled transatlantic steamship SS Great Britain.
Convention of London
Accepts hereditary rule in Egypt while surrendering most territories gained from the Ottoman Empire.
Travels in Icaria", the
Publication of "Travels in Icaria", the 1st "communist"
Travels in Icaria
Publication of "Travels in Icaria", the 1st "communist"
communist
Publication of "Travels in Icaria", the 1st "communist"
Birth of Rufus R Dawes
Born in Ohio; later commands the 6th Wisconsin Infantry during the Civil War.
Prime Minister of Greece
Mavrokordatos begins another brief term as Prime Minister.
Leading Article in No. 179 of the Kolnische Zeitung
Publishes a critique of the Kolnische Zeitung's treatment of philosophy, religion and political discussion.
Birth of Georg von Schonerer
Birth of Georg von Schonerer
Reballion of Rebels in Kazan province
Suppresses a rebellion in the Kazan province
Reballion of Rebels in Kazan province
Suppresses a rebellion in the Kazan province
SS Great Britain
SS Great Britain is launched as the largest ship in the world and a pioneering iron screw steamship.
Prince Albert Attends Great Britain Launch
Prince Albert attends the public launch of SS Great Britain in Bristol's Floating Harbour.
Dead Souls", a satire
Publication of "Dead Souls", a satire based upon Russian officialdom
Dead Souls
Publication of "Dead Souls", a satire based upon Russian officialdom
South Devon Railway Act Secured
Parliament authorises the South Devon Railway, enabling Brunel's route from Exeter toward Plymouth to proceed.
Issue Department
Cotton helps implement separate Issue and Banking Departments under the Bank Charter Act.
Issue Department
Cotton implements separate Issue and Banking Departments under the Bank Charter Act.
Bank Charter Act
The Bank Charter Act links additional note issue to gold and centralises English banknote issuance.
Bank Charter Act
The Bank Charter Act links additional note issuance to gold and centralises English note issue.
Press
Publication of "La Destinee Sociale", an exposition of Fourierism
Death of Charles Grey
Death of Charles Grey
SS Great Britain
SS Great Britain departs Liverpool for New York on her first transatlantic voyage.
Jean-Baptiste Nothomb Government
The Jean-Baptiste Nothomb Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.
Sylvain Van de Weyer Government
Begins the Sylvain Van de Weyer Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.
Study Journey to England
Marx and Engels study British industry, political economy and working-class organisation.
SS Great Britain
SS Great Britain is completed and prepared for transatlantic passenger service.
Capture of Monterey California
Sloat raises the American flag at Monterey and occupies California's capital
Constitution of Denmark
Declares the state indivisible & heritable by females
Constitution of Denmark
Declares Schleswig-Holstein indivisible from the rest of Denmark
Rule of Schleswig-Holstein
Declares Schleswig-Holstein indivisible from the rest of Denmark
Occupation of California
Stockton assumes command of American naval operations on the Pacific coast
Albert Dock
Opens Albert Dock, a fireproof warehouse and dock complex on Liverpool's waterfront.
Walker Tariff
Walker designs a tariff reducing duties and classifying imports by value.
California Campaign
Castro resists American occupation during the opening stage of the California campaign
California Campaign
Fremont cooperates with American naval commanders during the conquest of California
Birth of Walter Runciman
Birth of Walter Runciman
Wali of Egypt
Succeeds his father as Wali while Muhammad Ali remains seriously ill.
Battle of Custoza
Victory at Custoza is followed by Radetzkys occupation of Milan. Radetzky drives Charles Albert out of Lombardy. Commands the Austrian army which defeats the Sardinians
Capture of Milan
Victory at Custoza is followed by Radetzkys occupation of Milan
Rule of Milan
Victory at Custoza is followed by Radetzkys occupation of Milan
Battle of Custoza
After initial successes at Goito and Peschiera, decisively defeated at the Battle of Custoza by Radetzky
Risorgimento
After initial successes at Goito and Peschiera, decisively defeated at the Battle of Custoza by Radetzky
Birth of Arthur James Balfour
Birth of Arthur James Balfour, East Lothian
Abdication
Deposed by Parisian revolutionaries
Rule of Milan
Victory at Custoza is followed by Radetzkys occupation of Milan
Siege of Venice
Victory at Custoza is followed by Radetzkys occupation of Milan
Battle of Velletri
Withdraws his army across the Apennines to San Marino
Battle of Velletri
The French attack Velletri & enter the city
Siege of Rome
The French enter Rome & Garibaldi withdraws the 4,000 republican army to San Marino
Peace
Prussia makes peace with Denmark, following Tsar Nicholass advice
Denmark-Prussia War
Prussia makes peace with Denmark, following Tsar Nicholass advice
Mickleton Tunnel Contract Dispute Escalates
Brunel arrives with a large workforce during a bitter contractor dispute at Mickleton Tunnel, prompting local magistrates to intervene.
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
Death of Edward Codrington
Death of Edward Codrington
Invasion of Moldova
Russian troops move into Moldova.
Occupation of Moldova
Commands Russian forces entering Moldova.
Occupation of Wallachia
Commands Russian forces occupying Wallachia.
Danubian Principalities
Orders occupation of Moldova and Wallachia after diplomatic negotiations fail.
Cornish Pier Foundation Ceremony
The foundation for a Cornish-side pier of the Royal Albert Bridge is formally laid at Saltash.
Layard Inquiry and the Ten-Hour Working Day
Publishes an article covering parliamentary inquiry and renewed controversy over the ten-hour working day.
Kerosene Lamp Demonstration
Introduces a practical kerosene lamp used during emergency surgery.
Petroleum Lighting Innovation
Demonstrates refined petroleum as a safer and brighter lighting fuel.
Vienna Note
Helps draft the Vienna Note seeking a compromise between Russia and Turkey.
Clifton Bridge Works Abandoned
Construction of the Clifton Suspension Bridge is completely abandoned.
Clifton Construction Suspended
The unfinished project remains dormant when its statutory time limit expires.
Vienna Note
The Allies demand Turkey not to alter the status of Christians without Russia and France. The Allied peace terms to Turkey in the Vienna Note are ignored.
Vienna Note
The Vienna Note is issued by the Allies to Turkey.
Battle of Giurgiu
Reinforces Russian forces during the fighting around Giurgiu as the Ottomans regain the initiative.
Battle of Giurgiu
Commands Russian troops opposing the Ottoman crossing and advance near Giurgiu.
Battle of Giurgiu
Takes part in Russian attempts to contain the Ottoman advance near Giurgiu.
Battle of Giurgiu
Leads Ottoman forces across the Danube and begins the successful fighting around Giurgiu.
Wali of Egypt
Succeeds Abbas I and becomes Wali of Egypt.
Bombardment of Solovetsky Monastery
Bombards the fortified Solovetsky Monastery after its defenders reject his demand for surrender.
Defence of Solovetsky Monastery
Refuses the British surrender demand and helps organize the monastery's resistance during the bombardment.
Prime Minister of Greece
Mavrokordatos begins his fourth and final premiership.
Genitchi Bridge Attack
Leads one of the boats sent under fire to destroy the floating bridge at Genitchi.
Genitchi Bridge Attack
Orders a boat attack that destroys the floating bridge linking Genitchi with the Arabat supply route.
Genitchi Bridge Attack
Commands a boat supporting the successful demolition of the Genitchi floating bridge.
Renkioi Hospital
The prefabricated Renkioi Hospital is assembled and prepared to receive British military patients.
Death of Pavel Nakhimov
Dies after being wounded during the siege of Sevastopol.
Arabat Supply Route
Destroys a pontoon link on the Arabat route used to move Russian supplies toward Crimea.
Loss of HMS Jasper
Abandons and destroys HMS Jasper after the gunboat grounds during Sea of Azov operations.
Birth of Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Birth of Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Home Rule
Birth of Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Birth of Richard Burdon Haldane
Birth of Richard Burdon Haldane
Command of Delhi Rebels
Bakht Khan reaches Delhi with rebel troops from Bareilly and assumes a leading military role in the city's defence.
Siege of Lucknow
1st day of the siege, moved many of the local British into the garrison for safety
Siege of Lucknow
Killed during the 2nd day of the siege
Siege of Lucknow
Appointed to command the British garrison during the 2nd day of the siege
Proclamation of Birjis Qadr
Begum Hazrat Mahal proclaims her son Birjis Qadr ruler of Awadh and governs in his name during the rebellion.
Birth of Sidney James Webb
Birth of Sidney James Webb
Marriage
Marries Georgina Alderson
Defence of Lucknow
Begum Hazrat Mahal becomes a central leader of resistance in Lucknow and supports the defence of Awadh against British forces.
Leadership at Cawnpore
Nana Sahib assumes political and military leadership of the rebellion around Cawnpore during the summer of 1857.
Jagdishpur Rebellion
Kunwar Singh leads the uprising in western Bihar and establishes Jagdishpur as a major centre of resistance.
First Tamar Span Raised to Final Height
Hydraulic jacks lift the first main truss to its final height about one hundred feet above the water.
Second Royal Albert Truss Floated
The second main span is floated into the Tamar to complete the paired crossing arrangement.
Lincoln Douglas Debate
Lincoln debates Douglas at Galesburg and strengthens his Republican profile
Armistice
France & Austria agree an armistice
Armistice
France & Austria agree an armistice
Succession
Succeeds as King of Sweden
Death of Oscar I
Death of Oscar I
Peace
Under the peace of Villafranca Venice remains Austrian. Under the peace of Villafranca Tuscany & Modena are to be restored. Under the peace of Villafranca Parma & Lombardy are ceded to France. The preliminary peace of Villafranca
Rule of Lombardy
Under the peace of Villafranca Parma & Lombardy are ceded to France
Rule of Parma
Under the peace of Villafranca Parma & Lombardy are ceded to France
Rule of Venice
Under the peace of Villafranca Venice remains Austrian
Birth of Gustav Mahler
Birth of Gustav Mahler
Birth of Adolf Wild von Hohenborn
Birth of Adolf Wild von Hohenborn
First Banking Law
Promulgates Chile's first banking law during the expansion of the national financial system.
Battle of Bull Run, 1st
Confederate victory, Unionists under McDowell stronger fight a rearguard action
Battle of Bull Run, 1st
Stuarts cavalry covers the Confederate left
Battle of Manassas, 1st
Union forces from Washington are stopped from reaching Richmond
Battle of Bull Run, 1st
Unionists under McDowell have to fight a rearguard action. Confederate victory, Jackson earns the name "Stonewall"
Prime Minister of New Zealand
Appointed Prime Minister of New Zealand, 2nd term
Pacific Railway Act
The Pacific Railway Act supports construction of a transcontinental railroad with land and bonds.
Battle of Gettysburg
1-4 July, Union victory marking the turning point of the war
Battle of Vicksburg, 2nd
Vicksburg surrenders to the Unionists under Grant
Result of Surrender of Pemberton's Confederate Army at Vicksburg
Vicksburg falls to Union control, giving the Union command of a crucial section of the Mississippi River.
Siege of Vicksburg
Vicksburg surrenders to the Unionists under Grant. Accepts Confederate surrender under Lt General Pemberton
Surrender of Pemberton's Confederate Army at Vicksburg
Accepts Confederate surrender under Lt General Pemberton
Siege of Vicksburg
Surrenders Confederate forces to the Union forces under General Grant
Siege of Vicksburg
Surrenders Vicksburg to the Unionists with 25,000 & 90 guns
Capture of Vicksburg
Captures Vicksburg
Battle of Lundby
A Danish force commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Charles Beck attacks a Prussian force, last battle of the Second Schleswig War
Capture of Nanking
Captures Nanking which brings the Taiping rebellion to an end
Capture of Nanking
Suppresses the Taiping rebellion with western help
Second Bluhme Government
Begins the Second Bluhme Government in Copenhagen and serves as Council President of Denmark.
Monrad Government
The Monrad Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Council President of Denmark.
Birth of Philip Snowden
Birth of Philip Snowden
Birth of Phillip Scheidemann
Birth of Phillip Scheidemann
Religious Tolerance Law
Permits non-Catholic religious worship within privately owned buildings.
Constitution of Romania
Carol promulgates the liberal Constitution of 1866.
Battle of Koniggratz
Benedek deploys the Northern Army near Koniggratz but cannot prevent Prussian envelopment.
Battle of Kรถniggrรคtz
Commands the Austrian Northern Army but suffers decisive defeat at Kรถniggrรคtz.
Battle of Kรถniggrรคtz
Franz Joseph learns that defeat ends Austria's bid for leadership within Germany.
Battle of Koniggratz
Blumenthal directs the Second Army's march toward the Austrian right flank at Chlum.
Battle of Koniggratz
Fransecky's division holds the Swiepwald against repeated Austrian counterattacks.
Battle of Koniggratz
Hiller leads the Guards into Chlum and is killed during the decisive assault.
Battle of Kรถniggrรคtz
He times the convergence of three Prussian armies against Benedek's defensive position.
Battle of Kรถniggrรคtz
Moltke's operational concentration produces the decisive Prussian victory at Kรถniggrรคtz.
Battle of Kรถniggrรคtz
His timely arrival near Chlum helps secure the decisive Prussian victory.
Battle of Kรถniggrรคtz
The Crown Prince leads the Second Army's arrival that turns the Austrian flank at Kรถniggrรคtz.
Battle of Kรถniggrรคtz
As supreme commander, Wilhelm presides over the decisive Prussian victory at Kรถniggrรคtz.
Battle of Kรถniggrรคtz
Friedrich Karl commands the Prussian centre while the Crown Prince attacks the Austrian flank.
Battle of Kรถniggrรคtz
The First Army holds the centre and presses Austrian positions at Kรถniggrรคtz.
Battle of Sadowa
His army's sustained pressure fixes Austrian forces until the Second Army arrives.
First Army
Friedrich Karl directs the First Army's advance toward the Austrian centre near Sadowa.
Battle of Kรถniggrรคtz
Kraft Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen serves with Prussian Guard artillery during the battle of Kรถniggrรคtz.
First Army
Bismarck concludes the August alliance with northern German states, founding the future confederation.
Battle of Monte Suello
Garibaldi is wounded while his volunteers fight Austrian troops near Monte Suello.
Battle of Dermbach
Falckenstein begins the Main campaign by driving Bavarian units from positions near Dermbach.
Moderate Peace Policy
Bismarck argues against marching on Vienna or imposing territorial losses upon Austria.
French Mediation
The Peace of Prague dissolves the German Confederation and ends Austria's federal role.
Crossing of the Po
Cialdini crosses the lower Po and advances into Venetia after Austria redeploys troops northward.
Battle of Kissingen
Goeben defeats Bavarian troops at Kissingen and opens the route toward the Main.
Battle of Hammelburg
Beyer's division captures Hammelburg while the Prussian Main Army advances southward.
Command Relieved
Benedek is relieved of northern command after the defeat at Kรถniggrรคtz.
Battle of Aschaffenburg
Goeben defeats federal troops at Aschaffenburg and secures the Main crossing.
Advance into Venetia
Cialdini advances across Venetia as Austrian forces withdraw toward the main theatre.
Attack on Lissa
Persano begins operations against Lissa without achieving a decisive result before the Austrian fleet arrives.
Army of the Main
Manteuffel replaces Falckenstein and continues operations against the southern German forces.
Battle of Lissa
Tegetthoff defeats the larger Italian fleet at Lissa using aggressive close-range tactics.
Approach to Lissa
Tegetthoff forms his fleet into attacking wedges and closes rapidly with the Italians.
Battle of Lissa
Tegetthoff wins a major naval victory despite Italian superiority in ironclads and guns.
Loss of Palestro
Cappellini remains aboard Palestro when fire reaches its magazine and destroys the ship.
Sinking of Re d'Italia
Faa di Bruno dies when Tegetthoff's flagship rams and sinks Re d'Italia.
Battle of Bezzecca
Garibaldi defeats Austrian forces at Bezzecca during the campaign in Trentino.
Peace Mediation
The Crown Prince helps reconcile Wilhelm with Bismarck's proposal for a moderate settlement.
Armistice Decision
Wilhelm accepts negotiations after military advisers and the Crown Prince support Bismarck's restraint.
Battle of Tauberbischofsheim
Goeben defeats the VIII Federal Corps during fighting along the Tauber.
Battle of Helmstadt
Manteuffel presses the federal forces eastward after the engagement at Helmstadt.
Battle of Gerchsheim
Karl's Bavarian army fails to coordinate effectively with the VIII Federal Corps at Gerchsheim.
Preliminary Peace of Nikolsburg
Franz Joseph accepts preliminary terms ending Austria's struggle for leadership in Germany.
Preliminary Peace of Nikolsburg
The Preliminary Peace of Nikolsburg accepts Austrian withdrawal from German affairs without territorial loss to Prussia.
Battle of Rossbrunn
Karl's Bavarians resist the Prussian advance near Rossbrunn before withdrawing toward Wurzburg.
Preliminary Peace of Nikolsburg
Bismarck secures Austrian consent to Prussian reorganization of Germany north of the Main.
Preliminary Peace of Nikolsburg
The Peace of Prague leaves the southern German states outside the northern confederation.
Programme of the Geneva Congress
Drafts a resolution defining the programme for the International's Geneva Congress.
Confederation
Serves as governor general when Confederation begins.
First Cabinet
Serves as first finance minister after Confederation.
First Cabinet
Serves in the first federal cabinet after Confederation.
Confederation
Becomes first prime minister as Confederation creates the Dominion of Canada.
North German Confederation
Wilhelm becomes federal president when the North German Confederation formally begins operating.
Agenda of the Lausanne Congress
Drafts resolutions on the agenda for the International Workingmen's Association congress at Lausanne.
Felix Pyat Provocative Behaviour Resolution
Participates in a General Council resolution responding to Felix Pyat's conduct.
Birth of Constantine I
Birth of Constantine I, eldest son of George I
British Government and Tsarist Russia Declaration
Helps issue an International declaration concerning British government policy toward Tsarist Russia.
Telegraph Act
The Telegraph Act enables the Post Office to purchase and operate inland telegraph networks.
Humaita Evacuation
Orders withdrawal as the fortress of Humaita becomes untenable.
Prime Minister of New Zealand
Appointed Prime Minister of New Zealand, 3rd term
Jules d'Anethan Government
Begins the Jules d'Anethan Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.
First Frere-Orban Government
The First Frere-Orban Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.
Birth of Richard Bedford Bennett
Birth of Richard Bedford Bennett
Succession
The offer to Leopold becomes public when the French press expose it to the world
Succession
Announces "the interests & the honour of France are in peril"
Meeting with Gorchakov & secures an understanding with Russia
Meets Gorchakov & secures an understanding with Russia
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
Following the protests by France, Leopold had withdrawn his acceptance in July 1870. This was already considered a diplomatic defeat for Prussia.
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
In early 1870, the German Prince Leopold, of the Roman Catholic cadet branch Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, had been offered the vacant Spanish throne.
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
The French were not yet satisfied with this and demanded further commitments, especially a guarantee by the Prussian king that no member of any branch of his Hohenzollern family would ever be a candidate for the Spanish throne
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
The Government of French Emperor Napoleon III voiced concern over a possible Spanish alliance with the Protestant House of Hohenzollern that ruled the Kingdom of Prussia, protested against it, and hinted about a war.
Succession
Forces Charles Anthony to reject the Spanish throne on behalf of his son Leopold
Succession
William compels Charles Anthony to renounce the Spanish throne for his son Leopold. Charles Anthonys renunciation of the throne is "a humiliation worse than Olmutz"
Succession
Asks William for "assurance that he never authorize a renewal of the candidacy"
Declaration of War
Ordered by William to telegram Bismarck of the telegram received from Gramont. Bismarck uses Abekens telegram to declare war
Ems Telegram
Bismarck uses Abekens telegram to declare war
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
Bismarck took it upon himself to edit the report, sharpening the language. He cut out Wilhelm's conciliatory phrases and emphasized the real issue. The French had made certain demands under threat of war; and Wilhelm had refused them.
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
Certainly the edit of the telegram, released on the evening of the same day (13 July) to the media and foreign embassies, gave the impression both that Benedetti was rather more demanding and that the King was exceedingly abrupt.
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
It was designed to give the French the impression that King Wilhelm I had insulted Count Benedetti; likewise, the Germans interpreted the modified dispatch as the Count insulting the King
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
The King's secretary Heinrich Abeken wrote an account, which was passed on to Otto von Bismarck in Berlin. Wilhelm described Benedetti as "very importunate." The King gave permission to Bismarck to release an account of the events.
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
This was no forgery; it was a clear statement of the facts.
Bismarck uses Abekens telegram to declare war
Bismarck uses Abekens telegram to declare war
Ems Telegram
Bismarck uses Abeken's telegram to declare war
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
Benedetti had been instructed by his superior, Foreign Minister Agenor, the Duc de Gramont, to present the French demand that the king should guarantee that he would never again permit the candidacy of a Hohenzollern prince to the Spanish throne.
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
King Wilhelm I of Prussia, on his morning stroll in the Kurpark in Ems, was stopped by Count Vincent Benedetti, the French ambassador to Prussia since 1864.
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
Politely, and in a friendly manner, the king refused to bind himself to any course of action into the indefinite future. After their exchange, "the two departed coolly."
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
The meeting was informal and took place on the promenade of the Kursaal with the king's entourage at a discreet distance.
Succession
Gramont wants "assurance that he will never authorize a renewal of the candidacy". Bismarck uses Abekens telegram to declare war
Ems Dispatch
Wilhelm I rejects further French demands over the Hohenzollern candidacy, and Bismarck's edited dispatch hardens opinion in both countries.
Declaration of War
Bismarck uses Abekens telegram as provocation of war
Mobilization
The Landwehr is mobilized
Declaration of War
Expects a decisive victory "we shall come across the glorious tracks of our fathers". Declares war on Germany
Declaration of War
France declares war on Prussia after the Ems Dispatch crisis, beginning the Franco-Prussian War.
Declaration of War
War is declared against France. Germany is supported by England & Russia who see Napoleon III emulating Napoleon I
First Address on the Franco-Prussian War
Drafts the International's first address on the Franco-Prussian War.
Neutrality
Forced to produce a Belgium neutrality Treaty to be signed by Prussia & France
Treaty of Benedetti
The Treaty is leaked to the Times. Forced to produce a Belgium neutrality Treaty to be signed by Prussia & France
Battle of Gravelotte
The Germans lose 20,000 to the French 12,000. Steinmetz sends the German First Army to be massacred by the French who counter-attack. Decisive German victory which the French could have avoided
First Army
Steinmetz sends the German First Army to be massacred by the French who counter-attack
Mobilization
France mobilizes its forces but the frontier fortresses are not ready for a siege
Siege of Metz
France mobilizes its forces but the frontier fortresses are not ready for a siege
Battle of Gravelotte
The Germans lose 20,000 to the French 12,000. Loses to the French by sending his First Army to be massacred in a ravine. Decisive German victory which the French could have avoided
First Army
Mobilizes the First Army in the north
First Army
Loses to the French by sending his First Army to be massacred in a ravine
Mobilization
Mobilizes the First Army in the north
Mobilization
Mobilizes the German forces, uses the same plan against the Austrians in 1866
Mobilization
Mobilizes the Second Army in the centre
Second Army
Mobilizes the Second Army in the centre
Mobilization
Sets out from Berlin to assume command of his armies in the field
Mobilization
Sets out as a major-general with William to command the armies in the field
Alliance Agreement with The Protestant House of Hohenzollern that
The Government of French Emperor Napoleon III voiced concern over a possible Spanish alliance with the Protestant House of Hohenzollern that ruled the Kingdom of Prussia, protested against it, and hinted about a war.
French were not yet satisfied with this and demanded further commitments
The French were not yet satisfied with this and demanded further commitments, especially a guarantee by the Prussian king that no member of any branch of his Hohenzollern family would ever be a candidate for the Spanish throne
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
Following the protests by France, Leopold had withdrawn his acceptance in July 1870. This was already considered a diplomatic defeat for Prussia.
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
In early 1870, the German Prince Leopold, of the Roman Catholic cadet branch Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, had been offered the vacant Spanish throne.
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
The French were not yet satisfied with this and demanded further commitments, especially a guarantee by the Prussian king that no member of any branch of his Hohenzollern family would ever be a candidate for the Spanish throne
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
The Government of French Emperor Napoleon III voiced concern over a possible Spanish alliance with the Protestant House of Hohenzollern that ruled the Kingdom of Prussia, protested against it, and hinted about a war.
In early 1870, the German Prince Leopold, of the Roman Catholic cadet
In early 1870, the German Prince Leopold, of the Roman Catholic cadet branch Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, had been offered the vacant Spanish throne.
Withdrawal Negotiations
Following the protests by France, Leopold had withdrawn his acceptance in July 1870. This was already considered a diplomatic defeat for Prussia.
British Columbia Joins Confederation
Leads British Columbia as it enters Confederation.
British Columbia Joins Confederation
Brings British Columbia into Confederation with a railway promise.
Independence of Cuba
"Political Imprisonment in Cuba", the pamphlets purpose is to move the Spanish public to do something about its Governments brutalities in Cuba and promotes the issue of Cuban independence
Political Imprisonment in Cuba
"Political Imprisonment in Cuba", the pamphlets purpose is to move the Spanish public to do something about its Governments brutalities in Cuba and promotes the issue of Cuban independence. Maltreatment at the hands of the Spaniards and consequent deportation to Spain in 1871 inspires a tract, "Political Imprisonment in Cuba"
Birth of Roald Amundsen
Birth of Roald Amundsen
Prince Edward Island Joins Confederation
Welcomes Prince Edward Island into Confederation.
Prince Edward Island Joins Confederation
Prince Edward Island joins the Dominion of Canada.
Dissolution
Dissolution of the Italian monasteries
Gold Standard
Germany establishes the gold mark and completes its transition from silver-based currencies.
Kulturkampf
Eduard Kullmann attempts to assassinate Bismarck with a pistol, but only hits his hand, Kullmann names the church laws as the reason why he had to shoot Bismarck
Kulturkampf
Eduard Kullmann attempts to assassinate Bismarck with a pistol, but only hits his hand, Kullmann names the church laws as the reason why he had to shoot Bismarck
Fonnesbech Government
Begins the Fonnesbech Government in Copenhagen and serves as Council President of Denmark.
Holstein-Holsteinborg Government
The Holstein-Holsteinborg Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Council President of Denmark.
Liberal Government
Bratianu begins a long Liberal premiership during independence and kingdom-building.
Indian National Association
Founds the Indian National Association, the first Indian political organisation of its kind
Bengali
Founds the newspaper, The Bengali
Indian National Association
Uses the INA to tackle the age-limit for Indian students appearing for ICS exams, attacks the racial discrimination perpetrated by British officials in India through speeches all over the country, which made him very popular. Founds the Indian National Association, the first Indian political organisation of its kind
Reballion of Herzogovinia
The Christian peasants of Herzogovinia rebel against Muslim landlords & Ottoman rulers
Great Railroad Strike
A railroad wage dispute spreads nationally and prompts deployment of federal troops.
Alashkerd Boundary Agreement
Signs an agreement with Shuvalov providing for an Anglo-Russian-Ottoman commission to delimit the Alashkerd frontier.
Alashkerd Agreement
Signs the supplementary agreement with Salisbury on the commission that will delimit the Alashkerd frontier.
Balkan Balance
Uses the congress to expand Austro-Hungarian influence in the western Balkans while limiting Russian predominance.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Wins congressional approval for Habsburg occupation and civil administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Iron Gates Works
Gains responsibility for Austria-Hungary to carry out navigation works at the Iron Gates and Danube cataracts.
Novi Pazar
Obtains the right for Austria-Hungary to station garrisons and maintain military and commercial roads in the Sanjak of Novi Pazar.
Treaty Signature
Signs the Treaty of Berlin as the leading Austro-Hungarian plenipotentiary.
Greek Mediation
Supports a treaty mechanism for Great Power mediation over a possible Greek-Ottoman frontier rectification.
Religious Rights
Supports treaty guarantees of religious liberty and the continued protection of established French rights in the Holy Places.
Treaty Signature
Signs the Berlin settlement on behalf of the French Republic.
Bosnia Settlement
Presides over agreement allowing Austria-Hungary to occupy and administer Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Bulgaria Settlement
Helps secure a compromise that replaces the large San Stefano Bulgaria with a smaller autonomous principality.
Congress of Berlin
Closing day of the Congress of Berlin
European Balance
Uses the congress to revise San Stefano while trying to prevent a wider conflict between Russia and Britain.
Honest Broker
Presents Germany as an intermediary between the competing Russian, British, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman interests.
Treaty Signature
Signs the final Treaty of Berlin after a month of negotiations among the Great Powers.
Treaty of Berlin
Presides over the settlement that recognizes Romanian, Serbian and Montenegrin independence, reduces Bulgaria from the San Stefano settlement, and transfers southern Bessarabia to Russia.
Treaty of Berlin
Signs the Treaty of Berlin as British prime minister and First Lord of the Treasury.
Bosnia Occupation
Supports Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina as part of the revised Balkan settlement.
Bulgarian Revision
Supports reducing the Bulgarian state created at San Stefano to limit Russian influence in the Balkans.
Eastern Rumelia
Accepts creation of Eastern Rumelia as an autonomous Ottoman province south of the new Bulgarian principality.
Russian Asian Gains
Accepts Russian possession of Kars, Ardahan and Batum while opposing wider Russian expansion in Ottoman Asia.
Treaty Signature
Signs the Treaty of Berlin for Great Britain alongside Salisbury and Odo Russell.
Treaty Signature
Signs the Treaty of Berlin as Britain's ambassador at the German imperial court.
Anglo-Russian Compromise
Works with Count Shuvalov to settle major Anglo-Russian differences before and during the congress.
Batum Free Port
Accepts Russian possession of Batum after Russia declares its intention to make the port essentially commercial and free.
Greek Frontier Mediation
Supports provisions allowing the Great Powers to mediate if Greece and the Ottoman Empire cannot agree on frontier changes.
Ottoman Asian Settlement
Helps shape the compromise that leaves Kars, Ardahan and Batum to Russia but restores Bayazid and Alashkerd to the Ottoman Empire.
Treaty Signature
Signs the final settlement as Britain's foreign secretary.
Great Power Mediation
Joins the other Great Powers in reserving the right to mediate between Greece and the Ottoman Empire.
Treaty Signature
Signs the Treaty of Berlin as Italy's senior plenipotentiary.
Montenegrin Frontier
Receives a substantially enlarged territory under the new frontier defined by the Berlin settlement.
Navigation on Boyana
Receives complete freedom of navigation on the Boyana while accepting limits on fortification and warships.
Port of Antivari
Gains access to the Adriatic through Antivari, although the treaty imposes restrictions on naval use and coastal fortifications.
Recognition of Montenegrin Independence
The treaty gives international recognition to Montenegro's independence.
Recognition of Independence
Bratianu's government secures international recognition of Romanian independence through the Berlin settlement.
Acquisition of Dobruja
Romania receives most of northern Dobruja and territory toward the Danube delta as compensation for southern Bessarabia.
Recognition of Independence
Romanian independence receives international recognition under the Treaty of Berlin, subject to treaty conditions.
Religious Equality Condition
Romanian independence is tied to guarantees that religious differences will not exclude people from civil and political rights.
Southern Bessarabia
Romania is required to restore southern Bessarabia to Russia despite objections from the Romanian government.
Treaty Signature
Adds his seal to the final settlement as a Russian plenipotentiary based at the German imperial court.
Asian Frontier
Defends Russian territorial gains in the Caucasus while accepting the return of Bayazid and Alashkerd to Turkey.
British-Russian Accommodation
Helps prevent an Anglo-Russian confrontation by converting earlier bilateral compromises into the congress settlement.
Bulgarian Compromise
Helps negotiate Russian acceptance of a smaller Bulgaria north of the Balkan Mountains.
Treaty Signature
Signs the final Berlin settlement as one of Russia's three plenipotentiaries.
Batum
Secures recognition of Russian possession of Batum under the Asian territorial settlement.
Kars and Ardahan
Secures international recognition of Russian possession of Kars and Ardahan in the Caucasus.
Reduced Bulgaria
Accepts a much smaller Bulgarian principality than Russia had obtained under the Treaty of San Stefano.
Southern Bessarabia
Accepts the settlement restoring southern Bessarabia from Romania to Russia.
Treaty Signature
Signs the Treaty of Berlin for the Russian Empire.
Batum Free Port Declaration
Accepts a treaty declaration that Batum is intended to become an essentially commercial free port.
Bessarabia Settlement
Receives southern Bessarabia from Romania under the territorial provisions of the Treaty of Berlin.
Bulgarian Revision
Accepts the reduction of the large Bulgaria established at San Stefano in return for international recognition of other Russian gains.
Caucasus Gains
Retains Kars, Ardahan and Batum as major Russian gains from the war with the Ottoman Empire.
Return of Bayazid
Accepts restoration of Bayazid and the Alashkerd valley to the Ottoman Empire.
Recognition of Serbian Independence
The Treaty of Berlin recognizes the independence of Serbia from the Ottoman Empire.
Religious Equality
Serbian independence is accompanied by guarantees that religious differences cannot restrict civil or political rights.
Serbian Territorial Gains
Serbia receives additional territory, including districts around Nis, under the Berlin settlement.
Religious Liberty
Accepts treaty provisions requiring broad religious liberty and equal civil access regardless of religion in the Ottoman Empire.
Treaty Signature
Signs the Berlin settlement on behalf of the Ottoman Empire.
Territorial Settlement
Participates in negotiations that restore some San Stefano territories to Ottoman control while confirming major losses elsewhere.
Treaty Signature
Signs the Treaty of Berlin as one of the Ottoman representatives.
Bosnia Administration
Accepts the congress decision permitting Austria-Hungary to occupy and administer Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Bulgarian Suzerainty
Accepts a settlement preserving Ottoman suzerainty over an autonomous Bulgarian principality.
Eastern Rumelia Settlement
Accepts the creation of Eastern Rumelia as an autonomous province remaining under the Sultan's direct political and military authority.
Treaty Signature
Formally accepts the negotiated settlement as a member of the Ottoman delegation.
Armenian Reforms
Undertakes to introduce reforms in Armenian-inhabited provinces and report their implementation to the Great Powers.
Bulgaria Settlement
Retains formal suzerainty over the autonomous Principality of Bulgaria created by the treaty.
Cession of Kars Ardahan and Batum
Accepts the cession of Kars, Ardahan and Batum to Russia under the treaty's Asian settlement.
Eastern Rumelia
Retains direct political and military authority over Eastern Rumelia while accepting its administrative autonomy.
Congress of Berlin
The Congress of Berlin recognizes the independence of Bulgaria
Independence of Bulgaria
The Congress of Berlin recognizes the independence of Bulgaria
Independence of Bulgaria
Independence of Serbia, Bulgaria & Romania is recognized by the Treaty of San Stefano
Independence of Serbia, Bulgaria and Romania
Independence of Serbia, Bulgaria & Romania is recognized by the Treaty of San Stefano
Congress of Berlin
Returns home claiming, "peace with honour"
Congress of Berlin
The Congress of Berlin awards Cyprus to Britain. Returns home claiming, "peace with honour". Disraeli signs a Treaty, 1st time the title "Prime Minister" is officially used
Return from Berlin
Returns to Britain presenting the Berlin settlement as a diplomatic success that preserved the European balance.
Rule of Cyprus
Disraeli signs a Treaty, 1st time the title "Prime Minister" is officially used
Congress of Berlin
The Congress of Berlin recognizes the Independence of Romania
Birth of Ludwig Beck
Birth of Ludwig Beck
Recognition as Amir
British authorities recognize Abdur Rahman as amir while preparing to withdraw from Afghanistan.
Assassination of Garfield
Charles Guiteau, failed applicant for an appointment as minister to Austria & consul-general to Paris, shoots Garfield in a railroad station, he dies 19th Sept
Garfield Assassin Detained
Authorities detain him for the attack on the president.
Guiteau Arrested
Is arrested immediately after shooting President Garfield.
Speech
Exclaims, "I am a stalwart of the stalwarts..Arthur is president now"
Garfield Shot
Is shot by Charles Guiteau at a Washington railroad station.
Presidential Assassination Attempt
Survives the shooting initially but remains gravely wounded.
Boundary Treaty with Argentina
Concludes the boundary treaty with Argentina.
Boundary Treaty with Argentina
Signs a treaty establishing the principal boundary framework between Chile and Argentina.
Chile-Argentina Boundary Settlement
The agreement establishes a framework for the Andean frontier.
Induction Balance Tested
Tests an induction balance in an attempt to locate Garfield's bullet.
Search for Garfield Bullet
Develops an early metal detector for the wounded president.
Thessaly Incorporated
Koumoundouros's government incorporates most of Thessaly and part of Epirus.
Alexandria Forts Bombarded
British warships attack coastal defences during the Egyptian crisis.
Bombardment of Alexandria
Bombards Alexandria during the intervention that leads to British occupation of Egypt and control of the canal route.
Bombardment of Alexandria
Orders the bombardment of Egyptian forts at Alexandria.
Birth of Abdullah I
Birth of Abdullah I
Bayreuth Premiere of Parsifal
Wagner's final completed opera is first performed at Bayreuth.
Parsifal Premiere
Parsifal receives its world premiere at the Bayreuth Festspielhaus.
Sovereignty
Challenges foreign influence in Egypt, leading Britain to intervene and occupy the canal zone.
Bolivar Centenary
The government organized national ceremonies marking the centenary of Simon Bolivar's birth.
First Human Rabies Vaccination
Begins successful rabies vaccination of Joseph Meister after dog bites.
Rabies Post-Exposure Treatment
Establishes practical post-exposure prevention for a previously fatal disease.
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 3rd term,
Election
Parliament was dissolved and elections called, Irish Home Rule the central issue, the result of the July 1886 general election was again Liberal defeat, the Conservative anti-Home-Rulers and the Liberal Unionist Party return with a majority of 118
Home Rule
Parliament was dissolved and elections called, Irish Home Rule the central issue, the result of the July 1886 general election was again Liberal defeat, the Conservative anti-Home-Rulers and the Liberal Unionist Party return with a majority of 118
Irish Home Rule
Parliament was dissolved and elections called, Irish Home Rule the central issue, the result of the July 1886 general election was again Liberal defeat, the Conservative anti-Home-Rulers and the Liberal Unionist Party return with a majority of 118
Rule of Ireland
Parliament was dissolved and elections called, Irish Home Rule the central issue, the result of the July 1886 general election was again Liberal defeat, the Conservative anti-Home-Rulers and the Liberal Unionist Party return with a majority of 118
Liberal Party Origins
Participates in the political movement that becomes the Liberal Party tradition.
Birth of Vidkun Quisling
Birth of Vidkun Quisling
President of Ecuador
Appointed acting President of Ecuador
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of Venezuela
First Emil Stang Government
Begins the First Emil Stang Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Johan Sverdrup Government
The Johan Sverdrup Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Marriage
Marries the 1st Duke of Fife
Birth of Vladimir Zworykin
Vladimir Zworykin, called the "Father of Television" for inventing the iconoscope, is born in Russia
Sherman Antitrust Act
The Sherman Antitrust Act prohibits combinations that restrain interstate trade.
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain, 5th term
Sherman Silver Purchase Act
The Act expands government silver purchases and increases pressure on Treasury gold reserves.
Sherman Silver Purchase Act
The Sherman Silver Purchase Act expands Treasury purchases of silver, increasing concern that note redemptions could drain federal gold reserves.
Rule of Heligoland
Under the Zanzibar Treaty the British cede the island of Heligoland to Germany in exchange for control of Zanzibar
Rule of Zanzibar
Under the Zanzibar Treaty the British cede the island of Heligoland to Germany in exchange for control of Zanzibar
Treaty of Zanzibar
Under the Zanzibar Treaty the British cede the island of Heligoland to Germany in exchange for control of Zanzibar
Under the Zanzibar Treaty
Under the Zanzibar Treaty the British cede the island of Heligoland to Germany in exchange for control of Zanzibar
Victoria Law Courts
The Prince and Princess of Wales open the terracotta Victoria Law Courts.
French Squadron at Kronstadt
Personally receives visiting French naval officers during the celebrated French squadron visit to Kronstadt.
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
Marriage
George V marries May of Teck
Marriage
George V marries Mary of Teck
Royal Navy Enlistment
Crean joins the Royal Navy as a boy second class and begins the naval career that eventually leads him to three Antarctic expeditions.
Birth of Walter Brennan
Birth of Walter Brennan
Marriage
Marries Marie Sklodowska and begins a famous scientific partnership.
Marriage
Marries Pierre Curie and continues research in Paris.
Birth of John Charles McQuaid
John Charles McQuaid is born in County Cavan and later becomes one of the most influential Catholic archbishops in twentieth-century Ireland.
Cross of Gold Speech
Bryan condemns exclusive gold monometallism and campaigns for free silver coinage.
Prime Minister of Canada
Becomes the first French Canadian prime minister.
Fashoda Incident
Marchand arrives at Fashoda with an occupying force
Birth of Julius Schreck
Birth of Julius Schreck
Discovery of Polonium
Works with Marie Curie in announcing the discovery of polonium.
Discovery of Polonium
Announces polonium with Pierre Curie.
Mediterranean Fleet Command Assumed
Fisher becomes Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean Fleet.
Election
Fails in his first attempt to be elected to Parliament, defeated by 1,300
Indian Gold Standard Recommendation
The British government accepts the Fowler Committee's recommendation that India adopt a gold-based monetary system with the rupee fixed at 1 shilling and 4 pence.
Symphony No 1 Final Version
The final version of Symphony No 1 receives its first performance in Helsinki under Robert Kajanus.
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for Oldham
Member of Parliament
Churchill claims "a seat lost to the Government is a seat gained to the Boers"
Assassination of Umberto I
Umberto I is assassinated
Death of Umberto I
Death of Umberto I, assassinated
Finlandia Premiere
The revised tone poem Finlandia receives its first performance in Helsinki under Robert Kajanus.
Open Door Policy
Calls for preserving China's territorial integrity.
Action at Wolve Spruit
Richardson rides back under close rifle fire to rescue a wounded Canadian whose horse has been shot.
Battle of Tianjin
Is killed resisting allied forces near Tianjin.
Death of Nie Shicheng
Dies resisting allied forces near Tianjin.
Commonwealth of Australia
Assents to the Australia Federation Bill, creates the Commonwealth of Australia
Commonwealth
Assents to the Australia Federation Bill, creates the Commonwealth of Australia
Constitution of Great Britain
Assents to the Australia Federation Bill, creates the Commonwealth of Australia
Battle of Tianjin
Is killed during the assault on Tianjin.
Tianjin Relief
Commands British troops during operations around Tianjin.
Tianjin Relief
Japanese troops play a major role in fighting near Tianjin.
Battle of Tianjin
American Marines fight in the capture of Tianjin.
Escape from Brandwater Basin
De Wet escapes from the tightening British cordon at Brandwater Basin with a mobile Boer force.
Escape from Brandwater Basin
Steyn escapes the Brandwater Basin with De Wet before British forces complete the encirclement.
Kaufbeuren Appointment
Becomes Bezirksamtmann in Kaufbeuren and assumes responsibility for district administration.
Siege of Beijing
Declines to press the siege of the foreign legations.
Siege of Beijing
Limits pressure on the legations despite hardliner demands.
Siege of Beijing
An armistice is declared by the Chinese
Siege of Beijing
Helps defend the legations and rescue Chinese Christians.
Siege of Mafeking
Mafeking is besieged until British relief arrives in May 1900.
Action at Vredefort
Howse rides into heavy fire to rescue a wounded bugler and later receives the Victoria Cross for the action.
Member of Parliament
Appointed Prospective Member of Parliament for Oldham
Mobilization
Announces French naval reinforcements for Chinese waters.
Mobilization
Present at Bremerhavan when 4,000 German soldiers set sail for China
Hun Speech
Urges German troops to avenge Ketteler's death.
Execution of Xu Jingcheng
Is executed for opposing war with the powers.
Execution of Yuan Chang
Is executed after warning against war.
Brandwater Basin Surrender
Hunter receives the mass surrender of Boer forces trapped in the Brandwater Basin.
Brandwater Basin Surrender
Prinsloo surrenders his surrounded Free State force to Hunter in the Brandwater Basin.
Mobilization
Compares his army to the Huns & himself as Moses leading the Israelites in China
Capture of Peking
Beijing, Tianjin, and other cities in northern China were occupied for more than one year by the international expeditionary force under the command of German General Alfred Graf von Waldersee
Capture of Tientsin
The Allies capture Tientsin. Beijing, Tianjin, and other cities in northern China were occupied for more than one year by the international expeditionary force under the command of German General Alfred Graf von Waldersee
China Relief Expedition
Sends American forces to join the relief expedition.
Birth of William Wyler
Birth of William Wyler
Governor
Appointed Governor of the Philippines
President of Chile
Assumes acting presidential powers after Federico Errazuriz Echaurren dies in office.
Sehested Government
The Sehested Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Council President of Denmark.
Deuntzer Government
Begins the Deuntzer Government in Copenhagen and serves as Council President of Denmark.
Historical event
Scott is given overall command, and is promoted to the rank of Commander before Discovery sailed for the Antarctic
Discovery Expedition
Scott is given overall command, and is promoted to the rank of Commander before Discovery sailed for the Antarctic. Despite an almost total lack of Antarctic or Arctic experience within the 50-strong party, there was very little special training in equipment or techniques before the ship set sail
Discovery Expedition Departure
Shackleton sails with Robert Falcon Scott's Discovery expedition as third officer, beginning his first Antarctic journey.
Birth of Henry Cabot Lodge
Birth of Henry Cabot Lodge
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, succeeds his uncle, Lord Salisbury
Discovery Expedition
Evans is seconded from the Navy to be second officer aboard the relief ship, the Morning, an ageing ex-whaler, The Morning sails from London in July
Birth of Alexander Frederick Douglas-Home
Birth of Alexander Frederick Douglas-Home
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain, 1st term
Second Congress
Attends the Second Congress where party disputes intensify.
Second Congress
Defends a broader definition of party membership.
Tour de France
Promotion of the Tour de France proved a great success for the LAuto newspaper. Circulation leapt from 25,000 before the Tour to 65,000 after it. Follows the race as best he could, sometimes riding in the bunch on his bicycle, then catching a train to go ahead to see to the next checkpoint - a one-man, roving commissaire, organiser and reporter
Tour de France
When Garin rode into Paris as winner, in front of a crowd of 20,000 paying spectators, Desgrange rushed out a special edition of lAuto, whose sales had rocketed to 130,000. The first running had been a resounding success
Arrest of Benito Amilicare Andrea Mussolini
Arrested as an agitator & is expelled from Switzerland
Death of Anton Chekhov
Death of Anton Chekhov
Knighthood
Knighted following the March Festival of his music at Covent Garden
Death of Paulus Kruger
Death of Paulus Kruger
Assassination of Vyacheslav Konstantinovich Plehve
Directs an operation which results in the assassination of Plehve
Assassination of Vyacheslav Konstantinovich Plehve
Assassination of Vyacheslav Konstantinovich Plehve
Death of Vyacheslav Konstantinovich Plehve
Assassination of Vyacheslav Konstantinovich Plehve
Siege of Port Arthur
Nogi begins an intense bombardment of the Russian defenses of Port Arthur
Siege of Port Arthur
Stoessel is forced with withdraw to Port Arthur
Panama Canal Chief Engineer
Stevens takes charge and reorganises the canal project's railway, housing and logistics.
Doctorate Approved
The University of Zurich faculty unanimously approves Einstein's doctoral dissertation.
Two Tactics of Social Democracy
Publishes Two Tactics of Social Democracy during the 1905 Revolution.
Two Tactics of Social Democracy
Publishes his strategy for the democratic revolution.
Birth of George Henry Sanders
Birth of George Henry Sanders
Duma
The 1st Duma is closed by the Tsar
Prime Minister of Russia
Appointed Chairman of the Council of Minister's
Reinstatement
The Supreme Court proclaims Dreyfusss innocence, he is reinstated in the army
Trial
The Supreme Court proclaims Dreyfusss innocence, he is reinstated in the army
Zeebrugge Opened
The Bruges sea canal and Zeebrugge harbour improve maritime access.
Reform of Workplace Conditions
Introduces the 2nd reading of the Mines Eight Hour Bill
Moor Street Station
Moor Street station opens to relieve congestion at Snow Hill.
University Campus Opening
Edward VII formally opens the University of Birmingham's Edgbaston campus.
Birth of Diana Churchill
Birth of Diana Churchill, daughter of Winston & Clemantine Churchill
Chancellor
Appointed Imperial Chancellor of Germany
Resignation of Bernhard Heinrich Martin Bulow
Resigns after his tax reforms are defeated in the Reichstag
Constitution of Great Britain
Declares giving equal rights to blacks in South Africa will threaten white civilization
Prime Minister of France
Appointed Prime Minister of France
Resignation of Georges Clemanceau
Resigns after a debate on the condition of the French Navy
Constitution of Great Britain
The South Africa Union Bill has its 2nd reading but MPs
Limehouse Speech
Defends the Peoples Budget in a forceful Limehouse speech.
Peoples Budget Campaign
Attacks inherited wealth and argues for progressive taxation.
Prison Administration Response
Government prison policy is challenged by organized hunger striking.
Suffragette Hunger Strike Policy
Faces the first suffragette hunger strike in Holloway Prison.
Sweated Labour Reform
Targets exceptionally low pay in several poorly regulated trades.
Trade Boards Bill Commons Campaign
Promotes wage-board legislation through the House of Commons.
University of Geneva Honorary Doctorate
Receives his first honorary doctorate, awarded by the University of Geneva.
First Zahle Government
The First Zahle Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Council President of Denmark.
Berntsen Government
Begins the Berntsen Government in Copenhagen and serves as Council President of Denmark.
Bournemouth Air Crash
Becomes the first British pilot killed in a powered-aircraft accident.
Death of Charles Rolls
Dies when his aircraft crashes during a Bournemouth flying meeting.
Major General
Appointe Major General
Lieutenant
Appointed Member of 124th Wurttemberg Regiment
Penal Reform Speech
Supports alternatives for people unable to pay fines.
Prison Reform Programme
Presents a programme intended to reduce unnecessary imprisonment.
Reform of Prisons
Presents prison reform plans to the House of Commons
Reform of Prisons
Wants to reduce the prison population, concerned by high number who cannot pay fines. Proposals include abolition of automatic imprisonment for non-payment of fines. Introduces a Penal Code to Parliament
Officer Candidate in 4th Bavarian Field Artillery
Jodl joins the 4th Bavarian Field Artillery Regiment as a Fรคhnrich after completing cadet schooling.
Gunboat Diplomacy
Creates an international crisis through a calculated display of naval power.
Panther Jump to Agadir
Initiates the dispatch of the Panther to the Moroccan port.
Agadir Intervention
Uses naval pressure to strengthen Germany's colonial bargaining position.
Panther Dispatch Approved
Supports sending the gunboat Panther to Agadir.
Agadir Crisis
The German gunboat Panther arrives at the port of Agadir
Agadir Policy Approval
Approves the government's naval demonstration at Agadir.
Imperial Support for Panther Dispatch
Supports an assertive attempt to obtain colonial concessions from France.
Agadir Crisis
The German gunboat Panther arrives at the port of Agadir
Agadir Crisis
The German gunboat Panther arrives at the port of Agadir
Cabinet decides Germany should consult Britain over Morocco
Cabinet decides Germany should consult Britain over Morocco
Cabinet decides Germany should not influence Morocco without consulting Britain
Cabinet decides Germany should not influence Morocco without consulting Britain
Rule of Morocco
Cabinet decides Germany should consult Britain over Morocco
Rule of Morocco
Cabinet decides Germany should not influence Morocco without consulting Britain
German Congo Compensation Proposal
Receives Germany's demand for colonial compensation in French Equatorial Africa during negotiations over Morocco.
British Response to Agadir Congo Negotiations
Monitors the Franco-German negotiations linking the Moroccan settlement to territorial compensation in the Congo region.
Franco-German Congo Negotiations
Authorizes negotiations offering territory in Middle Congo as part of a settlement of the Agadir crisis.
Birth of Thomas Terry Hoar-Stevens
Birth of Thomas Terry Hoar-Stevens
Reich Insurance Code
Oversees enactment of the comprehensive Reich Insurance Code.
Social Insurance Consolidation
Consolidates major German social-insurance laws within one statutory framework.
Liverpool Waterfront Landmark
Creates an early large British building using reinforced concrete.
Royal Liver Building Completed
Completes the Royal Liver Building on Liverpool's waterfront.
Royal Liver Building
Completes the Royal Liver Building on Liverpool's waterfront.
Agadir Warning to Germany
Signals British willingness to defend its international position.
Mansion House Speech
Warns Germany against threatening British interests during the Agadir crisis.
Border Settlement
Warns Germany not to endanger peace over Morocco during his Mansion House speech. The Germans call Lloyd-Georges Mansion House speech, "warning bordering on menace"
Speech
The Germans call Lloyd-Georges Mansion House speech, "warning bordering on menace"
Diplomatic Proposal
In a letter to Grey proposes the British detach Spain from her pro-German position
Agadir Diplomatic Talks
Communicates German demands for compensation during the Moroccan crisis.
Franco-German Negotiations
Represents Germany in negotiations with the French government.
British Reaction to Agadir
Reports strong British opposition to Germany's Agadir policy.
London Diplomatic Reporting
Warns Berlin that the crisis is worsening relations with Britain.
Colonial Negotiating Position
Seeks territory in equatorial Africa through diplomatic pressure.
Congo Compensation Demand
Demands French colonial territory in the Congo region as compensation for accepting French predominance in Morocco.
Agadir Negotiations
Directs government policy during negotiations with France over Morocco.
Moroccan Crisis Management
Seeks colonial compensation while attempting to contain the international crisis.
Cape Crozier Zoological Work
The specimens are preserved despite extreme winter conditions.
Emperor Penguin Egg Collection
Cherry-Garrard helps recover emperor penguin eggs at Cape Crozier after a hazardous journey made in darkness and extreme winter cold.
Emperor Penguin Eggs Collected
Collects emperor penguin eggs with Wilson and Bowers at Cape Crozier.
Emperor Penguin Egg Collection
Wilson's winter party reaches the Cape Crozier rookery and obtains emperor penguin eggs for embryological study.
Cape Crozier Blizzard
Bowers endures a violent blizzard during the Cape Crozier winter journey.
Winter Journey Tent Lost
The party's tent is blown away before being recovered.
Cape Crozier Blizzard Survival
Bowers survives the violent Cape Crozier blizzard and helps recover the expedition tent after it is blown away from the party's shelter.
Emperor Penguin Eggs
Secures emperor penguin eggs after extreme hardship.
Political Support at Agadir
Because of Germany's action at Agidir Churchill supports France & informs Lloyd-George
Agadir Crisis Policy
Backs France while attempting to prevent escalation with Germany.
Support for France
Strengthens Anglo-French cooperation during the Moroccan confrontation.
President of United States of America
Nominated presidential candidate
Common Maritime Distress Wavelength
Oversees agreement on a common 600-metre wavelength, about 500 kilohertz, for maritime distress communications.
Distress Traffic Priority Rule
Oversees adoption of rules giving distress communications priority over ordinary radiotelegraph traffic.
Ordinary Wireless Traffic Suspension
Oversees regulations requiring stations hearing a distress signal to suspend ordinary traffic until emergency communications are complete.
Scheduled Distress Listening Periods
Oversees rules requiring regular three-minute silent listening periods so operators can detect weak distress calls.
Congressional Gold Medal Recognition
Receives congressional recognition for leading Carpathia's prompt rescue response to the Titanic disaster.
King Edward VII Bridge Opened
Completes the King Edward VII railway bridge across the Tyne.
Newcastle Railway Bridge
Creates a major rail connection into Newcastle Central Station.
Health Insurance Begins
Brings national health insurance contributions into operation.
National Insurance Implementation
Extends contributory medical and sickness benefits to insured workers.
Kristjan Jonsson Ministry
The Kristjan Jonsson Ministry ends, concluding this period as Minister for Iceland.
Second Hannes Hafstein Ministry
Begins the Second Hannes Hafstein Ministry and serves as Minister for Iceland.
Arrest of Jacob Furstenberg
Defends Lenin & Zinoviev in Austria, they are released as "an enemy of tsarism"
Bolshevik Party
Defends Lenin & Zinoviev in Austria, they are released as "enemies of tsarism". Defends Lenin & Zinoviev in Austria, they are released as "an enemy of tsarism"
Trial
Defends Lenin & Zinoviev in Austria, they are released as "enemies of tsarism"
Arrest of Grigory Yevseyevich Zinoviev
Arrested by the Austrian police as a spy & enemy alien
Bolshevik Party
Arrested by the Austrian police as a spy & enemy alien
Arrest of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov Lenin
Arrested by the Austrian police as a spy & enemy alien
Bolshevik Party
Arrested by the Austrian police as a spy & enemy alien
Blenheim Palace Speech
Promises Conservative support for Ulster opposition to Home Rule.
Ulster Resistance Support
Intensifies Unionist resistance to the government's Irish legislation.
Continuous Lifeboat Fender Requirement
Recommends fitting lifeboats with continuous protective fenders to reduce damage while boats are lowered in a seaway.
Continuous Wireless Watch
Recommends wireless installations staffed by enough trained operators to maintain continuous service by day and night.
Crew Service Continuity Review
Recommends reviewing merchant-shipping law to encourage greater continuity of service among trained seafarers.
Double Skin and Longitudinal Bulkhead Review
Recommends investigation of double skins and longitudinal watertight bulkheads to improve passenger-ship resistance to flooding.
Duty to Assist Distressed Ships
Recommends reminding masters that they are legally required to assist vessels in distress whenever it is possible to do so.
Early Ship Design Safety Review
Recommends that authorities obtain designs and specifications early enough to require safety improvements before construction is completed.
Emergency Passenger Control System
Recommends an organized emergency-control system to secure obedience to orders and guide passengers during casualties.
Greater Subdivision Survival Standard
Recommends stronger watertight subdivision so a ship can remain afloat despite flooding over a greater proportion of its length.
International Maritime Safety Conference
Recommends an international conference to establish common standards for subdivision, lifesaving appliances, wireless, ice navigation and searchlights.
Lifeboat Capacity Based on Persons
Recommends calculating lifeboat and raft capacity from the number of people carried rather than from a ship's tonnage.
Lifeboat Emergency Equipment Readiness
Recommends that lifeboat equipment be aboard before departure and that boats carry lights, compasses, provisions and capacity markings.
Lifeboat Places for Everyone
Recommends sufficient lifeboat accommodation for everyone aboard passenger ships wherever such provision is practicable.
Lifeboats Independent of Subdivision
Recommends treating lifeboat accommodation independently from the protection provided by watertight subdivision.
Lookout Eyesight Testing
Recommends regular eyesight testing for every crew member assigned to lookout duties on passenger ships.
Mechanically Propelled Rescue Boat
Recommends giving authorities power to require one or more ship's boats to have mechanical propulsion.
Merchant Service Boat Training
Recommends encouraging systematic training for boys entering the Merchant Service so more seafarers are competent in boat work.
New Ship Safety Enforcement Powers
Recommends statutory powers allowing approved structural safety standards to be enforced on newly built passenger ships.
Passenger Ship Safety Supervision Extension
Recommends extending stronger safety supervision and inspection beyond emigrant ships to all foreign-going passenger ships.
Pre Departure Boat Working Scheme
Recommends requiring every passenger ship to have an officer-communicated plan for efficiently working the lifeboats before departure.
Reduced Speed near Reported Ice
Recommends that ships reduce speed during darkness or alter course when ice is reported near their intended track.
Stronger Lifesaving Appliance Inspection
Recommends more searching official inspection of lifeboats and other life-saving appliances before passenger ships sail.
Trained Lifeboat Crew Requirement
Recommends training additional crew members in boat work whenever deck crews alone cannot adequately man all lifeboats.
Watertight Deck Protection Review
Recommends investigation of watertight decks and methods of sealing openings so flooding can be contained more effectively.
Weekly Emergency Drill Programme
Recommends boat, fire and watertight-door drills after departure and at least weekly during voyages, with drills recorded in the log.
British Titanic Report Issued
Issues the Wreck Commissioner's report finding that Titanic was lost after striking an iceberg at excessive speed.
Titanic British Inquiry Findings
Concludes the British formal investigation and delivers the Wreck Commissioner's report on Titanic's loss.
Defense of Zletovo
Attempts to break Serbian defenses along the Bregalnica front.
Defense of Zletovo
Reinforces Serbian units resisting Bulgarian attacks near Zletovo.
Fighting at Ovce Pole
Presses Bulgarian operations against the Serbian First Army.
Fighting at Ovce Pole
Commits the Serbian First Army in fighting around Ovce Pole.
Romanian Mobilization
Faces Romanian intervention while fighting Serbia and Greece.
Romanian Mobilization
Orders Romanian mobilization against Bulgaria.
Serbian Counterattack
Attempts to maintain the Bulgarian offensive after Serbian resistance stiffens.
Serbian Counterattack
Orders counterattacks that begin pushing Bulgarian forces back.
Home Rule Commons Passage
The Commons passes the Irish Home Rule Bill before Lords rejection.
Home Rule
The House of Commons passes the Irish Home Rule Bill, rejected by the Lords
Irish Home Rule
The House of Commons passes the Irish Home Rule Bill, rejected by the Lords
Reform of Parliament
The House of Commons passes the Irish Home Rule Bill, rejected by the Lords
Reform of Parliament
The Commons passes a Bill to disestablish the Church in Wales, rejected by the Lords
Welsh Church Commons Passage
The Commons passes the Welsh disestablishment bill before Lords rejection.
Arrest of Sylvia Pankhurst
Sentenced to 3 months for inciting suffragettes to bomb Lloyd George's Surrey home
Plot
Sentenced to 3 months for inciting suffragettes to bomb Lloyd George's Surrey home
Militant Suffrage Arson
Uses property destruction to protest women's political exclusion.
Rivington Pike Bungalow Fire
Claims responsibility for burning Lord Leverhulme's empty bungalow.
Serbian Victory at Bregalnica
Orders withdrawal after Bulgaria fails to defeat Serbia.
Serbian Victory at Bregalnica
Secures a decisive Serbian victory after ten days of fighting.
Romanian Crossing of the Danube
Diverts attention toward the Romanian advance from the north.
Romanian Invasion
Leads Romanian forces into Bulgaria.
Romanian Crossing of the Danube
Sends Romanian forces across the Danube into Bulgaria.
Declaration of War
Declares war on Bulgaria during the Second Balkan War.
Ottoman Advance into Thrace
Faces an Ottoman advance while Bulgarian armies retreat elsewhere.
Declaration of War
The Chinese 2nd Revolution breaks out
Ottoman Advance into Thrace
Leads Ottoman forces back into territory lost during the First Balkan War.
Poet Laureate
Appointed Poet Laureate
Battle of Kalimanci
Organizes Bulgarian resistance against the Serbian advance.
Request for Armistice
Seeks peace as enemies advance on several fronts.
Battle of Kalimanci
Commands Serbian forces during heavy fighting near Kalimanci.
Recapture of Adrianople
Ottoman forces retake Adrianople from Bulgaria.
Recapture of Eastern Thrace
Ottoman forces recover Eastern Thrace.
Ottoman Recapture of Adrianople
Loses Adrianople as Bulgarian forces withdraw from Thrace.
Birth of Michael Mackintosh Foot
Birth of Michael Mackintosh Foot
Family
Michael Foot is born to Eva Mackintosh Foot, whose family name becomes his middle name.
Family
Michael Foot is born into the political household of Isaac Foot, later Liberal MP for Bodmin.
Ottoman Recapture of Adrianople
Re-enters Adrianople with Ottoman forces.
Birth of Jo Grimond
Joseph Grimond is born in St Andrews.
Future Liberal Leader Born
The future leader of the British Liberal Party is born.
Battle of Kresna Gorge
Bulgarian forces halt the Greek advance.
Battle of Kresna Gorge
Greek advance is checked in the Kresna Gorge.
Second Balkan War Armistice
Seeks an armistice after Bulgaria is attacked on several fronts.
Second Balkan War Armistice
Accepts an armistice after Serbia's battlefield victory.
Battle of Kresna
Part of the Greek army advances up the Struma River valley, defeating the Bulgarian army in the battles of Doiran and Mt Beles before themselves being defeated at the Kresna straights
Battle of Mount Beles
Part of the Greek army advances up the Struma River valley, defeating the Bulgarian army in the battles of Doiran and Mt Beles before themselves being defeated at the Kresna straights
Ceasefire
Romanian intervention threatens Sofia and forces Bulgaria toward peace.
Invasion of Bulgaria
The Romanians encounter little resistance from the Bulgarians, and by the time of the ceasefire are only 30 kilometers from Sofia
Peace
The Greeks offer a ceasefire and the Bulgarians accept due to the danger posed by the Romanian army in the north
Romanian Advance
Romanian forces approach Sofia with little resistance.
Royal Naval Air Service Formation
Oversees creation of the Royal Naval Air Service as a distinct naval air organisation.
Greek and Turkish Naval Missions
Provides parliamentary information concerning British naval missions connected with Greece and Turkey.
Blank Cheque
After having dispatched Count Hoyos on a mission to Berlin on 5 July to secure German support for Austria-Hungarys future actions, which resulted in the famous "blank cheque", he became the leading spokesman, together with the Chief of the General Staff General Conrad von Hotzendorf, for war against Serbia during the meeting of the Imperial Crown Council on 7 July
July Crisis
After having dispatched Count Hoyos on a mission to Berlin on 5 July to secure German support for Austria-Hungarys future actions, which resulted in the famous "blank cheque", he became the leading spokesman, together with the Chief of the General Staff General Conrad von Hotzendorf, for war against Serbia during the meeting of the Imperial Crown Council on 7 July
Alliance Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg and Austria
Informs the Austria Germany will support Austria against Serbia, the "blank cheque". Assures Francis-Joseph Germany will not desert Austria during its conflict with Serbia
July Crisis
Informs the Austria Germany will support Austria against Serbia, the "blank cheque". Assures Francis-Joseph Germany will not desert Austria during its conflict with Serbia
Reception of At Potsdam special envoy from Austrian Emperor
The Kaiser receives at Potsdam special envoy from Austrian Emperor and promises "the full support of Germany" in the event of Austrian action against Serbia. He consults his military and naval advisers before leaving for a cruise in northern waters
July Crisis
Encourages Austro-Hungarian aggression against Serbia with unconditional support
Coal and Oil Supplies
Answers Commons questions concerning coal and oil supplies for the Royal Navy.
The Struggle for Unity and a Marxist Center
Writes The Struggle for Unity and a Marxist Center shortly before the outbreak of the First World War.
Imperial Crown Council
After having dispatched Count Hoyos on a mission to Berlin on 5 July to secure German support for Austria-Hungarys future actions, which resulted in the famous "blank cheque", he became the leading spokesman, together with the Chief of the General Staff General Conrad von Hotzendorf, for war against Serbia during the meeting of the Imperial Crown Council on 7 July
Anglo-Persian Capital Resolution Approved
Secures Commons approval for financing the government's acquisition of Anglo-Persian share and loan capital.
Anglo-Persian Oil Company Stake
Defends government acquisition of a controlling financial interest in the Anglo-Persian Oil Company.
Admiralty Oil Price Kept Confidential
Refuses to disclose the maximum price payable under the Admiralty's Anglo-Persian oil supply arrangements.
Battleships Submarines and Airships
Answers Commons questions comparing Admiralty policy for battleships, submarines and airships.
Lower Deck Ratings Appeals
Answers Commons questions concerning appeals available to lower-deck naval ratings.
Declaration of War
A Council of Austro-Hungarian Minister's finally determine on action against Serbia
Fourth Battle Squadron
Answers Commons questions concerning the Fourth Battle Squadron.
German Naval Policy
Provides a written parliamentary answer concerning German naval policy.
Marriage of Petty Officers and Men
Answers Commons questions concerning marriage regulations affecting petty officers and ratings.
Mediterranean Fleet Standard
Explains that Admiralty requirements in the Mediterranean depend on wider strategic and state-policy considerations.
Mobilization
15-28 July, orders partial Russian mobilization
Conference of ISB
The ISB defends Lenin against charges of splitting the party
Mobilization
17-30 July, orders full Russian mobilization
Declaration of War
A Council of Austro-Hungarian Minister's approve of draft ultimatum to Serbia
Invasion of Serbia
The ten-point ultimatum was presented to Emperor Franz Joseph
Buckingham Palace Home Rule Conference
The Irish Home Rule conference opens at Buckingham Palace.
Conference of Buckingham Palace
1st day of the Irish Home Rule Conference in Buckingham Palace
Home Rule
1st day of the Irish Home Rule Conference in Buckingham Palace
Independence of Great Britain
1st day of the Irish Home Rule Conference in Buckingham Palace
Independence of Ireland
1st day of the Irish Home Rule Conference in Buckingham Palace
Irish Home Rule
1st day of the Irish Home Rule Conference in Buckingham Palace
Second Hannes Hafstein Ministry
The Second Hannes Hafstein Ministry ends, concluding this period as Minister for Iceland.
Sigurdur Eggerz Ministry
Begins the Sigurdur Eggerz Ministry and serves as Minister for Iceland.
Prime Minister of Iceland
Appointed Prime Minister of Iceland
Diplomatic Ultimatum
Austrias ten-point ultimatum is delivered to Belgrade
Invasion of Serbia
Austrias ten-point ultimatum is delivered to Belgrade
Ultimatum
Tries to find a dilpomatic solution to the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
Declaration of War
The Austro-Hungarian Government send ultimatum to Serbia. Austria declares war on Serbia
Ultimatum
Issues an Ultimatum to Serbia, mostly complied with
Belgian Army retreats from the Gette on Antwerp
The Belgian Army retreats from the Gette on Antwerp
Declaration of War
The German Government submit a note to Entente Governments approving Austrian ultimatum to Serbia
Diplomatic Ultimatum
The German Government submit a note to Entente Governments approving Austrian ultimatum to Serbia
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Serbia
Austria-Hungary severs diplomatic relations with Serbia. Austro-Hungarian Minister leaves Belgrade
Mobilization
Austro-Hungarian Government order Partial Mobilization as against Serbia
Declaration of War
As the acceptance of all ten demands listed in the ultimatum was required, the Austro-Hungarian Government made a decision to enter a state of war with Serbia on 28 July
Declaration of War
Berchtold had added extra clauses to the ultimatum delivered to Serbia as he was very worried the Serbs could accept it.
Declaration of War
The Serbian Government accepted all points of the ultimatum but the one that permitted Austro-Hungarian authorities to participate in the investigation of Archduke Ferdinands assassination on Serbian territory
Declaration of War
which would have been a severe violation of Serbian sovereignty and the countrys constitution.
Declaration of War
Sends a declaration of war to Serbia after they refuse Berchtolds ultimatum. Sends a declaration of war to Serbia after it refuses Berchtolds ultimatum
Diplomatic Ultimatum
As the acceptance of all ten demands listed in the ultimatum was required, the Austro-Hungarian Government made a decision to enter a state of war with Serbia on 28 July
Diplomatic Ultimatum
Berchtold had added extra clauses to the ultimatum delivered to Serbia as he was very worried the Serbs could accept it.
Diplomatic Ultimatum
The Serbian Government accepted all points of the ultimatum but the one that permitted Austro-Hungarian authorities to participate in the investigation of Archduke Ferdinands assassination on Serbian territory
Invasion of Serbia
As the acceptance of all ten demands listed in the ultimatum was required, the Austro-Hungarian Government made a decision to enter a state of war with Serbia on 28 July
Invasion of Serbia
Berchtold had added extra clauses to the ultimatum delivered to Serbia as he was very worried the Serbs could accept it.
Invasion of Serbia
The Serbian Government accepted all points of the ultimatum but the one that permitted Austro-Hungarian authorities to participate in the investigation of Archduke Ferdinands assassination on Serbian territory
Invasion of Serbia
which would have been a severe violation of Serbian sovereignty and the countrys constitution.
July Crisis
As the acceptance of all ten demands listed in the ultimatum was required, the Austro-Hungarian Government made a decision to enter a state of war with Serbia on 28 July
July Crisis
Berchtold had added extra clauses to the ultimatum delivered to Serbia as he was very worried the Serbs could accept it.
July Crisis
The Serbian Government accepted all points of the ultimatum but the one that permitted Austro-Hungarian authorities to participate in the investigation of Archduke Ferdinands assassination on Serbian territory
July Crisis
which would have been a severe violation of Serbian sovereignty and the countrys constitution.
Ultimatum
Sends a declaration of war to Serbia after it refuses Berchtolds ultimatum
Which would have been a severe violation of Serbian sovereignty and the
which would have been a severe violation of Serbian sovereignty and the countrys constitution.
Mobilization
Orders the Fleet to take up its War Stations in the North Sea
July Crisis
Proposes a neutrality agreement to Britain guaranteeing France's territory. Advises Vienna to mediate
Neutrality
Proposes a neutrality agreement to Britain guaranteeing France's territory
Asks the Tsar to spare Europe, the most horrible war she has
Asks the Tsar to spare Europe, "the most horrible war she has ever witnessed"
July Crisis
Learns of Russias mobilization. Declares a "state of imminent war"
Mobilization
Proposes Germany call off her mobilization but is turned down by the General Staff
Declaration of War
Austro-Hungarian Government order General Mobilization
Mobilization
Austro-Hungarian Government order General Mobilization
Assassination of Jean Jaures
Assassinated by a French nationalist fanatic
Death of Jean Jaures
Death of Jean Jaures, assassinated
Photograph of Adolf Hitler
Photographed in a crowd clamouring for war
Telegrams Count Berchtold asking the Auastrians not to mobilize against Russia
Telegrams Count Berchtold asking the Auastrians not to mobilize against Russia
Telegrams the Austrian Chief of Staff to mobilize at once against the
Telegrams the Austrian Chief of Staff to mobilize at once against the Russians
Invasion of Serbia
Count Berchtold had been accused of indecisiveness and diffidence during the Balkan Wars, he gave proof of more resolve during the July Crisis.
July Crisis
Count Berchtold had been accused of indecisiveness and diffidence during the Balkan Wars, he gave proof of more resolve during the July Crisis.
Young Rebels
Count Berchtold had been accused of indecisiveness and diffidence during the Balkan Wars, he gave proof of more resolve during the July Crisis.
Invasion of Balkans
Leads Austro-Hungarian forces during the July crisis. Advises preemptive attack against the Balkans
Mobilization
Mobilizes Austria against Serbia in July, convinced of a quick victory
Commander of Thirty 3rd Regiment
Appointed Commander of the 33rd Regiment
Baltic Fleet
Appointed Commander of the Baltic Sea naval forces
Commander of Baltic Sea Fleet
Appointed Commander of the Baltic Sea naval forces
Report on That if France is attacked Britain will intervene
Sent to London by the German Chancellor to sound out the British reaction to war. Reports that if France is attacked Britain will intervene
Commander of Baltic Sea Fleet
Appointed Commander of the Baltic Sea naval forces
E14 Second Marmara Patrol Completed
Boyle returns from E14's second patrol after further disruption of Ottoman shipping.
Maori Contingent Lands at Anzac
Buck serves with the Maori Contingent when it lands at ANZAC to reinforce the garrison.
Invasion of Poland
Russia begins to withdraw from Poland
German Surrender at Khorab
Receives the unconditional surrender of German forces in the territory.
South West Africa Campaign Victory
Completes the Union conquest of German South West Africa.
Triple Offensive
The German Triple Offensive begins, aiming to destroy the Russian army
Duma
The Duma is reconvened for 6 weeks
Invasion of Poland
Russian troops evacuate Warsaw
Triple Offensive
The Great Retreat is ordered - Russian forces pull back out of Poland (currently part of Russia), taking machinery and equipment with them
Suvla Outline Scheme Given to Stopford
Hamilton briefs Stopford on the proposed Suvla landing and the need to seize the Tekke Tepe and Kiretch Tepe high ground.
Great Retreat
The Great Retreat is ordered - Russian forces pull back out of Poland (currently part of Russia), taking machinery and equipment with them
Triple Offensive
The Great Retreat is ordered - Russian forces pull back out of Poland (currently part of Russia), taking machinery and equipment with them
French Corps Command Assumed after Gouraud
Bailloud takes command of the French Expeditionary Corps after Gouraud is wounded.
Health of Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel
A 2nd leg wound forces him into hospital
Promotion to Captain
Manstein was promoted to captain during the First World War. His growing responsibilities took him increasingly into staff work rather than regimental command.
Anzac Disease Burden Reported
Birdwood reports increasing sickness as heat, flies and poor sanitation weaken the garrison.
Sari Bair Breakout Concept Expanded
Birdwood's proposal to seize the Sari Bair heights becomes the core of the August offensive.
Mediterranean Reinforcement Build-Up Approved
Hamilton receives additional formations for a new attempt to break the Gallipoli deadlock.
Suvla Landing Added to August Plan
Hamilton adds a new landing at Suvla to support the planned breakout from Anzac.
Battlecruiser Gunnery Training Continued
Beatty's squadrons continue gunnery training while waiting for another major German sortie.
Guildhall Recruiting Appeal Delivered
Calls for more men, materials and money as voluntary recruiting begins to slow.
New Army First Major Deployments Begin
New Army formations begin reaching the Western Front in growing numbers after months of training.
Attack on Lahej
Leads Ottoman forces attacking the Sultanate of Lahej.
Lahej Captured
Captures Lahej during the Yemen campaign.
Ottoman Advance from Yemen
The offensive pushes British-supported defenders back toward Aden.
Ottoman Occupation near Aden
Ottoman forces retain the area until the end of the war.
Battle of the Somme, 1st
Commands French Sixth Army on the southern part of the Somme offensive.
Battle of the Somme, 1st
Coordinates French northern army operations supporting the Allied Somme offensive.
Battle of the Somme, 1st
Commands German Second Army at the opening of the Allied Somme attack.
Battle of the Somme, 1st
Commands British Fourth Army in the main British attack north of the River Somme.
Battle of the Somme, 1st
Commands British Fourth Army in the main attack north of the River Somme.
Battle of Albert Operations Directed
Haig directs the opening Somme phase as British armies attack across the Albert sector.
Battle of the Somme, 1st
Commands the British Expeditionary Force as the Somme attack opens after a week of bombardment.
Battle of the Somme, 1st
The British attack opens on the Somme, causing 57,470 British casualties on the first day.
Battle of the Somme, 1st
Leads the 36th Ulster Division in its costly attack toward the Schwaben Redoubt.
Gommecourt Diversion
Commands Third Army during the diversionary attack at Gommecourt.
Battle of the Somme, 1st
Commands British Third Army during the diversionary attack at Gommecourt.
First-Day Somme Losses Reviewed
Haig reviews catastrophic first-day casualties but decides the offensive must continue.
Somme Offensive Continuation Ordered
Haig orders continued pressure to support France and wear down the German army.
Birth of Walter Leland Cronkite
Birth of Walter Leland Cronkite
Hampshire Loss Questions Addressed
Addresses parliamentary questions arising from the loss of HMS Hampshire and Lord Kitchener.
Minister of Munitions
Appointed Minister of Munitions
Secretary of State for War and the Colonies
Appointed Secretary for War
Battle of the Somme, 1st
Posted to No. 7 Squadron and flies bombing, reconnaissance and photographic missions over the Somme front.
Birth of Edward Richard George Heath
Birth of Edward Richard George Heath, son of a carpenter & maid. Birth of Edward Richard George Heath
Birth of Edward Richard George Heath
Born in Broadstairs, Kent, into a modest family before his later Conservative political career.
Government of Ireland Statement Delivered
Gives Parliament a detailed statement on the Governmentโs Irish policy after failed settlement talks.
Mesopotamia Campaign Reviewed
Addresses parliamentary criticism of the conduct and administration of the Mesopotamia campaign.
Mesopotamia Inquiry Supported
Supports formal investigation into failures connected with the Mesopotamia campaign.
Bazentin Ridge Night Attack Approved
Haig supports the night assembly and dawn attack that gains ground on Bazentin Ridge.
Delville Wood Operations Continued
Haig maintains pressure around Delville Wood during the second phase of the Somme battle.
High Wood Exploitation Attempted
Haig seeks rapid exploitation toward High Wood after the Bazentin Ridge success.
War Minister Appointment Addressed
Addresses the wartime leadership of the War Office after Lloyd George becomes Secretary of State for War.
Escape from Captivity
Escapes from Austro-Hungarian captivity and returns to Russia.
Federal Farm Loan Act
The Act creates regional banks providing long-term mortgage credit to farmers.
Commission
The formation of a Commission is announced to investigate the Dardanelles Campaign
Commission
The Cromer Commission is announced to investigate the Dardanelles Campaign
Cromer Commission Announced
The Cromer Commission is announced to investigate the Dardanelles Campaign
Cromer Dardanelles Commission
Announces the Cromer Commission to investigate the Dardanelles campaign.
Ireland Settlement Position Restated
Restates the Government position after efforts to reach an Irish political settlement break down.
Fifth Australian Division Attacks at Fromelles
McCay's 5th Australian Division attacks at Fromelles and suffers severe losses.
Battle of the Somme, 1st
Takes command of German Second Army after German forces on the Somme are reorganised.
Battle of the Somme, 1st
Takes command of the reorganised German Second Army south of the Somme.
Fromelles Assault Ordered
Haking orders the joint British-Australian attack intended to pin German reserves at Fromelles.
Pozieres Village Assault Directed
Walker directs the 1st Australian Division's assault that captures most of Pozieres.
Battle of the Somme, 1st
Commands Reserve Army forces as fighting expands around Pozieres and the Albert-Bapaume road.
Pozieres Ridge Operations Supported
Haig supports Australian and British attacks intended to seize the important Pozieres ridge.
Special War Inquiries Bill Advanced
Advances legislation creating special commissions to investigate the Dardanelles and Mesopotamia campaigns.
Second Division Takes Over Pozieres Sector
Legge's 2nd Australian Division relieves exhausted troops in the Pozieres sector.
Somme Front Service
Manstein worked with German army staff formations on the Somme during the major Allied offensive of 1916. His duties involved supporting the coordination and supply of formations under intense battlefield pressure.
Second ANZAC Corps Organised for Western Front
Godley organises II ANZAC Corps for operations on the Western Front.
Somme Staff Service
Performs brigade staff duties during the Somme campaign and observes the heavy cost of offensive operations.
Regional President of Upper Bavaria
Is appointed Regierungsprรคsident, or regional president, of Upper Bavaria.
July Days
Defends the military offensive that helps provoke unrest in Petrograd.
July Days
Criticises the Provisional Government as war weariness intensifies.
Kerensky Offensive
The failed offensive undermines Soviet confidence in the government.
Arrest of Leading Bolsheviks
Orders the arrest of leading Bolsheviks
Bolshevik Party
Orders the arrest of leading Bolsheviks
Brusilov Offensive
The Russians defeat the Austrians but the Germans again come to their rescue
Kerensky Offensive
Addresses troops as the artillery preparation begins.
Kerensky Offensive
Launches the Russian summer offensive against the Central Powers.
Kerensky Offensive
Leads the Eighth Army during the Russian summer offensive.
Kerensky Offensive
His army attacks Austro-German positions near Zborov.
Kerensky Offensive
Supports the offensive with attacks near Brzezany.
Kerensky Offensive
Orders the Southwestern Front to begin the main attack.
Kerensky Offensive
Faces Russian attacks against Austro-Hungarian positions in Galicia.
Kerensky Offensive
Commands Austro-Hungarian forces resisting the Russian offensive.
Kerensky Offensive
Commands German forces opposing the Russian attack near Zborov.
Battle of Aba el Lissan
Takes part in the action at Aba el Lissan before the advance on Aqaba.
July Days
Works with Lenin and Kamenev as Bolsheviks debate tactics.
July Days
Supports caution as unrest grows among soldiers and workers.
July Days
Faces a coalition crisis before the July Days demonstrations begin.
July Days
Warns radicals that an isolated uprising would be dangerous.
Kerensky Offensive
Presents the initial advance as proof that revolutionary Russia can fight.
Kerensky Offensive
Receives early reports of Russian advances in Galicia.
July Days
Encourages soldiers and workers to take immediate action.
July Days
Encourages radical workers and soldiers demanding Soviet power.
July Days
Helps manage Bolshevik press and party activity during the crisis.
July Days
Supports party organisation as the demonstrations develop.
July Days
Speaks to radical crowds during the unrest.
July Days
Works with military activists as unrest spreads among soldiers.
July Days
Helps direct the Bolshevik Military Organisation before the demonstrations.
July Days
The Military Organisation helps mobilise armed demonstrators.
July Days
Supports Bolshevik agitation as unrest spreads beyond Petrograd.
July Days
Works in the Military Organisation as soldiers press for action.
Provisional Government
The July Days refer to events that take place in Petrograd, Russia, between 3 July and 7 July (Julian calendar) (16 July 20 July, Gregorian calendar), when soldiers and industrial workers engage in spontaneous demonstrations against the Russian Provisional Government
Arrest of Leon Trotsky
Workers and soldiers in Petrograd demand the Soviet takes power, sporadic fighting results and the Soviet restores order with troops brought back from the front, Trotsky is arrested & Lenin goes into hiding
July Days
Helps mobilise Kronstadt sailors for the Petrograd demonstrations.
July Days
Agitates among sailors preparing to move on Petrograd.
July Days
Chkheidze attempts to prevent the Soviet from supporting armed revolt.
July Days
Is targeted by angry demonstrators demanding Soviet power.
July Days
Refuses to let the Soviet endorse premature insurrection.
July Days
Seeks to keep the Petrograd Soviet from endorsing armed revolt.
July Days
Argues that the Soviet should resist pressure to seize power.
July Days
Supports efforts to restore military order during the crisis.
July Days
Commands loyal troops used against the demonstrations.
July Days
Seeks loyal troops to restore order in Petrograd.
July Days
Struggles to maintain authority as the coalition government weakens.
July Days
Addresses crowds demanding that the Soviet take power.
July Days
Supports attempts to prevent an uncontrolled armed uprising.
July Days
Works to keep party communications functioning during the unrest.
July Days
Protects Chernov from hostile sailors during the crisis.
July Days
Calls for restraint inside the Bolshevik leadership.
July Days
Tries to assess whether the movement is premature.
July Days
Helps maintain party discipline during the street actions.
July Days
Speaks to workers and soldiers during the crisis.
July Days
Helps coordinate demonstrators moving through Petrograd.
July Days
Maintains contact with armed soldier units.
July Days
Leads Kronstadt sailors into Petrograd.
July Days
Acts among the radical sailors during the demonstrations.
July Days
Supports bringing loyal troops to restore order.
July Days
Intervenes to protect Chernov from enraged demonstrators.
July Days
Urges demonstrators not to provoke isolated confrontation.
July Days
Is rescued from hostile sailors by Trotsky.
July Days
Is confronted by angry demonstrators at the Tauride Palace.
July Days
Presides as the Soviet refuses to take power.
July Days
Supports bringing loyal troops into the capital.
July Days
Supports the government response against Bolshevik influence.
July Days
Supports repression after loyal troops regain the streets.
July Days
Works within the Provisional Government during the crisis.
July Days
The crisis weakens his government and accelerates his resignation.
July Days
Faces accusations that Bolsheviks are serving German interests.
July Days
The failed demonstrations force Bolshevik leaders onto the defensive.
July Days
Comes under pressure as the Military Organisation is blamed for the unrest.
July Days
Faces government accusations against Bolshevik military activists.
July Days
Kadet pressure contributes to the government crisis around the July Days.
July Days
Kronstadt sailors are blamed for armed pressure on the Soviet.
July Days
Defends the movement while opposing reckless confrontation.
July Days
Supports the Soviet line against armed demonstrations.
July Days
Backs restoration of order under Soviet authority.
July Days
Supports punitive measures against armed demonstrators.
Capture of Aqaba
Helps Arab forces capture Aqaba after an overland desert approach.
Irish Convention Terms Defended
Defends the proposed Irish Convention as a means of seeking agreement without imposing a settlement.
July Days
Uses the crisis to strengthen his political authority.
July Days
Goes into hiding with Lenin after government pressure increases.
July Days
Helps arrange Lenin's movement to safety.
July Days
Is exposed to arrest as the government moves against Bolsheviks.
July Days
Avoids arrest as attacks on Bolshevik offices intensify.
July Days
Works to preserve the party organisation after the crackdown.
July Days
Is among Bolshevik figures threatened by repression.
July Days
Remains in Petrograd as arrests of Bolsheviks begin.
Kerensky Offensive
The offensive stalls as discipline collapses in the Russian army.
Kerensky Offensive
Reports that discipline problems are slowing the advance.
July Days
Resigns as the government crisis reaches its peak.
Resignation of Prince Lvov
Lvov resigns as minister-chairman after disputes over land reform and the continuing political crisis.
Kerensky Offensive
Urges units to continue the attack despite falling morale.
July Days
Takes over as head of the Provisional Government.
July Days Aftermath
Uses the crisis to strengthen government authority.
Kerensky Offensive
Sees the offensive weaken as soldiers refuse renewed attacks.
Kerensky Offensive
Attempts to hold gains as Russian units begin to disintegrate.
Kerensky Offensive
Receives reports that the Russian attack is beginning to falter.
Peace
The Kaiser rejects Bethmanns peace policy
July Days
Hides with Lenin near Razliv after the crackdown.
July Days
Helps decide that Lenin should not surrender to the authorities.
July Days
Faces arrest as government repression continues.
July Days
Hides near Razliv after the government issues arrest orders.
July Days
Condemns slanders against Lenin and the Bolsheviks.
Capture of Kalusz
His troops capture Kalusz before the offensive collapses.
Kerensky Offensive
Oversees German strategic support for the counterattack.
Kerensky Offensive
Assesses Russian collapse and supports plans for a counterblow.
Kerensky Offensive
Organises support for the Central Powers counteroffensive in Galicia.
Report to Allenby
Travels to Cairo after Aqaba and reports the success to British command.
Reballion of to support Arab
Grants Lawrence a 200,000 pound monthly subsidy to support Arab rebellion against the Turks
July Days
Continues in office under Kerensky during the post-July settlement.
July Days
Supports Kerensky's reorganised government after the crisis.
July Days
Forms a strengthened government after the July Days.
July Days
Continues supporting the coalition against Bolshevik pressure.
July Days
Presides over a Soviet shaken by the armed demonstrations.
July Days
Defends the Soviet majority's support for the government.
Army Discipline
Demands stronger discipline as Russian units begin to disintegrate.
Kerensky Offensive
Works with German commanders as the counteroffensive is prepared.
Kerensky Offensive
Coordinates forces preparing to exploit Russian weakness.
Provisional Government
Helps found a provisional Government
July Days
Faces rising opposition as defeat and disorder damage the government.
July Days
Faces rising opposition as the government crisis deepens before the July Days.
July Days
Faces political danger as the Bolshevik press is suppressed.
July Days
Escapes Petrograd with Lenin after the crackdown.
July Days
Prepares to flee toward Finland while avoiding arrest.
July Days
Helps rebuild party communications after arrests and raids.
Exile of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov Lenin
Travels to Finland for a rest
July Days
Comes under suspicion for the role of Kronstadt sailors.
July Days
Faces repression after the sailors' role in the demonstrations.
July Days
Oversees military measures against radical organisations.
July Days
Presents the Bolshevik movement as a threat to revolutionary order.
July Days
Is arrested as part of the post-July repression.
July Days
Is arrested after the government moves against Bolshevik leaders.
July Days
Challenges the accusation that Bolshevik leaders are German agents.
Kerensky Offensive
Faces political unrest as the offensive fails to deliver victory.
Kerensky Offensive
Observes that revolutionary discipline cannot sustain offensive operations.
Resignation of Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
The passage of the Peace Resolution by an alliance of the Social Democratic, Progressive, and Center parties, forces his resignation and replacement by the political nonentity Georg Michaelis
July Days
Stays hidden after the failure of the demonstrations.
July Days
Takes part in efforts to keep the Bolshevik organisation intact.
July Days
Remains underground as the Bolshevik Party retreats tactically.
July Days
Helps stabilise party structures during the reaction.
July Days
Supports continued coalition rule after the street crisis.
July Days
Argues that Bolshevik influence must be checked.
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor of Germany as well as Minister President of Prussia
July Days
Promotes accusations of German money behind the Bolsheviks.
July Days
Moves to consolidate authority after Lvov's resignation.
July Days
Left Socialist Revolutionaries watch the crisis reshape revolutionary politics.
July Days
The Military Organisation is forced onto the defensive after the crackdown.
July Days
Bolshevik military networks are disrupted by government pressure.
July Days
Kronstadt radicalism is blamed for the armed character of the protests.
July Days
Sailor activists face intensified scrutiny after the demonstrations.
Independence of Finland
Finland declares independence from Russia
Independence of Russia
Finland declares independence from Russia
July Days
Is increasingly targeted by the authorities after defending Lenin.
Kerensky Offensive
Recognises that the operation has failed to restore army cohesion.
July Days
Uses the aftermath to form a stronger coalition government.
July Days
Machine-gunners and radical activists prepare demonstrations demanding Soviet power.
All Power to the Soviets
The machine gunners appeal met with a favorable response from the soldiers of the Moscow, Pavlovsky, Grenadiers, and 1st Reserve regiments who march to demonstrate under the slogan All Power to the Soviets
Menshevik Party
The Kadets walk out of the Russian Provisional Government, threatening the Mensheviks and the Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) with the breakup of the Government coalition and a Government crisis results
Provisional Government
The Kadets walk out of the Russian Provisional Government, threatening the Mensheviks and the Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) with the breakup of the Government coalition and a Government crisis results
July Days
Demonstrations begin among soldiers of the First Machine-Gun Regiment.
July Days
The July Days begin as soldiers and workers protest against the Provisional Government.
July Days
Workers and soldiers demand Soviet power as disorder spreads through Petrograd.
July Days
Workers and soldiers demand Soviet power as Trotsky supports restraint.
War Cabinet
Appointed Member of War Cabinet, without portfolio
Minister Without Portfolio
Appointed Minister without Portfolio
House of Windsor
A royal proclamation by George V provides that all agnatic descendants of Queen Victoria would be members of the House of Windsor with the personal surname of Windsor
Bolshevik Party
Kerensky orders the arrest of Lenin and the other leading Bolsheviks, accusing them of inciting revolt with German financial backing
July Days
Orders action against leading Bolsheviks after accusing them of inciting revolt.
Lenin Arrest Order
Orders Lenin and other Bolsheviks arrested after the July Days.
July Days
Anti-government demonstrations also spread beyond Petrograd to Moscow and other cities.
July Days
Bolsheviks try to give the mass movement a more organised and peaceful direction.
July Days
Government troops fire on demonstrators and the Soviet supports punitive measures.
July Days
The Bolshevik Military Organisation helps organise the armed demonstration.
July Days
The Central Committee tries to restrain the developing street movement.
July Days
Workers and soldiers march under the slogan All Power to the Soviets.
All Power to the Soviets
The Bolsheviks decide to provide leadership to the movement in order to give it an organized and peaceful character so.
All Power to the Soviets
The demands which the workers and soldiers take to the streets with in the July Days are influenced by the Bolshevik Party All Power to the Soviets.
All Power to the Soviets
during the afternoon of 17 July a peaceful demonstration of 500,000 workers, soldiers, and sailors under the slogan All Power to the Soviets is held.
Bolshevik Military Organisation
The demonstration is organized by the Bolshevik Military Organisation without initial authorization from the Central Committee after pressure from rank and file soldiers
Bolshevik Party
The Bolsheviks decide to provide leadership to the movement in order to give it an organized and peaceful character so during the afternoon of 17 July a peaceful demonstration of 500,000 workers soldiers
Bolshevik Party
The demands which the workers and soldiers take to the streets with in the July Days are influenced by the Bolshevik Party All Power to the Soviets.
Bolshevik Party
The demonstration is organized by the Bolshevik Military Organisation without initial authorization from the Central Committee after pressure from rank and file soldiers.
Bolshevik Party
and sailors under the slogan All Power to the Soviets is held
Menshevik Party
The military authorities send troops against the demonstration, leaving more than 700 people killed and wounded & the SRs and Mensheviks support punitive measures against the July Days insurgents. The Mensheviks oppose the demonstrations during the July Days
Bolshevik Military Organisation
Both Trotsky and Zinoviev argued that the street protests remain peaceful so the Bolshevik Military Organisation organize the demonstration.
Bolshevik Military Organisation
Coming out in support of the street demonstrations.
Bolshevik Military Organisation
Mobilizing reinforcements from the front lines and dispatching armored cars to capture key posts including bridges and the Peter and Paul Fortress.
Bolshevik Military Organisation
Under the pressure of what seemed like a developing mass demonstration of workers and soldiers in the streets, the leadership of the Bolshevik Military Organisation, the Petersburg Committee and later on the Central Committee, reversed their decision.
Bolshevik Party
Both Trotsky and Zinoviev argued that the street protests remain peaceful so the Bolshevik Military Organisation organize the demonstration.
Bolshevik Party
Coming out in support of the street demonstrations.
Bolshevik Party
Mobilizing reinforcements from the front lines and dispatching armored cars to capture key posts including bridges and the Peter and Paul Fortress.
Bolshevik Party
Under the pressure of what seemed like a developing mass demonstration of workers and soldiers in the streets, the leadership of the Bolshevik Military Organisation, the Petersburg Committee and later on the Central Committee, reversed their decision.
Petersburg Committee
Under the pressure of what seemed like a developing mass demonstration of workers and soldiers in the streets, the leadership of the Bolshevik Military Organisation, the Petersburg Committee and later on the Central Committee, reversed their decision, coming out in support of the street demonstrations
Provisional Government
A new provisional Government is set up with Kerensky at its head
July Days
Bolshevik leaders reverse course and support the mass demonstrations.
July Days
Trotsky argues that street protests should remain peaceful and disciplined.
July Days
Trotsky supports Central Committee efforts to restrain the movement.
Minister of Munitions
Appointed Minister of Munitions but is not appointed as a member of the War Cabinet
Minister of Reconstruction
Appointed Minister of Reconstruction
Appointment as Supreme Commander
Kornilov becomes supreme commander and presses for stronger measures to restore discipline in the armed forces.
Kerensky Offensive
Austro-Hungarian forces join the counterattack toward Tarnopol.
Kerensky Offensive
German forces launch the counteroffensive that breaks the Russian line.
Resignation of Edward Carson
Resigns as First Lord of the Admiralty
Supreme Commander
Receives growing support from officers after becoming army leader.
July Days
An arrest order forces Lenin underground after Bolshevik offices are attacked.
Bolshevik Party
The offices and printing plant of Pravda and the headquarters of the Bolshevik Central Committee are destroyed
Pravda
The offices and printing plant of Pravda and the headquarters of the Bolshevik Central Committee are destroyed
Provisional Government
The Provisional Government issues an order for the arrest of Lenin, who is forced to go underground
Kornilov Appointment
Appoints Kornilov commander in chief despite Soviet unease.
Prime Minister of Russia
Appointed Prime Minister of Russia
July Days Repression
Uses the July Days aftermath to move against Bolshevik leaders.
July Days
Becomes head of a reorganised Provisional Government after the crisis.
Prime Minister of Russia
Becomes head of the Provisional Government after Lvov resigns.
Kerensky Offensive
The failed offensive helps clear his path to become prime minister.
Birth of Adam Malik
Birth of Adam Malik
Arrest after July Days
Is arrested after defending the Bolsheviks.
Coalition Government
Forms a new coalition government after the July crisis.
Post-July Soviet
Moderate Soviet leaders briefly recover authority.
Bolshevik Party
Stalin and Sverdlov direct the 6th Congress of the Bolshevik Party
Congress of Bolsheviks, 6th
Stalin and Sverdlov direct the 6th Congress of the Bolshevik Party
Congress of RSDLP 6th
Sixth Congress of the RSDLP occurs, representing 240,000 party members, since Lenin is in hiding, Stalin delivers the report on the work of the Central Committee, the Congress resolves that a peaceful revolution has become impossible
War Industries Board
Baruch leads federal coordination of industrial priorities, materials and production during wartime.
Reform of Munitions Ministry
Reforms the Ministry of Munitions
Election
Returns to Parliament after winning the Dundee election
Arrest of Josef Klemens Pilsudski
Arrested after refusing to swear an oath of allegience to the Central Powers
Battle of Pilckem Ridge
French forces attack on the left of Ypres.
Battle of Ypres, 3rd
Armin defends German positions around Ypres.
Fifth Army Opens Pilckem Ridge Attack
Gough's Fifth Army opens the Third Ypres offensive with the attack on Pilckem Ridge.
Pilckem Ridge Assault Opened
Haig launches the opening phase of the Third Battle of Ypres against Pilckem Ridge.
Battle of Ypres, 3rd
Haig launches the Third Battle of Ypres.
Battle of Pilckem Ridge
Gough commands the opening attack at Ypres.
Commander in Chief
Replaces Brusilov as commander in chief of the Russian army.
Arrest of Nicholas II
Taken with his family to Tobolsk
Constitution of Germany
Ludendorff becomes the dominant figure in the 3rd Supreme Command and after the resignation of Theobald Bethmann Hollweg takes political, military and economic control of Germany
Third Supreme Command
Ludendorff becomes the dominant figure in the 3rd Supreme Command and after the resignation of Theobald Bethmann Hollweg takes political, military and economic control of Germany
Peace
Introduces the Peace Resolution to the Reichstag which is passed. Carries a resolution favoring peace free from annexations
Resolution-Peace
Introduces the Peace Resolution to the Reichstag which is passed
Vote-Peace
Carries a resolution favoring peace free from annexations
Third Supreme Command
Ludendorff becomes the dominant figure in the 3rd Supreme Command and after the resignation of Theobald Bethmann Hollweg takes political, military and economic control of Germany
Election
Wins the election with a vote of 7,302. Must be elected to Parliament because of his Cabinet appointment
Aqaba Base
Uses Aqaba as a supply and operating base for further Arab Revolt operations.
Flanders Offensive Final Planning Approved
Haig approves final preparations for the major offensive east of Ypres.
Third Ypres Offensive Authorised
Haig authorises the main Flanders offensive intended to break through east of Ypres.
National Expenditure Scrutiny Expanded
Supports closer examination of wartime spending as government expenditure continues to rise.
Shipping Position Reviewed after Convoys
Reviews merchant losses as the expanding convoy system begins improving protection.
Third Ypres Strategy Reviewed
Examines the strategic case for the Flanders offensive proposed by the military command.
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for East Clare
Exile of Grigory Yevseyevich Zinoviev
Forced into exile to Finland during the July Days
Hamel Combined-Arms Attack Directed
Monash directs the carefully coordinated Australian-led attack at Hamel.
Hamel Limited Offensive Approved
Haig supports the carefully coordinated Australian-led attack at Hamel as a model for combined-arms warfare.
Fifth Congress of Soviets Opens
Sverdlov presides when the Fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets opens amid growing conflict with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries.
Constitution of Russia
A Congress Opens in Moscow & approves the Soviet Constitution
Reballion of officers in Yaroslavl 150 miles outside Moscow
Organizes a revolt of officers in Yaroslavl 150 miles outside Moscow
Left Socialist Revolutionary Uprising
Spiridonova supports the Left Socialist Revolutionary challenge launched after the assassination of the German ambassador.
Yaroslavl Uprising
Savinkov's anti-Bolshevik organisation helps launch an armed uprising in Yaroslavl against Soviet authority.
Arrest after Left SR Uprising
Spiridonova is detained after Bolshevik forces suppress the Left Socialist Revolutionary uprising in Moscow.
RSFSR Constitution Adopted
Sverdlov presides as the Fifth Congress adopts the first constitution of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.
Death of Filipp Isaevich Goloshchekin
Carries Nicholas IIs death warrant from Moscow
Execution
Carries Nicholas IIs death warrant from Moscow
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, Polish Army
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief of the Polish Army
Battle of Marne, 1st
Mounts a counter-offensive along the Marne
Battle of Marne, 2nd
The Marne Offensive (15th July - 5th August 1918) became the last German offensive of the war. It was intended as a diversionary attack either side of Reims to cross the river Marne and draw the Allied reserves away from Flanders, where Ludendorff was planning to make another offensive to break through the Allied line once and for all
Battle of Marne, 2nd
Ludendorff throws 35 Divisions across the Marne to encircle Reims. Final thrust of the Spring Offensive. 1st day of 5th Ludendorf offensive, Battle of the Marne
Friedensturm
Launched against US & French divisions from east of the Reims to the Marne
Marne Offensive
It was intended as a diversionary attack either side of Reims to cross the river Marne and draw the Allied reserves away from Flanders.
Marne Offensive
The German attack east of Reims was blocked by the French defence on the first day.
Marne Offensive
The Marne Offensive (15th July - 5th August 1918) became the last German offensive of the war.
Marne Offensive
The attack west of Reims did succeed in crossing the Marne river.
Marne Offensive
Where Ludendorff was planning to make another offensive to break through the Allied line once and for all.
Offensive Marne-Reims
1st day of 5th Ludendorf offensive, Battle of the Marne
Siege of Reims
Ludendorff throws 35 Divisions across the Marne to encircle Reims
Death of Ivan Mikhailovich Iurovskii
Seeks a place to bury the executed Romanovs in the woods north of Ekaterinburg
Execution
Seeks a place to bury the executed Romanovs in the woods north of Ekaterinburg
Death of Nicholas II
Shot after the possibility of rescue by white Counter-revolutionaries. It is reported that his wife, 3 daughters & son are also shot
Execution
Shot after the possibility of rescue by white Counter-revolutionaries. It is reported that his wife, 3 daughters & son are also shot
Battle of Marne, 2nd
Final day of 5th Ludendorf offensive, Battle of the Marne
Offensive Marne-Reims
Final day of 5th Ludendorf offensive, Battle of the Marne
Amiens Offensive
Accepts Rawlinson's proposal for an offensive against the German salient near Amiens.
Amiens Offensive
Develops plans for a limited surprise attack east of Amiens.
Execution
An Ekaterinburg officiak cables Moscow with a message of the execution of Nicholas II
Death of Nikolai Ipatev
Nicholas, his family & servants are shot in the grounds of Ipatevs house
Execution
Nicholas, his family & servants are shot in the grounds of Ipatevs house
Execution of Nicholas II
Nicholas II is executed with his family and attendants by Bolshevik guards in the Ipatiev House.
Bolshevik Party
Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich is executed by the Bolsheviks
Death of Mikhailovich
Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich is executed by the Bolsheviks
Execution
Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich is executed by the Bolsheviks
Death of Nicholas II
Nicholas, his family & servants are shot in Ekaterinburg
Execution
Nicholas, his family & servants are shot in Ekaterinburg
Birth of Kenan Evren
Birth of Kenan Evren
Battle of Marne, 2nd
The Allies counter-attack capturing 12,000 PoWs, 250 guns & 14 German divisions. German forces south of the River Marne are forced to rereat
Marne Offensive
On 18th July an Allied counter-attack, comprising French, British, American and Italian troops, pushed the German forces back
Offensive
1st day of the Allied "100 Days" offensives which lead to the Armistice
Battle of Marne, 2nd
The British 9th Division recaptures Meteren
Capture of Meteren
The British 9th Division recaptures Meteren
Execution
Writes articles in Pravda & Izvestiia saying Nicholas II was shot trying to escape
Pravda
Writes articles in Pravda & Izvestiia saying Nicholas II was shot trying to escape
Conscription
Asks Clemenceau to call up the 1920 conscripts in 1918
Battle of Marne, 2nd
The Germans retreat 5 miles as the French reach the Lassery-Chateau-Thierry Road
Collapse of Yaroslavl Uprising
The anti-Bolshevik uprising associated with Savinkov collapses after sustained fighting and bombardment.
Minister of Food
Appointed Minister of Food
Battle of Marne, 2nd
The Allies cross the Marne near Dormans. Ludendorf orders the southern salient to be abandoned
Ambassador
Appointed Ambassador of Russia
Battle of Marne, 2nd
The British recapture Marfaux
Battle of Moreuil
A French & British force advances 2 miles toward the Avre Valley
Capture of Marfaux
The British recapture Marfaux
Conference of Bombon
Decides to free the Paris-Verdun, Paris-Amiens & Verdun-Arricourt routes. Conference of all the commanders-in-chief to consider allied operations, all present proposals for the employment of allied armies
Amiens Offensive
Approves coordinated Allied operations that lead into the Amiens attack.
Conference of Bombon
Coordinates Allied plans for limited offensives, including operations around Amiens.
Conference of Bombon
Takes part in Allied planning before the Amiens Offensive, as Foch coordinates operations for the Western Front.
Battle of Marne, 2nd
The Allies capture Fere Forest, La Croise Range, Oulchy-le-Chateau & Villemontoire. The Allies advance 2 miles
Retreat
Orders German retreat to Blucher position north of Vesle
Declaration of War
Declares a de facto state of war against the Allies
Battle of Marne, 2nd
The Allies capture Romigny-St Gemme
Constitution of Germany
The Weimar Republic is adopted. The plan to transform Germany into a constitutional monarchy similar to Britain quickly becomes obsolete as the country slid into a state of near-total chaos. The 1871 constitution is amended to make the Reich a Parliamentary democracy, which the Government had refused for half a century, the Chancellor is henceforth responsible to Parliament, the Reichstag, and no longer to the Kaiser
Weimar Republic
The Weimar Republic is adopted. The 1871 constitution is amended to make the Reich a Parliamentary democracy, which the Government had refused for half a century, the Chancellor is henceforth responsible to Parliament, the Reichstag, and no longer to the Kaiser
Dismissal
Hotzendorf is dismissed
Mobilization
July-August, launches counter-attacks after the arrival of 300,000 Americans a month
Amiens Surprise Plan Approved
Haig approves secrecy and concentration measures for the planned Allied counteroffensive near Amiens.
Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles is ratified by Germany
Kramar Government
The Kramar Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
First Tusar Government
Begins the First Tusar Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Dismissal
Dismissed by the Sultan
Exile of Maustafa Kemal Ataturk
Exiled by the Sultan
Blockade of Germany
The Blockade of Germany by the Allies is lifted
Germany Allied Blockade Lifted
The postwar Allied blockade of Germany is ended, restoring normal maritime access through the North Sea.
Birth of Iris Murdoch
Birth of Iris Murdoch
Birth of Edmund Percival Hillary
Birth of Edmund Percival Hillary
Peace Delegation Arrives at Dakka
Ali Ahmad Khan leads the Afghan peace delegation into British lines at Dakka before continuing toward the negotiations near Rawalpindi.
President of Finland
Appointed President of Finland
Rawalpindi Peace Conference
Grant heads the British delegation as formal negotiations with the Afghan mission begin at Rawalpindi following the June ceasefire.
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil
Addison Housing Act
The Housing Act subsidises local authority construction of homes for working families.
Election
Elected President of Mexico, for a 2nd term
Prime Minister of Canada
Becomes prime minister after Borden retires.
Spa Conference Armistice Plan
At Spa, Lloyd George supports using the previously proposed Allied eastern line as the basis for an armistice in the Polish-Soviet War.
Curzon Note Sent
Curzon sends Soviet Foreign Commissar Chicherin the British armistice proposal that gives the provisional Allied boundary its enduring name.
Eastern Galicia Extension
Curzon's proposal extends the earlier provisional line south through Galicia, west of Rawa Ruska and east of Przemysl, to the Carpathians.
Polish Withdrawal Proposal
Curzon's note proposes that Polish forces withdraw to the provisional eastern line established by the Peace Conference.
Soviet Stand-Off Proposal
The British armistice proposal calls for Soviet forces to remain fifty kilometres east of the proposed line outside Eastern Galicia.
Republican Governing Junta
Escalier joins the Republican junta formed after the overthrow of Gutierrez Guerra.
Republican Coup
Saavedra helps lead the Republican coup that ends the Liberal Party's long rule.
Second Comintern Congress
Presides over the opening of the Second Congress of the Communist International
Rule of Teschen
Teschen is divided between Czechoslovakia and Poland
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland, 1st term
Mandate for Syria
Establishes French authority in Syria under mandate policy.
Mandate for Palestine
Administers Palestine under British mandate authority.
Independence of Lithuania
Russia recognizes the independence of Lithuania under the Treaty of Moscow
Independence of Russia
Russia recognizes the independence of Lithuania under the Treaty of Moscow
Treaty of Moscow
Russia recognizes the independence of Lithuania under the Treaty of Moscow
21 Conditions
Ahead of the Second Congress of the Communist International Lenin sends out a number of documents, including his Twenty-one Conditions to all socialist parties which the Congress adopts as prerequisites for any group wanting to become affiliated to the International
21 Conditions
The 21 Conditions call for the demarcation between Communist parties and other socialist groups and instruct the Comintern sections not to trust the legality of the bourgeois states & call for the build-up of party organisations along democratic centralist lines
21 Conditions
in which the party press and Parliamentary factions would be under the direct control of the party leadership.
Comintern
Ahead of the Second Congress of the Communist International Lenin sends out a number of documents, including his Twenty-one Conditions to all socialist parties which the Congress adopts as prerequisites for any group wanting to become affiliated to the International
Comintern
The 21 Conditions call for the demarcation between Communist parties and other socialist groups and instruct the Comintern sections not to trust the legality of the bourgeois states & call for the build-up of party organisations along democratic centralist lines
Comintern
in which the party press and Parliamentary factions would be under the direct control of the party leadership.
Independence of Lithuania
Russia recognizes the independence of Lithuania under the Treaty of Moscow
Independence of Russia
Russia recognizes the independence of Lithuania under the Treaty of Moscow
Treaty of Moscow
Russia recognizes the independence of Lithuania under the Treaty of Moscow
War with Germany is declared to be at an end by joint
War with Germany is declared to be at an end by joint resolution of Congress
NSDAP
Adolf Hitler resigns from the party to force the hand of Anton Drexler not to unite with the DSP
War of Independence Truce
Accepts the truce that ends major hostilities in the War of Independence and opens the way to negotiations.
First BCG Vaccination
Administers the first human BCG vaccination with clinical collaborators.
Tuberculosis Vaccine
Introduces a live attenuated vaccine for preventing tuberculosis.
Agrarian Reform
Ferdinand promulgates a major agrarian reform redistributing large estates.
NSDAP
Adolf Hitler rejoins the party
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the NSDAP
Der Fuhrer
Adolf Hitler assumes leadership of the NSDAP, he becomes "Der Fuhrer"
NSDAP
Adolf Hitler assumes leadership of the NSDAP, he becomes "Der Fuhrer"
Communist Party
The official beginning is the 1st Congress held in Shanghai and attended by 53 men when the formal and unified name Zhongguo Gโขngchan Dang (Chinese Communist Party) is adopted
Communist Party
The official beginning is the 1st Congress held in Shanghai and attended by 53 men when the formal and unified name Zhongguo Gโขngchan Dang (Chinese Communist Party) is adopted
Communist Party
The official beginning is the 1st Congress held in Shanghai and attended by 53 men when the formal and unified name Zhongguo Gโขngchan Dang (Chinese Communist Party) is adopted
Communist Party
The official beginning is the 1st Congress held in Shanghai and attended by 53 men when the formal and unified name Zhongguo Gโขngchan Dang (Chinese Communist Party) is adopted
Communist Party
The official beginning is the 1st Congress held in Shanghai and attended by 53 men when the formal and unified name Zhongguo Gโขngchan Dang (Chinese Communist Party) is adopted
Communist Party
The official beginning is the 1st Congress held in Shanghai and attended by 53 men when the formal and unified name Zhongguo Gโขngchan Dang (Chinese Communist Party) is adopted
Communist Party
The official beginning is the 1st Congress held in Shanghai and attended by 53 men when the formal and unified name Zhongguo Gโขngchan Dang (Chinese Communist Party) is adopted
Communist Party
The official beginning is the 1st Congress held in Shanghai and attended by 53 men when the formal and unified name Zhongguo Gโขngchan Dang (Chinese Communist Party) is adopted
Treaty Negotiations
Meets British Prime Minister David Lloyd George during exploratory talks preceding the Anglo-Irish Treaty negotiations.
Bolshevik Party
The "First Period" in Comintern history, with the Bolshevik revolution under attack in the Russian Civil War and a wave of revolutions across Europe, the Cominterns priority was exporting the October Revolution
Comintern
Third Congress, held in June-July 1921, talked about how the struggle could be transformed into "civil war" when the circumstances were favorable and "openly revolutionary uprisings". The "First Period" in Comintern history, with the Bolshevik revolution under attack in the Russian Civil War and a wave of revolutions across Europe, the Cominterns priority was exporting the October Revolution
Independence of Korea
Returns to Honolulu to continue leadership of Korean independence
Independence of South Korea
Returns to Honolulu to continue leadership of Korean independence
Congress of CCP
CCP Congress in Shanghai, Mao is absent
Reichsrat Republic Law Approval
Sees the Reichsrat approve the government's revised protection legislation before the bill moves to the Reichstag.
Nansen Passport
Promotes identity documents for stateless refugees.
Eastern Upper Silesia Transfer
Heads the government as eastern Upper Silesia is transferred to Poland following the postwar settlement.
Irish Army Council
The Irish Army Council is founded under the leadership of Michael Collins
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland
Republic Protection Law Passed
Sees the Reichstag pass the Republic Protection Law with the two-thirds majority required for its exceptional constitutional provisions.
Law for Protection of Republic
His government secures the Law for the Protection of the Republic after Rathenau's murder and a wider campaign of political violence.
State Court for Republic
The new protection law creates a special State Court to hear serious anti-republican offences.
Republic Protection Law Enacted
Promulgates the Law for the Protection of the Republic, strengthening penalties and powers against anti-republican organizations.
Birth of Mary Isobel Mollie Sugden
Birth of Mary Isobel Mollie Sugden
Capture of Limerick
Free State troops capture Waterford & Limerick from anti-treaty rebels
Capture of Waterford
Free State troops capture Waterford & Limerick from anti-treaty rebels
Free State
Free State troops capture Waterford & Limerick from anti-treaty rebels
Mandate Confirmation
League approval confirms French mandates in Syria and Lebanon.
Mandate Confirmation
League approval confirms British mandates in the Middle East.
State Railways Transfer Law
Oversees transport policy as legislation implements the transfer of state railways into the national railway system.
Mark Depreciation
Confronts a sharp fall in the mark as confidence weakens after Rathenau's assassination and reparations uncertainty intensifies.
Siege of Munster
Collins, along with Richard Mulcahy and Eoin ODuffy decide on a series of seaborne landings into republican held areas that re-takes Munster and the west in July-August 1922
Siege of Munster
Collins, along with Richard Mulcahy and Eoin ODuffy decide on a series of seaborne landings into republican held areas that re-takes Munster and the west in July-August 1922
Siege of Munster
Collins, along with Richard Mulcahy and Eoin ODuffy decide on a series of seaborne landings into republican held areas that re-takes Munster and the west in July-August 1922
Armament
Makes a speech at Stoke-on-Trent in favour of the rearmament of Great Britain
Nobel Lecture
Delivers his Nobel lecture on fundamental ideas and problems of relativity.
Transjordan Mandate
A committee chaired by Ibrahim Hashem was established to prepare an electoral law for a representative assembly. The initiative showed the governmentโs interest in developing political institutions beyond executive administration.
Alaska Railroad
Drives the ceremonial golden spike completing the Alaska Railroad during his western tour.
Republic Declaration
Kerensky participates in republic declaration during his political career.
Treaty of Lausanne Implemented
Gonatas's government accepts the settlement defining Greece's postwar frontiers.
Treaty of Lausanne
The Lausanne settlement replaces the unratified Sevres settlement.
Treaty of Lausanne
Represents Turkey at the negotiations for the Treaty of Lausanne
Treaty of Lausanne
The Treaty of Lausanne replaces the Treaty of Sevres. The Greeks are defeated at Smyrna & the Allies drop claims to mainland Turkey. The Allies are driven out of Turkey & land up to the Maritza River is restored. 1st major revision of the Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of Sevres
The Treaty of Lausanne replaces the Treaty of Sevres
Canada Visit
Visits Canada during his final tour, becoming the first sitting United States president to visit the country.
Arrest of Adolf Hitler
Hitler is released
Alliance CCP and Kuomingtang
Mao co-ordinates the co-ordination between the CCP & Kuomingtang
Congress of Kuomingtang
Mao attends the 1st Congress of the Kuomingtang
Alliance CCP and Kuomingtang
Mao co-ordinates the co-ordination between the CCP & Kuomingtang
Abraham Berge Government
The Abraham Berge Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
First Johan Ludwig Mowinckel Government
Begins the First Johan Ludwig Mowinckel Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Conference of London
Hosts a Conference to discuss the implementation of the Dawes Plan
Dawes Plan
Hosts a Conference to discuss the implementation of the Dawes Plan
International Agreement at London
Persuades Germany to sign for fresh agreements on peace & reparaions
Plan-Dawes
Hosts a Conference to discuss the implementation of the Dawes Plan
Minister of Finance
Appointed Minister of Finance
Comintern
At the Vth Comintern Congress Zinoviev condemns Marxist philosopher Georg Lukย css History and Class Consciousness, published in 1923 after his involvement in Bโla Kuns Hungarian Soviet Republic, and Karl Korschs Marxism and Philosophy
Birth of Patrice Amery Lumumba
Born in Onalua in the Belgian Congo, later becoming a leading nationalist and the country's first prime minister.
Contributory Pensions Bill Committee
Continues scrutiny of the Contributory Pensions Bill during its Commons stages.
Hall of Memory
Prince Arthur opens Birmingham's memorial to residents killed in the First World War.
President of Ecuador
Appointed collective provisional government of Ecuador after the July Revolution
Double Pensions Provision
Addresses provisions intended to prevent overlapping pension payments.
Pensions Disqualifications
Debates proposed disqualifications under the contributory pensions legislation.
Mein Kampf", Volume I
Publication of "Mein Kampf", Volume I
Mein Kampf
Publication of "Mein Kampf", Volume I
Unemployment Insurance Bill
Speaks on unemployment insurance legislation during the summer session.
Birth of Alfred Di Stefano
Birth of Alfred Di Stefano
Grossdeutsche Jugendbewegung
The Grossdeutsche Jugendbewegung is officially renamed Hitler Jugend Bund der deutschen Arbeiterjugend, (Hitler Youth League of German Worker Youth)
Hitler Youth
The Grossdeutsche Jugendbewegung is officially renamed Hitler Jugend Bund der deutschen Arbeiterjugend, (Hitler Youth League of German Worker Youth)
Hitler Youth
The Grossdeutsche Jugendbewegung is officially renamed Hitler Jugend Bund der deutschen Arbeiterjugend, (Hitler Youth League of German Worker Youth). The architect of the re-organisation of the Hitler Youth is Kurt Gruber, a law student and admirer of Hitler
Boards of Guardians Bill
Takes a prominent part in debate on powers over defaulting Boards of Guardians.
Third Jon Magnusson Government
The Third Jon Magnusson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Prime Minister of Iceland
Appointed Prime Minister of Iceland
Jon Thorlaksson Government
Begins the Jon Thorlaksson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Coherent State Harmonic Oscillator Paper
Publishes work on the relation between microscopic and macroscopic mechanics that introduces what later become known as coherent states for the harmonic oscillator.
Northern Expedition
Launches the Northern Expedition as commander-in-chief of the National Revolutionary Army.
Commander in Chief of National Revolutionary Army
Is appointed commander-in-chief of the National Revolutionary Army as the Northern Expedition begins.
Coup
Ousted by General de Fragosa Carmona
Ministry of Health Estimates
Examines health administration and expenditure during the Ministry of Health debate.
Miners' Wives and Children Relief
Presses the case for relief for minersโ wives and children during the coal dispute.
Government
Heads a coalition Government
Miners' Dependants Relief
Supports relief measures for dependants affected by the continuing minersโ dispute.
Black Friday
During the Austrian July Revolt of 1927 (also known as Black Friday), 84 protesters were killed by Austrian police forces
July Revolt
During the Austrian July Revolt of 1927 (also known as Black Friday), 84 protesters were killed by Austrian police forces
Massacre
During the Austrian July Revolt of 1927 (also known as Black Friday), 84 protesters were killed by Austrian police forces
Northern Expedition
Commands the Northern Expedition beginning in July 1926 as National Revolutionary Army forces advance against the warlords.
Politburo
Zinoviev is dismissed from the Politburo after a tumultuous Central Committee meeting in July 1926
Angriff, Der
Der Angriff is published by the Angriff Press, its motto "For the oppressed against the exploiters"
Birth of Donald George DonRevie
Birth of Donald George "Don"Revie
Legislation
Unemployment Insurance Law passed
Heimwehr
The increasing politicalization of militias led to the Heimwehr involvement the July massacre
Massacre
The increasing politicalization of militias led to the Heimwehr involvement the July massacre
Politburo
Appointed Member of Politburo
Capture of Nanchang
Formulates a plan to capture of Nanchang which is accepted by the Politburo
Death of Ferdinand I
Ferdinand dies and the crown passes to his young grandson Michael.
First Accession of Michael I
Michael becomes king under a regency because he is a child.
Succession
Succeeds as King of Romania, Rules under the regency of his uncle Prince Nicholas
Capture of Nanchang
Named by Zhou En-Lai as the Commander to lead the insurrection in Nanchang
Alliance Kuomintang and Chinese Communist Party
Rupture between the Kuomingtang & CCP
Home Secretary of Japan
Appointed Home Secretary
Prime Minister of Greece
Eleftherios Venizelos begins a term as Prime Minister of Greece in 1928.
Reform of Electoral System
The voting age for women is reduced from 30 to 21
Enigma Machine
Sees the German Army introduce Enigma for military communications.
Assassination of Alvaro Obregon
President Obregon is assassinated by Jose de Leon Toral
Death of Jose de Leon Toral
Death of Jose de Leon Toral
Assassination of Alvaro Obregon
President Obregon is assassinated by Jose de Leon Toral
Death of Alvaro Obregon
Death of Alvaro Obregon, assassinated before taking office
Treaty Negotiations
The Nationalist government presses foreign powers to revise unequal treaty arrangements and restore tariff autonomy.
Constitution of Egypt
Dissolves Parliament and governs without the elected chamber during a constitutional crisis.
Dissolution of Parliament
Dissolves the Chamber of Deputies and restricts parliamentary government.
Royal Rule
Strengthens royal authority after dismissing Parliament and suspending normal constitutional government.
Coup
Succesfully leads a coup & assumes dictatorial powers
Birth of Vera Rubin
Birth of Vera Rubin
Italy signs the Statute of Tangiers giving Spain greater control
Italy signs the Statute of Tangiers giving Spain greater control
Rule of Tangiers
Italy signs the Statute of Tangiers giving Spain greater control
Statute of Tangiers
Italy signs the Statute of Tangiers giving Spain greater control
Italy signs the Statute of Tangiers giving Spain greater control
Italy signs the Statute of Tangiers giving Spain greater control
Rule of Tangiers
Italy signs the Statute of Tangiers giving Spain greater control
Statute of Tangiers
Italy signs the Statute of Tangiers giving Spain greater control
Election to Politburo
Is elected to the Communist Party Politburo following the Sixth Party Congress.
Transjordan Mandate
Transjordanian political figures convened a national congress to contest aspects of the treaty settlement with Britain. Their demands reflected growing pressure for fuller sovereignty and more representative rule.
Popeye
The cartoon of Popeye is created
Exile of Leon Trotsky
Trotsky is refused political asylum in Britain
Housing Contributions
Presents or defends government proposals affecting housing contributions as Minister of Health.
Break in Diplomatic Relations with China
Japan severs relations with China
Economy of Japan
The US stock market crash is followed by a depression
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the Minseito Party
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Siege of Hankow
Communist military pressure in central China adds to the Nationalist governmentโs conflicts during the Central Plains War.
First World Cup Goal
Scores the first goal in World Cup history during France's victory over Mexico.
World Cup Winning Goal Against France
Scores the only goal as Argentina defeat France 1-0 in their opening World Cup match.
First World Cup Hat-Trick
Scores the first hat-trick in World Cup history as the United States defeat Paraguay.
NSDAP
A finance bill is defeated in the Reichstag with the support of the SPD, KPD, the NSDAP and DNVP, Bruning submits to the Reichstag the presidents decree that it will be dissolved
Reichstag
A finance bill is defeated in the Reichstag with the support of the SPD, KPD, the NSDAP and DNVP, Bruning submits to the Reichstag the presidents decree that it will be dissolved
Weimar Republic
A finance bill is defeated in the Reichstag with the support of the SPD, KPD, the NSDAP and DNVP, Bruning submits to the Reichstag the presidents decree that it will be dissolved
World Cup Hat-Trick Against Mexico
Scores a hat-trick on his World Cup debut as Argentina defeat Mexico 6-3.
Commissar
Appointed Commissar for Foreign Affairs, 1st term. A firm believer in collective security, Litvinov works very hard to form a closer relationship with France and Britain
Capture of Chang-sha
The Communists capture Chang-sha but the Nationalists soon retake it
World Cup Final Equaliser
Scores Argentina's first goal in the inaugural World Cup final, temporarily levelling the match against Uruguay.
Eight-Goal Scoring Lead
Scores eight times for Argentina to lead the inaugural tournament's scoring chart.
Argentina World Cup Final Captain
Captains Argentina in the inaugural World Cup final against hosts Uruguay.
Death of Joan Gamper
Dies in Barcelona after decades as the founder, player and five-time president of FC Barcelona.
World Cup Winner
Josรฉ Nasazzi captains Uruguay to a 4-2 victory over Argentina in Montevideo and becomes the first captain to lift the FIFA World Cup trophy.
World Cup Captain
Captains Uruguay to victory over Argentina in the inaugural World Cup final.
1930 Final Goal
Scores Uruguay's fourth goal in the 4-2 final victory over Argentina.
World Cup Winner
Hรฉctor Castro scores Uruguay's fourth goal late in the final against Argentina, confirming the host nation's place as football's first world champion.
World Cup Winner
Josรฉ Pedro Cea equalises for Uruguay in the second half of the World Cup final, turning a 2-1 deficit into the platform for victory.
1930 Final Opening Goal
Opens the scoring for Uruguay in the first World Cup final.
World Cup Winner
Pablo Dorado scores the opening goal of the inaugural World Cup final as Uruguay begin their comeback-filled contest with Argentina.
1930 Final Equalizer
Scores Uruguay's equalizing goal early in the second half of the final.
World Cup Winner
Santos Iriarte scores from distance to give Uruguay a 3-2 advantage over Argentina after his teammates have recovered from a first-half deficit.
World Cup Winner
Alberto Suppici manages hosts Uruguay through the inaugural World Cup and sees his players overturn a half-time deficit in the final against Argentina.
Golden Boot FIFA World Cup
Finishes as the leading goalscorer in the FIFA World Cup with 8 goals for Argentina. The campaign is particularly remembered for setting the early benchmark in the inaugural World Cup.
Alliance Alfred Hugenburg and Adolf Hitler
Joint statement with Hitler to cooperate in "overthrowing" the existing system
Coup
Joint statement with Hitler to cooperate in "overthrowing" the existing system
Alliance Adolf Hitler, Alfred Hugenburg and the German National Party
Makes an agreement in Berlin with Hugenburg & the German National Party. Issues a joint statement agreeing to co-operate in "overthrowing" the existing system
Coup
Issues a joint statement agreeing to co-operate in "overthrowing" the existing system
League of Nations
Turkey joins the League of Nations
Resignation from Presidency
Resigns as economic collapse and political opposition undermine his government.
President of Chile
Serves briefly as acting president after the resignation of Carlos Ibanez del Campo.
President of Chile
Assumes acting presidential duties immediately after Carlos Ibanez resigns.
Economy of Great Britain
The May Report announces a budget deficit of 120 million pounds
Government Report
The May Report announces a budget deficit of 120 million pounds
Report
The May Report announces a budget deficit of 120 million pounds
Foreign Exchange Controls
Germany imposes stringent exchange controls during the banking crisis, preventing normal gold and foreign-exchange convertibility while formally retaining the mark's parity.
Gold Reserve Protection
The Reichsbank restricts foreign-exchange access and gold movements to contain reserve losses during Germany's banking and payments crisis.
Conference of Lausanne
At the Conference in Lausanne reparations are fixed on a final sum of 3 billion Goldmarks, this gives a total of paid reparations of 53 Billion Goldmarks
Reparations
At the Conference in Lausanne reparations are fixed on a final sum of 3 billion Goldmarks, this gives a total of paid reparations of 53 Billion Goldmarks
Birth of Donald Henry Rumsfeld
Birth of Donald Henry Rumsfeld
Dismissal
Otto Braun his Social Democratic Administration are deposed by Chancellor Papen
Election
Ends any prospect of a democratic election
Reich Commissioner
Ends any prospect of a democratic election. Deposes the Prussian Government & appoints himself Reich Commissioner for Prussia
Dismissal
The SPD-led Prussian Government in Berlin, headed by Otto Braun, is ousted by Franz von Papen, the new Chancellor, by means of a Presidential decree, proves to be a significant factor contributing to the downfall of the Weimar Republic. Otto Braun his Social Democratic Administration are deposed by Chancellor Papen
Imperial Economic Conference
Agrees Imperial preference following the adoption of protective tariffs by the British. 21 July-20 August, holds the Imperial Economic Conference
Conference of Imperial
Opening day of the Ottawa Imperial Economic Conference
Emergency Lending Authority Expanded
Federal legislation adds section 13(3) to the Federal Reserve Act, allowing Reserve Banks in unusual and exigent circumstances to lend to individuals, partnerships, and corporations that cannot obtain adequate credit elsewhere.
Section 13(3) Lending Authorised
The Federal Reserve Board authorises Reserve Banks to begin using the newly enacted section 13(3) emergency-lending authority, extending the System's crisis tools beyond its traditional member-bank borrowers.
Conference of World Economic
Fails to agree on methods to check spread of trade barriers
Election
The general elections yield major gains for the KPD and the Nazis, who win 37.2% of the vote, supplanting the Social Democrats as the largest party in the Reichstag. Supports Hindenburg during the Presidential elections rather than his own party
Election
During the 7th elections to the Reichstag the Nazis win 196 out of 584 seats.
Election
Durung the sixth elections to the Reichstag the Nazis win 230 out of 608 seats.
Election
The Nazis win 230 of 608 seats in the Reichstag & double their strength.
Election
The general elections yield major gains for the KPD and the Nazis, who win 37.2% of the vote, supplanting the Social Democrats as the largest party in the Reichstag.
Election
The height of Nazi electoral success under free elections.
Party Fuhrer
Durung the sixth elections to the Reichstag the Nazis win 230 out of 608 seats. During the 7th elections to the Reichstag the Nazis win 196 out of 584 seats
Reichstag
The general elections yield major gains for the KPD and the Nazis, who win 37.2% of the vote, supplanting the Social Democrats as the largest party in the Reichstag
Election
Since most parties opposed the new Government, von Papen had the Reichstag dissolved and calls for new elections
Reichstag
Since most parties opposed the new Government, von Papen had the Reichstag dissolved and calls for new elections
Vote of Confidence
The emergency decrees carried fail to help the Papen plan stimulate the economy. Loses a vote of confidence in the Reichstag
Coup
APRA capture the city of Trujillo
Germany makes its 1st propaganda leaflet drop over Austria denouncing Dollfuss
Germany makes its 1st propaganda leaflet drop over Austria denouncing Dollfuss
1st propaganda leaflet drop over Austria, denouncing Dollfuss
1st propaganda leaflet drop over Austria, denouncing Dollfuss
London Monetary Stabilisation Rejected
Roosevelt rejects immediate international currency stabilisation at the London Economic Conference, weakening prospects for an early restoration of the old international gold system.
Catholic Bavarian Peoples Party
The Catholic Bavarian Peoples Party announces its dissolution
German National Party
The German National Party announces its dissolution
Peoples Party
The Peoples Party announces its dissolution
German National Party
The German National Party announces its dissolution
Centre Party
The Centre Party announces its dissolution
Dissolution
The Centre Party announces its dissolution
Centre Party Dissolution
Accepts the dissolution of the Centre Party after pressure from the Nazi regime and negotiations around the Reich Concordat.
Gold Bloc Declaration
France joins Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland and Switzerland in declaring their intention to maintain existing gold parities despite the spreading international monetary breakdown.
Concordat
Papen & Cardinal Pacelli sign the German concordat with Rome
Papen & Cardinal Pacelli sign the German concordat with Rome
Papen & Cardinal Pacelli sign the German concordat with Rome
Concordat
Papen & Cardinal Pacelli sign the German concordat with Rome
Gold Bloc Commitment
Colijn's government joins the Gold Bloc and publicly commits the Netherlands to preserving the guilder's existing gold parity.
Concordat
The world learns of the concordat signed between Germany & the Holy See
Concordat
The world learns of the concordat signed between Germany & the Holy See
Constitution of Germany
The National Socialist German Workers Party becomes the only political party
Dismissal
Dismisses all members of the Cabinet who are not Nazi sympathisers
National Socialism
The National Socialist German Workers Party becomes the only political party
One Party State
Approves the Law Against the Formation of New Parties, making the NSDAP Germany's only legal political party.
Political Parties
The NSDAP becomes the political party allowed in Germany
Reform of Government
A law is passed "for the prevention of the propogation of hereditary illness"
Sterilization Law
Sponsors hereditary health legislation authorising compulsory sterilisation under Nazi racial and eugenic policy.
Pact between France, Germany, Great Britain and Italy
A pact between France, Germany, Great Britain and Italy is signed
Pact between France, Germany, Great Britain and Italy
A pact between France, Germany, Great Britain and Italy is signed
Pact between France, Germany, Great Britain and Italy
A pact between France, Germany, Great Britain and Italy is signed
Pact between France, Germany, Great Britain and Italy
A pact between France, Germany, Great Britain and Italy is signed
1st Flight New York-Berlin
Becomes the 1st person to fly from New York to Berlin
Concordat
The Catholic Church agrees not to become involved in Germany if Catholicism is allowed
Concordat
The concordat is formally signed
Reich Concordat
Signs the Reich Concordat with Cardinal Pacelli, regulating relations between Nazi Germany and the Holy See.
Reich Concordat
Signs the Reich Concordat with Franz von Papen on behalf of the Holy See.
Exile of Leon Trotsky
Granted asylum in France
Die Juden" ("The Jews")
Publication of "Kampf gegen die Hochfinanz" ("The Fight against high finance"). Publication of "Die Juden" ("The Jews")
Die Juden
Publication of "Kampf gegen die Hochfinanz" ("The Fight against high finance"). Publication of "Die Juden" ("The Jews")
Kampf gegen die Hochfinanz" ("The Fight against high finance")
Publication of "Kampf gegen die Hochfinanz" ("The Fight against high finance"). Publication of "Die Juden" ("The Jews")
Kampf gegen die Hochfinanz
Publication of "Kampf gegen die Hochfinanz" ("The Fight against high finance"). Publication of "Die Juden" ("The Jews")
The Fight against high finance
Publication of "Kampf gegen die Hochfinanz" ("The Fight against high finance"). Publication of "Die Juden" ("The Jews")
The Jews
Publication of "Kampf gegen die Hochfinanz" ("The Fight against high finance"). Publication of "Die Juden" ("The Jews")
Reichstag Fire
Marinus van der Lubbe, Ernst Torgler, Georgi Dimitrov, Blagoi Popov, and Vassil Tanev are indicted on charges of setting the Reichstag on fire
Trial
Marinus van der Lubbe, Ernst Torgler, Georgi Dimitrov, Blagoi Popov, and Vassil Tanev are indicted on charges of setting the Reichstag on fire
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff
Under Secretary
Appointed under-secretary at the Ministry of Economics, disappointing Feder who had hoped for a much higher position
Coup
The police discover & stop another military coup
Economy of USA
Introduces the National Industrial Recovery Bill to Congress
Legislation
Introduces the National Industrial Recovery Bill to Congress
Economy of USA
Tries to stop the National Industrial Recovery Bill by talking for 15 hrs but fails
Legislation
Tries to stop the National Industrial Recovery Bill by talking for 15hrs but fails
Purge
SA-Obersturmfuhrer, member of staff SA Gruf Ernst. executed at Lichterfelde
Purge
Anti-Nazi Catholic journalist, arrested 9 March 1933, killed at Dachau
Purge
Executed during the Blood Purge
Execution
Has Gregor Strasser executed, 1 of the founders of the Nazi Party. Former Chancellor Schleicher is gunned down by 6 assassins
Execution
The execution of Rohm gives Hitler full control of the SA
Execution
Has von Kahr executed because he had led the troops against Hitler's Beer Hall putsch
Death of Ernst Rohm
Death of Ernst Rohm, executed by the NAZIs
Execution
Rohm refuses to kill himself with a gun which is offerred to him & is executed
Purge
Shoots Ernst Rohm
Securities and Exchange Commission
Kennedy becomes the first SEC chairman and begins federal oversight of securities markets.
Bank of Canada Act
Creates the Bank of Canada during the Depression.
Death of Marie Sklodowska Curie
Death of Marie Sklodowska Curie at the Sancellemoz sanatorium.
Death of Marie Sklodowska Curie
Dies from aplastic anaemia linked to long radiation exposure.
Radiation Illness
Dies after years of exposure to radioactive materials and wartime X-rays.
Armament
Speaks up in favour of British rearmament at a speech made in Stoke-on-Trent
Assassination of Erich Klausener
Assassinated during the Night of the Long Knives
Death of Erich Klausener
Death of Erich Klausener, assassinated
Night of Long Knives
Assassinated during the Night of the Long Knives
Night of Long Knives
Hitler instructs Wilhelm Frick to draft a law making the killings legal. Defends his actions in the Reichstag which "belonged to a higher justice". Defends himself in the Reichstag as "the Supreme Justiciar of the German People". Announces Rohm, von Schleicher & Gregor Strasser plotted against the Reich
Night of Long Knives
Hitler instructs Wilhelm Frick to draft a law making the killings legal
Constitution of Brazil
Resembles Italian corporatism, has the enthusiastic support of the pro-fascist wing of the tenente & industrialists
Party Constitution
Resembles Italian corporatism, has the enthusiastic support of the pro-fascist wing of the tenente & industrialists
Queensway Tunnel
Opens the Queensway road tunnel under the Mersey.
Armament
Royal Air Force squadrons are to be increased by 41. Announces a new air Defence program
Assassination of Engelbert Dollfuss
Takes part in a Nazi led coup against the Austrian Government & assassinated Dolfuss
Coup
Takes part in a Nazi led coup against the Austrian Government & assassinated Dolfuss. Takes part in a Nazi led coup against the Austrian Government
Anschluss
Assassinated after opposing anschluss with Germany
Assassination of Engelbert Dollfuss
Assassinated by Nazis in the Austrian Chancellery during a failed coup
Coup
Assassinated by Nazis in the Austrian Chancellery during a failed coup
Death of Engelbert Dollfuss
Death of Engelbert Dollfuss
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor of Austria, succeeds Dolfuss who was assassinated by the Nazis
Coup
Takes part in a Nazi led coup against the Austrian Government
Coup
Assassinated by Nazis in the Austrian Chancellery during a failed coup
Coup
Austrian Nazis break into the Federal Chancellery & assassinate Dolfuss
Assassination of Engelbert Dollfuss
Nazis murder Dolfuss during a failed coup after he objects to anschluss with Germany
Coup
Nazis murder Dolfuss during a failed coup after he objects to anschluss with Germany
Coup
Austrian Nazis break into the Federal Chancellery & assassinate Dolfuss
Death of Marie Dressler
Death of Marie Dressler
Asgeir Asgeirsson Government
The Asgeir Asgeirsson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
First Hermann Jonasson Government
Begins the First Hermann Jonasson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Prime Minister of Iceland
Appointed Prime Minister of Iceland
Golden Boot FIFA World Cup
Scores 5 goals for Czechoslovakia to claim the FIFA World Cup scoring honour. The achievement reflects propelling Czechoslovakia towards the final in Italy.
Arrest of Adolf Hitler
More than 150 SA leaders are arrested & executed
Coup
Severely discredited by the failure, Habicht went into seclusion in the Harz mountains before being allowed to take up the post of Mayor of Wittenberg in 1937. Habicht sets up a leadership-in-exile in Munich which directed a campaign of terror against the Dollfua regime which culminates in a failed coup attempt in the murder of Dollfua in July 1934
Reichskommissar
Appointed Reichskommissar (Reich commissioner)
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan
Head of National Defence Section
Jodl takes charge of the new National Defence Section under the Reich War Ministry.
February Revolution
Kerensky participates in february revolution during his political career.
National Labor Relations Act
The Act protects collective bargaining and establishes the National Labor Relations Board.
Birth of Fourteenth Dalai Lama
Tenzin Gyatso, later recognised as the fourteenth Dalai Lama, is born.
Comintern
The seventh congress officially endorses the Popular Front against fascism. The seventh and last congress of the Comintern is held between July 25 and August 20 1935
Popular Front
The seventh congress officially endorses the Popular Front against fascism
Sanctions Failure
Britain accepts the end of sanctions against Italy.
Sanctions Lifted
League sanctions fail to reverse Italy's conquest of Ethiopia.
Alliance Austria and Germany
Austria agrees that her foreign policy would be determined as a "German State"
Amnesty
An amnesty is granted to Austrian NAZIs in prison
Foreign Secretary of Austria
Appointed Foreign Minister, Nazi supporter
Minister of Interior
Appointed Minister of the Interior, Nazi supporter
Alliance Austria and Germany
Austria agrees that her foreign policy would be determined as a "German State"
Germany confirms Austrias sovereignty & promises not to interfere in internal affairs
Germany confirms Austrias sovereignty & promises not to interfere in internal affairs
Independence of Austria
Confirms Austrias sovereignty & promises not to interfere in its internal affairs
Independence of Germany
Confirms Austrias sovereignty & promises not to interfere in its internal affairs
Assassination of Jose Castillo
Castillo is assassinated during the Madrid rebellion, member of the UMRA an antifascist organisation
Reballion of Rebels in Madrid
Castillo is assassinated during the Madrid rebellion
Assassination of Calvo Sotelo
Death of Calvo Sotelo, leader of the right-wing monarchist party, is murdered by police officers
Death of Calvo Sotelo
Death of Calvo Sotelo, leader of the right-wing monarchist party, is murdered by police officers
Reballion of Rebels in Madrid
A shootout between Police Assault Guard & fascist militias during the burials of Castillo & Sotelo
Reballion of Rebels in Madrid
A shootout between Police Assault Guard & fascist militias during the burials of Castillo & Sotelo
Sanctions
The League of Nations capitulates and calls off the sanctions against Italy
Gestapo
Siezes control of the Gestapo
Reballion of right wing
Generals Mola, Franco, Sanurjo & Goded lead a right wing revolt
Reballion of right wing
Generals Mola, Franco, Sanurjo & Goded lead a right wing revolt
Declaration of War
Pamplona, Saragossa, Oviedo, Salamanca, Avila, Segovia & Cadiz are in rebel hands. Franco declares a "state of war" for all of Spain
Reballion of The
The rebels gain control over about one third of Spain. Franco declares a "state of war" for all of Spain
Assassination of Manuel Romerales
General Manuel Romerales, Commanding officer of the East Army, is murdered by rebels
Reballion of military
A military uprising begins in Moroco, start of the civil war
Declaration of War
Pamplona, Saragossa, Oviedo, Salamanca, Avila, Segovia & Cadiz are in rebel hands. Franco declares a "state of war" for all of Spain
Reballion of military
A military uprising begins in Moroco, start of the civil war
Government
Diego Martinez Barrio tries to form a new Government, but cannot obtain broad enough support
Resignation of Santiago Casares Quiroga
Santiago Casares Quiroga resigns as chief of the Republican Government
Government
Jose Giral forms a Government, which orders that arms be issued to the general populace
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain
Reballion of Rebels in Barcelona
The Peoples Olympiad opens in Barcelona, a protest against the official 1936 Olympics in Berlin
Siege of Seville
Seville is unsuccessfully defended by local police troops & a poorly armed workers militia
Reballion of Rebels in Tetuan
Franco flies from the Canary Islands to Tetun and takes command of the army in Africa
Resignation of Santiago Casares Quiroga
Santiago Casares Quiroga resigns as chief of the Republican Government
Government
Diego Martinez Barrio tries to form a new Government, but cannot obtain broad enough support
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain
Reballion of Rebels in Barcelona
Streetfighting breaks out between police, workers militias & loyal troops & 1200 rebel soldiers
Resignation of Santiago Casares Quiroga
Santiago Casares Quiroga resigns as chief of the Republican Government
Capture of Majorca
The rebels take Majorca
Reballion of Rebels in Madrid
10,000 citizens, police & soldiers, attack the Montana Barracks held by rebel General Fanjul
Rule of Majorca
The rebels take Majorca
Siege of Alcezar de Toledo
Start of the siege of the Alcezar de Toledo
Armament
An international commission approves Turkeys request to fortify the Straits
Straits
An international commission approves Turkeys request to fortify the Straits
Treaty of Montreux
An international commission approves Turkeys request to fortify the Straits
Constitution of Venezuela
The Constitution of 1936 reduced the presidential term and introduced limited political reforms.
Death of Georg Michaelis
Death of Georg Michaelis
Reballion of ships about the
Ibecez spends the night informing ships about the uprising & the navy is saved for the Republic
Constitution of Spain
The Nationalists declare the Junta de Defensa Nacional as a new Government
Government
The Nationalists declare the Junta de Defensa Nacional as a new Government
Junta de Defensa Nacional
The Nationalists declare the Junta de Defensa Nacional as a new Government
Siege of Aragon
The Durruti Column, led by Durruti, leaves Barcelona & heads for the Aragon front
Alliance Joseph Stalin and Spanish Republic
The Comintern agree to furnish volunteers & money to support the Spanish Republic
Comintern
The Comintern agree to furnish volunteers & money to support the Spanish Republic
Alliance Russia and Spain
The Russian led Comintern agree to supply volunteers & money to the Spanish Republic
Comintern
The Russian led Comintern agree to supply volunteers & money to the Spanish Republic
Alliance Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Franco-Bahamonde and of the Nationalist side
1st arrival of German and Italian planes in aid of the Nationalist side
Invasion of Spain
German aircraft arrive in Morocco to airlift Francos Army of Africa into Spain
Invasion of Spain
Italian aircraft arrive in Morocco to cary Francos Army of Africa to Spain
Plot
Against the "terrorist activity of Trotskyite-Zinoviev counter-revolutionary bloc"
Purge
Against the "terrorist activity of Trotskyite-Zinoviev counter-revolutionary bloc"
Purge
Made against "terrorist activity of Trotskyite-Zinoviev counter-revolutionary bloc"
Trial
Secretly put on trial by Stalin for his life
Purge
Announces "terrorist activity of Trotskyite-Zinoviev counter-revolutionary bloc"
Reform of Policing
The secret police is absorbed into the ministry of the interior, NKVD
Sagrada Familia Workshop Destruction
The Sagrada Familia workshop is attacked during the Civil War, destroying plans, photographs and plaster models.
Mobilization
Airlifts a large portion of the Foreign Legion from Morocco to Spain
Diplomatic Correspondence
Writes to Hitler requesting aircraft to airlift the Army of Africa to Spain
Constitutional Referendum
Secures voter approval for Bunreacht na hEireann in a national referendum.
Alliance Francisco Franco and Spanish Bishops
The Spanish Bishops endorse Francos regime
Kuomingtang & Chinese Communists sign a pact & declare that Japan
The Kuomingtang & Chinese Communists sign a pact & declare that Japan is their common enemy
Sino-Japanese War
The Nationalist government seeks international support as the conflict with Japan expands after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident.
Incident-Marco Polo Bridge
The Marco Polo Bridge Incident near Beijing triggers the escalation into full-scale Sino-Japanese war.
Incident-Marco Polo Bridge
A skirmish takes place between Japanese & Chinese troops near Peiking
Mobilization
The Government orders troops to be mobilized in Manchuria & Korea
Saadabad Pact
Afghanistan signs the Saadabad Pact with Iran, Iraq, and Turkey.
Alliance Turkey and Iran, Iraq and Afghanistan
Turkey signs a non-aggression pact with Iran, Iraq & Afghanistan
Pact between Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Afghanistan
Turkey signs a non-aggression pact with Iran, Iraq & Afghanistan
Treaty of South West Asian
Turkey signs a non-aggression pact with Iran, Iraq & Afghanistan
Military Coup
Busch removes Toro and takes control of the military socialist government.
Lushan Statement
Delivers the Lushan statement declaring that China has reached the last point at which it can tolerate further Japanese aggression.
First Hodza Government
The First Hodza Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Second Hodza Government
Begins the Second Hodza Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Bombing of Beijing
Japanese forces intensify attacks around Beiping as full-scale hostilities spread across northern China.
Bombing of Nankai
Japanese aircraft bomb Nankai University during the fighting around Tianjin.
Coronation
Is formally crowned after reaching the constitutional age of majority.
Capture of Tientsin
Japanese forces capture Tianjin as resistance in the Beiping-Tianjin area collapses.
Factories Act
The Factories Act consolidates rules governing safety, welfare and working conditions.
Birth of Ryutaro Hashimoto
Birth of Ryutaro Hashimoto
Agreement on Keep an equal amount of troops in
France & Turkey agree to keep an equal amount of troops in Hatay
Rule of Hatay
Turkish troops enter Hatay. France & Turkey agree to keep an equal amount of troops in Hatay
Discovery of Lysithea
Discovers Lysithea, an irregular satellite of Jupiter.
Border Settlement at Moscow
Russian troops begin to clash with the Japanese on the border of Manzhouguo
Visit to London
Pays a Royal visit to Paris
Offensive
The Popular Army launches the Ebro Offensive
Offensive
The Popular Army launches the Ebro Offensive
Announces in the Commons that Runciman is going to Prague as requested
Announces in the Commons that Runciman is going to Prague as requested by Czech
Death of Thomas Tom Crean
Death of Thomas "Tom" Crean
Discovery of Carme
Discovers Carme, a retrograde irregular satellite of Jupiter.
Golden Boot FIFA World Cup
Claims the FIFA World Cup top-scorer award with 7 goals while representing Brazil. The season is distinguished by his attacking displays in Brazilโs run to third place.
Promotes the Entente in Paris
Promotes the Entente in Paris
Crisis
Turkey is granted elections which gives it virtual control
Election
Turkey is granted elections which gives it virtual control
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of the XIX Motorised Corps
Danzig Situation
Raises the increasingly dangerous Danzig crisis as German pressure shifts toward Poland.
Capture of Japan
Japan publishes pictures of captured Russian soldiers
Birmingham Airport
Birmingham's municipal airport opens at Elmdon shortly before the Second World War.
Alliance Churchill urges Britain to and Russia
Churchill urges Britain to form a military alliance with Russia
Military Alliance with Russia
Churchill urges Britain to form a military alliance with Russia
Air Defence Research Committee
Reviews the final day of the Air Defence Research Committee.
Chain Home Radar Network
Twenty radar stations can detect aircraft above ten thousand feet.
Armament
A Ministry of Supply is created, 1st advocated by Churhill in 1936
Ministry of Supply
A Ministry of Supply is created, 1st advocated by Churhill in 1936
Alliance Britain, France and Russia
Receives the British Ambassador, proposes a triple pact of Britain, France & Russia
Exile of Eduard Benes
Arrives in London to form a Government in exile
Mount Oliver
Completes his first major climb, reaching the summit of Mount Oliver in the Southern Alps
Enigma Machine
Helps coordinate the Pyry exchange in which Poland shares its Enigma breakthrough with France and Britain.
Enigma Machine
Learns at Pyry that Poland has reconstructed military Enigma and built working cryptanalytic machinery.
Enigma Machine
Receives a detailed explanation of the Polish solution to military Enigma at Pyry.
Enigma Machine
Authorises disclosure of Poland's Enigma achievements to British and French cryptanalysts at Pyry.
Enigma Machine
Demonstrates the perforated-sheet method to British and French cryptanalysts at the Pyry meeting.
Enigma Machine
Shares Polish experience of Enigma rotor analysis with the British and French delegations.
Enigma Machine
Explains Polish Enigma methods and equipment to the British and French delegations at Pyry.
Enigma Machine
Explains the mathematical reconstruction of Enigma and Polish key-recovery methods to allied cryptanalysts.
International Situation
Takes part in the Commons debate on the worsening international crisis and the need to make Britain's guarantees credible.
Czech Jewish Emigration Bureau
Extends the Vienna model into the Protectorate.
Prague Emigration Office
Creates a Central Office for Jewish Emigration in Prague.
Invasion of Great Britain
Says preparations for invasion should begin immediately. Issues a directive saying a landing in England is possible
1st Meeting With Churchill
Meets Winston Churchill for the 1st time
Battle of Mers-el-Kebir
The Royal Navy destroys most of the French Navy at Mers-el-Kebir. Engagement off the coast of French Algeria where a British Royal Navy task force attacked and destroyed much of the French fleet stationed there, in an attempt to avoid its falling into the hands of the German Navy
Battle of Oran
Churchill says the sinking of the French Navy shows how serious Britain is. Britain sinks the French fleet which refuses to surrender
Mers-el-Kebir
Orders action against French naval forces to deny them to Germany.
Mers-el-Kebir Statement
Explains the attack on the French fleet to Parliament.
Gigurtu Government
Gigurtu forms a government aligned increasingly with Nazi Germany.
Catapult
Vichy breaks off dilomatic relations with Britain in response to Operation Catapult
Espionage-Silent Column
Instructs the Ministry of Information to campaign against rumors which help the enemy
Battle of Mers-el-Kebir
The British Admiral James Somerville of Force H, based in Gibraltar, is ordered to deliver an ultimatum to the French
Battle of Mers-el-Kebir
Ark Royal sinks Dunkerqueat at Mers-el-Kebir
Birth of Ringo Starr
Birth of Ringo Starr, Richard Starkey
Birth of Ringo Starr
Birth of Richard Starkey, later known as Ringo Starr.
Ambassador
Appointed Ambassador of France with the collaborationist regime at Vichy
Ambassador
Appointed Ambassador of France with the collaborationist regime at Vichy
Battle of Britain
British convoys in the Channel from Dover to Plymouth are harried. 1st phase to 18th Aug. 1st day of the Battle of Britain
Battle of Britain
Directs Luftflotte 2 operations against southern Britain.
Battle of Britain
Supports attacks on Channel shipping during the opening phase.
Battle of Britain
Commands Luftflotte 3 during attacks on Britain.
Battle of Britain
Coordinates bomber and fighter operations from bases in occupied France.
Battle of Britain
Opening day of the Battle of Britain
Battle of Britain
Says, "there is a time to live & a time to die"
Battle of Britain
Commands Fighter Command as the official Battle of Britain period begins.
Battle of Britain
Directs Britain's integrated fighter defence through the Dowding System.
Battle of Britain
Oversees Britain's air defence as the Luftwaffe begins sustained attacks.
Battle of Britain
Controls the fighter defence of London and south-east England.
Battle of Britain
Directs No. 11 Group during the opening Channel battles.
Head of State
Formally proclaimed head of State in France
Head of State
Appointed Head of State in France
Invasion of Great Britain
Raeder advises British invasion as a last resort to force Britain to sue for peace
Operation Sea Lion
Military chiefs meet to discuss the invasion of Britain but Raeder advises against
General
Appointed Generaloberst
General
Appointed Generaloberst
Home Guard
Encourages mobilisation of local defence volunteers against invasion.
Transfer to Intelligence Corps
Transfers to the Intelligence Corps and begins wartime service focused on military intelligence and analysis.
Ambassador
Commando raid on the Channel island of Guernsey, failes to achieve its objective
Invasion of Russia
Drives Soviet Divisions back to the Dnieper
Operation Barbarossa
Drives Soviet Divisions back to the Dnieper
Battle of Britain
Hopes that news of the preparations would frighten Britain into peace negotiations, issues "Directive No. 16; On the Preparation of a Landing Operation against England"
Battle of Britain
Issues Directive No. 16 ordering preparations for Operation Sea Lion.
Battle of Britain
Makes air superiority over Britain a prerequisite for the planned invasion.
Directive No. 16
Issues "Directive No. 16; On the Preparation of a Landing Operation against England"
Invasion of Great Britain
Hopes news of the preparations of invasion will frighten Britain into peace negotiations
Invasion of Great Britain
Issues "Directive No. 16; On the Preparation of a Landing Operation against England"
Invasion of Great Britain
Issues instructions to prepare for an invasion of Britain
Operation Sea Lion
Says invasion should commence by mid August but the services revise this to 15th Sept
SOE
Churchill invites Hugh Dalton to establish the Special Operations Executive
SOE
Churchill invites Hugh Dalton to establish the Special Operations Executive
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal
Field Marshal
Appointed General Field Marshal
Promotion
Witzleben is promoted to Field Marshal after the victory over France
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal, Hitler creates 12 general Field Marshals
Fuhrer Chancellor
Hitler creates 12 general Field Marshals
Peace
Hitler makes his last plea in a speech in the Reichstsag for Britain to make peace
Promotion to General der Artillerie
Jodl is promoted from Generalmajor directly to General der Artillerie.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander of the Home Forces
Agreement on Provide Britain with 50 ex-US Navy destroyers
The US agrees to provide Britain with 50 ex-US Navy destroyers in return for access to British naval bases in the western hemisphere
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander of the Home Forces after the evacuation at Dunkirk
Invasion of Great Britain
Begins preparations for an anticipated German invasion of Britain
Alliance United States and partner not stated in source
Provides for a shipbuilding program for entry into the 2nd World War
Armament
Provides for a shipbuilding program for entry into the 2nd World War
Government-in-Exile
Leads the Czechoslovak government-in-exile in London.
Operation Sea Lion
Sets the latest date for "Sea Lion" as 15th September 1941
SOE
Forms the Special Operations Executive, supports resistance in German occupied Europe
Special Operations Executive
Approves creation of a body to support resistance in occupied Europe.
Government-in-Exile
Leads the Czech Government in exile, first in Paris then in London
President of Czechoslovakia
Appointed President of Czechoslovakia. Appointed President of Czech
Home Guard
The Local Defence Volunteers are renamed the Home Guard, risen to 1,250,000
Home Guard
Renames the Local Defence Volunteers as the Home Guard
Operation Sea Lion
Plans to land 90,000 men in the 1st 6 days of the invasion of Britain
Mobilisation of Resources
Addresses the Commons on mobilisation of national resources for the war effort.
Barbarossa Preliminary Planning Ordered
Jodl instructs Warlimont to begin planning for a possible attack on the Soviet Union.
Operation Sea Lion
Sets 20-26 September as the earliest date on which the Navy can be ready
Alliance Adolf Hitler and Spain and the capture of Gibraltar
Begins planning an alliance with Spain & the capture of Gibraltar
Alliance Agreement with Spain & the capture of Gibraltar
Begins planning an alliance with Spain & the capture of Gibraltar
Battle of Britain
Hitler holds a meeting of his army and navy chiefs in his Berghof
Invasion of Russia
Originally intended to last 5 months. Announces Russian invasion plans to his military commanders
Operation Barbarossa
Originally intended to last 5 months. Announces Russian invasion plans to his military commanders
Vichy Government
Part of the new Vichy Government
Vice Prime Minister
Appointed Vice Prime Minister of France after the collapse of France
Battle of Mers-el-Kebir
Engagement off the coast of French Algeria where a British Royal Navy task force attacked and destroyed much of the French fleet stationed there.
Battle of Mers-el-Kebir
The French squadron consists of the old battleships Provence and Bretagne, the modern battleships (or battlecruisers) Dunkerque and Strasburg, the seaplane tender Commandant Teste and six destroyers under the command of Admiral Marcel-Bruno Gensou.
Battle of Mers-el-Kebir
in an attempt to avoid its falling into the hands of the German Navy.
Vice Prime Minister
Appointed Vice Prime Minister of France after the collapse of France
Invasion of Russia
Involved in planning the invasion of Russia
Operation Barbarossa
Involved in planning the invasion of Russia
General
Appointed General Field Marshal
Commander of 5th Corps
Appointed Commander of 5th Corps, a promotion
Battle of Mers-el-Kebir
Winston Churchill ordered that the French Navy (Marine Nationale) should either join forces with the British Royal Navy or be neutralised in some way, to prevent the ships from falling into German or Italian hands
Neutrality
Winston Churchill ordered that the French Navy (Marine Nationale) should either join forces with the British Royal Navy or be neutralised in some way, to prevent the ships from falling into German or Italian hands
Commander of 5th Corps
Appointed Commander of 5th Corps, a promotion
Constitution
Promulgates a constitution that strengthens executive authority.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief
Broadcast
Warns Russia of the danger of the German invasion. Addresses the Russian people as "brothers & sister"
Invasion of Russia
Warns Russia of the danger of the German invasion during a broadcast
Debut
Maria Callas makes her debut as Tosca
United States Assumes Defence of Iceland
Iceland accepts an arrangement under which United States forces replace British troops in defending the island while Iceland formally remains neutral.
Execution
Sixth Army HQ instructs shoot Russians with a cropped head & wearing plain clothes
Invasion of Russia
After the pincer battles of Bialystok & Minsk are concluded: 324,000 prisoners, 3,332 tanks & 1,809 guns are captured
Battle of Smolensk
1st day of the Battle of Smolensk
Battle of Britain
Grand Admiral Erich Raeder, Commander in Chief of the Kriegsmarine (German Navy), told Hitler that an invasion could only be contemplated as a last resort, and only after full air superiority had been achieved
President of Panama
Panama joins the Allied war effort after the attack on Pearl Harbor
Invasion of Russia
The Stalin Line was broken through on all important points
Stalin Line
The Stalin Line was broken through on all important points
MAUD Committee
Supports the MAUD conclusion on uranium weapon feasibility while based at Liverpool.
MAUD Committee
MAUD report concludes a uranium bomb is feasible.
Convention
The Vichy French forces in Syria surrender to the Allied forces
Vichy Government
The Vichy French forces in Syria surrender to the Allied forces
Reform of War Policy
Reduces armies to 5 or 6 divisions so they are more mobile & less of an aerial target
Manhattan Project
The MAUD Committee issues final detailed technical report on design and costs to develop a bomb, advance copy sent to Vannevar Bush who decides to wait for official version before taking any action
Arrest of Yakov Stalin
Stalins son is captured. In line with Russian policy soldiers captured by Germans are treated as traitors
North Africa
States he will not be able to attack Rommel until mid November
Appointment to Interior and Education
Samir al-Rifai entered Tawfiq Abu al-Hudaโs fourth government as minister responsible for interior affairs and education. The appointment gave him responsibility for two central functions of the Transjordanian administration.
Invasion of Yugoslavia
Germany occupies Yugoslavia and Greece
Rule of Yugoslavia
Germany occupies Yugoslavia and Greece
Recognition of the Czech Government in exile
The Czech Government in exile is recognized by Great Britain
Eastern Campaign Situation Briefings
Jodl participates in frequent operational briefings as the German advance continues deep into the Soviet Union.
Capture of Demyansk
Manstein captures Demyansk
Capture of Torzhok
Manstein captures Torzhok
Capture of Minsk
Bocks AG centre troops capture Minsk
Death of Walter von Reichenau
Orders the execution of 3,000 Jews in Russia as a reprisal measure
Execution
Orders the execution of 3,000 Jews in Russia as a reprisal measure
Siege of Moscow
Brauchitschs advice to attack Moscow directly is rejected by Hitler
Assigned leader of the Russia Committee, a Foreign Office post with no
Assigned leader of the Russia Committee, a Foreign Office post with no political influence that neutralized him
Neutrality
Assigned leader of the Russia Committee, a Foreign Office post with no political influence that neutralized him
Embargo
The US imposes a total embargo on Japan for its invasion of Indochina. Britain freezes Japans assets for its invasion of Indochina
Invasion of Indochina
Japan invades southern Indochina
Invasion of Russia
By mid July Russia has lost 3,500 tanks, 6,000 aircraft & 2 million men
Battle of Alamein, 1st
Rules Egypt while the First Battle of El Alamein halts the Axis advance west of Alexandria.
Battle of Alamein, 1st
Attacks at El Alamein after reaching Egypt, but is stopped before he can advance toward the Suez Canal.
Battle of Alamein, 1st
Auchinleck halts Rommel's advance at the First Battle of El Alamein, gaining time for the defence of Egypt.
Poll-War
Opinion polls show half the population is dissatisfied with the conduct of the war
Vote of Confidence
Opinion polls show half the population is dissatisfied with the conduct of the war. Churchill wins a resounding victory of 476 votes to 25 on the conduct of the War
Battle of Alamein, 1st
Holds the Axis advance at El Alamein, preventing Rommel from breaking through toward Alexandria and the Suez Canal.
Battle of Alamein, 1st
The Axis advance into Egypt is stopped at El Alamein before it can reach Alexandria or Suez.
Promotion to Marshal of Italy
Cavallero is promoted to Marshal of Italy while serving as Chief of the Supreme General Staff.
Battle of Sevastopol
Manstein captures Sevastopol
Invasion of Crimea
Manstein captures Sevastopol
Siege of Sevastopol
Manstein captures Sevastopol
Capture of Sevastopol
Meets von Bock after the capture of Sevastopol & the success at Kharkohov
First Battle of El Alamein
Ariete reaches El Alamein with depleted strength and attacks British positions under Arena's acting command.
Battle of Alamein, 1st
Auchinleck breaks up attacks by exhausted German armour on Ruweisat Ridge during the First Battle of El Alamein.
Siege of Voronezh
Reaches Voronezh
Fourth Panzer Army
Forward elements of 4th Panzer Army had reached the Don River near Voronezh and became embroiled in the battle to capture the city
Invasion of Russia
Forward elements of 4th Panzer Army had reached the Don River near Voronezh and became embroiled in the battle to capture the city
Operation Case Blue
Forward elements of 4th Panzer Army had reached the Don River near Voronezh and became embroiled in the battle to capture the city
Siege of Voronezh
Forward elements of 4th Panzer Army had reached the Don River near Voronezh and became embroiled in the battle to capture the city
Siege of Voronezh
Hoth reaches Voronezh, Vatutin is ordered to create a new Voronezh Front. Creates a new front & forces Bock to divert both Paulus & Hoth to deal with it
Ariete Withdrawn
After heavy fighting at El Alamein, the weakened Ariete Division is temporarily withdrawn from the front.
Promotion to Lieutenant General
Promoted to temporary Lieutenant General while commanding American forces in the European theatre.
Siege of Dieppe
The raid on Dieppe is postponed because of bad weather
Siege of Dieppe
Troops cannot embark for the raid on Dieppe because of bad weather, it is postponed
Command of Littorio
Becuzzi assumes temporary command of the Littorio Armoured Division during the summer fighting in Egypt.
Army Group South
As part of the second phase of the operation, on 9 July, Army Group South was split into Army Group A and B with Wilhelm List appointed as commander of Army Group A in place of von Bock
Invasion of Russia
As part of the second phase of the operation, on 9 July, Army Group South was split into Army Group A and B with Wilhelm List appointed as commander of Army Group A in place of von Bock
Operation Case Blue
As part of the second phase of the operation, on 9 July, Army Group South was split into Army Group A and B with Wilhelm List appointed as commander of Army Group A in place of von Bock
Formation of ARMIR
The Italian 8th Army, known as ARMIR, is activated under Gariboldi for expanded operations on the Eastern Front.
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey
Citadel
Defends the Second Army at the River Orel against Russian counter-attack
Second Army
Defends the Second Army at the River Orel against Russian counter-attack
Citadel
In 2 days destroys 100 Russian tanks & holds an important sector near the Ssush River
Peoples Court
The Court handed down an enormous number of death sentences under Judge-President Roland Freisler
Army Group South
Hitler and von Bock, commander of Army Group South, argued over the next steps in the operation. The heated debate, and continuing Soviet counterattacks, which tied down 4th Panzer Army until 13 July, caused Hitler to lose his temper and dismiss von Bock
Fourth Panzer Army
Hitler and von Bock, commander of Army Group South, argued over the next steps in the operation. The heated debate, and continuing Soviet counterattacks, which tied down 4th Panzer Army until 13 July, caused Hitler to lose his temper and dismiss von Bock
Invasion of Russia
Hitler and von Bock, commander of Army Group South, argued over the next steps in the operation. The heated debate, and continuing Soviet counterattacks, which tied down 4th Panzer Army until 13 July, caused Hitler to lose his temper and dismiss von Bock
Operation Case Blue
Hitler and von Bock, commander of Army Group South, argued over the next steps in the operation. The heated debate, and continuing Soviet counterattacks, which tied down 4th Panzer Army until 13 July, caused Hitler to lose his temper and dismiss von Bock
Fighting France
Announces on Bastille Day that his movement will be known as "Fighting France"
Return to El Alamein Line
Ariete returns to the El Alamein front after receiving limited replacement tanks and equipment.
Transfer to Russia
Ricagno begins the transfer of the Julia Alpine Division from Italy to the Eastern Front.
Advance to Stalino
Nebbia's Ravenna Division reaches the Stalino area while moving toward the Don with the expanded Italian 8th Army.
Chile Films
Creates Chile Films by decree to develop a national film industry.
Invasion of Russia
Hitler moves his HQ to Vinnitsa in the Ukraine
Wounded in Action
Lombardi is seriously wounded while commanding the Brescia Division during the First Battle of El Alamein.
Commander of Sixty Second Army
Appointed Commander of the Sixty Second Army
Siege of River Don
Give the task of defending the River Don
Commander of Sixty Second Army
Appointed Commander of the Sixty Second Army to hold the Germans west of the River Don
Transfer Orders for Russia
Battisti's Cuneense Division receives orders for movement to the Eastern Front as part of the Alpine Corps.
Citadel
The Soviet High Command, Stavka, try to break Rendulics defenses with 400 tanks. The Russians are driven back, 300 Russian tanks destroyed
STAVKA
The Soviet High Command, Stavka, try to break Rendulics defenses with 400 tanks
Transfer to Russia
Reverberi departs Italy with the Tridentina Alpine Division for service with the Italian army on the Eastern Front.
Citadel
The Russians launch a 3rd attack against Rendulic but are drive back
Citadel
The Russian fail to take Orel
Operation Gymnast
The British propose "Operation Gymnast," the invasion of French North Africa
Operation Sledgehammer
The Americans wish to launch Operation Sledgehammer in France directly against Germany. Sledgehammer is dropped in favour of Operation Torch, preferred by the British. General Marshall, Admiral King & Harry Hopkins discuss "Sledgehammer" at Chequers. Churchill refuses to co-operate & inisists on an invasion of North Africa instead
Battle of Stalingrad
Orders the Stalingrad Defence Committee to prepare the city for war immediately
Stalingrad Defence Committee
Orders the Stalingrad Defence Committee to prepare the city for war immediately
Battle of Stalingrad
Bock has been dismissed & Paulus placed in charge of capturing Stalingrad
Invasion of Russia
The Germans began to suffer logistics difficulties, which slowed down the tempo of the advance. The German 6th Army was continually delayed by fuel shortages. Eight days later, on 20 July, shortages of fuel were still undermining operations, leaving many units unable to execute their orders
Operation Adler
Anti-partisan operation centreed on the Chechivichi region of Belarus begun
Operation Case Blue
The Germans began to suffer logistics difficulties, which slowed down the tempo of the advance. The German 6th Army was continually delayed by fuel shortages. Eight days later, on 20 July, shortages of fuel were still undermining operations, leaving many units unable to execute their orders
Siege of Don
Hoth is ordered to move to the Don, the target is the oil wells rather than Stalingrad
Sixth Army
The Germans began to suffer logistics difficulties, which slowed down the tempo of the advance. The German 6th Army was continually delayed by fuel shortages. Eight days later, on 20 July, shortages of fuel were still undermining operations, leaving many units unable to execute their orders
Landing at Buna
Horii's South Seas Detachment lands near Buna to begin the Japanese overland advance toward Port Moresby.
Dismissal
Stalin dismisses Timoshenko
Dismissal
Stalin dismisses Timoshenko
Capture of Rostov
With air support from the Ju 87s of Sturzkampfgeschwader 77, Lists Army Group A recaptured Rostov, the "gate to the Caucasus"
Invasion of Caucasus
Extends Operation Blue for the 6th Army to occupy Stalingrad & invade the Caucasus
Invasion of Russia
With air support from the Ju 87s of Sturzkampfgeschwader 77, Lists Army Group A recaptured Rostov, the "gate to the Caucasus"
Operation Case Blue
With air support from the Ju 87s of Sturzkampfgeschwader 77, Lists Army Group A recaptured Rostov, the "gate to the Caucasus"
Siege of Stalingrad
Extends Operation Blue for the 6th Army to occupy Stalingrad & invade the Caucasus
Sixth Army
Extends Operation Blue for the 6th Army to occupy Stalingrad & invade the Caucasus
Agreement on the postponement of a 2nd front until
Stalin informs Churchill he cannot agree to the postponement of a 2nd front until 1943
Agreement on the postponement of a 2nd front until
Stalin informs Churchill he cannot agree to the postponement of a 2nd front until 1943
Capture of Rostov
The Germans capture Rostov
Capture of Novocherkasak
Captures Novocherkasak
Capture of Rostov
The Germans capture Rostov
Advance to Voroshilovgrad
Ravenna under Nebbia reaches Voroshilovgrad and continues toward the Don front.
Siege of River Don
The Germans attack the 64th Army on the River Don
Siege of River Don
The Germans attack the 64th Army on the River Don
Command of Ariete
Infante assumes command of Ariete during the defensive phase around El Alamein.
Siege of River Don
The 33rd Guards lose 1,000 men & are forced to retreat
Battle of Alamein, 1st
The First Battle of El Alamein ends with the Axis advance checked and the Allied line intact.
Departure for Russia
Battisti leaves Cuneo with the divisional command as the Cuneense moves east by rail in a large series of troop trains.
Irradiated Uranium Shipment
The first shipment of irradiated uranium, about 300 pounds, arrives at the Metallurgical Laboratory for plutonium research.
Constitution of Germany
The style of the Head of State was changed to Fuhrer des Groadeutschen Reiches (Leader of the Greater German Reich)
Command of Trieste
La Ferla takes command of the Trieste Motorised Division in Egypt.
Report on Slovenia
Roatta briefs Mussolini and senior commanders on the security and insurgency situation in Slovenia and neighbouring occupied areas.
Gorizia Military Conference
Mussolini convenes senior Italian commanders at Gorizia to review the military situation in occupied Yugoslav territory.
Gorizia Military Conference
Cavallero attends Mussolini's Gorizia conference with commanders responsible for operations in Slovenia and adjacent occupied territory.
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal
North Africa Strategic Situation Reviewed
Jodl advises Hitler on the strategic consequences of the changing Axis position in North Africa.
Battle of Stalingrad
Reaches Kotelnikovo 125 miles south west of Stalingrad
Battle of Kursk
Commands the 4th Panzer Army at the Battle of Kursk
Battle of Stalingrad
Helps capture Kalach near Stalingrad
Battle of Stalingrad
Placed in full charge of capturing Stalingrad after the dismissal of Bock
Dismissal
Bock is dismissed by the OKW
Operation Blue
Opposes Hitler's plans to split Operation Blue into 2 parts
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal
Army Group South
The splitting of Army Group South enabled the launching of Operation Edelweiss and Operation Fischreiher, the two main thrusts of the Army Groups. Both groups had to achieve their objectives simultaneously.
Army Group South
The success of the initial advance was such that Hitler ordered the 4th Panzer Army south to assist the First Panzer Army to cross the lower Don river.
Army Group South
This assistance was not needed and Kleist later complained that 4th Panzer Army clogged the roads and that if they had carried on toward Stalingrad, they could have taken it in July.
Army Group South
When it turned north again two weeks later, the Soviets had gathered enough forces together at Stalingrad to check its advance
Battle of Stalingrad
The splitting of Army Group South enabled the launching of Operation Edelweiss and Operation Fischreiher, the two main thrusts of the Army Groups. Both groups had to achieve their objectives simultaneously.
Battle of Stalingrad
The success of the initial advance was such that Hitler ordered the 4th Panzer Army south to assist the First Panzer Army to cross the lower Don river.
Battle of Stalingrad
This assistance was not needed and Kleist later complained that 4th Panzer Army clogged the roads and that if they had carried on toward Stalingrad, they could have taken it in July.
Battle of Stalingrad
When it turned north again two weeks later, the Soviets had gathered enough forces together at Stalingrad to check its advance
Capture of Sebastopol
German forces capture Sebestopol
Dismissal
Dismisses Bock because of his dissaproval of the reorganisation of Army Group Centre
First Panzer Army
The splitting of Army Group South enabled the launching of Operation Edelweiss and Operation Fischreiher, the two main thrusts of the Army Groups. Both groups had to achieve their objectives simultaneously.
First Panzer Army
The success of the initial advance was such that Hitler ordered the 4th Panzer Army south to assist the First Panzer Army to cross the lower Don river.
First Panzer Army
This assistance was not needed and Kleist later complained that 4th Panzer Army clogged the roads and that if they had carried on toward Stalingrad, they could have taken it in July.
First Panzer Army
When it turned north again two weeks later, the Soviets had gathered enough forces together at Stalingrad to check its advance
Fourth Panzer Army
The splitting of Army Group South enabled the launching of Operation Edelweiss and Operation Fischreiher, the two main thrusts of the Army Groups. Both groups had to achieve their objectives simultaneously.
Fourth Panzer Army
The success of the initial advance was such that Hitler ordered the 4th Panzer Army south to assist the First Panzer Army to cross the lower Don river.
Fourth Panzer Army
This assistance was not needed and Kleist later complained that 4th Panzer Army clogged the roads and that if they had carried on toward Stalingrad, they could have taken it in July.
Fourth Panzer Army
When it turned north again two weeks later, the Soviets had gathered enough forces together at Stalingrad to check its advance
Invasion of France
Plans are completed for the German occupation of France
Mobilization
Splits Army Group South into 2, Army Group A to go into the Caucasus & Army Group B
Operation Blue
Diverts some of the forces from Operation Blue so that the Caucasus can be captured
Operation Edelweis
The splitting of Army Group South enabled the launching of Operation Edelweiss and Operation Fischreiher, the two main thrusts of the Army Groups. Both groups had to achieve their objectives simultaneously.
Operation Edelweis
The success of the initial advance was such that Hitler ordered the 4th Panzer Army south to assist the First Panzer Army to cross the lower Don river.
Operation Edelweis
This assistance was not needed and Kleist later complained that 4th Panzer Army clogged the roads and that if they had carried on toward Stalingrad, they could have taken it in July.
Operation Edelweis
When it turned north again two weeks later, the Soviets had gathered enough forces together at Stalingrad to check its advance
Operation Fischreiher
The splitting of Army Group South enabled the launching of Operation Edelweiss and Operation Fischreiher, the two main thrusts of the Army Groups. Both groups had to achieve their objectives simultaneously.
Operation Fischreiher
The success of the initial advance was such that Hitler ordered the 4th Panzer Army south to assist the First Panzer Army to cross the lower Don river.
Operation Fischreiher
This assistance was not needed and Kleist later complained that 4th Panzer Army clogged the roads and that if they had carried on toward Stalingrad, they could have taken it in July.
Operation Fischreiher
When it turned north again two weeks later, the Soviets had gathered enough forces together at Stalingrad to check its advance
Rule of France
Plans are completed for the German occupation of France
Siege of Sevastopol
German forces capture the Russian garrison at Sebastopol
Siege of Stalingrad
The splitting of Army Group South enabled the launching of Operation Edelweiss and Operation Fischreiher, the two main thrusts of the Army Groups. Both groups had to achieve their objectives simultaneously.
Siege of Stalingrad
The success of the initial advance was such that Hitler ordered the 4th Panzer Army south to assist the First Panzer Army to cross the lower Don river.
Siege of Stalingrad
This assistance was not needed and Kleist later complained that 4th Panzer Army clogged the roads and that if they had carried on toward Stalingrad, they could have taken it in July.
Siege of Stalingrad
When it turned north again two weeks later, the Soviets had gathered enough forces together at Stalingrad to check its advance
Field Marshal
Appointed Commander of the Eighth Army after the fall of Tobruk
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant
Field Marshal
Appointed Commander of the Eighth Army after the fall of Tobruk
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant
Manhattan Project
Robert Oppenheimer convenes a summer conference at the University of California, Berkeley to discuss the design of a fission bomb, Edward Teller brings up the possibility of a hydrogen bomb as a major point of discussion
Manhattan Project
Robert Oppenheimer convenes a summer conference at the University of California, Berkeley to discuss the design of a fission bomb, Edward Teller brings up the possibility of a hydrogen bomb as a major point of discussion
Arrival on Eastern Front
Nasci brings the reconstituted Alpine Corps to the Eastern Front, where its divisions assemble in the Izyum region.
Battle of Stalingrad
Moved up to the north-west Front
Manhattan Project
Robert Oppenheimer convenes a summer conference at the University of California, Berkeley to discuss the design of a fission bomb, Edward Teller brings up the possibility of a hydrogen bomb as a major point of discussion
Manhattan Project
Robert Oppenheimer convenes a summer conference at the University of California, Berkeley to discuss the design of a fission bomb, Edward Teller brings up the possibility of a hydrogen bomb as a major point of discussion
Invasion of Italy
Arrives in Malta to find the Eighth Army preparing for the invasion of Sicily
Invasion of Sicily
Arrives in Malta to find the Eighth Army preparing for the invasion of Sicily
Bombing of Sicily
The Allies begin bombing the airfields of Siciliy as a prelude to invasion
Invasion of Italy
The Allies begin bombing the airfields of Siciliy as a prelude to invasion
Invasion of Sicily
The Allies begin bombing the airfields of Siciliy as a prelude to invasion
Death of Wladyslaw Sikorski
Dies in a plane crash at Gibraltar
First Implosion Explosion
Neddermeyer conducts the first explosive experiment in the Los Alamos implosion research programme.
Operation Citadel Southern Offensive
Manstein commanded the southern German army group participating in Operation Citadel, the offensive against the Kursk salient. His forces made advances but failed to secure the strategic breakthrough sought by the German leadership.
Battle of Kursk
Leads the northern arm of the siege of Kursk
Citadel
An offensive is launched to break through Kursk
Citadel
Opening day, carried out by Models 9th Amry & the 4th Panzer of Army Group South. Delayed from the original date in May so Hitler can develop some "super-weapons". 1st day of the Battle of Kursk to repeat the German Summer advavances of 1941 & 1942
Invasion of Sicily
The Allies launch their invasion of Sicily
Capture of Pachino
Pachino Airfield is captured in preparation for the invasion of Sicily
Capture of Ponte Grande
Planes from Tunisia capture Ponte Grande in preparation for the invasion of Sicily
Invasion of Sicily
Pachino Airfield is captured in preparation for the invasion of Sicily
Invasion of Sicily
Planes fly from Tunisia & capture Ponte Grande for the invasion of Sicily
Invasion of Sicily
The Allied invasion of Sicily begins
Commander Appointed
Appointed commander of the National Liberation Army
NLA Formed
National Liberation Army develops as the main partisan military force
National Liberation Army
General Staff of the National Liberation Army is formed
Sicily Invasion Response Coordinated
Jodl participates in high-level responses as Allied forces invade Sicily.
Invasion of Sicily
Commander of German forces in Sicily during the Allied invasion
Invasion of Sicily
Commands the naval operations during the 1st day of the Allied landings on Siciliy
Invasion of Italy
Allied forces land on the Italian mainland at Salerno, almost 400 landing craft and supply ships involved in landings
Invasion of Sicily
Allies land on Sicily (Operation Husky): almost 3,000 landing craft, and supply ships involved in landings
Operation Husky
Allies land on Sicily (Operation Husky): almost 3,000 landing craft, and supply ships involved in landings
Capture of Syracuse
Syracuse is captured by the Eighth Army during the Allied invasion of Siciliy
Invasion of Sicily
Lands ashore at the head of the Eighth Army
Sicily Landings Commanded
Commands Eighth Army as its formations land in south-eastern Sicily during Operation Husky.
Allied Invasion of Sicily
Commands the Italian Sixth Army as Allied forces land in Sicily during Operation Husky.
Allied Invasion of Sicily
Faces the Allied invasion of Sicily, a military crisis that accelerates opposition to his regime.
Sicily Defence
Directs Italian Sixth Army defensive operations as Allied landings open the Sicily campaign.
First Los Alamos Nuclear Physics Experiment
Los Alamos begins its first nuclear-physics experiment, measuring plutonium-239 fission-neutron yield and marking the laboratory's transition into active experimental work.
Invasion of Sicily
Lands ashore at the head of the 7th Army
Invasion of Sicily
Commands the 5th Army during the Allied invasion of Sicily
Invasion of Italy
Allied forces land on the Italian mainland at Salerno, almost 400 landing craft and supply ships involved in landings
Operation Husky
Allies land on Sicily (Operation Husky): almost 3,000 landing craft, and supply ships involved in landings
Invasion of Sicily
Transfers Tactical HQ from Malta to the front at Sicily
Battle of Kursk
Final day of the abortive siege of Kursk as the Russians launch a counter-offensive
Citadel
Hitler cancels Operation Citadel
Concentration Camps
Placed in charge of the concentration camps
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland, in exile
Atlantic Wall
Issues instructions to give priority to defending rocket launching areas
Citadel
The Russians begin an assault & force the Ninth Army on the defensive
Ninth Army
The Russians begin an assault & force the Ninth Army on the defensive
Battle of Kursk
The Germans fail to hold Kursk
Allied Conference
Proposes an Allied Conference. Convinced Italy must be invaded & Rome captured. Concerned the US will turn its attention toward the Pacific at the expense of Europe
Conference of Allies
Proposes an Allied Conference
Bombing of Rome
Receives news of the major Allied bombing of Rome while meeting Adolf Hitler near Feltre.
Feltre Meeting
Meets Adolf Hitler at Feltre as Italy's military position deteriorates and pressure for withdrawal from the war grows.
Citadel
Forbidden by Hitler to make any withdrawals
Palermo Campaign
Faces the loss of Palermo as Allied forces rapidly expand their control of western Sicily.
Capture of Palermo
Caputres the Sicillian capital of Palermo
Window Countermeasure
Bomber Command uses Window during attacks on Hamburg.
Window Countermeasure
Supports use of chaff to confuse German radar.
Grand Fascist Council
Faces the first meeting of the Fascist Grand Council since 1939 as senior Fascists challenge his leadership.
Grand Council Convened
Presses for a Fascist Grand Council meeting as Italy's military and political crisis deepens.
Grand Council Motion
Presents the order of the day that challenges Mussolini's leadership at the Fascist Grand Council.
Order of the Day
Introduces a motion calling for restoration of the King's constitutional military authority.
Prime Minister of Italy
King Victor Emmanuel III appoints Marshal Pietro Badoglio Prime Minister after dismissing Benito Mussolini.
Dismissal of Mussolini
Dismisses Benito Mussolini as head of government after the Fascist Grand Council crisis and orders his arrest.
Grand Council Defeat
Fails to prevent approval of the Grandi motion after a long overnight Grand Council debate.
Removal from Power
Loses power after the Grand Council vote and the King's decision to dismiss and arrest him.
Grand Council Vote Passes
Sees his motion approved by a majority of the Fascist Grand Council, fatally undermining Mussolini.
Grand Council Vote
Votes for Dino Grandi's motion against Mussolini at the Fascist Grand Council.
Grand Council Vote
Votes for the motion challenging Mussolini during the final Grand Council session.
Grand Council Vote
Opposes Dino Grandi's motion and remains committed to the alliance with Germany.
Final Grand Council Session
Participates in the final Fascist Grand Council meeting while serving as party secretary.
Grand Council Vote
Votes for Dino Grandi's motion against Mussolini during the decisive Fascist Grand Council session.
Grand Council Vote
Supports the Grandi motion that restores the King's constitutional authority.
Arrest of Mussolini
Is arrested after leaving his audience with King Victor Emmanuel III following dismissal from office.
Italian Military Crisis
Remains at the centre of military planning as Mussolini falls and Badoglio assumes power.
Birth of Michael Philip Jagger
Birth of Michael Philip Jagger
Birth of Mick Jagger
Birth of Mick Jagger, later lead singer of the Rolling Stones.
Foreign Minister
Joins Badoglio's government as Foreign Minister after the fall of Mussolini.
Aftermath of Mussolini's Fall
Withdraws from public view after the King's removal of Mussolini changes the political situation.
Fascist Party Dissolved
Oversees the dissolution of the National Fascist Party after the fall of Mussolini.
New Cabinet
Completes formation of a non-party cabinet of soldiers, officials and technocrats after Mussolini's dismissal.
National Fascist Party Dissolved
Loses his party office when the Badoglio government dissolves the National Fascist Party.
Evacuation of Kiska
Kimura evacuates the Japanese garrison from Kiska under fog, removing thousands of troops without Allied interception.
Oak
One of four operations orderred by Hitler to meet the Allied invasion of Italy. Calls for the rescue of Mussolini from captivity
Commander of 21st Panzer Division
Appointed Commander of the 21st Panzer Division
Meeting with At Feltre in northern Italy
Hitler persuades Mussolini to place the Italians under German command. Hitler persuades Mussolini not to make a separate peace. Hitler & Mussolini meet at Feltre in northern Italy
Radar Countermeasures
German night defences are disrupted by Allied chaff.
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant, 1st, on board the Wallace
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant, 1st, on board the Wallace
Sicily Axis of Advance Redirected
Redirects Eighth Army's main effort toward the east coast and Messina after heavy resistance inland.
Air Minister
Joins Badoglio's government as Minister of the Air Force.
Corporations Minister
Joins Badoglio's government with responsibility for corporate and economic administration.
Education Minister
Joins Badoglio's government as Minister of National Education.
Finance Minister
Joins Badoglio's government as Minister of Finance.
Justice Minister
Joins Badoglio's government as Minister of Justice.
War Minister
Joins Badoglio's first government as Minister of War.
War Production Minister
Retains responsibility for war production in Badoglio's first post-Fascist government.
Navy Minister
Joins Badoglio's government as Minister of the Navy.
Detention on Ponza
Is held under guard on the island of Ponza after his arrest.
Battle of Kursk
Secures a military victory over the Germans at Orel
Operation Overlord
Morgan & COSSAC advise landong in Normandy within the Bay of the Seine close to Caen
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, West, replaces von Rundstedt
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, West
Dismissal
Dismissed after asking the OKW for a free hand in Normandy, a challenge to Hitler
Dismissal
Dismissed after asking the OKW for a free hand in Normandy, a challenge to Hitler
Bretton Woods Conference
Morgenthau chairs negotiations creating the IMF and International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
Capture of La-Haye
Captures La-Haye-du-Puits
Dismissal
Dismissed by Hitler for suggesting the High Command make peace
Operation Overlord
Rundstedt is dismissed by Hitler for suggesting that the High Command make peace
Operation Dragoon
Churchill asks Eisenhower to cancel Dragoon in order to break the deadllock at Caen
Siege of Caen
Churchill asks Eisenhower to cancel Dragoon in order to break the deadllock at Caen
Operation Dragoon
Churchill asks Eisenhower to cancel Dragoon in order to break the deadllock at Caen
Siege of Caen
Churchill asks Eisenhower to cancel Dragoon in order to break the deadllock at Caen
Commander of Army Group North
Appointed Commander of the Army Group North
Army Group North
Dismissed as Commander of the Army Group North by Hitler
Dismissal
Dismissed as Commander of the Army Group North by Hitler
Army Group North
Appointed Commander of the Army Group North by Hitler
Commander of Army Group North
Appointed Commander of the Army Group North by Hitler
Fuhrer Chancellor
Appoints Friesner Commander of Army Group North
Imphal Offensive
Mutaguchi's failed offensive is called off after severe losses, disease, hunger, and collapsing supply lines.
Operation Windsor
Keller directed the Canadian assault on Carpiquet village and airfield west of Caen.
Operation Windsor
Foster's brigade captured Carpiquet village during the battle west of Caen.
Operation Windsor
Simonds oversaw the Canadian effort to capture Carpiquet and improve the approach to Caen.
Birth of Gerhard Schroder
Birth of Gerhard Schroder
Operation Windsor
Meyer committed troops to defend Carpiquet airfield against the Canadian attack.
Plutonium Gun Abandoned
Oppenheimer informs the Los Alamos staff that reactor plutonium's neutron background makes the plutonium gun design impractical and implosion must become the priority.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander of the German forces in Normandy, replaces Rundstredt
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander of the German forces in Normandy, replaces Rundstredt
Siege of Caen
Churchill criticizes Montgomery at a Chiefs of Staffs meeting for being too catious
Operation Charnwood
Asks for heavy bomber support from Leigh-Mallory
Death of Chuichi Nagumo
Committs suicide during the defence of Saipan
Suicide
Committs suicide during the defence of Saipan
Operation Overlord
Provides panzer support saying the British are "little fish" to be thrown back
Operation Overlord
Prevents the Canadian 9th Brigade from advancing on Le Carpiquet airfield
Capture of Caen
A massive air bombardment commences on Caen which devastates the city
Siege of Caen
The press refer to attempts at capturing Caen a "stalemate"
Death of Yoshitsugu Saito
Saito commits suicide on Saipan as the Japanese defense collapses during the final phase of the battle.
Final Attack on Saipan
Saito orders a final mass attack as organized Japanese resistance on Saipan nears collapse.
Operation Overlord
Patton arrives in Normandy
Operation Charnwood
Keller's division advanced from the west toward the centre of Caen.
Operation Charnwood
Foster's brigade fought through the western approaches during the capture of northern Caen.
Operation Charnwood
Meyer defended the north-western approaches before withdrawing surviving forces across the Orne.
Operation Charnwood
Rennie's division advanced into the eastern districts of Caen during Charnwood.
Operation Charnwood
Crocker's I Corps coordinated three divisions in the direct assault on Caen.
Operation Charnwood
Dempsey directed the British and Canadian corps attacking into northern Caen.
Operation Charnwood
1st day of the operation launched by Montgomery to capture Caen
Siege of Caen
1st day of the operation launched by Montgomery to capture Caen
Operation Charnwood
1st day of the operation launched by Montgomery to capture Caen
Operation Charnwood
Montgomery launched Charnwood to capture northern Caen and force German troops behind the Orne.
Siege of Caen
1st day of the operation launched by Montgomery to capture Caen
Abdication
Members of Hirohitos family secretly agree he should abdicate in favour of Akihito
Budapest Deportations Halted
Mass deportations from Hungary are halted by Regent Horthy.
Horthy Stops Mass Transports
Eichmann's deportation operation loses its main transport programme.
Hundreds of Thousands Deported
Most deportees are sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau.
Hungarian Deportation Campaign
His unit helps deport roughly 440,000 Hungarian Jews.
Liberation of Caen
Guillou remained associated with the municipal administration as Allied troops entered the devastated northern city.
Operation Charnwood
Eberbach organized German armoured reserves south of Caen after the northern city was lost.
Capture of Caen
Dempsey's troops entered northern Caen after German forces withdrew across the Orne.
Capture of Caen
Montgomery's forces occupied northern Caen while German troops retained the southern suburbs.
Northern Caen Taken after Charnwood
British and Canadian troops secure northern Caen after Operation Charnwood.
Stauffenberg Plot
A plot to kill Hitler when Stauffenberg goes to Obersalzberg & report to the Fuhrer
Front-Baltic
Yeremenko strikes at Hansens 16th German Army
HQ
Moves to his HQ in Rastenburg concerned by events in the Eastern Front
Front-Baltic
Yeremenko strikes at Hansens 16th German Army
Capture of Minsk
Army Group Centre loses 28 Divisions, the way to Poland is open to the Red Army
Capture of Minsk
Army Group Centre loses 28 Divisions, the way to Poland is open to the Red Army
Capture of Vilna
Captures Vilna from the Germans
Capture of Vitebsk
Captures Vitebsk from the Germans
Capture of Minsk
The way to Poland is open to the Red Army
United States Citizenship
Becomes a naturalized citizen of the United States together with his wife Laura Fermi.
Army Group North
Konev begins to attack Army Group North Ukraine
Front
Konev begins to attack Army Group North Ukraine
Resignation of Hideki Tojo
Tojo resigna after Hirohito withdraws support from him
Resignation of Hideki Tojo
Tojo is forced to resign by Hirohito who makes him a scapegoat for the war
Stauffenberg Plot
Beck advocates an attempt on Hitler's life by Stauffenberg which takes place Twentieth July
Coup
Rommel agrees to support the plot to overthrow Hitler but not to assassinate him
Plot
Rommel agrees to support the plot to overthrow Hitler but not to assassinate him
Health of Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel
Rommels staff car is attacked by fighter bombers & he is seriously injured
Proposes Tripartite Meeting in Scotland
Proposes meeting Stalin and Churchill in Scotland to coordinate the next stage of Allied strategy.
Operation Atlantic
Foulkes led his division across the Orne through Caen and toward the high ground south of the city.
Operation Atlantic
Keller's division advanced through eastern Caen during the Canadian portion of Goodwood.
Operation Atlantic
Kitching prepared armoured forces to exploit beyond Caen as Canadian troops moved toward Verrieres Ridge.
Operation Atlantic
Simonds directed the Canadian attack through southern Caen toward Verrieres Ridge.
Operation Goodwood
Eberbach organized reserves and counterattacks against the Goodwood penetration south-east of Caen.
Operation Goodwood
Von Luck helped organize the defence near Cagny against British armour advancing from Caen.
Operation Goodwood
Dietrich coordinated German armoured resistance against the British attack east of Caen.
Operation Goodwood
Wunsche's panzer regiment reinforced German positions south of Caen during Goodwood.
Operation Goodwood
Roberts led the 11th Armoured Division toward Cagny and Bourguebus Ridge south-east of Caen.
Operation Goodwood
Adair's division advanced through the narrow armoured corridor east of Caen.
Operation Goodwood
Dempsey directed Goodwood as the principal Second Army offensive east of Caen.
Operation Goodwood
O'Connor commanded the massed armoured assault east of Caen toward Bourguebus Ridge.
Operation Goodwood
Hobart's specialized armoured vehicles supported the crossing and attack east of Caen.
Bombing of Caen
Caen is bombed to obliterate enemy defences but only the southern suburbs are taken
Goodwood Armoured Offensive Begins
Launches a major armoured offensive east of Caen to gain ground and hold German armour in the British sector.
Operation Goodwood
Launched in order to clear Caen but the British lose 5,537 casualties & 400 tanks. Caen is bombed to obliterate enemy defences but only the southern suburbs are taken. 7 out of 8 Panzers in Normandy are engaged in battle
Operation Goodwood
Montgomery intended Goodwood to hold German armour around Caen and gain ground south-east of the city.
Operation Goodwood
The British VIII and I Corps, to the east of Caen, launch Operation Goodwood. The British lose 450 tanks, the Sherman displays serious weaknesses. Launches 3 Divisions east of Caen to gain the Bourguebus Ridge on the road to Falaise.
Operation Goodwood
The offensive began with the largest air bombardment in support of ground forces yet, with more than a thousand aircraft dropping 6,000 short tons (5,400 t) of high explosive and fragmentation bombs from low altitude.
Siege of Caen
The southern suburbs of Caen are captured. Caen is bombed in to obliterate enemy defences but only the southern suburbs are taken
Operation Cobra
To gain good terrain for Operation Cobra, Bradley and Collins conceived a plan to push forward to the Saint-Lโ-Periers road, along which VII and VIII Corps were securing jumping-off positions. The American 29th and 35th Infantry Divisions managed to gain the vital heights of Saint-Lo, driving back General der Fallschirmtruppen Eugen Meindls II Parachute Corps
Stauffenberg Plot
Summoned by Hitler to report on the Volksgrenadier Divisions in the Eastern Front
Capture of Caen
The Allies capture Caen
Health of Hanskarl von Hasselbach
Treats Hitler after Stauffenbergs bomb explodes at Rastenburg
Stauffenberg Plot
Treats Hitler after Stauffenbergs bomb explodes at Rastenburg
Plenipotentiary
Appointed Plenipotentiary for the Mobilization of Total War
Plot
Generals Gunther Korten, Rudolf Schmundt & Colonel Heinz Brandt are killed
Assassination of Gunther Korten
Killed while trying to assassinate Hitler
Death of Gunther Korten
Killed while trying to assassinate Hitler
Plot
Generals Gunther Korten, Rudolf Schmundt & Colonel Heinz Brandt are killed
Bendlerblock
Quirnheim remains at the Bendlerblock as the conspirators attempt to use the replacement army to seize control
Coup Failure
The coup collapses after news spreads that Hitler survived the assassination attempt
July Plot
Quirnheim supports the conspiracy to overthrow Hitler after the bomb attack at the Wolfs Lair
Operation Walkure
After he had discovered that the bomb had not killed Hitler, Fromm ordered the executions of General Olbricht, his Chief of Staff Colonel Albrecht Ritter Mertz von Quirnheim, Colonel von Stauffenberg, and his adjutant Lieutenant Werner von Haeften
Operation Walkure
After the bomb explodes Quirnheim urges General Olbricht to activate Operation Walkure even though Hitlers death is not confirmed
Stauffenberg Plot
After he had discovered that the bomb had not killed Hitler, Fromm ordered the executions of General Olbricht, his Chief of Staff Colonel Albrecht Ritter Mertz von Quirnheim, Colonel von Stauffenberg, and his adjutant Lieutenant Werner von Haeften
Operation Walkure
After he had discovered that the bomb had not killed Hitler, Fromm ordered the executions of General Olbricht, his Chief of Staff Colonel Albrecht Ritter Mertz von Quirnheim, Colonel von Stauffenberg, and his adjutant Lieutenant Werner von Haeften.
Operation Walkure
Demands Operation Walkure to sieze Berlin believing Hitler had been blown up.
Operation Walkure
Stauffenbergs position as Chief of Staff of Reserve Army gave him access to Hitler for reports and at the same time required his presence at headquarters for implementation of Valkyrie.
Stauffenberg Plot
After he had discovered that the bomb had not killed Hitler, Fromm ordered the executions of General Olbricht, his Chief of Staff Colonel Albrecht Ritter Mertz von Quirnheim, Colonel von Stauffenberg, and his adjutant Lieutenant Werner von Haeften.
Stauffenberg Plot
Demands Operation Walkure to sieze Berlin believing Hitler had been blown up.
Stauffenberg Plot
Stauffenbergs position as Chief of Staff of Reserve Army gave him access to Hitler for reports and at the same time required his presence at headquarters for implementation of Valkyrie.
Stauffenberg Plot
Conspirators broadcast Hitler's death & order the arrest of leading Nazis
Stauffenberg Plot
Plants a bomb in Hitler's HQ conference room in the Wolfs Lair, East Prussia. Hitler escapes with an injured right arm & some deafness
Plot
Generals Gunther Korten, Rudolf Schmundt & Colonel Heinz Brandt are killed
Stauffenberg Plot
Moves the Stauffenberg briefcase bomb aside & unwittingly saves Hitler
Death of Guenther Hans von Kluge
Becomes involved in the conspiracy to assassinate Hitler
Plot
Becomes involved in the conspiracy to assassinate Hitler
Stauffenberg Plot
Treats Hitler after Stauffenbergs bomb explodes at Rastenburg
Plot
Under interrogation a suspect mentions Rommels name with the attempt on Hitler's life
Bendlerblock
Witzleben appears at the Bendlerblock during the attempted seizure of power
Bendlerblock
Witzleben leaves the Bendlerblock as the coup attempt collapses
Commander in Chief
The conspirators intend Witzleben to act as Commander in Chief of the armed forces after the coup succeeds
Coup Attempt
Witzleben travels to Berlin as the coup attempt begins to unfold
Failed Coup
The conspiracy weakens as reports confirm that Hitler survived the bomb attack
July Plot
The bomb placed by Stauffenberg fails to kill Hitler
Ludwig Beck
Witzleben is connected with Beck in the planned replacement leadership after Hitler is removed
Operation Walkure
After the bombing the conspirators attempt to activate Operation Walkure in Berlin
Rastenburg
The assassination attempt against Hitler takes place at the Wolfs Lair near Rastenburg
Reserve Army Orders
The coup depends on issuing Reserve Army orders to arrest Nazi officials and secure command centres
Stauffenberg Plot
A conspirator in the Stauffenberg plot to assassinate Hitler & sieze Berlin
Stauffenberg Plot
A conspirator in the Stauffenberg plot to assassinate Hitler and seize Berlin for the resistance
Front-Belorussia
The Russians reach the 1939 Polish border, west of Kovel
Operation Walkure
An operation by Hitler's assassins to sieze Berlin
Plot
Hitler escapes with minor injuries. Generals Gunther Korten, Rudolf Schmundt & Colonel Heinz Brandt are killed. After the plots says "More proof that Fate has selected me for my mission". A bomb is planted in Hitler's HQ conference room in the Wolfs Lair, East Prussia
Plot
Participates in the Staufenburg plot to assassinate Hitler
Plot
Participates in the Staufenburg plot to assassinate Hitler
Operation Walkure
After he had discovered that the bomb had not killed Hitler, Fromm ordered the executions of General Olbricht, his Chief of Staff Colonel Albrecht Ritter Mertz von Quirnheim, Colonel von Stauffenberg, and his adjutant Lieutenant Werner von Haeften
Operation Walkure
After two abortive attempts, Stauffenberg placed the bomb on July 20 and hurried back to Berlin to assume his pivotal role.
Operation Walkure
German Army officers General Friedrich Olbricht and Major General Henning von Tresckow modified the plan with the intention of using it to take control of German cities, disarm the SS, and arrest the Nazi leadership once Hitler had been assassinated.
Operation Walkure
Stauffenberg decided to carry out both the assassination attempt and the Valkyrie operation, which greatly reduced the chance of success. Has troops ready to march on Berlin after Stauffenbergs attempt to blow up Hitler.
Operation Walkure
The original plan, designed to deal with internal disturbances in emergency situations, was designed by General Friedrich Olbrichts staff in his capacity as head of General Army Office and was approved by Hitler.
Stauffenberg Plot
After he had discovered that the bomb had not killed Hitler, Fromm ordered the executions of General Olbricht, his Chief of Staff Colonel Albrecht Ritter Mertz von Quirnheim, Colonel von Stauffenberg, and his adjutant Lieutenant Werner von Haeften
Stauffenberg Plot
After two abortive attempts, Stauffenberg placed the bomb on July 20 and hurried back to Berlin to assume his pivotal role.
Stauffenberg Plot
German Army officers General Friedrich Olbricht and Major General Henning von Tresckow modified the plan with the intention of using it to take control of German cities, disarm the SS, and arrest the Nazi leadership once Hitler had been assassinated.
Stauffenberg Plot
Stauffenberg decided to carry out both the assassination attempt and the Valkyrie operation, which greatly reduced the chance of success. Has troops ready to march on Berlin after Stauffenbergs attempt to blow up Hitler.
Stauffenberg Plot
The original plan, designed to deal with internal disturbances in emergency situations, was designed by General Friedrich Olbrichts staff in his capacity as head of General Army Office and was approved by Hitler.
Operation Walkure
The refusal of Colonel General Friedrich Fromm, Chief of Reserve Army and the only person who could initiate Operation Valkyrie besides Hitler, to cooperate was a serious obstacle to the conspirators. After he had discovered that the bomb had not killed Hitler, Fromm ordered the executions of General Olbricht, his Chief of Staff Colonel Albrecht Ritter Mertz von Quirnheim, Colonel von Stauffenberg, and his adjutant Lieutenant Werner von Haeften
Stauffenberg Plot
The refusal of Colonel General Friedrich Fromm, Chief of Reserve Army and the only person who could initiate Operation Valkyrie besides Hitler, to cooperate was a serious obstacle to the conspirators. After he had discovered that the bomb had not killed Hitler, Fromm ordered the executions of General Olbricht, his Chief of Staff Colonel Albrecht Ritter Mertz von Quirnheim, Colonel von Stauffenberg, and his adjutant Lieutenant Werner von Haeften
Operation Walkure
German Army officers General Friedrich Olbricht and Major General Henning von Tresckow modified the plan with the intention of using it to take control of German cities, disarm the SS, and arrest the Nazi leadership once Hitler had been assassinated
Stauffenberg Plot
A conspirator in the Stauffenberg plot to assassinate Hitler & sieze Berlin
Operation Walkure
Has troops ready to march on Berlin after Stauffenbergs attempt to blow up Hitler
Stauffenberg Plot
Has troops ready to march on Berlin after Stauffenbergs attempt to blow up Hitler
Injured in 20 July Plot
Jodl suffers minor injuries in the bomb explosion during the attempt to kill Hitler.
Operation Walkure
After he had discovered that the bomb had not killed Hitler, Fromm ordered the executions of General Olbricht, his Chief of Staff Colonel Albrecht Ritter Mertz von Quirnheim, Colonel von Stauffenberg, and his adjutant Lieutenant Werner von Haeften
Stauffenberg Plot
After he had discovered that the bomb had not killed Hitler, Fromm ordered the executions of General Olbricht, his Chief of Staff Colonel Albrecht Ritter Mertz von Quirnheim, Colonel von Stauffenberg, and his adjutant Lieutenant Werner von Haeften
Stauffenberg Plot
Treats Hitler after Stauffenbergs bomb explodes at Rastenburg
Plenipotentiary
Appointed Plenipotentiary for the Mobilization of Total War, after the July plot
Arrest of Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg
After the failure of the attempt on Hitler's life on 20 July 1944, arrested and charged with high treason
Coup
In the plans for the overthrow, Friedrich-Werner von der Schulenburg was tentatively foreseen as the new Foreign Minister
Plot
In the plans for the overthrow, Friedrich-Werner von der Schulenburg was tentatively foreseen as the new Foreign Minister. After the failure of the attempt on Hitler's life on 20 July 1944, arrested and charged with high treason
Treason
After the failure of the attempt on Hitler's life on 20 July 1944, arrested and charged with high treason
Visit to Hitler at the Fuhrer HQ in Germany
Visits Hitler at the Fuhrer HQ in Germany after the failure of the Stauffenberg plot
Front-Belorussia
Reaches the River Bug, west of Kovel, 1939 Polish border
Front-Belorussia
The Russians reach the 1939 Polish border, west of Kovel
Operation Cobra
Forced to postpone Operation Cobra due to heavy rainfall
Chief of General Staff
Appointed Chief-of General Staff
Commander of Eastern Front
Appointed Commander of the Eastern Front
Chief of General Staff
Appointed Chief-of General Staff
Mobilization
Directs the Eastern front
Execution
Quirnheim is arrested with Olbricht Stauffenberg and Haeften and is executed by firing squad in the courtyard of the Bendlerblock
German Resistance
Quirnheim dies as one of the army officers executed for his part in the 20 July plot against Hitler
Arrest of Erwin von Witzleben
Witzleben is arrested after the failure of the July Plot
German Resistance
Witzleben is identified as one of the senior military figures connected to the failed conspiracy
Post Assassination Plot Briefings Resume
Jodl resumes operational duties after receiving minor injuries in the 20 July bomb attack.
Arrest of Friedrich Fromm
Arrested by order of Heinrich Himmler
Defense of Guam
Takashina commands Japanese forces on Guam as American troops land on the island.
Visit to Caen
Dempsey accompanied Churchill during his inspection of troops and bridges in Caen.
Visit to Caen
Churchill visited Caen with Montgomery and Dempsey and inspected Bailey bridges across the Orne basin.
Visit to Caen
Montgomery accompanied Churchill through Caen and explained the current battle situation.
Front
Creates a pocket, 25,000 Germans had been killed & 17,000 captured
Declines Distant Conference Travel
Explains that the military situation prevents him from leaving the Soviet Union for a distant conference.
Normandy Campaign
Commands First Canadian Army during the Normandy campaign.
First Canadian Army
Crerar's First Canadian Army became operational and assumed responsibility for the Allied sector around Caen.
Capture of Lublin
Captures Lublin from the Germans
Capture of Lublin
1st Belorussian front enters Lublin
Army Group South
Appointed Commander of the Army Group South Ukraine
Commander of Army Group South Ukraine
Appointed Commander of the Army Group South Ukraine
Commander of Army Group North
Appointed Commander of the Army Group North
Army Group South
Appointed Commander of the Army Group South Ukraine
Commander of Army Group South Ukraine
Appointed Commander of the Army Group South Ukraine
Operation Overlord
The High Command keep forces in Calais beleiving there will be a larger invasion there
Operation Cobra
Operation Cobra is postponed for a 2nd time
Operation Spring
Foulkes commanded the Canadian division making costly attacks south of Caen toward Verrieres Ridge.
Operation Spring
Simonds planned Spring to seize Verrieres Ridge and open the route south from Caen.
Commander of Army Group North
Appointed Commander of Army Group North
First Army
Following breakout by the American First Army and American 3rd Army from the beachhead during the Battle of Normandy during Operation Cobra Adolf Hitler ordered an immediate counterattack against Allied forces in the form of Operation Luttich
Operation Luttich
Following breakout by the American First Army and American 3rd Army from the beachhead during the Battle of Normandy during Operation Cobra Adolf Hitler ordered an immediate counterattack against Allied forces in the form of Operation Luttich
Third Army
Following breakout by the American First Army and American 3rd Army from the beachhead during the Battle of Normandy during Operation Cobra Adolf Hitler ordered an immediate counterattack against Allied forces in the form of Operation Luttich
Commander of Army Group North
Appointed Supreme Commander Army Group North
First Army
After the United States First and Third Armies broke out from the Normandy beachhead during Operation Cobra on 25 July 1944, Hitler ordered Operation Luttich.
First Army
Following breakout by the American First Army and American 3rd Army from the beachhead during the Battle of Normandy during Operation Cobra Adolf Hitler ordered an immediate counterattack against Allied forces in the form of Operation Luttich.
First Army
The operation was intended as an immediate counterattack against Allied forces.
Operation Lutch
Following breakout by the US First Army and American 3rd Army from the beachhead during the Battle of Normandy during Operation Cobra on July 25, 1944, Adolf Hitler ordered an immediate counterattack against Allied forces in the form of Operation Luttich
Operation Luttich
Following breakout by the American First Army and American 3rd Army from the beachhead during the Battle of Normandy during Operation Cobra Adolf Hitler ordered an immediate counterattack against Allied forces in the form of Operation Luttich
Operation Overlord
The Allies begin their breakout from Normandy
Third Army
After the United States First and Third Armies broke out from the Normandy beachhead during Operation Cobra on 25 July 1944, Hitler ordered Operation Luttich.
Third Army
Following breakout by the American First Army and American 3rd Army from the beachhead during the Battle of Normandy during Operation Cobra Adolf Hitler ordered an immediate counterattack against Allied forces in the form of Operation Luttich.
Third Army
The operation was intended as an immediate counterattack against Allied forces.
Operation Spring
Meyer's forces defended Verrieres Ridge against Canadian attacks south of Caen.
Operation Cobra
Operation Cobra commenced on 25 July with a concentrated aerial bombardment from thousands of Allied aircraft
Operation Cobra
To help Patton to break out of Avranches & drive into Brittany. Clearing ports such as Lorient & Brest
Operation Cobra
Clearing ports such as Lorient & Brest
Capture of St Lo
The US advances across St Lo to Periers Road
Operation Cobra
Gives the go ahead for Operation Cobra
Operation Cobra
After the one-day postponement, Cobra got underway at 09:38 on 25 July, when around 600 Allied fighter-bombers attacked strongpoints and enemy artillery along a 300 yd (270 m)-wide strip of ground located in the St. Lo area
Operation Cobra
2,500 bombers from the Eighth & 9th Air Forces open a gap west of St Lo
Operation Lutch
Notified of the counterattack in advance through signals intercepted via Ultra radio intercepts and deciphering and thus prepared his troops and their commanders to defeat this counteroffensive and to encircle as much of the Wehrmacht force as possible
Wehrmacht
Notified of the counterattack in advance through signals intercepted via Ultra radio intercepts and deciphering and thus prepared his troops and their commanders to defeat this counteroffensive and to encircle as much of the Wehrmacht force as possible
Capture of Narva
Captures Narva from the Germans
Operation Cobra
Approves a limited withdrawal of the 7th Army
Capture of Lwow
Captures Lwow
Committee of Lublin
The Lublin Committee to set up a communist infrastructure in Poland meets Stalin. The committee subordinate the Poles fighting with the Russians to Russia
Operation Cobra
By 27 July most organized resistance had been overcome, and VII and VIII Corps were advancing rapidly, isolating the Cotentin peninsula
Operation Cobra
Pushes Patton through a gap in the German defence toward Avranches
Presses for Early Big Three Meeting
Tells Stalin he hopes the three Allied leaders can meet as early as possible.
Birth of Richard Wright
Birth of Richard Wright, later keyboardist and vocalist with Pink Floyd
Commander of Eighth Corps
Appointed Commander of the Eighth Corps
Capture of Countance
Captures Coutance
Operation Cobra
By 28 July, the German defenses across the US front had largely collapsed under the full weight of VII and VIII Corps advance, and resistance was disorganised and patchy
Commander of Eighth Corps
Appointed Commander of the Eighth Corps
Bluecoat Pressure Protects American Flank
Uses British operations toward Vire to maintain pressure and support the left flank of the American breakout.
Bluecoat
Supports Bradleys left flank & engages the Germans south of Caen
Bluecoat
The Canadians & British move into Vire & force a German rereat
Siege of Caen
Supports Bradleys left flank & engages the Germans south of Caen
Capture of Avranches
Avranches is captured by Patton
Arrest of Pierre Laval
Expelled by the Spanish. flees to Austria & arrested by US troops for treason
Exile of Pierre Laval
Expelled by the Spanish. flees to Austria & arrested by US troops for treason
Treason
Expelled by the Spanish. flees to Austria & arrested by US troops for treason
Capture of Kaunas
Captures Kaunas from the Germans
Capture of Avranches
Arrives at Avranches
Capture of Granville
Captures Granville
First Army
By 31 July, XIX Corps had destroyed the last forces opposing the First Army, and Bradleys troops were finally freed from the bocage
Operation Cobra
By 31 July, XIX Corps had destroyed the last forces opposing the First Army, and Bradleys troops were finally freed from the bocage
Civilian Refugees
Guillou coordinated assistance for refugees arriving from towns damaged during the Normandy battles.
Plot
Takes part in the unsuccesful plot against Hitler
Plot
Made aware of the July conspiracy
Stauffenberg Plot
Arrests the Stauffenberg conspriators after he learns of the failure of the plot
Stauffenberg Plot
Orders the arrest & court-martial of von Stauffenberg to cover his own involvement
Bretton Woods Negotiations
Keynes negotiates Britain's position at Bretton Woods and accepts the postwar framework linking fixed exchange rates indirectly to gold through the United States dollar.
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant, 1st, on board HMS Whelp
Free French
Operation Anvil, which is renamed Operation Dragoon, the liberation of south east France by US, Free French and British troops
Operation Anvil
Operation Anvil, which is renamed Operation Dragoon, the liberation of south east France by US, Free French and British troops
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant, 1st, on board the Whelp
Caen Battle Transitions toward Falaise
Shifts emphasis south and east after Caen is secured, preparing further operations toward Falaise.
Visit to His Italian trops on the Russian front
Visits his Italian trops on the Russian front
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan
Dollar-Gold Reserve Framework
White's negotiating plan helps shape a monetary system in which national currencies are fixed to the dollar and official dollar balances remain convertible into gold.
Bretton Woods Gold-Dollar System
The Bretton Woods agreements establish a fixed-rate system centred on the dollar, with the United States undertaking official gold convertibility at 35 dollars per ounce.
509th Composite Group Organisation
Tibbets begins organising the 509th Composite Group at Wendover Field for the eventual combat delivery of atomic bombs.
Normandy Logistics
Eisenhower's command relied on Bayeux as an undamaged link between the beaches and the fighting front.
Little Boy Projectile Casting
Casting of the uranium-235 projectile component for Little Boy is completed.
General Election - General Election
Wins the newly created Coventry East constituency at the Labour general election victory.
General Election Election Outcome
General election outcome recorded for Richard Howard Stafford Crossman: Wins the newly created Coventry East constituency at the Labour general election victory.
General Election Government
Government context for this general election: Wins the newly created Coventry East constituency at the Labour general election victory.
General Election
Wins the newly created Coventry East constituency at the Labour general election victory.
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament
General Election
Retains Wakefield for Labour in the general election that brings Clement Attlee to power.
General Election
Retains Ebbw Vale as Labour wins nationally.
Solihull
Contests Solihull for Labour at the 1945 general election and is defeated.
General Election Candidate
Healey contests Pudsey and Otley for Labour, substantially increasing the party vote but failing to win the seat.
Political Support
The United Kingdom and the USA withdrew support for the legitimate Polish Government in exile, and all its agendas in Poland
Rule of Poland
The United Kingdom and the USA withdrew support for the legitimate Polish Government in exile, and all its agendas in Poland
Trial of the Sixteen
The United Kingdom and the USA withdrew support for the legitimate Polish Government in exile, and all its agendas in Poland
Arrest of Alexander Solzhenitsyn
Sentenced in his absence by a three-man tribunal of the Soviet security police (NKGB) to an eight-year term in a labour camp, to be followed by permanent internal exile
KGB (Committee for State Security)
Sentenced in his absence by a three-man tribunal of the Soviet security police (NKGB) to an eight-year term in a labour camp, to be followed by permanent internal exile
Trial
Sentenced in his absence by a three-man tribunal of the Soviet security police (NKGB) to an eight-year term in a labour camp, to be followed by permanent internal exile
Trinity Lens Casting Completed
Casting of the high-explosive lens components intended for the Trinity device is completed.
Gadget Assembly Begins
Assembly of the Trinity device, known as Gadget, begins as components are prepared for transfer to the test tower.
Gadget Raised to Test Tower
Gadget is hoisted to the top of the 100-foot Trinity test tower and its detonators are installed and connected.
Little Boy Components Shipped on Indianapolis
Little Boy bomb units and the uranium projectile leave San Francisco aboard USS Indianapolis for Tinian.
Invention of Atomic Bomb
With Allied leaders in Potsdam when he hears news of the succesful test explosion. Sees the atomic bomb as a means of delivering peace to the world
1st Nuclear Explosion
The first nuclear explosion, the "Trinity" test of an implosion-style plutonium-based nuclear weapon known as "the gadget", near Alamogordo, New Mexico
Manhattan Project
The first nuclear explosion, the "Trinity" test of an implosion-style plutonium-based nuclear weapon known as "the gadget", near Alamogordo, New Mexico
Trinity Test Observation
Observes the Trinity nuclear test and performs a simple paper-drop experiment to make an immediate estimate of the explosion's yield.
Bombing of Japan
General Carl Spaatz is ordered to bomb one of the targets: Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata, or Nagasaki as soon as weather permitted, some time after August 3
Manhattan Project
General Carl Spaatz is ordered to bomb one of the targets: Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata, or Nagasaki as soon as weather permitted, some time after August 3
Manhattan Project
The joint work of the scientists at Los Alamos resulted in the first artificial nuclear explosion near Alamogordo on July 16, 1945, the site of which Oppenheimer named "Trinity". The first nuclear explosion, the "Trinity" test of an implosion-style plutonium-based nuclear weapon known as "the gadget", near Alamogordo, New Mexico
first Nuclear Explosion
The joint work of the scientists at Los Alamos resulted in the first artificial nuclear explosion near Alamogordo on July 16, 1945, the site of which Oppenheimer named "Trinity". The first nuclear explosion, the "Trinity" test of an implosion-style plutonium-based nuclear weapon known as "the gadget", near Alamogordo, New Mexico
Nuclear Power
Witnesses the test nuclear explosion & says, "the war is over"
Manhattan Project
General Carl Spaatz is ordered to bomb one of the targets: Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata, or Nagasaki as soon as weather permitted, some time after August 3
Trinity Nuclear Test
The United States conducts the Trinity test, the first detonation of a nuclear explosive device.
Bombing of Japan
General Carl Spaatz is ordered to bomb one of the targets: Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata, or Nagasaki as soon as weather permitted, some time after August 3
Manhattan Project
General Carl Spaatz is ordered to bomb one of the targets: Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata, or Nagasaki as soon as weather permitted, some time after August 3
Gadget
The first nuclear explosion, the "Trinity" test of an implosion-style plutonium-based nuclear weapon known as "the gadget", near Alamogordo, New Mexico
Manhattan Project
The first nuclear explosion, the "Trinity" test of an implosion-style plutonium-based nuclear weapon known as "the gadget", near Alamogordo, New Mexico
Trinity
The first nuclear explosion, the "Trinity" test of an implosion-style plutonium-based nuclear weapon known as "the gadget", near Alamogordo, New Mexico
Bombing of Japan
General Carl Spaatz is ordered to bomb one of the targets: Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata, or Nagasaki as soon as weather permitted, some time after August 3
Invention of Atomic Bomb
With Allied leaders in Potsdam when he hears news of the succesful test explosion
Manhattan Project
General Carl Spaatz is ordered to bomb one of the targets: Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata, or Nagasaki as soon as weather permitted, some time after August 3
Conference of Potsdam
Soviet power in Eastern Europe is recognized. Polands western frontier will follow the Oder-Neisse line. Germany will divided into 4 zones. Churchill, Stalin & Truman agree the map for post war Europe
Declaration of Potsdam
The US, Britain & Nationalist China calls for unconditional Japanese surrender
first Atomic weapons
President Harry S. Truman discloses to Soviet leader Joseph Stalin that the United States has atomic weapons, Stalin feigns little surprise; he already knows this through espionage
1st Atomic Weapons
President Harry S. Truman discloses to Soviet leader Joseph Stalin that the United States has atomic weapons, Stalin feigns little surprise; he already knows this through espionage
Atomic Attack Directive Drafted
Groves drafts the directive authorising atomic attacks when bomb availability and weather permit, listing Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata and Nagasaki.
first Atomic weapons
President Harry S. Truman discloses to Soviet leader Joseph Stalin that the United States has atomic weapons, Stalin feigns little surprise; he already knows this through espionage
1st Atomic Weapons
President Harry S. Truman discloses to Soviet leader Joseph Stalin that the United States has atomic weapons, Stalin feigns little surprise; he already knows this through espionage
Bombing of Hiroshima
Decides to drop the A-bomb on Hiroshima
Declaration of Potsdam
USA, Britain & Nationalist China calls for unconditional Japanese surrender. The US, Britain & Nationalist China calls for unconditional Japanese surrender
Manhattan Project
President Harry S. Truman discloses to Soviet leader Joseph Stalin that the United States has atomic weapons, Stalin feigns little surprise; he already knows this through espionage
Birth of Helen Mirren
Birth of Helen Mirren, born Ilyena Vasilievna Mironov
Labour Government
Forms a Labour government committed to welfare reform.
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 1st term
United Nations Charter
Attlee's government inherits Britain's obligations as a founding member of the United Nations after the UN Charter is signed in 1945
Opposition
Leaves office after Labour's general election victory
Election
Leads Labour to a landslide general election victory.
United Nations Charter
Attlee's government inherits Britain's obligations as a founding member of the United Nations after the UN Charter is signed in 1945
Lord Privy Seal
Is appointed Lord Privy Seal in Clement Attleeโs Labour government.
Junior Commander
Appointed Junior Commander in the ATS
Declaration of Potsdam
The US & Britain & Nationalist China threaten Japan with "prompt & utter destruction". The US, Britain & Nationalist China calls for unconditional Japanese surrender. Japan ignores the request for uncondional surrender, unaware of the US the atomic bomb
Ultimatum-Potsdam
The Japanese have to choose "utter devastation or unconditional surrender"
Bretton Woods Agreements Act
Truman signs legislation authorising United States participation in the IMF and World Bank, implementing the institutions supporting the new dollar-gold monetary order.
Little Boy Assembly Completed
Final assembly of Little Boy is completed on Tinian and the weapon is ready for combat use.
Exile of Pierre Laval
Flown to Spain a few days before the German surrender, Franco has Laval arrested and turned over to the Americans in Austria who extradite him to the French authorities in July
Potsdam Conference
Attlee and Truman meet at Potsdam while Allied policy for postwar Germany and war crimes trials is discussed
Celtic Manager Appointment
Becomes Celtic manager and begins a long tenure in charge of the club.
Peace Mediation
Japan askes Russia to mediate peace without unconditional surrender, Stalin refuses
Declaration of Potsdam
USA & Britain demand Japans unconditional surrender or "prompt & utter destruction"
Peace Mediation
Japan askes Russia to mediate peace without unconditional surrender, Stalin refuses
Constitution of Spain
Issues the Fuero de los Espanoles, a charter of rights
Conference of Potsdam
The British will take the south & Chinese nationalists the north of Vietnam. The Allied leaders divide Vietnam at the 16th parallel
Ahrens Testifies on Katyn Issue
Ahrens gives evidence during proceedings addressing competing allegations concerning the killings of Polish officers at Katyn.
Head of State
Appointed Head of State
Operation Crossroads Able
Operation Crossroads begins with the Able airburst, testing a plutonium weapon against a fleet of target ships.
First Gottwald Government
Begins the First Gottwald Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Second Fierlinger Government
The Second Fierlinger Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Prime Minister
Becomes prime minister after Communist election gains.
Birth of Paul Fenton
Birth of Paul Fenton
Defence Final Arguments Enter Closing Phase
The Tribunal begins the final phase of defence argument after months of evidence from defendants, witnesses and documentary exhibits.
Inauguration
Inaugurated President of the Philippines
Conference of Fontainbleau
Walks out of the Conference of Fontainbleau
Horn Opens Final Defence Plea for Ribbentrop
Defence counsel Martin Horn began his final plea for Ribbentrop, arguing that the former Foreign Minister's diplomatic activities did not establish criminal responsibility for aggressive war.
President of Mexico
Appointed President of Mexico
Horn Continues Final Argument on Ribbentrop Responsibility
Horn continued the final defence argument, addressing Ribbentrop's relationship with Hitler, the limits of Foreign Office authority and allegations concerning war crimes and persecution.
Paymaster General
Is appointed Paymaster General while continuing to serve as Lord Privy Seal.
Birth of Hassanal Bolkiah
Birth of Hassanal Bolkiah
Wahl Gives Commission Testimony on Party Leadership
Wahl gives evidence concerning Gauleiter responsibilities and the structure of the Nazi Party leadership organization.
Aid
Signs the Bill of Credit for $3.75 billion to Great Britain
Signs the Bill of Credit for $3
Signs the Bill of Credit for $3.75 billion to Great Britain
President of Bolivia
Guillen Olmos becomes interim president after Villarroel's death.
Lynching
Villarroel is killed after crowds storm the presidential palace in La Paz.
Speer Defence Final Argument Presented
Defence counsel Hans Flachsner delivered the final argument for Speer, disputing charges of aggressive-war responsibility and addressing forced labour, concentration camps and Speer's late-war opposition to destruction.
US Secretary of State Burns protests about how Russia has stripped assets
US Secretary of State Burns protests about how Russia has stripped assets from Hungary
Rule of Hungary
Burns protests to Russia about how it has stripped assets from Hungary
Burns protests to Russia about how it has stripped assets from Hungary
Burns protests to Russia about how it has stripped assets from Hungary
Jackson Delivers Final Prosecution Argument
Jackson delivers a final prosecution address summarising the American case for individual responsibility and judgment on the charged crimes.
US Arms Suspension
The United States suspends arms sales to the National Government during Marshall's mediation effort
US Arms Suspension
The truce breaks down and the United States suspends arms sales to the Nationalists
French Prosecution Gives Final Address
Champetier de Ribes presents France's concluding argument on the evidence and responsibility of the defendants.
Soviet Prosecution Concludes Final Argument
Rudenko completes the Soviet closing case, asking the Tribunal to convict the principal defendants and criminal organizations.
Nationalization
Parliament passes an act nationalizing industries seized by Russia in Austria
Shandong Operations
Chen Yi commands Communist forces in East China as the civil war expands
Jiangsu Campaigns
Su Yu leads Communist field operations against Nationalist advances in Jiangsu
Northwest Pressure
Hu Zongnan prepares Nationalist pressure against Communist bases in the northwest
East China Operations
Xue Yue directs Nationalist operations as fighting spreads in eastern China
Northern Offensive
Chiang orders an offensive to capture Communist-held areas in northern China
Allied Control Commission
Walks out of the Allied Control Commission
Altstoetter Defence Case Presented
Altstoetter's defence contests allegations arising from his Justice Ministry position and his membership in the SS.
Flick Defence Case Opens
The defence opens its case and Flick begins giving evidence about his companies, wartime labour practices and relations with Nazi institutions.
Cominform
Cominform (from Communist Information Bureau) is the common name for what is officially referred to as the Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers' Parties
Cominform
The Cominform has as its stated goal. "..to organize an exchange of experience, and where necessary to coordinate the activity of the Communist parties, on the basis of mutual agreement."
Cominform
The Cominform has its own newspaper, For Lasting Peace, for People's Democracy!
Cominform
The Cominform is based on the Comintern which was dissolved in 1942, it co-ordinates European Communist Parties
Cominform
The Cominform the first official forum of the International Communist Movement since the dissolution of the Comintern and confirmed the new realities after World War II, including the creation of an Eastern Bloc
Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers' Partie
Cominform (from Communist Information Bureau) is the common name for what is officially referred to as the Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers' Parties
Constitution of Venezuela
The Constitution of 1947 established universal suffrage and expanded democratic and social rights.
Marriage
George VI makes public his consent for Elizabrth to marry Prince Philip
Marriage
Philips engagement to Princess Elizabeth is announced from Buckingham Palace
Marriage
Philips engagement to Princess Elizabeth is announced from Buckingham Palace
Death of Sidney James Webb
Death of Sidney James Webb
Flick Cross-Examination Begins
Prosecutors begin cross-examining Flick about corporate decisions, forced labour, occupied property and payments connected with the SS.
Hostage Trial Opens
The Hostage Case opened before Military Tribunal V.
Oeschey Defence Evidence Presented
Oeschey's defence addresses his work in special courts and the prosecution's claim that judicial authority became an instrument of persecution.
Birth of Peter William Brockbanks
Birth of Peter William Brockbanks, later known as Peter Banks, original Yes guitarist.
Sterling Convertibility
Britain makes sterling convertible for current transactions under the Anglo-American loan agreement.
Russian Emigre Movement
Kerensky participates in russian emigre movement during his political career.
Wennerstrum Presides as Hostage Trial Opens
Wennerstrum presided when the Hostage Case opened against German commanders charged over reprisals, hostage killings and occupation warfare in southeastern Europe.
Carter Joins Hostage Tribunal
Carter joined the judicial panel at the start of the Hostage Case and participated in examining the legality of German occupation orders and reprisals.
Burke Takes Seat on Hostage Tribunal
Burke took his place on the Hostage Tribunal as the prosecution began presenting evidence about command responsibility and retaliatory measures against civilians.
Birth of Wolfgang Flur
Birth of Wolfgang Flur, later Kraftwerk electronic percussionist during the classic period.
Assassination of Aung San
Assassinated with members of his Executive Council by gunmen linked to U Saw
Assassination of Aung San
Aung San is killed while chairing a meeting before independence
Death of Aung San
Death of Aung San in the Secretariat assassination attack
Martyrs Day
Assassination of Aung San and ministers later commemorated as Martyrs Day
Assassination of Aung San
Assassinated alongside 7 of his ministers by a political rival
Death of Aung San
Assassinated alongside 7 of his ministers by a political rival
Birth of Bernie Leadon
Birth of Bernie Leadon, later founding guitarist, banjo player and country-rock influence in Eagles.
Schacht Testifies in Flick Trial
Hjalmar Schacht appears as a defence witness during the industrialist trial and gives evidence concerning German economic policy and Flick's position.
Birth of Don Henley
Birth of Don Henley, later founding drummer, vocalist and songwriter with Eagles.
Einsatzgruppen Trial Indictment
Ohlendorf and other Einsatzgruppen leaders were indicted for mass murder, war crimes and crimes against humanity.
Steinbrinck Begins Flick Trial Testimony
Otto Steinbrinck takes the stand in his defence and addresses his corporate activities and links with SS financial circles.
Marriage
Give consent under the Royal Marriages Act for Elizabet to marry the Duke of Edinburgh
Premier Appointed
Becomes head of the interim government after Aung San is assassinated
Comecon
Orders communist-dominated Governments to pull out of the Paris Conference on the European Recovery Programme
Conference of European Recovery Programme
Orders communist-dominated Governments to pull out of the Paris Conference on the European Recovery Programme
Marshall Plan
The Marshall Plan Conference is held in Paris, Russia refuses to attend
State Bank of Pakistan
Jinnah inaugurates the State Bank of Pakistan.
Hospital Nationalisation
free medical treatment for the entire population from the cradle to the grave. Bevan opens the NHS, 90% of doctors sign up
NHS Launch
Bevan opens the NHS at Park Hospital, Manchester; about 90 percent of doctors have signed up.
National Health Service Launch
By NHS Appointed Day, July 5, 1948, 90% of doctors had signed up for the new service. Bevan opens one of the world's first and most comprehensive health services to the British people
National Health Service Launch
Ends doctors' professional independence and their right to buy or sell general practices. Charity hospitals and former poor law hospitals run by local authorities are nationalised.
Poor Law
Charity hospitals and former poor law hospitals run by local authorities are nationalised
NHS Launch
Presides over the government that launches the NHS.
Park Hospital Launch
Receives Bevan during the Park Hospital launch ceremony.
Ambulance Services
Ambulance provision forms part of the new public service.
Dental Treatment
Dental treatment becomes available through the NHS.
Executive Councils Begin
Executive councils start administering contracts and payments for general practitioners, dentists, pharmacists and opticians within the new NHS structure.
Executive Councils Start
Executive councils begin managing family practitioner services.
Family Doctors
Brings most family doctors into the health service.
First NHS Hospital
Receives symbolic hospital keys at Park Hospital.
Free at Point of Use
Establishes services free at the point of delivery.
General Practice
General practice enters the new service after difficult negotiations.
General Practitioner Contractor Status
General practitioners enter the NHS as independent contractors rather than salaried state employees, preserving a model that becomes central to British primary care.
General Taxation
Launches a service mainly funded through general taxation.
Hospital Boards
Oversees regional hospital boards at launch.
Hospital Consultants
Consultants join the NHS while retaining private practice rights.
Hospital Management Committees Begin
Hundreds of hospital management committees begin administering local groups of NHS hospitals under the supervision of the regional hospital boards.
Hospital Transfer
Hospitals transfer into the new national service.
Local Authority Services
Local authorities begin new community health duties.
Local Health Authority Services
Local health authorities retain responsibility for community services including health visiting, maternity support, ambulances and preventive health work within the NHS settlement.
Maternity Services
Maternity care is brought into the health service framework.
Mental Health Hospitals
Mental hospitals transfer into the national hospital system.
Municipal Hospitals Transfer
Municipal hospitals pass into the new NHS, integrating a large network of general, mental health and long-stay beds into the national service.
NHS Appointed Day
The National Health Service begins across Britain.
NHS Finance
The new service is financed mainly from taxation.
NHS Launch
Launches the NHS at Park Hospital near Manchester.
NHS Opening Speech
Marks the opening of the health service at Park Hospital.
NHS Principles
Launches a service universal and free at the point of use.
Optical Treatment
Optical treatment becomes available through the NHS.
Poor Law Hospitals
Former poor law hospitals become part of the NHS.
Prescriptions
Prescriptions are supplied free under the new service.
Regional Hospital Boards Begin
Fourteen regional hospital boards begin operating in England and Wales, taking strategic responsibility for hospital planning and specialist services.
Regional Hospital Boards Start
Regional hospital boards begin administering hospital services.
Teaching Hospitals
Teaching hospitals receive special boards of governors.
Tuberculosis Services
Tuberculosis services are absorbed into the new health system.
Voluntary Hospitals Transfer
More than one thousand voluntary hospitals in England and Wales transfer into the NHS, bringing their beds and services into public administration.
Voluntary Hospitals
Voluntary hospitals transfer into the national hospital service.
NHS Scotland Launch
Launches the Scottish NHS arrangements on the same appointed day.
First NHS Patient
Becomes the first patient treated at the symbolic launch hospital.
Ordination of Tomas O'Fiaich
ร Fiaich is ordained to the priesthood for the Archdiocese of Armagh after completing his clerical formation.
President of Panama
Appointed President of Panama
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
The US Senate ratifies the NATO Treaty after 2 weeks of debate
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
The US Senate ratifies the NATO Treaty after 2 weeks of debate
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
IG Farben Trial Sentence
Krauch received a prison sentence as the tribunal sentenced the convicted IG Farben defendants.
Krupp Trial Judgment and Sentence
Krupp was convicted and sentenced to twelve years imprisonment in the Krupp Case.
Anderson Participates in Krupp Judgment
Anderson participated in the final Krupp judgment, which addressed forced labour, plunder and the responsibility of industrial managers for wartime conduct.
Wilkins Issues Separate Opinion in Krupp Case
Wilkins issued a separate opinion in connection with the Krupp judgment, recording his individual legal reasoning alongside the tribunal's principal decision.
President of South Korea
Appointed President of the Republic of Korea
Alliance China and Russia
Says the world is divided into imperialism & socialism & China should ally with Russia
Interracial Marriage Ban
The law becomes an early pillar of statutory apartheid.
Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act
Government enacts a ban on marriages classified as interracial.
Birth of Terence Michael Butler
Birth of Terence Michael Butler, later Black Sabbath bassist, lyricist and founding member.
Birth of Geezer Butler
Birth of Geezer Butler, later Black Sabbath bassist and lyricist.
Birth of Steve Peregrin Took
Birth of Steve Peregrin Took, born Stephen Ross Porter
Loya Jirga
A Loya Jirga rejects earlier frontier agreements after Pakistan emerges from British India.
Trial
Tried for the deportation of French Jews to the death camps, released in 1954. A French court sentences Abetz to 20 yrs imprisonment for war crimes
Expulsion of Chinese Mission
The Tibetan government orders the remaining Chinese Nationalist mission to leave Lhasa.
Invasion of Korea
UN troops arrive in Pusan
United Nations
The British appeal to Moscow to ask North Korea to stop the war, Russia declines
United Nations
Britain appeals to Moscow to ask North Korea to stop the war, Russia declines
United Nations
Orders the United Nations pilots not to fly over the Chinese or Russian borders
United Nations
Proclaims in the Commons that "aggression should be halted at the outset"
Battle of Ossan
A United Nations force ias forced to retreat by the North Koreans
Oder-Neisse Line
Recognizes the Oder-Neisse Line
Provisional Government
Signed by Otto Grotewohl Prime Minister of the provisional Government of the GDR & Jozef Cyrankiewicz Prime Minister of Peoples Republic of Poland
Treaty of Gorlitz
Signed by Otto Grotewohl Prime Minister of the provisional Government of the GDR & Jozef Cyrankiewicz Prime Minister of Peoples Republic of Poland. Recognizes the Oder-Neisse Line
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Worded as a declaration and is not recognised as a legitimate international Treaty by the members states of NATO and four years later when the Soviet Union granted East Germany independence the Soviet Union reserves rights over East Germany
Oder-Neisse Line
Recognizes the Oder-Neisse Line
Provisional Government
Signed by Otto Grotewohl Prime Minister of the provisional Government of the GDR & Jozef Cyrankiewicz Prime Minister of Peoples Republic of Poland
Treaty of Gorlitz
Worded as a declaration and is not recognised as a legitimate international Treaty by the members states of NATO and four years later when the Soviet Union granted East Germany independence the Soviet Union reserves rights over East Germany. Signed by Otto Grotewohl Prime Minister of the provisional Government of the GDR & Jozef Cyrankiewicz Prime Minister of Peoples Republic of Poland. Recognizes the Oder-Neisse Line
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Worded as a declaration and is not recognised as a legitimate international Treaty by the members states of NATO and four years later when the Soviet Union granted East Germany independence the Soviet Union reserves rights over East Germany
Provisional Government
Signed by Otto Grotewohl Prime Minister of the provisional Government of the GDR & Jozef Cyrankiewicz Prime Minister of Peoples Republic of Poland
Recognition of the Oder-Neisse Line
Recognizes the Oder-Neisse Line
Treaty of Gorlitz
Worded as a declaration and is not recognised as a legitimate international Treaty by the members states of NATO and four years later when the Soviet Union granted East Germany independence the Soviet Union reserves rights over East Germany. Signed by Otto Grotewohl Prime Minister of the provisional Government of the GDR & Jozef Cyrankiewicz Prime Minister of Peoples Republic of Poland
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Worded as a declaration and is not recognised as a legitimate international Treaty by the members states of NATO and four years later when the Soviet Union granted East Germany independence the Soviet Union reserves rights over East Germany
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Worded as a declaration and is not recognised as a legitimate international Treaty by the members states of NATO and four years later when the Soviet Union granted East Germany independence the Soviet Union reserves rights over East Germany
UN Security Council
The United Nations Security Council instructs the US to appoint a Supreme Commander in Korea
United Nations
The United Nations Security Council instructs the US to appoint a Supreme Commander in Korea
Group Areas Act
Government establishes racial controls over residential and business areas.
Population Registration Act
Government creates compulsory racial classification under national law.
Racial Classification Law
The classification system underpins many later apartheid measures.
Residential Segregation Legislation
The act enables large-scale forced removals under apartheid.
Supreme Commander
MacArthur is appointed as the Supreme Commander of the United Nations forces in Korea
Supreme Commander
MacArthur is appointed as the Supreme Commander of the United Nations forces in Korea
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, United Nations forces in the Korean War
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, United Nations forces in the Korean War
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, United Nations forces in the Korean War
United Nations
Appointed Commander in Chief, United Nations forces in the Korean War
Prime Minister of France
Appointed Prime Minister of France
Nine-Goal Scoring Lead
Scores nine goals for Brazil, the highest individual total at the 1950 tournament.
World Cup Outstanding Player
Is recognized as the outstanding player of the 1950 World Cup despite Brazil finishing runners-up.
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant Commander
World Cup Winner
Obdulio Varela captains Uruguay in the decisive final-round match against Brazil and rallies his side after the hosts take the lead at the Maracanรฃ.
Maracana Winning Goal
Scores Uruguay's decisive second goal against Brazil in the final-round match.
Maracana Equalizer
Scores Uruguay's equalizer against Brazil before Ghiggia's winning goal.
World Cup Winner
Juan Alberto Schiaffino equalises for Uruguay against Brazil, transforming a hostile stadium atmosphere and reopening the 1950 championship contest.
World Cup Winner
Roque Mรกspoli keeps goal for Uruguay during the decisive victory over Brazil, withstanding pressure before his teammates overturn the hosts' early lead.
World Cup Winner
Juan Lรณpez Fontana manages Uruguay to the 1950 World Cup title after his team defeats heavily favoured Brazil in the decisive final-group match.
Uruguay World Cup Captain
Captains Uruguay in the decisive 2-1 victory over Brazil at the Maracana.
World Cup Winner
Alcides Ghiggia shoots past Brazil's goalkeeper to give Uruguay a 2-1 lead, securing one of the most celebrated upsets in World Cup history.
Mobilization
Pledges a "superhuman effort" to pour in men & guns to drive out the North Koreans
Mobilization
US troops land at Pohang-Dong but are pushed back after having formed a defensive line
Budget
Truman requests an increased military budget from Congress. Sends Congress an emergency appropriation of $10 billion. Increases the annual peacetime military budget to $48 billion
Restoration
Restored to the throne after exile in Switzerland
Battle of Yechon
The US retakes Yechon
Exile of Leopold III
Returns to Belgium after six years in exile
Capture of Yongdok
The North Koreans capture Yongdok, only 1/4 of South Korea is under United Nations control
Commander of Twenty 4th Infantry Division
Appointed Commander of the 24th US Infantry Division
Budget
Signs military aid legislation. Signs legislation granting $15 million in military aid to the French war in Indochina
Legislation
Signs military aid legislation
Over the next 4 yrs the US will spend $3 billion to
Over the next 4 yrs the US will spend $3 billion to finance the French in Indochina
Rule of Indochina
Over the next 4 yrs the US will spend $3 billion to finance the French in Indochina
Golden Boot FIFA World Cup
Leads the FIFA World Cup scoring standings with 9 goals for Brazil. His contribution stands out for leading the attack during the home tournament in Brazil.
Birth of Trevor Eve
Birth of Trevor Eve.
International Court of Justice
Iran rejects an interim order by the International Court of Justice
Nationalization
Iran rejects an interim order by the International Court of Justice
Armistice
Armistice negotiations open between the Commanders of both sides
Renewed Foreign Affairs Responsibility
Al-Rifai again took responsibility for foreign affairs alongside the premiership during the final phase of his third government. The cabinetโs responsibilities were reorganized shortly before its departure from office.
Visit to Amman
Arrives in Jordan to discuss peace between Israel & Jordan
The Catcher in the Rye", chronicling 48 hours in the life of a teenage rebel, Holden Caulfield, as he wanders the streets of New York in a state of mental collapse, it enjoyed early, but modest success
Publication of "The Catcher in the Rye", chronicling 48 hours in the life of a teenage rebel, Holden Caulfield, as he wanders the streets of New York in a state of mental collapse, it enjoyed early, but modest success
The Catcher in the Rye
Publication of "The Catcher in the Rye", chronicling 48 hours in the life of a teenage rebel, Holden Caulfield, as he wanders the streets of New York in a state of mental collapse, it enjoyed early, but modest success
Assassination of Abdullah I
Abdullah I is martyred at al-Aqsa mosque in al-Quds. Abdullah I is assassinated during peace talks between Israel & Jordan
Death of Abdullah I
Death of Abdullah I, assassinated
Assassination of Abdullah I
Abdullah I is assassinated in the presence of Hussein I
Death of Abdullah I
Death of King Abdullah I of Jordan
Assassination of Abdullah I
Abdullah I is assassinated during peace talks between Israel & Jordan
Third Premiership Ends
Al-Rifaiโs third government concluded after serving from December 1950. His term included changes to his foreign affairs responsibilities and coincided with a pivotal year for the Jordanian monarchy.
Korean Armistice Diplomacy
Takes direct responsibility for Chinese policy as Korean armistice negotiations begin.
ANC
The ANC, the Indian Congress & the Franchise Action Council demonstrate. Rejects ANC demands to repeal apartheid legislation
Demonstrations
The ANC, the Indian Congress & the Franchise Action Council demonstrate. Rejects ANC demands to repeal apartheid legislation
Franchise
The ANC, the Indian Congress & the Franchise Action Council demonstrate
Armistice
Represents the North Korean Peoples Army
Peace
Truce talks begin. Opposes the UNs attempt to sign a separate armistice
President of Mexico
Appointed President of Mexico
Vice Presidency
Receives the Vice Presidential Nomination
Republican Presidential Nomination
Wins the Republican Party nomination for President at the national convention.
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Appointed NATO military chief
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Appointed NATO military chief
Universal Suffrage
Paz Estenssoro's government establishes universal adult suffrage.
Election
Appointed Republican candidate for the Presidential elections
Sweden v Austria Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Austria in a 3-1 Olympic quarter-final loss to Sweden at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Sweden v Austria Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Austria in a 3-1 Olympic quarter-final loss to Sweden at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Sweden v Austria Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Austria in a 3-1 Olympic quarter-final loss to Sweden at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Sweden v Austria Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Austria in a 3-1 Olympic quarter-final loss to Sweden at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Sweden v Austria Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Austria in a 3-1 Olympic quarter-final loss to Sweden at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Sweden v Austria Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Austria in a 3-1 Olympic quarter-final loss to Sweden at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Sweden v Austria Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Austria in a 3-1 Olympic quarter-final loss to Sweden at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Sweden v Austria Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Austria in a 3-1 Olympic quarter-final loss to Sweden at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Sweden v Austria Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Austria in a 3-1 Olympic quarter-final loss to Sweden at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Sweden v Austria Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Austria in a 3-1 Olympic quarter-final loss to Sweden at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Sweden v Austria Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Austria in a 3-1 Olympic quarter-final loss to Sweden at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Revolutionary Command Council
Becomes public leader and chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council.
Sovereignty
Is overthrown by Free Officers whose programme includes ending British dominance in the canal zone.
Coup
Siezes power in Egypt
European Coal and Steel Community
The Treaty of Paris entered into force, bringing the European Coal and Steel Community formally into existence.
Sweden v Austria Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Sweden in a 3-1 Olympic quarter-final victory over Austria at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Sweden v Austria Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Sweden in a 3-1 Olympic quarter-final victory over Austria at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Sweden v Austria Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Sweden in a 3-1 Olympic quarter-final victory over Austria at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Sweden v Austria Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Sweden in a 3-1 Olympic quarter-final victory over Austria at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Sweden v Austria Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Sweden in a 3-1 Olympic quarter-final victory over Austria at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Sweden v Austria Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Sweden in a 3-1 Olympic quarter-final victory over Austria at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Sweden v Austria Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Sweden in a 3-1 Olympic quarter-final victory over Austria at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Sweden v Austria Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Sweden in a 3-1 Olympic quarter-final victory over Austria at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Sweden v Austria Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Sweden in a 3-1 Olympic quarter-final victory over Austria at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Sweden v Austria Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Sweden in a 3-1 Olympic quarter-final victory over Austria at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Sweden v Austria Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Sweden in a 3-1 Olympic quarter-final victory over Austria at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Revolution Government
Forms a government immediately after the Free Officers seize power.
Germany v Brazil Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Germany in a 4-2 extra-time Olympic quarter-final victory over Brazil at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Germany v Brazil Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Germany in a 4-2 extra-time Olympic quarter-final victory over Brazil at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Germany v Brazil Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Germany in a 4-2 extra-time Olympic quarter-final victory over Brazil at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Germany v Brazil Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Germany in a 4-2 extra-time Olympic quarter-final victory over Brazil at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Germany v Brazil Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Germany in a 4-2 extra-time Olympic quarter-final victory over Brazil at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Germany v Brazil Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Germany in a 4-2 extra-time Olympic quarter-final victory over Brazil at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Germany v Brazil Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Germany in a 4-2 extra-time Olympic quarter-final victory over Brazil at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Germany v Brazil Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Germany in a 4-2 extra-time Olympic quarter-final victory over Brazil at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Germany v Brazil Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Germany in a 4-2 extra-time Olympic quarter-final victory over Brazil at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Germany v Brazil Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Germany in a 4-2 extra-time Olympic quarter-final victory over Brazil at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Germany v Brazil Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Germany in a 4-2 extra-time Olympic quarter-final victory over Brazil at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Yugoslavia v Denmark Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Denmark in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final loss to Yugoslavia at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Yugoslavia v Denmark Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Denmark in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final loss to Yugoslavia at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Yugoslavia v Denmark Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Denmark in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final loss to Yugoslavia at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Yugoslavia v Denmark Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Denmark in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final loss to Yugoslavia at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Yugoslavia v Denmark Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Denmark in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final loss to Yugoslavia at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Yugoslavia v Denmark Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Denmark in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final loss to Yugoslavia at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Yugoslavia v Denmark Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Denmark in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final loss to Yugoslavia at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Yugoslavia v Denmark Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Denmark in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final loss to Yugoslavia at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Yugoslavia v Denmark Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Denmark in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final loss to Yugoslavia at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Yugoslavia v Denmark Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Denmark in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final loss to Yugoslavia at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Yugoslavia v Denmark Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Denmark in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final loss to Yugoslavia at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Yugoslavia v Denmark Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Yugoslavia in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final victory over Denmark at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Yugoslavia v Denmark Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Yugoslavia in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final victory over Denmark at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Yugoslavia v Denmark Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Yugoslavia in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final victory over Denmark at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Yugoslavia v Denmark Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Yugoslavia in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final victory over Denmark at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Yugoslavia v Denmark Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Yugoslavia in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final victory over Denmark at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Yugoslavia v Denmark Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Yugoslavia in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final victory over Denmark at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Yugoslavia v Denmark Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Yugoslavia in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final victory over Denmark at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Yugoslavia v Denmark Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Yugoslavia in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final victory over Denmark at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Yugoslavia v Denmark Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Yugoslavia in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final victory over Denmark at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Yugoslavia v Denmark Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Yugoslavia in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final victory over Denmark at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Yugoslavia v Denmark Olympic Quarter-final
Plays for Yugoslavia in a 5-3 Olympic quarter-final victory over Denmark at Tรถรถlรถn Pallokenttรค in Helsinki.
Death of Maria Eva Duarte de Peron
Death of Eva Peron
Death of Eva Duarte Peron
Death of Eva Peron
Abdication
Abdicates in favour of his infant son Fuad II and leaves Egypt.
Abdication
Abdicates 3 days after a coup led by General Naguib
Coup
Abdicates 3 days after a coup led by General Naguib
Succession
Succeeds as King of Egypt, 9 moths old
Hungary v Sweden Olympic Semi-final
Plays for Hungary in a 6-0 Olympic semi-final victory over Sweden at Helsinki Olympic Stadium.
Hungary v Sweden Olympic Semi-final
Plays for Hungary in a 6-0 Olympic semi-final victory over Sweden at Helsinki Olympic Stadium.
Hungary v Sweden Olympic Semi-final
Plays for Hungary in a 6-0 Olympic semi-final victory over Sweden at Helsinki Olympic Stadium.
Arrival in Caracas
Guevara reaches Caracas near the end of his 1952 South American journey and separates from Alberto Granado.
Return to Buenos Aires
Guevara returns to Argentina after the 1952 journey and resumes the remaining work for his medical qualification.
Coup
Forced into exile after a coup
Exile of Farouk I
Forced into exile after a coup
Reform of Government
The Prevention of Subversive Activities Law passes through the Diet
Second Latin American Journey
Guevara leaves Argentina again to travel through Latin America after completing his medical studies.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
East German Food Relief Programme
Announces a large-scale American food-relief programme for East Germans following the June uprising.
Rule of Jerusalem
The Israeli Foreign Ministry transfers its offices from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem
Creation of Banco del Estado
Creates Banco del Estado de Chile by merging several public financial institutions.
Moncada Barracks Attack
Fidel Castro leads the armed attack on the Moncada Barracks, the failed action from which the 26th of July Movement later takes its name.
Moncada Barracks Attack
Juan Almeida Bosque participates in the July 26 attack on the Moncada Barracks and is captured after the failed uprising.
Siege of Moncada Barracks
Raรบl Castro participates in the July 26 attack on Moncada Barracks and is later imprisoned for his role in the failed uprising.
Bayamo Barracks
Takes part in the failed Moncada and Bayamo barracks attacks.
Bayamo Barracks
Takes part in the failed Moncada and Bayamo barracks attacks.
Moncada Barracks
Castro leads the failed attack on the Moncada Barracks, after which he is captured, tried, incarcerated and later released
Moncada Barracks
Is tried and sentenced after the failed Moncada attack.
Moncada Barracks
A member of the 26th of July Movement that attacked the Moncada Barracks, and he spent 22 months in prison as a result of this action
Moncada Barracks
Serves as second-in-command during the Moncada attack.
Moncada Barracks
Supports the Moncada action and survives imprisonment.
Moncada Barracks
Takes part in the Moncada movement and later preserves Castro's speech.
Moncada Barracks
Participates in the failed Moncada attack.
Korean Armistice
Oversees Chinese policy as the Korean Armistice Agreement ends major fighting on the peninsula.
Capital
Hussein I declares East Jerusalem the alternative capital of Hashemite Jordan
Rule of Jerusalem
Hussein I declares East Jerusalem the alternative capital of Hashemite Jordan
Korean Armistice Agreement
Signs the Korean Armistice Agreement for North Korea.
Armistice
An armistice is agreed, south Koreas independence is secured
Independence of South Korea
An armistice is agreed, south Koreas independence is secured
Independence of United States of America
An armistice is agreed, south Koreas independence is secured
Peace
The ceasfire agreement is signed
Small Business Administration Created
Signs the Small Business Act, creating the United States Small Business Administration.
Visit to Revolutionary Bolivia
Guevara visits Bolivia and observes the political and social aftermath of the 1952 Bolivian Revolution.
Moncada Repression
His forces repress surviving rebels after the Moncada attack.
Moncada Planning
Plans attacks on Moncada and Bayamo barracks.
Dismissal
Dismissed after the arrest of his protector, Beria
Strike
Strikes breakout at the Vorkuta labour camps in Siberia
Campaign against Beria Network
Supports removal of officials associated with Beria as the new leadership restructures the security apparatus.
Liuzhou Talks on Indochina
Meets Vietnamese leaders to discuss negotiating positions for a settlement at the Geneva Conference.
World Cup Winner
Fritz Walter leads West Germany to an unexpected 3-2 World Cup final victory over Hungary after the Germans fall two goals behind.
1954 FIFA World Cup Final - Werner Liebrich
Werner Liebrich contributed strong central defending as West Germany survived Hungaryโs attacks and secured an unexpected world title.
World Cup Winner
Werner Liebrich battles against Hungary's gifted forwards as West Germany defends its late lead during the 1954 championship match.
1954 FIFA World Cup Final - Hans Schรคfer
Hans Schรคfer operated on the left of the West German attack and provided width during the comeback against Hungary.
1954 FIFA World Cup Final - Helmut Rahn
Helmut Rahn scored twice against Hungary, including the late winning goal that completed West Germanyโs famous 3โ2 comeback.
1954 Final Winning Goal
Scores the decisive third goal as West Germany defeat Hungary in the final.
World Cup Winner
Helmut Rahn scores West Germany's late third goal against Hungary, completing the comeback that becomes known as the Miracle of Bern.
1954 FIFA World Cup Final - Max Morlock
Max Morlock scored West Germanyโs first goal, giving his teammates an immediate route back after Hungary raced into a two-goal lead.
World Cup Winner
Max Morlock responds quickly to Hungary's two early goals and brings West Germany back into contention during the 1954 final.
World Cup Winner
Toni Turek makes important saves against Hungary's celebrated forwards as West Germany holds on to win the 1954 final by a single goal.
1954 FIFA World Cup Final - Sepp Herberger
Sepp Herberger managed the West German side that recovered from 2โ0 down to defeat Hungary, producing one of the World Cupโs greatest upsets.
Germany World Cup Title Manager
Coaches West Germany to its first World Cup title in the Miracle of Bern.
World Cup Winner
Sepp Herberger manages West Germany to its first World Cup, culminating in a dramatic reversal against previously unbeaten Hungary in Bern.
Germany World Cup Captain
Captains West Germany to a 3-2 final victory over Hungary.
1954 FIFA World Cup Final - Horst Eckel
Horst Eckel carried out a hard-working midfield assignment in the Miracle of Bern, helping West Germany overcome the heavily favoured Hungarians.
Food Rationing
Restrictions on meat and bacon end, completing the abolition of wartime food rationing.
Rationing
Food rationing ends
1954 Final Opening Goal
Scores the opening goal for Hungary in the World Cup final.
Eleven-Goal Scoring Lead
Scores eleven goals for Hungary during their run to the 1954 final.
Nuclear Power
Cabinet agrees to produce the British H-bomb in Britain
Presidential Election
Is elected president as the only candidate after the military coup that brought him to power.
Birth of Angela Dorothea Merkel
Birth of Angela Dorothea Merkel
Geneva Accords
Geneva settlement recognizes Cambodia's sovereignty and territorial integrity
Accords of Geneva
Represents the SVN during the signing of the Geneva Accords
Accords of Geneva
Both China and the Soviet Union, for their own strategic reasons, refused to back the Viet Minh claim to govern all of Vietnam. Ho Chi Minhรขโฌโขs chief negotiator, Pham Van Dong, chose not to align too closely with Moscow or Beijing, preferring that North Vietnam remain in charge of its own destiny
Accords of Geneva
Represents the DRV during the signing of the Geneva Accords
Accords of Geneva
Both China and the Soviet Union, for their own strategic reasons, refused to back the Viet Minh claim to govern all of Vietnam. Ho Chi Minhรขโฌโขs chief negotiator, Pham Van Dong, chose not to align too closely with Moscow or Beijing, preferring that North Vietnam remain in charge of its own destiny
Conference of Geneva
Opening day of the Geneva Conference to discuss peace in Vietnam
Geneva Agreements on Indochina
Concludes the Geneva phase after extensive Chinese diplomacy supporting negotiated ceasefires in Indochina.
Government
The Big Four sign an agreement to end the Indochina War
Accords of Geneva
The Viet Minh delegates did not wish to sign: they sceptical about the scheduled 1956 elections and reluctant to agree to the 17th parallel border, which would mean surrendering territory to the South. In the end the Viet Minh representatives signed on the instructions of Ho Chi Minh, who was himself under pressure from the Soviet Union and China
Geneva Settlement
Dien Bien Phu victory strengthens Vietnam's position at Geneva
Accords of Geneva
The Viet Minh delegates did not wish to sign: they sceptical about the scheduled 1956 elections and reluctant to agree to the 17th parallel border, which would mean surrendering territory to the South. In the end the Viet Minh representatives signed on the instructions of Ho Chi Minh, who was himself under pressure from the Soviet Union and China
Conference of Geneva
Present at the Geneva Conference which partitions Vietnam
Conference of Geneva
Serves with Molotov as joint Chairman of the Geneva Conference
Conference of Geneva
Sihanouks Royal Government is granted international recognition
Independence of Kampuchea
The Conference of Geneva recognizes the independence of Kampuchea, Kampuchea
Ceasefire
A ceasefire with France is agreed
Conference of Geneva
A ceasefire with France is agreed.
Conference of Geneva
Agrees to temporarily divide Vietnam in half pending elections unite Vietnam.
Conference of Geneva
Despite general agreement the "Final Declaration" is not signed.
Conference of Geneva
French troops be withdraw from north Vietnam & the Vietminh will withdraw from the sth.
Conference of Geneva
South Vietnam, Laos & Kampuchea will become independent states protected by SEATO.
Conference of Geneva
Territory north of the 17th Parallel will go to the Government of Ho Chi Minh.
Conference of Geneva
The US does not want to recognize Beijing & Hanoi.
Conference of Geneva
Vietnam is partitioned above latitude 17 degrees north.
Election
Agrees to temporarily divide Vietnam in half pending elections unite Vietnam
Partition
Vietnam is partitioned above latitude 17 degrees north
Independence of France
Mendes speaks on behalf of internal autonomy for Tunisia
Independence of Tunisia
Mendes speaks on behalf of internal autonomy for Tunisia
Visit to Of the King of Sweden
Visit of the King of Sweden
Golden Boot FIFA World Cup
Collects the FIFA World Cup leading-scorer distinction after scoring 11 goals for Hungary. The award recognises scoring freely for Hungaryโs celebrated attacking side.
Exile of Fidel Alejandro Castro
After his 1955 amnesty, Fidel Castro leaves Cuba for Mexico to organize an armed expedition against the Batista government.
Alliance Ho Chi-Minh and give North Vietnam $338m in economic aid
China promises to give North Vietnam $338m in economic aid
Treaty of Rome
Spaak chairs the constituent meeting of the Intergovernmental Committee created to prepare proposals for a common market and Euratom.
Treaty of Rome
Snoy represents Belgium in the intergovernmental work that develops the proposals launched at Messina.
Accords of Geneva
Rejects the Geneva accords & the elections, a decision backed up by the USA. Diem refuses to hold the reunification elections, pointing out that the State of Vietnam had not signed the Geneva Accords
Election
Rejects the Geneva accords & the elections, a decision backed up by the USA. Diem refuses to hold the reunification elections, pointing out that the State of Vietnam had not signed the Geneva Accords
President of Vietnam
Appointed Prime Minister of Southern Vietnam, 2nd term
Geneva Four-Power Summit
Opens the Geneva summit with Britain, France and the Soviet Union, focusing on security and East-West tensions.
Open Skies Proposal
Proposes reciprocal aerial reconnaissance over military installations to reduce the risk of surprise attack.
World Record
Breaks the world land speed record
Meeting with Fidel Castro
After meeting Raรบl Castro, Guevara meets Fidel Castro in Mexico City and joins the Cuban expeditionary group preparing to fight Batista.
Spaak Committee
Chairs the committee charged with preparing proposals for a European common market and Euratom.
Meeting with Che Guevara
Fidel Castro meets Ernesto Guevara in Mexico City and recruits him into the expeditionary group preparing to return to Cuba.
Mexico Exile Organisation
Raรบl Castro works with the exile group in Mexico as it recruits, trains and prepares for an armed return to Cuba.
Conference of Geneva
Attends the Geneva Summit conference
Conference of Geneva
Attends the Geneva Summit conference
Mexico Exile
Organises exile preparations for renewed armed struggle.
Mexico Exile
Joins Fidel's exile group in Mexico.
Conference of Geneva
The 1st postwar East-West summit. Pravda writes about the "spirit of Geneva" & endorses Khruschevs foreign policy. Khruschev rejects Eisenhowers proposals for free flights over Russia & the USA. Despite a spirit of rapprochement the Geneva Conference is disappointing
Geneva Summit
Attends the four-power Geneva Summit, where leaders discuss European security, German reunification and disarmament.
Pravda
Pravda writes about the "spirit of Geneva" & endorses Khruschevs foreign policy
Conference of Geneva
Attends the Geneva Summit conference
Government
Attends the Geneva Summit conference
Central Cross-Island Highway Construction
Construction begins on the Central Cross-Island Highway, a major infrastructure project linking eastern and western Taiwan.
Birth of Peter Mark Sinclair Almond
Birth of Peter Mark Sinclair Almond
Presidents Council on Youth Fitness
Establishes the President's Council on Youth Fitness to promote physical fitness among American young people.
Reballion of Rebels in Budapest
Rakosi is encouraged to resign by Russia but this appeasement provokes Hungarians
Withdrawal of Western Financing
Nasser's government loses the proposed American and British financing package for the High Dam.
Aswan High Dam Financing Crisis
Nasser confronts withdrawal of American and British support for financing the High Dam.
British Financing Withdrawal
Britain withdraws its proposed High Dam contribution after the American decision.
Withdrawal of Financing Offer
Dulles informs Egypt that the United States will not proceed with the financing offer.
Withdrawal of American Financing
Eisenhower's administration withdraws its offer to support financing of the Aswan High Dam.
Fifth Hermann Jonasson Government
Begins the Fifth Hermann Jonasson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Fourth Olafur Thors Government
The Fourth Olafur Thors Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Nationalisation of Suez Canal Company
Nasser nationalises the Suez Canal Company and links its revenues to financing national development.
Suez Revenue Funding Strategy
Nasser links national control of canal revenues with financing the High Dam.
Canal Revenues for Development
Nasser presents Suez Canal income as a source of funding for national development projects.
Nationalization
Nationalizes the Suez Canal Company and transfers its assets and operations to the Egyptian state.
Rule of Suez Canal
Places the Suez Canal Company under Egyptian state ownership by presidential decree.
Sovereignty
Frames nationalization of the Suez Canal Company as an act restoring Egyptian sovereignty over a foreign-controlled asset.
Suez Canal Nationalisation
Nasser announces nationalisation after Western financing for the High Dam is withdrawn.
Sovereignty
Carries out the technical takeover of Suez Canal Company offices for the Egyptian state.
Nationalization Decree
Issues the decree nationalizing the Suez Canal Company.
Canal Administration Transferred to Egypt
Younis supervises the transfer of canal administration from the company to Egyptian control.
Suez Canal
Leads the Egyptian technical takeover of the Suez Canal Company after Nasser's nationalization order.
Canal Company Assets Secured
Nasser orders Egyptian authorities to secure the assets and offices of the Suez Canal Company.
Nationalization
Announces the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company in a speech at Alexandria.
Suez Canal
Announces the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company, a joint British-French enterprise that operated the canal.
Suez Canal
Treats Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal as a threat to French strategic and colonial interests.
Nationalization
Nasser announces the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company, which operated the vital trade route to the east, in which British banks & business held a 44% stake
Canal Nationalization
Receives news that Nasser has nationalised the Suez Canal Company and calls ministers for urgent consultations
Canal Nationalization
Responds to Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal by preparing political and military countermeasures
Emergency Cabinet Called after Nationalisation
Eden summons ministers after learning that Egypt has nationalised the Suez Canal Company.
Joint Response with Britain Discussed
Mollet begins intensive discussions with British leaders over diplomatic and military responses to Nasser.
Economic Stakes
Warns that control of the canal affects oil supplies, sterling and Britain's financial position
Canal Nationalization
Begins diplomatic work to build an international response to Egypt's seizure of the canal company
Cabinet Debate
Questions the risks of military action during early Cabinet discussions of the canal crisis
Military Options Requested from Chiefs
Eden asks military chiefs to examine options for restoring Western control of the canal.
Three-Power London Consultations Begin
Lloyd opens consultations with French and American representatives on a coordinated response to nationalisation.
Val Duchesse Negotiations
Represents Belgium during detailed negotiations on the common market and Euratom.
Val Duchesse Negotiations
Represents French European interests during negotiations leading to the Treaties of Rome.
International Control Proposal Backed
Pineau supports proposals intended to place canal operations under an international system.
Val Duchesse Negotiations
Helps manage German negotiating positions on the common market before the Treaties of Rome.
Visit to To Iraq
Makes a state visit to Iraq
Val Duchesse Negotiations
Backs Luxembourg's role in the talks that prepare the Treaties of Rome.
Val Duchesse Negotiations
Supports Dutch participation in the final common market negotiations.
International Geophysical Year Opens
The International Geophysical Year begins, supporting multinational scientific research and the American satellite effort.
Dismissal
Defeats the "Anti-Party Group" & becomes the undisputed leader of the Soviet Union
Beatles, The
John Lennon meets Paul McCartney at the Woolton Parish Church in Liverpool during a performance by John's group the Quarrymen, impressed by Pauls ability to tune a guitar and by his knowledge of song lyrics, John asks him to join.
Quarrymen
John Lennon meets Paul McCartney at the Woolton Parish Church in Liverpool during a performance by John's group the Quarrymen, impressed by Pauls ability to tune a guitar and by his knowledge of song lyrics, John asks him to join.
Beatles, The
John Lennon meets Paul McCartney at the Woolton Parish Church in Liverpool during a performance by John's group the Quarrymen, impressed by Pauls ability to tune a guitar and by his knowledge of song lyrics, John asks him to join.
Quarrymen
John Lennon meets Paul McCartney at the Woolton Parish Church in Liverpool during a performance by John's group the Quarrymen, impressed by Pauls ability to tune a guitar and by his knowledge of song lyrics, John asks him to join.
Quarrymen
Performs with the Quarrymen at Woolton, where he meets Paul McCartney.
Quarrymen
Meets John Lennon at Woolton and is invited to join the Quarrymen.
Brazil Senior Debut
Makes his senior Brazil debut against Argentina at sixteen.
First International Goal
Scores Brazil's goal during his first international appearance.
Prime Minister Term Ends
Ends his 1957 term as Prime Minister
Treaty of Rome
Pineau supports the government campaign as the National Assembly approves ratification of the Rome Treaties.
Sierra Maestra Manifesto
Castro and allied opposition figures issue the Sierra Maestra Manifesto calling for a broad political front against Batista and support for the rebel struggle.
Manifesto of the Sierra Maestra
Signs the manifesto with Castro and Raul Chibas.
Manifesto of the Sierra Maestra
Signs the manifesto calling for Batista's removal.
Manifesto of the Sierra Maestra
Issues a political manifesto with opposition allies.
Birth of Julian Keith Levene
Birth of Julian Keith Levene in Wood Green, London
Promotion to Commander
Fidel Castro promotes Guevara to commander and places him in charge of a newly organized rebel column in the Sierra Maestra.
Promotion to Commander
Fidel Castro promotes Guevara to commander and places him in charge of the newly established Column 4.
Abolition of Monarchy
The Constituent Assembly abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic of Tunisia.
Death of Carlos Castillo Armas
Death of Carlos Castillo Armas
Secretary of State for the Presidency
Bahi Ladgham began serving as secretary of state for the presidency.
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
The Statute of the IAEA was approved on 23 October 1956 and came into force on 29 July 1957
Statute of IAEA
The Statute of the IAEA was approved on 23 October 1956 and came into force on 29 July 1957
Statute of IAEA
The Statute of the IAEA was approved on 23 October 1956 and came into force on 29 July 1957
Death of Frank Pais
Is killed by Batista's police in Santiago.
Attack on Bueycito
Guevara's forces attack the army post at Bueycito during the expansion of rebel operations in Oriente.
French Ratification of Rome Treaties
Faure supported French parliamentary approval of the Treaties of Rome creating the EEC and Euratom.
Treaty of Rome
Luns supports Dutch ratification as political and economic debate focuses on the implications of the new common market.
Inspected Nuclear Test Ban Proposal
The United States proposes a ban on nuclear tests once an effective international inspection system is established.
Stresa Agricultural Conference
Heads the government as Stresa hosts the six-country agricultural conference shaping the future Common Agricultural Policy.
Alaska Statehood Act Signed
Signs the Alaska Statehood Act authorizing admission of Alaska to the Union.
Battle of El Jigue
Guevara participates during the fighting around El Jigue as Batista's summer offensive begins to fail.
Battle of La Plata
General Eulogio Cantillo's forces begin an operation near La Plata intended to strike Fidel Castro's Sierra Maestra positions.
Battle of La Plata
The Battle of La Plata begins as part of Operation Verano, the Batista government's summer offensive against the Sierra Maestra rebels.
Operation Verano
Operation Verano suffers a major defeat at La Plata.
Battle of La Plata
Defeats a Batista battalion during Operation Verano.
Blocking Position at La Plata
Del Rio's squad occupies a position helping close the encirclement.
Forward Position at El Jigue
Perez deploys his squad directly opposite Battalion 18's camp.
Forward Position at El Jigue
Rodriguez and his fighters hold a position facing the surrounded battalion.
Deployment at Purialon
Cuevas moves into position to prevent army reinforcements reaching Battalion 18.
La Plata River Blocked
Garcia positions fighters to block Battalion 18's route toward the coast.
Battle of La Plata Begins
Castro directs the encirclement of Battalion 18 during the Battle of La Plata.
El Jigue Encirclement Ordered
Castro orders rebel units to surround Battalion 18 at El Jigue.
Battalion 18 Lands
Quevedo lands Battalion 18 near the mouth of the La Plata River.
Prime Minister Appointed
Starts his longest continuous prime ministerial term
Atomic Energy Commission
McCone became the fourth Chairman of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, succeeding Lewis Strauss and beginning a term that lasted until January 1961.
Sangkum Consolidation
Sangkum consolidates control after the 1958 political settlement
Lebanon Marine Deployment
Orders United States Marines into Lebanon at the request of President Camille Chamoun during the Middle East crisis.
Declaration of Hussein
King Hussein declares himself head of Jordan/Iraqi federation
Death at El Jigue
Cuevas is killed while advancing against government positions.
Battle of La Plata
Castro's forces compel the surrounded government battalion at La Plata to surrender after days of fighting during Operation Verano.
Battle of La Plata
The Battle of La Plata ends with the surrender of the isolated government battalion and the capture of hundreds of soldiers.
Battle of La Plata
His offensive suffers a serious defeat at La Plata.
Defeat at La Plata
Batista's government loses Battalion 18 after its encirclement at La Plata.
Battalion 18 Surrenders
Castro accepts the surrender of Battalion 18 and captures approximately 240 soldiers.
Government Soldiers Captured
Castro's forces take approximately 240 Battalion 18 soldiers prisoner.
Surrender at El Jigue
Quevedo surrenders Battalion 18 after relief attempts fail.
Forces Shifted toward Yara River
Castro shifts rebel units north to pursue remaining army battalions.
Promotion after El Jigue
Sardinas is promoted to commander for his service during the offensive.
Promotion after El Jigue
Castro promotes Garcia to commander after the victory over Battalion 18.
Yara River Ambush
Galvez participates in the rebel attack against the advancing army company.
Supply Column Ambushed
Del Rio's fighters support the ambush blocking army supplies.
Ambush of Company P
Sunol helps ambush an army company moving supplies toward surrounded troops.
Company P Forced Back
Ramos Latour helps force Company P to retreat from its supply mission.
Battalion 11 Encirclement Planned
Castro plans to surround Battalion 11 after the victory at El Jigue.
Promotion to Commander
Castro promotes Paz after his service against the government offensive.
Battalion 17 Withdrawal Ordered
Cantillo orders Battalion 17 to withdraw from its exposed mountain position.
Peerage
Prince Charles is created The Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, though his actual investiture does not take place until 1 July 1969
Consecrated Auxiliary Bishop
Conway receives episcopal ordination after being named auxiliary bishop to Cardinal John D'Alton in Armagh.
Death near Providencia
Chavez is killed alongside Ramon Paz during fighting against retreating battalions.
Second Santo Domingo Battle
Castro commits rebel forces against army units withdrawing through the northern sector.
Death near Providencia
Paz is killed while attempting to block retreating army forces.
Wounded during Withdrawal
Sanchez Mosquera is seriously wounded while Battalion 11 escapes the rebel encirclement.
Battle of Las Mercedes
At Las Mercedes, government forces nearly encircle Castro's guerrillas; Castro later obtains a cease-fire that helps his surviving forces withdraw.
Operation Verano
Castro's forces escape destruction at Las Mercedes.
Battle of Las Mercedes
Escapes encirclement during Batista's offensive.
Las Mercedes Trap
Batista's army attempts to lure Castro's fighters into an encirclement at Las Mercedes.
Rebel Forces Committed at Las Mercedes
Castro sends forces to attack Battalion 17 during its apparent retreat.
Battle of Las Mercedes Begins
Cantillo uses Battalion 17's withdrawal to draw rebel forces into a prepared trap.
NASA Created
Signs legislation creating NASA, the agency that later runs Apollo.
Death at El Jobal
Ramos Latour is killed while fighting government troops during the Las Mercedes battle.
Munich Air Disaster
Survivor of the Munich air disaster
Limited Test Moratorium Proposal
McCone discussed a proposal with Secretary John Foster Dulles for limiting nuclear tests while preserving carefully controlled underground development work.
Beijing Talks with Mao Zedong
Begins difficult talks with Mao Zedong over defense cooperation, Taiwan and the direction of the Communist alliance.
Second Front Expansion
United States consular reporting estimates that Raรบl Castro's force has grown from about 150 fighters to between 2,000 and 3,000 men by mid-1958.
Prisoners Transferred to Red Cross
Castro arranges the transfer of captured government soldiers to Red Cross representatives.
Surrender Messages to Battalion 18
Castro sends messages urging Quevedo to surrender the isolated battalion.
Initial Surrender Demands Rejected
Quevedo initially refuses rebel demands while waiting for relief.
Golden Boot FIFA World Cup
Finishes as the leading goalscorer in the FIFA World Cup with 13 goals for France. The campaign is particularly remembered for setting the enduring single-tournament scoring record.
Death of Dale Buis
Killed in an attack often counted among the first US combat deaths in Vietnam
Death of Chester Ovnand
Killed with Dale Buis in the Bien Hoa attack
Steel Strike
McDonald leads a nationwide steel strike over work rules and employment security.
Government
July 22-August 5, visits the Soviet Union & Poland
Kitchen Debate with Richard Nixon
Debates Vice President Richard Nixon at the American National Exhibition over consumer living standards and rival political systems.
Military Leadership Debate
Kerensky participates in military leadership debate during his political career.
Constitution of Indonesia
Seeks to unite Indonesia through "Guided Democracy"
Republic Constitution Takes Effect
Ghana's republican constitution takes effect, replacing the governor-general with an executive presidency under Kwame Nkrumah.
Anti-Pass Conviction
Defends pass burning as a moral protest against discriminatory law.
Pass Burning Trial
Faces trial for publicly destroying his reference book.
Death of Aneurin Bevan
Dies after a long political career.
Death of Aneurin Bevan
Death of Aneurin Bevan.
Katanga Secession Declared
Declares Katanga independent from the central government during the opening phase of the Congo Crisis.
President of United States of America
Appointed Presidential candidate for the Democratic Party
Request for United Nations Assistance
Lumumba's government requests United Nations military assistance following Belgian intervention.
Second Siroky Government
The Second Siroky Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Third Siroky Government
Begins the Third Siroky Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Belgium
The government breaks diplomatic relations with Belgium during the Congo Crisis.
ONUC Deployment Authorized
Organizes the United Nations response after the Security Council authorizes military assistance to the Congo.
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, 1st term
USS George Washington
The successful submerged launch of Polaris demonstrates the strategic value of ballistic missile submarines
USS George Washington
USS George Washington successfully fires Polaris missiles while submerged
Latin American Youth Congress Speech
Guevara addresses the Latin American Youth Congress on revolution and anti-colonial solidarity.
Washington Diplomatic Mission
Visits Washington seeking political and material support for the new Congolese government.
Congolese Army Command
Becomes commander of the renamed national army as the Force Publique mutiny destabilizes the new state.
Education
John Lennon leaves Liverpool College of Art
Lord Privy Seal
Is appointed Lord Privy Seal with responsibility for European negotiations.
Sino-Soviet Specialist Withdrawal
Withdraws thousands of Soviet specialists from China, sharply worsening the dispute with Mao Zedong.
Withdrawal of Soviet Experts from China
Orders Soviet technical experts withdrawn from China as the Sino-Soviet split intensifies.
Congo Crisis United Nations Support
Supports United Nations involvement as the newly independent Congo descends into political and military crisis.
Apollo Program Named
Suggests the name Apollo for NASA lunar spacecraft work.
Birth of Diana
Birth of Diana, Princess of Wales, youngest daughter of Edward John Spencer, Viscount Althorp, later John Spencer, Eighth Earl Spencer, and his first wife, France's Spencer, Viscountess Althorp
Birth of Frederick Carlton Carl Lewis
Birth of Frederick Carlton "Carl" Lewis.
Death of Ernest Miller Hemingway
Death of Ernest Miller Hemingway, suicide
Suicide
Found shot through the head by his own gun. Death of Ernest Miller Hemingway, suicide
Budget
Announces the Defence budget will be increased by 30%
Defense Budget Increase
Announces a major increase in Soviet defense spending during the renewed Berlin confrontation.
Unannounced Moscow Embassy Visit
Lee appeared unexpectedly at the closed American Embassy on July 8 and contacted consul Richard Snyder by telephone.
Peerage
Is created Earl of Avon and enters the House of Lords
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Visit to To Britain where he is greeted by
Begins a visit to Britain where he is greeted by ectstatic crowds
Muslim Family Laws Ordinance
Ayub promulgates reforms governing marriage, divorce and inheritance procedures.
Prime Minister of Iran
Appointed Prime Minister of Iran
Bizerte Crisis
Tunisia confronted France over the continued French military presence at Bizerte.
Socialist Nationalizations
Issues decrees nationalizing banks, insurance companies and major industrial enterprises.
Beatles, The
Brian Epstein orders 144 copies of "Cry For A Shadow", written by George Harrison
Beatles, The
Brian Epstein orders 144 copies of "Cry For A Shadow", written by George Harrison
Liberty Bell 7 Mercury
Grissom pilots Liberty Bell 7 on the second American crewed suborbital flight under Project Mercury.
Liberty Bell 7 Recovery
After Grissom's successful Mercury flight, Liberty Bell 7 sinks following premature opening of the spacecraft's explosive hatch.
Reopening of Parliament
Kasa-Vubu reconvenes Parliament to create a broader central government.
Yeats Recruited to Lead the Defence
Shankly signed Ron Yeats from Dundee United in July 1961, and the commanding centre-half later became Liverpool captain.
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Calls for an extra $3.25 billion in defense spending & an increase in US & NATO forces
Siege of Berlin
Announces on TV Berlin had become "the great testing place of Western courage & will"
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Calls for an extra $3.25 billion in defense spending & an increase in US & NATO forces
Constitution of Bolivia
Paz Estenssoro promulgates a constitution reflecting reforms of the National Revolution.
Bonn European Summit
Participates in the Bonn summit where the Six seek proposals for closer political cooperation.
Amnesty International
Benenson and his friend Alec Digges, an Irish communist, members of the International Brigade Association at the same address (2 Parton Street WC1, London) take control of the Amnesty shell. Amnesty International is founded by Peter Benenson, an English lawyer who had converted to Roman Catholicism in 1958
International Brigade Association
Benenson and his friend Alec Digges, an Irish communist, members of the International Brigade Association at the same address (2 Parton Street WC1, London) take control of the Amnesty shell
Amnesty International
Benenson and his friend Alec Digges, an Irish communist, members of the International Brigade Association at the same address (2 Parton Street WC1, London) take control of the Amnesty shell
American Passport Restored
After an embassy interview in July 1961, officials concluded that Oswald had not expatriated himself and returned his American passport.
Accords of Evian
The Evian Accord proposals for Algerian independence are accepted in a referendum
Independence of Algeria
The Evian Accord proposals for Algerian independence are accepted in a referendum
Referendum
The Evian Accord proposals for Algerian independence are accepted in a referendum
President Takes Office
Rivera becomes President after the 1962 election
Birth of Thomas Cruise Mapother IV
Bith of Thomas Cruise Mapother IV
CIA Biographical Review
A CIA memorandum dated July 3, 1962, reviewed information about Frank Fiorini, later known as Frank Sturgis, and his Cuban activities.
The Parallel Street
Directs Die Parallelstrasse, a key work linked to the Oberhausen generation.
Head of State Representative
Assumes the full governor-general role after succeeding Maurice Dorman
League and Cup Double
Completes a league and Copa del Generalisimo double by defeating Sevilla 2-1 in the cup final.
Blowin in the Wind
Records Blowin in the Wind during Freewheelin sessions.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Malinovsky supervised military planning for Operation Anadyr as Soviet forces prepared for the concealed deployment to Cuba.
Lunar Orbit Rendezvous
NASA adopts lunar orbit rendezvous for Apollo lunar landing missions.
Rolling Stones, The
The Stones have their first gig at the Marquee Club with Jagger, Richards, Jones, Stewart, bass player Dick Taylor (later of The Pretty Things) and drummer Tony Chapman
First Marquee Club Show
Performs at the first Rolling Stones show billed at the Marquee Club.
Rolling Stones, The
The Stones have their first gig at the Marquee Club with Jagger, Richards, Jones, Stewart, bass player Dick Taylor (later of The Pretty Things) and drummer Tony Chapman
First Marquee Club Show
Plays bass at the Rolling Stones's first Marquee Club performance.
Rolling Stones, The
The Stones have their first gig at the Marquee Club with Jagger, Richards, Jones, Stewart, bass player Dick Taylor (later of The Pretty Things) and drummer Tony Chapman
First Marquee Club Show
Plays guitar at the Rolling Stones's first Marquee Club performance.
First Marquee Club Show
Is associated with early Rolling Stones rehearsals and accounts of the first Marquee period.
First Marquee Club Show
Performs at the Rolling Stones's first show at the Marquee Club.
Rolling Stones, The
The Stones have their first gig at the Marquee Club with Jagger, Richards, Jones, Stewart, bass player Dick Taylor (later of The Pretty Things) and drummer Tony Chapman. The group plays its first gig at the Marquee club in London, billed as "The Rollin Stones"
Election
Purges a Cabinet of 21 of 7 its ministers after a poor by-election resul at Orpington
Purge
Purges a Cabinet of 21 of 7 its ministers after a poor by-election resul at Orpington
Government
Senate rejects medicare for the aged
Nuclear Power
The US performs nuclear tests at the Nevada test site
Prime Minister of Iran
Appointed Prime Minister of Iran
Assassination of Tou Samouth
The underground communist party secretary Tou Samouth is arrested and later killed while in custody
Khmer Rouge
Tou Samouth is murdered by the Kampuchean Government
Mariner 1 Launch Failure
Mariner 1 is launched toward Venus but a guidance failure forces controllers to destroy the spacecraft shortly after liftoff.
Clandestine Return
Resumes underground political and military organisational work.
Returns to South Africa
Returns secretly to South Africa after his African mission.
Government
An greement signed by 14 nations guarentees the neutrality & independence of Laos
Independence of Laos
An greement signed by 14 nations guarentees the neutrality & independence of Laos
Independence of United States of America
An greement signed by 14 nations guarentees the neutrality & independence of Laos
Neutrality
An greement signed by 14 nations guarentees the neutrality & independence of Laos
Treaty of Washington
An greement signed by 14 nations guarentees the neutrality & independence of Laos
Laos Neutrality Intelligence Role
After the Geneva agreement on neutral Laos, McCone managed CIA responsibilities for supporting Hmong forces while seeking to keep the covert role limited.
Common Agricultural Policy Launch
De Gaulle strongly supported the Common Agricultural Policy as a central economic interest for France within the EEC.
Southern Rhodesia
Healey challenges racial inequality and political repression in Southern Rhodesia during a Commons debate.
Golden Boot FIFA World Cup
Scores 4 goals for Brazil to claim the FIFA World Cup scoring honour. The achievement reflects sharing the goalscoring lead as Brazil retained the world title.
Golden Boot FIFA World Cup
Claims the FIFA World Cup top-scorer award with 4 goals while representing Brazil. The season is distinguished by sharing the scoring lead during Brazilโs championship defence.
Golden Boot FIFA World Cup
Leads the FIFA World Cup scoring standings with 4 goals for Chile. His contribution stands out for helping the host nation secure third place.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Raul Castro visited Moscow while Soviet and Cuban officials finalized secret military arrangements.
Golden Boot FIFA World Cup
Collects the FIFA World Cup leading-scorer distinction after scoring 4 goals for Hungary. The award recognises sharing first place in the tournament scoring standings.
Cuban Missile Deployment Agreement
Finalizes arrangements with Cuban leaders for the secret deployment of Soviet strategic weapons.
Cuban Missile Crisis
The Soviet military began Operation Anadyr to transport troops, missiles, aircraft, and supporting equipment to Cuba.
Louv-R-Pak Employment
Oswald obtained work as a sheet-metal worker with the Louv-R-Pak Division of Leslie Welding Company during July 1962.
Exchange Negotiations Supported
Miskovsky assists Donovan with legal, logistical and diplomatic aspects of negotiations.
Direct Prisoner Negotiations Expanded
Donovan continues direct talks with Castro's government over terms for releasing Bay of Pigs prisoners.
Binary Gravitational Radiation
Peters and Jon Mathews calculate gravitational radiation from two masses in Keplerian orbits, including the rate, angular distribution and polarization of the emitted energy.
East Berlin Limited Test Ban Offer
Publicly offers a treaty banning nuclear tests in the atmosphere, outer space and underwater.
Official Visit to Algeria
Guevara begins an official visit to newly independent Algeria under President Ahmed Ben Bella.
Assumption of Senate Presidency
Al-Rifai began a term as president of the Jordanian Senate following his last premiership. The position placed him at the head of the upper chamber of Jordanโs legislature.
President of Ecuador
Appointed military junta exercising presidential authority in Ecuador
Harriman Test Ban Talks
Meets American negotiator Averell Harriman and accepts negotiations focused on a three-environment nuclear test ban.
Victory-Liston
Sonny Liston knocks out Floyd Patterson in the first round for a 2nd time in 1 year
Victory-Liston
Sonny Liston knocks out Floyd Patterson in the first round for a 2nd time in 1 year
Limited Test Ban Treaty Initialled
Soviet, American and British negotiators initial the Limited Test Ban Treaty after intensive Moscow talks.
Newport Folk Festival
Performs at Newport Folk Festival during his folk breakthrough.
KCP
Pol Pot and most of the central committee left Phnom Penh to establish an insurgent base in Ratanakiri Province
Khmer Rouge
Pol Pot and most of the central committee leave Phnom Penh to establish an insurgent base in Ratanakiri Province in the northeast
Trial
Mandela is sentenced to life imprisonment
Summer Correspondence with Marina
Paine and Marina Oswald corresponded while the Oswalds lived in New Orleans, discussing Marina's family circumstances and marital difficulties.
Civil Rights Act
Signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964, prohibiting discrimination in public accommodations, employment and federally assisted programs.
Civil Rights Act
Signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964, prohibiting discrimination in public accommodations, employment and federally assisted programs.
Beatles, The
The world premiere of The Beatles A Hard Days Night takes place in London
Beatles, The
The world premiere of The Beatles A Hard Days Night takes place in London
Independence of Great Britain
Malta is given independence after 73 years of British colonial rule
Independence of Malta
Malta is given independence after 73 years of British colonial rule
Urban Mass Transportation Act
Signs the Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964, expanding federal support for urban public transit.
Appointment as Prime Minister
Kasa-Vubu appoints Tshombe to lead a government confronting rebellions and preparing elections.
Civic Reception
Returns to Liverpool with the Beatles for a civic reception.
A Hard Day's Night
Produces A Hard Day's Night, combining soundtrack work with a full Beatles studio album.
Nuclear Power
Great Britain performs nuclear Test at Nevada test Site
Ruby Polygraph Examination Review
Warren's commission reviewed the FBI-administered polygraph examination given to Jack Ruby after Ruby repeatedly requested such a test.
Invasion of Vietnam
During the Vietnam War at a rally in Saigon, General Nguyen Khanh made a statement "calling for expanding the war into North Vietnam"
Mobilization
During the Vietnam War at a rally in Saigon, General Nguyen Khanh made a statement "calling for expanding the war into North Vietnam"
International Sanctions
Multilateral sanctions are imposed by the OAS
OAS
Multilateral sanctions are imposed by the OAS
Sanctions
Multilateral sanctions are imposed by the OAS
Task Group 72.1 Command
Herrick embarked aboard USS Maddox as the on-scene commander of Task Group 72.1 for the destroyer's intelligence patrol in the Gulf of Tonkin.
DESOTO Patrol Begins
Ogier took USS Maddox into the Gulf of Tonkin on the opening leg of a DESOTO surveillance and signals-intelligence patrol off North Vietnam.
Zoot Suit
Release Zoot Suit under the High Numbers name.
Economy of Great Britain
The Resale Price Maintenance is abolished
Reform of Trade
The Resale Price Maintenance is abolished
Resale Price Maintenance
The Resale Price Maintenance is abolished
Oswald Lawyer
Andrews subsequently repeated his claim regarding the phone call from Clay Bertrand asking him to defend Oswald in testimony before the Warren Commission
Warren Commission
A Secret Service report issued in December 1963, two weeks after the assassination of President Kennedy, stated that Dean Andrews said that Lee Harvey Oswald had visited Andrews office on approximately three occasions in June and July 1963, seeking legal advice from Andrews concerning his citizenship status, his wifes status
Warren Commission
and his undesirable discharge from the Marine Corps. Andrews described his encounters with Oswald in testimony before the Warren Commission in July 1964. Andrews subsequently repeated his claim regarding the phone call from Clay Bertrand asking him to defend Oswald in testimony before the Warren Commission
Anti-Castro Involvement Inquiry
Warren's commission examined allegations involving anti-Castro Cuban groups and individuals to determine whether they had participated in the assassination.
Cuban Involvement Inquiry
Under Warren's chairmanship, the commission investigated allegations that the Cuban Government or pro-Castro organizations had been involved in the assassination.
Mexico City Investigation
Warren's commission examined Oswald's September 1963 trip to Mexico City and his contacts with the Soviet and Cuban diplomatic missions.
Organized Crime Inquiry
Warren's commission examined Jack Ruby's associations and allegations involving organized crime while investigating whether Ruby's killing of Oswald was conspiratorial.
Oswald Background Investigation
Warren's commission reconstructed Oswald's background, education, military service, Soviet defection, return to the United States, employment, politics, and personal associations.
Oswald Interrogation Review
Warren's commission examined the circumstances and substance of Oswald's interrogations by Dallas police between his arrest and his death.
Right-Wing Activity Inquiry
Warren's commission examined hostile right-wing political activity in Dallas and investigated whether it had any connection to President Kennedy's assassination.
Soviet Involvement Inquiry
Under Warren's chairmanship, the commission investigated whether the Soviet Government or Soviet intelligence had directed, encouraged, or assisted Oswald.
Tippit Killing Investigation
Warren's commission reviewed eyewitness, firearms, police-radio, and physical evidence concerning the killing of Dallas Patrolman J. D. Tippit.
Empty Chair Crisis
France began boycotting Council meetings during the Empty Chair crisis over agricultural finance and institutional voting.
Coup
Leads a successful coup in Algeria
President of Algeria
Appointed President of Algeria
Coup
Leads a successful coup in Algeria
Shadow Defence Appointment
Becomes Shadow Secretary of State for Defence under the newly elected Conservative leader Edward Heath.
Birth of Princess Alexia
Princess Alexia, the first child of Constantine II and Anne-Marie, is born at Mon Repos on Corfu.
Resignation as Prime Minister
Papandreou resigns during the constitutional crisis known as the Apostasia.
Papandreou Government Crisis
A confrontation between Constantine II and Prime Minister George Papandreou culminates in Papandreou's resignation and a prolonged political crisis.
Like a Rolling Stone
Releases Like a Rolling Stone, expanding expectations of a pop single.
Election
Defeats Powell & Maudling in 1st round of the 1st leadership contest by secret ballot
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the Conservative Party
Resignation of Alexander Frederick Douglas-Home
Resigns as Party Leader of the Conservative Party
Victory-Ali
Patterson challenges for the crown again but is stopped in 12 rounds by Muhammad Ali
Air Force Command
Nur Khan assumes command of the Pakistan Air Force only weeks before the 1965 war with India.
Maggie's Farm
Performs electric material at Newport Folk Festival.
Pierre Harmel Government
Begins the Pierre Harmel Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Theo Lefevre Government
The Theo Lefevre Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Conservative Leadership Election
Is elected Leader of the Conservative Party after Alec Douglas-Home resigns.
US Combat Escalation
Receives expanded US combat forces after Johnson's escalation decision
Troop Escalation
Announces expanded US troop commitments to Vietnam
See My Friends
The Kinks release See My Friends.
Medicare and Medicaid
Johnson signs legislation creating federal health-insurance programmes for elderly and low-income Americans.
Medicare
Signs the Social Security Amendments creating Medicare and Medicaid.
Death of Farouk I
Death of Farouk I
Council Boycott
Couve de Murville defended France's withdrawal from Council meetings during the Empty Chair dispute.
Venice Beach Meeting
Decides to form a band after hearing Morrison's songs.
Venice Beach Meeting
Meets Ray Manzarek on Venice Beach after writing early songs.
Mobilization
Taylor asks for 125,000 men
Devaluation
Says devaluation of the pound is unnecessary
Presidential Election
Barrientos wins the presidential election and returns Bolivia to formal civilian government.
Reform of Prices and Incomes
The Prices & Incomes Bill is published. Companies & Unions must give advance warning of any wage or price increases
Devaluation
Pompidous policy to devalue puts pressure on Callaghan to propose devaluation
Freedom of Information Act
Signs the Freedom of Information Act, strengthening public access to federal records.
Reform of Sexual Offences Law
The Sexual Offences Bill, legalizing homosexuality, passes its second reading
Gemini IX
During the flight of Gemini IX American astronauts Tom Stafford and Eugene Cernan make a two-hour EVA
Gemini IX
During the flight of Gemini IX American astronauts Tom Stafford and Eugene Cernan make a two-hour EVA
Constitution of Israel
The new Israeli Parliament Building for the Knesset is inaugurated
Knesset
The new Israeli Parliament Building for the Knesset is inaugurated
Rule of Jerusalem
The new Israeli Parliament Building for the Knesset is inaugurated
Capital
Hussein declares East Jerusalem to be the "spiritual capital of Jordan"
Rule of Jerusalem
Hussein declares East Jerusalem to be the "spiritual capital of Jordan"
Right Back In Opening Draw
Starts at right-back as England face Uruguay in the opening match, forming part of a defence that prevents the South American side from scoring.
World Cup Group Match Against Uruguay
Greaves started England's opening World Cup match against Uruguay, which ended in a goalless draw at Wembley.
Opening Match Clean Sheet
Keeps Uruguay from scoring in England's opening World Cup match at Wembley, a 0-0 draw that begins the hosts' unbeaten tournament run.
England Opening Match Appearance
Starts England's goalless opening match against Uruguay, making his sole appearance in the host nation's successful World Cup campaign.
Uruguay Holds Hosts Scoreless
Keeps a clean sheet against England in the tournament's opening match, frustrating the hosts and helping Uruguay take a point at Wembley.
World Cup Goal Against Bulgaria
Pelรฉ scored from a free kick in Brazil's opening World Cup match against Bulgaria, a victory that proved insufficient for knockout qualification.
Long Range Goal Against Mexico
Breaks the deadlock against Mexico with a notable long-range effort, giving England the lead in a group match that they win 2-0.
Goal Completes Mexico Victory
Scores England's second goal against Mexico after Bobby Charlton has opened the scoring, sealing a 2-0 group-stage victory at Wembley.
Mexico Faces England At Wembley
Keeps goal for Mexico against the World Cup hosts and withstands repeated pressure before England secure a 2-0 victory through second-half control.
Rule of Namibia
The World Court rules in South Africas favour for it to retain control
Suez Canal
It is announced that British forces will withdraw from Suez by the mid 70s
Portugal World Cup Injury and Exit
Portugal's physical marking left Pelรฉ struggling with injuries as Brazil lost 3-1 and exited the tournament in the group stage.
Budget
Surtax introduced & public investments cut. Incomes & prices are frozen for 6 months. HP controls are tightened, indirect taxes & post office charges raised. Announces a package of cuts in the House of Commons, in preference to devaluation
Italy Upset At Middlesbrough
Scores the winning goal against Italy in a 1-0 group-stage upset, sending North Korea into the quarter-finals of the World Cup hosted by England.
Eusรฉbio Scores Twice Against Pelรฉ Brazil
Eusรฉbio scored twice as Portugal eliminated Brazil 3-1, leaving Pelรฉ's side outside the World Cup knockout phase.
Deflation
Produces a deflationary package to stabilise the pound
Prices & Incomes
Launches a 6 month freeze on prices & wages
Arrest of Ian Richard Kyle Paisley
Imprisoned for a breach of the peace at a Church assembly
Third Consecutive Group Clean Sheet
Helps England keep France scoreless in their final group fixture, extending the host nation's run of defensive shutouts before the knockout stage.
Injury Against France Changes England Forward Line
Greaves suffered a leg injury in the final group match with France and lost his starting position during England's run to the trophy.
Opening Goal Against France
Gives England the lead against France in their final group match, beginning a two-goal display that secures first place in the group.
Second Goal Secures Group Leadership
Scores a second time against France at Wembley, completing a 2-0 victory and ensuring England progress to the quarter-finals as group winners.
Midfield Screening In France Match
Performs a defensive midfield role as England defeat France 2-0, limiting opportunities through the centre and preserving another clean sheet.
Gemini X
During Gemini X American astronauts Mike Collins and John Young make two rendezvous and docking maneuvers with Agena target vehicles, plus complete a complex EVA
Gemini X
During Gemini X American astronauts Mike Collins and John Young make two rendezvous and docking maneuvers with Agena target vehicles, plus complete a complex EVA
Dismissal Against England
Is sent off during Argentina's contentious quarter-final against England, leaving his team a player short before England eventually win 1-0.
Referees England Argentina Quarter-Final
Officiates the fiercely contested England-Argentina quarter-final and dismisses Argentina captain Antonio Rattin during a match marked by disputes.
Quarter-Final Defensive Shutout
Plays in England's defence as Argentina are held scoreless at Wembley, helping the hosts reach the World Cup semi-finals.
Quarter-Final Winner Against Argentina
Heads the only goal in England's tense quarter-final against Argentina, taking the hosts into the semi-finals with a 1-0 victory.
Four Match Shutout Run
Completes a fourth successive clean sheet when England beat Argentina 1-0, maintaining an unbreached defence through the opening four tournament matches.
Wingless Wonders Tactical Selection
Uses a compact midfield-oriented England line-up in the knockout stages, favouring positional balance and work-rate over the traditional use of specialist wingers.
Arrest of Saddam Hussein
Escapes from arrest
Four Goal Quarter Final Comeback
Scores four times as Portugal overturn North Korea's three-goal lead and win their quarter-final 5-3, earning a semi-final against England.
Four Goals Against North Korea
Scores four goals as Portugal recover from 3-0 down to defeat North Korea 5-3.
Death of Montgomery Clift
Death of Montgomery Clift
Leads England Into First Final
Captains England through the 2-1 semi-final victory over Portugal, securing a place in the nation's first World Cup final.
Semi-Final Win Over Portugal
Starts in goal as England overcome a dangerous Portuguese attack 2-1, helping the home side reach its first World Cup final.
Marks Eusebio In Semi-Final
Works to contain Portuguese star Eusebio during England's semi-final victory, a disciplined midfield assignment central to the team's approach.
1966 Semi-Final Brace
Scores both England goals in the 2-1 semi-final victory over Portugal.
Penalty Ends England Clean Sheet Run
Converts a late penalty in the semi-final against England, becoming the first player to score against the hosts during the 1966 tournament.
Portugal Third Place Finish
Plays in Portugal's campaign culminating in a 2-1 third-place playoff victory over the Soviet Union, confirming the team's best World Cup finish to that date.
Motorcycle Accident
Suffers a motorcycle accident near Woodstock.
West Germany Final Captaincy
Captains West Germany in the World Cup final and leads his team through a contest that reaches extra time after a dramatic late equaliser.
1966 Final Equalizer
Scores a late equalizer to take the World Cup final into extra time.
Last Minute Equaliser In Final
Scores near the end of normal time to equalise for West Germany at 2-2, sending the World Cup final against England into extra time.
Opening Goal In World Cup Final
Puts West Germany ahead early in the final against England, forcing the hosts to recover from a 1-0 deficit in front of the Wembley crowd.
1966 FIFA World Cup Final - Hans Tilkowski
Hans Tilkowski was West Germanyโs goalkeeper when Geoff Hurstโs controversial extra-time shot was ruled to have crossed the goal line.
Controversial Extra Time Goal Conceded
Is the West German goalkeeper when Geoff Hurst's extra-time shot strikes the crossbar and is awarded as a goal, a decision long debated after the final.
Young Midfielder In World Cup Final
Starts for West Germany in the final at age twenty, gaining major international experience in the 4-2 extra-time defeat to England.
1966 Final Opening Goal
Scores West Germany's opening goal in the World Cup final.
1966 FIFA World Cup Final - Wolfgang Overath
Wolfgang Overath helped West Germany build attacks through midfield during a final that remained level until extra time.
Beatles, The
Beatles "Yesterday... and Today," album goes #1 and stays #1 for 5 weeks in the US
World Cup Winning Team
Member of England World Cup winning team.
World Cup
Member of England World Cup winning team.
World Cup
Scores a hat-trick as England win the World Cup in football.
World Cup Winner
Bobby Moore leads England onto the Wembley pitch and subsequently receives the Jules Rimet Trophy. His incisive distribution includes the pass for Geoff Hurstโs final goal in the 4-2 championship victory.
World Cup Winner
Bobby Moore lifts the World Cup at Wembley after captaining England through a 4-2 extra-time victory over West Germany.
Completes Every England Final Stage Match
Finishes England's winning tournament as the first-choice right-back, playing throughout the campaign and starting the decisive final against West Germany.
World Cup Winner
George Cohen plays at right-back throughout Englandโs victorious home tournament. Against West Germany at Wembley, he supplies disciplined cover behind the midfield and finishes as a world champion.
World Cup Winner
Gerry Byrne represents Liverpool in Englandโs 22-player squad for the 1966 World Cup. He does not receive match minutes, but is included in the group that takes the trophy at Wembley.
1966 FIFA World Cup Final - Jack Charlton
Jack Charlton defended the penalty area against West Germany, completing a title-winning central defensive partnership with Bobby Moore.
Central Defensive Role In Final
Starts at centre-back for England in the Wembley final and helps protect the team's lead during the extra-time contest with West Germany.
World Cup Winner
Jack Charlton starts the 1966 final alongside Bobby Moore in central defence. His aerial clearances and strong challenges help England withstand West German attacks before winning 4-2 after extra time.
World Cup Winner
Jimmy Armfield is selected among Englandโs defenders for the 1966 home World Cup. Although injury keeps him out of the matches, the experienced Blackpool right-back forms part of the eventual championship squad.
World Cup Winner
Norman Hunter is called into Englandโs defensive unit for the 1966 World Cup after excelling at Leeds United. He does not take the field, but shares the achievement of the 22-man championship squad.
World Cup Final At Left Back
Plays at left-back in England's 4-2 victory over West Germany, completing a personal journey from the 1962 quarter-final defeat to the 1966 title.
World Cup Winner
Ray Wilson completes the 1966 final at left-back for England as the team defeats West Germany after extra time. The Everton defender adds valuable experience to the back line throughout the tournament.
Equalising Header In World Cup Final
Draws England level after West Germany's early opener, scoring the first of his three goals in the 1966 final and bringing the hosts back into contention.
World Cup Winner
Geoff Hurst becomes the first man to score a hat-trick in a World Cup final as England beat West Germany after extra time.
World Cup Winner
Geoff Hurst scores three times against West Germany in the 1966 final, including two extra-time goals. His striking performance completes Englandโs 4-2 Wembley victory and secures the world title.
World Cup Winner
Jimmy Greaves makes three appearances in Englandโs successful 1966 campaign before losing his starting place through injury. Although he does not play in the final, he belongs to the 22-man title-winning squad.
England Starting Forward In Final
Starts alongside Geoff Hurst in England's attack for the World Cup final, having contributed three goals earlier in the tournament.
World Cup Winner
Roger Hunt starts the final against West Germany after scoring three times earlier in Englandโs 1966 campaign. The Liverpool forward stretches opposing defences and leaves Wembley a world champion.
Championship Final Goalkeeping Duty
Keeps goal for England in the dramatic final, playing through normal time and extra time as the hosts eventually defeat West Germany 4-2.
World Cup Winner
Gordon Banks starts every England match at the 1966 World Cup and guards the goal in the 4-2 final victory over West Germany. His positioning and command are central to the hostsโ championship campaign.
World Cup Winner
Peter Bonetti provides goalkeeping cover to Gordon Banks throughout Englandโs 1966 triumph. The Chelsea goalkeeper is an unused member of the 22-man group that finishes the tournament with the world title.
World Cup Winner
Ron Springett travels to the 1966 World Cup as one of Englandโs three selected goalkeepers. He does not appear in a match, but shares in the championship as part of Alf Ramseyโs official squad.
1966 FIFA World Cup Final - Alf Ramsey
Alf Ramsey selected and directed the England team that defeated West Germany after extra time to win the nationโs first World Cup.
World Cup Winner
Alf Ramsey manages England to its first World Cup title, completing an unbeaten home tournament with victory over West Germany.
World Cup
England beat West Germany 4-2 for footballs Eighth World Cup in London.
1966 FIFA World Cup Final - Alan Ball
Alan Ballโs energy on the right side of Englandโs midfield helped sustain attacks throughout the 4โ2 extra-time win over West Germany.
High Energy Final Performance
Provides sustained running and attacking support in England's final victory over West Germany, including involvement in the build-up to key chances.
World Cup Winner
Alan Ball supplies relentless running on Englandโs right side during the Wembley final. His energetic support helps Geoff Hurst and the other attackers persist through 120 minutes against West Germany.
World Cup Winner
Alan Ball's tireless running and attacking support help England sustain pressure throughout the exhausting extra-time final against West Germany.
1966 FIFA World Cup Final - Bobby Charlton
Bobby Charlton played centrally for England and provided important ball retention while West Germany sought to disrupt the hostsโ rhythm.
World Cup Winner
Bobby Charlton links midfield and attack as England secures the 1966 world championship. His two goals against Portugal in the semi-final help deliver the Wembley meeting with West Germany.
World Cup Winner
George Eastham travels to the 1966 World Cup as an Arsenal player in Englandโs attacking contingent. He does not feature in the matches but is recognised as part of the squad that wins the Jules Rimet Trophy.
England Takes Late Final Lead
Scores in the second half to put England 2-1 ahead against West Germany, bringing the hosts close to winning before a late equaliser.
World Cup Winner
Martin Peters puts England ahead in the second half of the 1966 final before West Germany equalises to force extra time.
World Cup Winner
Martin Peters scores Englandโs second goal against West Germany in the Wembley final. His composed finish gives the hosts a second-half lead before the match reaches extra time and England prevails.
Full Match In Winning Final
Plays the entire World Cup final in England's midfield and contributes to the work-rate and defensive organisation that underpins the victory.
World Cup Winner
Nobby Stiles operates as Englandโs combative holding midfielder throughout the championship. He helps screen the defence against West Germany and celebrates the hostsโ historic success at Wembley.
World Cup Winner
Ron Flowers joins the 1966 champions as an experienced midfielder from Wolverhampton Wanderers. Though he remains on the sidelines during the tournament, he is one of the official England squad members.
World Cup Winner
Ian Callaghan takes part in Englandโs group-stage victory against France at the 1966 World Cup. The Liverpool winger thus makes a playing contribution to the campaign that culminates in the countryโs first title.
World Cup Winner
John Connelly starts Englandโs opening group match against Uruguay at the 1966 World Cup. He remains a member of the winning squad after the team changes its attacking selection for the later matches.
World Cup Winner
Terry Paine appears in Englandโs opening group match against Uruguay during the 1966 tournament. The Southampton winger remains with Alf Ramseyโs squad as the hosts proceed to win the final.
Nine-Goal Golden Shoe Campaign
Scores nine goals for Portugal, including four against North Korea, to lead the tournament.
Assists Controversial Final Goal Decision
Signals to the referee during the disputed extra-time goal incident in the final, contributing to the decision to give England a 3-2 lead.
Referees World Cup Final
Referees England's final against West Germany and awards the disputed extra-time goal after consulting his assistant, as the match ends 4-2.
Beatles, The
John Lennons comments on the state of Christianity - made in March, but only lately picked up in the US spark protests and record burnings on the eve of the Beatles 1966 American tour
Minister of Technology
Appointed Minister of Technology
Resignation of Frank Cousins
Resigns against the Governments incomes policy. Believes the Government should control prices & not wages
Cabinet
Brown is moved to the Foreign Office & Stewart takes over at the DEA
Crisis
Sterling crisis followed by a period of deflation
Haiphong Bombing Criticism
Criticizes aspects of US bombing policy while keeping Britain aligned with Washington
Battle of Con Thien
Heavy fighting near Con Thien kills nearly 1,300 North Vietnamese troops
Taipei Special Municipality
Taipei is elevated to the status of a special municipality under the central government.
President Takes Office
Sanchez Hernandez becomes President of El Salvador
Merger Treaty Takes Effect
The Merger Treaty took effect, creating a single Commission and Council for the three European Communities.
Unified European Communities Institutions
Serves as foreign minister when the Communities begin operating with unified executive institutions.
Merger Treaty Enters into Force
Heads the Italian government when the Merger Treaty creates a single Commission and Council for the Communities.
Acting Mayor of Amsterdam
Takes office as Acting Mayor of Amsterdam.
Mayoral Term
Leaves office as Mayor of Amsterdam.
Hateley Becomes Major-Cost Liverpool Signing
Centre-forward Tony Hateley transferred from Chelsea to Liverpool in July 1967 for a substantial fee, briefly providing a new focal point in attack.
Occupation of Samaipata
Guevara's guerrillas enter and briefly occupy Samaipata during an operation against government positions.
Death of Vivien Leigh
Death of Vivien Leigh
Wuhan Incident
Wang Li is seized during the Wuhan Incident, exposing the dangers of radical mobilisation
Visit to Quebec
Visits Quebec & announces "Vive le Quebec", celebrating her centennial as a Dominion
Moncada Anniversary Address to Guerrillas
Guevara addresses his guerrilla force on the anniversary of the 1953 Moncada Barracks attack.
Sexual Offences Act
Supports reform partially decriminalising homosexual acts between adult men in private.
Agrarian Reform
Promulgates a stronger agrarian reform law permitting extensive land expropriation.
Nationalization
The British Steel Corporation is formed as major steel companies are brought into public ownership.
Army Intervention
Mao increasingly relies on the People's Liberation Army to restrain factional violence
Purge
Deng Xiaoping is removed from power and attacked as China's number two capitalist roader
House Arrest
Liu Shaoqi is placed under severe confinement as attacks on him escalate
Postwar Defensive Lines
Israeli forces consolidated new positions across the captured plateau and adapted their deployment to the frontier created by the June 1967 ceasefire.
Fatah Reorganization after Six-Day War
Arafat reorganizes Fatah after the Six-Day War and expands guerrilla activity from bases in Jordan toward Israeli-held territory.
3 month diplomacy with North Vietnam leading to a meeting between the
3 month diplomacy with North Vietnam leading to a meeting between the U.S. & Hanoi in 1968
Operation Pennsylvania
3 month diplomacy with North Vietnam leading to a meeting between the U.S. & Hanoi in 1968
Death During Pentagon Papers Project
McNaughton's death during 1967 removes one of the original leaders appointed to organize the Pentagon Papers study.
Customs Union Completion
France joined the other EEC members in completing the customs union and abolishing internal customs duties.
EEC Customs Union Completed
Heads the German government when the EEC customs union is completed ahead of the original Treaty of Rome timetable.
EEC Customs Union Completed
Serves as foreign minister when the EEC customs union reaches completion.
EEC Customs Union Completed
Heads the Italian government when customs duties between EEC members are abolished completely.
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
Signs the Treaty announcing talks are to take place on nuclear strategic arms limitation
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
Signs the treaty limiting spread of nuclear weapons technology.
NPT Opens for Signature
The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty opens for signature in Washington, London and Moscow.
Waiting for the Sun
Releases Waiting for the Sun.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander of the US forces in Vietnam
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander of the US forces in Vietnam
MACV Commander
Replaces William Westmoreland as commander of MACV
Hollywood Bowl Concert
Performs a filmed concert at the Hollywood Bowl.
Yellow Submarine
Beatles animated film "Yellow Submarine" premieres in London
Yellow Submarine
Beatles animated film "Yellow Submarine" premieres in London
Coup
1st day of a coup that brings the Baath Party to power
Coup
Breaks into the Presidential Palace & holds a gun to the Presidents head
Coup
Assists in the coup by breaking into the Presidential Palace
Coup
Masterminds the Baathist siezure of power
Coup
Helps the Baathist take possession of the Presidential Palace. Arif surrenders himself to Tikriti & then is exiled to London
Coup
Arif surrenders himself to Tikriti & then is exiled to London
Coup
Overthrown by a Baathist coup
Exile of Abdul Rahman Arif
Arif surrenders himself to Tikriti & then is exiled to London
Coup
Breaks into the Presidential Palace & holds a gun to the Presidents head
Coup
Assists in the coup by breaking into the Presidential Palace
Coup
Masterminds the Baathist siezure of power
Coup
Helps the Baathist take possession of the Presidential Palace
Coup
Arif surrenders himself to Tikriti & then is exiled to London
Government
Given responsibility for national security
Chairman
Appointed President of the Revolutionary Command Council
Constitution of Iraq
The Revolutionary Command Council provides supreme executive & legislative authority
RCC
The Revolutionary Command Council provides supreme executive & legislative authority
Revolutionary Command Council
Appointed President of the Revolutionary Command Council
Hijack
Hijacking of an El Al Airliner by the PLO
Federal Three-Judge Court Review
A three-judge federal court considered Shaw's constitutional challenges to the pending state conspiracy prosecution in 1968.
Theatres Act
Supports a government period in which theatre censorship is abolished.
Finance Act
Finance Act 1968 gives statutory effect to the main taxation measures announced in the March Budget.
Magic Bus
Release Magic Bus as a single.
Truth
Sings on Truth, the Jeff Beck Group album that helps shape heavy blues rock.
Coup
The Baath Party come to power
Exile of Saddam Hussein
Forces Nayif into exile by threatening him with a gun at Barkrs office
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief
Deputy Chairman
Appointed Deputy Chairman of the Council of the Baath Party, in charge of security
Foreign Secretary of Iraq
Appointed Foreign Minister
Coup
The "correctional coup" allows civilian Baathists to become the force behind the coup. The Baath Party come to power
Dismissal
The "correctional coup" allows civilian Baathists to become the force behind the coup
Prime Minister of Iraq
Appointed Prime Minister of Iraq
Secretary of State for Defence
Appointed Minister of Defence
Coup
The Baath Party come to power
Beatles, The
John Lennon moves out of his house in Weybridge, he and Yoko Ono move into Ringo Starrs apartment in Montague Square
Reform of Political Party
Appoints 100 Baathist officers to the Republican Guards
Secretary General of Baath Party
Appointed Secretary General of the Baath Party
Beatles, The
John Lennon moves out of his house in Weybridge, he and Yoko Ono move into Ringo Starrs apartment in Montague Square
Cierna nad Tisou Negotiations
Conducts direct talks with Alexander Dubcek and the Czechoslovak leadership over the Prague Spring reforms.
Warsaw Letter to Czechoslovakia
Supports a Warsaw Pact warning demanding that Czechoslovak leaders defend the Communist political system.
CINCPAC
Appointed CINCPAC
One Unit Dissolution
Yahya Khan dissolves West Pakistan's One Unit and restores four provinces.
Death of Bria Jones
Found at the bottom of his swimming pool surrounded by statues of Christopher Robin and Winnie the Pooh, although his death is found to have been by misadventure, to this day some regard the cause of the drowning a mystery
Death of Brian Jones
Death of Brian Jones at Cotchford Farm.
Rolling Stones, The
Honky Tonk Women is released, coinciding with the death of Jones, and remains the bands last number 1 single in the UK
Rolling Stones, The
Honky Tonk Women is released, coinciding with the death of Jones, and remains the bands last number 1 single in the UK
New Church
While touring Scandinavia he first joined forces with guitarist and singer Peter Thorup, together forming the band New Church, who were one of the support bands at the Rolling Stones Free Concert in Hyde Park, London, on 5 July 1969
Rolling Stones Free Concert
While touring Scandinavia he first joined forces with guitarist and singer Peter Thorup, together forming the band New Church, who were one of the support bands at the Rolling Stones Free Concert in Hyde Park, London, on 5 July 1969
Death of Bria Jones
The Rolling Stones perform a free concert in Hyde Park, two days after his Brian Jones death, before the concert began, Jagger read excerpts from "Adonais", a poem by Percy Shelley about the death of his friend John Keats
Death of Mick Jagger
The Rolling Stones perform a free concert in Hyde Park, two days after his Brian Jones death, before the concert began, Jagger read excerpts from "Adonais", a poem by Percy Shelley about the death of his friend John Keats
Hyde Park Concert
Reads from Shelley's Adonais at the Stones in the Park tribute after Brian Jones's death.
Hyde Park Debut
Makes his live debut with the Rolling Stones at Hyde Park.
Assassination of Thomas Joseph Mboya
Assassinated by a member of the Kikuyu
Death of Thomas Joseph Mboya
Death of Thomas Joseph Mboya, assassinated
Here Comes the Sun
Begins recording, "Here Comes the Sun"
Lay Lady Lay
Releases Lay Lady Lay as a major country-pop single.
Space Oddity
Releases Space Oddity shortly before the Apollo 11 Moon landing.
Death of Thembekile Mandela
Learns that his eldest son Thembekile has died.
Denied Funeral Attendance
Authorities refuse permission for him to attend the funeral.
Football War Presidency
Sanchez Hernandez leads El Salvador during war with Honduras
Declaration of War
The Salvadoran Army crosses the border into Honduras
Operation Arc Light
The monthly sortie rate is reduced to 1,600
Ceasefire
Honduras accepts an OAS ceasefire but El Salvador continues fighting
Peace
Of the 300,000 Salvadorian workers in Honduras, tens of thousands are expelled, prompting the Salvadorian army to invade Honduras, the OAS eventually work out a cease-fire. Honduras accepts an OAS ceasefire but El Salvador continues fighting
Apollo 11 Launch
Launches with Armstrong and Aldrin on Apollo 11.
Apollo 11 Launch
Launches toward the Moon with Armstrong and Collins.
Apollo 11 CSM-LM Docking
Pilots Columbia during transposition and docking with lunar module Eagle after translunar injection.
Apollo 11 Launch
Commands Apollo 11 as it launches for the Moon.
Apollo 11 Translunar Injection
Commands Apollo 11 as the Saturn V third stage sends the spacecraft toward the Moon.
Apollo 11 Launch
Directs the Apollo program as Apollo 11 launches.
The Soft Parade
Releases The Soft Parade.
Scandal
Mary Jo Kopechne drowns but Kennedy does not report his companions death for 10 hrs. Drives off Dike Bridge into Pucha Pond, Chappaquidick. Chappaquiddick incident resulted in the death of automobile passenger Mary Jo Kopechne; Kennedy pleaded guilty to leaving the scene of an accident, and the incident significantly damaged his chances of ever becoming President of the United States
Scandal
Mary Jo Kopechne drowns but Kennedy does not report his companions death for 10 hrs. Chappaquiddick incident resulted in the death of automobile passenger Mary Jo Kopechne; Kennedy pleaded guilty to leaving the scene of an accident, and the incident significantly damaged his chances of ever becoming President of the United States
Eagle Systems Checkout
Checks lunar module Eagle systems with Armstrong before arrival in lunar orbit.
Bank Nationalisation
Indira Gandhi's government nationalises fourteen major commercial banks.
Apollo 11 Lunar Orbit Insertion
Pilots Columbia with the crew as Apollo 11 enters lunar orbit.
1st Man on the Moon
Armstrong takes over manual control of the LM, finds an area which to him seems safe for a landing and touches down on the moon at 20:17:39 UTC on July 20, 1969
1st Man on the Moon
Takes "one small step for man but a giant step for mankind". Neil Armstrong is 1st man on the moon
1st Man on the Moon
The Eagle lands on the Sea of Tranquility near the lunar equator
Discovery of Moon
The Eagle lands on the Sea of Tranquility near the lunar equator
Apollo 11 Eagle Undocking
Serves as lunar module pilot as Eagle separates from Columbia for descent to the Moon.
Apollo 11 Lunar Descent
Monitors guidance, altitude and descent data while Armstrong pilots Eagle toward the Sea of Tranquility.
First Moon Landing
Lands on the Moon with Neil Armstrong in Eagle.
Tranquility Base
Pilots Eagle during the first human lunar landing.
Apollo 11 Eagle Undocking
Pilots Columbia as Eagle separates for the first crewed lunar landing attempt.
Apollo 11 Lunar Orbit
Keeps Columbia in lunar orbit while Armstrong and Aldrin land.
Apollo 11 Eagle Undocking
Commands Eagle as it separates from Columbia in lunar orbit before the first crewed Moon landing.
Apollo 11 Guidance Alarm Response
Continues the lunar descent after Mission Control confirms that guidance computer program alarms permit the landing to proceed.
Apollo 11 Landing
Manually guides Eagle to a safe landing on the Moon.
Apollo 11 Powered Descent
Commands Eagle during powered descent toward the Sea of Tranquility.
Tranquility Base
Reports that Eagle has landed at Tranquility Base.
Eagle Undocking
Flies aboard Eagle as it separates from Columbia for the first crewed lunar landing attempt.
Apollo 11 Call
Telephones Armstrong and Aldrin on the lunar surface.
1st Man on the Moon
"Thats one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind"
1st Man on the Moon
"Thats one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind". Once Armstrong and Aldrin were ready to go outside, Eagle is depressurized, the hatch is opened and Armstrong made his way down the ladder first, he places his left foot on the surface at 2:56 UTC July 21, 1969
Apollo 11 Lunar Module Ascent
Returns from the lunar surface aboard Eagle's ascent stage with Armstrong.
Apollo 11
Becomes the second person to walk on the Moon.
Passive Seismic Experiment
Helps deploy the passive seismic experiment during the Apollo 11 lunar surface excursion.
Solar Wind Composition Experiment
Deploys the solar wind composition experiment during the Apollo 11 lunar EVA.
Apollo 11 Eagle Redocking
Pilots Columbia during rendezvous and docking with Eagle after Armstrong and Aldrin leave the lunar surface.
Apollo 11 Lunar Orbit Photography
Photographs lunar terrain from Columbia while Armstrong and Aldrin work on the surface.
Apollo 11 Eagle Redocking
Returns to Columbia with Aldrin after Eagle rendezvous and docking in lunar orbit.
Apollo 11 Lunar Module Ascent
Commands Eagle's ascent stage as it lifts from the Moon to rejoin Columbia.
Apollo 11 Lunar Sample Collection
Collects lunar rocks and soil for return to Earth during the first Moon landing.
First Moonwalk
Steps onto the lunar surface during Apollo 11.
Laser Ranging Retroreflector
Helps deploy the laser ranging retroreflector experiment on the lunar surface.
Eagle Lunar Ascent
Commands Eagleโs ascent from the Moon and rendezvous with Collins in Columbia.
Constitution of Spain
Reetablishes the monarchy
Succession
Nominates Juan Carlos as his successor & future King of Spain
Apollo 11 Trans-Earth Injection
Pilots Columbia during the service propulsion burn that sends Apollo 11 toward Earth.
1st Man on the Moon
The astronauts return to Earth, welcomed as heroes
Apollo 11 Reentry
Pilots Columbia through the return phase before Apollo 11 splashes down in the Pacific.
Apollo 11 Splashdown
Returns safely to Earth after the first Moon landing.
Yes
Plays bass on the debut Yes album, establishing his bright and melodic bass style.
Yes
Sings on the debut album Yes, introducing the band's harmony-rich progressive approach.
Yes
Plays guitar on the debut Yes album before leaving during the next recording period.
Finance Act
Finance Act 1969 implements further tax changes intended to restrain demand and strengthen the external accounts.
Investiture
The nationalist campaign against the investiture results in an attempted bombing of the Royal Train by the Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru
Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru
Two bombers die when they try to bomb the Royal Train. The nationalist campaign against the investiture results in an attempted bombing of the Royal Train by the Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru
Bombing of Laos
Acknowledges and authorizes strikes against the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Laos
Bombing of Laos
The bombing of Laos is authorized
Nixon Doctrine
Announces the "Nixon Doctrine" in Guam
Investiture
Invested as the Prince of Wales at Caernarvon Castle
Investiture
The ceremony at Caernarfon has traditionally been associated with the subjugation and humiliation of Welsh people since the Thirteenth century when Edward I of England cruelly deposed the last native Prince of Wales, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd
Hyde Park Concerts
Donovan performed at the first show in the second season of free rock concerts in Hyde Park, London, which also featured Blind Faith, Richie Havens, The Edgar Broughton Band and the 3rd Ear Band
Plastic Ono Band
The single release of "Give Peace a Chance" recorded in a hotel room in Montreal, Quebec with many participants, is the first release to bear the credit the Plastic Ono Band
Death of Bria Jones
Upon Brian Jones death, Pete Townshend writes a poem titled "A Normal Day For Brian, A Man Who Died Every Day" (printed in The Times)
Dismissal
Jones is forced out of the band after a late-night visit to his rural home from Jagger, Richards and Charlie Watts to be replaced by twenty year-old jazz-influenced guitarist Mick Taylor, from John Mayalls Bluesbreakers
Death of Keith Richards
Despite Brian Jones sudden death, the Hyde Park concert goes ahead in front of an audience of 200,000 fans, with Jagger reading from Shelleys Adonais and releasing hundreds of (mostly dead) butterflies by way of tribute to the l
Death of Mick Jagger
Despite Brian Jones sudden death, the Hyde Park concert goes ahead in front of an audience of 200,000 fans, with Jagger reading from Shelleys Adonais and releasing hundreds of (mostly dead) butterflies by way of tribute to the l
Death of Peter Dennis Blandford Townshend
Upon Brian Jones death, Pete Townshend writes a poem titled "A Normal Day For Brian, A Man Who Died Every Day" (printed in The Times)
Foreign Exchange Reserves
The Government reports a substantial rise in foreign currency reserves during the first half of the year.
Aquarius Theatre Shows
Records live performances at the Aquarius Theatre.
Apollo 11 Readiness
Helps review Apollo 11 readiness before the landing mission.
Ride A White Swan
Records Ride A White Swan, later released in autumn and reaching number two in Britain.
National Executive Committee
Healey begins a five-year term on Labourโs National Executive Committee.
National Executive Committee
Healey begins service on Labour's National Executive Committee.
European Commission Presidency
Begins his term as President of the European Commission, giving Italy a leading role in Community administration.
Joint Chiefs Chair
Becomes chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Retirement
Ends service as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Labour Deputy Leadership
Wins the Labour deputy leadership after the election defeat.
EPA Reorganization Plan
Sends Congress Reorganization Plan No. 3 creating the Environmental Protection Agency
Bjarni Benediktsson Government
The Bjarni Benediktsson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Johann Hafstein Government
Begins the Johann Hafstein Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Pink Floyd
Pink Floyd play to 20,000 people at a free concert in London's Hyde Park
Pink Floyd
Pink Floyd play to 20,000 people at a free concert in London's Hyde Park
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer
Absolutely Live
Releases the live album Absolutely Live.
Completion of Aswan High Dam
Nasser oversees completion of the main High Dam construction project.
High Dam Project Completion
The principal High Dam construction works are declared complete under Nasser.
Libya orders the confiscation of all Jewish property
Libya orders the confiscation of all Jewish property
Huston Plan Approval
Approves then rescinds a plan to expand domestic intelligence gathering
Peace
Accepts the American Rogers Plan and extends the ceasefire during the War of Attrition.
Time and a Word
Sings on Time and a Word, the second Yes album.
Time and a Word
Plays keyboards on Time and a Word before the band expands its progressive ambitions.
Death of Antonio Salazar
Dies aged 81 & is succeeded by Premier Marcello Caetano
Golden Boot FIFA World Cup
Finishes as the leading goalscorer in the FIFA World Cup with 10 goals for Germany. The campaign is particularly remembered for his remarkable ten-goal campaign for West Germany in Mexico.
Economic Policy Shift
Begins policies aimed at reducing state intervention and changing industrial relations.
Grapefruit
John Lennon cuts Imagine at his home studio, the anthemic title track is inspired by a message in Yoko Onos book "Grapefruit"
Anti-Leak Administration Strategy
Participates in discussion of possible administration action against leaks and perceived anti-administration activity following the Pentagon Papers disclosures.
Cooke Cable Leak Inquiry
Discusses the investigation of how classified diplomatic cables became available to Daniel Ellsberg, including the reported role of Charles Cooke.
Ellsberg Cable Access
Reviews information concerning Daniel Ellsberg's access to diplomatic cables and the circumstances in which classified material may have been shown to him.
FBI Academy Appearance
Reviews Nixon's appearance at the FBI Academy and the President's public defense of FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover.
Press Commentary Review
Reviews media commentary, including discussion of the New York Times and television commentary, during a meeting with Nixon.
Richardson Conversation on Pentagon Papers
Reports and discusses his conversation with Elliot Richardson concerning issues arising from the Pentagon Papers case.
State Department Leak Concerns
Discusses possible leaks from the State Department and White House concerns about the handling of classified foreign-policy material.
Turkish Opium Ban Coverage
Discusses news coverage concerning Turkey's opium ban during a wider White House meeting on policy and media issues.
FBI
Appointed Deputy Associate Director of the FBI, assisting Associate Director Clyde Tolson
Death of Jim Morrison
Dies in Paris at age twenty-seven.
Death of James Douglas Jim Morrison
Death of James Douglas "Jim" Morrison
26th Amendment Certified
The 26th Amendment lowers the voting age to 18
White House Tape 538-015
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon, John Mitchell, and John Ehrlichman in the 19-minute White House recording numbered 538-015; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 538-015
John Mitchell appears with Richard Nixon, John Ehrlichman, and H. R. Haldeman in the 19-minute White House recording numbered 538-015; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 538-015
John Ehrlichman appears with Richard Nixon, John Mitchell, and H. R. Haldeman in the 19-minute White House recording numbered 538-015; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 538-015
Richard Nixon appears with John Mitchell, John Ehrlichman, and H. R. Haldeman in the 19-minute White House recording numbered 538-015; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
Burial
Is buried at Pere Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.
Shankly Commits to New Liverpool Contract
Shankly agreed a further three-year contract with Liverpool while reconstructing his squad after its earlier domestic successes.
White House Security Consultant Status
CIA's morning meeting recorded that John Ehrlichman had informed Deputy Director Robert Cushman that Hunt had become a White House security consultant.
First Secret Kissinger Visit
Begins intensive secret talks with Henry Kissinger during his first visit to Beijing.
Pentagon Papers Gallup Poll
Buchanan receives a memorandum about a Gallup poll measuring public awareness of the Pentagon Papers after the Supreme Court ruling.
Kissinger Strategic Talks
Continues wide-ranging discussions with Kissinger on Taiwan, Vietnam, the Soviet Union and a presidential visit.
Nationalization
Congress unanimously approves nationalization of the large copper mines
Copper Nationalization
Signs the constitutional reform unanimously approved by Congress to nationalize the major copper mines.
Nationalization of Copper
Promulgates the unanimous constitutional amendment nationalizing the large copper mines.
Johann Hafstein Government
The Johann Hafstein Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
First Olafur Johannesson Government
Begins the First Olafur Johannesson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Prime Minister of Iceland
Appointed Prime Minister of Iceland
Visit to China
Richard Nixon announces his intention to visit China
Visit to China
Richard Nixon announces his intention to visit China. Chous policy of reconcilliation with the USA is rewarded
Nixon Visit Announcement
Participates in the coordinated announcement that President Nixon will visit China.
Announces a future trip to China
Announces a future trip to China
Black September
Jordanian security forces completed a major offensive against remaining Palestinian guerrilla bases around Ajloun. The operation marked the decisive defeat of organized fedayeen forces inside Jordan.
Final Brazil International Against Yugoslavia
Pelรฉ made his final senior appearance for Brazil in a friendly against Yugoslavia before a large Maracanรฃ crowd.
Arrest of Dieter Kunzelmann
Dieter Kunzelmann is arrested for his bombing activities in the West Berlin TupamarosDieter Kunzelmann is arrested for his bombing activities in the West Berlin Tupamaros
Tupamaros
Dieter Kunzelmann is arrested for his bombing activities in the West Berlin TupamarosDieter Kunzelmann is arrested for his bombing activities in the West Berlin Tupamaros
Master of Reality
Plays bass and shapes the darker lyrical direction on Master of Reality.
Master of Reality
Uses lower tunings on Master of Reality, deepening the heavy sound that influences later metal bands.
CIA Alias and Disguise Request
Hunt asked Deputy CIA Director Robert Cushman for alias identification and physical disguise materials for what he described as a sensitive White House mission.
CIA Disguise Materials Issued
CIA gave Hunt a wig, glasses, and a device for altering his speech as part of the technical assistance requested by the White House.
Edward Joseph Warren Alias Issued
CIA technical officers supplied Hunt with identification documents in the alias Edward Joseph Warren for use in his White House assignment.
White House Tape 545-003
Egil Krogh appears with Richard Nixon and John Ehrlichman in the 12-minute White House recording numbered 545-003; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 545-003
John Ehrlichman appears with Richard Nixon and Egil Krogh in the 12-minute White House recording numbered 545-003; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 545-003
Richard Nixon appears with John Ehrlichman and Egil Krogh in the 12-minute White House recording numbered 545-003; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
Nixon Doctrine
Nixon massively increases US aid for Israel, $634m in 1971, $93m in 1970 in line with the Nixon doctrine proclaimed in July 1969, providing military & economic assistance to local powers to maintain the "regional order"
Nixon Doctrine
States that the United States henceforth expected its allies to take care of their own military defense, but that the US would aid in defense as requested.
Nixon Doctrine
The US will furnish military and economic assistance when requested in accordance with its Treaty commitments, they will look to the nation directly threatened to assume the primary responsibility of providing the manpower for its defense.
Nixon Doctrine
The US will provide a shield if nuclear power threatens the freedom of a nation allied with us or of a nation whose survival we consider vital to our security.
Nixon Doctrine
The United States will keep all of its Treaty commitments.
Nixon Doctrine
The doctrine is applied by the Nixon administration in the Persian Gulf region, with military aid to Iran and Saudi Arabia, so that these US allies could undertake the responsibility of ensuring peace and stability in the region.
Apollo 15 CSM-LM Docking
Pilots Endeavour during transposition and docking with lunar module Falcon.
Apollo 15 Launch
Commands Apollo 15 as the first extended J-type lunar exploration mission begins.
Exile of Milton Obote
Forced to seek exile in Zambia
Coup
Leaves Uganda following a military coup
Bangla Desh
Releases the single, "Bangla Desh" in America
Apollo 15 Lunar Orbit
Conducts orbital science while Scott and Irwin explore the Moon.
Apollo 15 Hadley Landing
Pilots Falcon to a landing near Hadley Rille and the Apennine Mountains.
Apollo 15 Stand-Up EVA
Views and photographs the landing area from Falconโs upper hatch before the first surface traverse.
Apollo 15 Landing
Explores Hadley Rille with David Scott.
Apollo 15 ALSEP Deployment
Helps deploy the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package during the first Apollo 15 surface excursion.
Apollo 15 Rover
Drives the first lunar rover during Apollo 15.
Apollo 15 ALSEP Deployment
Helps deploy the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package during the first Apollo 15 surface EVA.
Apollo 15 First EVA
Explores the Hadley-Apennine region with Scott during the mission's first rover-supported lunar excursion.
Apollo 15 Rover Navigation
Navigates with Scott during the first operational use of the Lunar Roving Vehicle.
Strike
Militant shop stewards occupy the four UCS shipyards
Black September
Following the expulsion of its armed formations from Jordan, the PLO increasingly operated from Lebanon. This relocation reshaped the Palestinian movementโs military geography and helped set the stage for later regional confrontations.
Black September
The remaining Palestinian fedayeen positions in northern Jordan came under renewed Jordanian military pressure. The defeat of these forces effectively ended the PLOโs capacity to maintain a major independent armed presence in the kingdom.
Chappaquiddick Incident
Colson authorized Hunt to travel to New England to seek potentially scandalous information on Senator Edward Kennedy, specifically pertaining to the Chappaquiddick incident and to Kennedy's possible extramarital affairs. Hunt sought and used CIA disguises and other equipment for the project. This mission eventually proved unsuccessful, with little if any useful information uncovered by Hunt
Special Investigations Unit
Colson authorized Hunt to travel to New England to seek potentially scandalous information on Senator Edward Kennedy, specifically pertaining to the Chappaquiddick incident and to Kennedy's possible extramarital affairs. Hunt sought and used CIA disguises and other equipment for the project. This mission eventually proved unsuccessful, with little if any useful information uncovered by Hunt
White House Plumbers
Colson authorized Hunt to travel to New England to seek potentially scandalous information on Senator Edward Kennedy, specifically pertaining to the Chappaquiddick incident and to Kennedy's possible extramarital affairs. Hunt sought and used CIA disguises and other equipment for the project. This mission eventually proved unsuccessful, with little if any useful information uncovered by Hunt
Leak Project Leadership
Krogh leads the White House leak project formed in response to concerns intensified by the Pentagon Papers disclosure.
Creation of Leak Project
Concern over continuing leaks and the Pentagon Papers helps drive Nixon's creation of the White House special investigations leak project.
White House Leak Project
Young serves with Krogh in the White House leak project created after the Pentagon Papers disclosure.
Concealed Recorder Provided
CIA technical officers provided Hunt with a commercial tape recorder concealed in a typewriter case during the period of White House support.
Tessina Camera Provided
CIA supplied Hunt with a small Tessina camera concealed in a tobacco pouch for photographic work connected with his White House assignment.
Special Investigations Unit Creation
Ehrlichman becomes instrumental in creating the White House special investigations unit known as the Plumbers.
Apollo 15 Solar Wind Spectrometer Deployment
Helps deploy the Apollo 15 Solar Wind Spectrometer as part of the lunar surface experiments used to monitor the particle flow from the Sun.
President Takes Office
Molina becomes President after the disputed 1972 election
Simla Agreement
Indira Gandhi and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto sign the Simla Agreement after the 1971 India-Pakistan war.
Agreement of Simla
Indira Gandhi and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto sign the Simla Agreement after the 1971 war.
Indian Troop Withdrawal
India agrees to leave Pakistani territory occupied during the 1971 war.
Line of Control
The 1971 ceasefire line in Jammu and Kashmir becomes the Line of Control.
Normalization of Relations
Pakistan and India agree to restore communications, travel and diplomatic exchanges.
Pakistani Troop Withdrawal
Pakistan agrees to leave Indian territory occupied during the 1971 war.
Postwar Ceasefire Arrangements
The agreement converts the ceasefire line into a mutually respected Line of Control.
Simla Agreement
Bhutto and Indira Gandhi sign the Simla Agreement to guide postwar relations.
Territorial Withdrawal
The settlement provides reciprocal withdrawal from occupied territory in Punjab and neighboring regions.
Territorial Withdrawal
Pakistani forces prepare to withdraw from occupied areas of Rajasthan.
Territorial Withdrawal
Indian forces prepare to withdraw from occupied areas adjoining Sindh.
Troop Withdrawal
The Simla Agreement requires both countries to withdraw forces behind the international border.
United Nations Charter
The agreement commits bilateral relations to principles of the United Nations Charter.
Simla Agreement
Bhutto signs the Simla Agreement with Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi following the 1971 war.
Agreement of Simla
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto signs the Simla Agreement with Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on 2 July 1972.
July Fourth Joint Statement
Approves a joint statement on Korean reunification principles.
Waka/Jawaka
Releases Waka/Jawaka, emphasizing large-scale jazz-rock arrangements while recovering from the previous year's injuries.
Top of the Pops
Performs Starman on Top of the Pops, creating one of the defining television moments of British glam rock.
FBI Investigation Warning
Tells Nixon that White House personnel appear to be attempting to impede the FBI investigation; Nixon tells him to continue an aggressive inquiry.
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, 1st term
National Development
Arif participates in national development connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Nuclear Arms Control
The 5th round of the SALT talks begins in Helsinki
Government
The 5th round of the SALT talks begins in Helsinki
Cormack Boosts Liverpool Midfield
Peter Cormack signed from Nottingham Forest in July 1972 and added inventive attacking midfield movement to Liverpoolโs 1972-73 title-winning campaign.
Pakistan completes ratification steps for the Simla settlement
Pakistan completes ratification steps for the Simla settlement.
Simla Agreement Ratification
Pakistan ratifies the Simla Agreement following its signature by Bhutto and Indira Gandhi.
Appointment as Prime Minister
Jalloud succeeds Gaddafi as prime minister while the Revolutionary Command Council retains authority.
Orders most Soviet military advisers to leave Egypt
Orders most Soviet military advisers to leave Egypt after disputes over weapons and strategy.
Soviet Advisers
Removes most Soviet advisers while retaining diplomatic relations with Moscow.
Expulsion of Soviet Advisers
Orders most Soviet military advisers to leave Egypt.
Never a Dull Moment
Releases Never a Dull Moment, continuing the successful style of his early solo albums.
EEC Free Trade Agreement
Iceland signs a free trade agreement with the European Economic Community that progressively reduces barriers to industrial trade.
Venera 8 Landing
Venera 8 lands on Venus and transmits surface measurements for about fifty minutes.
Storton Joins from Local Rivals
Trevor Storton moved from Tranmere Rovers to Liverpool in July 1972, joining the ranks of defenders competing for first-team opportunities.
Opposition Suppressed
Government consolidates after opposition claims of electoral fraud
The Slider
T. Rex's third album The Slider is released.
IRA - IRA
Government record concerning the IRA: Heath permits his Secretary of State for Northern Ireland William Whitelaw to hold unofficial talks in London with a Provisional IRA delegation by Seย n Mac Stiofย in
IRA - IRA
Historical IRA record under Conservative Party Government: Heath permits his Secretary of State for Northern Ireland William Whitelaw to hold unofficial talks in London with a Provisional IRA delegation by Seย n Mac Stiofย in
IRA - IRA
IRA context for Edward Richard George Heath: Heath permits his Secretary of State for Northern Ireland William Whitelaw to hold unofficial talks in London with a Provisional IRA delegation by Seย n Mac Stiofย in
IRA - Negotiations
Government record concerning the IRA: Heath permits his Secretary of State for Northern Ireland William Whitelaw to hold unofficial talks in London with a Provisional IRA delegation by Seย n Mac Stiofย in
IRA - Negotiations
Historical IRA record under Conservative Party Government: Heath permits his Secretary of State for Northern Ireland William Whitelaw to hold unofficial talks in London with a Provisional IRA delegation by Seย n Mac Stiofย in
IRA - Negotiations
IRA context for Edward Richard George Heath: Heath permits his Secretary of State for Northern Ireland William Whitelaw to hold unofficial talks in London with a Provisional IRA delegation by Seย n Mac Stiofย in
IRA
Heath permits his Secretary of State for Northern Ireland William Whitelaw to hold unofficial talks in London with a Provisional IRA delegation by Seย n Mac Stiofย in
Negotiations
Heath permits his Secretary of State for Northern Ireland William Whitelaw to hold unofficial talks in London with a Provisional IRA delegation by Seย n Mac Stiofย in
Strike
Pay negotiations break down, miners want 47% but are offered 10%
IRA - IRA
Government record concerning the IRA: Heath permits his Secretary of State for Northern Ireland William Whitelaw to hold unofficial talks in London with a Provisional IRA delegation by Seย n Mac Stiofย in
IRA - IRA
Historical IRA record under Conservative Party Government: Heath permits his Secretary of State for Northern Ireland William Whitelaw to hold unofficial talks in London with a Provisional IRA delegation by Seย n Mac Stiofย in
IRA - IRA
IRA context for William Whitelaw: Heath permits his Secretary of State for Northern Ireland William Whitelaw to hold unofficial talks in London with a Provisional IRA delegation by Seย n Mac Stiofย in
IRA - Negotiations
Government record concerning the IRA: Heath permits his Secretary of State for Northern Ireland William Whitelaw to hold unofficial talks in London with a Provisional IRA delegation by Seย n Mac Stiofย in
IRA - Negotiations
Historical IRA record under Conservative Party Government: Heath permits his Secretary of State for Northern Ireland William Whitelaw to hold unofficial talks in London with a Provisional IRA delegation by Seย n Mac Stiofย in
IRA - Negotiations
IRA context for William Whitelaw: Heath permits his Secretary of State for Northern Ireland William Whitelaw to hold unofficial talks in London with a Provisional IRA delegation by Seย n Mac Stiofย in
IRA
Heath permits his Secretary of State for Northern Ireland William Whitelaw to hold unofficial talks in London with a Provisional IRA delegation by Seย n Mac Stiofย in
Negotiations
Heath permits his Secretary of State for Northern Ireland William Whitelaw to hold unofficial talks in London with a Provisional IRA delegation by Seย n Mac Stiofย in
Negotiations
Heath permits his Secretary of State for Northern Ireland William Whitelaw to hold unofficial talks in London with a Provisional IRA delegation by Seย n Mac Stiofย in
Line of Control Established
India and Pakistan convert the 1971 ceasefire line in Jammu and Kashmir into the Line of Control under the Simla framework.
Resignation of Eisaku Sato
Resigns as Prime Minister of Japan
Get Up and Dance
Releases Get Up and Dance as a single.
Initial Grand Jury Appearances
Liddy appears before the Watergate grand jury on July 20, 25 and 26, invoking the Fifth Amendment in response to many questions about the operation.
Conference of Paris
The Paris Peace talks resume
Conference of Paris
The Paris Peace talks resume
Assassination of Yosef Alon
The Israeli military attache is shot in Washington
Death of Yosef Alon
The Israeli military attache is shot in Washington
Ziggy Stardust Retirement
Announces the end of Ziggy Stardust from the stage at Hammersmith Odeon, surprising many fans.
White House Staff Inquiry
Guides renewed Phase I hearings examining White House staff conduct and the relationship between presidential aides, campaign operations and Watergate-related activities.
Presidential Staff Evidence
Participates as the committee continues questioning witnesses about White House staff involvement, campaign intelligence operations and the developing cover-up allegations.
Campora resigns to allow Juan Peron to return to power
Campora resigns to allow Juan Peron to return to power
President of Argentina
Appointed interim President of Argentina after the resignation of Hector Campora
Knockin on Heaven's Door
Releases Knockin on Heaven's Door from the film soundtrack.
Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid
Releases the soundtrack album for Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid.
Watergate
Alexander Butterfield, former presidential appointments secretary, reveals in congressional testimony that since 1971 Nixon had recorded all conversations and telephone calls in his offices
Watergate
Discloses to the Special Senate Committee the existence of the White House tapes
Watergate
Discloses to the Special Senate Committee the existence of the White House tapes.
Special Senate Committee
Alexander Butterfield, former presidential appointments secretary, reveals in congressional testimony that since 1971 Nixon had recorded all conversations and telephone calls in his offices
Watergate
Discloses to the Special Senate Committee the existence of the White House tapes.
Secret Taping System Disclosure
Privately confirms to Senate Watergate investigators that Nixon's White House used an automatic recording system, creating a new source of potential evidence.
Secret Taping System Disclosure
Privately tells Senate committee investigators that Nixon's White House used an automatic recording system, creating a new source of potential evidence.
Cover-Up Testimony Review
Presides over further testimony concerning the alleged Watergate cover-up and the conduct of officials linked to the White House and reelection campaign.
Special Senate Committee
Butterfield is put before the full Special Senate Committee to put the taping system on the record
Special Senate Committee
Butterfield is put before the full Special Senate Committee to put the taping system on the record.
Watergate
Alexander Butterfield, former presidential appointments secretary, reveals in congressional testimony that since 1971 Nixon had recorded all conversations and telephone calls in his offices.
Special Senate Committee
Butterfield is put before the full Special Senate Committee to put the taping system on the record.
Special Senate Committee
Alexander Butterfield, former presidential appointments secretary, reveals in congressional testimony that since 1971 Nixon had recorded all conversations and telephone calls in his offices.
Taping System Testimony
Publicly confirms before the Senate Watergate Committee that presidential conversations were automatically recorded in several White House locations.
White House Taping System
Ends operation of the remaining White House recording system after Alexander Butterfield publicly discloses its existence to the Senate Watergate Committee.
White House Tape Subpoena
Leads the committee as it votes unanimously to subpoena presidential recordings and documents that could test conflicting Watergate testimony.
White House Taping System Revelation
Participates when Alexander Butterfield reveals the existence of the White House recording system, giving the committee a potential source of direct evidence about disputed presidential conversations.
Bombing of Kampuchea
The Armed Services Committee begins its hearings on the secret bombing of Kampuchea
Removal from Office
Daoud's republican coup removes Shafiq and dissolves the royal government.
Coup
Daoud overthrows Zahir Shah while the king is receiving medical treatment in Italy.
President of Afghanistan
Mohammad Daoud Khan becomes Afghanistan's first president after overthrowing the monarchy.
Republic of Afghanistan
Daoud proclaims the Republic of Afghanistan and assumes executive authority.
Constitution of Afghanistan
Proclaims a republic
Coup
Forces the King into exile & proclaims a Republic. After the famine of 1972, overthrows King Mohammed Zahir Shah in a Soviet backed coup
Coup
Stages a coup while Zahir Shah is out of the country
Grand Jury Testimony on Commitments
Hunt testified before the Watergate grand jury about discussions concerning money, commitments, and sensitive work he had performed for White House officials.
Taping Evidence Follow-Up
Directs the committee's follow-up after disclosure of the White House taping system while hearings continue into presidential aides and Watergate-related financial and political activities.
Death of Jack Hawkins
Death of Jack Hawkins
White House Tapes
Nixon reportedly orders the White House taping system disconnected.
Phase I White House Inquiry
Participates in continuing Phase I testimony as the committee investigates White House involvement, campaign activities and the implications of the newly disclosed presidential recording system.
Presidential Aides Hearing
Presides over another Watergate hearing examining the actions of presidential aides and the relationship between White House operations and the reelection campaign.
Death of Bruce Lee
Death of Bruce Lee
Executive Branch Evidence Hearing
Takes part as the committee continues assembling testimony about executive branch actions, campaign intelligence and the handling of information after the Watergate arrests.
Watergate Subpoena Served
As deputy committee counsel, delivers the Senate Watergate Committee's subpoena for presidential tapes and records to the White House.
Special Prosecutor Tape Subpoena
Secures a subpoena for specified White House recordings after Nixon rejects requests for Watergate tapes sought by the special prosecutor.
Watergate
Nixon refuses to turn over the presidential tape recordings to the Senate Watergate committee or the special prosecutor.
White House Tapes
Refuses to provide presidential recordings to the Senate Watergate Committee or Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox, invoking executive privilege and separation of powers.
Presidential Tape Subpoena Served
Directs the committee as its subpoena for specified presidential recordings and documents is delivered to the White House after the discovery of Nixon's recording system.
Government
The supreme court rules Nixon cannot withhold evidence in criminal proceedings. The Supreme Court orders Nixon to submit 64 unreleased white House tapes
John Ehrlichman Testimony
Participates as former presidential adviser John Ehrlichman testifies before the committee about White House activities, the plumbers operation and issues connected with the Watergate investigation.
Cox Subpoena Rejected
Informs Judge John Sirica that he will not comply with the special prosecutor's tape subpoena, arguing that presidential materials are immune from compulsory process.
Ehrlichman Examination Continues
Leads continuing examination of John Ehrlichman as the committee explores White House investigative operations, presidential staff conduct and disputed Watergate-related decisions.
Ervin Tape Request Rejected
Writes Senator Sam Ervin refusing the committee's access to White House tapes on executive privilege and separation-of-powers grounds.
Ehrlichman Hearing Continues
Questions and evaluates continuing testimony from John Ehrlichman as the committee develops its record concerning White House operations and the Watergate cover-up.
Coup
Overthrown by his cousin Daud
Madison Square Garden
Drums at the New York concerts later used in the concert film.
Madison Square Garden
Performs during the concerts filmed for The Song Remains the Same.
Impeachment
The House judiciary committee votes 27 to 11 to recommend Richard Nixon's impeachment
Phase I Senior Aides Inquiry
Presides over another Phase I session examining evidence concerning senior presidential aides and their roles in events surrounding Watergate and its aftermath.
Skylab 3
Flies an Apollo command module to Skylab.
Republic Referendum under Junta
The military regime holds a referendum that approves its republican constitution after it has already deposed Constantine II and abolished the monarchy.
Haldeman Testimony Begins
Participates as former White House chief of staff H. R. Haldeman begins testimony, bringing one of Nixon's closest former aides before the televised Watergate hearings.
Haldeman Testimony Continues
Presides as H. R. Haldeman continues testimony about White House operations, presidential conversations and events central to the committee's Watergate investigation.
Death of Fritz Erich von Manstein
Death of Fritz Erich von Manstein
Economy of Great Britain
The MLR is increased from 7.5% to 11.5% in one month
Election
The Liberals win the Ely & Ripon Bi-Election
Freedom Deal Intensifies
American air operations intensify before the bombing halt
Constitution of Argentina
Isabel served as president from July 1, 1974 to March 24, 1976, the first non-royal female head of state and head of Government in the Western Hemisphere
President of Argentina
Isabel served as president from July 1, 1974 to March 24, 1976, the first non-royal female head of state and head of Government in the Western Hemisphere
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina after the death of Juan Domingo Peron
Death of Juan Domingo Peron
Death of Juan Peron
Binary Pulsar Discovery
Supervises the survey in which Russell Hulse discovers the binary pulsar PSR B1913+16.
Binary Pulsar Discovery
Hulse discovers the pulsar PSR B1913+16 during an Arecibo survey, revealing a compact binary system that becomes a precise laboratory for testing gravitational-wave energy loss.
Binary Pulsar Discovery
Discovers PSR B1913+16, the first binary pulsar, during a pulsar survey.
World Cup Goal Against Brazil
Scores with an acrobatic finish as the Netherlands defeat defending champions Brazil 2-0 and progress to the World Cup final.
Moscow Summit Joint Communique
Concludes the Nixon summit with a joint communiquรฉ covering strategic arms, trade and international security.
Threshold Test Ban Treaty
Signs the Threshold Test Ban Treaty limiting underground nuclear weapon tests.
ABM Treaty
The Threshold Test Ban Treaty (TTBT) , the Treaty limits nuclear test explosion to under 150 kilotons (over ten times the yield of the Hiroshima bomb)
ABM Treaty
The United States and the Soviet Union agree to the Protocol to the Anti-Ballistic Missile Agreement, which limits ABM deployment to a single area.
Threshold Test Ban Treaty Signed
Signs the Threshold Test Ban Treaty limiting underground nuclear weapon tests to yields of 150 kilotons or less.
Treaty of Threshold Test Ban Treaty
The Threshold Test Ban Treaty (TTBT) , the Treaty limits nuclear test explosion to under 150 kilotons (over ten times the yield of the Hiroshima bomb)
National Development
II participates in national development connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
EEC and Next Election Speech
Links the EEC question to the coming general election in a public speech in Norwich.
Bronze Match Winner Against Brazil
Grzegorz Lato scores the decisive goal as Poland defeats Brazil 1-0 in the World Cup third-place playoff and claims a historic bronze-medal finish.
World Cup Winner
Franz Beckenbauer lifts the World Cup as West Germany captain after his team recovers from an early Dutch penalty to win the final 2-1.
1974 FIFA World Cup Final - Berti Vogts
Berti Vogts tightly marked Johan Cruyff, restricting the Dutch captainโs influence after the opening penalty.
World Cup Winner
Berti Vogts is tasked with containing Johan Cruyff when West Germany meet the Netherlands in the 1974 final. His determined close marking supports the hostsโ recovery from an early penalty.
1974 FIFA World Cup Final - Franz Beckenbauer
Franz Beckenbauer captained West Germany from its sweeping defensive role and lifted the trophy after a 2โ1 win over the Netherlands.
Germany World Cup Captain
Captains West Germany to victory over the Netherlands in the final.
World Cup Winner
Hans-Georg Schwarzenbeck adds resilience to West Germanyโs central defence in the 1974 championship match. His dependable positioning complements Franz Beckenbauerโs organisation as the hosts win 2-1.
1974 FIFA World Cup Final - Paul Breitner
Paul Breitner converted a first-half penalty to cancel out the Netherlandsโ early lead and put West Germany back into the final.
World Cup Winner
Paul Breitner converts a penalty to equalise against the Netherlands after West Germany concedes in the opening minutes of the 1974 final.
World Cup Winner
Bernd Hรถlzenbein wins the penalty that Paul Breitner converts to draw West Germany level in the 1974 final. The attackerโs movement helps turn an uncertain opening into a championship victory.
1974 Final Winning Goal
Scores West Germany's winning goal in the final against the Netherlands.
World Cup Winner
Gerd Mรผller scores the decisive goal against the Netherlands just before half-time, securing West Germany's second World Cup crown.
World Cup Winner
Jรผrgen Grabowski provides versatility in West Germanyโs attacking contingent during the 1974 World Cup. He starts the final against the Netherlands and shares in the hostsโ 2-1 success.
World Cup Winner
Sepp Maier makes vital stops against the Netherlands as West Germany defends a narrow 2-1 advantage in the 1974 final.
World Cup Winner
Helmut Schรถn coaches West Germany to the 1974 championship on home soil, overcoming the Netherlands in the Munich final.
World Cup Winner
Rainer Bonhof helps West Germany shift play forward in the 1974 final against the Netherlands. The midfielderโs purposeful running contributes to a victory secured after an early setback.
World Cup Winner
Uli Hoeneร starts the 1974 final and concedes the early penalty after a challenge on Johan Cruyff. He remains part of the side as West Germany reverses the deficit and claims the championship.
World Cup Winner
Wolfgang Overath brings tactical intelligence and passing control to West Germanyโs 1974 midfield. His work helps the home nation overcome the Dutch approach and capture a second world title.
Opening-Minute Final Penalty Won
Dribbles into the West German penalty area directly from the opening sequence and is fouled, earning the penalty that puts the Netherlands ahead in the World Cup final.
World Cup Final Defeat
Captains the Netherlands in a 2-1 defeat to host nation West Germany, ending a celebrated campaign that nonetheless reshapes international perceptions of Dutch football.
1974 FIFA World Cup Final - Ruud Krol
Ruud Krol supported the Dutch build-up from the defensive line as West Germany adapted to their fluid attacking movement.
World Cup Final
Guides the Netherlands to the World Cup final, where West Germany wins 2-1.
1974 Golden Ball
Is recognized as the tournament's outstanding player after leading the Netherlands to the final.
1974 FIFA World Cup Final - Arie Haan
Arie Haan contributed to the Netherlandsโ possession-based approach but could not prevent the hosts from completing a 2โ1 comeback.
World Cup Final Penalty
Scores a second-minute penalty before West Germany have touched the ball.
1974 FIFA World Cup Final - Wim Jansen
Wim Jansen played in the Dutch midfield after the foul on Johan Cruyff gave his side an immediate lead from the penalty spot.
Seven-Goal Scoring Crown
Scores seven goals as Poland finish third at the 1974 World Cup.
President of Austria
Appointed President of Austria
Nixon Supreme Court Argument
Defends Nixon before the Supreme Court, arguing that presidential confidentiality protects the subpoenaed Watergate recordings from judicial compulsion.
United States v Nixon Argument
Argues before the Supreme Court that the criminal justice process requires access to subpoenaed presidential recordings despite Nixon's executive privilege claim.
Kennedy Secured from Arsenal as Shankly Era Ends
Liverpool signed Ray Kennedy from Arsenal in July 1974, a transfer completed at the end of Shanklyโs managerial tenure before Kennedy developed into an influential midfielder.
Fielding Break-In Conviction
Ehrlichman is convicted in connection with the burglary of Lewis Fielding's office and related false testimony.
Coup
Leads the EOKA terrorist group to power, they are backed by the Greek Junta
Coup
The Greek-Cypriot National Guard overthrow Makarios & seeks a union with Greece
On the Beach
Releases On the Beach, a bleak and influential album from his mid-1970s period.
Nuclear Power
France performs nuclear tests at Muruora Island
Green Card
John Lennon is ordered to leave the US in 60 days
Invasion of Cyprus
Ecevit asks Britain to support the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, no support is given
Political Support
Ecevit asks Britain to support the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, no support is given
Constitution of Great Britain
The Northern Ireland Bill gets Royal assent providing direct rule from Westminster
Legislation
The Northern Ireland Bill gets Royal consent & for direct rule from Westminster
Rule of Northern Ireland
The Northern Ireland Bill gets Royal consent & for Direct Rule from Westminster
Invasion of Cyprus
Attends talks with Wilson & Callaghan in London. Asks Britain to invade Cyprus & protect the Turkisk population but is refused support
Political Support at London
Asks Britain to invade Cyprus & protect the Turkisk population but is refused support
Invasion of Cyprus
Turkish establish beach-heads along the northern coast & near Nicosia
Economic Situation
Healey announces further economic measures as inflation, borrowing and industrial costs remain under pressure.
Peerage
Created Baroness Falkender
United States v Nixon
Announces the Supreme Court's unanimous decision requiring Nixon to provide subpoenaed recordings, rejecting an absolute presidential privilege against judicial process.
Nixon Impeachment Debate
Delivers a nationally noted Judiciary Committee statement explaining the constitutional responsibility to judge evidence and determine whether Nixon committed impeachable offenses.
First Article of Impeachment
Chairs the Judiciary Committee as it approves an article charging Nixon with obstruction of justice in the Watergate investigation.
Second Article of Impeachment
Chairs the Judiciary Committee as it approves an article accusing Nixon of abuse of presidential power.
Third Article of Impeachment
Chairs the Judiciary Committee as it approves an article charging Nixon with contempt of Congress for defying committee subpoenas.
Collective Bargaining
Re-establishes collective bargaining as the central mechanism for regulating industrial relations.
Dissolution of Parliament
Parliament adjourns for the last time until the election Octoberober 10
Election
Parliament adjourns for the last time until the election Octoberober 10
Employers Associations
Provides rules for employers associations alongside the law governing trade unions.
Finance Act
Finance Act 1974 receives Royal Assent, implementing tax changes from Healey's first Budget.
Industrial Relations Act Repeal
Repeals Edward Heath's Industrial Relations Act and restores Labour's preferred voluntary industrial relations framework.
Industrial Tribunals
Maintains industrial tribunals as the forum for key employment disputes after repeal of the 1971 Act.
National Industrial Relations Court
Abolishes the National Industrial Relations Court created under the Conservative industrial relations system.
Trade Disputes
Restores statutory immunities for trade unions acting in contemplation or furtherance of trade disputes.
Trade Union and Labour Relations Act
Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1974 receives Royal Assent, repealing the Industrial Relations Act 1971.
Trade Unions
Restores a legal framework recognising trade unions and employers associations outside the 1971 registration system.
Social Contract
Helps deliver the Health and Safety at Work Act during the Social Contract period.
Social Contract
Uses workplace safety reform to show the social side of Labour's union bargain.
Agreement of Alvor
Holden Roberto, Agostinho Neto, and Jonas Savimbi met in Bukavu, Zaire agree to negotiate with the Portuguese as one political entity
Agreement of Alvor
Holden Roberto, Agostinho Neto, and Jonas Savimbi met in Bukavu, Zaire agree to negotiate with the Portuguese as one political entity
Agreement of Alvor
Holden Roberto, Agostinho Neto, and Jonas Savimbi met in Bukavu, Zaire agree to negotiate with the Portuguese as one political entity
Peerage
Created a life peer as Baron Gordon-Walker, of Leyton in Greater London
Monitoring of Buffer-Zone Boundaries
The Israeli government operated under the new separation regime while United Nations observers monitored compliance with the agreement reached with Syria.
Golden Boot FIFA World Cup
Scores 7 goals for Poland to claim the FIFA World Cup scoring honour. The achievement reflects his finishing as Poland achieved third place.
Implementation of Arms Limits
Syrian defense authorities worked within the disengagement arrangements limiting military personnel and weapons in designated zones adjacent to the monitored separation area.
David Live
Records concerts in Philadelphia that are released as David Live, documenting his Diamond Dogs tour.
Devaluation
Sterling devaluation increases pressure on Healey to secure stricter wage restraint.
Economy of Great Britain
Healey gives trade unions one week to accept a ten percent limit on pay increases.
Knebworth Festival
Knebworth Festival, Pink Floyd premiere "Wish You Were Here" with the help of Spitfires, pyrotechnics and an exploding plane which flies into the stage, probably the most spectacular gig of the decade
Knebworth Festival
Knebworth Festival, Pink Floyd premiere "Wish You Were Here" with the help of Spitfires, pyrotechnics and an exploding plane which flies into the stage, probably the most spectacular gig of the decade
Coup
Governs as Chief administrator under martial law after deposing Prime Minister Bhutto
MRND Founded
Founds the National Revolutionary Movement for Development.
Single-Party Political System
The party becomes the institutional base of his presidency.
Cabinet Leadership
Leads the cabinet under President Stevens before the office is abolished
Prime Minister Appointed
Appointed Prime Minister after Sorie Ibrahim Koroma leaves office
Pay Policy
Healey supports the 6 pounds weekly limit as part of the anti-inflation package.
Six Pound Pay Limit
Healey supports a voluntary limit of six pounds on weekly pay increases to slow inflation.
Social Contract
Healey backs the six pounds weekly pay limit as part of the anti-inflation package.
Attack on Inflation
The Government accepts a six pound weekly limit for pay settlements in the next pay round.
Economy of Great Britain
Announces the Government's anti-inflation policy
Inflation
Announces the Government's anti-inflation policy
Pay Limit
Announces the need to legislate for statutory pay limits in the Commons
Pay Policy
Announces the Attack on Inflation policy with a flat weekly pay limit.
Social Contract
Announces the Attack on Inflation programme tied to the Social Contract.
Apollo-Soyuz Launch
Finally reaches orbit as docking module pilot on Apollo-Soyuz.
Apollo-Soyuz Launch
Commands the American Apollo spacecraft in the joint mission.
Apollo-Soyuz Launch
Serves as command module pilot on Apollo-Soyuz.
President of Iraq
Appointed President of Iraq, announced by al-Bakr on the eve of 17th July celebrations
Retirement
Officially retires for health reasons
Divorce
Ringo Starr and Maureen Cox divorce
Apollo-Soyuz Docking
Docks Soyuz 19 with the American Apollo spacecraft.
Apollo-Soyuz Docking
Joins Leonov during the first international crewed docking.
Apollo-Soyuz Test Project
Oversees NASA during the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project.
Apollo-Soyuz Call
Speaks with the Apollo-Soyuz crews after docking.
National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA)
President Gerald Ford approves covert aid to UNITA and the FNLA through Operation IA Feature
Operation IA Feature
President Gerald Ford approves covert aid to UNITA and the FNLA through Operation IA Feature
UNITA
President Gerald Ford approves covert aid to UNITA and the FNLA through Operation IA Feature
Pay Restraint
The Government defends the six pound pay limit as central to reducing inflation.
Pay Policy
The pay policy passes through the Commons by 327 votes to 269.
Economy of Great Britain
Healey moves in the 2nd reading of a Bill to control pay increases, passed by 294 to 16.
Pay Policy
Healey sees pay-control legislation progress after intense Commons debate.
Social Contract
Defends pay-control legislation while stressing union consultation.
Sabotage
Sings on Sabotage as Black Sabbath releases one of its heaviest mid-1970s albums.
Sabotage
Records Sabotage during a period of legal and management pressure around the band.
President of Nigeria
Appointed military Head of State of Nigeria after the overthrow of Yakubu Gowon
Helsinki Meeting with Gerald Ford
Meets Gerald Ford during the European security summit and discusses arms control and bilateral relations.
Capture of Luanda
The MPLA drive the FNLA out of Luanda & the Government collapses
National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA)
The MPLA drive the FNLA out of Luanda & the Government collapses
Rectification
Deng Xiaoping leads efforts to restore order in railways, industry and education
Emergency Legislation
Parliament passes measures that strengthen executive authority during the Emergency.
Conference of OAU
South Africa is condemned by the African states at the OAU Conference
Declaration of Dar es Salaam
South Africa is condemned by the African states at the OAU Conference
Invasion of Angola
South Africa invades Angola
National Development
al-Bakhit participates in national development connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain by King Juan Carlos
Hijack
At midnight Israeli commandos attack the airport and free all but four of the hostages who are killed
Clash
After rehearsing with Strummer for less than a month, The Clash made their debut, supporting the Sex Pistols at the Black Swan in Sheffield
Clash
The band is named The Clash by Simonon who make their debut opening for the Sex Pistols at The Black Swan (a. k. a. The Mucky Duck, now known as the Boardwalk Sheffield, England)
Clash
The new band have their first gig supporting the Sex Pistols
Clash
The band is named The Clash by Simonon who make their debut opening for the Sex Pistols at The Black Swan (a. k. a. The Mucky Duck, now known as the Boardwalk Sheffield, England)
Black Swan
Performs at the Black Swan in Sheffield with The Clash appearing as support.
Ramones
The Ramones, a US punk rock group managed by Danny Fields and Linda Stein hold a concert in England that sparked the young British punk scene
Ramones
The Ramones, a US punk rock group managed by Danny Fields and Linda Stein hold a concert in England that sparked the young British punk scene
Demonstrations
The Government drops its proposal to teach Afrikaans
Montreal Olympics
Opens the Montreal Olympic Games.
Capture of Indonesia
Suharto annexes East Timor
Rule of Timor
Suharto annexes East Timor
Birth of Benedict Timothy Carlton Cumberbatch
Birth of Benedict Timothy Carlton Cumberbatch
Kissinger oversees the evacuation of servicemen from Thailand
Kissinger oversees the evacuation of servicemen from Thailand
Public Expenditure Reductions
Healey announces public expenditure reductions totalling approximately one billion pounds at 1976 survey prices.
Green Card
John Lennons application to remain in the US as a permanent resident is approved at a special hearing
Disaster
255,000 perish during an earthquake
Earthquake
255,000 perish during an earthquake
Arrest of Kakuei Tanaka
Kept in the Tokyo Detention House & then released on bail. Accepted bribes from Lockheed to persuade Nipon Airways to buy their airliners
Scandal
Accepted bribes from Lockheed to persuade Nipon Airways to buy their airliners
Prime Minister of Italy
Appointed Prime Minister of Italy, 2nd term
New Hormones
Once the Buzzcocks had recruited bass guitarist Steve Diggle and drummer John Maher, they made their debut opening for the Sex Pistols' second Manchester concert
New Hormones
Once the Buzzcocks had recruited bass guitarist Steve Diggle and drummer John Maher, they made their debut opening for the Sex Pistols' second Manchester concert
New Hormones
Once the Buzzcocks had recruited bass guitarist Steve Diggle and drummer John Maher, they made their debut opening for the Sex Pistols' second Manchester concert
Legislation
Introduces a wide range of innovative welfare reforms, including the introduction of the mobility allowance, the Invalid Care Allowance for single women and others who give up their jobs to care for severely disabled relatives, the introduction of a non-contributory invalidity pension for disabled persons who had not qualified for invalidity pension, reforms in child allowances, and the linking of most social security benefits to earnings rather than prices
Reform of Royal Succession
Introduces a wide range of innovative welfare reforms, including the introduction of the mobility allowance, the Invalid Care Allowance for single women and others who give up their jobs to care for severely disabled relatives, the introduction of a non-contributory invalidity pension for disabled persons who had not qualified for invalidity pension, reforms in child allowances, and the linking of most social security benefits to earnings rather than prices
Hijack
The success of the Israeli operation largely contributed to Amins downfall, while increased resistance and sabotage operations cripple Uganda during his final years
President Takes Office
Romero becomes President after the 1977 election
Pretty Vacant
Sings Pretty Vacant, turning the title phrase into a defining punk slogan.
Pretty Vacant
Drums on Pretty Vacant, one of the band's most successful and enduring singles.
Pretty Vacant
Plays guitar on Pretty Vacant, giving the single its sharp and anthemic sound.
Diplomatic Isolation
Regime cuts most foreign ties except China
Return as Taoiseach
Returns to office as Taoiseach after Fianna Fail's general election victory.
Constitution Suspension
Zia suspends parts of the Constitution after the military takeover.
Martial Law
The military government places Pakistan under martial law.
Operation Fair Play
Zia's military takeover is designated Operation Fair Play.
Political Detention
The martial-law government detains Bhutto and opposition political leaders.
Martial Law
Army chief Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq overthrows Bhutto and imposes martial law.
National Assembly Dissolution
Zia dissolves the elected assemblies after seizing power.
Coup
Overthrown by a coup
Martial Law
General Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq imposes martial law after overthrowing Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.
Montreal Spitting Incident
Waters spits at a fan during the tour, helping inspire the concept behind The Wall
Birth of daughter
Has a daughter, the Duchess of Vastergotland
Going for the One
Plays bass on Going for the One as Yes regain strong chart momentum.
Going for the One
Returns to Yes for Going for the One, restoring the classic keyboard presence.
Pay Policy
Healey announces a third phase intended to avoid a free-for-all in wages.
Social Contract
Healey moves toward a third phase of incomes policy.
Third Pay Phase
Healey moves toward a third phase of incomes policy while seeking to prevent uncontrolled wage settlements.
Rehabilitation
Deng Xiaoping is restored to his leading posts after the Cultural Revolution radicals are defeated
President of India
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy is elected unopposed and takes office as the sixth President of India.
Death of Karac Plant
Dies during Led Zeppelin's 1977 American tour, devastating Robert Plant.
Tour Cancellation
Leaves the American tour after the death of his son Karac.
Vice Premier
Deng Xiaoping is restored to office after the fall of the Gang of Four and the repudiation of radical Cultural Revolution politics
Election Mandate
Somare continues as Prime Minister after the first post-independence national election
Charon
New photographs from the U.S. Naval Observatory confirm that the recurring elongation beside Pluto is caused by an orbiting satellite.
National Insurance Surcharge Debate
Challenges the Labour Government's National Insurance surcharge policy during Commons debate as Shadow Chancellor.
Bremen European Council
Hosts the European Council as leaders develop plans for a European Monetary System.
Bremen European Council
Represents Ireland as leaders develop plans for a European Monetary System.
Bremen European Council
Represents Italy as leaders develop plans for a European Monetary System.
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
Dryer said that Lancelot told him shortly after the Kennedy assassination that a "substantial" sum of money, 200000 or 250000 dollars, had been deposited in Mohrenschildt's account.
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
Dryer said that Mohrenschildt had claimed he came to Haiti to scout for oil, but Dryer stated that "I could never figure out what he did. " Dryer expressed the belief that Mohrenschildt had "some intelligence connection"
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
Dryer's relationship with Lancelot included passing messages for her to people in the United States whom Dryer assumed were connected to the CIA.
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
Joseph Dryer told the House Select Committee on Assassinations that he and Mohrenschildt were associated with Jacqueline Lancelot.
Central Intelligence Committe (CIA)
Dryer said that Lancelot told him shortly after the Kennedy assassination that a "substantial" sum of money, 200,000 or 250,000 dollars, had been deposited in Mohrenschildts account.
Central Intelligence Committe (CIA)
Dryer said that Mohrenschildt had claimed he came to Haiti to scout for oil, but Dryer stated that "I could never figure out what he did. " Dryer expressed the belief that Mohrenschildt had "some intelligence connection"
Central Intelligence Committee (CIA)
Dryer's relationship with Lancelot included passing messages for her to people in the United States whom Dryer assumed were connected to the CIA.
Central Intelligence Committee (CIA)
Joseph Dryer told the House Select Committee on Assassinations that he and Mohrenschildt were associated with Jacqueline Lancelot.
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
Dryer said that Lancelot told him shortly after the Kennedy assassination that a "substantial" sum of money, 200000 or 250000 dollars, had been deposited in Mohrenschildt's account.
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
Dryer said that Mohrenschildt had claimed he came to Haiti to scout for oil, but Dryer stated that "I could never figure out what he did. " Dryer expressed the belief that Mohrenschildt had "some intelligence connection"
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
Dryer's relationship with Lancelot included passing messages for her to people in the United States whom Dryer assumed were connected to the CIA.
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
Joseph Dryer told the House Select Committee on Assassinations that he and Mohrenschildt were associated with Jacqueline Lancelot.
HSCA Testimony
Is discussed in testimony concerning George de Mohrenschildt contacts.
HSCA Testimony
Testifies about Lancelot and Mohrenschildt-related contacts.
European Monetary System Initiative
Supports the Bremen agreement that advances plans for closer European monetary cooperation.
Independence of Great Britain
The Solomon Islands are granted independence after 85 years of British rule
Independence of Solomon Islands
The Solomon Islands are granted independence after 85 years of British rule
European Monetary System Initiative
Supports the Bremen initiative for closer European monetary cooperation.
European Monetary System Initiative
Supports the Bremen initiative for closer coordination of European exchange rates and monetary policy.
Charon
The discovery of Pluto's moon is formally announced to astronomers through IAU Circular 3241.
Election
Elected President of Italy
Election
Wins the Presidential election
General Election
Banzer permits a presidential election as pressure increases for a return to civilian rule.
President of Italy
Appointed President of Italy, acting
Who Are You Single
Release Who Are You as a single.
Socialist Campaign for a Labour Victory
Unifies small hard left groups suuch as the Socialist Campaign for a Labour Victory (SCLV) & produces the Socialist Organiser, as a mouthpiece for Livingstones views, criticising Labour Prime Minister James Callaghan as "anti-working class"
Socialist Organiser
Unifies small hard left groups suuch as the Socialist Campaign for a Labour Victory (SCLV) & produces the Socialist Organiser, as a mouthpiece for Livingstones views, criticising Labour Prime Minister James Callaghan as "anti-working class"
Coup
Adnan, a cousin, & Tulfah, an uncle, threaten Bakr in the Presidential Palace
Coup
Saddam, Adnan, a cousin, & Tulfah, an uncle, threaten Bakr in the Presidential Palace
Coup
Adnan, a cousin, & Tulfah, an uncle, threaten Bakr in the Presidential Palace
North Yemen Presidency
Becomes president of the Yemen Arab Republic.
Saleh Takes Office
Takes power after months of political instability.
President of Yemen
Appointed President of the Yemen
Military Coup
Pereda seizes power after the disputed presidential election is annulled.
Five Percent Pay Guideline
Healey backs a five percent guideline for the next pay round despite growing trade-union resistance.
Pay Policy
Healey introduces a White Paper setting a five percent pay guideline.
Pay Policy
Backs the five percent pay guideline despite union warnings.
Social Contract
Backs the five percent pay guideline that strains the union bargain.
Identity Chart Entry
Identity enters the Official Singles Chart and reaches number twenty-four.
National Development
ibn Shaker participates in national development connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
If the Kids Are United
If the Kids Are United enters the Official Singles Chart and reaches number nine.
Scotland Act
Supports the Scotland Act as part of Labour's devolution programme.
European Monetary System Initiative
Giscard worked with Helmut Schmidt to advance plans for the European Monetary System.
Bremen European Council
Supports Franco-German proposals that lead toward the European Monetary System.
President of Italy
Appointed President of Italy
Second Irish EEC Presidency
Lynch returns Ireland to the Council chair as the second Irish Community Presidency begins.
Central Intelligence Agency
United States President Jimmy Carter authorizes covert propaganda support against the Afghan revolutionary government.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
President Jimmy Carter signs a directive authorizing the CIA to conduct covert propaganda operations against the revolutionary regime
Playground Twist Chart Entry
Playground Twist enters the Official Singles Chart and reaches the UK Top Thirty.
Adrastea Discovery
With G. Edward Danielson, identifies Adrastea in Voyager 2 images of Jupiter's ring region.
Presidential Runoff Victory
Limann wins the presidential runoff as the People's National Party candidate, securing the mandate to lead Ghana's restored civilian government.
Voyager 2 Jupiter Flyby
Voyager 2 flies past Jupiter and extends observations of the planet and Jovian satellites.
Low Budget
The Kinks release Low Budget.
Dismissal
The Revolutionary Command Council decide to replace Bakr
Resignation of Ahmed Hassan al- Bakr
Bakr announces his resignation
Resignation of Ahmed Hassan al- Bakr
Bakr announces his resignation
President of Iraq
Appointed President of Iraq, announced by al-Bakr
Visit to Baghdad
President Asad of Syria visits Saddam Hussein to discuss Iraqi & Syrian unification
Visit to Damascus
President Asad of Syria visits Saddam Hussein to discuss Iraqi & Syrian unification
First Elected Parliament Presidency
Members chose Veil to lead the newly directly elected Parliament, giving a French politician a prominent role in the Community's democratic institutions.
President of European Parliament
Simone Veil was elected the first President of the directly elected European Parliament and the first woman to hold the office.
World Record
Sebastian Coe runs world record 3:49 mile in Oslo
Inauguration
Inaugurated as President of Iraq
International Declaration
Under the terms of a joint Syriani declaration Bakr would lead a joint federation. Bakr & Asad announce a Government against, "the Zionist-imperialist-Sadat onslaught"
International Declaration
Under the terms of a joint Syriani declaration Bakr would lead a joint federation. Bakr & Asad announce Government against, "the Zionist-imperialist-Sadat onslaught"
Assassination of Adnan Hamdani
Death of Adnan Hamdani, executed by Hussein
Assassination of Walid Mahmoud
Death of Walid Mahmoud, tortured & executed by Hussein
London Docklands
Answers parliamentary questions concerning redevelopment of London Docklands.
Radioactive Waste Disposal
Answers a parliamentary question concerning radioactive-waste disposal.
Purge
Iraqs "night of the long knives", 500 are murdered
Prime Minister of India
Charan Singh becomes Prime Minister with outside Congress support but never faces a confidence vote in Parliament.
Dismissal
Stripped of his last title, Deputy Secetaty General of the Ba'ath Socialist Party
Resignation of Ahmed Hassan al- Bakr
Bakr is persuaded bt Hussein to resign, to prevent unifacation with Syria
Trial
Salim Shakir is tried for plotting against Saddam Hussein & is jailed for 7 yrs
Resignation of Ahmed Hassan al- Bakr
Bakr is persuaded bt Hussein to resign, to prevent unifacation with Syria
President of Iraq
Appointed President of Iraq
Purge
Purges the Revolutionary Command Council
Trial
Salim Shakir is tried for plotting against Saddam Hussein & is jailed for 7 yrs
First Official Pulp Concert
Performs with Pulp at Rotherham Arts Centre in the band's first official concert.
Final Concert
Performs Led Zeppelin's final full concert before his death.
Sale of Trident
Carter agrees in correspondence with Thatcher to supply Trident missiles to the United Kingdom
Trident
The Thatcher Government decides to acquire the Trident missile system as the successor to Polaris
Trident
Announces the Trident decision to the House of Commons.
Trident
Francis Pym announces that Britain will purchase Trident.
Independent Nuclear Deterrent
Thatcher presents Trident as essential to the maintenance of Britain's independent nuclear deterrent
Trident
Cooperates with Britain over purchase of the Trident missile system.
Military Coup
Garcia Meza seizes power in a violent military coup.
President of Bolivia
Garcia Meza begins an authoritarian military presidency.
Assassination of Marcelo Quiroga Santa Cruz
Quiroga Santa Cruz is killed during the Garcia Meza coup
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, 1st term
Exile of Anastasio Somoza
Forced to resign after a civel war with the Sandanistas & takes refuge in Miami
Government
Ronald Reagan formally accepts the Republican nomination for President
SLV-3 Success
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam leads the SLV-3 team when the launcher successfully places the Rohini satellite into orbit.
Moscow Olympics
Some British athletes compete in Moscow despite government boycott pressure.
Moscow Olympics Opening
Formally opens the Moscow Summer Olympic Games amid a major Western boycott.
National Development
al-Rifai participates in national development connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Death of Peter Sellers
Peter Sellers dies in London aged 54.
Marriage
Borg marries tennis pro Mariana Simionescu
John Lennon takes a cruise to
John Lennon takes a cruise to Bermuda, where his songwriting muse is rekindled
Death of Pahlavi
Death of Mohammed Reza Pahlavi
BP Nigeria
Faces Nigerian nationalisation of BP assets during diplomatic tension.
Foreign Policy Statement at London
Nigeria announces that it is nationalizing BP's assets in Nigeria
Capital
The Israeli Knesset passes a law reaffirming all of Jerusalem as the capital of the Jewish state
Jewish State
The Israeli Knesset passes a law reaffirming all of Jerusalem as the capital of the Jewish state
Rule of Jerusalem
The Israeli Knesset passes a law reaffirming all of Jerusalem as the capital of the Jewish state
Marriage
Diannas engagement to Charles becomes official
Government Programme
Pen Sovan's government begins reconstruction under the PRK
Dismissal
Dismisses 8 cabinet ministers
Parliamentary Recess Arrangements
Answers questions about parliamentary sitting periods and summer recess dates, noting that numerous practical factors had to be considered when arranging the Commons calendar.
Demonstrations
Moss Side in Manchester experiences its first of 2 days disorder
Demonstrations
Visits Liverpool and drives through the scene of the riots in Toxteth
Warrington By-election
Finishes a close second at the Warrington by-election for the new SDP.
Humber Bridge
Humbar Estuary Bridge, worlds longest span, 1.4 km, opens
Bombing of Beirut
Israeli bombers destroy PLO/al-Fatah headquarters in Beirut
Bombing of Beirut
Israeli bombers destroy PLO/al-Fatah headquarters in Beirut
NCRI
Banisadr becomes associated with the National Council of Resistance of Iran as an opposition coalition forms against the government
NCRI
Rajavi helps form the National Council of Resistance of Iran as an umbrella opposition organisation
NCRI
Banisadr joins opposition efforts around the National Council of Resistance of Iran
NCRI
Rajavi helps establish the National Council of Resistance of Iran as an opposition coalition
Presidential Election
Rajai wins the presidential election held after Banisadr's removal from office
Israel-PLO Lebanon Ceasefire
Arafat accepts a United States-brokered ceasefire intended to halt cross-border fighting between Israel and PLO forces based in Lebanon.
Death of William Wyler
Death of William Wyler
Liverpool Regeneration Response
After the Toxteth riots, becomes closely involved in developing a programme of regeneration for Liverpool.
Toxteth Riots
Her government faces major unrest in Toxteth during inner-city riots.
Handsworth Disturbances
Serious disturbances in Handsworth expose tensions involving policing, unemployment and deprivation.
President of Argentina
Appointed de facto President of Argentina after Leopoldo Galtieri
Manager
Appointed manager of Leeds United
Semifinal Qualification Against Soviet Union
Wlodzimierz Smolarek helps Poland preserve a scoreless draw with the Soviet Union through determined attacking movement and defensive work, a result that sends Poland into the World Cup semifinals.
SDP Leadership Election
Becomes the first elected leader of the Social Democratic Party.
Manager
Bobby Robson is appointed coach of the English national football team and selects former West Bromwich Albion team-mate Don Howe as his chief coach
Manager
Bobby Robson is appointed coach of the English national football team and selects former West Bromwich Albion team-mate Don Howe as his chief coach
Coalition Government Formed
Son Sann takes the prime minister role in the exile coalition
Coalition Proclaimed
CGDK is proclaimed with Sihanouk as President
World Cup Bronze in Spain
Wladyslaw Zmuda anchors Polandโs defense during its second World Cup bronze-medal campaign and helps the team finish third after beating France 3-2.
Third Place Victory Over France
Zbigniew Boniek belongs to the Polish squad that defeats France 3-2 in the World Cup third-place match, although suspension keeps him out of the semifinal against Italy.
1982 FIFA World Cup Final - Karl-Heinz Rummenigge
Karl-Heinz Rummenigge captained West Germany despite fitness problems, but Italyโs second-half goals decided the final.
1982 FIFA World Cup Final - Pierre Littbarski
Pierre Littbarski looked for openings on the German left as the team struggled against Italyโs organised defending.
World Cup Winner
Dino Zoff leads Italy from goal in its 3-1 victory over West Germany, becoming the oldest men's World Cup winning captain at forty.
World Cup Winner
Antonio Cabrini misses a first-half penalty in the 1982 final but continues to contribute from left-back. Italy ultimately overcomes West Germany with three second-half goals.
1982 FIFA World Cup Final - Claudio Gentile
Claudio Gentile protected Italyโs back line as the side contained West Germany and secured its third world championship.
World Cup Winner
Claudio Gentile starts the 1982 final after difficult marking assignments against Argentina and Brazil earlier in the tournament. Italyโs defence holds West Germany to a single late goal.
World Cup Winner
Fulvio Collovati plays in central defence as Italy claims its third World Cup in 1982. His anticipation complements the teamโs controlled response to West German attacks in Madrid.
1982 FIFA World Cup Final - Gaetano Scirea
Gaetano Scirea advanced from defence to help create Italyโs second goal as the team outplayed West Germany in Madrid.
World Cup Winner
Gaetano Scirea combines calm distribution with alert defending in Italyโs 1982 final victory. The Juventus sweeper guides play out from the back as Italy defeats West Germany 3-1.
1982 Final Third Goal
Scores Italy's third goal in the 3-1 final victory over West Germany.
World Cup Winner
Alessandro Altobelli scores Italy's third goal against West Germany to put the 1982 World Cup final beyond reasonable doubt.
World Cup Winner
Francesco Graziani starts the 1982 final for Italy but leaves early because of injury. His teammates go on to defeat West Germany, and he shares in the tournament-winning achievement.
1982 FIFA World Cup Final - Paolo Rossi
Paolo Rossi broke the deadlock with a close-range header against West Germany, beginning Italyโs 3โ1 World Cup final victory.
World Cup Winner
Paolo Rossi heads Italy ahead against West Germany in the final and finishes the tournament as its leading goalscorer.
1982 FIFA World Cup Final - Dino Zoff
Dino Zoff captained Italy from goal and became the oldest captain to lift the menโs World Cup trophy at forty.
Italy World Cup Captain
Captains Italy to its third World Cup title at the age of forty.
Italy World Cup Title Manager
Coaches Italy to its first World Cup title since 1938.
World Cup Winner
Enzo Bearzot takes Italy from an unconvincing group phase to the 1982 World Cup title through victories over major opponents.
World Cup Winner
Bruno Conti supplies the 1982 Italian champions with quick dribbling and penetrating wing play. His skill on the right creates attacking opportunities during the final against West Germany.
World Cup Winner
Gabriele Oriali works tirelessly in Italyโs central midfield during the 1982 World Cup final. His defensive support gives teammates room to counterattack and defeat West Germany 3-1.
1982 Final Goal
Scores Italy's second goal in the final and celebrates with an iconic run.
World Cup Winner
Marco Tardelli drives in Italy's second goal against West Germany and celebrates with an emotional run across the pitch.
Invasion of Iran
Iran launches its 1st attack into Iraq
Invasion of Iran
Iran launches its 1st attack into Iraq
Pink Floyd The Wall
Parker's film adaptation Pink Floyd The Wall premieres in London
The Wall
The world premiere of "The Wall" takes place at The Empire, Leicester Square
The Wall
The world premiere of "The Wall" takes place at The Empire, Leicester Square
Invasion of Iraq
Iran moves troops into northern Iraq
Democratic Transition
Vildoso assumes power and organises the transfer to the elected civilian government.
Exclusion Zone Lifted
Lifts the exclusion zone around the islands.
Exclusion Zone
Britain lifts the Exclusion Zone around the Islands
President of India
Giani Zail Singh takes office as the seventh President of India.
Dismissal
Brigadier General Mario Menendez dismissed from Argentine army
Bombing of Beirut
Israeli jets attack civilian areas in West Beirut killing 120
Postwar Reconciliation Talks with George Shultz
Meets George Shultz for two hours on postwar policy, saying sovereignty talks cannot resume quickly while discussing normalisation with Argentina, sanctions, the arms embargo and relations with Latin America.
Assassination of Ahmed Hassan al- Bakr
Death of Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, assassinated after planning a return to politics
Death of Ahmed Hassan al- Bakr
Death of Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, assassinated after planning a return to politics
Golden Boot FIFA World Cup
Claims the FIFA World Cup top-scorer award with 6 goals while representing Italy. The season is distinguished by scoring against Brazil, Poland and West Germany in Italyโs title run.
First Greek EEC Presidency
Papandreou takes the Community chair as Greece assumes responsibility for its first six-month Council Presidency.
Economy of Great Britain
Introduces plans for Government expenditure cuts to the Cabinet
Death of David Niven
Death of David Niven
Public Expenditure
Lawson agrees measures to restrain departmental cash limits, including reductions in the pay bill and other cash-limited expenditure.
Economy of Great Britain
Makes plans to reduce public expenditure by 1 billion pounds
Inauguration
Innuagurated as the President of the Federal Republic of Germany
Third Irish EEC Presidency
FitzGerald opens Ireland's 1984 Presidency, with institutional reform, enlargement and famine relief high on the agenda.
Strike
Steel union leaders reject call for steel strike as 'completely unacceptable.'
July Peace Discussions
Representatives of the Coal Board and miners union entered further negotiations that did not produce agreement.
NCB Negotiations July
New talks began between the NCB and NUM but substantive disagreements remained unresolved.
NUM Peace Negotiations
NUM officials met the Coal Board as negotiations over pit closure policy resumed.
MacGregor July Negotiations
Coal Board and NUM representatives met again in July without resolving the central disagreement.
Strike
The TGWU begins a Dock Strike over breaches of the National Dock Labour Scheme
Appointment as Unit 4 Shift Supervisor
Is appointed a Unit 4 shift supervisor, placing him in charge of operating crews during assigned reactor shifts.
Resignation of Pierre Mauroy
Pierre Mauroy resigns as Premier of France
Coal Closure Negotiations Fail
Further rounds of discussions between the Board and NUM ended without a settlement in July.
NCB Peace Talks Collapse
A later round of negotiations broke down without securing an agreed closure procedure.
MacGregor Talks Breakdown
Negotiations with the miners union again failed to settle the question of uneconomic pit closures.
Foreign Secretary of France
Appointed Minister of External Relations
Minister of Economics
Appointed Minister of Economics, Finance, and Budget
Minister of European Affairs
Appointed Minister of European Affairs
Minister of Industrial Redeployment and External Commerce
Appointed Minister of Industrial Redeployment and External Commerce
Minister of Labour
Appointed Minister of Labour, Employment, and Vocational Training
Minister of Interior
Appointed Minister of the Interior and Decentralization
Secretary of State for Defence
Appointed Minister of Defence
Strike
The TGWU calls off the National Dock Strike
Neptune Ring Arc Occultation
Hubbard records a brief stellar-light drop near Neptune that provides strong evidence for a partial ring or ring arc.
Election
The Labour Alignment Party wins 44 seats in the Knesset
Election
The Parliamentary elections end with Peress Labour Party winning 44 seats
Prime Minister of Israel
The Parliamentary elections end with Peress Labour Party winning 44 seats
Election
Shamirs Likuud Party wins 44 seats, no party has a majority
Strike
Walter Marshall estimates power stations can run until Nov 1985
Death of James Mason
Death of James Mason
Presidential Referendum
Mobutu receives another term through a single-candidate presidential vote.
Strike
South Wales miners assets seized and fined $55,000 for contempt of court over picketing
Welsh NUM Assets Seized
Legal action over picketing resulted in financial penalties and sequestration involving the South Wales NUM.
Visit to Washington & persuades Congress to provide more
Duarte visits Washington & persuades Congress to provide more military aid to Salvador
Peking Hong Kong Negotiations
Conducts discussions with Chinese leaders in Peking that resolve most of the major outstanding issues in negotiations over Hong Kong's future.
Arrest of Shiite prisoners
Israel decides to release 300 of its 735 Shiite prisoners
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
Foreign Secretary of Georgia
Appointed Foreign Minister
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
Foreign Secretary of Russia
Appointed Foreign Minister
President of Russia
Appointed President of Russia
Live Aid
Performs at Live Aid at Wembley Stadium, appearing during one of the decade's most watched charity concerts.
Live Aid
Members of The Who reunite for Live Aid at Wembley Stadium.
Live Aid
Members of The Who reunite for Live Aid at Wembley Stadium.
Live Aid
Members of The Who reunite for Live Aid at Wembley Stadium.
Live Aid
Members of The Who reunite for Live Aid at Wembley Stadium.
Live Aid
Concert at Wembley raises ล40m for famine relief in Africa
Live Aid
Appears near the climax of Live Aid at JFK Stadium.
Ta Mok Ascends
Ta Mok gains greater control over remaining Khmer Rouge forces
Death of Heinrich Theodor Boll
Death of Heinrich Boll
World Record
Runs 1500 meters in 3 mins 29.67 secs
Military Aid
The US Congress votes to stop Reagan from supplying arms to the Contras
State of Emergency
A state of emergency is declared
Emergency Powers Declared
Expands detention and censorship powers amid nationwide political unrest.
Partial State of Emergency
Declares a state of emergency in selected districts.
Punjab Accord
Rajiv Gandhi and Harchand Singh Longowal sign an accord intended to address major political grievances in Punjab.
Ambassador Recall
France recalls its Ambassador from South Africa & suspends investment
Health of Rock Hudson
Rock Hudson is hospitalized with AIDS
Foreign Secretary of Greece
Papoulias is appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs.
World Record
Runs the mile in 3 mins 46.31 secs
President of Uganda
Appointed President of Uganda
Coup
Succesfully leads a coup in Uganda
Economy of Peru
Says Peru will limit debt payment to 10% of export earnings
Burial
Mass funerals for black victims are banned during a period of unrest
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet, Head of State
Central Committee Construction Secretary
Becomes a Central Committee secretary responsible for construction policy.
Parliamentary Election Victory
ZANU-PF wins a large majority in the first post-independence parliamentary election.
National Strike
Opposition organizations begin a two-day national strike against military rule.
General Strike
The government confronts the second day of a nationwide opposition strike.
Bryukhanov Communist Party Expulsion
Is expelled from the Communist Party after senior Soviet authorities assign managerial responsibility for failures surrounding the Chernobyl disaster.
South Africa Mission Announcement
Announces plans for a European Community diplomatic mission to southern Africa following discussions at the European Council in The Hague.
President of Austria
Appointed President of Austria
Prime Minister of Tunisia
Rachid Sfar became prime minister and introduced an economic stabilization programme.
Knocked Out Loaded
Releases Knocked Out Loaded.
First Mir Expedition Completed
Returns to Earth after completing the pioneering Mir expedition and the unique transfer mission between Mir and Salyut 7.
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, 3rd term
Pretoria Discussions
Holds discussions with South African ministers in Pretoria as part of a European Community-backed diplomatic mission.
Southern Africa Diplomatic Mission
Travels in southern Africa on a European Community mission seeking political movement on apartheid and regional security.
Bryukhanov Production Technical Department Transfer
Moves from the director's post to a deputy position in the plant's production and technical department after the accident.
Chernobyl Relocation Policy
Oversees government policies for relocating populations from areas judged too contaminated for continued normal residence.
Legasov Investigation Conclusions
Contributes to the scientific and engineering investigation whose conclusions are presented to senior Soviet authorities during the summer.
Legasov Politburo Investigation Evidence
Contributes technical evidence considered when Soviet leaders review the causes of the Chernobyl accident and weaknesses associated with RBMK reactors.
Chernobyl Technical Meeting Preparation
Oversees preparations for an international technical review of the Chernobyl accident and its causes.
Single European Act Enters Force
The Single European Act entered into force, strengthening Community powers and the legal basis for the internal market.
Single European Act Enters into Force
Heads the German government when the Single European Act enters into force and strengthens the internal-market programme.
Single Market Treaty Reform Takes Effect
Serves as Foreign Minister when the Single European Act begins operating.
Single European Act Enters into Force
Heads the Greek government when the Single European Act enters into force.
Single European Act Enters into Force
Heads the government when the Single European Act enters into force after Ireland completes ratification.
Single Market Programme
Serves as foreign minister as the Single European Act strengthens the programme for completing the internal market.
Trial
Gives public testimony on the Iran Contra affair
Shadow Minister
Appointed Spokesman on the City & Consumer Affairs. Appointed Deputy to Bryan Gould, Shadow Trade & Industry Secretary
Prime Minister of Iceland
Appointed Prime Minister of Iceland
First Steingrimur Hermannsson Government
The First Steingrimur Hermannsson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Thorsteinn Palsson Government
Begins the Thorsteinn Palsson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Front Bench Departure
Healey leaves Labourโs front bench after nearly three decades of senior opposition and government service.
Front Bench Retirement
Healey leaves the front bench after years as Labour's senior foreign affairs spokesman.
Transfer
Liverpool pay an English record transfer fee of ยฃ1.9 million to bring Beardsley to Anfield
Break in Diplomatic Relations
Iran and France breaks diplomatic relations
Break in Diplomatic Relations
Iran and France breaks diplomatic relations
Economy of USA
Dow Jones closes above 2,500 (2,510.04) for 1st time
Invasion of Afghanistan
The withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan is announced
Iran Iraq Arms Sales Policy
Reaffirms that Britain will not sell either Iran or Iraq defence equipment judged likely to prolong or intensify their war.
President of India
R. Venkataraman takes office as the eighth President of India.
Invasion of Angola
Announces Cuba will withdraw its troops from Angola "gradually & totally"
Colombo Peace Accord
Rajiv Gandhi and Sri Lankan President J.R. Jayewardene sign the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord in Colombo.
Indo-Sri Lanka Accord
Rajiv Gandhi signs the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord with President J.R. Jayewardene.
Indo-Sri Lanka Accord
Rajiv Gandhi signs the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord, leading to deployment of the Indian Peace Keeping Force in Sri Lanka.
Fomin Ten-Year Sentence
Receives a ten-year labour-camp sentence after conviction for violations of nuclear safety regulations.
Bryukhanov Ten-Year Sentence
Receives a ten-year labour-camp sentence after being convicted over his role in the Chernobyl accident.
Dyatlov Chernobyl Trial Sentence
Receives a ten-year labour-camp sentence after being convicted of violating nuclear safety regulations.
IPKF Command
Depinder Singh takes command of the Indian Peace Keeping Force deployed in Sri Lanka after the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord.
Fomin Chernobyl Trial
Appears before the Soviet court with Viktor Bryukhanov and Anatoly Dyatlov over the disaster.
Fomin Operator Deviation Defence
Argues during the trial that Unit 4 operators departed from the approved test programme and contributed to the accident.
Fomin Partial Blame Statement
Acknowledges some personal responsibility during the proceedings while rejecting the claim that management alone caused the disaster.
Bryukhanov Chernobyl Trial
Stands trial with other plant officials over violations connected with the Unit 4 disaster.
Chernobyl Accountability
Oversees a political environment in which plant officials are prosecuted for failures connected with the accident.
Economy of Russia
The Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union passes the Law on State Enterprise, the law stipulates that state enterprises are free to determine output levels based on demand from consumers and other enterprises
Law on State Enterprise
The Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union passes the Law on State Enterprise, the law stipulates that state enterprises are free to determine output levels based on demand from consumers and other enterprises
Perestroika
At the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), Gorbachev presents his "basic theses," which laid the political foundation of economic reform for the remainder of the existence of the Soviet Union
Reform of Government
Martial law is lifted after 37 years
Second Greek EEC Presidency
Greece returns to the Council chair under Papandreou, giving Athens responsibility for steering the Community agenda through December.
First Premiership Ends
Wingti leaves office after losing parliamentary support
Prime Minister Takes Office
Rabbie Namaliu becomes Prime Minister after Wingti is removed
Constitutional Amendment
A constitutional amendment revised presidential succession and removed the presidency-for-life provision.
Birth of Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela
4 Billion tv-viewers watch Mandelas 70th Birthday Tribute
World Record
Florence Griffith Joyner of USA sets 100m womans record (10.49)
Ceasefire
Accepts a United Nations proposal for a cease-fire in the Gulf
United Nations
Security Council Res 598 orders an Iraq cease-fire or face an arms embargo. Security Council Res 598 is ignored
Berlin Festival
400,000 people watch Roger Waters stage "The Wall" in Berlins Potsdamerplatz with a variety of guests
Resignation of Ne Win
Announces resignation as Party Chairman at the Party Conference
Premiership Ends
Maung Maung Kha resigns during the 1988 political crisis
Prime Minister Takes Office
Tun Tin becomes Prime Minister during the final BSPP crisis
Presidency Ends
San Yu resigns amid nationwide unrest
President Takes Office
Sein Lwin becomes President during the uprising
Jordan Disengages from West Bank
Arafat gains greater diplomatic responsibility for Palestinian representation after Jordan renounces its administrative and legal claims to the West Bank.
Administrative Detention
Israeli authorities place Husseini in administrative detention and accuse him of organizing political activity connected with the uprising.
Hong Kong Confidence Mission
Begins a visit to Hong Kong after the Tiananmen Square crackdown to assess confidence and discuss the territory's political future.
Immigration
During a visit to Hong Kong, Howe states that Hong Kong residents do not have an automatic general right of abode in the United Kingdom.
Hong Kong Consultations
Completes extensive consultations in Hong Kong with Executive and Legislative Council members, professionals, entrepreneurs, students and other residents.
Hong Kong Commons Statement
Reports to the House of Commons on his Hong Kong visit and says the events in Beijing have seriously damaged confidence in China's intentions toward the territory.
Meeting with Nelson Mandela
Meets imprisoned Nelson Mandela at Tuynhuys.
Tuynhuys Meeting
The meeting signals growing contact between government and Mandela.
Proteus Discovery Confirmed
Identifies the large inner moon later named Proteus in Voyager 2 images and confirms its orbit.
Bus 405 Attack
Ghanim attacks a Tel Aviv to Jerusalem bus, causing a deadly crash that marks a serious escalation in violence during the uprising.
UN Security Council Resolution 636
Receives Council condemnation of Israeli deportations of Palestinian civilians.
UN Security Council Resolution 636
Perez de Cuellar remains engaged as the Security Council condemns deportations and calls for the return of Palestinian civilians removed by Israel.
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina, 1st term
Death of Laurence Olivier
Death of Laurence Olivier
European Political Cooperation Meeting
Attends a European political cooperation meeting in Paris discussing the Soviet Union, eastern Europe, the Middle East, southern Africa, Cambodia and China.
This One
Paul McCartney releases "This One"
Invention of Stealth-Bomber
1st Test flight of US stealth-bomber
Reform of Government
The Government proposes to legalize the legal profession
Concert
The concert takes place on Potsdamer Platz, part of the former "no-mans land" of the Berlin Wall, and features many guest superstars: The Band, Bryan Adams, Cyndi Lauper, Van Morrison, Sinโad OConnor, The Scorpions, Marianne Faithfull, and Joni Mitchel
Concert
The concert takes place on Potsdamer Platz, part of the former "no-mans land" of the Berlin Wall, and features many guest superstars: The Band, Bryan Adams, Cyndi Lauper, Van Morrison, Sinโad OConnor, The Scorpions, Marianne Faithfull, and Joni Mitchel. After the Berlin Wall came down Waters stages The Wall Concert in Berlin to commemorate the end of the division between East and West Germany
Deputy Party Leader
Appointed Deputy Leader of the Labour Party
Election
Elected Deputy Leader of the Labour Party
Foreign Secretary Service Ends
Completes more than six years as Foreign Secretary before moving to senior Cabinet responsibilities in the Cabinet Office.
Deputy Prime Minister
Geoffrey Howe begins his final Cabinet role on 24 July 1989 as Deputy Prime Minister and Lord President of the Council with special responsibility for political and constitutional reform.
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Secretary
Leader of House of Commons
Geoffrey Howe is appointed Leader of the House of Commons on 24 July 1989.
Lord President
Geoffrey Howe is appointed Lord President of the Council on 24 July 1989.
Cabinet
John Major becomes Foreign Secretary. Howe becomes Lord President of the Council, Leader of the Commons & Deputy PM
Constitutional Reform Plebiscite
Accepts constitutional reforms agreed between the military government and democratic opposition.
Declaration of War
After the Russian withdrawal the Taleban militia attacks the Government
Taleban
After the Russian withdrawal the Taleban militia attacks the Government
Political Support at London
The PM supports Majors advice not to sell BA Hawks to Iraq
Report
Opposes proposals for a single currency & a central bank for the EU
Report
Opposes proposals for a single currency & a central bank for the EU
Election
Jaruzelski elected President by a small majority
Interregional Deputies Group Leadership
Becomes a leading figure in the opposition Interregional Deputies Group in the Congress of People's Deputies.
Constitution of Russia
In the summer of 1989, the first opposition bloc in the Congress of Peoples Deputies formed under the name of the Interregional Group
Interregional Group
In the summer of 1989, the first opposition bloc in the Congress of Peoples Deputies formed under the name of the Interregional Group
Perestroika
In the summer of 1989, the first opposition bloc in the Congress of Peoples Deputies formed under the name of the Interregional Group
Strike
Miners go on strike
Co-Chair of Interregional Deputies Group
Becomes a co-chair of the Interregional Deputies Group, the first organized parliamentary opposition in the late Soviet period.
EMU Stage One
The first stage of Economic and Monetary Union began under the programme developed by the Delors Committee.
Death of Ivan Alexandrovich Serov
Death of Ivan Alexandrovich Serov
World Cup Semi-Final Equaliser
Heads Argentina level against Italy before the team advance through a penalty shootout.
Semi-Final Penalty Saves
Saves two penalties as Argentina eliminate host nation Italy in the semi-final shootout.
World Cup Semi-Final Booking
Catches Thomas Berthold and is booked, which meant that he would be suspended for the World Cup Final if England won the match, Gascoigne is shattered by this and his subsequent tears became one of footballs most enduring images.
World Cup Semi-Final Equalizer Context
England play West Germany in the World Cup semi-final, after going 1-0 down early in the second half, Gascoignes Spurs team-mate Gary Lineker equalises for England with ten minutes remaining to force extra time.
World Cup Semi-Final Shootout
The West Germany match culminates in a penalty shoot-out with Gascoigne originally intended to take the third kick, which was scored by Platt, but the Germans eventually won and England failed to reach the final.
Appointment as Prime Minister
Mobutu appoints Lunda Bululu during the transition toward multiparty politics.
Multiparty Reform Announced
Announces plans to move Rwanda toward multiparty politics.
Political Liberalisation Promised
Political reform follows mounting domestic and international pressure.
Resignation of Petur Mladenov
Resigns after making a broadcast advocating tanks against demonstrators in 1989
Trial
Declares in front of the Iran-Contra hearings his actions were sanctioned by superiors
1990 FIFA World Cup Final - Pedro Monzรณn
Pedro Monzรณn came on during the final but was sent off, becoming the first player dismissed in a menโs World Cup final.
1990 FIFA World Cup Final - Gustavo Dezotti
Gustavo Dezotti was sent off late in Argentinaโs 1โ0 defeat as the final ended with the defending champions reduced to nine players.
1990 FIFA World Cup Final - Sergio Goycochea
Sergio Goycochea defended Argentinaโs goal until a late penalty ended the teamโs hopes of retaining the World Cup.
World Cup Winner
Lothar Matthรคus captains West Germany to a 1-0 final victory over Argentina and lifts the World Cup in Rome.
World Cup Final Penalty
Scores the late penalty that gives West Germany victory over Argentina in the final.
World Cup Winner
Andreas Brehme scores the late penalty against Argentina that wins the 1990 World Cup final for West Germany.
World Cup Winner
Guido Buchwald contributes a disciplined defensive performance as West Germany shuts out Argentina in the 1990 World Cup final.
1990 FIFA World Cup Final - Jรผrgen Kohler
Jรผrgen Kohler helped the West German back line keep Argentina scoreless through ninety minutes of the 1990 final.
World Cup Winner
Jรผrgen Kohler uses his strength and anticipation in West Germanyโs 1990 final against Argentina. His central defending contributes to a 1-0 win in Rome.
1990 FIFA World Cup Final - Thomas Berthold
Thomas Berthold provided defensive width while West Germany pressed for the goal that would settle the tight final.
World Cup Winner
Thomas Berthold supplies disciplined defensive play for West Germany through the 1990 tournament. He completes the final against Argentina as the side becomes world champion for a third time.
World Cup Winner
Jรผrgen Klinsmann works tirelessly along West Germany's forward line in the final, helping sustain pressure on Argentina's defence.
World Cup Winner
Karl-Heinz Riedle offers an aerial threat as part of West Germanyโs championship-winning squad in 1990. He makes important contributions earlier in the tournament before the final against Argentina.
World Cup Winner
Rudi Vรถller is brought down in the Argentine penalty area late in the 1990 final, leading to Andreas Brehme's winning kick.
World Cup Winner
Bodo Illgner keeps a clean sheet against Argentina in the 1990 final. The West German goalkeeper remains composed through a tense contest that ends with a late penalty.
Germany World Cup Title Manager
Becomes a World Cup winner as manager after previously lifting the trophy as captain.
World Cup Winner
Franz Beckenbauer coaches West Germany to the 1990 title after previously lifting the trophy as captain in 1974. His team keeps Argentina scoreless in a closely contested Rome final.
Germany World Cup Captain
Captains West Germany to its third World Cup title.
1990 FIFA World Cup Final - Lothar Matthรคus
Lothar Matthรคus captained West Germany during a defensively controlled 1โ0 final win over Argentina in Rome.
World Cup Winner
Pierre Littbarski starts the 1990 final and moves intelligently across West Germanyโs attacking midfield. His experience helps the side manage a tense championship match against Argentina.
World Cup Winner
Thomas Hรครler gives West Germany creativity between the lines during the 1990 World Cup. His passing and movement are useful resources in the squad that defeats Argentina in Rome.
World Cup Golden Boot and Golden Ball
Wins both the Golden Boot and Golden Ball after scoring six tournament goals.
Oka Crisis
Faces the Oka Crisis over land and Indigenous rights.
Leaves the Communist Party
Announces his resignation from the Communist Party at the Twenty-Eighth Party Congress.
Break with the Communist Party
Walks out of the Twenty-Eighth CPSU Congress after announcing his resignation from the Communist Party.
Resignation of Nicholas Ridley
Nicholas Ridley resigns from the Government after the Spectator interview
Resignation of Nicholas Ridley
Nicholas Ridley resigns from the Government after the Spectator interview
Spectator Interview Controversy
Nicholas Ridley resigned from the cabinet following public controversy about remarks in a magazine interview.
Death of Margaret Lockwood
Death of Margaret Lockwood
Independence of Russia
The Ukrainian Parliament votes for sovereignty
Independence of Ukraine
The Ukrainian Parliament votes for sovereignty
Marriage
Yasser Arafat marries Suha At-Taweel
Reform of Taxation
The Government gives ล3,000m to reduce the impact of the poll tax
Iraqi Military Pressure
Military pressure increases after disputes over oil and debt.
Troop Concentration near Kuwait
Masses Iraqi forces near Kuwait during escalating bilateral tensions.
Bombing of Stock Exchange
An IRA bomb explodes at the Stock Exchange
IRA - Bombing of Stock Exchange
Government record concerning the IRA: An IRA bomb explodes at the Stock Exchange
IRA - Bombing of Stock Exchange
Historical IRA record under Conservative Party Government: An IRA bomb explodes at the Stock Exchange
IRA - Bombing of Stock Exchange
IRA context for Margaret Hilda Thatcher: An IRA bomb explodes at the Stock Exchange
IRA
An IRA bomb explodes at the Stock Exchange
Assassination of Ian Reginald Edward Gow
Both Neave and Gow were killed by car bomb attacks in 1979 and 1990 respectively.
Assassination of Ian Reginald Edward Gow
Murdered by the IRA
Death of Ian Reginald Edward Gow
Death of Ian Gow, assassinated by the IRA
IRA - Assassination
Government record concerning the IRA: Murdered by the IRA
IRA - Assassination
Historical IRA record under Conservative Party Government: Murdered by the IRA
IRA - Assassination
IRA context for Ian Reginald Edward Gow: Murdered by the IRA
Assassination of Ian Reginald Edward Gow
Ian Gow is killed by an IRA car bomb
IRA - Assassination
Government record concerning the IRA: Ian Gow is killed by an IRA car bomb
IRA - Assassination
Historical IRA record under Conservative Party Government: Ian Gow is killed by an IRA car bomb
IRA - Assassination
IRA context for Margaret Hilda Thatcher: Ian Gow is killed by an IRA car bomb
IRA
Ian Gow is killed by an IRA car bomb
Reform of Local Taxation
Sets the standard community charge at 379 pounds. 3 billion pounds extra is found from the Government to keep the community charge below 400 pounds
Perestroika
By the time of the Twenty-Eighth Party Congress in July 1990, the CPSU was regarded by liberals and nationalists of the constituent republics as anachronistic and unable to lead the country
Warsaw Pact Organisation
Leaders of the Warsaw Pact sign a protocol terminating the Warsaw Pact Organisation
Warsaw Pact
Leaders of the Warsaw Pact sign a protocol terminating the Warsaw Pact Organisation
Warsaw Pact Organisation
Leaders of the Warsaw Pact sign a protocol terminating the Warsaw Pact Organisation
Warsaw Pact Organisation
Leaders of the Warsaw Pact sign a protocol terminating the Warsaw Pact Organisation
Federal Vice Chancellor
Appointed Federal Vice Chancellor
Director General
Appointed Director General of the BBC
Conference of ANC
The first national conference of the ANC, since the organisation was banned in 1960, begins in Durban, South Africa, Oliver Tambo, whose health is suffering, hands over the presidency of the ANC to Nelson Mandela
Conference of ANC
The first national conference of the ANC, since the organisation was banned in 1960, begins in Durban, South Africa, Oliver Tambo, whose health is suffering, hands over the presidency of the ANC to Nelson Mandela
Conference of ANC
Walter Sisulu is elected Deputy President of the ANC
Death of Lee Remick
Actress Lee Remick (55) dies in Los Angeles of cancer
Wimbledon
Steffi Graf wins the womens singles title at Wimbledon, defeating Gabriela Sabatini 6-4, 3-6, 8-6
Arms Control Talks
President Bush sends a personal message to Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, urging a stronger effort to conclude arms control talks
Hubble Images Andromeda Double Nucleus
Hubble observations resolve two distinct brightness peaks in the central region of M31, revealing the unusual double structure of its nucleus.
Arms Control Talks
President Bush sends a personal message to Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, urging a stronger effort to conclude arms control talks
Brioni Agreement
Accepts the agreement suspending implementation of Slovenian independence.
Brioni Agreement
Accepts arrangements leading to withdrawal of federal forces from Slovenia.
City Challenge Bids
Answers Commons questions on evaluation of City Challenge bids.
Countryside Stewardship Scheme
Addresses Commons questions on the Countryside Stewardship Scheme.
Urban Development Corporations
Addresses Commons questions on urban development corporations.
Executive Presidency Begins
Begins exercising the new executive powers of the Russian presidency after taking the oath of office.
First Russian Presidential Inauguration
Takes the presidential oath as the first elected president of the Russian Federation.
Reform of Government
President Bush lifts economic sanctions
South Africa Joins NPT
South Africa accedes to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty as a non-nuclear-weapon state.
International Sanctions
President Bush lifts economic sanctions against South Africa, citing its "profound transformation" toward racial equality
Sanctions
President Bush lifts economic sanctions against South Africa, citing its "profound transformation" toward racial equality
Treaty Negotiations
Soviet and American negotiators meeting in Washington wrangle over a Treaty to reduce long-range nuclear missiles
Economy of Russia
Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev makes a personal appeal for Western aid at the conclusion of the Group of Seven economic summit in London
Group of Seven
Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev makes a personal appeal for Western aid at the conclusion of the Group of Seven economic summit in London
Summit
Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev makes a personal appeal for Western aid at the conclusion of the Group of Seven economic summit in London
Assassination of Andre Cools
Socialist Party leader Andre Cools is murdered, Cools had worked for more regional autonomy for Wallonia, the French-speaking southern half of Belgium, and the Dutch-speaking Flanders
Prime Minister of Angola
Appointed Prime Minister of Angola, 1st term
Visit to Souda Bay
President Bush tours the Souda Bay US naval base during a visit to Greece
Trial
Boxer Mike Tyson had sex with Desiree Washington, a Miss Black America contestant. On September 9, 1991, an Indiana Grand Jury votedsto indict Tyson on three counts, including one for the rape of Washington
Ban on Party Activity in State Institutions
Signs a decree prohibiting political party organizations from operating inside Russian state institutions and enterprises.
Reform of Government
Launches the Citizens Charter
Arrest of Mike Tyson
Desiree Washington, a Miss Black America contestant, charged shed been raped by boxer Mike Tyson in an Indianapolis hotel room 3 days earlier, Tyson is later convicted of rape and served three years in prison
Trial
Desiree Washington, a Miss Black America contestant, charged shed been raped by boxer Mike Tyson in an Indianapolis hotel room 3 days earlier, Tyson is later convicted of rape and served three years in prison
Reform of Civil Liberties
The draft of a new platform for the Soviet Communist Party is published, calling for private property, economic integration into world market and freedom of religion
Pollution Control
Answers parliamentary questions concerning pollution control.
Economic Liberalisation Budget
Manmohan Singh presents a reform budget that reduces controls, opens the economy and addresses a severe balance-of-payments crisis.
New Industrial Policy
Rao's government announces a new industrial policy that dismantles much of the industrial licensing system.
Archbishop of Canterbury
Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury, announcement made
Archbishop
Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury, announcement made
Economy of Russia
Gorbachev urges Communist leaders at a Central Committee meeting to reject "outdated ideological dogmas" and embrace a market economy
Reform of Government
Gorbachev urges Communist leaders at a Central Committee meeting to reject "outdated ideological dogmas" and embrace a market economy
Nuclear Power
President Bush warns Iraq it would be making "an enormous mistake" if it failed to disclose its nuclear weapons program to United Nations inspectors
United Nations
President Bush warns Iraq it would be making "an enormous mistake" if it failed to disclose its nuclear weapons program to United Nations inspectors
Nuclear Power
The US & Russia agree to arms control after 9 years of negotiatons
Bush & Gorbachev sign the Strategic Arms Reduction
Bush & Gorbachev sign the Strategic Arms Reduction
Treaty of SAR
Bush & Gorbachev sign the Strategic Arms Reduction
Treaty of START 1
Signs START 1 with the USA to reduce offensive strategic arms
Nuclear Power
Bush & Gorbachev sign the Strategic Arms Reduction
START I Treaty Signed
Signs START I with Mikhail Gorbachev, requiring major reductions in strategic nuclear weapons.
Bush & Gorbachev sign the Strategic Arms Reduction
Bush & Gorbachev sign the Strategic Arms Reduction
Strategic Arms Reduction
Bush & Gorbachev sign the Strategic Arms Reduction
Treaty of Strategic Arms Reduction
Bush & Gorbachev sign the Strategic Arms Reduction
Nuclear Power
Bush & Gorbachev sign the Strategic Arms Reduction
Croatian War
Organises Croatian defence as fighting escalates.
Dortmund Coaching Appointment
Takes charge of Borussia Dortmund and begins building the squad that will challenge Bayern Munich domestically and win European honours.
Burial
Heffer has a memorial service at St Margarets, Westminster, attended by Thatcher
Burial
Heffer has a memorial service at St Margarets, Westminster, attended by Thatcher
Manager
Appointed as manager of 3rd Division Exeter City
Rupee Devaluation
India devalues the rupee in two stages as part of its response to the 1991 balance-of-payments crisis.
G7
Russia attends the G7 Conference
Ceasefire
A ceasefire is agreed between Serbia & Slovenia
Peace
A ceasefire is agreed between Serbia & Slovenia
ANC Presidency
Is elected president of the African National Congress.
Succeeds Oliver Tambo
Succeeds Oliver Tambo during the first legal national conference.
House of Lords Entry
Takes his place in the House of Lords as Lord Howe of Aberavon following the creation of his life peerage.
House of Lords Membership Begins
Enters the House of Lords as Lord Lawson of Blaby and continues his parliamentary career as a Conservative life peer.
Premiership Ends
Muravschi leaves office after the first post-independence government
Prime Minister Takes Office
Andrei Sangheli becomes Prime Minister during the early post-Soviet period
Inauguration
Inaugurated President of the Philippines
First Klaus Government
Begins the First Klaus Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czech Republic.
Strasky Government
Begins the Strasky Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Second Calfa Government
The Second Calfa Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Resignation of Vaclav Havel
The Federal Parliament does not elect Havel - the only candidate for presidency - due to a lack of support from Slovak MPs
DTI Reorganisation
Announces and answers questions on reorganisation of the Department of Trade and Industry.
She's a Superstar Chart Entry
The Verve enter the UK singles chart with She's a Superstar during the band's early psychedelic phase.
President of Austria
Appointed President of Austria, 1st term
Engineering Industry
Addresses Commons questions concerning the engineering industry.
Export Support
Sets out Government support available to British exporters and links it to restructuring of the DTI.
Munich G7 Economic Summit
Meets G7 leaders in Munich to seek economic support for Russia's market transition.
INSAT-2A
U. R. Rao oversees the launch of INSAT-2A, the first satellite in India's indigenously developed second-generation INSAT series.
Arusha Negotiations Begin
Government representatives enter formal peace negotiations with the RPF.
Government-RPF Peace Talks
Talks seek an end to the civil war.
Arusha Ceasefire
Accepts a ceasefire agreement during the Arusha peace process.
RPF Accepts Ceasefire Framework
The agreement creates mechanisms for military observation.
Rabin Government Formed
Rabin forms a new government committed to renewed negotiations with Palestinians after years of unrest and stalled diplomacy.
Second Premiership Begins
Wingti returns as Prime Minister after the national election
Premiership Ends
Namaliu leaves office after the 1992 national election
Sovereignty Declaration
Parliament adopts the declaration of Slovak sovereignty.
Election
Loses the election for the deputy leadership of the Labour Party
Deputy Party Leader
Appointed Deputy Party Leader of the Labour Party
Election
Elected Deputy Leader of the Labour Party
Deputy Party Leader
Appointed Deputy Leader of the Labour Party
Election
Wins the election for the leadership of the Labour Party
Resignation of Vaclav Havel
Resigns after Slovak sovereignty is declared.
Independence of Czech Republic
Resigns after the proclamation of Slovak sovereignty
Independence of Slovakia
Resigns after the proclamation of Slovak sovereignty
Resignation of Vaclav Havel
Resigns after the proclamation of Slovak sovereignty
President of India
Shankar Dayal Sharma takes office as the ninth President of India.
Death of Mary Wells
Death of Mary Wells
Death of Amjad Khan
Death of Amjad Khan
Shadow Minister
Appointed Member of Shadow Cabinet, Shadow Home Secretary
Shadow Cabinet Election
Brown wins election to Labour's Shadow Cabinet.
Manager
Bobby Robson moves to Sporting Lisbon where his Portuguese interpreter is a young Jose Mourinho, future F.C. Porto and Chelsea manager
Sporting Lisbon Interpreter
Joins Bobby Robson at Sporting Lisbon as an interpreter and coaching aide.
Election
Jointly announces the 1st multi racial elections in history for 27 April 94
Election
Jointly announces the 1st multi racial elections in history for 27 April 94
A Storm in Heaven
The Verve's debut album A Storm in Heaven enters the UK albums chart.
Two Goals in 1993 Copa America Final
Scores both Argentina goals in the 2-1 Copa America final victory over Mexico.
Second Consecutive Copa America Title
Guides Argentina to a second consecutive Copa America championship with victory over Mexico.
Caretaker Prime Minister
Moeen Qureshi heads a caretaker administration after both civilian leaders resign.
Tokyo G7 Plus One Participation
Joins political discussions with G7 leaders in Tokyo as Russia's participation in major international economic summits expands.
Governor Appointed
Frank Savage becomes Governor of Montserrat
Transfer
Beardsley re-joins Newcastle for pounds 1.4 million, where his old team-mate and strike partner Kevin Keegan is manager
Transfer
Beardsley re-joins Newcastle for pounds 1.4 million, where his old team-mate and strike partner Kevin Keegan is manager
Legislation
The Treaty of Maastricht recieves Royal Assent
Treaty of Maastricht
Sees the European Communities Amendment Act receive Royal Assent, enabling British Maastricht ratification to proceed.
Maastricht Ratification
Wins parliamentary ratification battles over the Maastricht Treaty.
Andromeda Double Nucleus Announced
NASA announces Hubble evidence that the core of M31 contains a double nucleus, challenging simple models of the galaxy's central stellar structure.
Vote of Confidence
A tied vote of confidence in Parliament
Bombing of Lebanon
Israel launches its heaviest artillery and air assault on Lebanon since 1982 in an attempt to eradicate Hezbollah and Palestinian guerrilla threats
Hezbollah
Israel launches its heaviest artillery and air assault on Lebanon since 1982 in an attempt to eradicate Hezbollah and Palestinian guerrilla threats
PLO
Israel launches its heaviest artillery and air assault on Lebanon since 1982 in an attempt to eradicate Hezbollah and Palestinian guerrilla threats
Bombing of Lebanon
Israeli guns and aircraft pound southern Lebanon in reprisal for rocket attacks by Hezbollah guerrillas
Hezbollah
Israeli guns and aircraft pound southern Lebanon in reprisal for rocket attacks by Hezbollah guerrillas
Bombing of Lebanon
The fighting ended July 31 with a US-brokered cease-fire, Israel and Hezbollah the agree not to attack civilian targets, but the cease-fire is short lived
Ceasefire Agreement
The fighting ended July 31 with a US-brokered cease-fire, Israel and Hezbollah the agree not to attack civilian targets, but the cease-fire is short lived
Hezbollah
The fighting ended July 31 with a US-brokered cease-fire, Israel and Hezbollah the agree not to attack civilian targets, but the cease-fire is short lived
PLO
The fighting ended July 31 with a US-brokered cease-fire, Israel and Hezbollah the agree not to attack civilian targets, but the cease-fire is short lived
Return to Baabda Palace
President Elias Hrawi moves into the restored Baabda presidential palace after years in temporary accommodation, marking the reopening of the official presidency complex damaged during the civil war.
Single Currency Option
Refuses to rule out eventual British participation in a European single currency if the necessary economic conditions are met.
Return to Gaza
Returns to Gaza after the Oslo process to lead the new Palestinian Authority.
Palestinian Authority
Returns to Gaza after exile and convenes Palestinian Authority members as the new self-rule administration begins operating.
World Cup Goal Against Germany
Scores Belgium's first goal in the 3-2 World Cup round-of-16 defeat by Germany.
Late World Cup Goal Against Germany
Scores Belgium's late second goal in the 3-2 World Cup defeat by Germany.
World Cup Goal Against Belgium
Scores Germany's second goal in the 3-2 World Cup round-of-16 victory over Belgium.
Two World Cup Goals Against Belgium
Scores twice as Germany defeat Belgium 3-2 in the World Cup round of 16.
I Can't Imagine the World Without Me
Echobelly reach the UK Top Forty with I Can't Imagine the World Without Me.
World Cup Goal Against Romania
Scores Argentina's second goal in the 3-2 World Cup knockout defeat by Romania.
World Cup Penalty Against Romania
Scores from the penalty spot in Argentina's 3-2 World Cup round-of-sixteen defeat by Romania.
UN Special Representative Arrives
Shaharyar M. Khan arrives in Kigali as the United Nations Special Representative.
UNAMIR Political Leadership Changes
Shaharyar M. Khan assumes political leadership of UNAMIR as the Rwandan conflict approaches its final phase.
Kigali Captured by RPF
RPF forces capture Kigali after weeks of fighting.
RPF Takes Capital
The interim government continues retreating westward.
Palestinian Authority
Arrives in Jericho as the Palestinian Authority extends its initial self-rule presence beyond Gaza.
Butare Captured
RPF forces capture Butare.
RPF Advances South
The military advance further collapses interim government control.
Outlawed
Cambodian government officially outlaws Khmer Rouge
Aden Recaptured
Government forces capture Aden and end organized southern resistance.
Civil War Victory
Saleh preserves the unified Republic of Yemen.
Death of Kim Il Sung
Death of North Korean founder Kim Il Sung.
Succession to Kim Il Sung
Becomes North Koreas de facto leader after Kim Il Sung dies.
Quarter-Final Free-Kick Winner
Scores a late free kick as Brazil defeat the Netherlands 3-2 in the quarter-final.
Cradle Celebration
Celebrates with the famous cradle gesture after his son's birth.
World Cup Goal Against Netherlands
Scores Brazil's second goal in the quarter-final against Netherlands.
World Cup Quarter-Final
Guides the Netherlands to the World Cup quarter-final, where Brazil wins 3-2.
Elements of the 10th Panzers parade down the Champs-Elysees on Basstille day
Elements of the 10th Panzers parade down the Champs-Elysees on Basstille day
RPF Takes Northern Stronghold
Government troops concentrate increasingly around Gisenyi.
Ruhengeri Captured
RPF forces capture Ruhengeri.
Pink Floyd
The first complete performance of "Dark Side Of The Moon" for nearly 20 years
Shoemaker-Levy 9 Impacts Begin
Fragments of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 begin colliding with Jupiter, producing enormous atmospheric scars.
Galileo Views Shoemaker-Levy 9 Impact
Galileo observes Shoemaker-Levy 9 impacts on Jupiter's far side from a unique spacecraft viewpoint.
World Cup Winner
Dunga captains Brazil in the first World Cup final decided by penalties and raises the trophy after victory over Italy in Pasadena.
World Cup Winner
Aldair leads Brazilโs central defence with composure in the 1994 title match. His partnership with Mรกrcio Santos stops Italy from scoring during 120 minutes of play.
World Cup Winner
Branco provides determined left-sided defending for Brazil in the 1994 World Cup final. His famous free kick against the Netherlands in the quarter-final also helps the eventual champions advance.
World Cup Winner
Jorginho begins the 1994 final at right-back before an injury forces his substitution. Brazil still defeats Italy on penalties, completing a successful campaign after his attacking contributions from full-back.
1994 FIFA World Cup Final - Branco Alves
Branco provided experience at left-back in Brazilโs narrow victory over Italy, which was secured in a penalty shootout.
Final Substitute Appearance
Wins his first world championship medal with Brazil.
First World Cup Victory
Enters the World Cup final after Jorginho's injury.
World Cup Winner
Mรกrcio Santos helps Brazil prevent Italy from scoring across normal time and extra time before the 1994 title is decided on penalties.
World Cup Winner
Viola enters the 1994 final as an attacking substitute for Brazil against Italy. He contributes fresh movement before the match is decided in Brazilโs favour on penalties.
World Cup Winner
Zinho supplies wide support and possession retention for Brazil during the 1994 final. His balanced approach complements the more direct threat posed by Romรกrio and Bebeto.
World Cup Winner
Bebeto's partnership with Romรกrio supplies goals and movement throughout Brazil's 1994 campaign, ending with victory over Italy on penalties.
1994 FIFA World Cup Final - Bebeto Gama
Bebeto partnered Romรกrio in Brazilโs attack as the final with Italy remained goalless through extra time before the shootout.
Brazil Shootout Victory
Helps defeat Italy as Brazil regain the world championship.
Tournament Best Player
Leads Brazil's attack during its fourth World Cup victory.
World Cup Final Penalty
Converts Brazil's second penalty during the final shootout.
World Cup Golden Ball
Wins the Golden Ball as the best player of the tournament.
World Cup Winner
Romรกrio's five tournament goals underpin Brazil's route to the 1994 final, where the side finally overcomes Italy in a shootout.
Penalty Save Against Italy
Provides the goalkeeping foundation for Brazil's fourth championship.
World Cup Final Shootout
Saves Daniele Massaro's penalty during the World Cup final shootout.
World Cup Winner
Clรกudio Taffarel keeps a clean sheet through 120 minutes against Italy and saves a penalty in Brazil's 1994 final shootout victory.
World Cup Winner
Carlos Alberto Parreira manages Brazil to its fourth World Cup title through an organised campaign capped by a penalty shootout win over Italy.
World Cup Winner
Mazinho operates as a flexible midfield presence in Brazilโs successful 1994 tournament. His intelligent passing and positional work help the team reach its fourth World Cup crown.
Brazil Fourth World Championship
Lifts the trophy after converting a penalty in the shootout.
World Cup Captain
Captains Brazil during the World Cup final against Italy.
1994 FIFA World Cup Final - Mauro Silva
Mauro Silva screened Brazilโs defence and recycled possession during the first scoreless menโs World Cup final.
World Cup Winner
Mauro Silva anchors Brazilโs midfield through the 1994 championship. He provides a defensive screen as the final against Italy remains scoreless before the decisive shootout.
Joint Six-Goal Scoring Lead
Shares the scoring lead with Oleg Salenko after netting six times for Bulgaria.
1994 FIFA World Cup Final - Franco Baresi
Franco Baresi returned from injury to captain Italy and produced an assured defensive display before missing a shootout penalty.
1994 FIFA World Cup Final - Paolo Maldini
Paolo Maldini defended across Italyโs back line as the Azzurri contained Brazil for 120 minutes in California.
World Cup Final Penalty Miss
Sends Italy's final shootout penalty over the crossbar as Brazil win the World Cup.
1994 FIFA World Cup Final - Demetrio Albertini
Demetrio Albertini contributed patient passing in Italyโs midfield as the final against Brazil finished without a goal.
Civil War Nears End
Remaining government forces retreat into Zaire.
Gisenyi Captured
RPF forces capture Gisenyi near the Zaire border.
RPF Ceasefire
Declares a unilateral ceasefire after defeating government forces.
Rwandan Civil War Ends
The civil war and organized genocide effectively end.
Bombing of Buenos Aires
A bomb rips apart a Panama commuter plane, killing 21, including 12 Jews, a day after a car bomb destroys a Jewish community centre in Buenos Aires, Argentina, killing 95 people
Post-Genocide Defence Leadership
Exercises dominant influence in the post-genocide government.
Vice Presidency
Becomes vice president and defence minister.
Government of National Unity
Becomes president in the new Government of National Unity.
Post-Genocide Presidency Begins
The administration begins rebuilding Rwanda after genocide.
Broad-Based Government Formed
The cabinet includes several parties under RPF dominance.
Prime Minister Appointment
Becomes prime minister in the Government of National Unity.
Regional Development
Addresses Commons questions on regional development policy.
Election
Elected Deputy Leader of the Labour Party
Election
Blair beats Prescott & Beckett to become leader of Labour party with 57
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the Labour Party
International Declaration
Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Jordans King Hussein sign a declaration at the White House ending their countries 46-year-old formal state of war
Golden Boot FIFA World Cup
Leads the FIFA World Cup scoring standings with 6 goals for Bulgaria. His contribution stands out for sharing the top-scorer award during Bulgariaโs historic semi-final run.
Rangers Transfer
Joins Rangers from Fiorentina and becomes a major attacking influence.
Bank of England Tercentenary
Edward George serves as Governor as the Bank of England marks its three-hundredth anniversary with an international central-banking symposium and commemorative events.
Celtic Manager Appointment
Becomes Celtic manager and begins rebuilding the team's playing style.
Resignation of Girija Prasad Koirala
Koirala quits after defeat in Parliamentary vote, opening long phase of instability
Rule of Gaza
Arafat returns to Gaza and begins building the Palestinian Authority
Rule of Jericho
The Palestinian Authority begins exercising limited self rule in Jericho under Oslo arrangements
Golden Boot FIFA World Cup
Collects the FIFA World Cup leading-scorer distinction after scoring 6 goals for Russia. The award recognises scoring five goals in a single match against Cameroon.
Genocide Government Collapses
Members of the interim government seek refuge in Zaire.
Interim Government Flees Rwanda
Flees Rwanda as the RPF completes its military victory.
Civilian Abuses
RUF violence against civilians intensifies in rebel-held areas
Death of Il Sung Kim
Death of Kim
Government
Visits Germany to pass the responsibility of Easter Europe & Russia to Germany
Political Support at Berlin
Speaks in Berlin of US support for Germany
Hubble Imaging of Shoemaker-Levy 9 Impacts
Leads Hubble observations documenting atmospheric scars from the Shoemaker-Levy 9 impacts on Jupiter.
Goma Refugee Emergency
Former Rwandan soldiers and militia also enter eastern Zaire.
Rwandan Refugee Camps Established
Allows vast refugee camps to form after the Rwandan genocide.
Goma Cholera Crisis
Faces a massive humanitarian emergency in camps around Goma.
Goma Refugee Crisis
Refugee camps rapidly develop around Goma and Bukavu.
Rwandan Refugee Emergency
Cholera kills tens of thousands of Rwandan refugees.
Rwandan Refugees Enter Zaire
Allows huge numbers of Rwandan refugees to enter eastern Zaire.
Election
Major defeats John Redwood by 218 votes to 89 in the Party leadership ballot
Election
Major defeats John Redwood by 218 votes to 89 in the Party leadership ballot
Appointment
Appointed First Secretary of State and Deputy Prime Minister.
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina, 2nd term
Siege of Srebrenica
The Drina Battalion of Bosnian Serbs overruns the UN-protected "safe area" of Srebrenica
President Clinton extends full diplomatic recognition to Vietnam normalizing relations
President Clinton extends full diplomatic recognition to Vietnam normalizing relations with the communist nation 22 years after US disengagement from the war with Hanoi
President Clinton extends full diplomatic recognition to Vietnam normalizing relations
President Clinton extends full diplomatic recognition to Vietnam normalizing relations with the communist nation 22 years after US disengagement from the war with Hanoi
Galileo Atmospheric Probe Release
Galileo releases its atmospheric probe for a five-month free flight toward Jupiter.
Alright Number Two
Alright enters the UK singles chart and peaks at number two, becoming Supergrass's signature Britpop hit.
A Northern Soul
The Verve release A Northern Soul, which reaches the UK Top Twenty.
Richest Man In The World
Forbes Mag announces Bill Gates is the richest man in world ($12.9B)
Bombing of Tel Aviv
A Palestinian suicide bomber blows up a crowded commuter bus in Tel Aviv and kills six Israelis and wounded 28, Hamas take responsibility
Hamas
A Palestinian suicide bomber blows up a crowded commuter bus in Tel Aviv and kills six Israelis and wounded 28, Hamas take responsibility
Suicide
A Palestinian suicide bomber blows up a crowded commuter bus in Tel Aviv and kills six Israelis and wounded 28, Hamas take responsibility
Bombing of Tel Aviv
A Palestinian suicide bomber blows up a crowded commuter bus in Tel Aviv and kills six Israelis and wounded 28, Hamas take responsibility
Hamas
A Palestinian suicide bomber blows up a crowded commuter bus in Tel Aviv and kills six Israelis and wounded 28, Hamas take responsibility
Suicide
A Palestinian suicide bomber blows up a crowded commuter bus in Tel Aviv and kills six Israelis and wounded 28, Hamas take responsibility
Departure
Leaves Take That during the Nobody Else period and begins moving toward a solo career.
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Minister
Manager
Appointed manager of Manchester Citys manager under the ownership of former England team-mate Francis Lee
Security Leadership Changes after Budennovsk
Removes senior security officials after criticism of the government's handling of the Budennovsk hostage crisis.
Siege of Srebrenica
More than 8,000 Muslim Bosniaks, mainly men and boys, in and around the town of Srebrenica, are killed in the Srebrenica massacre
Srebrenica Massacre
More than 8,000 Muslim Bosniaks, mainly men and boys, in and around the town of Srebrenica, are killed in the Srebrenica massacre
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Troops commanded by Mladic, harried by NATO air strikes intended to force compliance with a United Nations ultimatum to remove heavy weapons from the Sarajevo area, overrun and occupy the United Nations safe areas of Srebrenica and Zepa
Siege of Srebrenica
Troops commanded by Mladic, harried by NATO air strikes intended to force compliance with a United Nations ultimatum to remove heavy weapons from the Sarajevo area, overrun and occupy the United Nations safe areas of Srebrenica and Zepa. At Srebrenica over 40,000 Bosniaks who had sought safety there are expelled, an estimated 8,300 are executed, allegedly on Mladics order
Siege of Zepa
Troops commanded by Mladic, harried by NATO air strikes intended to force compliance with a United Nations ultimatum to remove heavy weapons from the Sarajevo area, overrun and occupy the United Nations safe areas of Srebrenica and Zepa
Fifth Irish EU Presidency
Begins Ireland's fifth Council Presidency with monetary union and treaty reform as major priorities.
Coup
Idriss Deby wins 70% of the vote, he defeats Abdelkader Wadal Kamougue, a southern leader who led coup in 1975
Election
Idriss Deby wins 70% of the vote, he defeats Abdelkader Wadal Kamougue, a southern leader who led coup in 1975
Second Presidential Election Victory
Defeats Communist challenger Gennady Zyuganov in the second round and wins a second presidential term.
Election
Despite suffering a heart attack in June, Yeltsin wins a 2nd term in office, defeating communist Gennady Zyuganov by 13 points in the national election
Second Klaus Government
The Second Klaus Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czech Republic.
Third Klaus Government
Begins the Third Klaus Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czech Republic.
Tattva Top Ten
Tattva becomes Kula Shaker's first major UK Top Ten hit.
Secretary of State for Defence
Appointed Minister of Defence
Government Business Coordination
Answers Commons questions on arrangements for coordinating Government business during the summer recess.
China Conducts Final Nuclear Test
China conducts its final nuclear test before announcing a testing moratorium.
Manager
Robson takes over at Barcelona, where once again his assistant is Mourinho, Robson had made Mourinhos move with him to Camp Nou a condition of his employment
Dismissal
The President of the Bosnian Serb Republic Biljana Plavsic dismisses Mladic from his post
Siege of Sarajevo
The President of the Bosnian Serb Republic Biljana Plavsic dismisses Mladic from his post
Foreign Secretary of Turkey
Appointed Foreign Minister in a new coalition Government
Death of Robert Mitchum
Death of Robert Mitchum
Corporation Tax Reduction
Brown reduces the main corporation-tax rate in his first Budget.
New Deal for Young People
Brown announces employment support for young people funded by the windfall tax.
Utility Windfall Levy
Brown uses a one-off utility levy to finance employment and training programmes.
Windfall Tax
Brown imposes a windfall tax on previously privatised utility companies.
First Budget
Brown introduces a windfall tax on privatised utilities and announces employment measures.
Death of James Maitland Stewart
Death of James Maitland Stewart
Death of James Stewart
Death of James Stewart
Economy of Chad
Idriss Deby wins 70% of the vote, he defeats Abdelkader Wadal Kamougue, a southern leader who led coup in 1975
Assassination of Gianni Versace
The fashion designer is assassinated
Death of Gianni Versace
The fashion designer is assassinated
Ceasefire
The IRA restores its ceasefire
IRA - Ceasefire
Government record concerning the IRA: The IRA restores its ceasefire
IRA - Ceasefire
Historical IRA record under Labour Party Government: The IRA restores its ceasefire
IRA - Ceasefire
IRA context for Anthony Charles Lynton Blair: The IRA restores its ceasefire
IRA
The IRA restores its ceasefire
Peace
The IRA restores its ceasefire
Prime Minister Takes Office
Bill Skate becomes Prime Minister after the 1997 national election
Reform of Government
The student fees plan is announced
Prime Minister of Albania
Appointed Prime Minister of Albania
Prime Minister Appointed
Appointed Prime Minister after the Socialist Party election victory
President of India
K.R. Narayanan takes office as the tenth President of India.
Election
The Conservatives increase their majority
Election
The Conservatives increase their majority
Death of Bao Dai
Death of Bao Dai
Luxembourg Presidency Social Agenda
As head of government during Luxembourgโs second-half Council presidency, Juncker pressed for employment and social policy to receive greater attention within European integration.
ECOMOG Intervention
ECOMOG forces confront the AFRC and RUF junta in Sierra Leone
Celtic Transfer
Joins Celtic from Feyenoord and begins a highly successful seven-season spell.
Election
Elected Deputy First Minister of the Northern Ireland assembly
Election
Elected First Minister of the Northern Ireland assembly
Premiership Ends
Thiam leaves office after his second period as Prime Minister
Prime Minister Takes Office
Mamadou Lamine Loum becomes Prime Minister under President Diouf
World Cup Quarter-Final
Scores against Argentina as the Netherlands win 2-1 and advance to the World Cup semi-final.
Penalty Saves Against Netherlands
Sends Brazil into a second consecutive World Cup final.
World Cup Semi-Final
Guides the Netherlands to the World Cup semi-final, where Brazil advances after a penalty shootout.
1998 Semi-Final Brace
Scores both France goals in the 2-1 semi-final victory over Croatia.
1998 FIFA World Cup Final - Cafu Evangelista
Cafu played on Brazilโs right flank in a second straight World Cup final appearance, although France emerged as comfortable winners.
1998 FIFA World Cup Final - Roberto Carlos
Roberto Carlos started at left-back for Brazil but faced a French team that struck twice before half-time.
1998 Golden Ball
Wins the Golden Ball as the tournament's outstanding player.
Six-Goal Golden Boot
Scores six goals as Croatia finish third in their first World Cup appearance.
World Cup Winner
Didier Deschamps captains France to its first World Cup triumph after a 3-0 final victory over Brazil on home soil.
1998 FIFA World Cup Final - Bixente Lizarazu
Bixente Lizarazu maintained defensive balance on the left as Franceโs midfield and attack controlled the match against Brazil.
World Cup Winner
Bixente Lizarazu defends Franceโs left flank with composure during the 1998 final against Brazil. He supports the hostsโ counterattacks and helps complete a 3-0 win.
World Cup Winner
Laurent Blanc misses the 1998 final because of a semi-final suspension. His central defensive performances in earlier matches nevertheless form an important part of Franceโs first World Cup triumph.
1998 FIFA World Cup Final - Lilian Thuram
Lilian Thuram defended the right flank as France prevented the Brazilian forwards from scoring in the Paris final.
World Cup Winner
Lilian Thuram starts at right-back as France defeat Brazil in the 1998 final. His two semi-final goals against Croatia were instrumental in taking the hosts to the title match.
World Cup Winner
Thierry Henry scores three goals during Franceโs 1998 World Cup run while still a young forward. He remains on the bench for the final but joins the nationโs first world championship squad.
1998 FIFA World Cup Final - Youri Djorkaeff
Youri Djorkaeff supported Franceโs attacking play and set-piece routines as the hosts established a decisive first-half lead.
World Cup Winner
Youri Djorkaeff links midfield with attack during Franceโs historic 1998 campaign. He starts the final and contributes clever movement that unsettles the Brazilian defence.
World Cup Winner
Fabien Barthez keeps Brazil scoreless throughout the 1998 final, providing the defensive foundation for France's first world title.
World Cup Winner
Aimรฉ Jacquet leads France through the 1998 tournament and engineers a convincing defeat of defending champion Brazil in the final.
World Cup Winner
Christian Karembeu provides defensive midfield cover in Franceโs 1998 World Cup campaign. His tactical discipline helps balance a side containing several outstanding creative players.
1998 FIFA World Cup Final - Didier Deschamps
Didier Deschamps captained France to a 3โ0 win over Brazil and lifted the countryโs first menโs World Cup trophy.
1998 Final Third Goal
Scores France's third goal in stoppage time of the World Cup final.
World Cup Winner
Emmanuel Petit scores France's third goal against Brazil in stoppage time, sealing a 3-0 triumph at the Stade de France.
World Cup Winner
Patrick Vieira enters the final as a substitute and assists Emmanuel Petitโs stoppage-time goal in 1998. The Arsenal midfielder helps France close a landmark 3-0 victory over Brazil.
Two Headers in World Cup Final
Scores two headed goals as France defeat Brazil 3-0 in the World Cup final.
World Cup Winner
Zinedine Zidane scores two first-half headers against Brazil to put France in firm control of its first World Cup final victory.
Comprehensive Spending Review
Brown introduces a multi-year spending framework linked to departmental objectives.
Medal
For his involvement in the Northern Ireland peace negotiations, Mitchell is awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Liberty Medal
Tosovsky Government
The Tosovsky Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czech Republic.
Zeman Government
Begins the Zeman Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czech Republic.
Burial
Russia buries Tsar Nicholas II and family, 80 years after they died
Burial
Russia buries Tsar Nicholas II and family, 80 years after they died
Marriage
Mandela marries Graca Machel on his 80th birthday
Marriage
Mandela marries Graca Machel on his 80th birthday
Europa July Flyby
Galileo returns to Europa during a sequence of repeated extended-mission encounters.
Expulsion of Foreign Military Personnel
Kabila orders foreign military personnel who supported his rebellion to leave the country.
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan
Scandal
Labelled by the media as Takeshitas "goldfish shit"
National Minimum Wage
The National Minimum Wage Act establishes a statutory wage floor across the economy.
Constitution of Great Britain
The Government of Wales Bill receives royal assent. The European Convention on Human Rights is incorporated into UK law by passing the Human Rights Act
Legislation
The European Convention on Human Rights is incorporated into UK law by passing the Human Rights Act
Politics
The European Convention on Human Rights is incorporated into UK law by passing the Human Rights Act
Strategic Defence Review
Robertson presents defence policy confirming a reduced but continuing Trident nuclear force
Strategic Defence Review
The Strategic Defence Review confirms that Trident will remain Britain's minimum nuclear deterrent
Devolution
The Scottish Parliament is formally opened after devolution.
Manager
Appointed Manager of Nottingham Forest
Battle of Khalubar
Manoj Kumar Pandey leads attacks on enemy positions at Khalubar and is killed during the assault.
Battle of Tiger Hill
Yogendra Singh Yadav climbs the approach to Tiger Hill under heavy fire and helps capture key enemy bunkers.
Washington Meeting
Nawaz Sharif meets United States President Bill Clinton in Washington and agrees to steps leading toward withdrawal from the Kargil positions.
First Gold Auction
The first Treasury auction begins a programme reducing official gold reserves.
Gold Reserve Sales Begin
The Treasury begins a programme of auctions reducing Britain's official gold holdings.
Lome Peace Accord
Kabbah signs the Lome Peace Accord granting rebels political concessions
Lome Peace Agreement
Foday Sankoh signs the Lome Peace Agreement with the government
Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement
Kabila signs a regional ceasefire agreement providing for dialogue and foreign troop withdrawal.
Premiership Ends
Skate resigns before a no-confidence vote
Prime Minister Takes Office
Mekere Morauta becomes Prime Minister after Bill Skate resigns
Documentation Efforts
Archives and evidence collection expand
Constituent Assembly Election
Voters elected delegates to draft a new constitution.
Minister of Sport
Appointed Minister of Sport
Oslo Process
Barak becomes Prime Minister promising to advance negotiations with the Palestinians
First Summit with Ehud Barak
Arafat meets newly elected Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak as both leaders discuss reviving delayed implementation of the peace agreements.
Diamond Commission Role
Lome settlement gives Sankoh a powerful role over strategic mineral resources
Transfer
The transfer makes Beckham the third Englishman to play for the club after Laurie Cunningham and Steve McManaman. Manchester United had been keen to sell Beckham to Barcelona but instead signs a four-year contract with Real Madrid, with the transfer fee being about ล25m
Death of Walter Matthau
Death of Walter Matthau
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, 2nd term
Constitution of Russia
Putin makes his first state of the nation address and calls for increased power to the central Government to overcome a bleak diagnosis of the countrys ills
Economy of Russia
Putin makes his first state of the nation address and calls for increased power to the central Government to overcome a bleak diagnosis of the countrys ills
Camp David Summit
Opens final-status talks with Arafat under US mediation.
Camp David Summit
Attends final-status talks with Ehud Barak and President Clinton.
Camp David Summit
Convenes Barak and Arafat for final-status negotiations.
Real Madrid Presidency Begins
Is elected president of Real Madrid and begins his first term leading the club.
Expanded Public-Service Plans
Brown sets substantial three-year increases for health and education budgets.
Spending Review
Brown announces major multi-year increases for health, education and other public services.
Nuclear Power
Jiang Zemin and Putin denounce the US proposed missile defense program as a violation of the 1972 ABM Treaty, they also vow to strengthen a strategic partnership between their countries
Constitution of Russia
The Duma passes legislation giving Putin the right to fire provincial governors and takes away the governors automatic immunity and membership in the Federation Council
Duma
The Duma passes legislation giving Putin the right to fire provincial governors and takes away the governors automatic immunity and membership in the Federation Council
Clasico Transfer
Becomes the central signing of Real Madrid's new project.
Real Madrid Transfer
Moves directly from Barcelona to Real Madrid.
Presidential Election
Hugo Chavez won a new presidential election held under the 1999 Constitution.
NHS Plan
Milburn publishes the NHS Plan, combining higher investment with targets for staffing, hospital capacity, waiting times, patient access and service modernisation.
Celtic Transfer
Joins Celtic from Chelsea and forms a productive attacking partnership with Henrik Larsson.
Rangers Transfer
Joins Rangers from AZ Alkmaar and begins a long spell at Ibrox.
Maiden Speech
Burnham delivers his maiden Commons speech after entering Parliament.
Tenet Mission
Meets Israeli officials to discuss steps for reducing violence and restoring security cooperation.
World Record
The highest transfer fee for a player at 47 million pounds for Zidane from Juventus to Real Madrid
Agra Summit
Musharraf meets Indian Prime Minister Vajpayee at the Agra Summit.
Health Select Committee
Burnham joins the Health Select Committee early in his parliamentary career.
Chairman Takes Office
Zlatko Lagumdzija becomes Chairman of the Council of Ministers
Shifting the Balance of Power
The government publishes Shifting the Balance of Power, transferring more responsibilities toward primary care trusts while reducing the role of existing health authorities.
Agra Summit
Vajpayee meets Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf at the Agra Summit, though the talks end without a formal agreement.
Prime Minister of Nepal
Sher Bahadur Deuba becomes Prime Minister, heading 11th Government in 11 years, after Girija Prasad Koirala resigns over violence
Treaty of Friendship
Russia signs a Treaty of Frienship with China, during Zemins visit to Moscow
Treaty of Frienship with China
Russia signs a Treaty of Frienship with China, during Zemins visit to Moscow
Tax Credits Act
The Tax Credits Act creates child and working tax credits.
Manager
Appointed manager of Leeds United
Organisation of African Unity
The Organisation of African Unity is disbanded by its last chairman, South African Thabo Mbeki and replaced by the African Union
Zeman Government
The Zeman Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czech Republic.
Plot
Chirac survives an assassination by Maxime Brunerie on Bastille Day
Plot
Chirac survives an assassination by Maxime Brunerie on Bastille Day
Spidla Government
Begins the Spidla Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czech Republic.
Spending Review
Brown announces another multi-year settlement for public-service expenditure.
President of Albania
Appointed President of Albania
President Appointed
Appointed President of Albania
Inauguration
A.P.J. Abdul Kalam is sworn in as President of India.
President of India
A.P.J. Abdul Kalam becomes the eleventh President of India.
Pretoria Agreement with Rwanda
Signs an agreement linking Rwandan troop withdrawal to action against ex-FAR and Interahamwe forces in Congo.
The Rising
Releases The Rising, responding to the September 11 attacks with the reunited E Street Band.
Sarbanes-Oxley Act
The Act strengthens corporate financial reporting, auditing and executive accountability.
Minister of Finance
Karzai appoints Ashraf Ghani finance minister to lead fiscal and administrative reconstruction.
Twenty-First Century NHS IT Strategy
A national information-technology strategy proposes integrated electronic systems, digital referrals, electronic prescriptions and shared patient information across the NHS.
World Record
The worlds most expensive defender iwhen he joins Manchester United from Leeds United
Election
A.P.J. Abdul Kalam is elected President of India.
Rangers Transfer
Joins Rangers from Barcelona after a loan spell with Paris Saint-Germain.
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Nauru
Taiwan cuts diplomatic relations with Nauru after it establishes relations with China
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
CIA assessments on Iraqi weapons influence the case for war.
Invasion of Iraq
CIA assessments on Iraqi weapons influence the case for war.
Italian EU Council Presidency
Begins Italy's rotating Council Presidency with treaty reform and enlargement among its priorities.
WMD Commission Chairmanship Announced
Accepts the chairmanship of a new independent commission intended to develop proposals on disarmament and non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.
Scandal
Dr Kellys name is confirmed to a journalist by the MOD
AIDS
Bush says that AIDS is "the deadliest enemy Africa has ever faced" and pledged to the nation with the worlds highest AIDS infection rate that it would have a strong partner in his administration in fighting the disease
Meeting with With President Festus Mogae in Botswana
President Bush meets with President Festus Mogae in Botswana
Health of Festus Mogae
Bush says that AIDS is "the deadliest enemy Africa has ever faced" and pledged to the nation with the worlds highest AIDS infection rate that it would have a strong partner in his administration in fighting the disease
Economy of Chad
Chad begins pumping oil to Cameroon, part of a project to help alleviate crushing poverty in the two countries
Scandal
Dr Kellys body is found at Harrowdown Hill
Invasion of Iraq
During a raid by the US 101st Airborne Division and men from Task Force 20, Saddam Husseins sons Uday and Qusay, and one of his grandsons were killed in a massive fire-fight
Invasion of Iraq
During a raid by the US 101st Airborne Division and men from Task Force 20, Saddam Husseins sons Uday and Qusay, and one of his grandsons were killed in a massive fire-fight
Death of David Kelly
British weapons expert David Kelly commits suicide after being identified as the source of a BBC story alleging the Government had "sexed-up" intelligence on Iraqs banned weapons
Suicide
British weapons expert David Kelly commits suicide after being identified as the source of a BBC story alleging the Government had "sexed-up" intelligence on Iraqs banned weapons
Death of Anthony Charles Lynton Blair
British weapons expert David Kelly commits suicide after being identified as the source of a BBC story alleging the Government had "sexed-up" intelligence on Iraqs banned weapons
Suicide
British weapons expert David Kelly commits suicide after being identified as the source of a BBC story alleging the Government had "sexed-up" intelligence on Iraqs banned weapons
Government Camp Vice Presidency
Serves as a vice-president representing the former government component of the transition.
Political Opposition Vice Presidency
Joins the transitional executive as vice-president representing the unarmed political opposition.
RCD Vice Presidency
Takes a vice-presidential post representing the RCD in the transitional institutions.
Vice Presidency in Transitional Government
Becomes one of four vice-presidents in the transitional power-sharing government.
Death of Anthony Charles Lynton Blair
Death of David Kelly, an Iraq weapons inspector who commits suicide
Inquiry-Hutton
Tony Blair announces an Inquiry will be held into the suicide of David Kelly
Medal
Awarded the Congressional Medal & receives a standing ovation from Congress
Reform of Parliament
Faces a Labour rebellion & wins a Commons vote by 32 votes
Suicide
Tony Blair announces an Inquiry will be held into the suicide of David Kelly. Death of David Kelly, an Iraq weapons inspector who commits suicide
High Commissioner
Appointed High Commissioners for Human Rights for the United Nations
Politics
Appointed High Commissioners for Human Rights for the United Nations
Trial
Goes on trial for war crimes
Trial
Saddam appears confident and defiant throughout the 46-minute hearing. Alternating between listening to and gesturing at the judge Rizgar Mohammed Amin, he questioned the legitimacy of the tribunal set up to try him. He called the court a "play" aimed at Bushs chances of winning the US presidential elections
Trial
Saddam Hussein is arraigned before an Iraqi judge on seven preliminary charges
Trial
Saddam appears confident and defiant throughout the 46-minute hearing. Alternating between listening to and gesturing at the judge Rizgar Mohammed Amin, he questioned the legitimacy of the tribunal set up to try him. He called the court a "play" aimed at Bushs chances of winning the US presidential elections
Death of Marlon Brando
Death of Marlon Brando
African Union Human Rights Report
An African Union report criticises abuses against opposition politicians and lawyers.
European Championship Final
Captains Portugal in the European Championship final against Greece.
Portugal Euro Captain
Leads the host nation through its first major senior final.
Cabinet Change
Accepts Prime Minister Atef Ebeid's resignation and appoints Ahmed Nazif to form a government.
Resignation of Atef Ebeid
Resigns as Prime Minister with his cabinet after nearly five years in office.
Prime Minister of Egypt
Is appointed Prime Minister and forms a cabinet emphasizing economic reform.
Conference of Aids
Addresses the International Aids Conference
Copa America Quarter-Final Free Kick
Scores a free kick as Argentina defeat Peru 1-0 in the Copa America quarter-final.
Gas Referendum
Mesa holds a national referendum on the future management of natural gas.
International Court of Justice
The International court of Justice (ICJ) rules that the Israeli security barrier violates international law and must be torn down
Security Barrier
The International court of Justice (ICJ) rules that the Israeli security barrier violates international law and must be torn down
Bombing of New York
The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the US is formed by the US Government, called the 9/11 Commission, concludes the attacks were planned & carried out by al-Qaeda
Bombing of New York
The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the US is formed by the US Government, called the 9/11 Commission, concludes the attacks were planned & carried out by al-Qaeda
Move to English Football
Reunites with Jose Mourinho in the English Premier League.
Resignation of Ryutaro Hashimoto
Hashimoto is forced to resign after a scandal, he had accepted a รพ100 million check from the Japan Dental Association
Scandal
Hashimoto is forced to resign after a scandal, he had accepted a รพ100 million check from the Japan Dental Association
HIPC Completion Point Reached
Ghana reaches the HIPC completion point, making agreed debt relief irrevocable after meeting policy and poverty-reduction conditions.
Renewed Premiership After Election
After the 2004 parliamentary election, Juncker formed another government and continued as prime minister and finance minister, with the socialists returning as coalition partners.
Death of Chet Helms
Death of Chet Helms
Death of Luther Vandross
Death of Luther Vandross
Live 8
Adams performs at Live 8s Canadian performance in Barrie, Ontario
Live 8
Waters reunites with Gilmour, Mason and Wright for Pink Floyd's Live 8 performance
Make Poverty History
Brown addresses campaigners seeking debt relief, fairer trade and increased aid.
Deep Impact Comet Observation
Hubble records Comet Tempel 1 before and after NASA's Deep Impact projectile strikes the comet nucleus.
Olympics
London declared host of the 2012 Olympic Games
Olympics
The IOC award the 2012 Olympic games to Britain
Bombing of London
Four suicide bombers blow themselves up on London's transport system killing 52 people and wounding about 700. Bombs were detonated in three crowded London subways and one bus during the peak of the citys rush hour, the suicide bombings, thought to be the work of al-Qaida, kill 56 people including the bombers and injur another 700
Suicide
Four suicide bombers blow themselves up on London's transport system killing 52 people and wounding about 700. Bombs were detonated in three crowded London subways and one bus during the peak of the citys rush hour, the suicide bombings, thought to be the work of al-Qaida, kill 56 people including the bombers and injur another 700
Gleneagles Development Agreement
Brown supports agreements increasing aid and cancelling debt at the G8 summit.
Luxembourg Treaty Referendum Campaign
Juncker campaigned for the proposed European Constitutional Treaty, which Luxembourg voters approved in a national referendum despite its rejection in France and the Netherlands.
Massacre
Formal charges are filed against Saddam Hussein and other co-defendants in connection with Government atrocities committed in the al-Dujail region against the people of al-Dujail
Trial
Formal charges are filed against Saddam Hussein and other co-defendants in connection with Government atrocities committed in the al-Dujail region against the people of al-Dujail
India-US Civil Nuclear Initiative
Manmohan Singh and President George W. Bush announce a framework for civilian nuclear cooperation between India and the United States.
Trial
Saddam is charged by the Special Tribunal with the first of an expected series of charges, relating to the mass killings of the inhabitants of the village of Dujail in 1982 after a failed assassination attempt against him
UN Debate
Encourages Israeli disengagement from Gaza to become part of a negotiated peace process
Election
Announces his candidacy for another presidential term in the country's first multi-candidate contest.
Eris Discovery Announced
Brown's team publicly announces the discovery of Eris, intensifying debate over the definition of a planet.
Live 8
The Who perform at Live 8 in London.
Live 8
The Who perform at Live 8 in London.
Group of Eight
Leaders of the Group of Eight agree increase of $25 billion in annual aid for Africa at a summit hosted by Blair
Summit Meeting
Leaders of the Group of Eight agree increase of $25 billion in annual aid for Africa at a summit hosted by Blair
Summit
Leaders of the Group of Eight agree increase of $25 billion in annual aid for Africa at a summit hosted by Blair
Live 8
A series of "Live 8" concerts in 11 countries around the world are staged to help raise awareness of global poverty, led by Sir Bob Geldof
Live 8
Live 8 claims that an estimated 3 billion people watched 1,000 musicians perform in 11 shows, which were broadcast on 182 television networks and by 2,000 radio stations.
Live 8
Live 8 is specifically not billed as a fundraiser, Geldofs slogan is "We dont want your money, we want your voice".
Live 8
Scheduled days before the annual G8 summit in an effort to increase political pressure on G8 nations to address issues facing the extremely poor around the world.
Live 8
The G8 subsequently vote to cancel the debt of 18 of the worlds poorest nations, make AIDS drugs more accessible and double levels of annual aid to Africa, to $50 billion by 2010.
Celtic Transfer
Joins Celtic from Reggina and becomes a leading creative midfielder.
World Cup Quarter-Final Defeat
Brazil are defeated and eliminated 0-1 by France in quarterfinals.
Death of Frederick Sewards Trueman
Death of Frederick Sewards Trueman
Death of Ryutaro Hashimoto
Death of Ryutaro Hashimoto
ECCC Operations
ECCC judicial officials are sworn in and the tribunal begins operations
First Fico Government
Forms his first government after parliamentary elections.
Death of Roger Keith Syd Barrett
Death of Roger Keith "Syd" Barrett
Honorary President
Robson is named as honorary president of Ipswich Town Football Club
2006 FIFA World Cup Final - Franck Ribรฉry
Franck Ribรฉry carried the ball at Italyโs defenders and remained an outlet for France during the closely contested final.
2006 FIFA World Cup Final - Thierry Henry
Thierry Henry started up front for France and sought space behind the Italian defence before leaving the match during extra time.
2006 FIFA World Cup Final - Patrick Vieira
Patrick Vieira anchored Franceโs central midfield until an injury forced his replacement in the second half.
Panenka Penalty in World Cup Final
Scores a chipped penalty off the crossbar to give France an early lead.
World Cup Final Red Card
Is sent off in extra time after headbutting Marco Materazzi.
World Cup Winner
Fabio Cannavaro captains Italy's resilient defence as the side defeats France in a penalty shootout to win the 2006 World Cup.
World Cup Winner
Andrea Barzagli belongs to Italyโs 2006 championship squad and supplies defensive depth across the tournament. His contribution in earlier matches supports a back line that loses only two goals in total.
World Cup Winner
Cristian Zaccardo is selected for Italyโs 2006 title-winning defensive contingent. Despite an own goal against the United States in the group stage, he remains part of the victorious squad.
2006 FIFA World Cup Final - Fabio Cannavaro
Fabio Cannavaro captained Italy and marshalled the defence throughout the penalty-shootout victory over France.
Italy World Cup Captain
Captains Italy to its fourth FIFA World Cup title.
Winning World Cup Shootout Penalty
Converts the decisive penalty as Italy defeat France in the final shootout.
World Cup Winner
Fabio Grosso converts Italy's fifth penalty against France to complete a flawless shootout and clinch the 2006 World Cup trophy.
World Cup Winner
Gianluca Zambrotta supports Italy from full-back in the 2006 World Cup final. His overlapping runs and defensive diligence help the match against France reach a penalty shootout.
2006 Final Equalizer
Heads Italy level in the World Cup final against France.
World Cup Winner
Marco Materazzi heads Italy level from a corner during the first half against France, ensuring the 2006 final remains competitive.
World Cup Winner
Alessandro Del Piero comes on during the 2006 final and converts a penalty in Italyโs successful shootout. The Juventus forward completes the tournament with a world championship medal.
2006 FIFA World Cup Final - Luca Toni
Luca Toni threatened France in the air and struck the crossbar with a header before Italy won the shootout.
World Cup Winner
Luca Toni leads Italyโs forward line against France in the 2006 championship match. His aerial presence forces defenders to remain alert during an intense Berlin final.
World Cup Winner
Gianluigi Buffon produces a composed goalkeeping performance against France, including a crucial save from a Zinedine Zidane header in extra time.
World Cup Winner
Marcello Lippi manages Italy to its fourth world championship after a tight final against France is settled by penalties.
World Cup Winner
Andrea Pirlo delivers the corner headed in by Marco Materazzi against France, then converts Italy's opening penalty in the decisive shootout.
2006 FIFA World Cup Final - Gennaro Gattuso
Gennaro Gattuso disrupted Franceโs attacking moves from midfield as Italy held the final at 1โ1 through extra time.
World Cup Winner
Gennaro Gattuso wins midfield battles and protects Italyโs defence during the 2006 final. His relentless work helps the team hold France to a draw before winning on penalties.
World Cup Winner
Simone Perrotta provides intelligent runs into attacking areas as Italy battles France in the 2006 final. He combines his forward contributions with committed defensive recovery.
Trial
Saddam Hussein announces a boycott of the trial, saying it makes a mockery of international and Iraqi law and is driven by "malicious" US aims
Bombing of Beirut
Israel carriy out selective reprisals bombing and artillery shelling of Lebanon, hitting rocket stores, Hezbollah headquarters in the Dahya quarter of Beirut and al-Manara television in Beirut, and killing over two hundred
Hezbollah
Israel carriy out selective reprisals bombing and artillery shelling of Lebanon, hitting rocket stores, Hezbollah headquarters in the Dahya quarter of Beirut and al-Manara television in Beirut, and killing over two hundred. Hezbollah terrorists cross the blue line border with Lebanon, attack an Israeli patrol, killing 3 and capturing 2 soldiers. Hezbollah begin a series of rocket attacks on northern Israel
Lebanon War
War begins between Israel and Hezbollah after a cross-border attack and capture of Israeli soldiers, exposing Lebanon to intensive bombardment and displacement during President Emile Lahoud's final full year in office.
Wire and Glass
Release Wire and Glass before Endless Wire.
Bombing of Haifa
Hezbollah responds with several hundred rocket attacks on Haifa, Tiberias, Safed and other towns deep in northern Israel, killing 13 civilians
Bombing of Safed
Hezbollah responds with several hundred rocket attacks on Haifa, Tiberias, Safed and other towns deep in northern Israel, killing 13 civilians
Bombing of Tiberias
Hezbollah responds with several hundred rocket attacks on Haifa, Tiberias, Safed and other towns deep in northern Israel, killing 13 civilians
Hezbollah
Hezbollah responds with several hundred rocket attacks on Haifa, Tiberias, Safed and other towns deep in northern Israel, killing 13 civilians
Emirates Stadium Testimonial
Features in the testimonial that serves as the first match staged at Emirates Stadium.
Manager
Dunga is named as the new national coach of the Brazilian national team as a replacement for Carlos Alberto Parreira, even though he has no prior coaching experience at professional level
Leads First Presidential Election Round
Finishes first in the initial presidential ballot and advances to a runoff against Jean-Pierre Bemba.
Advances to Presidential Runoff
Finishes second in the first presidential round and qualifies for the October runoff.
Uranium Enrichment
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1696 gives until August 31, 2006 for Iran to suspend all uranium enrichment and related activities or face the prospect of sanctions
UN Resolution 1696
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1696 gives until August 31, 2006 for Iran to suspend all uranium enrichment and related activities or face the prospect of sanctions
UN Resolution 1696
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1696 demands that Iran suspend all enrichment-related and reprocessing activities by 31 August 2006.
Uranium Enrichment
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1696 gives until August 31, 2006 for Iran to suspend all uranium enrichment and related activities or face the prospect of sanctions
Arsenal Moves to Emirates Stadium
Wenger oversaw Arsenalโs transition from Highbury to the new Emirates Stadium in 2006, a move that reshaped the clubโs finances and its long-term development.
Golden Boot FIFA World Cup
Finishes as the leading goalscorer in the FIFA World Cup with 5 goals for Germany. The campaign is particularly remembered for leading the goalscoring chart as Germany finished third.
Bombing of Lebanon
Blair supports the Israeli bombing of Lebanon
Hezbollah
G-8 meeting calls for cessation of violence, return of Israeli soldier and disarmament of Hezbolla in accordance with United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559 and United Nations Security Council Resolution 1680
UN Security Council
G-8 meeting calls for cessation of violence, return of Israeli soldier and disarmament of Hezbolla in accordance with United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559 and United Nations Security Council Resolution 1680
Smoke-Free Public Places
Smoke-free legislation takes effect in enclosed public places and workplaces in England, strengthening the NHS prevention agenda by reducing exposure to tobacco smoke.
Transfer
Beckham's contract with Los Angeles Galaxy becomes effective on 1 July 2007, the highest salary of any MLS player in history
Governance of Britain Statement
Brown proposes limits on executive powers and stronger parliamentary accountability.
Economy of Iraq
The Iraqi cabinet approves the hydrocarbon framework law, one component of a larger legislative package, which states that the revenue from oil sales belongs to all Iraqis and outlines the function of the oil and gas council
Acting Governor Appointed
John Skerritt serves briefly as acting Governor
Live Earth
Waters plays at the American leg of the Live Earth concert, an international multi-venue concert aimed to raise awareness about global climate change, featuring the Trenton Youth Choir and his trademark inflatable pig
Copa America Semi-Final Chip Against Mexico
Scores a deft chipped goal as Argentina defeat Mexico 3-0 in the Copa America semi-final.
Transfer
Beckhams contract with Los Angeles Galaxy takes effect on 11 July, and on 13 July, is officially unveiled as a Galaxy player at The Home Depot Center
Acting Governor Appointed
Howard Fergus serves a third acting term as Governor
Resignation of Festus Mogae
Botswanas President Festus Mogae announces that he is to stand down next year after a decade at the helm of the diamond-rich southern African nation
Brazil Victory Against Argentina
Helps complete a decisive victory over Argentina.
Copa America Final Goal
Scores Brazil's third goal in the Copa America final.
Brazil Defeats Argentina
Wins his first major tournament as national-team manager.
Copa America Victory
Manages Brazil to a three-goal victory over Argentina.
Arrest of Sheikh Hasina
Bangladesh police arrest former PM Sheikh Hasina on extortion charges
Mental Health Act
The Mental Health Act changes detention, treatment and professional-role provisions.
Diplomatic Mission at London
UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown expelled four Russian envoys over Russias refusal to extradite Andrei Lugovoi to face charges on the alleged murder of Litvinenko
Diplomatic Mission at London
UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown expelled four Russian envoys over Russias refusal to extradite Andrei Lugovoi to face charges on the alleged murder of Litvinenko
Election
The AKP achieves a landslide victory in the rescheduled July 22 2007 elections with 46.6% of the vote, translating into control of 341 of the 550 available Parliamentary seats. Overall, the AKP secures a plurality of votes in 68 of Turkeys 81 provinces, with its strongest vote of 71% coming from Bingโl
Arrest of Sheikh Hasina Wajed
Former Bangladesh PM Sheikh Hasina is charged with extortion for allegedly demanding hundreds of thousands of dollars from a company seeking to build a power station
Peace Initiative
Supports an Arab League delegation promoting the Arab Peace Initiative in Israel.
First Woman President
Pratibha Patil takes office as India's first woman President and the twelfth holder of the office.
Nicolas Sarkozy Visits Libya
Gaddafi receives President Nicolas Sarkozy and concludes bilateral cooperation agreements.
Governor Appointed
Peter Waterworth becomes Governor of Montserrat
IAEA Fiftieth Anniversary
Leads the Agency as it marks fifty years since the IAEA Statute entered into force.
Death of Michel Serrault
Death of Michel Serrault
Brian Clough Trophy
Derby County and Nottingham Forest compete for the inaugural Brian Clough Trophy at Pride Park Stadium
DPRK Inspectors Return
IAEA inspectors return to North Korea to monitor and verify the shutdown of designated nuclear facilities.
Yongbyon Shutdown Verification
The IAEA verifies shutdown of the Yongbyon nuclear facilities under arrangements following the Six-Party Talks.
Summer Floods Response
Brown coordinates government assistance during severe flooding across parts of England.
Revised Ministerial Code
Brown issues a revised code setting standards and responsibilities for ministers.
Healthcare for London Framework
Darzi publishes a framework for reshaping London healthcare, emphasising clinical quality, specialised centres, local services and more systematic service redesign.
International Agreement
French President Nicolas Sarkozy visits Libya and signs a number of bilateral and multilateral EU agreements with Gaddafi
Manager
Scolari takes over as manager of Chelsea
French EU Presidency Begins
France began its six-month Presidency of the Council of the European Union under Sarkozy.
House Price Decline
The Government confronts the sharpest annual fall in house prices since 1992.
Mercury Volcanism
MESSENGER images provide strong evidence for ancient volcanic activity on Mercury, including identified volcanic vents.
Reform of Government
An official says that Cuba has authorized sex-change operations and will offer them free for qualifying citizens
Credit Crunch
US home loan giants Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac lose half their value and appear on the brink of collapse
FISA Amendments Act
Signs surveillance legislation updating rules for foreign intelligence collection
Fannie Mae
US home loan giants Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac lose half their value and appear on the brink of collapse
Freddie Mac
US home loan giants Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac lose half their value and appear on the brink of collapse
Economy of Cuba
President Raul Castro warns Cubans to prepare for a "realistic" brand of communism that is economically viable and does away with excessive state subsidies designed to promote equality on the island
Oil Price Record
Brown's government confronts inflationary pressure as oil prices reach a record level.
Credit Crunch
Paulson announces a plan seeking congressional authority to support Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac through expanded Treasury lending and potential equity purchases.
First Cabinet Session of Sleiman Presidency
President Michel Sleiman chairs the first cabinet meeting of his presidency at Baabda, beginning the practical work of a government formed after the political settlement that ended the 2008 institutional crisis.
Economy of Cuba
Communist officials decree that private farmers and cooperatives can use up to 100 acres (40 hectares) of idle Government land, as President Raul Castro works to revive the floundering agricultural sector
The Dark Knight
Stars as Batman in The Dark Knight, one of the year's major films
The Dark Knight
Directs The Dark Knight, which becomes a major critical and commercial success
National Development
al-Rifai participates in national development connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Housing and Regeneration Act
The Act creates the Homes and Communities Agency and reforms social-housing regulation.
Credit Crunch
President Bush agrees to back deal to save Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac
Credit Crunch
Wall Street shares tumble as the International Monetary Fund warns the US housing crisis is not over
Credit Crunch
Bush signs the Housing and Economic Recovery Act, granting the Treasury emergency authority to support Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.
Housing and Economic Recovery Act
Signs legislation strengthening federal powers over Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac
Water Ice on Mars
Phoenix confirms water ice in a Martian soil sample
Diplomatic Expulsion
Russiann relations worsen after Tbilisi detaines four Russians whom it said were spies. Russia cuts transport and postal links with Georgia and expels hundreds of Georgians alleged to be living in Russia illegally, police also crack down on Georgian businesses in Moscow
Death of Mary Isobel Mollie Sugden
Death of Mary Isobel Mollie Sugden
Real Madrid Presentation
Is presented as a Real Madrid player at the Bernabeu.
World Record Transfer
Completes a world-record transfer from Manchester United.
Death of Vasily Aksyonov
Death of Vasily Aksyonov
Death of Robert McNamara
Death of Robert McNamara
Death of Judi Ann Mason
Death of Judi Ann Mason
Real Madrid Presentation
Is presented as a Real Madrid player after joining from Lyon.
Death of Johnny Caldwell
Death of Johnny Caldwell
IMF Extended Credit Facility Approved
The IMF approves a multi-year concessional programme for Ghana intended to support macroeconomic stability, fiscal consolidation and sustained growth.
EU Application Authorized by Parliament
Althing authorizes the government to apply for membership of the European Union and requires any final accession treaty to face a referendum.
EU Membership Application Submitted
Iceland formally submits its application for European Union membership after parliament authorizes the government to seek accession negotiations.
Death of Walter Leland Cronkite
Death of Walter Leland Cronkite
Jupiter Impact Scar
Discovers a dark impact scar in Jupiter's atmosphere from an unobserved collision.
Tour de France
Winner of the Tour de France, 2nd time
Death of Bobby Robert William Robson
Death of "Bobby" Robert William Robson
End of Finance Ministry Tenure
Following the parliamentary election and government reorganisation, Juncker relinquished the finance portfolio after two decades while continuing as prime minister and treasury minister.
New Government Formation
Juncker began another term as prime minister following the general election, leading a renewed coalition while Europe faced the consequences of the global recession.
Two Goals Against Brazil
Scores twice as the Netherlands eliminate Brazil in the quarter-finals.
World Cup Semi-Final Goal
Captains the Netherlands and scores a long-range opening goal in the World Cup semi-final victory over Uruguay.
Acting Mayoral Term
Leaves office as Acting Mayor of Amsterdam.
Mayor of Amsterdam
Takes office as Mayor of Amsterdam.
World Cup Semi-Final Winning Goal
Heads the only goal as Spain defeat Germany to reach their first World Cup final.
Radicova Government
Becomes Slovakia's first female prime minister.
2010 Golden Boot
Claims the Golden Boot on assists after scoring five goals for Germany.
2010 FIFA World Cup Final - Giovanni van Bronckhorst
Giovanni van Bronckhorst captained the Netherlands in his final international appearance, which ended in a narrow extra-time loss.
World Cup Final
Starts for the Netherlands in the World Cup final against Spain.
World Cup Final
Starts for the Netherlands in the World Cup final against Spain after scoring five goals during the tournament.
2010 FIFA World Cup Final - Mark van Bommel
Mark van Bommel battled for possession in the Dutch midfield as Spainโs passing game eventually produced the only goal.
World Cup Winner
Iker Casillas captains Spain to its maiden World Cup title and makes crucial saves against the Netherlands before extra time.
World Cup Winner
Gerard Piquรฉ maintains composure in Spainโs central defence against the Netherlands in the 2010 final. His passing from the back supports the teamโs possession-based approach.
World Cup Winner
Joan Capdevila provides width and dependable defending at left-back throughout Spainโs 2010 title run. He finishes the final as a champion after the extra-time victory over the Netherlands.
Spain Defensive World Champion
Starts every match during the title-winning tournament.
World Cup Victory
Helps Spain win its first FIFA World Cup.
2010 FIFA World Cup Final - David Villa
David Villa started on the left side of Spainโs attack after scoring five goals on the way to the nationโs first final.
World Cup Winner
David Villa scores five goals on Spainโs road to the 2010 final, leading the sideโs attack throughout the competition. He starts against the Netherlands as Spain wins its first title.
World Cup Winner
Fernando Torres replaces David Villa late in the 2010 final to add movement up front. He is involved in Spainโs extra-time attack before Andrรฉs Iniesta settles the contest.
Spain Captain Becomes World Champion
Makes decisive saves during the final against the Netherlands.
World Cup Final Save from Robben
Saves Arjen Robben's one-on-one chance before Spain win the final in extra time.
World Cup Victory
Captains Spain to its first FIFA World Cup title.
World Cup Winner
Vicente del Bosque manages Spain to the 2010 world championship with a possession-oriented team that defeats the Netherlands after extra time.
Spain World Championship Winner
Delivers the goal securing Spain's first World Cup.
World Cup Final Goal
Scores the extra-time winner against the Netherlands.
World Cup Winner
Andrรฉs Iniesta scores in the 116th minute against the Netherlands, delivering the only goal of the 2010 World Cup final.
2010 FIFA World Cup Final - Cesc Fร bregas
Cesc Fร bregas came off the bench and provided the pass for Andrรฉs Iniestaโs extra-time winning goal against the Netherlands.
World Cup Winner
Cesc Fร bregas supplies the decisive pass for Andrรฉs Iniesta's extra-time goal against the Netherlands, helping Spain become world champion.
World Cup Winner
Pedro Rodrรญguez starts the 2010 championship match as Spain uses his direct movement to stretch the Dutch defence. He contributes to the victory before being substituted in the second half.
2010 FIFA World Cup Final - Sergio Busquets
Sergio Busquets kept Spainโs passing structure organised during a bruising scoreless contest that lasted into extra time.
World Cup Winner
Sergio Busquets screens Spainโs defenders and recycles possession during the 2010 World Cup final. His disciplined positioning is integral to the teamโs tactical structure.
2010 FIFA World Cup Final - Xabi Alonso
Xabi Alonso survived a dangerous high challenge in midfield as Spain maintained control and eventually won in extra time.
World Cup Winner
Xabi Alonso starts Spainโs 2010 final and endures a forceful challenge from Nigel de Jong. He continues to contribute controlled midfield passing as the match moves toward extra time.
Spain Midfield World Champion
Controls possession and creates chances throughout the tournament.
World Cup Victory
Helps Spain win its first FIFA World Cup.
World Cup Winner
Xavi Hernรกndez helps Spain control the ball and set the tempo against the Netherlands, maintaining the patient approach that culminates in Iniesta's winner.
Spain World Champions
Defeats the Netherlands after extra time in Johannesburg.
World Cup Victory
Guides Spain to its first FIFA World Cup title.
2010 Golden Ball
Wins the Golden Ball after leading Uruguay to the semi-finals.
National Development
I participates in national development connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Big Society
Promotes the Big Society as a central theme of his government during a Liverpool launch.
Dodd-Frank Act
The Act expands financial regulation, consumer protection and procedures for systemic institutions.
Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
Obama signs the Dodd-Frank Act, overhauling financial regulation after the crisis and changing Federal Reserve responsibilities for supervision, systemic-risk oversight, consumer protection, and emergency lending.
EU Accession Negotiations Open
Iceland and the European Union formally open accession negotiations at an intergovernmental conference in Brussels.
Kagawa Dortmund Transfer
Arrives from Cerezo Osaka and brings close control and incisive movement to Dortmundโs attacking midfield.
Copa America Equaliser Against Bolivia
Scores Argentina's equaliser in the opening Copa America match against Bolivia.
Kerberos
A follow-up Hubble image confirms the newly detected fourth Pluto moon.
Neptune First Orbit Anniversary
Hubble images commemorate Neptune completing its first full orbit around the Sun since its discovery in 1846.
Leveson Inquiry
Announces a public inquiry into press ethics after the phone-hacking scandal.
International Recognition of Transitional Council
The Libya Contact Group recognises the council as Libya's legitimate governing authority.
RadioAstron Mission
The achievement marks radioastron mission as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Spektr-R Launch
Sees the launch of the space radio observatory developed from his RadioAstron concept.
Kerberos
A further Hubble observation again confirms the fourth Pluto moon and strengthens its orbital solution.
Africa Aid and Trade Speech
Links aid, trade, enterprise and democratic accountability in a speech during a visit to Nigeria.
European Union Act
Introduces the referendum lock for major future EU treaty changes.
Constitutional Council Draft Delivered
The Constitutional Council delivers a unanimously approved draft constitution to Althing after a public consultation and drafting process.
Second European Championship Victory
Captains Spain to victory over Italy in the final.
Spain Captain Retains Title
Completes an unprecedented sequence of three major international titles.
European Championship Player of Tournament
Is named player of the European Championship.
Spain Retains European Title
Helps Spain defeat Italy by four goals in the final.
European Championship Victory
Guides Spain to a four-goal victory over Italy.
Spain Retains European Title
Completes three consecutive major tournament victories for Spain.
Experimental Confirmation
Receives posthumous scientific vindication when ATLAS and CMS announce a new particle consistent with the boson implied by the Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism.
Higgs Boson Discovery
Announces that ATLAS and CMS have observed a new particle consistent with the long-sought Higgs boson.
Higgs Boson
As CERN Director-General, welcomes the ATLAS and CMS results announcing observation of a new particle consistent with the long-sought Higgs boson.
Large Hadron Collider Higgs Result
Witnesses CERN announce a new particle consistent with the boson predicted by the symmetry-breaking mechanism associated with his work.
Higgs Boson
Presents the ATLAS collaboration's evidence for a new particle near 125 GeV at CERN during the Higgs discovery seminar.
Higgs Boson Discovery
Presents the ATLAS collaboration's evidence for a new particle near 125 GeV during CERN's Higgs boson discovery announcement.
Higgs Boson
Presents the CMS collaboration's independent evidence for a new particle near 125 GeV during CERN's announcement of the discovery.
Higgs Boson Discovery
Presents the CMS collaboration's independent evidence for a new particle near 125 GeV during CERN's Higgs boson discovery announcement.
Capture of Bunagana
Leads M23 forces as the rebellion captures the strategic border town of Bunagana.
General National Congress Election
Libya holds its first nationwide parliamentary election after the fall of Gaddafi.
National Development
Rifai participates in national development connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Death of Jon Lord
Dies after a career that made him one of hard rock's most influential keyboard players.
Parliamentary Commission on Banking Standards
Joins the Parliamentary Commission on Banking Standards established to examine banking conduct, professional standards and the structure of financial regulation.
Death of Simon Ward
Death of Simon Ward
Presidential Succession after Mills
Mahama is sworn in as president after the death of John Atta Mills, ensuring an immediate constitutional transfer of executive authority.
President of India
Pranab Mukherjee takes office as the thirteenth President of India.
London Olympics Welcome
Welcomes the approaching London Olympic and Paralympic Games and highlights Britain's preparations.
Olympic Games Government Role
Represents the government during the London Olympic Games as Britain hosts athletes and visitors from around the world.
Global Education Appointment
The United Nations Secretary-General appoints Brown Special Envoy for Global Education.
Olympic Equestrian Events
Greenwich Park hosts Olympic equestrian and modern pentathlon events.
Ban
Issued a lifetime ban from professional sport
USADA
Issued a lifetime ban from professional sport
Discovery of Hippocamp
Showalter discovers a tiny Neptunian moon in archival Hubble images and initially designates it S/2004 N 1.
Interim Presidency
Is sworn in as interim President after the armed forces remove Mohamed Morsi.
Baron
Is elevated to the rank of baron by King Albert II of Belgium in recognition of his scientific achievements.
Pluto Moons
The names Kerberos and Styx are adopted for Pluto's fourth and fifth known moons, previously called P4 and P5.
Marriage Act
The Marriage Act receives royal assent, legalising same-sex marriage in England and Wales.
Mercury Color Map
An enhanced-color global map from MESSENGER highlights compositional differences across Mercury's surface.
Assassination of Mohamed Brahmi
Opposition politician Mohamed Brahmi was assassinated, deepening the political crisis.
First Round of Presidential Election
The transitional government conducts the first round of the presidential election.
Resumption of US Brokered Peace Talks
Palestinian and Israeli negotiators returned to direct talks after an initiative led by United States Secretary of State John Kerry. Abbas authorised the Palestinian delegation to re-enter negotiations aimed at resolving final-status issues.
Harmonised Election Victory
Mugabe wins another presidential term as ZANU-PF regains a parliamentary majority.
Extra-Time World Cup Winner Against Switzerland
Scores in extra time as Argentina defeat Switzerland 1-0 in the World Cup round of sixteen.
World Cup Extra-Time Goal Against USA
Scores Belgium's second extra-time goal in the 2-1 World Cup victory over the United States.
World Cup Extra-Time Goal Against USA
Scores the opening goal in extra time as Belgium defeat the United States 2-1 in the World Cup round of 16.
Goalkeeping Display Against Belgium
Makes a succession of saves to keep the United States in contention during the extra-time World Cup defeat by Belgium.
World Cup Winning Goal Against Belgium
Scores the only goal as Argentina defeat Belgium in the World Cup quarter-final.
World Cup Quarter-Final
Guides Belgium to their first World Cup quarter-final since 1986 before Argentina win 1-0.
Prime Minister Takes Office
Mohammed Boun Abdallah Dionne becomes Prime Minister under President Macky Sall
World Cup Scoring Record
Scores his sixteenth World Cup goal to become the competition's all-time leading scorer at the time.
World Cup Semi-Final Shootout Saves
Saves two penalties as Argentina eliminate the Netherlands and reach the World Cup final.
National Development
Arif participates in national development connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
World Cup Third Place
Guides the Netherlands to third place at the World Cup after an unbeaten run through regulation time.
2014 FIFA World Cup Final - Gonzalo Higuaรญn
Gonzalo Higuaรญn missed an important first-half opportunity and later had a goal disallowed for offside as Argentina lost in extra time.
2014 World Cup Golden Ball
Wins the World Cup Golden Ball after Argentina finish as runners-up to Germany.
Six-Goal Brazil 2014 Golden Boot
Scores six goals for Colombia to finish as the tournament's leading scorer.
World Cup Winner
Philipp Lahm captains Germany to victory over Argentina at the Maracanรฃ and raises the World Cup after a 1-0 extra-time final.
World Cup Winner
Benedikt Hรถwedes starts at left-back in the 2014 final and hits the post with a first-half header. He also contributes to Germanyโs clean sheet against Argentina.
World Cup Winner
Jรฉrรดme Boateng produces a commanding centre-back display in Germanyโs 2014 final against Argentina. His interventions help secure a clean sheet through 120 minutes.
World Cup Winner
Mats Hummels anchors Germanyโs central defence during the 2014 final. His aerial strength and careful distribution help the European team withstand Argentinaโs fast attacks.
2014 FIFA World Cup Final - Philipp Lahm
Philipp Lahm captained Germany from right-back and lifted the trophy after Mario Gรถtze settled the final in extra time.
2014 FIFA World Cup Final - Andrรฉ Schรผrrle
Andrรฉ Schรผrrle came off the bench and supplied the cross that Mario Gรถtze turned into the World Cup-winning goal.
World Cup Winner
Andrรฉ Schรผrrle drives along the left and crosses for Mario Gรถtze to score the championship-winning goal against Argentina in extra time.
2014 Final Winning Goal
Scores the extra-time goal that gives Germany victory over Argentina in the final.
World Cup Winner
Mario Gรถtze meets Andrรฉ Schรผrrle's cross and volleys the extra-time winner against Argentina to decide the 2014 World Cup final.
World Cup Winner
Thomas Mรผller gives Germany a constant threat through intelligent runs during the 2014 World Cup. He starts the final and ends the tournament with five goals and a championship medal.
2014 FIFA World Cup Final - Manuel Neuer
Manuel Neuer kept another clean sheet in Brazil as Germany beat Argentina with an extra-time goal to claim its fourth world title.
2014 Golden Glove
Wins the Golden Glove after Germany's World Cup triumph.
World Cup Winner
Manuel Neuer marshals Germany's defence and keeps a clean sheet through extra time as the side defeats Argentina in Rio de Janeiro.
Germany World Cup Title Manager
Coaches Germany to its fourth World Cup title and first as a unified nation.
World Cup Winner
Joachim Lรถw guides Germany to the 2014 title, becoming the first European team to win a men's World Cup staged in the Americas.
2014 FIFA World Cup Final - Bastian Schweinsteiger
Bastian Schweinsteiger played through repeated physical challenges while helping Germany dominate extended periods of midfield.
World Cup Winner
Bastian Schweinsteiger continues battling in midfield despite repeated knocks during the 2014 final. His determination helps Germany prevail over Argentina in extra time.
World Cup Winner
Mesut รzil supplies creative movement between the lines during Germanyโs 2014 campaign. He starts the final against Argentina and supports the teamโs patient buildup.
2014 FIFA World Cup Final - Toni Kroos
Toni Kroos controlled the tempo with precise passing as Germany overcame Argentina in a tight final at the Maracanรฃ.
World Cup Winner
Toni Kroos sets the rhythm of Germanyโs passing game during the 2014 World Cup final. His accurate distribution helps the side sustain pressure before its extra-time winner.
Real Madrid Presentation
Is presented as a Real Madrid player after arriving from Bayern Munich.
Joint Plan of Action Extension
Iran and the negotiating powers extend the Joint Plan of Action while talks continue on a comprehensive nuclear agreement.
Italian Striker Dortmund Signing
Joins Borussia Dortmund from Torino as the club strengthens its forward options following Robert Lewandowskiโs departure.
New Horizons
After a detailed hazard search, the mission team keeps New Horizons on its planned Pluto flyby trajectory.
Pluto
New Horizons' Ralph spectrometer detects frozen methane on Pluto during approach, confirming the molecule from spacecraft observations.
Copa Amรฉrica Winning Penalty
Sรกnchez converted the decisive penalty with a Panenka-style finish as Chile beat Argentina in the Copa Amรฉrica final, securing the country's first continental championship.
New Horizons
New Horizons enters safe mode because of a spacecraft command-sequence timing problem days before the Pluto encounter.
Bailout Referendum
The government holds a referendum on creditors' proposed financial terms.
New Horizons
New Horizons returns to normal science operations after recovery from the July 4 safe-mode event.
Home Affairs Committee Appointment
Starmer joins the House of Commons Home Affairs Committee.
Acting Governor Appointed
Alric Taylor serves briefly as acting Governor
Pluto
New Horizons measurements determine Pluto is about 2,370 kilometres in diameter, larger than many pre-encounter estimates.
Pluto
New Horizons returns its last and most detailed full-disk image of Pluto before closest approach.
Pentaquark Discovery
Sees the LHCb collaboration report structures interpreted as pentaquark states in decays recorded with Large Hadron Collider data.
Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
Iran and the E3/EU+3 conclude the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, establishing detailed limits on enrichment capacity, enrichment level and enriched-uranium stockpiles.
Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
Iran accepts limits on uranium enrichment under the nuclear agreement.
Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action Agreed
Iran and six major powers conclude the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action placing limits and verification measures on Iran's nuclear programme.
Iran Road Map on Outstanding Issues
The IAEA and Iran agree a road-map to clarify past and present outstanding nuclear issues.
New Horizons
New Horizons completes humanity's first close flyby of Pluto and its system of moons.
Pluto Atmosphere
During a solar occultation, New Horizons probes Pluto's atmosphere far above levels previously measured from Earth.
Pluto Atmosphere
A radio occultation experiment obtains the first direct measurement of atmospheric pressure at Pluto's surface.
Pluto Solar Wind Interaction
Uses New Horizons SWAP measurements to characterize how Pluto's escaping atmosphere slows and diverts the solar wind during the spacecraft's close flyby.
Pluto
Close-up images reveal youthful water-ice mountains rising about 3.5 kilometres above Pluto's surface.
Charon
New Horizons images show Charon as a geologically varied world with enormous canyons and contrasting terrains.
Pluto Atmosphere
New Horizons data show Pluto's nitrogen-rich atmosphere extending to roughly 1,600 kilometres above the surface.
Sputnik Planitia
Images reveal a vast craterless plain in Pluto's heart-shaped region, indicating surprisingly young terrain.
Sputnik Planitia
The newly revealed icy plain in Pluto's heart is informally named Sputnik Planum, later standardized as Sputnik Planitia.
Counter-Extremism Speech
Sets out proposals to challenge violent and non-violent extremism and promote shared British values.
UN Resolution 2231
United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231 endorses the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action and establishes the international framework for its implementation.
Pluto
New Horizons images show nitrogen-rich ices flowing across Pluto in glacier-like patterns, evidence of recent geologic activity.
Pluto Atmosphere
New Horizons finds Pluto's atmospheric surface pressure lower than estimates derived from earlier Earth-based observations.
Pluto Atmosphere
Backlit New Horizons images reveal multiple atmospheric haze layers extending far above Pluto.
Pluto Atmosphere
New Horizons detects ethylene and acetylene in Pluto's atmosphere, compounds involved in forming its complex haze particles.
Pluto
Mission scientists conclude that nitrogen, carbon monoxide and methane ices can flow across Pluto at its extremely low temperatures.
Prime Minister Takes Office
Valeriu Strelet becomes Prime Minister during the Alliance for European Integration period
Tuchel Becomes Dortmund Coach
Succeeds Jรผrgen Klopp and implements a possession-oriented tactical structure while maintaining Dortmundโs emphasis on attacking football.
National Living Wage Policy
Backs the introduction of a National Living Wage as part of the government's economic programme.
Rangers Transfer
Joins Rangers from Wigan Athletic and later becomes club captain.
European Championship Quarter-Final Goal
Scores a long-range opening goal before Wales recover to defeat Belgium 3-1 in the European Championship quarter-final.
Juno Orbit Insertion
Juno enters a polar orbit around Jupiter after a five-year interplanetary journey.
European Championship Victory
Captains Portugal to its first European Championship title.
Portugal Captains Euro Winners
Supports teammates from the sideline after leaving the final injured.
Clean Sheet in Euro Final
Makes important saves throughout Portugal's European Championship victory.
European Championship Final
Keeps a clean sheet as Portugal defeats France in the final.
European Championship Victory
Guides Portugal to victory at the European Championship.
Portugal's First Senior Title
Becomes the first manager winning a senior international title for Portugal.
European Championship Victory
Helps Portugal win the European Championship final.
Portugal Midfield Champion
Contributes throughout the tournament as an experienced central midfielder.
Euro Young Player Award
Is named young player of the European Championship.
European Championship Breakthrough
Helps Portugal win the tournament during his international breakthrough.
Brexit
Withdraws from the Conservative leadership contest.
Brexit
Becomes Conservative leader after Andrea Leadsom withdraws.
Brexit
Becomes Conservative leader after Andrea Leadsom withdraws from the contest.
Large Hadron Collider Luminosity
Sees Large Hadron Collider performance exceed expectations as ATLAS and CMS rapidly accumulate substantially more Run 2 collision data.
Brexit
Appointed Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union.
Brexit
Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer by Theresa May.
Brexit
Appointed Foreign Secretary in Theresa May's first cabinet.
Brexit
Appointed International Trade Secretary in the new Brexit-focused government.
Brexit
Leaves office after the Brexit referendum result and hands office to Theresa May.
Departing Downing Street Statement
Reviews his government's record and thanks colleagues, public servants and his family before leaving office.
Final Prime Minister's Questions
Takes Prime Minister's Questions for the final time before leaving Downing Street.
Brexit
Becomes Prime Minister after David Cameron resigns.
Prime Minister
Becomes Prime Minister after David Cameron resigns.
Carthage Agreement
Political parties and national organizations signed the Carthage Agreement outlining priorities for a national unity government.
Toni Erdmann
Directs Toni Erdmann.
Brexit
The Department for Exiting the European Union begins work.
Chilcot Report Response
Responds in Parliament to publication of the Iraq Inquiry report chaired by Sir John Chilcot.
Warsaw NATO Summit
Attends the NATO summit in Warsaw during his final week as Prime Minister.
Transfer to Liverpool
Joins Liverpool from Newcastle United and becomes an important midfielder under Jurgen Klopp.
Confederations Cup Final Appearance
Sรกnchez took part in Chile's run to the FIFA Confederations Cup final in Russia, where the team finished runner-up after a narrow defeat to Germany.
Hwasong 14 Test
North Korea tests the Hwasong-14 ICBM.
Treaty on Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons Adopted
Presides over the United Nations conference that adopts the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.
G20 Hamburg Summit
Attends G20 summit and meets world leaders.
Great Red Spot Flyover
Juno flies directly above the Great Red Spot to probe its structure.
Brexit
Introduces the European Union Withdrawal Bill.
Disqualification
The Supreme Court disqualifies Nawaz Sharif from holding parliamentary office.
Obamacare Repeal Failure
Senate fails to repeal the Affordable Care Act.
Four Goals Against Brann
Haaland scored four first-half goals for Molde against Brann, producing a remarkable individual performance in a Norwegian league victory.
World Cup Comeback Goal Against Japan
Scores Belgium's first goal as the team begin a dramatic comeback from 2-0 down against Japan.
World Cup Equaliser Against Japan
Heads Belgium level at 2-2 before the team score a stoppage-time winner against Japan.
World Cup Winning Goal Against Japan
Finishes a stoppage-time counter-attack as Belgium come from two goals down to defeat Japan 3-2.
World Cup Quarter-Final Saves
Makes crucial saves as Belgium defeat Brazil 2-1 and reach the World Cup semi-finals.
World Cup Goal Against Brazil
Scores Belgium's second goal in the 2-1 World Cup quarter-final victory over Brazil.
Brexit
Cabinet agrees the Chequers plan for Brexit.
Chequers Plan
Cabinet agrees the Chequers plan for the future UK-EU relationship.
Brexit
Resigns as Brexit Secretary over the Chequers approach.
Brexit
Appointed Brexit Secretary after David Davis resigns.
Brexit
Resigns as Foreign Secretary over the Brexit strategy.
Kavanaugh Nomination
Nominates Brett Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court.
World Cup Semi-Final Goal Against Belgium
Heads the only goal as France defeat Belgium in the World Cup semi-final.
NATO Brussels Summit
Presses allies on burden-sharing at NATO summit.
Acting Mayoral Term
Leaves office as Acting Mayor of Amsterdam.
World Cup Third-Place Goal
Scores the opening goal as Belgium defeat England 2-0 to secure their best World Cup finish.
2018 FIFA World Cup Final - Mario Mandลพukiฤ
Mario Mandลพukiฤ was involved in both ends of the scoring, deflecting a French free kick into his own goal before scoring for Croatia.
2018 FIFA World Cup Final - Ivan Periลกiฤ
Ivan Periลกiฤ equalised for Croatia with a powerful left-footed shot before conceding the handball penalty that restored Franceโs lead.
2018 Golden Ball
Wins the Golden Ball after captaining Croatia to its first World Cup final.
World Cup Winner
Hugo Lloris leads France as captain in its 4-2 final victory over Croatia, securing a second world title for the national team.
World Cup Winner
Benjamin Pavard plays at right-back for France in the 2018 final after scoring a spectacular volley against Argentina earlier in the knockout rounds. He helps the side secure its second title.
World Cup Winner
Lucas Hernandez combines strong defending with energetic runs down Franceโs left side in the 2018 final. His persistence helps stretch Croatia as the match opens up.
2018 FIFA World Cup Final - Raphaรซl Varane
Raphaรซl Varane organised Franceโs central defence against Croatiaโs attacking movement as the team secured its second title.
World Cup Winner
Raphaรซl Varane provides speed and anticipation at the heart of Franceโs defence in the 2018 final. His composed play helps the side withstand Croatian pressure and win 4-2.
2018 FIFA World Cup Final - Samuel Umtiti
Samuel Umtiti partnered Raphaรซl Varane in central defence as France withstood Croatiaโs energetic pressing to win the final.
World Cup Winner
Samuel Umtiti partners Raphaรซl Varane in central defence as France defeats Croatia in 2018. His headed semi-final winner against Belgium had earned the team its place in Moscow.
World Cup Final Penalty
Scores from the penalty spot as France defeat Croatia 4-2 in the final.
World Cup Winner
Antoine Griezmann scores from the penalty spot against Croatia and contributes to France's rapid counterattacking threat in the 2018 final.
World Cup Winner
Kylian Mbappรฉ scores France's fourth goal against Croatia and becomes one of the youngest players ever to score in a men's World Cup final.
World Cup Winner
Olivier Giroud leads the line for France in the 2018 final despite not scoring during the tournament. His hold-up play and unselfish movement create opportunities for teammates.
2018 FIFA World Cup Final - Hugo Lloris
Hugo Lloris captained France to victory despite a late mistake that allowed Mario Mandลพukiฤ to score Croatiaโs second goal.
France World Cup Title Manager
Becomes the third man to win the World Cup as both player and manager.
World Cup Winner
Didier Deschamps manages France to the 2018 championship, adding a coaching triumph to the title he won as team captain in 1998.
World Cup Winner
Blaise Matuidi provides defensive balance from a left-sided midfield position during Franceโs 2018 title run. His tactical work allows Antoine Griezmann and Kylian Mbappรฉ greater attacking freedom.
2018 FIFA World Cup Final - NโGolo Kantรฉ
NโGolo Kantรฉ helped France contest possession in midfield during the 4โ2 win against Croatia before being substituted.
World Cup Winner
NโGolo Kantรฉ starts the 2018 final in Franceโs defensive midfield and works to intercept Croatian attacks. He is substituted in the second half as France maintains its lead.
2018 Final Goal
Scores France's third goal in the World Cup final against Croatia.
World Cup Winner
Paul Pogba finds the net from outside the penalty area as France extends its lead against Croatia in Moscow.
Six-Goal Russia 2018 Golden Boot
Scores six goals as England reach the World Cup semi-finals.
Helsinki Summit with Putin
Meets Russian President Vladimir Putin in Helsinki.
Twelve New Jupiter Moons
A team led by Sheppard announces twelve newly identified moons of Jupiter, including unusual Valetudo.
Major Ancient Merger Proposed for Andromeda
A merger-history study proposes that M31 experienced a dominant collision with a large galaxy about two billion years ago and links the event to its stellar halo and M32.
S2 Gravitational Redshift
As a leading GRAVITY scientist, helps measure gravitational redshift in S2 during its close passage around Sagittarius A*, testing general relativity near a supermassive black hole.
Harmonised Presidential Election
Mnangagwa contests the first national election after Mugabe's resignation.
NSWE Ownership
Sawiris and Wes Edens invest in Aston Villa and stabilise the club's finances.
President of Panama
Inaugurated as President of Panama.
IPCC Study Welcomed
Lam welcomes the Independent Police Complaints Council's decision to conduct a proactive study of major public-order events arising from the unrest.
Copa America Captain
Captains Brazil to Copa America victory over Peru.
Tournament Best Player
Is named the tournament's best player after influential performances.
Brazil Continental Champion
Wins his first senior international tournament as national-team coach.
Copa America Victory
Manages Brazil to Copa America victory over Peru.
AfCFTA Secretariat Hosting Secured
African Union leaders select Ghana to host the African Continental Free Trade Area Secretariat, strengthening Accra's role in continental economic integration.
Enrichment Limit Breach
Iran announces enrichment above the JCPOA uranium limit.
Women's World Cup Final
Guides the Netherlands to their first Women's World Cup final, where the United States wins 2-0.
Appointment as Prime Minister
Kyriakos Mitsotakis becomes Prime Minister after New Democracy wins the election.
First Mitsotakis Government Sworn In
Mitsotakis forms a New Democracy government after the July election.
Policy Address Consultation Launched
The Government launches consultation for the 2019 Policy Address while Hong Kong remains affected by continuing political unrest and public demonstrations.
Apollo 11 Anniversary
Marks fifty years since walking on the Moon.
Parliamentary Election
His Servant of the People party wins the early parliamentary election.
Chandrayaan-2 Launch
K. Sivan leads ISRO when Chandrayaan-2 launches toward the Moon with an orbiter, lander and rover.
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer by Boris Johnson.
Foreign Secretary
Appointed Foreign Secretary by Boris Johnson.
Home Secretary
Appointed Home Secretary by Boris Johnson.
Prime Minister
Becomes Prime Minister promising to deliver Brexit.
Interim President of Tunisia
Parliamentary speaker Mohamed Ennaceur became interim president after Beji Caid Essebsi's death.
Death of Beji Caid Essebsi
Death of President Beji Caid Essebsi.
Ukraine Call
Holds phone call with Ukrainian President that later sparks impeachment inquiry.
Federal Funds Rate Reduced
The Federal Open Market Committee lowers the federal funds target range by one-quarter percentage point to 2.00 to 2.25 percent, its first rate reduction since the financial crisis period.
Transfer to Juventus
Joins Juventus after captaining Ajax to the Champions League semi-finals.
Undine
Directs Undine.
National Security Committee Established
The Government establishes the Committee for Safeguarding National Security of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region under the new security framework.
First National Security Committee Meeting
The Committee for Safeguarding National Security holds its first meeting to begin coordinating policy and implementation responsibilities under the new legal framework.
Death of Ennio Morricone
Death of film composer Ennio Morricone.
COVID-19
Announces he has tested positive for COVID-19.
Resignation of Head of Government
Elyes Fakhfakh resigned as head of government during a conflict-of-interest controversy.
La Liga Title-Clinching Brace
Scores twice against Villarreal as Real Madrid mathematically secure the league championship.
Thirty-Fourth La Liga Title
Coaches Real Madrid to their thirty-fourth Spanish league championship.
Death of John Lewis
Death of civil rights leader and congressman John Lewis.
Hope Mars Mission
The Hope probe launches toward Mars for the United Arab Emirates.
COVID Relief Negotiations
Negotiates further relief measures with Congress.
Mars Mission
China launches Tianwen 1 toward Mars.
Villarreal Recruits European Specialist
Villarreal appoint Emery as head coach, seeking consistent European progress after his departure from Arsenal.
Premier League Survival
A draw at West Ham ensures Aston Villa remains in the Premier League.
Comprehensive Donbas Ceasefire
Welcomes the start of additional ceasefire measures along the Donbas contact line.
Perseverance Launch
NASA launches the Perseverance rover mission to Mars.
Legislative Council Election Postponed
Lam's government postpones the Legislative Council general election for one year, citing the severe local COVID-19 epidemic and public-health risks.
Beyond the Pale Album
Releases Beyond the Pale with JARV IS..., topping the UK Record Store Chart.
I'm Your Man
Directs I'm Your Man.
Copa America Semi-Final Penalty Saves
Saves three penalties against Colombia as Argentina win the Copa America semi-final shootout.
Copa America Final Winning Goal
Scores the only goal as Argentina defeat Brazil at the Maracana and win the Copa America.
2021 Copa America Joint Top Scorer
Finishes the Copa America with four goals, sharing the tournament scoring lead as Argentina become champions.
Celtic Transfer
Joins Celtic from Vissel Kobe and quickly becomes a leading goalscorer.
World Heritage Status
Liverpool loses its UNESCO World Heritage status after waterfront development disputes.
Command Paper on Protocol
Publishes proposals to change the Northern Ireland Protocol.
Venus Thermal Tides
Akatsuki infrared cloud tracking separates day and night circulation patterns and clarifies the role of thermal tides in Venus's atmosphere.
Death
Dies in Austin after a career that reshaped particle physics, quantum field theory and modern cosmology.
Exceptional Measures
Kais Saied suspended parliament, dismissed the head of government, and assumed emergency executive authority.
Indigenous Peoples Legislation
Signs legislation defining the rights of indigenous peoples of Ukraine.
Lysychansk Claimed Captured
Russia claims control of Lysychansk in Luhansk Oblast.
Lysychansk Withdrawal
Confirms Ukrainian withdrawal from Lysychansk.
Higgs Boson Tenth Anniversary
Sees CERN commemorate ten years of increasingly precise measurements of the Higgs boson discovered with Large Hadron Collider data.
Higgs Boson
Sees CERN mark ten years since the discovery with increasingly precise measurements supporting the Higgs boson's predicted spin-zero Standard Model properties.
Higgs Boson Tenth Anniversary
Marks ten years since the ATLAS and CMS collaborations announced the discovery of a Higgs boson using Large Hadron Collider data.
Lugano Recovery Conference Address
Addresses the Ukraine Recovery Conference and outlines principles for rebuilding the country.
Large Hadron Collider Record Energy
Sees the Large Hadron Collider establish routine physics collisions at 13.6 TeV, the highest centre-of-mass energy then achieved by a collider.
Large Hadron Collider Run 3
Marks the start of Run 3 physics as the Large Hadron Collider delivers proton collisions at the record energy of 13.6 TeV.
Durham Police Investigation Concludes
Police conclude that Starmer has no case to answer over the campaign gathering.
Black Sea Grain Initiative
Hosts the agreement enabling grain exports from Ukrainian Black Sea ports
Black Sea Grain Initiative
Turkey helps broker a grain export agreement.
Bus Franchising Appeal Victory
Burnham welcomes the Court of Appeal's rejection of challenges to bus franchising.
Constitutional Referendum
Tunisians voted in a referendum on a new constitution expanding presidential powers.
Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony
Birmingham opens the Commonwealth Games with a ceremony at Alexander Stadium.
Olenivka Prison Explosion
Explosion kills Ukrainian prisoners of war at Olenivka prison.
Olenivka Prison Attack
Calls for investigation after Ukrainian prisoners of war are killed at Olenivka
Dortmund Free Transfer
Moves to Borussia Dortmund after leaving Bayern Munich and adds international experience to the centre of defence.
Euclid Dark Energy Mission Launch
Mellier leads the Euclid Consortium as the spacecraft launches on a mission designed to map cosmic structure and investigate the nature of dark energy.
Fukushima ALPS Safety Review Report
Presents the IAEA comprehensive safety review of Japan's plan for discharging ALPS-treated water from Fukushima Daiichi.
Education Opportunity Mission
Starmer proposes reform of childcare, schools, skills and vocational education.
United States Completes Chemical Stockpile Destruction
The United States destroys its final declared chemical weapon, completing destruction of the last declared national stockpile under OPCW verification.
Cluster Munitions Decision
Approves cluster munitions for Ukraine despite controversy.
Vilnius NATO Summit
Presses NATO allies for a clearer path toward Ukrainian membership and stronger security guarantees.
Biden Vilnius Meeting
Meets Joe Biden and discusses battlefield developments and long-term defense cooperation.
F-16 Training Coalition
Confirms with Mark Rutte that training for Ukrainian pilots on F-16 aircraft will begin.
NATO-Ukraine Council Launch
Participates in the inaugural NATO-Ukraine Council meeting at the Vilnius summit.
Chandrayaan-3 Launch
Chandrayaan-3 departs Sriharikota aboard LVM3 during S. Somanath's chairmanship for India's renewed lunar landing mission.
Chairman Takes Office
Komsic takes the rotating chairmanship of the Presidency
Grain Deal Withdrawal
Withdraws Russia from the Black Sea Grain Initiative
Grain Deal Withdrawal
Russia withdraws from the Black Sea grain deal.
Voyager 2 Antenna Misalignment
A command sequence inadvertently points Voyager 2's antenna away from Earth, interrupting normal communications.
Promulgation of New Constitution
Goita promulgates the constitution approved in the June referendum.
Final General Election Rally
Starmer concludes Labour's campaign by urging voters to choose political change.
General Election Victory
Starmer leads Labour to a decisive general election victory.
Fourth Parliamentary Election Victory
Starmer retains Holborn and St Pancras under the revised constituency boundaries.
NHS Policy Statement
Streeting sets out the new government's initial assessment of NHS pressures and states that diagnosis of performance problems will precede its longer-term reform programme.
Appointment as Prime Minister
Starmer accepts the King's invitation to form a Labour government.
First Downing Street Speech
Starmer promises a government of service and a programme of national renewal.
Formation of Cabinet
Starmer appoints the first Cabinet of the new Labour administration.
Quarter-Final Lead Against England
Breel Embolo opens the scoring against England in the Euro 2024 quarter-final, but Switzerland is eliminated on penalties after the match finishes 1-1.
Message to the Civil Service
Starmer tells civil servants that the Government will operate through national missions.
National Guard Command
Leads National Guard forces during the war.
Washington NATO Summit
Hosts NATO leaders in Washington.
Omega Centauri Black Hole Evidence
Haberle leads Hubble stellar-motion measurements providing strong evidence for an intermediate-mass black hole in Omega Centauri.
First NATO Summit as Prime Minister
Starmer reaffirms British commitments to NATO and continued military support for Ukraine.
Darzi NHS Investigation Commissioned
Streeting commissions an independent investigation led by Ara Darzi to examine NHS access, quality, performance and the challenges facing the health system in England.
Washington NATO Summit
Participates in the NATO summit and presses allies for air defense, weapons and an irreversible membership path.
2024 Copa America Golden Boot
Finishes the Copa America as leading scorer with five goals, including the final winner against Colombia.
Copa America Final Extra-Time Winning Goal
Scores in extra time as Argentina defeat Colombia 1-0 to retain the Copa America title.
First King's Speech
Starmer's Government presents its initial legislative programme at the State Opening of Parliament.
European Security Cooperation
Hosts European leaders as Britain seeks closer post Brexit cooperation.
Border Security Command Announcement
Starmer announces expanded European cooperation against organised migrant-smuggling networks.
UK-EU Reset Commitment
Starmer tells European leaders that Britain will reset relations with the European Union.
Russian Military Cooperation
Receives Russian military delegation after the Putin summit.
Campaign Withdrawal
Ends his campaign for reelection.
Kamala Harris Endorsement
Endorses Kamala Harris for president.
Air-Breathing Propulsion Test
The ATV-D03 flight tests indigenous air-breathing propulsion technology during S. Somanath's chairmanship.
Presidential Duties Assumed
Min Aung Hlaing assumes presidential duties during Myint Swe's medical leave
Lugano Champions League Qualifier Victory
Fenerbahce win 4-3 away to Lugano in the first leg of a Champions League qualifier.
First Prime Minister's Questions
Starmer answers questions in the Commons for the first time as Prime Minister.
Resident Doctors Pay Offer
The government reaches an agreement with BMA representatives to put a revised pay offer to resident doctors after renewed negotiations over the prolonged dispute.
Resident Doctor Pay Offer
The Government reaches a pay proposal with the BMA after renewed negotiations.
Southport Attack Response
Starmer responds to the fatal attack on children attending a dance event.
Teacher Pay Award
The Government confirms a fully funded 5.5 percent pay award for teachers.
Flood Recovery Campaign
Visits flood-hit areas and orders recovery efforts.
EU Relations Role
Takes responsibility for relations with the European Union in the new government.
UK EU Reset
Promises to reset relations with the European Union after Labour wins power.
Ten Year Health Plan
The government publishes its Ten Year Health Plan for England, organised around shifting care toward communities, digital services and prevention.
Ten Year Health Plan
Starmer publishes an NHS plan centred on community care, digital services and prevention.
Extension of Transitional Mandate
Goita promulgates a revised charter granting a renewable five-year transitional mandate.
Neighbourhood Health Service Rollout
The government begins implementation of neighbourhood health services, initially targeting deprived areas and patients with complex long-term conditions for more coordinated local care.
May GDP Contraction
ONS estimates that monthly GDP fell by 0.1 percent in May 2025.
Three-Month GDP Growth to May
ONS estimates that GDP grew by 0.5 percent in the three months to May.
Wimbledon
Wins the Wimbledon women's singles title.
Club World Cup Final
Scores twice as Chelsea win the Club World Cup.
Wimbledon
Wins the Wimbledon men's singles title.
Defense Procurement
Works on wartime defense procurement and international assistance.
Chairman Takes Office
Komsic again takes the rotating chairmanship of the Presidency
Resident Doctor Strike Resumes
Resident doctors begin five days of industrial action after renewed disagreement over pay.
Women's Euro Final
England win the Women's European Championship.
Russia Deadline
Sets a shortened deadline for Russia to make progress toward ending the war
Indefinite Re-Election Reform
Allied legislature approves reforms allowing indefinite presidential re-election
Premiership Ends
Min Aung Hlaing transfers the prime ministership to Nyo Saw
Prime Minister Takes Office
Nyo Saw becomes Prime Minister after the SAC caretaker government transition
Irish EU Council Presidency
Leads the government as Ireland begins its Presidency of the Council of the European Union for the second half of 2026.
Resignation Announced
Munteanu announces resignation but remains until a successor is named
Meeting with United Nations Secretary-General
Al-Menfi discusses Libya's political process and national stability with the United Nations Secretary-General.
Final Visit to Ukraine
Starmer visits Kyiv and reaffirms British support for Ukraine during his final week in office.
Three-Month GDP Growth to May 2026
ONS estimates that GDP grew by 0.7 percent in the three months to May 2026
Election as Labour Leader
Burnham is elected Leader of the Labour Party at a special conference.
Labour Leadership
Starmer's tenure as Labour leader ends after more than six years.
Ten-Goal 2026 Golden Boot
Scores ten goals for France to finish as the tournament's leading scorer.
World Cup Best Young Player
Wins the FIFA Best Young Player award after Spain's title-winning campaign.
2026 Final Winning Goal
Scores the 106th-minute goal as Spain defeat Argentina 1-0 after extra time.
2026 Golden Glove
Wins the Golden Glove after recording seven clean sheets in eight matches.
Spain World Cup Title Manager
Coaches Spain to its second World Cup title after victory over Argentina.
2026 Golden Ball
Wins the Golden Ball after helping Spain secure its second men's World Cup title.
Appointment as Prime Minister
Burnham accepts the King's invitation to form a government.
First Downing Street Speech
Burnham promises political decentralisation, reindustrialisation and a ten-year national plan.
National Rough Sleeping Drive
Burnham launches a national programme backed by additional funding to end long-term rough sleeping.
Resignation as Prime Minister
Starmer resigns and supports Andy Burnham as his successor.
Io Subsurface Temperature Measurements
Juno data provide the first measurements of temperatures beneath Io's surface, refining models of tidal heating.
Pluto
New analysis finds evidence that liquid nitrogen has recently risen through cracks to wet parts of northern Sputnik Planitia.
Continuing Government
Kristo continues as Chairwoman of the Council of Ministers
Continuing Presidency
Bukele continues as President and head of government of El Salvador
Continuing Premiership
Bektenov continues as Prime Minister under President Tokayev
Continuing Premiership
Marape continues as Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea
Continuing Presidency
Continues as President and head of government of Turkmenistan