Death of Octavia
Octavia, Nero's former wife, is executed in 62 after being divorced and exiled.
Historical events in June
7,851 historical records across all years
Death of Octavia
Is executed after Nero divorces her.
Death of Nero
Nero commits suicide near Rome on June 9, 68, bringing the Julio-Claudian dynasty to an end.
Death of Vespasian Titus Flavius
Death of Vespasian
Deification
Vespasian is deified on his death at Cutilia
Co-Emperor
Commodus becomes co-emperor with his father Marcus Aurelius.
Title Augustus
Marcus Aurelius raises Commodus to the rank of Augustus in 177.
Death of Didius Julianus
Is killed after Septimius Severus approaches Rome.
Succession Crisis
Takes Rome and ends Julianus claim to imperial power.
Death of Alban
Death of Alban, becomes Britains 1st Christian martyr at Verulamium
Execution of Alban
Becomes Britains 1st Christian martyr at Verulamium
Letter Recalling Athanasius
While still Caesar, Constantine II writes from Trier authorizing Bishop Athanasius to return from exile to Alexandria.
Edict of Religious Freedom
An edict passed by Emperor Julian tolerates all forms of religion. All teachers have to be acceptable to the Emperor, Christians are not acceptable
Edict of Religious Freedom
An edict passed by Emperor Julian tolerates all forms of religion
Reform of Church Governance
An edict passed by Emperor Julian tolerates all forms of religion
Siege of Ctesiphon
Julian the Apostate calls off the siege of Ctesiphon
Siege of Ctesiphon
Julian the Apostate calls off the siege of Ctesiphon
Death of Shapur II
Death of Julian the Apostate, in a skirmish retreating from Ctesiphon
Death of Julian the Apostate
Death of Julian, in battle, the last Emperor to champion polytheism
Death of Julian the Apostate
Death of Julian the Apostate, in a skirmish retreating from Ctesiphon
Battle of Florence
Stilichos Roman army beats Radagaisus Barbarians
Marriage
Theodosius II marries Aelia Eudocia
Marriage
Theodosius II marries Aelia Eudocia
Succession
Succeeds to the Persian throne, the thirty-eighth and last king of the Sasanian Empire of Iran
Battle of Soissons
Defeats Ragenfrid & Eudo & gains control of Neustria
King of the Lombards
After the fall of Pavia and the defeat of Desiderius, Charlemagne assumes the title King of the Lombards.
Martyrdom
Offa establishes a monastery on the site where Alban was martyred
Coronation at York
Archbishop Eanbald I and three bishops consecrate Eardwulf as King of Northumbria at York.
Death of Leo III
Death of Leo III
Death of Louis I the Pious
Dies at Ingelheim, succeeded by Lothar but civil war between his sons seems inevitable
Battle of Fontenay
The brothers Louis & Charles defeat their elder brother Lothair I
Battle of Fontenay
Attempts to seize all power but defeated by his brothers Pepin & Louis the German
Battle of Fontenay
The brothers Louis the German & Charles defeat their elder brother Lothair I
Coronation
Crowned at Kingston-on-Thames, Kingston is named after the ancient coronation stone
Reginar Recognized in Lotharingia
Reginar appears with the titles count and royal envoy, reflecting his leading position in Lotharingia near the end of Louis's reign.
Last Known Royal Diploma
Louis issues one of his final known royal diplomas at Frankfurt only months before his death.
Death of Athelflaed
Death of Athelflaed
Coronation
Crowned in Reims, Charles the Simple is gathering an army to retake the throne
Assassination of Robert
Has Robert killed, he had usurped the throne the previous year
Arrest of Charles I the Simple
Charles is defeated & imprisoned
Battle of Soissons
Charles is defeated & imprisoned. After the battle the Barons elect Rudolf Duke of Burgundy to the throne
Succession
The Barons elect Rudolf Duke of Burgundy to the throne
Battle of Soissons
Robert is killed in battle although he defeats Charles the Simples army
Arrest of Charles I the Simple
Imprisoned by the rebels but the conflict continues
Grant of Amounderness
Athelstan granted Amounderness to the church of Saint Peter at York.
Army Reaches Nottingham
Athelstan's army reaches Nottingham during the northward march toward Scotland.
Succession
Crwned but does not assume power until Lothairs death in 986
Burial
Alfeges body is moved by King Canute to Canterbury Cathedral and placed beneath the North side of the High Altar; a memorial slab now marks the spot where his tomb was
Death of Alfege
Alfeges body is moved by King Canute to Canterbury Cathedral and placed beneath the North side of the High Altar; a memorial slab now marks the spot where his tomb was
Death of Conrad II
Dies at Utrecht aged 49, he is succeeded as German King by his son Henry
Succession
The son of Ethelred II is helped to the throne by Godwin, Earl of Wessex. The English Line is restored. Harthacanute dies age 23 childless leading to the restoration of the English line
Battle of Civitella
The inhabitants of Civitate hand the Pope over to the Normans. Defeated 10 miles north west of San Severo by the Norman forces of Robert Guiscard
Exile of Tostig
The Earls Edwin and Morcar defeat Tostig decisively, deserted by his men, he fled to his sworn brother, King Malcolm III of Scotland
Invasion of England
The Earls Edwin and Morcar defeat Tostig decisively, deserted by his men, he fled to his sworn brother, King Malcolm III of Scotland. Moves north and after an unsuccessful attempt to get his brother Gyrth to join him, raids Norfolk and Lincolnshire
Lincolnshire Reverse
Tostig's raiding force is defeated by local opposition in Lincolnshire and continues north seeking stronger allies.
Invasion of England
Defeated by the local levies of Lincolnshire, moves north to wait for Haardraade
Peace with Danish Forces
William secures the departure of Danish forces, reducing the chance of renewed Scandinavian support for English resistance.
Exile of Romanus IV
Romanuss blinding is carried out so brutally that he soon died because of the injury and subsequent infection. Brought back to Constantinople, Romanos is blinded (June 29, 1072) and sent into exile to the island of Proti
Capture of Earl Morcar
Earl Morcar is captured after the collapse of resistance at Ely.
Ely Stronghold Overcome
William's forces overcome the rebel position at Ely, ending the last major organized Anglo-Saxon resistance to his rule.
Homage
In the Treaty of Abernethy between William the Conqueror & Malcolm III of Scotland Malcolm pays homage to William
Treaty of Abernethy
In the Treaty of Abernethy Malcolm III agrees to expel Edgar. In the Treaty of Abernethy between William the Conqueror & Malcolm III of Scotland Malcolm pays homage to William
Treaty of Abernethy
In the Treaty of Abernethy Malcolm III agrees to expel Edgar. In the Treaty of Abernethy between William the Conqueror & Malcolm III of Scotland Malcolm pays homage to William
Capture of Valencia
The Arabs call him "El Cid Campeador", Lord Champion. Captures Valencia after a 20 month siege
Battle of Nicea
The Turks surrender
Battle of Nicea
The French knight Walter the Penniless (Gautier sans avoir) is killed after having led hordes through Europe and Asia in what will be called the Peasants Crusade
Battle of Nicea
The Muslims are defeated by Alexius Comnenus. The Crusaders and Byzantine Greeks capture the Seljuk Turk's capital
Battle of Nicea
The Muslims are defeated by Alexius Comnenus. The Crusaders and Byzantine Greeks capture the Seljuk Turk's capital
Battle of Antioch
Antioch falls after 9 months
Capture of Antioch
Antioch falls after 9 months
Siege of Antioch
There are great losses & the Norman & provencal Crusaders fall out. Antioch falls after 9 months
Siege of Antioch
Antioch falls to the Crusaders after 9 months after great losses on both sides
Siege of Antioch
Kerbogha arrives before Antioch & besieges the besiegers
Battle of Orontes
Defeats the Moslem army which suffers heavy casualties
Siege of Antioch
The Crusaders beat back Kerboghas siege of Crusader Antioch
Battle of Orontes
Defeated at Orantes by the Crusades, the siege of Antioch finally ends
Battle of Orontes
Leads a defeated Moslem army which suffers heavy casualties
Capture of Antioch
Godfrey takes part in the capture of Antioch. When the Crusaders finally took the city, they decided that their oaths to Alexius had been breached and were no longer in effect. Bohemond, the first to enter the city gates, claimed the prize for himself. A Muslim force under Kerbogha, from the city of Mosul, arrived and battled the Crusaders, but the Christians finally defeated these Islamic troops
Siege of Antioch
Godfrey takes part in the capture of Antioch. When the Crusaders finally took the city, they decided that their oaths to Alexius had been breached and were no longer in effect. Bohemond, the first to enter the city gates, claimed the prize for himself. A Muslim force under Kerbogha, from the city of Mosul, arrived and battled the Crusaders, but the Christians finally defeated these Islamic troops
Siege of Bethlehem
The citizens of Bethlehem invite Tancred to protect them
Marriage
Marries Count Geoffrey Plantagenet of Anjou. Arranged by Henry I to mollify northern France. Arranged by Henry I to improve chances of succeeding him in Normandy & England
Marriage
Marries Matilda, the heiress of Henry I of England
Death of Niels of Denmark
Death of Niels of Denmark, kiled during a skirmish in Schleswig, end of the reign of the last of Sweyn Estridsons sons
Death of Niels of Denmark
Death of Niels of Denmark, kiled during a skirmish in Schleswig, end of the reign of the last of Sweyn Estridsons sons
Coronation
Attempts to become the 1st crowned Queen of England but has to leave London
Reballion of Rebels in London
The rebellion is provoked by Matildas arrogance & tax demands. Londoners expel Matilda from Westminster during a banquet. Attempts to become the 1st crowned Queen of England but has to leave London
Reballion of Rebels in Oxford
Forced to flee to Oxford from London
Siege of Tower of London
Matilda is driven out of London due to her arrogance. Londoners besiege Matildas ally Geoffrey de Mandeville
Siege of Tower of London
Matilda is driven out of London due to her arrogance. Londoners besiege Matildas ally Geoffrey de Mandeville
Marriage
Marries Beatrix, daughter of the late Count of Upper Burgundy
Rule of Burgundy
Gains Upper Burgundy after marrying Beatrix
Peace
Pope Adrian IV & William of Sicily come to terms
Peace
Pope Adrian IV & William of Sicily come to terms
Capture of Milan
Captures Milan from the insurgents
Holy Roman Empire
Makes Vladislav of Bohemia a King
Holy Roman Empire
Claims the right as Emperor & King of the Lombards to rule Lombardy
Holy Roman Empire
Captures Milan from the insurgents
Invasion of Italy
Claims the right as Emperor & King of the Lombards to rule Lombardy
Rule of Lombardy
Claims the right as Emperor & King of the Lombards to rule Lombardy
Succession
Makes Vladislav of Bohemia a King
Archbishop of Canterbury
Consecrated as Archbishop & then changes loyalty from Henry II to the Church
Consecration
Consecrated as Archbishop & then changes loyalty from Henry II to the Church
Coronation
Has his son Prince Henry crowned joint-king to ensure the succession
Succession
Never ruled & not counted in the monarchs of England, known as Henry the Young King. Has his son Prince Henry crowned joint-king to ensure the succession
Coronation
Crowned by the Archbishop of York despite the rights of the Archbishop of Canterbury
Succession
Never ruled & not counted in the monarchs of England, known as Henry the Young King
Coronation
Infringes the rights of the Archbishop of Canterbury. Crowns Prince Henry against public opinion
Death of Frederick I Barbarossa
Drowns in Cilcia crusading in Anatolia trying to save the latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. Death of Frederick I Barbarossa
Diplomatic Meeting at Vezelay
The King's of England & France, Phillip II, meet before embarking for Jerusalem
Siege of Acre
Richard enters the port of Acre & prepares for a siege
Battle of Alarcos
Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur lands at Tarifa, crooses the Sevilla province the main Almohad army reached Cordoba on June 30, reinforced by the few troops raised by the local governors and by a Christian cavalry contingent under Pedro Fernendez de Castro
Battle of Alarcos
Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur lands at Tarifa, crooses the Sevilla province the main Almohad army reached Cordoba on June 30, reinforced by the few troops raised by the local governors and by a Christian cavalry contingent under Pedro Fernendez de Castro
Capture of Rouen
Normandy is finally lost to France after Philip II takes its capital Rouen
Rule of Channel Islands
John is left with just the Channel Islands after his other French possessions are lost
Rule of France
John is left with just the Channel Islands after his other French possessions are lost
Rule of Normandy
Normandy is finally lost to France after Philip II takes its capital Rouen
Siege of Rouen
Normandy is finally lost to France after Philip II takes its capital Rouen
Capture of Normandy
Completes the capture of Normandy from John by taking Rouen
Capture of Rouen
Completes the capture of Normandy from John by taking Rouen
Siege of Rouen
Completes the capture of Normandy from John by taking Rouen
Defence of Aquitaine
Begins a campaign to defend Aquitaine
Capture of Mountauban
Captures the strategic castle of Mountauban in Gascony
Rule of Aquitaine
Lands in La Rochelle to defend Aquitaine
Siege of Mountauban
Captures the strategic castle of Mountauban in Gascony
Assassination of Philip
Assassinated by Otto of Wittelsbach, Philip had refused to marry his daughter Beatrix
Death of Philip
Death of Philp of Swabia, assassinated by Otto IV, ends the civil war
Assassination of Philip of Swabia
Has Philp of Swabia assassinated, marks end of civil war
Death of Otto IV
Death of Philp of Swabia, assassinated by Otto IV, ends the civil war
Siege of Aberystwyth
Leads a rebellion against Johns Invasion of north Wales & burns aberysywyth castle
Peace
Makes a truce with Llewelyn of Wales
Peace
John makes a truce with Llewelyn
Constitution of England
John stamps the Royal Seal on the Magna Carta on the island of Runnymede near Windsor
Magna Carta
John stamps the Royal Seal on the Magna Carta on the island of Runnymede near Windsor. John stamps the Royal Seal on the Magna Carta on the island of Runnymede near Windsor. John stamps the Royal Seal on the Magna Carta on the island of Runnymede near Windsor
Magna Carta
William is one of the few English noblemen to remain loyal to the royal side through the Barons War. Marshall deals with the barons who make King John agree to the Magna Carta
Charter
The Magna Carta confirms priveliges in the accession charter signed by Henry I. John meets the Barons & agrees the 1st draft of the "Charter of Liberties"
Constitution of England
The Magna Carta confirms priveliges in the accession charter signed by Henry I. John meets the Barons & agrees the 1st draft of the "Charter of Liberties"
Magna Carta
The Magna Carta confirms priveliges in the accession charter signed by Henry I. John meets the Barons & agrees the 1st draft of the "Charter of Liberties". The Magna Carta confirms priveliges in the accession charter signed by Henry I. The Magna Carta confirms priveliges in the accession charter signed by Henry I
Execution
The rebel baron leaders MacWilliam & MacHeth are executed
Reballion of The
The rebel leaders MacWilliam & MacHeth are executed. Rebellion against the new King is crushed
Constitution of England
The Magna Carta confirms the rights of the Church & Barons. 25 barons are appointed to oversee the working of the Magna Carta
Magna Carta
The Magna Carta standardises weights & measures. The Magna Carta confirms the rights of the Church & Barons. 25 barons are appointed to oversee the working of the Magna Carta
Weights
The Magna Carta standardises weights & measures
Constitution of England
Imports foreign mercenaries to fight the barons
Constitution of England
The Magna Carta remains the basis of English feudal justice
Constitution of England
John gets Pope Innoccent III to issue a Papal bull against the Magna Carta
Magna Carta
The Magna Carta remains the basis of English feudal justice
Magna Carta
John gets Pope Innoccent III to issue a Papal bull against the Magna Carta. John gets Pope Innoccent III to issue a Papal bull against the Magna Carta. John gets Pope Innoccent III to issue a Papal bull against the Magna Carta
Papal Bull
John gets Pope Innoccent III to issue a Papal bull against the Magna Carta. John gets Pope Innoccent III to issue a Papal bull against the Magna Carta
Constitution of Scotland
Supports the English barons who force John to sign the Magna Carta
Magna Carta
Supports the English barons who force John to sign the Magna Carta
Death of Peter Des Roches
Death of Peter Des Roches
Burial
Roches is buried in the grounds of Winchester Cathedral
Birth of Edward I
Birth of Edward I, eldest son of Henry III & Eleanor of Provence
Birth of Edward I
Birth of Edward I, eldest son of Henry III & Eleanor of Provence
Baptism
Edward I is baptised
Death of Ivan Asen II
Death of Ivan Asen II
Death of Henry de Beaumont
Death of Thomas de Beaumont, 6th Earl of Warwick
Election
Innocent IV is elected unanimously at the conclave in Anagni
Battle of Kosedagh
The Seljuk Turks army in Asia Minor is wiped out by the Mongols. Defeats the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Kosedagh & captures Khwarzem & Anatolia
Capture of Anatolia
Defeats the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Kosedagh & captures Khwarzem & Anatolia
Capture of Khwarzem
Defeats the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Kosedagh & captures Khwarzem & Anatolia
Battle of Kosedagh
The Seljuk Turks army in Asia Minor is wiped out by the Mongols. The Mongols defeat the Seljuk Turks
Death of Abel
Death of Abel, killed in battle during a punishment expedition in Friesland
Constitution of England
Parliament must be called 3 times a yr. An oath must be taken to support the constitution
Council of Oxford
The Council of Oxford appoints a committee of 24 who produce the Provisions of Oxford
Provisions of Oxford
The Council of Oxford appoints a committee of 24 who produce the Provisions of Oxford
Constitution of England
An oath must be taken to support the constitution
Oath
An oath must be taken to support the constitution
Provisions of Oxford
Under the Provisions of Oxford Parliament has to be called 3 times a yr. An oath must be taken to support the constitution. Administration is shared by a Council of Barons & the King
Constitution of England
Henry & the Barons must take an oath to observe the Provisions of Oxford.
Constitution of England
Parliament will be held 3 times a yr & the households of the king and queen reformed.
Constitution of England
Seven leading barons forced Henry to agree to the Provisions of Oxford, which effectively abolished the absolutist Anglo-Norman monarchy, giving power to a council of fifteen barons.
Constitution of England
Under the Provisions of Oxford Parliament will be held 3 times a yr & the households of the King and Queen reformed.
Provisions of Oxford
Henry III was forced to give up power to a newly elected Council of Barons.
Provisions of Oxford
Henry was forced to take part in the swearing of a collective oath to the Provisions of Oxford.
Provisions of Oxford
Seven leading barons forced Henry to agree to the Provisions of Oxford, which effectively abolished the absolutist Anglo-Norman monarchy, giving power to a council of fifteen barons.
Provisions of Oxford
Under the Provisions of Oxford, Parliament would meet three times a year, and the households of the king and queen would be reformed.
Reform of Parliament
Under the Provisions of Oxford Parliament will be held 3 times a yr & the households of the King and Queen reformed
Parliament
Montfort and Gilbert organize a new Parliament
Alliance Gilbert de Clare Gloucester, 8th and Welsh
Falls out with de Montfort after the latters alliance with the Welsh
Alliance Simon de Montfort and Prince Llewellyn
Earl Simon meets Prince Llewellyn & is promised 5,000 Welsh spearmen
Siege of Monmouth
Simon de Montforts army isprevented from crossing thw Wye by John Giffard
Siege of Monmouth
Simon de Montforts army isprevented from crossing thw Wye by John Giffard
Siege of Gloucester
Surrenders Gloucester to the Royalists
Mobilization
Edward I joins forces with Gilbert the Red, his 2nd in command
Siege of Gloucester
Edward I & Gilbert the Red capture Gloucester
Mobilization
Edward I joins forces with Gilbert the Red, his 2nd in command
Siege of Gloucester
Edward I & Gilbert the Red capture Gloucester
Bishop
The monks of Worcester elect Giffard as Bishop of Worcester
Marriage
Marries Beatrix von Falkenburg, daughter of Dirk II von Falkenburg
Statute of Rhuddlan
Celebrates his conquest of Wales by holding a King Arthur type Round Table Court
Rule of Gascony
Lives in Gascony for the next 3 yrs. Forced to pay homage to Philip IV in order to defend Gascony
Succession
Meets Edward I to help settle the Scottish succession
Succession
Meets Edward I to help settle the Scottish succession
Interregnum
Scottish royal castles were temporarily placed under Edward's control during the arbitration.
Committee of Berwick
The hearing into the Scottish succession is resumed in the presence of Edward I
Death of Roger Bacon
Death of Roger Bacon
Abdication
John Balliol surrenders to the English
Battle of Montrose
John Balliol surrenders to the English
Invasion of Scotland
John Balliol surrenders to the English
Siege of Montrose
John Balliol surrenders to the English
Battle of Montrose
John Balliol surrenders to the English
Rule of Esssex
Edward I declares forfeit all Douglas lands in Esssex & Northumberland
Rule of Northumberland
Edward I declares forfeit all Douglas lands in Esssex & Northumberland
Rule of Essex
Edward I declares forfeit all Douglas lands in Esssex & Northumberland
Rule of Northumberland
Edward I declares forfeit all Douglas lands in Esssex & Northumberland
Defection
Defects to the side of Wallace, and becomes Wallaces standard bearer
Battle of Falkirk
Helps Edward I defeat William Wallace
Battle of Falkirk
Defeats Wallaces army near Falkirk leaving Edward in control of south east Scotland
Battle of Falkirk
Wallace falls from power after defeat at the Battle of Falkirk. Decides to face the English in open battle, falls victim to English archers. About 15,000 Scots are slain & Wallace retreats, burning Stirling & Perth on his way
Battle of Falkirk
Commands the Scotish cavalry which is forced from the field of battle
Invasion of Scotland
Edward I reviews his army which consists of 12,500 infantry, English, Welsh, and Irish, alongside the cavalry, the veterans of his French wars
Exile of William Wallace
Seeks exile in France after the Battle of Falkirk
Invasion of Scotland
Edward I reaches Carlisle
Pope
Appointed Pope, Bertrand de got Archbishop of Bordeaux, a Gascon subject of Edward I
Athis-sur-Orge Settlement Imposed on Flanders
Philip IV imposes a costly settlement that confirms French leverage over Flanders after renewed campaigning.
Battle of Methven
Routes the Army of Robert Bruce
Battle of Methven
Captured by the English at the Battle of Methven
Battle of Methven
Robert Is Army is defeated by the Earl of Pembroke. Edward I defeats Bruce at the Battle of Methven, executes many of his supporters and forces the Scottish king into becoming a hunted outlaw
Siege of Kildrummy
Edward II & Pembroke lay siege to Kildrummy after victory at Methven
Battle of Ruthven
Robert Is Army is virtually destroyed near Perth by Edward I
Siege of Kildrummy
Edward II & Pembroke lay siege to Kildrummy after victory at Methven
Arrest of William Wishart
Taken in chains to Porchester Castle & kept for 8 yrs in confinement, loses his sight
Siege of Berwick
Robert the Bruces Queen is held in a cage on the castle walls of Berwick & Roxburgh
Siege of Berwick
Robert the Bruces Queen is held in a cage on the castle walls of Berwick & Roxburgh
Siege of Kildrummy
Captured & held in a wooden cage on the castle walls of Berwick & Roxburgh
Birth of Philippa of Hainault
Birth of Philippa of Hainault, a daughter of William I, Count of Hainaut, Holland and Zeeland, and Joan of Valois, the granddaughter of Philip III of France
Execution
A group of barons led by Lancaster arrest Gaveston & have him executed
Siege of Stirling
Arrives at Stirling at the head of an army of 20,000, outnumbering the Scots 2:1
Death of Henry de Bohun
Robert killed Henry de Bohun in single combat during the opening fighting before the main Battle of Bannockburn.
Battle of Bannockburn
However, all the refugees who entered the castle were taken prisoner by its formerly pro-English governor Walter fitz Gilbert who, like many Lowland knights, declared for Bruce as soon as word came of the Scottish King's victory
Battle of Bannockburn
Humphrey de Bohun was ransomed by Edward II, his brother-in-law, on the pleading of his wife Isabella. This was one of the most interesting ransoms in English history. The Earl was traded for Bruces queen, Elizabeth de Burgh and daughter, Marjorie Bruce, two bishops amongst other important Scots captives in England
Battle of Bannockburn
Leading a large company of Welsh and English knights and archers. The archers might have had success at breaking up the Scots schiltrons until they were overrun by the Scots cavalry.
Battle of Bannockburn
When the battle was lost Bohun retreated with the Earl of Angus and several other barons, knights and men to Bothwell Castle, seeking a safe haven.
Battle of Bannockburn
Joint Commander with Sir James Douglas of the left wing at Bannockburn
Battle of Bannockburn
Shares in Edward IIs defeat by the Scots, commands the rearward division
Battle of Bannockburn
Edward is forced to recognize Scottish independence. Defeated by Robert the Bruce after failing to relieve Stirling Castle. After the Battle of Bannockburn Edward is forced to recognize Scottish independence
Battle of Bannockburn
Commands the left wing
Battle of Bannockburn
Wins the recognition of Scottish independence. English losses are about 10,000, the Scots lose 4,000
Siege of Stirling
Defeats Edward II when he fails to relieve Stirling Castle
Battle of Bannockburn
Fails to raise the siege of Stirling castle when defeated at Bannockburn
Battle of Bannockburn
Escapes back to London via Dunbar
Siege of Stirling
Fails to raise the siege of Stirling castle when defeated at Bannockburn
Death of Louis X
Death of Louis X
Defeat of Walter de Lacy
Mortimer defeated Walter de Lacy during operations against supporters of the Bruce invasion.
Repulse of de Lacy Counterattack
Mortimer's forces repelled a renewed attack by Walter de Lacy and his brothers.
Invasion of England
Edward II gatheres a force of some 8,000 at Newcastle with the aim of recovering Berwick from the Scots
Siege of Berwick
Edward II gatheres a force of some 8,000 at Newcastle with the aim of recovering Berwick from the Scots
Peace with Flanders
Philip brought the long conflict with Flanders to a negotiated settlement.
Sherburn Convention
Mortimer attended the baronial convention at Sherburn in Elmet as opposition to the Despensers widened.
Archbishop of Canterbury
Mepham is appointed Archbishop of Canterbury
Archbishop of Canterbury
Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury
Archbishop
Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury
Deposition of Michael of Cesena
John removed Michael of Cesena from leadership of the Franciscan order after their conflict over poverty.
Franciscan Vicar General
John appointed Cardinal Bertrand de la Tour as vicar-general of the Franciscan order.
Homage at Amiens
Pays homage to Philip VI for English lands in France
Homage
Edward III pays homage to Philip VI
Rule of Guyenne
Edward III pays homage to Philip VI for Guyenne
Coronation
Coronation of David II
Death of Robert I the Bruce
Edward III is free to support the Balliols against the Bruces in Scotland. Death of Robert I, of leprosy at Cardross castle
Birth of Edward of Woodstock
Edward III's eldest son, Edward of Woodstock, later known as the Black Prince, was born at Woodstock and became the principal male heir to the English throne.
Birth of Edward the Black Prince
Birth of Edward the Black Prince, eldest son of King Edward III and Philippa of Hainault, and the father of King Richard II of England
Loss of Gibraltar
Alfonso XI loses Gibraltar to Marinid forces allied with Granada
Royal Itinerary North
The king's government moves north for the Scottish campaign
Kenmu Restoration Begins
Go-Daigo returns to power after the collapse of the Kamakura shogunate
Marinid Power in Strait
Abu al-Hasan expands Marinid influence across the Strait of Gibraltar
Gibraltar Campaign
The Marinid sultan supports the capture of Gibraltar
Fourth Siege of Gibraltar
Alfonso XI attempts to retake Gibraltar after its loss
Balliol Homage
Receives homage from Edward Balliol for claims in Scotland
Homage
Edward Balliol agrees to pay Edward III homage
Homage
Agrees to pay homage to Edward III
Battle of Sluys
Present at the English victory in the Battle of Sluys
Battle of Sluys
Wins a major naval victory over the French fleet
Battle of Sluys
Wins a naval victory over the French fleet to transport his forces across to France
Sluys Victory Secures Flanders Approach
Edward III's naval victory at Sluys protects communications with allies in Flanders.
Battle of Sluys
Edward III leads a campaign in north France & defeats the French fleet
Birth of Edmund of Langley
Gives birth to Edmund of Langley
Henry of Grosmont Sent
Sends Henry of Grosmont to lead English operations in Gascony
War Renewed
Renews offensive operations in France through Gascony Brittany and Flanders
Ordinance of Labourers
Issues labour controls after plague mortality disrupts wages and service
Council at Kaifeng
Ming commanders confirm plans for the final march on Dadu
Battle of Rochelle
Supports the French fleet against the English, La Rochelle surrenders to the French
Battle of Rochelle
The French Fleet regains control of the west & north of France. The French fleet, helped by Castille, defeat an English fleet
Battle of La Rochelle
The French fleet regains control of the western & northern coasts of France. The French fleet, helped by Castille, defeat an English fleet
Bristol Charter
Issues the charter making Bristol a county in its own right.
Bristol County Status
Bristol is granted County status
County Status
Grants Bristol county status separate from Gloucestershire and Somerset.
Rule of Batonne
Under the Treaty of Bruge England is awarded Batonne
Rule of Brest
Under the Treaty of Bruges England retains Brest
Rule of Brittany
Under the Treaty of Bruges England is awarded 3 forts in Brittany
Rule of Brittany
Under the Treaty of Bruges England is awarded 3 forts in Brittany. England retains parts of Brittany under the Treaty of Bruges
Rule of Calais
Under the Treaty of Bruges England retains Calais
Rule of Gascony
Under the Treaty of Bruges England retains parts of Gascony around Bordeaux
Treaty of Bruges
England and France agree a truce at Bruges during the Hundred Years War.
Treaty of Bruges
England retains Calais, parts of Gascony around Bordeaux & Batonne. England retains Brest & 3 forts in Brittany. A truce is made
Death of Edward the Black Prince
Death of Edward the Black Prince
Death of Edward the Black Prince
Death of Edward the Black Prince
Death of Edward III
Death of Edward III, at Richmond Palace
Succession
Succeeds as King of England
Peace
The truce with France expires
Reform of Taxation
Heads an enquiry into why the poll tax is not being paid, at Brentwood it is attacked
Reballion of Rebels in Brentwood
3 jurors are killed as a commission of enquiry attempts to overcome poll tax evasion
Siege of Dartford
Begins the revolt by leading a poll tax attack on Dartford
Siege of Rochester
Leads an attack on Rochester
Siege of Rochester
Insurgents from Gravesend storm Rochester Castle & free its prisoners
Siege of Maidstone
Tyler is chosen as the rebels leader
Siege of Canterbury
Watt Tyler is chosen as the rebel leader
Siege of London
Essex rebels reach the Mile End & Kentish rebels reach Blackheath
Siege of London
Arrives from Essex at the head of a band of insurgents
Siege of London
Richard II seeks refuge in the Tower. Rbels attack John of Gaunts palace at the Savoy
Siege of London
Unable to cross the River at Greenwich peasants attack St Marys, Southwark
Siege of London
Richard II seeks refuge in the Tower. Rebels attack John of Gaunts palace at the Savoy
Siege of London
His Palace is destroyed during while he is away negtiating with the Scots
Siege of London
Peasants wait to meet Richard II, they have no arguement with him but he turns back
Siege of London
The Peasants revolt reaches the Tower of London. Takes refuge in the Tower & addresses the crowd in the Green. Arranges to meet the crowd the next day
Assassination of John Legge
Dragged from the Tower & beheaded on Tower Hill by the rebels
Death of John Legge
Death of John Legge
Assassination of Robert Hales
Dragged from the Tower & beheaded on Tower Hill by the rebels
Death of Robert Hales
Death of Robert Hales
Siege of London
Richard II agrees to meet Tyler the following day at Smithfield. Despite the King's promises & the dispersal of the peasants Tyler remains in London
Assassination of William Appleton
Dragged from the Tower & beheaded on Tower Hill by the rebels
Death of William Appleton
Death of John Appleton
Siege of London
Accompanies Richard II on his ride out of the Tower to negotiate with the rebels
Assassination of Simon Sudbury
Dragged from the Tower & beheaded on Tower Hill by the rebels
Death of Simon Sudbury
Death of Simon Sudbury
Assassination of Richard II
Dragged from the Tower & beheaded on Tower Hill by the rebels
Siege of London
Rides to Mile End where rebels demand the abolition of serfdom. Rides out from the Tower to negotiate, agrees to freedom of contract of labour. Promises to meet demands & allow peasants to rent land at 4d per acre. Peasants demand the heads of Chancellor Sudbury, Treasurer Hales & John of Gaunt. Peasants demand rents of 4d an acre per year
Siege of London
Promises to grant a pardon but most of the rebels continue their destruction
Siege of London
Peasants break into the Tower of London & execute, among others, Simon Sudbury
Assassination of Walter "Wat" Tyler
The Lord Mayor of London, William Walworth, draws his sword & slashes the unarmed Wat Tyler
Death of Walter Wat Tyler
The Lord Mayor of London, William Walworth, draws his sword & slashes the unarmed Wat Tyler. The Lord Mayor of London, William Walworth draws his sword slashes the unarmed Wat Tyler. Stabbed by one of the King's esquires, John Cavendish. Death of Wat Tyler
Siege of London
The head of Wat Tyler replaces that of Sudbury on London Bridge
Siege of London
Demands the end of Lordship, abolition of bishoprics & confiscation of Church land
Siege of London
Confronts Richard II & makes further demands, he is cut down
Siege of London
When the rebellion is ended that day Walworth is knighted. Accompanies Richard II to Smithfield & raises reinforcements
Reballion of Rebels in London
Supports Richard II against Tylers mob in London & is later knighted at Smithfield
Siege of London
Summons the rebels & meets Watt Tyler who is killed by Walworth during negotiations. Confronts Tyler who makes further demands, he is then cut down. After Tyler is killed his followers are pardoned, the revolt lasted less than a week
Siege of London
Had devised the poll tax which provoked rebellion
Assassination of Richard Lyon
Killed by the peasants
Siege of Maidstone
Helps free John Ball & becomes the rebellions leader
Siege of London
The Archbishops palace is attacked & the chancery records are burned
Siege of London
Takes refuge in the Tower of London
Arrest of John Ball
Insurgents & free John Ball who had been imprisoned by the Archbishop of Canterbury
Siege of Maidstone
Insurgents & free John Ball who had been imprisoned by the Archbishop of Canterbury
Siege of London
The revolt is precipitated by the poll tax raised for a war against France. The peasants demand an end to servitude & wish to be able to rent land. Richards council, led by his uncle John of Gaunt, provokes a rebellion. 100.000 from Kent & Essex march on London
Petition
Richard of Wallingford presents a charter to King Richard II on behalf of Tyler
Siege of London
Richards council, led by his uncle John of Gaunt, provokes a rebellion. 100.000 men from Essex & Kent march on London
Petition
Richard of Wallingford presents a charter to King Richard II on behalf of Tyler
Siege of Ypres
Leads the Norwich Crusade army toward Ypres.
Siege of Ypres
Defends Flemish authority as English-backed forces threaten Ypres.
Death of Andronicus IV Palaeologus
Death of Andronicus IV Palaeologus
Capture of Minho
John I completes the liberation of almost all of the Minho in the course of two months, in the war against Castille and its claims to the Portuguese throne
Succession
John I completes the liberation of almost all of the Minho in the course of two months, in the war against Castille and its claims to the Portuguese throne
Assassination of Murad I
Stabbed to death by a Serbian noble, Milos Obilic, who posed as a Serbian deserter
Death of Murad I
Death of Murad I, assassinated
Arrest of Lazar of Serbia
Arrests the Serbian leader Lazar at the Battle of Kosovo & has him executed
Battle of Kosovo
Inflicts a crushing defeat on the Serbian army after the assassination of Murad I. After the assassination of his father, Murad I, has all the Serb prisoners executed
Massacre
After the assassination of his father, Murad I, has all the Serb prisoners executed
Battle of Kosovo
Turkish victory over the Serbs. Thrace, Macedonia & southern Bulgaria are added to the Ottoman Empire. The Serbian nobility is wiped out. The Serbian King Lazar I is taken prisoner & executed. Stabbed to death by a Serbian noble, Milos Obilic, who posed as a Serbian deserter. Murad I gives the Prince of Serbia an ultimatum, surrender & stepdown or die
Capture of Kosovo
Aftter the Battle of Kosovo Turkey captures Thrace. Aftter the Battle of Kosovo Turkey captures south Bulgaria. Aftter the Battle of Kosovo Turkey captures Macedonia
Death of Anne of Bohemia
Death of Anne of Bohemia
Burial
Buried in Westminster Abbey
Reballion of Irish
Goes to Ireland to suppress the Irish revolt, Henry Bolingbroke can invade England
Battle of Pilleth
Defeated by Owen Glendower
Battle of Pilleth
The Welsh under Glendower defeat the English under Edmund de Mortimer
Battle of Pilleth
Defeats Sir Edmund Mortimer
Arrest of Richard Scrope
Arrested as a traitor & brought before Henry IV
Arrest of Thomas Mowbray
Arrested as a traitor & brought before Henry IV
Death of William Plumpton
Executed by Henry IV for being a traitor
Execution
Executed by Henry IV for being a traitor
Death of Richard Scrope
Executed by Henry IV for being a traitor
Execution
Executed by Henry IV for being a traitor
Death of Thomas Mowbray
Executed by Henry IV for being a traitor
Execution
Executed by Henry IV for being a traitor
Council of Pisa
A church council was held at Pisa in 1409 under the auspices of the cardinals to try solving the dispute. At the fifteenth session, 5 June 1409, the Council of Pisa deposed the two pontiffs as schismatical, heretical, perjured, and scandalous But added to the problem by electing another incumbent, Alexander V. He reigned from June 26, 1409, to his death in 1410
Western Schism
A church council was held at Pisa in 1409 under the auspices of the cardinals to try solving the dispute. At the fifteenth session, 5 June 1409, the Council of Pisa deposed the two pontiffs as schismatical, heretical, perjured, and scandalous But added to the problem by electing another incumbent, Alexander V. He reigned from June 26, 1409, to his death in 1410
Marriage
Catherine and Henry V are married at the Parish Church of St John or at Troyes Cathedral
Marriage
Marries Catherine de Valois, daughter of Charles VI
Treaty of Troyes
Maries in accordance with the Treaty of Troyes, in Troyes cathedral
Marriage
Maries in accordance with the Treaty of Troyes, in Troyes cathedral
Treaty of Troyes
Recognizes the inheritance of the French throne through his father-in-law Charles IV. Declares the Dauphin Charles of France illegitimate
Birth of Henry VI
Birth of Henry VI, son of Henry V & Catherine of Valois
Inner Austrian Inheritance
Inherits Styrian, Carinthian and Carniolan claims while still young.
Capture of Jargeau
Joan of Arcs army captures Jargeau after a brief siege
Siege of Jargeau
Joan of Arcs army captures Jargeau after a brief siege
Capture of Jargeau
Joan of Arcs army captures Jargeau after a brief siege
Siege of Jargeau
Joan of Arcs army captures Jargeau after a brief siege
Capture of Meung-sur-Loire
Joan of Arcs army captures the fortified bridge at Meung-sur-Loire & then moves on to Beaugency
Siege of Meung-sur-Loire
Joan of Arcs army captures the fortified bridge at Meung-sur-Loire & then moves on to Beaugency
Battle of Patay
Joan of Arcs army crushes a large English force at the Battle of Patay, during which the English lost nearly half of their troops
Siege of Beaugency
Beaugencys English garrison agrees to withdraw
Battle of Patay
Joan of Arcs army crushes a large English force at the Battle of Patay, during which the English lost nearly half of their troops
Siege of Orleans
Decides to rereat from Orleans
Battle of Patay
A continuous series of engagements spread over some 14 miles, the English lose nearly half (2,200) of their troops, as opposed to 20 French and Scots
Battle of Patay
Joan returns to Orleans, & is greeted by joyful citizens
Battle of Patay
Defeated in battle at Patay by Joans army forcing the English out of the Loire Valley
Battle of Patay
Defeated in battle at Patay by Joans army forcing the English out of the Loire Valley
Battle of Patay
Joan of Arc leads the victorious French, with English prisoners, back to Orleans
Coronation
Crowned King of Italy, 1442-1458
Capture of Naples
Completes the capture of Naples
Royal Coronation
Crowned King of the Romans at Aachen.
Siege of London
The siege forces Henry VI to send out his emissaries to negotiate with the rebels
Battle of Sevenoaks
Leads a rebellion in Kent & East Sussex against the mis-Government of Henry VI. Defeats Henry VIs troops at Sevenoaks
Battle of Sevenoaks
Commands Henry VIs troops at Sevenoaks which are defeated by Jack Cade
Arrest of Osbert Mountford
Ordered to take 500 men to reinforce Somersets Army but is captured in & executed
Death of Osbert Mountford
Death of Osbert Mountford, executed
Execution
Ordered to take 500 men to reinforce Somersets Army but is captured executed
Siege of Calais
Ordered to take 500 men to reinforce Somersets Army but is captured executed
Invasion of England
Arrives in Englan & is joined by Kentishmen tired of Lancastrian misrule
Night Attack
Attacks Mehmed II's camp near Targoviste.
Battle of Morat
Besieges Morat & but is defeated by the Swiss who kill 10,000
Siege of Morat
Besieges Morat & but is defeated by the Swiss who kill 10,000
Rule of Scotland
The Duke of Albany will marry Edward's daughter Cicely & pay homage for Scotland
Treaty of Fotheringay
The Duke of Albany will marry Edward's daughter Cicely & pay homage for Scotland
Alliance Writes a letter appealing to the Northern Nobles to and him in London
Writes a letter appealing to the Northern Nobles to join forces with him in London
Arrest of Thomas Rotherham
Has Rotherham arrested for treason during a meeting of the Council at the Tower. Has Hastings executed for treason during a meeting of the Council at the Tower
Arrest of Thomas Stanley and John Morton
Has Stanley arrested for treason during a meeting of the Council at the Tower. Has Morton arrested for treason during a meeting of the Council at the Tower
Execution
Has Hastings executed for treason during a meeting of the Council at the Tower
Treason
Has Rotherham arrested for treason during a meeting of the Council at the Tower. Has Hastings executed for treason during a meeting of the Council at the Tower
Treason
Has Stanley arrested for treason during a meeting of the Council at the Tower. Has Morton arrested for treason during a meeting of the Council at the Tower
Arrest of Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York
Forces Elizabeth Woodville to surrender the Duke of York
Arrest of Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York
Has Edward Vs brother Richard Duke of York moved from the sanctuary of Westminster
Marriage
Gloucester announces Edward had a contract with Lady Butler, his sons are illegitimate
Succession
Edward V and his siblings were declared illegitimate and Richard ascended the throne as King Richard III
Death of Richard Woodville
Richard III, as Lord Protector, has Lord Rivers executed for treason
Execution
Richard III, as Lord Protector, has Lord Rivers executed for treason
Treason
Richard III, as Lord Protector, has Lord Rivers executed for treason
Abdication
The Bishop of Bath claims Edward V is illegitimate. The Bishop of Bath claims Edward IVs marriage to Elizabeth Woodville is invalid
Abdication
Parliament deposes Edward V
Death of Richard III
Richard III, the Lord Protector, has Grey executed for treason
Execution
Richard III, the Lord Protector, has Grey executed for treason
Succession
Parliament petitions Richard to accept the crown. All of Elizabeth's children by Edward, including King Edward V, are declared illegitimate, and her brother-in-law, Richard III, accepts the crown
Treason
Richard III, the Lord Protector, has Grey executed for treason
Protector
The Lords & Commons assemble in Parliament & ratify the Protectorate
Execution
Gloucester now moved to take the throne himself and on 25 June 1483 he had Elizabeth Woodvilles son and brother executed in Pontefract Castle, Yorkshire
Marriage
All of Elizabeth's children by Edward, including King Edward V, are declared illegitimate, and her brother-in-law, Richard III, accepts the crown.
Marriage
Elizabeth loses the title of Queen Mother and is referred to as Dame Elizabeth Grey.
Marriage
Her marriage to Edward is declared null and void by Parliament in the act Titulus Regius on the grounds that Edward had previously promised to marry Lady Eleanor Butler, which was considered a legally binding contract.
Titulus Regius
Her marriage to Edward is declared null and void by Parliament in the act Titulus Regius on the grounds that Edward had previously promised to marry Lady Eleanor Butler, which was considered a legally binding contract
Succession
11th child & Eighth youngest son of Richard Plantagenet & Lady Cicely Nevill
Succession
A deputation led by Buckingham with Parliaments petition ask Richard to become King
Parliament
Opens Parliament with a speech supporting Richard IIIs confirmation as Protector
Arrest of Anthony Woodville, Richard Grey and Edward V
Fearing the Woodvilles would attempt to monopolise power, Gloucester quickly moved to take control of Edward V and had Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers, and Richard Grey, brother and son to Elizabeth Woodville, arrested. The young King was transferred to the Tower of London to await the coronation
Sanctuary
Seeks sanctuary. Richard accused Elizabeth of plotting to "murder and utterly destroy" him
Siege of Vienna
Captures Vienna from Frederick III during the Austrian-Hungarian war.
Yorkist Army Lands at Piel
Lincoln lands with Simnel, Irish troops and German mercenaries near Furness, beginning the invasion of England.
Reballion of Rebels in Furnes
Supported by Lovell & the Earl of Lincoln. An army of German mercenaries & Irish lands at Furnes, Lancashire
Reballion of Rebels in Furnes
Supported by Lovell & the Earl of Lincoln
Yorkist Landing in Lancashire
Simnel's supporters land in Lancashire with Irish troops and Flemish mercenaries before marching inland.
Simnel Army Marches toward Newark
Lincoln drives the rebel army rapidly south and camps near East Stoke before meeting Henry VII's larger royal force.
Star Chamber Act
Legislation strengthens the king's council in dealing with public disorder and powerful offenders.
Lincoln Killed at Stoke
Lincoln is killed during the battle, removing one of the senior Yorkist nobles capable of organising resistance to the Tudor dynasty.
Battle of Stoke Field
Henry VII's army defeats the Yorkist invasion at Stoke Field, ending the principal military challenge mounted in Lambert Simnel's name.
Simnel Captured after Stoke
Simnel is captured after the rebel defeat and is spared by Henry VII, who treats the young pretender as a tool of older conspirators.
Capture after Stoke Field
Richard Symonds is captured after the defeat of the Simnel army at Stoke Field, ending his central role in constructing the pretender's identity.
Battle of Stoke
Fights at the Battle of Stoke
Battle of Stoke-on-Trent
The Yorkist pretender is defeated, he is sent to work in the Royal kitchens. Defeat ends the war
Battle of Stoke-on-Trent
Supports Simnels plot for the throne but is killed in battle
Arrest of Lambert Simnel
Lambert Simnel is captured after the Yorkist defeat at Stoke Field and is later taken into royal service.
Battle of Stoke Field
Henry's army defeats the Yorkist rising built around Lambert Simnel; the Earl of Lincoln is killed.
Northern Gentry Join Simnel Army
Broughton joins the invading Yorkist force with local supporters as the rebels move inland toward the Midlands.
Assassination of James III
Assassinated during the Battle of Sauchieburn
Death of James III
Death of James III, assassinated during the Battle of Sauchieburn
Coronation
Crowned King of Scotland
Battle of Sauchieburn
Dies in an effort to suppress a nobles revolt
Birth of Henry VIII
Henry VII's second surviving son, the future Henry VIII, is born at Greenwich.
Birth of Henry VIII
Birth of Henry VIII, son of Henry VII & Elizabeth of York
Birth of Prince Henry
Elizabeth of York gives birth to a second surviving son, providing the dynasty with an important reserve male heir behind Arthur.
Birth of Henry VIII
Birth of Henry VIII, son of Henry VII & Elizabeth of York
Birth of her grandson
Present at the birth of her grandson, the future Henry VIII, at Greenwich Palace
Death of Elizabeth Woodville
Death of Elizabeth Woodville
Burial
Laid to rest in the same chantry as her husband King Edward IV in St George's Chapel in Windsor Castle
Treaty of Tordessillas
The Pope grants Spain exclusive rights to American land 250 leagues west of the Azores
Cornish Army Reaches Blackheath
The Cornish army reaches Blackheath after failing to attract the substantial Kentish support its leaders had hoped to gain.
Royal Army Concentrates against Cornish Rebels
Henry VII redirects troops intended for Scotland and concentrates a much larger royal force to confront the Cornish army near London.
Battle of Blackheath
The Cornish rebels reach Blackheath & Audley joins & leads them
Deptford Bridge Assault
Daubeney's troops force the crossing at Deptford Bridge and help break the rebel position during the decisive battle outside London.
Cornish Rebellion Defeated at Blackheath
The royal army defeats the Cornish rebels at Blackheath after hard fighting, ending the first major Cornish uprising of the year.
Battle of Blackheath
Henry's royal army defeats the Cornish rebels at the Battle of Blackheath, also known as Deptford Bridge.
Battle of Blackheath
Royal forces overwhelm the Cornish army at Blackheath and capture the principal rebel leaders.
Reballion of Cornish
The Cornish rebels are supported by the House of York pretender Perkin Warbeck. Cornwall rebels against taxes to defend England against the Scottish invasion forces
Arrest of James Touchet
Audley is taken prisoner, brought before the King and council on 19 Jun and condemned
Battle of Blackheath
The rebels are defeated by the Earl of Oxford & Lord Daubeney. Audley is taken prisoner, brought before the King and council on 19 Jun and condemned
Marriage
Henry VII ratifies the marriage between Prince Arthur & Catherine of Aragon
Marriage
Henry VII ratifies the marriage between Prince Arthur & Catherine of Aragon
Marriage
Henry VII ratifies the marriage between Prince Arthur & Catherine of Aragon
Cabot Landfall in North America
Cabot reaches land across the North Atlantic and claims the discovery for the English crown.
Discovery of New World
Sails with a patent from Henry VII to possess lands "unknown to all Christians"
Discovery of Newfoundland
Discovers Newfoundland, naming it "Prima Vista"
Execution of Thomas Flamank
Thomas Flamank is executed after leading the Cornish tax rebellion that marched from Cornwall to Blackheath.
Flamank Executed for Cornish Rising
Flamank is executed at Tyburn for leading the tax rebellion that marched from Cornwall to the outskirts of London.
Execution of An Gof and Flamank
Michael An Gof and Thomas Flamank are executed after the defeat of the Cornish rebellion.
Death of James Touchet
Death of James Touchet, executed
Execution of Lord Audley
James Tuchet, Lord Audley, is beheaded for joining the Cornish rebellion and providing aristocratic leadership to the uprising.
Audley Executed after Blackheath
Lord Audley is beheaded on Tower Hill for joining the Cornish uprising and providing noble leadership to the rebel army.
Execution of Lord Audley
Lord Audley is beheaded for his leadership role in the Cornish rebellion against Henry's taxation.
Execution
Executed for leading e rebellion in Cornwall
Audley Joins Cornish March
Lord Audley joins the Cornish rebels during their eastward march, adding aristocratic leadership to a movement initially led by commoners.
Tax Commissioner Killed at Taunton
Rebels kill the tax commissioner John Perrin at Taunton as the march becomes more confrontational during its progress toward London.
Trial
Audley is taken prisoner, brought before the King and council on 19 Jun and condemned
Escape to Sheen Sanctuary
Perkin Warbeck escapes from royal custody and reaches sanctuary at Sheen, but he soon surrenders again and is placed under much stricter confinement.
Death of Tudor
Death of Edmund Tudor
Death of Prince Edmund
Prince Edmund dies in infancy, reducing the number of surviving male children in the Tudor royal family.
Marriage
Catherine of Aragon is betrothed to Henry VIII
Marriage
Catherine of Aragon is betrothed to Henry VIII
Marriage
The marriage contract to the future Henry VIII is concluded
Marriage
Henry VIII repudiates his betrothal to Catherine of Aragon
Marriage
Henry VIII repudiates his betrothal to Catherine of Aragon
Catherine Marriage Postponed
The planned marriage between Prince Henry and Catherine of Aragon is postponed amid disagreement over the unpaid Spanish dowry.
Alliance England and Spain
Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon re-allies England with Spain
Marriage
Marries Catherine of Aragon, his dead brothers widow, daughter of Ferdinand II
Alliance Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII
Marries Henry VIII at Grey Friars Church, re-allying England with Spain
Catherine Marries Henry VIII
Catherine marries Henry VIII shortly after his accession, making the production of a legitimate Tudor heir a central expectation of the new reign.
Marriage
Marries Henry VIII at Grey Friars Church, re-allying England with Spain
Tower Stay before Coronation
Henry stays at the Tower of London before the coronation, following the customary pre-coronation sequence of royal ceremonies.
Catherine Joins Tower Ceremonies
Catherine participates in the royal preparations at the Tower before travelling with Henry toward Westminster.
Coronation Procession Leaves Tower
Henry proceeds from the Tower through decorated London streets as the city stages public celebrations for the new king.
Knights of the Bath Created
New Knights of the Bath are created during the coronation festivities, linking chivalric honour with the inauguration of the reign.
Catherine's Coronation Procession
Catherine accompanies the royal progress toward Westminster in a public display of the new king and queen.
Coronation
At the coronation of Henry VIII Shrewsbury bore the sword curtana
Warham Anoints Henry VIII
Warham anoints Henry during the central consecratory rite of the coronation.
Warham Prepares Joint Service
William Warham prepares to lead the joint coronation service for Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon.
Coronation Recess to Westminster Hall
The crowned royal couple leave the Abbey in state and proceed toward the great coronation banquet.
Coronation
Followed by a banquet in Westminster hall, "greater than any Caesar had known". Crowned at Westminster
Henry VIII Coronation Banquet
A lavish banquet in Westminster Hall concludes the public coronation celebrations and displays the wealth of the new Tudor court.
Henry VIII Coronation Oath
Henry swears the coronation oath before proceeding to the sacred rites of anointing and investiture.
Henry VIII Crowned
Henry is crowned after the anointing and investiture, formally completing his accession as king.
Henry VIII Receives Coronation Regalia
Henry receives the sword, ring, sceptres and other traditional insignia associated with English kingship.
Henry VIII Receives Homage
Peers render homage to the crowned king after the principal religious rites are completed.
Henry VIII Recognition Rite
Henry is presented for recognition before the assembled congregation as the coronation service formally begins.
Joint Coronation Communion
Henry and Catherine participate in the Eucharistic conclusion of the joint coronation service.
Coronation
Crowned Queen of England
Catherine Anointed Queen Consort
Catherine is anointed as queen consort during the joint coronation ceremony.
Catherine Crowned Queen Consort
Catherine is crowned beside Henry, establishing her ceremonial status as queen of England.
Death of Margaret Beaufort
Death of Margaret Beaufort
Coronation Knights Selected
Young gentlemen are selected for ceremonial knighthood as part of the traditional celebrations accompanying the coronation.
Guyenne Expedition
Dorset leads an English expedition to northern Spain intended to invade French Guyenne alongside Ferdinand of Aragon, opening Henry VIII's first continental campaign.
Battle of Novara
Claude fights for France during the Italian Wars campaign in northern Italy
Battle of Novara
Defeat at the Battle of Novara contributes to the French withdrawal from the Duchy of Milan
Rule of Italy
Defeat at the Battle of Novara contributes to the French withdrawal from the Duchy of Milan & Italy
Rule of Milan
Defeat at the Battle of Novara contributes to the French withdrawal from the Duchy of Milan & Italy
Governor
Appointed Governor of the Realm, while Henry VIII is fighting in France
Invasion of France
Sets out from Greenwich to Dover amid much pomp & ceremony
Captain
Appointed Captain General of the home forces while Henry VIII is fighting in France
Battle of Flodden
Henry VIII commands an Army in France & appoints Surrey to watch the English border
Landing at Calais
Henry lands at Calais to take personal command of the main English invasion army assembled for the campaign against northern France.
Arrival for Leipzig Debate
Arrives in Leipzig for the theological disputation with Johann Eck.
Debate with Johann Eck
Begins disputation with Johann Eck before Luther enters the debate.
Debate with Andreas Karlstadt
Opens the Leipzig disputation against Andreas Karlstadt.
Imperial Election
Declines imperial ambitions and helps Charles V secure election.
Imperial Election
Elected emperor with support from Frederick III the Wise.
Holy Roman Emperor
Succeeds as Holy Roman Emperor
Succession
Succeeds as Holy Roman Emperor
Leipzig Debate Patron
Permits the Leipzig disputation to be held under Saxon authority.
Visit to London
Arrives in Ardes near Calais to inform Francis I of Henry VIIIs arrival
Receives Cardinal Wolsey
Receives Cardinal Wolsey who informs him of Henry VIIIs arrival in Calais
Holds mass with the French Cardinal de Bourbon prior to the Field
Holds mass with the French Cardinal de Bourbon prior to the Field of the Cloth of Gold
Field of Cloth of Gold
Meets Henry VIII, the Feast of Corpus Christi, the "Field of the Cloth of Gold"
Meeting with Henry VIII
Meets Henry VIII, the Feast of Corpus Christi
Field of Cloth of Gold
Meets Francis I at a summit, "the Field of Cloth of Gold", costs Henry ล15,000. Henry VIIIs jousting clothes alone cost ล3,000
Meeting with Francis I
Meets Francis I, the Feast of Corpus Christi
Field of Cloth of Gold
Mary I appears at the "Field of the Cloth of Gold" with Henry VIII
Entertains Henry VII at Field of Cloth of Gold near Guines
Entertains Henry VII at Field of Cloth of Gold near Guines
Field of Cloth of Gold
Francis I attives on a mule & salutes the Queen of England
Field of Cloth of Gold
Henry VIII visits the French Queen, Claude
Exsurge Domine
Issues the bull against Luther, whom Frederick refuses to surrender.
95 Theses
Condemns Martin Luthers 95 theses as "heretical & scandalous"
Reformation, The
Condemns Martin Luthers 95 theses as "heretical & scandalous"
Foreign Policy Statement at London
Says farewell to Francis I
Bids Henry VIII farewell at the Field of Cloth of Gold
Bids Henry VIII farewell at the Field of Cloth of Gold
Lutheran Church
The Pope bans Luthers works
Lutheran Church
The Pope bans Luthers works
Alliance Henry VIII and Charles V
Henry VIII and Charles V confirm their anti-French alliance in the Treaty of Windsor.
Great Enterprise
The Treaty of Windsor postpones major joint action while keeping the Great Enterprise alive.
Treaty of Windsor
Signs a Treaty with Emperor Charles V. Confirms the anti-French alliance but postponing action until 1524
Imperial Marriage Plan
Mary is betrothed to Emperor Charles V as part of Tudor Habsburg diplomacy
Invasion of Rhodes
Lands on Rhodes with a Turkish army including 100,000 men
Windsor Alliance Confirmation
Confirms the previous Anglo-Imperial agreements and strengthens plans for joint military action against France.
Imperial Marriage Commitment Renewed
Renews the projected marriage between Princess Mary and Charles V as part of the continuing alliance with the emperor.
Charles V Visit
Mary meets Charles V during his visit to England
Succession
Gustav is elected King at the riksdag in Strangnas, later been celebrated as the Swedish national holiday
Independence of Sweden
Gustav is elected King at the riksdag in Strangnas, later been celebrated as the Swedish national holiday
Peerage
Created Viscount Rochford, Henry VIII 1st meets Anne Boleyn
Peerage
Created Duke of Richmond
Courtship
Henry VIII 1st meets Anne Boleyn, when Thomas Boleyn is created Viscount Rochford
Peerage
Makes his illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond
Marriage
Henry informs Catherine they must separate & he has asked the Pope for an annulment
Marriage
Swears Arthur had not consummated their marriage & was a virgin when she married Henry. Appears at the divorce tribunal
Virginity of Catherine
Swears Arthur had not consummated their marriage & was a virgin when she married Henry
Marriage
Tells the tribunal it cannot preside over the divorce, it should be heard by the Pope
Marriage
Henry claims he would Catherine back if the marriage was valid. Catherine pleads with Henry in public at the Parliament Chamber at Blackfriars
Battle of Landriano
France is defeated & the Pope is forced to come to terms with Emperor Charles
Marriage
Startles his hearers by the directness of his language and most of all by declaring that, like St. John the Baptist, he was ready to die on behalf of the indissolubility of marriage. Appears at the divorce tribunal on Catherines behalf, she refuses to attend
Treaty of Barcelona
Signs a Treaty with Emperor Charles V settling their differences
Peace
Makes peace with Pope Clement VII
Treaty of Barcelona
Signs a Treaty with Pope Clement VII settling their differences. Francis surrenders his rights to Artois, Flanders, and Tournai, and is obliged to pay a ransom of two million golden ducatsbefore his sons were to be released
Legitimacy Questioned
Henry VIII's annulment proceedings threaten Mary's dynastic position
Confession of Augsburg
Designed to engender reconciliation with the Catholic Church. At the Diet of Augsburg Lutherans deliver the Confession of Augsburg. A statement of faith prepared by Philip Melanchthon
Reformation, The
Designed to engender reconciliation with the Catholic Church. At the Diet of Augsburg Lutherans deliver the Confession of Augsburg. A statement of faith prepared by Philip Melanchthon
Confession of Augsburg
Recognizes the Augsburg Confession & the Catholic faith
Diet
The Protestants aly with Charles V against the Turks. States that the religion of the ruler becomes the religion of the state. Recognizes the Augsburg Confession & the Catholic faith. Defends the unity of the Empire by coming to terms with the Protestants. Charles failures to destroy Protestantism in the Empire
Holy Roman Empire
Defends the unity of the Empire by coming to terms with the Protestants. Charles failures to destroy Protestantism in the Empire
Reformation, The
The Protestants aly with Charles V against the Turks. States that the religion of the ruler becomes the religion of the state. Recognizes the Augsburg Confession & the Catholic faith. Defends the unity of the Empire by coming to terms with the Protestants. Charles failures to destroy Protestantism in the Empire
Arrest of Adam Travers
Supporter of Catherine in the Lower House of Convocation. Indicted for praemunire by Cromwell
Arrest of John Baker
Supporter of Catherine in the Lower House of Convocation
Arrest of Peter Ligham
Supporter of Catherine in the Lower House of Convocation. Indicted for praemunire by Cromwell
Arrest of Robert Clyff
Supporter of Catherine in the Lower House of Convocation. Indicted for praemunire by Cromwell
Arrest of Rowland Philips
Supporter of Catherine in the House of Convocation, indicted for praemunire
Arrest of Thomas Pelles
Supporter of Catherine in the House of Convocation, indicted for praemutire
Anglo-French Friendship Treaty
Concludes a new friendship agreement with France before renewed personal diplomacy with Francis I later in the year.
Birth of Robert Dudley
Robert Dudley is born into the Dudley family and later becomes Earl of Leicester, one of Elizabeth I's closest favourites and political confidants.
Invasion of Austria
The Turks launches an invasion force from Belgrade
Invasion of Austria
Launches an invasion force of Austro from Belgrade
Invasion of Hungary
Launches an invasion force of Austro from Belgrade & gives Zupolyai the Hungarian crown
Invasion of Austria
Moves to defend Vienna
Coronation
Carver to the Archbishop of Canterbury at the Coronation of Anne Boleyn
Coronation
Cranmer personally crowns and anoints Anne Queen and delivers to her the sceptre and rod
Cranmer Leads Anne's Coronation Service
Thomas Cranmer presides over the Abbey service in which Anne is anointed and crowned queen.
Coronation
Thomas More refuses to attend the coronation of Anne Boleyn as Queen of England.
Coronation
Anne Boleyn is crowned Queen
Coronation
Anne Boleyn is crowned Queen of England at Westminster Abbey.
Anne Crowned with St Edward's Crown
Anne is crowned with St Edward's Crown, an unusually elevated ceremonial distinction for an English queen consort.
Anne Receives Coronation Ring
Anne receives the coronation ring as part of the traditional investiture of a queen consort.
Anne Receives Sceptre and Rod
Anne is presented with the sceptre and rod before the climactic act of crowning.
Anne's Coronation Anointing
Cranmer performs Anne's anointing before the investiture, giving the controversial new queen the full religious dignity of coronation.
Anne's Coronation Banquet
A formal banquet follows the Abbey ceremony and concludes the principal celebrations surrounding Anne's coronation.
Anne's Coronation Communion
Anne participates in communion after the anointing, investiture and crowning rites are completed.
Anne's Coronation Recognition
Anne is formally presented before the congregation as the queen whose crowning is about to take place.
Coronation
Crowned on Whit Sunday, the last Queen Consort to be accorded a separate coronation
Coronation
Cranmer personally crowns and anoints Anne Queen and delivers to her the sceptre and rod
Coronation
Crowns Anne Boleyn Queen of England
Reformation, The
Cranmer personally crowns and anoints Anne Queen and delivers to her the sceptre and rod
Death of Mary
Death of Mary
Arrest of John Fisher
The See of Rochester is declared vacant
Kildare Rebellion
Thomas FitzGerald, known as Silken Thomas, renounces allegiance to Henry VIII at St Mary's Abbey in Dublin.
Silken Thomas Rebellion
Thomas FitzGerald publicly renounces allegiance to Henry VIII at St Mary's Abbey in Dublin.
Oath of Succession
Put on trial in Westminster Hall before a court of seventeen, including Thomas Cromwell, Anne Boleyns father, and ten justices, the only testimony is that of Richard Rich, Fisher is condemned to death
Trial
Put on trial in Westminster Hall before a court of seventeen, including Thomas Cromwell, Anne Boleyns father, and ten justices, the only testimony is that of Richard Rich, Fisher is condemned to death
Kildare Rebellion
Silken Thomas gathers supporters after rumours that his father, the Earl of Kildare, has been executed in England.
Oath of Succession
A special commission for Fishers trial is issued, he is arraigned in Westminster Hall on a charge of treason, in that he denied the king to be supreme head of the Church
Treason
Found guilty of treason & sentenced to death
Treason
A special commission for Fishers trial is issued, he is arraigned in Westminster Hall on a charge of treason, in that he denied the king to be supreme head of the Church
Trial
Found guilty of treason & sentenced to death
Trial
Deprived of his position of Bishop of Rochester by the Act of Attainder, treated as a commoner, and tried by jury, found guilty, and condemned to be hanged, drawn, and quartered at Tyburn. A special commission for Fishers trial is issued, he is arraigned in Westminster Hall on a charge of treason, in that he denied the king to be supreme head of the Church
Execution of Sebastian Newdigate
Sebastian Newdigate is hanged, drawn and quartered after refusing repeated pressure to acknowledge the king's religious supremacy.
Execution of William Exmew
William Exmew is executed for maintaining the Carthusian refusal to accept Henry VIII as supreme head of the Church.
Execution of Humphrey Middlemore
Humphrey Middlemore is executed with fellow Carthusians after rejecting the oath of royal supremacy.
Constitution of England
Appointed Supreme Head of the Church
Execution
John Fisher is executed after refusing to accept Henry VIII's supremacy over the Church.
Execution
John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, is executed
Supreme Head of Church of England
Appointed Supreme Head of the Church
Death of John Fisher
Death of John Fisher, executed
Execution
Executed for refusing to acknowledge the King as Head of the Church. Deprived of his position of Bishop of Rochester by the Act of Attainder, treated as a commoner, and tried by jury, found guilty, and condemned to be hanged, drawn, and quartered at Tyburn
Indictment
Thomas More is indicted for high treason under the legislation enforcing royal supremacy.
Peerage
Created Viscount Beauchamp, after Jane Seymour marries Henry VIII
Parliament
Opening of Henry VIIIs 6th Parliament
Legitimacy Submission
Mary is pressured to accept that her parents marriage was invalid
Succession
Mary is forced to acknowledge her illegitimacy and submit to Henry VIII
Execution of Adam Sedbar
Adam Sedbar is executed for his connection with the northern rebellion and opposition to the crown's religious programme.
Execution of George Lumley
George Lumley is executed for treason after supporting the renewed rebellion associated with Francis Bigod.
Execution of Francis Bigod
Francis Bigod is hanged, drawn and quartered after launching a renewed northern rising that collapsed early in 1537.
Execution of Sir Thomas Percy
Thomas Percy is executed for renewed rebellion after taking a leading role in northern resistance to Henry VIII.
Widowed from Longueville
Mary of Guise is widowed when Louis d Orleans dies
Death of Henry VIII
Death of Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland, who leaves all lands to the crown
Arrival in Scotland
Mary of Guise arrives in Scotland after marrying James V by proxy
Reballion of Kildares plan an
The Kildares plan an uprising to place Gerald Fitzgerald on the throne of Ireland
Reballion of Kildares plan an
The Kildares plan an uprising to place Gerald Fitzgerald on the throne of Ireland
Six Articles Act
The Six Articles Act enforces conservative doctrine within the Church of England under royal supremacy.
Act of Six Articles
Opposes conservative doctrine in the Act of Six Articles.
Six Articles, The
The Six Articles Act passes Parliament at the end of June, forcing Latimer and Nicholas Shaxton to resign their dioceses given their outspoken opposition to the measure
Arrest of Thomas Cromwell
Henry VIII has Cromwell arrested for his part played in the marriage to Anne of Cleves
Arrest of Thomas Cromwell
Henry VIII has Cromwell arrested for his part played in the marriage to Anne of Cleves
Marriage
Anne of Cleves is ordered to leave court
Treason
Accused of treason in the House of Lords
Trial
Accused of treason in the House of Lords
Bill of Attainder
Parliament passes a bill of attainder against Thomas Cromwell after his fall from power.
Marriage
Anne's betrothal to Lorraine & the non-consummation of the marriage are investigated. A formal trial into the marriage between Henry VIII & Anne of Cleves begins
Marriage
Claims that her marriage to Henry VIII had been consumated. Annes betrothal to Lorraine & the non-consumation of the marriage are investigated. A formal trial into the marriage between Henry VIII & Anne of Cleves begins
Rule of Ireland
The Dublin Parliament passes the Crown of Ireland Act declaring Henry VIII King of Ireland.
Execution of Leonard Grey
Leonard Grey is beheaded for treason after accusations concerning his conduct and alliances while governing Ireland.
Execution of Thomas Fiennes
Thomas Fiennes is hanged after conviction for murder committed during a poaching expedition in Sussex.
Bristol City Status
Bristol gains city status in connection with the creation of the new cathedral diocese.
Diocese of Bristol Created
Creates the Diocese of Bristol, with the former Augustinian abbey church becoming Bristol Cathedral.
First Bishop of Bristol
Is consecrated as the first Bishop of Bristol for the newly created diocese.
Anglo-Imperial War Policy
Commits England to renewed conflict with Francis I.
Declaration of War
Declares war on France so that he can win the French throne
Declaration of War
Declares war on France as England joins the wider Habsburg-Valois conflict.
War with France
Declares war on France as part of his alliance with Charles V.
English Litany Introduced
Cranmer prepares an English litany authorised for public worship, one of the first major English-language services used throughout the realm.
Invasion of France
English forces gather in the Pale of Calais for a two-pronged campaign against France.
Invasion of France
Orders Norfolk toward Montreuil and Suffolk toward Boulogne during the French campaign.
Free Commerce Peace Clause
Helps negotiate restoration of peaceful commerce and the removal of recent wartime trade restrictions between England and France.
Boulogne Restitution Schedule
Negotiates terms allowing England to hold Boulogne until France makes the large payment required for its eventual restoration.
French Pension Renewal
Secures renewed French pension obligations derived from earlier Anglo-French treaties while negotiating the final peace settlement.
Peace Treaty at Boulogne-sur-Mer
The Anglo-French peace Treaty gives England control of Boulogne-sur-Mer for 8 years
Peace
Ends 2 yrs of conflict between Henry VIII & Francois I
Rule of Boulogne-sur-Mer
The Anglo-French peace treaty leaves England in control of Boulogne-sur-Mer for eight years.
Rule of Boulogne-sur-Mer
The peace settlement provides that Boulogne will later be returned to France for a large payment.
Scottish Inclusion in French Peace
Accepts Scotland's inclusion within the Anglo-French peace while reserving England's right to respond to any new Scottish offence.
Treaty of Camp
The Treaty of Camp ends the war and allows England to retain Boulogne temporarily.
Treaty of Campe
The Anglo-French peace Treaty gives England control of Boulogne-sur-Mer for 8 years
Treaty of Ardres
Henry concludes peace with France at Ardres, ending the invasion war while retaining Boulogne temporarily under the treaty's terms.
St Andrews Castle
The Castilians hold St Andrews Castle and seek English support after the killing of Cardinal Beaton.
Anne Askew Arrested for Heresy
Anne Askew is arrested again for heresy, questioned about Protestant beliefs and court connections, and later transferred into harsher custody.
French Intervention in Scotland
French troops arrive at Leith to support Scotland against English occupation during the Rough Wooing.
Stephen Gardiner Committed to the Fleet
Stephen Gardiner is imprisoned after resisting the religious programme imposed by Edward VI's government and refusing to satisfy the council's demands.
Diet
Proclaims the Augsburg Interim, a failed attempt to unite Catholics & Protestants
Interim of Augsburg
The laity can receive the Communion Cup & Protestant ministers can keep their wives. Rejected by most Protestant Princes & only accepted by Pope Paul in 1549. Defines a form of Catholicism acceptable to Protestants
French Intervention in Scotland
Montalembert arrives with French troops to support Scotland, turning the Tudor invasion into a wider Anglo-French struggle over the occupation.
Prayer Book Rebellion
Resistance to the new English liturgy develops into the Prayer Book Rebellion in Devon and Cornwall.
Prayer Book Use Becomes Compulsory
Parishes are required to use the new Book of Common Prayer, replacing diverse Latin rites with a national English service.
Reform of Church Worship
The first Book of Common Prayer comes into compulsory general use on Whitsunday.
Sampford Courtenay Protest Begins
Parishioners demand restoration of the traditional Latin service after the new English prayer book is introduced, helping ignite the western rebellion.
Western Rebel Articles Issued
The western rebels formulate articles demanding restoration of older religious practices, including traditional forms of worship and clerical customs.
Western Rebels Organise at Crediton
Arundell helps organise Devon and Cornish resistance as religious grievances combine with hostility to wider economic and social pressures.
Marriage
Lord Robert Dudley marries Amy Robsart
Marriage
Lord Robert Dudley marries Amy Robsart
Treaty of Breda
Affirms the Treaty of Breda agreeing to the Covenant in Scotland
Old Service Books Ordered Surrendered
Edward orders bishops to collect and destroy obsolete Latin service books that might encourage restoration of pre-Reformation worship.
French Princess Marriage Instructions
Receives instructions for negotiating a proposed marriage between Edward VI and Elisabeth, daughter of Henry II of France.
Treaty of Norham
Edward VI's government concludes a formal settlement with Scotland at Norham, closing the war that had begun with Henry VIII's coercive marriage policy.
Succession
Edward VI orders Mary & Elizabeth to be made "illegitimate & lawfully begotten"
Succession
Judges are shown Edward's devise for the succession and asked to put his proposed settlement into legal form.
Succession
Edward VI orders Mary & Elizabeth to be made "illegitimate & lawfully begotten"
Succession
Edward VI orders Mary & Elizabeth to be made "illegitimate & lawfully begotten"
Succession Devise Legal Pressure
Edward Montagu and other judges are ordered to give legal form to Edward VIโs succession devise despite warning that overturning the statutory succession could be treasonous.
Judges Summoned on Succession
Edward summons senior judges to his sickbed and presses them to prepare his succession devise as letters patent.
Forty-Two Articles
The Forty-Two Articles are promulgated as a Protestant doctrinal statement shortly before Edward's death.
Succession
One of the subscribers of the device settling the crown on Lady Jane Grey, but he swiftly abandoned his support
Letters Patent for the Succession
Letters patent embody Edward's succession settlement and place Lady Jane Grey ahead of Mary and Elizabeth.
Devise for the Succession
Edward VI formalises a succession scheme favouring Lady Jane Grey and her male heirs, excluding Mary and Elizabeth from the crown after his death.
Succession
Mary & Elizabeth become "illegitimate & lawfully begotten"
Succession
Mary & Elizabeth become "illegitimate & lawfully begotten"
Devise for Succession
Edward VI's succession device excludes Mary and Elizabeth from the throne
Excluded from Succession
Mary and Elizabeth are excluded by Edward VI's device for the succession
Commander of Flanders
Appointed Commander in Flanders
Commander of Flanders
Appointed Commander in Flanders
Device Expanded to Lady Jane
Edward alters his succession plan so that Lady Jane Grey herself, not merely hypothetical male descendants, can inherit if he dies without issue.
Forty-Two Articles Authorised
The Forty-Two Articles are issued with royal authority, summarising Protestant doctrine shortly before Edward VI's death.
Edward VI Illness
Edward VI's illness makes Mary's succession politically urgent
Device for the Succession
Supports Edward VI's succession plan favouring Lady Jane Grey.
Woodstock Custody
Bedingfield supervises Elizabeth's confinement at Woodstock
Execution of Thomas Hawkes
Thomas Hawkes is burned at Coggeshall after refusing to accept Catholic worship and doctrine under Mary I.
Arrest of Francis Verney
Arrested for plotting against Mary I, convicted of treason but pardoned
Plot
Arrested for plotting against Mary I, convicted of treason but pardoned
Treason
Arrested for plotting against Mary I, convicted of treason but pardoned
Plot
A failed plot to replace Mary with Elizabeth
Gunpowder Treason Plot
A failed plot to replace Mary with Elizabeth
Dudley Conspiracy
A failed conspiracy seeks to replace Mary with Elizabeth
England Enters War
Mary commits England to war against France in alliance with Spain
War with France
Mary declares war on France in support of Philip of Spain
Declaration of War on France
Mary declares war on France in support of Philip II, committing Tudor England to a continental conflict that exposes Calais to French attack.
English Alliance
Philip draws England into war against France
Declaration of War
Philip II persuades his wife Mary I to declare war on France
Declaration of War
Philip II leaves England never to return
Declaration of War
Philip II persuades Mary to support Spain by declaring war on France
Spanish Alliance War Commitment
Brings England into Philip's war against France after renewed strategic pressure overrides earlier efforts to limit English involvement in Habsburg conflicts.
War with France
Mary declares war on France in alliance with Philip II of Spain
Declaration of War
Philip II persuades his wife Mary I to declare war on France
Capture of Arlon
French forces capture Arlon during the wider war against the Habsburgs
Capture of Thionville
French forces capture Thionville during the campaign against Habsburg positions
Siege of Arlon
French operations continue against Habsburg strongholds after Calais
Siege of Thionville
Guise's forces besiege Thionville during the 1558 campaign
Marriage Alliance
Henry II's daughter Elizabeth marries Philip II as part of the peace settlement
Marriage to Elizabeth Valois
Philip II marries Elizabeth of Valois under the Cateau Cambresis settlement
Revised Prayer Book Introduced
The revised prayer book becomes the standard liturgy of the Elizabethan Church, combining the 1552 structure with selected modifications.
Prayer Book Restored
The revised Book of Common Prayer comes into use under Elizabeth
Tournament Injury
Henry II is fatally wounded during a tournament celebrating the peace
Death before Treaty
Mary of Guise dies before the Treaty of Edinburgh is concluded
Death of Mary of Guise
Mary of Guise dies as the siege and political crisis continue
Death of Mary of Guise
Mary of Guise dies during the crisis of the Scottish Reformation
Death at Okehazama
Yoshimoto is killed during Nobunaga's surprise attack
Battle of Okehazama
Nobunaga defeats the larger army of Imagawa Yoshimoto
Marriage
Marries Elizabeth of Valois, daughter of Henry II of France
Return to Okazaki
Motoyasu returns to Mikawa after Imagawa power collapses
Owari Secured after Okehazama
Nobunaga strengthens control of Owari after victory at Okehazama
Reval Submits to Sweden
Reval and northern Estonian nobles submit to Swedish protection
Coronation
Erik XIV is crowned King of Sweden
Swedish Control of Reval
Swedish authority begins in Reval during the Livonian War
Estonian Policy
Erik XIV expands Swedish influence toward Estonia
Birth of Robert Cecil
Birth of Robert Cecil
Birth of Robert Cecil
Birth of Robert Cecil future Earl of Salisbury and chief minister
Plague in Le Havre Garrison
Plague weakens the English garrison during the siege of Le Havre
Siege of Le Havre
Dudley defends Le Havre as formerly opposing French factions unite to besiege the English occupation force and remove Elizabeth's continental foothold.
Reception of The Spanish Ambassador
Receives the Spanish Ambassador, de Silva is on a mission to rally Catholic support
Capture of St Elmo
The Turks capture St Elmo but lose 8,000
Capture of St Elmo
The Turks capture St Elmo but lose 8,000
Christening
Given a catholic christening in the chapel royal of Stirling Castle. Elizabeth I is a godparent
Birth of James VI
Birth of James VI, son of Mary Queen of Scots & Lord Darnley, Edinburgh Castle. Birth of James VI, son of Mary Queen of Scots, in Edinburgh Castle
Birth of James IV
Birth of James IV, the Mons Meg is fired in salute
Birth of James VI
Mary and Darnley's son James is born with a strong hereditary claim to both Scotland and, through Margaret Tudor, the English crown.
Trial
Pardoned by her half-sister Mary Queen of Scots
Trial
Gives her half brother Moray a pardon after Darnleys assassination of David Rizzio
Plot
The "casket letters" are used to involve Marys complicity with Bothwell
Battle of Carberry Hill
Mary Queen of Scots & Bothwell are defeated & Mary arrested
Arrest of James Stewart
Leads a force to Carberry Hill & demands Bothwells surrender from Mary
Arrest of James Hepburn
The Lords of the Council try to arrest Bothwell but Mary surrenders & Bothwell escapes
Result of Surrender of Mary, Queen of Scots
Mary is taken into the control of her opponents after Carberry Hill, weakening her position as queen.
Surrender of Mary, Queen of Scots
Surrenders to the Earl of Moray at Carberry Hill
Battle of Carberry Hill
Morton leads a force out of Edinburgh, confronts Mary & demands Bothwells surrender
Abdication
Marys supporters are defeated, she is imprisoned & forced to abdicate
Battle of Carberry Hill
Taken back to Edinburgh by the Lords of Congregation. Marys supporters are defeated, she is imprisoned & forced to abdicate. Marys half brother, James, Earl of Moray, becomes Regent for her infant son, James VI. Defeated without a fight
Exile of James Hepburn
Flees to Orkney, Shetland & then to Norway
Arrest of Mary of Scots
Mary is sent into captivity in Loch Leven Castle, while her Protestant half-brother, James Stewart, Earl of Moray is appointed Regent on behalf of his nephew
Plot
Written by Mary to Bothwell. Treasonable letters are taken from 1 of Bothwells servants
Death of Alba
Has Hoorn executed, a loyal Roman Catholic subject. Has Egmont executed, a loyal Roman Catholic subject
Execution
Has Hoorn executed, a loyal Roman Catholic subject. Has Egmont executed, a loyal Roman Catholic subject
First Desmond Rising Begins
FitzMaurice begins armed resistance in Munster while presenting his cause as a defence of Catholic religion and Geraldine political power.
Execution of John Story
John Story is executed for treason after being abducted from the Low Countries and convicted of supporting Catholic opposition to Elizabeth.
Ridolfi Plot
Norfolk is executed for his part in the Ridolfi plot
Ridolfi Plot
Shrewsbury, Delawarr & Sadler accuse Mary of involvement in the Ridolfi plot
Execution of Thomas Woodhouse
Thomas Woodhouse is executed after years of imprisonment and continued rejection of Elizabeth I's religious supremacy.
Battle of Haldighati
Maharana Pratap leads Mewar's forces against the Mughal army commanded by Man Singh at Haldighati.
Battle of Haldighati
Man Singh commands the Mughal army against Maharana Pratap at the Battle of Haldighati.
Grindal Suspended from Active Authority
Grindal is effectively suspended after refusing fully to execute Elizabeth's command against prophesyings.
Birth of Govaert Wendelen
Birth of Govaert Wendelen
Circumnavigation
Rounds the Cape of Good Hope
Treason
Defends Morton, makes a vain attempt to rescue him, and is declared guilty of high treason
Trial
Defends Morton, makes a vain attempt to rescue him, and is declared guilty of high treason
Anjou Sovereignty Safeguards
Participates in negotiations that restrict Anjou's authority, protect English offices and laws, and prevent the proposed marriage from subordinating England to foreign interests.
Anjou Marriage Contract Drafted
Approves detailed marriage articles with Francis, Duke of Anjou, while reserving a final decision on whether the marriage will actually proceed.
Honno-ji Incident
Dies by suicide after Akechi Mitsuhide attacks Honno-ji
Nijo Palace Death
Dies after Akechi forces attack the Oda position at Nijo
Honno-ji Incident
Betrays Oda Nobunaga and attacks Honno-ji
Honno-ji Incident
Dies defending Oda Nobunaga at Honno-ji
Seppuku at Takamatsu
Commits seppuku as part of the settlement ending the Siege of Takamatsu
Peace with Hideyoshi
Accepts settlement terms with Toyotomi Hideyoshi after the Siege of Takamatsu
Great Chugoku Return
Makes peace with the Mori and begins the rapid march back toward Kyoto
Death of Anjou
Receives news of the death of Francois, Duke of Anjou and Alencon, the last serious suitor of her reign
Heir Presumptive
Becomes heir presumptive to the French crown after the death of Francois, Duke of Anjou
Death of Francois Valois
Dies without issue, transforming the French succession
Succession Crisis
The death of his brother Francois leaves the Protestant Henry of Navarre as heir presumptive
North West Passage
English sea captain John Davis sets sail from Dartmouth with 2 ships to search for the Northwest passage linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
Ballard Recruits Babington Circle
John Ballard encourages Anthony Babington and his associates to support a scheme combining Elizabeth's assassination with the release of Mary, Queen of Scots.
Birth of Robert Rich
Birth of Robert Rich, eldest son of Robert Rich, 1st Earl of Warwick and his wife Penelope Devereux, Lady Rich
Advance on Lisbon
Norris reaches the outskirts of Lisbon, but the expected popular uprising fails to develop and the expedition lacks the support needed to take the capital.
Capture of Deventer
Captures Deventer
Capture of Zutphen
Captures Zutphen after a 7 day siege
Siege of Zutphen
Captures Zutphen after a 7 day siege
Death of Roderigo Lopez
Queen Elizabeth's physician, for allegedly trying to poison her
Execution of Lopez
Queen Elizabeth's physician, for allegedly trying to poison her
Execution of Roderigo Lopez
Roderigo Lopez is executed for the alleged poisoning conspiracy after Elizabeth delays the sentence, a hesitation that has contributed to later doubts about his guilt.
Siege of Cadiz
Assists Essex on his Cadiz expedition
Capture of Cadiz
Essex's troops storm and occupy Cadiz after the fleet defeats Spanish shipping, inflicting severe losses before the expedition withdraws from the city.
Cadiz Expedition
Essex sails with a major Anglo-Dutch expedition against Cadiz, combining naval and land forces in a direct strike at Spain's Atlantic military infrastructure.
Death of Willem Barents
Death of Willem Barents
Battle of Fontaine
Defeats the Spanish & drives them out of Burgundy
Trial
Deprived of his offices & held under house arrest
Flanders Expedition Ordered by States General
Maurice leads an expedition into Flanders after the States General orders an offensive toward the coast.
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Thomas Percy meets with Robert Catesby, a religious zealot similarly unimpressed with the new royal dynasty, & joins Catesbys conspiracy to kill the king and his ministers by blowing up the House of Lords with gunpowder
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Thomas Percy meets with Robert Catesby, a religious zealot similarly unimpressed with the new royal dynasty, & joins Catesbys conspiracy to kill the king and his ministers by blowing up the House of Lords with gunpowder
Peace Commission
Serves as a leading English negotiator during the peace conference with Spain and the Spanish Netherlands.
Peace Negotiations
Authorises negotiations intended to end the long Anglo-Spanish War soon after his accession to the English throne.
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Through Northumberlands agents Dudley Carleton and John Hippesley, Thomas Percy subleased a house in Westminster from Henry Ferrers, a tenant of John Whynniard, and installed Fawkes there as his servant, "John Johnson"
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Through Northumberlands agents Dudley Carleton and John Hippesley, Thomas Percy subleased a house in Westminster from Henry Ferrers, a tenant of John Whynniard, and installed Fawkes there as his servant, "John Johnson"
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Through Northumberlands agents Dudley Carleton and John Hippesley, Thomas Percy subleased a house in Westminster from Henry Ferrers, a tenant of John Whynniard, and installed Fawkes there as his servant, "John Johnson"
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Through Northumberlands agents Dudley Carleton and John Hippesley, Thomas Percy subleased a house in Westminster from Henry Ferrers, a tenant of John Whynniard, and installed Fawkes there as his servant, "John Johnson"
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Percys patron, the Earl of Northumberland, appointed him to the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms, a mounted troop of 50 bodyguards to the King.
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Through Northumberlands agents Dudley Carleton and John Hippesley, Thomas Percy subleased a house in Westminster from Henry Ferrers, a tenant of John Whynniard, and installed Fawkes there as his servant, "John Johnson".
Gunpowder Treason Plot
While the plotters did not yet have a detailed plan, Percys appointment on 9 June as a Gentleman Pensioner gave him a reason to establish a London base.
Birth of James Hamilton
Birth of James Hamilton, son of James, 2nd Marquess of Hamilton
Catholic League
The Electors of Mainz, Cologne, and Trier had proposed an army of 20,000 men and they had also considered making Maximilian president of the alliance, and on August 30 they announce their adhesion to the Munich agreement
Diet of Munich
The Electors of Mainz, Cologne, and Trier had proposed an army of 20,000 men and they had also considered making Maximilian president of the alliance, and on August 30 they announce their adhesion to the Munich agreement
Munich Agreement
The Electors of Mainz, Cologne, and Trier had proposed an army of 20,000 men and they had also considered making Maximilian president of the alliance, and on August 30 they announce their adhesion to the Munich agreement
Birth of Robert Rich
Birth of Robert Rich, 3rd Earl of Warwick, son of Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick and France's Hatton
Dissolution of Parliament
James closes Parliament & does not call it up for another 7 yrs
Parliament
The Addled Parliament had disputed with the King & had not produced any legislation
Discovery of Orinoco
Sets sail for the Orinoco
Rule of Bohemia
Leads the Protestants refusal to recognize Archduke Ferdinand of Styria as heir
Battle of Sablat
Count Bucquoy, commander of the Imperial army, defeats the forces the Protestant Union led by Count Mansfeld at Sablat cutting off Count Thurns from Prague & forcing him to abandon Vienna
Imperial Army
Count Bucquoy, commander of the Imperial army, defeats the forces the Protestant Union led by Count Mansfeld at Sablat cutting off Count Thurns from Prague & forcing him to abandon Vienna
Siege of Vienna
Count Bucquoy, commander of the Imperial army, defeats the forces the Protestant Union led by Count Mansfeld at Sablat cutting off Count Thurns from Prague & forcing him to abandon Vienna
Battle of Sablat
Count Bucquoy, commander of the Imperial army, defeats the forces the Protestant Union led by Count Mansfeld at Sablat cutting off Count Thurns from Prague & forcing him to abandon Vienna
Imperial Army
Count Bucquoy, commander of the Imperial army, defeats the forces the Protestant Union led by Count Mansfeld at Sablat cutting off Count Thurns from Prague & forcing him to abandon Vienna
Battle of Hochst
Defeats Christian of Brunswicks Army, for which he is made a Count
Birth of Blaise Pascal
Blaise Pascal is born in Clermont-Ferrand to Etienne Pascal and Antoinette Begon.
Surrender of Breda
Justinus surrendered Breda after a siege lasting more than nine months.
Honours of War
Spinola permitted the surviving defenders to leave Breda with military honours.
Parliament
Opens his 1st Parliament
Surrender Negotiations
Justinus negotiated honourable terms once continued resistance became impossible.
Death of Francois de Montmorency Bouteville
Death of Francois de Montmorency Bouteville, executed
Execution of Montmorency Bouteville
Beheaded for flouting King Louis XIIIs year old ban on duels
Declaration of Grace of Alais
The Hugenot rebellion in France comes to an end. The Heugenots keep their religion but their political organisations are destroyed
Grace of Alais
Under the Grace of Alais the Heugenots keep their religion but their political organisations are destroyed
Heugenots
Under the Grace of Alais the Heugenots keep their religion but their political organisations are destroyed
Persecution
Under the Grace of Alais the Heugenots keep their religion but their political organisations are destroyed
Governor
Appointed Governor of Massachusetts
Capture of Maastricht
Forces the garrison to surrender after surrounding and bombarding Maastricht.
Siege of Maastricht
Opens the Dutch siege during his campaign along the Meuse.
Coronation
Creates controversy because of the Papist ceremony using a Church of England service. 1st time since early infancy that Charles has set foot in Scotland
Galileo Abjuration
Galileo is formally condemned and required to sign an abjuration of the Copernican position.
Battle of Tornavento
Defeats a Spanisf force in Italy
Algebra and Geometry
Descartes connects algebra and geometry in ways that strongly influence later mathematical analysis.
The Geometry
The Geometry demonstrates how algebraic equations can be used to solve geometrical problems.
Law of Refraction
Descartes gives a mathematical treatment of refraction in his published work on optics.
The Dioptrics
The Dioptrics presents Descartes's account of light, vision, lenses and refraction.
The Meteorology
The Meteorology applies mechanical explanations to rainbows, clouds, winds and other atmospheric phenomena.
Cogito Ergo Sum
Descartes presents thought itself as evidence of the thinker's existence.
Discourse on the Method
Descartes publishes the Discourse on the Method in French with three accompanying scientific essays.
Methodical Doubt
The Discourse presents disciplined doubt as a means of seeking secure foundations for knowledge.
Treaty of Berwick
The Treaty of Berwick ends the 1st Bishops War as Charles is forced to call a truce
Treaty of Berwick
The Treaty of Berwick ends the 1st Bishops War
Battle of Brig ODee
Defeats & Royalist Army at Brig ODee & enters Aberdeen
Covenanters
Defeats the Royalists at Brig O'Dee & captures Aberdeen from the Covenanters
Royalist Army
Defeats the Royalists at Brig O'Dee & captures Aberdeen from the Covenanters
Siege of Aberdeen
Defeats the Royalists at Brig O'Dee & captures Aberdeen from the Covenanters
Treaty of Berwick
Present at the signing of the Treaty with Charles I which ends the 1st Bishops War
Battle of Dee
The Covenanters occupy Aberdeen
Covenanters
The Covenanters occupy Aberdeen
Battle of Dee
The Covenanters occupy Aberdeen
Covenanters
The Covenanters occupy Aberdeen
Covenanters
The Royalists & Covenanters agree to disband their armies
Treaty of Berwick
The Royalists & Covenanters agree to disband their armies. Charles I agrees for the Scottish Assembly & Parliament to end the Bishops War
Scottish Parliament Session Begins
The Scottish Parliament begins its second session amid constitutional conflict with Charles.
Scottish Parliament Session Begins
The Scottish Parliament begins its second session amid constitutional conflict with Charles.
Corpus de Sang
Is killed during the Corpus de Sang uprising in Barcelona
Catalan Revolt
Faces rebellion in Catalonia after tensions with royal troops and taxation
Scottish Constitutional Challenge
Scottish legislation proceeds without the Kingโs assent during the constitutional confrontation.
Scottish Parliamentary Acts
The Scottish Parliament asserts that its measures may become law without royal assent.
Scottish Parliamentary Session Ends
The second Scottish parliamentary session ends after challenging royal authority.
Scottish Constitutional Challenge
Scottish legislation proceeds without the Kingโs assent during the constitutional confrontation.
Scottish Parliamentary Acts
The Scottish Parliament asserts that its measures may become law without royal assent.
Scottish Parliamentary Session Ends
The second Scottish parliamentary session ends after challenging royal authority.
Scottish Constitutional Challenge
Helps frame the legal arguments behind Scotland's parliamentary challenge
Tonnage and Poundage Reform
Pym supports parliamentary control over customs revenue.
Tonnage and Poundage Settlement
Charles accepts statutory regulation of customs duties formerly collected without full parliamentary authority.
Tonnage and Poundage Settlement
Charles accepts statutory regulation of customs duties formerly collected without full parliamentary authority.
Moderate Episcopal Reform
Williams supports limited reform rather than complete abolition of bishops.
Defence of Episcopacy
Hall publishes arguments defending the historic government of the Church by bishops.
Defence of Church Government
Charles resists parliamentary proposals for eliminating bishops.
Defence of Church Government
Charles resists parliamentary proposals for eliminating bishops.
Nineteen Propositions Drafted
Pym supports demands for parliamentary control over ministers, religion and the armed forces.
Nineteen Propositions Approved
Parliament approves the Nineteen Propositions demanding extensive control over ministers, armed forces and royal policy.
Nineteen Propositions Approved
Parliament approves the Nineteen Propositions demanding extensive control over ministers, armed forces and royal policy.
Nineteen Propositions Received
Charles receives Parliament's proposals for a major transfer of royal authority.
Nineteen Propositions Received
Charles receives Parliament's proposals for a major transfer of royal authority.
Petition
Fairfax presents a Yorkshire petition urging the King to return to Westminster.
First Commissions of Array Issued
Charles authorises supporters to muster county forces through commissions of array.
First Commissions of Array
Charles issues commissions authorising supporters to muster county forces.
First Commissions of Array Issued
Charles authorises supporters to muster county forces through commissions of array.
First Commissions of Array
Charles issues commissions authorising supporters to muster county forces.
Answer to Nineteen Propositions
Charles rejects the proposals and defends the established balance of the constitution.
Answer to Nineteen Propositions
Charles rejects the proposals and defends the established balance of the constitution.
Nineteen Propositions Rejected
The King rejects Parliament's programme for controlling ministers, religion and the armed forces.
Nineteen Propositions Rejected
The King rejects Parliament's programme for controlling ministers, religion and the armed forces.
Capture of Liverpool
Captures the earthworks of Liverpool
Siege of Liverpool
Rupert gathers an army of 14,000 and is ready to march on York. Captures the earthworks of Liverpool
Siege of York
Rupert gathers an army of 14,000 & is ready to march on York
Battle of Chalgrove Field
Defeated & killed by Royalists
Pursuit of Prince Rupert
Hampden joins the hurried Parliamentarian pursuit of Prince Rupert's raiding column before the fighting at Chalgrove.
Wounding at Chalgrove
Hampden is mortally wounded in the shoulder during the Parliamentarian cavalry defeat at Chalgrove.
Battle of Chalgrove Field
Rupert of the Rhine defeats Parliamentary forces near Dorchester then moves on the capture Bristol
Battle of Dorchester
Rupert of the Rhine defeats Parliamentary forces near Dorchester then moves on the capture Bristol
Capture of Chalgrove Field
Rupert of the Rhine defeats Parliamentary forces near Dorchester then moves on the capture Bristol
Capture of Thionville
Captures the fotress of Thionville to secure Lorraine & the Rhine valley
Death at Thame
Hampden dies at Thame from wounds received six days earlier during the Battle of Chalgrove.
Arrest at Beverley
Hotham is captured near Beverley after attempts to negotiate with Royalist commanders bring his loyalty under suspicion.
Battle of Adwalton Moor
Fairfax fights in the Parliamentarian defeat at Adwalton Moor and withdraws as Royalist power expands across Yorkshire.
Battle of Adwalton Moor
The Parliamentary forces are driven back to Hull. Defeated by the Royalists near Bradford. After the Battle of Adwalton Moor the royalists occupy the West Riding of Yorkshire
Battle of Adwalton Moor
The Parliamentary forces are driven back to Hull. Defeats a Parliamentary force under Lord Fairfax. After the Battle of Adwalton Moor the royalists occupy the West Riding of Yorkshire
Capture of Leicester
Leicester is sacked by Charles I & Prince Rupert
Siege of Newark
Joined by Lord George Goring
Battle of Aberdeen
Montrose expels the Covenentors from Aberdeen
Battle of Aberdeen
The Battle of Aberdeen is fought between Royalist & Covenanter forces
Siege of Aberdeen
Montrose expels the Covenentors from Aberdeen
Parliament
The new Parliament includes 100 members of the Commons & 30 peers. Opens his own Parliament in Christ Church Hall
Battle of Cropredy Bridge
Waller attacks across the Cherwell at Cropredy Bridge but is driven back and loses artillery to the Royalists.
Capture of Leicester
With the help of Prince Rupert captures & sacks Leicester
Capture of Leicester
Helps Charles I to capture Leicester, there is much slaughter
Siege of Leicester
Helps Charles I to capture Leicester, there is much slaughter
Capture of Leicester
After Royalists take Leicester Fairfax is ordered nth
Siege of Oxford
Marches to Newport Pagnell on his way to besiege Oxford
Mobilization
Fairfax arrives at Newport Pagnell where is joined by Vermuyden & his 2,500 horse
Mobilization
Charles reaches Daventry where he learns that Oxford is no longer under siege
Commander of New Model Army
The Commons approves Cromwell's appointment as 2nd in Command of the New Model Army
Commander of New Model Army
The Commons approves Cromwell's appointment as 2nd in Command of the New Model Army
Lieutenant
The Commons approves Cromwell's appointment as Lieutenant General of the Horse
Mobilization
Cromwell moves toward Fairfax before the Naseby campaign as Parliament concentrates forces against Charles I.
Mobilization
Cromwell joins forces with Fairfax & Parliament has an Army of more than 13,000 men
Battle of Borough Hill
Initial contact between Fairfax and the King's army at Borough Hill
Mobilization
Cromwell joins forces with Fairfax & Parliament has an Army of more than 13,000 men
Mobilization
Fairfax arrives 12 miles from where Charles is at Daventry to the latters surprise
Mobilization
Leads a cavalry at the Battle of Naseby against the Royalists
Capture of Gainsborough
Leads his main force into Gainsborough while his main scouts enter Naseby
Battle of Naseby
Stands on high ground on East Farndon over Great Oxendon, 2 miles south of Harborough
Mobilization
Charles avoids Battle by marching from Borough Hill to Belvoit Castle
Battle of Farndon
Stops the retreat & stands on high ground from East Farndon towards Great Oxendon. After defeat Rupert advises the royalists to sue for peace. Advises Charles against fighting, the Royal Army is virtually destroyed
Siege of Farndon
Stops the retreat & stands on high ground from East Farndon towards Great Oxendon
Battle of Naseby
Commands a brigade of the Royalist Army
Battle of Naseby
Commands a Royalist Army, Charles I is defeated
Royalist Army
Commands a Royalist Army, Charles I is defeated
Battle of Naseby
Commands a brigade of the Royalist Army
Battle of Naseby
Commands a brigade of the Royalist Army
Battle of Naseby
Commands the right wing of the Royalist cavalry
Battle of Naseby
Parliamentary victory, Charles has 7,500 men & Parliamentary forces number 13,500. Contributes to Charles downfall & the ascendancy of Cromwell & the independents
Battle of Naseby
Commands a Parliamentary regiment in a victory over the Royalists
Sulby Hedges at Naseby
Okey's dragoons use the hedges on the Parliamentarian flank to fire on Royalist cavalry during the Battle of Naseby.
Battle of Naseby
Fights at the Battle of Naseby for Parliament against Charles I
Battle of Naseby
Commands the Dragoons of the Parliamentary Army during a victory against the Royalists
Battle of Naseby
Fairfax directs the New Model Army at Naseby and wins the decisive victory over Charles I's main field army.
Wounding at Naseby
Ireton is wounded in the thigh and face and is briefly captured during the fighting at Naseby.
Battle of Naseby
Commands the infantry centre of the Parliamentary Army during their victory
Cavalry Command at Naseby
Cromwell commands the New Model Army's horse at Naseby and turns his victorious cavalry against the Royalist infantry.
Royalist Infantry Flanked at Naseby
After defeating the Royalist cavalry, Cromwell redirects his horsemen against the Royalist foot and helps decide the battle.
Wounded at Naseby
Skippon is seriously wounded while commanding the New Model infantry but refuses to leave the field before victory is secured.
Battle of Naseby
Commands a Royalist Army, Charles I is defeated
Royalist Army
Commands a Royalist Army, Charles I is defeated
Battle of Naseby
With Cromwell's help defeats Charles force of 7,500. Leaves Guilsborough in the early hours & by sunrise the Army is ready on Naseby Bridge. A decisive victory over the royalists
Battle of Naseby
Ireton leads Parliamentarian cavalry on the left and is captured during the early fighting at Naseby.
Battle of Naseby
Commands the King's Horseguards of the Royalist Army
Battle of Naseby
Commands a Royalist Army, Charles I is defeated
Royalist Army
Commands a Royalist Army, Charles I is defeated
Battle of Naseby
The 1st Civil War lingers for another year until capitulation at Oxford 1 year later. Decisive victory for Parliamentary forces
Council of War
Calls a Council of War & decides to fight against Fairfax south of Market Harborough
Battle of Naseby
Commands Parliamentarian cavalry on the right and helps Fairfax defeat the king's main field army.
Battle of Naseby
Commands the infantry of the Royalist Army
Battle of Naseby
Rupert's cavalry drives back part of the Parliamentarian line but cannot prevent Royalist defeat.
Battle of Naseby
Fairfax commands the New Model Army in the decisive defeat of Charles I at Naseby.
Battle of Naseby
Has command in the field of the Royalist forces & leads the right wing of the cavalry
Siege of Oxford
Establishes quarters around Holton while preparing pressure on the Royalist capital at Oxford.
Battle of Naseby
Commands levies for the Royalists against Parliament
Battle of Naseby
Commands the Lifeguard for Parliament against the Royalists
Battle of Naseby
Commands a regiment for Parliament against the Royalists
Battle of Naseby
Commands a Regiment for Parliament against the Royalists
Capture of Leicester
Fairfax takes back Leicester
Siege of Oxford
Surrenders Oxford to Parliament
Surrender of Oxford
Fairfax receives the surrender of Oxford, ending the Royalists' principal headquarters and effectively closing the First Civil War.
Siege of Oxford
Oxford is surrendered to Parliament, only Pendennis, Raglan & Harlech remain
Siege of Oxford
Oxford agrees surrender terms with Fairfax, ending the Royalist capital's resistance.
Siege of Oxford
Fairfax receives Oxford's surrender and ends the king's wartime capital.
Exile of Charles II
Sets sail for France to join his Mother Henrietta Maria
Arrest of Charles I
Taken prisoner by the Army from Holmby House in Northamptonshire
Agitators
Sexby is associated with the soldier representatives who press the Army's grievances as the New Model Army refuses disbandment until arrears, indemnity and political safeguards are secured
Agitators
Allen acts among the Agitators as elected soldier representatives help bind the Army to the Solemn Engagement against disbandment on Parliament's terms
Solemn Engagement
Ireton supports the Army's Solemn Engagement, binding the soldiers together against disbandment before their grievances are settled.
Army Council
Cromwell is associated with the Army leadership as officers and Agitators commit the Army not to disband until soldiers' pay, indemnity and political security are addressed
Grandees
Cromwell acts among the Army Grandees as the New Model Army refuses disbandment on Parliament's terms and insists that the soldiers' political and military grievances must be settled
Army Council
The Army Council supports the Solemn Engagement of the Army, drawn up because Parliament seeks to disband the New Model Army before settling arrears, indemnity and the soldiers' grievances
Grandees
Fairfax stands at the head of the New Model Army Grandees as officers and Agitators adopt the Solemn Engagement, resisting parliamentary disbandment until soldiers' arrears, indemnity and grievances are secured
Army Council
Joyce's seizure of Charles I strengthens the Army Council's position by placing the King under Army control during the dispute with Parliament over the postwar settlement
Army Council
Sexby represents rank-and-file pressure within the Army Council, where Agitators insist that the Army's grievances must be treated as matters of public justice rather than mutiny
Army Council
Ireton helps shape the Army's political position as the Army Council issues a declaration explaining why the soldiers will not submit to disbandment on Parliament's terms
Battle of Maidstone
Fairfax defeats Royalist insurgents at Maidstone during the Second Civil War and breaks the main Kentish rising.
Departure from Breda
Charles left Breda for Scotland after accepting the negotiated settlement.
Landing in Scotland
Charles II lands in Scotland and becomes the focus of Royalist and Covenanter resistance.
Commander in Chief
Succeeds Fairfax as captain-general and commander in chief before the Scottish campaign.
Invasion of Scotland
Crosses the Scottish border with an invasion force led by Cromwell
Invasion of Scotland
Sets off with a force to invade Scotland
Invasion of Scotland
Crosses the Scottish border with an invasion force led by Cromwell
Invasion of Scotland
Crosses the Scottish border with an invasion force led by Cromwell
Scottish Campaign
Chosen for senior command in Cromwell's army before the invasion of Scotland.
Battle of the Gabbard
Commands with the English fleet during the victory over the Dutch at the Gabbard.
Battle of Harwich
Sinks 20 of the 110 ships sent by wTromp to break the English blockade of the Channel
Battle of Harwich
The English sink 20 of the 110 ships sent by Tromp to break their Channel blockade
Coronation
Is crowned King of Sweden after Christina's abdication
Succession
Succeeds Queen Christina after her abdication
Coronation
Is crowned King of France at Reims.
War with Sweden
Declares war on Sweden during the Northern Wars.
Investiture
Invested as Lord Protector in Westminster Hall, where Charles I was tried 8 yrs prior
Lord Protector
Cromwell is ceremonially re-installed as Lord Protector (with greater powers than had previously been granted him under this title) at Westminster Hall, sitting upon King Edward's Chair which was specially moved from Westminster Abbey
Investiture
Master of Ceremonies at the Investiture of Oliver Cromwell as the Lord Protector
Interregnum
Cromwell underwent a second inauguration with ceremonial features resembling monarchy.
Constitution of England
An Upper House is established by a Bill passed by Parliament
Legislation
An Upper House is established by a Bill passed by Parliament
Battle of Dunes
Victory for the French & English over the Spanish
Capture of Dunkirk
England captures Dunkirk from Spain. Dunkirk is surrendered
Rule of Dunkirk
Dunkirk remains in English hands until Charles II sells it to Louis XIV in 1662
Battle of Dunes
Victory for the French & English over the Spanish, Dunkirk surrenders
Battle of the Dunes
Benefits from the Franco-English victory near Dunkirk.
Battle of Samgarh
The Mogul emperor Aurangzeb imprisons his father the Shah, after winning a Battle at Samgarh
Transfer of Dunkirk
Louis XIV hands Dunkirk to William Lockhart after its capture from Spain.
Capture of Dunkirk
Marches into Dunkirk after its capture from the Spanish. Hands Dunkirk over to Lockhart, the English Commander
Battle of Samgarh
In India Aurangzeb proclaims himself emperor of the Moghuls, after victory at Samgarh
Succession
In India Aurangzeb proclaims himself emperor of the Moghuls, after victory at Samgarh
English Troops Support Dunes Campaign
Morgan's English troops support the allied campaign that culminates in victory near the Flemish coast.
Invasion of Denmark
Invades when Denmark delays implementing the terms of the Treaty of Roeskilde
Arrest of Shah Jahan
With his succession secured, Aurangzeb keeps Shah Jahan under house arrest at the Red Fort in Agra. Aurangzeb, son of Shah Jahan, overthrew his father and locked him up in the Jasmine tower
Arrest of Jahan
Aurangzeb, son of Shah Jahan, overthrew his father and locked him up in the Jasmine tower
Death of Gyorgy II Rakoczi
Dies from wounds received in battle against Ottoman forces
Death of Gyorgy II Rakoczi
Dies from wounds received while fighting Ottoman forces after the battle near Gyalu
Marriage
Marries Maria Theresa of Spain, helping seal peace between France and Spain
Marriage
Marries Maria Theresa of Spain.
Marriage
Marries Louis XIV after the Treaty of the Pyrenees.
Battle of Polonka
Commands Lithuanian forces alongside Czarniecki at the Polish-Lithuanian victory of Polonka
Battle of Polonka
Helps defeat Russian forces at Polonka during the Commonwealth counteroffensive
Relief of Lachowicze
Victory at Polonka forces Russian troops to abandon the siege of Lachowicze
Lord Deputy of Ireland
Appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland as part of the Restoration settlement.
Birth of Theodore III
Birth of Theodore III, eldest surviving son of Tsar Alexius and Maria Miloslavskaya
Treaty of Kardis
Confirms the Armistice agreed with Sweden in 1658
Treaty of Kardis
Confirms the Armistice agreed with Sweden in 1658
Alliance Agreement at London
Clarendon supports the Portuguese match as a strategic alliance for the restored monarchy.
Bombay Dowry
The marriage treaty grants Bombay to England as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry.
Marriage Treaty
Charles II agrees the Portuguese marriage treaty that brings Catherine of Braganza as queen.
Rule of Tangier
The marriage treaty grants Tangier to England as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry.
Tangier Dowry
The marriage treaty grants Tangier to England as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry.
Marriage Treaty
Catherine of Braganza is named as Charles II's bride in the Anglo-Portuguese marriage treaty.
Marriage Treaty
Afonso VI's government concludes the treaty renewing alliance with England through Catherine's marriage.
Death of Zheng Chenggong
Koxinga dies shortly after establishing Zheng rule on Taiwan.
Second Esopus War
Responds after Esopus warriors attack Wiltwyck and renew war in New Netherland.
Austro-Turkish War
Leads Ottoman forces into Habsburg Hungary at the start of the war.
Novi Zrin Defence
Zrinski's fortress of Novi Zrin becomes a focus of Ottoman pressure before its destruction.
Siege of Novi Zrin
Koprulu besieges and destroys Novi Zrin during the summer campaign.
Battle of Lowestoft
Fights as an English admiral during the major victory over the Dutch.
Battle of Lowestoft
Commands part of the English fleet and is mortally wounded at Lowestoft.
Battle of Lowestoft
Serves as a senior English flag officer during the battle.
Battle of Lowestoft
Serves in the English fleet during the campaign that opens the war.
Battle of Lowestoft
Commands from the Royal Charles as the English defeat the Dutch fleet at Lowestoft.
Battle of Lowestoft
Commands the English blue squadron during the victory at Lowestoft.
Battle of Lowestoft
Commands a squadron in the English victory at Lowestoft.
Battle of Lowestoft
Is killed in the battle as Dutch command suffers heavy losses.
Battle of Lowestoft
Is killed during the battle, worsening confusion in the Dutch fleet.
Battle of Lowestoft
Commands the Dutch fleet and is killed when Eendracht explodes.
Battle of Lowestoft
Commands a Dutch squadron during the defeat at Lowestoft.
Battle of Lowestoft
Fights in the Dutch fleet and survives the defeat at Lowestoft.
Tyrolean Inheritance
Takes control of Tyrol after the death of Sigismund Francis.
Rule of Tyrol
Inherits the County of Tyrol after Sigismund Francis dies without heirs.
Birth of William Cowper
Birth of William Cowper, later Lord Chancellor and 1st Earl Cowper.
Four Days Battle
Monck commands part of the English fleet during the Four Days Battle against de Ruyter.
Battle of Four Days Battle
Monck retreats to the Thames which is then blockaded by de Ruyter. 1-4 June, 20 English ships are lost to the Dutch fleet led by de Ruyter
Battle of Four Days Battle
The English lose 6,000 men killed, 8 ships sunk & 9 ships captured. The English are defeated by the Dutch & French
Battle of Four Days Battle
Relieves Moncks battered Fleet
Battle of River Medway
Directs shore defenses
Battle of River Medway
Repels an attempt on Upnor Castle
English Fleet Refit
Repairs and reorganises the damaged English fleet after the Four Days Battle.
Battle of Sheerness
Sales up the Medway to Upnor Castle & sinks 7 ships
Raid on the Medway
The Dutch raid on the Medway exposes weaknesses in English naval defence during Monck's later career.
Siege of Thames
Launches a Dutch raid up the River Thames
Siege of Thames
Sails back from his raid of the Thames with the English flagship
Lord High Treasurer
Appointed Lord High Treasurer after the fall of Clarendon's government.
Execution
The peasant leader, Razin, is executed in Red Square
Battle of Sole Bay
Suffers humiliating losses to de Ruyter, loses 2 flagships the Prince & St Michael
Sinking of Royal James - Fireship Attack
At Solebay a Dutch fireship set the English first-rate Royal James ablaze, killing Edward Montagu, Earl of Sandwich, and many of her crew.
Sinking of Royal James
Suffers humiliating losses to de Ruyter, loses 2 flagships the Prince & St Michael
Battle of Sole Bay
Commands a Squadron in James Duke of Yorks fleet
Battle of Schooneveldt Bank
Forced to retire after the arrival of Prince Ruperts Squadron
Battle of Sole Bay
Forced to retire after the arrival of Prince Ruperts Squadron
French Invasion of Dutch Republic
French forces cross the Rhine during the invasion of the Dutch Republic, confronting William III of Orange with the defining military crisis of his early career.
Crossing of the Rhine
Crosses the Rhine during the Dutch campaign.
Peerage
Bennett is awarded the Garter
Defence after IJssel Withdrawal
William III of Orange withdraws from the exposed IJssel position and concentrates the remaining Dutch forces on the defence of Holland.
Captain in Foot Regiment
Promoted captain in a foot regiment in June 1672.
Battle of Schooneveldt Bank
Defeats the Dutch
French Capture of Maastricht
Takes Maastricht after a rapid siege directed by French engineers.
Siege of Maastricht
Leads the royal campaign against the strategically important fortress.
Parallel Trench System
Uses parallel trenches to coordinate safer and more effective assaults.
Siege Engineering
Directs systematic siege approaches against Maastricht's fortifications.
Assault at Tongersepoort
Leads French troops during fighting near the Tongersepoort.
Death of d'Artagnan
Is killed by musket fire while attacking the Maastricht fortifications.
Siege of Maastricht
Serves under the Duke of Monmouth during the siege of Maastricht in French service.
Coronation
Shivaji is formally crowned Chhatrapati at Raigad, asserting sovereign kingship over the Maratha state.
Battle of Sinsheim
Serves with Turenne's army at the Battle of Sinsheim.
Battle of Fehrbellin
Fieldmarshal Georg von Derfflinger defeats the Swedes near the town of Fehrbellin
Battle of Fehrbellin
The Swedes, under Count Waldemar von Wrangel had invaded and occupied parts of Brandenburg from their possessions in Pomerania, but were repelled by the forces of Frederick William. Fieldmarshal Georg von Derfflinger defeats the Swedes near the town of Fehrbellin. aAholiday that would be celebrated in Germany up until 1914, when on the same day, the Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated, beginning World War I
Capture of Brandenburg
The Swedes, under Count Waldemar von Wrangel had invaded and occupied parts of Brandenburg from their possessions in Pomerania, but were repelled by the forces of Frederick William
Battle of Fehrbellin
The Swedish Commander Wrangel, harassed by Brandenburg forces under Colonel Joachim Hennings, found itself hemmed in by a destroyed bridge over the Rhin River at the town of Fehrbellin
Defeat at Fehrbellin
Swedish forces suffer defeat against Brandenburg at Fehrbellin.
Defeat at Fehrbellin
Swedish forces suffer defeat against Brandenburg at Fehrbellin.
Danish Invasion of Scania
A Danish army lands in Scania and begins a campaign to recover former Danish provinces.
Danish Invasion of Scania
A Danish army lands in Scania and begins a campaign to recover former Danish provinces.
Defence of Malmo
Swedish defenders repel a major Danish assault against Malmo.
Defence of Malmo
Swedish defenders repel a major Danish assault against Malmo.
Covenanters
Crushes the Covenanters rebellion, "the Protestant Dukes" finest hour
Reballion of Crushes the Covenanters
Crushes the Covenanters rebellion, "the Protestant Dukes" finest hour
Battle of Bothwell Bridge
Crushes the Covenanters rebellion, "the Protestant Dukes" finest hour
Swedish Pomerania Restored
French pressure compels Brandenburg to return most occupied Swedish Pomeranian territory.
Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
The settlement restores most Swedish possessions taken by Brandenburg during the war.
Swedish Pomerania Restored
French pressure compels Brandenburg to return most occupied Swedish Pomeranian territory.
Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
The settlement restores most Swedish possessions taken by Brandenburg during the war.
Convicted of High Treason
A London court convicts Plunkett of high treason on perjured evidence after he is denied adequate time to secure Irish defence witnesses.
Birth of Charles XII
Born at Tre Kronor Castle, son of Charles XI and Ulrika Eleonora.
Birth of Charles XII
The future Charles XII is born to Charles XI and Ulrika Eleonora.
Birth of Charles XII
The future Charles XII is born to Charles XI and Ulrika Eleonora.
Assassination of Charles II
Discovers the Rye House plot to murder Charles II & the Duke of York
Plot
Discovers the Rye House plot to murder Charles II & the Duke of York
Treaty of Red Indians
Signs a Treaty of Friendship with the Red Indians
Reballion of Rebels in Lyme Regis
The King sends Lord Churchill to control the rebels
Capture of Axminster
Monmouths forces capture Axminster
Capture of Taunton
Monmouth reaches Taunton to an enthusiastic welcome
Coronation
Declares himself King and is crowned in Chard and is the subject of more coronations in Taunton 20 June 1685 and Bridgewater
Succession
Declares himself King and is crowned in Chard and is the subject of more coronations in Taunton 20 June 1685 and Bridgewater
Capture of Bridgewater
Leaves Taunton & begins the march on Bridgewater at the head of 8,000 men
Capture of Taunton
Monmouth is proclaimed King in Taunton
Siege of Bristol
Monmouths advance on Bristol by way of Bridgewater & Keynsham is resumed
Advance on Bristol
Monmouth threatens Bristol while advancing through the west.
Battle of Keynsham
After Keynsham & false news that the entire Royal Army is at hand Monmouth retreats
Invasion of England
Sets sail on the Helderenburgh & 2 ships from Texel for the south coast of England
League of Augsburg
Forms the League of Augsburg with Spain & Bavaria against France
Glorious Revolution
James II fathers a son, James Francis Edward Stuart, until then the throne would have passed to his daughter Mary, a Protestant, the wife of William, the prospect of a Roman Catholic dynasty in the kingdoms is now likely.
Glorious Revolution
James II was troubled by James II's Catholicism and his close ties with France, key leaders of the Tories unite with members of the opposition Whigs and set out to resolve the crisis by inviting William of Orange to England.
Glorious Revolution
The birth of James Francis Edward Stuart creates the prospect of a continuing Catholic dynasty and sharply changes the English succession crisis facing William III of Orange.
Glorious Revolution
William III of Orange becomes increasingly prepared to intervene as English political leaders oppose James II's religious and constitutional policies.
Invitation of the Immortal Seven
William III of Orange receives the invitation from seven leading English opponents of James II asking him to intervene with military support.
Capture of Kaiserswerth
Brandenburg forces under Frederick III capture Kaiserswerth before concentrating against Bonn.
Invasion of Ireland
William III of Orange lands at Carrickfergus with a large army to conduct the campaign against James II in Ireland.
Invasion of Ireland
William had landed in Carrickfergus in Ulster on 14 June 1690 and marched south to take Dublin.
Battle of Boyne
William III of Orange's army reaches the River Boyne before the decisive battle against James II.
Battle of Boyne
William III of Orange is wounded in the shoulder by Jacobite artillery while examining the Boyne crossings on the eve of battle.
Battle of Beachy Head
The French are left in control of the Channel. Ordered by Queen Mary to attack the French Fleet but rereats to the Thames
Battle of Beachy Head
The English are defeated by a French force sailing to London to support the Jacobites
Battle of Beachy Head
While William III of Orange campaigns in Ireland, the allied fleet suffers a major defeat by France at the Battle of Beachy Head.
Battle of Beachy Head
William III is fighting James II, Louis XIV wants a Jacobite rebellion and invades
Invasion of England
William III is fighting James II, Louis XIV wants a Jacobite rebellion and invades
March from Ulster
William III of Orange marches south from Ulster at the head of his army toward the main Jacobite position defending the approaches to Dublin.
Alliance against France
Victor Amadeus II aligns Savoy with the Grand Alliance and commits his state to the war against Louis XIV.
Siege of Athlone
The firing begins on June 19, and on June 30 the town is stormed, the Irish army retreating towards Galway
Abandonment of Cuneo Siege
Bulonde raises the siege of Cuneo as Allied relief forces approach, leaving French guns and supplies behind.
Siege of Cuneo
Feuquieres participates in the unsuccessful French attempt to seize Cuneo in Piedmont.
Relief of Cuneo
Eugene of Savoy approaches with Allied relief forces, helping compel the French to abandon the siege of Cuneo.
Siege of Athlone
The Marquis de St Ruth (General Charles Chalmont), the French Jacobite general, moved too slowly to save Athlone, as he had to gather his troops from their quarters and raise new ones from rapparee bands and the levies of Irish landowners
Siege of Athlone
Godert de Ginkell, the Williamites Dutch general, had breached the Jacobite line of defence by crossing the Shannon at Athlone - taking the town after a bloody siege
Capture of Ballymore
Ginkell took the fortress of Ballymore, capturing the whole garrison of 1,000 men. After reconstructing the fortifications of Ballymore, the army marched to Athlone, then one of the most important of the fortified towns of Ireland and key to the Jacobite defensive position, as it bridged the River Shannon
Siege of Athlone
After reconstructing the fortifications of Ballymore, the army marches to Athlone, then one of the most important of the fortified towns of Ireland and key to the Jacobite defensive position, as it bridged the river Shannon
Siege of Ballymore
Takes the fortress of Ballymore, capturing the whole garrison of 1,000 men
Battle of La Hogue
Tourville's retreating fleet suffers further losses as Anglo-Dutch forces destroy French ships near La Hogue.
Capture of Namur
Louis XIV celebrates the French capture of Namur after the fortress and citadel capitulate.
French Capture of Namur
William III of Orange is unable to prevent Louis XIV's forces from capturing the strategically important fortress of Namur.
Covering Army at Namur
Luxembourg commands the French field army shielding the siege of Namur from Allied relief attempts.
Defence of Namur
Van Coehoorn directs important parts of the defence of Namur against Vauban's French siege operations.
Defence of Smyrna Convoy
Rooke fights to protect the Anglo-Dutch merchant convoy when Tourville attacks off Lagos.
Battle of Lagos
Tourville ambushes the Smyrna convoy and wins a major French naval victory off Lagos.
Battle of Lagos
Van der Goes serves with the Allied escort during Tourville's attack on the Smyrna convoy.
Battle of Lagos
Intercepts an Anglo-Dutch force advancing toward Smyrna. Destroys 100 of the 400 Anglo-Dutch vessels
Attack on Camaret
Tollemache leads the Allied landing force in the failed attack near Brest and is mortally wounded.
Defence of Camaret
Vauban organizes the coastal defences that defeat the Anglo-Dutch landing attempt at Camaret Bay.
Offer of Military Service
Offers his military services to William III through the Earl of Shrewsbury, but the king declines to employ him.
Siege of Namur Begins
William III of Orange leads the Allied campaign to recover Namur, one of the strongest French-held fortresses in the Spanish Netherlands.
Death of John III
Dies at Wilanow
Siege of Barcelona
Vendome begins the successful French siege of Barcelona, one of the war's last major operations.
Election
Supported by the Pope & the Emperor of the Holy Roman Emperor. Frederick Augustus the elector of Saxony is elected King of Poland
Succession
Succeeds as King of Poland
Governor
Appointed governor to Queen Anne's son, William, Duke of Gloucester.
Restoration to Privy Council
Returns to the Privy Council, marking a major stage in his rehabilitation under William III.
Siege of Riga
Augustus Saxon troops begin to besiege Riga
Impeachment Division Teller
Acts as a teller in a Lords division during the dispute over the impeachment of leading Whig peers.
Succession
Succeeds as Duke of Orleans
Act of Settlement
William III of Orange gives royal assent to the Act of Settlement, which secures the future English succession in the Protestant House of Hanover.
Judicial Tenure Reform
William III of Orange assents to the Act of Settlement, including provisions that strengthen the security of judicial tenure.
Heir Presumptive
Anne remains first in the Protestant succession established by Parliament.
Succession Expectation
George Louis becomes the principal future beneficiary of his mother's designated succession.
Designated Successor
Sophia becomes the designated Protestant successor after Anne under the Act of Settlement.
SPG Royal Charter
William III of Orange grants a royal charter to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts.
Somers Impeachment Vote
Votes against the acquittal of Lord Somers during the contentious impeachment proceedings.
Battle of Riva
Charles XII defeats a joint Russian, Polish & Saxon Army
Alliance with Portugal
Louis supports the Franco-Spanish alliance concluded with Portugal.
Alliance with Spain
Pedro II concludes an alliance with Philip V and Louis XIV.
Alliance with Portugal
Philip concludes an alliance with Pedro II of Portugal.
Alpine Advance
Eugene manoeuvres through Alpine routes to enter northern Italy.
SPG Royal Charter
Bray secures a royal charter for the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel.
Acquittal
The Lords acquit Somers after the Commons fails to prosecute its charges.
Invasion of Poland
Charles XII invades Poland
Duna Campaign
Charles prepares to drive Saxon forces away from Riga and Livonia.
Nijmegen Manoeuvres
Marlborough manoeuvres to prevent French forces threatening Nijmegen.
Siege of Landau
Louis William begins the Imperial siege of the French-held fortress of Landau.
Lake Ladoga Operations
Peter supports small-boat operations intended to challenge Swedish control of Lake Ladoga.
Italian Campaign
Philip travels to Italy to support the Bourbon armies and defend Spanish possessions.
Birth of John Wesley
John Wesley is born at Epworth Rectory in Lincolnshire.
Birth of John Wesley
Birth of John Wesley
Peter and Paul Church
Peter lays the foundation of the first wooden Peter and Paul Church.
Battle of Ekeren
Boufflers participates in the French attack at Ekeren.
Battle of Ekeren
Villeroy helps encircle the Dutch force near Ekeren.
Dutch Advance near Antwerp
Obdam leads a Dutch force operating near Antwerp.
Flight from Ekeren
Obdam leaves the battlefield believing his force has been destroyed.
Response to Rakoczi Uprising
Leopold orders Imperial measures against the expanding Hungarian revolt.
Imperial War Council
Eugene becomes president of the Imperial War Council.
Appointment of Eugene
Leopold appoints Eugene to lead the Imperial War Council.
Antwerp Strategy
Marlborough proposes an offensive against Antwerp after taking Bonn.
Danube Campaign
Villars campaigns with Bavaria toward the Danube.
Entry into Hungary
Rakoczi enters Hungary to assume personal leadership of the revolt.
Dutch Escape at Ekeren
Slangenburg helps the surrounded Dutch army escape destruction.
Saint Petersburg Construction
Menshikov supervises early building and military work around the new fortress.
Meeting with Eugene
Meets Prince Eugene during the Danube campaign.
Capture of Tartu
Four years after the first Battle of Narva, Peter I marched again in an attempt to capture Narva. Marshal Boris Sheremetevs force of 20,000 capture Tartu
Invasion of Portugal
Villadarias invades Portugal and takes towns including Castelo de Vide and Marvao.
Command in Spain
Peterborough arrives at Lisbon to lead English and Dutch troops in the Spanish theatre.
Spanish Expedition
Leads troops toward the Spanish theatre.
Siege of Liล ge
Marches his column from the Moselle to relieve the besieged city of Liล ge
Capture of Antwerp
Antwerp surrenders to Marlborough's victorious Allied army after Ramillies.
Ramillies Thanksgiving
Queen Anne's government celebrates the victory at Ramillies and the collapse of French control in Brabant.
Capture of Cartagena
Leake supports Allied naval operations that bring Cartagena into the Habsburg camp.
Capture of Mechelen
Secures Mechelen during the Allied advance.
Commander in Italy
Philippe II of Orleans takes senior command in Italy during the crisis before Turin.
Loss of Brabant
Villeroy's defeat at Ramillies leads to rapid Allied gains across Brabant and Flanders.
Allied Camp at Bethlem
Commands English and Dutch forces assembled in order of battle at the Allied camp near Bethlem before the Oudenaarde campaign.
Battle of Poltava
Commands a major part of the Russian army arriving to relieve Poltava.
Battle of Poltava
Commands Russian infantry in the campaign around Poltava.
Battle of Poltava
Directs Russian artillery as Peter prepares for battle.
Battle of Poltava
Peter arrives near Poltava after suppressing opposition among Cossack supporters of Mazepa.
Battle of Poltava
Assumes greater control after Charles XII is disabled by a wound.
Battle of Poltava
Is wounded in the foot and cannot personally command the battle.
Wounding before Poltava
Charles XII is wounded before Poltava and cannot personally command the Swedish army in the battle.
Wounding before Poltava
Is wounded in the foot before the decisive battle.
Battle of Poltava
Commands Russian cavalry before the decisive battle.
Battle of Poltava
Supports Charles XII with Cossack forces during the Poltava campaign.
Battle of Poltava
Leads Zaporozhian Cossacks aligned with Charles XII and Mazepa.
Battle of Poltava
Positions cavalry behind the redoubts before the Swedish attack.
Battle of Poltava
Peter crosses the Vorskla with the main Russian army before the battle.
Battle of Poltava
Orders construction of redoubts blocking the Swedish line of advance.
Siege of Tournai
Marlborough begins the siege of Tournai during the 1709 campaign.
Battle of Poltava
Swedish defeat at Poltava undermines Stanislaw and helps Augustus II recover the Polish throne.
Battle of Poltava
Russian victory over Sweden allows Augustus II to return to the Polish throne.
Restoration
Restored to the Polish throne after victory of the alliance at Poltava
Battle of Poltava
Leads Russian regular troops in the decisive battle.
Battle of Poltava
Serves among Russian commanders in the battle line.
Battle of Poltava
Commands Russian infantry as the Swedish assault breaks down.
Battle of Poltava
Russian cavalry presses the Swedish army during the battle.
Battle of Poltava
Russian artillery fire helps disrupt the Swedish attack.
Battle of Poltava
Commands cavalry and contributes to the destruction of the Swedish attack.
Battle of Poltava
Helps Peter I defeat Charles XII and pursues the broken Swedish army.
Battle of Poltava
Commands the Russian army from a fortified camp near Poltava.
Battle of Poltava
Defeats Charles XII of Sweden and his Cossack allies at Poltava.
Battle of Poltava
Victory at Poltava marks Russia's rise as a leading power in north-eastern Europe.
Westernization
Victory confirms Peters rule over Russia & enables his policy of Westernization
Battle of Poltava
Commands the Swedish army during the main battle and is captured.
Battle of Poltava
Takes operational command after Charles XII is wounded before the battle.
Capture at Poltava
Rehnskiold is captured by Russian forces after the Swedish defeat at Poltava.
Battle of Poltava
Is captured after the Swedish defeat and later dies in Russian captivity.
Battle of Poltava
Survives the battle and leads the retreating remnants.
Battle of Poltava
Leads Swedish infantry through the redoubt line toward the Russian camp.
Battle of Poltava
Commands Swedish troops during the main assault at Poltava.
Battle of Poltava
Is among senior Swedish officers captured after the battle.
Battle of Poltava
Commands Swedish cavalry during the attack on the Russian army.
Battle of Poltava
His isolated troops are overwhelmed after failing to pass the redoubts.
Battle of Poltava
His column becomes separated while attacking the Russian redoubts.
Battle of Poltava
Is captured during the defeat of the Swedish army.
Battle of Poltava
Directs the campaign from a litter after being wounded.
Battle of Poltava
His army is defeated by Peter I at Poltava.
Battle of Poltava
His army is defeated by Peter I, marking the decisive reversal of Swedish power.
Defeat at Poltava
The Swedish defeat at Poltava ends Charles XII's Russian campaign and forces him to flee toward Ottoman territory.
Flight to Ottoman Empire
Charles XII escapes from the disaster at Poltava and begins the retreat that ends in Ottoman territory.
Battle of Poltava
Is captured with other senior Swedish commanders after the battle.
Battle of Poltava
Takes part in Swedish planning before the failed attack.
Battle of Poltava
Loses his chance to secure Cossack autonomy through Swedish victory.
Battle of Poltava
His Zaporozhian supporters retreat with Charles and Mazepa after defeat.
Battle of Poltava
Forces the surrender of the remaining Swedish army at Perevolochna.
Battle of Poltava
Orders pursuit of the defeated Swedish army after Poltava.
Battle of Poltava
Surrenders the Swedish army after Charles XII escapes.
Battle of Poltava
Escapes south with Mazepa instead of surrendering at Perevolochna.
Flight from Poltava
Escapes south with Mazepa instead of surrendering.
Battle of Poltava
Escapes with Charles XII toward Ottoman territory after Poltava.
Tournai Siege Opens Allied Campaign
Marlborough opens the 1709 campaign by investing Tournai before advancing toward Mons.
Capture of Douai
Marlborough and Eugene take Douai after a long siege in the 1710 campaign.
Birth of Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Jean-Jacques Rousseau is born in Geneva to Isaac Rousseau and Suzanne Bernard.
Succession
Succeeds as Shah Of India. Farrukhsiyars reign marks the ascendancy of the Saiyid brothers who monopolize state power and reduce the Emperor to an effective figurehead
Peace Criticism
Whigs attack the Utrecht terms as too favourable to France.
Treaty of Utrecht
Whigs attack the Utrecht terms as too favourable to France.
Peace Support
Tories support ending Britain's costly war through the Utrecht settlement.
Treaty of Utrecht
Tories support ending Britain's costly war through the Utrecht settlement.
Invasion of Great Britain
Joins forces with the Jacobite invaders
Battle of Glenshiel
Marches down Glen Moriston to meet the Jacobites & arrive at Loch Cluanie
Battle of Glenshiel
Commands some of the Royalists who defeat the Jacobites
Battle of Glenshiel
Commands the Royalists who defeat the Jacobites
Battle of Glenshiel
Commands 200 Grenadiers of the Royalists who defeat the Jacobites
Battle of Glenshiel
Commands some of the defeated Jacobite forces
Archbishop
Appointed Archbishop of Cambrai
Death of John Churchill
Dies at Cranbourne Lodge near Windsor after suffering recurrent strokes.
Naval Commander
Anson is promoted to Commander and given command of the small 8-gun HMS Weazel. Ansons orders were to suppress smuggling between Britain and Holland, a task he swiftly and effectively performed
Visit to Hanover
Visits Hanover
Death of George I
Death of George I, of apoplexy on his way to Hanover. Death of George I, at Osnabruck Castle in the room he was born in
Succession
Succeeds as King of Great Britain, the Prince of Wales succeeds his father, George I
Capture of Danzig
Russian forces capture Danzig after a siege of 8 months
Siege of Danzig
Russian forces capture Danzig after a siege of 8 months
Marriage
Marries Elizabeth Christine of Brunswick-Bevern
Marriage
Marries Frederick II the Great
Birth of George III
Birth of George III, Norfolk House, St Jamess Square, London
Execution of John Hughson
Hughson was executed after being convicted during the conspiracy panic and mass prosecutions.
Battle of Dettingen
Fights at the Battle of Dettingen
Coronation of Maria Theresa
Maria Theresa was crowned ruler of Hungary in Pressburg using the full royal coronation ceremony.
Departure for North America
Bering sailed from Kamchatka aboard the St Peter to search for the North American coast.
Separation of Expedition Ships
Fog and storms separated Beringโs St Peter from Chirikovโs St Paul during the eastward voyage.
Departure for North America
Chirikov commanded the St Paul as the second ship of the expedition toward North America.
Rule of Silesia
Under the Treaty of Breslau Prussia gains upper & lower Silesia
Treaty of Breslau
Treaty signed by Frederick & Maria Theresa, Prussia gains upper & lower Silesia
Rule of Silesia
Prussia is awarded Upper & Lower Silesia in the Treaty of Breslau
Treaty of Breslau
Treaty signed by Frederick & Maria Theresa, Prussia gains upper & lower Silesia. A peace Treaty is signed after Prussian victory over Austria at Chotusitz
Invasion of Georgia
Organizes an invasion of Georgia 4,500 to 5,000 soldiers
Capture of Great Britain
Anson captures the Nuestra Secora de Covadonga off Cape Espiritu Santo
Invasion of Great Britain
After defeat by the British at Dettingen decides to invade iin support the Jacobites
Battle of Dettingen
Defeated by the Allies
Battle of Dettingen
Serves as an acting adjutant, aged 16
Battle of Dettingen
Fights under his father at Dettingen
Battle of Dettingen
The Last time a British sovereign commands a Battle. A British, Austrian & Hanoverian "Pragmatic army" defeats the French on the River Main
Battle of Hohen-Friedberg
Frederick II the Great surprises & defeats Charles of Lorraines Austrian Army
Battle of Hohen-Friedberg
Frederick II the Great surprises & defeats Charles of Lorraines Austrian Army
Frederick Exploits Battlefield Success
The victory strengthened Frederick IIโs position in the Second Silesian War.
First Volume of the Encyclopedie
Diderot and d'Alembert publish the first volume of the Encyclopedie.
Birth of Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Birth of Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Capture of Calcutta
Siraj-ud-Daulah's forces take Calcutta from the East India Company during the Bengal campaign.
Capture of Fort William
Siraj-ud-Daulah's forces capture Fort William at Calcutta during the confrontation with the East India Company.
Siege of Calcutta
Siraj-ud-Daulah's army besieges the British position at Fort William before taking Calcutta.
Siege of Kolkata
Siraj-ud-Daulah's campaign against Calcutta forces the East India Company garrison to abandon its position.
Battle of Kolin
Helps defeat the Prussians, Frederick the Great is forced to evacuate Prague & Bohemia
Battle of Kolin
Forces Frederick the Great out of Prague & Bohemia
Battle of Kolin
Frederick II the Great is defeated by the Austrians at the Battle of Kolin & forced to evacuate Bohemia & Prague
Invasion of Bohemia
Frederick II the Great is defeated by the Austrians at the Battle of Kolin & forced to evacuate Bohemia & Prague. Defeated by the Austrians at the Battle of Kolin & forced to evacuate Bohemia & Prague
Siege of Prague
Frederick II the Great is defeated by the Austrians at the Battle of Kolin & forced to evacuate Bohemia & Prague
Birth of George Vancouver
Birth of George Vancouver
Battle of Plessey
Victory over Suraja Dowlah establishes Clive as master of Bengal. Victory helps the British capture Calcutta & establish sovereignty over India
Battle of Plessey
Siraj-ud-Daulah is defeated at Plassey after key commanders withhold support, allowing Robert Clive's East India Company force to prevail.
East India Company
Mir Jafar's refusal to support Siraj-ud-Daulah at Plassey helps the East India Company win the battle and dominate Bengal politics.
Accession as Nawab of Bengal
After the Battle of Plassey, Mir Jafar is installed as Nawab of Bengal with British East India Company support.
Siege of Louisborg
Leads the attack on Quebec rowing into Freshwater Cove
Battle of Krefeld
Defeats the French
Battle of Krefeld
The Battle of Krefeld
Battle of Olmutz
A supply convoy is wiped out by General Loudon, his troops retreat to Konigratz
Siege of Quebec
Guides the British fleet up the St Lawrence
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
The British expeditionary force gathers 9,000 troops & 22 ships of the line
Siege of Quebec
The fleet sets sail for the Gulf of St Lawrence. The British expeditionary force gathers 9,000 troops & 22 ships of the line
Siege of Quebec
The British fleet anchors off the Isle dOrleans just below Quebec
Siege of Quebec
Disembarks from Orleans Island with 9,000 men
Capture of Point Levi
Mockton captures Point Levi
Siege of Quebec
Captures Point Levi
Siege of Quebec
Reaches St Lawrence & disembarks the army on the newly captured Island of Orleans
Indian Ocean Transit Observations
Contributes to international efforts to determine the astronomical unit.
Transit of Venus Expedition
Attempts to observe the Venus transit during an extended scientific voyage.
Transit of Venus Expedition
Mason observes the transit of Venus from the Cape of Good Hope after wartime conditions disrupt the expedition's original destination.
Transit of Venus Expedition
Dixon joins Charles Mason in observing the transit of Venus from the Cape of Good Hope for international distance measurements.
Atmosphere of Venus
Lomonosov observes a luminous arc during the transit of Venus and concludes that the planet possesses an atmosphere.
Battle of Wilhelmstal
Helps the Prusso-British Army defeat the French in Westphalia
Birth of Josephine Bonaparte
Birth of Josephine Bonaparte, Josephine Tascher
Transit of Venus
Le Gentil reaches Pondicherry for the 1769 transit but clouds prevent him from observing the event after years of travel.
Transit of Venus Observed
Green makes timed observations of the Venus transit from Tahiti during Cook's scientific expedition.
Transit of Venus Expedition
Cook's expedition observes the transit of Venus from Tahiti as part of an international effort to determine the astronomical unit.
Transit of Venus Observed
Rittenhouse leads observations of the transit of Venus in Pennsylvania for measurements of the Earth-Sun distance.
Slavery
Within 5 years 14,000 slaves in Britain gain their freedom. Ends the legal status of slavery in England
Requires colonists to house British troops where barracks are not available
Requires colonists to house British troops where barracks are not available
Battle of Kozludji
The Winner of the Battle of Kozludji against the Turks near Shumla
Coronation of Louis XVI
Louis XVI failed to escape France in support of the emigres through the north east frontier.
Coronation of Louis XVI
Louis XVI was crowned King of France at Reims Cathedral.
Coronation
Fails to escape France in support of the emigres through the north east frontier
Battle of Bunker Hill
British victory during a siege of American rebels in Boston
Battle of Bunker Hill
Commander in Chief during the Battle of Bunker Hill
Battle of Bunker Hill
Killed during the Battle of Bunker Hill
Declaration of Independence
Congress appoints Jefferson to a committee to draft the declaration of independence
Independence of United States of America
Congress appoints Jefferson to a committee to draft the declaration of independence
Constitution of USA
Congress appoints a committee headed by John Dickinson to prepare a confederation plan
Declaration of Independence
The draft declaration of independence is presented to Congress
Independence of United States of America
The draft declaration of independence is presented to Congress
Paris Symphony
The Paris Symphony is first performed in Paris.
Peace
Congress rejects offers of a British Peace Commission & insists on independence
Battle of Plymouth
Fights General Washington to a stand off
Post Captain
Is promoted post captain at a young age.
Protestant Association
Gordon, petition in hand, and wearing in his hat the blue cockade of the Protestant Association, entered the Lower House and presented the petition. A huge crowd, estimated at 40,000 to 60,000 strong, assembled and marched on the Houses of Parliament, many carried flags and banners proclaiming "No Popery"
Reballion of Rebels in London
Anti-Catholic riots break out in London
Reballion of Rebels in London
Anti-Catholic riots break out in London
Protestant Association
The army was called out on 7 June and given orders to fire upon groups of four or more who refused to disperse. About 285 people were shot dead, and several hundred more were wounded
Break with Colloredo
Breaks with Archbishop Colloredo and becomes a freelance musician in Vienna.
Birth of George Stephenson
Birth of George Stephenson
Peerage
Created Baron Rodney of Rodney Stoke, Somerset, by patent, and the House of Commons vote him a pension of 2000 pounds a year
Battle of Cuddalore
Tipu Sultan supports Franco-Mysorean operations around Cuddalore during the final campaigning of the Second Anglo-Mysore War.
Rule of New Brunswick
Creates new Brunswick to allow for influx of loyalist British supporters from the USA
Reception of John Adams The first American ambassador to
Receives John Adams The first American ambassador to Britain
Slavery
Wilberforce, compelled by his strong Christian faith, is persuaded to become leader of the Parliamentary campaign of the Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade
Battle of Ochakov
The Russians prevent a Turkish attack on Ochakov
Battle of Hogland
Fights at the Battle of Hogland
Battle of Liman
Commands the Russian Fleet & defeats a Turkish flotilla under Hasan el Ghasi
Battle of Ochakov
Ambushes the rereating Turks, the Turks lose 5 frigates & 3 ships of the line
Battle of Ochakov
The Turkish flagship is destroyed & Hassan Pasha is forced to retreat
Symphony No 39
Completes Symphony No 39 in E-flat major.
Death of the first dauphin
Marie Antoinette mourned the death of her eldest son Louis-Joseph while the Estates-General descended into confrontation. His death added a personal tragedy to an already unstable period for the royal family.
Gregoire weighs joining united deputies
The reformist clergy increasingly saw participation in common national deliberations as compatible with their mandates. The consequences of third estate invites other orders to join helped redefine the place of the three orders in French public life.
Sieyes argues national deputies should act together
Sieyes supported inviting representatives of the privileged orders into common proceedings instead of waiting indefinitely. The third estate invites other orders to join formed part of the transition from estate-based consultation toward claims of national sovereignty.
Mounier presses for unified deliberation
Mounier helped advance efforts to form a working representative assembly despite procedural disputes. The debate over third estate invites other orders to join demonstrated why electoral rules and parliamentary procedure mattered to constitutional reform.
Constitution of France
Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes proposed that the 3rd Estate assume the title of "National Assembly".
Constitution of France
Proposes that the 3rd Estate assume the title of "National Assembly"
National Assembly
Proposes that the 3rd Estate assume the title of "National Assembly"
Third Estate
Proposes that the 3rd Estate assume the title of "National Assembly"
Motion on National Representation
Sieyes proposed that verified representatives declare themselves the national representatives, helping drive the Third Estate toward a new national assembly.
Support for National Representatives
Mirabeau supported Sieyes's proposal that the verified deputies constitute themselves as representatives of the nation.
National Assembly challenges royal sovereignty
Marie Antoinette witnessed the king's authority contested when deputies of the Third Estate proclaimed themselves a National Assembly. This assertion made the court's resistance to constitutional transformation increasingly consequential.
Constitution of France
The commoners of the 3rd Estate declare themselves to be the National Assembly
National Assembly
The commoners of the 3rd Estate declare themselves to be the National Assembly
Third Estate
The commoners of the 3rd Estate declare themselves to be the National Assembly
Declaration of 3rd Estate
The Third Estate declared itself the National Assembly. After its meeting hall was closed, deputies regrouped in the nearby Jeu de Paume.
Declaration of 3rd Estate
The commoners of the 3rd Estate declare themselves to be the National Assembly. Closes the 3rd Estates meeting place, they re-group at the Louvre tennis court
National Assembly
The commoners of the 3rd Estate declare themselves to be the National Assembly
Third Estate
The Third Estate declared itself the National Assembly. After its meeting hall was closed, deputies regrouped in the nearby Jeu de Paume.
Third Estate
The commoners of the 3rd Estate declare themselves to be the National Assembly. Closes the 3rd Estates meeting place, they re-group at the Louvre tennis court
Constitution of France
The 3rd Estate, led by Honore Gabriel Riqueti, begin to call themselves the National Assembly
Constitution of France
The 3rd Estate, led by Honore Gabriel Riqueti, begin to call themselves the National Assembly.
National Assembly
The 3rd Estate, led by Honore Gabriel Riqueti, begin to call themselves the National Assembly
Third Estate
The 3rd Estate, led by Honore Gabriel Riqueti, begin to call themselves the National Assembly
Mirabeau joins constitutional challenge to crown
Mirabeau's prominence helped the representatives establish their claim to independent deliberation. The consequences of third estate proclaims national assembly reached well beyond the palace and its neighbouring legislative chambers.
Bailly assumes presidency of national deputies
The new Assembly elected Bailly to preside after claiming to represent the nation. The third estate proclaims national assembly made Versailles a focal point in the struggle over royal and representative authority.
Bailly becomes first presiding officer
Bailly's election as president gave the new National Assembly a formal public leadership. The debate over estates general effectively becomes assembly demonstrated why electoral rules and parliamentary procedure mattered to constitutional reform.
Bailly elected president of new Assembly
On the day the Third Estate declared itself the National Assembly, deputies elected Bailly as its first president. He became responsible for directing proceedings in a body claiming to speak for the nation.
Bailly's scientific reputation aids public standing
Bailly entered revolutionary office with a long-established reputation as an astronomer and academician. His prestige lent authority to the new Assembly during its first days.
National Assembly proclaimed: Deputies construct a new legislature
Mounier participated in the emerging constitutional movement as deputies asserted their collective authority. The new designation became a foundation for France's future constituent legislature.
Sieyes helps redefine deputies as the nation
Sieyes's proposals supplied a political justification for abandoning separate voting by estates. This development concerning third estate proclaims national assembly exposed the limits of the old regime's political arrangements.
Sieyes inspires proclamation of National Assembly
Sieyes argued that representatives of the nation could claim legitimacy independently of the old estate structure. The estates general effectively becomes assembly formed part of the transition from estate-based consultation toward claims of national sovereignty.
Mirabeau supports break with voting by order
Mirabeau backed the deputies' assertion that the country required one national representative legislature. The consequences of estates general effectively becomes assembly helped redefine the place of the three orders in French public life.
President of National Assembly
Bailly presided over the revolutionary assembly as the Third Estate transformed itself into a national representative body.
National Assembly proclaimed: Proposal for national representation
Sieyes encouraged Third Estate representatives to declare themselves the National Assembly. The decision asserted political legitimacy from the nation instead of the traditional three estates.
Constitution of France
One of the 3rd Estate who declare a National Assembly
Constitution of France
One of the 3rd Estate who declare a National Assembly.
National Assembly
One of the 3rd Estate who declare a National Assembly
National Assembly proclaimed: Royal challenge becomes public
Mirabeau supported an assembly capable of acting beyond the old estate divisions. Its declaration signaled a direct challenge to the crown's control of the representative process.
National Assembly
The 3rd Estate, led by Honore Gabriel Riqueti, begin to call themselves the National Assembly
National Assembly
The 3rd Estate, led by Honore Gabriel Riqueti, begin to call themselves the National Assembly.
Reaction to National Assembly
Louis XVI refused to accept the Third Estate's unilateral transformation into a National Assembly.
Third Estate
The 3rd Estate, led by Honore Gabriel Riqueti, begin to call themselves the National Assembly
Royal court confronts Tennis Court Oath
Marie Antoinette remained at court as excluded deputies pledged not to disperse before establishing a constitution. The oath signaled that a sustained constitutional movement could no longer be dismissed as a temporary dispute.
Constitution of France
Members of the National Assembly swear not to disband until there is a constitution
National Assembly
Members of the National Assembly swear not to disband until there is a constitution
Constitution of France
Members of the National Assembly swear not to disband until there is a constitution
National Assembly
Members of the National Assembly swear not to disband until there is a constitution
Oath
Members of the National Assembly swear not to disband until there is a constitution
Constitution of France
The deputies pledged to continue to meet until a constitution had been written, despite the royal prohibition. The deputies congregate in a nearby indoor real tennis court & take an oath "not to separate, and to reassembly wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the Kingdom is established"
Constitution of France
The deputies pledged to keep meeting until a constitution was written and took the Tennis Court Oath despite royal opposition.
Tennis Court Oath
Tennis Court Oath is both a revolutionary act, and an assertion that political authority derived from the people and their representatives rather than from the monarch himself.
Tennis Court Oath
The deputies congregate in a nearby indoor real tennis court and take an oath "not to separate, and to reassembly wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the Kingdom is established."
Tennis Court Oath
The deputies congregate in a nearby indoor real tennis court and take an oath "not to separate, and to reassembly wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the Kingdom is established.".
Tennis Court Oath
The deputies pledged to continue to meet until a constitution had been written, despite the royal prohibition.
Sieyes joins constitutional oath
Sieyes supported the deputies' refusal to surrender the claim of national representation. The consequences of tennis court oath taken after hall closure reached well beyond the palace and its neighbouring legislative chambers.
Mounier contributes to oath formula
Mounier helped articulate a pledge turning the locked meeting hall into an affirmation of national will. The debate over deputies swear tennis court oath demonstrated why electoral rules and parliamentary procedure mattered to constitutional reform.
Mounier contributes to oath initiative
Mounier played a part in formulating the response to the deputies' exclusion from their usual chamber. This development concerning tennis court oath taken after hall closure exposed the limits of the old regime's political arrangements.
Robespierre participates in founding constitutional pledge
Robespierre belonged to the deputies committing themselves to a permanent national assembly. The consequences of deputies swear tennis court oath helped redefine the place of the three orders in French public life.
Bailly administers Tennis Court Oath
Bailly presided over the deputies' meeting in a tennis court after their usual hall was closed. He read the oath committing them to continue until France had a constitution.
Bailly administers vow of persistence
Bailly presided when deputies pledged not to separate until a constitution was achieved. The deputies swear tennis court oath formed part of the transition from estate-based consultation toward claims of national sovereignty.
Bailly reads Tennis Court commitment
Bailly presided as deputies pledged to continue meeting until a constitution was established. The tennis court oath taken after hall closure made Versailles a focal point in the struggle over royal and representative authority.
Tennis Court Oath: Oath formula backed
Mounier helped formulate the famous oath after deputies found their usual meeting place closed. The representatives pledged not to disperse before France possessed a constitution.
Presiding over Tennis Court Oath
Bailly presided when deputies gathered in the tennis court and pledged to continue meeting until a constitution was established.
Tennis Court Oath: National sovereignty reinforced
Sieyes was among the leaders of the assembly whose members rejected interruption of their deliberations. The oath converted the new legislature's claims into a sustained constitutional commitment.
Tennis Court Oath Formula
Sieyes helped formulate the oath by which deputies pledged not to separate until France had a constitution.
Tennis Court Oath: Resolve before royal opposition
Mirabeau's fellow deputies swore to remain united until they completed a constitutional settlement. Their determination made dissolution by ordinary royal instruction increasingly implausible.
Closure of Menus-Plaisirs Hall
Louis XVI's authorities closed the National Assembly's usual meeting hall before the royal session, prompting deputies to meet in the tennis court.
Constitution of France
Tennis Court Oath is both a revolutionary act, and an assertion that political authority derived from the people and their representatives rather than from the monarch himself
Constitution of France
Tennis Court Oath is both a revolutionary act, and an assertion that political authority derived from the people and their representatives rather than from the monarch himself.
Tennis Court Oath
Tennis Court Oath is both a revolutionary act, and an assertion that political authority derived from the people and their representatives rather than from the monarch himself
Tennis Court Oath
Tennis Court Oath, pledge signed by 576 out of the 577 members from the 3rd Estate who were locked out of a meeting of the Estates General on 20 June 1789 in a tennis court.
Tennis Court Oath
The Tennis Court Oath became a defining act in the Third Estateโs transformation into a national representative body.
Tennis Court Oath
on Versailles.
Third Estate Transformation Leads toward Rights Declaration
The Third Estate's transformation into the National Assembly leads toward constitutional reform and the August Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
Third Estate
Tennis Court Oath, pledge signed by 576 out of the 577 members from the 3rd Estate who were locked out of a meeting of the Estates General on 20 June 1789 in a tennis court.
Third Estate
The revolutionary year saw the Tennis Court Oath, the Bastille uprising, the Declaration of Rights and the October march on Versailles.
Third Estate
of the Citizen in August, and a march on Versailles.
Union with Third Estate
Talleyrand joined deputies of the Third Estate as the representative orders moved toward a single national assembly.
Bailly defends continuity of Assembly
The deputies resumed their constitutional deliberations after the Tennis Court Oath despite obstacles to their meetings. Bailly's presidency helped affirm that royal control of a meeting room could not dissolve national representation.
Mirabeau resists instruction to disperse
Mirabeau became identified with the deputies' refusal to abandon their work following royal orders. This development concerning royal session challenges national deputies exposed the limits of the old regime's political arrangements.
Bailly becomes civilian counterpart to Mirabeau
While Mirabeau became famous for resisting royal commands, Bailly provided the procedural leadership of the National Assembly. The two roles together strengthened the deputies' collective challenge to the crown.
Bailly continues presidency under pressure
Bailly remained the presiding officer as deputies insisted that their collective authority survived the royal session. The consequences of royal session challenges national deputies reached well beyond the palace and its neighbouring legislative chambers.
Bailly presides during royal session crisis
Louis XVI challenged the Assembly's decisions at a royal session and instructed deputies to separate by order. Bailly remained president as deputies asserted that their mandate could not be cancelled in this way.
King attempts to restore separate orders
Louis XVI annulled the Assembly's resolutions and proposed reforms while retaining separate estate distinctions. The royal session challenges national deputies made Versailles a focal point in the struggle over royal and representative authority.
Royal session confrontation: Representatives resist dissolution
Sieyes and the national representatives persisted after the king ordered separate deliberations. Their stance made national sovereignty more than a theory voiced in pamphlets.
Royal session confrontation: Refusal to leave the hall
Mirabeau became associated with the deputies' refusal to abandon their meeting after Louis XVI's royal session. His defiance dramatized the Assembly's claim to independent deliberation.
Royal Session Defiance
Mirabeau resisted the royal order to disperse after the Royal Session, symbolizing the Assembly's refusal to retreat.
Annulment of Assembly Decisions
Louis XVI declared decisions taken by the self-proclaimed National Assembly invalid during the royal session.
Order to Disperse Assembly
Louis XVI ordered the deputies to leave the hall after the royal session, but the National Assembly refused to disperse.
Royal Reform Concessions
Louis XVI offered reforms during the royal session while preserving important privileges and the traditional distinction between the three orders.
Royal Session
Louis XVI addressed the deputies in a royal session and attempted to restore separate deliberation by the three orders.
Royal session confrontation: Royal orders lose authority
Louis XVI attempted to direct the estates through a solemn royal session. The representatives' refusal to submit exposed the limits of traditional royal command.
Defection
During the mobbing of the Archbishop of Paris the French Guard refuse their duties
Defection
During the mobbing of the Archbishop of Paris the French Guard refuse their duties.
Demonstrations
During the mobbing of the Archbishop of Paris the French Guard refuse their duties
Bailly oversees admission of privileged deputies
When the king ordered remaining clergy and nobles to join the common Assembly, Bailly presided over the widened representative body. The union ended separate deliberation as the governing principle of the Estates General.
Gregoire helps integrate reformist clerics
Grรฉgoire belonged to clergy representatives willing to join national deliberations across estate boundaries. This development concerning three orders brought into common assembly exposed the limits of the old regime's political arrangements.
Gregoire's reformist position validated by union
Grรฉgoire's willingness to cooperate with commoners anticipated the final joining of the orders. The debate over final union ends separate meetings of orders demonstrated why electoral rules and parliamentary procedure mattered to constitutional reform.
Unification of three orders: Assembly consolidates authority
Mounier's constitutional project gained a broader institutional base when deputies of different orders assembled together. This union opened the way to constituent work.
Sieyes sees national representation triumph
The merger of estates advanced Sieyes's claim that a single nation must have a common legislature. The consequences of final union ends separate meetings of orders helped redefine the place of the three orders in French public life.
Mounier sees constitutional forum broaden
The union of the orders gave Mounier's constitutional proposals a legislature embracing all three estates. The consequences of three orders brought into common assembly reached well beyond the palace and its neighbouring legislative chambers.
King instructs privileged deputies to join
Louis XVI ordered remaining clergy and nobles to take their seats with the common assembly. The three orders brought into common assembly made Versailles a focal point in the struggle over royal and representative authority.
King orders common deliberation by all orders
The crown instructed remaining nobles and clerics to join the National Assembly, yielding to the failure of separate estate meetings. The final union ends separate meetings of orders formed part of the transition from estate-based consultation toward claims of national sovereignty.
Unification of three orders: Clerical supporters join reform
Grรฉgoire belonged to the clergy sympathetic to the new national representation. Clerical participation weakened the rigid corporate divisions of the Estates General.
Union of the Three Orders
Louis XVI ordered the remaining clergy and nobility to join the National Assembly, ending separate deliberation by the orders.
Unification of three orders: King accepts combined deliberations
Louis XVI instructed remaining privileged deputies to join the common assembly. The concession abandoned the old premise that each estate would independently control its consent.
Defection
The French Guard addresses a crowd at the Palais Royal saying they will not attack
Defection
The French Guard addresses a crowd at the Palais Royal saying they will not attack.
Demonstrations
The French Guard address a crowd at the Palais Royal saying they will not attack
Demonstrations
The French Guard address a crowd at the Palais Royal saying they will not attack.
Club Breton
Mirabeau takes part in revolutionary political discussion while the Breton Club attracts wider national attention
Club Breton
Mirabeau takes part in revolutionary political discussion while the Breton Club attracts wider national attention.
Point du Jour
Barere published the Point du Jour to report and interpret the proceedings of the revolutionary assemblies.
La France Libre
Desmoulins wrote La France Libre, a radical pamphlet attacking the political structure of the old regime.
Union with Third Estate
Beauharnais was among the noble deputies who joined the Third Estate during the transformation of the Estates General.
Bailly navigates the end of old Paris institutions
The revolutionary reorganization of the capital gradually displaced older civic and police arrangements. Bailly helped administer a city whose authority now derived from elected institutions.
President of National Assembly
The Assembly selected Sieyes for its presidency while constitutional drafting continued.
Abolition of Hereditary Titles
Louis XVI's monarchy lost the legal framework of hereditary nobility titles when the Assembly abolished them.
Constitution of France
Forced to witness the National Assembly abolish the nobility
Constitution of France
Forced to witness the National Assembly abolish the nobility.
National Assembly
Forced to witness the National Assembly abolish the nobility
Hereditary nobility legally abolished
The Assembly abolished hereditary nobility and noble titles, extending the attack on privilege beyond feudal dues. Beauharnais was among the noble deputies living through the disappearance of formal aristocratic distinctions.
Royal Civil List
The constitutional settlement provided Louis XVI with a civil list to finance the royal household under the new political system.
Provincial Militia Delegations Exchange Oaths
Delegates from local citizen guards travelled to patriotic federation ceremonies. Their pledges expressed an emerging national military identity despite continuing local independence.
First Lieutenant
Serves as lieutenant en premier in the 4th Regiment of Artillery
First Lieutenant
Serves as lieutenant en premier in the 4th Regiment of Artillery.
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant en premier
Lieutenant
Napoleon I was appointed Lieutenant en premier.
Lieutenant
Joins the 4th Regiment of Artillery at Valence as Lieutenant en Premier. Appointed Lieutenant en premier
Foreign Secretary
Appointed Foreign Secretary
Home Secretary
Appointed Home Secretary
Constitutional Act
His ministry passes the Constitutional Act dividing Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada
Le Chapelier Law enacted: Economic order redefined
Duport's contemporaries sought to eliminate medieval corporate structures in favor of a unified legal market. The prohibition of associations later became a lasting and controversial feature of the new order.
Le Chapelier Law restricts collective associations
The law associated with Le Chapelier prohibited workers' combinations while dismantling inherited corporate organization. It showed that revolutionary equality did not extend automatically to freedom of collective labor action.
Le Chapelier Law enacted: Corporate unions prohibited
Le Chapelier sponsored a measure banning worker combinations and occupational corporations. The law reflected the Assembly's preference for individual freedom of trade over collective bargaining rights.
Le Chapelier Law enacted: Social equality remains disputed
Robespierre belonged to a legislature whose language of individual liberty coexisted with restrictions on workers' collective activity. Such contradictions complicated the Revolution's promise of equality.
Le Chapelier Law
Sponsors the law suppressing workers' guilds and combinations
Le Chapelier Law
Sponsors the law suppressing workers' guilds and combinations.
Ave verum corpus
Completes the motet Ave verum corpus.
President of National Assembly
Beauharnais became president of the National Assembly during the crisis created by the royal flight.
Disguised royal family leaves Paris
Marie Antoinette left the Tuileries in disguise with Louis XVI and their children during the night of 20 June. The escape was intended to remove the monarchy from direct pressure in Paris.
Flight to Varennes
Breteuil supports the royal plan and expects foreign and royalist backing if the king reaches safety
Flight to Varennes
Breteuil supports the royal plan and expects foreign and royalist backing if the king reaches safety.
Flight to Varennes
Fersen drives or escorts the first stage of the flight before separating from the royal party near Bondy
Flight to Varennes
Fersen drives or escorts the first stage of the flight before separating from the royal party near Bondy.
Flight to Varennes
Axel von Fersen helps organise the escape and provides practical support for the royal family
Flight to Varennes
Axel von Fersen helps organise the escape and provides practical support for the royal family.
Dauphin joins escape coach - Public reaction
Louis Charles Bourbon figured in events surrounding dauphin joins escape coach at Paris. The escape plan therefore required accommodations for two royal children and slowed the party's movement. Public knowledge of the failed journey encouraged both republican criticism and efforts to defend the remaining monarchy.
Dauphin joins escape coach
The young dauphin Louis Charles traveled with his parents in the carriage heading east. The escape plan therefore required accommodations for two royal children and slowed the party's movement.
Flight to Varennes
Madame de Tourzel travels in disguise as Baroness de Korff to protect the royal children
Flight to Varennes
Madame de Tourzel travels in disguise as Baroness de Korff to protect the royal children.
Royal escape arrangements completed - Constitutional consequence
Louis Auguste Bourbon figured in events surrounding royal escape arrangements completed at Paris. He hoped to regain political freedom from constraints imposed by the Revolution. The episode undermined confidence in the possibility of governing France through a constitutional monarch who had tried to leave the capital.
Royal escape arrangements completed
Louis XVI made preparations to leave the Tuileries secretly with his family and reach forces near the eastern frontier. He hoped to regain political freedom from constraints imposed by the Revolution.
Flight to Varennes
Bouille prepares loyal troops near Montmedy as the intended military support for Louis XVI
Flight to Varennes
Bouille prepares loyal troops near Montmedy as the intended military support for Louis XVI.
Flight to Varennes
Lafayette commands the National Guard responsible for watching the royal family at the Tuileries
Flight to Varennes
Lafayette commands the National Guard responsible for watching the royal family at the Tuileries.
Princess accompanies the king - Political significance
Elisabeth Philippine Marie Helene Bourbon figured in events surrounding princess accompanies the king at Paris. Her presence made the attempted escape a family undertaking rather than the flight of the king alone. The crisis intensified the divide between constitutional monarchists and activists who doubted that the king could be trusted.
Princess accompanies the king
Madame Elisabeth accompanied her brother Louis XVI on the clandestine journey out of Paris. Her presence made the attempted escape a family undertaking rather than the flight of the king alone.
Queen joins departure in disguise - Security consequence
Marie Antoinette figured in events surrounding queen joins departure in disguise at Paris. Her participation was essential because the king intended to move the family together. The incident revealed how policing, local officials and transport delays could defeat the royal escape plan.
Queen joins departure in disguise
Marie Antoinette left the Tuileries under cover of darkness as part of the carefully planned royal escape. Her participation was essential because the king intended to move the family together.
Tourzel assumes false identity - Impact on the royal family
Louise Elisabeth Tourzel figured in events surrounding tourzel assumes false identity at Paris. This disguise helped provide a plausible explanation for the presence of several children and attendants. It left Louis XVI and his relatives subject to closer political supervision and damaged the prestige of the court.
Tourzel assumes false identity
The governess Madame de Tourzel traveled under the identity of Baroness de Korff in the royal escape party. This disguise helped provide a plausible explanation for the presence of several children and attendants.
Marie Therese leaves Tuileries - Constitutional consequence
Marie Therese Charlotte Bourbon figured in events surrounding marie therese leaves tuileries at Paris. The children were exposed to the risks of a journey that depended on secrecy and punctual relays. The episode undermined confidence in the possibility of governing France through a constitutional monarch who had tried to leave the capital.
Marie Therese leaves Tuileries
The royal daughter Marie Therese Charlotte was taken from the Tuileries as part of the disguised travel party. The children were exposed to the risks of a journey that depended on secrecy and punctual relays.
Fersen arranges carriage - Public reaction
Hans Axel Fersen figured in events surrounding fersen arranges carriage at Paris. His role was operational rather than an attempt to claim political authority in France. Public knowledge of the failed journey encouraged both republican criticism and efforts to defend the remaining monarchy.
Fersen arranges carriage
Count Fersen helped organize transport and disguises for the royal family's departure from Paris. His role was operational rather than an attempt to claim political authority in France.
Flight to Varennes
Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier Breteuil Baron de Breteuil supported the royal escape plan and expects foreign and royalist backing if the king reaches safety.
Flight to Varennes
Supports the royal escape plan and expects foreign and royalist backing if the king reaches safety
Flight to Varennes
Hans Axel Fersen Count Fersen helped organize the royal family's escape from Paris.
Flight to Varennes
Helps organize the royal family's escape from Paris
Flight to Varennes
Louis Charles is taken from the Tuileries as part of the royal family escape party
Flight to Varennes
Louis Charles is taken from the Tuileries as part of the royal family escape party.
Flight to Varennes
Taken from the Tuileries as part of the royal family's escape party
Flight to Varennes
Taken from the Tuileries as part of the royal family's escape party.
Flight to Varennes
Travels in disguise as Baroness de Korff with the royal children
Flight to Varennes
Travels in disguise as Baroness de Korff with the royal children.
Declaration to the French
Before leaving Paris, Louis XVI issued a declaration explaining his grievances against the revolutionary constitutional settlement.
Departure for Montmedy
Louis XVI secretly left the Tuileries with his family intending to reach loyal forces near Montmedy.
Royal Disguise during Flight
Louis XVI travelled in disguise during the attempted escape, while the royal party used false identities.
Declaration
Louis XVI leaves behind a declaration explaining his rejection of revolutionary constraints on royal authority
Declaration
Louis XVI leaves behind a declaration explaining his rejection of revolutionary constraints on royal authority.
Flight to Varennes
Leaves the Tuileries Palace during the night escape toward the eastern frontier
Flight to Varennes
Louis Auguste Bourbon Louis XVI left the Tuileries Palace during the night escape toward the eastern frontier.
Flight to Varennes
Louis XVI leaves the Tuileries Palace during the night escape toward the eastern frontier
Flight to Varennes
Louis XVI leaves the Tuileries Palace during the night escape toward the eastern frontier.
Flight to Varennes
Commands the National Guard responsible for watching the royal family at the Tuileries
Flight to Varennes
Commands the National Guard responsible for watching the royal family at the Tuileries.
Guard responsibility exposed by royal escape
The royal family's flight revealed security failures at the Tuileries while Lafayette commanded the Paris Guard. The disappearance placed the constitutional monarchist general under intense public criticism.
Flight to Varennes
Prepares loyal troops near Montmedy as intended support for Louis XVI
Flight to Varennes
Prepares loyal troops near Montmedy as intended support for Louis XVI.
Flight to Varennes
Madame Elisabeth accompanies Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette during the escape attempt
Flight to Varennes
Madame Elisabeth accompanies Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette during the escape attempt.
Flight to Varennes
Marie Therese Charlotte travels with her parents during the failed royal flight
Flight to Varennes
Marie Therese Charlotte travels with her parents during the failed royal flight.
Flight to Varennes
Travels with her parents during the failed royal flight
Flight to Varennes
Travels with her parents during the failed royal flight.
Flight to Varennes
Accompanies Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette during the escape attempt
Flight to Varennes
Accompanies Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette during the escape attempt.
Flight to Varennes
Marie Antoinette leaves Paris with the royal family during the attempted escape
Flight to Varennes
Marie Antoinette leaves Paris with the royal family during the attempted escape.
Flight to Varennes
Leaves Paris with the royal family during the attempted escape
Flight to Varennes
Marie Antoinette Queen of France left Paris with the royal family during the attempted escape.
Flight plan falters at Sainte-Menehould
The royal party continued its journey after suspicion arose at Sainte-Menehould, where postmaster Jean-Baptiste Drouet believed he recognized the king. Marie Antoinette's hope of reaching loyal troops became increasingly uncertain.
Queen detained at Sauce residence
Marie Antoinette stayed with the detained royal party while Varennes officials confirmed their identities and awaited instructions. The family's inability to proceed exposed the monarchy to public humiliation.
Royal coach proceeds through Bondy
Marie Antoinette remained with the large carriage carrying the royal family as the escape route turned eastward. The vehicle's slow progress and complicated staging increased the danger of recognition.
Royal party stopped at Varennes
Local officials and armed citizens stopped the royal travelers at Varennes before they could reach the intended military refuge. Marie Antoinette faced the collapse of the escape plan and immediate loss of control over the family's movements.
City Authorities Face Royal Flight Emergency
News of the royal family's attempted escape prompted municipal authorities to arrange security and coordinate with the National Guard. The failure at Varennes placed the constitutional municipality under renewed political pressure.
Royal Flight Intensifies Jacobin Distrust
The failed flight to Varennes led Jacobin members to reassess the king's reliability. Robespierre questioned whether constitutional monarchy could survive the breach of trust.
Robespierre questions monarchy - Constitutional consequence
Maximilien Robespierre figured in events surrounding robespierre questions monarchy at Paris. The incident intensified debate over whether the constitutional monarchy could still command trust. The episode undermined confidence in the possibility of governing France through a constitutional monarch who had tried to leave the capital.
Robespierre questions monarchy
The discovery of the king's attempted escape deepened Robespierre's doubts about royal loyalty to the Revolution. The incident intensified debate over whether the constitutional monarchy could still command trust.
Danton challenges monarchy after Varennes
Danton and fellow radicals intensified scrutiny of Louis XVI once his secret flight became known. The episode concerned varennes flight destroys royal confidence and affected the relationship between club activists and public authority.
Varennes news reaches radicals: Suspicion of monarchy spreads
Danton's Cordeliers milieu treated news of the king's failed escape as evidence that monarchy could not be trusted. The crisis encouraged calls for a political settlement beyond simply restoring Louis XVI's authority.
Separation
Fersen leaves the royal party after the early stage of the escape to avoid compromising the plan further
Separation
Fersen leaves the royal party after the early stage of the escape to avoid compromising the plan further.
Aftermath
Robespierre argues that the kings flight reveals a deep crisis of trust in the monarchy
Aftermath
Robespierre argues that the kings flight reveals a deep crisis of trust in the monarchy.
Destez identifies Louis XVI - Constitutional consequence
Jacques Destez figured in events surrounding destez identifies louis xvi at Varennes. Identification destroyed the possibility of treating the royal coach as an ordinary private party. The episode undermined confidence in the possibility of governing France through a constitutional monarch who had tried to leave the capital.
Destez identifies Louis XVI
Jacques Destez, who had previously encountered the king, helped confirm the identity of the traveler held at Varennes. Identification destroyed the possibility of treating the royal coach as an ordinary private party.
Arrest of Louise Elisabeth Tourzel
Madame de Tourzel is detained with the children after the false Baroness de Korff identity fails
Arrest of Louise Elisabeth Tourzel
Madame de Tourzel is detained with the children after the false Baroness de Korff identity fails.
Varennes news reaches radicals: Journalistic case against the king
Brissot used political writing after Varennes to challenge the assumption that the king should automatically resume office. The unresolved legitimacy of the crown provided a backdrop for later demonstrations at the Champ de Mars.
Desmoulins attacks credibility of royal assurances
Desmoulins argued in the radical press that the king's attempted escape undermined trust in constitutional promises. This aspect of varennes flight destroys royal confidence illustrates how press campaigns, popular sections and government decisions became connected.
Marat interprets flight as a warning
Marat used the flight to intensify his claims that court intrigues endangered revolutionary gains. The controversy surrounding varennes flight destroys royal confidence influenced the changing balance among revolutionary factions.
Identification
Jacques Destez is called because he had known the king at Versailles and confirms Louis XVIs identity
Identification
Jacques Destez is called because he had known the king at Versailles and confirms Louis XVIs identity.
King detained in Varennes - Public reaction
Louis Auguste Bourbon figured in events surrounding king detained in varennes at Varennes. His detention turned a secret royal journey into a constitutional emergency in Paris. Public knowledge of the failed journey encouraged both republican criticism and efforts to defend the remaining monarchy.
King detained in Varennes
Louis XVI was prevented from continuing toward Montmedy after the authorities recognized him. His detention turned a secret royal journey into a constitutional emergency in Paris.
King suspected at posting station - Public reaction
Louis Auguste Bourbon figured in events surrounding king suspected at posting station at Sainte-Menehould. The identification risk undermined a plan whose success depended on reaching loyal troops before an alarm spread. Public knowledge of the failed journey encouraged both republican criticism and efforts to defend the remaining monarchy.
King suspected at posting station
Louis XVI was suspected of traveling incognito while the carriage halted at Sainte-Menehould. The identification risk undermined a plan whose success depended on reaching loyal troops before an alarm spread.
Royal coach continues east - Impact on the royal family
Louis Auguste Bourbon figured in events surrounding royal coach continues east at Bondy. The heavy carriage and complex timetable reduced the margin for unexpected delays. It left Louis XVI and his relatives subject to closer political supervision and damaged the prestige of the court.
Royal coach continues east
Louis XVI traveled onward from Bondy toward the chain of posting stations on the road to Montmedy. The heavy carriage and complex timetable reduced the margin for unexpected delays.
Royal party brought into town - Political significance
Jean-Baptiste Sauce figured in events surrounding royal party brought into town at Varennes. The local response prevented an immediate continuation toward Bouille's troops. The crisis intensified the divide between constitutional monarchists and activists who doubted that the king could be trusted.
Royal party brought into town
Sauce accommodated and supervised the detained travelers while their identity was investigated. The local response prevented an immediate continuation toward Bouille's troops.
Varennes barricade stops carriage - Impact on the royal family
Jean-Baptiste Sauce figured in events surrounding varennes barricade stops carriage at Varennes. Municipal officer Sauce became involved in overseeing the situation once the party was halted. It left Louis XVI and his relatives subject to closer political supervision and damaged the prestige of the court.
Varennes barricade stops carriage
Residents and local officials stopped the royal travelers before they could continue through Varennes. Municipal officer Sauce became involved in overseeing the situation once the party was halted.
Flight to Varennes
Bouille expects the royal family to reach the frontier but the escape collapses before his forces can help
Flight to Varennes
Bouille expects the royal family to reach the frontier but the escape collapses before his forces can help.
Search
Lafayette sends orders and faces accusations after the royal family escapes from his guard
Search
Lafayette sends orders and faces accusations after the royal family escapes from his guard.
Bailly deals with royal flight alarm
The discovery that Louis XVI had fled the Tuileries caused an immediate security crisis in Paris. Bailly's city government confronted public anger and fresh doubts about the constitutional monarchy.
Flight to Varennes
After the kings flight to Varennes Robespierre and other Jacobins question the future of constitutional monarchy
Flight to Varennes
After the kings flight to Varennes Robespierre and other Jacobins question the future of constitutional monarchy.
Arrest of Jean-Baptiste Sauce
Sauce receives the detained travellers in Varennes while local officials decide whether they are the royal family
Arrest of Jean-Baptiste Sauce
Sauce receives the detained travellers in Varennes while local officials decide whether they are the royal family.
Detention
Sauce keeps the royal party under local supervision while messengers and guards gather in the town
Detention
Sauce keeps the royal party under local supervision while messengers and guards gather in the town.
Lafayette confronts escaped king crisis - Political significance
Gilbert du Motier Lafayette figured in events surrounding lafayette confronts escaped king crisis at Paris. The escape threatened his credibility as guarantor of the constitutional order. The crisis intensified the divide between constitutional monarchists and activists who doubted that the king could be trusted.
Lafayette confronts escaped king crisis
Lafayette commanded the National Guard responsible for security in Paris when the royal family disappeared. The escape threatened his credibility as guarantor of the constitutional order.
Drouet becomes suspicious - Constitutional consequence
Jean-Baptiste Drouet figured in events surrounding drouet becomes suspicious at Sainte-Menehould. His suspicion became critical when he decided to pursue the carriage toward Varennes. The episode undermined confidence in the possibility of governing France through a constitutional monarch who had tried to leave the capital.
Drouet becomes suspicious
Postmaster Jean-Baptiste Drouet became suspicious that the travelers passing through Sainte-Menehould included Louis XVI. His suspicion became critical when he decided to pursue the carriage toward Varennes.
Drouet rides toward Varennes - Security consequence
Jean-Baptiste Drouet figured in events surrounding drouet rides toward varennes at Sainte-Menehould. His pursuit helped turn a passing suspicion into an organized interception. The incident revealed how policing, local officials and transport delays could defeat the royal escape plan.
Drouet rides toward Varennes
Drouet set off toward Varennes to warn local inhabitants about the suspected presence of the king. His pursuit helped turn a passing suspicion into an organized interception.
Pursuit
Drouet rides ahead to warn Varennes and prevent the royal party from continuing toward Montmedy
Pursuit
Drouet rides ahead to warn Varennes and prevent the royal party from continuing toward Montmedy.
Recognition
Jean-Baptiste Drouet recognises the king and decides to pursue the royal carriage
Recognition
Jean-Baptiste Drouet recognises the king and decides to pursue the royal carriage.
Long coach route risks recognition - Political significance
Marie Antoinette figured in events surrounding long coach route risks recognition at Chalons-en-Champagne. The need to keep the family together made swift and discreet travel difficult. The crisis intensified the divide between constitutional monarchists and activists who doubted that the king could be trusted.
Long coach route risks recognition
Marie Antoinette remained with the royal party during the lengthy journey through Champagne. The need to keep the family together made swift and discreet travel difficult.
Varennes news reaches radicals: Constitutional confidence questioned
Robespierre criticized the danger posed by a king who had attempted to leave France during the constitutional experiment. He approached the dispute as a test of popular sovereignty and the accountability of public power.
Tourzel detained with children - Impact on the royal family
Louise Elisabeth Tourzel figured in events surrounding tourzel detained with children at Varennes. The exposure of the false Baroness de Korff identity undermined the arrangements designed to conceal the family's movement. It left Louis XVI and his relatives subject to closer political supervision and damaged the prestige of the court.
Tourzel detained with children
Madame de Tourzel remained with the royal children after the travelers were detained at Varennes. The exposure of the false Baroness de Korff identity undermined the arrangements designed to conceal the family's movement.
Bouille's frontier plans collapse - Security consequence
Francois Claude Amour Bouille figured in events surrounding bouille's frontier plans collapse at Montmedy. Detention at Varennes kept the royal family from reaching those forces. The incident revealed how policing, local officials and transport delays could defeat the royal escape plan.
Bouille's frontier plans collapse
General Bouille had prepared military support in the eastern frontier region for the king's arrival. Detention at Varennes kept the royal family from reaching those forces.
Fersen separates at Bondy - Security consequence
Hans Axel Fersen figured in events surrounding fersen separates at bondy at Bondy. Responsibility for the rest of the journey passed to the party and its arranged escorts. The incident revealed how policing, local officials and transport delays could defeat the royal escape plan.
Fersen separates at Bondy
Fersen accompanied the carriage through the first stage outside Paris before leaving the royal travelers at Bondy. Responsibility for the rest of the journey passed to the party and its arranged escorts.
Arrest of Louis XVI
Commands the escort that takes Louis XVI from Paris to Varennes
Arrest of Louis XVI
Commands the escort that takes Louis XVI from Paris to Varennes.
Separation
Hans Axel Fersen Count Fersen left the royal party after the early stage of the escape.
Separation
Leaves the royal party after the early stage of the escape
Detention
Louis Charles is kept with the royal family while officials arrange the return to Paris
Detention
Louis Charles is kept with the royal family while officials arrange the return to Paris.
Detention
Detained with the royal family after recognition at Varennes
Detention
Detained with the royal family after recognition at Varennes.
Aftermath of Varennes
Argues that the king's flight exposes a grave crisis of trust in the monarchy
Aftermath of Varennes
Argues that the king's flight exposes a grave crisis of trust in the monarchy.
Detention
Detained with the royal children after the escape fails
Detention
Detained with the royal children after the escape fails.
Identification
Confirms the king's identity at Varennes after being summoned by local officials
Identification
Confirms the king's identity at Varennes after being summoned by local officials.
Detention at Varennes
Louis XVI was detained at Varennes after local officials and citizens prevented the royal party from continuing toward Montmedy.
Journey through Bondy
Louis XVI continued eastward through Bondy as the royal party attempted to reach the frontier without detection.
Arrest of Louis Auguste Bourbon
Louis XVI is stopped at Varennes before reaching the royalist troops near Montmedy
Arrest of Louis Auguste Bourbon
Louis XVI is stopped at Varennes before reaching the royalist troops near Montmedy.
Arrest of Louis Auguste Bourbon
Stopped at Varennes before reaching the royalist troops near Montmedy
Arrest of Louis Auguste Bourbon
Stopped at Varennes before reaching the royalist troops near Montmedy.
Delay
Louis XVI is exposed to recognition risks while horses are changed and the journey loses valuable time
Delay
Louis XVI is exposed to recognition risks while horses are changed and the journey loses valuable time.
Flight to Varennes
Louis XVI continues the journey eastward after the first carriage arrangements are completed outside Paris
Flight to Varennes
Louis XVI continues the journey eastward after the first carriage arrangements are completed outside Paris.
Recognition
Louis XVI is recognised during the stop at Sainte Menehould as suspicion rises along the route
Recognition
Louis XVI is recognised during the stop at Sainte Menehould as suspicion rises along the route.
Recognition
Recognized during the stop at Sainte-Menehould as suspicion rises along the route
Recognition
Recognized during the stop at Sainte-Menehould as suspicion rises along the route.
Guard mobilized after flight to Varennes
Parisian National Guards were called upon to maintain calm after news that Louis XVI had fled. Their duties became politically fraught because the institution was associated with protecting the monarchy.
National Guard Searches for Missing Monarch
After Louis XVI fled the Tuileries, armed authorities sought to preserve order and discover his route. The failure of palace security exposed the limits of Lafayette's command.
Detention
Keeps the royal party under local supervision while guards and messengers gather
Detention
Keeps the royal party under local supervision while guards and messengers gather.
Pursuit
Rides ahead to warn Varennes and stop the royal party
Pursuit
Rides ahead to warn Varennes and stop the royal party.
Recognition
Recognizes Louis XVI and decides to pursue the royal carriage
Recognition
Recognizes Louis XVI and decides to pursue the royal carriage.
Arrest of Elisabeth Philippine Marie Helene Bourbon
Madame Elisabeth is held with the royal family in Varennes after recognition of the king
Arrest of Elisabeth Philippine Marie Helene Bourbon
Madame Elisabeth is held with the royal family in Varennes after recognition of the king.
Detention
Marie Therese Charlotte witnesses the detention of the royal family at Varennes
Detention
Marie Therese Charlotte witnesses the detention of the royal family at Varennes.
Detention
Held with the royal family in Varennes after recognition of the king
Detention
Held with the royal family in Varennes after recognition of the king.
Arrest of Marie Antoinette
Marie Antoinette is detained with the royal family after the escape fails at Varennes
Arrest of Marie Antoinette
Marie Antoinette is detained with the royal family after the escape fails at Varennes.
Delay
Marie Antoinette is noticed during a stop on the route and the royal party loses secrecy
Delay
Marie Antoinette is noticed during a stop on the route and the royal party loses secrecy.
Flight to Varennes
Marie Antoinette remains with the heavy coach despite the danger that the slow vehicle will delay the escape
Flight to Varennes
Marie Antoinette remains with the heavy coach despite the danger that the slow vehicle will delay the escape.
Detention
Detained with the royal family after the escape fails at Varennes
Detention
Detained with the royal family after the escape fails at Varennes.
Assembly commissioners escort queen back
National Assembly commissioners joined the guarded return journey after the failed flight. Marie Antoinette traveled under hostile observation as the affair undermined confidence in royal loyalty.
Barnave appointed escort commissioner - Public reaction
Antoine Pierre Joseph Marie Barnave figured in events surrounding barnave appointed escort commissioner at Paris. Sending representatives established parliamentary supervision over the king's return. Public knowledge of the failed journey encouraged both republican criticism and efforts to defend the remaining monarchy.
Barnave appointed escort commissioner
The National Assembly designated Barnave among deputies charged with meeting and accompanying the detained royal family. Sending representatives established parliamentary supervision over the king's return.
La Tour-Maubourg assigned to royal party - Impact on the royal family
Charles Cesar de Fay La Tour-Maubourg figured in events surrounding la tour-maubourg assigned to royal party at Paris. The Assembly used a multi-member escort to assert authority over the politically explosive journey. It left Louis XVI and his relatives subject to closer political supervision and damaged the prestige of the court.
La Tour-Maubourg assigned to royal party
La Tour-Maubourg joined the deputies entrusted with supervising the return from Varennes. The Assembly used a multi-member escort to assert authority over the politically explosive journey.
Petion joins royal escort - Security consequence
Jerome Petion figured in events surrounding petion joins royal escort at Paris. His presence gave the mission a deputy associated with more democratic opinion. The incident revealed how policing, local officials and transport delays could defeat the royal escape plan.
Petion joins royal escort
Pรฉtion was appointed to the parliamentary delegation accompanying Louis XVI and his family back to the capital. His presence gave the mission a deputy associated with more democratic opinion.
Escort
Barnave is sent by the National Assembly to escort the royal family back after the arrest
Escort
Barnave is sent by the National Assembly to escort the royal family back after the arrest.
Escort
La Tour-Maubourg joins the commissioners charged with returning the royal family to Paris
Escort
La Tour-Maubourg joins the commissioners charged with returning the royal family to Paris.
Escort
Petion is sent as an Assembly commissioner to accompany the royal family back toward Paris
Escort
Petion is sent as an Assembly commissioner to accompany the royal family back toward Paris.
Escort
Antoine Pierre Joseph Marie Barnave was sent by the National Assembly to escort the royal family back to Paris.
Escort
Sent by the National Assembly to escort the royal family back to Paris
Escort
Charles Cesar La Tour-Maubourg was sent as an Assembly commissioner to return the royal family to Paris.
Escort
Sent as an Assembly commissioner to return the royal family to Paris
Escort
Jerome Petion was sent as an Assembly commissioner to accompany the royal family back to Paris.
Escort
Sent as an Assembly commissioner to accompany the royal family back to Paris
Barnave converses with royal family - Constitutional consequence
Antoine Pierre Joseph Marie Barnave figured in events surrounding barnave converses with royal family at Varennes to Paris. The experience contributed to his increasingly firm defense of preserving a constitutional monarchy. The episode undermined confidence in the possibility of governing France through a constitutional monarch who had tried to leave the capital.
Barnave converses with royal family
Barnave spent the return journey in close contact with the royal travelers. The experience contributed to his increasingly firm defense of preserving a constitutional monarchy.
Return Journey
Barnave travels beside the royal family and begins to favour preserving a constitutional monarchy
Return Journey
Barnave travels beside the royal family and begins to favour preserving a constitutional monarchy.
Return Journey
Petion observes the royal family closely during the guarded return from Varennes
Return Journey
Petion observes the royal family closely during the guarded return from Varennes.
Queen faces guarded return - Political significance
Marie Antoinette figured in events surrounding queen faces guarded return at Varennes to Paris. Public scrutiny along the route contrasted with the secrecy of the outward journey. The crisis intensified the divide between constitutional monarchists and activists who doubted that the king could be trusted.
Queen faces guarded return
Marie Antoinette traveled back toward Paris under supervision following the failure of the royal flight. Public scrutiny along the route contrasted with the secrecy of the outward journey.
Royal family reenters Paris in silence
Marie Antoinette returned to Paris with Louis XVI under heavy escort after the Varennes failure. The restrained and hostile public reception reflected the profound damage done to the monarchy's legitimacy.
Royal family returns to Paris - Public reaction
Louis Auguste Bourbon figured in events surrounding royal family returns to paris at Paris. Their return did not restore confidence in the king's commitment to the constitutional settlement. Public knowledge of the failed journey encouraged both republican criticism and efforts to defend the remaining monarchy.
Royal family returns to Paris
Louis XVI and his family arrived back in Paris under escort after being stopped at Varennes. Their return did not restore confidence in the king's commitment to the constitutional settlement.
Guard
Lafayette restores strict guard arrangements around the royal family after their return
Guard
Lafayette restores strict guard arrangements around the royal family after their return.
Bailly handles king's guarded return
When the royal family returned from Varennes under escort, municipal authorities confronted volatile crowds. Bailly's administration supported arrangements intended to prevent fresh violence around the Tuileries.
Guard strengthened at Tuileries - Security consequence
Gilbert du Motier Lafayette figured in events surrounding guard strengthened at tuileries at Paris. The monarchy now functioned under close revolutionary supervision. The incident revealed how policing, local officials and transport delays could defeat the royal escape plan.
Guard strengthened at Tuileries
After the royal family's return, Lafayette's National Guard was involved in arrangements for guarding the king at the Tuileries. The monarchy now functioned under close revolutionary supervision.
Arrest of Louis XVI
Louis XVI & his family are escorted back to Paris. Louis XVI & his family are arrested during an ill fated escape from France
Arrest of Louis XVI
Louis XVI and his family are escorted back to Paris. Louis XVI and his family are arrested during an ill fated escape from France.
Return to Paris
Louis XVI and his family returned to Paris under guard after the failed flight to Varennes.
Return under Guard
Louis XVI returned to Paris under armed guard after the failed flight to Varennes.
Royal Guard after Varennes
The Assembly placed Louis XVI under a specially regulated guard at the Tuileries following the failed escape.
Suspension of Royal Functions
The Constituent Assembly suspended Louis XVI from exercising royal functions after his return from Varennes.
Return
Louis XVI returns to Paris under guard and his credibility as constitutional monarch is badly damaged
Return
Louis XVI returns to Paris under guard and his credibility as constitutional monarch is badly damaged.
Return
Returns to Paris under guard with his credibility as constitutional monarch badly damaged
Return
Returns to Paris under guard with his credibility as constitutional monarch badly damaged.
Guard Restored
Restores strict guard arrangements around the royal family after their return
Guard Restored
Restores strict guard arrangements around the royal family after their return.
Guards Accompany Captured Royal Family Home
Military escorts helped conduct the royal family back to Paris after the unsuccessful flight to Varennes. The soldiers' presence underscored the transition from royal freedom of movement to guarded residence.
Security tightens on royal return
After the family returned under escort, Lafayette's Guard helped enforce stricter supervision at the Tuileries. The episode illustrated a transition from ceremonial protection to closely guarded confinement.
Return
Madame Elisabeth returns to captivity in the Tuileries after the Varennes episode
Return
Madame Elisabeth returns to captivity in the Tuileries after the Varennes episode.
Return
Marie Therese Charlotte returns to Paris with the royal family after the failed escape
Return
Marie Therese Charlotte returns to Paris with the royal family after the failed escape.
Return
Returns to Paris with the royal family after the failed escape
Return
Returns to Paris with the royal family after the failed escape.
Return
Marie Antoinette returns to the Tuileries under guard after the failed flight to Varennes
Return
Marie Antoinette returns to the Tuileries under guard after the failed flight to Varennes.
Return
Returns to the Tuileries under guard after the failed flight to Varennes
Return
Returns to the Tuileries under guard after the failed flight to Varennes.
Captain
Promoted captain in the British Army
Captain
Appointed Captain
Royal flight shocks constituent body: Constitutional monarchy defended
Barnave argued that the king's attempted escape should not automatically overthrow the planned constitutional monarchy. His position reflected the Assembly majority's fear of a wider political rupture.
Royal flight shocks constituent body: Assembly investigates escape
Petion became one of the deputies sent to accompany the royal family back from Varennes. The guarded return revealed the fragility of confidence between the king and the nation.
Aftermath
Brissot uses the crisis to question whether France can safely retain Louis XVI as king
Aftermath
Brissot uses the crisis to question whether France can safely retain Louis XVI as king.
Flight to Varennes raises republican questions
The king's attempted escape strengthened Brissot's doubts about royal trustworthiness. The crisis encouraged him and other journalists to reconsider the limits of constitutional monarchy.
Aftermath
Desmoulins attacks the royal flight in revolutionary journalism and supports stronger popular action
Aftermath
Desmoulins attacks the royal flight in revolutionary journalism and supports stronger popular action.
Aftermath
Marat denounces the attempted flight as proof that the court remains hostile to the Revolution
Aftermath
Marat denounces the attempted flight as proof that the court remains hostile to the Revolution.
Aftermath
Danton and Cordeliers militants use the flight to intensify pressure against the monarchy
Aftermath
Danton and Cordeliers militants use the flight to intensify pressure against the monarchy.
Exile of Francois Claude Amour Bouille
Bouille flees after the failure of the plan and is blamed for organising the military side of the escape
Exile of Francois Claude Amour Bouille
Bouille flees after the failure of the plan and is blamed for organising the military side of the escape.
Royal flight shocks constituent body: Royal loyalty judged
Robespierre treated the flight to Varennes as a serious warning that the executive could undermine national sovereignty. The crisis intensified criticism of royal inviolability.
Return Journey
Marie Antoinette endures the guarded journey back to Paris under hostile public scrutiny
Return Journey
Marie Antoinette endures the guarded journey back to Paris under hostile public scrutiny.
Birth of James Robert George Graham
Birth of James Robert George Graham
Royal dismissal of Girondin ministers: Minister loses office after warning king
Roland was dismissed after conflict with Louis XVI over decrees and public confidence in the monarchy. The removal made a ministerial dispute into a constitutional crisis.
Girondin ministers dismissed by the king
Louis XVI dismissed ministers associated with the Girondin circle after clashes over wartime policy. Their removal aggravated the political conflict between Brissot's allies and the court.
Royal dismissal of Girondin ministers: Political allies attack palace
Brissot's associates condemned the dismissal of ministers who had supported the Assembly's policies. The episode intensified accusations that royal advisers obstructed national defence.
Royal dismissal of Girondin ministers: Correspondence fuels political dispute
Madame Roland had helped shape her husband's confrontational message to the king. His dismissal strengthened her hostility to the court and her prominence among his political allies.
Dismissal of Girondin Ministers
Louis XVI dismissed leading Girondin ministers after disputes over his vetoes and the conduct of revolutionary government.
Declaration of War
Prussia declares war on France against the anti-monarchism of the Legislative Assembly
Constitution of France
Announces to the Assembly that the Jacobins are a state within a state
Constitution of France
Announces to the Assembly that the Jacobins are a state within a state.
French Troops Occupy Kortrijk
Luckner's army extended its offensive to Kortrijk in June 1792. Coalition countermeasures soon threatened the advance and forced reconsideration of its objectives.
Kings Guard
Vetos the law to dissolve the King's Guard
Kings Guard
Vetos the law to dissolve the King's Guard.
Armed demonstrators enter Tuileries
A crowd entered the royal residence and confronted Louis XVI over his policies. Marie Antoinette and the children endured the tense occupation as the monarchy's protection became less reliable.
Danton's milieu supports pressure on royal court
Cordeliers activists helped sustain the climate of confrontation created by the royal vetoes and ministerial dismissals. The episode concerned armed petitioners enter the tuileries and affected the relationship between club activists and public authority.
Reballion of Rebels in Paris
One of the Deputies who defends Louis XVI from the mob
Reballion of Rebels in Paris
One of the Deputies who defends Louis XVI from the mob.
Paris demonstrators confront the king: Deputies face street pressure
Vergniaud's legislative milieu observed crowds entering the Tuileries to demand changes in royal policy. The protest revealed that constitutional procedures were no longer containing popular anger.
Paris demonstrators confront the king: Ousted ministry remains a symbol
Roland's dismissal was among the grievances voiced by opponents of the palace. The dispute illustrated how ministerial appointments had become a wider contest over revolutionary legitimacy.
June demonstration pressures royal authority
A large crowd entered the Tuileries after disputes over the king's vetoes and dismissed ministers. Brissot's political faction operated amid increasing reliance on demonstrations and sectional activism.
Paris demonstrators confront the king: Dismissal grievance drives agitation
Brissot's followers continued challenging the court after the removal of Girondin ministers. Mass demonstrations increased pressure on a monarch whose vetoes had become politically explosive.
Desmoulins denounces resistance by palace
Desmoulins's anti-court journalism reflected growing impatience with Louis XVI's use of constitutional powers. This aspect of armed petitioners enter the tuileries illustrates how press campaigns, popular sections and government decisions became connected.
Demonstrations
Dissolves the Paris demonstrations
Demonstrations
Jerome Petion dissolved the Paris demonstrations.
Tuileries Crowd Crisis
As mayor of Paris, Petion tried to limit the crowd invasion of the Tuileries during the demonstration of 20 June.
Guards confront 20 June palace demonstration
An armed procession entered the Tuileries to demand changes in royal policy. Santerre was associated with the popular movement that tested the guard's ability to maintain order.
Santerre represents militant faubourg mobilization
Santerre's leadership of armed Parisian citizens illustrated the alliance between popular sections and radical political pressure. The controversy surrounding armed petitioners enter the tuileries influenced the changing balance among revolutionary factions.
Bonnet Rouge
Forced to wear the Bonnet Rouge, emblem of the Revolution
Bonnet Rouge
Forced to wear the Bonnet Rouge, emblem of the Revolution.
Demonstrations
Demonstrators entered the Tuileries on the anniversary of the Tennis Court Oath and demanded changes to royal vetoes and ministers.
Demonstrations
Louis XVI took place on the anniversary of the Tennis Court Oath and the Flight to Varennes. Listens to demands for new laws on priests and federes and to recall ministers. Dons the cap of liberty.
Demonstrations
Takes place on the anniversary of the Tennis Court Oath & the Flight to Varennes. Listens to demands for new laws on priests & federes & to recall ministers. Dons the cap of liberty
Refusal to Withdraw Vetoes
Louis XVI refused to withdraw his constitutional vetoes despite direct pressure from demonstrators inside the Tuileries.
Tuileries Invasion
Demonstrators entered the Tuileries and confronted Louis XVI over his vetoes and dismissal of Girondin ministers.
Reballion of Rebels in Paris
One of the Deputies who defends Louis XVI from the mob
National Assembly
Appears at the bar of the Assembly & demands the dissolution of the Jacobins
National Assembly
Appears at the bar of the Assembly and demands the dissolution of the Jacobins.
Lafayette denounces Jacobin pressure
Lafayette appeared before the Legislative Assembly to condemn radical political agitation. His stance exposed how a former National Guard commander had become estranged from militant Parisian activists.
National Guard
Raises a force from the National Guard to march on the Jacobins but fails
National Guard
Raises a force from the National Guard to march on the Jacobins but fails.
Northern French Forces Retreat Toward Lille
The French abandoned their exposed positions in the Austrian Netherlands and fell back toward Lille. The withdrawal ended the second incursion of 1792.
Royal vetoes fuel confrontation
Louis XVI resisted measures concerning refractory priests and military encampments near Paris. Marie Antoinette supported the preservation of royal authority while crowds increasingly viewed the vetoes as obstruction.
Resignation of Charles-Francois du Perier Dumouriez
Resigns after Louis vetos a law to dissolve the King's Guard
Resignation of Charles-Francois du Perier Dumouriez
Resigns after Louis vetos a law to dissolve the King's Guard.
Royal veto exacerbates parliamentary conflict
Louis XVI vetoed controversial decrees concerning nonjuring priests and the proposed camp of federes. The vetoes made the ministry's war policy difficult to separate from the dispute over royal power.
Popular Battalions Contest Moderate Commanders
Armed men from radical Paris sections increasingly rejected commanders associated with the constitutional monarchy. Santerre emerged among leaders who connected local militia organization with insurrectionary politics.
Federes Camp Veto
Louis XVI vetoed the decree establishing a camp of twenty thousand provincial fรฉdรฉrรฉs near Paris.
Feuillant Ministry
Louis XVI replaced dismissed Girondin ministers with a ministry associated more closely with constitutional monarchists.
Refractory Priest Deportation Veto
Louis XVI refused to sanction legislation providing for the deportation of refractory priests accused of encouraging counter-revolution.
Peace
Lafayette secretly sought an armistice with Austria.
Peace
Secretly seeks an armistice with Austria
Commune Deploys Artillery Against Convention
Hanriot's forces surrounded the Convention as the Paris Commune demanded action against Girondin deputies. Military pressure compromised the legislature's ability to decide freely.
Jacobin Allied Militants Pressure National Convention
Hanriot's armed forces supported the insurrectionary pressure that removed leading Girondins from the Convention. The outcome strengthened the Mountain and its Parisian allies.
Girondin Deputies Arrested
Marat supports the movement against leading Girondins as armed pressure forces the Convention to order the arrest of prominent deputies.
Girondin deputies detained: Girondin group loses representation
Gensonnรฉ was arrested with fellow deputies as the Mountain gained political control. Their removal weakened moderate republican voices inside the national legislature.
Girondin deputies detained: Convention leadership displaced
Vergniaud's reputation as a brilliant orator did not protect him when the Convention yielded to the insurgents. His confinement demonstrated that parliamentary standing could be overcome by armed force.
Girondin deputies arrested after June uprising
The Convention ordered the arrest of Brissot and fellow Girondins under pressure from armed forces. Their exclusion transferred effective political advantage to the Mountain.
Girondin deputies detained: Leading deputy removed
Brissot was among the prominent Girondins placed under arrest after armed pressure on the Convention. The purge ended his capacity to shape national policy through parliamentary debate.
Girondin Fall
Paris militants and the Mountain force the arrest of leading Girondins after months of struggle with Jacobins
Girondin Fall
Paris militants and the Mountain force the arrest of leading Girondins after months of struggle with Jacobins.
Girondin leaders placed under arrest: Centralized republican authority grows
Couthon joined colleagues who regarded the purge as necessary to defend the endangered Republic. The action nonetheless revealed the coercive role of Parisian armed politics.
Girondin leaders placed under arrest: Cannons surround the legislature
Hanriot's armed forces surrounded the National Convention and constrained the deputies' freedom of action. The resulting arrest decrees removed leading Girondins from political power.
Artillery Displays Strength outside Convention
Hanriot's armed men positioned forces around the legislature during the June insurrection. The surrounding troops helped compel the arrest of prominent Girondin representatives.
National Guards surround the Convention
Hanriot deployed armed forces around the Convention during the purge of leading Girondin deputies. The display of force compelled legislators to act under immediate pressure from the Paris Commune.
Girondin leaders placed under arrest: Mountain gains ascendancy
Robespierre's faction benefited when the Convention arrested prominent Girondin politicians under popular pressure. The Mountain now possessed a much stronger base for revolutionary government.
Execution
Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne proposed execution of unsuccessful generals and the creation of a revolutionary army.
Execution
Proposes execution of unsuccessful generals & the creation of a revolutionary army
Manifesto
Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne proposed expelling foreigners and taxing the rich. Proposes execution of unsuccessful generals and the creation of a revolutionary army.
Manifesto
Proposes expelling foreigners & taxing the rich. Proposes execution of unsuccessful generals & the creation of a revolutionary army
Break with Paoli
Napoleon's conflict with Pasquale Paoli forced the Bonaparte family to leave Corsica and seek safety in mainland France.
Siege Engineers Begin Formal Trench System
Coalition specialists opened approaches toward the fortifications under covering fire. The deliberate method aimed to bring heavy guns close enough to breach or neutralize defensive works.
Captain
Napoleon I rejoined his company at Nice.
Captain
Rejoins his company at Nice
Captain
Rejoins his company at Nice
Republican constitution proclaims equality
The Constitution of 1793 proclaimed broad civic equality while revolutionary deputies debated the ownership and distribution of property. Its principles added ideological force to demands for complete abolition of feudal vestiges.
Constitution of Year I Adopted
Herault de Sechelles helps present the democratic Constitution of Year I, which the Convention adopts but later suspends during the emergency government.
Allied Guns Target Valenciennes Outer Works
Heavy artillery sought to weaken the complex defenses before infantry attacks. The bombardment supported a gradual advance rather than a single improvised rush.
Montagnard constitution prepared: Emergency executive takes drafting role
Barรจre was active in a Committee of Public Safety charged with urgent constitutional and military tasks. Preparations for the new constitution occurred amid civil war and foreign invasion.
Ferrand Organizes Defensive Artillery Positions
The garrison manned batteries intended to disrupt advancing siege works. French gun crews had to conserve ammunition while contesting the enemy's gradual approach.
Valenciennes Civilian Population Endures Bombardment
The siege placed residents at risk from shells and damage to buildings. Ferrand's defenders operated amid growing pressures on civilian supplies and urban infrastructure.
Montagnard constitution prepared: Republican institutions drafted
Saint-Just helped articulate constitutional ideas emphasizing popular sovereignty and civic duties. The June constitution provided a democratic program that wartime government did not immediately implement.
Command consolidated after Girondin purge
Hanriot retained influence over the Paris Guard after the fall of the Girondins. Control of citizen arms strengthened the political power of radical municipal leaders.
Montagnard constitution prepared: New rights framework advanced
Robespierre endorsed a constitution that recognized broad political rights while defending republican unity. Its promises stood in tension with the suspension of normal constitutional rule.
Custine Assumes Northern Command amid Crisis
Custine took over the Army of the North during a period of defeat and distrust. He faced pressure to save threatened fortresses without adequate time to restore the field army.
Refusal of War Ministry
Beauharnais refused appointment as minister of war before taking senior command in the revolutionary armies.
Coalition Covering Army Guards Siege Approaches
Coburg stationed field troops beyond the immediate siege lines. This screen was intended to repel any French army attempting to rescue Valenciennes.
Allied Siege Force Isolates Fortress Approaches
The Duke of York's troops blocked roads and established camps around Valenciennes. The investment sought to prevent reinforcements reaching the French garrison.
British Troops Protect Allied Siege Batteries
British formations assisted the Austrian directed siege by guarding positions and supporting engineering work. Their participation reflected the multinational nature of the Coalition expedition.
York Demands Progress despite Siege Delays
British commanders became frustrated with the slow engineering schedule. Differences between their preferences and Austrian procedures complicated the Allied command relationship.
French Language Report
Gregoire reports on linguistic diversity and proposes expanding the use of French as a common language for administration, education and republican citizenship.
President of National Convention
Robespierre became president of the National Convention shortly before the Festival of the Supreme Being.
Capture of Paris
The envoy of the French convention abolishes slavery & recaptures Guadeloupe
Supreme Being Festival Expresses Jacobin Civic Religion
Robespierre presided over the Festival of the Supreme Being as part of a program of civic morality. Critics viewed the ceremony with suspicion amid factional rivalries.
Festival of Supreme Being
Appointed High Priest for a festival of the supreme being
Festival of Supreme Being
Maximilien Francois Marie Robespierre was appointed High Priest for a festival of the supreme being.
High Priest
Appointed High Priest for a festival of the supreme being
Festival of Supreme Being
Robespierre promotes the Festival of the Supreme Being as part of his vision of civic virtue
Festival of Supreme Being
Robespierre promotes the Festival of the Supreme Being as part of his vision of civic virtue.
Festival of Supreme Being
Presides over the deistic worship of the supreme being held on the Champ de Mars
Festival of Supreme Being
Presides over the deistic worship of the supreme being held on the Champ de Mars.
Prairial Law Tightens Political Trials
Couthon introduced the Law of 22 Prairial which reduced procedural protections at the Revolutionary Tribunal. The reform intensified fear among opponents of the ruling faction.
Prairial Statute Curtails Defense Rights
Couthon presented the Law of 22 Prairial which sharply limited legal protections at the tribunal. The measure accelerated hearings and made death sentences more likely.
Couthon Proposes Prairial Tribunal Reform
Couthon introduced legislation severely narrowing procedural protections for suspects before the Revolutionary Tribunal. Its adoption hastened trials and expanded the scope of capital punishment.
Law of 22 Prairial
Couthon presents the Law of 22 Prairial, which sharply restricts defense rights and accelerates proceedings before the Revolutionary Tribunal.
Law of 22 Prairial
The Law of 22 Prairial accelerates Revolutionary Tribunal procedures and increases fear of political purge
Law of 22 Prairial
The Law of 22 Prairial accelerates Revolutionary Tribunal procedures and increases fear of political purge.
Committee of General Security
The Law of 22 Prairial, proposed by the Committee of Public Safety and enacted on June 10, 1794, went further in establishing the iron control of the Revolutionary Tribunal and, above it, the Committee's of Public Safety and General Security
Committee of General Security
The Law of 22 Prairial, proposed by the Committee of Public Safety and enacted on June 10, 1794, went further in establishing the iron control of the Revolutionary Tribunal and, above it, the Committee's of Public Safety and General Security.
Committee of Public Safety
The Law of 22 Prairial, proposed by the Committee of Public Safety and enacted on June 10, 1794, went further in establishing the iron control of the Revolutionary Tribunal and, above it, the Committee's of Public Safety and General Security
Constitution of France
The Law of 22 Prairial, proposed by the Committee of Public Safety and enacted on June 10, 1794, went further in establishing the iron control of the Revolutionary Tribunal and, above it, the Committee's of Public Safety and General Security
Revolutionary Tribunal
The Law of 22 Prairial, proposed by the Committee of Public Safety and enacted on June 10, 1794, went further in establishing the iron control of the Revolutionary Tribunal and, above it, the Committee's of Public Safety and General Security
Reform of Legal System
In revolutionary tribunals juries have to decide between acquital or death. In revolutionary tribunals Defence lawyers are banned. Allows juries to convict without hearing evidence. A law is passed establishing the Great Terror
Reform of Legal System
In revolutionary tribunals juries have to decide between acquital or death. In revolutionary tribunals Defence lawyers are banned. Allows juries to convict without hearing evidence. A law is passed establishing the Great Terror.
Revolutionary Tribunal
In revolutionary tribunals juries have to decide between acquital or death. In revolutionary tribunals Defence lawyers are banned
Revolutionary Tribunal
In revolutionary tribunals juries have to decide between acquital or death. In revolutionary tribunals Defence lawyers are banned.
Siege of Calvi
Nelson & Lieutenant General Charles Stuart carry out a landing and immediately begin moving guns ashore to occupy the heights surrounding the town
Siege of Calvi
Nelson and Charles Stuart land and move guns ashore to occupy heights near Calvi.
Austrian Garrison Negotiates Charleroi Surrender
The besieged garrison entered capitulation negotiations as French pressure increased. The agreement deprived the approaching coalition of the fortress it intended to save.
Charleroi Garrison Capitulates to Republican Forces
Charleroi surrendered to the French on 25 June 1794 after the siege. The release of Hatry's troops strengthened Jourdan's position for the coming battle.
Fortress Capture Changes French Battle Preparations
Jourdan could use troops no longer required to contain the garrison after its surrender. This allowed broader deployment against the advancing coalition army.
Charleroi Capitulation Precedes Fleurus
Saint Just oversaw the republican campaign as the Austrian garrison of Charleroi surrendered. The victory freed French troops to face the approaching coalition army.
Charleroi Surrender Confirms French Siege Success
Saint Just was present with the republican command as Charleroi fell. The victory gave the Convention a military success before the larger engagement at Fleurus.
Battle of Fleurus
Defeated by the French
Daurier Protects Western River Flank
Daurier's formation occupied the extreme French left near the Sambre. Control of this flank was important for keeping communications with the river crossings open.
Coalition Columns Threaten Gosselies Screen
Coalition forces pressed French troops in the Gosselies area while Jourdan defended Charleroi. Morlot's sector experienced heavy pressure during the fighting.
Gosselies Sector Faces Heavy Coalition Pressure
The French line around Gosselies became a contested sector during the coalition offensive. Morlot's men had to absorb enemy pressure while other divisions fought across the front.
Morlot Defends Gosselies During Coalition Attack
Morlot held positions around Gosselies on the French left center. Pressure in this sector required reinforcements as coalition columns advanced.
Lambusart Defense Secures Charleroi Victory
Lefebvre's troops held their ground against coalition pressure near Lambusart. Their defense prevented the enemy from turning the French eastern flank.
Lambusart Fighting Checks Enemy Advance
Lefebvre's division resisted assaults in the Lambusart area during the daylong battle. Its stand helped protect the army's eastern approaches.
Lefebvre Defends Lambusart Sector
Lefebvre directed French forces near Lambusart against repeated coalition attacks. Holding this sector limited the enemy's ability to break into Jourdan's rear.
Marceau Protects Right of Charleroi Line
Marceau defended the right wing of Jourdan's deployment near Fleurus. The French maintained enough cohesion to secure the earlier capture of Charleroi.
Marceau Resists Attempted Flanking Movement
Marceau confronted troops seeking to turn the French right wing. The struggle prevented the coalition from exploiting a vulnerable section of Jourdan's defense.
Former Siege Troops Reinforce French Battle Reserves
Troops recently committed to the Charleroi siege were reassigned as reserves for the fighting at Fleurus. Hatry's formation illustrated the connection between the siege and the field engagement.
Hatry Releases Siege Troops for Reserve
After Charleroi surrendered Hatry's division was available to support Jourdan's field army. Its deployment near Ransart gave the French another formation for emergencies.
Siege Division Reassigned to Ransart Reserve
Hatry's former siege division took up reserve positions near Ransart for the Fleurus battle. Its availability strengthened the French right and center.
Balloon Reconnaissance Supports French Battlefield Awareness
French aeronauts used the observation balloon Entreprenant during the Fleurus operation to observe enemy movements. This early military aviation experiment supplied information to commanders.
Coalition Attack Meets French Defensive Deployment
Jourdan met the coalition offensive near Fleurus only a day after Charleroi fell. French troops were forced to hold several threatened sectors simultaneously.
Fleurus Fighting Extends Across Broad Front
The battle stretched over several villages east and north of Charleroi while Jourdan shifted attention among threatened formations. Difficult communications made coordination especially demanding.
Fleurus Victory Prevents Recapture of Charleroi
Jourdan defeated the coalition offensive that followed the fortress's capitulation. Charleroi remained in French hands and became a springboard into Belgium.
Fleurus Victory Transforms Flanders Campaign
Jourdan defeated the coalition offensive near Fleurus after Charleroi fell. The outcome weakened the enemy position across the Austrian Netherlands.
French Army Retains Charleroi Corridor
Despite withdrawals in some sectors Jourdan's army kept control of the approaches to captured Charleroi. The coalition failed to recover the fortress.
French Forces Win Battle of Fleurus
Jourdan's republican army defeated the coalition offensive near Fleurus on 26 June 1794. The victory accelerated France's reconquest of the Austrian Netherlands.
Observation Balloon Marks Military Innovation
The use of a tethered observation balloon at Fleurus drew attention to new ways of gathering battlefield intelligence. Its tactical value remains debated but its symbolic significance was substantial.
Republican Army Occupies Semicircular Battle Line
Jourdan arranged his army around Charleroi with forces positioned on both sides of the approaches from the east. The deployment responded to reports of a major coalition attack.
French Reserve Prevents Collapse Near Jumet
Kleber used troops near Jumet to reinforce the left sector as enemy pressure mounted. The maneuver helped maintain a defensible line around Charleroi.
Kleber Protects Jumet Route to Charleroi
Kleber guarded the western approaches during the coalition attempt to reverse the French gains. His troops helped prevent an attack on communications with Charleroi.
Kleber Reinforces Threatened Central Positions
Kleber redirected available forces as coalition columns pressed parts of the republican line. Flexible use of reserves helped avert a breakthrough.
French Western Positions Yield Under Attack
Coalition attacks caused setbacks in parts of the western French deployment near Trazegnies. Montaigu's difficult situation made the defense of adjoining formations more important.
Montaigu Holds Trazegnies Position
Montaigu's French troops guarded the Trazegnies sector northwest of Charleroi. Their exposed position faced the risk of being isolated by a coalition advance.
Championnet Covers Heppignies Approach
Championnet's troops occupied ground near Heppignies to protect the center of the French position. Their resistance helped preserve the line between Fleurus and Charleroi.
Eastern Infantry Resists Relief Army Offensive
Championnet resisted attacks east of Charleroi during the battle of Fleurus. The action helped deny the coalition a route into the captured fortress.
Heppignies Infantry Counterattacks Support Center
Championnet organized resistance and local counterattacks near Heppignies. The action maintained contact between neighboring French divisions.
Political Commissioners Witness Northern Army Victory
Saint Just and other representatives on mission accompanied the northern army during its decisive engagement. Their presence linked battlefield victory to the authority of the Convention.
Battle of Fleurus
seizes Chatleroi & defeats the Austrians led by Frederick of Saxe-Coburg at Fleurus
Battle of Fleurus
Fights at the Battle of Fleurus
Battle of Fleurus
Fights at the Battle of Fleurus
Birth of John Briscoe
Birth of John Briscoe
French Campaign Presses toward Occupied Valenciennes
Republican advances during 1794 gradually undermined Coalition control of northern France. The wider success at Fleurus helped make continued occupation of isolated French fortresses difficult.
Prosecution Accelerates under Prairial Law
The Law of 22 Prairial allowed the public prosecutor to bring suspects to judgment under far fewer procedural safeguards. Executions increased sharply during the final weeks before Thermidor.
Dumas Presides over Accelerated Hearings
Dumas presided over Revolutionary Tribunal proceedings during the Terror. As trials accelerated, the court increasingly served the political campaign against suspected enemies.
Prairial deputies prosecuted - Balance of power
Gilbert Romme figured in events surrounding prairial deputies prosecuted at Paris. The prosecution of the so-called martyrs of Prairial demonstrated the harsh response to the radical left. Its importance lay in the transfer of effective authority away from the political networks that had dominated during the Terror.
Prairial deputies prosecuted
Romme was among deputies condemned for their association with the Prairial uprising. The prosecution of the so-called martyrs of Prairial demonstrated the harsh response to the radical left.
Treaty of Basel
Frederick William II withdraws from the War of the First Coalition
Rule of Rhineland, The
Under the Treaty of Basle, gives up Prussian territories west of the Rhine to France
Treaty of Basel
Under the Treaty of Basle, gives up Prussian territories west of the Rhine to France
Mission to Army of the West
Tallien was sent to the Army of the West during the continuing struggle against royalist and counter-revolutionary forces.
Invasion of Papal States
Begins the invasion of Papal territory
Moreau Crosses Rhine near Kehl
French troops crossed the river at Kehl in June during a major offensive into southern Germany. The operation opened a route toward the Danube and Austrian communications.
Battle of Altenkirchen
Jourdan defeated forces of the Duke of Wurttemberg at Altenkirchen during the 1796 campaign in Germany.
Direction of Military Campaigns
Carnot continued coordinating military affairs as French armies campaigned in Italy and Germany during 1796.
Jourdan Advances through Central German States
Jourdan's Army of Sambre and Meuse moved eastward while Moreau operated farther south. The two offensives sought to stretch Austrian resources across Germany.
Commander of 33rd Reg of Foot
Appointed Commander of the 33rd Regiment of Foot, India
First Division Command
Massena was appointed commander of the First Division during the reorganisation of the Army of Italy.
Cisalpine Rep
Creates the Cisalpine Republic
Capture of Malta
Napoleon captured Malta during the voyage to Egypt, removing the Knights of Saint John from control of the island.
Invasion of Egypt
After 6 weeks at sea 5,000 land at Marabut & quickly occupy Alexandria
Capture of Alexandria
A force of 5,000 land at Marabut & occupty Alexandria, left in the hands of General Kleber
Battle of Zurich
Charles of Austria defeats Massena at Zurich
Return to Cairo
Napoleon returned to Cairo after withdrawing from the failed Syrian campaign.
Resignation from Directory
The crisis of 30 Prairial forced La Revelliere-Lepeaux to resign from the Directory after pressure from the legislative councils.
Crisis of 30 Prairial
The parliamentary crisis of 30 Prairial weakened the Directory and reduced Barras's ability to control the political situation.
President of Directory
Sieyes became president of the Directory while working toward a constitutional transformation of the unstable regime.
Invasion of Switzerland
Launches an invasion of Switzerland
Death of Thomas Townshend
Death of Thomas Townshend
Birth of Brigham Young
Birth of Brigham Young
Death of Benedict Arnold
Death of Benedict Arnold
Pressed into Royal Navy
Bransfield is pressed into Royal Navy service at age eighteen and begins the maritime career that eventually takes him into Antarctic waters.
Birth of Richard Cobden
Birth of Richard Cobden
Corn Law
Birth of Richard Cobden
West Indies Pursuit
Arrives in the Caribbean during the pursuit of Villeneuve.
Capture of Liguria
The Constitutional Assembly ratifies the annexation of Liguria to the French Republic
Constitution of France
The Constitutional Assembly ratifies the annexation of Liguria to the French Republic
Peace
A peace Treaty is concludrd with the USA & Yusuf is replaced as Pasha by Hmet Bey
Capture of Konigsberg
Konigsberg surrenders to Murat
Siege of Konigsberg
Konigsberg surrenders to Murat
Battle of Heilsberg
Helps the French to an indecisive victory over the Russians
Battle of Heilsberg
Repels the Russians who retreat North
Battle of Heilsberg
After several months of recuperating from Eylau, Napoleon ordered the Grande Armee on the move once again.
Battle of Heilsberg
In fact, the French ran into the entire Russian army of over 50,000 men and 150 artillery guns.
Battle of Heilsberg
Learning that the Russians had encamped at their operational base in the town of Heilsberg, by the Alle River, Napoleon decided to conduct a general assault in the hopes of dislodging what he thought was the rearguard of the Russian army.
Battle of Heilsberg
Repeated and determined attacks by the French failed to dislocate the Russians, who were fighting inside elaborate earthworks designed to prevent precisely the kind of river crossing Napoleon was attempting. French casualties soared to 10,000 while the Russians lost about 6,000.
Battle of Heilsberg
The Russians eventually withdrew from Heilsberg as their position became untenable, prompting Napoleon to chase after them once again
Battle of Heilsberg
Russian forces resist Napoleon at Heilsberg shortly before the decisive defeat at Friedland.
Battle of Friedland
Seeing large numbers of Russian troops at the town of Friedland. Both sides engaged one another for the remainder of the day with no result
Battle of Friedland
The advance guard of Marshal Lannes reported seeing large numbers of Russian troops at the town of Friedland. Both sides engaged one another for the remainder of the day with no result. Crucially, Bennigsen believed he had enough time to cross the Alle the following day, to destroy the isolated units of Lannes, and to withdraw back across the river without ever encountering the main French army
Battle of Friedland
Fights at the Battle of Friedland
Battle of Friedland
Drives the Russians under the command of Bennigsen into Friedland
Battle of Friedland
Benningsen was trapped and had to fight. Having thrown all of his pontoon bridges at or near the bottleneck of the village of Friedland, Benningsen had unwittingly trapped his troops on the west bank.
Battle of Friedland
Both sides now used their cavalry freely to cover the formation of lines of battle, and a race between the rival squadrons for the possession of Heinrichsdorf ended in favor of the French under Grouchy and Nansouty.
Battle of Friedland
Lannes held Benningsen in place until the French had massed 80,000 troops on the left bank of the river.
Battle of Friedland
The French engaged the Russians first in the Sortlack Wood and in front of Posthenen in the early hours of the 14th.
Battle of Friedland
The Russians suffered heavy losses in the disorganized retreat over the river
Invasion of Portugal
Appointed 2nd-in-Command to Wellington
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander of the expedition to Portugal
Invasion of Portugal
Appointed Commander of the expedition to Portugal
Battle of Friedland
Napoleon defeats the Russian army at Friedland, forcing Alexander to seek peace.
Capture of Tilsit
Captures Tilsit after which the Russians agree to a truce
Armistice
After defeat at the Battle of Friedland Czar Alexander sent an envoy to seek an armistice with the French
Battle of Friedland
After defeat at the Battle of Friedland Czar Alexander sent an envoy to seek an armistice with the French
Peace
Napoleon & Alexander discuss peace after the Battle of Friedland
Peace
Frederick William attends the peace discussions between Napoleon & Alexander
Peace
Alexander meets Napoleon on a raft in the River Neman to begin peace negotiations.
Birth of Jefferson Davis
Birth of Jefferson Davis
Battle of Baylen
General Castanos, commanding the Spanish field army at San Roque, and General von Reding, Governor of Malaga, travelled to Seville to negotiate with the Seville Junta, a patriotic assembly committed to resisting the French incursions, and to turn the provinces combined forces against the French
Excommunication
Pius VII excommunicates Napoleon Bonaparte
Excommunication
Pius VII excommunicates Napoleon Bonaparte
Treaty of Peshawar
Shah Shuja signs a treaty with the British East India Company opposing French and Persian intervention.
Invasion of Spain
Wellington enters Spain
Royal Navy Service Begins
Crozier enters the Royal Navy as a first-class volunteer and begins a career that eventually includes six major polar expeditions.
Arrest of Napoleon I
The National Council opens to settle the disputes between Napoleon & Pope Pius VII
Arrest of Pius VII
The National Council opens to settle the disputes between Napoleon & Pope Pius VII
Deposition
Is removed from power as Paraguay consolidates independence.
Governing Junta
Joins the post-independence governing junta.
Birth of John Charles Molteno
Birth of John Charles Molteno
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain
Prime Minister
Becomes Prime Minister after Spencer Perceval is assassinated.
Battle of Salamanca
Wellingtons Allied Army enters Salamanca unopposed
Invasion of Russia
Watches leading regiments of the Grand Army cross the River Niemen at Kovno
Invasion of Russia
Crosses the River Niemen with the "Grande Armee". Collects 675,000 men from the grand Duchy of Warsaw
Invasion of Russia
530,000 vross the River Niemen to invade Russia
French Invasion of Russia
Napoleon's Grande Armรฉe invades the Russian Empire, beginning the central crisis of Alexander's reign.
Invasion of Russia
Reaches Wilna but the Russian Army has fled
Armistice
The armistice of Pleischwitz
Battle of Vitoria
Wellingtons 2 main Armies unite at Touro, north of the River Douro
Battle of Luckau
Defeats Oudinot & Grossbeeren at Luckau
Evacuation
The French evacuate Madrid
Battle of Vittorio
Joseph blows up Burgos while retreating from Wellingtons forces
Battle of Vittorio
Establishes a 3 line defensive formation of 57,000 behind the River Zadorra
Battle of Vitoria
The French are defeated by Wellington & Joseph is forced to retreat over the Pyrenees. The decisive victory by Wellington in the Peninsular War
Battle of Vittorio
Wellington forces the French across the Pyrenees. Manages to get 55,000 French back into France over the Pyrenees
Battle of Vittorio
The brother of Wellingtons former wife is killed in battle
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal
Battle of Vitoria
Wellingtons 78,000 army defeat 57,000 French, 5,000 French & 6,0000 Allied casualties. Decisive victory of the Peninsular war, Joseph Bonaparte retreats to France
Battle of Vittorio
Forces the French back across the Pyrenees. Defeats King Joseph. Calls off the battle 5 miles up the Pamplona road. Attempts to stop the French retreating to France
Siege of Pamplona
1st day of the siege of Pamplona
Siege of San Sebastian
1st day of the siege of San Sebastian
Battle of Puerta Cabello
Bolivar is defeated in battle by the Spanish
Battle of Waterloo
Commander in Chief at the Battle of Waterloo
Peer of France
Appointed Peer of France
Invasion of Belgium
Hears of the French invasion of Belgium
Battle of Quatre Bras
Prior to meeting Wellington at Waterloo. Inconclusive Battle against a Dutch-Belgian
Battle of Quatre Bras
Battle of Quatre Bras
Battle of Quatre Bras
Withdraws to Mont St Jean
Battle of Waterloo
Commands the Old Guard at Waterloo
Battle of Ligny
Inconclusive Battle against Wellington & Blucher who still manage to join forces
Battle of Waterloo
Napoleon's HQ is at Ferme du Caillou
Battle of Waterloo
During the morning of the battle reviews his troops at La Belle Alliance
Battle of Waterloo
The British lose close to 15,000 & the French 25,000 killed & wounded. The Allies have a force of 68,000 British, Belgians, Dutch & Germans under Wellington. Napoleon's "Hundred Days" rule is ended after defeat at Waterloo. Napoleon commands 72,000. Defeated by 66,000 British & Bluchers force of 45,000 against the French 71,000
Battle of Waterloo
Leads the Prussians against Napoleon's right
Battle of Waterloo
At 9PM Wellington & Blucher meet between La Belle-Alliance & Rossome
Battle of Waterloo
The Prussians lose 7,000 injured or killed. Aids Wellington to victory at Waterloo
Battle of Waterloo
Wellington & Blucher join up at La Belle Alliance after defeating Napoleon
Battle of Waterloo
The British lose close to 15,000 & the French 25,000 killed & wounded. The Allies have a force of 68,000 British, Belgians, Dutch & Germans under Wellington. Napoleon commands 72,000. Helps end Napoleon's "100 days" rule, Napoleon's final Battle. At 9PM Wellington & Blucher meet between La Belle-Alliance & Rossome
Succession
The French Legislative Assemblies recognises Napoleon II as Emperor
Abdication
Abdicates for the 2nd & final time
Invasion of France
Crosses the Belgian border into France
Federal League
Organizes the Federal League and promotes a federal programme for the peoples of the Rio de la Plata
Siege of Algiers
Sails away from Algiers after receiving assurances that piracy will end
Perpetual Dictatorship
Is granted rule for life and deepens Paraguay's isolationist system.
Coinage Act
The Coinage Act establishes gold as Britain's principal monetary standard.
Coinage Act
The Coinage Act establishes gold as the sole standard measure of value in Great Britain.
Invasion of New Granada
Leaves his base with 2,500 men to liberate New Granada
Birth of Charles Kingsley
Birth of Charles Kingsley
Battle of Dragashani
The loss of their Romanian allies, followed by an Ottoman intervention on Wallachian soil, sealed defeat for the Greek exiles and culminated in the disastrous Battle of Dragashani and the destruction of the Sacred Band on 19 June
Sacred Band
The loss of their Romanian allies, followed by an Ottoman intervention on Wallachian soil, sealed defeat for the Greek exiles and culminated in the disastrous Battle of Dragashani and the destruction of the Sacred Band on 19 June
Birth of Ion Bratianu
Birth of Ion Bratianu
Death of Vladimirescu
Is killed during the 1821 upheaval.
Battle of Dragashani
Sacred Band is destroyed during the defeat at Dragashani
Battle of Carabobo
The patriot victory at Carabobo secured effective Venezuelan independence and strengthened republican government.
Battle of Carabobo
Defeats a Royalist Army at Caraboba
Independence of Venezuela
Defeats a Royalist Army & Venezuela becomes a province of Gran Colombia
Independence of Venezuela
Wins independence for Venezuela which becomes a province of Gran Colombia. Defeats a Royalist Army & Venezuela becomes a province of Gran Colombia
Royalist Army
Defeats a Royalist Army & Venezuela becomes a province of Gran Colombia
Royalist Army
Defeats a Royalist Army & Venezuela becomes a province of Gran Colombia. Defeats a Royalist Army at Caraboba
Battle of Carabobo
Bolivar defeats the Spanish General Miguel de La Torre
Battle of Carabobo
Bolivar defeats the Spanish General Miguel de La Torre
Capture of Caracas
Captures Caracas afte the Battle of Carabobo
Invasion of Ecuador
Invades Quito Province
Battle of Chios
Commands the destruction of the flagship of the Turkish admiral Pasha Kara-Ali
Invasion of Ecuador
Joins up the forces of Antonio de Sucre
Burning of Ottoman Flagship
Kanaris destroys the Ottoman flagship in retaliation for the Chios massacre
Chief Minister
Appointed Chief Minister of Prussia
Battle of Bombino
Bolivars invasion of Ecuador is halted by the Spanish forces
Chief Minister
Appointed Chief Minister of Prussia
Legislation
Workers can organize as the Combination Acts are repealed, supported by Joseph Hume
Reform of Labour Law
Workers can organize as the Combination Acts are repealed, supported by Joseph Hume
Birth of William Thomson
Birth of William Thomson
Thames Tunnel Company
Parliament incorporates the Thames Tunnel Company and authorises construction of the river crossing.
Acropolis Surrenders
Ottoman forces take the Acropolis after the Greek defeat near Phaleron
Siege of Athens
Turkish forces enter Athens & force the defenders of the Acropolis to capitulate
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Minister, 1st term
Tunnel Safety Paper Prepared for Royal Society
Brunel prepares observations on repairing the riverbed breach and protecting workers against another sudden inundation.
Invasion of Dobruja
The main Russian forces, led by Emperor Nicholas I, cross the Danube and advance into Dobruja
Invasion of Dobruja
The main Russian forces, led by Emperor Nicholas I, cross the Danube and advance into Dobruja
Reform of Policing
Legislates for the foundation of the Metropolitan Police Force
Siege of Silistra
Silistra falls to the Russians
Siege of Silistra
Silistra falls to the Russians
Capture of Erzerum
Ivan Paskevich, operating on the Caucasian front, took Akhalzic, Erivan, and Kars and, accompanied by the poet Alexander Pushkin, seized Erzerum in north-eastern Anatolia, thus marking the 120th anniversary of the Poltava
Capture of Akhalzic
Ivan Paskevich, operating on the Caucasian front, took Akhalzic, Erivan, and Kars and, accompanied by the poet Alexander Pushkin, seized Erzerum in north-eastern Anatolia, thus marking the 120th anniversary of the Poltava
Capture of Erivan
Ivan Paskevich, operating on the Caucasian front, took Akhalzic, Erivan, and Kars and, accompanied by the poet Alexander Pushkin, seized Erzerum in north-eastern Anatolia, thus marking the 120th anniversary of the Poltava
Capture of Erzerum
Ivan Paskevich, operating on the Caucasian front, took Akhalzic, Erivan, and Kars and, accompanied by the poet Alexander Pushkin, seized Erzerum in north-eastern Anatolia, thus marking the 120th anniversary of the Poltava
Capture of Kars
Ivan Paskevich, operating on the Caucasian front, took Akhalzic, Erivan, and Kars and, accompanied by the poet Alexander Pushkin, seized Erzerum in north-eastern Anatolia, thus marking the 120th anniversary of the Poltava
Invasion of Anatolia
Ivan Paskevich, operating on the Caucasian front, took Akhalzic, Erivan, and Kars and, accompanied by the poet Alexander Pushkin, seized Erzerum in north-eastern Anatolia, thus marking the 120th anniversary of the Poltava
Assassination of Antonio Jose de Sucre
Is assassinated while travelling through the mountains of southern Gran Colombia.
First Church Conference
Presides over the first conference of the newly organized church.
First Church Conference
Participates in the first conference of the new church.
Royal Society
Brunel is elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in recognition of his scientific and engineering promise.
Landing at Sidi Ferruch
Lands the French expeditionary army west of Algiers.
Battle of Staoueli
Defeats forces defending Algiers during the French invasion.
Death of George IV
George IV dies at Windsor Castle after prolonged illness.
Accession
Accedes to the throne on the death of his brother George IV.
Succession
Succeeds his brother George IV as King of Great Britain.
Heir Presumptive
Becomes heir presumptive after her uncle William IV succeeds George IV.
Discovery of Magnetic Pole
Plants a union jack to mark the exact spot of the magnetic north pole
Discovery of Boothia Peninsula
Helps locate the position of the North Magnetic Pole on 1 June 1831 on the Boothia Peninsula in the far north of Canada
Discovery of North Magnetic Pole
Helps locate the position of the North Magnetic Pole on 1 June 1831 on the Boothia Peninsula in the far north of Canada
Constitution of Belgium
Under the new constitution free association & public meetings become citizens rights
Clifton Suspension Bridge
A ceremony marks the start of construction and work begins on the Clifton side of the gorge.
Birth of Joseph Joachom
Birth of Joseph Joachom, violinist & conductor
Franchise
The franchise is extended to the upper middle class
Legislation
The 3rd Reform Bill is passed
Reform of Electoral System
The 3rd Reform Bill is passed. The franchise is extended to the upper middle class. Constituencies are created in new towns, rotten & pocket boroughs abolished
Death of Jeremy Bentham
Death of Jeremy Bentham
Legislation
Parliamentary Reform Bill, passes the Scottish Parliamentary Reform Bill
Reform of Parliament
Parliamentary Reform Bill, passes the Scottish Parliamentary Reform Bill
Economy of USA
A Tariff Act is passed favouring Northern manafacturers over Southern cotton growers
Legislation
A Tariff Act is passed favouring Northern manafacturers over Southern cotton growers
Legislation
A Tariff Act is passed favouring northern manafacturers over southern cotton growers
Reform of Taxation
A Tariff Act is passed favouring northern manafacturers over southern cotton growers
Invention of Sandpaper
Patents sandpaper
National Coat of Arms
Establishes Chile's national coat of arms during the consolidation of the conservative republic.
Coinage Act Gold Ratio
A new coinage ratio reduces the gold content of American coins relative to silver, encouraging gold circulation and moving the United States toward a de facto gold standard.
Personal Rule Begins
Otto reaches legal majority and assumes direct control from the regency.
Birth of Ronglu
Birth of Ronglu
Death of Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes
Death of Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes
Death of Diego Portales
Is killed by mutinous soldiers while directing government preparations for war.
Birth of Alois Hitler
Birth of Alois Hitler, son of a 42 year old unmarried peasant woman, Maria Anna Schicklgruber
Personal Union Ends
Ends the personal union between the British and Hanoverian crowns.
Succession to Hanover
Succeeds William IV as king under Hanovers male-line succession law.
Rule of Hanover
Under the Salic law of Hanover Victoria cannot succeed to Hanover
Succession
With the death of William IV the crown passes to his niece Victoria. Succeeds as Queen of Great Britain
Succession
Under the Salic law of Hanover Victoria cannot succeed to Hanover
Accession Council Meeting
Begins royal duties immediately after learning of William IVs death.
First Privy Council
Holds her first Privy Council on the day of her accession.
Death of William IV
Death of William IV, of pneumonia & cirrhosis of the liver. Death of William IV, last of the Hanoverian Dynasty
Coronation
Crowned Queen of Great Britain
Great Western Railway
The first public section of the Great Western Railway opens between Paddington and Maidenhead.
Paddington Station
The first temporary Great Western Railway terminus at Paddington opens for services between London and Maidenhead.
Battle of Nezib
Receives another major victory over Ottoman forces at the Battle of Nezib.
Ordination of Edward McCabe
McCabe is ordained to the Catholic priesthood for the Dublin archdiocese and begins parish ministry in the city.
Visit to Woolwich
Disembarks from the Dutch steamer, "Cyclops". Arrives in Britain for the 1st time in 25 years
Acts as host to Emperor Nicholas I
Acts as host to Emperor Nicholas I
Visit to London
Pays a visit to Queen Victoria
Saint Chad's Cathedral
Saint Chad's is consecrated as a major Roman Catholic church in Birmingham.
Box Tunnel
Box Tunnel opens as the longest railway tunnel in the world at the time.
Great Western Railway
The complete Great Western Railway route between London and Bristol opens for through services.
London-Bristol Through Journey Established
Completion of the main line allows continuous railway travel between London and Bristol in about four hours.
Birth of Eloy Alfaro Delgado
Birth of Eloy Alfaro Delgado
Marriage to Jenny von Westphalen
Marx marries Jenny von Westphalen after a lengthy engagement.
Cabinet Formation
Polk forms his cabinet after taking office as President of the United States
Siege of Fort Texas
Major Jacob Brown is mortally wounded during the Mexican bombardment of Fort Texas
Legislation
The corn import duty is fixed at one shilling a quarter from 1849 onwards
Reform of Trade
The corn import duty is fixed at one shilling a quarter from 1849 onwards
Independent Treasury Act
Polk signs the Independent Treasury Act restoring a federal treasury system separate from private banks
Battle of San Pasqual
United States and Californio forces fight at San Pasqual in California
Rule of Oregon
The Treaty of Washington declares the 49th Parallel boundary at Canada & Oregon
Treaty of Washington
The Treaty of Washington declares the 49th Parallel boundary at Canada & Oregon
Election
Elected Pope
Pope
Appointed Pope, formerly Cardinal Masatai-Ferretti
Reform of Government
A coalition defeats the Government on the Irish Coercion Bill
Corn Laws Repeal
Parliament repeals the Corn Laws and begins dismantling grain protection.
Corn Law
The Corn Law Repeal Bill is given the royal assent
Reform of Corn Laws
The Corn Law Repeal Bill is given the royal assent
Birth of Charles Stewart Parnell
Birth of Charles Stewart Parnell
New Reed Instrument Family
Combines a single-reed mouthpiece with a conical metal body.
Saxophone Patent
Receives a French patent for the saxophone family.
Resignation of Robert Peel
Wishes to repeal the corn laws but his Cabinet is divided
Resignation of Robert Peel
Peel is forced to resign after the defeat on the Irish Coercion Bill
Election
Russell stays in office, the Conservatives are divided over protection
Government
Victoria asks Russell to govern but he is unable to form a cabinet, Peel returns
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 1st term
Resignation of Robert Peel
Peel resigns
Mormon Church
The Mormons leave Nauvoo City on the trail for Salt Lake City
Army of the West
Kearny leads the Army of the West toward New Mexico and California
Ten Hours Act
The Ten Hours Act limits daily factory labour for women and young people.
Communist League
Marx and Engels join the Communist League and influence its political programme.
Neue Rheinische Zeitung
Marx launches the Neue Rheinische Zeitung as a democratic revolutionary newspaper.
Slav Congress
Helps lead the Prague Slav Congress.
Wallachian Revolution
Supports the revolutionary programme in Wallachia.
Prague Uprising
Suppresses the Prague uprising.
Exile of Guisseppe Garibaldi
Arrives at Nice from Exile in South America after hearing about civil unrest
Minister President
Appointed Chief Minister President of Prussia
June Revolution in Paris
Marx analyses the violent suppression of Parisian workers in the June Days.
Coup
Heads a provisional Government for 2 hours before fleeing to England
Exile of Alexandre-Auguste Ledru-Rollin
Heads a provisional Government for 2 hours before fleeing to England
Provisional Government
Heads a provisional Government for 2 hours before fleeing to England
Constitution of Germany
Liberal deputies to the German national assembly agree a draft constitution and by the end of August, 28 principalities recognise the Reich constitution and join the union
Erfurt Union
Liberal deputies to the German national assembly agree a draft constitution and by the end of August, 28 principalities recognise the Reich constitution and join the union
Unfification
Liberal deputies to the German national assembly agree a draft constitution and by the end of August, 28 principalities recognise the Reich constitution and join the union
Navigation Acts Repeal
Parliament repeals the Navigation Acts and expands competition in maritime trade.
Exile in Paris
Marx briefly returns to Paris before French authorities require him to leave.
Invasion of Hungary
Hungary is invaded by a Russian Army sent by Tzar Nicholas I to aid Franz Josej
Invasion of Hungary
Invades Hungary to assist Franz Josej against the Hungarian Nationalists
Invasion of Hungary
Hungary is invaded by a Russian Army sent by Tsar Nicholas I to aid Franz Josef
Birth of Horatio Herbert Kitchener
Birth of Horatio Herbert Kitchener
Birth of Oliver Lodge
Birth of Oliver Lodge
Mobilization
The Tsar sends his troops into Moldova and Wallachia (the "Danubian Principalities"), Great Britain, seeking to maintain the security of the Ottoman Empire, sends a fleet to the Dardanelles, where it joined another fleet sent by France.
Mobilization
The fleet is ordered to Besika Bay to warn Russia not to attack the Ottoman Empire.
fleet is ordered to Besika Bay to warn Russia not to
The fleet is ordered to Besika Bay to warn Russia not to attack the Ottoman Empire.
New Street Station
Birmingham New Street opens as a central station serving several railway companies.
Command of Silistria
Takes responsibility for the defence after Musa Pasha is killed by Russian shellfire.
Battle of Choloki
Defeats the larger Ottoman corps at the Choloki River and captures its artillery.
Battle of Choloki
Commands the Ottoman corps driven from its fortified position at the Choloki River.
Election
Elected member of the Cape Colonys legislative assembly for Beaufort West
Austrian Mobilization
Mobilizes troops to pressure Russia on the Danube.
Danubian Principalities
Presses Russia to evacuate the Danubian Principalities.
Baltic Blockade
Maintains naval pressure on Russian Baltic bases while judging Kronstadt too strong for a direct assault.
Mobilization
Moves British troops to Varna before the Crimean landing.
White Sea Expedition
Leads a British squadron into the White Sea to threaten Russian coastal communications.
Baltic Reconnaissance
Conducts reconnaissance and naval planning during the British Baltic campaign.
Siege of Silistria
Commands Russian troops during costly attacks on the Ottoman defences at Silistria.
Defence of Silistria
Holds Silistria against Russian pressure.
Taganrog Operations
Commands French naval forces participating in the Allied attack on Taganrog.
Taganrog Raid
Lands with Buckley under fire and helps destroy government buildings and military stores at Taganrog.
Taganrog Raid
Repeatedly lands during the bombardment of Taganrog and sets fire to Russian government stores.
Defence of Taganrog
Commands Cossack forces resisting Allied landing parties around Taganrog.
Defence of Taganrog
Assists the Russian defence and civil response during the Allied attack on Taganrog.
Defence of Taganrog
Directs local Russian resistance during the Allied attack on Taganrog.
Mamelon Assault
Commands French troops involved in the successful assault on Russian outworks before Sevastopol.
Arrival at Kars
Arrives at Kars as Russian forces approach and inspects the garrison and defensive works.
Death of Alessandro La Marmora
Dies of cholera shortly after arriving in Crimea with the Sardinian expeditionary corps.
Allied Assault
Part of the Russian outer defences are seized, there are 8,500 Russian casualties.
Vote of Confidence
Wins a vote of confidence in Parliament for pulling out of the Vienna Peace talks
Tahmasp Batteries
Takes charge at the Tahmasp batteries and works continuously to strengthen the defence of Kars.
Reconnaissance of Russian Camp
Reconnoitres the Russian camp outside Kars before the first major attack.
First Russian Attack on Kars
Repels an early Russian attack on Kars using the reorganized Ottoman garrison and fortress artillery.
Great Redan
Orders the British assault on the Great Redan during the June attacks on Sevastopol.
Assault on Sevastopol
Leads a French division in the June assault on Russian works and is killed during the attack.
Assault on Sevastopol
Commands a French division during the unsuccessful June assault against Sevastopol's defences.
Siege of Sevastopol
Commands British forces during the unsuccessful assault on the Great Redan on 18 June.
Great Redan
Orders an attack on the Great Redan that fails.
Commander of British Field Force
Appointed Commander of the British Field Force.
British Command
Succeeds Raglan in command of the British army.
Death of Fitzroy Somerset
Dies during the siege after the failed June assaults.
Commander of BFF
Appointed Commander of the British Field Force
Kars Fortifications
Assists Williams and Lake in organizing the defences and garrison of Kars.
Kars Fortifications
Improves defensive works at Kars and helps prepare the garrison for Russian siege operations.
Sea of Azov Operations
Commands a gunboat flotilla destroying Russian supply depots and transport links around the Sea of Azov.
Defence of Kars
Commands an important sector of the Kars defences after entering Ottoman service.
Sardinian Command
Takes over a Sardinian divisional command after Alessandro La Marmora dies of cholera.
Siege of Kars
Commands Russian forces besieging Kars.
Defence of Kars
Serves with the Ottoman command responsible for holding Kars through the prolonged siege.
Defence of Kars
Commands Ottoman troops in the fortified defence of Kars during the Russian blockade.
Defence of Kars
Serves among the senior Ottoman officers defending Kars under Williams's reorganized command.
Siege of Cawnpore
Nana Sahib emerges as the principal rebel leader at Cawnpore as Company forces are besieged in their entrenchment.
Battle of Badli Sari
A British force defeats rebel troops at Badli-ki-Serai and secures the Delhi Ridge.
Capture of Delhi
The arrival of more British reinforcements finally leads to the defeat of the mutineers by John Nicholson, Commander of the relief force, after six days of street fighting, Delhi is recaptured
Siege of Delhi
The arrival of more British reinforcements finally leads to the defeat of the mutineers by John Nicholson, Commander of the relief force, after six days of street fighting, Delhi is recaptured
Trial
Placed on trial for offences against public morality in his novel "Madame Bovary"
Medal
A new military honour is awarded by Victoria to 62 servicemen in Hyde Park
Command at Cawnpore
Tatya Tope becomes a leading military commander for Nana Sahib's forces during the fighting around Cawnpore.
Battle of Kotah-ki-Serai
Rani Lakshmibai is killed fighting British forces near Kotah-ki-Serai during the struggle for Gwalior.
Capture of Gwalior
Tatya Tope helps rebel forces seize Gwalior and restore Nana Sahib's authority in the captured city.
Capture of Gwalior
Rani Lakshmibai joins the rebel seizure of Gwalior, where resistance briefly gains a major fortress and arsenal.
Battle of Magenta
Results in a French-Sardinian victory under Napoleon III against the Austrians under Marshal Ferencz Gyulai. French victory at Magenta is followed by the French liberation of Milan
Siege of Milan
French victory at Magenta is followed by the French liberation of Milan
Battle of Magenta
Transforms the battle into a French victory. MacMahon is created Duke of Magenta for his role in this battle, and later serves as President of the French Republic. French victory at Magenta is followed by the French liberation of Milan
Battle of Magenta
Napoleon IIIs army crossed the Ticino River and outflanked the Austrian right forcing the Austrian army under General Gyulai to retreat
Battle of Magenta
Leads an Austrian force defeated by the French & Italians, forced to retire
Retirement
Leads an Austrian force defeated by the French & Italians, forced to retire
Resignation of Edward Stanley
Lord Derby resigns
Mobilization
Prussia begins to mobilize against France
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 2nd term
Battle of Solferino
Saves the Austrian Army from a total rout by a rear guard action
Battle of Solferino
The north Italian village of Solferino is captured by the French from the Austrians. The North Italian village of Solferino is captured by the French from Franz Josef. Dismisses Gyulai & assumes command of 160,000 against the Franco-Piedmontese. Defeated by the French in Piedmonts attempt to gain Lombardy or Venetia & unite Italy
Dismissal
Dismisses Gyulai & assumes command of 160,000 against the Franco-Piedmontese
Independence of Austria
Defeated by the French in Piedmonts attempt to gain Lombardy or Venetia & unite Italy
Independence of Italy
Defeated by the French in Piedmonts attempt to gain Lombardy or Venetia & unite Italy
Unification
Defeated by the French in Piedmonts attempt to gain Lombardy or Venetia & unite Italy
Battle of Solferino
The Austrians are defeated by the French & Sardinians
Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy
Marx publishes a major preliminary treatment of commodities, money and production.
Marriage
Grover Cleveland marries France's Folsom
Marriage
Grover Cleveland marries France's Folsom
New Haven Speech
Lincoln speaks to Connecticut Republicans during his New England tour
Presidential Election
Lincoln defeats Stephen Douglas John C Breckinridge and John Bell in the 1860 presidential election
Presidential Election
Lincoln is elected 16th President of the United States
Reform of Electoral System
Proposes enfranchising ล6 occupiers in the Boroughs & ล10 occupiers in the counties. Despite Palmerstons electoral proposals legislation is not passed
Slave State Secession
Arkansas votes to secede from the Union after the outbreak of war
Death of Camillo Benso di Cavour
Death of Camillo Benso di Cavour
Memorandum of the Slovak Nation
Presents demands for Slovak national autonomy.
Birth of Douglas Haig
Birth of Douglas Haig
Birth of Maximilian Johannes Hubert von Spee
Birth of Maximilian Johannes Hubert von Spee
Harland and Wolff Apprenticeship
Enters Harland and Wolff at the age of fifteen as a premium apprentice at the Queen's Island shipyard.
Press Decree
Bans all publications intended to bring the crown, state or Church into disrepute
Battle of Cold Harbor
1-12 June, sees General Lee delay General Grants advance into Virginia
Death of Dost Mohammad Khan
Dost Mohammad dies shortly after securing Herat.
Battle of Brandy Station
The only purely cavalry Battle of the war. Stuarts lines are attacked by General Pleasanton but hold out
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of Venezuela after the Federal War
Birth of Richard Strauss
Birth of Richard Strauss
Annual Message to Congress
Lincoln sends his fourth annual message to Congress
Great Coalition
Supports Confederation through the Great Coalition.
Great Coalition
Helps form the Great Coalition to pursue Confederation.
Great Coalition
Joins Macdonald and Cartier in the Great Coalition for Confederation.
Conference of London
Seeing that the truce was ending, Austria and Prussia arrived at a new agreement, that the war was to completely separate the duchies from Denmark
Conference of London
The conference of London breaks up without having arrived at any conclusion
Conference of London
The conference in London breaks up without having arrived at any conclusion
Invasion of Holstein
The Prince's Life Regiment was the last unit of the Danish army to leave Schleswig and Holstein
Invasion of Schleswig
The Prince's Life Regiment was the last unit of the Danish army to leave Schleswig and Holstein
Battle of Riachuelo
Suffers a major naval defeat that weakens Paraguay's river strategy.
Value Price and Profit
Marx presents an explanation of wages, value and profit to the International's General Council.
Royal Society
Huggins is elected a Fellow of the Royal Society
Holstein Dispute
Mensdorff-Pouilly submits the Schleswig-Holstein question to the Federal Diet, challenging the Gastein arrangement.
Gastein Convention
Victory enables Prussia to pursue German unification without Austrian participation.
Invasion of Holstein
Prussian troops enter Austrian-administered Holstein, escalating the constitutional crisis toward war.
Invasion of Holstein
Prussian troops invade Saxony, whose army retreats to join Austria in Bohemia.
Occupation of Holstein
Moltke directs Prussian occupation of Holstein after Austria refers the dispute to the Federal Diet.
Federal Reform Plan
Bismarck proposes a reformed German federation with a directly elected national parliament.
Federal Mobilization
Franz Joseph supports the Federal Diet vote to mobilize against Prussia.
German Confederation
Prussian forces invade Hanover to prevent its army joining Austria's southern allies.
Hanoverian Mobilization
George V orders the Hanoverian army to concentrate and seek contact with Austria's allies.
Invasion of Saxony
Herwarth leads the Army of the Elbe into Saxony and drives toward Dresden.
Invasion of Hanover
Prussian forces enter Hesse-Kassel and isolate the elector's army.
Invasion of Hesse-Kassel
Prussia occupies Holstein after Austria submits the duchy dispute to the Federal Diet.
Invasion of Saxony
The Peace of Prague establishes a Kleindeutsch solution excluding Austria from the northern federation.
Northern Army Concentration
Benedek concentrates the Austrian Northern Army around Olmutz before moving toward Bohemia.
Occupation of Hanover
Falckenstein's forces occupy Hanover after the royal army withdraws southward.
Occupation of Dresden
Herwarth leads the Army of the Elbe into Dresden after Saxon forces evacuate the capital.
Occupation of Dresden
The Army of the Elbe occupies Dresden after the Saxon army withdraws into Bohemia.
Reform of Government
The Government is defeat by a proposal from Lord Dunkellin
Vote of Confidence
The Government is defeated in Parliament by 11 votes
Commander of Army of the Elbe
Appointed Commander of the Army of the Elbe
Occupation of Kassel
Beyer occupies Kassel and blocks the Hanoverians from joining southern federal forces.
Declaration of War
Victor Emmanuel's government declares war on Austria under the alliance with Prussia.
Detention of Elector
Prussian troops detain the elector at Wilhelmshohe after he refuses neutrality.
Advance into Bohemia
Friedrich Karl moves the First Army through Saxony toward the Bohemian frontier.
Crossing of Mincio
La Marmora leads Italy's main army across the Mincio toward Austrian Venetia.
Battle of Custoza
Albrecht defeats the larger Italian army at Custoza and protects the approaches to Verona.
Battle of Custoza
Victor Emmanuel accompanies the army during the defeat at Custoza and subsequent withdrawal.
Battle of Huhnerwasser
Clam-Gallas withdraws after Prussian forces defeat his advance guard at Huhnerwasser.
Battle of Podol
Clam-Gallas fails to prevent the Prussian First Army from seizing the Iser crossing at Podol.
Battle of Huhnerwasser
Herwarth's troops win the opening clash at Huhnerwasser and continue into Bohemia.
Advance into Bohemia
The Crown Prince sends the Second Army through mountain passes from Silesia into Bohemia.
Battle of Podol
Friedrich Karl's troops secure Podol after a fierce night engagement.
Battle of Podol
The First Army wins the night engagement at Podol, opening the route into Bohemia.
Battle of Nachod
Ramming's VI Corps attacks at Nachod but is repulsed by Steinmetz.
Battle of Trautenau
Gablenz defeats the Prussian I Corps at Trautenau, Austria's notable victory in Bohemia.
Battle of Langensalza
Flies attacks the larger Hanoverian army and is forced to retreat after heavy fighting.
Battle of Langensalza
Arentschildt's Hanoverians defeat an outnumbered Prussian force at Langensalza.
Hanoverian Counterattack
Arentschildt orders the counterattack that drives the Prussians from the battlefield.
Battle of Trautenau
Bonin's I Corps retreats after failing to dislodge Gablenz from the heights near Trautenau.
Battle of Nachod
Steinmetz defeats repeated Austrian attacks and secures the Nachod pass.
Battle of Nรกchod
The Second Army's V Corps defeats the Austrian VI Corps at Nรกchod.
Battle of Trautenau
Austrian forces win at Trautenau, but the Prussian Second Army continues advancing.
Second Army
The Second Army breaks through the Nรกchod pass and secures its route into Bohemia.
Second Army
I Corps suffers a setback at Trautenau while other Second Army formations keep advancing.
Battle of Nรกchod
The Second Army wins at Nรกchod under the Crown Prince's overall command.
Battle of Skalitz
Leopold's VIII Corps is defeated while attempting to block the Prussian advance at Skalitz.
Battle of Skalitz
Steinmetz wins at Skalitz and pushes the Austrian VIII Corps away from the Elbe.
Battle of Mรผnchengrรคtz
The First Army and Army of the Elbe defeat Austro-Saxon forces at Mรผnchengrรคtz.
Battle of Skalitz
The Second Army defeats Austrian forces at Skalitz and continues toward the Elbe.
Battle of Mรผnchengrรคtz
The First Army defeats Clam-Gallas and the Saxons at Mรผnchengrรคtz.
Battle of Soor
The Guards Corps defeats Gablenz near Soor and reverses the previous day's setback.
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 3rd term
Battle of Gitschin
Clam-Gallas loses Gitschin and retreats with the Saxon contingent toward the main Austrian army.
Battle of Schweinschadel
Festetics withdraws after his IV Corps is defeated at Schweinschadel.
Capitulation of Hanover
Falckenstein's converging forces surround the Hanoverian army and force its surrender.
Battle of Schweinschadel
Steinmetz defeats the Austrian IV Corps and clears another route toward Koniggratz.
Capitulation of Hanover
Manteuffel receives the Hanoverian capitulation under terms sent from Berlin.
Battle of Gitschin
Moltke coordinates the First Army and Army of the Elbe victory at Gitschin.
Battle of Gitschin
Albert directs Saxon troops during the unsuccessful defence of Gitschin.
Capitulation of Hanover
George V authorizes capitulation because his army is surrounded and lacks supplies.
First Army
Wilhelm approves the First Army's pursuit from Mรผnchengrรคtz toward Gitschin.
Royal Headquarters
Wilhelm receives reports of Mรผnchengrรคtz while the Prussian armies converge in Bohemia.
Battle of Gitschin
Friedrich Karl captures Gitschin and links his army with the Army of the Elbe.
Capitulation of Hanover
Prussian annexation legislation incorporates the Free City of Frankfurt.
Royal Headquarters
Royal headquarters reaches Gitschin as the First Army links with the Army of the Elbe.
Royal Headquarters
Wilhelm joins royal headquarters after the Gitschin victory and approves the continued advance.
French Neutrality
Napoleon III keeps France neutral while expecting a prolonged struggle between Austria and Prussia.
V Corps
Steinmetz commands V Corps during the Second Army's advance from Silesia into Bohemia.
Bohemian Campaign Plan
Moltke plans converging advances by three armies to defeat Austria in Bohemia.
Mobilization
Moltke's railway-based mobilization plan concentrates three armies for the invasion of Bohemia.
Second Army
The Crown Prince commands the Second Army from Silesia into Bohemia.
Alliance with Austria
Ludwig II aligns Bavaria with Austria and mobilizes against Prussia.
Commander of First Army
Friedrich Karl commands the First Army throughout the Bohemian campaign.
Siege of Osaka
The Choshu defeat the shogun Prince who dies the following month
Russian Neutrality
Alexander II maintains Russian neutrality and declines to rescue Austria from Prussian pressure.
Khedive
Receives Ottoman recognition of the title Khedive in return for a higher annual tribute.
Recognition as Khedive
Receives formal Ottoman recognition of the title Khedive.
Birth of Luigi Pirandello
Birth of Luigi Pirandello
Death of Komei
Death of Komei
Changing the International Congress Venue
Participates in a General Council resolution changing the venue of the International's 1868 congress.
Birth of Robert Falcon Scott
Birth of Robert Falcon Scott
Reballion of Motoharu Yamaji
Leads the clan troops against the Shogunate
Reballion of Motoharu Yamaji
Leads the clan troops against the Shogunate
Arrest of Takeaki Enomoto
Forced to surrender at the Battle of Hakodate & is imprisoned
Battle of Hakodate
Forced to surrender at the Battle of Hakodate & is imprisoned
Birth of Hendrikus Colijn
Birth of Hendrikus Colijn
Arrest of Takeaki Enomoto
Arrested, 1869-1872
Succession
Persuades Leopold to accept the Spanish offer of the throne. Leopolds acceptance of the offer of the Spanish throne is telegramed to Madrid
Succession
The President of Spain dissolves the Cortes
Public Education Decree
The government decreed free and compulsory primary education under national supervision.
Trade Union Act
The Trade Union Act gives registered unions legal recognition and protection for their funds.
The Civil War in France
Marx publishes an address defending the Paris Commune and assessing its historical significance.
Nationalisation of the Land
Publishes an article arguing for nationalisation of land as part of a broader social transformation.
Kulturkampf
Religious schools are forced to undergo official Government inspection and religious teachers are banned from Government schools
Minister of Navy
Appointed Minister of the Navy
Privy Council
Appointed Member of Privy Council
Envoy
Appointedpecial Naval Envoy to Russia
Fonnesbech Government
The Fonnesbech Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Council President of Denmark.
Estrup Government
Begins the Estrup Government in Copenhagen and serves as Council President of Denmark.
Rule of Kurile Islands
Agrees with Russia to exchange Japans claim to Sakhalin for northern Kurile
Rule of Sakhalin
Agrees with Russia to exchange Japans claim to Sakhalin for northern Kurile
Congress of Obrero
La Sociedad Esperanza de Empleados (Employees Hope Society) designates Marti as delegate to the Congreso Obrero
Sociedad Esperanza de Empleados
La Sociedad Esperanza de Empleados (Employees Hope Society) designates Marti as delegate to the Congreso Obrero
Battle of Little Big Horn
The 264-man US 7th cavalry is massacred at the hands of the Sioux Chief "Sitting Bull". Death of George Armstrong Custer, killed at the Battle of Little Big Horn
Minister of Navy
Appointed Minister of the Navy
Appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Dublin
McCabe is appointed auxiliary bishop of Dublin to assist Cardinal Paul Cullen in the administration of the growing archdiocese.
French Delegation
Leads the French delegation when the Congress of Berlin begins.
Congress of Berlin
Represents Germany at the Congress of Berlin
Congress Presidency
Opens the Congress of Berlin as host and presiding statesman for the negotiations.
Congress of Berlin
Opening day of the Congress of Berlin to resolve the "Eastern Question"
Congress of Berlin
The Congress of Berlin redistributes back to the Ottoman Empire certain Bulgarian territories that the previous Treaty had given to the Principality of Bulgaria, most notably Macedonia.
Congress of Berlin
The congress aims to revise the Treaty of San Stefano and keep Constantinople in Ottoman hands and disavow Russia's victory over the decaying Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78.
Congress of Berlin
The congress revises or eliminates 18 of the 29 articles in the Treaty of San Stefano using as a foundation the treaties of Paris (1856) and London (1871).
Congress of Berlin
The meetings are held at Chancellor Bismarck's residence, the Reichskanzlei (Chancellery), the former Radziwill Palace, from June 13, 1878 until July 13, 1878.
Treaty of San Stefano
The congress revisedsor eliminates 18 of the 29 articles in the Treaty of San Stefano using as a foundation the treaties of Paris (1856) and London (1871)
Congress Delegation
Serves with Disraeli and Salisbury in the British delegation to the Congress of Berlin.
Italian Delegation
Represents Italy as foreign minister at the opening of the Congress of Berlin.
Congress Delegation
Serves as a Russian plenipotentiary at the Congress of Berlin.
Russian Delegation
Leads the Russian delegation seeking to preserve as much as possible of the San Stefano settlement.
Congress Delegation
Joins the Ottoman delegation as ambassador at the German imperial court.
Congress of Berlin
Opening day of the Congress of Berlin to resolve the "Eastern Question"
Congress Delegation
Represents the Ottoman Empire at Berlin as a senior military plenipotentiary.
Ottoman Delegation
Serves as a senior Ottoman plenipotentiary defending the empire's interests at the Congress of Berlin.
Congress of Berlin
Faces the Congress of Berlin, which revises San Stefano, preserves Ottoman suzerainty over Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia, and later requires Ottoman cessions to Russia in Asia.
First Jules Malou Government
The First Jules Malou Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.
Second Frere-Orban Government
Begins the Second Frere-Orban Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.
Anglo-Russian Negotiations
Negotiates directly with Salisbury to narrow British and Russian differences over the San Stefano settlement.
Congress of Berlin
Territory ceded by the Ottoman empire at San Stefano is returned
Congress of Berlin
The Congress of Berlin confirms the independence of Serbia. The Congress of Berlin confirms the independence of Romania. The Congress of Berlin confirms the independence of Montenegro. The Congress of Berlin cedes Kars to Russia.
Congress of Berlin
The Congress of Berlin promises Crete constitutional Government. The Congress of Berlin places Macedonia under Ottoman sovereignty. The Congress of Berlin places Bosnia-Hercegovina under Austro-Hungarian control. The Congress of Berlin creates a quasi-autonomous Ottoman province of Eastern Roumelia.
Constitution of Turkey
The Congress of Berlin promises Crete constitutional Government
Independence of Serbia, Romania and Montenegro
The Congress of Berlin confirms the independence of Serbia. The Congress of Berlin confirms the independence of Romania. The Congress of Berlin confirms the independence of Montenegro
Independence of Turkey
The Congress of Berlin confirms the independence of Serbia. The Congress of Berlin confirms the independence of Romania. The Congress of Berlin confirms the independence of Montenegro
Rule of Batum
The Congress of Berlin cedes Batum to Russia
Rule of Bosnia
The Congress of Berlin places Bosnia-Hercegovina under Austro-Hungarian control
Rule of Crete
The Congress of Berlin promises Crete constitutional Government
Rule of Cyprus
The Congress of Berlin cedes Cyprus to Britain
Rule of Kars
The Congress of Berlin cedes Kars to Russia
Rule of Macedonia
The Congress of Berlin places Macedonia under Ottoman sovereignty
Rule of Roumelia
The Congress of Berlin creates a quasi-autonomous Ottoman province of Eastern Roumelia
Deposition
Is deposed by the Ottoman Sultan after British and French intervention.
Sovereignty
Succeeds Ismail as Khedive after Ottoman deposition of his father under British and French pressure.
Ordination of Patrick O'Donnell
O'Donnell is ordained to the Catholic priesthood after theological studies at Maynooth.
Free Primary Education Reform
Supports the law establishing free public primary education.
Public School Fees Abolished
The measure abolishes school fees in public primary schools.
Free Primary Education Law
Promulgates legislation making public primary education free.
Jules Ferry Education Reform
The reform becomes a foundation of France's republican school system.
Siege of Potchefstroom
Captures the British garrison at Potchefstroom
Birth of Igor Stravinsky
Igor Stravinsky is born at Oranienbaum near Saint Petersburg.
Igor Stravinsky Born
The future composer of The Rite of Spring is born.
Execution of Charles Guiteau
Is executed for assassinating President James Garfield.
Guiteau Hanged
Guiteau is hanged after conviction for Garfield's murder.
Minister of China
Appointed Minister to China
Second Jules Malou Government
Begins the Second Jules Malou Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.
Second Frere-Orban Government
The Second Frere-Orban Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.
Battle of Bac-le
The Chinese defeat a French force
Christian Schweigaard Government
The Christian Schweigaard Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Johan Sverdrup Government
Begins the Johan Sverdrup Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Birth of Gaston Bachelard
Gaston Bachelard is born at Bar-sur-Aube in northeastern France.
Rule of Pescadores
Under the Treaty of Tientsin French occupied areas of Pescadores are returned to China
Treaty of Tientsin
The status quo is restored, France returns occupied areas in Formosa & Pescadores
Budget
Gladstone is defeated by the Irish Party's vote on the budget
Death of Frederick Charles
Death of Frederick Charles
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Secretary
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 1st term, a minority administration
Cabinet
Appointed Member of Cabinet, leader of the "Tory Democrats"
Secretary of State for India
Appointed Secretary of State for India
Legislation
Redistribution of Seats Bill, creates seats in Yorkshire, Lancashire & outer London
Reform of Electoral System
Redistribution of Seats Bill, creates seats in Yorkshire, Lancashire & outer London. Merges smaller boroughs into County constituencies
Irish Home Rule
Resigns over the issue of Irish Home Rule
Reform of Government
Defeated by Liberal Unionists & 93 Liberal MPs, including Chamberlain, resigns
Resignation of William Ewart Gladstone
Resigns over the issue of Irish Home Rule. Defeated by Liberal Unionists & 93 Liberal MPs, including Chamberlain, resigns
Home Rule
The Home Rule Bill, defeated in the Commons by 30 votes
Reform of Parliament
The Home Rule Bill, defeated in the Commons by 30 votes
Elemental Fluorine Preparation
Obtains the highly reactive element after repeated failed attempts by chemists.
Isolation of Fluorine
Isolates fluorine by electrolysing an anhydrous hydrogen fluoride mixture.
Birth of Jean-Baptiste Nicolas Robert Schuman
Birth of Jean-Baptiste Nicolas Robert Schuman, in Luxembourg of a German national father
Legislation
Unionist anti-home rule protest demonstrations resulted in a split between pro- and anti-home rulers within the Liberal Party and the defeat of the bill on its second reading in June by 341 to 311 votes
Rule of Ireland
Unionist anti-home rule protest demonstrations resulted in a split between pro- and anti-home rulers within the Liberal Party and the defeat of the bill on its second reading in June by 341 to 311 votes
Succession
Succeeds after the death of his father Frederick III.
Birth of Arthur Stanley Jefferson Laurel
Birth of Arthur Stanley Jefferson Laurel
Death of John Alexander Macdonald
Dies in office after dominating early Canadian federal politics.
Birth of Erich Marcks
Birth of Erich Marcks
Prime Minister of Canada
Becomes prime minister after Macdonald dies.
Election
Appointed Presidential Candidate by the National Convention
National Convention
Appointed Presidential Candidate by the National Convention
National Convention
The Democratic National Convention nominate Cleveland for President
President of United States of America
The Democratic National Convention nominate Cleveland for President
Privy Council
Appointed Privy Councillor
Birth of Cole Porter
Birth of Cole Porter
Constitution of Venezuela
The Constitution of 1893 restored direct presidential elections and extended the presidential term.
Indian Mints Closed to Silver
The Government of India closes its mints to unrestricted silver coinage, beginning the transition from a silver-based rupee toward a gold-linked monetary system.
Birth of son
Born in Leipzig, the son of a tailor
Birth of Edward VIII
Birth of Edward VIII, White Lodge, Richmond Park, Surrey, 3rd in line to the throne
Assassination of Marie Francoise Sadi Carnot
Stabbed to death at Lyons by an Italian anarchist
Death of Marie Francoise Sadi Carnot
Death of Marie Francoise Sadi Carnot, assassinated
Tower Bridge
Oficially opens Tower Bridge
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador, 1st term
Calls for citizens not to aid Cuban insurgents
Calls for citizens not to aid Cuban insurgents who are rising up against Spanish rule
Profession
Returns to South Africa to practise law at Cape Town bar
Invention of Radio
Files a patent for "Improvements in Transmitting Impulses"
Patent
Files a patent for "Improvements in Transmitting Impulses"
Li-Lobanov Treaty
Secures rights linked to the Chinese Eastern Railway.
Battle of Firket Victory
Defeats a Mahdist force at Firket and clears the way for the advance toward Dongola.
Birth of Wallis Simpson
Birth of Wallis Simpson
Chinese Eastern Railway
Backs the railway route across Manchuria toward Vladivostok.
Li-Lobanov Treaty
China agrees to allow a Russian railway route through Manchuria.
Working Hours Law
Supports limits on factory working hours.
Birth of Robert Anthony Eden
Diamond Jubilee
Represents Canada at Queen Victoria Diamond Jubilee.
Anniversary
Celebrates Golden Jubilee
Anniversary
Celebrates the Diamond Jubilee
Major
Appointed Major
Yukon Territory
Creates Yukon Territory during the Klondike gold rush.
Birth of Willy Messerschmitt
Birth of Willy Messerschmitt
1st Circumnavigation
Completes the 1st single handed yacht voyage around the world
BNAE
The British National Antarctic Expedition, later known as the Discovery Expedition, was a joint enterprise of the RGS and the Royal Society
Discovery Expedition
The British National Antarctic Expedition, later known as the Discovery Expedition, was a joint enterprise of the RGS and the Royal Society. Scott appears at the Markham residence and volunteered to lead the Discovery Expedition
National Antarctic Expedition
The British National Antarctic Expedition, later known as the Discovery Expedition, was a joint enterprise of the RGS and the Royal Society
Royal Society
The British National Antarctic Expedition, later known as the Discovery Expedition, was a joint enterprise of the RGS and the Royal Society
Party Leader
Regarded as a temporary leader until the return of Lord Rosebery. Appointed Party Leader of the Liberal Party
Birth of Chang Hsueh-Liang
Birth of Chang Hsueh-Liang
Siege of Beijing
The railway line to Tianjin was cut by Boxers in the countryside and Beijing was isolated
Siege of Pretoria
British troops enter Pretoria during Roberts's advance.
Capture of Pretoria
British troops enter Pretoria during Roberts's advance.
British Occupation of Transvaal Capital
Occupies the Transvaal capital after Boer forces withdraw.
Capture of Pretoria
Enters Pretoria with British forces during the main advance.
Capture of Pretoria
British troops enter the Transvaal capital.
Olympic Gold Medal
Winner of the Olympic singles tennis Gold Medal
Seymour Expedition
Commands German sailors in Seymour's relief column.
Seymour Expedition
Attempts to reach the besieged legations by railway.
Seymour Expedition
Lands sailors and marines to protect foreign legations.
Seymour Expedition
Leads an international relief column toward Beijing.
Seymour Expedition
Leads the first relief expedition toward Beijing.
Seymour Expedition
Japanese sailors join the international relief force.
Seymour Expedition
Russian sailors join the attempt to reach Beijing.
Seymour Expedition
Commands American sailors in Seymour's expedition.
Siege of Beijing
The first Boxer, dressed in his finery, was seen in the Legation Quarter. The German Minister, Clemens von Ketteler, and German soldiers captured a Boxer boy and inexplicably executed him. In response, thousands of Boxers burst into the walled city of Beijing that afternoon and burned many of the Christian churches and cathedrals in the city, burning some victims alive
The Boxers
The first Boxer, dressed in his finery, was seen in the Legation Quarter. The German Minister, Clemens von Ketteler, and German soldiers captured a Boxer boy and inexplicably executed him. In response, thousands of Boxers burst into the walled city of Beijing that afternoon and burned many of the Christian churches and cathedrals in the city, burning some victims alive
Killing of Sugiyama Akira
His soldiers kill Japanese legation secretary Sugiyama Akira.
Siege of Beijing
Soldiers at the British Embassy and German Legations shot and killed several Boxers, alienating the Chinese population of the city and nudging the Qing Government toward support of the Boxers
Battle of Diamond Hill
Hamilton commands part of the British force attacking Boer positions east of Pretoria at Diamond Hill.
Killing of Sugiyama Akira
Is killed by soldiers of Dong Fuxiang.
Battle of Diamond Hill
Botha commands the Boer defence at Diamond Hill and withdraws after two days of fighting.
Siege of Peking
Boxers attack the Allied naval force south of Peking
Siege of Peking
The Boxers enter Peking & destroy most of the foreign owned buildings
The Boxers
The Boxers enter Peking & destroy most of the foreign owned buildings
Siege of Beijing
His customs residence is destroyed during the crisis.
Siege of Beitang Cathedral
Defends the Beitang cathedral and Christian refugees.
Siege of Beitang Cathedral
Helps defend the Beitang cathedral compound.
Battle of Dagu Forts
During the war, Imperial Chinese forces deployed a weapon called "electric mines" on June 15, at the river Beihe (Peiho) before the Battle of Dagu Forts to prevent the Eight-Nation Alliance from sending ships to attack
Siege of Beijing
Qing imperial forces deployed electric mines in the River Beihe (Peiho) to prevent the Eight-Nation Alliance from sending ships to attack
Defence of Taku Forts
Commands Qing defenders at the Taku Forts.
Battle of Dagu Forts
Cixi received an ultimatum demanding that China surrender control of its military and financial affairs to foreign powers.
Battle of Dagu Forts
On 17 June they took the Dagu Forts commanding the approaches to Tianjin, and from there brought increasing numbers of troops on shore.
Battle of Dagu Forts
She told the Grand Council that the powers had begun aggression and that the nation's extinction was imminent.
Battle of Dagu Forts
The allied nations took steps to reinforce their military presence significantly.
Battle of Dagu Forts
The event that tilted the Qing imperial Government irrevocably toward support of the Boxers and war with the foreign powers was the attack of foreign navies on the Dagu Forts near Tianji
Siege of Beijing
The event that tilted the Qing imperial Government irrevocably toward support of the Boxers and war with the foreign powers was the attack of foreign navies on the Dagu Forts near Tianji
The Boxers
The event that tilted the Qing imperial Government irrevocably toward support of the Boxers and war with the foreign powers was the attack of foreign navies on the Dagu Forts near Tianji
Capture of Taku Forts
German naval forces support the capture of Taku.
Capture of Taku Forts
Supports allied operations against the Taku Forts.
Capture of Taku Forts
Helps capture the Taku Forts at the Peiho mouth.
Capture of Taku Forts
Takes part in allied naval operations at Taku.
Capture of Taku Forts
Distinguishes himself during the Taku Forts operation.
Capture of Taku Forts
Takes part in the capture of the Taku Forts.
Capture of Taku Forts
Russian naval forces participate in the attack on Taku.
Battle of Langfang
Muslim General Ma Fuxiang, posted in southern Beijing at Hunting Park, attacked and defeated the Eight Nation Alliance led by the British Admiral Seymour at the Battle of Langfang
Battle of Langfang
Muslim General Ma Fuxiang, posted in southern Beijing at Hunting Park, attacked and defeated the Eight Nation Alliance led by the British Admiral Seymour at the Battle of Langfang
Battle of Langfang
Oversees Chinese forces during the Langfang fighting.
Battle of Langfang
Supervises Chinese forces opposing Seymour near Langfang.
Legation Diplomacy
Restrains Dong Fuxiang and keeps channels open with foreign diplomats.
Battle of Langfang
Muslim General Ma Fuxiang, posted in southern Beijing at Hunting Park, attacked and defeated the Eight Nation Alliance led by the British Admiral Seymour at the Battle of Langfang
Battle of Langfang
Kansu troops help defeat Seymour near Langfang.
Battle of Langfang
Helps defeat Seymour's relief column near Langfang.
Battle of Langfang
Leads Muslim cavalry against Seymour's force.
Siege of Beijing
Commands Austro-Hungarian sailors in the legation defence.
Death of Ketteler
Kills German minister Clemens von Ketteler.
Assassination of Clemens von Ketteler
The German envoy, Klemens Freiherr von Ketteler was murdered on 20 June, and the foreign powers immediately demanded redress
Diplomatic Mission
The German envoy, Klemens Freiherr von Ketteler was murdered on 20 June, and the foreign powers immediately demanded redress
Siege of Beijing
The legations of the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Spain, Belgium, The Netherlands, the United States, Russia and Japan were located in the Beijing Legation Quarter south of the Forbidden City. The Chinese army and Boxer irregulars besieged the Legation Quarter from 20 June to 14 August 1900
Siege of Beijing
His Kansu troops attack foreign positions in Beijing.
Siege of Beijing
French forces help defend the Legation Quarter.
Assassination of Clemens von Ketteler
Since Kaiser Wilhelm IIs minister to China, Baron Clemens von Ketteler, was murdered by the Boxers, the Germans "claimed a certain priority in the crusade against Chinese barbarism". Murdered by a mob in response to the Allied Siege of the legations in Peking
Death of Clemens von Ketteler
Murdered by a mob in response to the Allied Siege of the legations in Peking
Death of Ketteler
Is shot while travelling to the Zongli Yamen.
Siege of Beijing
Commands British marines during the siege.
Siege of Beijing
Becomes senior diplomatic organiser inside the legations.
Siege of Beijing
Commands Italian defenders in the Legation Quarter.
Siege of Beijing
Organises disciplined Japanese defence of the legations.
Siege of Beijing
Russian troops hold positions in the Legation Quarter.
Siege of Beijing
Helps defend the American position in the legations.
Siege of Beijing
Commands American Marines defending the legations.
Declaration of War
Issues the imperial declaration against the foreign powers.
Court Diplomacy
Maintains contacts useful for later peace negotiations.
Declaration of War
Declares war against all foreign powers
Declaration of War
Shanghais Chinese elite supported the provincial governors of southeastern China in resisting the Imperial declaration of war. Empress Dowager Cixi, urged by the conservatives of the Imperial Court, supported the Boxers and declared war on foreign powers. A number of regional governors including Li Hongzhang and Zhang Zhidong quietly refused to cooperate
Empress Dowager Cixi declares war against all Foreign powers
Empress Dowager Cixi declares war against all Foreign powers
Rule of China
Empress Dowager Cixi, urged by the conservatives of the Imperial Court, supported the Boxers and declared war on foreign powers
The Boxers
In response to reports of an armed invasion to lift the siege, the initially hesitant Empress Dowager Cixi supported the Boxers and on June 21 issued an Imperial Decree declaring war on the foreign powers. Diplomats, foreign civilians and soldiers as well as Chinese Christians in the Legation Quarter were placed under siege by the Imperial Army of China and the Boxers for 55 days
The Boxers
Chinese officialdom was split between those supporting the Boxers and those favoring conciliation, led by Prince Qing
Declaration of War
Backs war against the foreign powers.
Election
Nominated for the Presidency
Siege of Beijing
Chinese soldiers and Boxers set fire to areas north and west of the British Legation, using it as a "frightening tactic" to attack the defenders
Retreat to Tianjin
Retreats after failing to relieve Beijing.
Legation Defence
Represents Austria-Hungary during the legation siege.
Legation Defence
Takes refuge during the Boxer siege.
Tianjin Fighting
Boxer fighters attack foreign positions near Tianjin.
Siege of Beijing
Commands Qing forces while restraining attacks on the legations.
Anti-War Memorials
Urges the court not to declare war on the powers.
Anti-War Memorials
Opposes the court's drift toward war with foreigners.
Hardliner Policy
Supports the hardline court faction during the crisis.
Southeast Mutual Protection
Keeps Shandong out of the court's war against foreigners.
Southeast Mutual Protection
Joins provincial leaders avoiding war with foreign powers.
Southeast Mutual Protection
Supports provincial neutrality during the Boxer crisis.
Southeast Mutual Protection
Helps keep the lower Yangtze from joining the war.
Completely disregarding diplomatic immunity, the Boxers and some elements of the
Completely disregarding diplomatic immunity, the Boxers and some elements of the Imperial army attacked the foreign compounds in Tianjin and Beijing
Imperial Army
Diplomats, foreign civilians and soldiers, and Chinese Christians in the Legation Quarter were under siege by the Imperial Army of China and the Boxers for 55 days. Completely disregarding diplomatic immunity, the Boxers and some elements of the Imperial army attacked the foreign compounds in Tianjin and Beijing
Imperial Army
Completely disregarding diplomatic immunity, the Boxers and some elements of the Imperial army attacked the foreign compounds in Tianjin and Beijing
Siege of Peking
Diplomats, foreign civilians and soldiers, and Chinese Christians in the Legation Quarter were under siege by the Imperial Army of China and the Boxers for 55 days. Completely disregarding diplomatic immunity, the Boxers and some elements of the Imperial army attacked the foreign compounds in Tianjin and Beijing
Siege of Tianjin
Completely disregarding diplomatic immunity, the Boxers and some elements of the Imperial army attacked the foreign compounds in Tianjin and Beijing
Declaration of War
Japan announces, "no more communication with China - except war"
Siege of Blagoveshchensk
The Boxers bombard the Russian town of Blagoveshchensk that lies across the Amur River
Siege of Peking
The Roman Catholic Church is burnt to the ground
Siege of Port Arhur
The Boxers blow up the railway line under Russian construction to Port Arthur
The Boxers
The Boxers bombard the Russian town of Blagoveshchensk that lies across the Amur River
The Boxers
The Boxers blow up the railway line under Russian construction to Port Arthur
Siege of Peking
Clashes were reported between Chinese factions favoring war and those favoring conciliation, the latter led by Prince Qing
Legation Defence
Takes part in the defence of the legations.
Legation Crisis
Confronts rising danger to the foreign legations.
Capture of Pretoria
British troops enter Pretoria during Roberts's advance.
Seymour Expedition
His relief expedition is blocked before reaching Beijing.
Legation Defence
Organises British participation in legation defence.
Legation Defence
Joins the diplomatic defence during the siege.
Legation Defence
Represents Dutch interests during the crisis.
Legation Defence
Represents Portugal during the siege of the legations.
Legation Defence
Shelters in the besieged Legation Quarter.
Prime Minister of South Africa
Appointed Prime Minister for the fourth and last time in June 1900, when William Philip Schreiner is forced to resign because of his anti-war stance
Resignation of William Philip Schreiner
Favoured negotiation rather than hostilities, to the chagrin of Governor and High Commissioner Alfred Milner, who was actively fomenting war, his stance led his to his forced resignation from the premiership and Parliament
Guerrilla War
Continues guerrilla resistance after British occupation.
Guerrilla War
Leads guerrilla operations in the western Transvaal.
Legation Defence
Shelters in the Legation Quarter during the siege.
Legation Defence
Takes shelter with other diplomats in the Legation Quarter.
Methods of Barbarism
Condemns British methods in South Africa as barbarism.
Action near Thaba Nchu
Rogers repeatedly rides back under heavy fire to rescue dismounted comrades during a skirmish near Thaba Nchu.
Second Sea Lord Appointment
Fisher becomes Second Sea Lord with responsibility for naval personnel, training and related administrative reform.
Death of John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton
Death of John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton
Swiss Patent Office Appointment
Appointed Technical Expert, third class, at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern.
Appendix
Has an appendix operation 2 days before his planned coronation
Order of Merit
The Order of Merit is instituted by Edward VII
South African War Command Concluded
Concludes his South African command after the peace settlement ends organised Boer resistance.
Manchurian Policy
Questions policies that risk conflict over Manchuria.
Rule of Manchuria
Supports railway and financial interests linked to Manchuria.
Ford Motor Company
Ford and twelve investors establish Ford Motor Company with twenty-eight thousand dollars.
Birth of George Orwell
Birth of George Orwell, born Eric Arthur Blair, in Motihari.
Doctorate
Receives her doctorate for research on radioactive substances.
Siege of Port Arthur
Nogi begins the Japanese advance on Port Arthur
Telemobiloscope Trial
Tests his radio ship-detection apparatus before maritime observers.
Panama Canal Chief Engineer
Wallace becomes the first chief engineer of the American canal construction effort.
Speech
Supports Free Trade while speaking at a mass meeting in Manchester
Nobel Lecture
Delivers the Nobel lecture on radioactive substances.
Nobel Visit
Travels to Stockholm for the delayed Nobel ceremonies.
Magnificent Gun Explosion Response
A six-inch gun accident aboard HMS Magnificent causes multiple casualties during Carden's period in command.
Mutiny of Potemkin
Emerges as a leader of the Potemkin mutineers.
Mutiny of Potemkin
His death helps trigger the Potemkin mutiny.
Mutiny of Potemkin
Faces naval revolt during the wider revolutionary crisis.
Birth of Jean-Paul Sartre
Jean-Paul Sartre is born in Paris to Jean-Baptiste Sartre and Anne-Marie Schweitzer.
Birth of Jean-Paul Sartre
Birth of Jean-Paul Sartre
Potemkin Surrender
The Potemkin mutineers surrender to Romanian authorities.
Special Relativity
Submits On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies, establishing the special theory of relativity.
Mutiny of Potemkin
The Potemkin mutiny is followed by strikes across Russia.
Strike
Strikes expand after the Potemkin mutiny.
Mutiny of Potemkin
The Potemkin Mutiny is followed by strikes all over Russia
Strike
2,000 are killed during unrest and the Potemkin mutiny
Peace Mission
Is selected to negotiate peace with Japan.
Lock Canal Plan
Congress adopts a lock-canal design instead of a sea-level canal.
Hepburn Act
The Hepburn Act expands federal authority over railroad rates and related businesses.
Birth of Frank Whittle
Birth of Frank Whittle
Duma
The 2nd Duma is closed by the Tsat & a new electoral law is passed
Duma
The 2nd Duma is closed by the Tsat & a new electoral law is passed
Legislation
Introduces a state scheme for old age pensions in the Invalid & Old Age Pensions Act
Old Age Pension Scheme
Introduces a state scheme for old age pensions.
Reform of Social Welfare
Introduces a state scheme for old age pensions in the Invalid & Old Age Pensions Act
Death of Frederick Arthur Stanley
Death of Frederick Arthur Stanley
Marriage to Helen Reilly Barbour
Marries Helen Reilly Barbour while serving as a senior designer and managing director at Harland and Wolff.
Death of Takeaki Enomoto
Death of Takeaki Enomoto
Department of External Affairs
Creates the Department of External Affairs.
Education
Graduates from the United States Military Academy at West Point
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil after the death of Afonso Pena
Return to London after Nimrod
Shackleton returns to London to a public welcome after the Nimrod expedition's major geographical and scientific achievements.
Government Suffrage Policy
Faces continuing WSPU pressure around Parliament and public meetings.
Womens Suffrage Deputations
Resists demands for immediate government legislation on womens suffrage.
WSPU Political Pressure
Faces continuing WSPU pressure around Parliament and public meetings.
Womens Suffrage Deputation Response
Resists demands for immediate government legislation on women's suffrage.
Bolshevik Centre Split
Breaks with Bogdanov's faction inside Bolshevism.
Terra Nova Leaves London
Evans sails aboard Terra Nova when the expedition ship leaves London for the outward voyage.
British Antarctic Expedition Begins
The expedition begins its outward voyage toward Antarctica.
Terra Nova Leaves London
Terra Nova leaves London at the start of Scott's Antarctic expedition.
Double English Channel Crossing
Completes a nonstop return flight across the English Channel.
Nonstop Channel Return Flight
Becomes the first pilot to make the double crossing.
Discovery of South Pole
Using the ship Fram ("Forward"), earlier used by Fridtjof Nansen, he left Norway for the south, leaving Oslo
South Pole Expedition
Amundsen left Oslo for the south on 3 June 1910
Agadir Crisis
Spain occupies Laraiche and Alcazar
Fram Expedition
Sails from Norway in Fram while still publicly presenting the voyage as an Arctic expedition
Terra Nova Expedition
Terra Nova leaves Cardiff carrying Scott's British Antarctic Expedition toward the Ross Sea.
Cardiff Expedition Departure
Bowers sails from Cardiff with the expedition as Terra Nova begins the long voyage south.
Terra Nova Departure
Serves as navigator on Terra Nova.
Terra Nova Departure
Sails as Scott's second in command.
Terra Nova Crew
Joins the expedition as a veteran polar seaman.
Terra Nova Crew
Joins Terra Nova as an experienced Antarctic seaman.
Constitutional Conference
Represents Conservatives in talks over House of Lords reform.
Cross-Party Lords Negotiations
Negotiates unsuccessfully with Asquith's Liberal leadership.
Constitutional Conference
Participates in cross-party negotiations over House of Lords powers.
Lords Reform Negotiations
Explores compromise during the constitutional conference.
Constitutional Conference
Opens cross-party talks seeking compromise over the Lords' powers.
House of Lords Negotiations
Negotiates with Conservative leaders during the constitutional crisis.
Conservative Lords Negotiations
Negotiates with Conservative leaders during the constitutional crisis.
Cross Party Constitutional Conference
Opens cross-party talks seeking compromise over the powers of the Lords.
Conciliation Bill Campaign
Campaigns for passage of the parliamentary Conciliation Bill.
Votes for Women Lobbying
Uses WSPU organization to press for limited women's suffrage.
Discovery Expedition
Borchgrevink retained his interest in Antarctic matters, visiting Captain Scott shortly before the Terra Nova sailed on Scotts last Antarctic expedition.
Constitutional Revision of 1911
The government completes reforms strengthening rights, courts, administration and compulsory education.
Agadir Crisis
Spain occupies Laraiche and Alcazar
Siege of Alcazar
Spain occupies Laraiche and Alcazar
Siege of Laraiche
Spain occupies Laraiche and Alcazar
Scott Birthday at Cape Evans
The wintering party marks Scott's birthday with a special meal and cake while preparations continue for the southern journey.
First de Broqueville Government
Begins the First de Broqueville Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.
Frans Schollaert Government
The Frans Schollaert Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.
Midwinter Day Cake
Cherry-Garrard contributes a large cake to the expedition's Midwinter Day celebrations at Cape Evans.
Midwinter Day Celebration
Scott and the wintering party mark Midwinter Day with decorations and a special dinner at Cape Evans.
Midwinter Day at Cape Evans
Leads the expedition's Midwinter Day observance at Cape Evans.
Terra Nova Winter Celebration
Maintains morale during the Antarctic winter before the southern journey.
Coronation
Is crowned with Queen Mary at Westminster Abbey.
Coronation
Crowned King of Great Britain
Westminster Abbey Coronation
Marks the formal coronation of the new British monarch.
Gustav Mahlers 9th Symphony premieres in
Gustav Mahlers 9th Symphony premieres in Vienna
Emperor Penguin Egg Expedition
Travels to Cape Crozier seeking emperor penguin embryos.
Winter Journey Departure
Leaves Cape Evans with Wilson and Bowers during winter.
Cape Crozier Winter Journey Begins
Wilson leaves Cape Evans with Bowers and Cherry-Garrard for the winter journey to the emperor penguin rookery.
Winter Journey
Joins the winter journey to collect emperor penguin eggs.
Cape Crozier Journey
The party travels in darkness to study emperor penguin breeding.
Cape Crozier Winter Journey Begins
Wilson leads Bowers and Cherry-Garrard from Cape Evans on the winter journey to study emperor penguin breeding at Cape Crozier.
Winter Journey Begins
Wilson leaves Cape Evans with Bowers and Cherry-Garrard for Cape Crozier.
Cape Crozier Sledge Journey
Hauls supplies during the expedition's hazardous winter scientific journey.
Winter Journey Departure
Departs with Wilson and Cherry-Garrard for Cape Crozier.
Winter Journey
Travels with Wilson and Cherry-Garrard to Cape Crozier.
Cape Crozier Emperor Penguin Mission
Leads a scientific mission through severe Antarctic winter conditions.
Winter Journey Departure
Begins the winter journey to collect emperor penguin eggs.
Winter Journey
Begins the winter journey to Cape Crozier.
South Polar Times Production
Cherry-Garrard helps produce the expedition's South Polar Times, combining humour, reports and scientific material for the wintering party.
Cape Adare Wintering
Campbell's Northern Party winters at Cape Adare.
Northern Party Scientific Programme
The group conducts meteorological, geological and biological observations.
Bolshevik Party
Exiled to the Arkhangelsk region
Exile of Nikolai Bukharin
Exiled to the Arkhangelsk region
Light Deflection
Predicts that gravity should bend starlight and proposes a solar-eclipse test.
British Inquiry Seaman Evidence
Gives evidence about Titanic's lifeboats and his experience during the sinking.
British Inquiry Seaman Evidence
Gives evidence about deck work, lifeboat operations and the final evacuation.
British Inquiry Steward Evidence
Gives evidence about passenger assistance, lifeboat loading and events after the collision.
Titanic Inquiry Testimony
Begins giving evidence before the British Wreck Commissioner's inquiry into Titanic's loss.
International Radiotelegraph Safety Conference Opens
Chairs the London radiotelegraph conference as maritime safety and emergency communications receive increased attention after Titanic.
White Star Commander Authority Evidence
Explains White Star management arrangements and the authority exercised by commanders during the British inquiry.
Able Seamen Manning Evidence
Discusses the number of able seamen required to man and launch lifeboats during an emergency.
Boat Station Policy Evidence
Explains the purpose of assigned boat stations and company arrangements for emergency boat duties.
Lifeboat Capacity Policy Evidence
Discusses White Star views on lifeboat accommodation and the practical problems of carrying additional boats.
Titanic Lifeboat Regulations Evidence
Gives evidence comparing Titanic's lifeboat provision with the requirements then imposed by the Board of Trade.
White Star Inquiry Evidence
Gives evidence about White Star Line management and company instructions following Ismay's testimony.
White Star Management Evidence
Appears before the British inquiry as a member of Ismay, Imrie and Company, managers of the White Star Line.
White Star Operating Rules Evidence
Gives evidence about company operating rules and instructions applied to White Star ships and commanders.
Cabinet Judicial Office
Assumes the government's senior legal and judicial office.
Lord Chancellor Appointment
Becomes Lord Chancellor after leaving the War Office.
British Inquiry Design Evidence
Gives evidence to the British inquiry about Titanic's design, lifeboat arrangements and shipbuilding practice.
British Inquiry Rescue Testimony
Gives British inquiry evidence about Carpathia's voyage, lifeboats and rescue of Titanic survivors.
Birth of Alan Mathison Turing
Birth of Alan Mathison Turing
Aldwych Theatre Production
Challenges conventional attitudes toward women, work and sexual independence.
Hindle Wakes Premiere
Hindle Wakes opens at the Aldwych Theatre.
Second Winter South Polar Times
Cherry-Garrard presents another issue of the South Polar Times during the subdued second winter at Cape Evans.
Titanic Regulation Evidence
Gives extensive evidence about Board of Trade marine administration, lifeboat rules and bulkhead regulation.
British Inquiry Structural Evidence
Explains Titanic's structure, flooding calculations and damage assumptions to the British inquiry.
Damage Extent Reconstruction
Uses technical calculations to explain how flooding across multiple compartments caused Titanic to founder.
White Star Technical Evidence
Gives evidence about White Star Line operating practice, equipment and Titanic's preparation for service.
Inexpressible Island Winter
Leads the Northern Party through winter in a snow cave.
Snow Cave Survival
The men survive largely on seals and penguins.
Passenger Certification Evidence
Gives evidence about emigration inspection and passenger certification requirements applying to Titanic.
Titanic Survey Evidence
Gives evidence about Board of Trade surveys conducted during Titanic's construction and certification.
Titanic Machinery Survey Evidence
Gives technical evidence concerning Board of Trade engineering surveys and Titanic's machinery arrangements.
Lifeboat Regulation Evidence
Gives evidence on Board of Trade ship-survey standards and the regulations governing lifesaving appliances.
Titanic Belfast Survey Evidence
Gives evidence about survey work carried out on Titanic at Belfast before she entered service.
Titanic Construction Inquiry
Hears technical evidence about Titanic's structure, watertight subdivision and damage.
Dock Workers Mobilization
Campaigns for improved wages and conditions across dock employment.
London Transport Strike
Helps organize workers during the London transport strike.
British Aircraft Manufacturer Founded
Begins producing aircraft for sporting and military use.
Sopwith Aviation Company
Establishes the Sopwith Aviation Company.
Alliance Bulgaria and Serbia and Greece
An anti Bulgarian Serbian-Greek alliance is signed
Alliance Bulgaria and Serbia and Greece
An anti Bulgarian Serbian-Greek alliance is signed
Serbo-Greek Alliance
Supports alliance with Serbia against Bulgaria.
Alliance Bulgaria and Serbia and Greece
An anti Bulgarian Serbian-Greek alliance is signed
Serbo-Greek Alliance
Aligns with Greece against Bulgarian claims.
WSPU
Steps out in front of the King's horse, Anmer, as it rounded Tattenham Corner in the Derby, with Davison carrying the banner of the WSPU
WSPU
Herbert Jones, the jockey who was riding the King's horse, suffers a mild concussion in the incident, but is "haunted by that womans face" much longer
Death of Emily Wilding Davison
Dies four days after she was struck by King George Vs horse Anmer at the Epsom Derby on 4 June 1913
Balkan League
Bulgaria attacks first, without formally declaring war, attacking the Serbian army in Gevgelija and then the Greek army in Nigrita
Siege of Gevgelija
Bulgaria attacks first, without formally declaring war, attacking the Serbian army in Gevgelija and then the Greek army in Nigrita
Siege of Nigrita
Bulgaria attacks first, without formally declaring war, attacking the Serbian army in Gevgelija and then the Greek army in Nigrita
Scandal
Exonerated of illegally dealing in Marconi shares by a debate in the House of Commons
Battle of Kilkis-Lahanas
Bulgarian forces lose ground to Greece.
Battle of Kilkis-Lahanas
Defeats Bulgarian forces in Macedonia.
Natives Land Act
Heads the government when the Natives Land Act becomes law.
Racial Land Segregation Legislation
The act severely restricts African land ownership and tenancy.
Second Zahle Council Presidency
Begins the Second Zahle Council Presidency in Copenhagen and serves as Council President of Denmark.
Berntsen Government
The Berntsen Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Council President of Denmark.
Declaration of War
Greece and Serbia break with Bulgaria over the Macedonia and Thrace border
Visit to London
Visits Great Britain
Alliance Constantine Constantine I and Bulgaria over the Macedonia and Thrace border
Greece and Serbia break their alliance with Bulgaria over the Macedonia and Thrace border
Declaration of War
The Macedonia and Thrace border dispute with Bulgaria causes the 2nd Balkan War
Declaration of War
Romania raises an army and declares war on Bulgaria
Attack on Former Allies
Bulgarian forces attack Serbian and Greek positions.
Bulgarian Attack on Former Allies
Authorizes military action against Serbian and Greek positions.
Retreat from Serres
Bulgarian forces retreat after burning parts of Serres.
Capture of Serres
Greek troops enter Serres after Bulgarian withdrawal.
Bulgarian Attack on Former Allies
Directs the Serbian government during Bulgaria's surprise attack.
Battle of Bregalnica
Suffers defeat against Serbian forces.
Battle of Bregalnica Begins
Directs Bulgarian armies attacking Serbian positions.
Greek Entry into the War
Faces simultaneous Serbian and Greek offensives.
Greek Entry into the War
Leads Greek forces against Bulgaria after the outbreak of war.
Battle of Bregalnica Begins
Coordinates the Serbian response to the Bulgarian attack.
Battle of Bregalnica
Defeats Bulgarian forces in Macedonia.
Battle of Kilkis-Lahanas
The Greek army counterattacks and defeats the Bulgarians at Kilkis-Lahanas
Dispute over Macedonia
Disputes Macedonia with Serbia and Greece after London.
Siege of Serres
The Greek army does not enter the city of Serres in time to prevent it being razed by irregular Bulgarian units
Terra Nova Returns to Cardiff
Brings Terra Nova back to Cardiff after the Antarctic expedition.
Oil Fuel Supply Memorandum
Presents a Cabinet memorandum arguing that the Royal Navy needs secure, controlled sources of fuel oil.
Cabinet Supports Controlled Oil Supply
The Cabinet accepts in principle that the government should acquire control over dependable oil supplies.
Alliance Constantine Constantine I and Serbia and declares war on Bulgaria
Romania, Greece, Montenegro, and Turkey immediately side with Serbia and declares war on Bulgaria, which found itself completely isolated
Battle of Doiran
The Greeks defeat the Bulgarian army in the battles of Doiran and Mt. Beles before themselves being defeated at the Kresna straights
Battle of Kresna
The Greeks defeat the Bulgarian army in the battles of Doiran and Mt. Beles before themselves being defeated at the Kresna straights
Battle of Mount Beles
The Greeks defeat the Bulgarian army in the battles of Doiran and Mt. Beles before themselves being defeated at the Kresna straights
Ceasefire
The Greeks offered a ceasefire and the Bulgarians accept due to the danger posed by the Romanian army in the north
Declaration of War
Romania, Greece, Montenegro, and Turkey immediately side with Serbia and declares war on Bulgaria, which found itself completely isolated
Peace
The Greeks offered a ceasefire and the Bulgarians accept due to the danger posed by the Romanian army in the north
Rule of Crete
Crete and Salonika were definitively assigned to Greece
Rule of Dodecanese
Greece protested Italy's annexation of the Dodecanese
Rule of Salonika
Crete and Salonika were definitively assigned to Greece
Siege of Serres
The Greek army does not enter the city of Serres in time to prevent it being razed by irregular Bulgarian units
Terra Nova Returns to Britain
Crean returns to Britain with Terra Nova after surviving the Antarctic expedition and the demanding support journeys associated with Scott's polar attempt.
Prime Minister of France
Appointed Prime Minister of France, forms & leads the Government of National unity
Government Oil Investment Allocation
Explains that new government capital will finance wells, pipelines, refinery plant, storage, transit and other development.
Agreement on the Baghdad Railway & Mesopotamia
British-German agreement on the Baghdad Railway & Mesopotamia
Baghdad Railway Agreement
Britain and Germany reach agreement concerning the Baghdad Railway and Mesopotamia.
Anglo-Persian Acquisition Motion
Moves Commons authorization for up to two million two hundred thousand pounds to acquire company share or loan capital.
Persian Oil Supply Secured
Helps secure a long-term Persian oil supply for the Royal Navy through government involvement in the Anglo-Persian Oil Company.
India Government Consultation Confirmed
Confirms that the Government of India was consulted about the proposed controlling investment in Anglo-Persian.
British Crews Oil Transport Policy
Explains that Admiralty oil transport will use British-flag vessels under government freight arrangements.
Assassination of Chotek
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand & his wife by the "Black Hand" Serbian nationalists
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand & his wife by the "Black Hand" Serbian nationalists
Death of Franz Ferdinand
Death of Franz Ferdinand, assassinated
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
Following the Balkan Wars, the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand at Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 was therefore a culmination of the heightened tension between Austria-Hungary and Serbia
Assassination of Ferdinand
The assassination sparks off World War I. The anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 when Turks defeated the Serbs. Assassinated on St Vitus day, anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo in 1389
Assassination of Ferdinand
Assassinated by Garrilo Princip, a member of Young Bosnia
Death of Ferdinand
Death of Ferdinand, assassinated by Garrilo Princip, member of Young Bosnia. Assassinated by Garrilo Princip, a member of Young Bosnia
Assassination of Ferdinand
Assassination of Frnz Ferdinand, Franz Josefs cousin & heir
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
The assassination tiggers off the 1st World War
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
Following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Bethmann Hollweg and Foreign Secretary Gottlieb von Jagow are instrumental in urging the Austrians to take a tough stand against Serbia
Anglo-Persian Oil Contract
Defends the Anglo-Persian oil contract in the House of Commons.
Armed Merchantmen Policy
Explains Admiralty policy concerning the arming of British merchant ships.
Persian Gulf Service
Answers Commons questions concerning naval service in the Persian Gulf.
Domestic Oil Fuel Supply
Answers parliamentary questions about securing oil fuel supplies within the United Kingdom.
New Naval Construction
Answers Commons questions concerning new Royal Navy construction.
Balkan War Aftermath
Balkan War tensions shape Austria's response to Serbia.
South Pole
The Endurance arrives in the Thames for Shackletons expedition to the South Pole
Endurance Expedition Appointment
Crean is appointed second officer for Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition aboard Endurance after the Stackhouse expedition is postponed.
Courtney's Post Command Assumed
Malone takes responsibility for Courtney's Post and begins strengthening its vulnerable defensive works.
French Corps Attacks at Third Krithia
Gouraud directs French forces during the Third Battle of Krithia on the right of the Allied line.
Third Krithia Offensive Ends without Breakthrough
Hamilton's third Krithia offensive ends without capturing the village or breaking the Ottoman defence.
Third Krithia Offensive Launched
Hamilton launches the third major Allied attempt to capture Krithia and the heights of Achi Baba.
British Centre Advances at Third Krithia
Hunter-Weston's troops gain limited ground during the third unsuccessful Allied offensive toward Krithia.
Brusilov Offensive
The 3rd & Eighth Armies attack the Austrian 4th south of the Pripet Marshes. The Austrians are routed
Coalition Government Defended
Defends the new coalition arrangement before the House of Commons.
Conscription Question Reconsidered
Addresses renewed pressure for compulsory military service while voluntary recruiting continues.
Ministry of Munitions Established
Supports creation of the Ministry of Munitions to coordinate the expansion of war production.
Compulsory Registration Considered
Discusses registration measures intended to identify the nationโs available manpower.
Ministry of Munitions Bill Advanced
Helps advance legislation establishing the new Ministry of Munitions.
First E11 Marmara Patrol Ends
Nasmith returns after a patrol that sinks or damages numerous Ottoman vessels.
Ministry of Munitions
Lloyd George establishes central control over weapons production, labour and industrial supplies.
Expeditionary Forces Position Reviewed
Addresses the position of British forces serving in France and the Mediterranean.
Quinn's Post Command Assumed
Malone takes command of Quinn's Post and begins extensive work to strengthen the dangerous forward position.
Married Men Recruiting Issue Addressed
Discusses the position of married men within the voluntary recruiting system.
E14 Second Marmara Patrol Begins
Boyle again takes E14 through the straits for a second offensive patrol.
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War
Dismissal
Dismissed as Minister of War
Reserved Employment Policy Discussed
Addresses the need to retain skilled workers in occupations essential to the war effort.
Blockade of Great Britain
Allied aircraft bombs Karlsruhe in retaliation for German bombing of London
Great Britain Submarine Pressure Context
The blockade context reflects Germany's submarine campaign against shipping approaching the British Isles.
Bombing of Karlsruhe
Allied aircraft bombs Karlsruhe in retaliation for German bombing of London
Karlsruhe Retaliation Raid
Allied aircraft bomb Karlsruhe in retaliation for German attacks on London.
Battle of Artois, 2nd
Over five weeks the French and Germans were engaged in a battle of attrition in the area immediately behind the old German front line. This was a maze of communications trenches and strong points, where progress was slow and costly.
Battle of Artois, 2nd
The French suffered 100,000 casualties, the Germans 75,000, and as the French were well aware there were more Germans than Frenchmen.
Battle of Artois, 2nd
The Moroccan Division did manage to fight its way back onto Vimy Ridge on 16 June, but was once again pushed back
Battle of Artois, 2nd
The attack in Artois failed to achieve its original objectives. Vimy Ridge remained in German hands until it fell to the Canadians in 1917 (Battle of Vimy Ridge), while the battle of attrition favoured the Germans.
Battle of Artois, 2nd
Over five weeks the French and Germans were engaged in a battle of attrition in the area immediately behind the old German front line. This was a maze of communications trenches and strong points, where progress was slow and costly.
Battle of Artois, 2nd
The French suffered 100,000 casualties, the Germans 75,000, and as the French were well aware there were more Germans than Frenchmen.
Battle of Artois, 2nd
The Moroccan Division did manage to fight its way back onto Vimy Ridge on 16 June, but was once again pushed back
Battle of Artois, 2nd
The attack in Artois failed to achieve its original objectives. Vimy Ridge remained in German hands until it fell to the Canadians in 1917 (Battle of Vimy Ridge), while the battle of attrition favoured the Germans.
Spring Offensive
Over five weeks the French and Germans were engaged in a battle of attrition in the area immediately behind the old German front line. This was a maze of communications trenches and strong points, where progress was slow and costly.
Spring Offensive
The French suffered 100,000 casualties, the Germans 75,000, and as the French were well aware there were more Germans than Frenchmen.
Spring Offensive
The Moroccan Division did manage to fight its way back onto Vimy Ridge on 16 June, but was once again pushed back
Spring Offensive
The attack in Artois failed to achieve its original objectives. Vimy Ridge remained in German hands until it fell to the Canadians in 1917 (Battle of Vimy Ridge), while the battle of attrition favoured the Germans.
Tenth Army Staff
Following his recovery, Manstein joined the staff of the German Tenth Army under General Max von Gallwitz. He gained experience in the planning and coordination of large military operations.
Brusilov Offensive
The plan to attack all fronts is changed as General Evert decides to support Brusilov
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal
Field Marshal
Appointed Feild Marshal
National Registration Announced
Sets out the Government case for a national registration system covering available labour and manpower.
Capture of Lemberg
Lemberg is recaptured by Austria
Capture of Lvov
Captures Lvov
National Register Planning Reviewed
Explains how a national register will help the Government assess manpower and industrial resources.
Birth of Dennis Price
Birth of Dennis Price
Birth of Fred Hoyle near Bingley
Birth of Fred Hoyle near Bingley in the West Riding of Yorkshire.
National Resources Register Defended
Defends registration as a means of matching national manpower with military and industrial requirements.
Recruiting Reviewed after Coalition Formation
Reviews recruiting policy under the new coalition government.
Gully Ravine Offensive Launched
Hunter-Weston directs the Helles attack that gains ground along Gully Ravine but fails to break the front.
Invention of Tank
Watches a demonstration of a protype of the tank, a mechanical barbed wire cutter
Allied Supply Commitments Addressed
Addresses British responsibilities for supplying munitions and material to Allied governments.
Munitions of War Bill Supported
Supports legislation designed to increase and regulate the production of munitions.
Gouraud Wounded at Gallipoli
Gouraud is seriously wounded by shellfire while inspecting French positions at Cape Helles.
Late June Ottoman Attack Repulsed
Birdwood's troops repel another Ottoman assault against the ANZAC perimeter at the end of June.
Chauvel Evacuated Sick from Gallipoli
Chauvel leaves Gallipoli through illness after commanding the forward ANZAC posts.
Monash Valley Defences Consolidated
Monash strengthens defensive works and communications in the sector that comes to bear his name.
Manifesto
Signs the manifesto Gebot der Stunde which openly opposes the war aims of the Government
Munitions Control Transferred from War Office
Loses direct control of munitions production when responsibility moves to the new Ministry of Munitions.
Board of Invention and Research Chairmanship
After leaving the Admiralty, Fisher becomes chairman of the Royal Navy Board of Invention and Research.
Water Supply Crisis Managed at Anzac
Birdwood's staff struggles to maintain drinking-water supplies for troops crowded into the ANZAC perimeter.
Helles Reinforcement Requests Sent
Hamilton repeatedly requests additional divisions as the campaign becomes a prolonged struggle.
Royal Naval Division Reinforced Gallipoli Front
Hamilton employs Royal Naval Division battalions to reinforce overstretched sectors of the peninsula.
Bellewaarde Fighting Sustained
Plumer continues defensive and local offensive operations around Bellewaarde in the Ypres salient.
Liberal Election Victory during National Schism
The Liberal Party wins elections while conflict with the monarchy continues.
Quinn's Post Bombing Tactics Improved
Malone improves local bombing and defensive procedures against close Ottoman trench attacks.
Quinn's Post Overhead Cover Expanded
Malone improves overhead protection and trench organisation at Quinn's Post.
Brusilov Offensive
The 7th Army thrusts deep into Bukovina & within 3 weeks reaches the Carpathians
Gottingen Relativity Lectures
Lectures in Gottingen on his gravitational theory, presenting the unfinished framework to leading mathematicians while he approaches the final generally covariant equations.
Battle of Jutland
The Germans claim a victory because they have sunk more ships than they have lost. The German Fleet retrurns to port & does not break out again during the war. Scheer is outgunned by Jellicoes fleet & turns away under cover of smokescreens. Both sides lose 6 ships but the British lose greater tonnage
Battle of Jutland
Commands the Colossus during the Battle of Jutland
Battle of Jutland
Commands the 2nd Cruiser Squadron at the Battle of Jutland
Battle of Jutland
The Commander of the 4th Battle Squadron at the Battle of Jutland
Battlecruiser Fleet Returns after Jutland
Beatty's surviving ships return after the largest fleet action of the war.
Jutland Search Operations Continue
Beatty's force continues searching as the German fleet escapes toward its bases during the night.
Battle of Jutland
Scheer is outgunned by Jellicoes fleet & turns away under cover of smokescreens. Learns of the movement of the German Fleet along the Jutland Peninsula & mobilizes. Britain claims victory because the German Fleet stays in its harbour during the war
Battle of Jutland
Sails from Scapa Flow with 28 Dreadnoughts & 3 Battle cruisers
Trentino Offensive
the main Austrian offensive in the Trentino
Brusilov Offensive
Transfers 15 Divisions from the Western to the Eastern front after the Brusilov Offensive
Eastern Front
Transfers 15 Divisions from the Western to the Eastern front after the Brusilov Offensive
Death of Horatio Herbert Kitchener
Death of Horatio Herbert Kitchener
Sinking of HMS Hampshire - Mine Loss
HMS Hampshire struck a mine west of Orkney and sank rapidly while carrying Kitchener to Russia; only twelve men survived.
Sinking of HMS Hampshire
Killed on his visit to Nicholas II when the Hampshire hits a mine
Embarks for Russia aboard HMS Hampshire
Leaves Scapa Flow aboard HMS Hampshire for the wartime mission to Russia.
Death of Shih-Kai Yuan
Death of Shih-Kai Yuan, China plunges into chaos
Commission
Learns Asquith witheld documents in the Dardanelles enquiry which would clear him
Dardanelles Papers Withheld
Refuses release of documents connected with the Dardanelles inquiry.
Civil Law Restoration in Ireland Considered
Addresses restoration of normal civil law in Ireland after the period of rebellion and martial law.
Bukovina Offensive
Austrian forces driven out of The Bukovinah
Battle of Verdun
Cancels supplies to the battle when the French are saved from by Allied bombardment
Fourth Army
Leads the fourth army in the main part of the offensive North of the River Somme
Invention of Tank
24 June-13 November, tanks are used for the 1st time at the 1st Battle of the Somme
Somme Preliminary Bombardment Opened
Haig's armies begin the prolonged bombardment intended to destroy German wire and forward defences.
Third Army
Leads the 3rd Army south of the River Somme
Battle of the Somme, 1st
Royal Flying Corps aircraft support preparatory operations by attacking German observation balloons.
Paris Economic Conference Reported
Reports on Allied economic coordination discussed at the Paris Economic Conference.
Irish Settlement Negotiations Reviewed
Addresses negotiations intended to find a political settlement in Ireland during wartime.
Elevent Army
With the halting of all offensive operations on the Italian front in the face of the Brusilov Offensive, the Tyrol effort was prematurely brought to an end and Rohr was switched to take charge of the 11th army
Jutland Ammunition Handling Practices Reviewed
The Royal Navy examines dangerous ammunition-handling practices exposed by battlecruiser magazine losses.
Jutland Battlecruiser Gunnery Reviewed
Beatty's command reviews rangefinding, fire control and gunnery performance after the battle.
Jutland Battlecruiser Losses Reviewed
Beatty reviews the destruction of Indefatigable and Queen Mary and the heavy damage suffered by other ships.
Jutland Battlecruiser Signalling Reviewed
The fleet studies signalling failures that complicated control of Beatty's forces during Jutland.
Russia Fact-Finding Mission Accepted
Accepts a mission to Russia intended to discuss military cooperation and assess the Eastern Front.
Gravitational Waves
Predicts gravitational waves as propagating disturbances in spacetime within general relativity.
Flanders Reserves Shifted toward Ypres
Rupprecht moves additional divisions toward Flanders as German commanders anticipate a major British offensive.
German Reinforcements Transferred to Flanders
Transfers 10 Divisions from the Lens-Lille sector to Flanders
Battle of Carso, 3rd
The Austrians counter-attack but make only small gains
Kerensky Offensive
Commands the Eleventh Army in the opening sector of the offensive.
Kerensky Offensive
Commands the Seventh Army supporting the Russian attack in Galicia.
Kerensky Offensive
Commands the Southwestern Front selected to launch the main offensive.
Messines
Decides to distract the Germans from rebellion amongst French soldiers around Reims
Offensive
Orders an Allied offensive to distract the Germans from French mutinies
Arrest of Nicholas II
Arrested at Tiflis on a plotting charge
Siege of Baghdad
Reports that an offensive against Baghdad is feasible
Railway Sabotage
Conducts reconnaissance and sabotage work on the Damascus-Aleppo railway near Baalbek.
First Congress of Soviets
Chkheidze opens the first national congress of Soviet representatives.
Moderate Soviet Leadership
Chkheidze represents moderate socialist leadership during the early development of the Soviet.
Congress of Soviets, 1st
Opens the First All-Russian Congress of Soviets as a leading moderate.
Congress of Soviets, 1st
Presides as the first national Soviet congress opens.
Congress of Soviets, 1st
Presides over Soviet politics as the first national congress opens.
Congress of Soviets, 1st
Argues that the Soviets should support a coalition with the Provisional Government
Congress of Soviets, 1st
Supports moderate socialist policy at the First Congress of Soviets
Congress of Soviets, 1st
Represents Socialist Revolutionary influence at the First Congress of Soviets
Congress of Soviets
Stalin attends the sittings of the First Alln Congress of Soviets of Workers and Soldiers Deputies
Congress of Soviets
1st Alln Congress of Soviets opens
Constitution of Russia
The First All Congress of Workers and Soldiers Soviets opens
Reballion of Rebels in Villiers-Cotter
About 1,500 mutineers march on Villiers-Cotterelts to try & reach Paris
Congress of Soviets, 1st
Claims Bolsheviks are ready to take power.
Congress of Soviets, 1st
Defends coalition policy before Soviet delegates.
Congress of Soviets, 1st
Challenges moderate Soviet leaders by declaring that Bolsheviks are ready to take power
Commander of U-Boats
Appointed Commander of the U-Boats
Commander of U-Boats
Appointed Commander of the U-Boats
Congress of Soviets, 1st
Opposes moderate Soviet support for coalition government.
Congress of Soviets, 1st
Argues for socialist participation in coalition government during the congress
Reform of War Policy
Draft registration day for nearly 10 million men aged 21-31
Agricultural Labour
The Government appeals to farmers to use more women workers
Bolshevik Party
The Bolshevik led Kronstadt revolt is put down by the Provisional Government
Provisional Government
The Bolshevik led Kronstadt revolt is put down by the Provisional Government
Reballion of Kronstadt
The Bolshevik led Kronstadt revolt is put down by the Provisional Government
Oosttaverne Line Reinforced
Holmes's 4th Australian Division reinforces the final objective beyond Messines Ridge.
Third Australian Division Attacks at Messines
Monash's 3rd Australian Division advances on the southern part of the Messines battlefield.
Battle of Messines
German troops lose Messines Ridge near Ypres.
German Messines Defences Forced Back
German forces under Rupprecht's army group lose key positions on Messines Ridge after the British assault.
Messines Corps Assault Directed
Godley directs II ANZAC Corps during the successful attack on Messines Ridge.
Messines Ridge Assault Launched
Plumer's Second Army attacks after huge mines explode beneath German positions on Messines Ridge.
Messines Ridge Assault Opened
Haig opens the Messines operation after extensive mining and artillery preparation.
Messines Victory Welcomed
Welcomes the successful British attack at Messines as a major tactical achievement.
Battle of Messines
Plumer captures Messines Ridge south of Ypres.
Messines Village Captured
Russell's New Zealand Division captures Messines village and its assigned ridge objectives.
Messines Success Exploited
Haig orders consolidation and exploitation after British Empire forces capture Messines Ridge.
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Appointed Commander of the BEF 3rd Army
Commander of 3rd Army
Appointed Commander of the BEF 3rd Army
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Appointed Commander of the BEF 3rd Army
Commander of 3rd Army
Appointed Commander of the BEF 3rd Army
Bolshevik Party
The Bolsheviks hold back from a coup
Coup
The Bolsheviks hold back from a coup
Kerensky Offensive
Works on operational planning at Stavka before the offensive begins.
Major Redmond Tribute Delivered
Pays tribute in Parliament to Major William Redmond after his death during the Messines fighting.
Accession of King Alexander
Alexander succeeds his father as king during the National Schism.
Abdication of Constantine I
Allied pressure forces Constantine to leave the throne and depart Greece.
Abdication
Abdicates in favour of his younger son Alexander
Visit to Paris
Arrives in Paris to discuss Americas involvement in the war
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, EEF
Egyptian Expeditionary Force
Assumes command of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, EEF
June Demonstration
Speaks for a more radical Soviet policy.
June Demonstration
Bolshevik slogans dominate the mass demonstration.
June Demonstration
Faces rising radical pressure in the Soviet streets.
Offensive
An offensive is launched by Russia against Austria Hungary
Central Executive Committee
The First Alln Congress of Soviets elects Stalin a member of the Central Executive Committee
Congress of Soviets
The First Alln Congress of Soviets elects Stalin a member of the Central Executive Committee
Kerensky Offensive
Warns that army discipline has weakened before the planned attack.
Kerensky Offensive
Tours the front to rally soldiers for the coming offensive.
Return to National Government
Venizelos returns to Athens and forms a national government.
Greece Enters First World War
The reunited government formally joins the Allied war effort.
Kerensky Offensive
Approves the final timetable for the renewed Russian attack.
Battle of Tarnopol
Prepares the German artillery for the attack on Tarnopol
Desert March
Crosses difficult desert country with Arab forces during the approach to Aqaba.
Messines Preparations Completed
Plumer completes detailed artillery, mining and infantry preparations for the assault on Messines Ridge.
Bread Consumption Reduction Promoted
Backs measures intended to reduce wheat consumption and conserve imported grain.
Food Conservation Campaign Intensified
Supports stronger public economy in food consumption as shipping shortages continue.
EEF Command Appointment
Takes command of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force in June 1917.
Third Army Replacement
Is replaced in command of Third Army before transferring to the Middle East.
First de Broqueville Government
The First de Broqueville Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.
Gerard Cooreman Government
Begins the Gerard Cooreman Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.
Visit to Paris
Visits GHQ in Paris & the Front
Speech
Announces, "I shall fight before Paris..."
Battle of Aisne, 3rd
Final day of 3rd Ludendorf offensive, Battle of the Aisne
Ludendorf Offensive
Final day of 3rd Ludendorf offensive, Battle of the Aisne
Treaty of Batum
A Treaty signed between the Democratic Republic of Armenia and the Ottoman Empire signed in Batum
Treaty of Batum
Turkey signs a Treaty with Armenian nationalists recognizing a new Armenian Republic. A Treaty signed between the Democratic Republic of Armenia and the Ottoman Empire signed in Batum
Battle of Bellau Wood
Americans attack German positions
Offensive
Launches the Messines offensive
Committee of Constituent Assembly Members
Volsky helps establish the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly after anti-Bolshevik forces take Samara.
Battle of Matz
If the Germans could make progress in the centre sector here, the indented Front Line of the bulge between these two salients could be straightened out. 1st day of 4th Ludendorf offensive, Battle of Matz
Battle of Matz
The German plan was to push the German Front Line westwards in the sector between two salients; the northern salient had been formed from the fighting towards Amiens and the southern one at the end of the previous German offensive in the Aisne sector.
Battle of Matz
The Noyon-Montdidier Offensive known in the German plan by its code-name of Operation Gneisenau (9th - Thirteenth June 1918). Also known as the Battle of Matz it was the fourth German offensive launched in 1918.
Noyon-Montdidier Offensive
The Noyon-Montdidier Offensive known in the German plan by its code-name of Operation Gneisenau (9th - Thirteenth June 1918). Also known as the Battle of Matz it was the fourth German offensive launched in 1918
Operation Gneisenau
If the Germans could make progress in the centre sector here, the indented Front Line of the bulge between these two salients could be straightened out. 1st day of 4th Ludendorf offensive, Battle of Matz
Operation Gneisenau
The German plan was to push the German Front Line westwards in the sector between two salients; the northern salient had been formed from the fighting towards Amiens and the southern one at the end of the previous German offensive in the Aisne sector.
Operation Gneisenau
The Noyon-Montdidier Offensive known in the German plan by its code-name of Operation Gneisenau (9th - Thirteenth June 1918). Also known as the Battle of Matz it was the fourth German offensive launched in 1918.
Economy of Great Britain
The Cabinet forms the National Iron & Steel Industry Council
NISI Council
The Cabinet forms the National Iron & Steel Industry Council
Economy of Great Britain
The Cabinet forms the Economic, Defence & Development Committee
NISI Council
The Cabinet forms the National Iron & Steel Industry Council
War Economy
The Cabinet forms the Economic, Defence & Development Committee
Battle of Matz
Although the Germans made progress on the first day, the French organized a counter-attack on 11th June
Committees of Poor Peasants
The Soviet government creates Committees of Poor Peasants to support grain procurement and weaken wealthier village households.
Battle of Bellau Wood
The last German position is taken
Battle of Matz
The Germans halt their offensive
Operation Gneisenau
The Germans halt their offensive
Battle of Matz
Final day of 4th Ludendorf offensive, Battle of Matz
Operation Gneisenau
Final day of 4th Ludendorf offensive, Battle of Matz
Battle of Piave River
Permits withdrawal behind the Piave
Austrian Offensive Defeat Announced
Reports the failure of the Austrian offensive in Italy as an important Allied success.
Italian Front Recovery Praised
Praises the Italian resistance that defeats the Austrian attack along the Piave.
Battle of Bellau Wood
The German advance on Paris is turned back, Bellau Wood is secured by the Allies
Manpower Position Reviewed after Spring Battles
Reviews reinforcements and manpower after the heavy fighting of the spring.
Economy of Russia
Nationalization begins after Larin convinces Lenin to protect it from German control
Nationalization
Nationalization begins after Larin convinces Lenin to protect it from German control
Large Industry Nationalization
The Soviet government nationalizes major industrial enterprises as state control of the wartime economy expands.
Nationalization
Issues a decree nationalizing all major areas of industry
Nationalization
Issues the decree nationalising large-scale industry during War Communism
Battle of Chateau-Thie
The German advance on Paris is stopped
Counter-Attack
June-July, launches a counter-attack in the Noyon-Marne sector
Siege of Paris
The German advance on Paris is stopped
American Battleships Continue Grand Fleet Service
American battleships remain integrated with Beatty's fleet and participate in North Sea operations and exercises.
Battle of Chateau-Thie
Helps stop the German advance on Paris
Declaration of Rhineland Rep
The Rhineland Republic is declared with the support of France
Relief of Thal
Dyer's relief column reaches Thal from Peshawar and breaks the Afghan siege, securing the strategically important Kurram position.
Ceasefire Ordered
Amanullah orders a ceasefire after the Afghan offensive has failed to achieve its military objectives and peace negotiations become increasingly likely.
Ministry of Health Act
Gives Royal Assent to the Ministry of Health Act.
Declaration of War
The beginning of a Russo-Finnish war over Karelia
Gold Export Embargo
The United States removes wartime controls and again permits unrestricted gold exports.
Eastern Galicia Boundary Alternatives
Allied experts present alternative Lines A and B for Eastern Galicia, differing over whether Lwow and the Drohobych oil region should remain with Poland.
Treaty of Versailles
Refuses to sign the Treaty of Versailles
Protocol-Amasia
Signs the Amasia Protocol resisting the Allies plans for Turkey
Treaty of Versailles
Bauers cabinet approves the Treaty of Versailles to avoid an Allied invasion
Resignation of Phillip Scheidemann
Resigns rather than sign the Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of Versailles
Says "may the hand wither that signs such a Treaty". Resigns rather than sign the Treaty of Versailles
Resignation of Vittorio Emmanuele Orlando
Resigns after Woodrow Wilson refuses to recognize his territorial demands
Vittorio Emmanuele Orlando International Relations
Resigns after Woodrow Wilson refuses to recognize his territorial demands
Sinking of SMS Friedrich der Groรe - Scapa Scuttle
SMS Friedrich der Groรe was the first interned German capital ship to sink as the High Seas Fleet was scuttled at Scapa Flow.
Sinking of SMS Friedrich der Groรe
The German Fleet at Scapa Flow is sunk to prevent it from falling into Allied hands
Ministry of Health
Becomes first Minister of Health after the ministry is created.
The Oyster Princess
Directs the silent comedy The Oyster Princess.
Eastern Galicia Administration
The Allied leadership authorizes Poland to occupy Eastern Galicia to the Zbrucz while postponing a final sovereignty settlement.
League Covenant
Accepts the League Covenant within the Versailles settlement.
Saar Mandate
The Saar is placed under League administration after Versailles.
Treaty of Versailles
Alsace-Lorraine is ceded to France
Treaty of Versailles
Prussia is ceded to Poland
Treaty of Versailles
Posen is ceded to Poland
Treaty of Versailles
Included in the Treaty is the demilitarization of the Rhineland
Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles is signed. Germany is to accept war guilt & pay reparations to the Allies. German colonies are divided between the Allies
Rule of Saarland
Under the Treaty of Versailles the Saar is to be administered by the League of Nations
Saar Mandate
Germany loses direct administration of the Saar under Versailles.
Reparations
At Versailles Germany sign a Treaty that assigns full responsibility for causing the conflict (Article 231, the "war guilt clause") and calls for the creation of an international reparations commission to determine the amount due to the Allies
Treaty of Versailles
Signed by Erzberger in the Versailles Hall of Mirrors. At Versailles Germany sign a Treaty that assigns full responsibility for causing the conflict (Article 231, the "war guilt clause") and calls for the creation of an international reparations commission to determine the amount due to the Allies. Acceptence by the Assembly is conveyed to Clemenceau within 19 minutes of the deadline
War Guilt
At Versailles Germany sign a Treaty that assigns full responsibility for causing the conflict (Article 231, the "war guilt clause") and calls for the creation of an international reparations commission to determine the amount due to the Allies
Treaty of Versailles
Signs the settlement containing the League Covenant.
Death of John William Strutt
Death of John William Strutt
Commandant
Appointed Commandant of the St Cyr Military Academy
Resignation of Phillip Scheidemann
Scheidemann resignes along with the DDP owing to disagreement with the Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of Versailles
Scheidemann resignes along with the DDP owing to disagreement with the Treaty of Versailles
Trial
Formally asks the Allied and associated powers to place him on trial instead of Kaiser Wilhelm II, the Supreme Council decides to ignore his request
Conference of Paris
Declares Korean independence at the Paris Peace Conference
Independence of Korea
Declares Korean independence at the Paris Peace Conference
Independence of South Korea
Declares Korean independence at the Paris Peace Conference
Gold Export Embargo Lifted
The United States removes wartime restrictions on gold exports, restoring a key element of the pre-war international gold mechanism.
Neutral Nuclear Particle Proposal
Suggests that a neutral proton-electron combination could exist inside atomic nuclei, anticipating the neutron.
Earl of Ypres
French is created Earl of Ypres after the war.
Second Gunnar Knudsen Government
The Second Gunnar Knudsen Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
First Otto B. Halvorsen Government
Begins the First Otto B. Halvorsen Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Peerage
Created the Duke of York & takes his seat in the House of Lords
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland, 1st term
Presidential Election
Wins a plurality in the presidential election and is later confirmed by the full Congress.
Royal Title Granted
Leads the club when King Alfonso XIII grants Madrid the royal title Real.
Resignation of Karl Renner
Renner resign & the socialists leave power, except in Vienna
Comintern
Comintern agent Gregory Voitinsky is sent to China, and meets Li Dazhao
Communist Party
Finances the founding of the Socialist Youth Corps. Comintern agent Gregory Voitinsky is sent to China, and meets Li Dazhao
Socialist Youth Corps
Finances the founding of the Socialist Youth Corps
Peerage
Created a life peer as Baron Carson, of Duncairn in the County of Antrim
Constitution of Great Britain
Northern Irelands 1st Parliament sits
Birth of Thojib Suharto
Birth of Thojib Suharto
Manchester Honorary Doctorate and Relativity Lecture
Receives an honorary Doctor of Science degree from the University of Manchester and lectures on relativity.
Birth of Philip
Bith of Philip, son of Princess Alice & Prince Angrew of Greece
Budget and Accounting Act
The Act creates an executive budget system and the General Accounting Office.
Bureau of the Budget & Manual Accounting
Budget & Accounting Act, creates the Bureau of the Budget & Manual Accounting Office
Legislation
Budget & Accounting Act, creates the Bureau of the Budget & Manual Accounting Office
Peace
The British Government & Sinn Fein agree a truce
First Otto B. Halvorsen Government
The First Otto B. Halvorsen Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Second Otto Blehr Government
Begins the Second Otto Blehr Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Aland Islands
Finland retains sovereignty after League mediation.
Aland Islands
Sweden accepts the League settlement over the islands.
Chief Justice
Appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Election
Wins a good majority
Siege of Kiev
Stalin signs an instruction of the Revolutionary Military Council of the South-Western Front to the Commander of the First Cavalry Army to demolish the Kiev group of the Polish armies
Assassination Attempt
Survives a right-wing assassination attempt using prussic acid, reflecting the continuing campaign of political violence against republican leaders.
Arrest of Adolf Hitler
Says "2,000 yrs ago the mob of Jerusalem dragged a man to execution in just this way"
Execution
Says "2,000 yrs ago the mob of Jerusalem dragged a man to execution in just this way"
Stuttgart Foreign Policy Speech
Addresses representatives from several political parties on Germany's foreign policy and reparations difficulties.
Birth of Judy Garland
Birth of Judy Garland
German Society Address
Speaks before the German Society of 1914 about foreign policy, national reconstruction and Germany's international position.
Election
The Irish election produces a large majority for the pro-treaty party
Constituent Assembly Plans
Kerensky continues political activity connected with constituent assembly plans.
Birth of Aage Bohr
Aage Niels Bohr is born in Copenhagen, later becoming a leading nuclear theorist and collaborator in the development of the collective model of the nucleus.
Final Reichstag Speech
Addresses the Reichstag on foreign policy three days before his assassination.
Rathenau Murder Address
Addresses the Reichstag after Rathenau's murder and condemns the political forces encouraging anti-republican violence.
Assassination of Walther Rathenau
Is assassinated by members of the right-wing Organisation Consul while travelling from his Grunewald home to the Foreign Office.
Reichstag Crisis after Rathenau
Presides over an angry Reichstag session after Rathenau's murder and repeatedly calls deputies to maintain parliamentary order.
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of Venezuela, 2nd term
Foreign Ministry Assumed
Temporarily takes responsibility for the Foreign Office after Rathenau's assassination.
Republic Protection Bill
As Justice Minister, helps prepare legislation converting emergency anti-extremist measures into a permanent Law for the Protection of the Republic.
Republic Protection Decree
Issues emergency measures under Article 48 against anti-republican organizations, propaganda and political violence following Rathenau's assassination.
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland
Reballion of Rebels in Dublin
The Irish Government attacks the Republicans who surrender 3 days later. Civil war continues for a year
European Chinese Communist Youth Organisation
Helps organise a communist youth organisation among Chinese activists in Europe and takes responsibility for propaganda work.
Yongfeng Crisis
Travels to Guangdong to assist Sun Yat-sen after Chen Jiongmingโs revolt forces Sun onto the gunboat Yongfeng.
Free State
Under Collins supervision, the Free State rapidly takes control of the capital. Leads to the Irish Civil War as fighting breaks out in Dublin between the anti-Treaty IRA and the Free State troops
IRA
Leads to the Irish Civil War as fighting breaks out in Dublin between the anti-Treaty IRA and the Free State troops
National Army
Collins lays down responsibilities as Chairman of the Provisional Government to become Commander in Chief of the National Army, a formal, structured, uniformed army that formed around the nucleus of the pro-Treaty IRA
Provisional Government
Collins lays down responsibilities as Chairman of the Provisional Government to become Commander in Chief of the National Army, a formal, structured, uniformed army that formed around the nucleus of the pro-Treaty IRA
Siege of Dublin
Under Collins supervision, the Free State rapidly takes control of the capital
Siege of Four Courts
The British forces Collins to take action against the Four Courts men, Collins borrows two 18 pounder artillery pieces from the British and bombards the Four Courts until its garrison surrenders. Leads to the Irish Civil War as fighting breaks out in Dublin between the anti-Treaty IRA and the Free State troops
Meyer v Nebraska
Writes the majority opinion protecting language instruction against a Nebraska restriction.
Pour le Merite for Sciences and Arts
Is admitted to the Pour le Mรฉrite for Sciences and Arts.
Coup
Overthrown by a group of officers
Coup
Replaces Stambouliski as Prime Minister after a coup
Assassination of Alexander Stamboliisky
Assassinated by a right wing nationalist
Voyage of Understanding
Begins a western speaking tour intended to explain administration policies and promote national unity.
Devaluation
622,000 Marks to the pound sterling, halved in value in one month
Transjordan Mandate
The emirate reorganized its provincial administration into six districts, including Amman, Karak, Madaba, Jerash, Irbid, and Salt. This structure supported more regular local governance and coordination with the central administration.
Ministers and Secretaries Act
Leads the government as legislation establishes the principal departments and ministerial structure of the Free State.
Revenue Act
The Revenue Act reduces top income-tax rates while retaining a progressive structure.
Chancellor
Dr Wilhelm Marx (Center) forms 2nd cabinet
Assassination of Giacomo Matteotti
Assassinated by Mussolinis Fascists
Death of Giacomo Matteotti
Death of Giacomo Matteotti, assassinated by Mussolinis Fascists
Birth of Charles Kingsley
Birth of Charles Kingsley
Republican Convention
Nominated as Calvin Coolidge's Republican running mate.
Assassination of Giacomo Matteotti
Matteotti is found in a grave outside Rome
Demonstrations
The affair provokes anti-fascist demonstrations in the Italian Parliament
Scandal
The Italian King fails to re-establish democracy. The affair provokes anti-fascist demonstrations in the Italian Parliament
Scandal
The Italian King fails to re-establish democracy. The affair provokes anti-fascist demonstrations in the Italian Parliament. Matteotti is found in a grave outside Rome
American Academy Foreign Honorary Membership
Accepts election as a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Birth of Sydney Lumet
Birth of Sydney Lumet
Marriage
Howard Hughes marries Ella Rice
Appointment as Arsenal Manager
Is appointed Arsenal manager and begins the period that transforms the club into a major English force.
Aloys Van de Vyvere Government
The Aloys Van de Vyvere Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Prosper Poullet Government
Begins the Prosper Poullet Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
United States Signs Geneva Protocol
The United States signs the Geneva Protocol prohibiting use in war of chemical and bacteriological methods of warfare.
Birth of Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas
Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas is born in La Paz.
Military Coup of Pangalos
Pangalos seizes power and establishes a military dictatorship.
Contributory Pensions Bill
Takes part in debate on the Contributory Pensions Bill and social insurance provision.
Constitution of Poland
Pilsudski assumes dictatorial powers
Birth of Marilyn Monroe
Birth of Marilyn Monroe
Treaty of Border
A border Turkey & Iraq border Treaty is signed by Turkey, Iraq & Britain
Gaudi Tram Accident
Is struck by a tram in Barcelona while walking from the Sagrada Familia.
Death of Antoni Gaudi
Dies in Barcelona three days after being struck by a tram.
Birth of Alan Arthur Walters
Birth of Alan Arthur Walters, his father was a Communist and grocer who sold goods from a van
Referendum
Referendum on expropriation of princely families
Prime Minister of Iceland
Appointed Prime Minister of Iceland
Prime Minister of Canada
Appointed Prime Minister of Canada, 2nd term
King-Byng Affair
Resigns after Governor General Byng refuses dissolution.
Prime Minister of Canada
Forms a short-lived Conservative government during the King-Byng crisis.
Royal Title
Amanullah changes his title from amir to king of Afghanistan.
Constitution of 1927 Promulgated
The republic adopts a constitution establishing an elected president and parliamentary cabinet.
Conference of Naval
A Naval Disarmament Conference opens between the UK, USA & Japan
Conference of Naval
A Naval Disarmament Conference opens between the UK, USA & Japan
Conference of Naval Disarmament
A Naval Disarmament Conference opens between the UK, USA & Japan
Assassination of Tsolin Chang
His train is mined, organized by 2 Japanese Colonels to secure Manchuria for Japan
Death of Tsolin Chang
Death of Tsolin Chang
Capture of Beijing
Nationalist forces enter Beijing, marking the military completion of the Northern Expedition.
Capture of Beijing
Nationalist forces take Beijing and the city is subsequently renamed Beiping under the Nationalist government.
Birth
Is born in New York City before later building his scientific career in Belgium.
Alliance Maustafa Kemal Ataturk and Persia
Turkey signa a Treaty with Persia
Electoral Law Issued
An electoral law was published on 17 June 1928 to prepare for elections to the first Legislative Council of Transjordan.
Resignation of Wihelm Marx
Marxs 4th cabinet leaves office
Appointed Archbishop of Armagh
MacRory is appointed Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland after the death of Cardinal Patrick O'Donnell.
Gold Standard
France legally defines the stabilised franc by gold at one-fifth of its pre-war content.
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland, 2nd term
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor
Alliance Turkey and Persia
Turkey signs a Treaty with Persia
Treaty of Persia
Turkey signs a Treaty with Persia
Sixth CCP Congress
Attends the Sixth National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in Moscow.
Ambassador
Appointed Ambassador of Sweden, Norway & Denmark
Treaty of Lima
Signs the treaty resolving the Tacna and Arica territorial dispute with Peru.
1st Woman Cabinet Member
1st Woman member of cabinet in Britain
Cabinet
Appointed Member of cabinet
Government
MacDonald forms the new Labour Government
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 2nd term
Minister of Health
Is appointed Minister of Health in Ramsay MacDonaldโs second Labour government.
Allied Reparations Committee
The Reparations Committee, is appointed by the Allied Reparation Committee, meets in the first half of 1929, and submits its first report
Young Plan
The Reparations Committee, is appointed by the Allied Reparation Committee, meets in the first half of 1929, and submits its first report
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Minister
Max Planck Medal
Receives the inaugural Max Planck Medal for outstanding achievement in theoretical physics.
Election
Labour wins 37.1% of votes cast & 287 MPs
First Spanish League Title
Coaches Barcelona to the inaugural Spanish league championship.
Election
Campaigns on an economic policy of "Safety First"
Court of St James
Begins service as ambassador to Great Britain.
Birth of Edward Woodward
Birth of Edward Woodward
Restoration of Carol II
Carol returns from exile and is proclaimed king by Parliament.
Treaty Negotiations
Turkey & Greece sign a reciprocation Treaty
Treaty of Friendship
Turkey & Greece sign a reciprocation Treaty
Treaty of Reciprocation
Turkey & Greece sign a reciprocation Treaty
Smoot-Hawley Tariff
Hoover signs legislation raising duties on thousands of imported products.
Government Report
Produces the Simon Report
Independence of Great Britain
Talks with Indian rulers on the future of central Government. Recommends responsible Government in the provinces. Produces the Simon Report
Independence of India
Talks with Indian rulers on the future of central Government. Recommends responsible Government in the provinces. Produces the Simon Report
Purge
Announces his murderous purges are "purifying the Soviet Union"
Provisional Government
Blanco Galindo heads a military provisional government and prepares elections.
Occupation
The last Allied troops leave the Rhineland
Weimar Republic
The last Allied troops leave the Rhineland
Purge
Escapes from his home before the SS can reach him
Birth of Raul Modesto Castro
Birth of Raul Modesto Castro
Prime Minister of Belgium
Appointed Prime Minister of Belgium
Henri Jaspar Government
The Henri Jaspar Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Jules Renkin Government
Begins the Jules Renkin Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary
National Health Insurance
Answers Commons questions on national health insurance as Minister of Health.
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of Venezuela, 3rd term
Housing in Rural Areas
Responds to parliamentary questions concerning rural housing provision.
Old Age Pensions
Addresses old-age pension administration during the final months of the Labour government.
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor of Germany
National Concentration
Forms the Cabinet of National Concentration
Minister of Finance
Appointed Minister of Finance, 1st term
Planning Schemes
Debates the preparation and adoption of planning schemes.
Planning and Building Operations
Examines provisions governing buildings and development within planning schemes.
Asgeir Asgeirsson Government
Begins the Asgeir Asgeirsson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Prime Minister of Iceland
Appointed Prime Minister of Iceland
Tryggvi Thorhallsson Government
The Tryggvi Thorhallsson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Socialist Republic of Chile
Heads the first junta of the short-lived Socialist Republic of Chile.
Local Planning Inquiries
Speaks on the use of local inquiries in planning administration.
Protection of Statutory Undertakers
Debates safeguards for statutory undertakers under planning legislation.
First German Championship Final Triumph
Oskar Rohr scores as Bayern defeat Eintracht Frankfurt 2-0 to claim their first German national football championship.
Chaco War Mobilization
Salamanca mobilises Bolivia's government and armed forces for war against Paraguay.
Chaco War
Salamanca directs Bolivia into war with Paraguay over the disputed Chaco region
Sturmabteilung (SA)
Von Papen lifts the ban on the SA, imposed after the street riots, in an unsuccessful attempt to secure the backing of Hitler. Papen lifts the ban on the SA, in accordance with his promise to Schleicher
The Existence of a Neutron
Publishes a fuller experimental account establishing the neutron as a distinct nuclear particle.
Prime Minister of Germany
Appointed Prime Minister of Prussia
Birth of Gene Wilder
Birth of Gene Wilder
Conference of World Economic
Opens the 64 Country conference in Kensington, London
Banking Act of 1933
Roosevelt signs the Banking Act of 1933, separating important commercial and investment banking activities and creating federal deposit insurance while reshaping the regulatory environment surrounding the Federal Reserve.
Banking Act of 1933
The Act separates major commercial and investment-banking activities and creates deposit insurance.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Steagall's deposit-insurance provision creates federal protection for eligible bank deposits.
National Recovery Administration
Johnson administers industry codes governing prices, wages, hours and competitive practices.
Economy of USA
The National Recovery Act is passed by Congress
Legislation
The National Recovery Act is passed by Congress
National Recovery Act
The National Recovery Act is passed by Congress
NSDAP
Dolfuss bans the Nazi Party in Austria
Meeting With Hindenburg
Hitler visits Hindenburg where Blomberg threatens to crush the SA with the Army
Social Democratic Party
Frick dissolves the Social Democratic Party as "subversive & inimical to the state"
Social Democratic Party
Frick dissolves the Social Democratic Party as "subversive & inimical to the state"
Social Democratic Party
Bans the Social Democratic Party, removing the last major organised parliamentary opposition to Nazi rule.
Burial
Stalin attends the funeral of Klara Zetkin in the Red Square in Moscow
Cabinet Resignation
Resigns from the cabinet as the German Nationalist partners lose leverage inside the Nazi-dominated Government.
Resignation of Alfred Hugenberg
Resigns from the Government
Death of Roscoe Arbuckle
Death of Roscoe Arbuckle
Arrest of SA Leaders
Rounds up SA leaders in Munich & arrests them
Neuordnung
Policy change of the "National revolution" combining Nationalism & Socialism
Legislation
Introduces to Congress the National Industrial Recovery Bill to increase employment
National Industrial Recovery Bill
Introduces to Congress the National Industrial Recovery Bill to increase employment
New Deal
Introduces to Congress the National Industrial Recovery Bill to increase employment
Public Works
Introduces to Congress the National Industrial Recovery Bill to increase employment
Glasgow Origins of General Relativity Lecture
Lectures in Glasgow on the origins and development of general relativity, recounting the physical ideas that led from equivalence to curved spacetime.
Transjordan Mandate
Britain and Transjordan supplemented their 1928 agreement with additional provisions governing their official relationship. The supplementary arrangement modified the framework of autonomy while retaining Britainโs special responsibilities.
Cold War Commentary
Kerensky continues political activity connected with cold war commentary.
National Socialist Revolution
Hitler has a meeting with Rohm for 5 hrs & warns him not to start a 2nd revolution
Sturmabteilung (SA)
Hitler has a meeting with Rohm, the SA has to take 1 months leave
National Socialist Revolution
Hitler meets Rohm, the SA is asked to take 1 months leave. Hitler has a meeting with Rohm for 5 hrs & warns him not to start a 2nd revolution
Securities Exchange Act
The Act regulates securities exchanges and creates continuing reporting requirements.
Cabinet Promotion
Is promoted to Lord Privy Seal and minister responsible for League of Nations affairs
Minister of League of Nations
Appointed Minister of the League of Nations
Five-Goal Scoring Lead
Scores five goals for Czechoslovakia, the highest total at the 1934 tournament.
1934 FIFA World Cup Final - Frantiลกek Plรกniฤka
Frantiลกek Plรกniฤka captained Czechoslovakia from goal and resisted Italyโs attack until the hosts prevailed in extra time.
Death of Frederick Delius
Death of Frederick Delius
World Cup Winner
Giampiero Combi leads Italy as goalkeeper and captain when the hosts beat Czechoslovakia 2-1 after extra time in the 1934 World Cup final.
1934 FIFA World Cup Final - Eraldo Monzeglio
Eraldo Monzeglio defended Italyโs right side as the home team recovered from a late deficit and secured its first world championship.
1934 Final Winning Goal
Scores Italy's extra-time winner in the World Cup final against Czechoslovakia.
World Cup Winner
Angelo Schiavio scores the decisive extra-time goal against Czechoslovakia as Italy wins a dramatic World Cup final on home soil.
1934 FIFA World Cup Final - Giuseppe Meazza
Giuseppe Meazza supplied the attacking craft in Italyโs front line as the hosts overcame Czechoslovakia 2โ1 after extra time.
World Cup Winner
Giuseppe Meazza plays a prominent attacking role in Italy's 1934 final, supplying the move that produces Schiavio's extra-time winning goal.
1934 Final Equalizer
Scores Italy's equalizer in the World Cup final before the match goes to extra time.
World Cup Winner
Raimundo Orsi scores Italy's late equaliser against Czechoslovakia, preventing defeat in normal time and extending the 1934 final into extra time.
World Cup Captain
Captains Italy to its first World Cup title after extra time against Czechoslovakia.
Italy World Cup Title Manager
Coaches host nation Italy to its first FIFA World Cup championship.
World Cup Winner
Vittorio Pozzo directs Italy's 1934 campaign and oversees the extra-time final victory that brings the national team its first World Cup championship.
1934 FIFA World Cup Final - Attilio Ferraris
Attilio Ferraris battled in midfield as Italy turned a one-goal deficit into a dramatic extra-time win over Czechoslovakia.
1934 FIFA World Cup Final - Giovanni Ferrari
Giovanni Ferrari helped Italy link its midfield with the forwards during the comeback victory over Czechoslovakia in Rome.
1934 FIFA World Cup Final - Luis Monti
Luis Monti controlled space ahead of the Italian defence against Czechoslovakia, becoming the first player to appear in World Cup finals for two different countries.
Meeting with In Venice
Hitler & Mussolini meet in Venice
Meeting with In Venice
Hitler & Mussolini meet in Venice
Speech
Drafts Papens speech at the University of Marburg, calls for a halt to Nazi excess
Speech
At the University of Marburg calls for a halt to the Nazi excesses
Plot
Promises General Blomber that he will suppress the SA leadership. Meets with Lutze & declares that the SA must go
Sturmabteilung (SA)
Meets with Lutze & declares that the SA must go
Sturmabteilung (SA)
Meets with Lutze & declares that the SA must go
Deputy Prime Minister
Appointed Deputy Prime Minister
Health of Stanley Baldwin
Takes over most of Ramsey MacDonalds responsibilities due to the latters poor health
Invasion of Albania
Italy invades Albania
Invasion of Albania
Italy invades Albania
Credit Unions
Roosevelt signs the Federal Credit Union Act, establishing Credit Unions
Economy of USA
Roosevelt signs the Federal Credit Union Act, establishing Credit Unions
Federal Credit Union Act
Roosevelt signs the Federal Credit Union Act, establishing Credit Unions
Legislation
Roosevelt signs the Federal Credit Union Act, establishing Credit Unions
Purge
Journalist & Speech writer for von Papen, shot in the Lichterfelde Barracks
Death of Edgar Jung
Death of Edgar Jung, executed by the Nazis
Execution
Executed by the Nazis, had drafted Papens protest speech 13 days prior
Purge
NSDAP Reichstag deputy, shot in bed with his chauffeur & Lustknabe at Bad Wiesee
Purge
Head of Preusischen Ministerie Polizei, Center Party, Catholic Action, shot
Night of Long Knives
Assassinations against the SA & ideas of Ernst Roehm who wants a Socialist revolution
Purge
A group of Nazis attempt to kill Papen but he persuades them not to
Death of Fritz Beck
Death of Fritz Beck, executed by the Nazis
Execution
Executed by the Nazis, Director of the Students Welfare Fund
Death of Fritz Gerlich
Death of Fritz Gerlich, executed by the Nazis
Execution
Execution of Fritz Gerlich, executed by the Nazis for editing an anti-Nazi newspaper
Purge
Executed by a group of Nazis
Assassination of Kurt von Schleicher
Assassinated during the Night of the Long Knives
Death of Kurt von Schleicher
Assassinated during the Night of the Long Knives
Purge
Executed by one of Goerings death squads in Berlin
Purge
Executed by a group of Nazis
Arrest during Night of the Long Knives
An SS commando arrests Kahr at his Munich home during the Night of the Long Knives and transports him toward Dachau.
Murder of Gustav Ritter von Kahr
SS personnel murder Kahr at Dachau during the Night of the Long Knives, eleven years after he opposed Hitler's putsch.
Arrest of Ernst Rohm and other SA Leaders
Confronts Rohm & has him & other SA leaders arrested
Arrest of Ernst Rohm and other SA Leaders
Confronts Rohm & has him & other SA leaders arrested. Confronts Rohm, accuses hime of organizing a rebellion & has him arrested
Arrest of Nazi Party rivals
Orders the arrest & execution of all rivals to him within the Nazi Party
Execution
Orders the arrest & execution of all rivals to him within the Nazi Party. Execution of Fritz Gerlich, executed by the Nazis for editing an anti-Nazi newspaper. Executed by the Nazis, had drafted Papens protest speech 13 days prior. Executed by the Nazis, Director of the Students Welfare Fund
Night of Long Knives
Confronts Rohm & has him & other SA leaders arrested
Night of Long Knives
Gives the codeword, "Kolibri" & triggers off a massacre in Berlin. Assassinations against the SA & ideas of Ernst Roehm who wants a Socialist revolution
Arrest of Ernst Rohm
Arrested alongside othe SA leader & held in a prison cell in Munich
Coup
Heydrich has his men uncover false "evidence" that SA leader Ernst Rohm was plotting to overthrow Hitler
Night of Long Knives
Helps organize the Night of the Long Knives. Goering forms a partnership with Himmler and Heydrich, placing the Gestapo under their control, in order to crush the SA
Night of Long Knives
Heydrich and Himmler put pressure on Hitler to purge the leading members of the SA, and they assure him that the SS will carry out the murders, Heydrich had drawn up lists of all of the powerful SA men to be killed along with Rohm.
Night of Long Knives
Heydrich has his men uncover false "evidence" that SA leader Ernst Rohm was plotting to overthrow Hitler.
Night of Long Knives
Rohm is shot without trial along with all of the important members of the SA in this bloodbath, which the Nazis coined the Night of the Long Knives.
Night of Long Knives
Plays a leading part in eliminating many leaders of the SA who are a threat to Hitler
Purge
Has a list of those who are executed. Goering & Himmler organize the arrest of the SA in Berlin
Purge
The "Hero of Annaberg", shot by SS firing squad in Stadelheim Prison
Purge
Goering & Himmler organize the arrest of the SA in Berlin
Purge
Hearing of the attempted "Putsch" turns himself in to Gestapo headquarters, executed
Purge
Shot in his estate by SS troopers on order of his rival Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski
Government Report
Submits a report to Hitler about Rohms mutinous talk & vice
Purge
Submits a report to Hitler about Rohms mutinous talk & vice. Informs the Army of a threatened putsch by the SA, military units go on alert
Kermanshah Petroleum Company Registered
Registers the Kermanshah Petroleum Company as a subsidiary for development of the Naft-e Shah region.
Transjordan Mandate
The updated Anglo-Transjordan arrangements adjusted how authority was exercised between Abdullahโs administration and British representatives. The settlement showed that the emirateโs constitutional position continued to evolve before full independence.
Strike
Agrarian strikes in Andalucia
Strike
Agrarian strikes in Estremadura
Second Malypetr Government
The Second Malypetr Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Third Malypetr Government
Begins the Third Malypetr Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Board of Trade
Appointed President of the Board of Trade
President of Board of Trade
Appointed President of the Board of Trade
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 4th term
Retirement
Resigns due to ill health
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary
Health of James Ramsey MacDonald
Resigns due to ill health
Minister Without Portfolio
Appointed Minister without Portfolio for the League of Nations
Long March
The Communist 4th Front Army joins up with Mao, Chu Teh & the 1st Front Army
Long March
The Red Army crosses the Great Snow Mountains
Long March
The Communist 4th Front Army joins up with Mao, Chu Teh & the 1st Front Army
Red Army
The Red Army crosses the Great Snow Mountains
Long March
The Communist 4th Front Army joins up with Mao, Chu Teh & the 1st Front Army
Chaco Armistice
Accepts the armistice that ends active fighting in the Chaco War.
Chaco Victory
Emerges as national hero after the Chaco War armistice.
Chaco War
Tejada Sorzano's government accepts the ceasefire ending the Chaco War.
Anglo-German Naval Agreement
The Anglo-German Naval Agreement fixed a ratio whereby the total tonnage of the Kriegsmarine was to be 35% of the total tonnage of the Royal Navy on a permanent basis. Anglo-German Naval Agreement was signed between the United Kingdom and Nazi Germany.
Anglo-German Naval Agreement
The Anglo-German Naval Agreement is signed, a naval agreement between Britain and Germany regulating the size of the Kriegsmarine in relation to the Royal Navy.
Anglo-German Naval Agreement
This marked the beginning of a series of attempts by Adolf Hitler to improve relations between the two countries, form a pact, and isolate the Soviet Union, while both the Soviet Union and Britain attempted to do the same and isolate Germany
Treaty of Anglo-German Naval
Agrees to restrict the fleet to 35% of the Royal Navys & to parity in submarines
Anglo-German Naval Agreement
The Anglo-German Naval Agreement fixed a ratio whereby the total tonnage of the Kriegsmarine was to be 35% of the total tonnage of the Royal Navy on a permanent basis.
Anglo-German Naval Agreement
The Anglo-German Naval Agreement fixed a ratio whereby the total tonnage of the Kriegsmarine was to be 35% of the total tonnage of the Royal Navy on a permanent basis. Anglo-German Naval Agreement was signed between the United Kingdom and Nazi Germany.
Anglo-German Naval Agreement
The Anglo-German Naval Agreement is signed, a naval agreement between Britain and Germany regulating the size of the Kriegsmarine in relation to the Royal Navy.
Anglo-German Naval Agreement
This marked the beginning of a series of attempts by Adolf Hitler to improve relations between the two countries, form a pact, and isolate the Soviet Union, while both the Soviet Union and Britain attempted to do the same and isolate Germany
Armament
German-British Fleet agreement, the German fleet is set to 35% of the British, supports the revision of the Versailles Treaty and leads to some discomfort between France and Great Britain
Of the Versailles Treaty
German-British Fleet agreement, the German fleet is set to 35% of the British, supports the revision of the Versailles Treaty and leads to some discomfort between France and Great Britain. Anglo-German Naval Agreement was signed between the United Kingdom and Nazi Germany.
This marked the beginning of a series of attempts by Adolf Hitler
This marked the beginning of a series of attempts by Adolf Hitler to improve relations between the two countries, form a pact, and isolate the Soviet Union, while both the Soviet Union and Britain attempted to do the same and isolate Germany
Of the Versailles Treaty
German-British Fleet agreement, the German fleet is set to 35% of the British, supports the revision of the Versailles Treaty and leads to some discomfort between France and Great Britain
Treaty of Anglo-German Naval
German-British Fleet agreement, the German fleet is set to 35% of the British, supports the revision of the Versailles Treaty and leads to some discomfort between France and Great Britain
Canonization
St Thomas More shares his feast day, June 22 on the Roman Catholic calendar of saints, with Saint John Fisher, the only remaining loyal Bishop owing to the deaths of eight bishops during the English Reformation
Reformation, The
St Thomas More shares his feast day, June 22 on the Roman Catholic calendar of saints, with Saint John Fisher, the only remaining loyal Bishop owing to the deaths of eight bishops during the English Reformation
Legislation
Men aged between 19 & 25 are conscripted for 6 months, prior to military service
Reform of Labour Service
The Reichsarbeitsdienst law is passed
Reform of Labour Service
Placed in charge of enforcing the Reichsarbeitsdienst law
Burmese Days
Burmese Days is published in Britain after earlier American publication.
Lord President
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 3rd term
Chief of General Staff
Appointed Chief-of General Staff of the Luftwaffe
Fury
Directs Fury, his first American feature film.
Marriage
Marries Eileen O'Shaughnessy.
International Sanctions at London
Attacks the League of Nations sanctions against Italy for its invasion of Abyssinia
Constitution of Germany
All political police forces throughout Germany are united with Himmler as the chief
Reform of Policing
Hitler places the control of the police forces under Himmler. Himmler merges the control of the police & the SS
Sicherheitsdienst
All political police forces throughout Germany are united with Himmler as the chief
Sicherheitspolizei
Heydrich is placed in charge of the Sicherheitspolizei
Sicherheitsdienst
All political police forces throughout Germany are united with Himmler as the chief
Sicherheitspolizei
Heydrich is placed in charge of the Sicherheitspolizei. The state security police were consolidated and placed under the central command of Reinhard Heydrich, already chief of the party Sicherheitsdienst (SD), and named Sicherheitspolizei
Reform of Policing
Hitler places the control of the police forces under Himmler. Himmler merges the control of the police & the SS
Sicherheitsdienst
All political police forces throughout Germany are united with Himmler as the chiefre
Final Match Decisive Save
Makes a celebrated late save as Real Madrid defeat Barcelona in the Copa de Espana final.
Seventh Copa de Espana
Coaches Real Madrid to a 2-1 Copa de Espana final victory over Barcelona.
Mobilization
The 2nd & 4th Red Armies join forces with the 4th Red Army
League Speech
Warns the League that collective security has failed.
Anti-Comintern Pact
By the summer of 1936, the increased influence of the military in the Japanese Government, concerns in Berlin and Tokyo about the Franco-Soviet alliance, and Hitler's desire for a dramatic anti-Communist foreign policy gesture that he believed might bring about an Anglo-German alliance led to the idea of the Anti-Comintern Pact being revived
Anti-Comintern Pact
By the summer of 1936, the increased influence of the military in the Japanese Government, concerns in Berlin and Tokyo about the Franco-Soviet alliance, and Hitler's desire for a dramatic anti-Communist foreign policy gesture that he believed might bring about an Anglo-German alliance led to the idea of the Anti-Comintern Pact being revived
Of the Anti-Comintern Pact
By the summer of 1936, the increased influence of the military in the Japanese Government, concerns in Berlin and Tokyo about the Franco-Soviet alliance, and Hitler's desire for a dramatic anti-Communist foreign policy gesture that he believed might bring about an Anglo-German alliance led to the idea of the Anti-Comintern Pact being revived
Appeals for Better relations with Germany for peaceful goodwill & co-operation
Appeals for Better relations with Germany for "peaceful goodwill & co-operation"
Marriage
Marries Wallis Simpson, at Chateau de Cande, Touraine
Marriage
Wallis Simpson marries Edward VIII in France
Death of Jean Harlow
Death of Jean Harlow
POUM
The POUM is banned & its members are arrested
Ministry of Health Debate
Uses his former ministerial experience to scrutinise Ministry of Health policy.
ANT-25 Transpolar Flight
Designs the ANT-25 used for a nonstop transpolar flight to North America.
Moscow to North America Flight
The achievement marks moscow to north america flight as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Ordination of William Conway
Conway is ordained to the priesthood and later develops a distinguished academic and administrative career in the Irish church.
Spain Debate
Speaks on the Spanish Civil War and British policy toward the conflict.
Ministry of Labour Debate
Challenges government labour and employment policy in the Commons.
Education Politics
Becomes president of the Oxford University Conservative Association.
Ninth Infantry Brigade Command
Returns to Britain and takes command of 9th Infantry Brigade with temporary brigadier rank.
Escape from Spain
Leaves Spain after the POUM is suppressed.
Mutual Assistance Pact Question
Answers Commons questions about proposals for mutual assistance against aggression amid concern over German expansion.
Capture of Kaifeng
Japanese forces capture Kaifeng during the campaign in Henan.
Yellow River Dike Breach
Nationalist authorities breach Yellow River dikes in an attempt to slow the Japanese advance, causing catastrophic flooding across large rural areas.
Capture of Anking
Japanese forces capture Anqing during their advance along the Yangtze River.
Foreign Policy Statement at Berlin
Says he will only take action against Czech if Britain & France do not intervene
Invasion of Czech
Says he will only take action against Czech if Britain & France do not intervene
Seven-Goal Scoring Lead
Scores seven times for Brazil to finish as the leading marksman in France.
1938 FIFA World Cup Final - Gyรถrgy Sรกrosi
Gyรถrgy Sรกrosi captained Hungary and scored in the second half, but Italy still won the 1938 final by four goals to two.
1938 FIFA World Cup Final - Pรกl Titkos
Pรกl Titkos brought Hungary level early in the final, responding to Italyโs opening goal before the defending champions pulled away.
World Cup Winner
Giuseppe Meazza captains Italy to a 4-2 final victory over Hungary, completing the first successful defence of the men's World Cup title.
1938 FIFA World Cup Final - Alfredo Foni
Alfredo Foni partnered Pietro Rava at the back as Italy resisted Hungaryโs attempts to overturn its lead in the final.
1938 FIFA World Cup Final - Pietro Rava
Pietro Rava held his position in the Italian defence while the forwards established the advantage that carried Italy to a second successive World Cup.
World Cup Final Brace
Scores two goals in Italy's 4-2 final victory over Hungary.
World Cup Winner
Gino Colaussi nets Italy's first and third goals in the 1938 final, helping the defending champions overcome Hungary in Paris.
Two Goals in World Cup Final
Scores twice as Italy defeat Hungary 4-2 in the World Cup final.
World Cup Winner
Silvio Piola strikes twice against Hungary in the 1938 final, including Italy's fourth goal that settles a 4-2 contest.
1938 FIFA World Cup Final - Aldo Olivieri
Aldo Olivieri guarded Italyโs goal in the 4โ2 victory over Hungary and completed the championship campaign as the national sideโs first-choice goalkeeper.
Second World Cup as Manager
Becomes the first and only manager to win two FIFA World Cups.
World Cup Winner
Vittorio Pozzo guides Italy to the 1938 championship and becomes the first manager to win two men's World Cups.
World Cup Captain
Captains Italy to a second consecutive World Cup title.
World Cup Winner
Michele Andreolo operates in Italy's midfield during the 1938 final and helps the side maintain control as Hungary twice threatens a recovery.
1938 FIFA World Cup Final - Ugo Locatelli
Ugo Locatelli contributed disciplined midfield work as Italy defeated Hungary to retain the world championship in France.
Ataturk is visited by the King of Romania, Carol
Ataturk is visited by the King of Romania, Carol
Birth of Mickie Most
Birth of Mickie Most, born Michael Peter Hayes
Czechoslovakia Questions
Responds to Commons questions on Czechoslovakia as British diplomacy continues to favour negotiation.
Czechoslovakia Questions
Answers further questions about the Czechoslovak dispute and British efforts to reduce tension.
Presidential Inauguration
Takes office as the first President of Ireland under the 1937 Constitution.
Fair Labor Standards Act
The Act establishes federal minimum wages, overtime rules and restrictions on child labour.
Czechoslovakia Questions
Gives Foreign Office responses on the Sudeten crisis before the later Runciman mediation mission.
Exile of Sigmund Freud
Freud decides to go into exile "to die in freedom", he and his family leave Vienna in & move to Hampstead, London
First Secretary of Ukrainian Communist Party
Is confirmed as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine.
Condor Legion
Takes the salute of the Condor Legion after their return from the Spanish Civil War
Greeted by President Roosevelt & his wife
Greeted by President Roosevelt & his wife. Crosses the Niagra Suspension Bridge into the United States
Coming Up for Air
Publishes Coming Up for Air.
Great Britain and Russia Negotiations
Continues questioning the government's attempts to construct a collective-security agreement with the Soviet Union.
Anglo-French-Russian Conversations
Presses for progress in the Anglo-French-Soviet negotiations intended to deter further German aggression.
Education
Graduates from Balliol College Oxford with a degree in philosophy politics and economics.
Invasion of France
Meets de Gaulle & informs him that he is preparing an armistice with the Germans
Evacuation
Completes the withdrawal of Second Corps from La Panne & Dunkirk
Second Corps Evacuation Completed
Completes the withdrawal of II Corps as British forces evacuate from Dunkirk.
Battle of Narvik
Learns that Allied forces will evacuate northern Norway.
Northern Norway Crisis
Norwegian leaders are informed that Allied evacuation from Narvik is planned.
Operation Alphabet
Is informed that Allied troops will evacuate northern Norway after the Narvik victory.
Battle of Narvik
Receives warning that Allied forces will withdraw from Narvik.
Narvik Evacuation News
Receives news that Allied forces will leave northern Norway.
Operation Alphabet
Receives notice that Allied support around Narvik will be withdrawn.
Front Line Tour
Hitler visits Rommel, Rommel is ordered to accompany Hitler on his front-line tour
Operation Marita
Rommel is ordered to accompany Hitler on the rest of his front-line tour
Enemy Aliens
Clamps down on "the enemy within" & strongly supports the deportation of enemy aliens
Birth of Constantine II
Constantine is born in Athens to Crown Prince Paul and Princess Frederica.
Bombing of Paris
The Germans begin bombing Paris
Evacuation
The final day of the Dunkirk evacuation
Raid
Sets up raiding forces to keep German troops tied down in occupied countries
Evacuation
The British Royal Navy evacuates 300,000 from Dunkirk
Operation Dynamo
The British Royal Navy evacuates 300,000 from Dunkirk
Battle of Dunkirk
The French rearguard surrenders
Capture of Dunkirk
Dunkirk is captured after its evacuation by the BEF
Evacuation
The Germans enter Dunkirk
Operation Dynamo
"We shall fight on the beaches...... we shall never surrender"
Speech
"We shall fight on the beaches...... we shall never surrender"
Operation Alphabet
Cunningham helps direct naval evacuation movements as Allied forces withdraw from northern Norway.
Battle of Narvik
Directs evacuation of Allied forces from the Narvik area.
Operation Alphabet
Directs evacuation of Allied forces from the Narvik area.
Operation Alphabet
Directs evacuation of Allied troops and equipment from the Narvik area.
Battle of Narvik
Oversees withdrawal of British land forces from northern Norway.
Operation Alphabet
Oversees withdrawal of British land forces during the evacuation.
We Shall Fight on the Beaches
Warns Parliament that Britain will fight on whatever happens.
Brigadier General
Appointed Brigadier General
Under Secretary
Appointed Under Secretary of State for War
Brigadier General
Appointed Brigadier General
Under Secretary
Appointed Under Secretary of State for War
Battle of Narvik
French forces evacuate after helping recapture Narvik.
Evacuation from Narvik
French forces withdraw after helping recapture the town.
Operation Alphabet
Withdraws French forces after their role in the recapture of Narvik.
Commander of Second Battalion
Appointed Commander 2nd Battalion of the 36th Panzer Regiment
Commander of Second Battalion
Appointed Commander 2nd Battalion of the 36th Panzer Regiment
Battle of France
Operation Fall Rot (Case Red) is began and German forces outflank the Maginot Line and push deeper into France
Invasion of France
Operation, Fall Rot (Case Red), German forces outflank the Maginot Line
Maginot Line
Operation, Fall Rot (Case Red), German forces outflank the Maginot Line
Operation Fall Rot
Operation Fall Rot (Case Red) is began and German forces outflank the Maginot Line and push deeper into France
Battle of Narvik
Continues evacuation arrangements after the temporary Allied victory at Narvik.
Operation Alphabet
Continues evacuation arrangements for Allied forces in northern Norway.
Battle of Narvik
Polish Highland Brigade evacuates after the Allied victory.
Evacuation from Narvik
Polish Highland Brigade evacuates after the Allied victory.
Operation Alphabet
Withdraws the Polish Highland Brigade from Narvik after the Allied victory.
Invasion of France
Rommels 7th Panzer Div crosses the River Somme
Evacuation from Norway
Leaves Norway with the king and government for exile in Britain.
Battle of Narvik
Norwegian forces are left exposed after Allied evacuation begins.
Norwegian Withdrawal
Norwegian forces are left with little hope after Allied evacuation begins.
Operation Alphabet
Faces the collapse of the Narvik position after Allied evacuation begins.
Evacuation from Norway
Leaves Norway for Britain as German victory becomes unavoidable.
Evacuation to Britain
Haakon VII and the Norwegian government leave Tromso for Britain to continue resistance in exile.
Exile of Haakon VII
Escapes to Great Britain into exile for the rest of the war
Operation Juno
Leads German naval forces against Allied shipping during the evacuation.
Operation Juno
Marschall leads German heavy ships in a sortie intended to disrupt the Allied evacuation from Norway.
Gneisenau Action
Commands Gneisenau during Operation Juno.
Scharnhorst Action
Commands Scharnhorst during the sinking of HMS Glorious.
Battle of Narvik
Uses Dietl's survival and Narvik's recovery as propaganda success.
Narvik Propaganda Victory
Uses the survival of Dietl's force as a German propaganda success.
Battle of Narvik
Reoccupies Narvik after Allied forces complete their withdrawal.
Operation Alphabet
Reoccupies Narvik after Allied forces complete their withdrawal.
Retaking of Narvik
Reoccupies Narvik after Allied forces complete their withdrawal.
Retaking of Narvik
Dietl's troops reoccupy Narvik after Allied forces evacuate northern Norway.
Invasion of Norway
Final day of the evacuation of the British forces from Norway
HMS Glorious Lost
Commands HMS Glorious when German battlecruisers sink the carrier.
Sinking of HMS Glorious
DOyly-Hughes commands HMS Glorious when German battlecruisers sink the carrier during Operation Juno.
Operation Juno Encounter
Commands destroyers escorting ships during the evacuation period.
HMS Acasta Attack
Commands HMS Acasta and torpedoes Scharnhorst before being sunk.
HMS Ardent Lost
Commands HMS Ardent during the defence of HMS Glorious.
Battle of Narvik
Allied withdrawal from Narvik is completed as Norway becomes untenable.
Withdrawal from Narvik
Allied evacuation from Narvik is completed despite the earlier victory.
Withdrawal from Narvik
British and Allied forces complete withdrawal from Narvik during Operation Alphabet.
Capture of Rouen
The Germans capture Rouen
Mobilization
Arranges transportation of 500,000 French soldiers to continue the war in north Africa
Invasion of France
Rommels 7th Panzer Div crosses the River Seine
Capital
The French Government departs from Paris for Tours
Operation Yellow
The operation is redirected at the Weygand line protecting the heart of France
Battle of France
Italy declares war on France and soon afterwards the French Government fled to the city of Bordeaux
Invasion of France
Italy declares war on France
Norway Secured
German control of Norway is secured after the campaign ends.
Declaration of War
Benito Mussolini declares war on the Allies
Invasion of Libya
Italian dictator Benito Mussolini declares war. Immediately Wilson's forces invade Libya
Italy Enters War
Responds as Mussolini brings Italy into the war.
Declaration of War
Declares war on Britain & France after Germany has occupied France
Invasion of France
Mussolini enters the war against France
Suez Canal
Declares war on Britain and France, making Egypt and the Suez Canal a strategic objective for Italian forces in Libya.
Battle of Narvik
Norwegian forces surrender after Allied evacuation from northern Norway.
Norwegian Surrender
Norwegian forces surrender after the Allied evacuation from northern Norway.
Norwegian Surrender
Mainland Norwegian forces surrender after Allied evacuation, while Haakon VII continues the government in exile.
Supreme War Council
Meets French leaders as the French front collapses.
Invasion of France
Rommels 7th Panzer Div reaches St Valery
Churchill promises that
Churchill promises that after the Allies win the war France will be fully restored
Requests Roosevelt to enter the war to save France
Requests Roosevelt to enter the war to save France
Result of Surrender of France
France moves closer to seeking an armistice, although Britain refuses to endorse a separate peace.
Surrender of France
Churchill refuses to support a seperate French peace with Germany
Capture of Cherbourg
Captures Cherbourg, the last major operation carried out by the 7th in France in 1940
Operation Yellow
Captures Cherbourg, the last major operation carried out by the 7th in France in 1940
Production Council and Economic Policy
Explains government arrangements for coordinating production and economic policy during the war.
Meeting with De Gaulle & greets him with the
Meets de Gaulle & greets him with the words "Lhomme du destin"
Result of Surrender of France
Britain refuses to support a separate French peace and commits to continuing the war.
Result of Surrender of France
The collapse of the French military position forces the government toward an armistice decision.
Surrender of France
Promises the Allies will restore France after the war. Forbids France making a separate peace with Germany
Surrender of France
Informed of the imminent collapse of France. Flies to Tours where the French Government is now based
Supreme War Council
Urges Reynaud's government to continue fighting.
Capital
It is decided to move the French Government to Bordeaux
Capture of Paris
The Germans capture Paris
Receives a telegram from Roosevelt saying the US will not enter the
Receives a telegram from Roosevelt saying the US will not enter the war
Battle of France
Frances capital of Paris is occupied
Capture of Paris
The Germans capture Paris
Maginot Line
The Maginot Line is penetrated at Saarbrucken
Operation Fall Rot
German forces occupy Paris unopposed
Siege of Paris
The Germans capture Paris
Battle of Maginot Line
Heinrici breaks through the Maginot Line
Invasion of France
Heinrici breaks through the Maginot Line
Capture of Paris
Paris falls to the Germans. Churchill realises that Britain will be the next target for Hitler after France
Fall of Paris
Faces the strategic shock of Paris falling to Germany.
Capture of Langres
Captures the Plateau of Langres
Prime Minister of France
Appointed Prime Minister of the French Government in Bordeaux
Constitution of France
Forms the Vichy Government & gives orders for the British to leave France
Vichy Government
Forms the Vichy Government & gives orders for the British to leave France
Prime Minister of France
Appointed Prime Minister of the French Government in Bordeaux
Resignation of Paul Reynaud
Resigns after transferring the Government to Bordeaux, replaced by Petain
Siege of Cherbourg
Rommels 7th Panzer Div reaches the Cotentin Peninsular to capture Cherbourg
Battle of Halfaya Pass
Rommel orders his Panzers to remove the British from Halfaya. 200 of the Western Desert Force tanks are destroyed
Anglo-French Union
Offers a political union to encourage France to remain in the war.
Armistice
Asks the Germans for an Armistice
Capture of Langres
Reaches the Swiss frontier, the campaign in the west reaches its final stage
Battle of France
Philippe Petain publicly announced France would ask for an armistice
Invasion of France
Philippe Petain publicly announced France would ask for an armistice
Invasion of Libya
Wilson's advance is reversed when France sought an armistice and the Italians where able to move their forces from the Tunisian border in the West and reinforce with 4 divisions those that opposed Wilson in the East
Broadcast
Broadcasts to the French people declaring that the War for France is not over
Major General
Appointed Major General
Capture of Cherbourg
Rommels 7th Panzer Div advances into Cherbourg
Major General
Appointed Major General
Battle of Britain
Churchill uses his skilful rhetoric to harden public opinion against capitulation, and to prepare the British for a long war. In his "This was their finest hour" speech on 18 June 1940, he said "the Battle of France is over. I expect that the Battle of Britain is about to begin"
Battle of Britain
Tells Parliament the Battle of Britain is about to begin.
Battle of Britain
Declares that the Battle of France is over and the Battle of Britain is about to begin.
Battle of Britain
Uses the Finest Hour speech to prepare Britain for the coming air campaign.
Armistice
Germany presents armistice terms to France
Capture of Cherbourg
Rommels 7th Panzer Div captures Cherbourg
Capture of Cherbourg
Rommels 7th Panzer Div enters Cherbourg
Siege of Cherbourg
Rommels 7th Panzer Div enters Cherbourg
Armistice
Germany presents armistice terms to France
Capture of Cherbourg
Rommels 7th Panzer Div captures Cherbourg
Exile after Narvik
Leaves Norway after leading the campaign that retook Narvik.
Conference of Fuhrer
Plans for the defeat of Britain at the Fuhrer Conference
Invasion of Great Britain
Plans for the defeat of Britai at the Fuhrer Conference
Operation Sea Lion
Plans for the defeat of Britain at the Fuhrer Conference
National Resources Mobilization Act
Introduces national mobilization while initially limiting overseas conscription.
Exile of Edouard Daladier
Sets sail with other former French ministers to North Africa on the cruiser Massila
Arrest of 27,000 enemy aliens
Persuades the Home Office to intern 27,000 enemy aliens
Enemy Aliens
Persuades the Home Office to intern 27,000 enemy aliens
Invasion of Russia
Participates from the beginning of operation Barbarossa
Operation Barbarossa
Participates from the beginning of operation Barbarossa
Armistice
Signs an armistice with the Germans in the Foch railway carriage of 1918
Armistice
Signs the Armistice Treaty with France after disctating its terms
Armistice
Meets the demands of Army Group B by providing support over the Somme & the Seine. Helps secure an armistice with France
Invasion of France
Advanced as far as the Swiss border when France surrenders
Battle of Britain
France surrenders to the Germans
Invasion of France
An armistice is signed between France and Germany
French Armistice
Prepares Britain to continue alone after France seeks an armistice.
Berlin Construction
Instructed by Hitler to rebuild Berlin by 1950, must surpass Paris
Operation Collar
1st British Commando raid on occupied France at Boulogne-sur-Mer, attackers failed to achieve any of their objectives
Siege of Boulogne-sur-Mer
1st British Commando raid on occupied France at Boulogne-sur-Mer, attackers failed to achieve any of their objectives
Marshal
Appointed Marshal
Marshal
Appointed Marshal
Invasion of Switzerland
Captain Otto Wilhelm von Menges in OKH submitted a draft plan for the invasion
Invasion of Switzerland
Germany starts planning the invasion of Switzerland, the day France surrendered
Invasion of Russia
Crosses into Russia
Operation Barbarossa
Crosses into Russia
Capture of Great Britain
All French ships in British ports are seized by the royal Navy
Prime Minister of Egypt
Forms a government during the early stages of the Second World War.
Peace
The Pope writes a letter to Hitler offering mediation for "a just & honorable peace"
Free French
Recognizes Charles de Gaulle as the leader of the Free French
Recognition of Charles de Gaulle as the leader of
Recognizes Charles de Gaulle as the leader of the Free French
Free French Support
Supports de Gaulle and the Free French movement in London.
Acceptance of Soviet Ultimatum
Tatarescu's government accepts the Soviet ultimatum and evacuates Bessarabia and northern Bukovina.
Capture of Channel Islands
Germany captures the Channel Islands
Armistice
Asks Reynaud to seek an armistice with Germany while French troops can keep the peace
France Campaign Operational Reporting
Jodl briefs and coordinates operational information during the final stages of the campaign in France.
Invasion of Switzerland
After the Second Armistice at Compiegne in June 1940, the Reich Interior Ministry produced a memorandum on the annexation of a strip of eastern France from the mouth of the Somme to Lake Geneva, which was to be reserved for post-war German colonization.
Peace
After France's surrender peace negotiations take place in a railway carriage
Result of Surrender of France
France enters armistice negotiations with Germany at Compiรจgne.
Surrender of France
The same railway carriage used to sign the Armistice in 1918. After France's surrender peace negotiations take place in a railway carriage
Profs Book
Produces a detailed cryptanalytic reference manual on Naval Enigma known at Bletchley Park as Profs Book.
Operation Dynamo
The British, although besieged, had been spared from annihilation when Operation Dynamo evacuated 300,000 troops from Dunkirk
Mobilization
The 3rd Division is stationed to defend the coast around Brighton
Mobilization
Sets up a Divisional HQ near Steyning
Third Division Reconstitution after Dunkirk
Rebuilds 3rd Division after its return from France and restores training, equipment and organisation.
Suez Canal
Commands Italian forces in Libya as Rome plans operations threatening Egypt and the Suez Canal.
Changkufeng & Nomonhan incidents with Russia are settled
The Changkufeng & Nomonhan incidents with Russia are settled
Incident-Changkufeng
The Changkufeng & Nomonhan incidents with Russia are settled
Incident-Nomonhan
The Changkufeng & Nomonhan incidents with Russia are settled
Government in Exile
Queen Wilhelmina establishes a Government in exile in Britain
Invasion of Netherlands, The
Queen Wilhelmina establishes a Government in exile in Britain
Luftflotte
The British evacuation of Crete is completed
Invasion of Russia
Present at a meeting with Hitler to plan the invasio of Russia
Death of Hugh Seymour Walpole
Death of Hugh Seymour Walpole
Birth of Charlie Watts
Birth of Charlie Watts, later drummer of the Rolling Stones.
Death of Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich
Death of Reinhard Heydrich
Free French
British and Free French troops invade Syria
Invasion of Syria
British and Free French troops invade Syria
Final Barbarossa Reports Reviewed
Jodl attends final high-level reports on Operation Barbarossa shortly before the invasion.
Battle of Halfaya Pass
The Eighth Panzer Regiment destroys 60 British tanks
International Sanctions
US sanctions on Japan
Battle of Halfaya Pass
Failed Btitish attempt on the German held pass south the Libya-Cyrenaica border
Operation Barbarossa
Kesselrings concentration of Luftflotte is completed. In the 1st raid 2,500 enemy aircraft are destroyed
Battleaxe
The operation is a failure & Wavell is replaced by Auchinleck. Launched to relieve Tobruk & break the Axis defenses on the Egypt border
Battle of Halfaya Pass
The Western Desert Force loses 200 tanks. Orders a general assault to destroy the British around Halfaya
Battleaxe
A German counterattack forces the Allies the retreat
Battle of Halfaya Pass
Wavell is later replaced by General Claude Auchinleck. Wavell attempts a counter-attack but his troops are stopped
Siege of Tobruk
Wavell attempts a counter-attack but his troops are stopped
Treaty Negotiations
The Government signs a nonaggression Treaty with Germany
Enigma Machine
Joins Hut 8 to work on German Naval Enigma immediately after completing his Cambridge examinations.
Invasion of Russia
The 4th Army reaches the outskirts of Moscow
Operation Barbarossa
The 4th Army reaches the outskirts of Moscow
Declaration of War
Germany declares war on Russia shortly after the invasion
Invasion of Russia
3,050,000 troops, 3,350 tanks , 7,000 field guns & 2,000 arcraft are ready
Invasion of Russia
Timoshenko & Zhukov co-sign the order to put all forces on alert
Invasion of Russia
Timoshenko & Zhukov co-sign the order to put all forces on alert
Declaration of War
Germany declares war on Russia shortly after the invasion
Invasion of Russia
All forces are placed on alert
Operation Barbarossa Begins
Jodl serves at OKW as Germany launches the invasion of the Soviet Union.
Operation Barbarossa
Serves under General Erich Hoepner
Siege of Moscow
Responsible for the siege of Moscow
Invasion of Russia
Responsible for advancing into the Baltic States. Responsible capturing Baltic ports & moving to Leningrad
Siege of Leningrad
Responsible for capturing Balic ports & moving to Leningrad
Army Group South
1st day of Operation Barbarossa, commands the Army Group South consisting of 52 Divs
Invasion of Russia
1st day of Operation Barbarossa, commands the Army Group South consisting of 52 Divs
Invasion of Russia
Responsible for capturing the Ukraine & the Caucasus
Operation Barbarossa
1st day of Operation Barbarossa, commands the Army Group South consisting of 52 Divs
Operation Barbarossa
Responsible for capturing the Ukraine & the Caucasus
Invasion of Russia
First day of Operation Barbarossa, commands the Army Group North
Operation Barbarossa
1st day of Operation Barbarossa, commands the Army Group North
Declaration of War
Declares war on Russia
Invasion of Russia
German planes bomb Russian border cities
Invasion of Russia
The Luftwaffe supports Operation Barbarossa and attacks Soviet airfields
Invasion of Russia
First day of Operation Barbarossa, commands the 5 divisions of the 1st Panzer Group
Operation Barbarossa
First day of Operation Barbarossa, commands the 5 divisions of the 1st Panzer Group
Declaration of War
Schulenberg delivers Germany's declaration of war to Molotov
Border Settlement
Interned for a few weeks, and transferred to the Soviet-Turkish border
Operation Barbarossa
Joins Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union.
Comintern
When the Soviet Union is invaded on 22 June 1941, the Comintern changed its position to one of active support for the Allies
Supreme Commander
Appointed Supreme Commander of the Soviet Armed Forces
German Invasion of USSR
Comments on Germanyโs invasion of the Soviet Union.
Commissar
Appointed Commander of military operations after the German Invasion of Russia
Supreme Commander
Appointed Supreme Commander of the Soviet Armed Forces
Invasion of Russia
Ordered by Stalin to begin counter-offensve operations
Commissar
Takes over military operations after the German Invasion of Russia
Comintern
When the Soviet Union is invaded on 22 June 1941, the Comintern changed its position to one of active support for the Allies
Invasion of Russia
Stalin is so demoralized by the German invasion that he remains drunk for 11 days. At 3:40 German planes bomb Russian border cities
Invasion of Russia
3 million German soldiers attack the Soviet army of 5.7 million, 2.5 of them in the west, in the coming weeks, Stalin mobilizes some 10 million reservists
Stavka
Sets up a supreme general-staff HQ
Invasion of Russia
Informs the Politburo of the invasion by German forces
Declaration of War
Schulenberg delivers Germany's declaration of war to Molotov
Invasion of Russia
Announces over the radio to the Russian people that Germany has invaded Russia
Capture of Grodno
Grodno is captured during the German invasion of Russia
Siege of Dvinsk
Manstein captures the bridges at Dvinsk
Capture of Brest Litovsk
Vilna & Kovoo are taken after the fall of Brest Litovsk during the German invasion of Russia
Capture of Kovoo
Vilna & Kovoo are taken after the fall of Brest Litovsk during the German invasion of Russia
Capture of Vilna
Vilna & Kovoo are taken after the fall of Brest Litovsk during the German invasion of Russia
Invasion of Russia
Vilna & Kovoo are taken after the fall of Brest Litovsk during the German invasion of Russia
Invasion of Russia
By the 2nd day of the invasion the Luftwaffe has destroyed 2,000 Russian aircraft
Luftwaffe
By the 2nd day of the invasion the Luftwaffe has destroyed 2,000 Russian aircraft
Invasion of Russia
Sends the Eighth & 15th mechanized corps on the offensive
Capture of Duenaburg
Duenaburg is captured during the German invasion of Russia
Invasion of Russia
The western front is broken & the Germans charge towards Minsk
Siege of Minsk
The western front is broken & the Germans charge towards Minsk
Western Front
The western front is broken & the Germans charge towards Minsk
Invasion of Russia
The western front is broken & the Germans charge towards Minsk. Builds a reserve front 300 km behind the front
Western Front
The western front is broken & the Germans charge towards Minsk
Siege of Minsk
Hoth & Guderian encircle Minsk trapping 300,000 Russian soldiers
Siege of Minsk
Hoth & Guderian encircle Minsk trapping 300,000 Russian soldiers
Battle of Kursk
Sweeps forward to the north of Kursk
Iasi Pogrom
Romanian authorities perpetrate mass killing in Iasi.
Great Fatherland War
The Central Commitee declares this the "Great Fatherland War"
Invasion of Russia
The Central Commitee declares this the "Great Fatherland War"
Commissar Policy Draft Reviewed
Jodl contributes comments to planning connected with the criminal policy against captured Soviet political commissars.
Invasion of Russia
Kleist commands 1st Panzergruppe, comprising XVIII and XL Panzer Corps, which spearheads the Blitzkrieg-style invasion of Russia
Conscription
Authorizes the employment of Russian prisoners in the German Army. All "racial Germans" are given German citizenship & made subject to the draft
Operation Blue
Launches Operation Blue, to trap Soviet forces in a pincer movement west of the Don
Operation Blue
Launches Operation Blue, phase 1 to capture Voronezh
Siege of Voronezh
Launches Operation Blue, phase 1 to capture Voronezh
Invasion of Russia
Tries to thwart the German attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941 through means such as hinting at the countrys military strength and the unassailability of its industrial reserves
Dolphin U-boat Key
Hut 8 work, including Turings methods, helps make the German U-boat key Dolphin readable on a near-daily basis during the summer.
Enigma Machine
Has set up a good working system for decrypting Enigma signals but there were only a few bombes so not enough time to translate all the signals, in the summer there was considerable success and shipping losses had fallen to under 100,000 tons a month
Marriage
Turing proposes marriage to Hut 8 co-worker Joan Clarke, a fellow mathematician and cryptanalyst, but their engagement is short-lived after admitting his homosexuality to his fiancee, who is reportedly "unfazed" by the revelation, Turing decides that he cannot not go through with the marriage
Suez Canal
Maintains Mediterranean naval forces based at Alexandria to protect supply routes linked to Egypt and the Suez Canal.
Air Defence of Egypt
Commands RAF Middle East air operations supporting the defence of Egypt and the Suez Canal.
Invasion of Russia
Romanian forces join the invasion of Russia by Germany
Evacuation of Ukrainian Industry
Helps organize evacuation of industrial assets as German forces advance into Soviet Ukraine.
Speech
Delivers the "Blood and Guts" speeches
Bombing of Dutch Harbor
Kakuta's carrier aircraft attack Dutch Harbor as the Aleutian diversion opens alongside the Midway operation.
Battle of Midway
Bombards Dutch Harbour in the Aleutians to divert the Japanese from the Midway Islands
Siege of Dutch Harbour
Bombards Dutch Harbour in the Aleutians to divert the Japanese from the Midway Islands
Assassination of Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich
Dies after an attack by the Czech resistence, 3 Czech parachutists with British support in an open car
Death of Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich
The Czech resistence assassinates Heydrich, "the Protector of Bohemia"
Battle of Midway
The Americans retreat & he gives up the battle. All the Japanese carriers are lost at Midway
Loss of Soryu
Yanagimoto commands Soryu when American dive bombers mortally damage the carrier during the Battle of Midway.
Loss of Akagi
Aoki commands Akagi when American dive bombers fatally damage the carrier during the Battle of Midway.
Loss of Hiryu
Kaku commands Hiryu when American dive bombers fatally damage the last operational Japanese carrier at Midway.
Battle of Midway
Orders a 2nd attack when the Japanes are caught with their decks crowded with planes. Launches the Midway invasion believing there are no US carriers in the central Pacific. By 5:00PM Japan had lost her entire carrier force
Invasion of Midway
Launches the Midway invasion believing there are no US carriers in the central Pacific
Air Strike on Midway
Tomonaga leads the Japanese carrier strike that bombs Midway Island shortly after dawn.
Counterattack from Hiryu
Yamaguchi directs Hiryu's surviving air group in two counterstrikes that badly damage USS Yorktown.
Battle of Midway
Provides the Japanese code which inform the Americans of the Japanese plans
Battle of Midway
Spruance & Fletcher sink 4 Japanese carriers with the loss of the Yorktown
Battle of Midway
Attacks Japanese carriers heading for Midway, lulls Nagumo into false sense of victory
Declaration of War
USA declares war on Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania
Declaration of War
USA declares war on Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania
Declaration of War
USA declares war on Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania
Cancellation of Midway Invasion
Yamamoto abandons the Midway invasion after the destruction of Nagumo's four fleet carriers.
Death of Tomeo Kaku
Kaku remains aboard Hiryu with Yamaguchi and dies after the carrier is abandoned.
Death of Tamon Yamaguchi
Yamaguchi remains aboard the crippled Hiryu and dies when the carrier is abandoned and scuttled.
Capture of Kiska
Occuppies the Island of Kiska in the Aleutian Islands
Battle of Midway
Turns away from Yamamoto & frustrates the his plan for trapping US forces
Capture of Attu
Occuppies the Island of Attu in the Aleutian Islands
Birth of Muammar Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi
Birth of Muammar Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi
Lidice Reprisal
German forces destroy Lidice after Heydrich's assassination.
Massacre
Ordered by Hitler after the assassination of Reinard Heydrich. Lidice is raized to the ground. 189 men are shot &184 women are sent to Ravensbruck
Great Britain and Soviet Russia Treaty
Speaks during Commons consideration of the Anglo-Soviet treaty of alliance.
Operation Harpoon
Da Zara sails from Palermo with the 7th Naval Division to intercept the British Harpoon convoy approaching Malta.
Attack on Harpoon Convoy
Da Zara manoeuvres through British smoke screens and attacks escorts and merchant ships during the Battle of Pantelleria.
Battle of Pantelleria
Da Zara's cruisers intercept the Harpoon convoy south of Pantelleria and open fire shortly after 05:30.
Operation Vigorous
The threat from Iachino's battle fleet contributes to the British decision to turn the Vigorous convoy back toward Alexandria.
Capture of Burluk
Captures Burluk
Battle of Tobruk
Captures Tobruk then plans to move onto the Suez Canal
Capture of Tobruk
Captures Tobruk then plans to move onto the Suez Canal
Siege of Tobruk
Captures Tobruk then plans to move onto the Suez Canal
Suez Canal
Captures Tobruk then plans to move onto the Suez Canal
Fighting France
Holds a rally in the Albert Hall in front of 10,000 French who sing the "Marseillaise"
Birth of Paul McCartney
Birth of Paul McCartney, born in Walton General Hospital in Liverpool, England, where his mother, Mary, had previously worked as a nursing sister in the maternity ward
Birth of Paul McCartney
Birth of Paul McCartney at Walton Hospital in Liverpool.
Conference of Washington
An allied pact becomes the United Nations
Conference of Washington
Molotov receives military assistance & economic aid. A second front is established & atomic research is intensified. An allied pact becomes the United Nations
Conference of Washington
Molotov gains military assistance & economic aid. A 2nd front is established & atomic research intensified
Conference of Washington
Molotov gains military assistance & economic aid. A 2nd front is established & atomic research intensified
Birth of Thabo Mbeki
Birth of Thabo Mbeki
Army Atomic District Organisation
Brigadier General Wilhelm Styer directs Colonel James C. Marshall to organise an Army Corps of Engineers district to consolidate atomic bomb development.
Capture of Tobruk
Captures Tobruk and drives toward Egypt, creating the greatest Axis threat to the Suez Canal.
Capture of Tobruk
Ariete under De Stefanis takes part in the final attack that captures Tobruk from the British garrison.
Capture of Tobruk
Trieste under Azzi participates in the Axis assault that results in the capture of Tobruk.
Capture of Tobruk
Bastico remains the senior Italian commander in Libya when Axis forces capture Tobruk after the Gazala campaign.
European Theatre of Operations
Eisenhower assumes command of the US Armys European Theatre of Operations (ETOUSA)
Agreement on Attack German forces in North Africa (Operation
Churchill and Roosevelt meet and agree to attack German forces in North Africa (Operation Torch) before launching invasion of Continental Europe, Torch serves to stall Bolero troop build-up in UK
Operation Torch
Churchill and Roosevelt meet and agree to attack German forces in North Africa (Operation Torch) before launching invasion of Continental Europe, Torch serves to stall Bolero troop build-up in UK
Agreement on Attack German forces in North Africa (Operation
Churchill and Roosevelt meet and agree to attack German forces in North Africa (Operation Torch) before launching invasion of Continental Europe, Torch serves to stall Bolero troop build-up in UK
Operation Torch
Churchill and Roosevelt meet and agree to attack German forces in North Africa (Operation Torch) before launching invasion of Continental Europe, Torch serves to stall Bolero troop build-up in UK
Invasion of Egypt
Arrives at Rommels HQ & reluctantly agrees to his continuation into Egypt
President of Argentina
Appointed Presidenr of Argentina
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina after the resignation of Roberto Marcelino Ortiz
Battle of Mersa Matruh
Rommel captures Mersa Matruh
Capture of Mersa Matruh
Rommel captures Mersa Matruh
Siege of Mersa Matruh
Rommel captures Mersa Matruh
Battle of Kursk
Sweeps forward to the south of Kursk
Unternehmen Blau
The German Armed Forces (Wehrmacht) 1942 strategic summer offensive in southern Russia between 28 June and 24 November 1942.
Unternehmen Blau
The operation was a continuation of the previous years Operation Barbarossa, intended to knock the Soviet Union out of the war.
Unternehmen Blau
and involved a two-pronged attack against the oil fields of Baku as well as an advance in the direction of Stalingrad along the Volga River, to cover the flanks of the advance towards Baku.
Fourth Panzer Army
The German offensive commenced on 28 June 1942, with 4th Panzer Army starting its drive towards Voronezh. Due to a chaotic Soviet retreat, the Germans were able to advance rapidly, restoring Wehrmacht confidence for the upcoming major offensive
Invasion of Russia
Case Blue is a continuation of the previous years Operation Barbarossa, intended to knock the Soviet Union out of the war, and involved a two-pronged attack against the oil fields of Baku as well as an advance in the direction of Stalingrad along the Volga
Invasion of Russia
River, to cover the flanks of the advance towards Baku
Invasion of Russia
The German Armed Forces (Wehrmacht) 1942 strategic summer offensive in southern Russia between 28 June and 24 November 1942.
Invasion of Russia
The German offensive commenced on 28 June 1942, with 4th Panzer Army starting its drive towards Voronezh. Due to a chaotic Soviet retreat, the Germans were able to advance rapidly, restoring Wehrmacht confidence for the upcoming major offensive.
Operation Case Blue
Case Blue is a continuation of the previous years Operation Barbarossa, intended to knock the Soviet Union out of the war, and involved a two-pronged attack against the oil fields of Baku as well as an advance in the direction of Stalingrad along the Volga
Operation Case Blue
River, to cover the flanks of the advance towards Baku
Operation Case Blue
The German Armed Forces (Wehrmacht) 1942 strategic summer offensive in southern Russia between 28 June and 24 November 1942.
Operation Case Blue
The German offensive commenced on 28 June 1942, with 4th Panzer Army starting its drive towards Voronezh. Due to a chaotic Soviet retreat, the Germans were able to advance rapidly, restoring Wehrmacht confidence for the upcoming major offensive.
Command of Ariete
Arena becomes acting commander of Ariete after De Stefanis moves to corps command.
Capture of Bessarabia
Succesfully demands Romania hand over Bessarabia to Russia, Germany does not object
Defence of Alexandria
Faces the threat of an Axis advance toward Alexandria as Rommel reaches El Alamein.
Siege of Donetz
Crosses the Donetz toward the oil centres of the Caucus
Advance to El Alamein
Rommel reaches El Alamein, the Axis army's most advanced position in Egypt.
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal after the Capture of Tobruk
France Coastal Defence Planning Monitored
Jodl monitors OKW planning for the defence of occupied France against an expected Allied return.
Battle of Bir-Hakeim
Captures Bir-Hakeim
Capture of Bardia
The Allies capture Bardia
Capture of Benghazi
Captures Benghazi
Capture of Bir-Hakeim
Captures Bir-Hakeim
Capture of Gazala
Captures Gazala by destroying 250-300 British tanks
Crusade
The Allies capture Bardia
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal after the Capture of Tobruk
Operation Blue
Launched by Hitler to advance on Stalingrad & cut off Timoshenkos troops
Battle of Bardia
Rommel recaptures Bardia for the 2nd time
H2S Radar
Dies during airborne radar testing after major electronics work.
Battle of Bir Hakeim
Trieste under Azzi operates around Bir Hakeim and the Axis supply corridor during the Gazala fighting.
Command of XX Corps
De Stefanis leaves divisional command and takes over XX Corps during the Axis advance into Egypt.
Advance into Egypt
Mussolini supports exploiting the capture of Tobruk by continuing the Axis advance eastward into Egypt.
Advance into Egypt
Cavallero accepts the decision to continue the Axis pursuit into Egypt despite his earlier preference for an assault on Malta.
Malta Invasion Deferred
After the fall of Tobruk, Cavallero's preferred plan to seize Malta is displaced by the decision to continue the advance into Egypt.
Commander of US forces in Europe
Appoints Eisenhower as the Commander of the US forces in Europe
Commander of US forces in Europe
Appoints Eisenhower as the Commander of the US forces in Europe
Death of Leslie Howard
Death of Leslie Howard
Independence of Algeria
The Comm of National Liberation allows Algeria to have a say in running their country. Founds Committee of National Liberation in Algeria
Independence of France
The Comm of National Liberation allows Algeria to have a say in running their country. Founds Committee of National Liberation in Algeria
Operation Overlord
The German radio intercept station is bombed & "wiped off the map"
President of Argentina
Appointed de facto President of Argentina after the 1943 coup
President of Argentina
Appointed de facto President of Argentina after Arturo Rawson
Operation Overlord
The RAF bombs a German Air Force base about to bomb the Overlord Channel fleet
Current Tax Payment Act
The Act establishes payroll withholding for federal income-tax payments.
Battle of Bir-Hakeim
Leads the Free French against Rommel for 16 days. Forced to withdraw but has given the British valuable time in which to regroup
Free French
Leads the Free French against Rommel for 16 days
Fall of Pantelleria
Faces another strategic setback when the Italian island fortress of Pantelleria surrenders to the Allies.
Pantelleria Surrender
Surrenders the fortified island of Pantelleria after sustained Allied air and naval bombardment.
Operation Roundup
Expresses displeasure to Churchill & Roosevelt over the postponement of "Round Up"
Stalin sends a message to Churchill asking for a Second Front
Stalin sends a message to Churchill asking for a Second Front
Capture of Pantelleria
Eisenhowers forces capture the Italian island of Pantelleria
Bombing of Kiel
Kiel is bombed by day with the loss of 17 bombers
Naturalization
Becomes a naturalized US citizen
Cyclotron Plutonium Fission Rate
Using cyclotron-produced plutonium, Segre measures a spontaneous-fission rate low enough to keep the plutonium gun concept viable at this stage.
Coup
Overthrown in the Revolution of 43 military coup in the midst of an unpopular attempt to impose Robustiano Patron Costas as his successor
Coup
The military was opposed to Governor Robustiano Patron Costas, Castillos hand-picked successor, the principal landowner in Salta Province, as well as a main stockholder in its sugar industry
Coup
The military was opposed to Governor Robustiano Patron Costas, Castillos hand-picked successor, the principal landowner in Salta Province, as well as a main stockholder in its sugar industry. A June 1943 coup, the Revolution of 43, is led by General Arturo Rawson against conservative President Ramon Castillo, who had been fraudulently elected to office
Coup
A June 1943 coup, the Revolution of 43, is led by General Arturo Rawson against conservative President Ramon Castillo, who had been fraudulently elected to office
President of France
Appointed President of the French Committee of National Liberation
President of France
Appointed President of the French Committee of National Liberation
Invasion of Italy
Ordered by Rundstedt to relieve the Italian 4th Army due to the possible fall of Italy
Invasion of India
Japanese troops cross into India
Los Alamos Ordnance Division
Navy Captain William Parsons arrives at Los Alamos to lead the Ordnance Division and direct gun-assembly development.
Operation Overlord
Cables OKW saying the Allies cannot attack without 4 days good weather
Second Army
Orders the Second Army to hold the line between Villers-Bocage & Caen
Siege of Caen
Orders the Second Army to hold the line between Villers-Bocage & Caen
Committee of Algiers
The Algiers Committee declares itself the Provisional Government of France
Constitution of France
The Algiers Committee declares itself the Provisional Government of France
Government
The Algiers Committee declares itself the Provisional Government of France
Provisional Government
The Algiers Committee declares itself the Provisional Government of France
Operation Overlord
The Allied invasion force of 150,000 departs from England on 5,300 ships
Operation Overlord
Arrives home hoping to convince Hitler to defend the Cotentin coast
Enigma Machine
Leads the first U.S. boarding party onto U-505 and secures sensitive cipher material, including Enigma equipment.
Enigma Machine
Commands the hunter-killer group that captures U-505 with Enigma machines and current codebooks intact.
Operation Overlord
The weather in the Channel deteriorates & the Allied invasion force is recalled
Operation Overlord
Postpones Operation Overlord, due 5th June, because of bad weather
Enigma Machine
Leads the salvage effort that keeps U-505 afloat, preserving captured Enigma machines and codebooks for intelligence exploitation.
Operation Overlord
Leaves his HQ & returns to Germany, convinced the Allies are not about to invade
Death of Wilhelm Falley
Death of Wihelm Falley, 1st German General killed during the Normandy invasion
Capture of Horsa Bridge
The attackers pour out of their battered gliders, completely surprising the German defenders, and take Horsa & Pegasus bridges within 10 minutes. A force of 181 men, led by Major John Howard, take off from RAF Tarrant Rushton in Dorset, southern England in six Horsa gliders to capture Pegasus Bridge, and also "Horsa Bridge", a few hundred yards to the east, over the Orne River
Operation Overlord
Commands infantryman who land by glider & capture 2 bridges codenamed Pegasus & Horsa
Bombing of Normandy
The highest tonnage of bombs in one night during the war is dropped by Britain
Capture of Great Britain
Announces the Allied liberation of Rome in the Commons
Capture of Rome
Announces the Allied liberation of Rome in the Commons
Operation Overlord
Announces an imminent Allied assault on the coast of France in the Commons
Operation Overlord
The highest tonnage of bombs in one night during the war is dropped by Britain. Dummy parachutists are dropped just east of the intended landing area. 176,000 men & 20,000 vehicles are to be landed in 2 days. 1,000 British bombers strike 10 German gun batteries, 5,000 tons of bombs are dropped
Abdication
Signs a decree making Umberto "Lieutenant of the Realm"
Operation Overlord
176,000 men & 20,000 vehicles are to be landed in 2 days
Operation Overlord
Gives the go ahead for Operation Overlord for 6th June
Bombing of Bangkok
Railway yards are bombed in Bangkok
Operation Overlord
3 Airbourne Divisions land behind enemy lines at St Mere-Eglise & Caen
D-Day Failure Message
Writes a brief statement accepting personal responsibility in case the Normandy landings fail.
Operation Overlord
Keller commanded the Canadian division landing on Juno Beach and advancing toward the Caen-Bayeux road.
Battle of Caen
Kitching prepared his armoured division for later operations intended to break the German front south of Caen.
Advance on Caen
Foster's brigade pushed inland from Juno Beach toward the western approaches to Caen.
Operation Overlord
Major General Rod Keller, the Canadian commander at Juno Beach, reports to General Crerar in England at 10:30, "Beach-head gained. Well on our way to our immediate objectives"
Resistance Intelligence
Mercader's local Resistance organization helped inform Allied troops that German forces had left Bayeux.
Resistance Activity
Antoine Mercader supported local Resistance intelligence and liaison work around Bayeux.
Operation Overlord
Rommel is informed by General Spiedel 7.30AM that Allied paratroopers have landed
Operation Overlord
Keeps most of his forces at Calais
Operation Overlord
Diverts the 12th SS & Panzer Lehr to meet the invasion. Believes, like Hitler, the landings are a feint for Allied landings at Pas de Calais
Counterattack at Caen
Feuchtinger's division launched the only major German armoured counterattack against the Allied bridgehead on D-Day.
Defence of Caen
Richter's coastal division defended the Caen sector and suffered heavy losses during the Allied landings.
Operation Overlord
Marcks corps stands in the middle of the Allied Normandy landings. Commands the 21st Panzer Division
Operation Overlord
Correcttly predicts the Allies will land near Cherbourg, Hitler does not agree
Operation Overlord
Stays in Herrlingen to celebrate his wifes 50th birthday. Rommel is informed by General Spiedel 7.30AM that Allied paratroopers have landed. Rommel cancels his meeting with Hitler & returns to France
Operation Overlord
Learns of the invasion & returns to his HQ after celebrating his wifes birthday
Operation Overlord
To the east, Rommels nightmare had been realised, a continuous British-Canadian beachhead, 20km (12 miles) across and up to 10km (six miles) deep
Normandy Invasion Crisis Briefings
Jodl briefs Hitler and helps coordinate OKW decisions after Allied forces land in Normandy.
Withdrawal from Bayeux
German forces withdrew from Bayeux to concentrate their defence around Caen.
Defence of Caen
Dollmann coordinated Seventh Army's response to the Allied invasion, including resistance around Caen.
Capture of Pegasus Bridge
One of the members of the 7th Battalion reinforcements is young actor Richard Todd who would, nearly two decades later, play Major Howard in the film The Longest Day
Operation Overlord
Commands 137 warships, 4,000 landing craft & 2,000 support ships
Gold Beach
Commands the British 30th Corps on Gold beach
Operation Overlord
Commands the British 30th Corps on Gold beach
Operation Overlord
Rennie's division landed on Sword Beach with orders to advance rapidly toward Caen.
Operation Overlord
Parachutes behind enemy lines & helps disable gun emplacements at Merville
Siege of Merville
Parachutes behind enemy lines & helps disable gun emplacements at Merville
Operation Tonga
Gale's airborne division secured bridges and high ground east of Caen to protect the invasion flank.
Capture of Pegasus Bridge
Parachutes behind enemy lines & captures Benouville, including Pegasus Bridge
Operation Overlord
Parachutes behind enemy lines & captures Benouville, including Pegasus Bridge
Operation Overlord
At about 9:30 Hermanville is captured
Operation Overlord
Sets up an HQ at Ranville
Siege of Benouville
Parachutes behind enemy lines & captures Benouville, including Pegasus Bridge
Capture of Pegasus Bridge
Parachutes behind enemy lines & helps secure Pegasus Bridge
Operation Overlord
Parachutes behind enemy lines & helps secure Pegasus Bridge
Operation Overlord
Parachutes behind enemy lines disabling gun emplacements threatening Sword Beach
Siege of Merville
Parachutes behind enemy lines disabling gun emplacements threatening Sword Beach
Operation Overlord
Crocker's I Corps directed the British and Canadian assault formations advancing toward Caen.
Operation Overlord
Dempsey commanded the British Second Army landing east of Bayeux and advancing toward Caen.
Operation Overlord
Captures the Islands of St Marcouf off Utah beach
Capture of Pegasus Bridge
Lieutenant Brotheridge is killed crossing the bridge in the first minutes of the assault and thus becomes the first member of the invading Allied armies to die in combat on D-Day. Leads the infantry capture of 2 bridges codenamed Pegasus & Horsa. 1st Allied death in Normandy
Operation Overlord
Leads the infantry capture of 2 bridges codenamed Pegasus & Horsa. 1st Allied death in Normandy
Capture of Pegasus Bridge
Commands infantryman who land by glider & capture 2 bridges codenamed Pegasus & Horsa
Bombing of Caen
1st day of the bombing of Caen
Bombing of Trappes
The marshalling yards of Trappes are bombed to disrupt German suppllies to Normandy
Operation Overlord
1st day of the bombing of Caen
Operation Overlord
To the east, Rommels nightmare had been realised, a continuous British-Canadian beachhead, 20km (12 miles) across and up to 10km (six miles) deep. By midnight neither Bayeux nor Port-en-Bessin had been taken, the depleted American force was several kilometres short of Port-en-Bessin but the French Resistance had taken over Bayeux
Siege of Bayeux
By midnight neither Bayeux nor Port-en-Bessin had been taken, the depleted American force was several kilometres short of Port-en-Bessin but the French Resistance had taken over Bayeux
Allied Ground Forces Command on D-Day
Commands all Allied ground forces during the initial phase of the Normandy invasion.
Caen Remains Uncaptured on D-Day
British forces establish a strong beachhead but do not seize the planned D-Day objective of Caen.
Operation Overlord
Royal Marine Commandos land on Gold Beach & capture Arromanches
Operation Overlord
The British capture Bayeaux
Operation Overlord
Montgomery directed the Allied ground campaign and treated Caen as the principal objective of the British Second Army.
Operation Overlord
The British 3rd Division fails to capture Caen
Operation Overlord
A major objective, was still in German hands by the end of D-Day, and would remain so until the battle for Caen, 8 August
Operation Overlord
Caen. Commander of all ground forces for Operation Overlord. By the end of the day the Allies land 130,000 men & 22,000 parachutists.
Operation Overlord
On Sword Beach the regular British infantry came ashore with light casualties they advance about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) by the end of the day but failed to make some of the deliberately ambitious targets set by Montgomery in particular
Operation Overlord
The Allies lose 9,500 killed or wounded.
Operation Overlord
Commands the ships of the Western Task force which lands forces on Utah & Omaha
Operation Overlord
The Allies land 130,000 men & 22,000 parachutists & lose 9,500 killed or wounded. The Allied landings take place with 487,653 men & 89,728 making it ashore. Plans & commands the Allied capture of Germany from D-Day
Capture of St Marcouf
Captures the Islands of St Marcouf off Utah beach
Operation Overlord
Commands the US 7th Army Corps on Utah beach
Operation Overlord
Commands the US 5th Army Corps on Omaha beach
Operation Overlord
Commands a landing of paratroopers to capture a bridgehead on the Merderet
Operation Overlord
Commands a landing of paratroopers to capture a bridgehead on the Merderet
Operation Overlord
Lands the 2nd British Army from the river Orme to St-Vaast-La-Hogue
Operation Overlord
The US Army succesfully captrures Omah & Utah beaches
Operation Overlord
Lands on Omaha Beach, grandson of the late President
Operation Overlord
Son of the late President, the only General to land with the 1st wave. Leads the 1st assault, Eighth Regimental Combat Team of the 4th Infantry Division
D-Day Order of the Day
Issues his Order of the Day to Allied soldiers, sailors and airmen as the Normandy invasion begins.
Liberation of Bayeux
Guillou resumed municipal responsibilities as British troops secured the town.
Bayeux Resistance
Mercader accompanied Free French representatives and assisted restoration of public authority in Bayeux.
Deployment to Caen
Witt moved the 12th SS Panzer Division toward Caen to oppose the British and Canadian advance.
Counterattack at Caen
Meyer directed counterattacks against Canadian forces north-west of Caen.
Capture of Bayeux
The Germans abandon Bayeux
Operation Perch
Erskine led the 7th Armoured Division through the western bridgehead during the attempt to envelop Caen.
Liberation of Bayeux
Dempsey's Second Army secured Bayeux during the expansion from Gold Beach.
Operation Perch
Dempsey ordered the attempt to encircle Caen from the west through the Villers-Bocage sector.
Operation Perch
Bucknall directed XXX Corps in the western attempt to outflank Caen.
Arrival in Bayeux
Schumann arrived in liberated Bayeux and linked Free French representatives with local residents.
Liberation of Bayeux
Christopherson's Sherwood Rangers supported the infantry entering Bayeux with armoured vehicles.
Liberation of Bayeux
Graham's 50th Division provided formations that entered and secured Bayeux.
Liberation of Bayeux
Bayeux becomes the first major mainland French town liberated after D-Day.
Liberation of Bayeux
Montgomery's forces made Bayeux the first mainland French town liberated after D-Day.
Operation Cobra
Omar Bradleys intention was to take advantage of the German preoccupation with British and Canadian activity around the town of Caen, and punch through the German defenses penning in his troops while his opponent was distracted and unbalanced
Operation Overlord
Arrives at the front in Caen
Battle of Caen
Rommel returned to the Normandy front and reinforced the effort to hold Caen against Allied attacks.
Command of Iwo Jima
Kuribayashi takes command of the Iwo Jima garrison and develops a defense based on caves, tunnels, and mutually supporting positions.
Operation Overlord
Commands paratroopers who land on the eastern side of the Cotentin Peninsular only
Operation Overlord
The US 5th Corps capture Isigny on the way to uniting the Utah & Omaha
Panzer Counterattack
Geyr prepared a concentrated armoured counterattack, but Allied air attacks disrupted his headquarters and planning.
Operation Perch
Bayerlein deployed Panzer Lehr Division to block the British advance west of Caen.
Operation Wild Oats
Montgomery considered an airborne and armoured encirclement intended to isolate Caen.
Operation Overlord
Leads the 9th Div ashore at Utah Beach
Operation Overlord
Manages to land 16 Divisions ashore facing 14 enemy Divisions
Capture of Carentan
Carentan is captured, uniting all the American forces
Death of Erich Marcks
Death of Erich Marcks, fatally wounded during an Allied air attack
Commander of LXXXIV Corps
Appointed Commander of the LXXXIV Corps
Battle of Villers-Bocage
Wittmann attacked British armour at Villers-Bocage during the wider struggle to outflank Caen.
Bombing of London
V-1 missiles 1st land on London
Visit of Charles de Gaulle
Palewski accompanied de Gaulle during the political mission to Bayeux.
Commissioner of Republic
De Gaulle appointed Coulet commissioner responsible for restoring republican administration in liberated Normandy.
Sub-Prefect of Bayeux
Triboulet became the first sub-prefect serving the restored authority of Free France.
Preparations for De Gaulle Visit
D'Argenlieu went ahead to Bayeux to prepare residents for de Gaulle's arrival.
Preparations for De Gaulle Visit
Hettier de Boislambert helped organize de Gaulle's reception and contact with local authorities.
Visit of Charles de Gaulle
Koenig joined the delegation that established Free French authority in Bayeux.
Arrival of Charles de Gaulle
De Gaulle entered Bayeux during his first return to French soil since 1940.
Bayeux Speech
De Gaulle called for continued resistance and asserted French sovereignty over liberated territory.
Departure from Bayeux
De Gaulle left Bayeux for Isigny after establishing visible French political authority.
Procession through Bayeux
De Gaulle walked through Bayeux as growing crowds joined his procession toward the town centre.
Recognition of Provisional Government
The enthusiastic Bayeux reception strengthened de Gaulle's claim to represent liberated France.
Visit to Sub-Prefecture
De Gaulle visited the sub-prefecture before addressing the people of Bayeux.
Visit of Charles de Gaulle
Antoine Mercader appeared with his injured arm during de Gaulle's visit to Bayeux.
Death of Fritz Witt
Witt was killed by naval gunfire near Caen, leaving Kurt Meyer to command the division.
Commander of 12th SS Panzer Division
Meyer assumed divisional command after Fritz Witt was killed near Caen.
Visit of Charles de Gaulle
Schumann accompanied local Resistance leaders during de Gaulle's public appearance in Bayeux.
Siege of Cherbourg
Leads the 9th Div towards Cherbourg
Siege of Caumont
Cannot stop the Americans from capturing Caumont
Defense of Saipan
Saito commands the Japanese army garrison as American forces land on Saipan.
Bombing of Yawata
The 1st B-29 raid on the Japanese mainland
Trial
Draws up a list of 33 top German war criminals
Operation Overlord
Withdrawal from Normandy is turned down by Hitler. Hitler orders a counterattack from Bayeux
Operation Overlord
Rundstedt & Rommel meet Hitler, wanting withdrawal from Normandy but are turned down
D-Day
Crosses over to Normandy in the Arethusa & attends a conference at Montogomerys HQ
Independence of Iceland
Iceland declares full independence from Denmark and becomes a republic
S-50 Construction Contract
Groves orders rapid construction of the S-50 thermal-diffusion plant at Oak Ridge on an exceptionally compressed schedule.
Capture of Barneville
The Cotentin Peninsular is sealed isolating 4 German Divisions & the port of Cherbourg. The Americans capture Barneville
Capture of St Lo
An attack of St Lo is launched but is slowed down by the Normandy countryside, bocage
Battle of the Philippine Sea
Ozawa commits the Mobile Fleet's carrier aircraft against the American Fifth Fleet in the Battle of the Philippine Sea.
Loss of Taiho and Shokaku
Ozawa loses fleet carriers Taiho and Shokaku to American submarines during the first day of the Philippine Sea battle.
Siege of Cherbourg
Launches an attack on Cherbourg
Retreat from Philippine Sea
Ozawa withdraws after devastating aircraft losses and further carrier damage during the Battle of the Philippine Sea.
Birth of Raymond Douglas Davies
Birth of Raymond Douglas Davies
Front-Karelian
Attacks the Finns between Lake Ladoga & Lake Onega
Capture of Cherbourg
The US forces arrive at the hills overlooking Cherbourg
Red Army
The Red Army begins its offensive against Army Group Centre
Red Army
The Red Army begins its offensive against Army Group Centre
GI Bill
The GI Bill provides education, housing and unemployment benefits to returning veterans.
Operation Overlord
The Allies gain a bridgehead over the River Odon near Caen
Front-Belorussia
Attacks the Minsk highway
Commando Order Reaffirmed after Normandy
Jodl initials an OKW memorandum reaffirming the Commando Order after the Normandy landings.
Operation Martlet
Barker's division attacked toward Rauray to protect the Epsom flank near Caen.
Operation Martlet
Ritchie's corps launched Operation Martlet to secure the flank of the forthcoming Epsom offensive west of Caen.
Operation Epsom
Feuchtinger's division held positions south-east of the British Epsom attack and protected approaches to Caen.
Operation Epsom
Dempsey supervised the Second Army offensive across the Odon west of Caen.
Operation Epsom
O'Connor commanded VIII Corps in the offensive intended to cross the Odon and outflank Caen.
Operation Epsom
Montgomery launched Operation Epsom to draw German armour into battle west of Caen.
Operation Epsom
Montgomery launches Operation Epsom west of Caen to gain ground and draw German armour into battle.
Siege of Caen
Launches an attack on Caen, operation Epson
Capture of Cherbourg
The US Army captures the Fort du Roule, the key to the defences of Cherbourg
Defence of Caen
Dietrich's corps reinforced German positions around Caen during Operation Epsom.
Capture of River Odon
The British establish a bridge-head on the River Odon
Odon Bridgehead Supported during Epsom
Supports the British advance across the Odon as Operation Epsom forces Germany to commit additional armoured reserves.
Capture of Cherbourg
Cherbourg falls to the Allies
Commander of Army Group Centre
Appointed Commander of the Army Group Centre
Dismissal
Dismissed as Commander of the Army Group Centre by Hitler
Commander of Army Group Centre
Appointed Commander of the Army Group Centre
Operation Epsom
Funck directed German armoured formations committed against the Epsom penetration near Caen.
Operation Epsom
Meyer's division resisted British and Canadian pressure north and west of Caen during Epsom.
Operation Epsom
Adair's Guards Armoured Division reinforced the British advance during the fighting west of Caen.
Operation Overlord
Turns down Rundstedt & Rommels request to withdraw from Normandy. Orders defence of Normandy to the last man
Operation Overlord
Juno is the second most heavily defended of the five landing sites chosen by the Allies, General Wilhelm Richter is in charge of the 716th Division guarding the beach, with 11 heavy batteries of 155 mm guns and 9 medium batteries of 75 mm guns
Operation Epsom
Bittrich's newly arrived corps counterattacked the British bridgehead across the Odon.
Operation Epsom
Dietrich coordinated German resistance and counterattacks against the Epsom offensive.
Operation Overlord
The Allies capture Hill 112 but Dempsey withdraws & the Germans recapture it
Colonel
Appointed Colonel
Colonel
Appointed Colonel
Administrative Capital
Coulet established his administration in Bayeux while Paris remained under German occupation.
Hospital Town
Guillou's administration helped organize Bayeux as a hospital and refugee centre during the Normandy fighting.
Restoration of Republican Authority
Triboulet helped replace Vichy structures with the legal authority of the provisional French government.
Operation Overlord
Commander of Army units in South France
Siege of Caen
Fights around Caen during the Normandy invasion where most of his Div is destroyed
Operation Overlord
Commander of Panzer Group West
Atlantic Wall
The number of mines along the French coast increases to 4 million. Completes the construction of "Rommels asparagus", mines set on poles. Adds a 3rd belt of mines 8,000 yds deep
Capture of Germany
Mussolini begs Hitler not to withdraw from Rome without a fight but is ignored
Capture of Rome
Mussolini begs Hitler not to withdraw from Rome without a fight but is ignored
Normandy Reinforcement Decisions Coordinated
Jodl's operations staff coordinates reinforcement and withdrawal decisions during the Normandy campaign.
Adoption of Richard Blair
Adopts Richard Horatio Blair with Eileen.
European War Service
Continues wartime service as Allied forces advance through Western Europe.
Enigma Machine
Supports D-Day intelligence planning that directs 30 Assault Unit to seize German Enigma machines, codebooks and cipher material.
Operation Neptune
Preparations included armoured vehicles specially adapted for the assault, developed under the leadership of Maj. Gen. Percy Hobart (Montgomerys brother-in-law, and an armoured warfare specialist)
Operation Neptune
A total of 12,000 aircraft under Air Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory were to support the landings, including 1,000 transports to fly in the parachute troops; 10,000 tons of bombs would be dropped against the German defenses, and 14,000 attack sorties
Market Garden
Leads an attack whih takes the Nijmegen Bridge
Market Garden
At the Battle of Arnhem makes the comment "I think we might be going a bridge too far"
Operation Overlord
Commands the 1st Airbourne Division during the Normandy landings
Bayeux Bypass
Dempsey's logistical system used the bypass to move supplies and vehicles toward the front.
British Army Base
Dempsey's Second Army used undamaged Bayeux as a supply, communications, and transit centre.
Agreement on A Russian offensive during D-Day
At Churchills request Stalin agrees to a Russian offensive during D-Day
Bombing of Lyon
Marshalling yards are bombed to disrupt German suppllies to Normandy. 717 French are killed
Operation Anvil
A seabourne assault on southern France at the same time as Overlord
Pluto
An oil pipeline is laid beneath the English Channel from Britain toward Normandy as part of Operation PLUTO.
Siege of Caen
Before the Normandy landings it is planned to take Caen within 24 hrs
Bayeux Bypass
British engineers built a bypass so military traffic could avoid Bayeux's narrow medieval streets.
German Armour Drawn toward Caen
Keeps strong British and Canadian pressure around Caen, drawing major German armoured forces into the eastern sector.
Headquarters near Bayeux
Montgomery established his headquarters near Bayeux while directing the Battle of Normandy.
Slow Explosive Lens Component
Von Neumann provides an important design insight for the slower explosive component used to focus an implosion lens.
Capture of Italy
Mussolini begs Hitler not to withdraw from Rome without a fight but is ignored
Capture of Rome
Mussolini begs Hitler not to withdraw from Rome without a fight but is ignored
Invasion of Italy
The Allies reach Rome
Capture of Saipan
The USA captures Saipan & can bomb Japanese cities
Agreement on An offensive during the Normandy landings
Ath Churchills request Stalin agrees to an offensive during the Normandy landings
Invasion of Ukraine
As agreed at Tehran Stalin launches an offensive from Leningrad to the Ukraine
Operation Overlord
Ath Churchills request Stalin agrees to an offensive during the Normandy landings
D-Day Support Organization
While serving with General Thrasher, Shaw helped support organizational and supply work connected with the D-Day invasion.
Operation Overlord
Instructions to construct bogus airfields to be bombed by the Allies are decrypted
Operation Overlord
During Operation Overlord, subordinate to Bradley as Deputy Commander of the First Army
Allied Transit Base
Bayeux became a strategic transit and support centre for Eisenhower's Allied armies.
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
Homi Bhabha founds the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research to build advanced research in physics and related sciences in India.
Interim Committee Use Recommendation
The Interim Committee recommends using the atomic bomb against Japan as soon as possible, on a military-industrial target and without prior warning.
Defense of Oroku
Ota's naval base force defends the Oroku Peninsula after American Marines begin operations against the position.
Berlin Declaration
The Allied Berlin Declaration abolishes all the institutions of German civil Government, and establishes that the constitution no longer holds any legal force
Constitution of Germany
The Allied Berlin Declaration abolishes all the institutions of German civil Government, and establishes that the constitution no longer holds any legal force
Constitution of Great Britain
Opening day of the Allied Control Commission for German administration
Opening of the Allied Control Commission by Churchill, Roosevelt & Stalin
Opening of the Allied Control Commission by Churchill, Roosevelt & Stalin
Rule of Germany
USA., Britain, Russia & France declare supreme authority over Germany
Allied Control Commission (ACC)
The Allied Control Commission administers Germany after it's occupation by the Allies
Rule of Germany
USA, Britain, Russia & France declare supreme authority over Germany
USA, Britain, Russia & France declare supreme authority over Germany
USA, Britain, Russia & France declare supreme authority over Germany
Allied Control Commission (ACC)
The Allied Control Commission administers Germany after its occupation by the Allies
Rule of Germany
USA., Britain, Russia & France declare supreme authority over Germany
509th Arrives on Tinian
Aircrews of the 509th Composite Group begin arriving on Tinian with specially modified B-29 aircraft.
Franck Report
Franck's committee issues a report urging international control of atomic energy and recommending a demonstration before combat use.
Armament
Completes the plan for the defense of Britain
Defence
Draws a line from Edinburgh to the Medway & Bristol to London of ditches & "pillboxes"
Death of Minoru Ota
Ota dies by suicide as organized resistance by his naval base force collapses on the Oroku Peninsula.
Atomic Target Selections to Marshall
Groves forwards the Manhattan Project target group's recommendations to General George C. Marshall.
Scientific Panel Use Recommendation
The Interim Committee's Scientific Panel reports that it sees no technical demonstration likely to end the war and no acceptable alternative to direct military use.
Birth of Kenneth Robert Ken Livingstone
Birth of Kenneth Robert "Ken" Livingstone
Battle of Okinawa
The US forces divide the Japanese garrison into 3 encircled pockets
Battle of Okinawa
The US forces divide the Japanese garrison into 3 encircled pockets. Makes a broadcast asking the Japanese at Okinawa to surender
Trial of the Sixteen
The trial takes place between 18 and 21 June 1945 with foreign press and observers from the United Kingdom and USA present. The date was chosen carefully to be at the same time as a conference on the creation of the Soviet-backed Polish puppet Government was organized
Election
Formally elected to his 2nd term as President
President of Czechoslovakia
Formally elected to his 2nd term as President
Farewell Order on Okinawa
Ushijima sends a farewell message and orders remaining Japanese troops to continue resistance as the battle approaches its end.
Death of Stefan Mazurkiewicz
Death of Stefan Mazurkiewicz
Battle of Okinawa
Killed while inspecting the Eighth Marines
Death of Bolivar Buckner
Death of Bolivar Buckner at the Battle of Okinawa while inspecting the Eighth Marines
Final Kikusui Attack
Ugaki's command launches the tenth and final massed Kikusui attack as the Okinawa campaign reaches its conclusion.
Trial of the Sixteen
According to international law the trial should not have taken place.
Trial of the Sixteen
All but one of the defendants were forced to admit to the alleged crimes, and on 21 June the verdict was issued.
Trial of the Sixteen
General Okulickis witnesses were not allowed to enter the court, which was a violation of Soviet law.
Trial of the Sixteen
The Soviet Union kidnapped and sentenced a group of citizens of a foreign country whose alleged crimes were committed on a foreign land.
Trial of the Sixteen
They were deprived of basic human rights and tortured.
Death of Isamu Cho
Cho commits suicide alongside Ushijima at the end of organized Japanese resistance on Okinawa.
Death of Mitsuru Ushijima
Ushijima commits suicide with his chief of staff as organized Japanese resistance on Okinawa ends.
Implosion Core Criticality Confirmation
Frisch confirms through criticality measurements that the planned implosion-core design is satisfactory.
President of Ireland
Takes office as the second President of Ireland.
Battle of Okinawa
Commits ritual suicide
Death of Mitsuru Ushijima
Death of Mitsuru Ushijima, commits ritual suicide during the Battle of Okinawa
Suicide
Death of Mitsuru Ushijima, commits ritual suicide during the Battle of Okinawa. Commits ritual suicide
First Einar Gerhardsen Government
Begins the First Einar Gerhardsen Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Johan Nygaardsvold Government
The Johan Nygaardsvold Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
United Nations
Canada signs the United Nations Charter.
United Nations
Signs the charter on behalf of China, the 1st to sign
United Nations
Signs the United Nations Charter on behalf of Britain
United Nations Charter
Signs the United Nations Charter for Saudi Arabia.
United Nations Charter
Supports the Saudi delegation participating in the San Francisco conference.
Charter
Witnesses the signing of the charter of the United Nations
United Nations
Witnesses the signing of the charter of the United Nations. Calls the United Nations "a great instrument for peace & security & human progress in the world"
Charter
Witnesses the signing of the charter of the United Nations
Pacific Atomic Delivery Conference
Parsons meets with Groves and Oppenheimer to finalise arrangements for delivering atomic weapons to the Pacific theatre.
Prime Minister of Norway
Appointed Prime Minister of Norway, 1st term
Election Manifesto
Promises a comprehensive health service in Labour's programme.
Result of Surrender of Japan
Japan's capitulation ends organised Japanese resistance across the wider Allied command area.
Surrender of Japan
As COS to Mountbatten oversees the surrender of Japan
Invasion of Japan
The Allies prepare for the land invasion of Japan, the plan is scrapped
Operation Downfall
The Allies prepare for the land invasion of Japan, the plan is scrapped
Japan offers Russia concessions for a non-aggression pact
Japan offers Russia concessions for a non-aggression pact
Japan offers Russia concessions for a non-aggression pact
Japan offers Russia concessions for a non-aggression pact
Operation Downfall
The Allies prepare for the land invasion of Japan, the plan is scrapped
London Negotiations Define International Tribunal
Jackson joins British, French and Soviet representatives in negotiations over jurisdiction, procedure, charges and the defendants to face an international trial.
Hildebrandt Testifies in Sauckel Case
Hildebrandt appears during Sauckel's defence and addresses the organization and operation of wartime labour administration.
Death of Ion Antonescu
Former pro-German head of State executed for War crimes
Execution
Former pro-German head of State executed for War crimes
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Jodl testified in his own defence regarding German military planning and operations.
Election
Elected to power as President but rules through military force
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina, 1st term
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Jodl testified in his own defence regarding German military planning and operations.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Jodl testified in his own defence regarding German military planning and operations.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Jodl testified in his own defence regarding German military planning and operations.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Jodl testified in his own defence regarding German military planning and operations.
Winter Testifies for High Command Defence
Winter gives evidence concerning staff procedures and command relationships relied upon by the defence of the German High Command.
Assassination of Rama VIII
Assassination of Rama VIII in his bed in the Grand Palace of Bangkok
Death of Rama VIII
Death of Rama VIII, assassinated
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Seyss-Inquart began testimony concerning his political roles in Austria and the occupied Netherlands.
Rainer Testifies on Austrian Nazi Administration
Rainer gives evidence concerning Austrian Nazi politics, regional administration and issues raised in the defence of Seyss-Inquart.
Glaise-Horstenau Testifies on Austrian Politics
Glaise-Horstenau gives evidence concerning Austrian political developments, the Anschluss period and figures connected with Seyss-Inquart.
Wimmer Testifies on Netherlands Administration
Wimmer discusses civil administration under German occupation and matters connected with Seyss-Inquart's government in the Netherlands.
Guido Schmidt Testifies on Austrian Diplomacy
Schmidt gives evidence about Austrian foreign policy and relations with Germany during the political crisis preceding the Anschluss.
Skubl Testifies on Vienna Police during Anschluss
Skubl answers questions about Austrian police activity and public order during the German takeover of Austria.
Anti-Bolshevik Activity
Kerensky continues political activity connected with anti-bolshevik activity.
Baruch Plan Presented
Presents the Baruch Plan to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission proposing international control of atomic energy.
Bayeux Speech
De Gaulle returned to Bayeux and outlined constitutional principles for post-war France.
Executive Power
De Gaulle argued in Bayeux for an executive authority strong enough to remain above party conflict.
Head of State
Appointed Head of State, acting in a provsional Government
Abdication
Abdication of Umberto II, the monarchy is abolished by a referendum
House
The monarchy is abolished by a referendum
Referendum
The monarchy is abolished by a referendum. Abdication of Umberto II, the monarchy is abolished by a referendum
Prime Minister of France
Appointed Prime Minister of France, 1st term
Speer Acknowledges Knowledge of Involuntary Foreign Labour
Speer acknowledged that he knew foreign workers were being used in Germany against their will while his ministry continued to demand manpower for war production.
Speer Addresses Central Planning Responsibilities
Speer discussed his role in central economic planning and the relationship between his armaments responsibilities, industrial production and requests for labour.
Speer Addresses Subterranean Armaments Factories
The defence questioned Speer about underground armaments plants, and he described their scale, technical requirements and the composition of the labour force used there.
Speer Denies Using Terror to Increase Factory Output
He denied that his ministry had promoted terror as a normal method for increasing output and argued that sustained industrial production depended on effective working conditions.
Speer Describes Appointment as Armaments Minister
Speer described how he moved from architecture into wartime administration and succeeded Fritz Todt as Reich Minister responsible for armaments and munitions in 1942.
Speer Describes Mauthausen Inspection
Speer described a wartime visit to Mauthausen undertaken while inspecting industrial projects and explained what he said he knew about work and construction around the camp.
Speer Discusses Concentration Camp Labour in Industry
Speer testified about the employment of concentration-camp prisoners in armaments factories and described the conditions he claimed to have observed during industrial inspections.
Speer Discusses Labour Allocation Demands
The defence examined how Speer's offices submitted labour requirements for armaments production while the actual recruitment and allocation machinery operated through other agencies.
Speer Explains Armaments Production Organization
Speer outlined the industrial committees, ministry offices and production controls through which his administration attempted to increase armaments output during the later war years.
Speer Explains Expansion of Armaments Authority
His testimony traced the enlargement of his ministry's authority over armaments production and explained the administrative structure used to coordinate German war industry.
Speer Rejects Extermination by Work as Industrial Policy
Speer rejected the suggestion that deliberate exhaustion or destruction of workers could serve armaments industry, arguing that such turnover would undermine production itself.
Speer Takes Oath for Defence Testimony
Speer took the witness stand, stated his full name and swore the Tribunal's oath before beginning his evidence in his own defence.
Speer Accepts Responsibility for Orders He Carried Out
He stated that he accepted responsibility for directives issued within his own sphere and for Hitler's orders that he personally implemented, while distinguishing actions he did not execute.
Speer Accepts Share of Reich Leadership Responsibility
Speer told the Tribunal that, as an important member of the Reich leadership from 1942, he accepted a share of responsibility for the catastrophe produced by the war.
Speer Calls Final Months of Fighting Senseless
Speer told the Tribunal that the sacrifices made after January 1945 were senseless and argued that continued fighting only increased deaths and destruction after defeat had become inevitable.
Speer Dates Full Armaments Commitment to January 1945
Speer testified that he devoted his full efforts to maximizing German armaments production until the middle of January 1945, when his conduct began to change.
Speer Describes Attempts to Shorten the War
His testimony described measures taken during the final months of the conflict that he said were intended to reduce destruction and bring an already lost war to an earlier end.
Speer Describes Efforts to Preserve Bridges and Transport
Speer explained efforts to limit demolition of bridges and communications infrastructure, including discussions with military commanders as Allied forces advanced into Germany.
Speer Describes Opposition to Industrial Destruction in the West
Speer described intervening against proposed destruction of industrial facilities in western occupied territories and said he accepted personal responsibility for preventing some demolitions.
Speer Describes Resistance to Scorched Earth Orders
Speer testified that he opposed Hitler's scorched-earth policy because destruction of factories, utilities and transport systems would leave the German population without a viable economic base.
Speer Explains Measures to Protect Mines and Industry
He recounted issuing unauthorized instructions intended to preserve coal mines, ore facilities and other productive assets as German forces withdrew from western areas.
Speer Presents March Memorandum Opposing Destruction
The defence introduced Speer's March 1945 memorandum warning Hitler that systematic destruction of industry, transport and supply facilities would make post-war survival and reconstruction far more difficult.
Jackson Cross Examines Speer on Wartime Responsibility
Robert Jackson cross-examined Speer about the reach of his authority, his knowledge of labour conditions and the extent to which ministerial responsibility followed from wartime decisions.
Soviet Prosecution Questions Speer on Economic Plunder
Soviet prosecutor Mikhail Raginsky questioned Speer about exploitation of occupied territories and sought to connect his economic administration with wartime plunder and removal of resources.
Speer Clarifies Historical and Criminal Responsibility
On redirect examination, Speer explained that his acceptance of common responsibility referred to leadership responsibility before Germany and history, while leaving criminal liability for the Tribunal to decide.
Speer Defence Evidence Concludes
After final questions and submission of supporting documents, Speer's counsel closed the evidentiary presentation of his defence before the International Military Tribunal.
Birth of Mary Louise Streep
Birth of Mary Louise Streep
Grothmann Gives Commission Evidence
Grothmann provides evidence for the defence concerning SS administration and his service within Heinrich Himmler's personal staff.
Central Plains Campaign
Deng Xiaoping works with Liu Bocheng in Communist political and military command during the renewed war
Central Plains Breakout
Li Xiannian leads Communist forces during the Central Plains breakout after Nationalist attacks begin
Central Plains Campaign
Liu Bocheng commands Communist forces resisting Nationalist pressure in central China
General Offensive
Nationalist forces launch major attacks against Communist-held areas as full-scale civil war resumes
Trial
Dutch Nazi collaborator Arnold Meijer sentenced to 5 yrs
President of Chile
First assumes acting presidential duties after the death of Juan Antonio Rios.
Independence of South Korea
Calls for the establishment of a Government in South Korea
Resignation of Luang Pridi
Resigns after the death of King Ananda
Succession
Succeeds as King of Thailand
Joins Oak Ridge Neutron Program
Joins Ernest Wollan at Oak Ridge to develop neutron diffraction into a quantitative research technique.
Independence of Vietnam
France supports the establishment of a separate republic of Cochin China
Rule of Cochin China
France supports the establishment of a separate republic of Cochin China
Birth of Ronnie Wood
Birth of Ronnie Wood, later guitarist of the Rolling Stones.
Schaefer Testifies on Seawater Treatment Methods
Schaefer explained competing methods for treating seawater and denied that his scientific work made him responsible for coercive testing performed on prisoners.
Vollhardt Testifies in Schaefer Defence
Vollhardt testified during Schaefer's defence about scientific work on seawater treatment and the research context in which the competing methods were evaluated.
Dorn Testifies before Beiglboeck Defence
Dorn gave evidence concerning medical research and procedures relevant to the seawater experiments before Beiglboeck's own extended testimony began.
Marshall Plan
The US is prepared to finance European reconstruction
Beiglboeck Testifies on Dachau Seawater Experiments
Beiglboeck defended his conduct during the Dachau seawater experiments and addressed the treatment, observation and condition of the prisoners used as test subjects.
Trial
The death sentence is later commuted to life. Sentenced to death by a British Military Court for shooting 335 Italian civilians
Ivy Gives Expert Testimony on Human Experimentation
Ivy presented expert evidence on accepted medical research standards, voluntary consent and the ethical distinctions between legitimate experimentation and coercive testing on prisoners.
Tschofenig Testifies on Seawater Experiments
Tschofenig gave prosecution testimony concerning the Dachau seawater experiments and described conditions surrounding the prisoners who were used as experimental subjects.
Milch Sentence Affirmed by Military Governor
The United States Military Governor affirms Milch's life sentence after review of the judgment in the second Subsequent Nuremberg Proceeding.
Brand Becomes Presiding Judge of Tribunal III
Brand became presiding judge after Carrington Marshall was relieved because of illness, while Harding moved from alternate status to a full judicial seat.
Hoven Testifies on Buchenwald Medical Activity
Hoven testified about his duties at Buchenwald and answered charges involving typhus experiments, killings by injection and participation in the euthanasia programme.
Justice Case Defence Phase Addresses Rothaug
The defence phase begins as Rothaug and other judicial defendants answer allegations that courts were deliberately used for persecution and unlawful punishment.
Taft-Hartley Act
Congress overrides Truman's veto and enacts restrictions on union practices and strikes.
Legislation
The Taft-Hartley Act (also known as the Labor-Management Relations Act) is passed over the veto of Harry S. Truman, when it was passed by Congress Truman denounces it as a "slave-labor bill"
Taft-Hartley Act
The Taft-Hartley Act declares the closed shop illegal and permits the union shop only after a vote of a majority of the employees. The Taft-Hartley Act (also known as the Labor-Management Relations Act) is passed over the veto of Harry S.
Taft-Hartley Act
The Taft-Hartley Act enables the United States Attorney General the power to obtain an 80-day injunction when a threatened or actual strike that he/she believed "imperiled the national health or safety".
Taft-Hartley Act
The Taft-Hartley Act forbids jurisdictional strikes and secondary boycotts & allows the right of employers to be exempted from bargaining with unions unless they wish to.
Taft-Hartley Act
The Taft-Hartley Act forbids unions from contributing to political campaigns and requires union leaders to affirm they were not supporters of the Communist Party.
Taft-Hartley Act
Truman, when it was passed by Congress Truman denounces it as a "slave-labor bill"
Pokorny Testifies on Sterilization Proposal
Pokorny defended the memorandum in which he discussed a possible sterilization method and argued that he had not taken part in experiments on prisoners.
Death of Richard Bedford Bennett
Death of Richard Bedford Bennett
UEM
Launches the United Europe Movement
Speaker Appointed
Serves as Speaker of the Constituent Assembly during constitution drafting
Plan-Marshall Plan
Forces the Eastern block & Russia to reject the Marshall plan
Apartheid
Forms the 1st all Afrikaner Government, with a majority of 5
Constitution of South Africa
Forms the 1st all Afrikaner Government, with a majority of 5
Prime Minister of South Africa
Appointed Prime Minister of South Africa
Malan Premiership Begins
Begins implementing the formal apartheid programme.
National Party Government
Forms a National Party government after the general election.
Resignation of Eduard Benes
Benes resigns as President and Gottwald succeeds him as President
London Recommendations
The London Recommendations call on German Laender premiers to convene a Constituent Assembly
Conference of London
Authorizes the Lander & provisional assemblies to open a constituent assembly
Constitution of Russia
Authorizes the Lander & provisional assemblies to open a constituent assembly
Columbia University Inauguration
Inaugurated as president of Columbia University.
Independence of Vietnam
Bollaert signs an accord with Van Xuan recognizing Vietnams independence
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 2nd term
IG Farben Trial Concludes
The evidentiary proceedings in the IG Farben Case concluded after a lengthy trial.
Nationalisation
Groza's government nationalises major industrial, banking, and transport enterprises.
Second Gottwald Government
The Second Gottwald Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Zapotocky Government
Begins the Zapotocky Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Berlin Counter-Blockade Announced
Western governments answer Soviet restrictions with economic countermeasures while refusing to abandon Berlin.
Blockade of Berlin
The west announces a counter-blockade from west to east. Announces the British will not withdraw from Berlin
Occupation
Announces the British will not withdraw from Berlin
Berlin Road Rail and Power Restrictions Intensified
Soviet measures halt road and rail access and restrict power supplies while the Western airlift and counter-blockade expand.
Blockade of Berlin
The west announces a counter-blockade from west to east. Russian power cuts in west Berlin & a halt of all railway traffic. Russia imposes a blockade on Berlin. Announces the blockade & imposes a total road & rail blockade in & out of Berlin
Birth of Patrick Moraz
Birth of Patrick Moraz, later Yes keyboard player during the Relayer period.
Siege of Berlin
The west anounces a counter-blockade from west to east. Russia blockades Berlin, the US says that it will stay in Berlin
Berlin US Position Reaffirmed
Clay states that the United States will remain in Berlin despite Soviet pressure and access restrictions.
Blockade of Berlin
Announces only a war can drive the US out of Berlin
President of South Korea
Appointed President of South Korea
Berlin Airlift
First day of the Berlin Airlift
Berlin Blockade Removal Demanded
Attlee's government demands restoration of access to Berlin and rejects Soviet pressure on the Western sectors.
Blockade of Berlin
Demands that Russia lift its blockade of Berlin
Berlin Crisis Compared with Munich
Churchill warns that the confrontation over Berlin poses a grave international danger comparable with earlier European crises.
Blockade of Berlin
Makes a speech saying the crisis is potentially as serious as the Munich conference
Flick Sentences Affirmed by Military Governor
The United States Military Governor affirms the sentences imposed in the Flick Case after post-trial review.
Treaty of Friendship are reversed
The policies resulting from the Treaty of Friendship are reversed after the Tito-Stalin split when Bulgaria, being subordinated to the interests of the Soviet Union, took a stance against Yugoslavia
Treaty of Friendship
The policies resulting from the Treaty of Friendship are reversed after the Tito-Stalin split when Bulgaria, being subordinated to the interests of the Soviet Union, took a stance against Yugoslavia
Treaty of Friendship
When the Cominform campaign against Yugoslavia severed the Yugoslav Communist party leadership, the government of the People's Republic of Bulgaria deleted the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance of Bled with all agreements, except the decision of pardon of war damages
Doctor Sign-Up
Secures broad general practitioner participation before launch.
NHS Leaflet
Explains the new service to households before Appointed Day.
Public Information Campaign
Promotes the new service before launch day.
Reform of Imperial Titles
Surrenders the title Emperor of India
Rule of India
Surrenders the title Emperor of India
Reform of Education
The Imperial Rescript on Education is annuled by the Diet
Cominform
Yugoslavia is expelled from the Cominform
Diplomatic Expulsion
Yugoslavia is expelled from the Cominform
Nineteen Eighty-Four
Publishes Nineteen Eighty-Four.
Nineteen Eighty-Four
States that Nineteen Eighty-Four is not an attack on socialism or the Labour Party.
Chief of State
Appointed head of the new Government by the French
Declaration of War
Giap calls for an offensive against the loyal forces of Bao Dai
General Offensive Call
Calls for intensified operations against French-backed Bao Dai forces
Birth of Alan White
Birth of Alan White, later Yes drummer after earlier work with John Lennon.
Establishment of Diplomatic Relations with Any foreign Government
Announces he is willing to establish diplomatic relations with any foreign Government
Labour Party Letter
Explains that Nineteen Eighty-Four is not an attack on democratic socialism.
Independence of Vietnam
The US recognizes the Boa Dai Government
Recognition of the Boa Dai Government
The US recognizes the Boa Dai Government
Cominform
Tito does not attend the second meeting of the Cominform, fearing that Yugoslavia will be attacked. Other member countries expel Yugoslavia citing "nationalist elements" that had "managed in the course of the past five or six months to reach a dominant position in the leadership" of the CPY
Tito-Stalin Split
Tito does not attend the second meeting of the Cominform, fearing that Yugoslavia will be attacked. Other member countries expel Yugoslavia citing "nationalist elements" that had "managed in the course of the past five or six months to reach a dominant position in the leadership" of the CPY
Yugoslav-Soviet Split
Tito does not attend the second meeting of the Cominform, fearing that Yugoslavia will be attacked. Other member countries expel Yugoslavia citing "nationalist elements" that had "managed in the course of the past five or six months to reach a dominant position in the leadership" of the CPY
Workers Party Merger
Leads the merged Workers Party of Korea.
Operation Magic Carpet Begins
Government supports the large-scale airlift of Jews from Yemen.
Yemeni Jewish Airlift
Flights bring Yemeni Jewish communities to the new Israeli state.
Reballion of suppressing the Berlin
Plays a part in suppressing the Berlin rebellion
Reballion of suppressing the Berlin
Plays a part in suppressing the Berlin rebellion
Republic of Korea Army
US troops evacuate of south Korea, advisers organize the Republic of Korea Army
Rule of Korea
US troops evacuate of south Korea, advisers organize the Republic of Korea Army
Schuman Plan
Rejects France's demand for Britain to join the European Coal and Steel Community
First Gaston Eyskens Government
The First Gaston Eyskens Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Jean Duvieusart Government
Begins the Jean Duvieusart Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Mobilization
MacArthur orders the Japanese Government to create a 75,000 man Police Reserve Corps
Open Letter to the United Nations
Issues an open letter urging international cooperation, freer exchange of scientific information and greater openness as safeguards against the dangers created by atomic technology.
Birth of Trevor Bolder
Birth of Trevor Bolder
Mobilization
The House of Representitives approves 547,000, requested by the US Defence Dept. Senate approves the enlistment of 547,000, as requested by the US Defence Dept
Conscription
The House of Representitives approves enlistment of 547,000
Resignation of Georges Bidault
Resigns as Prime Minister of France
Declaration of War
North Korea invades South Korea
Korean War Begins
North Korean forces invade South Korea.
Invasion of Korea
The North invades, within 2 months southern forces are driven back as far as Pusan
Declaration of War
North Korean communists invade South Korea
Seventh Fleet in Taiwan Strait
The United States sends the Seventh Fleet into the Taiwan Strait after the Korean War begins, reducing the immediate threat of a Communist invasion of Taiwan.
Schuman Plan
Makes his final recorded Hansard contribution during debate on the Schuman Plan.
Demonstrations
The ANC calls for a National Day of Protest & Mourning
Mobilization
Sends a report to the JCS predicting the collapse of the North Korean
Invasion of Korea
A United Nations resolution demands the withdrawal of North Korean forces from South Korea
Invasion of South Korea
The United Nations calls for North Korean withdrawal from South Korea
Mobilization
Orders all US naval & airforces in Japan, Okinawa & the Philippines to be put on alert
Alliance Harry S Truman and southern Korean army with air and sea forces
Orders MacArthur to support the southern Korean army with air & sea forces
United Nations
A United Nations resolution demands the withdrawal of North Korean forces from South Korea
Seoul Captured
North Korean forces capture Seoul.
Invasion of Korea
Authorized after MacArthur reports on the hopelessness of the South Korean situation
Mobilization
Agrees to MacArthurs request & orders US forces into Korea
Opening of Coal and Steel Negotiations
France opened negotiations with five partner states on the institutional arrangements for pooling coal and steel production.
Communism
Communist Party Central Committee members are forbidden to take part in public life
Resignation of Jan Christian Smuts
Announces intention to resign from the party leadership
Prime Minister of Ireland
Appointed Prime Minister of Ireland, 2nd term
President of Austria
Appointed President of Austria
Armistice
The Russian delegate to the United Nations calls for an armistice
Armistice
Makes a radio broadcast offering to send representitives to discuss a cease-fire
Independence of Kenya
The urban radicals capture control of the formerly loyalist Nairobi KAU by packing KAU meetings with trade union members then create a secret Central Committee to organize the oath campaign throughout Nairobi
KAU
The Central Committee quickly forms armed squads to enforce its policies, protect members from the police, and kill informers and collaborators
KAU
The urban radicals capture control of the formerly loyalist Nairobi KAU by packing KAU meetings with trade union members then create a secret Central Committee to organize the oath campaign throughout Nairobi
Oath
The urban radicals capture control of the formerly loyalist Nairobi KAU by packing KAU meetings with trade union members then create a secret Central Committee to organize the oath campaign throughout Nairobi
Prime Minister of Sri Lanka
Appointed Prime Minister of Sri Lanka
Election
The United Peoples Party wins the election in Sri Lanka
Prime Minister of Romania
Gheorghiu-Dej becomes prime minister while retaining leadership of the communist party.
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina, 2nd term
Presidential Campaign Launch
Launches his active campaign for the Republican presidential nomination in Abilene, Kansas.
Clash by Night
Directs Clash by Night.
Prime Minister Appointed
Takes direct control of government during the independence campaign
Government
Signs the Foreign Aid Bill
Coup
Nationalists overthrow Farouk & push aside the WAFD Party in favor of Nasser
Coup
Places Major General Mohammed Naguib in powers as titular leader. Nationalists overthrow Farouk & push aside the WAFD Party in favor of Nasser
Curfew
Nelson Mandela and 51 others infringe South Africa curfew
Mambo-Tango Raft Journey
Patients at San Pablo give Guevara and Granado a raft named Mambo-Tango for their onward journey down the Amazon.
Work at San Pablo Leper Colony
Guevara and Granado volunteer at the San Pablo leper colony on the Amazon in Peru.
Royal Crusade Begins
Launches the Royal Crusade for Cambodian independence
Defiance Campaign Leadership
Serves as Volunteer-in-Chief of the Defiance Campaign.
Volunteer-in-Chief Appointment
Coordinates nonviolent civil disobedience against apartheid laws.
Currency Reform
Currency reform causes public anger and protests.
Coronation
Crowned in Westminster Abbey
United Nations
The US Senate rejects China PR membership to UN
United Nations
The US Senate rejects China PR membership to UN
Constitution of Denmark
Denmark adopts a new constitution
Medical Diploma
The University of Buenos Aires issues Guevara's medical diploma after completion of his medical studies.
Demonstrations
Demonstrators march on the East German Government
Demonstrations
Russia sends in troops & tanks to quell demonstrations in east German cities
Republic of Egypt
Proclaims the Egyptian republic, changing the state framework for canal sovereignty negotiations.
President of Egypt
Becomes the first President when the monarchy is abolished and a republic proclaimed.
Birth of Benazir Bhutto
The eldest of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Cabinet, due to the ill health of Churchill & Eden
Health of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
Suffers a stroke & for a few days his life is in the balance. Spends the next 3 months in convalescence
Coronation
Given the crown, sceptre & sword, bestowing upon her the right to rule Scotland
Arrest of Lavrenti Pavlovich Beria
Beria is arrested for being an agent
Arrest of Lavrenti Pavlovich Beria
Arrested by Khruschev for allegedly planning a coup
Coup
Arrested by Khruschev for allegedly planning a coup
Arrest of Lavrenti Pavlovich Beria
Has Beria arrested for allegedly staging a coup
Arrest of Lavrenti Pavlovich Beria
Supports the leadership coalition that arrests Lavrenti Beria and removes him from the post-Stalin power struggle.
Coup
Has Beria arrested for allegedly staging a coup
Trial
Tried for being a British agent, undermines relations between Russian nationalities
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Council of Minister's of Azerbaijan
Demonstrations
Demonstrations breakout in Pilsen
Strike
Strikes breakout in Romania. Strikes breakout in Hungary
Second Inter-Party Government
Returns as Taoiseach at the head of a second inter-party government.
Encyclical
Pope Pius XII publishes encyclical Ecclesiae fastos
Birth of Alan Mathison Turing
Death of Alan Mathison Turing, suicide by cyanide poisoning
Death of Arthur Greenwood
Dies in London aged seventy-four after more than three decades of parliamentary and Labour Party service.
National Assembly
The Government loses an important vote in the National Assembly & falls from power
Resignation of Joseph Laniel
The Government loses an important vote in the National Assembly & falls from power
Government
Refuses further military aid to France in South East Asia
Government
Forms a new cabinet
Nuclear Power
The Defence Policy Committee outlines the production of the British H-bomb
CIA-backed Invasion of Guatemala
Guevara is in Guatemala when forces backed by the CIA invade against President Jacobo Arbenz's government.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
CIA supported military forces invade Guatemala from Honduras
Operation PBSUCCESS
CIA supported military forces invade Guatemala from Honduras
Government
The United Nations Security Council calls for a cessation of hostilities in Guatemala
UN Security Council
The United Nations Security Council calls for a cessation of hostilities in Guatemala
Churchill Washington Summit
Begins several days of talks with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill on world peace and Cold War strategy.
Three Goals in the Lausanne Quarter-Final
Josef Hugi scores a hat-trick for host nation Switzerland against Austria in the 1954 World Cup quarter-final, but the Swiss are eliminated after an extraordinary 7-5 defeat.
Opening Goal in Twelve-Goal World Cup Match
Robert Ballaman opens the scoring against Austria and later adds another goal as Switzerland lose a remarkable World Cup quarter-final that produces twelve goals.
Government
Says that "Acheson policy was directly responsible for the loss of China.."
Resignation of Jacobo Arbenz
Guevara witnesses the crisis surrounding Jacobo Arbenz's resignation after the externally backed invasion.
Obninsk Nuclear Plant
Obninsk becomes the first grid-connected nuclear power plant.
PBSUCCESS Political Warfare Concludes
Arbenz resigned as the CIA-backed operation reached its decisive stage, ending the political-warfare campaign in which Hunt had served.
Geneva Indochina Negotiations
Works with Asian and European delegations on a negotiated settlement of the Indochina conflict.
Visit to Burma
Meets Burmese leaders and advocates the Five Principles as a basis for relations between states.
Visit to India
Meets Jawaharlal Nehru and promotes the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence in bilateral relations.
Guatemala Psychological Warfare Campaign
Hunt's propaganda work supported a broader CIA psychological campaign designed to magnify the apparent strength of forces opposing Jacobo Arbenz.
Messina Conference
Represents Belgium at the Messina Conference and later chairs the committee on the common market.
Treaty of Rome
Spaak attends the Messina Conference as the Six relaunch negotiations on a common market and atomic-energy community.
Messina Relaunch
France joined the six ECSC states in relaunching European integration at the Messina conference.
Messina Conference
Represents France at the Messina Conference as ministers consider a common market and atomic community.
Treaty of Rome
Pinay represents France at Messina, where the Six agree to examine both a general common market and sectoral integration.
Treaty of Rome
Hallstein represents the Federal Republic at Messina as the Six agree to relaunch European integration.
Messina Conference
Leads the West German delegation at Messina as ministers relaunch European integration.
Messina Conference
Hosts the foreign ministers of the Six as the Messina Conference opens a new phase of European economic integration.
Messina Conference
Hosts foreign ministers whose talks relaunch European integration and lead toward the Treaty of Rome.
Treaty of Rome
Martino attends the Messina Conference in Sicily as the Six begin the process that leads to the Rome Treaties.
Treaty of Rome
Bech chairs the Messina Conference at which the Six agree to relaunch European integration.
Messina Conference
Takes part in the Messina Conference that opens the road to the Treaties of Rome.
Messina Conference
Promotes the Benelux plan for a common market at the Messina Conference.
Treaty of Rome
Beyen represents the Netherlands at Messina and presses the case for a broad European common market.
Belgrade Declaration
Signs the Belgrade Declaration recognizing different national paths to socialism.
Beauregard Personal History Form
On a school personal-history form, Lee listed military service among his future plans and stated that he had no close school friends.
Messina Resolution
Supports the Messina decisions to pursue a common market and a European atomic-energy community.
Treaty of Rome
At the close of Messina, Martino supports commissioning experts to turn integration proposals into practical treaty plans.
Treaty of Rome
As conference chairman, Bech guides agreement on the Messina resolution and creation of the new expert committee.
Treaty of Rome
Beyen supports the Messina decision to develop concrete proposals for a general common market alongside sectoral projects.
Internal Autonomy
France and Tunisia signed conventions granting Tunisia internal autonomy while retaining the monarchy.
Rock Around the Clock
Bill Haley and Comets, "Rock Around the Clock" hits #1
Birth of Tim Berners-Lee
Birth of Tim Berners-Lee
Government
Eisenhower has an ileitis attack & Nixon continues with Presidential responsibilities
Election
Wins the federal election, ending twenty-two years of Liberal government.
Demonstrations
Catholic bishops speak against Peron during a Corpus Christi procession which turns into a demonstration, extremist Peronist groups attack and burn several churches
Revolucion Libertadora
Catholic bishops spoke against Peron during a Corpus Christi procession which turned into a demonstration
Bombing of Plaza de Mayo
Airplanes bomb the Plaza de Mayo, wounding or killing hundreds of civilians
Moonfleet
Directs Moonfleet.
Birth of Michael Geoffrey Mick Jones
Birth of Michael Geoffrey "Mick" Jones, Brixton
Charter
Freedom Charter signed in South-Africa
Constitution of South Africa
Freedom Charter signed in South-Africa
Congress of the People
Secretly watches the Congress of the People at Kliptown.
Freedom Charter Adoption Observed
Witnesses adoption of the Freedom Charter.
Independence of Austria
Austria begins its first steps as a neutral country
Neutrality
Austria begins its first steps as a neutral country
Meeting with Raul Castro
Nico Lรณpez introduces Ernesto Guevara to Raรบl Castro in Mexico City before Guevara's later meeting with Fidel Castro.
Economy of France
France is hit by widespread strikes
Strike
France is hit by widespread strikes
Visit to Norway
Visits Norway
Ural Polytechnic Institute Graduation
Graduates from the Ural Polytechnic Institute with a degree in industrial and civil construction.
Education
Graduates from the Law Faculty at Moscow University
Canal Concession
Announces that Egypt will not renew the Suez Canal Company's concession when it expires.
Birth of Bjorn Borg
Birth of Bjorn Borg
Emergency Ileitis Surgery
Undergoes emergency surgery for ileitis while serving as President.
First Premiership Ends
Resigns after his first long premiership
Prime Minister Takes Office
Ba Swe becomes Prime Minister after U Nu resigns
First European Cup Final Winner
Scores twice, including the late winning goal, as Real Madrid defeat Reims 4-3.
Rule of Suez Canal
Marks the departure of the final British troops from the Suez Canal base.
Caretaker Civilian Cabinet
Leads a short AFPFL government during U Nu's absence from office
First European Cup as Manager
Coaches Real Madrid to victory over Reims in the first European Cup final.
Constitution of Egypt
Wins approval for a new republican constitution establishing a strong presidential system.
Constitution of Egypt
Promulgates the republican constitution after its approval in a national referendum.
Presidential Referendum
Wins the presidential referendum held alongside approval of the new constitution.
Presidential Referendum
Wins the referendum establishing him as President under the new constitution.
Arrest by Mexican Police
Mexican police arrest Guevara with other members of the Cuban expeditionary group preparing to sail for Cuba.
President of Egypt
Becomes President of Egypt after winning a national referendum.
First German Championship Final
Features in Borussia Dortmundโs attack as the club defeats Karlsruher SC 4-2 to secure its first German national football championship.
Treaty of Rome
At the Brussels opening, Snoy takes Belgium's seat among the six national heads of delegation.
Treaty of Rome
Faure takes charge of France's negotiating team at the Brussels launch of the Common Market and Euratom conference.
Treaty of Rome
Ophรผls heads the Federal German delegation when negotiations on the Common Market and Euratom formally open in Brussels.
Treaty of Rome
Benvenuti represents Italy among the six heads of delegation opening the Common Market and Euratom conference.
Treaty of Rome
Heads the Italian delegation when the Intergovernmental Conference on the Common Market and Euratom opens in Brussels.
Treaty of Rome
Schaus takes Luxembourg's place among the six delegation heads at the formal Brussels opening.
Treaty of Rome
Linthorst Homan heads the Dutch delegation when the Intergovernmental Conference formally begins in Brussels.
Federal-Aid Highway Act
The Act launches construction of the Interstate Highway System.
Central Committee Resolution on Stalin Cult
The Central Committee adopts a resolution condemning the cult of personality and its consequences.
Cult of Individual
The Central Comm passes a resolution "overcoming the Cult of the Individual"
Government
30 June-11 July, Nixon pays a good will trip to Asia
Mexican Police Detention
Mexican authorities detain Fidel Castro and other members of the exile expedition while they are preparing their planned return to Cuba.
Visit to To Sweden
Makes a state visit to Sweden
Premium Bonds
The first Premium Bond prize draw encourages household saving through tax-free prizes.
Marriage
Howard Hughes marries Jean Peters
Pegasus Memorial Museum
Pegasus Bridge now resides in the grounds of the Pegasus Memorial Museum, the museum is inaugurated by HRH The Prince of Wales and lies at the Eastern end of the current bridge
Keesler Course Graduation
Lee completed the Keesler radar course on June 17, 1957, ranking seventh in a class of thirty Marines.
Anti-Party Group Presidium Challenge
Faces an attempt by senior Presidium rivals to remove him from the party leadership.
Dismissal
The Party Presidium votes to dismiss, but only the Central Committee can do this
Prime Minister of Canada
Forms a Progressive Conservative government.
German Title Defence
Helps Dortmund retain the national championship with a 4-1 final victory against Hamburger SV, confirming the side as a leading German team.
Cutty Sark Opens
Opens Cutty Sark as a preserved historic ship.
Aviation Electronics Operator MOS
The Marine Corps assigned Lee the military occupational specialty of Aviation Electronics Operator on June 25, 1957.
Birth of Georgi Parvanov
Birth of Georgi Parvanov
Central Committee Defeats Anti-Party Group
Wins Central Committee backing against Molotov, Malenkov, Kaganovich and their allies.
Kishi Washington Visit
Receives Japanese Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi as the two governments discuss security relations and withdrawal of American ground forces.
Referendum
Offers the Algerians a referendum to decide their future
Oath to Armed Forces
On reaching adulthood, Constantine swears allegiance to the army, navy, and air force as heir to the Greek throne.
Attacking Full-Back Goal
Demonstrates the attacking possibilities of the modern full-back role.
World Cup Goal Against Austria
Dribbles forward from defence and scores against Austria.
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, 2nd term
First World Cup Appearance Against Soviet Union
Pelรฉ entered Brazil's starting side against the Soviet Union and provided youthful attacking movement in a 2-0 victory.
Victory Against Soviet Union
Transforms Brazil's attack with direct dribbling from the right wing.
World Cup Debut
Makes his World Cup debut during Brazil's victory over the Soviet Union.
Youngest World Cup Scorer
Scores against Wales to become the youngest goalscorer in World Cup history.
World Cup Quarter Final Winner Against Wales
Pelรฉ improvised a close-range finish against Wales to send Brazil into the semi-finals of the World Cup.
Bluebird Cafe Incident
A dispute with a Marine sergeant at the Bluebird Cafe led to charges that produced Lee's second court-martial.
World Cup Semi-Final Hat-Trick
Scores a hat-trick as Brazil defeat France 5-2 in the semi-final.
France Semi Final Goal Sequence
Pelรฉ scored three times against France in the semi-final, turning a competitive contest into a decisive Brazilian victory.
Fourth Van Acker Government
The Fourth Van Acker Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Prime Minister of Belgium
Appointed Prime Minister of Belgium
Second to Fourth Eyskens Governments
Begins the Second to Fourth Eyskens Governments in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Coalition Negotiations
Kerensky continues political activity connected with coalition negotiations.
Second Court Martial
Oswald was court-martialed a second time on June 27, 1958, after an altercation with a noncommissioned officer.
Operation Verano Command
General Eulogio Cantillo directs government forces during Operation Verano, the large offensive intended to destroy the 26th of July Movement in the Sierra Maestra.
Operation Verano
Batista's army launches Operation Verano, a large summer offensive intended to destroy Castro's guerrilla forces in the Sierra Maestra.
Battle of Santo Domingo
Resists Batista's summer offensive in the mountains.
Army Reinforcements Committed
Batista commits multiple battalions to the offensive despite many soldiers being inexperienced recruits.
Full Offensive Launched
Batista's army begins coordinated attacks into the Sierra Maestra.
Operation Verano Begins
Castro organises resistance as Batista's army begins its full summer offensive.
Rebel Forces Concentrated
Castro concentrates available fighters near his headquarters to resist the approaching army.
Attack from Estrada Palma
Cantillo begins a major advance from the Estrada Palma sugar mill area.
Command of Summer Offensive
Cantillo commands Batista's major offensive against the Sierra Maestra guerrillas.
World Cup Scoring Record
Finishes the tournament with a record thirteen goals in six matches.
World Cup Winner
Bellini captains Brazil to a 5-2 victory over Sweden and famously raises the Jules Rimet Trophy above his head in Stockholm.
Final Against Sweden
Delivers an accomplished performance during Brazil's first championship victory.
World Cup Final Selection
Starts the World Cup final despite limited earlier tournament appearances.
1958 FIFA World Cup Final - Nรญlton Santos
Nรญlton Santos provided experienced defensive cover at left-back as Brazil secured its first World Cup title away from home.
Two Goals Against Sweden
Becomes the youngest player to score in a World Cup final.
World Cup Final
Scores twice as Brazil defeat Sweden in the World Cup final.
World Cup Winner
Pelรฉ scores two goals against Sweden in the 1958 final, completing an extraordinary tournament as a seventeen-year-old World Cup champion.
Two Goals Against Sweden
Equalises before adding Brazil's third goal against Sweden.
World Cup Final Goals
Scores two goals during Brazil's first World Cup final victory.
Vavรก Scores Twice in Sweden Final
Vavรก's two first-half goals against Sweden turned Brazil's early deficit into a lead during the final in which Pelรฉ also scored twice.
1958 FIFA World Cup Final - Garrincha dos Santos
Garrincha repeatedly attacked Swedenโs left side, creating early chances that helped Brazil recover from conceding the opening goal.
1958 Final Goal
Scores Brazil's fourth goal in the 5-2 final victory over Sweden.
Brazil Left-Wing Champion
Scores during the final victory over host nation Sweden.
First World Cup Victory
Helps Brazil win its first World Cup as a player.
1958 FIFA World Cup Final - Mรกrio Zagallo
Mรกrio Zagallo scored Brazilโs fourth goal, adding to the attacking contribution that overwhelmed Sweden in the second half.
World Cup Winner
Vavรก scores twice in the first half against Sweden, putting Brazil in front after the hosts had struck the opening goal.
World Cup Winner
Vicente Feola manages Brazil's talented 1958 side as it wins the nation's first World Cup with a commanding performance against host country Sweden.
1958 FIFA World Cup Final - Josรฉ Ely de Miranda Zito
Zito organised play in central midfield as Brazil beat hosts Sweden 5โ2 to win the countryโs first World Cup.
Tournament Best Player
Controls Brazil's midfield during the country's first world championship.
World Cup Golden Ball
Is recognized as the outstanding player of the 1958 World Cup.
World Cup Winner
Garrincha repeatedly beats defenders along Brazil's right flank and supplies attacking opportunities that help reverse Sweden's opening lead.
World Cup Winner
Mรกrio Zagallo scores Brazil's fifth goal against Sweden, capping an emphatic 5-2 victory that brings his nation its first World Cup.
Santo Domingo Fighting
Sardinas commands rebel positions during the battle around Santo Domingo.
Defence of Santo Domingo
Garcia leads rebel fighters resisting government troops near Santo Domingo.
Battle of Santo Domingo Directed
Castro directs rebel resistance against Battalion 11 near Santo Domingo.
Reinforcement of Santo Domingo
Ramos Latour reinforces rebel units opposing the army's northern advance.
Battalion 11 Advance
Sanchez Mosquera leads Battalion 11 into the Sierra Maestra offensive.
Support at Santo Domingo
Acuna's platoon supports the rebel defence during intense fighting.
1958 FIFA World Cup Final - Agne Simonsson
Agne Simonsson scored Swedenโs second goal late in the match, although Brazilโs earlier attacking display had put the result beyond reach.
1958 FIFA World Cup Final - Gunnar Gren
Gunnar Gren contributed experienced ball distribution in Swedenโs midfield despite the hosts suffering a 5โ2 defeat to Brazil.
1958 Final Opening Goal
Scores Sweden's opening goal against Brazil in the World Cup final.
Foreign Hostage Crisis
Forces under Raรบl Castro detain dozens of American and Canadian civilians during a dispute over United States policy before releasing the captives over the following weeks.
Defence of Sierra Maestra
Castro concentrates his smaller rebel force in defensible mountain positions.
Soviet Troop Withdrawal
Gheorghiu-Dej secures the withdrawal of Soviet military forces from Romania.
Marriage to Winnie Madikizela
Marries Nomzamo Winnie Madikizela.
Second Marriage
Begins a marriage lasting through most of his imprisonment.
Constitution of Tunisia
Tunisia promulgated its first republican constitution, establishing a presidential system.
Fourth European Cup Final Goal
Scores shortly after half-time as Real Madrid secure a fourth consecutive European Cup.
Fourth European Cup Final Opening Goal
Scores in the opening minute as Real Madrid defeat Reims 2-0 in the European Cup final.
Education
Bob Dylan graduates Hibbing HS in Minnesota
President of Austria
Appointed President of the National Council
International Goodwill Tour Begins
Guevara leaves Cuba on a government mission through Europe, Africa and Asia to develop diplomatic and economic relations.
Taoiseach of Ireland
Succeeds de Valera as Taoiseach and begins a government focused on economic modernization.
Senate Test Ban Testimony
McCone testified before a Senate Foreign Relations subcommittee about the Geneva nuclear test negotiations and the technical problems of verification.
St Lawrence Seaway
Queen Elizabeth and President Eisenhower open St Lawrence Seaway
Saint Lawrence Seaway Dedication
Joins Queen Elizabeth II in formally opening the Saint Lawrence Seaway.
Visit to Chicago
Visits Chicago on the Britannia
Visit to To Canada
Pays a royal state visit to Canada
Asian Technical Assistance Missions
The IAEA sends preliminary assistance missions to Asian Member States to assess nuclear science, training and equipment needs.
Beatles, The
The Silver Beatles are renamed The Beatles for their 1st professional engagement at Neston Institute
Silver Beatles
The Silver Beatles are renamed The Beatles for their 1st professional engagement at Neston Institute
Beatles, The
The Silver Beatles are renamed The Beatles for their 1st professional engagement at Neston Institute
Silver Beatles
The Silver Beatles are renamed The Beatles for their 1st professional engagement at Neston Institute
Beatles, The
The Silver Beatles are renamed The Beatles for their 1st professional engagement at Neston Institute
Silver Beatles
The Silver Beatles are renamed The Beatles for their 1st professional engagement at Neston Institute
Nuclear Power
Communist China launches its first ballistic missile
Only the Lonely
Roy Orbison releases "Only the Lonely"
Far East Presidential Tour Begins
Begins a Far East trip covering the Philippines, Taiwan and Korea after the planned Japan visit becomes untenable.
Head of State Elected
Elected Cambodian Head of State after the death of King Suramarit
Philippines State Visit
Begins a state visit to the Philippines during his final year in office.
Lewis Added to Shankly Forward Options
Kevin Lewis moved from Sheffield United to Liverpool in June 1960 and became part of the developing attack during Shanklyโs initial rebuilding period.
Eisenhower Visit
Welcomes US President Dwight Eisenhower to Taiwan and issues a joint communiquรฉ affirming opposition to Communist expansion.
Minsk Hunting License
Lee obtained a Soviet hunting license on June 18, 1960, while living and working in Minsk.
Korea Presidential Visit
Visits South Korea during the Far East tour and meets leaders and American personnel.
Treaty of Mutual Security & Cooperation with the
The Treaty of Mutual Security & Cooperation with the USA goes into effect
Treaty of Security
The Treaty of Mutual Security & Cooperation goes into effect
Soviet Test Detection Assessment
McCone stated that there was no technical evidence of secret Soviet testing during the moratorium, while warning that small underground tests could escape detection.
Election as President
Parliament elects Kasa-Vubu as the first President of the independent Congo.
Formation of Independence Government
Lumumba forms a coalition government shortly before national independence.
Death of Wilhelm Heinrich Walter Baade
Death of Wilhelm Heinrich Walter Baade
Independence of Great Britain
British Somaliland (now Somalia) gains independence from Britain
Independence of Italy
Italian Somaliland declares independence from Italian-administration
Independence of Somalia
Italian Somaliland declares independence from Italian-administration
Nuclear Testing Policy Discussion
McCone discussed the status of the test moratorium with President Eisenhower and reviewed technical questions with the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy.
Border Settlement
Border friction takes place with Nepal
Congo Independence
Serves as prime minister as the Congo becomes independent from Belgium on 30 June 1960.
Independence Day Speech
Delivers a forceful independence speech condemning colonial humiliation and asserting Congolese dignity.
Training Base Permitted
Ydigoras permits covert training facilities for Cuban exiles on Guatemalan territory.
United Nations
Khrushchev pledges support for "wars of national liberation" in an address to the United Nations
Japan Visit Cancelled
Cancels a planned visit to Japan amid intense political demonstrations over the revised security treaty.
Sixteen Gauge Shotgun Purchase
Soon after receiving his hunting license, Lee purchased a single-barrel sixteen-gauge shotgun in Minsk.
Cuban Project Managed
Esterline manages the CIA project responsible for preparing the invasion force.
Project Direction Supported
Barnes helps direct political and paramilitary planning under Bissell.
CIA Planning Supervised
Bissell supervises the officers developing the exile invasion operation.
Retalhuleu Air Base Developed
Dulles oversees development of a covert air-training base in Guatemala.
Air Operations Planned
Beerli supervises aircrew preparation and aviation planning.
Guatemala Air Training Prepared
Beerli helps organise aviation training facilities for exile B-26 crews.
Guatemala Military Training Planned
Hawkins develops infantry and amphibious training for the exile force.
Military Planning Directed
Hawkins directs detailed military planning and training for the Cuban project.
Independence of Katanga
Lumumbas rule is marked by political disruption when the province of Katanga declares independence under Tshombe with Belgian support
Independence of Zaire
Lumumbas rule is marked by political disruption when the province of Katanga declares independence under Tshombe with Belgian support
Rule of Katanga
Lumumbas rule is marked by political disruption when the province of Katanga declares independence under Mouse Tshombe with Belgian support
Crisis
Meets Kennedy & will settle with East Germany if the west signs a peace Treaty
Vienna Summit with Kennedy
Meets President John F. Kennedy in Vienna for tense discussions on Berlin, Laos and nuclear issues.
Siege of Berlin
Khruschev threatens to settle with East Germany if a peace Treaty is not agreed
Renewed Berlin Deadline
Renews pressure for a German peace settlement and threatens a separate treaty with East Germany.
Vienna Summit Laos Agreement
Agrees with Kennedy on the goal of a neutral Laos governed by a coalition rather than direct superpower confrontation.
Elizabeth II entertains President Kennedy
Elizabeth II entertains President Kennedy
Coup
The Kennedy administration continues covert operations against Cuba, later launching the Cuban Project to "help Cuba overthrow the Communist regime"
Cuban Project
The Kennedy administration continues covert operations against Cuba, later launching the Cuban Project to "help Cuba overthrow the Communist regime"
Kennedy administration continues covert operations against Cuba, later launching
The Kennedy administration continues covert operations against Cuba, later launching the Cuban Project to "help Cuba overthrow the Communist regime". Elizabeth II entertains President Kennedy
Cuba Study Group Report Submitted
Taylor submits findings and recommendations from the presidential review.
Anniversary
Threatens a nationwide campaign of non-co-operation. Releases a press release calling for a national constitutional convention
Constitution of South Africa
Releases a press release calling for a national constitutional convention
Defence Testimony
Claims he acted within orders and bureaucratic authority.
Eichmann Gives Evidence
Testifies extensively in his own defence.
Beatles, The
A single "My Bonnie" by Tony Sheridan & backing by The Beatles is released in Germany
Beatles, The
A single "My Bonnie" by Tony Sheridan & backing by The Beatles is released in Germany
Beatles, The
A single "My Bonnie" by Tony Sheridan & backing by The Beatles is released in Germany
Conference of Vienna
Russia & the USA agree to enforce a truce within their areas of influence. Kennedy & Khrushchev meet to avoid direct confrontation between USA & Russia
Armed Struggle
Raises the question of armed struggle with the Working Committee
Armed Struggle
Raises the question of armed struggle with the National Executive. Authorized by Congress to form a military organisation, separate from the ANC
Armed Wing Leadership
Begins organising Umkhonto we Sizwe as a separate military structure.
Asked to Lead Umkhonto we Sizwe
Is asked to lead the ANC newly created armed wing.
Cold War
Kennedy attends a summit with Premier Khrushchev in Vienna to discuss cold war confrontations between the east & west, in particular the situation in Berlin
Conference of Vienna
The failure of the two leaders to resolve any of their differences during the summit led Khrushchev to view Kennedy as a weak president. Kennedy attends a summit with Premier Khrushchev in Vienna to discuss cold war confrontations between the east & west, in particular the situation in Berlin
Training Moved Abroad
Hunt advises exile contacts that military training must occur outside United States territory.
Conference of Vienna
Russia & the USA agree to enforce a truce within their areas of influence. Kennedy & Khrushchev meet to avoid direct confrontation between USA & Russia
Aid to Vietnam
Kennedy sends General Taylor & advisers to discuss troop support for Diem
Mobilization
Kennedy sends General Taylor & advisers to discuss troop support for Diem
Mobilization
Kennedy sends General Taylor & advisers to discuss troop support for Diem
Ashes Scattered at Sea
Israeli authorities scatter the ashes beyond territorial waters.
Body Cremated
His body is cremated after the execution.
Beatles, The
The Beatles audition for George Martin at Parlophone/EMI Records, he agrees to sign the group, but insists that Pete Best be replaced, within months, Richard "Ringo" Starkey joins the group
Beatles, The
The Beatles audition for George Martin at Parlophone/EMI Records, he agrees to sign the group, but insists that Pete Best be replaced, within months, Richard "Ringo" Starkey joins the group
Beatles, The
The Beatles audition for George Martin at Parlophone/EMI Records, he agrees to sign the group, but insists that Pete Best be replaced, within months, Richard "Ringo" Starkey joins the group
Beatles, The
The Beatles audition for George Martin at Parlophone/EMI Records, he agrees to sign the group, but insists that Pete Best be replaced, within months, Richard "Ringo" Starkey joins the group
Beatles, The
The Beatles audition for George Martin at Parlophone/EMI Records, he agrees to sign the group, but insists that Pete Best be replaced, within months, Richard "Ringo" Starkey joins the group
Cuban Missile Crisis
Biryuzov surveyed Cuban terrain and concluded that Soviet missile units could be deployed secretly enough to support the proposed operation.
Embassy Repatriation Loan
Lee signed a promissory note for a $435.71 United States repatriation loan to finance the family's return journey.
Late Goal Against England
Scores Argentina's late consolation against England, reducing the deficit to 3-1 without changing the outcome of their World Cup group fixture.
World Cup Muscle Injury Against Czechoslovakia
Pelรฉ suffered a thigh injury while attempting a shot against Czechoslovakia and played no further part in Brazil's successful tournament.
Captaincy Against Argentina
Captains England in a pivotal group match against Argentina and helps organise a side that responds to its opening defeat with a 3-1 victory.
Second Goal Against Argentina
Extends England's advantage to two goals before half-time against Argentina, contributing to the 3-1 success that revives their Chile campaign.
England Forward in Chile World Cup Group Stage
Greaves started for England during the 1962 World Cup group stage in Chile and helped the side defeat Argentina 3โ1. His movement between defenders made him an important part of the attack before England were eliminated by Brazil in the quarter-finals.
England World Cup Goal Against Argentina
Greaves scored in England's 3-1 group-stage win over Argentina, helping his country advance from its World Cup group.
Third Goal Against Argentina
Adds England's third goal against Argentina after the interval and helps put a vital group-stage victory beyond the opposition's reach.
Penalty Opens Argentina Victory
Scores from the penalty spot to put England ahead against Argentina in a group match that becomes essential to their qualification hopes.
Departure from Soviet Union
Oswald, Marina, and their daughter crossed the Soviet frontier at Brest on June 2, 1962, while traveling toward Western Europe.
Puerto Cabello Uprising
A military rebellion at Puerto Cabello was defeated by forces loyal to the government.
Hospital Plan Debate
Defends the national Hospital Plan in the House of Commons and stresses long-term development of modern hospital services.
Maasdam Departure from Holland
Lee, Marina, and June departed Holland aboard the SS Maasdam on June 4, beginning their Atlantic crossing to the United States.
Two Goals Against Spain
Scores both Brazil goals in the comeback victory over Spain after Pele's injury.
Beatles, The
The Beatles meet George Martin for 1st time, they record "Besame Mucho". George Martin decides to sign-up the Beatles
Beatles, The
The Beatles record their first sessions at EMI Studios in London, with George Martin as producer
Beatles, The
The Beatles meet George Martin for 1st time, they record "Besame Mucho"
Beatles, The
The Beatles meet George Martin for 1st time, they record "Besame Mucho"
Beatles, The
The Beatles record their first sessions at EMI Studios in London, with George Martin as producer
Beatles, The
The Beatles meet George Martin for 1st time, they record "Besame Mucho"
Beatles, The
The Beatles record their first sessions at EMI Studios in London, with George Martin as producer
Beatles, The
The Beatles meet George Martin for 1st time, they record "Besame Mucho"
The Beatles Audition
Auditions the Beatles at EMI, beginning the partnership that transforms his career and popular music.
Defensive Display Against Bulgaria
Plays at right-back during England's goalless encounter with Bulgaria and contributes to a defensive result that sends the team into the knockout round.
Clean Sheet Against Bulgaria
Keeps a clean sheet as England draw 0-0 with Bulgaria, securing the point needed to progress from their group to the quarter-finals.
Martial Law Revocation
Ayub ends martial law as the 1962 Constitution becomes operational.
National Assembly Restoration
A new National Assembly convenes under the presidential Constitution.
Restores Lead Against England
Heads Brazil back into the lead early in the second half of the quarter-final, changing the momentum after England had drawn level.
Brazil Advances Past England
Oversees Brazil's 3-1 quarter-final victory against England, successfully guiding the defending champions through a demanding knockout match.
Quarter-Final Goals Against England
Scores twice as Brazil defeat England 3-1 in the World Cup quarter-final.
Header Opens England Quarter-Final
Heads Brazil in front during the quarter-final against England, beginning an influential individual performance that helps eliminate the English team.
Second Goal Seals England Elimination
Scores again with a powerful strike to make it 3-1 against England, completing the decisive scoring sequence that takes Brazil into the semi-finals.
First World Cup Knockout Appearance
Starts in defence against defending champions Brazil in the quarter-finals, gaining early international tournament experience despite England's 3-1 defeat.
Left Back In Brazil Quarter-Final
Plays at left-back against Brazil's dangerous attack in the World Cup quarter-final, an experience that precedes his return to the tournament with England in 1966.
Equaliser Against Brazil
Scores England's equalising goal in the first half against Brazil, briefly restoring parity before the defending champions pull clear after the break.
England Eliminated In Chile
Sees England's World Cup campaign end in the quarter-finals against Brazil after the side had recovered from an opening defeat to escape its group.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Biryuzov reported favorably on the feasibility of deploying strategic missiles in Cuba after returning from the Soviet mission.
Two Goals Against Chile
Leads Brazil into the World Cup final after Pele's injury.
Return to United States
The Oswald family arrived at Hoboken, New Jersey, aboard the Maasdam on June 13, 1962.
Times Square Hotel Stay
New York welfare officials helped the returning Oswald family obtain a room at the Times Square Hotel after their arrival from Europe.
Flight to Fort Worth
Oswald, Marina, and their daughter flew from New York to Texas on June 14, 1962, after receiving family assistance with the fare.
Love Field Family Reunion
Robert Oswald met Lee, Marina, and June at Love Field after their flight from New York to Texas.
Robert Oswald Travel Assistance
After initially resisting family assistance, Lee accepted money sent by his brother Robert to help finance the trip from New York to Texas.
Oswald Residence
Lee, Marina & June arrive in Fort Worth
World Cup Winner
Mauro Ramos leads Brazil to a 3-1 defeat of Czechoslovakia in Santiago as the national team retains the World Cup trophy.
Right-Back World Champion
Establishes himself among the tournament's leading defenders.
Second World Cup Victory
Helps Brazil retain the world championship in Chile.
1962 FIFA World Cup Final - Djalma Santos
Djalma Santos played at right-back in Brazilโs successful World Cup defence, combining his attacking instincts with steady marking.
1962 FIFA World Cup Final - Mauro Ramos
Mauro Ramos captained Brazilโs defence to a 3โ1 victory over Czechoslovakia, confirming the nationโs second consecutive World Cup title.
Brazil Defensive Champion
Provides experience and defensive leadership throughout the tournament.
Second World Cup Victory
Helps Brazil win a second consecutive World Cup.
1962 FIFA World Cup Final - Nรญlton Santos
Nรญlton Santos used his experience on the left side of Brazilโs defence as the holders beat Czechoslovakia to retain the trophy.
1962 Final Equalizer
Scores Brazil's equalizer against Czechoslovakia in the World Cup final.
World Cup Winner
Amarildo scores Brazil's equaliser against Czechoslovakia in the 1962 final, cancelling out the European side's early advantage.
Goal Against Czechoslovakia
Becomes the first player scoring in two consecutive World Cup finals.
World Cup Winner
Vavรก scores Brazil's third goal against Czechoslovakia and confirms the 3-1 final score that makes Brazil back-to-back champions.
World Cup Winner
Aymorรฉ Moreira coaches Brazil to the 1962 title despite the loss of Pelรฉ through injury earlier in the tournament.
1962 Final Goal
Scores Brazil's second goal in the 3-1 final victory over Czechoslovakia.
1962 FIFA World Cup Final - Josรฉ Ely de Miranda Zito
Zito headed Brazil into the lead in the second half against Czechoslovakia after the teams had traded first-half goals.
Brazil Retains World Championship
Wins a second world championship as Brazil's midfield organiser.
Second World Cup Victory
Helps Brazil retain the World Cup by defeating Czechoslovakia.
World Cup Winner
Zito scores with a second-half header against Czechoslovakia, sending Brazil ahead on its way to a second successive World Cup.
World Cup Winner
Garrincha's influential attacking displays carry Brazil through the 1962 World Cup after Pelรฉ suffers an injury, and the side finishes as champion.
1962 FIFA World Cup Final - Adolf Scherer
Adolf Scherer led the Czechoslovak forward line as the team reached its second menโs World Cup final but lost to Brazil.
1962 FIFA World Cup Final - Viliam Schrojf
Viliam Schrojf started in goal for Czechoslovakia in the 1962 final, where Brazilโs attacking pressure ultimately produced three goals.
1962 Final Opening Goal
Scores the opening goal for Czechoslovakia in the World Cup final.
Peter Gregory Russian Test
Oswald met Peter Gregory on June 19, 1962, demonstrated his ability to read Russian, and obtained a letter supporting his language skills.
FBI
FBI Agents Fain & Carter interview Oswald about his activities in Russia
FBI Interview June 26
FBI agents questioned Lee about his Soviet residence; he declined to explain why he had gone there and denied providing intelligence information.
FBI
FBI Agents Fain & Carter interview Oswald about his activities in Russia
FBI
FBI Agents Fain & Carter interview Oswald about his activities in Russia
FBI
FBI Agents Fain & Carter interview Oswald about his activities in Russia
The Andromeda Breakthrough
The sequel The Andromeda Breakthrough begins broadcast on BBC television.
National Charter
Secures approval of a National Charter defining Arab socialist policy.
Novocherkassk Unrest
Workers protest food-price rises and wage pressures in Novocherkassk, leading to a violent state crackdown.
Reballion of Rebels in Novocherkassk
Public disorder in Novocherkassk
Legislation
The Sabotage Act prevents any banned person from being quoted in print. The Sabotage Act gives sabotage a minimum of 5 yrs in prison without parole. The Sabotage Act allows house arrests & bans which cannot be challenged in court
Vietnam Assessment Visit
McCone and Richard Helms visited Saigon and reviewed counterinsurgency, intelligence reporting, and CIA programs as the American commitment in South Vietnam expanded.
FBI
The FBI agent assigned to investigate Lee Harvey Oswald upon Oswalds June 1962 return to the US after his brief defection to the Soviet Union
Russian Manuscript Typing
Oswald hired public stenographer Pauline Bates to type notes about his Soviet experiences shortly after his return to Fort Worth.
FBI
The FBI agent assigned to investigate Lee Harvey Oswald upon Oswalds June 1962 return to the US after his brief defection to the Soviet Union
Prisoner Exchange Negotiations
Donovan begins direct negotiations with Castro for release of brigade prisoners.
Constitution of Kenya
Kenyatta is appointed Prime Minister of the autonomous Kenyan Government, and is known as mzee (a Swahili word meaning old man or elder)
Prime Minister of Kenya
Kenyatta is appointed Prime Minister of the autonomous Kenyan Government, and is known as mzee (a Swahili word meaning old man or elder)
Constitution of South Africa
South Africa becomes a dictatorial police state under the General Law Amendment Act
Legislation
Those arrested can be held for 90 days without any rights. The General Law Amendment Act waives the right of habeas corpus. South Africa becomes a dictatorial police state under the General Law Amendment Act
Umkhonto
Enacts legislation to "break the back" of Umkhonto
Crisis
Resigns before being exposed for lying to the Prime Minister in the House of Commons
Resignation of John Profumo
Resigns before being exposed for lying to the Prime Minister in the House of Commons
Resignation of John Profumo
Profumo resigns from the Government
Scandal
Profumo resigns from the Government
Arrest of Ruhollah Khomeini
State of siege proclaimed in Iran, Ayatollah Khomeini arrested. Khomeini is arrested in 1963 after declaring the Shah a "wretched miserable man" who had "embarked on the destruction of Islam in Iran"
Demonstrations
Three days of major riots throughout Iran follow, with Khomeini supporters claiming 15,000 dead from police fire
State of Emergency
State of siege proclaimed in Iran, Ayatollah Khomeini arrested
White Revolution
Three days of major riots throughout Iran follow, with Khomeini supporters claiming 15,000 dead from police fire. Khomeini is arrested in 1963 after declaring the Shah a "wretched miserable man" who had "embarked on the destruction of Islam in Iran"
Come On
Oversees the release of the Rolling Stones's debut single Come On.
Learns of US bombing of Communists in Kampuchea
Learns of US bombing of Communists in Kampuchea but allows their Embassy to reopen
Equal Pay Act
The Act prohibits specified sex-based wage differentials for substantially equal work.
Civil Rights Address
Responds to Birmingham events by urging federal civil rights legislation.
Self-Immolation Crisis
His self-immolation intensifies US concern over the Diem government
Self-Immolation
Self-immolates in protest against the Diem government's treatment of Buddhists
Buddhist Crisis
Faces international outrage after Buddhist protests and repression
Return to Pretoria Prison
Is returned from Robben Island to Pretoria Local Prison.
Rivonia Case Preparation
Remains incarcerated as the Rivonia prosecution develops.
Science Directorate Leadership Transition
Herbert Scoville left the research directorate, prompting McCone to reorganize CIA's science and technology structure and seek new leadership.
Resignation of David Ben-Gurion
Israeli premier David Ben-Gurion resigns
June Cuba Raid Allegation
Later HSCA records noted an allegation that Marcos Diaz Lanz invited Sturgis to take part in a proposed June 1963 raid against Cuba; investigators treated it as an allegation.
1st Woman in Space
1st woman in space
Valentina Tereshkova Spaceflight
Valentina Tereshkova becomes the first woman in space during the Soviet Vostok programme.
First Woman in Space
The achievement marks first woman in space as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Vostok 6
Pilots Vostok 6 and becomes the first woman to travel in space.
Dumaine Street Leafleting
Oswald distributed Hands Off Cuba literature near the USS Wasp at the Dumaine Street wharf, one of his earliest documented public FPCC activities in New Orleans.
Moscow-Washington Hotline Agreement
The Soviet Union and United States agree to establish a direct communications link between their governments.
Prime Minister of Israel
Levi Eshkol forms an Israeli Government. Appointed Prime Minister of Israel
Passport Application
Oswald applied for a new United States passport while planning foreign travel that eventually developed into his September journey toward Mexico City and a hoped-for visit to Cuba.
Passport Approved
The State Department routinely approved Oswald's passport application; the Warren Commission later found no evidence that special intervention accelerated its issuance.
Speech
Kennedy visits West Berlin "Ich bin ein Berliner" (I am a Berliner)
Visit to Berlin
Kennedy visits West Berlin "Ich bin ein Berliner" (I am a Berliner)
Final Pre-Bundesliga Championship
Coaches Borussia Dortmund to a 3-1 victory over Cologne in the German championship final, giving the club its third national title before the Bundesliga era.
Return to Central Committee Secretariat
Returns from the ceremonial head-of-state post to active work in the Central Committee Secretariat.
Jada Recruitment
Ruby traveled to New Orleans in June 1963 and recruited the stripper known as Jada to become a featured performer at the Carousel Club.
Fair Play for Cuba Printing
Using the name Lee Osborne, Oswald ordered Fair Play for Cuba Committee leaflets, applications, and membership cards for a proposed New Orleans chapter.
Hands Off Cuba Printing
Using the name Lee Osborne, Oswald ordered handbills, applications, and membership cards for the New Orleans Fair Play for Cuba Committee chapter he was attempting to create.
President of Kenya
Appointed President on the inauguration of the Republic of Kenya
Liza Jane
Releases Liza Jane under the name Davie Jones with the King Bees, his first commercial single.
Jack Ruby Testimony
Warren personally questioned Jack Ruby in the Dallas County Jail on June 7, 1964, about Oswald's killing, Ruby's motives, and allegations of conspiracy.
Ruby Conspiracy Inquiry
Warren questioned Ruby as part of the commission's effort to determine whether Oswald's murder resulted from a conspiracy or prior arrangement.
Ruby Motive Inquiry
Warren questioned Ruby about his stated reasons for killing Oswald and the circumstances that placed him in the Dallas police basement.
Ruby Polygraph Request
When Ruby requested a lie-detector examination, Warren told him that the commission would arrange a test if Ruby and his counsel wanted one.
Prime Minister of India
Lal Bahadur Shastri becomes Prime Minister of India.
Greek-Turkish Talks Rejected
Papandreou rejects direct bilateral talks while seeking an international settlement for Cyprus.
Employee Fingerprinting Objection
An FBI memorandum recorded that Truly objected to a proposal to fingerprint all Texas School Book Depository employees during the continuing investigation.
Soviet-East German Friendship Treaty
Signs a twenty-year friendship treaty with East Germany.
Treaty Signed at Moscow
Russia signs a 20 year Treaty of fiendship with East Germany
Life Sentence
Is sentenced to life imprisonment after the Rivonia Trial.
Rivonia Trial Sentencing
Avoids the death penalty but faces indefinite incarceration.
Political Prison Sentence
Is sentenced for sabotage-related offences with fellow defendants.
Rivonia Life Sentence
Receives life imprisonment in the Rivonia Trial.
Rivonia Life Sentence
Receives a life sentence at the Rivonia Trial.
Sabotage Conviction
Becomes the only white defendant among those given life imprisonment.
Rivonia Life Sentence
Receives life imprisonment at the end of the Rivonia Trial.
Sabotage Conviction
Is convicted alongside other senior liberation movement leaders.
Rivonia Life Sentence
Receives life imprisonment following the Rivonia verdict.
Sabotage Conviction
Is sentenced with Mandela and other accused leaders.
Long-Term Imprisonment Begins
Begins eighteen years of continuous imprisonment on the island.
Robben Island Arrival
Returns to Robben Island after receiving a life sentence.
Chancellor
Alfons Gorbach forms a new Austrian Government
Beatles, The
The Beatles release "A Hard Days Night" album
Beatles, The
The Beatles release "A Hard Days Night" album
It's All Over Now
The Rolling Stones release It's All Over Now, their first UK number one single.
Return from Exile
Returns from exile as President Kasa-Vubu prepares to appoint him prime minister during the rebellion.
PLO
A reaction to Jordan holding down the growth of East Jerusalem & the West Bank
PLO
Attends the Palestinian National Council which forms the PLO. A reaction to Jordan holding down the growth of East Jerusalem & the West Bank
First US Tour
The Rolling Stones make their first major visit to the United States.
Dealey Plaza Inspection
During the commission's Dallas work, Warren examined Dealey Plaza and locations relevant to the reconstruction of the assassination.
Texas School Book Depository Inspection
Warren and other commission members traveled to Dallas and inspected locations connected with the assassination, including the Texas School Book Depository.
Warren Commission Testimony
Jacqueline Kennedy provided testimony to the Warren Commission concerning what she saw and heard during the shooting in Dealey Plaza.
Invisible Government Publication Response
McCone challenged publication of The Invisible Government after CIA concluded that the book contained numerous security disclosures as well as many significant inaccuracies.
President of Honduras
Appointed President of Honduras
Satisfaction
The Rolling Stones release Satisfaction in the United States.
Visit to Tanzania
Visits Tanzania and deepens political and development cooperation with President Julius Nyerere.
President of Austria
Appointed President of Austria
Battle of Dong Xoai
Vien helps direct South Vietnamese responses to the Viet Cong attack at Dong Xoai
Battle of Dong Xoai
Westmoreland monitors the battle as Viet Cong forces overrun positions around Dong Xoai
Battle of Dong Xoai
Le Trong Tan is associated with communist command during the Dong Xoai campaign
Battle of Dong Xoai
Shields is mortally wounded while helping defend the Special Forces camp at Dong Xoai
Resignation of Phan Huy Quat
Quat resigns as civilian rule collapses before the military government takes over
MBE
The Beatles are awarded an MBE in the Queens Birthday Honours List
Beatles, The
The Beatles are awarded Englands prestigious MBE (Members of the Order of the British Empire). John comments, "I thought you had to drive tanks and win wars to get the MBE"
MBE
The Beatles are awarded an MBE in the Queens Birthday Honours List
MBE
The Beatles are awarded an MBE in the Queens Birthday Honours List
Rolling Stones, The
Rolling Stones release "Satisfaction"
Honours
The Beatles are awarded an MBE in the Queens Birthday Honours List
President of Pakistan
Ayub Khan continues as President following the 1965 indirect election.
Resignation of Phan Khac Suu
Suu leaves office as the generals prepare a new military government
Operation Arc Light
Operation Light I, bombing of Ben Cat Special Zone Viet Cong base, a limited success
Operation Arc Light
Johnson authorises the first B-52 combat strikes under Operation Arc Light
Operation Arc Light
Ryan's Strategic Air Command executes the first B-52 Arc Light mission from Guam
Coup
Ben Bella is overthrown in a bloodless coup by the Commander of the armed forces
Head of State
Thieu becomes chief of state as South Vietnam's military leaders form a new ruling structure
Ky Premiership
The National Leadership Committee under Thieu appoints Nguyen Cao Ky as premier
Military Government
Thieu becomes chief of state in the new South Vietnamese military government
Military Government
Ky begins governing as premier after South Vietnam's military leadership restructures power
Prime Minister of South Vietnam
Ky is appointed prime minister of South Vietnam by the military leadership
Prime Minister of South Vietnam
Appointed Prime Minister of South Vietnam under the military government
Prime Minister of South Vietnam
Ky becomes prime minister as South Vietnam seeks stability after repeated coups
Military Government
Thieu becomes head of state while Ky takes the stronger executive premiership
National Leadership Committee
Thieu heads the National Leadership Committee after South Vietnam's generals reorganise the government
Prime Minister Appointment
Thieu's military leadership group appoints Ky as premier of South Vietnam
Military Government
Ky takes power as prime minister while Nguyen Van Thieu serves as chief of state
Military Government
The military leadership appoints Ky to the premiership under the new South Vietnamese government
Prime Minister of South Vietnam
Ky begins a premiership intended to end the cycle of coups in Saigon
Prime Minister of South Vietnam
Ky is appointed prime minister of South Vietnam
Prime Minister of South Vietnam
Ky is premier of South Vietnam, not vice president, during 1965
Prime Minister of South Vietnam
The National Leadership Committee appoints Ky as premier of South Vietnam
Nasser Talks on Algeria
Discusses the Algerian political situation and plans for a second Asian-African conference with President Nasser.
Meeting with Abdelaziz Bouteflika
Meets Algerian Foreign Minister Abdelaziz Bouteflika after the change of government in Algeria.
John Lennons second book, A Spaniard in the
John Lennons second book, A Spaniard in the Works, is published
Meeting with Ahmad Shukeiri
Meets Palestine Liberation Organization chairman Ahmad Shukeiri during Middle Eastern diplomatic consultations.
Speech
Announces on TV, "We will stand in Vietnam"
One-Party Parliamentary Election
Parliamentary seats are filled under the one-party system, with Convention People's Party candidates returned without competitive opposition.
Australian Troop Deployment
Brumfield commands 1RAR as Australian infantry deploys to South Vietnam
Big-Character Poster
Mao approves broadcasting Nie Yuanzi's poster, turning campus criticism into a national movement
Sweep Away All Monsters
People's Daily calls on the masses to sweep away monsters and demons in support of the Cultural Revolution
Execution in Kinshasa
Is publicly executed with three former ministers after conviction for an alleged coup conspiracy.
President of Ireland
Appointed President of Ireland, 2nd term
Sunny Afternoon
The Kinks release Sunny Afternoon.
First DFB Cup Victory of Bundesliga Era
Gerd Muller contributes to a Bayern side that beats MSV Duisburg 4-2 in the German Cup final, securing the clubโs first DFB Cup since promotion.
Rupee Devaluation
Indira Gandhi's government devalues the rupee as part of a broader response to severe balance-of-payments pressures.
Bakajika Law
The government asserts state ownership over land and mineral rights under the Bakajika Law.
Abortion Bill
The Abortion Bill passes its second reading
Reform of Abortion Law
The Abortion Bill passes its second reading
East of Suez
Denis Healey faces Commons questions on reducing Britain's military commitment east of Suez.
Freak Out!
Releases Freak Out! with the Mothers of Invention, an ambitious double album combining satire, rock and experimental composition.
President of Argentina
Appointed de facto President of Argentina after the 1966 coup
Strike
The strike comes to an end when payscales are agreed
Capital Renamed Kinshasa
Mobutu renames Leopoldville as Kinshasa during a wider programme of Africanisation.
Siege of Route 13
On Route 13 linking Vietnam to the Kampuchean border US forces are brutally assaulted
Official Visit to Romania
Visits Romania and meets leaders including Nicolae Ceausescu and Ion Gheorghe Maurer.
World Cup Squad Selection
The youngest member of the squad of 22 selected by Ramsey for the tournament, aged only 21.
Ho Chi Minh Trail
Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA) estimate credited the North Vietnamese with 600 miles (970 km) of truckable roads within the corridor, at least 200 miles (320 km) of which were good enough for year-round use
David Bowie
Releases his debut album David Bowie, showing theatrical pop and music hall influences before his later rock breakthrough.
Demonstrations
The organisation known as the Movement 2 June, which would become allied to the RAF, is named after the anti-Shah protest in Berlin. Participates in the seminal Berlin protest where a young pacifist named Benno Ohnesorg is killed. After the protest goes to the local SDS office and screams hysterically, "this fascist state means to kill us all! Violence is the only way to answer violence!"
Movement 2 June
The organisation known as the Movement 2 June, which would become allied to the RAF, is named after the anti-Shah protest in Berlin
Red Army Faction
The organisation known as the Movement 2 June, which would become allied to the RAF, is named after the anti-Shah protest in Berlin
Light My Fire
Releases Light My Fire as a major single.
Closure of Suez Canal
Closes the Suez Canal after the Six-Day War, leaving the waterway blocked for years.
Invasion of Egypt
Israel launches pre-emptive air strikes & ground attacks against Egypt
Resignation and Return
Announces his resignation after defeat, then remains in office following mass demonstrations.
Assault on Tel Faher
Israeli infantry and armored troops attacked the heavily defended Syrian position at Tel Faher, suffering significant casualties before capturing the strongpoint.
Breakthrough at Qala
Israeli units fought through fortified approaches near Qala during the advance onto the plateau, helping open the route into Syrian defensive territory.
Northern Front Opens
Israeli forces opened a major offensive against Syrian positions on the Golan Heights after several days of fighting on other fronts in the Six Day War.
Advance Toward Quneitra
Israeli troops advanced toward Quneitra as Syrian forces withdrew from positions on the Golan Heights during the closing phase of the Six Day War.
June Ceasefire on Syrian Front
A ceasefire brought the June fighting between Israel and Syria to a close after Israel had occupied much of the Golan Heights.
Death of Spencer Tracey
Death of Spencer Tracey
Death of Spencer Tracy
Death of Spencer Tracy
Clemence Recruited as Young Goalkeeper
Ray Clemence joined Liverpool from Scunthorpe United in June 1967, developing into the teamโs first-choice goalkeeper in subsequent seasons.
Mobilization
Vance & McNanamara advise against accepting the JCS proposals for further forces
Supreme Court
Nominates Thurgood Marshall to the Supreme Court, leading to the first African American justice.
Invasion of Vietnam
Turns down the Joint Chiefs of Staffs request for more troops
Mariner 5 Launch
Mariner 5 launches to perform a close Venus flyby focused on atmospheric and space-environment measurements.
Klopp Born in Stuttgart
Jรผrgen Klopp is born in Stuttgart and grows up in the Black Forest before embarking on a professional football and coaching career.
See Emily Play
Pink Floyd release See Emily Play, which becomes a major early British hit
Pink Floyd
Pink Floyd release "See Emily Play", written by Barrett
Pink Floyd
"See Emily Play" is released backed by "Scarecrow"
Nuclear Power
China explodes its first hydrogen bomb
Vietnam Study Commissioned
McNamara commissions a secret historical study of United States involvement in Vietnam from 1945 through 1967.
Vietnam Study Leadership Appointments
McNamara appoints John McNaughton, Morton Halperin and Leslie Gelb to lead the Defense Department history project.
Vietnam Study Scope
McNamara directs the task force to examine political and military decision-making across successive administrations.
Monterey Pop Festival
Perform at the Monterey Pop Festival.
Monterey Drum Destruction
Adds stage chaos during The Who's Monterey set.
Monterey Guitar Smash
Smashes his guitar during the Monterey performance.
Birth of Nicole Kidman
Birth of Nicole Kidman
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary
Death of Li Lisan
Li Lisan dies after persecution during the Cultural Revolution
Introduction of Zaire Currency
The government replaces the Congolese franc with the zaire currency.
Mining Repression
Soldiers kill miners and family members during repression in the Siglo XX mining district.
San Juan Massacre
Government troops attack mining communities during the San Juan Massacre.
Constitution of 1967
A new constitution establishes a highly centralised presidential republic.
Pink Floyd
First appearance on Top Of The Pops to promote "See Emily Play". Syd is immaculate in velvet and satin
Ambush at Florida
Guevara's guerrillas ambush Bolivian Army troops near Florida during the continuing campaign.
Death of Jayne Mansfield
Death of Jayne Mansfield
Aircraft Diversion to Algeria
Is abducted when his aircraft is diverted to Algeria, where he remains detained until his death.
Beatles, The
The Beatles release the album "Sargeant Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band"
Beatles, The
The Beatles release the album "Sargeant Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band"
Arrest of Moise-Kapenda Tshombe
Tshombes plane is hijacked over the Mediterranean & flown to Algeria
Withdrawal from London Gold Pool
France withdraws from active participation in the London Gold Pool, signalling deepening disagreement with collective defence of the 35-dollar gold price.
Monterey International Pop Festival
Apppears at the Monterey International Pop Festival
Monterey Pop Festival
Jones meets Frank Zappa and Dennis Hopper, and goes on stage to introduce the Jimi Hendrix Experience, then unknown in the US One review referred to Jones as "the unofficial king of the festival."
Displacement from the Plateau
The June fighting and its aftermath caused large numbers of Syrian residents to leave the Golan Heights, profoundly changing the population of the occupied territory.
Mount Hermon Positions
Control of high ground around Mount Hermon acquired strategic importance after the June war because observation positions overlooked routes through the Golan and surrounding territory.
New Military Control
Following its victory in the June war, Israel established military administration over territory captured from Syria, while the international community continued to regard the area as occupied.
Middle East Rearmament Policy
Supports renewed Soviet military assistance to Arab allies after the Six-Day War.
Light My Fire
The single "Light My Fire," written by Krieger, hits number one
Light My Fire
The single "Light My Fire," written by Krieger, hits number one
Pentagon Papers
Instead of using existing Defense Department historians, McNamara assigned his close aide and Assistant Secretary of Defense John T. McNaughton to collect the papers. McNaughton died in an air accident one month after work began in June 1967, but the project continued under the direction of Defense Department official Leslie H. Gelb
Member of Secretariat of the Communist Party
Appointed Member of Secretariat of the Communist Party
Concert
Tyrannosaurus Rex play the Royal Festival Hall.
Assassination of Robert Francis Kennedy
Assassinated in a hotel after leaving a primary victory celebration
Death of Robert Francis Kennedy
Assassinated in a hotel after leaving a primary victory celebration
Death of Robert Francis Kennedy
Death of Robert F Kennedy
Defence Minister Returns
Returns as Minister of National Defence before the 1970 crisis
Allows the American embassy in Phnom Penh to reopen
Allows the American embassy in Phnom Penh to reopen
Arrest of James Earl Ray
Arrested for the murder of Martin Luther King by Scotland Yard at London airport
Assassination of Martin Luther King
Two months after King's death, escaped convict James Earl Ray is captured at London Heathrow Airport while trying to leave the United Kingdom on a false Canadian passport in the name of Ramon George Sneyd. Arrested for the murder of Martin Luther King by Scotland Yard at London airport
UN General Assembly Endorses NPT
The United Nations General Assembly endorses the draft Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
Fifth and Sixth Eyskens Governments
Begins the Fifth and Sixth Eyskens Governments in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
First Vanden Boeynants Government
The First Vanden Boeynants Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Rule of Bonin
Iwo Jima and the Bonin Islands are returned to Japan by the USA
Rule of Iwo Jima
Iwo Jima and the Bonin Islands are returned to Japan by the USA
Days
The Kinks release Days.
A Saucerful of Secrets
Pink Floyd release A Saucerful of Secrets, their first album with David Gilmour
A Saucerful of Secrets
Waters contributes to A Saucerful of Secrets as Pink Floyd shifts beyond the Barrett period
Trial
Sirhan Sirhan indicted for Bobby Kennedy assassination
Prague Spring
Brezhnev and the leadership of the Warsaw Pact countries are concerned about Dubcek's reforms, which they fear weaken the position of the Communist Bloc during the Cold War
Prague Spring
Warsaw Pact military practice manoeuvres are held in Czechoslovakia in late June. Russia agrees with Czechoslovakia to withdraw their troops (still stationed in Czechoslovakia since the June maneuvers) and permit the September 9 Party Congress.
Prague Spring
Representatives from Russia, East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Czechoslovakia meet in Bratislava and sign the Bratislava Declaration
Warsaw Pact
Warsaw Pact military practice manoeuvres are held in Czechoslovakia in late June. Brezhnev and the leadership of the Warsaw Pact countries are concerned about Dubcek's reforms, which they fear weaken the position of the Communist Bloc during the Cold War
Golden Boot European Golden Shoe
Scores 42 goals for Benfica to claim the European Golden Shoe scoring honour. The achievement reflects the first edition of the European scoring distinction.
Hello I Love You
Releases Hello I Love You as a chart-topping single.
Beck-Ola
Sings on Beck-Ola, his second album with the Jeff Beck Group.
Bombing of Vietnam
Bombing resumes on targets in North Vietnam
Tommy
The Who release the rock opera Tommy.
Economic Reform
Tai participates in economic reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Broadcast
"Johnny Cash Show," debuts on ABC-TV. Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash combine on a Grand Ole Opry TV special
Broadcast
Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash combine on a Grand Ole Opry TV special
Dismissal from Rolling Stones
Leaves the Rolling Stones as the group prepares for a new guitarist and a US tour.
Dismissal
Retreats to his Cotchford Farm home in Sussex, formerly owned by Winnie the Pooh author AA Milne, drinking heavily in the local pub and planning his comeback with a blues band, within a month he is found dead in his swimming pool. Jones releases a statement announcing his departure
Rolling Stones, The
At the suggestion of pianist and road manager Ian Stewart, the Stones decide to add a new guitarist and Jones is visited by Mick Jagger, Keith Richards and Charlie Watts and told the group he formed would continue without him
Rolling Stones, The
The Stones decided that following the release of the Let It Bleed album (scheduled for a July 1969 release in the US) they would start a North American tour in November 1969, however, the Stones management was informed that because of his drug convictions Jones would not receive a work
Rolling Stones, The
permit, at the suggestion of pianist and road manager Ian Stewart, the Stones decided to add a new guitarist and on 8 June 1969, Jones was visited by Mick Jagger, Keith Richards, and Charlie Watts where he was told that the group he had formed would continue without him.
Rolling Stones, The
At the suggestion of pianist and road manager Ian Stewart, the Stones decide to add a new guitarist and Jones is visited by Mick Jagger, Keith Richards and Charlie Watts and told the group he formed would continue without him
Rolling Stones, The
At the suggestion of pianist and road manager Ian Stewart, the Stones decide to add a new guitarist and Jones is visited by Mick Jagger, Keith Richards and Charlie Watts and told the group he formed would continue without him
Dismissal
Jones is forced out of the band after a late-night visit to his rural home from Jagger, Richards and Charlie Watts to be replaced by twenty year-old jazz-influenced guitarist Mick Taylor, from John Mayalls Bluesbreakers
Rolling Stones, The
At the suggestion of pianist and road manager Ian Stewart, the Stones decide to add a new guitarist and Jones is visited by Mick Jagger, Keith Richards and Charlie Watts and told the group he formed would continue without him
Rolling Stones, The
At the suggestion of pianist and road manager Ian Stewart, the Stones decide to add a new guitarist and Jones is visited by Mick Jagger, Keith Richards and Charlie Watts and told the group he formed would continue without him.
Rolling Stones, The
Jones is forced out of the band after a late-night visit to his rural home from Jagger, Richards and Charlie Watts to be replaced by twenty-year-old jazz-influenced guitarist Mick Taylor, from John Mayall's Bluesbreakers.
Dismissal
Jones is forced out of the band after a late-night visit to his rural home from Jagger, Richards and Charlie Watts to be replaced by twenty year-old jazz-influenced guitarist Mick Taylor, from John Mayalls Bluesbreakers
Invasion of Vietnam
25,000 troops are withdrawn
Peace
Meets President Thieu on Midway Island who supports the US peace proposals. Announces the withdrawal of 25,000 American troops from Vietnam
Vietnamization Announced
Announces the first major US troop withdrawal under Vietnamization
Vietnamization
Announces a first troop withdrawal under Vietnamization
Peace
Meets President Nixon on Midway Island & agrees to his peace proposals
Provisional Revolutionary Government
Becomes a leading diplomat of the Provisional Revolutionary Government
Midway Meeting
Meets Nixon as the United States announces troop withdrawals
Midway Meeting
Meets Richard Nixon as Vietnamization is announced
Rolling Stones, The
Jones releases a statement announcing his departure
Joins Rolling Stones
Joins the Rolling Stones after Brian Jones leaves the band.
Rolling Stones, The
Jones is replaced by 20-year-old guitarist Mick Taylor (formerly of John Mayalls Bluesbreakers), who starts sessions with the Stones right away
US Relations Restored
Restores diplomatic relations with the United States after neutrality assurances
Arrest of Andraes Baader
The four convicted arsonists Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, Horst Sโhnlein, and Thorwald Proll are released from prison pending review of their cases
Arrest of Gudrun Ensslin
The four convicted arsonists Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, Horst Sโhnlein, and Thorwald Proll are released from prison pending review of their cases
Arrest of Horst Sโhnlein
The four convicted arsonists Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, Horst Sโhnlein, and Thorwald Proll are released from prison pending review of their cases
Arrest of Thorwald Proll
The four convicted arsonists Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, Horst Sโhnlein, and Thorwald Proll are released from prison pending review of their cases
More
Pink Floyd release the soundtrack album More for Barbet Schroeder's film.
Rolling Stones, The
unveiled to the media during a press conference in Hyde Park
security documents leaked
The New York Times publishes security documents leaked to the press by Daniel Ellsberg
Claimed Gravitational Radiation Detection
Weber reports coincident excitations in separated resonant-bar detectors as evidence for gravitational radiation, a claim that stimulates extensive attempts at independent experimental verification.
In Place of Strife
Opposes penal provisions in the government's proposed trade-union legislation during a divisive Cabinet meeting.
Commission
The findings of the Boundary Commission are published
Reform of Electoral System
Publishes the proposals of the Representation of the People Act
Death of Judy Garland
Death of Judy Garland
Golden Boot European Golden Shoe
Claims the European Golden Shoe top-scorer award with 36 goals while representing CSKA Sofia. The season is distinguished by his prolific Bulgarian league campaign.
Congress of Moscow
A world congess of Communist parties rejects a proposal from Russia to expel China
Diplomatic Proposal at Moscow
A world congess of Communist parties rejects a proposal from Russia to expel China
Lovanium Student Protest Crackdown
Uses security forces to suppress student demonstrations at Lovanium University and temporarily closes the institution.
Death of Pedro Eugenio Aramburu Cilveti
Death of Pedro Eugenio Aramburu Cilveti
Signed Sealed Delivered
Releases Signed Sealed Delivered I'm Yours
Relational Model Paper
Publishes the relational model for database management
Red Army Faction
The German Press Agency receive a communique claiming credit for securing Baaders release from prison written by Ulrike Meinhof, the communique is the first time that the group uses the term "Red Army," which becomes "Red Army Faction"
Labone Defends England Lead Against Romania
Brian Labone helps England protect their advantage over Romania in the opening match of the 1970 World Cup.
Cooper Begins World Cup at Left Back
Terry Cooper plays in Englandโs defence against Romania and contributes to the narrow victory secured by Hurstโs goal.
Moore Captains Romania Opener
Bobby Moore leads England against Romania and organises the defence as the reigning champions begin their campaign with a one-goal victory.
World Cup Opening Selection Against Romania
England manager Alf Ramsey begins the defence of the 1966 World Cup by selecting a side to face Romania at Estadio Jalisco in Guadalajara.
Hurst Breaks Romania Deadlock
Geoff Hurst scores the only goal against Romania in the second half, giving England a winning start to the 1970 World Cup group stage.
Banks Keeps Opening Match Shutout
Gordon Banks keeps a clean sheet against Romania as England earn two points from their first Group Three match.
Charlton Starts England Title Defence
Bobby Charlton starts Englandโs opening World Cup fixture against Romania, bringing experience from the successful 1966 campaign to the midfield.
Two Goals Against El Salvador
Scores twice as Belgium defeat El Salvador 3-0 at the World Cup.
Powerful Free-Kick Goal
Begins the championship campaign with one of his trademark strikes.
World Cup Goal Against Czechoslovakia
Scores a powerful free kick during Brazil's opening victory.
Extravaganza 70
Syd Barrett plays his first gig since leaving Pink Floyd, the occasion is "Extravaganza 70", staged at London's Olympia, he is assisted by Dave Gilmour and Jerry Shirley
Extravaganza 70
Syd Barrett plays his first gig since leaving Pink Floyd, the occasion is "Extravaganza 70", staged at London's Olympia, he is assisted by Dave Gilmour and Jerry Shirley
Headed Chance Saved by Gordon Banks
Pelรฉ directed a firm header toward goal against England, but Gordon Banks produced an exceptional save to preserve a temporary clean sheet.
Tommy
Tommy is performed at New York's Lincoln Center.
The Who
The Who's Tommy is performed at New York's Lincoln Center
Moore Stops Pelรฉ and Exchanges Shirt
Moore led England's defence against Brazil before famously exchanging shirts with Pelรฉ after a closely contested World Cup match.
Wright Starts at Right Back Against Brazil
Tommy Wright is selected at right back for the Brazil match and takes part in Englandโs defensive effort against Pelรฉ and Jairzinho.
Moore Challenge on Jairzinho
Bobby Moore makes a carefully timed defensive challenge on Jairzinho during Englandโs 1-0 defeat to Brazil, a moment later widely praised for its precision.
Ramsey Faces Brazil in Group Three
Alf Ramsey directs England against eventual champions Brazil at Estadio Jalisco, where Jairzinho scores the only goal of a closely contested match.
Lee Starts England Brazil Contest
Francis Lee begins the World Cup group encounter with Brazil before being replaced by Colin Bell in the second half.
Hurst Leads England Forward Line Against Brazil
Geoff Hurst starts as Englandโs centre-forward against Brazil but cannot find a breakthrough against the South American side.
Astle Appears as Brazil Substitute
Jeff Astle replaces Bobby Charlton during the second half against Brazil and joins Englandโs attempt to recover from a one-goal deficit.
Banks Denies Pele Header
Gordon Banks leaps to his right to turn away a downward header from Pelรฉ, producing one of the most celebrated saves in World Cup history.
Banks Saves Pelรฉ Downward Header
Banks produced a remarkable save from Pelรฉ's close-range header as England faced the eventual champions in Mexico.
Save from Pele
Produces a celebrated reflex save from Pele's downward header against Brazil.
Ball Strikes Crossbar Against Brazil
Alan Ball hits the crossbar with an England attempt against Brazil as the defending champions seek an equaliser in Guadalajara.
Bell Enters Brazil Group Match
Colin Bell comes on for Francis Lee against Brazil, adding fresh energy to Englandโs midfield and attack in the second half.
Red Army Faction
Half of the group sneaks into East Berlin, and then heads to the Jordan desert to a Palestinian training camp, to be followed by the rest of the group a week later.
Red Army Faction
The RAF learn how to shoot guns, throw grenades, and thoroughly annoy their Palestinian hosts.
Red Army Faction
after two months the Palestinians are sick of their disrespectful German guests and send them on a plane out of Jordan, they return to Berlin.
Self Portrait
Releases the controversial double album Self Portrait.
Revolution Studies
Kerensky continues political activity connected with revolution studies.
Moore Leads England into Knockouts
Bobby Moore captains England to a 1-0 victory over Czechoslovakia, completing the group phase with two wins and one defeat.
Ramsey Selects Clarke for Final Group Match
Alf Ramsey includes Allan Clarke in the side to face Czechoslovakia, and the forward rewards that decision by scoring the match-winning penalty.
Clarke Penalty Secures Qualification
Allan Clarke converts a second-half penalty against Czechoslovakia, scoring the only goal in a victory that sends England through to the quarter-finals.
Banks Registers Second Group Shutout
Gordon Banks keeps Czechoslovakia scoreless, helping England advance from a demanding group containing Brazil and Romania.
Mullery Contributes to Czechoslovakia Win
Alan Mullery helps England control central areas during the decisive group-stage victory against Czechoslovakia.
Peters Helps England Progress from Group
Martin Peters plays in Englandโs final group match, a narrow win over Czechoslovakia that earns a place in the last eight.
Wheelus Air Base Evacuation
The last United States forces leave Wheelus Air Base under the revolutionary government.
Death of Kerensky
Death of Alexander Fedorovich Kerensky
Gasoline Alley
Releases Gasoline Alley, strengthening his mixture of folk, rock and soul influences.
Lola
The Kinks release Lola.
Campus Unrest Commission
Appointed to chair the President's Commission on Campus Unrest
Two Goals Against Peru
Scores twice as Brazil defeat Peru in the quarter-final.
World Cup Quarter-Final
Helps Brazil advance with intelligent movement and combination play.
Newton Creates England Goals from Wide Areas
Keith Newton supplies attacking support from full-back during Englandโs quarter-final against West Germany and is credited with helping create both English goals.
Hunter Comes On Against West Germany
Norman Hunter replaces Martin Peters late in normal time, shortly before West Germany equalise to make the score 2-2.
Moore Final Match as Reigning World Champion
Bobby Moore captains England in the 3-2 extra-time loss to West Germany, the defeat that ends their defence of the World Cup title.
Bonetti Replaces Ill Banks in Quarter-Final
Peter Bonetti starts in goal against West Germany because Gordon Banks is ill, and England eventually lose the quarter-final 3-2 after extra time.
Mullery Opens Quarter-Final Scoring
Alan Mullery puts England ahead against West Germany in the first half, giving the defending champions an early advantage in the quarter-final.
Charlton Withdrawn During Quarter-Final
Bobby Charlton is substituted for Colin Bell after West Germany pull a goal back, as Alf Ramsey attempts to preserve Englandโs lead.
Bell Takes Part in Quarter-Final Closing Stages
Colin Bell replaces Bobby Charlton during the second half of Englandโs quarter-final defeat and plays as West Germany force extra time.
Peters Doubles Lead Against West Germany
Martin Peters scores Englandโs second goal shortly after half-time to establish a 2-0 lead before West Germany mount their comeback.
Peerage
Created a LIfe Peer
Dummied Uruguay Goalkeeper Mazurkiewicz
Pelรฉ ran around the Uruguay goalkeeper without touching Tostรฃo's pass, but his shot went narrowly wide in the World Cup semi-final.
Semi-Final with Injured Shoulder
Completes the semi-final against Italy with his injured shoulder strapped to his body.
Game of the Century Winner
Scores Italy's decisive extra-time goal in the 4-3 semi-final victory over West Germany.
Mazurkiewicz Fooled by Pelรฉ Dummy
Mazurkiewicz rushed out as Pelรฉ let the ball pass him during Brazil's semi-final victory, an improvised move that nearly produced a goal.
President of Argentina
Appointed de facto President of Argentina after Juan Carlos Ongania
Election
Defeated at Northampton during the general election
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for Epping, majority of 2,575
Election
Wins a Conservative majority of 37. The Conservative victory is the biggest upset since 1945. The Conservative Party win 46.4% of votes cast & 330 MPs. Conservatives 330, Labour 287, Liberals 6 & others 7
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament
Election
The Labour Party wins 43.1 percent of votes cast & 288 MPs. The Labour majority of 97 becomes a Conservative majority of 39
Eton and Slough Election Contest
Contests the Eton and Slough constituency for the Conservative Party at the 1970 general election but does not enter Parliament at that election.
Reigate Election
Is elected Conservative Member of Parliament for Reigate at the 1970 general election.
General Election Victory
Leads the Conservatives to victory in the 1970 general election.
Election
Leads the Conservatives to victory in the general election.
General Election Defeat
Leaves the Treasury after Labour loses the general election.
General Election
Retains Coventry East as Labour loses the general election.
Election
The Liberals return 6 Members of Parliament, despite standing in 332 seats. The Liberal Party win 7.5% of votes cast & 6 MPs
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 47th Prime Minister of Great Britain. Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain
Prime Minister
Is appointed Prime Minister after the Conservative victory over Labour.
Departure from Defence Ministry
Healey leaves the Defence Ministry after Labour loses the general election.
Vietnam War Policy Continuity
Keeps Britain outside direct military participation in Vietnam after taking office
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary
Secretary of State for Education
Appointed Secretary for Education & Science, attains Cabinet rank for the first time
Cabinet Formation
Forms a Conservative government with a programme of economic and industrial reform.
Shadow Cabinet
Becomes Shadow Chancellor after Labour loses the 1970 general election.
Shadow Cabinet
Healey becomes shadow defence spokesman after Labour loses the general election.
Opposition Front Bench
Healey returns immediately to Labourโs front bench as a shadow secretary of state.
World Cup Winner
Carlos Alberto drives in Brazil's fourth goal against Italy after a flowing team move, finishing the 1970 final with a memorable strike.
World Cup Winner
Brito anchors central defence when Brazil defeat Italy in the 1970 final. His marking and timely interventions allow the celebrated attacking players to express themselves farther up the pitch.
World Cup Winner
Everaldo gives Brazil a dependable left-back presence in the 1970 final. His positional discipline balances the forward surges that help overcome Italy by four goals to one.
World Cup Winner
Piazza plays in the back line throughout Brazilโs 1970 title run after moving from his customary midfield role. He completes the final against Italy as the team claims a third global championship.
Brazil Lifts Jules Rimet Trophy
Lifts the Jules Rimet Trophy after victory over Italy.
Carlos Alberto Completes Pelรฉ Assisted Move
Carlos Alberto drove home Brazil's fourth goal against Italy after Pelรฉ's carefully weighted pass in the World Cup final.
Fourth Goal Against Italy
Scores Brazil's fourth goal in the World Cup final.
World Cup Captain
Captains Brazil to its third FIFA World Cup championship.
World Cup Winner
Marco Antรดnio is selected as a defensive option in Brazilโs 1970 World Cup squad. Although he does not play in the final against Italy, he shares in the countryโs record third championship.
1970 FIFA World Cup Final - Wilson Piazza
Wilson Piazza provided central defensive balance behind Brazilโs outstanding forwards during the victory over Italy at the Azteca.
World Cup Winner
Tostรฃo provides inventive off-ball movement as Brazil wins the 1970 World Cup. His cooperation with Pelรฉ and Jairzinho makes the sideโs attacking combinations especially difficult to contain.
1970 Final Opening Goal
Heads Brazil into the lead against Italy in the World Cup final.
Third World Cup Winners Medal
Pelรฉ became the first male player to be part of three World Cup-winning squads after Brazil defeated Italy 4-1 in the final.
World Cup Final Assist for Carlos Alberto
Pelรฉ laid the ball into the path of Carlos Alberto, who drove in Brazil's fourth goal against Italy in one of the tournament's most famous moves.
World Cup Winner
Pelรฉ rises to head Brazil in front against Italy in the 1970 final and later helps orchestrate the team's celebrated attacking football.
Brazil Attacking Champion
Links midfield and attack throughout the championship campaign.
World Cup Victory
Helps Brazil defeat Italy in the World Cup final.
Third Goal Against Italy
Completes a tournament in which he scores seven goals.
World Cup Final Goal
Scores Brazil's third goal during the World Cup final.
World Cup Winner
Jairzinho scores Brazil's third goal against Italy, extending the advantage on the way to a 4-1 victory in Mexico City.
1970 FIFA World Cup Final - Roberto Rivellino
Roberto Rivellino stretched the Italian defence from the left, combining close control and passing as Brazil won the final 4โ1.
World Cup Winner
Fรฉlix starts in goal as Brazil beat Italy 4-1 in Mexico City. His handling and defensive organisation support a team that wins every match of its 1970 World Cup campaign.
1970 FIFA World Cup Final - Fรฉlix Miรฉli
Fรฉlix Miรฉli played in goal as Brazil overcame Italy 4โ1, completing a campaign in which the national side won every match.
First Player and Manager Champion
Becomes the first person winning the tournament as player and manager.
World Cup Manager
Manages Brazil to victory in the 1970 World Cup.
World Cup Winner
Mรกrio Zagallo leads Brazil to its third World Cup championship, adding a managerial title to the two he previously won as a player.
World Cup Winner
Clodoaldo protects possession and links defence with attack in Brazilโs 1970 final against Italy. A memorable weaving run through midfield helps initiate the move for the fourth goal.
1970 FIFA World Cup Final - Clodoaldo Tavares
Clodoaldo carried the ball past several opponents during the celebrated move that led to Brazilโs fourth goal against Italy.
Gรฉrson Scores Brazil Final Second Goal
Gรฉrson struck a powerful long-range goal against Italy as Brazil recovered the lead on the way to a 4-1 final victory.
World Cup Winner
Gรฉrson fires Brazil ahead against Italy in the second half of the 1970 final after the Italians had equalised before the interval.
Brazil Midfield Champion
Provides creativity and powerful shooting from the left side.
World Cup Victory
Helps Brazil win its third World Cup championship.
World Cup Winner
Roberto Rivellino supplies technical invention and powerful passing during Brazil's unbeaten 1970 World Cup campaign, which concludes with victory over Italy.
Ten-Goal Mexico Campaign
Scores ten goals for West Germany to finish as the leading scorer in Mexico.
1970 FIFA World Cup Final - Giacinto Facchetti
Giacinto Facchetti captained Italy at left-back but faced sustained Brazilian attacking pressure as the match moved beyond the Italians.
Boninsegna Equalises Against Pelรฉ Brazil
Boninsegna equalised for Italy in the World Cup final before Pelรฉ and his teammates produced three further goals.
1970 FIFA World Cup Final - Sandro Mazzola
Sandro Mazzola started for Italy in the World Cup final, seeking to connect the midfield to the forwards before Brazil pulled away in the second half.
Voting Rights Act Amendments
Signs the Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1970
Education
Charles studies history, earning a 2:2 (lower second class) Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree making him the third member of the Royal Family to earn a university degree
Catch-22 Film
Directs the film adaptation of Catch-22
Pink Floyd
"Atom Heart Mother" is premiered at the Bath Festival
Pink Floyd
"Atom Heart Mother" is premiered at the Bath Festival
Christopher Street Liberation Day
Helps organize the first Christopher Street Liberation Day march
Christopher Street Liberation Day
Helps organize the first anniversary march after Stonewall
Christopher Street Liberation Day
Participates in early post-Stonewall gay liberation activism
Reform of Housing
Removes restrictions on council house sales
Final Fight
Wins his final fight by technical knockout against Chuck Wepner
Reform of Local Government
A circular is issued to local Government urging the sale of council houses
Cooper-Church Amendment
Co-sponsors Senate action to restrict funds for US ground troops in Cambodia
Cooper-Church Amendment
Co-sponsors Senate action to restrict funds for US ground troops in Cambodia
PLO
The RAF learn how to shoot guns, throw grenades, and thoroughly annoy their Palestinian hosts, after two months the Palestinians are sick of their disrespectful German guests and send them on a plane out of Jordan, they return to Berlin
Red Army Faction
The RAF learn how to shoot guns, throw grenades, and thoroughly annoy their Palestinian hosts, after two months the Palestinians are sick of their disrespectful German guests and send them on a plane out of Jordan, they return to Berlin
Golden Boot European Golden Shoe
Leads the European Golden Shoe scoring standings with 38 goals for Bayern Munich. His contribution stands out for setting the pace among Europeโs top-division scorers.
Barrett
Barrett releases solo album, "Barrett"
Election
Advises the public to vote Labour
Largest Wolverhampton Majority
Is returned for Wolverhampton South West with a majority of 14,467, the largest majority of his parliamentary career there.
Speech
the Butskellite consensus
General Election Campaign
Campaigns against Harold Wilson on economic management prices and industrial relations.
Rule of Gaza
The Israeli Government passes its initial decision to establish settlements in Gaza
Black September
Clashes between Jordanian security forces and armed Palestinian factions escalated during June 1970. King Hussein faced a growing challenge to state authority as guerrilla organizations maintained armed positions in the capital.
Army Mobilization
Mobilizes forces as civil war spreads through the countryside
Black September
Yasser Arafat attempted to preserve the Palestine Liberation Organization as tensions with the Jordanian monarchy intensified. The presence of autonomous Palestinian armed groups made political accommodation increasingly difficult.
Negotiations
Le Duc Tho & Kissinger meet in Paris for 3rd round of talks
People's Assembly
Torres permits the People's Assembly of unions and leftist organisations to convene.
Operation Arc Light
The monthly sortie rate is reduced to 1,000
European Cup Victory
Manages Ajax to victory over Panathinaikos in the European Cup final at Wembley.
European Cup Victory
Helps Ajax defeat Panathinaikos at Wembley to win the club's first European Cup.
Economic Reform
I participates in economic reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Sometime in New York City
John Lennon & Yoko Ono jam with Frank Zappa at the Fillmore East in New York City, recorded for subsequent release on the Plastic Ono Band album "Sometime in New York City"
Soyuz 11
Commands Soyuz 11, which docks with Salyut 1.
Soyuz 11
Serves as research engineer on Soyuz 11 during the Salyut 1 mission.
Soyuz 11
Serves as flight engineer on Soyuz 11 during the Salyut 1 mission.
Prime Minister of Afghanistan
Abdul Zahir becomes prime minister during the final years of the monarchy.
Pentagon Papers
The New York Times begins publishing material from the Pentagon Papers leaked by Ellsberg, intensifying Nixon administration concern about unauthorized disclosures.
Pentagon Papers
Ellsberg releases the documents to New York Times correspondent Neil Sheehan & On Sunday, June 13, 1971, the Times publishes the first of nine excerpts and commentaries on the 7,000 page collection.
Pentagon Papers
For 15 days, the Times was prevented from publishing its articles by court order requested by the Nixon administration, meanwhile, Ellsberg leaks the documents to The Washington Post and 17 other newspapers.
Pentagon Papers
The Washington Post begins publishing the Pentagon Papers - the Defense Department's secret history of the Vietnam War. The Washington Post will begin publishing the papers later in the week
Pentagon Papers
The New York Times began publishing excerpts on June 13, 1971; the first article in the series was titled "Vietnam Archive: Pentagon Study Traces Three Decades of Growing US Involvement". The study was dubbed The Pentagon Papers during the resulting media publicity. Street protests, political controversy, and lawsuits followed
Scandal
An account of the war commissioned by McNamara iitains leaked to the New York Times
Pentagon Papers Publication Decision
Sulzberger oversees the newspaper as the New York Times decides to publish material from the classified Pentagon Papers.
Vietnam Archive First Installment
The New York Times begins publishing its Pentagon Papers series based on material obtained by Sheehan.
Pentagon Papers Leak
Leaked Pentagon Papers begin appearing in the New York Times
Scandal
The New York Times publishes security documents leaked to the press by Daniel Ellsberg
Security Documents Leaked
The New York Times publishes security documents leaked to the press by Daniel Ellsberg
Pentagon Papers Publication
The New York Times begins publishing the Pentagon Papers
New York Times Halt Demand
Mitchell demands that the New York Times stop publishing Pentagon Papers material and return the classified documents.
Pentagon Papers Cabinet Discussion
Nixon meets senior administration officials as the government responds to publication of the Pentagon Papers.
Pentagon Papers
After failing to persuade the Times to voluntarily cease publication on June 14, Attorney General John N. Mitchellll and Nixon obtained a federal court injunction forcing the Times to cease publication after three articles.
Pentagon Papers
However, Kissinger convinced the president that not opposing the publication set a negative precedent for future secrets.
Pentagon Papers
John Mitchellll, Nixon's Attorney General, almost immediately issued a telegram to the Times ordering that it halt publication, The Times refuses, and the Government takes out a suit against it.
Pentagon Papers
President Nixon's first reaction to the publication was that, since the study embarrassed the Johnson and Kennedy administrations rather than his, he should do nothing.
Pentagon Papers
The administration argued Ellsberg and Russo were guilty of a felony under the Espionage Act of 1917, because they had no authority to disclose classified documents.
Pentagon Papers
Backs legal action to stop further New York Times publication of the Pentagon Papers after Attorney General John Mitchell demands that the newspaper halt.
Government Demand to Halt Publication
Sulzberger's newspaper receives the Nixon administration demand that further publication of the Pentagon Papers stop.
National Security Statement
Chairs a National Security meeting and issues a public statement urging calm, dignity and self-reliance amid mounting diplomatic pressure.
School Milk
15-29 June, protests about withdrawal of milk to state schools
FBI Pentagon Papers Investigation Request
Mitchell asks the FBI to investigate the unauthorized disclosure of classified Pentagon Papers material.
New York Times Temporary Restraining Order
Gurfein issues a temporary restraining order stopping further New York Times publication while the Pentagon Papers case is heard.
Pentagon Papers Response
Seeks legal action to stop publication of the Pentagon Papers
Pentagon Papers Response
Seeks to halt publication of the Pentagon Papers
Alaskan Pipeline
Discusses the Alaskan pipeline as part of a broader review of domestic issues and White House policy coordination.
Florida Barge Canal
Participates in a meeting with Nixon covering domestic policy questions including the Florida barge canal and coordination through Ehrlichman's staff.
Pentagon Papers Administration Response
Discusses with Nixon the administration response to publication of the Pentagon Papers and the division of responsibilities among senior White House staff.
Pentagon Papers Justice Department Role
Discusses the Justice Department's part in the administration response to the Pentagon Papers and the need for coordinated White House leadership.
Pentagon Papers Press Strategy
Reviews press handling of the Pentagon Papers, including the administration's presentation of Vietnam, domestic issues and staff responsibilities.
Pentagon Papers Staff Assignments
Reviews proposed staff roles for handling the Pentagon Papers controversy, including responsibilities associated with Ehrlichman, Colson, Moore, Price, Buchanan, Scali, Krogh and Cole.
Presidential Staff Access
Discusses Nixon's schedule and access arrangements involving Shultz, Ehrlichman and Kissinger, including preparation for presidential meetings.
Public Issue Priorities
Reviews the public importance of Vietnam, the economy and drugs, including polling and the use of presidential press conferences to address domestic issues.
Congressional Pentagon Papers Statements
Reviews the possible use of congressional statements to support the administration's case concerning publication of classified documents.
Declassification Strategy
Discusses declassification of World War II and Korean War material as part of the broader response to the Pentagon Papers dispute.
Media Contact Strategy
Reviews contacts with reporters and possible press approaches as the White House develops its response to the Pentagon Papers.
New York Times Response
Participates in discussion of how the administration should respond publicly to the New York Times over publication of the Pentagon Papers.
Pentagon Papers Counterstrategy
Meets with Nixon and Ziegler as the White House considers its political and public response to publication of the Pentagon Papers.
Pentagon Papers Legal Status
Reviews the restraining-order and grand-jury situation connected with the government's effort to halt or investigate publication of the Pentagon Papers.
Pentagon Papers Statement Wording
Discusses proposed language for administration statements concerning publication of classified material and the legal issues surrounding the disclosures.
Rogers Statement on Pentagon Papers
Discusses possible use of a statement by Secretary of State William Rogers in the administration's response to the Pentagon Papers controversy.
Georgetown Pentagon Papers Review
Bradlee gathers reporters at his Georgetown home to review Pentagon Papers material and prepare stories for publication.
Pentagon Papers Copy Reaches Washington Post
Bradlee receives access to a copy of the Pentagon Papers as the Washington Post prepares its own reporting.
Pentagon Papers Go-Ahead
Graham authorizes the Washington Post to publish Pentagon Papers material despite warnings about legal and financial risk.
Pentagon Papers Legal Risk Decision
Graham accepts the risk of government legal action and supports publication of the classified study.
Pentagon Papers Reporting Team
Roberts joins the Washington Post team examining the Pentagon Papers at Bradlee's home before publication.
Washington Post Halt Demand
Mitchell's Justice Department asks the Washington Post to stop publishing classified Pentagon Papers material.
Pentagon Papers
The Washington Post begins publishing the Pentagon Papers - the Defense Department's secret history of the Vietnam War. The Washington Post will begin publishing the papers later in the week.
Pentagon Papers
On June 18, 1971, The Washington Post began publishing its own series of articles based upon the Pentagon Papers; Ellsberg gave portions to editor Ben Bradlee
Pentagon Papers
On June 18, 1971, The Washington Post began publishing its own series of articles based upon the Pentagon Papers; Ellsberg gave portions to editor Ben Bradlee
Washington Post Injunction Denied
Gesell refuses the government's request for an immediate injunction against further Washington Post publication.
Washington Post Injunction Hearing
Gesell hears the government's request to prevent the Washington Post from continuing its Pentagon Papers series.
Pentagon Papers Court Defense
Bradlee supports continued publication as the Washington Post defends itself against the government's effort to stop the series.
Washington Post Pentagon Papers Publication
Bradlee directs publication of the Washington Post's first Pentagon Papers stories.
Washington Post First Pentagon Papers Edition
The Washington Post begins its Pentagon Papers series after Graham approves publication.
Washington Post First Pentagon Papers Story
Roberts writes for the Washington Post edition that begins publishing Pentagon Papers material.
The Twelve Chairs
Releases the film adaptation The Twelve Chairs.
Won't Get Fooled Again
Release Won't Get Fooled Again.
Pentagon Papers Prior Restraint Litigation
Mitchell oversees the administration's legal effort to prevent newspapers from continuing publication of the Pentagon Papers.
Pentagon Papers Indictment
A federal grand jury indicts Ellsberg on charges concerning retention and conversion of classified Pentagon Papers documents.
Pentagon Papers
Admits to delivering the Pentagon Papers to New York Times
Ellsberg Prosecution Stance
Nixon tells Cabinet members that the administration intends to continue prosecuting Ellsberg over the Pentagon Papers disclosure.
Staff Discipline after Pentagon Papers
Haldeman hears Nixon emphasize strict administration discipline and continued prosecution of Ellsberg after the Pentagon Papers disclosure.
Pentagon Papers
John Mitchell, Nixon's Attorney General, almost immediately issued a telegram to the Times ordering that it halt publication, The Times refuses, and the Government takes out a suit against it
Congressional Pentagon Papers Disclosure
Gravel uses a Senate subcommittee proceeding to place extensive Pentagon Papers material into a public congressional setting.
Pentagon Papers Entered into Record
Gravel inserts the remaining Pentagon Papers material in his possession into the Senate subcommittee record.
Pentagon Papers Subcommittee Reading
Gravel reads portions of the Pentagon Papers during a meeting of a Senate subcommittee.
Reform of Education
Says LEAs may use the 1944 education act to retain grammar schools
Death of Georgy Dobrovolsky
Dies with the Soyuz 11 crew during re-entry after cabin depressurisation.
Death of Viktor Patsayev
Dies with the Soyuz 11 crew during re-entry after cabin depressurisation.
Death of Vladislav Volkov
Dies with the Soyuz 11 crew during re-entry after cabin depressurisation.
Pentagon Papers
The Supreme Court ordered publication of the Times to resume freely (New York Times Co. v. United States).
Pentagon Papers
The Supreme Court rejects the administration's effort to prevent continued newspaper publication of the Pentagon Papers in New York Times Co. v. United States.
Pentagon Papers
The Supreme Court ordered publication of the Times to resume freely (New York Times Co. v. United States). Although the Times did not reveal Ellsberg as their source, he went into hiding for 13 days afterwards, suspecting that the evidence would point to him as the source of the theft
Pentagon Papers Dissent
Burger dissents from the Supreme Court judgment allowing immediate continued publication of the Pentagon Papers.
Supreme Court Publication Victory
Sulzberger's newspaper wins the right to continue publication after the Supreme Court rejects the government's prior-restraint case.
Pentagon Papers Concurrence
White votes with the majority allowing publication while separately discussing possible criminal remedies after publication.
Pentagon Papers Dissent
Blackmun dissents from the Supreme Court judgment that rejects the government's request for prior restraint.
Prior Restraint Concurrence
Black votes with the six-justice majority allowing the New York Times and Washington Post to continue publishing the Pentagon Papers.
Pentagon Papers Dissent
Harlan dissents from the Supreme Court judgment in the Pentagon Papers prior-restraint case.
Pentagon Papers Concurrence
Stewart votes with the majority rejecting the government's request to stop publication of the Pentagon Papers.
Pentagon Papers Concurrence
Marshall votes with the majority in the Supreme Court decision permitting Pentagon Papers publication to continue.
Pentagon Papers Concurrence
Brennan votes with the majority allowing publication to continue and writes separately on the exceptionally narrow basis for prior restraint.
Pentagon Papers Concurrence
Douglas votes with the majority rejecting the government's effort to restrain publication of the Pentagon Papers.
Supreme Court Press Freedom Victory
Graham's newspaper prevails with the New York Times when the Supreme Court allows Pentagon Papers publication to continue.
Pentagon Papers Decision
Joins the Supreme Court decision allowing publication of the Pentagon Papers
Movement 2 June
Former members of Kommune I, and former members of the now-disbanded West Berlin Tupamaros, form "Movement 2 June", Andreas Baader and Gudrun Ensslin encourage the group, which includes Bommi Baumann and Fritz Teufel, to join the RAF
Movement 2 June
Former members of Kommune I, and former members of the now-disbanded West Berlin Tupamaros, form "Movement 2 June", Andreas Baader and Gudrun Ensslin encourage the group, which includes Bommi Baumann and Fritz Teufel, to join the RAF
Movement 2 June
Former members of Kommune I, and former members of the now-disbanded West Berlin Tupamaros, form "Movement 2 June", Andreas Baader and Gudrun Ensslin encourage the group, which includes Bommi Baumann and Fritz Teufel, to join the RAF
Movement 2 June
Former members of Kommune I, and former members of the now-disbanded West Berlin Tupamaros, form "Movement 2 June", Andreas Baader and Gudrun Ensslin encourage the group, which includes Bommi Baumann and Fritz Teufel, to join the RAF
Upper Clyde Shipbuilders
Upper Clyde Shipbuilders is declared insolvent & its liquidation announced
Riders on the Storm
Releases Riders on the Storm.
Vietnam Archive Publication Preparation
Sheehan helps prepare the newspaper series that the Times labels the Vietnam Archive.
Pentagon Papers District Court Review
Gurfein presides over the federal court dispute between the government and the New York Times over prior restraint.
Golden Boot European Golden Shoe
Collects the European Golden Shoe leading-scorer distinction after scoring 44 goals for Marseille. The award recognises a French league scoring haul that stood as a benchmark for decades.
General
Appointed General Secretary of the Arab League
Arrest of Andraes Baader
The leaders are arrested, after 6 murders, 50 attempted murders & numerous bank raids. Baader and fellow RAF members Jan-Carl Raspe and Holger Meins are apprehended after a lengthy shootout in Frankfurt
Arrest of Holger Meins
Baader and fellow RAF members Jan-Carl Raspe and Holger Meins are apprehended after a lengthy shootout in Frankfurt
Arrest of Jan-Carl Raspe
Baader and fellow RAF members Jan-Carl Raspe and Holger Meins are apprehended after a lengthy shootout in Frankfurt
Nationalization
The Iraq Petroleum Company is nationalized as the Baath government asserts control over oil
Pink Floyd
"Obscured By Clouds" is released
Pink Floyd
"Obscured By Clouds" is released
Pink Floyd
Sessions start at Studio 2 in Abbey Road on "Eclipse", the original title of "Dark Side Of The Moon"
Pink Floyd
Sessions start at Studio 2 in Abbey Road on "Eclipse", the original title of "Dark Side Of The Moon"
Pink Floyd
Sessions start at Studio 2 in Abbey Road on "Eclipse", the original title of "Dark Side Of The Moon"
Presidential Election
Elected first President of the Khmer Republic after adoption of the constitution
Visit to Russia
The President of Yugoslavia visits Russia
Ziggy Stardust
Releases The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars, his breakthrough concept album.
Ziggy Stardust
Releases The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars.
Visit to Israel
German Chancellor Willy Brandt visits Israel
Visit to Israel
German Chancellor Willy Brandt visits Israel
Arrest of Gudrun Ensslin
Ensslin is captured
Third Constitutional Amendment
Leads the government when the constitutional amendment permitting European Communities membership is signed.
Gemstone Intelligence Reaches Campaign Leadership
Wiretap material and photographs produced by the Watergate intelligence operation were passed through campaign channels to senior officials.
Gemstone Wiretap Logs
Magruder later testifies that he received Gemstone wiretap logs from Liddy and passed them to John Mitchell; Mitchell disputes Magruder's account.
Some Time in New York City
"Some Time in New York City" is loud, raucous, and explicitly political, with songs about prison riots, racial and sexual relations, the British role in Northern Ireland, and his own problems in obtaining a US Green Card. Some Time in New York City, a double album by John Lennon backed by the New York rock group Elephants Memory is released
European Championship Semi-Final Goal
Scores Belgium's late goal in the 2-1 European Championship semi-final defeat by West Germany.
Two Goals Against Belgium
Scores twice as West Germany defeat hosts Belgium 2-1 in the European Championship semi-final.
Join Together
Release Join Together as a single.
Watergate
Barker is assigned to photograph documents.
Watergate
Bernard Barker is among the men involved in preparations for the Watergate operation against Democratic National Committee offices.
Watergate
Bernard Barker participates in final preparations connected with the planned entry into Democratic National Committee offices at the Watergate complex.
Watergate
Bernard Barker participates in the Watergate operation while Eugenio Martinez and Frank Sturgis are assigned lookout roles.
Watergate
D.C., seven men gathered to finalize their plans to break in to the Democratic National Committee's (DNC) headquarters, located on the sixth floor of one of the Watergate complex's six buildings.
Watergate
In room 214 of the Watergate Hotel in Washington,
Watergate
One of these men, G. Gordon Liddy, was a former FBI agent. Another, E. Howard Hunt, had retired from the CIA. James McCord would handle the bugging, Bernard Barker would photograph documents, and Virgilio Gonzalez would pick the locks.
Watergate
The remaining two, Eugenio Martinez and Frank Sturgis, would serve as lookouts
Watergate
D.C., seven men gathered to finalize their plans to break in to the Democratic National Committee's (DNC) headquarters, located on the sixth floor of one of the Watergate complex's six buildings.
Watergate
Everette Howard Hunt is among the men involved in preparations for the Watergate operation against Democratic National Committee offices.
Watergate
Everette Howard Hunt participates in final preparations connected with the planned entry into Democratic National Committee offices at the Watergate complex.
Watergate
Everette Howard Hunt participates in the Watergate operation while Eugenio Martinez and Frank Sturgis are assigned lookout roles.
Watergate
Hunt helps coordinate the operation.
Watergate
In room 214 of the Watergate Hotel in Washington,
Watergate
One of these men, G. Gordon Liddy, was a former FBI agent. Another, E. Howard Hunt, had retired from the CIA. James McCord would handle the bugging, Bernard Barker would photograph documents, and Virgilio Gonzalez would pick the locks.
Watergate
The remaining two, Eugenio Martinez and Frank Sturgis, would serve as lookouts
Watergate
D.C., seven men gathered to finalize their plans to break in to the Democratic National Committee's (DNC) headquarters, located on the sixth floor of one of the Watergate complex's six buildings.
Watergate
George Gordon Liddy is among the men involved in preparations for the Watergate operation against Democratic National Committee offices.
Watergate
George Gordon Liddy participates in final preparations connected with the planned entry into Democratic National Committee offices at the Watergate complex.
Watergate
George Gordon Liddy participates in the Watergate operation while Eugenio Martinez and Frank Sturgis are assigned lookout roles.
Watergate
In room 214 of the Watergate Hotel in Washington,
Watergate
Liddy helps direct the operation.
Watergate
One of these men, G. Gordon Liddy, was a former FBI agent. Another, E. Howard Hunt, had retired from the CIA. James McCord would handle the bugging, Bernard Barker would photograph documents, and Virgilio Gonzalez would pick the locks.
Watergate
The remaining two, Eugenio Martinez and Frank Sturgis, would serve as lookouts
Watergate
Gonzalez provides locksmith skills.
Watergate
Virgilio Gonzalez is among the men involved in preparations for the Watergate operation against Democratic National Committee offices.
Watergate
Virgilio Gonzalez participates in final preparations connected with the planned entry into Democratic National Committee offices at the Watergate complex.
Watergate
Virgilio Gonzalez participates in the Watergate operation while Eugenio Martinez and Frank Sturgis are assigned lookout roles.
Watergate
D.C., seven men gathered to finalize their plans to break in to the Democratic National Committee's (DNC) headquarters, located on the sixth floor of one of the Watergate complex's six buildings.
Watergate
In room 214 of the Watergate Hotel in Washington,
Watergate
One of these men, G. Gordon Liddy, was a former FBI agent. Another, E. Howard Hunt, had retired from the CIA. James McCord would handle the bugging, Bernard Barker would photograph documents, and Virgilio Gonzalez would pick the locks.
Watergate
The remaining two, Eugenio Martinez and Frank Sturgis, would serve as lookouts
Watergate
D.C., seven men gathered to finalize their plans to break in to the Democratic National Committee's (DNC) headquarters, located on the sixth floor of one of the Watergate complex's six buildings.
Watergate
In room 214 of the Watergate Hotel in Washington,
Watergate
One of these men, G. Gordon Liddy, was a former FBI agent. Another, E. Howard Hunt, had retired from the CIA. James McCord would handle the bugging, Bernard Barker would photograph documents, and Virgilio Gonzalez would pick the locks.
Watergate
The remaining two, Eugenio Martinez and Frank Sturgis, would serve as lookouts
Watergate
D.C., seven men gathered to finalize their plans to break in to the Democratic National Committee's (DNC) headquarters, located on the sixth floor of one of the Watergate complex's six buildings.
Watergate
In room 214 of the Watergate Hotel in Washington,
Watergate
One of these men, G. Gordon Liddy, was a former FBI agent. Another, E. Howard Hunt, had retired from the CIA. James McCord would handle the bugging, Bernard Barker would photograph documents, and Virgilio Gonzalez would pick the locks.
Watergate
The remaining two, Eugenio Martinez and Frank Sturgis, would serve as lookouts
Watergate
D.C., seven men gathered to finalize their plans to break in to the Democratic National Committee's (DNC) headquarters, located on the sixth floor of one of the Watergate complex's six buildings.
Watergate
In room 214 of the Watergate Hotel in Washington,
Watergate
One of these men, G. Gordon Liddy, was a former FBI agent. Another, E. Howard Hunt, had retired from the CIA. James McCord would handle the bugging, Bernard Barker would photograph documents, and Virgilio Gonzalez would pick the locks.
Watergate
The remaining two, Eugenio Martinez and Frank Sturgis, would serve as lookouts
Watergate
D.C., seven men gathered to finalize their plans to break in to the Democratic National Committee's (DNC) headquarters, located on the sixth floor of one of the Watergate complex's six buildings.
Watergate
In room 214 of the Watergate Hotel in Washington,
Watergate
One of these men, G. Gordon Liddy, was a former FBI agent. Another, E. Howard Hunt, had retired from the CIA. James McCord would handle the bugging, Bernard Barker would photograph documents, and Virgilio Gonzalez would pick the locks.
Watergate
The remaining two, Eugenio Martinez and Frank Sturgis, would serve as lookouts
Watergate
Barker is assigned to photograph documents.
Watergate
Bernard Barker is among the men involved in preparations for the Watergate operation against Democratic National Committee offices.
Watergate
Bernard Barker participates in final preparations connected with the planned entry into Democratic National Committee offices at the Watergate complex.
Watergate
Bernard Barker participates in the Watergate operation while Eugenio Martinez and Frank Sturgis are assigned lookout roles.
Watergate
D.C., seven men gathered to finalize their plans to break in to the Democratic National Committee's (DNC) headquarters, located on the sixth floor of one of the Watergate complex's six buildings.
Watergate
In room 214 of the Watergate Hotel in Washington,
Watergate
One of these men, G. Gordon Liddy, was a former FBI agent. Another, E. Howard Hunt, had retired from the CIA. James McCord would handle the bugging, Bernard Barker would photograph documents, and Virgilio Gonzalez would pick the locks.
Watergate
The remaining two, Eugenio Martinez and Frank Sturgis, would serve as lookouts
Watergate
D.C., seven men gathered to finalize their plans to break in to the Democratic National Committee's (DNC) headquarters, located on the sixth floor of one of the Watergate complex's six buildings.
Watergate
Everette Howard Hunt is among the men involved in preparations for the Watergate operation against Democratic National Committee offices.
Watergate
Everette Howard Hunt participates in final preparations connected with the planned entry into Democratic National Committee offices at the Watergate complex.
Watergate
Everette Howard Hunt participates in the Watergate operation while Eugenio Martinez and Frank Sturgis are assigned lookout roles.
Watergate
Hunt helps coordinate the operation.
Watergate
In room 214 of the Watergate Hotel in Washington,
Watergate
One of these men, G. Gordon Liddy, was a former FBI agent. Another, E. Howard Hunt, had retired from the CIA. James McCord would handle the bugging, Bernard Barker would photograph documents, and Virgilio Gonzalez would pick the locks.
Watergate
The remaining two, Eugenio Martinez and Frank Sturgis, would serve as lookouts
Watergate
During the Watergate operation, James McCord handles the bugging equipment, Bernard Barker photographs documents, Virgilio Gonzalez works on the locks, and Sturgis serves as a lookout.
Watergate
Frank Sturgis is assigned a lookout role during preparations for the Watergate operation.
Watergate
Sturgis joins the Watergate team in Washington as the group finalizes plans to enter the Democratic National Committee headquarters.
Watergate
D.C., seven men gathered to finalize their plans to break in to the Democratic National Committee's (DNC) headquarters, located on the sixth floor of one of the Watergate complex's six buildings.
Watergate
George Gordon Liddy is among the men involved in preparations for the Watergate operation against Democratic National Committee offices.
Watergate
George Gordon Liddy participates in final preparations connected with the planned entry into Democratic National Committee offices at the Watergate complex.
Watergate
George Gordon Liddy participates in the Watergate operation while Eugenio Martinez and Frank Sturgis are assigned lookout roles.
Watergate
In room 214 of the Watergate Hotel in Washington,
Watergate
Liddy helps direct the operation.
Watergate
One of these men, G. Gordon Liddy, was a former FBI agent. Another, E. Howard Hunt, had retired from the CIA. James McCord would handle the bugging, Bernard Barker would photograph documents, and Virgilio Gonzalez would pick the locks.
Watergate
The remaining two, Eugenio Martinez and Frank Sturgis, would serve as lookouts
Watergate
During the Watergate operation, McCord handles the bugging equipment, Bernard Barker photographs documents, and Virgilio Gonzalez performs the lock work.
Watergate
Eugenio Martinez and Frank Sturgis are assigned lookout duties while McCord and the other operatives prepare for the Watergate entry.
Watergate
McCord is assigned responsibility for the electronic surveillance equipment used in the Watergate operation.
Watergate
McCord joins the Watergate team in room 214 of the Watergate Hotel as the group finalizes plans to enter the Democratic National Committee offices.
Watergate
Gonzalez provides locksmith skills.
Watergate
Virgilio Gonzalez is among the men involved in preparations for the Watergate operation against Democratic National Committee offices.
Watergate
Virgilio Gonzalez participates in final preparations connected with the planned entry into Democratic National Committee offices at the Watergate complex.
Watergate
Virgilio Gonzalez participates in the Watergate operation while Eugenio Martinez and Frank Sturgis are assigned lookout roles.
Watergate
D.C., seven men gathered to finalize their plans to break in to the Democratic National Committee's (DNC) headquarters, located on the sixth floor of one of the Watergate complex's six buildings.
Watergate
In room 214 of the Watergate Hotel in Washington,
Watergate
One of these men, G. Gordon Liddy, was a former FBI agent. Another, E. Howard Hunt, had retired from the CIA. James McCord would handle the bugging, Bernard Barker would photograph documents, and Virgilio Gonzalez would pick the locks.
Watergate
The remaining two, Eugenio Martinez and Frank Sturgis, would serve as lookouts
Final Watergate Briefing
Hunt joined Liddy and the burglary team in final preparations for another entry into the Democratic National Committee offices.
European Championship Third-Place Winning Goal
Scores Belgium's second goal in the 2-1 third-place victory over Hungary.
European Championship Third-Place Goal
Scores the opening goal as Belgium defeat Hungary 2-1 to finish third at the European Championship.
Penalty Against Belgium
Scores Hungary's penalty in the European Championship third-place match against Belgium.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
After the Watergate arrests, Everette Howard Hunt becomes part of the developing criminal investigation into the burglary and surveillance operation.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
Gordon Liddy went to his office and commenced a shredding operation to eliminate any evidence of his involvement.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
Liddy and Hunt had also worked at the White House, which made the Nixon connection more serious
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
Liddy and Hunt had also worked at the White House, which made the Nixon connection more serious.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
Liddy worked for the Committee to Re-elect the President, sometimes referred to pejoratively as CREEP; his involvement was a direct connection to President Nixon. McCord was the chief security officer at CREEP.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
The five burglars are processed at the police station, where several of them gave fake names. Hunt hired a lawyer to quickly bail the men out, but he underestimated the bail amount. G.
Watergate
Frank Wills, a security guard at the Watergate Complex, noticed tape covering the latch on the locks of several stairway doors in the complex , allowing them to be closed without locking.
Watergate
Frank Wills, a security guard at the Watergate Complex, noticed tape covering the latch on the locks of several stairway doors in the complex, allowing them to be closed without locking.
Watergate
He removed the tape, and thought nothing of it. An hour later, he discovered that someone (McCord) had re-taped the locks.
Watergate
Wills called the police, who showed up in plainclothes in an unmarked car, allowing them to pass by the lookout without the alarm being sounded. The burglars then turned off their radio when they heard noise in an adjacent stairwell
Watergate
Wills called the police, who showed up in plainclothes in an unmarked car, allowing them to pass by the lookout without the alarm being sounded. The burglars then turned off their radio when they heard noise in an adjacent stairwell.
Watergate
Frank Wills, a security guard at the Watergate Complex, noticed tape covering the latch on the locks of several stairway doors in the complex , allowing them to be closed without locking.
Watergate
Frank Wills, a security guard at the Watergate Complex, noticed tape covering the latch on the locks of several stairway doors in the complex, allowing them to be closed without locking.
Watergate
He removed the tape, and thought nothing of it. An hour later, he discovered that someone (McCord) had re-taped the locks.
Watergate
Wills called the police, who showed up in plainclothes in an unmarked car, allowing them to pass by the lookout without the alarm being sounded. The burglars then turned off their radio when they heard noise in an adjacent stairwell
Watergate
Wills called the police, who showed up in plainclothes in an unmarked car, allowing them to pass by the lookout without the alarm being sounded. The burglars then turned off their radio when they heard noise in an adjacent stairwell.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
After the Watergate arrests, George Gordon Liddy becomes part of the developing criminal investigation into the burglary and surveillance operation.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
Gordon Liddy went to his office and commenced a shredding operation to eliminate any evidence of his involvement.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
Liddy and Hunt had also worked at the White House, which made the Nixon connection more serious
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
Liddy and Hunt had also worked at the White House, which made the Nixon connection more serious.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
Liddy worked for the Committee to Re-elect the President, sometimes referred to pejoratively as CREEP; his involvement was a direct connection to President Nixon. McCord was the chief security officer at CREEP.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
The five burglars are processed at the police station, where several of them gave fake names. Hunt hired a lawyer to quickly bail the men out, but he underestimated the bail amount. G.
Government
5 men are arrested after breaking in to the Democratic National Committee headquarters
Watergate Arrest Connection
Sturgis's arrest as one of the Watergate burglars in June 1972 later drew renewed public attention to his earlier anti-Castro activities.
Arrest of Frank Sturgis, Virgilio Gonzalez, Eugenio Martinez, Bernard Barker and James McCord
Sturgis, Virgilio Gonzalez, Eugenio Martinez, Bernard Barker and James W. McCord, Jr. were arrested while installing electronic listening devices in the national Democratic Party campaign offices located at the Watergate office complex in Washington.
Arrest of Frank Sturgis, Virgilio Gonzalez, Eugenio Martinez, Bernard Barker and James McCord
Sturgis, Virgilio Gonzalez, Eugenio Martinez, Bernard Barker and James W. McCord, Jr. were arrested while installing electronic listening devices in the national Democratic Party campaign offices located at the Watergate office complex in Washington.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
After the Watergate arrests, Everette Howard Hunt becomes part of the developing criminal investigation into the burglary and surveillance operation.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
Gordon Liddy went to his office and commenced a shredding operation to eliminate any evidence of his involvement.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
Liddy and Hunt had also worked at the White House, which made the Nixon connection more serious.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
Liddy worked for the Committee to Re-elect the President, sometimes referred to pejoratively as CREEP; his involvement was a direct connection to President Nixon. McCord was the chief security officer at CREEP.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
The five burglars are processed at the police station, where several of them gave fake names. Hunt hired a lawyer to quickly bail the men out, but he underestimated the bail amount. G.
Watergate
Frank Wills, a security guard at the Watergate Complex, noticed tape covering the latch on the locks of several stairway doors in the complex , allowing them to be closed without locking.
Watergate
He removed the tape, and thought nothing of it. An hour later, he discovered that someone (McCord) had re-taped the locks.
Watergate
Wills called the police, who showed up in plainclothes in an unmarked car, allowing them to pass by the lookout without the alarm being sounded. The burglars then turned off their radio when they heard noise in an adjacent stairwell.
Arrest of Frank Sturgis, Virgilio Gonzalez, Eugenio Martinez, Bernard Barker and James McCord
Frank Sturgis, Virgilio Gonzalez, Eugenio Martinez, Bernard Barker and James W. McCord Jr. are arrested inside the Democratic National Committee offices at the Watergate complex.
Watergate
Frank Wills, a security guard at the Watergate Complex, noticed tape covering the latch on the locks of several stairway doors in the complex , allowing them to be closed without locking.
Watergate
He removed the tape, and thought nothing of it. An hour later, he discovered that someone (McCord) had re-taped the locks.
Watergate
Wills called the police, who showed up in plainclothes in an unmarked car, allowing them to pass by the lookout without the alarm being sounded. The burglars then turned off their radio when they heard noise in an adjacent stairwell.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
After the Watergate arrests, George Gordon Liddy becomes part of the developing criminal investigation into the burglary and surveillance operation.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
Gordon Liddy went to his office and commenced a shredding operation to eliminate any evidence of his involvement.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
Liddy and Hunt had also worked at the White House, which made the Nixon connection more serious.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
Liddy worked for the Committee to Re-elect the President, sometimes referred to pejoratively as CREEP; his involvement was a direct connection to President Nixon. McCord was the chief security officer at CREEP.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
The five burglars are processed at the police station, where several of them gave fake names. Hunt hired a lawyer to quickly bail the men out, but he underestimated the bail amount. G.
Arrest of James W McCord, Jr
McCord is arrested with Bernard Barker, Virgilio Gonzalez, Eugenio Martinez and Frank Sturgis inside the Democratic National Committee offices at the Watergate complex.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
After McCord and the burglary team are arrested, G. Gordon Liddy begins shredding documents connected with the Watergate intelligence operation.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
After the Watergate arrests, James W. McCord Jr. becomes a major subject of the developing investigation into the burglary and surveillance operation.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
McCord and the other arrested burglars are processed by police after the break-in; several members of the group initially provide false names.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
McCord serves as security coordinator for the Committee to Re-Elect the President, creating a direct campaign connection when he is arrested at Watergate.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
McCord's arrest draws attention to the fact that G. Gordon Liddy and E. Howard Hunt had previously worked at the White House.
Watergate
After Frank Wills removes tape from a door latch, McCord retapes the latch, prompting Wills to become suspicious when he returns.
Watergate
Police arrive in plain clothes and an unmarked car, bypass the lookout, and enter the Democratic National Committee offices where McCord and the other burglars are found.
Watergate
Security guard Frank Wills notices tape covering door latches at the Watergate complex, an observation that leads toward discovery of McCord and the other burglars.
Arrest of Frank Sturgis, Virgilio Gonzalez, Eugenio Martinez, Bernard Barker and James McCord
Sturgis, Virgilio Gonzalez, Eugenio Martinez, Bernard Barker and James W. McCord, Jr. were arrested while installing electronic listening devices in the national Democratic Party campaign offices located at the Watergate office complex in Washington.
Watergate Arrest
McCord is arrested inside Democratic National Committee headquarters with four other burglars while carrying surveillance equipment and cash.
Burglary Team Arrested
Hunt learned that police had captured the five men inside the Democratic National Committee offices and left the nearby command area.
Second DNC Burglary Directed
Hunt and Liddy directed the renewed Watergate operation intended to repair surveillance equipment and gather additional Democratic documents.
Police Alert
Calls police after discovering that door locks he had cleared of tape were taped again, helping officers catch the burglars inside Democratic National Committee offices.
Watergate Break-In Discovered
Notices tape placed over door locks during his security rounds and alerts police, leading to discovery of the Watergate burglary.
Watergate Command Post
Helps coordinate the second Watergate entry from nearby and leaves after learning that police have arrested the burglars.
Watergate
Watergate begins after 5 men are arrested burglarizing the Democratic Party's national HQ.
Watergate
Howard Hunt receives a call from the reporter Bob Woodward informing him that his name had been found in the address book of one of the burglars arrested the previous day at the Democratic party headquarters, in the Wate.
Watergate
Howard Hunt receives a call from the reporter Bob Woodward informing him that his name had been found in the address book of one of the burglars arrested the previous day at the Democratic party headquarters, in the Watergate.
Watergate
Howard Hunt recieves a call from the reporter Bob Woodward informing him that his name had been found in the address book of one of the burglars arrested the previous day at the Democratic party headquarters, in the Wate
Watergate
Howard Hunt recieves a call from the reporter Bob Woodward informing him that his name had been found in the address book of one of the burglars arrested the previous day at the Democratic party headquarters, in the Watergate
Watergate
Howard Hunt receives a call from the reporter Bob Woodward informing him that his name had been found in the address book of one of the burglars arrested the previous day at the Democratic party headquarters, in the Wate.
Watergate
Howard Hunt recieves a call from the reporter Bob Woodward informing him that his name had been found in the address book of one of the burglars arrested the previous day at the Democratic party headquarters, in the Wate
Watergate
Howard Hunt receives a call from the reporter Bob Woodward informing him that his name had been found in the address book of one of the burglars arrested the previous day at the Democratic party headquarters, in the Watergate.
Watergate
Howard Hunt receives a call from the reporter Bob Woodward informing him that his name had been found in the address book of one of the burglars arrested the previous day at the Democratic party headquarters, in the Wate.
Watergate Connection
Learns that his name and White House contact information were found in material connected to the burglars arrested at the Watergate complex.
Watergate
In fact, an elaborate cover-up was already under way. The charge that would stem from the cover-up, "obstruction of justice," would eventually bring Nixon down
Watergate
Investigators execute search warrants for hotel rooms used by the burglars and find material connecting E. Howard Hunt with the White House.
Watergate
Investigators later uncover an organized effort to obstruct the Watergate investigation, making the cover-up a central part of the scandal.
Watergate
Later investigations establish substantial campaign and White House connections to Watergate despite the early public denials.
Watergate
Official reaction was swift. From the White House, Nixon's Press Secretary, Ron Zeigler, dismissed the incident as some sort of petty thievery attempt. John Mitchell, the head of CREEP, denied that the organization had any connection to the event.
Watergate
Official reaction was swift. From the White House, Nixon's Press Secretary, Ron Ziegler, dismissed the incident as some sort of petty thievery attempt. John Mitchellll, the head of CREEP, denied that the organization had any connection to the event.
Watergate
Searches of material linked to the burglars uncover address-book references to E. Howard Hunt and the White House.
Watergate
The Washington Post reported, "One of the five men arrested early Saturday in the attempt to bug the Democratic National Committee headquarters is the salaried security coordinator for President Nixon's re-election committee." Shortly thereafter, it was revealed that a search
Watergate
The Washington Post reports that James McCord, one of the arrested burglars, works as security coordinator for Nixon's reelection committee.
Watergate
These public denials were lies.
Watergate
the burglars had keys, and that inside one of them were address books that listed Howard Hunt's name or initials, and included the hand-written notation, "WH," for White House.
Watergate
warrant had been executed for the hotel rooms for which
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
In fact, an elaborate cover-up was already under way. The charge that would stem from the cover-up, "obstruction of justice," would eventually bring Nixon down
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
Official reaction was swift. From the White House, Nixon's Press Secretary, Ron Zeigler, dismissed the incident as some sort of petty thievery attempt. John Mitchell, the head of CREEP, denied that the organization had any connection to the event.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
The Washington Post reported, "One of the five men arrested early Saturday in the attempt to bug the Democratic National Committee headquarters is the salaried security coordinator for President Nixon's re-election committee." Shortly thereafter, it was revealed that a search
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
These public denials were lies.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
the burglars had keys, and that inside one of them were address books that listed Howard Hunt's name or initials, and included the hand-written notation, "WH," for White House.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
warrant had been executed for the hotel rooms for which
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
Investigators execute search warrants for hotel rooms used by the burglars and find material connecting E. Howard Hunt with the White House.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
Investigators later uncover an organized effort to obstruct the Watergate investigation, making the cover-up a central part of the scandal.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
Later investigations establish substantial campaign and White House connections to Watergate despite the early public denials.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
Official reaction was swift. From the White House, Nixon's Press Secretary, Ron Ziegler, dismissed the incident as some sort of petty thievery attempt. John Mitchellll, the head of CREEP, denied that the organization had any connection to the event.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
Searches of material linked to the burglars uncover address-book references to E. Howard Hunt and the White House.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
The Washington Post reports that James McCord, one of the arrested burglars, works as security coordinator for Nixon's reelection committee.
Watergate
In fact, an elaborate cover-up was already under way. The charge that would stem from the cover-up, "obstruction of justice," would eventually bring Nixon down
Watergate
Official reaction was swift. From the White House, Nixon's Press Secretary, Ron Zeigler, dismissed the incident as some sort of petty thievery attempt. John Mitchell, the head of CREEP, denied that the organization had any connection to the event.
Watergate
The Washington Post reported, "One of the five men arrested early Saturday in the attempt to bug the Democratic National Committee headquarters is the salaried security coordinator for President Nixon's re-election committee." Shortly thereafter, it was revealed that a search
Watergate
These public denials were lies.
Watergate
the burglars had keys, and that inside one of them were address books that listed Howard Hunt's name or initials, and included the hand-written notation, "WH," for White House.
Watergate
warrant had been executed for the hotel rooms for which
Watergate
In fact, an elaborate cover-up was already under way. The charge that would stem from the cover-up, "obstruction of justice," would eventually bring Nixon down
Watergate
Investigators execute search warrants for hotel rooms used by the burglars and find material connecting E. Howard Hunt with the White House.
Watergate
Investigators later uncover an organized effort to obstruct the Watergate investigation, making the cover-up a central part of the scandal.
Watergate
Later investigations establish substantial campaign and White House connections to Watergate despite the early public denials.
Watergate
Official reaction was swift. From the White House, Nixon's Press Secretary, Ron Zeigler, dismissed the incident as some sort of petty thievery attempt. John Mitchell, the head of CREEP, denied that the organization had any connection to the event.
Watergate
Searches of material linked to the burglars uncover address-book references to E. Howard Hunt and the White House.
Watergate
The Washington Post reported, "One of the five men arrested early Saturday in the attempt to bug the Democratic National Committee headquarters is the salaried security coordinator for President Nixon's re-election committee." Shortly thereafter, it was revealed that a search
Watergate
The Washington Post reports that James McCord, one of the arrested burglars, works as security coordinator for Nixon's reelection committee.
Watergate
These public denials were lies.
Watergate
the burglars had keys, and that inside one of them were address books that listed Howard Hunt's name or initials, and included the hand-written notation, "WH," for White House.
Watergate
warrant had been executed for the hotel rooms for which
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
In fact, an elaborate cover-up was already under way. The charge that would stem from the cover-up, "obstruction of justice," would eventually bring Nixon down
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
Official reaction was swift. From the White House, Nixon's Press Secretary, Ron Zeigler, dismissed the incident as some sort of petty thievery attempt. John Mitchell, the head of CREEP, denied that the organization had any connection to the event.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
The Washington Post reported, "One of the five men arrested early Saturday in the attempt to bug the Democratic National Committee headquarters is the salaried security coordinator for President Nixon's re-election committee." Shortly thereafter, it was revealed that a search
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
These public denials were lies.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
the burglars had keys, and that inside one of them were address books that listed Howard Hunt's name or initials, and included the hand-written notation, "WH," for White House.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
warrant had been executed for the hotel rooms for which
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
Investigators execute search warrants for hotel rooms used by the burglars and find material connecting E. Howard Hunt with the White House.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
Investigators later uncover an organized effort to obstruct the Watergate investigation, making the cover-up a central part of the scandal.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
Later investigations establish substantial campaign and White House connections to Watergate despite the early public denials.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
Searches of material linked to the burglars uncover address-book references to E. Howard Hunt and the White House.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
The Washington Post reports that James McCord, one of the arrested burglars, works as security coordinator for Nixon's reelection committee.
Watergate Burglars
A GOP security aide is among the Watergate burglars, The Washington Post reports. Former attorney general John Mitchellll, head of the Nixon reelection campaign, denies any link to the operation.
Watergate
In fact, an elaborate cover-up was already under way. The charge that would stem from the cover-up, "obstruction of justice," would eventually bring Nixon down
Watergate
Investigators execute search warrants for hotel rooms used by the burglars and find material connecting E. Howard Hunt with the White House.
Watergate
Investigators later uncover an organized effort to obstruct the Watergate investigation, making the cover-up a central part of the scandal.
Watergate
Later investigations establish substantial campaign and White House connections to Watergate despite the early public denials.
Watergate
Official reaction was swift. From the White House, Nixon's Press Secretary, Ron Zeigler, dismissed the incident as some sort of petty thievery attempt. John Mitchell, the head of CREEP, denied that the organization had any connection to the event.
Watergate
Searches of material linked to the burglars uncover address-book references to E. Howard Hunt and the White House.
Watergate
The Washington Post reported, "One of the five men arrested early Saturday in the attempt to bug the Democratic National Committee headquarters is the salaried security coordinator for President Nixon's re-election committee." Shortly thereafter, it was revealed that a search
Watergate
The Washington Post reports that James McCord, one of the arrested burglars, works as security coordinator for Nixon's reelection committee.
Watergate
These public denials were lies.
Watergate
the burglars had keys, and that inside one of them were address books that listed Howard Hunt's name or initials, and included the hand-written notation, "WH," for White House.
Watergate
warrant had been executed for the hotel rooms for which
GOP Security Aide Link
Bernstein and Bob Woodward report that arrested burglar James McCord is the salaried security coordinator for President Nixon's reelection committee.
Watergate Reporting
Reports with colleagues on James McCord's connection to Nixon's reelection organization, helping establish a political link to the burglary.
Watergate Denial
Denies that Nixon's reelection organization has any connection to the Watergate burglary after reporting links James McCord to the campaign.
Watergate Response
Publicly characterizes the Watergate burglary as a third-rate burglary attempt while the political connections of the arrested men are beginning to emerge.
White House Tape 342-027
Charles Colson appears with Richard Nixon in the 21-minute White House recording numbered 342-027; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 342-027
Richard Nixon appears with Charles Colson in the 21-minute White House recording numbered 342-027; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Consultant Link
Woodward and E. J. Bachinski report that White House consultant E. Howard Hunt is connected to figures involved in the Watergate burglary.
June 20 Conversation
Meets with Nixon three days after the break-in in a conversation whose recording later becomes notorious for an eighteen-and-a-half-minute gap.
June 20 Conversation
Meets with Nixon three days after the break-in; the recorded conversation later becomes notable because eighteen and a half minutes are erased.
Brookings Institution Discussion
Participates in a brief recorded meeting covering Nixon's discussion of the Brookings Institution, political leanings and government contracts.
Busing Statement Preparation
Discusses preparations for a presidential statement on school busing, including length, tone, questions and teleprompter arrangements.
Domestic Council Schedule
Reviews Nixon's schedule for a Domestic Council meeting and the preparation of background material for the session.
Economic Policy Cable
Reviews an economic-policy cable from George Shultz to John Connally concerning British reaction to devaluation.
Presidential Documentary Filming
Participates in planning and instructions for documentary filming of Nixon, including camera arrangements and the President's movements.
White House Tape 343-036
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon and Ronald Ziegler in the 23-minute White House recording numbered 343-036; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 741-002
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon and Ronald Ziegler in the 54-minute White House recording numbered 741-002; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 741-010
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon in the 4-minute White House recording numbered 741-010; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 343-036
Richard Nixon appears with H. R. Haldeman and Ronald Ziegler in the 23-minute White House recording numbered 343-036; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 741-002
Richard Nixon appears with H. R. Haldeman and Ronald Ziegler in the 54-minute White House recording numbered 741-002; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 741-010
Richard Nixon appears with H. R. Haldeman in the 4-minute White House recording numbered 741-010; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 343-036
Ronald Ziegler appears with Richard Nixon and H. R. Haldeman in the 23-minute White House recording numbered 343-036; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 741-002
Ronald Ziegler appears with Richard Nixon and H. R. Haldeman in the 54-minute White House recording numbered 741-002; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
CIA-FBI Contact
As CIA deputy director, participates in contacts with the FBI concerning White House claims that parts of the Watergate inquiry affect CIA interests.
CIA Watergate Request
As CIA director, becomes involved in White House efforts to use national-security claims to restrict parts of the FBI's Watergate investigation.
CIA-FBI Intervention Plan
Discusses with Nixon a plan for CIA officials to ask the FBI to limit inquiries into funding connected with the Watergate burglars.
CIA-FBI Intervention Plan
Discusses with Nixon a plan for CIA officials to ask the FBI to limit inquiries into Watergate funding by citing national-security concerns.
Smoking Gun Conversation
Agrees with Haldeman on using the CIA to tell the FBI that aspects of the Watergate money investigation involve national security concerns.
Martha Mitchell Public Statements
Discusses reports concerning Martha Mitchell's contacts with the press and the political repercussions surrounding her public statements.
Mitchell Family Situation
Discusses the developing situation involving John and Martha Mitchell as controversy around the campaign and Watergate intensifies.
Campaign and Busing Politics
Reviews campaign politics, busing and appearances by leading presidential contenders while meeting with Nixon in the early Watergate period.
Post-Break-In Legislative Schedule
Meets with Nixon while the administration reviews the congressional schedule, pending legislation and political timing ten days after the Watergate break-in.
Revenue Sharing Legislative Timing
Discusses the timing of revenue-sharing legislation and other congressional business during a White House meeting after the Watergate burglary.
Campaign and Busing Politics
Reviews campaign politics, busing and appearances by leading presidential contenders while meeting with Nixon in the early Watergate period.
Post-Break-In Legislative Schedule
Meets with Nixon while the administration reviews the congressional schedule, pending legislation and political timing ten days after the Watergate break-in.
Revenue Sharing Legislative Timing
Discusses the timing of revenue-sharing legislation and other congressional business during a White House meeting after the Watergate burglary.
Olympiastadion League Title Celebration
Franz Beckenbauer captains Bayern in their first competitive match at Munichโs Olympiastadion, a 5-1 victory over Schalke that clinches the Bundesliga title.
Simla Summit
Bhutto begins summit negotiations with Indira Gandhi while Pakistani prisoners remain in India.
White House Tape 347-004
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon and John Mitchell in the 3-minute White House recording numbered 347-004; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 347-004
John Mitchell appears with Richard Nixon and H. R. Haldeman in the 3-minute White House recording numbered 347-004; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 347-004
Richard Nixon appears with John Mitchell and H. R. Haldeman in the 3-minute White House recording numbered 347-004; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
the Pentagon Papers
The New York Times & Washington Post can resume publication of the Pentagon Papers
Red Army Faction
After an intense manhunt, Baader, Ensslin, Meinhof, Holger Meins, and Jan-Carl Raspe are arrested
Red Army Faction
The Read Army Faction members are jailed individually in solitary confinement in the newly constructed high security Stammheim Prison in the north of Stuttgart
Arrest of Gudrun Ensslin
The Read Army Faction members are jailed individually in solitary confinement in the newly constructed high security Stammheim Prison in the north of Stuttgart
Red Army Faction
After an intense manhunt, Baader, Ensslin, Meinhof, Holger Meins, and Jan-Carl Raspe are arrested
Red Army Faction
The Read Army Faction members are jailed individually in solitary confinement in the newly constructed high security Stammheim Prison in the north of Stuttgart
Red Army Faction
After an intense manhunt, Baader, Ensslin, Meinhof, Holger Meins, and Jan-Carl Raspe are arrested
Red Army Faction
After an intense manhunt, Baader, Ensslin, Meinhof, Holger Meins, and Jan-Carl Raspe are arrested
Arrest of Ulrike Marie Meinhof
The Read Army Faction members are jailed individually in solitary confinement in the newly constructed high security Stammheim Prison in the north of Stuttgart
Red Army Faction
After an intense manhunt, Baader, Ensslin, Meinhof, Holger Meins, and Jan-Carl Raspe are arrested
Red Army Faction
The Read Army Faction members are jailed individually in solitary confinement in the newly constructed high security Stammheim Prison in the north of Stuttgart
Golden Boot European Golden Shoe
Finishes as the leading goalscorer in the European Golden Shoe with 40 goals for Bayern Munich. The campaign is particularly remembered for leading Bayernโs attack during a historic scoring season.
Arrest of Five dockers
The National Industrial Relations Court arrests 5 dockers. Provokes a National Dock Strike
Department of Space
Satish Dhawan begins leading ISRO as the Space Commission and Department of Space provide a new institutional framework for the programme.
Party Created
Creates the Social Republican Party with support from Lon Non
FBI Identifies Hunt as Major Lead
FBI investigators quickly identified Hunt as a significant lead because of his connections to the arrested burglars, the White House, and former CIA associates.
Watergate
Liddy did not actually enter the Watergate Complex; rather, he admitted to supervising the second break-in which he coordinated with E. Howard Hunt, from a room in the adjacent Watergate Hotel.
Watergate
The burglars sought to place wiretaps and planned to photograph documents. Their first attempt had led to improperly-functioning recording devices being installed.
FBI Identifies Hunt as Major Lead
FBI investigators quickly identified Hunt as a significant lead because of his connections to the arrested burglars, the White House, and former CIA associates.
Operation Light Arc
The monthly sortie rate is increased to 3,150. Arc Light missions continue until the cessation of hostilities by all US forces on August 15, 1973
Live and Let Die
Produces and arranges Live and Let Die, returning to work with Paul McCartney on a Bond theme.
Monarchy Abolished by Junta
The military regime formally deposes Constantine II, abolishes the monarchy, and proclaims a republic.
White House Tape 039-080
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon in the 15-minute White House recording numbered 039-080; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 039-083
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon in the 1-minute White House recording numbered 039-083; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 442-001
John Dean appears with Richard Nixon and Ronald Ziegler in the 281-minute White House recording numbered 442-001; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 039-080
Richard Nixon appears with H. R. Haldeman in the 15-minute White House recording numbered 039-080; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 039-083
Richard Nixon appears with H. R. Haldeman in the 1-minute White House recording numbered 039-083; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 442-001
Richard Nixon appears with John Dean and Ronald Ziegler in the 281-minute White House recording numbered 442-001; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 442-001
Ronald Ziegler appears with Richard Nixon and John Dean in the 281-minute White House recording numbered 442-001; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
Harmony and Reisner Testimony
Leads a public hearing featuring Sally Harmony and Robert Reisner as the committee develops evidence about campaign organization and Watergate-related activities.
World Cup Qualifier Red Card
Is sent off against Poland in Chorzow during England's unsuccessful 1974 World Cup qualifying campaign.
Campaign Organization Inquiry
Participates in the continuing Phase I hearings as the committee examines the structure, personnel and activities of the Nixon reelection campaign.
Sloan and Porter Testimony
Presides as Hugh Sloan and Herbert Porter testify about campaign operations, finances and conduct connected with the Committee for the Re-Election of the President.
Maurice Stans Testimony
Oversees testimony from Maurice Stans as the committee examines campaign finance practices and the handling of money associated with Nixon's reelection organization.
Death of Viriato da Cruz
Death of Viriato da Cruz
Pentagon Papers
Watergate prosecutors find a memo addressed to John Ehrlichman describing in detail the plans to burglarize the office of Pentagon Papers defendant Daniel Ellsbergโs psychiatrist, The Post reports.
Fielding Break-In Evidence
Watergate investigators uncover evidence linking Ehrlichman's office to planning surrounding the burglary of Daniel Ellsberg's psychiatrist, Lewis Fielding.
Campaign Finance Examination
Takes part in a Phase I hearing focused on campaign finances, fundraising practices and evidence being developed through the committee's Watergate investigation.
Phase I Evidence Review
Leads another public session as the committee continues building its evidentiary record on the burglary, campaign activities and subsequent efforts to conceal responsibility.
Rolling Stones, The
Martha Hunt files an application in a London Court claiming Mick Jagger is the father of her daughter Karis
Arrival for Washington Summit
Begins his major United States visit for summit talks with Richard Nixon.
White House Summit Talks
Holds opening White House discussions with Richard Nixon on arms control and superpower relations.
Rolling Stones, The
Martha Hunt files an application in a London Court claiming Mick Jagger is the father of her daughter Karis
Camp David Summit Session
Continues summit negotiations with Richard Nixon at Camp David.
International Court of Justice
The International Court of Justice, at the request of Australia and New Zealand, states that France should avoid nuclear tests causing radioactive fall-out in the South Pacific
Nuclear Power
The International Court of Justice, at the request of Australia and New Zealand, states that France should avoid nuclear tests causing radioactive fall-out in the South Pacific
International Court of Justice
The International Court of Justice, at the request of Australia and New Zealand, states that France should avoid nuclear tests causing radioactive fall-out in the South Pacific
Nuclear Power
The International Court of Justice, at the request of Australia and New Zealand, states that France should avoid nuclear tests causing radioactive fall-out in the South Pacific
Waddle Offered Liverpool Opportunity
Alan Waddle signed for Liverpool from Halifax Town in June 1973, giving Shankly another option among the younger attacking players.
International Court of Justice
The International Court of Justice, at the request of Australia and New Zealand, states that France should avoid nuclear tests causing radioactive fall-out in the South Pacific
Prime Minister of New Zealand
The International Court of Justice, at the request of Australia and New Zealand, states that France should avoid nuclear tests causing radioactive fall-out in the South Pacific
Agreement on Prevention of Nuclear War
Signs an agreement with Richard Nixon committing both governments to avoid nuclear confrontation.
Nuclear Power
The Agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union on the Prevention of Nuclear War enters into force, the major policy objectives are "to remove the danger of nuclear war and the use of nuclear weapons"
San Clemente Summit Talks
Continues discussions with Richard Nixon in California during the final phase of his United States visit.
Los Angeles Writ Transfer
Federal records show Hunt was received in Los Angeles under a writ while Watergate-related legal proceedings and investigations continued.
Los Angeles Writ Transfer
Federal records show Hunt was received in Los Angeles under a writ while Watergate-related legal proceedings and investigations continued.
Resignation of Eamon de Valera
Resigns as President of Ireland, aged 90
American Television Address
Addresses the American public on television near the conclusion of his summit visit.
Government
Appointed Ambassador of South Vietnam
Pompidou Meeting after US Summit
Meets Georges Pompidou in Paris immediately after completing his United States summit visit.
Watergate
Tells a special Senate Committee that Nixon tried to cover up the Watergate affair
Watergate
Tells a special Senate Committee that Nixon tried to cover up the Watergate affair.
Senate Watergate Committee
Former White House Counsel John Dean did indeed made these allegations. He began with a seven-hour opening statement in which he laid out his knowledge of the entire campaign of White House espionage.
Watergate
Tells a special Senate Committee that Nixon tried to cover up the Watergate affair.
Senate Watergate Committee
Begins televised testimony with a lengthy opening statement describing White House efforts to contain the scandal and implicating senior administration officials.
Senate Watergate Committee
Former White House Counsel John Dean did indeed made these allegations. He began with a seven-hour opening statement in which he laid out his knowledge of the entire campaign of White House espionage.
John Dean Testimony Begins
Presides as former White House counsel John Dean begins major testimony describing Watergate-related events and alleging a widening effort inside the administration to conceal them.
Arrest of Keith Richards
Arrested in Chelsea for possession of cannabis
Rolling Stones, The
Arrested in Chelsea for possession of cannabis
John Dean Testimony Continues
Questions John Dean as his nationally broadcast testimony continues, testing Dean's account of White House knowledge, meetings and actions connected with the Watergate cover-up.
Economic Reform
al-Fayez participates in economic reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Coup
Dissolves parliament and begins the civic-military dictatorship
Sunningdale Agreement
The pro-agreement parties win a clear majority of seats (52 to 26), but a substantial minority inside the Ulster Unionist Party oppose the agreement. The agreement is supported by the nationalist Social Democratic & Labour Party, the unionist Ulster Unionist Party & the moderate unionist & cross-community Alliance Party
Golden Boot European Golden Shoe
Scores 40 goals for Benfica to claim the European Golden Shoe scoring honour. The achievement reflects his second European scoring crown.
Constitutional Referendum
Traore's government submits a new constitution establishing presidential and single-party institutions.
Northern Ireland Unionist Rally
Addresses a Unionist rally in Enniskillen and argues for Northern Ireland's place within the United Kingdom.
Prime Minister of Israel
Yitzhak Rabin forms a new Israeli Government
Obstruction of Justice Plea
Pleads guilty to obstruction of justice in a Watergate-related case, removing himself from the forthcoming cover-up trial.
Death of Mamerto Urriolagoitia Harriague
Former president Mamerto Urriolagoitia Harriague dies in Sucre.
Beginning of Saunders Era
Saunders begins a tenure that produces promotion, domestic cups and a league championship.
Managerial Appointment
Saunders is appointed manager and begins rebuilding Aston Villa.
Creation of DINA
Establishes the National Intelligence Directorate as the regime's principal secret police organization.
Final Scotland Appearance Against Zaire
Law started Scotland's opening World Cup victory over Zaire, his final international appearance after a distinguished career.
Watergate Conviction Appeal Argument
Liddy's appeal seeking reversal of his Watergate burglary and wiretapping convictions is argued before the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.
World Cup Opening Victory Over Argentina
Grzegorz Lato scores twice as Poland opens its World Cup campaign by defeating Argentina 3-2 and announces itself as a serious contender.
EEC and Labour Renegotiation Speech
Addresses a public meeting on Labour's proposed renegotiation of Britain's EEC membership.
Cruyff Turn Against Sweden
Uses the deceptive change of direction later known as the Cruyff Turn during a World Cup match against Sweden, creating an enduring piece of football technique.
Hat Trick Against Haiti
Andrzej Szarmach scores three times in Polandโs 7-0 World Cup victory over Haiti, helping deliver one of the largest wins of the tournament.
Before the Flood
Releases the live album Before the Flood.
Decisive Goal Against Italy
Kazimierz Deyna scores as Poland defeats Italy 2-1 in the World Cup group stage and advances with a perfect first-round record.
Supreme Chief of Nation
Assumes executive power under the title Supreme Chief of the Nation.
Marriage
Liz Taylors 5th divorce (Richard Burton)
Marriage
Liz Taylors 5th divorce (Richard Burton)
Holiday
Produces Holiday for America, including the hit Tin Man.
Two World Cup Goals Against Argentina
Scores twice as the Netherlands overwhelm Argentina 4-0 in the second group stage, demonstrating their fluid attacking style against major opposition.
Winning Goal Against Sweden
Grzegorz Lato scores the only goal in Polandโs 1-0 World Cup victory over Sweden, keeping the team in contention for a place in the final.
Penalty Save Against Sweden
Jan Tomaszewski saves a Swedish penalty during Polandโs narrow 1-0 World Cup victory, preserving an important clean sheet in the second group stage.
Nuclear Power
Brazil signs an agreement with West Germany to obtain significant nuclear technology, the United States objects, but can only persuade West Germany to impose safeguards
Watergate Committee Final Report
Submits the Senate Watergate Committee's final report with recommendations on campaign finance, a permanent special prosecutor and congressional legal authority.
Governor Appointed
Norman Derek Matthews becomes Governor of Montserrat
Nixon Moscow Summit
Hosts Richard Nixon for another summit focused on arms control, economic cooperation and dรฉtente.
Copa del Rey Final Opening Goal
Scores the opening goal as Real Madrid defeat Barcelona 4-0 in the Spanish Cup final.
Twelfth Copa del Rey
Coaches Real Madrid to a 4-0 Spanish Cup final victory over Barcelona.
Golden Boot European Golden Shoe
Claims the European Golden Shoe top-scorer award with 46 goals while representing Sporting CP. The season is distinguished by a prolific season for Sporting in Portugal.
Hospitalisation
Enters hospital for sustained cancer treatment while continuing to review important government matters.
Early Implementation Under New Cabinet
After becoming prime minister in June, Yitzhak Rabin oversaw continued implementation of the recently signed disengagement arrangements between Israel and Syria.
Political Isolation
Becomes increasingly isolated from Sirik Matak, Cheng Heng, and In Tam
Oreanda Talks with Nixon
Holds extended discussions with Richard Nixon at the Soviet leadership residence in Crimea.
Postwar Military Redeployment
Syrian military units redeployed under the 1974 disengagement framework, which imposed restrictions on force concentrations near the separating lines.
Quneitra Returned to Syrian Control
Under the disengagement arrangements Israel withdrew from Quneitra, returning the largely devastated city to Syrian control while the wider territorial dispute remained unresolved.
Joins Rolling Stones Tour
Ronnie Wood joins the Rolling Stones on tour before becoming a full member.
Reopening of Suez Canal
Reopens the Suez Canal under Egyptian control after postwar clearance and disengagement agreements.
Reopens the Suez Canal to international navigation
Reopens the Suez Canal to international navigation after clearance and reconstruction.
Suez Canal
Presides over the formal reopening of the Suez Canal after eight years of closure.
Shine On You Crazy Diamond
Syd Barrett unexpectedly visits Abbey Road while Pink Floyd work on material for Wish You Were Here
Economy of Great Britain
The British population agrees to European Common Market membership
Referendum
There is 64.5 percent turnout, 17.4 million vote for continued membership and 8.5 million against membership
Brexit
Holds the referendum in which voters choose to remain in the European Communities.
European Communities Referendum
Leads the government during the referendum in which Jenkins campaigns for continued membership.
Referendum Victory
Welcomes the referendum result confirming Britain's continued European Community membership.
Britain in Europe
Campaigns for a Yes vote in the European Communities referendum.
Constitution of Greece
The new constitution establishes Greece as a presidential parliamentary republic.
US Open
Spains Manuel Orantes wins U.S. Open, beating Jimmy Connors in 3 sets
Thank God Im a Country Boy
"Thank God Im a Country Boy," by John Denver hits #1
1st Olympic Medal
Spains Manuel Orantes wins U.S. Open, beating Jimmy Connors in 3 sets
One of These Nights
Sings on One of These Nights, the album that turns Eagles into international stars.
Election
The Allahabad High Court invalidates Indira Gandhi's 1971 election for electoral malpractice, triggering a major political crisis.
Election
A judge rules the 1971 election victory invalid because of aid by civil servants.
Trial
The Allahabad High Court invalidates Indira Gandhi's 1971 election, intensifying the political confrontation that precedes the Emergency.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Rolling Stones, The
Rolling Stones release a compilation, "Made in the Shade"
Rolling Stones, The
Rolling Stones release a compilation, "Made in the Shade"
Venera 10 Launch
Venera 10 launches as part of a paired orbiter-and-lander mission to Venus.
Cosmos Debut Against Dallas Tornado
Pelรฉ made his Cosmos debut in a widely watched match against Dallas Tornado and scored to mark the beginning of his American career.
Tonight's the Night
Releases Tonight's the Night, shaped by grief over the deaths of Danny Whitten and Bruce Berry.
New York Daily News Interview
In a June 20, 1975, newspaper interview, Sturgis described himself as a spy, a claim that attracted additional attention to his intelligence associations.
Economic Reform
Kabariti participates in economic reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
State of Emergency
President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed proclaims a national Emergency on the advice of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.
State of Emergency
Indira Gandhi's government begins the Emergency period, during which civil liberties and political opposition are sharply restricted.
Arrests of Opposition Leaders
Opposition leaders and activists are arrested in nationwide raids following the declaration of Emergency.
Independence of Mozambique
A Marxist black state takes over after independence from Portugal, a friendly power
Independence of South Africa
A Marxist black state takes over after independence from Portugal, a friendly power
Marriage
Cher divorces Sonny Bono
Marriage
Cher divorces Sonny Bono
Pink Floyd
Roger Waters pre-empts Punk by spitting at the audience, stunned by his own actions, he starts to think of building a polythene wall between himself and his audience
Election
1st Conservative leader to help contest a by-election, 7.6% swing in favour
Economy of Great Britain
The pound falls 27.6 percent against a basket of currencies. A "no panic" speech indicates complacency
Rehabilitation
Ho Lung is rehabilitated
Alliance China and Kampuchea
Tells Sihanouk, China must build up a "neutral, independent Kampuchea"
Independence of China
Visited by Sihanouk, Chou asserts China must build a "neutral, independent Kampuchea"
Independence of Kampuchea
Visited by Sihanouk, Chou asserts China must build a "neutral, independent Kampuchea"
Neutrality
Visited by Sihanouk, Chou asserts China must build a "neutral, independent Kampuchea". Tells Sihanouk, China must build up a "neutral, independent Kampuchea"
Visited by Sihanouk, Chou asserts China must build a neutral, independent Kampuchea
Visited by Sihanouk, Chou asserts China must build a "neutral, independent Kampuchea"
Referendum Campaign
Campaigns for Britain to remain in the European Communities.
Referendum Campaign
Campaigns for leaving the European Communities during the referendum.
Referendum Campaign
Campaigns for continued membership of the European Communities.
Referendum Campaign
Opposes continued European Community membership during the referendum.
Golden Boot European Golden Shoe
Leads the European Golden Shoe scoring standings with 33 goals for Dinamo Bucharest. His contribution stands out for a remarkable breakthrough season in the Romanian championship.
Rockefeller Assassination Rebuttal
The Rockefeller Commission found no credible evidence supporting allegations that the CIA, E. Howard Hunt, or Frank Sturgis participated in President Kennedy's assassination.
Rockefeller CIA Employment Finding
The Rockefeller Commission reported that Sturgis was not a CIA employee or agent in 1963 or at any other time.
Cod War
Great-Britain & Iceland terminate the codfish war, it is agreed that only 24 British vessels would be allowed in the 200 mile zone and four conservation areas would be completely closed to the British
Great-Britain & Iceland terminate the codfish war, it is agreed that only
Great-Britain & Iceland terminate the codfish war, it is agreed that only 24 British vessels would be allowed in the 200 mile zone and four conservation areas would be completely closed to the British
Great-Britain & Iceland terminate their codfish war, it is agreed that only
Great-Britain & Iceland terminate their codfish war, it is agreed that only 24 British vessels would be allowed in the 200 mile zone and four conservation areas would be completely closed to the British
Territorial Waters
Great-Britain & Iceland terminate their codfish war, it is agreed that only 24 British vessels would be allowed in the 200 mile zone and four conservation areas would be completely closed to the British
Britain presents to the US the oldest known copy of the Magna
Britain presents to the US the oldest known copy of the Magna Carta
Magna Carta
Britain presents to the US the oldest known copy of the Magna Carta
Joy Division
Sumner and Hook attend a Sex Pistols show at the Manchester Lesser Free Trade Hall, only 35 to 40 people are in attendance, but that night has been credited with igniting the Manchester music scene
Joy Division
Sumner and Hook attend a Sex Pistols show at the Manchester Lesser Free Trade Hall, only 35 to 40 people are in attendance, but that night has been credited with igniting the Manchester music scene
Manchester Lesser Free Trade Hall
Performs at the Manchester Lesser Free Trade Hall, a concert later treated as a catalyst for local punk.
Manchester Lesser Free Trade Hall
Plays at the Lesser Free Trade Hall concert that helps inspire future Manchester musicians.
Demonstrations
Demonstrations break out against a Government proposal to teach Afrikaans
A Night on the Town
Releases A Night on the Town, continuing his move into polished mid-1970s pop rock.
Marriage
Marries Fraulein Silvia Renate Sommerlath
Internal Purges
Purges begin within party ranks targeting internal enemies
Demonstrations
Police open fire & 76 students are killed
Constitution of Uganda
Appointed President of Uganda, for life
Dictatorship
Appointed President of Uganda, for life
Hijack
The hijackers demand the release of 53 PLO and Red Army Faction prisoners in return for the 256 hostages and are assisted by Amins troops. Flight 139, the Air France Airbus hijacked from Athens is invited by Amin to stop at Entebbe International Airport in the city of Entebbe, 32 km from Kampala
President of Uganda
Appointed President of Uganda, for life
Red Army Faction
The hijackers demand the release of 53 PLO and Red Army Faction prisoners in return for the 256 hostages and are assisted by Amins troops
Red Army
The hijackers demand the release of 53 PLO and Red Army Faction prisoners in return for the 256 hostages and are assisted by Amins troops
Sturgis Information Telephone Call
A congressional record notes a June 25, 1976, telephone call from Sturgis offering information he believed might relate to intelligence matters.
Golden Boot European Golden Shoe
Collects the European Golden Shoe leading-scorer distinction after scoring 39 goals for Omonia Nicosia. The award recognises scoring freely in the Cypriot First Division.
Bundesliga Promotion Playoff
Leads Borussia Dortmund back into the Bundesliga after the club overcomes Nรผrnberg in a two-legged promotion playoff.
NLC
Leaves the LDP & forms the New Liberal Club, in response to the Tanaka scandal
Syrian Military Intervention
President Suleiman Frangieh's administration faces the deepening civil war as Syrian forces enter Lebanon after appeals for outside support against the continuing collapse of internal security.
Berlin Communist Parties Conference
Takes part in the conference of European Communist and workers' parties in East Berlin.
Hijack
The hijackers agree to the release of non-Jewish and noni passengers and a transport plane, arranged by Amin, takes off and lands in Europe
Acting Mayor of Amsterdam
Takes office as Acting Mayor of Amsterdam.
Mayoral Term
Leaves office as Mayor of Amsterdam.
Thames Boat Trip
Organises a Jubilee week boat performance on the Thames that ends with police intervention.
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 3rd term
Death of Werner von Braun
Death of Werner von Braun, Alexandria, Virginia, United States
Acting Mayoral Term
Leaves office as Acting Mayor of Amsterdam.
Mayor of Amsterdam
Takes office as Mayor of Amsterdam.
Return as Soviet Head of State
Becomes Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet while remaining Communist Party leader.
Resignation of Nikolai Viktorovich Podgorny
Resigns as the Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet
Prime Minister of Israel
Appointed Prime Minister of Israel
Economic Reform
bin Abdullah participates in economic reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 2nd term
Purchase of Gatcombe Park
Elizabeth II buys Gatcombe Park for Princess Anne & her husband Captain Mark Phillips
Purchase of Gatcombe Park
Elizabeth II buys Gatcombe Park for Princess Anne & her husband Captain Mark Phillips
The American Friend
Directs The American Friend.
Performance
Elvis Presley sings in Indianapolis, last performance of his career
Resignation of David Pieter de Villiers Graaff
Resigns as party leader. Resigns as opposition leader
Transfer
Leaves Liverpool after helping the club win the European Cup, joining Hamburg SV.
1977 Election Outcome
The Janata Party victory creates India's first non-Congress central government.
Nuclear Power
The Desai government accepts safeguards connected with Soviet heavy-water supplies for India's nuclear programme.
Party and State Leadership Combined
Combines the Communist Party leadership with the formal Soviet head-of-state position.
Chairman of HSCA
Appointed 3rd Chairman of the HSCA
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
Appointed third chairman of the HSCA
HSCA Chief Counsel
Becomes chief counsel and staff director for the committee.
HSCA Chairman
Becomes chairman and stabilizes the committee investigation.
World Cup Winning Goal Against Hungary
Scores the late winning goal as Argentina begin the World Cup with a 2-1 victory over Hungary.
Live and Dangerous
Produces Live and Dangerous, Thin Lizzy's celebrated live album.
Darkness on the Edge of Town
Releases Darkness on the Edge of Town, a tougher album shaped by work, struggle and responsibility.
World Cup Penalty Against France
Scores from the penalty spot as Argentina defeat France 2-1 in the World Cup group stage.
World Cup Winning Goal Against France
Scores the decisive second goal as Argentina defeat France 2-1 in the World Cup group stage.
World Cup Victory Over Tunisia
Grzegorz Lato scores Polandโs only goal in its opening 1978 World Cup victory against Tunisia, providing a winning start to the competition.
Exile of Alexander Solzhenitsyn
Gives his Commencement Address condemning modern western culture
Some Girls
The Rolling Stones release Some Girls.
Invasion of Lebanon
The Israelis withdraw the last of their invading forces from Lebanon
Two World Cup Goals Against Poland
Scores twice as Argentina defeat Poland 2-0 in the second group stage.
Penalty Save Against Poland
Saves Kazimierz Deyna's penalty during Argentina's 2-0 World Cup victory over Poland.
One-Party President
Continues as President after the one-party constitution takes effect
Marriage
Hussein marries Queen Noor
Prime Minister Office Abolished
Assumes consolidated executive authority after the prime ministership is abolished
Street-Legal
Releases Street-Legal.
Birth of Frank Lampard
Birth of Frank Lampard
Two World Cup Goals Against Peru
Scores twice in Argentina's 6-0 victory over Peru in the decisive second-round group match.
Two World Cup Goals Against Peru
Scores twice as Argentina defeat Peru 6-0 and qualify for the World Cup final.
Pluto
James Christy identifies evidence of Pluto's first known moon, later named Charon, in photographic observations.
Charon
Robert Harrington helps confirm and calculate the orbit of Pluto's newly discovered moon, later named Charon.
Real Life Album
Magazine's debut album Real Life enters the UK albums chart and reaches number twenty-nine.
World Cup Winner
Daniel Passarella captains Argentina to its first World Cup championship after a 3-1 extra-time win over the Netherlands.
World Cup Winner
Alberto Tarantini contributes energetic defending at left-back for Argentina in the 1978 championship match. His forward support stretches the Dutch team during a hard-fought contest in Buenos Aires.
World Cup Winner
Amรฉrico Gallego provides defensive midfield cover as Argentina pursue their first World Cup in 1978. His hard work supports the extra-time victory against the Netherlands.
1978 FIFA World Cup Final - Daniel Passarella
Daniel Passarella captained Argentina through extra time as the hosts overcame the Netherlands 3โ1 to claim their first World Cup.
Argentina World Cup Captain
Captains Argentina to its first FIFA World Cup championship.
World Cup Winner
Jorge Olguรญn patrols the right side of Argentinaโs defence during the 1978 final against the Netherlands. His awareness in wide areas is valuable as the hosts eventually win in extra time.
World Cup Winner
Luis Galvรกn starts at centre-back for Argentina in the 1978 World Cup final. He helps steady the defence during periods of sustained Netherlands pressure before the hosts prevail 3-1.
World Cup Final Third Goal
Scores Argentina's third goal in extra time to complete the 3-1 World Cup final victory over the Netherlands.
World Cup Winner
Daniel Bertoni scores Argentina's third goal against the Netherlands in extra time, confirming a historic first global title for the hosts.
1978 FIFA World Cup Final - Leopoldo Luque
Leopoldo Luque led the Argentine attack alongside Mario Kempes during a tense final settled by two extra-time goals.
World Cup Winner
Leopoldo Luque offers a strong attacking presence for Argentina in the 1978 final. After scoring important goals earlier in the tournament, he completes the campaign as a home-soil world champion.
1978 World Cup Golden Boot
Finishes the World Cup as leading scorer with six goals after Argentina secure the championship.
Two Goals in World Cup Final
Scores twice as Argentina defeat the Netherlands 3-1 after extra time.
World Cup Winner
Mario Kempes scores Argentina's opening goal and strikes again in extra time against the Netherlands, ending the tournament as leading scorer.
World Cup Winner
Renรฉ Houseman belongs to the Argentine side that defeats the Netherlands in the 1978 World Cup final. His technical ability on the wing is one of the assets available to coach Cรฉsar Luis Menotti.
World Cup Final Goalkeeping
Keeps Argentina in the final as the hosts defeat the Netherlands after extra time.
World Cup Winner
Ubaldo Fillol makes important saves as Argentina survives Dutch pressure before winning the 1978 championship in extra time.
Argentina World Cup Title Manager
Coaches Argentina to its first World Cup title on home soil.
World Cup Winner
Cรฉsar Luis Menotti guides Argentina's attacking team to victory at the home World Cup, culminating in an extra-time win over the Dutch.
World Cup Winner
Omar Larrosa appears from the bench in Argentinaโs 1978 final against the Netherlands. His introduction helps refresh the midfield before Mario Kempes and Daniel Bertoni settle the match.
World Cup Winner
Osvaldo Ardiles links midfield and attack in Argentina's tense championship match against the Netherlands before the hosts win in extra time.
1978 FIFA World Cup Final - Ernie Brandts
Ernie Brandts helped the Netherlands withstand Argentinaโs pressure in normal time before the hosts scored twice in extra time.
1978 Final Equalizer
Heads the Netherlands level late in the World Cup final.
1978 FIFA World Cup Final - Renรฉ van de Kerkhof
Renรฉ van de Kerkhof supported the Dutch forward line as the Netherlands recovered to force extra time against Argentina.
1978 FIFA World Cup Final - Willy van de Kerkhof
Willy van de Kerkhof worked across midfield to connect the Dutch defence and attack during the defeat to Argentina.
1978 FIFA World Cup Final - Wim Jansen
Wim Jansen combined defensive coverage with midfield passing in the Netherlandsโ second consecutive World Cup final.
David Gilmour
"David Gilmour", the guitarist's first solo album is released
Seasat Radar
NASA Seasat demonstrates spaceborne synthetic aperture radar over oceans.
Appointment as President of Zimbabwe Rhodesia
Gumede becomes ceremonial President under the Internal Settlement constitution.
Appointment as Prime Minister
Muzorewa becomes Prime Minister of Zimbabwe Rhodesia after the Internal Settlement election.
Formation of Zimbabwe Rhodesia Government
Muzorewa forms the government created by the Internal Settlement election.
Prime Minister of Canada
Forms a short-lived Progressive Conservative minority government.
Direct European Elections
Oversees Commission preparations for the first direct elections to the European Parliament.
European Parliament Elections
Presides over the Commission during the first direct European Parliament elections.
Bhaskara I
During Satish Dhawan's chairmanship, Bhaskara I is launched for Earth observation and experimental remote sensing.
Nationalization
Iran's revolutionary government nationalizes private banks after the fall of the monarchy
First Direct European Elections
Heads the government when Irish voters participate in the first direct European Parliament elections.
Resignation of Mota Pinto
The Government of Mota Pinto resigns
Trial
Chuck Berry is charged with tax evasion
First Direct European Elections
Serves as foreign minister when German voters participate in the first direct elections to the European Parliament.
First Direct European Elections
Heads the government when Italian voters take part in the first direct elections to the European Parliament.
Death of John Wayne
Death of John Wayne
Death of John Wayne
Death of John Wayne, age 72
1st Channel Crossing
Pedals the flying "Gossamer Albatross" over the English Channel
Speech
Makes maiden speech in the House of Commons
Public Sector Land
Answers a parliamentary question concerning public-sector land.
Draft Constitution
The provisional government publishes a preliminary draft constitution for the Islamic Republic
The Kids Are Alright Film
Directs the documentary The Kids Are Alright.
Vienna Summit Arrival
Arrives in Vienna for summit negotiations with United States President Jimmy Carter.
Babylon's Burning Top Ten
Babylon's Burning enters the Official Singles Chart and reaches number seven.
SALT II Treaty Signing
Signs the SALT II Treaty with Jimmy Carter, setting limits on strategic nuclear delivery systems.
Vienna Strategic Arms Statement
Issues a joint summit statement with Jimmy Carter supporting continued strategic arms negotiations.
SALT II Treaty Signed
Signs the SALT II agreement with Leonid Brezhnev to place broader limits on strategic offensive nuclear forces.
Treaty of SALT II
Negotiated for 7 years & finally signed by the US & Russia, but never ratified. An agreement to limit strategic launchers is reached in Vienna and is signed by Leonid Brezhnev and President of the United States Jimmy Carter
Nuclear Power
The completed SALT II agreement is signed by President Carter & General Secretary Brezhnev. Negotiated for 7 years & finally signed by the US & Russia, but never ratified
Presidential Election
Traore is confirmed as president under the new constitutional political system.
Wildlife Policy
Answers a parliamentary question concerning wildlife policy within his departmental responsibilities.
Budget
Attends the European Council & forwards the case for reducing Britains contributions
Rust Never Sleeps
Releases Rust Never Sleeps, moving between acoustic songs and fierce electric performances.
Planning Inquiries
Answers a parliamentary question on the operation of planning inquiries.
Stranglehold Chart Entry
Stranglehold enters the Official Singles Chart and reaches number twenty-six.
Assassination of Alexander Megis Haig
Survives an attempt on his life near the NATO HQ in Belgium. Escapes an assassination attempt by the reconstituted Baader-Meinhof Group
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Survives an attempt on his life near the NATO HQ in Belgium
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Survives an attempt on his life near the NATO HQ in Belgium
Inner City Policy
Answers a parliamentary question on inner-city policy.
Local Authority Expenditure
Addresses Commons questions on local-authority expenditure.
Local Authority Representatives
Answers Commons questions concerning relations with local-authority representatives.
Urban Partnership Schemes
Addresses Commons questions on urban partnership schemes.
Retirement
Heavyweight Muhammad Ali confirms that his 3rd retirement is final and he vacates the title
Treaty of Accession
Serves as Foreign Minister when Parliament approves Greece's accession treaty.
Treaty of Accession
Leads the government when the Greek Parliament ratifies the accession treaty.
Friday's Angels
Friday's Angels enters the Official Singles Chart during the later phase of the original Generation X lineup.
Created Cardinal
Pope John Paul II raises ร Fiaich to the College of Cardinals two years after his appointment to Armagh.
Carter-Brezhnev Summit Talks
Meets Jimmy Carter for strategic arms and broader superpower discussions.
Wimbledon
Bjorn Borg beats John McEnroe for the Wimbledon title
US Open
John McEnroe beats Bjorn Borg for US Open
Equaliser Against England
Scores Belgium's equaliser three minutes after England take the lead in their 1-1 European Championship draw.
Venice European Council
Represents Germany at the Venice European Council during discussions on economic policy and European political cooperation.
Goal Against Belgium
Scores England's goal with a lofted finish in the 1-1 European Championship draw with Belgium.
Venice European Council
Represents Ireland as leaders discuss economic conditions and European political cooperation.
Venice European Council
Hosts the European Council as Italy leads discussions on foreign policy, energy and economic cooperation.
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed caretaker Prime Minister of Japan, after the death Masayoshi Ohira
Death of Masayoshi Ohira
Death of Masayoshi Ohira during the election
Election
Death of Masayoshi Ohira during the election
Government
Reagan says he will submit to periodic medical tests
Venice Declaration
Supports the Community's Venice Declaration on the Middle East.
Venice Declaration
Supports the Venice Declaration, an important Community statement on the Middle East.
Goal Against Spain
Scores Belgium's opening goal in the 2-1 European Championship victory over Spain.
Winning Goal Against Spain
Scores the winning goal as Belgium defeat Spain 2-1 and move toward the European Championship final.
Equaliser Against Belgium
Heads Spain's equaliser before Belgium recover to win their European Championship group match 2-1.
European Tour
Begins Led Zeppelin's final European tour.
Clean Sheet Against Italy
Keeps a clean sheet as Belgium draw 0-0 with hosts Italy and qualify for the European Championship final.
Economy of Great Britain
The British annual inflation rate stands at 21%, the first fall in two years
Inflation
The British annual inflation rate stands at 21%, the first fall in two years
Inflation
Sees inflation begin to fall after reaching very high levels.
Clean Sheet Against Belgium
Keeps a clean sheet for Italy in the goalless European Championship group match with Belgium.
Election
Elections are held to the National Asembly, won by the Ba'ath Socialist Party
European Championship Final Penalty
Scores from the penalty spot to equalise for Belgium in the European Championship final.
Two Goals in Final Against Belgium
Scores both West German goals, including the late winner, in the 2-1 European Championship final victory over Belgium.
Corner for European Championship Winner
Delivers the late corner from which Horst Hrubesch heads West Germany's winning goal against Belgium.
G7
Attends the G7 summit in Venice.
Venice G7
Attends the Venice G7 summit with other major industrial leaders.
Venice G7
Meets Thatcher and other leaders at the Venice G7 summit.
Death of Sanjay Gandhi
Death of Sanjay Gandhi
Saved
Releases the gospel album Saved.
President of Iceland
Vigdis Finnbogadottir begins serving as president and the worlds first female head of state. Appointed President of Iceland, 1st term
Joy Division
The posthumous single "Love Will Tear Us Apart" is released
Local Authority Expenditure
Takes part in a substantial Commons debate on local-authority expenditure.
Somewhere in England
Releases Album, "Somewhere in England"
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland
French Open
Wins 6th French Open title. Winner of the French Menss Singles Tennis Championship, 6th time
Bombing of Osirak
Bombed by Israel to prevent Iraq developing nuclear weapons
Bombing of Iraq
Israeli planes bomb a nuclear power plant near Iraq, the act is condemned by the UN
Inner City Private Enterprise
Addresses Commons questions on increasing private-enterprise involvement in inner-city areas.
Merseyside Development Corporation
Addresses the Commons on the Merseyside Development Corporation.
Rating Review
Addresses the Commons on review of the domestic rating system.
Commander-in-Chief
Khomeini removes Banisadr from command of the armed forces as the political struggle with clerical leaders deepens
Constitution of Poland
Proposes a major reconstruction of the Government to tackle economic problems
Dismissal
Dismisses 5 cabinet ministers
Fourth Strougal Government
Begins the Fourth Strougal Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Third Strougal Government
The Third Strougal Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
APPLE
Under Satish Dhawan, APPLE is launched as India's experimental geostationary communication satellite.
June Demonstrations
PMOI supporters join major demonstrations against clerical rule as the confrontation with the Islamic Republic turns violent
Impeachment
Majles votes that Banisadr is politically incompetent after his conflict with Khomeini and Islamic Republic Party leaders
Armed Opposition
PMOI conflict with the authorities escalates after Banisadr's impeachment and the suppression of opposition demonstrations
Dismissal of Banisadr
Khomeini dismisses Banisadr from the presidency after the parliamentary vote against him
Bombing of Osirak
Israeli F-16 fighter-bombers destroy a nuclear power plant in Iraq at Osirak, Iraq, before it goes into operation, a facility the Israelis charged could have been used to make nuclear weapons
Ceasefire
Israel & the PLO endorse ceasefire agreements
Peace
Israel & the PLO endorse ceasefire agreements
Historical Resolution
Hu Yaobang leads the party as it formally reassesses Mao's errors and the Cultural Revolution
Historical Resolution
The party adopts a historical resolution condemning the Cultural Revolution as a grave error
Assassination Attempt
Khamenei is badly wounded when a bomb hidden in a tape recorder explodes during a speech in Tehran
State Council Presidency
Heng Samrin becomes President of the Council of State
Appointed Prime Minister
Pen Sovan is appointed Prime Minister of the People's Republic of Kampuchea
Hafte Tir Bombing
Beheshti is killed in the bombing of the Islamic Republic Party headquarters
Hafte Tir Bombing
Mohammad Montazeri is among the parliamentarians and officials killed in the Islamic Republic Party headquarters bombing
Islamic Republic Party
Bahonar becomes secretary general of the Islamic Republic Party after Mohammad Beheshti is assassinated
Islamic Republic Party
Bahonar rises to party leadership after Beheshti is killed in the Hafte Tir bombing
Secretary General
Bahonar becomes secretary general after Mohammad Beheshti is killed in the Islamic Republic Party bombing
Islamic Republic Party
Bahonar becomes secretary general of the Islamic Republic Party after Beheshti's assassination
Secretary General
Bahonar takes over Islamic Republic Party leadership after Beheshti is killed
Prime Minister of Italy
Appointed Prime Minister of Italy
New State Structure
Council of State replaces the earlier revolutionary council framework
Council of Ministers Lead
Pen Sovan begins leading the Council of Ministers
Chairman
Hua Guofeng is replaced by Hu Yaobang (an ally of Deng Xiaoping) as as Party Chairman of Communist China
Party Secretary
Appointed Party Secretary of the Communist Party
Taoiseach of Ireland
FitzGerald takes office leading a coalition between Fine Gael and Labour.
Election
Elections for the tenth Knesset are held despite last minute polls suggesting a victory for Shimon Peres' Alignment
Election
Menachem Begin's Likud wins by just one seat, voter turnout is 77.8%
Election
Elections for the tenth Knesset are held in Israel, despite last minute polls suggesting a victory for Shimon Peres Alignment, Menachem Begins Likud win by just one seat, voter turnout is 77.8%
First European Council as President
Mitterrand represented France at a European Council soon after becoming President and reaffirmed France's role in Community affairs.
Economy of Great Britain
First spell as Thatchers full-time economic adviser between 1981 and 1983, expands the frontiers of influence for public servants, and maintaines the first Thatcher Governments adherence to monetarism
Voyager 2 Saturn Science Phase Begins
Voyager 2 begins long-range Saturn observations ahead of its August encounter.
Advance from San Carlos
Begins the advance toward Stanley.
Hercules Interception
Intercepts and destroys an Argentine C-130 Hercules north of the islands.
Conference of Versailles
President Reagan presents his 5 point plan to Britain
Versailles Summit
Discusses peace proposals with allied leaders.
Invasion of Lebanon
Israels ambassador to Britain, Shlomo Argov, is shot and wounded outside a London hotel, Israels invasion of Lebanon follows the assassination attempt, the attack is blamed on Abu Nidals Palestinian Fatah group
Fatah
Israels ambassador to Britain, Shlomo Argov, is shot and wounded outside a London hotel, Israels invasion of Lebanon follows the assassination attempt, the attack is blamed on Abu Nidals Palestinian Fatah group
Conference of Versailles
President Reagan presents his 5 point plan to Britain
Declaration of 5 Point Plan
President Reagan presents his 5 point plan to Britain
Paris South Atlantic Discussions
Meets Haig in Paris during the Versailles summit period to discuss the approaching end of the campaign, Argentine prisoners, continuing hostilities and arrangements for postwar security.
United Nations
Britain vetoes the ceasfire resolution in the Security Council
Invasion of Lebanon
The invasion leads to the unconditional recognition of the State of Israel. Israels ambassador to Britain, Shlomo Argov, is shot and wounded outside a London hotel, Israels invasion of Lebanon follows the assassination attempt, the attack is blamed on Abu Nidals Palestinian Fatah group. Israel attacks targets in south Lebanon one day after the attempted assassination of the Israeli Ambassador in London
Invasion of Lebanon
Israeli General Rafael Eitan convinces Defence Minister Ariel Sharon to invade southern Lebanon to clean out the PLO bases there
Hezbollah
Islamic radicals, including Naim Qassem, form Hezbollah (Hizbullah, i.e. Party of God) in response to Israels invasion of Lebanon
Invasion of Lebanon
Israeli Defence Minister Ariel Sharon orders his forces to invade southern Lebanon to drive Palestine Liberation Organisation fighters out of the country. Islamic radicals, including Naim Qassem, form Hezbollah (Hizbullah, i.e. Party of God) in response to Israels invasion of Lebanon. A 70-day siege by 30,000 Israeli troops leaves up to 14,000 Lebanese and Palestinian civilians dead
PLO
Israeli Defence Minister Ariel Sharon orders his forces to invade southern Lebanon to drive Palestine Liberation Organisation fighters out of the country
Invasion of Lebanon
Israeli Defence Minister Ariel Sharon orders his forces to invade southern Lebanon to drive Palestine Liberation Organisation fighters out of the country. A 70-day siege by 30,000 Israeli troops leaves up to 14,000 Lebanese and Palestinian civilians dead
Hezbollah
Islamic radicals, including Naim Qassem, form Hezbollah (Hizbullah, i.e. Party of God) in response to Israels invasion of Lebanon
Invasion of Lebanon
Islamic radicals, including Naim Qassem, form Hezbollah (Hizbullah, i.e. Party of God) in response to Israels invasion of Lebanon
Israeli Invasion of Lebanon
Israel launches a large-scale invasion of Lebanon during the final months of Elias Sarkis's presidency, advancing northward and intensifying the military and political crisis surrounding Beirut.
Meeting with Pope John Paul II and Queen Elizabeth
President Reagan meets Pope John Paul II and Queen Elizabeth
Meeting with Pope John Paul II and Queen Elizabeth
President Reagan meets Pope John Paul II and Queen Elizabeth
Meeting with Pope John Paul II and Queen Elizabeth
President Reagan meets Pope John Paul II and Queen Elizabeth
Economic Pressure After Liberation
Urges that economic measures against Argentina remain linked to a complete cessation of South Atlantic hostilities, while using prisoner repatriation and sanctions as incentives for ending the conflict.
Invasion of Lebanon
Israel wipes out Syrian SAM missiles in Bekaa Valley
Invasion of Lebanon
Israel wipes out Syrian SAM missiles in Bekaa Valley
Bryukhanov Unit Three Full Power
Heads the station when Unit 3 achieves its 1,000-megawatt design capacity ahead of the planned schedule.
Ceasefire
Iraq declares a ceasefire
Ceasefire
Iraq declares a ceasefire
Birth of Princess Madeleine
Birth of Princess Madeleine
Battle of Stanley
Battle for Stanley begins on Mount Longdon, Mount Harriet and Two Sisters
Battle of Stanley
Sergeant Ian McKay of 3 Para is killed on Mount Longdon and subsequently awarded Victoria Cross
Battle of Mount Longdon
Commands 3 Para at Mount Longdon.
Battle of Mount Harriet
Commands 42 Commando at Mount Harriet.
Battle of Two Sisters
Commands 45 Commando at Two Sisters.
Battle of Mount Longdon
Commands the Argentine forces
Battle of Mount Longdon
Helps capture Mount Longdon, commands 3 Para
Exocet Hit on Glamorgan
Commands Glamorgan when a shore-launched Exocet strikes the destroyer, killing members of the ship's company.
Battle of Mount Longdon
Is killed while attacking Argentine positions.
Battle of Mount Tumbledown
Commands BIM 5 during the hard-fought defence of Mount Tumbledown against the Scots Guards.
Battle of Tumbledown
Is severely wounded during the attack on Tumbledown.
Battle of Tumbledown
Commands Scots Guards during the battle.
Wireless Ridge Assault
Commands D Company during 2 Para's assault on Wireless Ridge on the final night of the land campaign.
Tumbledown Leading Company
Commands Left Flank Company during the decisive central assault on Argentine positions on Mount Tumbledown.
Succession of King Fahd
Becomes crown prince following King Fahd's accession.
Succession of King Fahd
Succeeds King Khalid as the fifth king of Saudi Arabia.
Battle of Port Stanley
General Mario Menendez surrenders to Major General Jeremy Moore at 9pm FI time
Battle of Port Stanley
The Battle of Port Stanley ends with the surrender of Argentine forces. General Mario Menendez surrenders to Major General Jeremy Moore at 9pm FI time. By daylight Argentine troops are fleeing in disarray, by mid-morning white flags are flying in Stanley, and by noon the British have marched to the outskirts of Stanley
Result of Surrender of Argentine Forces in the Falklands
Argentine forces on the Falkland Islands cease resistance, ending the land campaign around Port Stanley.
Surrender of Argentine Forces in the Falklands
The Battle of Port Stanley ends with the surrender of Argentine forces
Withdrawal from Tumbledown
Withdraws surviving marines toward Stanley after British forces break the Tumbledown defensive position.
Captured After Surrender
Becomes a British prisoner of war after the Argentine garrison at Stanley surrenders.
Invasion of Falklands
Port Stanley is captured & the Argentinians surrender. Argentine forces surrender as the British recapture Port Stanley
Falklands Victory During Tenure
Remains First Sea Lord when British forces complete the recovery of the Falkland Islands in June 1982.
Battle of Stanley
Argentine forces surrender at Stanley to Major General Jeremy Moore.
Surrender at Stanley
The Battle of Port Stanley ends with the surrender of Argentine forces
Victory Statement
Tells Parliament that Argentine forces have surrendered.
Surrender Negotiations Support
Uses his special-forces command experience in contacts supporting arrangements for the Argentine surrender.
Battle of Stanley
General Mario Menendez surrenders to Major General Jeremy Moore at 9pm FI time
Battle of Stanley
Receives the Argentine surrender at Stanley.
Surrender at Stanley
Signs the surrender document with Mario Menendez.
Tumbledown Close Combat
Leads close-quarter fighting that breaks through strongly defended Argentine marine positions on the mountain.
Urban Development Grant Scheme
Answers a parliamentary question concerning the Urban Development Grant Scheme.
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
Peter Blaker, Minister of State for Defence, announces that the official count of British military and civilian war dead is 255, with approximately 300 wounded
Casualty Statement
Announces the official British casualty figures.
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
Peter Blaker, Minister of State for Defence, announces that the official count of British military and civilian war dead is 255, with approximately 300 wounded
Resignation of Leopoldo Galtieri
Resigns as President & Army Commander in Chief after failing to retain the Falklands
Capture of Southern Thule
Commands the landing that secures Southern Thule.
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
British forces land on Southern Thule (South Sandwich Islands) - Argentines surrender without a fight. Britain formally declares an end to hostilities
Capture of Thule
British forces land on Southern Thule (South Sandwich Islands) - Argentines surrender without a fight
Exclusion Zone
200 mile exclusion zone established around the Islands during the war is replaced by a Falkland Islands Protection Zone of 150 miles
Hostilities
Formally declares an end to hostilities.
Protection Zone
200 mile exclusion zone established around the Islands during the war is replaced by a Falkland Islands Protection Zone of 150 miles
Coalition Premiership Agreed
Son Sann is named Prime Minister of the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea
Coalition Presidency Agreed
Sihanouk is named President of the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea
Tripartite Coalition
Khmer Rouge join FUNCINPEC and KPNLF in the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
Governor Rex Hunt returns to Stanley as Civil Commissioner
Return to Stanley
Returns to Stanley as Civil Commissioner.
Invasion of Falklands
Argentine war toll set at 645 dead and missing
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
Thatcher appoints an official commission headed by Lord Franks to examine the causes of Britain's failure to prevent Argentine capture of the Islands
Franks Commission
Thatcher appoints an official commission headed by Lord Franks to examine the causes of Britain's failure to prevent Argentine capture of the Islands
Franks Commission
Appoints Lord Franks to examine pre-war decisions.
Service of Thanksgiving
Service of Thanksgiving and Remembrance at St Paul's Cathedral in London
Thanksgiving Service
Attends the Thanksgiving and Remembrance service.
Franks Commission
Is appointed to chair the inquiry into the crisis.
World Cup Hat Trick Against Belgium
Zbigniew Boniek scores a hat trick in Polandโs 3-0 victory over Belgium in the 1982 World Cup second group stage, putting the team on course for the semifinals.
START I
The first START proposal was presented by United States President Ronald Reagan in Geneva on 29 June 1982
START I
The first START proposal was presented by United States President Ronald Reagan in Geneva on 29 June 1982
HMS Glamorgan Naval Gunfire
Commands HMS Glamorgan while the destroyer provides naval gunfire support for British troops near Stanley.
Plymouth Under Air Attack
Keeps HMS Plymouth operational after the frigate is heavily attacked and damaged by Argentine aircraft.
Distinguished Service Cross
Is awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for leadership and combat performance during the Sea Harrier campaign.
MBE for South Georgia Work
Is appointed MBE for mine-clearance and explosive-disposal work associated with ARA Santa Fe.
Mentioned in Despatches
Is Mentioned in Despatches for his service commanding D Company during the Falklands campaign.
Military Cross
Is awarded the Military Cross for leadership during the Battle of Mount Tumbledown.
Siege of West Beirut
Arafat directs the PLO during the Israeli siege of West Beirut as negotiations begin over the evacuation of Palestinian fighters from Lebanon.
Nuclear No-First-Use Pledge
Announces through a message to the United Nations that the Soviet Union will not be the first to use nuclear weapons.
Election
Healey claims the Conservatives have been "glorying in slaughter" of the Falklands War
Acting Mayor of Amsterdam
Takes office as Acting Mayor of Amsterdam.
Mayoral Term
Leaves office as Mayor of Amsterdam.
Invasion of Falklands
8-11 June, visits the Falkland Islands
Election
The Liberal Party win 25.4% of votes cast & 23 MPs
Election
During the 1983 election campaign, Howe argues that Labour's manifesto commitments would require tens of billions of pounds of additional public expenditure over a Parliament.
Manifesto
Howe argues during the 1983 general-election campaign that Labour's manifesto would involve major additional public expenditure.
Election
Elected Member of Parliament for the new South East Cambridgeshire constituency in the 1983 general election, continuing his parliamentary career after representing Cambridgeshire since 1961.
Election
The Conservative Party wins an overall majority of 144, the largest since 1945. The Conservative Party wins 42.4% of votes cast & 397 MPs
Election
Wins a majority of 9,314 in Finchley & is returned for the Eighth time
Trident
The Conservative election victory strengthens Government commitment to the Trident programme
East Surrey Re-election
Wins re-election as Conservative Member of Parliament for East Surrey at the 1983 general election.
Blaby Re-election 1983
Wins re-election as Conservative Member of Parliament for Blaby at the 1983 general election before beginning his period as Chancellor of the Exchequer.
Constituency Change
Represents Old Bexley and Sidcup after constituency boundary changes.
Election
Wins a large Conservative majority in the general election.
Election
Comes 3rd in Thanet North
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for Dagenham
Election for Dunfermline East
Brown is elected Member of Parliament for Dunfermline East.
Entry into House of Commons
Brown begins his parliamentary career as Labour MP for Dunfermline East.
Meeting Tony Blair
Brown and Tony Blair enter Parliament together after the 1983 general election.
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for Monklands East
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for Sedgefield
Election
Labour is defeated at the 1983 general election, winning 27.6 percent of votes and 209 seats.
Member of Parliament
Declares he is opposed to unilateral nuclear disarmament, against Labours policy
European Withdrawal Manifesto
Leads Labour into an election on a manifesto pledging withdrawal from the European Economic Community.
General Election
Wins re-election after the Falklands victory.
Birth of Princess Theodora
Princess Theodora, the fourth child of Constantine II and Anne-Marie, is born in London.
Body Wishes
Releases Body Wishes, including the UK hit Baby Jane.
State of Confusion
The Kinks release State of Confusion.
Chancellorship Ends
Completes his service as Chancellor of the Exchequer after more than four years at the Treasury.
Dismissal as Foreign Secretary
Leaves office as Foreign Secretary in Margaret Thatcher's post-election government changes, ending the cabinet role he had held throughout the Falklands War and its immediate diplomatic aftermath.
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary
Minister of State
Appointed Minister of State at the Foreign Office
Secretary of State
Appointed Secretary of State for Energy
Secretary
Appointed Secretary of Trade & Industry
Leader of the House of Lords
Appointed Leader of the House of Lords
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Nigel Lawson is appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer on 11 June 1983.
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Geoffrey Howe is appointed Foreign Secretary on 11 June 1983.
Secretary of State for the Environment
Appointed Secretary of State for the Environment
Deputy Leadership Resignation
Healey steps down as Labourโs deputy leader after the partyโs general-election defeat.
SDP Leadership Resignation
Resigns as SDP leader after the general election and is succeeded by David Owen.
Acting Mayoral Term
Leaves office as Acting Mayor of Amsterdam.
Mayor of Amsterdam
Takes office as Mayor of Amsterdam.
Stuttgart European Council
Represents Greece as leaders adopt the Solemn Declaration on European Union.
1st Woman in Space
Becomes the first American woman in space as a crewmember on Space Shuttle Challenger for STS-7
Solemn Declaration on European Union
Mitterrand backed the Stuttgart declaration calling for stronger political cooperation and progress toward European Union.
Stuttgart European Council
Hosts the European Council as leaders adopt the Solemn Declaration on European Union.
Solemn Declaration on European Union
Supports adoption of the Solemn Declaration on European Union at the Stuttgart European Council.
Solemn Declaration on European Union
Supports Greece's participation in the Stuttgart declaration on closer European cooperation.
Solemn Declaration on European Union
Supports Ireland's participation in the Stuttgart declaration on closer European cooperation.
Stuttgart European Council
Represents Ireland as leaders adopt the Solemn Declaration on European Union.
Solemn Declaration on European Union
Supports adoption of the Stuttgart declaration strengthening political cooperation.
Stuttgart Summit Report to Bundestag
Reports to the Bundestag on the Stuttgart European Council and its declaration on European Union.
Economy of Great Britain
Points to lowest inflation since 1968 & record productivity
Inflation
Points to lowest inflation since 1968 & record productivity
Queens Speech
Introduces the Queens Speech to the House of Commons
Privatization
Lawson supports the sale of additional government-held BP shares as part of efforts to reduce public borrowing and continue the privatisation programme.
Stuttgart Summit Report to European Parliament
Reports to the European Parliament on Stuttgart and stresses implementation of stronger European political cooperation.
Budget
Urges an immediate 3% reduction in cash limits. Through a sleight of hand, the extra revenue Walters wished to raise was secured by freezing income tax thresholds
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for Huntingdon, majority 20,348
Election
Gerald Kaufman, once Harold Wilson's press officer and during the 1980s prominent on the Labour right, described the 1983 Labour manifesto as "the longest suicide note in history"
Manifesto
Gerald Kaufman, once Harold Wilson's press officer and during the 1980s prominent on the Labour right, described the 1983 Labour manifesto as "the longest suicide note in history"
Suicide
Gerald Kaufman, once Harold Wilson's press officer and during the 1980s prominent on the Labour right, described the 1983 Labour manifesto as "the longest suicide note in history"
Election
Gerald Kaufman, once Harold Wilson's press officer and during the 1980s prominent on the Labour right, described the 1983 Labour manifesto as "the longest suicide note in history"
Suicide
Gerald Kaufman, once Harold Wilson's press officer and during the 1980s prominent on the Labour right, described the 1983 Labour manifesto as "the longest suicide note in history"
Election
The Labour party lose 60 seats & are returned with 209 seats, the lowest since 1935. The Conservatives increase their overall majority from 43 to 144. Labours share of the popular vote falls from 37% to 28%
Election
The Liberal-SDP Alliance win 25% of the popular vote
Alliance National Campaign
Leads the SDP-Liberal Alliance during the 1983 general election campaign.
Laser Frequency Stabilisation
Drever and collaborators publish the laser-stabilisation technique later known as Pound-Drever-Hall locking, providing exceptionally precise frequency control for interferometric gravitational-wave detectors.
Rangers Transfer
Joins Rangers from Sunderland and begins a long goalscoring career at Ibrox.
President Takes Office
Duarte becomes elected President during the Salvadoran Civil War
Born in the USA
Releases Born in the USA, the album that turns him into a global pop and rock superstar.
Operation Blue Star
Indira Gandhi orders Operation Blue Star against armed Sikh militants inside the Golden Temple complex.
Operation Blue Star
Indian forces assault the Golden Temple complex during Operation Blue Star against armed Sikh militants.
Time After Time
Cyndi Laupers "Time After Time" becomes #1 in the USA
Orgreave Police Deployment
Large police deployments confronted mass pickets near the coking plant during the strike.
Strike
10,000 miners march through London to Parliament. Police arrest 110. Opposition Labor Party accuses Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's Conservatives of intervening directly to defeat miners. Government affirms it will not interfere in any Coal Board settlement with miners
NUM London Demonstration
Thousands of striking miners and supporters marched to Parliament to publicise their dispute.
Arrest of Bogdan Lis
A high official of the banned Solidarity union is arrested
Camouflage
Releases Camouflage, featuring production and guitar work from Jeff Beck.
Strike
The battle of Orgreave, 5,000 riot police took on 5,000 protestors, who pelted officers with bricks and stones
Strike
Scargill knocked unconscious in Orgreave violence. Police deny he was hit by a truncheon
NUM Orgreave Confrontation
Large numbers of police and miners clashed at Orgreave coking plant during mass picketing.
Orgreave June Confrontation
Thousands of police officers and demonstrators confronted one another at Orgreave on 18 June.
Orgreave Mounted Police Charges
Mounted police were deployed during the clashes at Orgreave and their conduct later attracted major scrutiny.
Orgreave Picket Injuries
The day of clashes at Orgreave left miners and police officers injured amid conflicting accounts of the violence.
Orgreave Scargill Injury
Arthur Scargill suffered an injury during the confrontation while differing explanations of its cause circulated.
Orgreave Mass Arrests
Police arrested dozens of pickets following clashes at Orgreave and prosecutors later pursued serious charges.
Orgreave Government Response
The clashes at Orgreave raised difficult questions for the government about policing and industrial relations.
Government
Says Laos will allow the US to search for remains of US pilots
Chernenko & Mitterand clash publicly over human rights
Chernenko & Mitterand clash publicly over human rights
Politics
Chernenko & Mitterand clash publicly over human rights
Arrest of Andrei Sakharov
Chernenko & Mitterand clash over human rights during the discussion of Sakharov
Chernenko & Mitterand clash over human rights during the discussion of Sakharov
Chernenko & Mitterand clash over human rights during the discussion of Sakharov
Politics
Chernenko & Mitterand clash over human rights during the discussion of Sakharov
Coal Board Strike Warning
Ian MacGregor warned that the stoppage might continue through the end of the year.
NCB Strike Forecast
The Board chairman said the miners industrial dispute could extend into winter.
MacGregor Predicts Lengthy Strike
The Coal Board chief warned publicly that the dispute might last until December.
Fontainebleau European Council
Mitterrand chaired the Fontainebleau European Council, which settled major budget disputes and relaunched institutional reform.
Death of Michel Foucault
Michel Foucault dies in Paris after complications associated with AIDS, aged fifty-seven.
Fontainebleau European Council
Represents Germany as leaders seek a durable settlement of Community budget disputes and institutional reform.
Fontainebleau European Council
Represents Greece as leaders settle major budget disputes and revive institutional reform.
1st Female Space Walk
1st woman to walk in space
Peoples Europe Initiative
The Fontainebleau summit backed measures intended to make the European Community more visible and meaningful to its citizens.
Dooge Committee Initiative
Supports creation of the Dooge Committee to propose improvements in Community institutions and political cooperation.
Fontainebleau Institutional Reform
Supports the decision to examine reforms aimed at strengthening European cooperation.
Dooge Committee Initiative
Supports creation of the Dooge Committee to propose improvements in Community institutions.
Here We Are at Last
Barbra Streisand records, "Here We Are at Last"
Prime Minister of Canada
Succeeds Trudeau as Liberal prime minister.
Resignation of Pierre Elliott Trudeau
Trudeau resigns after 16 yrs in office
Death of Lillian Hellman
Death of Lillian Hellman
Budget Portfolio Appointment
Alongside the labour portfolio, Juncker was named minister responsible for the budget, giving him a leading role in national public-finance decisions.
First Parliamentary Election
Voters elected Juncker to the Chamber of Deputies for the first time, strengthening his role in the Christian Social Peopleโs Party as he moved into ministerial office.
Labour Ministry Appointment
Juncker became Minister of Labour in the first government led by Jacques Santer and assumed responsibility for policy affecting employment and industrial relations.
Election
Re-elected Prime Minister of Greece.
Government
House votes for sanctiona against South Africa
Exhumation
Body of Nazi criminal, Dr. Josef Mengele located and exhumed
Exile of Josef Mengele
Mengeles body is exhumed from a grave in Sao Paolo
Recovery of Salyut 7
The achievement marks recovery of salyut 7 as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Salyut 7 Docking
Manually docks with the unresponsive Salyut 7 space station.
French Open
Chris Evert-Lloyd wins the French Open
Invasion of Lebanon
Israel begins to withdraw from the Lebanon after a 6 yr occupation
Vega 1 Venus Balloon
Vega 1 releases a balloon that drifts through Venus's cloud layer while measuring winds and atmospheric conditions.
Treaty of Accession
Martens represents Belgium as the Community agrees the terms for Spanish and Portuguese membership.
Treaty of Accession
Schluter backs Denmark's approval of the southern enlargement treaty signed in Madrid and Lisbon.
Iberian Accession Treaties
Delors welcomed the accession treaties for Spain and Portugal as a major expansion of democratic Europe.
Treaty of Accession
Mitterrand represents France as the Communities conclude accession terms with Spain and Portugal.
Treaty of Accession
Kohl represents West Germany in the member-state settlement admitting Spain and Portugal.
Treaty of Accession
Thatcher represents Britain as member governments conclude the 1985 accession treaty with Spain and Portugal.
Treaty of Accession
Papandreou supports Greece's participation in the enlargement agreement with the two Iberian applicants.
Treaty of Accession
FitzGerald backs Ireland's consent to the treaty expanding the Communities to Spain and Portugal.
Treaty of Accession
Craxi represents Italy during the treaty ceremonies completing negotiations with the Iberian applicants.
Treaty of Accession
Santer supports Luxembourg's approval of Spanish and Portuguese accession to the Communities.
Treaty of Accession
Lubbers represents the Netherlands as the enlargement treaty is concluded with Spain and Portugal.
Treaty of Accession
Signs Portugal's accession treaty as Deputy Prime Minister during the Lisbon ceremony.
Treaty of Accession
Signs Portugal's Treaty of Accession as Foreign Minister alongside Mario Soares and Rui Machete.
Treaty of Accession
Signs Portugal's Treaty of Accession to the European Communities in Lisbon.
Treaty of Accession
Signs Spain's accession treaty as Foreign Minister alongside Prime Minister Felipe Gonzalez.
Treaty of Accession
Signs Spain's Treaty of Accession to the European Communities at the Royal Palace in Madrid.
Treaty of Schengen
Tindemans backs Belgium's participation in the founding five-state agreement for gradually reducing checks at common borders. Belgian policy links freer movement with close Benelux cooperation.
Border
The Schengen Treaty is signed by Belgium, Holland, Germany & France, abolishes border checks
Treaty of Schengen
Leads Belgium when the five founding governments sign the Schengen Agreement, committing themselves to the gradual removal of internal border checks.
Treaty of Schengen
Dumas backs France's participation in the founding five-state agreement for gradually reducing checks at common borders. French policy couples freer movement with stronger police coordination.
White Paper on Internal Market
The Commission presented its White Paper setting out measures needed to complete the internal market by 1992.
Schengen Political Support
Mitterrand supported France's participation in the Schengen Agreement to reduce controls at participating states' internal borders.
Treaty of Schengen
Leads France when Belgium, France, West Germany, Luxembourg and the Netherlands sign the Schengen Agreement on gradual abolition of internal border checks.
Schengen Agreement
Signs the Schengen Agreement for West Germany, committing the participating governments to gradually abolish internal border controls.
Treaty of Schengen
Leads West Germany when the five founding states sign the Schengen Agreement on the gradual removal of controls at their common borders.
Treaty of Schengen
Genscher backs Germany's participation in the founding five-state agreement for gradually reducing checks at common borders. German policy links open internal borders with stronger external controls.
Treaty of Schengen
van den Broek backs Netherlands's participation in the founding five-state agreement for gradually reducing checks at common borders. Dutch policy stresses coordinated justice, policing and migration procedures.
Treaty of Schengen
Leads the Netherlands when the five founding states sign the Schengen Agreement on progressively removing controls at their shared borders.
Treaty of Schengen
In Belgium, Nothomb starts adapting border and policing arrangements to the commitments created at Schengen. Brussels also stresses coordinated policing and external-border safeguards.
Treaty of Schengen
In France, Joxe starts adapting border and policing arrangements to the commitments created at Schengen. Paris also emphasises effective controls at the Schengen area's external frontier.
Treaty of Schengen
In Germany, Zimmermann starts adapting border and policing arrangements to the commitments created at Schengen. Bonn also backs intensive police cooperation between participating states.
Treaty of Schengen
In Netherlands, Korthals Altes starts adapting border and policing arrangements to the commitments created at Schengen. The Hague also supports common visa rules and effective external controls.
Vega 2 Venus Balloon
Vega 2 deploys a second balloon into Venus's atmosphere, providing additional measurements of cloud-level circulation.
Government
The United Airlines strike ends after 29 days
United Airlines
The United Airlines strike ends after 29 days
Treaty of Schengen
Gol helps review legal consequences of the agreement's programme for progressively freer cross-border movement. Belgium supports wider participation while preserving practical security cooperation.
Treaty of Schengen
Lalumiere helps review legal consequences of the agreement's programme for progressively freer cross-border movement. France supports mobility alongside common visa and security arrangements.
Treaty of Schengen
Engelhard helps review legal consequences of the agreement's programme for progressively freer cross-border movement. Germany supports freer travel alongside common security and visa rules.
Treaty of Schengen
van Eekelen helps review legal consequences of the agreement's programme for progressively freer cross-border movement. The Netherlands links free movement with practical law-enforcement cooperation.
Government
Reagan cals for unconditional release of hostages on TWA jet
Exile of Josef Mengele
Investigators believe they have discoverred Mengeles body
Death of Tage Fritiof Erlander
Death of Tage Fritiof Erlander
Air India Bombing
Responds after the Air India Flight 182 bombing kills 329 people.
Milan European Council
Mitterrand supported launching treaty negotiations intended to deepen Community integration and complete the internal market.
Milan European Council
Represents Germany as the Milan European Council considers institutional reform and completion of the internal market.
Milan European Council
Represents Greece as leaders consider institutional reform and the internal-market programme.
Milan European Council
Represents Ireland as leaders consider the internal market and institutional reform.
Milan European Council
Hosts the European Council that sets the objective of completing the internal market by the end of 1992.
Intergovernmental Conference Decision
Supports the Milan decision to convene an intergovernmental conference on treaty reform and the internal market.
Intergovernmental Conference Decision
Participates as leaders decide to convene an intergovernmental conference on treaty reform.
Intergovernmental Conference Decision
Supports convening an intergovernmental conference on treaty reform.
Intergovernmental Conference Decision
Supports the Milan decision to convene an intergovernmental conference on treaty reform.
President of Italy
Appointed President of Italy
Committee on Northern Ireland
Appointed Chairman of the Parliamentary Conservative backbench committee on Northern Ireland
Resignation of Ian Reginald Edward Gow
Despite his disagreement with government policy, he used his resignation speech to underline his personal devotion to Thatcher, describing her as "the finest chief, the most resolute leader, the kindest friend that any member of this House could hope to serve."
Resignation of Ian Reginald Edward Gow
Resign as Minister of State in HM Treasury over the signing of the Anglo-Irish Agreement
World Cup Goal Against South Korea
Heads Argentina's opening goal in the 3-1 World Cup victory over South Korea.
Two World Cup Goals Against South Korea
Scores twice as Argentina open their World Cup campaign with a 3-1 victory over South Korea.
World Cup Goal Against Belgium
Scores Mexico's opening goal in a 2-1 World Cup group victory over Belgium.
World Cup Goal Against Belgium
Scores Mexico's second goal in their 2-1 World Cup group-stage victory over Belgium.
World Cup Equaliser Against Italy
Scores Argentina's equaliser in a 1-1 World Cup group-stage draw with defending champions Italy.
Invisible Touch
Sings on Invisible Touch, the band's most commercially successful studio album.
Live to Tell
Madonnas "Live to Tell," single goes #1
Election
Elected President of Austria
Late World Cup Goal Against Bulgaria
Adds Argentina's second goal late in the match to complete a 2-0 World Cup victory over Bulgaria.
Early World Cup Goal Against Bulgaria
Gives Argentina an early lead as they control the group-stage match and defeat Bulgaria 2-0.
Knighthood
Bob Geldhof is given an honorary knighthood by Elizabeth II
Emergency Rule Expanded
Security forces receive extensive powers of detention and censorship.
Nationwide State of Emergency
Declares a nationwide state of emergency.
Perevozchenko Death from Radiation Syndrome
Dies from complications of severe radiation injury received while searching and inspecting the destroyed Unit 4.
Extra-Time Goal Against Soviet Union
Heads Belgium in front during extra time in the 4-3 World Cup victory over the Soviet Union.
Second Equaliser Against Soviet Union
Scores Belgium's second equaliser in the dramatic World Cup round-of-16 victory over the Soviet Union.
Extra-Time Goal Against Soviet Union
Scores Belgium's fourth goal during extra time in the World Cup victory over the Soviet Union.
Goal Against Soviet Union
Scores Belgium's first equaliser in the 4-3 extra-time World Cup victory over the Soviet Union.
Hat-Trick Against Belgium
Scores a hat-trick for the Soviet Union, but Belgium win the World Cup tie 4-3 after extra time.
World Cup Winning Goal Against Uruguay
Scores the only goal as Argentina eliminate Uruguay in the World Cup round of sixteen.
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor of Austria, 1st term
Fifth Strougal Government
Begins the Fifth Strougal Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Fourth Strougal Government
The Fourth Strougal Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Goal of the Century
Dribbles through the England defence to score a celebrated solo quarter-final goal.
Hand of God Goal
Scores the controversial opening goal against England with his hand in the quarter-final.
World Cup Quarter-Final Goal
Scores Belgium's goal in the 1-1 World Cup quarter-final draw with Spain before the penalty shootout.
World Cup Shootout Save
Saves Eloy's penalty as Belgium defeat Spain in the World Cup quarter-final shootout.
Decisive World Cup Shootout Penalty
Scores Belgium's decisive penalty in the shootout victory over Spain in the World Cup quarter-final.
World Cup Quarter-Final Equaliser
Scores Spain's late equaliser against Belgium to send the World Cup quarter-final into extra time.
Every Beat of My Heart
Releases Every Beat of My Heart, including a title song reflecting Scottish family roots.
Two Goals Against Belgium
Scores both goals as Argentina defeat Belgium 2-0 in the semi-final.
Sanctions
Attends an EC summit & opposes sanctions against South Africa
Summit Meeting
Attends an EC summit & opposes sanctions against South Africa
The Hague European Council
Represents Greece as leaders discuss implementation of the internal market and Community development.
Arrest of Zwelakhe Sisulu
South African journalist Zwelakhe is Sisulu arrested
Labyrinth
Stars as Jareth the Goblin King in Labyrinth and contributes songs to the film soundtrack.
World Cup Winner
Diego Maradona captains Argentina to its second world title and creates the decisive third goal in the 3-2 final win over West Germany.
World Cup Final Opening Goal
Heads Argentina into the lead against West Germany in the World Cup final.
World Cup Winner
Josรฉ Luis Brown heads Argentina in front against West Germany, opening the scoring in a tense World Cup final at the Azteca.
World Cup Winner
Josรฉ Luis Cuciuffo starts at right-back against West Germany in the 1986 final. His defensive positioning supports Argentinaโs narrow 3-2 victory in Mexico City.
World Cup Winner
Nรฉstor Clausen represents Argentina in the victorious 1986 World Cup squad. His defensive versatility gives Carlos Bilardo another option as the side advances through the knockout rounds.
1986 FIFA World Cup Final - Oscar Ruggeri
Oscar Ruggeri defended against West Germanyโs aerial pressure as Argentina protected the lead in a five-goal final.
World Cup Winner
Oscar Ruggeri adds strength and aerial security to Argentinaโs back line in the 1986 final. His work helps the side withstand West Germanyโs late comeback before Argentina scores the winner.
1986 World Cup Golden Ball
Wins the World Cup Golden Ball after leading Argentina through an outstanding championship campaign.
World Cup Final Winning Assist
Releases Jorge Burruchaga with the pass that produces Argentina's decisive third goal in the World Cup final.
1986 Final Winning Goal
Scores Argentina's decisive third goal in the final against West Germany.
World Cup Final Second Goal
Scores Argentina's second goal in the 3-2 World Cup final victory over West Germany.
World Cup Winner
Jorge Valdano finishes a breakaway to put Argentina two goals ahead before West Germany fights back to equalise.
World Cup Winner
Pedro Pasculli scores an important knockout goal against Uruguay during Argentinaโs 1986 title run. As a squad member, he celebrates the subsequent final victory over West Germany.
1986 FIFA World Cup Final - Nery Pumpido
Nery Pumpido was Argentinaโs goalkeeper as the team survived West Germanyโs late comeback and claimed a 3โ2 victory.
World Cup Winner
Nery Pumpido serves as Argentina's starting goalkeeper throughout the 1986 tournament and plays in the dramatic 3-2 final against West Germany.
Argentina World Cup Title Manager
Coaches Argentina to their second FIFA World Cup title with a 3-2 final victory over West Germany.
World Cup Winner
Carlos Bilardo manages Argentina to the 1986 World Cup championship, building his system around the creative freedom of Diego Maradona.
1986 FIFA World Cup Final - Hรฉctor Enrique
Hรฉctor Enrique supported Argentinaโs midfield ball recovery while Diego Maradona helped direct the decisive attacking moves.
World Cup Winner
Hรฉctor Enrique partners Argentinaโs creative players with energetic midfield running at the 1986 tournament. He starts the final in Mexico City and earns a championship medal.
World Cup Winner
Jorge Burruchaga races onto Maradona's pass and scores the late winner as Argentina defeats West Germany 3-2 in Mexico City.
World Cup Winner
Julio Olarticoechea covers the left flank during Argentinaโs 1986 World Cup final victory. His alert recovery defending helps sustain the team through West Germanyโs second-half pressure.
1986 FIFA World Cup Final - Ricardo Giusti
Ricardo Giusti played a disciplined role in Argentinaโs midfield during the victory over West Germany at the Azteca.
World Cup Winner
Ricardo Giusti supplies Argentina with midfield discipline throughout the 1986 campaign. He starts the final and helps the team regain its attacking balance after West Germany equalises.
1986 FIFA World Cup Final - Karl-Heinz Rummenigge
Karl-Heinz Rummenigge scored from close range to start West Germanyโs late comeback from two goals behind.
1986 FIFA World Cup Final - Lothar Matthรคus
Lothar Matthรคus was assigned a close-marking role on Diego Maradona before Argentina found the decisive late opening.
Six-Goal Golden Boot
Scores six goals for England and finishes as Mexico 1986's leading marksman.
Mizoram Accord
The government signs the Mizoram Peace Accord, helping end a long-running insurgency in the northeast.
PO
Leads a coalition of the SPO & OVP
Fomin Removed as Chief Engineer
Loses his senior plant position as authorities pursue accountability for the accident.
Bryukhanov Chernobyl Arrest
Is taken into custody while prosecutors prepare criminal proceedings concerning management and safety failures at the plant.
Bryukhanov Removed from Plant Leadership
Is removed from senior plant leadership as Soviet authorities investigate management failures surrounding the disaster.
Chernobyl Economic Cost
Confronts the growing economic burden of evacuation, cleanup, lost agricultural land and reactor containment after Chernobyl.
Chernobyl Reactor Safety Measures
Backs safety modifications and operational changes for Soviet RBMK reactors following investigation of the Chernobyl accident.
Chernobyl Scientific Assessment
Receives scientific assessments concerning radiation contamination, reactor damage and long-term health risks after Chernobyl.
Central Committee
Appointed Candidate Member of Central Committee
Legasov Accident Cause Investigation
Participates in the investigation examining reactor behaviour, operator actions and technical conditions that contributed to the destruction of Unit 4.
Legasov RBMK Safety Review
Examines characteristics of the RBMK reactor system while investigators consider how reactor design and operating practices contributed to the accident.
Chernobyl Emergency Cooperation
Advocates stronger international arrangements for requesting and providing assistance during nuclear emergencies.
Chernobyl Reporting Reform
Supports work toward international rules requiring faster reporting of nuclear accidents with possible transboundary effects.
Assassination of Rashid Karami
Assassinated by a bomb planted in his helicopter
Death of Rashid Karami
Assassinated by a bomb planted in his helicopter
Prime Minister of Lebanon
Appointed Prime Minister of Lebanon, acting
Meech Lake Accord
Secures first ministers agreement on the Meech Lake Accord.
Poomalai
Rajiv Gandhi's government orders Operation Poomalai, an Indian Air Force airdrop over Jaffna during the Sri Lankan civil conflict.
1988 Campaign Announcement
Announces a campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination.
Election
The Conservatives win 42.3% of votes cast & 376 MPs. The Conservative majority is cut to 101. Conservatives 375, Labour 229, Liberals 17, SDP 5 & others 24
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 3rd term
Trident
The Conservative election victory confirms continued support for the Trident programme
East Surrey Re-election 1987
Wins re-election as Conservative Member of Parliament for East Surrey at the 1987 general election.
Blaby Re-election 1987
Wins re-election as Conservative Member of Parliament for Blaby at the 1987 general election and continues serving as Chancellor of the Exchequer.
Election
Wins a third consecutive Conservative general election victory.
General Election Re-election
Brown retains Dunfermline East at the general election.
Election
The Labour Party win 30.8% of votes cast & 229 MPs
Loss of South Down Seat
Loses South Down to SDLP candidate Eddie McGrady by 731 votes, bringing his parliamentary career to an end.
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan
Princess Royal
Elizabeth II awards her daughter Princess Anne the title of "Princess Royal"
Princess Royal
Elizabeth II awards her daughter Princess Anne the title of "Princess Royal"
Shadow Treasury Appointment
Brown becomes Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury.
Erasmus Programme Launch
The Erasmus programme began during the Delors Commission, supporting student mobility across participating European countries.
Secretary of State for Transport
Appointed Secretary of State for Transport
Arrest of Terry Waite
Taken hostage in Beirut while acting as the Archbishop of Canterburys special envoy
European Central Bank
Thatcher rules out joining the European Central Bank
Foreign Affairs Debate
Opens the first major foreign-affairs debate of the new Parliament and reviews East-West relations, arms control and international security.
Capture of Quaid Post
Bana Singh leads an assault that captures the Pakistani position known as Quaid Post on the Siachen Glacier.
Waters released another concept album, Radio
Waters released another concept album, Radio K.A.O.S., about a man named Billy who can hear radio waves in his head
Pink Floyd
Dave Gilmour, Nick Mason and Rick Wright release "A Momentary Lapse Of Reason" as Pink Floyd
Pink Floyd
Dave Gilmour, Nick Mason and Rick Wright release "A Momentary Lapse Of Reason" as Pink Floyd
Pink Floyd
Dave Gilmour, Nick Mason and Rick Wright release "A Momentary Lapse Of Reason" as Pink Floyd
Chief Secretary
Appointed Chief Secretary to the Treasury
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for Huntingdon, majority 27,044
Privy Council
Appointed Privy Councillor
Central Committee of the Communist Party
At the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), Gorbachev presents his "basic theses," which laid the political foundation of economic reform for the remainder of the existence of the Soviet Union
Constitution of Russia
At the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), Gorbachev presents his "basic theses," which laid the political foundation of economic reform for the remainder of the existence of the Soviet Union
Economy of Russia
At the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), Gorbachev presents his "basic theses," which laid the political foundation of economic reform for the remainder of the existence of the Soviet Union.
Economy of Russia
The original version of the Soviet Joint Venture Law, which went into effect in June 1987, limited foreign shares of a Soviet venture to 49 percent and required that Soviet citizens occupy the positions of chairman and general manager.
Joint Venture Law
The original version of the Soviet Joint Venture Law, which went into effect in June 1987, limited foreign shares of a Soviet venture to 49 percent and required that Soviet citizens occupy the positions of chairman and general manager
Legislation
The original version of the Soviet Joint Venture Law, which went into effect in June 1987, limited foreign shares of a Soviet venture to 49 percent and required that Soviet citizens occupy the positions of chairman and general manager
Perestroika
At the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), Gorbachev presents his "basic theses," which laid the political foundation of economic reform for the remainder of the existence of the Soviet Union.
Perestroika
The original version of the Soviet Joint Venture Law, which went into effect in June 1987, limited foreign shares of a Soviet venture to 49 percent and required that Soviet citizens occupy the positions of chairman and general manager.
INF Treaty Enters Force
The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty enters into force after ratification by the United States and Soviet Union.
Death of Raj Kapoor
Death of Raj Kapoor
Never Ending Tour
Begins the long-running Never Ending Tour.
Pluto Atmosphere
Airborne occultation measurements show gradual stellar dimming consistent with refraction through Pluto's extended atmosphere.
Pluto Atmosphere
A stellar occultation observed from the Kuiper Airborne Observatory provides the first direct detection of an atmosphere around Pluto.
Pluto Atmosphere
The Pluto occultation light curve reveals a clear upper atmosphere above an extinction layer with a sharp upper boundary.
Birth of Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela
The Wembley celebrations are broadcast to 1 billion worldwide. 80,000 pack Wembley stadium to celebrate Mandelas 70th birthday
Great Green Charter
Libya proclaims a rights charter presented as limiting arbitrary punishment and state interference.
Hat-Trick against England
Scores a hat-trick as the Netherlands defeat England 3-1 during the European Championship group stage.
Pink Floyd
Pink Floyd play Berlin, the concert is very close to The Wall and 2,000 East German fans gather at their side to listen
Knebworth Festival
Pink Floyd are one of the supergroups to play Knebworth Festival in aid of Nordoff Robbins music therapy
Pink Floyd
The band plays Versailles, the show is filmed for the "Delicate Sound Of Thunder" video
Reballion of Rebels in Rangoon
Universities are closed & a dusk-to-dawn curfew is placed on Rangoon & other cities
European Championship Semi-Final
Scores a penalty as the Netherlands defeat West Germany 2-1 in the European Championship semi-final.
European Championship Title
Guides the Netherlands to their first major international trophy by winning UEFA EURO 1988.
European Championship Title
Plays in central defence as the Netherlands defeat the Soviet Union to win UEFA EURO 1988.
European Championship Final Goal
Scores a celebrated volley as the Netherlands beat the Soviet Union 2-0 in the European Championship final.
European Championship Final
Captains the Netherlands and heads the opening goal in the 2-0 European Championship final victory over the Soviet Union.
Hanover European Council
Hosts the European Council as leaders discuss monetary integration and the next stage of the internal market.
Hanover European Council
Represents Greece as leaders discuss monetary integration and establish the Delors Committee.
Hanover European Council
Represents Ireland as leaders establish the Delors Committee to study monetary union.
Hanover European Council
Represents Italy as leaders discuss monetary integration and establish the Delors Committee.
EMU Committee Chairmanship
European leaders asked Delors to chair a committee examining practical steps toward economic and monetary union.
Hanover European Council
Mitterrand backed the decision to study a staged path toward European Economic and Monetary Union.
Delors Committee Mandate
Supports the decision to establish the Delors Committee to study concrete steps toward economic and monetary union.
Delors Committee Mandate
Supports work examining concrete stages toward economic and monetary union.
Delors Committee Mandate
Supports work on concrete stages toward economic and monetary union.
Delors Committee Mandate
Supports the decision to study concrete stages toward economic and monetary union.
Conference of Communist Party
Addresses a special Communist Party conference & outlines "a new image of socialism"
Election
Calls for multi-candidate elections for regional and local legislatures and party first secretaries and insisted on the separation of the Government apparatus from party bodies at the regional level, as well
Perestroika
Addresses a special Communist Party conference & outlines "a new image of socialism".
Perestroika
At the CPSUs Nineteenth Party Conference, the first held since 1941, Gorbachev and his supporters launched radical reforms meant to reduce party control of the Government apparatus.
Perestroika
Calls for multi-candidate elections for regional and local legislatures and party first secretaries and insisted on the separation of the Government apparatus from party bodies at the regional level, as well.
Reform of Government
Addresses a special Communist Party conference & outlines "a new image of socialism"
Nineteenth Party Conference Rehabilitation Appeal
Appeals publicly for political rehabilitation at the Nineteenth Party Conference but receives little support from the party leadership.
President Takes Office
Cristiani becomes President after ARENA wins the 1989 election
Death of Ruhollah Khomeini
Death of Ruhollah Khomeini
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, after the resgnation of Takeshita
Demonstrations
The Government imposes martial law. Pro-democracy demonstrations are crushed in Tiananmen Square
Flowers in the Dirt
Paul McCartney releases "Flowers in the Dirt"
Neptune Observation Campaign Begins
Voyager 2 begins sustained approach observations of Neptune from tens of millions of miles away.
German Cup Final Double
Scores twice as Dortmund overturns an early deficit to beat Werder Bremen 4-1 and end a long wait for a major trophy.
Dortmund DFB-Pokal Final Success
Guides Dortmund to the German Cup with a 4-1 win over Werder Bremen, delivering the clubโs first major silverware since 1966.
Madrid European Council
Represents Germany as leaders approve launching the first stage of economic and monetary union in July 1990.
Conference of Madrid
Britain agrees to enter the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) when the 3 convergence conditions are met
Economy of Great Britain
Britain agrees to enter the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) when the 3 convergence conditions are met
Madrid European Council
Papandreou backs the Madrid timetable beginning the first phase of monetary union in July 1990.
Madrid European Council
Represents Ireland as leaders approve launching the first stage of economic and monetary union.
Madrid European Council
Represents Italy as leaders approve launching the first stage of economic and monetary union in July 1990.
Marriage
Melanie Griffith and Don Johnson marry for 2nd time
Marriage
Melanie Griffith and Don Johnson marry for 2nd time
Madrid EMU Decision
Mitterrand supported starting the first stage of Economic and Monetary Union in July 1990.
First Stage of EMU Agreed
Supports the Madrid decision setting 1 July 1990 as the start of the first stage of economic and monetary union.
Madrid EMU Decision
Supports the timetable for beginning the first stage of economic and monetary union in July 1990.
Madrid EMU Decision
Supports the timetable beginning the first phase of economic and monetary union in July 1990.
Madrid EMU Decision
Supports the Madrid timetable for beginning the first stage of economic and monetary union.
Peace
UNITA, backed by South Africa, agrees a truce with the MPLA, backed by Cuba. The cease-fire is abandoned after 2 months
Conference of Madrid
At the Madrid European Council in June 1989, debate continues within the British Government over the conditions for eventual ERM membership; the United Kingdom does not join the mechanism until October 1990.
Conference of Madrid
At the Madrid European Council in June 1989, Howe supports eventual British entry into the ERM, but the United Kingdom does not join until October 1990.
Conference of Madrid
Lawson & Howe force Thatcher into joining the ERM
European Investment Bank Governorship
Juncker became Luxembourgโs governor at the European Investment Bank upon assuming the finance ministry, representing the country in the institutionโs governance.
Finance Ministry Appointment
After the general election, Juncker was appointed Luxembourgโs finance minister while retaining the labour portfolio, placing him at the centre of national economic and European monetary policy.
Speaker
Appointed Speaker of the Soviet of the Union
Threshold Test Ban Verification Protocol
Signs verification protocols strengthening implementation of the Threshold Test Ban and Peaceful Nuclear Explosions treaties.
US Soviet Chemical Weapons Destruction Accord
Signs a bilateral agreement with Mikhail Gorbachev providing for destruction and non-production of chemical weapons.
The Only One I Know Top Ten
The Only One I Know reaches number nine on the UK singles chart and becomes The Charlatans' breakthrough hit.
Dissolution
Announces the dissolution of the SDP, continues as an Independent Social Democrat
Dissolution
David Owen announces the dissolution of the SDP
Dissolution
The SDP continues as the Independent Social Democrats. David Owen announces the dissolution of the SDP
Reform of Parliament
The House of Lords rejects the War Crimes Bill
Election
Elected President of the Ukraine
State of Emergency
Announces an end to the 4 yr state of national emergency, except for Natal
Free Elections
Czechoslovakia holds free parliamentary elections.
Constitution of Russia
Russian Parliament votes its laws take precedence over the USSR
Election
Yeltsin is elected President of Russia, the largest Republic
Election
Havel's Civic Forum and its Slovak allies win 170 out of 300 seats. first genuine free elections for 40 yrs
Kristall Module Docking
Supervises station operations as Kristall docks automatically with Mir, expanding materials science, biotechnology and future docking capabilities.
Election
Elected President of Peru
Long-Range Goal Against South Korea
Strikes Belgium's second goal from distance in the 64th minute to secure a 2-0 World Cup victory over South Korea.
Opening Goal Against South Korea
Breaks the deadlock in the 53rd minute as Belgium begin their 2-0 World Cup victory over South Korea.
Government
Forms a new right-wing Government
Sovereignty Vote Put to Congress
Places the Declaration of State Sovereignty before the Russian Congress, which adopts it by an overwhelming majority.
Constitution of Russia
The Russian Federation declares itself a sovereign state
Russian Sovereignty Declaration
Leads the Russian Congress as it adopts the Declaration of State Sovereignty, asserting the supremacy of Russian law.
World Cup Goal Against Soviet Union
Scores Argentina's second goal to secure a 2-0 World Cup victory over the Soviet Union.
World Cup Goal Against Soviet Union
Scores Argentina's opening goal in the 2-0 World Cup group-stage victory over the Soviet Union.
Mineriad
Faces controversy after miners attack Bucharest protesters.
Prime Minister of Russia
Appointed Prime Minister of Russia
World Cup Goal Against Uruguay
Scores the opening goal as Belgium defeat Uruguay 3-1 at the World Cup.
World Cup Goal Against Uruguay
Scores Belgium's third goal in the 3-1 World Cup group-stage victory over Uruguay.
Treaty of Schengen
Eyskens endorses the detailed Convention governing visas, frontiers and cooperation between national authorities. Belgian officials favour gradual implementation backed by shared security measures.
Treaty of Schengen
In Belgium, Tobback supports stronger external-border and policing safeguards accompanying freer internal movement. Belgian policy links freer movement with close Benelux cooperation.
Treaty of Schengen
During the Schengen process, Wathelet supports the legal framework established by the Schengen Implementing Convention. The Belgian approach combines mobility with common visa and policing rules.
Treaty of Schengen
Leads Belgium when the five founding states sign the Convention implementing the 1985 Schengen Agreement.
Treaty of Schengen
Dumas endorses the 1990 Convention defining common rules on borders, visas and cooperation between authorities. The French approach stresses both free movement and compensating security measures.
Treaty of Schengen
In France, Joxe backs stronger external-frontier controls and security cooperation to offset removal of internal checks. French policy couples freer movement with stronger police coordination.
Treaty of Schengen
During the Schengen process, Rocard leads France when the implementing Convention establishes detailed rules for a border-free Schengen area. French officials link border removal with operational law-enforcement cooperation.
Schengen Implementing Convention
Heads the German government when the five original Schengen states sign the convention implementing border-free travel arrangements.
Treaty of Schengen
During the Schengen process, Kohl leads Germany when the implementing Convention establishes detailed rules for a border-free Schengen area. German officials emphasise reliable information-sharing between national authorities.
Treaty of Schengen
Genscher backs the detailed 1990 Convention regulating visas, frontiers and cooperation between national authorities. The German approach combines mobility with coordinated frontier safeguards.
Treaty of Schengen
In Germany, Schauble supports stronger common external-border and security arrangements accompanying free internal movement. German policy links open internal borders with stronger external controls.
Treaty of Schengen
van den Broek endorses the Convention's detailed rules for visas, frontier management and cross-border cooperation. The Dutch approach combines mobility with common security safeguards.
Treaty of Schengen
In Netherlands, Hirsch Ballin backs the security and external-border measures needed to accompany freer movement inside Schengen. Dutch policy stresses coordinated justice, policing and migration procedures.
Treaty of Schengen
During the Schengen process, Lubbers leads Netherlands when the implementing Convention establishes detailed rules for a border-free Schengen area. Dutch officials favour shared information systems alongside open internal borders.
President of Romania
Iliescu takes office as elected president.
Independence of Russia
Uzbekistan declares independence
Independence of Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan declares independence
World Cup Goal Against Spain
Scores Belgium's goal in the 2-1 World Cup group-stage defeat by Spain.
World Cup Winning Goal Against Brazil
Rounds the goalkeeper and scores the only goal as Argentina eliminate Brazil from the World Cup.
World Cup Assist Against Brazil
Dribbles through the Brazilian midfield before setting up Claudio Caniggia for the winning goal.
Bombing of Carlton Club
The IRA bomb the Carlton Club
IRA - Bombing of Carlton Club
Government record concerning the IRA: The IRA bomb the Carlton Club
IRA - Bombing of Carlton Club
Historical IRA record under Conservative Party Government: The IRA bomb the Carlton Club
IRA - Bombing of Carlton Club
IRA context for Margaret Hilda Thatcher: The IRA bomb the Carlton Club
IRA
The IRA bomb the Carlton Club
Political Union Conference Decision
Supports the decision to begin an intergovernmental conference on political union.
Dublin European Council
Hosts the European Council as leaders agree to launch conferences on political union and monetary union.
Extra-Time Goal Against Belgium
Scores a late extra-time volley as England eliminate Belgium 1-0 from the World Cup.
First Calfa Government
The First Calfa Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Second Calfa Government
Begins the Second Calfa Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Prime Minister
Becomes Slovak prime minister after democratic elections.
Hubble Mirror Spherical Aberration
NASA identifies spherical aberration in Hubble's primary mirror, explaining the blurred appearance of the telescope's early images.
Quarter-Final Penalty Shootout Saves
Saves two penalties as Argentina eliminate Yugoslavia in the World Cup quarter-final shootout.
Dublin Political Union Initiative
Mitterrand supported parallel negotiations on political union alongside plans for economic and monetary union.
President of Russia
Appointed Member of Presidential Council
KGB (Committee for State Security)
Putin was recalled to the Soviet Union and returned to Leningrad, where in June 1991 he assumed a position with the International Affairs section of Leningrad State University, reporting to Vice Rector Yuriy Molchanov
Leningrad State University
Putin was recalled to the Soviet Union and returned to Leningrad, where in June 1991 he assumed a position with the International Affairs section of Leningrad State University, reporting to Vice Rector Yuriy Molchanov
Constitution of Russia
The USSR is renamed the Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics. Gorbachev announces a final agreement on a Treaty designed to preserve the Soviet federation while giving more power to the republics
Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics
The USSR is renamed the Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics
Legislation
The Land Acts of 1913 & 1936 are repealed. The Group Areas Act of 1950 is repealed
Reform of Land Ownership
The Land Acts of 1913 & 1936 are repealed. The Group Areas Act of 1950 is repealed
Raid
South African troops plunder Mandelas dwelling
1st Lesbian Priest
Lesbian priest Elizabeth Carl ordained in Episcopal Church
The Mix
Participates in The Mix as Kraftwerk revise their catalogue for a digital era.
The Mix
Releases The Mix, reworking earlier Kraftwerk material with updated digital production.
International Convention Centre
Elizabeth II officially opens Birmingham's International Convention Centre.
Constitution of Russia
Russia stages it 1st ever general election
Constitution of Russia
The people of Leningrad vote by 55% to 43% to change their city name to Saint Petersburg
Election
Russia stages it 1st ever general election
Referendum
The people of Leningrad vote by 55% to 43% to change their city name to Saint Petersburg
Referendum
The people of Leningrad vote by 55% to 43% to change their city name to Saint Petersburg
First Direct Russian Presidential Election
Wins Russia's first direct presidential election with about fifty-seven percent of the vote.
Capital
The German Parliament votes to move the Government to Berlin
White House Meeting with George H. W. Bush
Meets President George H. W. Bush at the White House after his election as Russian president.
Finance Minister
Manmohan Singh becomes Finance Minister in P.V. Narasimha Rao's government.
Prime Minister of India
P.V. Narasimha Rao becomes Prime Minister after the 1991 general election.
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 1st term
Treaty of Schengen
In Belgium, Eyskens endorses the Bonn agreements extending Schengen to Spain and Portugal. Belgian officials favour gradual implementation backed by shared security measures.
Treaty of Schengen
Martens represents Belgium as Spain and Portugal sign Schengen accession agreements. The Belgian approach combines mobility with common visa and policing rules.
Croatian Independence
Croatia declares independence from Yugoslavia.
Croatian and Slovenian Independence
Proclaims Croatian independence from Yugoslavia.
Treaty of Schengen
In France, Dumas endorses Spanish and Portuguese accession to the Convention at the Bonn signing. The French approach stresses both free movement and compensating security measures.
Treaty of Schengen
Cresson represents France as Spain and Portugal sign Schengen accession agreements. French officials link border removal with operational law-enforcement cooperation.
Treaty of Schengen
Kohl represents Germany as Spain and Portugal sign Schengen accession agreements. German officials emphasise reliable information-sharing between national authorities.
Treaty of Schengen
In Germany, Genscher supports the Bonn agreements extending Schengen to Spain and Portugal. The German approach combines mobility with coordinated frontier safeguards.
Treaty of Schengen
In Netherlands, van den Broek supports the Bonn accession agreements bringing Spain and Portugal into the Schengen framework. The Dutch approach combines mobility with common security safeguards.
Treaty of Schengen
Lubbers represents Netherlands as Spain and Portugal sign Schengen accession agreements. Dutch officials favour shared information systems alongside open internal borders.
Independence of Croatia and Slovenia
Croatia and Slovenia proclaim independence
Independence of Serbia
Croatia and Slovenia proclaim independence
Yugoslav Crisis
Opposes the breakup of Yugoslavia.
Croatian and Slovenian Independence
Opposes the secession of Croatia and Slovenia from Yugoslavia.
Slovenian Independence
Slovenia declares independence from Yugoslavia.
Speech
ANC leader Nelson Mandela addresses congress
Ten-Day War Begins
Leads Slovenia as fighting begins with the Yugoslav People's Army.
Ten-Day War Begins
Directs the federal military response to Slovenian independence.
Ten-Day War
Yugoslav forces move against Slovenian independence.
Treaty of Maastricht
Leads Belgium's delegation as the Luxembourg European Council reviews progress toward political and monetary union.
European Union Negotiations
Supports Danish participation in negotiations shaping the foreign-policy and institutional provisions later incorporated into the Maastricht Treaty.
Luxembourg European Council
Represents Denmark as Community leaders review preparations for the intergovernmental conferences on political union and economic and monetary union.
Treaty of Maastricht
Represents Denmark when the Luxembourg summit assesses the treaty negotiations on political union and EMU.
Treaty of Maastricht
Carries France's negotiating position into the Luxembourg summit on political and monetary integration.
Treaty of Maastricht
Takes Germany's position to Luxembourg as leaders examine the two intergovernmental conferences.
Luxembourg European Council
Represents German foreign policy as leaders review the intergovernmental conferences preparing the Maastricht settlement.
Treaty of Maastricht
Represents Great Britain during the Luxembourg summit's review of negotiations that will culminate at Maastricht.
Election
Announces she will not stand at the next election
Retirement
Announces she will not stand at the next election
Luxembourg European Council
Represents Greece as leaders review progress in the political and monetary union conferences.
Treaty of Maastricht
Joins the Luxembourg European Council while Greece helps shape the emerging treaty settlement.
Luxembourg European Council
Represents Ireland as leaders review progress in the two intergovernmental conferences.
Treaty of Maastricht
Attends the Luxembourg European Council as Ireland considers the architecture of the proposed European Union.
Luxembourg European Council
Represents Italy as leaders review progress in the two intergovernmental conferences.
Treaty of Maastricht
Speaks for Italy at Luxembourg while leaders assess progress toward a new treaty.
Treaty of Maastricht
Represents Luxembourg as the Luxembourg summit considers the developing framework for European Union.
Treaty of Maastricht
Takes part in the Luxembourg European Council as Netherlands weighs the next stage of integration.
Treaty of Maastricht
Leads Portugal at Luxembourg while the Twelve review treaty work on political and monetary union.
Comecon
The final Comecon council session takes place June 28, 1991 in Budapest, and led to an agreement to disband within 90 days
Economy of Russia
The final Comecon council session takes place June 28, 1991 in Budapest, and led to an agreement to disband within 90 days
Committee of External Relations
The final Comecon council session takes place June 28, 1991 in Budapest, and led to an agreement to disband within 90 days
Treaty of Maastricht
Represents Spain at Luxembourg as leaders review unresolved questions in the future Union treaty.
Treaty of Maastricht
Develops Belgium's monetary position as negotiations continue on the path toward economic and monetary union.
Treaty of Maastricht
Advances Belgium's foreign-policy position as Luxembourg discussions focus on political union.
Treaty of Maastricht
Supports Denmark's economic priorities during the Luxembourg review of monetary-union negotiations.
Treaty of Maastricht
Supports Denmark's treaty diplomacy during Luxembourg negotiations on common foreign-policy cooperation.
Treaty of Maastricht
Helps define France's approach to political cooperation during the Luxembourg European Council.
Treaty of Maastricht
Supports France's economic negotiating line as the proposed monetary union takes shape.
Treaty of Maastricht
Works on Germany's response to proposed convergence rules and future monetary institutions.
Treaty of Maastricht
Works on Germany's political-union priorities while the Twelve meet in Luxembourg.
Treaty of Maastricht
Defends British monetary flexibility while the Luxembourg talks consider the proposed path to a single currency.
Treaty of Maastricht
Supports Britain's intergovernmental approach to foreign-policy cooperation during the Luxembourg talks.
Luxembourg Political Union Negotiations
Supports Greek positions on the political and foreign-policy provisions under negotiation.
Treaty of Maastricht
Presses Greece's diplomatic objectives during the Luxembourg review of treaty negotiations.
Luxembourg Monetary Union Negotiations
Advances Greek positions on convergence and the future monetary-union framework.
Treaty of Maastricht
Advances Greece's financial interests while the Twelve examine the design of economic and monetary union.
Treaty of Maastricht
Assesses the monetary-union framework from Ireland's economic-policy perspective during the Luxembourg talks.
Luxembourg Monetary Union Negotiations
Advances Ireland's position on convergence and the design of economic and monetary union.
Treaty of Maastricht
Contributes Ireland's diplomatic position to the Luxembourg phase of the treaty negotiations.
Treaty of Maastricht
Supports the political-union provisions sought by Italy during the Luxembourg summit.
Treaty of Maastricht
Works to reconcile Italy's fiscal interests with the emerging economic and monetary union settlement.
Treaty of Maastricht
Supports Luxembourg's approach to monetary convergence while the treaty negotiations advance.
Treaty of Maastricht
Coordinates Luxembourg's foreign-policy stance as leaders review the future treaty at Luxembourg.
Treaty of Maastricht
Shapes Netherlands's financial position during discussions on the future monetary union.
Treaty of Maastricht
Works to protect Netherlands's diplomatic priorities during the Luxembourg negotiations.
Treaty of Maastricht
Represents Portugal's economic concerns as the Luxembourg summit reviews EMU negotiations.
Treaty of Maastricht
Presents Portugal's position on political union as the European Council meets in Luxembourg.
Treaty of Maastricht
Represents Spain's foreign-policy interests as the proposed Union's political provisions are examined.
Treaty of Maastricht
Helps frame Spain's position on convergence and monetary integration during the Luxembourg phase.
Under-20 World Cup Victory
Converts the decisive penalty as Portugal defeat Brazil.
Golden Generation Championship
Wins a second consecutive youth world championship for Portugal.
Under-20 World Cup Victory
Helps Portugal defeat Brazil in the Under-20 World Cup final.
1991 General Election
Congress emerges as the largest party in the 1991 general election and forms a minority government under P.V. Narasimha Rao.
Economy of Poland
Unemployment jumps from 7,000 at end of 1989 to 2 million in 1991. Inflation increases to 70%. 27m adults to receive vouchers equivalent to mutual funds, $9,000 each
Inflation
Inflation increases to 70%
Coup
The Albanian Government is overthrown
Mayor
Appointed Mayor of Moscow
Invasion of Croatia
Yugoslav tanks fail to crush Slovenian independence, fighting begins in Croatia between Croats and ethnic Serbs
Invasion of Slovenia
Yugoslav tanks fail to crush Slovenian independence, fighting begins in Croatia between Croats and ethnic Serbs
Diamond Areas Targeted
RUF advances toward diamond-producing districts that become central to the war
Independence of Slovenia
Independence for Slovenia is declared
Foreign Policy Response to Referendum
Faces the diplomatic consequences of Denmark's rejection while the other member states continue their ratification processes.
Maastricht Referendum Rejection
Acknowledges the Danish electorate's rejection of the Maastricht Treaty, with 50.7 percent voting against ratification.
Death of Robert Adolph Wilton Morley
Death of Robert Morley
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland
Marriage
David Bowie and model Iman hold their wedding ceremony in Florence.
Presidential Inauguration
Konare takes office as Mali's first president elected under the new democratic constitution.
Industrial Regeneration
Addresses Commons questions on regeneration and industrial policy.
Recession
Addresses Commons questions on recession and industrial conditions.
Gaidar Becomes Acting Government Head
Transfers day-to-day leadership of the Russian government to acting prime minister Yegor Gaidar.
Prime Minister of Russia
Yeltsin names Yegor Gaidar acting Prime Minister of Russia, Gaidar is never confirmed by Parliament
President of Philippines
Appointed President of the Phillipines, 1st Protestant President
June Strategic Arms Reduction Understanding
Reaches agreement with George H. W. Bush on reductions beyond START I, laying the groundwork for START II.
Address to United States Congress
Addresses a joint meeting of the United States Congress and presents Russia's democratic and market transition.
Washington Partnership Charter
Signs the Washington Charter on American-Russian Partnership and Friendship during a state visit.
Global Protection System Statement
Agrees with George H. W. Bush to explore cooperation on missile warning and defenses against limited ballistic attacks.
Constitution of South Africa
The Bipatong massacre causes the ANC to withdraw from constitutional talks
Massacre
The Bipatong massacre causes the ANC to withdraw from constitutional talks
Nuclear Power
Bush an Yeltsin sign an arms reduction agreement, Yeltsin pledges to find American prisoners of war still held in Russia
Maastricht Referendum
Welcomes the referendum result approving the Maastricht Treaty with 69.1 percent voting yes.
Address to Canadian Parliament
Addresses the Canadian Parliament and presents Russia's transition from Soviet rule toward democratic government.
Constitution
Promulgates a democratic constitution limiting presidential reelection.
President Elected
Niyazov is elected President in the first post-independence presidential election
Dehumanizer
Returns to Black Sabbath for Dehumanizer, reuniting with Iommi, Butler and Vinny Appice.
Elections
Wins election on a platform linked to security and progress with Palestinians after the First Intifada.
Lisbon European Council
Represents Denmark as Community leaders discuss the ratification crisis created by the Danish referendum result.
Lisbon European Council
Represents Greece as leaders review Maastricht ratification, economic policy and enlargement prospects.
India opens the Tin Bigha corridor for Bangladesh under a long-term lease
India opens the Tin Bigha corridor for Bangladesh under a long-term lease arrangement.
Post-Referendum European Negotiations
Works with other Community governments as Denmark seeks a politically acceptable route toward treaty ratification.
President of Afghanistan
Rabbani succeeds Mojaddedi as president of the Islamic State of Afghanistan.
Democratic Municipal Elections
Oversees the first democratic municipal elections after the end of military rule.
Assassination of Muhammad Boudiaf
Assassinated at a political rally by the FIS after commanding them to disband
Death of Muhammad Boudiaf
Assassinated at a political rally by the FIS after commanding them to disband
House of Lords
Healey enters the House of Lords as a life peer after leaving the Commons.
Baron Howe of Aberavon
Is created a life peer as Baron Howe of Aberavon and begins a new phase of parliamentary service in the House of Lords.
Republic of the Serbian People of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Karadzic declares the independent Serbian Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina, renamed Republika Srpska
Rule of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Karadzic declares the independent Serbian Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina, renamed Republika Srpska
Maastricht Referendum Campaign
Campaigns for approval of the Maastricht Treaty before Ireland's constitutional referendum.
Deputy Prime Minister
Appointed Deputy Prime Minister, responsible for fuel & energy
Apartheid
The legal system of Apartheid is repealed
Reform of Legal System
The legal system of Apartheid is repealed
UNSCOM
Iraq by and large refused to cooperate with UNSCOM and its inspections as mandated by UN SC Res.
UNSCOM
The record states that 687 until June 1992, ten months after deadline, at which time the Iraqi Government submitted "full, final and complete reports" on all of its weapons of mass destruction programs.
UNSCOM
These reports, however, were found to be incomplete and deficient, and at the same time UN inspectors were subjected to harassment and threats on the part of the Iraqi regime.
UNSCOM
Iraq by and large refused to cooperate with UNSCOM and its inspections as mandated by UN SC Res.
UNSCOM
The record states that 687 until June 1992, ten months after deadline, at which time the Iraqi Government submitted "full, final and complete reports" on all of its weapons of mass destruction programs.
UNSCOM
These reports, however, were found to be incomplete and deficient, and at the same time UN inspectors were subjected to harassment and threats on the part of the Iraqi regime.
The Dodgy Album
Dodgy's debut studio album enters the UK albums chart.
Marriage
Mariah Carey marries Tommy Mottola, CEO (Sony Music)
President of Venezuela
Appointed interim President of Venezuela
M81 Cepheid Distance
Freedman leads Hubble Cepheid measurements that refine the distance to galaxy M81 and improve estimates of the universe's age.
Attacks on UNTAC
Attacks on UN personnel increase
Death of Bernard Bresslaw
Death of Bernard Bresslaw
Presidency Ends
Chea Sim's head of state term ends as Sihanouk returns as head of state
Maastricht Ratification Completed
Denmark's ratification notification is deposited with the Italian government, completing the Danish constitutional process.
Danish Ratification Notification
Denmark completes its ratification step by notifying the Italian depositary after the successful second referendum.
Treaty of Maastricht
Heads Denmark when the government formally notifies completion of Maastricht ratification after the second referendum.
Copenhagen European Council
Represents Germany as leaders formulate conditions that future candidate countries must meet before joining the European Union.
Copenhagen European Council
Represents Greece as leaders establish conditions for future enlargement to Central and Eastern Europe.
Copenhagen Enlargement Criteria
Supports the Copenhagen criteria linking future enlargement to democracy, market economics and acceptance of Community obligations.
Copenhagen Enlargement Criteria
Supports criteria linking future accession to democracy, market economics and acceptance of Union obligations.
Prime Minister of Canada
Becomes Canada first woman prime minister.
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 1st term, 1st female PM
1st Female Prime Minister
Appointed Prime Minister of Canada, Canada's 1st woman Prime Minister
Group of Seven
2nd woman in history to sit at the table of the Group of Seven leaders, after British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher
Prime Minister of Canada
Appointed Prime Minister of Canada, Canada's 1st woman Prime Minister
Copa del Rey Final Opening Goal
Scores the opening goal as Real Madrid defeat Zaragoza 2-0 in the Copa del Rey final.
Seventeenth Copa del Rey
Coaches Real Madrid to a 2-0 Copa del Rey final victory over Zaragoza.
Marriage
Actress Julia Roberts and country singer Lyle Lovett wed
Health of Michael Heseltine
Suffers a heart attack while on a private visit to Venice.
Constitutional Assembly Convened
Convenes a constitutional assembly to draft a new basic law for the Russian Federation.
RUF Guerrilla War
RUF continues guerrilla warfare and attacks rural communities
President Takes Office
Calderon Sol becomes President after the 1994 election
Acting Mayoral Term
Leaves office as Acting Mayor of Amsterdam.
Mayor of Amsterdam
Takes office as Mayor of Amsterdam.
Commonwealth
South Africa rejoins the Commonwealth
DPRK Report to Security Council
Reports to the Security Council on North Korean safeguards problems.
North Korean Safeguards Crisis
Warns about unresolved verification issues involving the DPRK.
Film
Brosnan is announced as the fifth actor to play Bond, signed for a three-film Bond deal with the option of a fourth
Government of Transition
Kengo returns as prime minister under a compromise transitional arrangement.
Establishment of Diplomatic Relations
Israel and the Vatican establish full diplomatic relations
Organisation of African Unity
South Africa joins the Organisation for African Unity
Southern African Development
South Africa joins the Southern African Development Community
World Cup Assist Against Morocco
Provides the cross from which Marc Degryse scores Belgium's winning goal against Morocco.
World Cup Goal Against Morocco
Scores the only goal as Belgium defeat Morocco in their opening World Cup match.
World Cup Goal Against Greece
Scores Argentina's fourth goal against Greece in what becomes his final World Cup goal.
World Cup Hat-Trick Against Greece
Scores a hat-trick as Argentina defeat Greece 4-0 in their opening World Cup match.
French Rwanda Intervention
Operation Turquoise becomes controversial over France's earlier Rwanda policy.
Operation Turquoise Authorized
Supports deployment of French forces under a UN mandate.
French Humanitarian Intervention
The mission establishes a humanitarian protection zone in southwest Rwanda.
Operation Turquoise
Commands the French-led Operation Turquoise deployment.
Treaty of Accession
Represents Austria at Corfu when the treaty for the 1995 enlargement is signed.
Treaty of Accession
Represents Finland as the accession treaty is signed during the Corfu European Council.
Corfu Enlargement Agreements
Mitterrand supported the accession agreements preparing Austria, Finland and Sweden to join the European Union.
Corfu European Council
Represents Germany as leaders discuss enlargement, institutional development and preparation for the next intergovernmental conference.
Corfu Enlargement Treaty Ceremony
Hosts the signing of accession treaties with Austria, Finland, Sweden and Norway during the Corfu summit.
Corfu European Council
Hosts the European Council as leaders address enlargement, institutional development and external policy.
Corfu European Council
Represents Ireland as leaders discuss enlargement and preparation for further institutional reform.
Corfu European Council
Represents Italy as leaders discuss enlargement and preparation for the next institutional reform conference.
EU-Russia Partnership and Cooperation Agreement
Signs the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement establishing a new framework for relations between Russia and the European Communities.
Treaty of Accession
Represents Sweden at the Corfu signing of the treaty providing for Nordic and Austrian accession.
Two World Cup Goals Against Nigeria
Scores twice as Argentina come from behind to defeat Nigeria 2-1 in the World Cup group stage.
World Cup Goal Against Netherlands
Scores the only goal as Belgium defeat the Netherlands 1-0 at the World Cup.
World Cup Clean Sheet Against Netherlands
Keeps a clean sheet as Belgium defeat the Netherlands 1-0 in the World Cup group stage.
Corfu Enlargement Preparations
Supports preparations for the Union's 1995 enlargement and future institutional reform.
Split Album
Lush release Split, which reaches the UK Top Twenty during the transition toward their later Britpop-era sound.
Corfu European Council
Supports the Greek Presidency as the Corfu summit prepares future institutional reform.
Oldest World Cup Goalscorer
Scores against Russia aged 42 years and 39 days, becoming the tournament's oldest goalscorer.
First Deputy
Appointed First Deputy Head of the Administration of the city of Saint Petersburg
Five Goals Against Cameroon
Becomes the first player to score five goals in a single World Cup match.
World Cup Winning Goal Against Belgium
Scores the only goal as Saudi Arabia defeat Belgium and qualify for the World Cup knockout stage.
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, heads minority Government
Bombing of Ein Darbara
An Israeli helicopter gunship at Ein Darbara, Lebanon, kills at least 30 Hezbollah trainees
Reelection and Ministerial Continuity
Juncker won reelection to the Chamber of Deputies and continued serving as finance and labour minister in the government formed after the national vote.
Russia Joins Partnership for Peace
Russia joins NATO's Partnership for Peace programme during Yeltsin's presidency.
Conference of OAU
Appointed Second Vice President of the OAU
OAU
Appointed Second Vice President of the OAU
Spektr Module Docking
Observes Spektr dock with Mir, adding remote-sensing facilities, American research hardware and additional electrical power capacity.
Common People Number Two
Common People enters the UK chart and peaks at number two, becoming one of Pulp's defining Britpop songs.
Forbidden
Sings on Forbidden, the final Black Sabbath studio album before the original-line-up reunion era.
Operation Sharp Guard
The start of Operation Sharp Guard, a naval blockade in the Adriatic Sea by NATO and the European Union
First Bundesliga Championship of Modern Era
Helps Borussia Dortmund secure the 1994-95 Bundesliga crown, ending the clubโs decades-long wait for another German league title.
Are You Blue or Are You Blind
The Bluetones enter the UK Top Forty with Are You Blue or Are You Blind.
Election
Tells opponents in the Party to "shut up or put up" & is re-elected Party Leader
Resignation of John Roy Major
Resigns as Party Leader of the Conservative Party
Glastonbury Headline Performance
Fronts Pulp as the band step in to headline Glastonbury after the Stone Roses withdraw.
ICTY
Indicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and accused of genocide, crimes against humanity, and numerous war crimes (including crimes relating to the alleged sniping campaign against civilians in Sarajevo)
Siege of Sarajevo
Indicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and accused of genocide, crimes against humanity, and numerous war crimes (including crimes relating to the alleged sniping campaign against civilians in Sarajevo)
Trial
Indicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and accused of genocide, crimes against humanity, and numerous war crimes (including crimes relating to the alleged sniping campaign against civilians in Sarajevo)
Assassination Attempt
Survives an armed assassination attempt while travelling to an African summit in Addis Ababa.
Addis Ababa Assassination Attempt
Escapes an armed attack while travelling from the airport to an African summit.
Cannes European Council
Chirac hosted European leaders at Cannes as they addressed enlargement, Mediterranean policy and preparations for monetary union.
Mirror Ball
Releases Mirror Ball with Pearl Jam, linking his work to the grunge generation.
Sudan Relations
Accuses Sudanese authorities of supporting the plot to assassinate him in Addis Ababa.
Shuttle
The US shuttle docks with Russian space station
First Shuttle-Mir Docking
Pilots Atlantis to the first Space Shuttle docking with Mir, beginning joint docked operations and the first shuttle exchange of a station crew.
Death of Lana Turner
Death of Lana Turner
Apollo 13 Film
Portrays Jim Lovell in the Apollo 13 film.
Apollo 13 Film
Releases Apollo 13, dramatizing the 1970 mission emergency.
Dortmund Captain Lifts League Trophy
Leads the championship squad on the field as Dortmund takes the Bundesliga title after a season-long contest near the top of the standings.
Common People UK Number Two
Pulp's Common People reaches number two on the UK singles chart.
Golden Boot UEFA Champions League
Finishes as the leading goalscorer in the UEFA Champions League with 7 goals for Paris Saint-Germain. The campaign is particularly remembered for his outstanding Champions League form prior to receiving the Ballon dโOr.
Budennovsk Crisis Government Response
Faces a major political crisis after Chechen militants seize hostages in Budennovsk.
Halifax G7 Participation
Joins leaders at the Halifax economic summit as Russia's participation in major-power meetings expands.
Executive Outcomes Campaign
Executive Outcomes supports government operations against RUF forces
Programme 93 Plus 2 Part One Endorsed
The Board endorses safeguards strengthening measures that can be implemented under existing legal authority.
Death of Neelam Reddy
Former President Neelam Sanjiva Reddy dies.
Prime Minister of India
H.D. Deve Gowda becomes Prime Minister at the head of the United Front coalition.
Prime Minister of Angola
Appointed Prime Minister of Angola, 3rd term
Election
Idriss Deby leads 15 candidates in the upcoming first multiparty elections
Opening Euro Draw Against England
Kubilay Tรผrkyilmaz converts a late penalty against hosts England to secure a 1-1 draw for Switzerland in the opening match of Euro 1996.
Awami League
The Election Commission of Bangladesh announces that the liberal Awami League of Hasina Wajed won 126 seats, the centrist National Party 103 seats, and the Jatiya Party 28
Election
The Election Commission of Bangladesh announces that the liberal Awami League of Hasina Wajed won 126 seats, the centrist National Party 103 seats, and the Jatiya Party 28
Two EP
Mansun's Two EP reaches the UK Top Forty as the Chester band builds a national following.
The Day We Caught the Train
The Day We Caught the Train reaches number four on the UK singles chart.
Election
Yeltsins re-election hinges on co-opting the support of the third placed Aleksandr Lebed (a retired General who receives 14.5% of the vote)
First Round Presidential Election
Finishes first in the opening round of the presidential election but falls short of an outright majority.
Election Alliance with Alexander Lebed
Brings third-place candidate Alexander Lebed into his administration between the two rounds of the presidential election.
Florence European Council
Represents Greece as leaders review progress in institutional reform and enlargement.
Florence European Council
Hosts the European Council concluding Italy's presidency and reviewing the first stage of treaty-reform negotiations.
Mercosur Association
Signs an agreement making Chile an associate member of Mercosur.
Bombing of Dhahran
A bomb rips through a US military housing complex near Dhahran Saudi Arabia killing 19 Americans
Prime Minister of Afghanistan
Hekmatyar again becomes prime minister under a renewed agreement with Rabbani.
Exile of Yasser Arafat
Yasser Arafat returns to Gaza after 27 years
First Galileo Ganymede Flyby
Galileo makes the first of its close Ganymede encounters during its Jupiter orbital mission.
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey
Free Peace Sweet Top Ten
Dodgy's Free Peace Sweet reaches number seven on the UK albums chart.
Quadrophenia Hyde Park
Perform Quadrophenia at Hyde Park.
Golden Boot UEFA Champions League
Scores 9 goals for Ajax to claim the UEFA Champions League scoring honour. The achievement reflects his incisive play as Ajax reached a second consecutive final.
Oslo Process
Netanyahu becomes Prime Minister while criticising aspects of Oslo but continuing parts of implementation
Alexander Lebed Appointed Security Council Secretary
Appoints Alexander Lebed Secretary of the Security Council after the first round of the presidential election.
Secretary of Security Council
Yeltsin appoints Lebed as Secretary of the powerful Security Council
Resignation of Yilmaz
Erbakan & Ciller force Yilmazs resignation
Prime Minister Restored
Chan resumes office briefly before the 1997 election transition
Free Kick Against France
Scores a spectacular bending free kick against France.
Tournoi de France Goal
Produces one of international football's most famous set-piece goals.
Peerage
Created Baron Shore of Stepney
Son Sen Executed
Execution of Son Sen ordered by Pol Pot
Ta Mok Coup
Ta Mok ousts Pol Pot from leadership
Amsterdam European Council
Represents Germany as European leaders begin the Amsterdam summit that reaches political agreement on treaty reform.
Conference of Amsterdam
Minor amendments are agreed to the European treaties
Amsterdam European Council
Represents Greece as leaders reach political agreement on the Amsterdam Treaty.
Amsterdam European Council
Represents Ireland as leaders reach political agreement on the Amsterdam Treaty.
Amsterdam European Council
Represents Italy as leaders reach political agreement on the Amsterdam Treaty.
Amsterdam Treaty Agreement
Chirac joined European leaders in reaching political agreement on the Amsterdam Treaty.
Stability and Growth Pact
Supports European Council agreement on the Stability and Growth Pact and the new exchange-rate mechanism.
Head of State Appointed
Assumes the title Head of State after the AFRC coup
EU Social Chapter
Britain signs up to the EUs Social Chapter
Pol Pot Arrest
Pol Pot arrested by the Ta Mok faction
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the Conservative Party
Millenium Dome
Blair decides to save the Millenium Dome
Io Volcanic Plume
Spencer leads Hubble observations of an enormous volcanic plume rising hundreds of kilometres above Jupiter's moon Io.
Denver Summit Participation
Participates in the Denver summit as Russia becomes more fully integrated into meetings of leading industrial powers.
Summit
1st day of the G7 summit
Progress Collision with Spektr
Helps stabilize Mir after an uncrewed Progress vehicle strikes Spektr, depressurizing the module and disrupting electrical power from its solar arrays.
Callisto June Flyby
Galileo flies close to Callisto, adding detailed imaging and geophysical measurements of the heavily cratered moon.
Taoiseach of Ireland
Takes office as Taoiseach and leads a Fianna Fail-led coalition.
Bitter Sweet Symphony
Bitter Sweet Symphony enters the UK singles chart and peaks at number two.
Copa del Rey Victory
Works on Barcelona's coaching staff as the club defeats Real Betis in the Copa del Rey final.
Rule of Hong Kong
Hong Kong is returned to China
Rule of Hong Kong
Receives the Union Flag at the end of 156 years of colonial rule
Social Chapter
Accepts the European Union Social Chapter after Labour wins office.
Brazzaville Civil War
Fights forces loyal to Denis Sassou Nguesso after political tensions erupt into civil war.
RUF Alliance
AFRC invites the RUF into a junta alliance in Freetown
Voyager 1 Infrared Instrument Shutdown
Voyager 1's infrared interferometer spectrometer is switched off to conserve limited electrical power.
Initial Eurogroup Meeting
The first meeting of euro-area finance ministers took place at Chรขteau de Senningen in Luxembourg, inaugurating the informal coordination forum established at the previous yearโs European Council.
Final Shuttle-Mir Docking
Commands Discovery during the ninth and final Space Shuttle docking with Mir, closing the operational Shuttle-Mir exchange programme.
Beatles, The
Mcartney, Harrison & Starr perform together for the 1st time in 30 yrs
Constitution of Nigeria
Abubakar had never before held public office and is quick to announce a transition to democratic civilian rule which led to the election of President Olusegun Obasanjo
Election
Abubakar had never before held public office and is quick to announce a transition to democratic civilian rule which led to the election of President Olusegun Obasanjo
President of Nigeria
Majo General Abdulsalami Abubakar, Nigerias defence Chief of Staff, is sworn in as the countrys Head of State on the death of Abacha. Abubakar had never before held public office and is quick to announce a transition to democratic civilian rule which led to the election of President Olusegun Obasanjo
Burial
Buried on the same day as his death without an autopsy fueling speculation that he may have been poisoned by political rivals
Death of Sanni Abacha
General Abacha dies, allegedly of a heart attack, in June 1998 while at the presidential villa in Abuja. Buried on the same day as his death without an autopsy fueling speculation that he may have been poisoned by political rivals
Death of Sanni Abacha
Death of Sani Abacha
President of Nigeria
Appointed military Head of State of Nigeria after the death of Sani Abacha
Two World Cup Goals Against Mexico
Scores twice as Belgium draw 2-2 with Mexico in the World Cup group stage.
Two World Cup Goals Against Jamaica
Scores twice in Argentina's 5-0 World Cup group-stage victory over Jamaica.
World Cup Hat-Trick Against Jamaica
Scores a hat-trick as Argentina defeat Jamaica 5-0 in the World Cup group stage.
World Cup Goal Against South Korea
Scores Belgium's early goal in the 1-1 World Cup draw with South Korea.
Constitution of Great Britain
Elections to the newly formed Northern Ireland assembly
Election
Elections to the newly formed Northern Ireland assembly
Government
Arrives in China & receives an open letter from founders of the China Democratic Party
Clinton apearrs on Chinese TV with Jing Zemin discussing human rights
Clinton apearrs on Chinese TV with Jing Zemin discussing human rights
Politics
Clinton apearrs on Chinese TV with Jing Zemin discussing human rights
Government
Clinton apearrs on Chinese TV with Jing Zemin discussing human rights
Politics
Clinton apearrs on Chinese TV with Jing Zemin discussing human rights
Government
Gives a lecture at Beijing University on the importance of human rights
Politics
Gives a lecture at Beijing University on the importance of human rights
World Cup Free-Kick Equaliser Against England
Finishes a rehearsed free-kick move to equalise for Argentina against England before half-time.
World Cup Penalty Against England
Scores an early penalty as Argentina draw 2-2 with England before winning the shootout.
World Cup Shootout Save Against England
Saves David Batty's penalty to complete Argentina's shootout victory over England.
Golden Boot UEFA Champions League
Claims the UEFA Champions League top-scorer award with 10 goals while representing Juventus. The season is distinguished by his attacking contributions on Juventusโs run to the final.
Rangers Manager Appointment
Becomes Rangers manager and begins an extensive squad rebuild.
President Takes Office
Francisco Flores becomes President of El Salvador
Cologne European Council
Hosts the European Council as leaders address employment, security policy and future institutional development.
Election
A collapse in Labours core vote in elections for the European Parliament hands Blair his first electoral defeat
EU Charter of Fundamental Rights Mandate
Supports the Cologne decision to begin drafting a Charter of Fundamental Rights for the European Union.
Arrest of Jonathan Aitken
Sentenced to 18 months imprisonment for perjury
Trial
Sentenced to 18 months imprisonment for perjury
Kumanovo Military Agreement
Signs for KFOR as the agreement establishes a security presence in Kosovo.
Kumanovo Military Agreement
Signs the military agreement requiring Yugoslav forces to leave Kosovo.
United Nations Resolution 1244
Supports implementation of the international civil and security presence authorized for Kosovo.
UNMIK Established
Security Council establishes UNMIK after the Kosovo conflict
Brexit
Elected to the European Parliament for UKIP.
United Nations Resolution 1244
Withdraws Serbian Third Army forces under the Kumanovo arrangements.
Kargil Diplomacy
Sartaj Aziz meets Indian External Affairs Minister Jaswant Singh in New Delhi to discuss the Kargil confrontation.
Legacy Debates
National discussions begin on Khmer Rouge legacy
Mbeki Presidency Begins
Succeeds Nelson Mandela as head of the democratic government.
Presidential Inauguration
Is inaugurated as president at the Union Buildings.
Capture of Point 5140
Vikram Batra leads troops in the capture of Point 5140 during Operation Vijay in the Kargil conflict.
Cologne START III Discussions
Agrees with Bill Clinton to prepare further strategic arms talks after Russian ratification of START II.
Cassini Second Venus Flyby
Cassini completes a second Venus gravity assist, gaining speed for the next stage of its journey to Saturn.
Claudio Lรณpez Scores Twice in Spanish Cup Final
Claudio Lรณpez scores twice as Valencia defeat Atlรฉtico Madrid to lift the Copa del Rey under Ranieri.
Valencia Wins Copa del Rey
Ranieri guides Valencia to a 3โ0 victory over Atlรฉtico Madrid in the Copa del Rey final.
Callisto June Flyby
A second 1999 Callisto flyby further lowers Galileo's closest approach to Jupiter in preparation for Io observations.
New Christian Social Democratic Coalition
Following the national election, Juncker formed a coalition between the Christian Social Peopleโs Party and the Democratic Party, replacing the previous partnership with the socialists.
Cologne G8 Summit
Attends the Cologne summit for talks on global economic issues, Kosovo and Russia's relations with Western governments.
Golden Boot UEFA Champions League
Leads the UEFA Champions League scoring standings with 8 goals for Dynamo Kyiv. His contribution stands out for his emergence as a European-class striker during Kyivโs semi-final campaign.
Celtic Manager Appointment
Becomes Celtic manager and rapidly restores the club to domestic dominance.
Meeting with Putin in Moscow and begins discussions on
Clinton meets Putin in Moscow and begins discussions on trade, missile defense and nuclear arms control
Defence Agreement
Clinton and Putin agree to each dispose 34 metric tons of weapons-grade nuclear plutonium and to establish a military centre in Moscow for US and Russian officers to share early warning data on missile and space launches
Nuclear Power
Clinton and Putin agree to each dispose 34 metric tons of weapons-grade nuclear plutonium and to establish a military centre in Moscow for US and Russian officers to share early warning data on missile and space launches
Defence Agreement
Clinton and Putin agree to each dispose 34 metric tons of weapons-grade nuclear plutonium and to establish a military centre in Moscow for US and Russian officers to share early warning data on missile and space launches
Chairman Takes Office
Spasoje Tusevljak becomes Chairman of the Council of Ministers
Economy of Chad
The World Bank approves a $3.7 billion oil well and pipeline project led by Exxon and Mobile to link oil fields in Chad across 663 miles to the Atlantic coast of Cameroon
Knighthood
Becomes the Right Honourable Sir Edward Heath, KG, MBE
Provisional Government
Putin takes personal control over Chechnya, a provisional Government is planned headed by a Kremlin-appointed official
Rule of Chechnya
Putin takes personal control over Chechnya, a provisional Government is planned headed by a Kremlin-appointed official
Death of Hafez al- Assad
Death of Hafez Al Assad
Death of Hafez al-Assad
Death of Hafez al-Assad
Jeddah Border Treaty
Signs a border treaty with Saudi Arabia.
Saudi-Yemeni Border Settlement
The agreement resolves a longstanding territorial dispute.
Final Mir Crew Departure
Leaves Mir with Sergei Zalyotin aboard Soyuz TM-30, ending the final crewed expedition to the station.
Nuclear Power
Putin proposes a Moscow-based early warning centre for nuclear missile launches around the world
Euro Convergence Approved
Sees Greece's convergence programme accepted as sufficient for euro adoption from January 2001.
Greece Approved for Euro
Represents Greece as the Council confirms that the country meets the conditions to adopt the euro.
Euro Group-Stage Victory
Produces one of Portugal's most memorable European Championship performances.
Hat-Trick Against Germany
Scores all three goals as Portugal defeats Germany.
Parliamentary Election
ZANU-PF narrowly retains control while the MDC becomes a major parliamentary opposition.
Death of Vittorio Gassman
Death of Vittorio Gassman
Condemns Kisangani Foreign Army Fighting
Condemns fighting between Rwandan and Ugandan forces in Kisangani during the Second Congo War.
Marriage
In an effort to gain acceptance of the relationship Camilla meets the Queen
Death of Birendra
Death of King Birendra of Nepal
Dolphinarium Bombing
A Hamas suicide bombing at the Dolphinarium nightclub kills numerous young Israelis, intensifying pressure for an Israeli military response.
Death of Anthony Quinn
Death of Anthony Quinn
Tenet Mission
Is sent by President Bush to the Middle East to build on ceasefire efforts after renewed Israeli-Palestinian violence.
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for Witney.
General Election Re-election
Brown retains Dunfermline East and continues as Chancellor.
Election to Parliament
Burnham is elected Labour Member of Parliament for Leigh.
Election
Wins a second Labour general election majority.
General Election Campaign
UKIP campaigns for withdrawal from the European Union at the general election.
First Nice Treaty Referendum
Acknowledges the referendum rejection of the Treaty of Nice, with 53.9 percent voting no.
First Nice Treaty Referendum
Ahern accepts the first Nice referendum defeat and begins consultations on how to address voter concerns.
Reappointment as Chancellor
Brown begins a second Labour term as Chancellor of the Exchequer.
Resignation of William Hague
Resigns as Conservative leader after the 2001 general election defeat.
BrahMos First Launch
A. Sivathanu Pillai leads BrahMos Aerospace when the supersonic BrahMos missile completes its maiden successful launch.
Tenet Plan
Meets Yasser Arafat and obtains Palestinian acceptance of the security work plan with reservations.
Tenet Ceasefire Plan
Tenet brokers a security plan accepted by Israel and the Palestinian Authority that seeks to establish a lasting ceasefire and restore coordination.
Tenet Security Plan Accepted
Arafat accepts the Tenet security work plan, which calls for a ceasefire, renewed coordination and measures against armed attacks.
Tenet Plan
Presents a security work plan intended to restore cooperation.
Security Cooperation
Calls for Israeli and Palestinian security officials to resume effective coordination through a joint security committee.
Tenet Plan
Secures Israeli and Palestinian approval for a work plan built around a mutual comprehensive ceasefire.
Tenet Plan
Presents a security work plan intended to restore Israeli-Palestinian security cooperation and implement a mutual ceasefire.
Arrest of Eugene Ney TerreBlanche
TerreBlanche iis sentenced to six years in prison, of which he served three years, for assaulting John Ndzima, a petrol station worker, and the attempted murder of Paul Motshabi, a security guard, in 1996
President of Pakistan
Pervez Musharraf removes President Rafiq Tarar and assumes the presidency.
Cooling Off Period
The Tenet framework moves toward a cooling-off phase intended to reduce violence and support renewed political talks.
Tenet Plan
The Tenet framework moves toward a cooling-off phase intended to reduce violence and support renewed political talks.
Death of Jack Lemmon
Death of Jack Lemmon
Death of John Uhler Jack Lemmon
Death of John Uhler "Jack" Lemmon
WMAP
Bennett leads the WMAP mission launched to measure the early universe from microwave background patterns
Manager
Appointed Manager of the Brazillian national team
Health of John Edward Thaw
Diagnosed with cancer of the oesophagus
Constitution of Turkey
The pro-Islamic party is banned by the Constitutional Court for being anti-secular
Virtue Party
The pro-Islamic party is banned by the Constitutional Court for being anti-secular
Constitution of Turkey
The pro-Islamic party is banned by the Constitutional Court for being anti-secular
Virtue Party
The pro-Islamic party is banned by the Constitutional Court for being anti-secular
Referendum Irregularities
Musharraf acknowledges irregularities in the conduct of the presidential referendum.
World Cup Winning Goal Against Nigeria
Heads the only goal as Argentina defeat Nigeria in their opening World Cup match.
World Cup Equaliser Against Japan
Scores Belgium's second equaliser in the 2-2 World Cup draw with Japan.
Bicycle Kick Against Japan
Scores with an overhead kick as Belgium draw 2-2 with World Cup co-hosts Japan.
Presidential Inauguration
Toure takes office after winning Mali's presidential election.
Heathen
Releases Heathen, his first album on ISO Records and a strong late-career critical success.
Ganymede and Callisto Subsurface Water Evidence
Galileo magnetic measurements strengthen evidence for conductive saltwater layers inside Ganymede and Callisto.
Heathen
Reunites with David Bowie for Heathen, their first full album together in many years.
Pluto Moons
Hubble images of the Pluto system provide an earlier comparison epoch later used in searches for faint satellites.
Emergency Loya Jirga
The Emergency Loya Jirga elects Karzai to head the Transitional Administration.
World Cup Winning Goal Against Russia
Scores Belgium's third goal as the team defeat Russia and qualify for the World Cup knockout stage.
Restores Lead Against Russia
Scores in the 78th minute to restore Belgium's lead during the 3-2 World Cup victory over Russia.
Early Goal Against Russia
Gives Belgium an early lead in the seventh minute of the decisive World Cup group match against Russia.
ABM Treaty
On June 14, 2002, one day after the US withdrew from the ABM Treaty, Russia announces that it would no longer consider itself to be bound by START II provisions
START II
Russian President Vladimir Putin declares that Russia is no longer bound by its signature of START II, ending his countrys efforts to bring the Treaty into force. On June 14, 2002, one day after the US withdrew from the ABM Treaty, Russia announces that it would no longer consider itself to be bound by START II provisions
START II
Russian President Vladimir Putin declares that Russia is no longer bound by its signature of START II, ending his countrys efforts to bring the Treaty into force
Winning Goal Against Portugal
Scores the goal that defeats Portugal and sends South Korea through its group.
World Cup Goal Against Belgium
Scores Brazil's second goal in the 2-0 World Cup round-of-16 victory over Belgium.
Golden Goal Against Italy
Scores the extra-time golden goal that eliminates Italy in the round of sixteen.
House of Lords Reform Joint Committee
Joins the Joint Committee on House of Lords Reform to examine proposals concerning the future composition and role of the upper chamber.
World Cup Goal Against England
Scores a long-range free kick over goalkeeper David Seaman.
Phase One Barrier Approved
Sharon's cabinet approves the first phase of a continuous West Bank barrier while stating that the structure is intended as a security measure.
Two State Solution
Represents US policy in Israel as Washington promotes the President's two-state formula and Palestinian institutional reform.
Two State Solution
Works on Middle East diplomacy as the administration develops a two-state framework after the June speech.
Two State Solution
Represents US policy toward Palestinians as the administration states support for a reformed Palestinian state beside Israel.
Two State Solution
Supports interagency policy work translating the President's two-state statement into diplomatic planning.
Two State Solution
Helps shape the administration's policy linking a Palestinian state to accountable government and security reform.
Two State Solution
Calls for two states and Palestinian institutional reform as the basis for renewed Israeli-Palestinian peace efforts.
Two State Solution
Links American support for Palestinian statehood to democratic leadership, security reform, and peaceful coexistence with Israel.
Two State Solution
States that the United States will support a Palestinian state if Palestinian institutions are reformed and terrorism ends.
Two State Speech
Calls for two states and Palestinian institutional reform.
Two State Solution
Supports the President's speech and frames the two-state goal through diplomacy with Israel, Palestinians, and Arab governments.
Two State Solution
Joins Middle East policy work as the administration links Palestinian reform, Israeli security, and a two-state settlement.
Two-State Vision Speech
Bush publicly calls for two states and urges Palestinian institutional reform while backing renewed efforts to end the cycle of violence.
World Cup Semi-Final
Guides South Korea to the World Cup semi-final, becoming the first Dutch coach to take an Asian nation that far.
Death of John Alec Entwistle
Dies at the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas before The Who's U.S. tour.
Fastest World Cup Goal
Scores after eleven seconds against South Korea, the fastest goal in World Cup history.
World Cup Winner
Cafu captains Brazil to a 2-0 final victory over Germany and becomes the first player to feature in three consecutive men's World Cup finals.
World Cup Winner
Edmรญlson starts in Brazilโs three-man defence during the 2002 title match. His calm distribution helps build play while Germany attempts to press the South Americans.
World Cup Winner
Jรบnior provides versatile defensive cover for Brazil in the 2002 World Cup squad. He also gets onto the scoresheet earlier in the competition before celebrating the final victory over Germany.
World Cup Winner
Lรบcio brings power and confidence to Brazilโs central defence in the 2002 final. His physical contests against the German forwards contribute to a 2-0 victory in Yokohama.
2002 FIFA World Cup Final - Edmรญlson Gomes
Edmรญlson helped Brazil maintain a stable defensive structure while Ronaldo scored the goals that defeated Germany.
Third Consecutive World Cup Final
Becomes the first player appearing in three consecutive World Cup finals.
World Cup Captain
Captains Brazil to victory over Germany in the final.
Brazil Left-Back Champion
Provides attacking width throughout the undefeated championship campaign.
World Cup Victory
Helps Brazil defeat Germany in the World Cup final.
World Cup Winner
Roque Jรบnior remains an important central defender as Brazil wins all seven matches at the 2002 World Cup. His vigilance helps Germany find no breakthrough in the final.
World Cup Winner
Ronaldinho plays a major creative role in Brazilโs route to the 2002 final, including a memorable free kick against England. He starts against Germany as Brazil wins its fifth world title.
Brazil World Champion
Combines effectively with Ronaldo and Ronaldinho throughout the tournament.
Five World Cup Goals
Scores five goals during Brazil's victorious World Cup campaign.
2002 FIFA World Cup Final - Rivaldo Ferreira
Rivaldoโs powerful shot was parried before Ronaldo scored Brazilโs opening goal against Germany in the final.
World Cup Winner
Rivaldo's powerful shot forces Germany's goalkeeper to spill the ball, allowing Ronaldo to open the scoring for Brazil in Yokohama.
2002 FIFA World Cup Final - Ronaldinho Gaรบcho
Ronaldinho featured in Brazilโs creative attacking trio as the team defeated Germany 2โ0 to claim a fifth world championship.
Golden Boot Winner
Finishes the World Cup as leading scorer with eight goals.
World Cup Final Goals
Scores both goals as Brazil defeat Germany in the final.
World Cup Winner
Ronaldo scores both Brazilian goals in the 2002 final and finishes the competition with eight goals after returning from serious injury problems.
World Cup Winner
Goalkeeper Marcos denies Germany during the 2002 final and preserves the clean sheet that accompanies Brazil's fifth world championship.
World Cup Winner
Luiz Felipe Scolari coaches Brazil to victory in all seven matches of the 2002 World Cup, culminating in the defeat of Germany.
World Cup Winner
Klรฉberson adds energy and passing combinations from midfield as Brazil defeat Germany in 2002. His involvement helps the team create chances for Ronaldo in the second half.
2002 FIFA World Cup Final - Gilberto Silva
Gilberto Silva anchored Brazilโs midfield throughout the final and gave the forwards freedom to attack Germany.
World Cup Winner
Gilberto Silva supplies relentless defensive running in Brazilโs midfield throughout the 2002 competition. He starts the final against Germany and provides the platform for the attacking stars.
2002 FIFA World Cup Final - Miroslav Klose
Miroslav Klose led Germanyโs attack after a prolific tournament, but Brazilโs defence prevented him from scoring in the final.
2002 FIFA World Cup Final - Oliver Kahn
Oliver Kahn captained Germany and endured an uncharacteristic handling error that led to Ronaldoโs opening goal.
2002 Golden Ball
Becomes the first goalkeeper to win the World Cup Golden Ball.
World Cup
Manages the Brazilian side who win the World Cup.
NHS Reform and Health Care Professions Act
The NHS Reform and Health Care Professions Act reshapes health authorities, strengthens inspection arrangements and creates new structures for professional regulation.
India-Pakistan Crisis
The United Kingdom and United States issue travel warnings as military tensions remain high between India and Pakistan.
Nice Treaty Neutrality Declaration
Supports European assurances that the Nice Treaty does not undermine Ireland's traditional policy of military neutrality.
Separation Barrier
Approves construction of the West Bank separation barrier during the Second Intifada.
Golden Boot UEFA Champions League
Collects the UEFA Champions League leading-scorer distinction after scoring 10 goals for Manchester United. The award recognises his effectiveness in Champions League matches after joining United.
Prime Minister of Nepal
Gyanendra appoints royalist Surya Bahadur Thapa as Prime Minister
Aqaba Summit
Meets Bush and Sharon and commits to ending armed attacks.
Aqaba Summit
Abbas meets Sharon and President Bush at Aqaba and commits the Palestinian Authority to pursuing negotiations and ending armed violence.
Aqaba Summit
Meets Sharon and Abbas to launch Road Map commitments.
Final Security Council Briefing
Gives his final Security Council briefing as UNMOVIC chairman.
Thirteenth Quarterly Report
States inspectors found no evidence of resumed prohibited weapons programmes.
Chile United States Free Trade Agreement
Signs a comprehensive free trade agreement with the United States.
ECCC Agreement Signed
United Nations and Cambodia sign agreement to establish the ECCC
Bombing of Erez Checkpoint
Rantissi is responsible for directing the Hamas-led attack in which four Israeli soldiers are killed at the Erez Checkpoint in the Gaza Strip
Economy of Great Britain
Finance minister Brown rules out British adoption of the EU euro, dashing Blair hopes of placing Britain "at the heart of the European Union"
Euro Membership Decision
Brown concludes that Britain should not adopt the euro because the economic tests are unmet.
Euro Tests Publication
The Treasury publishes detailed evidence supporting the decision against immediate euro entry.
Treasury Euro Assessment
The Treasury publishes its detailed assessment of the five economic tests.
Economy of Great Britain
Finance minister Brown rules out British adoption of the EU euro, dashing Blair hopes of placing Britain "at the heart of the European Union"
First International Appearance
Begins an international career known for creative wing play.
Portugal Senior Debut
Makes his senior Portugal debut during a friendly against Bolivia.
Death of Gregory Peck
Death of Gregory Peck
Premiership Ends
Tasmagambetov leaves office as Prime Minister
Prime Minister Takes Office
Daniyal Akhmetov becomes Prime Minister
Portuguese Cup Final Victory
Leads FC Porto to victory over Uniao de Leiria in the Portuguese Cup final.
Government Report
Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency, declares that "Iran failed to report certain nuclear materials and activities" and requests "co-operative actions" from the country
International Atomic Energy Agency
Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency, declares that "Iran failed to report certain nuclear materials and activities" and requests "co-operative actions" from the country
Report on Certain nuclear materials and activities and requests co-operative
Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency, declares that "Iran failed to report certain nuclear materials and activities" and requests "co-operative actions" from the country
Thessaloniki European Council
Hosts the European Council that strengthens the Union's commitment to the Western Balkans.
Draft European Constitution
Giscard dEstang presented the Convention's draft constitutional treaty to European leaders.
Thessaloniki Agenda for Western Balkans
Supports a framework bringing Western Balkan countries closer to eventual European integration.
India-China Declaration
Vajpayee and Chinese leaders issue a declaration outlining principles for improved India-China relations.
India-China Special Representatives
India and China agree to appoint Special Representatives to pursue a political framework for resolving the boundary question.
Recognition of Tibet Autonomous Region
India formally recognises the Tibet Autonomous Region as part of the People's Republic of China.
Sikkim Border Trade Agreement
India and China agree to reopen border trade through Sikkim.
Government Ends
The government led by Anneli Jรครคtteenmรคki ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Centenary
His centenary renews public interest in Orwell's life and writing.
Palestinian Factions Truce
Hamas joins Islamic Jihad and Fatah in announcing a temporary suspension of attacks, creating a short-lived reduction in organized violence.
Death of Katharine Hepburn
Death of Katharine Hepburn
Transitional Government
An inclusive government begins with Kabila and four vice-presidents representing former rivals.
UNMOVIC Chairmanship Concludes
Completes his term as UNMOVIC Executive Chairman after leading the commission through the final pre-war inspection phase in Iraq.
Resignation of Alan Milburn
The Health Secretary, Alan Milburn, resigns from the Government
Resignation of Alan Milburn
The Health Secretary, Alan Milburn, resigns from the Government
Secretary of State for Health Appointment
Reid becomes Health Secretary and continues the NHS modernisation programme while placing greater emphasis on patient choice, chronic disease and delivery of existing reforms.
Shadow Minister
Appointed shadow minister in the Privy Council Office as deputy to Eric Forth.
Nuclear Power
White House refuses to rule out the "military option" in dealing with Iran after IAEA says Iran "failed to report certain nuclear materials and activities"
Mahmoud Abbas
Sharon meets Abbas during the Aqaba summit as the Road Map process begins
Golden Boot UEFA Champions League
Finishes as the leading goalscorer in the UEFA Champions League with 12 goals for Manchester United. The campaign is particularly remembered for breaking down opponents with close-range finishing and intelligent movement.
Poland EU Membership Referendum
Poland votes in a referendum to join the EU
Referendum
Poland votes in a referendum to join the EU
Referendum
Poland votes in a referendum to join the EU
Government Report
White House refuses to rule out the "military option" in dealing with Iran after IAEA says Iran "failed to report certain nuclear materials and activities"
Mahmoud Abbas
Bush meets Abbas and Sharon at Aqaba to promote the Road Map peace initiative
Report on Certain nuclear materials and activities
White House refuses to rule out the "military option" in dealing with Iran after IAEA says Iran "failed to report certain nuclear materials and activities"
Nuclear Power
White House refuses to rule out the "military option" in dealing with Iran after IAEA says Iran "failed to report certain nuclear materials and activities"
Morgan Tsvangirai Arrested
Police arrest opposition leader Morgan Tsvangirai during a week of protests.
Arrest of Morgan Tsvangirai
Morgan Tsvangirai is arrested twice, amid a week of opposition protests, he is charged with treason, adding to an existing treason charge from 2002 over an alleged plot to kill President Mugabe
Treason
Morgan Tsvangirai is arrested twice, amid a week of opposition protests, he is charged with treason, adding to an existing treason charge from 2002 over an alleged plot to kill President Mugabe
President Takes Office
Antonio Saca becomes President after ARENA wins another election
Manager
Appointed manager of Leeds United
Presidential Media Law Veto
President Grimsson refuses to sign controversial media ownership legislation, becoming the first Icelandic president to use the constitutional referral power.
Resignation of Surya Bahadur Thapa
Surya Bahadur Thapa quits as Prime Minister after weeks of protests
Death of Ronald Wilson Reagan
Death of Ronald Reagan
Transit of Venus
Pasachoff participates in scientific observations of the first transit of Venus visible since 1882.
European Election
Wins a European Parliament seat as UKIP expands its national profile.
Modern Chancellorship Record
Brown surpasses the continuous tenure of other modern Chancellors.
Longest-Serving Modern Chancellor
Brown becomes Britain's longest continuously serving Chancellor in modern times.
Liverpool Manager
Is appointed Liverpool manager after leaving Valencia.
European Constitutional Treaty Agreement
Helps broker unanimous political agreement on the draft Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe.
Constitutional Reform Committee Service Ends
Completes his service on the House of Lords committee scrutinising the Constitutional Reform Bill.
Resignation of Zafarullah Khan Jamali
Jamali resigns as Prime Minister after losing Musharraf's support.
Constitution of Iraq
An interim Government officially takes over from the U.S. occupation authority
Constitution of Iraq
An interim Government officially takes over from the U.S. occupation authority
Constitution of USA
An interim Government officially takes over from the US occupation authority
Rule of Iraq
An interim Government officially takes over from the US occupation authority
Governor-General Takes Office
Paulias Matane becomes Governor-General of Papua New Guinea
Trial
Legal custody of Saddam Hussein passes to the Iraqi interim Government but physical custody remains in American military hands
European Championship Semi-Final
Guides the Netherlands to the European Championship semi-final against Portugal.
Interim Premiership
Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain becomes Prime Minister during a short transition.
Bukavu Crisis Response
Orders government forces to restore authority after dissident commanders seize Bukavu during renewed eastern fighting.
NHS Improvement Plan
The NHS Improvement Plan develops the reform programme and establishes the ambition that elective patients should receive treatment within eighteen weeks of referral.
Election
Wins the 2nd vote of confidence in Parliament, avoids an election
Vote of Confidence
Wins the 2nd vote of confidence in Parliament, avoids an election
Golden Boot UEFA Champions League
Scores 9 goals for Monaco to claim the UEFA Champions League scoring honour. The achievement reflects his remarkable scoring contribution to Monacoโs run to the final.
First Houthi War
The fighting begins repeated rounds of war in Saada.
Saada Conflict Begins
Government forces enter conflict with followers of Hussein al-Houthi.
Celtic Manager Appointment
Succeeds Martin O'Neill as Celtic manager.
Election
61% of people eligible to vote go to the polls, a 2% rise on 2001. 1s time a Labour Government wins 3 straight elections
Election
"Iraq..a divisive issue in this country but I hope now that we can unite again"
Presidential Resignation
Mesa resigns amid nationwide protests and conflict over hydrocarbons and regional autonomy.
Minimum-Maximum
Releases Minimum-Maximum, documenting Kraftwerk's modern live sound.
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister, 3rd term, by the Queen at Buckingham Palace
Death of Anne Baancroft
Death of Anne Bancroft
President of Bolivia
Rodriguez Veltze becomes president after Carlos Mesa resigns.
Inauguration
Rodriguez Veltze assumes a constitutional mandate to organise new national elections.
Multilateral Debt Relief
G8 finance ministers agree debt cancellation for qualifying low-income countries.
Right to Information Act
The Right to Information Act receives presidential assent, expanding citizens' access to government records.
Economic Reform
bin Abdullah participates in economic reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Election
Ahmadinejad sweeps to the presidential post with a stunning 17,046,441 votes out of a total of 27,536,069 votes cast
EU Constitution Referendum Dropped
Drops plans for a referendum after France and the Netherlands reject the EU Constitution.
Nuclear Power
US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice says IAEA head Mohamed ElBaradei should either toughen his stance on Iran or fail to be chosen for a third term as IAEA head
Golden Boot UEFA Champions League
Claims the UEFA Champions League top-scorer award with 8 goals while representing Manchester United. The season is distinguished by remaining the tournamentโs leading scorer even as United exited in the knockout rounds.
Nuclear Power
US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice says IAEA head Mohamed ElBaradei should either toughen his stance on Iran or fail to be chosen for a third term as IAEA head
Foreign Secretary of Malawi
Appointed Foreign Minister of Malawi
Weapons of Terror Presented to Jan Eliasson
Hands the WMD Commission report to Jan Eliasson in his roles as Swedish foreign minister and President of the United Nations General Assembly.
Weapons of Terror Presented to Kofi Annan
Presents the Commission's final report, Weapons of Terror, to United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan with sixty proposals for reducing WMD dangers.
Chief Minister Appointed
Lowell Lewis becomes Chief Minister after the 2006 election
Philadelphia WMD Report Presentation
Presents the Commission's disarmament recommendations to the World Affairs Council and participates in public events explaining the report's proposals.
Prime Minister of Ukraine
Appointed Prime Minister of the Ukraine
Meet the Press WMD Discussion
Appears on Meet the Press to explain the Commission's recommendations on nuclear, biological and chemical arms control.
International Law Association Address
Addresses the International Law Association conference in Toronto on weapons of mass destruction and the Commission's proposed disarmament agenda.
Spitzer Estimates Andromeda Stellar Mass
Infrared measurements from Spitzer are used to estimate the mass of Andromeda's stars and to characterize the distribution of its old stellar population.
Canadian Disarmament Outreach
Meets Canadian officials and addresses public and academic audiences while promoting the Weapons of Terror recommendations in Canada.
Carnegie Disarmament Seminar
Speaks at a seminar hosted by arms-control and legal organizations at the Carnegie Endowment before meeting United States legislators.
Minister of Interior
Appointed Minister of the Interior
Secretary of State for Defence
Appointed Minister of Defence
Prime Minister
Appointed Prime Minister of Laos
President of Laos
Becomes president after Khamtai Siphandon
Government Formation
Forms a new government after his appointment as prime minister
World Cup Goal Against Ivory Coast
Scores Argentina's opening goal in the 2-1 World Cup victory over Ivory Coast.
World Cup Winning Goal Against Ivory Coast
Scores Argentina's second goal in the 2-1 World Cup victory over Ivory Coast.
World Cup Goal Against Serbia and Montenegro
Scores the only goal as the Netherlands defeat Serbia and Montenegro 1-0.
Meeting with With al-Maliki and President of Iraq Jalal
US President Bush pays a visit to Baghdad to meet with al-Maliki and President of Iraq Jalal Talabani, as a token of support for the new Government
Meeting with With al-Maliki and President of Iraq Jalal
US President Bush pays a visit to Baghdad to meet with al-Maliki and President of Iraq Jalal Talabani, as a token of support for the new Government
Beach Boys
The major surviving Beach Boys, Brian Wilson, Mike Love, Al Jardine, Bruce Johnston & David Marks re-unite 40 yrs after the release of "Pet Sounds"
Beach Boys
The major surviving Beach Boys, Brian Wilson, Mike Love, Al Jardine, Bruce Johnston & David Marks re-unite 40 yrs after the release of "Pet Sounds"
Beach Boys
The major surviving Beach Boys, Brian Wilson, Mike Love, Al Jardine, Bruce Johnston & David Marks re-unite 40 yrs after the release of "Pet Sounds"
Beach Boys
The major surviving Beach Boys, Brian Wilson, Mike Love, Al Jardine, Bruce Johnston & David Marks re-unite 40 yrs after the release of "Pet Sounds"
Beach Boys
The major surviving Beach Boys, Brian Wilson, Mike Love, Al Jardine, Bruce Johnston & David Marks re-unite 40 yrs after the release of "Pet Sounds"
World Cup Goals Against Ukraine
Scores twice as Spain defeat Ukraine 4-0 in Leipzig.
World Cup Goal Against Ukraine
Scores Spain's fourth goal in a 4-0 World Cup victory over Ukraine.
World Cup Goal Against Ukraine
Scores Spain's opening goal against Ukraine in their World Cup group match.
First Geir Haarde Government
Begins the First Geir Haarde Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Halldor Asgrimsson Government
The Halldor Asgrimsson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Brussels European Council
Represents Italy as leaders discuss the Union's future after the constitutional treaty ratification crisis.
World Cup Goal Against Serbia and Montenegro
Scores after a solo run during Argentina's 6-0 World Cup victory over Serbia and Montenegro.
First World Cup Goal
Scores his first World Cup goal as Argentina defeat Serbia and Montenegro 6-0.
Twenty-Five-Pass World Cup Goal
Finishes a celebrated 25-pass team move during Argentina's 6-0 World Cup victory over Serbia and Montenegro.
World Cup Goal Against South Korea
Scores France's goal in a 1-1 World Cup draw with South Korea.
World Cup Equaliser Against France
Scores South Korea's late equaliser against France.
Trial
Chief prosecutor Jaafar al-Mussawi delivers the final arguments for the prosecution, calling for Saddam Hussein, his half-brother Barzan al-Tikriti & former Vice President, Taha Yassin Ramadan, to be sentenced to death
Trial
Chief prosecutor Jaafar al-Mussawi delivers the final arguments for the prosecution, calling for Saddam Hussein, his half-brother Barzan al-Tikriti & former Vice President, Taha Yassin Ramadan, to be sentenced to death
Opening Goal Against Togo
Alexander Frei scores against Togo as Switzerland secures a 2-0 group-stage victory and moves closer to the knockout rounds of the 2006 World Cup.
Second Goal in Togo Group Win
Tranquillo Barnetta adds Switzerlandโs second goal against Togo, completing a disciplined 2-0 win at the World Cup in Germany.
World Cup Goal Against Iran
Scores Angola's first World Cup goal in the draw with Iran.
World Cup Goal Against Angola
Scores Iran's equalising goal in a 1-1 World Cup draw with Angola.
Invasion of Iraq
United States Senator Rick Santorum claimes that "We have found weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, chemical weapons"
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
United States Senator Rick Santorum claims that "We have found weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, chemical weapons"
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
United States Senator Rick Santorum claims that "We have found weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, chemical weapons"
Pluto Moons
The International Astronomical Union approves the names Nix and Hydra for Pluto's two small moons discovered with Hubble.
Large Hadron Collider Start-Up Planning
Reports plans for initial Large Hadron Collider collisions as accelerator and detector installation approaches its final commissioning phase.
Header Against South Korea
Philippe Senderos scores Switzerlandโs opening goal in a 2-0 victory against South Korea, helping his team finish top of its 2006 World Cup group.
Assist for Maxi Rodriguez Winner
Provides the pass for Maxi Rodriguez's extra-time winning goal against Mexico.
World Cup Equaliser Against Mexico
Scores Argentina's equaliser in the World Cup round-of-sixteen match against Mexico.
Extra-Time World Cup Winner Against Mexico
Scores a spectacular extra-time volley as Argentina defeat Mexico 2-1 in the World Cup round of sixteen.
World Cup Goal Against Argentina
Scores Mexico's opening goal against Argentina in the round of sixteen.
National Reconciliation
Maliki presents a national reconciliation plan to the Iraqi Parliament, the peace plan sets out to remove powerful militias from the streets, open a dialogue with rebels, and review the status of purged members of the once-ruling Baath party
World Cup Exit Without Conceding
Pascal Zuberbรผhler finishes Switzerlandโs 2006 World Cup campaign without conceding a goal in normal or extra time, although Ukraine eliminates the team on penalties.
Vancouver World Conference of Peace
Presents the WMD Commission's conclusions at the World Conference of Peace together with fellow commissioners.
World Cup Quarter-Final Goal Against Germany
Heads Argentina into the lead against Germany in the World Cup quarter-final.
Economy of Iceland
Prime Minister Halldor Asgrimsson resigns after his party's poor performance in local elections and amid concerns about the economy
Election
Prime Minister Halldor Asgrimsson resigns after his party's poor performance in local elections and amid concerns about the economy
Resignation of Halldor Asgrimsson
Prime Minister Halldor Asgrimsson resigns after his party's poor performance in local elections and amid concerns about the economy
Al-Qaeda
Maliki and the Americans announce the killing of Al-Qaeda in Iraq leader Abu Musab al-Zarqawi
Golden Boot UEFA Champions League
Leads the UEFA Champions League scoring standings with 9 goals for AC Milan. His contribution stands out for his final prolific European campaign before leaving Milan.
Health of John Leslie Prescott
Admitted to hospital after being taken ill on a train from his constituency in Hull to London King's Cross, diagnosed with pneumonia and treated at University College Hospital
US Arrest
Arrested in the United States in a case alleging plots against the Lao government
State Prize
Russian President Vladimir Putin signing a decree conferring the State Prize of the Russian Federation for the humanitarian work of Solzhenitsyn
MESSENGER Venus Flyby
MESSENGER makes its second Venus flyby, using the encounter to reshape its orbit for later Mercury approaches.
Turn It On Again Tour
Tours again with Genesis as the group returns to stadium audiences.
Turn It On Again Tour
Reunites with Banks and Rutherford for the Turn It On Again tour.
Turn It On Again Tour
Returns to large-scale touring with Genesis during the Turn It On Again reunion.
State Prize
President Putin personally visits the writer at his home to give him the award
Election
The United Progressive Alliance nominates Pratibha Patil as its candidate for the 2007 presidential election.
Economic Reform
Razzaz participates in economic reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Anfal Campaign
Three Iraqi army officials, including Ali Hassan al-Majid, a cousin of Saddam Hussein who was known as "Chemical Ali, are convicted and sentenced to death for carrying out the murder of about 50,000 Kurds in 1988-what was called the Anfal campaign
Chemical Ali
Three Iraqi army officials, including Ali Hassan al-Majid, a cousin of Saddam Hussein who was known as "Chemical Ali, are convicted and sentenced to death for carrying out the murder of about 50,000 Kurds in 1988-what was called the Anfal campaign
Kurds
Three Iraqi army officials, including Ali Hassan al-Majid, a cousin of Saddam Hussein who was known as "Chemical Ali, are convicted and sentenced to death for carrying out the murder of about 50,000 Kurds in 1988-what was called the Anfal campaign
Trial
Three Iraqi army officials, including Ali Hassan al-Majid, a cousin of Saddam Hussein who was known as "Chemical Ali, are convicted and sentenced to death for carrying out the murder of about 50,000 Kurds in 1988-what was called the Anfal campaign
Al-Qaeda
US forces begin a new offensive, targeting al-Qaeda in Mesopotamia in areas around Baghdad, where car bombings and other insurgent attacks have intensified
Chemical Ali
Three Iraqi army officials, including Ali Hassan al-Majid, a cousin of Saddam Hussein who was known as "Chemical Ali, are convicted and sentenced to death for carrying out the murder of about 50,000 Kurds in 1988-what was called the Anfal campaign
Kurds
Three Iraqi army officials, including Ali Hassan al-Majid, a cousin of Saddam Hussein who was known as "Chemical Ali, are convicted and sentenced to death for carrying out the murder of about 50,000 Kurds in 1988-what was called the Anfal campaign
Siege of Baghdad
US forces begin a new offensive, targeting al-Qaeda in Mesopotamia in areas around Baghdad, where car bombings and other insurgent attacks have intensified
Trial
Three Iraqi army officials, including Ali Hassan al-Majid, a cousin of Saddam Hussein who was known as "Chemical Ali, are convicted and sentenced to death for carrying out the murder of about 50,000 Kurds in 1988-what was called the Anfal campaign
Thirtieth La Liga Title
Coaches Real Madrid to their thirtieth Spanish league championship on the final matchday.
La Liga Title-Decider Brace
Scores twice against Mallorca as Real Madrid come from behind to secure the league title.
Jubilee Oil Discovery Announced
Kufuor announces a major offshore oil discovery at the Jubilee field, opening a new phase in Ghana's petroleum-sector development.
Premiership Ends
Sall leaves the prime ministership and later breaks with Wade
Prime Minister Takes Office
Cheikh Hadjibou Soumare becomes Prime Minister
Two Goals in Libertadores Final Second Leg
Scores both goals as Boca Juniors defeat Gremio 2-0 and complete a 5-0 aggregate Copa Libertadores final victory.
European Council Treaty Mandate
Leads the European Council under the German Presidency as negotiations begin on a mandate for a new reform treaty.
Berlin Declaration
The European Council of heads of states or Governments met in Brussels to agree upon the foundation of a new treaty to replace the rejected Constitution. The meeting took place under the German Presidency of the EU, with Chancellor Angela Merkel leading the negotiations as President-in-Office of the European Council
Treaty of Lisbon
The European Council of heads of states or Governments met in Brussels to agree upon the foundation of a new treaty to replace the rejected Constitution. The meeting took place under the German Presidency of the EU, with Chancellor Angela Merkel leading the negotiations as President-in-Office of the European Council
Large Hadron Collider Start-Up Schedule
Announces a revised Large Hadron Collider start-up schedule after delays in installation and commissioning.
European Council Reform Treaty Mandate
Supports the compromise mandate that enables an intergovernmental conference to draft the Lisbon reform treaty.
O2 Opens
The former Millennium Dome reopens as The O2 entertainment venue.
Election as Labour Leader
Brown is formally declared Leader of the Labour Party.
Labour Leadership
Brown becomes Labour leader without an opposing candidate.
Sharm el Sheikh Four Way Summit
Abbas joined Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, Jordan's King Abdullah II and Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert at Sharm el-Sheikh after Hamas took control of Gaza. The summit focused on supporting the Palestinian presidency and reviving confidence-building measures with Israel.
Economy of Iraq
A new law calls on Government to distribute oil revenues to regions based on their populations and allows regions to negotiate contracts with foreign companies to explore and develop oil fields
Treasury Tenure
Brown leaves the Treasury after more than ten years as Chancellor.
Appointment as Prime Minister
Brown becomes Prime Minister after Tony Blair resigns.
First Day as Prime Minister
Brown enters Downing Street and begins forming his first Cabinet.
Royal Appointment as Prime Minister
The Queen appoints Brown Prime Minister and First Lord of the Treasury.
Entry into Cabinet
Burnham enters Cabinet while serving as Chief Secretary to the Treasury.
Treasury Appointment
Burnham becomes Chief Secretary to the Treasury under Gordon Brown.
First Cabinet Formation
Brown appoints a Cabinet combining experienced ministers with several new members.
New Horizons
New Horizons enters its first long hibernation period during the cruise from Jupiter toward Pluto.
Golden Boot UEFA Champions League
Collects the UEFA Champions League leading-scorer distinction after scoring 10 goals for AC Milan. The award recognises driving Milan towards their Champions League triumph with crucial knockout goals.
Meltdown Festival Curator
Curates the Meltdown festival at London's Southbank Centre.
Secretary of State for Health Appointment
Johnson becomes Health Secretary and commissions further review of NHS quality, service configuration, inequalities and the experience of patients and staff.
Manifesto for Change
Brown sets out proposals on standards, accountability and constitutional change.
Alleged Coup Plot
Authorities charge five men with treason over an alleged coup conspiracy.
100 Caps
Beckham wis honored by receiving an honorary gold cap representing his 100th cap from Sir Bobby Charlton, and is given a standing ovation from the crowd
100 Caps
Beckham wis honored by receiving an honorary gold cap representing his 100th cap from Sir Bobby Charlton, and is given a standing ovation from the crowd
Inter Milan Appointment
Is appointed Inter Milan manager, beginning his first coaching role in Italian football.
Democratic Nomination
Clinches enough delegates to become the Democratic presidential nominee
Campaign Suspension
Suspends her presidential campaign and endorses Barack Obama
iPhone 3G
Introduces the iPhone 3G and the App Store model
Tha Carter III
Releases Tha Carter III under the stage name Lil Wayne
Lisbon Treaty Referendum
Acknowledges the rejection of the Lisbon Treaty, with 53.4 percent of voters opposing ratification.
First Lisbon Treaty Referendum
Cowen responds to the first Lisbon referendum defeat and opens discussions with European partners.
Lisbon Referendum Response
Begins consultations with European partners after Ireland's rejection of the Lisbon Treaty.
Two Goals Against Portugal at Home Euros
Hakan Yakin scores both goals as Switzerland defeats Portugal 2-0 at Euro 2008, giving the co-host nation its first victory in a European Championship finals match.
US Open
Wins the US Open after an eighteen-hole playoff and sudden-death hole
NBA Finals
Helps the Boston Celtics defeat the Los Angeles Lakers in the NBA Finals
Agreement on Lift its 2003 diplomatic sanctions against Cuba
The EU agrees to lift its 2003 diplomatic sanctions against Cuba, but imposes tough conditions on the communist island to maintain sanction-free relations
Economy of Cuba
The EU agrees to lift its 2003 diplomatic sanctions against Cuba, but imposes tough conditions on the communist island to maintain sanction-free relations
Sanctions
The EU agrees to lift its 2003 diplomatic sanctions against Cuba, but imposes tough conditions on the communist island to maintain sanction-free relations
Agreement on Lift its 2003 diplomatic sanctions against Cuba
The EU agrees to lift its 2003 diplomatic sanctions against Cuba, but imposes tough conditions on the communist island to maintain sanction-free relations
Economy of Cuba
The EU agrees to lift its 2003 diplomatic sanctions against Cuba, but imposes tough conditions on the communist island to maintain sanction-free relations
Sanctions
The EU agrees to lift its 2003 diplomatic sanctions against Cuba, but imposes tough conditions on the communist island to maintain sanction-free relations
Lisbon Treaty Ratification
Helps secure UK ratification of the Lisbon Treaty.
Hamas
An Egyptian-brokered pause in hostilities between Israel and Hamas, consisting of a six-month lull, translating the Arabic term Tahdia, goes into effect for the Gaza area, neither side respect it. An agreement requires Hamas to end rocket attacks upon Israel in exchange for an end of the blockade and for commerce in Gaza to be restored to the level preceding Israels withdrawal in 2005 and Hamass electoral victory
Invasion of Gaza
An Egyptian-brokered pause in hostilities between Israel and Hamas, consisting of a six-month lull, translating the Arabic term Tahdia, goes into effect for the Gaza area, neither side respect it. An agreement requires Hamas to end rocket attacks upon Israel in exchange for an end of the blockade and for commerce in Gaza to be restored to the level preceding Israels withdrawal in 2005 and Hamass electoral victory
Congress Resignation
Presents his resignation to the president of Congress before the end of his term.
Resignation Attempt
Attempts to leave office early in connection with his move toward a Senate seat.
WALL-E
Directs WALL-E for Pixar, combining animation with environmental themes
Presidential Runoff
Mugabe contests a runoff after Tsvangirai withdraws amid political violence.
European Championship Victory
Helps Spain win the European Championship final.
Spain Right-Back Champion
Provides defensive strength and attacking width from right-back.
European Championship Victory
Captains Spain to European Championship victory over Germany.
Spain Captain Lifts Trophy
Becomes the first Spain captain lifting a major trophy since 1964.
European Championship Victory
Helps Spain defeat Germany in the European Championship final.
Spain Midfield Champion
Contributes creative midfield play throughout the title-winning campaign.
European Championship Player of Tournament
Is named player of the European Championship.
Spain Midfield Recognition
Directs Spain's possession play throughout the title-winning tournament.
European Championship Victory
Guides Spain to victory over Germany in the final.
Spain Ends Major Trophy Wait
Wins the country's first major senior title since 1964.
High Quality Care for All
Darzi's final NHS Next Stage Review makes quality a central organising principle and proposes stronger measurement, clinical leadership, prevention and integrated care.
Golden Boot UEFA Champions League
Finishes as the leading goalscorer in the UEFA Champions League with 8 goals for Manchester United. The campaign is particularly remembered for scoring on the way to Manchester Unitedโs victory in Moscow.
Mecca Interfaith Conference
Helps organize the conference promoting dialogue among religions.
Mecca Interfaith Conference
Calls for dialogue among Muslim, Christian and Jewish religious leaders.
President Takes Office
Funes becomes the first FMLN President of El Salvador
General Motors Restructuring
The federal government obtains a majority interest in General Motors during bankruptcy restructuring.
European Election Defeat
Labour finishes third in the European Parliament election vote.
European Election Setback
Labour suffers heavy losses in the European Parliament elections.
Brexit
UKIP finishes second in the UK European Parliament election.
Health Secretary Appointment
Burnham becomes Secretary of State for Health.
World Cup
Following a Football Association-led campaign to persuade FIFA to award medals to all the winners squad members, Armfield is presented with his medal by Gordon Brown.
World Cup
Greaves is presented with his 1966 World Cup Winners medal by Gordon Brown at a ceremony at 10 Downing Street.
Economic Reform
Al-Khasawneh participates in economic reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Chilcot Inquiry Established
Brown establishes an independent inquiry chaired by John Chilcot.
Iraq Inquiry Announcement
Brown announces an independent inquiry into Britain's participation in the Iraq War.
Death of Ralf Gustav Dahrendorf
Death of Ralf Gustav Dahrendorf
Lisbon Treaty Guarantees
Supports the legal and political assurances designed to address concerns raised in the first referendum.
Legal Guarantees for Lisbon
Secures European Council guarantees intended to clarify Ireland's position before a second Lisbon referendum.
European Conservatives and Reformists
Forms a new Conservative grouping in the European Parliament.
Death of Michael Jackson
Death of Michael Jackson
Death of Sky Saxon
Death of Sky Saxon
Federal Constitutional Court Lisbon Judgment
Welcomes a judgment allowing Lisbon ratification once German legislation strengthens parliamentary participation in European affairs.
Independence of Iraq
Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki names June 30 "National Sovereignty Day" and declares a public holiday. In compliance with the status of forces agreement between the US and Iraq, US troops complete their withdrawal from Iraqi cities, including Baghdad, and transfer the responsibility of securing the cities to Iraqi troops
Invasion of Iraq
In compliance with the status of forces agreement between the US and Iraq, US troops complete their withdrawal from Iraqi cities, including Baghdad, and transfer the responsibility of securing the cities to Iraqi troops
National Sovereignty Day
Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki names June 30 "National Sovereignty Day" and declares a public holiday
Invasion of Iraq
In compliance with the status of forces agreement between the US and Iraq, US troops complete their withdrawal from Iraqi cities, including Baghdad, and transfer the responsibility of securing the cities to Iraqi troops
Rule of Iraq
In compliance with the status of forces agreement between the US and Iraq, US troops complete their withdrawal from Iraqi cities, including Baghdad, and transfer the responsibility of securing the cities to Iraqi troops
Golden Boot UEFA Champions League
Scores 9 goals for Barcelona to claim the UEFA Champions League scoring honour. The achievement reflects his headed goal in the final against Manchester United.
Secretary of State for Health Appointment
Burnham becomes Health Secretary during the financial crisis and takes responsibility for NHS quality, waiting times, finance and preparations for tighter budgets.
Celtic Manager Appointment
Is appointed Celtic manager after leaving West Bromwich Albion.
Jupiter Fireball
Records a brief flash produced by a small object striking Jupiter.
Deficit Reduction Speech
Argues that reducing the deficit is necessary while maintaining the conditions for long-term economic growth.
UN Resolution 1929
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1929 adds further measures linked to Iran's continued enrichment and other nuclear activities.
Diving Header Against Nigeria
Scores with a powerful diving header from a corner as Argentina defeat Nigeria 1-0 in Johannesburg.
Bloody Sunday
Publishes findings on the events of 30 January 1972.
Bloody Sunday
Apologises after the Saville Report finds the killings unjustified.
Clean Sheet in Spain Upset
Diego Benaglio makes important saves behind an organised Swiss defence, preserving the 1-0 victory over Spain in Durban.
Winner Against Future Champions Spain
Gelson Fernandes scores in the second half as Switzerland defeats eventual champion Spain 1-0 in a major upset at the 2010 World Cup.
World Cup Hat-Trick Against South Korea
Scores a hat-trick as Argentina defeat South Korea 4-1 in the World Cup group stage.
World Cup Goal Against Greece
Scores Argentina's late second goal against Greece in his only World Cup appearance.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Economic Affairs Committee Return
Returns to the House of Lords Economic Affairs Committee for a further period of scrutiny of economic, fiscal and financial questions.
Emergency Budget
Delivers the coalition government's emergency budget.
Death of Peter Quaife
Death of Kinks bassist Peter Quaife.
Two World Cup Goals Against Mexico
Scores twice as Argentina defeat Mexico 3-1 in the World Cup round of sixteen.
World Cup Goal Against Mexico
Scores Argentina's second goal in the 3-1 World Cup round-of-sixteen victory over Mexico.
Golden Boot UEFA Champions League
Claims the UEFA Champions League top-scorer award with 8 goals while representing Barcelona. The season is distinguished by his spectacular four-goal performance against Arsenal in the quarter-finals.
Celtic Manager Appointment
Is appointed Celtic manager after an interim spell in charge.
Presidential Compound Attack
Is seriously wounded in an attack on the presidential compound.
Saleh Seriously Wounded
Leaves Yemen for medical treatment in Saudi Arabia.
Economic Reform
Tai participates in economic reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
NHS Reform Revision
Announces changes to NHS reform proposals following the government's listening exercise.
Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Safety
Convenes an IAEA ministerial conference to examine lessons from Fukushima and strengthen global nuclear safety.
Fly from Here
Sings on Fly from Here, a Yes album developed from Buggles-era material.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
The government led by Mari Kiviniemi ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Fly from Here
Returns to Yes and plays keyboards on Fly from Here.
Kerberos
A Hubble search led by Mark Showalter discovers a fourth moon of Pluto, later named Kerberos.
Federal Devolution
The government completes major transfers of federal functions to the provinces.
Golden Boot UEFA Champions League
Leads the UEFA Champions League scoring standings with 12 goals for Barcelona. His contribution stands out for scoring decisive knockout goals on Barcelonaโs route to Wembley.
Rangers Manager Appointment
Succeeds Walter Smith as Rangers manager.
Transfer to PSV
Joins PSV from Feyenoord and later becomes club captain.
Transit of Venus
Pasachoff observes the final transit of Venus of the twenty-first century, an event not repeated until 2117.
Baabda Declaration
President Michel Sleiman chairs the National Dialogue Committee meeting that issues the Baabda Declaration, which calls for Lebanon to distance itself from regional conflicts and preserve internal stability.
Euro 2012 Equalizer Against Russia
Jakub Blaszczykowski scores a powerful equalizing goal in Polandโs 1-1 draw with Russia at the European Championship co-hosted by Poland.
USADA
Ferrari is officially charged by USADA with administration and trafficking of prohibited substances
Disqualification
The Supreme Court disqualifies Gillani after his contempt conviction.
Coalition Government Sworn In
Samaras forms a coalition government after the second election of 2012.
Maturity Extension Program Expanded
The Federal Open Market Committee extends the maturity extension program through the end of 2012, planning additional purchases and sales of Treasury securities that further lengthen the average maturity of Federal Reserve holdings.
Prime Minister of Pakistan
Raja Pervez Ashraf succeeds Gillani as Prime Minister.
President of Paraguay
Assumes the presidency after Fernando Lugo is removed from office.
Impeachment
Is removed from office after a rapid impeachment process.
Welfare Reform Speech
Sets out arguments for further welfare reform and a stronger link between support, work and responsibility.
Styx
A Hubble hazard survey discovers Pluto's fifth and smallest known moon, later named Styx.
President of Egypt
Takes office after winning the first competitive presidential election following the 2011 uprising.
Golden Boot UEFA Champions League
Collects the UEFA Champions League leading-scorer distinction after scoring 14 goals for Barcelona. The award recognises his five goals in one match against Bayer Leverkusen.
First German Continental Treble
Jupp Heynckes completes Bayernโs Bundesliga, Champions League and DFB Cup treble when his team defeats Stuttgart 3-2 in the German Cup final.
Chelsea Return
Returns to Chelsea for a second spell as manager after three seasons at Real Madrid.
Prime Minister of Pakistan
Nawaz Sharif begins his third term as Prime Minister.
13
Returns to Black Sabbath for 13, the first studio album with Osbourne since Never Say Die.
Banking Standards Commission Service Ends
Completes his service on the Parliamentary Commission on Banking Standards after contributing to its examination of reform in the banking sector.
Ouagadougou Preliminary Agreement
Traore's government signs an agreement enabling national elections and inclusive peace talks.
European Under-21 Championship Victory
Guides Spain to the European Under-21 championship.
Spain Youth Title
Completes the tournament with victory over Italy in the final.
Referendum Bill
Introduces a private member's bill for an EU referendum.
Final Social Media Guidelines
Starmer issues final guidelines balancing free expression with prosecution of harmful communications.
Real Madrid Manager Appointment
Is appointed Real Madrid manager before beginning his first spell in charge.
Election as Congress President
The General National Congress elects Abusahmain as its new president.
G8 Lough Erne Summit
Hosts G8 leaders in Northern Ireland with an agenda centred on trade, tax and transparency.
G8 Tax Transparency Agenda
Promotes international cooperation against tax evasion and greater transparency over company ownership.
EU Accession Talks Put on Hold
The new coalition government places Iceland's European Union accession negotiations on hold and states that talks will not resume without a referendum.
Golden Boot UEFA Champions League
Finishes as the leading goalscorer in the UEFA Champions League with 12 goals for Real Madrid. The campaign is particularly remembered for finishing as tournament top scorer despite Real Madridโs semi-final exit.
Homosexual Propaganda
Putin and the United Russia party backed stricter legislation against the LGBT community, in Saint Petersburg, Archangelsk and Novosibirsk; a law against "homosexual propaganda" (which prohibits such symbols as the rainbow flag as well as published works containing homosexual content) was adopted by the State Duma
Legislation
Putin and the United Russia party backed stricter legislation against the LGBT community, in Saint Petersburg, Archangelsk and Novosibirsk; a law against "homosexual propaganda" (which prohibits such symbols as the rainbow flag as well as published works containing homosexual content) was adopted by the State Duma
President Takes Office
Sanchez Ceren becomes President after the 2014 election
Ultraviolet Hubble Ultra Deep Field
Teplitz helps add ultraviolet observations to the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, improving the record of star formation across cosmic history.
Presidential Inauguration
Takes office after winning the May presidential election.
World Cup Goal Against Bosnia and Herzegovina
Scores Argentina's second goal in the 2-1 World Cup group-stage victory over Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Operation Zarb-e-Azb
Raheel Sharif oversees the launch of Operation Zarb-e-Azb against militant networks in North Waziristan.
President of Slovakia
Becomes president after defeating Robert Fico.
Last-Minute Winner Against Ecuador
Haris Seferoviฤ finishes a late Swiss counterattack against Ecuador to seal a 2-1 comeback victory in the opening group match of the 2014 World Cup.
NATO Summit Preparations
Meets NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen ahead of the alliance summit in Wales.
Late World Cup Winner Against Iran
Scores in stoppage time to give Argentina a 1-0 World Cup victory over Iran.
Higgs Boson
Sees CERN report stronger evidence that the Higgs boson decays directly to fermions, extending tests of how the Higgs field couples to matter particles.
Final Declared Syrian Chemicals Removed
The final shipment of chemicals declared by Syria is removed from the country for destruction.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
World Cup Winning Goal Against Nigeria
Scores Argentina's third goal to secure a 3-2 World Cup victory over Nigeria.
Two World Cup Goals Against Nigeria
Scores twice as Argentina defeat Nigeria 3-2 and complete a perfect World Cup group stage.
House of Representatives Election
Libyans elect a new House of Representatives amid deteriorating security.
Hat-Trick Secures Honduras Progress
Xherdan Shaqiri scores all three goals against Honduras as Switzerland wins 3-0 and qualifies for the World Cup round of sixteen.
Discovery of 2014 MU69
Buie identifies the object later named Arrokoth in Hubble images obtained for the New Horizons target search.
European Commission Presidency Dispute
Opposes Jean-Claude Juncker's nomination for European Commission president during European Council negotiations.
Golden Boot UEFA Champions League
Scores 17 goals for Real Madrid to claim the UEFA Champions League scoring honour. The achievement reflects setting a new single-season Champions League scoring record.
Real Madrid Coaching Appointment
Real Madrid name Benรญtez as head coach after his Napoli period, returning him to a club where he began coaching youth teams.
Champions League Winner
Javier Mascherano used his anticipation in central defence to limit Juventus's forward play in the 2015 UEFA Champions League final, helping Barcelona win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Dani Alves combined with Barcelona's right-sided attackers to pressure Juventus in the 2015 UEFA Champions League final, helping Barcelona win the competition.
Neymar Champions League Final Third Goal
Scores in stoppage time to complete Barcelona's 3-1 victory over Juventus.
Champions League Winner
Neymar Junior scored in stoppage time to seal Barcelona's fifth European crown in the 2015 UEFA Champions League final, helping Barcelona win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Ivan Rakitic finished a flowing move to give Barcelona the lead against Juventus in the 2015 UEFA Champions League final, helping Barcelona win the competition.
Rakitic Champions League Final Opening Goal
Finishes an early Barcelona passing move to score against Juventus.
Champions League Winner
Marc-Andre ter Stegen guarded Barcelona's goal as the team defeated Juventus in Berlin in the 2015 UEFA Champions League final, helping Barcelona win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Gerard Pique helped Barcelona resist Juventus's second-half pressure after the equaliser in the 2015 UEFA Champions League final, helping Barcelona win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Jordi Alba supplied attacking width from left-back in Barcelona's 3-1 success in the 2015 UEFA Champions League final, helping Barcelona win the competition.
Barcelona European Treble
Completes the Spanish league, cup and European treble.
Champions League Victory
Guides Barcelona to Champions League victory over Juventus.
Champions League Winner
Andres Iniesta set up Ivan Rakitic's opening goal early in the final in the 2015 UEFA Champions League final, helping Barcelona win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Sergio Busquets controlled central spaces and initiated Barcelona's build-up play in the 2015 UEFA Champions League final, helping Barcelona win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Luis Suarez restored Barcelona's advantage with a second-half finish after Buffon's save in the 2015 UEFA Champions League final, helping Barcelona win the competition.
Suarez Champions League Final Second Goal
Scores from a rebound to restore Barcelona's lead in the second half.
G7 Elmau Summit
Meets G7 leaders to discuss security, the global economy, Ukraine and international cooperation.
Victoria
Directs Victoria, noted for its single-take structure.
EU Financial Affairs Sub-Committee Membership
Joins the House of Lords EU Financial Affairs Sub-Committee and participates in parliamentary scrutiny of European financial and economic matters.
Coordination Signs Peace Agreement
The Coordination of Azawad Movements adds its signature to the peace agreement.
Acting Prime Minister Takes Office
Natalia Gherman becomes acting Prime Minister after Gaburici resigns
Sousse Attack
An armed attack at a Sousse resort led the government to strengthen emergency and counterterrorism measures.
Glastonbury Festival
Headline Glastonbury Festival.
New Horizons
A final 23-second engine burn fine-tunes New Horizons' trajectory toward its Pluto flyby.
Tunisia Attack Response
Coordinates the British government response after the terrorist attack at Sousse kills British holidaymakers.
Transfer to Manchester United
Joins Manchester United from PSV after winning the Eredivisie.
Sputnik Planitia
Models using New Horizons data show that Sputnik Planitia's nitrogen ice is renewed by slow convection, producing polygonal surface cells.
EU Referendum Television Programme
Answers questions on European Union membership during a televised referendum programme.
Early Winner in Euro Opener
Fabian Schรคr heads Switzerlandโs goal against Albania as the Swiss open Euro 2016 with a 1-0 win.
Brexit
Unveils the Breaking Point poster during the referendum campaign.
Brexit
Is murdered in Birstall during the referendum campaign.
Brexit
Murder of Jo Cox during the referendum campaign.
Two European Championship Goals Against Ireland
Scores twice as Belgium defeat the Republic of Ireland 3-0 in the European Championship group stage.
European Championship Goal Against Ireland
Heads Belgium's second goal in the 3-0 European Championship victory over the Republic of Ireland.
European Championship Assist Against Ireland
Creates Romelu Lukaku's opening goal during Belgium's 3-0 European Championship victory over the Republic of Ireland.
Remain Cross-party Letter
Joins senior politicians from different parties in a late referendum appeal urging voters to reject division and isolation and remain in the European Union.
Euro 2016 Winner Against Ukraine
Jakub Blaszczykowski scores the only goal as Poland defeats Ukraine 1-0 and advances to the European Championship knockout stage.
European Championship Goal Against Sweden
Scores the late winning goal as Belgium defeat Sweden 1-0 and reach the European Championship knockout stage.
EU Referendum
The United Kingdom votes in the referendum on European Union membership.
Brexit
The United Kingdom votes in the referendum on European Union membership.
EU Referendum Remain Vote
Campaigns for and votes for continued British membership of the European Union in the referendum held on 23 June.
Brexit
Responds to the referendum result as Foreign Secretary.
Referendum Result
The Leave side wins the referendum by 52 percent to 48 percent.
Resignation Announcement
Announces that he will resign as Prime Minister after the referendum result.
Brexit
Announces the national EU referendum result in Manchester.
Brexit
Says a second Scottish independence referendum is highly likely after Scotland votes Remain.
Brexit
Celebrates the Leave victory after the referendum result.
Brexit
Announces that he will resign after the Leave victory.
Euro Round of Sixteen Decider
Sends Portugal into the quarter-finals with a close-range header.
Winning Goal Against Croatia
Scores the extra-time winner against Croatia at Euro 2016.
Acrobatic Equaliser Against Poland
Xherdan Shaqiri scores with a spectacular overhead kick to equalise against Poland in the Euro 2016 round of sixteen, although Switzerland later loses the penalty shootout.
European Championship Goal Against Hungary
Heads Belgium's opening goal in the 4-0 European Championship round-of-16 victory over Hungary.
European Championship Goal Against Hungary
Scores Belgium's third goal after creating the second in the 4-0 victory over Hungary.
European Championship Goal Against Hungary
Scores with his first touch after coming on as Belgium defeat Hungary 4-0.
European Championship Goal Against Hungary
Scores Belgium's fourth goal to complete the 4-0 European Championship victory over Hungary.
Copa Amรฉrica Centenario Championship
Sรกnchez helped Chile retain the Copa Amรฉrica title by defeating Argentina in another final decided on penalties, cementing the team's standing in South American football.
Cross-party Brexit Reconsideration
Calls for a cross-party parliamentary effort to examine the available options and articulate a case for reconsidering Brexit once the proposed terms become clear.
Referendum Result Response
After the Leave victory, argues that Parliament should examine the actual withdrawal terms before treating the referendum as settling every detail of Britain's future relationship.
Brexit
Makes a statement seeking to calm markets after the referendum result.
Post-Referendum Commons Statement
Reports to Parliament after the referendum and discusses the transition following the vote to leave.
Resignation from Shadow Front Bench
Starmer resigns from the shadow front bench after the European Union referendum.
State Affairs Commission
Becomes chairman of the State Affairs Commission.
Brexit
Enters the Conservative leadership contest after the referendum.
Brexit
Declines to stand for Conservative leader after Michael Gove enters the contest.
Quarterfinal Goal Against Portugal
Robert Lewandowski gives Poland an early lead against Portugal in the European Championship quarterfinal, but the match ends 1-1 and Poland loses on penalties.
Euro Quarter-Final Shootout
Secures a place in the European Championship semi-finals.
Winning Penalty Against Poland
Converts Portugal's decisive penalty in the shootout against Poland.
Celtic Transfer
Joins Celtic from Fulham and becomes an important striker under Brendan Rodgers.
Theme from Likely Stories
Releases Theme from Likely Stories, which reaches number two on the UK vinyl singles chart.
Brexit
Campaigns for Vote Leave during the referendum.
DUP Leave Campaign
Campaigns for Leave as Democratic Unionist Party leader.
Brexit
Campaigns for Leave as a Conservative MEP.
Brexit
Serves as chair of Vote Leave.
Brexit
Campaigns for Leave as a Conservative MP.
Remain Campaign
Supports Remain and criticises Leave campaign claims.
Brexit
Campaigns for Leave as a Labour MP.
Remain Campaign
Campaigns for continued British membership of the European Union as a senior Conservative figure.
Brexit
Campaigns for Vote Leave during the referendum.
Remain Switch
Withdraws support for Leave and backs Remain during the referendum campaign.
Leave Campaign
Campaigns for leaving the European Union during the referendum.
Portuguese International Dortmund Transfer
Signs from Lorient after emerging as a versatile left-sided player and becomes an important part of Dortmundโs buildup play.
Golden Boot UEFA Champions League
Claims the UEFA Champions League top-scorer award with 16 goals while representing Real Madrid. The season is distinguished by leading the scoring table as Madrid defeated Atlรฉtico in the final.
Paris Agreement Withdrawal
Announces U.S. withdrawal from the Paris climate agreement.
Champions League Final Goal
Scores Real Madrid's second goal in the Champions League final.
Real Madrid Victory Against Juventus
Helps secure a second consecutive European championship.
Back-to-Back Champions League Titles
Becomes the first coach in the Champions League era to retain the trophy.
Ronaldo Champions League Final Brace
Scores twice against Juventus as Real Madrid retain the Champions League.
Asensio Champions League Final Fourth Goal
Scores Real Madrid's fourth goal late in the final against Juventus.
GSLV Mk III-D1
The first developmental GSLV Mk III flight carrying GSAT-19 takes place while A. S. Kiran Kumar heads ISRO.
Brexit
Loses the Conservative majority in a Brexit-dominated general election.
Brexit
Loses the Conservative majority in a Brexit-dominated general election.
Election
Loses the Conservative majority in a snap general election.
Re-election to Parliament
Starmer retains Holborn and St Pancras at the general election.
FC Porto Manager Appointment
Is appointed FC Porto head coach before the new season.
Return to Porto as Coach
Returns to the club where he developed as a player.
First Cabinet Meeting
Holds first full Cabinet meeting praising administration achievements.
Taoiseach of Ireland
Succeeds Enda Kenny as Taoiseach.
Brexit
Formal Brexit negotiations begin with the European Union.
Mohammed bin Salman Appointed Crown Prince
Becomes crown prince while continuing as minister of defence.
Mohammed bin Salman Appointed Crown Prince
Appoints Mohammed bin Salman as crown prince and deputy prime minister.
Brexit
Agrees a confidence and supply arrangement supporting the Conservative government.
Confidence and Supply
Agrees a confidence-and-supply arrangement with the Conservative government.
Return to Portuguese Football
Becomes a leading scorer and captain from midfield.
Sporting Transfer
Signs for Sporting after developing his senior career in Italy.
Rangers Transfer
Joins Rangers from HJK Helsinki and becomes a prolific striker.
Transfer
Joins Liverpool from Roma and becomes a key forward.
Golden Boot UEFA Champions League
Leads the UEFA Champions League scoring standings with 12 goals for Real Madrid. His contribution stands out for his exceptional goals in knockout matches against leading European opposition.
Caretaker Prime Minister
Former Chief Justice Nasir-ul-Mulk heads the caretaker government.
Pluto
Analysis of New Horizons imagery confirms dune fields near Sputnik Planitia, showing that Pluto's thin atmosphere can mobilize surface particles.
Pluto
Pluto's dunes are interpreted as deposits of sand-sized methane-ice grains shaped by winds near the margins of Sputnik Planitia.
North Korea Singapore Summit
Meets Kim Jong Un in Singapore to discuss denuclearisation.
Singapore Trade Remarks
Links trade and security in remarks during North Korea summit.
World Cup Hat-Trick Against Spain
Scores three goals in a 3-3 draw with Spain, including a late free-kick equalizer.
China Trade War
Announces tariffs on Chinese goods, beginning a trade war.
Equalising Header Against Brazil
Steven Zuber heads the equaliser against Brazil as Switzerland earns a 1-1 draw in its first group match of the 2018 World Cup.
Family Separation Controversy
Faces backlash over family separations at the U.S.โMexico border.
Late Winner Completes Serbia Comeback
Xherdan Shaqiri races through to score a late winner against Serbia, completing Switzerlandโs turnaround at the 2018 World Cup.
Long-Range Equaliser Against Serbia
Granit Xhaka strikes from distance to bring Switzerland level against Serbia before the Swiss complete a 2-1 group-stage comeback.
Brexit
The European Union Withdrawal Act receives royal assent.
Oumuamua Hubble Tracking
Jewitt uses Hubble observations to refine the path of interstellar object Oumuamua and investigate its unexpected acceleration.
Withdrawal Bill Parliamentary Safeguards
Starmer supports amendments strengthening Parliament's role if negotiations fail.
Golden Boot UEFA Champions League
Collects the UEFA Champions League leading-scorer distinction after scoring 15 goals for Real Madrid. The award recognises extending his scoring dominance during Madridโs third successive title.
Champions League Winner
Divock Origi came off the bench and scored Liverpool's second goal in the closing minutes in the 2019 UEFA Champions League final, helping Liverpool win the competition.
Origi Champions League Final Second Goal
Scores Liverpool's late second goal to secure victory over Tottenham Hotspur.
Origi Winner in Champions League Final
Origi scores Liverpool's second goal against Tottenham to secure the Champions League title under Klopp.
Alisson Champions League Final Clean Sheet
Keeps Tottenham scoreless as Liverpool win their sixth European Cup.
Alisson Madrid Final Clean Sheet
Alisson delivers assured goalkeeping as Liverpool defeat Tottenham 2โ0 to win the Champions League.
Champions League Winner
Alisson Becker made a series of saves to preserve Liverpool's clean sheet against Tottenham in the 2019 UEFA Champions League final, helping Liverpool win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Fabinho Tavares screened the back four and broke up Tottenham attacks in midfield in the 2019 UEFA Champions League final, helping Liverpool win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Joel Matip helped keep Tottenham scoreless and supplied the pass for Liverpool's late second goal in the 2019 UEFA Champions League final, helping Liverpool win the competition.
Champions League
Scores the opening penalty as Liverpool win the Champions League final.
Champions League Winner
Mohamed Salah scored an early penalty to give Liverpool the lead against Tottenham in the 2019 UEFA Champions League final, helping Liverpool win the competition.
Salah Early Penalty in Madrid Final
Salah converts an early penalty against Tottenham to put Klopp's Liverpool on course for European glory.
President Takes Office
Bukele becomes President after breaking ARENA and FMLN dominance
Champions League
Guides Liverpool to Champions League victory over Tottenham Hotspur.
Champions League Winner
Andrew Robertson worked tirelessly up and down the left in Liverpool's 2-0 victory in the 2019 UEFA Champions League final, helping Liverpool win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Trent Alexander Arnold provided forward passing and set-piece quality from right-back in Madrid in the 2019 UEFA Champions League final, helping Liverpool win the competition.
Champions League
Captains Liverpool to Champions League victory.
Champions League Winner
Jordan Henderson captained Liverpool to the European trophy after the previous year's final defeat in the 2019 UEFA Champions League final, helping Liverpool win the competition.
Van Dijk Final Defensive Leadership
Van Dijk commands Liverpool's defence against Tottenham and receives the player-of-the-match award as Klopp's team win Europe's premier club title.
Champions League Winner
Virgil van Dijk commanded Liverpool's defence as Tottenham searched for an equaliser in the 2019 UEFA Champions League final, helping Liverpool win the competition.
van Dijk Champions League Final Player of the Match
Receives UEFA's player-of-the-match award after anchoring Liverpool's defence.
Champions League Victory
Starts as Liverpool defeat Tottenham Hotspur 2-0 to win the UEFA Champions League.
Champions League Winner
Georginio Wijnaldum provided midfield energy as Liverpool protected their early advantage in the 2019 UEFA Champions League final, helping Liverpool win the competition.
Chancellor
Becomes Austria's first female Chancellor.
European Commission Meeting
Meets European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker and confirms Ukraine's European integration course.
First Foreign Visit
Begins his first foreign presidential visit at European Union and NATO institutions in Brussels.
NATO Membership Commitment
Reaffirms that full European Union and NATO membership remain strategic priorities for Ukraine.
Mogherini Meeting
Discusses Russian aggression, prisoners and reforms with EU foreign policy chief Federica Mogherini.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister Takes Office
Maia Sandu becomes Prime Minister after a coalition deal
World Cup Hat-Trick
Scores three goals in Brazil's victory over Jamaica.
President Elected
Tokayev wins the presidential election after serving as acting President
Inaugural Nations League Champion
Adds a second senior international trophy with Portugal.
Nations League Victory
Captains Portugal to victory in the first Nations League finals.
Clean Sheet Against Netherlands
Helps secure the inaugural tournament title on home soil.
Nations League Final
Keeps a clean sheet during Portugal's Nations League final victory.
Nations League Victory
Guides Portugal to the inaugural Nations League championship.
Second Portugal Trophy
Wins his second major international trophy as Portugal manager.
Nations League Player of Tournament
Is named the best player of the Nations League finals.
Tournament Best Player
Helps Portugal win the inaugural competition on home soil.
Head of State Assumes Office
Tokayev formally assumes the head-of-state role after election
President Sworn In
Tokayev takes the oath as President of Kazakhstan
Western Stars
Releases Western Stars, drawing on orchestral pop and American western imagery.
Extradition Bill Suspended
Suspends the extradition bill after mass protests.
Macron Paris Meeting
Meets Emmanuel Macron and seeks renewed Normandy-format diplomacy to pursue peace in Donbas.
World Cup Scoring Record
Becomes the leading scorer across men's and women's World Cups.
Merkel Berlin Meeting
Meets Angela Merkel and discusses Donbas negotiations, prisoners and European energy security.
Prime Minister
Becomes Prime Minister of Denmark.
DMZ Meeting
Participates in diplomacy around the Trump and Kim meeting at the DMZ.
DMZ Meeting
Meets Kim Jong Un at the Korean Demilitarized Zone.
North Korea DMZ Meeting
Steps into North Korea during meeting with Kim Jong Un.
Golden Boot UEFA Champions League
Finishes as the leading goalscorer in the UEFA Champions League with 12 goals for Barcelona. The campaign is particularly remembered for his attacking output in Barcelonaโs run to the semi-finals.
Under-20 World Cup Golden Boot
Haaland won the Golden Boot at the FIFA Under-20 World Cup after finishing as the tournamentโs leading scorer with nine goals despite Norwayโs group-stage exit.
George Floyd Protests Nationwide
Faces nationwide protests after George Floydโs killing.
George Floyd Protests
Faces nationwide protests after the killing of George Floyd.
Lafayette Square Incident
Walks to St. Johnโs Church after protesters are cleared from Lafayette Square.
COVID-19
Announces New Zealand has no active COVID-19 cases after the first wave.
National Anthem Ordinance Signed
Lam signs the National Anthem Ordinance after its passage by the Legislative Council, bringing the legislation into force through formal promulgation.
ZODIAC Initiative Launched
Launches the Zoonotic Disease Integrated Action initiative to strengthen detection and prevention of diseases passing from animals to humans.
Premier League Championship
Becomes a Premier League champion when Liverpool secure their first English league title in 30 years with seven matches remaining.
Premier League Title
Guides Liverpool to their first Premier League title.
Premier League Title
Captains Liverpool to their first league title in thirty years.
Taoiseach of Ireland
Takes office as Taoiseach under the coalition agreement between Fianna Fail, Fine Gael and the Green Party.
Taoiseach
Becomes Taoiseach after coalition negotiations.
Hong Kong Security Law
China imposes the national security law on Hong Kong.
National Security Law
The national security law takes effect in Hong Kong.
Golden Boot UEFA Champions League
Scores 15 goals for Bayern Munich to claim the UEFA Champions League scoring honour. The achievement reflects his goals in Bayernโs unbeaten European title campaign.
Birmingham Clean Air Zone
Birmingham begins charging the most polluting vehicles entering its city-centre Clean Air Zone.
DAVINCI Mission Selection
NASA selects DAVINCI to investigate Venus's atmosphere and composition using a descent probe and remote observations.
VERITAS Mission Selection
NASA selects VERITAS to map Venus at high resolution and investigate the planet's geology, tectonics and interior.
Appointment as Transitional Prime Minister
Goita appoints Maiga to lead the reconstituted transitional government.
Swearing-In as Transitional President
Goita is sworn in as transitional president after removing the civilian transition leaders.
Ganymede Flyby
Juno makes a close flyby of Ganymede.
Juno Ganymede Flyby
Juno makes the closest spacecraft pass of Ganymede since Galileo and changes its orbital period.
Celtic Manager Appointment
Is appointed Celtic manager and reshapes the squad and playing style.
EnVision Mission Selection
ESA selects EnVision as a future Venus orbiter designed to study the planet from its interior to its upper atmosphere.
European Championship Goal Against Russia
Scores after coming on as a substitute in Belgium's 3-0 European Championship victory over Russia.
Euro Goal Against Scotland
Scores twice against Scotland, including a long-range goal from near the halfway line.
Euro Clean Sheet Against Scotland
Keeps a clean sheet as the Czech Republic defeat Scotland 2-0 at Hampden.
First NATO Summit
Attends his first NATO summit as president.
Geneva Putin Summit
Meets Vladimir Putin at a Geneva summit.
European Championship Winning Goal Against Denmark
Scores Belgium's winning goal in the 2-1 European Championship comeback victory over Denmark.
Juneteenth Federal Holiday
Signs legislation making Juneteenth a federal holiday.
Euro Goal Against Scotland
Scores Croatia's third goal in the 3-1 victory over Scotland.
Euro Goal Against Scotland
Scores with the outside of his right foot as Croatia defeat Scotland 3-1.
Euro Opening Goal Against Scotland
Scores the opening goal for Croatia against Scotland at Hampden.
Euro Goal Against Croatia
Scores Scotland's equaliser against Croatia in their final group match.
Alan Turing Polymer Fifty-Pound Note Issued
Andrew Bailey serves as Governor when the Bank of England issues the polymer fifty-pound note featuring mathematician and codebreaker Alan Turing.
European Championship Goal Against Portugal
Scores the only goal as Belgium eliminate defending champions Portugal from the European Championship.
Electron-Capture Supernova Evidence
Hiramatsu leads research using Hubble and other observations to identify strong evidence for an electron-capture supernova.
Two Goals in France Knockout Comeback
Haris Seferoviฤ scores twice against France at Euro 2020, helping Switzerland recover from a two-goal deficit and force extra time in a 3-3 draw.
Late Equaliser Forces France Shootout
Mario Gavranoviฤ scores a late equaliser against France to make the score 3-3, allowing Switzerland to reach penalties and eventually eliminate the reigning world champions.
Decisive Save Eliminates France
Yann Sommer saves Kylian Mbappรฉโs penalty in the shootout as Switzerland defeats France and reaches the European Championship quarter-finals.
Euro Equaliser Against Ukraine
Scores Sweden's equaliser in the Euro round-of-16 match against Ukraine.
Euro Goal Against Sweden
Scores Ukraine's opening goal in the Euro round-of-16 match against Sweden.
Euro Extra-Time Winning Goal
Scores the extra-time winner as Ukraine defeat Sweden 2-1 at Hampden.
Everton Appoints Former Liverpool Boss
Everton name Benรญtez as manager in a controversial cross-city appointment because of his previous spell with Liverpool.
Constitutional Referendum
Tokayev backs constitutional reforms reducing presidential powers
PFA Players' Player of the Year
Wins the PFA Players' Player of the Year award for the second time after another prolific Liverpool campaign.
Brexit
Introduces the Northern Ireland Protocol Bill.
Manchester City Transfer Confirmed
Manchester City announced Haalandโs arrival from Borussia Dortmund, securing a prolific young striker ahead of the 2022-23 season.
Taira Released
Is released after capture by Russian forces.
BepiColombo Mercury Flyby
BepiColombo completes its second Mercury flyby as the mission continues refining its trajectory for eventual orbit insertion.
Ukraine EU Support
Backs Ukraine receiving European Union candidate status.
EU Candidate Status
Moldova receives EU candidate status alongside Ukraine.
EU Candidate Status
Welcomes the European Council decision granting Ukraine candidate status for European Union membership.
HIMARS Arrival
Announces arrival of HIMARS systems in Ukraine.
Dobbs Decision Response
Condemns the Supreme Court decision overturning Roe.
Severodonetsk Fall
Announces the Ukrainian withdrawal from Severodonetsk after intense fighting
Fall of Severodonetsk
Ukrainian forces withdraw from Severodonetsk after intense fighting.
Bipartisan Safer Communities Act
Signs bipartisan gun safety legislation.
Elmau G7 Summit Address
Addresses G7 leaders meeting in Germany and asks for security guarantees and additional weapons.
Madrid NATO Summit
Attends NATO's Madrid summit after Russia's invasion.
Golden Boot UEFA Champions League
Claims the UEFA Champions League top-scorer award with 15 goals while representing Real Madrid. The season is distinguished by his hat-tricks and decisive strikes against Paris, Chelsea and Manchester City.
European Political Community Summit
Attends the European Political Community summit in Moldova and discusses security support for Ukraine.
FA Cup Winner
Kevin De Bruyne assisted Gundogan's second goal with a precise free-kick delivery as Manchester City defeated Manchester United 2-1 in the 2023 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Stefan Ortega started in goal as City won the first Manchester derby FA Cup final as Manchester City defeated Manchester United 2-1 in the 2023 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Ilkay Gundogan scored twice from outside the penalty area to decide the Manchester derby final as Manchester City defeated Manchester United 2-1 in the 2023 FA Cup final at Wembley.
Fastest FA Cup Final Goal
Scores after twelve seconds against Manchester United, the fastest goal in FA Cup final history.
FA Cup Winner
John Stones stepped into midfield from the back to help City manage possession as Manchester City defeated Manchester United 2-1 in the 2023 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Kyle Walker used his recovery speed to support City's defensive shape against United as Manchester City defeated Manchester United 2-1 in the 2023 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Jack Grealish featured on the left as City completed the domestic part of their treble pursuit as Manchester City defeated Manchester United 2-1 in the 2023 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Title with Manchester City
Haaland played in Manchester Cityโs FA Cup final victory over Manchester United, adding a domestic cup to the league title won earlier in the season.
FA Cup Winner
Erling Haaland occupied United's central defenders while City found goals from midfield as Manchester City defeated Manchester United 2-1 in the 2023 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Ruben Dias provided aerial strength and organisation at the heart of City's defence as Manchester City defeated Manchester United 2-1 in the 2023 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Rodri Hernandez controlled the tempo as City secured the second trophy of their treble season as Manchester City defeated Manchester United 2-1 in the 2023 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Manuel Akanji contributed versatility and ball progression during City's narrow victory as Manchester City defeated Manchester United 2-1 in the 2023 FA Cup final at Wembley.
Fiscal Responsibility Act
Signs a debt ceiling and spending agreement.
Kakhovka Accusations
Russia denies Ukrainian accusations over the Kakhovka dam destruction.
Kakhovka Dam Destruction
Condemns the destruction of the Kakhovka dam as flooding spreads through southern Ukraine.
Benrahma Penalty in European Final
Saรฏd Benrahma scores from the penalty spot to give West Ham United the lead against Fiorentina in the UEFA Europa Conference League final.
Paqueta Assists European Final Winning Goal
Lucas Paquetรก supplies the through ball for Jarrod Bowenโs decisive goal as West Ham United win the Europa Conference League final against Fiorentina.
Bowen Wins Europa Conference League Final
Jarrod Bowen runs onto Lucas Paquetรกโs pass and scores a late winner as West Ham United defeat Fiorentina 2-1 to lift a European trophy.
David Moyes Delivers European Trophy
David Moyes guides West Ham United to their first major European trophy since 1965 through a 2-1 victory over Fiorentina in Prague.
Bonaventura Scores in Conference League Final
Giacomo Bonaventura equalises against West Ham in the Europa Conference League final, although Fiorentina ultimately lose 2โ1.
Kakhovka Environmental Damage
Warns of environmental damage after Kakhovka dam destruction.
2023 Counteroffensive
Ukraine begins major counteroffensive operations in the south.
Champions League Winner
Kevin De Bruyne started the final and contributed to City's early build-up before injury forced him off in the 2023 UEFA Champions League final, helping Manchester City win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Ederson Moraes made a vital late save to preserve City's 1-0 victory over Inter Milan in the 2023 UEFA Champions League final, helping Manchester City win the competition.
Manchester City Champions League Captain
Captains Manchester City to the club's first European Cup and completes the treble.
Champions League Winner
Ilkay Gundogan captained Manchester City to their first Champions League title in the 2023 UEFA Champions League final, helping Manchester City win the competition.
Champions League Winner
John Stones stepped into midfield during City's attacks and helped control possession in the 2023 UEFA Champions League final, helping Manchester City win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Kyle Walker entered as a substitute to reinforce City's defence late in the match in the 2023 UEFA Champions League final, helping Manchester City win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Nathan Ake provided positional discipline on the left of City's defence in the 2023 UEFA Champions League final, helping Manchester City win the competition.
Champions League Trophy in Istanbul
Haaland started as Manchester City defeated Inter Milan 1-0 in the Champions League final, completing the clubโs first European Cup triumph.
Champions League Winner
Erling Haaland led City's attack and occupied Inter's defenders during the narrow win in the 2023 UEFA Champions League final, helping Manchester City win the competition.
Haaland Champions League Top Scorer
Finishes his first Manchester City Champions League campaign as top scorer with twelve goals.
Champions League Winner
Ruben Dias led City's defensive line as Inter pushed for a late equaliser in the 2023 UEFA Champions League final, helping Manchester City win the competition.
Champions League Victory
Wins the Champions League with Manchester City against Inter.
Champions League Winner
Bernardo Silva worked through the right channel and initiated the move that produced Rodri's winner in the 2023 UEFA Champions League final, helping Manchester City win the competition.
Manchester City European Treble
Completes a league, cup and European treble in England.
Champions League Victory
Leads Manchester City to its first Champions League title.
Manchester City European Treble
Completes the English league, cup and European treble.
Rodri Champions League Final Winning Goal
Scores from the edge of the area as Manchester City defeat Inter 1-0.
Champions League Winner
Rodri Hernandez scored the only goal of the final with a controlled second-half strike in the 2023 UEFA Champions League final, helping Manchester City win the competition.
DESI Early Data Release
Schlegel helps oversee DESI as its Early Data Release makes spectra for about 1.8 million unique targets available to the scientific community.
Real Madrid Transfer Announced
Real Madrid announce his transfer from Borussia Dortmund on a six-season contract.
China Palestine Strategic Partnership
During a state visit to Beijing, Abbas met Chinese President Xi Jinping and the two leaders announced a strategic partnership between China and Palestine. Their talks also covered Palestinian efforts to obtain full United Nations membership and broader diplomatic support.
Constitutional Referendum
Goita's government holds a referendum on a new constitution for Mali.
Clean Power Mission
Starmer commits Labour to pursuing clean electricity and domestic energy investment.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
The government led by Sanna Marin ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
International Appearance Record
Scores the winning goal during his record international appearance.
Two Hundred Portugal Caps
Makes his two hundredth senior appearance for Portugal against Iceland.
Wagner Mutiny Response
Denounces the Wagner mutiny as a stab in the back
Wagner Mutiny
Launches an armed mutiny against Russia's military leadership
Second Mitsotakis Government
Mitsotakis begins a second premiership after New Democracy wins the June election.
Re-Elected President
Continues as President after being announced winner of the 2023 election
Second Term Mandate
Declared re-elected for a second presidential term
Fifty-Two Goal Manchester City Season
Haaland finished the 2022-23 season with 52 goals in all competitions, setting a Manchester City club record during the historic treble campaign.
Real Madrid European Champion
Wins a second Champions League title with the Spanish club.
Second Champions League Final Goal
Scores during Real Madrid's final victory over Borussia Dortmund.
Second Term Begins
Bukele begins a second presidential term in San Salvador
Sixth European Cup as Player
Wins his sixth European Cup, five with Real Madrid, in his final club match.
Bellingham First Champions League Title
Wins the Champions League in his first season with Real Madrid and assists the second goal.
Real Madrid Fifteenth European Cup
Guides Real Madrid to a 2-0 victory over Borussia Dortmund and the club's fifteenth European Cup.
Record Fifth Champions League Coaching Title
Extends his record by winning the European Cup for a fifth time as a coach.
Liverpool Manager
Becomes Liverpool head coach after Jurgen Klopp leaves the club.
Carvajal Champions League Final Opening Goal
Heads Real Madrid in front against Borussia Dortmund at Wembley.
Fenerbahce Appointment
Signs as Fenerbahce head coach before the 2024-25 season.
Real Madrid Signing Announced
Real Madrid announce an agreement for him to join the club on a five-season contract.
Border Executive Action
Announces restrictions on asylum at the southern border.
King Charles III Banknotes Enter Circulation
Andrew Bailey serves as Governor when Bank of England notes bearing the portrait of King Charles III enter circulation for the first time.
D-Day Anniversary
Marks the eightieth anniversary of D-Day in Normandy.
Third Modi Government
Narendra Modi takes the oath of office for a third consecutive premiership after the 18th Lok Sabha election.
Palestinian Territories Financial Aid
Announces UK financial aid for basic services and stability in the Occupied Palestinian Territories.
Russia Sanctions Package
Supports a new package of sanctions intended to weaken Russia's war economy and support Ukraine.
Labour General Election Manifesto
Starmer launches Labour's manifesto centred on stability, investment and public-service reform.
Japan Support and Cooperation Accord
Signs an accord with Fumio Kishida covering security assistance, sanctions coordination, recovery and reconstruction.
United States Security Agreement
Signs a bilateral security agreement with United States President Joe Biden.
Voyager 1 Full Science Operations Restored
Voyager 1 resumes returning usable science data from all four instruments that were then operating.
Bilateral Security Agreement
Signs a bilateral security agreement with Ukraine.
Peace Conditions Statement
Sets conditions for peace that Ukraine rejects.
President of Slovakia
Is inaugurated as President of Slovakia.
Opening Goal in Hungary Euro Win
Kwadwo Duah scores Switzerlandโs first goal in a 3-1 victory over Hungary, setting the tone for an unbeaten Euro 2024 group-stage campaign.
Long-Range Goal Against Hungary
Michel Aebischer scores from outside the penalty area against Hungary and also provides an assist as Switzerland wins its first match of Euro 2024.
Ukraine Peace Summit
Hosts an international summit on Ukraine's peace formula
Ukraine Peace Summit
Hosts an international summit on Ukraine's peace formula.
Ukraine Peace Summit
Attends the Switzerland peace summit and urges international backing for Ukraine's peace formula.
Medical Leave
Myint Swe takes medical leave while remaining acting president
Mutual Defence Treaty
Signs a mutual defense treaty with Vladimir Putin.
Russia Partnership
Signs a strategic partnership with Vladimir Putin during the war
North Korea Visit
Visits North Korea and signs a strategic partnership with Kim Jong Un
Government of National Unity Presidency
Begins a new term after re-election by Parliament.
Second Presidential Inauguration
Takes the presidential oath at the Union Buildings.
Gavi Vaccine Manufacturing Summit
Attends the Gavi investment summit supporting the African Vaccine Manufacturing Accelerator.
European Championship Goal Against Romania
Scores after 73 seconds as Belgium defeat Romania 2-0 at the European Championship.
RLV LEX-03
The RLV LEX-03 trial completes another autonomous runway landing while S. Somanath heads ISRO.
Zaccagni Secures Italy Equaliser at Euros
Mattia Zaccagni curls in a stoppage-time equaliser against Croatia, sending Italy through the European Championship group at Croatia's expense.
Joint Forces Appointment
Is appointed to replace Yurii Sodol.
Kharkiv Command Criticism
Is dismissed after criticism of battlefield command.
EU Accession Negotiations Open
Welcomes the formal opening of Ukraine's accession negotiations with the European Union.
Failed Coup Attempt
Arce confronts a failed military coup attempt centred on Plaza Murillo.
Presidential Debate
Debates Donald Trump in Atlanta.
Attacking Pressure Against Italy
Dan Ndoye contributes to Switzerlandโs aggressive attacking approach against defending champions Italy, helping the Swiss advance with a 2-0 victory.
Italy Round-of-Sixteen Opening Goal
Remo Freuler scores the opening goal against Italy as Switzerland controls the contest and advances to the Euro 2024 quarter-finals with a 2-0 win.
Golden Boot UEFA Champions League
Leads the UEFA Champions League scoring standings with 8 goals for Bayern Munich. His contribution stands out for sharing the tournament scoring lead with Kylian Mbappรฉ.
Polish Presidential Election
Wins Poland's presidential election.
Strategic Defence Review
Starmer accepts a defence review focused on readiness, technology and European security.
South Korean Presidential Election
Wins the snap presidential election.
President of South Korea
Is inaugurated after the snap election.
Truce Proposal
Proposes a ceasefire lasting until a direct meeting with Vladimir Putin can be arranged.
Free School Meals Expansion
The Government announces free school meals for children in all Universal Credit households.
More Album Release
Releases More with Pulp, the band's first new studio album since We Love Life.
French Open
Wins the French Open women's singles title.
French Open
Wins the French Open men's singles title.
April GDP Contraction
ONS initially estimates that monthly GDP contracted by 0.3 percent in April 2025.
Death of Vijay Rupani
Dies in the Air India Flight 171 crash.
More Reaches UK Number One
Pulp's More reaches number one on the UK albums chart, their first chart-topping album in twenty-seven years.
Israeli Strikes on Iran
Israel attacks Iranian nuclear and military sites.
Israeli Strikes on Iran
Israel launches major strikes on Iranian targets.
Prisoner Release
Is released from prison and deported to Lithuania.
Kursk Fighting Update
Says about ten thousand Russian troops are fighting in the Kursk region
NBA Finals
Leads Oklahoma City Thunder to the NBA title.
US Strikes on Iran
Orders strikes on Iranian nuclear sites.
Missile Attack on US Bases
Iran fires missiles at U.S. bases after American strikes.
Prime Minister of Romania
Bolojan takes office as prime minister and forms a coalition government.
NHS App Overhaul
The government announces a major NHS App expansion intended to give patients more information, provider choice, appointment tools and access to healthcare results and services.
Axiom Mission 4
Launches on Axiom Mission 4.
Axiom Mission 4 Launch
Shubhanshu Shukla launches as pilot of Axiom Mission 4 on a mission to the International Space Station.
Axiom Mission 4
Launches on Axiom Mission 4.
NATO Hague Meeting
Meets Donald Trump during the NATO summit and discusses air defense, weapons and diplomacy.
Axiom Mission 4
Commands Axiom Mission 4 to the International Space Station.
Washington Peace Agreement with Rwanda
Signs a United States-brokered peace agreement with Rwanda covering security coordination, troop withdrawal commitments and regional economic cooperation.
Tracks II The Lost Albums
Releases Tracks II The Lost Albums, collecting seven previously unreleased full-length records.
Golden Boot UEFA Champions League
Collects the UEFA Champions League leading-scorer distinction after scoring 13 goals for Barcelona. The award recognises finishing the competition as leading scorer for Barcelona.
First Public Account
Delivers his first annual presidential public account before the National Congress.
EU Presidency Priorities
Presents Ireland's priorities for the 2026 Council Presidency, focusing on competitiveness, values and security.
June Resident Doctor Strike
Resident doctors begin a further five-day period of industrial action.
Kyiv Pechersk Lavra Visit
Visits the damaged Kyiv Pechersk Lavra after a Russian strike and condemns the attack on Ukrainian heritage.
May Inflation Rate
ONS reports annual CPI inflation of 2.8 percent in May 2026.
G7 Ukraine Talks
Says he has held good talks with Vladimir Putin and Volodymyr Zelenskyy about the war
Death
Dies in Uccle at the age of ninety-three after a career spanning particle physics, cosmology and quantum field theory.
Minimum Wage Law
Promulgates legislation increasing the statutory minimum wage and related family benefits.
Election for Makerfield
Burnham wins the Makerfield parliamentary by-election for Labour.
Moscow Refinery Strike Response
Faces major Ukrainian drone strikes against Moscow energy infrastructure
Long-Range Drone Campaign
Oversees Ukrainian military pressure as long-range drone strikes reach Russian energy targets
Moscow Refinery Strike Defense
Defends Ukrainian attacks on Russian energy infrastructure as retaliation for Russia's war
Moscow Retaliation Warning
Warns that continued Russian strikes will bring intensified Ukrainian retaliation against Moscow.
AndyGreater Manchester Mayoral Tenure
Burnham ceases to be Mayor after his election to the House of Commons.
Third Term Nomination Sought
Bukele registers to seek his party nomination for the 2027 presidential election
Final Resident Doctor Settlement
BMA members accept a revised offer ending the renewed resident-doctor dispute.
Makerfield By-Election Campaign
Burnham campaigns to return to Parliament as Labour's candidate for Makerfield.