Death of Tiberius
Dies after ruling Rome for twenty-three years.
Historical events in March
6,451 historical records across all years
Succession
Succeeds Tiberius as emperor.
Dacian War, 1st
Trajan begins the First Dacian War against King Decebalus in 101.
Co-Emperor
Becomes co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius.
Succession
Succeeds Antoninus Pius and rules jointly with Lucius Verus.
Succession
Succeeds Antoninus Pius and shares rule with Lucius Verus.
Death of Antoninus Pius
Dies at Lorium after a long peaceful reign.
Death of Antonious Pius
Death of Antonious Pius
Sole Rule
Commodus becomes sole emperor after the death of Marcus Aurelius.
Death of Marcus Aurelius
Dies on campaign and is succeeded by Commodus.
Birth of Geta
Julia Domna gives birth to Severus's younger son, Geta.
Succession
Buys Praetorian support and is proclaimed emperor.
Death of Pertinax
Is murdered by Praetorian Guards after a short reign.
Succession
Wins imperial power after bidding for Praetorian support.
Assassination of Publius Helvius Pertinax
Is killed by Praetorian Guards after a short reign.
Death of Pertinax
Is killed by Praetorian Guards after a short reign.
Reballion of Rebels in Rome
Is killed by Praetorian Guards after a short reign.
Sons Made Caesars
Constantine II and Crispus are proclaimed Caesars alongside Licinius Junior under the peace settlement between Constantine and Licinius.
Caesar Proclamation at Serdica
Constantine II is formally proclaimed Caesar at Serdica alongside Crispus and Licinius Junior.
Observance-Sundays
Constantine orders judges, urban populations, and many trades to rest on the venerable day of the Sun, establishing an empire-wide Sunday rest law.
Invasion of Persia
Julian the Apostate invades Persia
Invasion of Persia
Julian the Apostate reaches the Persian capital Ctesiphon
Invasion of Persia
Heads an invasion force of 90,000, never to return alive
Succession
Succeeds as Emperor of the East, named co-Augustus by his elder brother Valentinian
Succession
Names his brother Valens Emperor of the East, 1st to split the Empire
Bishop
Appointed Bishop of Rome
Death of Innocent I
Death of Innocent I
Pope
Appointed Pope
Succession
Succeeds as King of Northumbria, succeeds Aethelred I after plotting his assassination
Sunspots
The first clear mention of a sunspot in Western literature is by the Benedictine monk Adelmus, who observed a large sunspot which was visible for eight days
Battle of York
Ivar's forces defeat the Northumbrian counterattack at York and destroy the armies of Aella and Osberht.
Death of Aella
Aella of Northumbria is killed after the Viking victory at York, ending organised Northumbrian resistance.
Death of Osberht
Osberht of Northumbria is killed during the failed Northumbrian attempt to retake York from the Danes.
Great Heathen Army
Ubba fights in the Viking victory at York, where the Northumbrian kings Aella and Osberht are defeated.
Death of Aelle
Death of Aelle, killed in battle trying to recapture York from the Vikings
Succession
Succeeds as King of Northumbria, a Viking puppet ruler
Rule of Nortumbria
Following the loss of York, Osberht and Aella form an alliance against the Danes, they launch a counterattack, but the Danes kill both Osberht and Aella and set up a puppet king on Northumbrian throne
Siege of York
The Vikings defeat a Nortumbrian army, 2 Northumbrian King's are killed. Following the loss of York, Osberht and Aella form an alliance against the Danes, they launch a counterattack, but the Danes kill both Osberht and Aella and set up a puppet king on Northumbrian throne
Capture of York
Killed in battle trying to recapture York from the Vikings
Rule of Northumbria
Following the loss of York, Osberht and Aella form an alliance against the Danes, they launch a counterattack, but the Danes kill both Osberht and Aella and set up a puppet king on Northumbrian throne
Siege of York
Killed in battle trying to recapture York from the Vikings. Following the loss of York, Osberht and Aella form an alliance against the Danes, they launch a counterattack, but the Danes kill both Osberht and Aella and set up a puppet king on Northumbrian throne
Battle of Merton
The Vikings defeat Aethelred and Alfred at Merton, where Bishop Heahmund of Sherborne is killed.
Coup
Overthrown during a rebellion in Northumbria led by Ricsig
Reballion of Ricsig
Overthrown during a rebellion in Northumbria led by Ricsig
Homage at Thionville
Louis receives homage from Lotharingian magnates at Thionville as his authority expands westward.
Lotharingian Invitation
Lotharingian nobles invite the young Louis into their kingdom during their conflict with his half-brother Zwentibold.
Battle of Meresburg
Defeats the raiding Magyars
Assassination of Edward the Martyr
Stopped by his stepmothers henchmen & hacked to death
Death of Edward the Martyr
Death of Edward the Martyr, assassinated
Assassination of Edward the Martyr
King Edward is murdered by the servants of his stepmother Elfthryth, Queen of England, succeeded by his stepbrother Ethelred the Unready
Assassination of Edward the Martyr
King Edward is murdered by the servants of his stepmother Elfthryth, Queen of England, succeeded by his stepbrother Ethelred the Unready
Burial
Buried at Wareham without "royal honors"
Peace
Signs a peace Treaty with Duke Richard I of Normandy. England & Normandy agree not to assist the others enemies. Ends hostilities caused by Normandys protection of Viking raiders
Coronation
Crowned King of Scotia, son of Kenneth II
Invasion of England
Arrives in London & throws Harold Is body into a bog
Invasion of England
Lands in Sandwich but because of Harold Is death meets with no resistance
Succession
The throne is only secured after the death of Canutes stepbrother Harold I. Canutes choice as King
Death of Harold I
Death of Harold I, succeeded by Harthacanut, son of Canute I & Emma
Coronation
Crowned King of Scotland, son of Duncan I
Invasion of Normandy
Henry I & Geoffrey Martel meet to plan an invasion of Normandy
Succession
Succeeds as King of Scotland, had defeated Macbeth in battle 3 yrs previously
Assassination of Lulach
Killed by Malcolm III, after only a few months rule, Scotland loses its Gaelic inheritance
Death of Lulach
Death of Lulach
Odo and FitzOsbern Govern England
William leaves Odo of Bayeux and William FitzOsbern with major responsibility for governing England during his absence.
Return to Normandy
William returns to Normandy after judging his position in England secure enough to leave deputies in charge.
Invasion of England
Sets sail from Pevensey with the white sails of victory
Rule of Northumbria
Sells the earldom of Northumbria to Gospatric of Bernicia
Coup
Nikephoros Botaneiates gained the support of the Seljuk Turks reaches Constantinople, Michael VII resigns the throne with hardly a struggle
Siege of Constantinople
Nikephoros Botaneiates gained the support of the Seljuk Turks reaches Constantinople, Michael VII resigns the throne with hardly a struggle
Abdication
Nikephoros Botaneiates gained the support of the Seljuk Turks reaches Constantinople, Michael VII resigns the throne with hardly a struggle
Abdication
Retires to the monastery of Stoudios
Coup
Nikephoros Botaneiates gained the support of the Seljuk Turks reaches Constantinople, Michael VII resigns the throne with hardly a struggle
Battle of Edessa
The citizens of Edessa gave Baldwin control of the city
Siege of Edessa
The citizens of Edessa gave Baldwin control of the city
Lateran Council, 1st
The First Lateran Council was convoked to confirm the Concordat of Worms. The council was most representative with nearly three hundred bishops and six hundred abbots from every part of Catholic Europe being present. It convened on March 18, 1123. Decrees were also passed directed against simony, concubinage among the clergy, church robbers, and forgers of Church documents; the council also reaffirmed indulgences for Crusaders
Reformation, The
The First Lateran Council was convoked to confirm the Concordat of Worms. The council was most representative with nearly three hundred bishops and six hundred abbots from every part of Catholic Europe being present. It convened on March 18, 1123. Decrees were also passed directed against simony, concubinage among the clergy, church robbers, and forgers of Church documents; the council also reaffirmed indulgences for Crusaders
Birth of Henry II
Birth of Henry II, son of Geoffrey V of Anjou (Geoffrey Plantagenet, son of Fulk of Jerusalem), was Count of Anjou and Count of Maine
Birth of Henry II
Birth of Henry II, son of Matilda His mother, Empress Matilda, was a claimant to the English throne as the daughter of Henry I (1100-1135), son of William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy.
Birth of Henry II
His claim to the throne is strengthened by his descent from both the English Saxon kings and the kings of Scotland through his maternal grandmother Matilda of Scotland
Birth of Henry II
whose father was Malcolm III of Scotland and whose mother was Margaret of Wessex.
Coronation
Stephens wife, Matilda, was crowned Queen Consort at Westminster Abbey
Succession
Named Emperor by Conrad III to end the feud between the Guelph & Ghibelline
Reballion of Rebels in Sicily
Tancred joined his uncle Simon, Prince of Taranto, in invading the palace, detained the king and queen, William I and Margaret, and their two sons, and incited a massacre of Muslims
Exile of Tancred I
The insurrectionists were forced to free the king and retreat to their castles. Pardon was given them on condition of exile and many, including Tancred, took the offer
Reballion of Rebels in Sicily
The insurrectionists were forced to free the king and retreat to their castles. Pardon was given them on condition of exile and many, including Tancred, took the offer
Canonization
Canonized by Pope Alexander III
Canonization
Canonizes Thomas Becket
Lateran Council, 3rd
If any candidate should declare himself pope without receiving the required majority, he and his supporters were to be excommunicated
Lateran Council, 3rd
In order to prevent the possibility of future schisms, only cardinals were to possess the right to elect a pope. In addition a two-thirds majority was to be required in order for the election to be valid.
Lateran Council, 3rd
Removes the remains of the recent schism, the Council condemned the Cathar heresies and pushed for the restoration of ecclesiastical discipline. It also became the first general Council of the Church to legislate against sodomy.
Alliance Agreement
Gives Tancred the sword of Arthur King of the Britains as a symbol of their alliance
Alliance Tancred reciprocates by giving Richard 4 ships and 15 galleys
Tancred reciprocates by giving Richard 4 ships & 15 galleys. Gives Tancred the sword of Arthur King of the Britains as a symbol of their alliance
Excalibur
After signing the Treaty Richard and Philip finally left Sicily for the Holy Land. It is rumoured that before he left, Richard gave Tancred a sword he claimed was Excalibur in order to secure their friendship
Invasion of Sicily
After signing the Treaty Richard and Philip finally left Sicily for the Holy Land. It is rumoured that before he left, Richard gave Tancred a sword he claimed was Excalibur in order to secure their friendship
Invasion of Sicily
Richard and Philip recognised Tancred as King of Sicily and vowed to keep the peace between all three of their kingdoms, Joan was to be released, receiving her dower along with the dowry, Richard officially proclaimed his nephew Arthur of Brittany as his heir presumptive,
Invasion of Sicily
Richard remained at Messina until March 1191, when Tancred finally agreed to a Treaty.
Invasion of Sicily
and Tancred promised to marry one of his daughters to Arthur when he came of age (Arthur was four years old at the time).
Peace Treaty
After signing the Treaty Richard and Philip finally left Sicily for the Holy Land. It is rumoured that before he left, Richard gave Tancred a sword he claimed was Excalibur in order to secure their friendship
Peace Treaty
Richard and Philip recognised Tancred as King of Sicily and vowed to keep the peace between all three of their kingdoms, Joan was to be released, receiving her dower along with the dowry, Richard officially proclaimed his nephew Arthur of Brittany as his heir presumptive,
Peace Treaty
and Tancred promised to marry one of his daughters to Arthur when he came of age (Arthur was four years old at the time).
Siege of Messina
Richard remained at Messina until March 1191, when Tancred finally agreed to a Treaty
Arrest of Richard I the Lionheart
Richard is imprisoned at Trifels Castle on the border of Germany & Lorraine
Ransom
The Duke of Austria hands Richard over to Emperor Henry VI for a sum of money
Ransom
England levies its 1st secular taxation on movaeble property to pay Richards ransom
Capture of Saucy Castle
Captures Chateau Gaillard, the fortress built by Richard I to protect Normandy
Siege of Saucy Castle
Captures Chateau Gaillard, the fortress built by Richard I to protect Normandy
Pope forbids the English clergy to administer the sacraments
The Pope forbids the English clergy to administer the sacraments. Opposes innocent IIIs nomination for the Archbishop of Canterbury
International Agreement at London
Knights Alexander & renews his 1209 agreement with William of Scots
Invasion of France
The French king, Philippe IIs vindictive raid into Flanders causes the comte de Flanders, Ferrand, to request help from the English King, John immediatley sends a ready fleet, after the French had been defeated, from Portsmouth. About 500 English ships, under the command of the earl of Salisbury, catches the French fleet by surprise off Damme
Oath
Makes an Oath to the Pope as a Crusader to gain the support of Innocent III
Political Support
The Pope writes to the Barons asking them not to rebel. The Pope writes to John supporting in support of the Barons
Homage
Llywelyn I Fawr the Great accepts Henry III as his Overlord
Rule of Wales
Llywelyn I Fawr the Great accepts Henry III as his Overlord
Death of Afonso II the Fat
Death of Afonso II the Fat, of leprosy
Marriage
Marries Lady Isabella Marshal, daughter of William Marshal, 4th Earl of Pembroke
Death of Yurii II
Death of Yurii II, killed at the Battle of River Sit
Battle of Sit River
Yurii II is killed at the Battle of the River Sit. Mongol hordes defeat the army of Vladimir-Suzdal
Battle of Cracow
Defeats Boleslav V at Cracow
Siege of Damietta
King Louis IX proposes to the Egyptians the surrender of Damietta in exchange for Jerusalem and some towns on the Syrian coast, the Egyptians, aware of the miserable situation of the crusaders, refuse the besieged King's offer
Siege of Damietta
King Louis IX proposes to the Egyptians the surrender of Damietta in exchange for Jerusalem and some towns on the Syrian coast, the Egyptians, aware of the miserable situation of the crusaders, refuse the besieged King's offer
Assassination of Henry of Almain
Simon de Montfort kills Edward Is cousin Henry of Almain in revenge for his disinheritence & fathers death
Death of Henry of Almain
Death of Henry of Almain, Simon de Montfort kills Edward Is cousin Henry of Almain in revenge for his disinheritence & fathers death
Assassination of Henry of Almayne
Assassinated by Guy de Montfort
Death of Henry of Almayne
Death of Henry of Almayne, assassinated by Guy de Montfort
Siege of Hawarden
Llywelyns brother, Dafydd, attacks Hawarden Castle & sparked off the war of 1282-83
Siege of Hawarden
Llywelyns brother, Dafydd, attacks Hawarden Castle & sparked off the war of 1282-83
Reballion of Wales
Llewelyns brother David lays siege to Hawarden & north Wales rises against Edward I. Joined by his brother Llewelyn
Statute of Rhuddlan
Wales has the status of a crown colony & is administered by 3 sheriffs. Settles laws & administration in Wales by bringing Wales under Government from England. Passes a statute to regulate the King's exchequer
Guardian
Appointed Guardian, 1 of 6 Guardians ruling Scotland
Interregnum
Alexander III died after falling from his horse, leaving Scotland without an adult monarch.
Death of Alexander III
Leaves his 3 year old granddaughter Margaret, the "Maid of Norway", as his heir. Death of Alexander III, rides a horse off a cliff
Coronation
Crowned Queen of Scotland
Succession
Alexander III appoints Margaret successor, the only descendent of William the Lion
Massacre
Many Jews are masacred by the Crusaders
Battle of Maes Moydog
Victorious at the Battle of Maes Moydog, against the rebel prince of Wales Madog ap Llywelyn
Invasion of Wales
Victorious at the Battle of Maes Moydog, against the rebel prince of Wales Madog ap Llywelyn
Invasion of Wales
Succeeds in slaughtering all the main Welsh ring leaders
Invasion of Scotland
John Balliol fails to appear at Berwick for his trial, Edward then invades Scotland
Trial
John Balliol fails to appear at Berwick for his trial, Edward then invades Scotland
Trial
Fails to appear at Berwick to stand trial, Edward I uses this to invade Scotland
Invasion of Scotland
Edward crosses the Tweed at Coldstream & marches down its left bank toward Berwick
Siege of Coldstream
Edward crosses the Tweed at Coldstream & marches down its left bank toward Berwick
Siege of Bordeaux
Makes a failed attempt to capture Bordeaux
Siege of Berwick
Surrenders the garrison castle of Berwick to Edward I
Siege of Berwick
Most of the male inhabitants of the Berwick are killed
Invasion of Scotland
Sets out at the head of an invasion force
Constitution of England
The Scots lords meet in Parliament at St. Andrews, under the direction of Edward I, and until a onstitution could be established Robert Bruce of Carrick and Bishop Wishart were appointed dual Guardians
Invasion of Scotland
Edward lays siege to Stirling Castle
Rule of Scotland
The Scots lords meet in Parliament at St. Andrews, under the direction of Edward I, and until a onstitution could be established Robert Bruce of Carrick and Bishop Wishart were appointed dual Guardians
Siege of Stirling Castle
Edward lays siege to Stirling Castle
Interregnum
Robert Bruce was crowned King of Scots, ending the second interregnum.
Coronation
Has neither the Stone nor the crown of destiny but a glden "coronella" is substituted. Crowned by Isabel, Countess of Buchan who claims the "MacDuff right"
Coronation
Crowns her husband, Robert I the Bruce
Coronation
Officiates in the coronation of Robert I the Bruce
Coronation
Crowned King of Scotland at Scone at a 2nd ceremonial coronation within 2 days
Assassination of John Comyn
William Wishart grants absolution to Robert Bruce for his assassination of John Comyn
Invasion of Scotland
As soon as Edward I hears of Robert Is coronation he prepares for war
Assassination of John Comyn
William Wishart grants absolution to Robert Bruce for his assassination of John Comyn
Invasion of Scotland
As soon as Edward I hears of the coronation he prepares for war
Parliament
Robert holds his 1st Parliament in St Andrews
Constitution of England
Parliament sets up a committee of 28 barons who rule the country, Lords Ordainers. Agrees to the election of 21 Lords ordainers to reform household & Government
Election
Agrees to the election of 21 Lords ordainers to reform household & Government
Death of Jacques de Molay
Death of Jacques de Molay, executed
Execution
The grand master of the Templars, Jacques de Molay, is burned at the stake
Execution
The grand master of the Templars, Jacques de Molay, is burned at the stake
Death of Humphrey de Bohun
Death of Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford, executed
Battle of Boroughbridge
Forces the rebel nobles to make a truce, Lancaster is later arrested & executed
Battle of Boroughbridge
Defeated by Edward II & beheaded
Battle of Boroughbridge
Defeat of Thomas of Lancaster marks the rise of the Despensers & decline of Pembroke
Battle of Boroughbridge
Killed in battle in Yorkshire by the northward advancing forces of Edward II
Arrest of Roger Mortimer
Roger Mortimer is arrested & sent to the Tower at the Battle of Boroughbridge
Battle of Boroughbridge
Defeats Lancaster & beheads him without a trial
Execution
Defeats Lancaster & beheads him without a trial at the Battle of Boroughbridge
Execution
Orders the execution of the Earl of Lancaster at Pontefract. 1st time a sentence of death is passed on a peer
Reform of Ordinances
Parliament repeals the Ordinances after Edward's victory at Boroughbridge
Excommunication
John XXII excommunicates Louis IV of Bavaria
Excommunication
John XXII excommunicates Louis IV of Bavaria
Pledge to Return to Captivity
Frederick promised to return to captivity if he failed to persuade his brothers to accept Louis IV.
Release from Trausnitz
Louis IV released Frederick from captivity under the Treaty of Trausnitz.
Holy Roman Empire
Recieves the Iron Crown
Invasion of Italy
Recieves the Iron Crown
Treaty Negotiations
Mortimer backs the settlement recognizing Robert I's kingship
Treaty of Edinburgh
Edward III's government agrees to recognize Scotland as an independent kingdom
Treaty Negotiations
Isabella supports peace negotiations ending the renewed Anglo Scottish war
Border Settlement
The treaty recognizes Scotland's traditional border with England
Recognition of Kingship
Robert is recognized as lawful king by the English peace settlement
Treaty Settlement
Douglas supports the peace after long service in the independence war
Treaty Negotiation
Randolph supports diplomacy securing recognition of Bruce's settlement
Succession Secured
The treaty recognizes Robert's heirs and successors as Scottish rulers
Betrothal to Joan
David Bruce's marriage alliance is arranged to stabilize peace with England
Marriage Settlement
David is promised in marriage to Joan of the Tower under treaty terms
Diplomatic Victory
Randolph supports the treaty securing recognition of Scottish independence
Peace Settlement
Douglas sees Bruce's military gains confirmed by treaty
Border Settlement
The treaty recognizes Scotland's established border with England
Bruce Succession Secured
The treaty protects succession through Robert I's heirs
Compensation Agreed
Scotland agrees compensation payments as part of the peace
English Overlordship Renounced
England renounces claims of superiority over the Scottish crown
Treaty of Edinburgh
Robert I secures English recognition of Scottish independence
War Ends
The First War of Scottish Independence ends by treaty
Birth of the Black Prince
Gives birth to Edward, the Black Prince
Coronation
Crowned 3 months before the birth of her 1st son, the Black Prince
Birth of Isabella
Gives birth to Isabella
Accession
Casimir III succeeds his father Wladyslaw I as King of Poland
Death of Wladyslaw I
Wladyslaw I dies after restoring the Polish kingdom
Siege of Berwick Begins
Edward III begins operations against Berwick during the Scottish war
Duchy of Cornwall Created
Creates the Duchy of Cornwall for his heir Edward of Woodstock
Peerage
Created Duke of Cornwall, 1st Duke created in England
Birth of John of Gaunt
Birth of John of Gaunt, 3rd surviving son of King Edward III and younger brother of Edward, Prince of Wales (Edward, the Black Prince)
Birth of John of Gaunt
Gives birth to John of Gaunt
Death of Alfonso XI the Avenger
Death of Alfonso XI, from the plague attempting to capture Gibraltar
Death near Thatta
Muhammad bin Tughluq died near Thatta in March 1351 while campaigning against rebellion in Sind, ending a reign marked by expansion, reform and repeated provincial revolts.
Peace
A 2 year truce is signed at Bordeaux
Peace
Signs a 2 year truce at Bordeaux
Capture of Shandong
Xu Da's forces bring Shandong under Ming control
Coronation
1st Stuart King of Scotland
Succession
Secures the succession of his eldest son by Elizabeth, John Earl of Carrick
Treaty Renewed
The Bruges truce is renewed as negotiations continue.
Lord Chancellor
Appointed Lord Chancellor
Rule of Castille
Recognizes John of Gaunt as King of Castille
Marriage
Marries Isabella of France, daughter of Charles VI
Siege of Avignon
An army led by Geoffrey Boucicaut, brother of Jean Boucicaut, occupied Avignon and started a five-year siege of the papal palace which ended when Benedict managed to escape from Avignon on 12 March 1403, and seek shelter in territory belonging to Louis II of Anjou
Western Schism
An army led by Geoffrey Boucicaut, brother of Jean Boucicaut, occupied Avignon and started a five-year siege of the papal palace which ended when Benedict managed to escape from Avignon on 12 March 1403, and seek shelter in territory belonging to Louis II of Anjou
Death of John Beaufort
Death of John Beaufort
Death of Henry IV
Death of Henry IV, has a stroke praying in the Jerusalem Chamber, as prophesised
Arrest of James I
Sends James I to the Tower of London
Succession
Succeeds as King of England, Son of Henry IV & Mary de Bohun
Arrest of James I
Sent to the Tower by Henry V
Battle of Beauge
A small French raiding force attacks & kills Clarence in southern Normandy
Battle of Beauge
A small French raiding force attacks & kills Clarence in southern Normandy
Battle of Beauge
Fights against the English at the Battle of Beague
Battle of Bauge
The French Dauphin Charles defeats & kills the Duke of Clarence
Succession
Succeeds as King of France
Battle of St James
Defeats Arthur de Richemont, Constable of France
Battle of St James
Forces Richemonts brother, the Duke of Brittany, to submit to the English
Siege of Orleans
Arrives at Chinon to join the Dauphin
Siege of Orleans
Meets the Dauphin
Siege of Orleans
Sent to Poitiers by the Dauphin to be examined by Parlement
Voice from God
Joan of Arc meets Charles VII
Voice from God
Joan of Arc meets Charles VII
Siege of Orleans
Joan of Arc dictates a letter to the English, recorded by Jean Erault, asking them to leave Orleans
Siege of Orleans
Joan of Arc dictates a letter to the English, recorded by Jean Erault, asking them to leave Orleans
Siege of Orleans
Joan of Arc dictates a letter to the English, recorded by Jean Erault, asking them to leave Orleans
Siege of Orleans
Charles orders Joan to be questioned by theologians at Chinon & Poitiers, the clergy give her their approval & advise Charles to grant her request of an army to raise the siege of Orleans
Voice from God
Charles orders Joan to be questioned by theologians at Chinon & Poitiers, the clergy give her their approval & advise Charles to grant her request of an army to raise the siege of Orleans
Siege of Orleans
Charles orders Joan to be questioned by theologians at Chinon & Poitiers, the clergy give her their approval & advise Charles to grant her request of an army to raise the siege of Orleans
Voice from God
Charles orders Joan to be questioned by theologians at Chinon & Poitiers, the clergy give her their approval & advise Charles to grant her request of an army to raise the siege of Orleans
Birth of Margaret of Anjou
Birth of Margaret of Anjou, daughter of Isabel of Lorraine and Renโ I
Marriage
The marriage depends upon England giving up possessions in France. Negotiated by William de la Pole. Margaret of Anjou marries Henry VI
Trial
Henry VI finds Suffolk guilty of non-capital crimes & banishes him for 5 yrs
Exile of Pole
Henry VI finds Suffolk guilty of non-capital crimes & banishes him for 5 yrs
Impeachment
Henry VI finds Suffolk guilty of non-capital crimes & banishes him for 5 yrs
Trial
Henry VI finds Suffolk guilty of non-capital crimes & banishes him for 5 yrs
Impeachment
Henry VI finds Suffolk guilty of non-capital crimes & banishes him for 5 yrs
Trial
Tries Suffolk with consulting Parliament. Henry VI finds Suffolk guilty of non-capital crimes & banishes him for 5 yrs
Impeachment
Perliament decides Suffolk should stand before Parliament
Peace
Makes a temporary peace with Henry VI at Blackheath
Peace
Makes a temporary peace with Richard 3rd Duke of York at Blackheath
Marriage
Marries Frederick III shortly before his imperial coronation.
Imperial Coronation
Becomes the last emperor crowned in Rome by a pope.
Imperial Coronation
Crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome by Pope Nicholas V.
Investiture
Invested as the Prince of Wales
Dismissal
Dismissd as Captain of Calais bt Henry VI
Great Seal
Forced by Henry VI to release the Great Seal to Thomas Bourcier
Election of George of Podebrady
Is elected King of Bohemia.
Birth of Maximilian I
Birth of Maximilian I, son of Frederick III.
Coronation
Crowned King after the Battle of Towton & founds the House of York, 1461-85
Succession
Succeeds as King of England. Declared King of England by Parliament
Battle of Towton Moor
Warwick proclaimed the young Yorkist leader as King Edward IV. The proclamation gained greater acceptance than Richard of York's earlier claim, as several nobles previously opposed to letting Edward's father ascend the throne viewed the Lancastrian actions as a betrayal of the legally established Accord
Coronation
Organises a parade in St Johns Fields where the newly crowned King is acclaimed
Succession
Organises a parade in St Johns Fields where the newly crowned King is acclaimed
Mobilization
Despatched by Edward to raise forces from the western Midlands
Mobilization
Heads up to the north at the head of a Yorkist force
Battle of Towton Moor
They were rebuilding the bridge when they were attacked and routed by a small band of Lancastrians, consisting of approximately 500 men led by Lord Clifford
Battle of Towton Moor
Warwick's group moved to the west of the main body, through the English Midlands, gathering men as they went. On 28 March, the leading elements of the Yorkist army came upon the remains of the crossing in Ferrybridge that spanned the River Aire.
Battle of Towton Moor
Warwick's uncle, Lord Fauconberg, led a group to clear the way to York for the main body, which was led by Edward. The Duke of Norfolk was sent east to raise forces and rejoin Edward before the battle.
Mobilization
Leads Yorkists out of Pontefract to engage Lancastrians
Battle of Marston Moor
Fights on the side of the Yorkists who defeat the Lancasrians
Battle of Towton Moor
Fights on the side of the Yorkists who defeat the Lancasrians
Battle of Towton Moor
Fights for the defeated Lancastrians at the Battle of Towton Moor
Battle of Towton Moor
Fights for the defeated Lancastrians at the Battle of Towton Moor
Battle of Towton Moor
Without their King on the battlefield, the Lancastrians relied on Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, to command their army. He was fairly experienced in matters of war and credited with the Lancastrians victory at Wakefield and St Albans
Battle of Towton Moor
Fights for the defeated Lancastrians at the Battle of Towton Moor
Battle of Towton Moor
Fights for the defeated Lancastrians at the Battle of Towton Moor
Battle of Towton Moor
He was quick to adapt to new situations; among his previous achievements were the administration of Calais, leading several piracy expeditions, and the command of the vanguard at the Battle of Northampton
Battle of Towton Moor
The Yorkist leader Lord Fauconberg orders his archers to take advantage of the strong wind to outrange their enemies. The one-sided missile exchange, with Lancastrian arrows falling short of the Yorkist ranks, provoked the Lancastrians into abandoning their defensive positions.
Battle of Towton Moor
Warwick placed great value on his uncle, William Nevillle, a veteran of the Anglo-French wars, esteemed by his peers in military affairs.
Succession
Edward turns his attention to consolidating his rule over the country, winning over the people and putting down the rebellions raised by the few remaining Lancastrian diehards.
Succession
He knighted several of his supporters and elevated several of his gentry supporters to the peerage; Fauconberg was made the Earl of Kent.
Succession
The Battle of Towton Moor put an end (for the time being) to disputes over the countrys state of leadership since the Act of Accord.
Succession
The English people were assured that there was now one King.
Exile of Henry VI
Northumberland, Clifford, Roos, and Dacre, central figures in Lancastrian court power, died or fled, ending the house's domination of northern England.
Exile of Henry VI
On receiving news of the Lancastrian defeat, Henry fled into exile in Scotland with his wife and son.
Exile of Henry VI
The Battle of Towton severely reduced the House of Lancaster's power in England.
Exile of Henry VI
They were later joined by Somerset, Roos, Exeter, and the few Lancastrian nobles who escaped from the battlefield.
Battle of Marston Moor
Victory improves Richards chances of succession. Richard Duke of Yorks brother Edward wins the Battle of Towton
Battle of Towton Moor
About 28,000 are killed, the most bloody Battle on English soil
Battle of Towton Moor
Defeat at Towton forces Margaret, Edward & Henry into exile in Scotland then France
Battle of Loose-Coat
Defeated by the Lancastrians. Captured & forced to confesses that Warwick is behind the uprising
Battle of Loose-Coat
After the defeat at Loose-Coat Warwick is forced into exile in France
Exile of Richard Neville "Kingmaker"
After the defeat of at Loose-Coat Warwick is forced into exile in France
Trial
The Earl of Warwick & the Duke of Clarence are declared traitors by Edward IV
Invasion of England
Sets sail from The Netherlands to reclaim his throne
Invasion of England
Sals with an army of Burgundians & Englishmen & 14 ships provided by Hanseatic towns
Invasion of England
Lands with the pretense he has returned to reclaim the Duchy of York, heads for York
Invasion of England
Reaches Coventry where he is able to offer Battle to the Earl of Warwick
Birth of James IV
Birth of James IV, by Queen Margaret
Birth of James IV
James Stewart is born at Stirling Castle and later becomes James IV of Scotland, whose marriage to Margaret Tudor links the Stuart and Tudor dynasties.
Battle of Grandson
Defeated in the Battle of Grandson & forced to flee the battlefield, leaving behind his artillery and many provisions and valuables
Death of Mary
Mary of Burgundy dies after a riding accident near Bruges.
Sanctuary
Elizabeth Woodville and her daughters came out of sanctuary after Richard III publicly swore an oath that her daughters would not be harmed or molested and that they would not be imprisoned in the Tower of London or in any other prison. He also promised
Sanctuary
to provide them with marriage portions and to marry them to "gentlemen born". The family returned to Court, outwardly reconciled to Richard III
Sanctuary
Elizabeth Woodville leaves sanctuary after Richard III promises protection and marriage portions for her daughters.
Sanctuary
Elizabeth and her daughters came out of sanctuary and return to court
Death of Anne Neville
Death of Anne Neville, probably of tuberculosis, at Westminster. The day she died, there was an eclipse, which some took to be an omen of her husbands fall from heavenly grace
Eclipse
Death of Anne Neville, probably of tuberculosis, at Westminster. The day she died, there was an eclipse, which some took to be an omen of her husbands fall from heavenly grace
Death of Richard III
Richard IIIs Queen dies a year after the death of their only son Edward
Burial
Buried in Westminster Abbey in an unmarked grave to the right of the High Altar, next to the door to the Confessors Chapel
Chancellor
Appoints a new Chancellor, Bishop Morton of Ely, later Archbishop of Canterbury
Royal Council
John Morton becomes one of Henry VII's most influential councillors and later serves as Archbishop of Canterbury.
Lord Lieutenant
Appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
Marriage
Agrees to the marriage between Catherine of Aragon & Prince Arthur, Henruy VIIs son
Treaty of Medina del Campo with Spain
Henry VII concludes the Treaty of Medina del Campo with Spain, strengthening the Anglo-Spanish alliance and arranging Arthur's marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
Treaty of Medina del Campo
The Treaty of Medina del Campo provides for the marriage of Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon and establishes closer Anglo-Spanish cooperation.
Medina Commercial Concessions
Secures tariff reductions intended to expand trade between England and the Spanish kingdoms as part of the wider diplomatic settlement.
Medina Guyenne Clause
Accepts a military formula linking English obligations against France to the possibility of recovering the former English province of Guyenne.
Medina Mutual Defence Clause
Accepts provisions requiring England and Spain to support one another against France under defined military conditions.
Medina Marriage Settlement
Is formally matched with Catherine of Aragon under the Anglo-Spanish settlement designed to bind the Tudor monarchy to the Spanish crowns.
Treaty of Medina del Campo
Spain promises a bride for Henry VIIs son Arthur
Medina Dowry Settlement
Receives a negotiated marriage settlement fixing a substantial Spanish dowry and detailed arrangements for her future marriage to Prince Arthur.
Northern Subsidy Collection Ordered
Henry VII orders collection of a parliamentary subsidy for military support to Brittany, provoking resistance in heavily taxed northern counties.
Treaty of Medina del Campo
Henry VII agrees a Treaty with Spain for Catherine to marry Prince Arthur
Treaty of Medina del Campo
Signed between Spain & England to isolate France & prevent Yorkists fleeing to Spain
Alliance James IV and France
Concludes an alliance with France against England
Discovery of America
Returns to Palos where Colombus fleet had set out before landing in America
Discovery of America
Returns to Palos from where he had departed with his fleet before landing in America
Birth of Mary
Birth of Mary, 5th child of Henry VII
Holy League
The Holy League of the Republic of Venice, the Duke of Milan, the Pope, the Spanish King, the English King & Maximilian I. The Holy League is formed to repulse Charles VIIIs invasion of Italy
Invasion of Italy
The Holy League is formed to repulse Charles VIIIs invasion of Italy
Patent
Henry VII grants a patent to John & Sebastian Cabot to search for new lands
Patent
Henry VII grants John Cabot and his sons authority to seek unknown lands under the English flag.
Birth of Mary
Princess Mary Tudor, daughter of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York, is born at Richmond.
Marriage
Negotiations for the actual betrothal of Catherine of Aragon to Prince Arthur begin
Rule of India
The flagship us the carrack Sao Rafael captained by Fernao Soares
Rule of Cannanore
Appointed Viceroy of India, on the condition that he would set up four forts on the south western Indian coast: at Anjediva Island, Cannanore, Cochin and Quilon
Rule of Cochin
Appointed Viceroy of India, on the condition that he would set up four forts on the south western Indian coast: at Anjediva Island, Cannanore, Cochin and Quilon
Rule of India
Appointed Viceroy of India, on the condition that he would set up four forts on the south western Indian coast: at Anjediva Island, Cannanore, Cochin and Quilon.
Rule of India
The missions primary aims were to bring the spice trade under Portuguese control, to construct forts along the east African and Indian coasts, to further Portuguese spice trade through alliances with local chieftains, besides constructing trading posts.
Rule of India
With an armada of 22 ships, including 14 carracks and 6 caravels, Almeida departs from Lisbon.
Rule of Quilon
Appointed Viceroy of India, on the condition that he would set up four forts on the south western Indian coast: at Anjediva Island, Cannanore, Cochin and Quilon
Second Windsor Agreement
A further Windsor agreement develops the alliance between England, Burgundy and Habsburg interests.
Dissolution of Parliament
Henry VIIIs 2nd Parliament closes
Succession
Succeeds as King of Sweden
Maid of Honor
Appointed Maid of Honor to Catherine of Aragon
Luther Returns
Allows events to settle after Luther returns from Wartburg.
Great Enterprise
Henry VIII prepares for the fuller invasion of France promised under the Anglo-Imperial alliance.
Peace Negotiations at Pavia
Henry breaks off peace negotiations with France after Francis Is capture at Pavia
Invasion of France
Public rejoicing at St Paul's Cathedral marks Henry VIII's hope that Pavia will enable a renewed French campaign.
Thanksgiving
After Francis I's capture Henry VIII orders public rejoicing and a mass at St Paul's Cathedral.
Reform of Church Governance
The Amicable Grant is raised to invade France, 6th of laity & 3rd of clergy income. Commissioners are appointed to collect the Amicable Grant
Amicable Grant
The Amicable Grant is promoted to fund a planned invasion of France after the capture of Francis I.
Invasion of France
The Amicable Grant is promoted to finance Henry VIII's proposed invasion of France.
Invasion of France
The Amicable Grant is raised to finance Henry VIII's planned invasion of France.
Taxation
The Amicable Grant seeks heavy payments from laity and clergy to finance Henry VIII's French war plans.
Wolsey Directs Grant Assessment
Wolsey directs commissioners to assess wealth and collect the grant without normal parliamentary approval, generating widespread resistance.
Amicable Grant Announced
Henry VIII's government demands an extraordinary contribution known as the Amicable Grant to finance renewed ambitions against France.
Amicable Grant
Wolsey attempts to raise a forced loan to fund Henry VIII's planned war against France.
Amicable Grant
Wolsey promotes the Amicable Grant to raise money for Henry VIII's revived Great Enterprise.
Amicable Grant
Wolsey proposes the Amicable Grant as a forced loan to finance Henry VIII's planned war against France.
Taxation
The government seeks money without parliamentary grant, increasing resentment against Wolsey's fiscal policy.
Amicable Grant
Wolsey presses the Amicable Grant as the fiscal basis for the planned French campaign.
Great Enterprise
Wolsey prepares diplomatic and financial measures for Henry VIII's proposed invasion of France.
Great Enterprise
Thomas Howard is available as a senior noble commander while Henry VIII and Wolsey consider a renewed invasion of France.
Great Enterprise
Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, remains one of Henry VIII's principal military magnates during the French war planning.
Great Enterprise
Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, stands among the senior military nobles available for a renewed French campaign.
Great Enterprise
Henry VIII orders renewed planning for the Great Enterprise after the French defeat at Pavia.
Battle of Kanvaha
Defeats the Rajputs & removes the main Hindu rival to Moghul power in Northern India.
Marriage
Writes Thomas More an appreciative letter for his support of Queen Catherine
Reformation Parliament
The Commons delivers a supplication to the King denouncing clerical abuses and the power of the ecclesiastical courts and describing Henry as "the only head, sovereign lord, protector and defender" of the Church
Reformation, The
The Commons delivers a supplication to the King denouncing clerical abuses and the power of the ecclesiastical courts and describing Henry as "the only head, sovereign lord, protector and defender" of the Church
Supplication against the Ordinaries
The Commons present grievances against ecclesiastical courts and clerical lawmaking to Henry VIII.
Annates Restricted by Parliament
Parliament restricts payments of annates to Rome, placing pressure on papal control of English episcopal appointments.
Commons Presents Supplication Against Ordinaries
The Commons presents grievances against ecclesiastical courts and church lawmaking, increasing pressure on the clergy to accept royal control.
Archbishop of Canterbury
Cranmer is consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury and Convocation immediately declares the King's marriage to Katherine unlawful
Reformation Parliament
Cranmer is consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury and Convocation immediately declares the King's marriage to Katherine unlawful
Reformation, The
Cranmer is consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury and Convocation immediately declares the King's marriage to Katherine unlawful
Cranmer Consecrated Archbishop
Thomas Cranmer is consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury and soon becomes central to implementing Henry VIII's ecclesiastical settlement.
Archbishop
Appoints Thomas Cranmer Archbishop of Canterbury
Archbishop of Canterbury
Cranmer is consecrated as Archbishop in St Stephens Chapel
Archbishop of Canterbury
Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury
Archbishop
Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury
Recognition of Cranmer
Cranmer is recognized by the Pope to placate Henry VIII but will not grant a divorce
Marriage
Marries Anne, daughter of Sir Edward Stanhope of Rampton
Marriage
Pope Clement VII declares Henry VIIIs marriage to Anne Boleyn null & void
Marriage
The Pope declares that Henry's marriage to Catherine is valid
Marriage
Pope Clement VII declares Henry VIIIs marriage to Anne Boleyn null & void
Legislation
The Act of Succession is passed. Only children from Henrys marriage to Anne Boleyn are lawful heirs
Reform of Royal Succession
The Act of Succession is passed. Only children from Henrys marriage to Anne Boleyn are lawful heirs
Act of Succession
Members of both Houses are required to swear an oath accepting the Act of Succession. All the King's subjects are required to swear to the legitimacy of his marriage and to accept the King's new powers and the break from Rome
Legislation
All the King's subjects are required to swear to the legitimacy of his marriage and to accept the King's new powers and the break from Rome
Legislation
Members of both Houses are required to swear an oath accepting the Act of Succession
Reformation Parliament
All the King's subjects are required to swear to the legitimacy of his marriage and to accept the King's new powers and the break from Rome
Reformation Parliament
Members of both Houses are required to swear an oath accepting the Act of Succession
Reformation, The
All the King's subjects are required to swear to the legitimacy of his marriage and to accept the King's new powers and the break from Rome
Reformation, The
Members of both Houses are required to swear an oath accepting the Act of Succession
Succession
All the King's subjects are required to swear to the legitimacy of his marriage and to accept the King's new powers and the break from Rome
Succession
Members of both Houses are required to swear an oath accepting the Act of Succession
Appointment of Bishops Act
The Appointment of Bishops Act transfers control of episcopal appointments from papal provision to royal procedures.
Peter's Pence Act
Parliament ends Peter's Pence and other payments formerly made from England to Rome.
Submission of Clergy Act
Parliament confirms the Submission of the Clergy and limits independent ecclesiastical legislation.
Succession Act
Parliament gives statutory force to Henry VIII's new dynastic settlement after the break with Catherine of Aragon.
Succession Act
Princess Elizabeth is recognised as heir presumptive after the birth of Anne Boleyn's daughter.
Succession Act
Princess Mary is excluded from the succession after the annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
Succession Act
The Act declares Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon invalid for purposes of the royal succession.
Succession Act
The Act excludes Mary from the succession and recognises Elizabeth as heir presumptive.
Succession Act
The First Succession Act gives statutory force to Henry VIII's marriage settlement and succession through Anne Boleyn.
Succession Act
The First Succession Act receives royal assent, settling the succession on the children of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn.
Succession Act
The First Succession Act recognises Anne Boleyn as Henry VIII's lawful wife and her children as legitimate heirs.
Reballion of Rebels in Maynooth
Kildare is defeated at Maynooth Castle, County Kildare
Reballion of Rebels in Maynooth Castle
Kildare is defeated at Maynooth Castle, County Kildare
Maynooth
Sir William Skeffington captures Maynooth Castle, the chief stronghold of the Kildare rebellion.
Maynooth
Sir William Skeffington captures Maynooth Castle, the main stronghold of the Kildare rebellion.
Act for the Suppression of the Lesser Monasteries
The Act for the Suppression of the Lesser Monasteries, those with a gross income of less than 200 pounds per annum, had passed both houses. This caused a clash with Anne Boleyn, formerly one of Cromwell's strongest allies, who wanted the proceeds of the dissolution used for educational and charitable purposes, not paid into the King's coffers
Legislation
The Act for the Suppression of the Lesser Monasteries, those with a gross income of less than 200 pounds per annum, had passed both houses. This caused a clash with Anne Boleyn, formerly one of Cromwell's strongest allies, who wanted the proceeds of the dissolution used for educational and charitable purposes, not paid into the King's coffers
Reformation Parliament
The Act for the Suppression of the Lesser Monasteries, those with a gross income of less than 200 pounds per annum, had passed both houses. This caused a clash with Anne Boleyn, formerly one of Cromwell's strongest allies, who wanted the proceeds of the dissolution used for educational and charitable purposes, not paid into the King's coffers
Reformation, The
The Act for the Suppression of the Lesser Monasteries, those with a gross income of less than pounds 200 per annum, passes both houses. This caused a clash with Anne Boleyn, formerly one of Cromwell's strongest allies, who wanted the proceeds of the dissolution used for educational and charitable purposes, not paid into the King's coffers
Legislation
The Act of Suppression is passed
Reform of Government
The Act of Suppression is passed
Act for the Suppression of the Lesser Monasteries
The Act for the Suppression of the Lesser Monasteries, those with a gross income of less than 200 pounds per annum, had passed both houses. This caused a clash with Anne Boleyn, formerly one of Cromwell's strongest allies, who wanted the proceeds of the dissolution used for educational and charitable purposes, not paid into the King's coffers
Assassination of Ibrahim Pasha
Has Ibrahim Pasha assassinated at the instigation of his wife
Death of Suleyman I the Magnificent
Has Ibrahim Pasha assassinated at the instigation of his wife
Lesser Monasteries Dissolution Act
Parliament authorises dissolution of smaller monasteries and transfers their property to the Crown, beginning the statutory destruction of the monastic system.
Birth of Thomas Howard, Fourth Duke of Norfolk
Thomas Howard is born at Kenninghall and later becomes the fourth Duke of Norfolk, the highest-ranking peer implicated in schemes involving Mary, Queen of Scots.
Death of Thomas Boleyn
Death of Thomas Boleyn
Execution of Nicholas Carew
Nicholas Carew is beheaded after conviction for treason arising from alleged involvement in the Exeter conspiracy.
Peerage
Created Earl of Essex
Lord Great Chamberlain
Appointed Lord Great Chamberlain
Monastic Dissolution Completed
The remaining major monastic houses are closed or surrendered, leaving the Crown in possession of extensive former church lands and revenues.
Created Viscount Lisle
Is created Viscount Lisle, advancing his position at Henry VIII's court.
Invasion of Scotland
Henry VIII issues instructions blaming Cardinal Beaton and Scottish opponents of the marriage alliance.
Dissolution of Parliament
Henry VIIIs Eighth Parliament closes. Delivers a speech in Parliament for religious unity & ends the Parliamentary session
King's Style Act
Parliament confirms Henry VIII's royal style including King of Ireland, Defender of the Faith and Supreme Head of the Church of England and Ireland.
King's Style Act
Parliament confirms Henry VIII's style as Defender of the Faith and Supreme Head of the Church of England and Ireland.
King's Style Act
The King's Style Act makes it treason to attempt to deprive Henry VIII of his royal titles and religious style.
Third Succession Act Enacted
Parliament restores Mary and Elizabeth to the succession after Edward while leaving questions surrounding their legitimacy formally unresolved.
Third Succession Act
Elizabeth is restored to the line of succession after Mary, without reversing her illegitimacy.
Third Succession Act
Mary is restored to the line of succession after Edward, without reversing her illegitimacy.
Third Succession Act
The Act places Prince Edward first in the line of succession as Henry VIII's male heir.
Third Succession Act
The Third Succession Act receives royal assent, revising the Tudor succession settlement.
Treason Act
The Treason Act allows treasons committed outside the king's dominions to be tried within England.
Death of George Wishart
The Scottish Lutheran is burnt at the stake on the orders of Cardinal Beaton
Execution
The Scottish Lutheran is burnt at the stake on the orders of Cardinal Beaton
Marriage
Thomas Seymour & Catherine Parr are betrothed
Marriage
Catherine Parr & Thomas Seymour are betrothed
Death of Francis I
Death of Francis I
Death of Henry II
Death of Francis I
Boulogne Boundary Agreement
Approves a treaty defining the territorial limits of the English-held Boulogne district under the earlier peace settlement.
French Peace Inheritance Confirmed
Confirms the Anglo-French settlement inherited from Henry VIII and accepts the existing arrangements governing Boulogne.
Seymour Household
Appointed Seymour Household where much state business is settled
Seymour Household
Appointed Seymour Household where much state business is settled
Seymour Household
Appointed Seymour Household where much state business is settled
Seymour Household
Appointed Seymour Household where much state business is settled
Seymour Household
Appointed Seymour Household where much state business is settled
Seymour Household
Appointed Seymour Household where much state business is settled
Chief Gentleman
Appointed Chief Genleman of the Privy Chamber to Edward VI
Budget
The stamp enables Somerset to warrant financial business & raise troops
Keeper of King's Stamp
Appointed Keeper of the King's Stamp
Secretary of Edward VI
Appointed King's Secretary
Order of Communion
A new English Order of Communion is published for use alongside the existing Latin Mass.
Order of Communion Issued
Cranmer's Order of Communion introduces English forms for administering communion while the Latin Mass remains temporarily in use.
Book of Common Prayer
The first Book of Common Prayer of Edward VI is published in English.
Clergy Marriage Act
Legislation removing legal prohibitions on clerical marriage receives royal assent under Edward VI.
Death of Thomas Seymour
Death of Thomas Seymour, executed
Execution
Seymour is executed for treason
Treason
Seymour is executed for treason
Execution of Thomas Seymour
Thomas Seymour is beheaded for treason after political manoeuvring against the Protectorate government of his brother Edward Seymour.
First Book of Common Prayer Published
Cranmer's first Book of Common Prayer provides a uniform English order for daily worship, communion and other rites.
Boulogne Payment Agreement
Helps settle French compensation for the recovery of Boulogne, easing the financial burden created by England's continental garrisons.
Merchant Shipping Clause
Helps secure provisions allowing merchant ships to resume peaceful movement while both sides undertake to restrain piracy and private warfare.
Boulogne Surrender Settlement
Negotiates the return of Boulogne to France within the agreed period in exchange for a substantial French payment.
Scottish Peace Inclusion
Negotiates terms ending active English war with Scotland unless a new cause for hostilities arises.
Peace of Boulogne Concluded
Makes peace with France and Scotland, ending the Rough Wooing and preparing the evacuation of expensive English positions.
Treaty of Boulogne
England and France conclude peace, with England agreeing to return Boulogne and withdraw from Scotland.
Treaty of Boulogne
Edward VI's government agrees peace with France, including the return of Boulogne and the withdrawal of English forces from occupied Scottish positions.
Peace Proclaimed
Peace with France is publicly proclaimed in England following the Treaty of Boulogne.
Edwardian Ordinal Published
A new English ordinal establishes reformed services for ordaining bishops, priests and deacons within the Church.
Treaty of Boulogne-sur-Mer
John Knox is released
Treaty of Boulogne-sur-Mer
France regains Boulogne-sur-Mer & Engand withdraw from Scotland. England receives 400,000 crowns & the release of John Knox
Summoned by Council
Mary is summoned before Edward VI's council over religious nonconformity
Mass Defiance
Mary defends her right to hear Mass despite Edwardian religious policy
Parliament
Edward VI's second Parliament opens in London.
Taxation Grant
Parliament grants Edward VI two fifteenths and tenths during the final parliamentary session of his reign.
Parliament
Edward VI's second Parliament closes after a short final session of the reign.
James Dyer Chosen Commons Speaker
James Dyer becomes Speaker for Edward VI's final Parliament as the young king's health and succession become increasingly urgent political concerns.
Arrest of Elizabeth I
Rowed through traitors gate
Wyatt Rebellion
Is sent to the Tower while her links to the rebellion are examined.
Wyatt Rebellion
Orders Elizabeth imprisoned during the investigation.
Wyatt Rebellion
Elizabeth is imprisoned while Mary investigates links to the Wyatt Rebellion.
Elizabeth Imprisoned
Gage receives Elizabeth into custody at the Tower
Wyatt Rebellion
Holds Elizabeth in custody after the rebellion.
Wyatt Rebellion
Conspirators plan coordinated risings before events force an early revolt.
Elizabeth Investigated
Elizabeth is investigated while Mary defends the Catholic settlement.
Wyatt Rebellion
Takes part in council action after the rebellion.
Transfer to Oxford
Is sent to Oxford for disputation with Cranmer and Ridley.
Transferred to Oxford
Is sent to Oxford with Cranmer and Latimer for disputation.
Execution of Thomas Tomkins
Thomas Tomkins is burned after refusing to renounce Protestant beliefs during examination by Marian church authorities.
Execution of Thomas Causton
Thomas Causton is burned for heresy after condemnation for Protestant religious views.
Execution of Thomas Higbed
Thomas Higbed is burned after conviction for Protestant beliefs that conflict with Mary's restored Catholic settlement.
Execution of William Hunter
William Hunter is burned at Brentwood after refusing to attend Mass or accept Catholic teaching on the Eucharist.
Execution of Stephen Knight
Stephen Knight is burned at Maldon after condemnation for heresy under the restored Marian religious laws.
Execution of William Pigot
William Pigot is burned at Braintree for maintaining Protestant beliefs despite pressure to recant.
Execution of John Laurence
John Laurence is burned at Colchester after refusing to abandon Protestant convictions during the Marian persecution.
Ferrars Burned
Robert Ferrar is burned as Marian persecution reaches Wales.
Execution of Robert Ferrar
Robert Ferrar is burned for heresy after defending Protestant doctrine and refusing reconciliation with the restored Catholic Church.
Pole Ordained Priest
Reginald Pole is ordained priest before becoming archbishop.
Cranmer Burned
Thomas Cranmer is burned after rejecting his earlier recantations.
Death of Thomas Cranmer
Death of Thomas Cranmer
Execution
Holds his hand in the fire which signed the annulment of Henry VIII from Catherine. Burnt at the stake by Mary I
Execution
Cranmer is burned after repudiating his recantations
Oxford Martyrs Legacy
Cranmer is later burned, completing the Oxford martyrdoms.
Execution of Cranmer
Thomas Cranmer is burned for heresy during Mary's reign
Execution
Thomas Cranmer is burned after renouncing his earlier recantations
Pole Consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury
Reginald Pole is consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury and becomes the senior English churchman of Mary's restored Catholic establishment.
Pole Archbishop
Reginald Pole is consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury after Cranmer is deprived.
Pole Consecrated
Pole is consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury.
Archbishop of Canterbury
Consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury
Consecration
Consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury
John Daniel Arrested in Dudley Conspiracy
John Daniel is arrested for participation in the Dudley conspiracy and is held while the government investigates the network behind the plot.
Henry Peckham Arrested in Dudley Conspiracy
Henry Peckham is arrested after the discovery of the Dudley conspiracy, which seeks to challenge Mary's government and exploit discontent with Spanish influence.
Marriage
Philip II visits England to arrange marriage between Elizabeth I & Emmanuel Philibert
Marriage
Philip II visits England to arrange marriage between Elizabeth I & Emmanuel Philibert
Visit to England to arrange marriage between Elizabeth I
Philip II visits England to arrange marriage between Elizabeth I & Emmanuel Philibert
Marriage
Philip II visits England to arrange marriage between Elizabeth I & Emmanuel Philibert
Second Pregnancy Belief
Mary again believes herself pregnant but no child is born
Second Pregnancy Belief
Mary again believes she is pregnant but no child is born
Emperor Recognized
Ferdinand I is recognized as Holy Roman Emperor after Charles V's abdication
Holy Roman Emperor
Succeeds as Holy Roman Emperor after Charles V's abdication is recognized
Succession
Ferdinand I is recognized as Holy Roman Emperor
Dynastic Marriage Negotiations at Cateau Cambresis
Philip II decides to marry Elizabeth of Valois rather than Elizabeth I
Treaty of Cateau Cambresis
Philip II decides to marry Elizabeth of Valois rather than Elizabeth I
Truce with Livonian Order
Ivan IV accepts a temporary truce during the Livonian War
France Antarctique Weakened
Portuguese attack weakens the French colonial project in Brazil
Fort Coligny Captured
Portuguese forces capture the French fort in Guanabara Bay
Death of La Renaudie
Jean du Barry seigneur de la Renaudie is killed during the Amboise conspiracy
English Army Enters Scotland
Grey leads English forces into Scotland against French troops at Leith
English Army at Prestonpans
Lord Grey is ordered to send the Army to join the Scots against the French
English Intervention
Elizabeth commits forces to aid Scottish Protestants against French influence
Northern Command
Norfolk coordinates English military support from the northern border
Amboise Conspiracy Suppressed
Guise helps suppress the Amboise conspiracy against royal government
Amboise Conspiracy Suppressed
Guise helps suppress the Amboise conspiracy against the royal government
Amboise Conspiracy
Conspiracy seeks to remove Guise influence from the young king
Guise Government Defended
Cardinal of Lorraine defends Guise influence during the Amboise crisis
Personal Rule Begins
Akbar ends Bairam Khan's regency and begins exercising direct personal authority over the Mughal Empire.
English Army Enters Scotland
Grey leads Elizabeth's army across the border into Scotland, beginning a major intervention aimed at forcing the French garrison from Leith.
Battle of Sarangpur
Adham Khan commands Mughal forces against Baz Bahadur.
Defeat at Sarangpur
Baz Bahadur is defeated by Mughal forces and flees Malwa.
Battle of Sarangpur
Mughal forces defeat Baz Bahadur and take Malwa.
Malwa Campaign
Akbar sends forces to conquer Malwa from Baz Bahadur
Massacre of Wassy
Guise's followers attack a Protestant congregation and ignite the first war of religion
Edict of Saint-Germain
Within a matter of weeks ofter the edict of Saint-Germain, the Vassy massacre opens the first religious war, which in fact was a victory for the more intolerant Guise policy and a defeat for the conciliations of Catherine
Edict of Saint-Germain
Guise family retainers attack a Calvinist service in Wassy-sur-Blaise in Champagne and massacre worshippers, as hostilities break out, the Edict is revoked, under pressure from the Guise faction
Massacre
Within a matter of weeks ofter the edict of Saint-Germain, the Vassy massacre opens the first religious war, which in fact was a victory for the more intolerant Guise policy and a defeat for the conciliations of Catherine
Massacre of Wassy
The massacre undermines Catherine's policy of religious compromise
Massacre of Wassy
Guise's retainers attack a Huguenot congregation and trigger open war
Edict of Saint-Germain
Guise family retainers attack a Calvinist service in Wassy-sur-Blaise in Champagne and massacre worshippers
Edict of Saint-Germain
The Edict of Saint-Germain is revoked by the Guise familly
Occupation of Paris
Guise and Catholic allies secure Paris against Protestant forces
Execution of Poltrot
Poltrot is executed for the shooting of Francis of Guise
Edict of Amboise
L'Hospital supports the legal settlement ending the first religious war
Edict of Amboise
Catherine de Medici negotiates the Edict of Amboise after Guise's death
Pacification of Amboise
Coligny accepts the pacification while Huguenot military strength is weakened
Edict of Amboise
Catherine issues the Edict of Amboise to end the first war
Pacification of Amboise
Conde accepts peace terms after the first war of religion
Edict of Amboise
The royal government grants limited toleration and ends the first war
Edict of Amboise
Francis, Duke of Guise is assassinated and Catherines fears that the war might drag on so a truce is agreed in the Edict of Amboise
Edict of Amboise
The Edict of Amboise also known as the Edict of Pacification, is signed at the Chateau of Amboise by Catherine de' Medici, acting as regent for her son Charles IX of France
Edict of Amboise
The Treaty of Amboise officially ends the first phase of the French Wars of Religion
Edict of Amboise
The Treaty of Amboise restores peace to France by guaranteeing the Huguenots religious privileges and freedoms
Edict of Pacification
The Edict of Amboise also known as the Edict of Pacification, is signed at the Chateau of Amboise by Catherine de' Medici, acting as regent for her son Charles IX of France
Huguenots
The Treaty of Amboise restores peace to France by guaranteeing the Huguenots religious privileges and freedoms
Foxe's Acts and Monuments Published
John Foxe publishes Acts and Monuments, shaping Protestant memory of persecution and becoming highly influential within Elizabethan religious culture.
Release after Peace
Conde resumes political activity after the pacification
Guise Leadership Begins
Henry inherits Guise family leadership after his father's death
Pacification of Amboise
Supports the Queen Mother in the "Pacification of Ambois"
Succession
Will only recognize Mary as successor if she marries & Mary marries Leicester
Receives news from Elizabeth she will only be her heir if she
Receives news from Elizabeth she will only be her heir if she marries Leicester
Succession
Receives news from Elizabeth she will only be her heir if she marries Leicester
Assassination of David Rizzio
Murdered in Holyrood for allegedly refusing the Earl of Darnley the crown matrimonial
Death of David Rizzio
Death of David Rizzio, assassinated
Assassination of David Rizzio
Breaks into Marys supper room & has David Rizzio killed with 56 dagger strokes
Assassination of David Rizzio
Rizzio is assassinated by Darnley & Ruthven in Marys presence. Darnley says it is because of an affair between Rizzio & Mary
Death of Mary of Scots
Rizzio is assassinated by Darnley & Ruthven in Marys presence. Darnley says it is because of an affair between Rizzio & Mary
Arrest of Mary of Scots
Darnley claims innocence for the murder of Riccio & smuggles Mary out of Holyrood
Siege of Edinburgh
Escorts Queen Mary back to Edinburgh with a force of 8,000
Siege of Edinburgh
Returns to Edinburgh with 8,000 soldiers under Bothwell
Advertisements Enforce Clerical Conformity
Parker's Advertisements press clergy to follow authorised dress and worship, attempting to impose greater uniformity on Protestant ministers.
Assassination of David Rizzio
Sends a message to obtain Queen Marys signature to the "bond of security" after the assassination of Rizzio. Heads an armed force which takes possession of Holyrood palace to effect the assassination of Rizzio
Exile of James Douglas
Mary escapes to Dunbar, and Morton and the other leaders fled to England
Battle of Oosterweel
The Calvinists are defeated
Battle of Oosterweel
The Calvinists are defeated
Battle of Oosterweel
The Calvinists are defeated
Treaty of Longjumeau
Makes a temporary peace with the House of Guise
Battle of Cognac
Defeated & killed by the future Henry III
Capture of Ranthambore
Akbar captures the formidable fortress of Ranthambore and strengthens Mughal control in Rajasthan.
Siege of Ranthambore
Akbar besieges Ranthambore, whose formidable fort submits after sustained Mughal pressure.
Netherlands Trade Intercourse Renewed
Restores commercial intercourse with the Habsburg Netherlands after disputes over seizures and embargoes had disrupted trade.
Battle of Tukaroi
Akbar's forces defeat the Bengal army at Tukaroi, advancing Mughal authority into eastern India.
Death of Margaret Douglas
Death of Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox, although she died in debt, she was given a grand funeral in Westminster Abbey, at the expense of Queen Elizabeth I
Siege of Maastricht
Begins a major siege intended to restore Spanish control of Maastricht.
Spanish Siege Operations
Directs trenches, assaults and blockade operations around the fortified city.
Assassination Attempt
Shoots William of Orange in an unsuccessful assassination attempt and is killed on the spot
Assassination Attempt
Survives the pistol attack by Juan de Jauregui
Translation to Winchester
Translated from Lincoln to become Bishop of Winchester
Death of Ivan IV
Present at court during the final days and death of Ivan IV
Succession
Succeeds Ivan IV as Tsar of Russia
Death of Ivan Rurikovich
Dies in Moscow on 18 March Old Style, 28 March New Style
Royal Charter
Receives Elizabeth I's charter for discovery and planting in lands not held by Christian princes
Birth of Ferdinando Fairfax
Birth of Ferdinando Fairfax, later second Lord Fairfax of Cameron
Execution of William Parry
William Parry is executed after conviction for plotting Elizabeth's death, while continuing to dispute important parts of the prosecution's account.
Act for the Queen's Safety Enacted
Parliament creates a legal process against claimants implicated in attempts on Elizabeth's life, placing Mary's succession prospects under greater danger.
Peerage
Succeeds to the Earldom while still a child, following he death of his older brother James Ruthven
Arrest of Peter Wentworth
Imprisoned for advocating the right of Parliament to discuss matters of State
Transport of Assault Force
Van Bergen brought the concealed assault force through the waterways into Breda Castle.
Command of Assault Party
De Heraugiere commanded approximately seventy-five soldiers hidden aboard the peat barge.
English Support at Breda
Vere accompanied the Dutch-English force supporting Maurice's capture of Breda.
Assault from Peat Barge
De Heraugiere's men emerged from the barge and surprised the castle garrison before dawn.
Arrival of Relief Force
Hohenlohe reached Breda with cavalry as the surprised defenders abandoned resistance.
Entry into Breda
Maurice entered Breda after the peat-barge assault secured the castle and forced surrender.
Loss of Breda Castle
Lanzavecchia's Italian garrison was surprised when Dutch soldiers emerged inside Breda Castle.
Battle of Ivry
Fights at the Battle of Ivry
Governor
Appointed Governor of Dun on the River Meuse
Governor
Appointed Governor of Villefranche
Birth of Rene Descartes
Rene Descartes is born at La Haye en Touraine to Joachim Descartes and Jeanne Brochard.
Death of Elizabeth I Ends Tudor Dynasty
Elizabeth dies without children, ending direct Tudor rule and activating the succession of the Scottish king descended from Margaret Tudor.
Death of Elizabeth I
Death of Elizabeth I, at Richmond Palace, the last Tudor monarch
James VI Proclaimed James I of England
James VI of Scotland is proclaimed King James I of England, uniting the crowns through the dynastic line created by Margaret Tudor's marriage.
Council Prepares Peaceful Stuart Succession
Cecil and senior councillors prepare for a rapid proclamation of James VI as Elizabeth's health deteriorates, reducing the danger of a disputed interregnum.
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Orders all Jesuits and all other Catholic priests to leave the country, and reimposed the collection of fines for recusancy
Death of Clement VIII
Death of Clement VII
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Percy obtains the lease for the undercroft directly underneath the first-floor House of Lords, it was into this room that the plotters moved 36 barrels of gunpowder from Catesbys lodgings on the opposite side of the River Thames
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Percy hires the cellar beneath Parliament where the gunpowder barrels will be stored
Birth of Michael Adriaanszoon de Ruyter
Birth of Michael Adriaanszoon de Ruyter
Birth of John Pell
Birth of John Pell
Sidereus Nuncius
Publishes telescopic observations of Jupiter's satellites in Sidereus Nuncius.
Second Letter to Piero Dini
Galileo sends another letter to Piero Dini continuing his defence of Copernican astronomy.
Arrest of Walter Raleigh
Released after 13 yrs
Discovery of Guiana
Agrees to undertake an expedition to Guiana in search of gold
Promises not to attack any Spannish possessions
Promises not to attack any Spannish possessions
Protestant Assembly
Matthias orders the Protestant assembly to dissolve
Death of Robert Rich
Deat of Robert Rich, 1st Earl of Warwick, 3rd Baron Rich
Dimissal
Lerma is deposed by a palace intrigue carried out by his own son, Cristobal de Sandoval, Duke of Uceda, manipulated by Olivares. Dismissed from power
Death of Matthias
The Imperial & Bohemian thrones become vacant
Correspondence with Beeckman
Descartes wrote to Beeckman about mathematical methods and problems developed during their Breda collaboration.
Early Geometry Research
Descartes writes to Beeckman about mathematical problems later developed in The Geometry.
Declaration of War
Declares war on Spain after the Commons has granted funds
Alliance France and Sweden
France & Sweden sign a pact
Coronation
Crowned King of England
Death of James I
James I dies in his country Palace at Theobalds
Reballion of Hugenots
Forced to make peace with the Spanish because of the rebellion of the Hugenots
Treaty of Monzon
Forced to make peace with the Spanish because of the rebellion of the Hugenots
Peerage
Created 1st Marquess of Worcester
Discovery of Bay of Salvador
Piet Heyn conquers 22 ships in Bay of Salvador, Brazil
Birth of Thomas Howard
Birth of Thomas Howard
Birth of Roger Bigod
Birth of Roger Bigod
Parliament
Appoints Laud & Wentworth as advisers to rule without Parliament
Arrest of Nine Members of Parliament
Has 9 MPs arrested
Parliament
Charles raises money by fines imposed by star Chamber & selling monopolies
Parliament
Parliament does not open again for 11 yrs
Birth of Alexis I Mikhaylovich
Birth of Alexis I Mikhaylovich, son of Tsar Michael & Eudoxia
Capture of Savoy
Richelieu captures Savoy & reinforces the anti-Spanish fortress of Casale
Death of William Compton
Death of William Compton, 1st Earl of Northampton
Capture of Puinerlo
Captures Pinerlo in Piedmont
Siege of Magdeburg
After the siege by Tillys army the Protestant Princes rally to Gustavus Adolphus
Treaty of Hamburg
Renews the alliance with Sweden for an annual payment of 1 million livres
Mobilization
Helps raise a Covenantor Army to oppose the Royalist
Reballion of Rebels in Edinburgh
Copies of the Covenant are carried to all parts of Scotland
Capture of Dumbarton
Dumbarton castle falls to the Covenanters
Capture of Edinburgh
Edinburgh castle falls to the Covenanters
Covenanters
Dumbarton castle falls to the Covenanters
Covenanters
Edinburgh castle falls to the Covenanters
Covenanters
The Covenanters capture Edinburgh
Siege of Edinburgh
The Covenanters capture Edinburgh
Covenanters
The Covenanters capture Dumbarton Castle
Siege of Dumbarton
The Covenanters capture Dumbarton Castle
Capture of Aberdeen
Captures Aberdeen for the Covenanters
Covenanters
Captures Aberdeen for the Covenanters
Siege of Aberdeen
Captures Aberdeen for the Covenanters
Return to Ireland
Strafford returned to Ireland to obtain money and troops for the Scottish war.
Four Irish Subsidies
Strafford secured four subsidies from the Irish Parliament for the King's military programme.
Commitment to Tower
Laud is committed to the Tower while Parliament prepares its case against him.
Commons Ready to Prove Charges
The Commons declared that its managers were ready to prove the impeachment charges against Strafford.
Management of Strafford Case
Hampden assists parliamentary managers preparing evidence against Strafford.
Strafford Trial Manager
Holles participates in the Commons management of proceedings against Strafford.
Opening Speech against Strafford
Pym presents Parliament's principal accusations at the opening of Strafford's trial.
Strafford Prosecution
Pym leads the parliamentary case when Strafford's public trial begins.
Legal Argument against Strafford
St John argues that Strafford's cumulative conduct constitutes treason against the kingdom.
Transfer to Westminster Hall
Strafford was brought from the Tower for the opening of his state trial in Westminster Hall.
Trial of Strafford Begins
Strafford's public trial for high treason begins before the Lords.
Strafford Trial Attendance
Charles attends proceedings against his chief minister, the Earl of Strafford.
Strafford Trial Attendance
Charles attends proceedings against his chief minister, the Earl of Strafford.
Strafford Trial Manager
Maynard assisted the Commons managers in presenting the legal and factual charges against Strafford.
Militia Ordinance Promoted
Pym supports an ordinance placing county militias under parliamentary nominees.
Militia Ordinance
Parliament passes the Militia Ordinance to place county forces under its nominees.
Militia Ordinance
Parliament passes the Militia Ordinance to place county forces under its nominees.
Militia Ordinance
Pym supports Parliament's Militia Ordinance, which places county military forces under commanders approved by Parliament.
Militia Authority under Parliament
Essex supports Parliament's claim to direct armed forces without royal assent.
Militia Ordinance
Essex supports implementation of Parliament's Militia Ordinance.
Utrecht Condemnation
The Utrecht authorities restrict public teaching of Cartesian philosophy amid theological controversy.
Adventurers Act Supported
Pym supports legislation financing operations in Ireland through future land grants.
Royal Court Established at York
Charles establishes his court at York while gathering northern political support.
Royal Court Established at York
Charles establishes his court at York while gathering northern political support.
Ordinances without Royal Assent
Parliament asserts that its ordinances may operate without the King's assent during the emergency.
Parliamentary Ordinances Asserted
Parliament claims authority to issue binding ordinances without royal assent.
Ordinances without Royal Assent
Parliament asserts that its ordinances may operate without the King's assent during the emergency.
Parliamentary Ordinances Asserted
Parliament claims authority to issue binding ordinances without royal assent.
Second-in-Command of Parliament Fleet
Batten becomes second in command under Warwick as Parliament secures the allegiance of most of the fleet.
First Battle of Middlewich
Brereton defeats Sir Thomas Aston's Royalist force at Middlewich and strengthens Parliament's position in Cheshire.
Battle of Hopton Heath
Joins forces with the Earl of Northampton prior to the Battle of Hopton Heath
Battle of Hopton Heath
Joins forces with General Hastings prior to the Battle of Hopton Heath
Death of Spencer Compton
Death of Spencer Compton, 2nd Earl of Northampton
Battle of Hopton Heath
Forced to retreat to Chartley & then to Uttoxeter
Battle of Hopton Heath
Defeated by a Royalist force under the Earl of Northampton & General Henry Hastings
Battle of Hopton Heath
Leads a charge against the Roundheads after Northampton is killed
Battle of Hopton Heath
Defeated by a Royalist force under the Earl of Northampton & General Henry Hastings
Battle of Hopton Heath
Forced to retreat to Stone then back to Cheshire
Battle of Hopton Heath
Helps defeat the Roundheads under John Gell & William Brereton
Battle of Hopton Heath
Defeats the Roundheads under John Gell & William Brereton but killed in battle. Accompanied by three of his sons, marches out with his troops Compton engages Sir John Gell, 1st Baronet and Sir William Brereton at Hopton Heath
Death of Spencer Compton
Death of Spencer Compton, killed at the Battle of Hopton Heath
Battle of Highnam
Defeated by Waller when defending South Wales for Charles I
Battle of Highnam
Routs the Royalist force of Lord Herbert
Battle of Seacroft Moor
Fairfax suffers a severe defeat while withdrawing Parliamentarian infantry toward Leeds.
Recovery of Scarborough
Hotham helps recover Scarborough for Parliament after Sir Hugh Cholmley changes allegiance to the Royalists.
Capture of Bristol
Sets up his HQ in Bristol
Peace Negotiations
Holles supports efforts to negotiate with the King at Oxford as a leading figure among Parliament's peace-minded members.
Siege of Lichfield
Marches from Banbury to relieve Lichfield, and having failed there proceeds to Stafford, which he occupies
Siege of Bristol
Rupert of the Rhine fails in his attempt to capture Bristol
Battle of Boldon Hills
Covenanters under Leven get the better of Royalists under Newcastle outside Sunderland
Battle of Boldon Hills
Covenanters under Leven get the better of Royalists under Newcastle outside Sunderland
Covenanters
Covenanters under Leven get the better of Royalists under Newcastle outside Sunderland
Siege of Sunderland
Covenanters under Leven get the better of Royalists under Newcastle outside Sunderland
Civil War
The Covenanters fail in their attempt to capture the Royalist Fort at South Shields
Covenanters
The Covenanters fail in their attempt to capture the Royalist Fort at South Shields
Covenanters
Leads a siege of Aberdeen & captures some leading Covenanters
Siege of Aberdeen
Leads a siege of Aberdeen & captures some leading Covenanters
Siege of Bingham
Arrives at Bingham with forces gathered from Chester, Shrewsbury & the Midlands
Civil War
The Covenanters succeed in their attempt to capture the Royalist Fort at South Shields
Covenanters
The Covenanters succeed in their attempt to capture the Royalist Fort at South Shields
Battle of Newark
Begins the attack on Meldruns Parliamentary forces
Siege of Newark
Surrenders Parliamentary forces to Rupert of the Rhine & retreats to Hull
Capture of Newark
The Midlands falls into royalists hands after the siege of Newark
Siege of Newark
Successfully relieves Newark & the Countess of Derby. Rupert of the Rhine forces Meldrum's Army to surrender
Siege of Newark
The Midlands falls into royalists hands after the siege of Newark
Battle of Hilton
Covenanters under Leven & Royalists under Newcastle clash but the result is indecisive
Covenanters
Covenanters under Leven & Royalists under Newcastle clash but the result is indecisive
Battle of Hilton
Covenanters under Leven & Royalists under Newcastle clash but the result is indecisive
Covenanters
Covenanters under Leven & Royalists under Newcastle clash but the result is indecisive
Victory at Cheriton
Waller defeats Hopton's Royalist army at Cheriton and gains control of much of Hampshire for Parliament.
Capture of Aberdeen
Captures Aberdeen from the Covenanters
Covenanters
Captures Aberdeen from the Covenanters
Battle of Jankau
Defeats the Imperialists & Bavarians under von Werth while advincing towards Prague
Siege of Taunton
Gorings men lay siege to Taunton
Commander in Chief
Goring gets a commission as Commander in Chief of all western forces and so can only receive orders directly from the King
Result of Surrender of Royalist Forces in the West
Royalist resistance in the west collapses further, leaving Oxford as the principal remaining Royalist threat.
Surrender of Royalist Forces in the West
The Royalists are defeated in the West, only Oxford remains as a serious threat. Sir Ralph Hopton signs articles of surrender at Exeter
Battle of Stow-on-the-Wold
Charles I surrenders to the Scots rather than to Parliament. Charles final field force is crushed
Result of Surrender of Charles I
Charles I places himself in Scottish hands rather than surrendering directly to Parliament.
Surrender of Charles I
Charles I surrenders to the Scots rather than to Parliament
Exile of Charles II
Boarded on the Phoenix at Lands End & headed for the Scilly Isles
Exile of Charles II
Lands at St Marys in the Scilly Isles exactly one year since leaving Oxford
Result of Surrender of Hopton's Royalist Forces
Negotiations begin as Hopton recognises that continued Royalist resistance around Truro is unsustainable.
Surrender of Hopton's Royalist Forces
Parliamentarians approach Truro & Hopton sends out an offer to negotiate peace
Result of Surrender of Royalist Forces at Exeter
Royalist forces at Exeter accept terms, accelerating the end of organised Royalist resistance in the west.
Surrender of Royalist Forces at Exeter
Signs the Articles of Surrender at Exeter on behalf of the Royalists
Result of Surrender of Hopton's Royalist Forces
Truro falls and Hopton accepts Fairfax's terms, ending organised Royalist resistance in Cornwall.
Surrender of Hopton's Royalist Forces
Hopton agrees surrender terms to Fairfax as Truro is captured from the Royalists
Result of Surrender of Hopton's Royalist Forces
Hopton's troops are disbanded and he agrees to leave the country.
Surrender of Hopton's Royalist Forces
Hopton agrees to disband his forces & go abroad
Battle of Stow-on-the-Wold
Charles writes to his Queen that he has not enough forces to resist or escape. All that remains are garrisons in Oxford, Newark, Pendennis, Exeter & Raglan
Battle of Stow-on-the-Wold
Morgan commands Parliamentarian troops in the victory that ends organised Royalist field resistance.
Battle of Stow-on-the-Wold
Astley leads the last Royalist field army before defeat at Stow-on-the-Wold.
Result of Surrender of Last Royalist Field Army
The last major Royalist field army is removed from the war, ending organised Royalist campaigning in the field.
Royalist Army
Surrenders the last Royalist Army to William Brereton
Surrender of Last Royalist Field Army
Surrenders the last Royalist Army to William Brereton
Peace
Driven back to Truro, Hopton offers peace terms with the Parliamentary forces
Peace Treaty
Signs a peace Treaty with Lord Ralph Hopton who agrees to disband his forces
Peace Treaty
Signs a peace Treaty with Fairfax in Truro
Peerage
Makes the Earl of Glamorgan Duke of Somerset
Battle of Stow-on-the-Wold
Astley takes up a defensive position on a hillside below Stow-on-the-Wold
Battle of Stow-on-the-Wold
Intercepts Lord Astley & stops him marching from Wales to join Charles I in Oxford
Battle of Stow-on-the-Wold
Intercepts Lord Astley & stops him marching from Wales to join Charles I in Oxford
Battle of Stow-on-the-Wold
Taken prisoner during the royalist defeat
Battle of Stow-on-the-Wold
Attempts to transfer forces from Wales to Oxford but is defeated by Morgan & Brereton. Astley is forced to surrender himself to the Parliamentarians
Negotiations
Returns to Oxford after negotiating peace with Parliament but Charles I rejects it
Civil War
Condemned to death
Death of Henry Rich
Death of Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland
Death of James Hamilton
Death of James Hamilton, executed
Execution
Executed at Windsor
Peace
Peace between the frondeurs, rebels, and the French court
Constitution of England
The Commons abolishes the House of Lords, against Cromwell's will
Surrender of Pontefract Castle
Lambert commands the closing phase of the siege that ends with Pontefract Castle surrendering to Parliament.
The Second Part of England's New Chains Discovered", renewing Leveller criticism of the Council of State
Lilburne publishes "The Second Part of England's New Chains Discovered", renewing Leveller criticism of the Council of State and Army Grandees
The Second Part of England's New Chains Discovered
Lilburne publishes "The Second Part of England's New Chains Discovered", renewing Leveller criticism of the Council of State and Army Grandees
Arrest of Leveller Leaders
Lilburne is arrested with other Leveller leaders after renewed pamphlet attacks on the post-regicide government.
Imprisonment
Walwyn is imprisoned in the Tower with Lilburne, Overton and Prince as the government suppresses the Leveller leadership
Imprisonment
Overton is imprisoned in the Tower with Lilburne, Walwyn and Prince after the Council of State moves against the Leveller leadership
Levellers
Walwyn is arrested with Lilburne, Overton and Thomas Prince after renewed Leveller attacks on the new regime, showing the Commonwealth's determination to break the movement's leadership
Arrest of Thomas Prince
Prince is arrested with other Leveller leaders and brought before the Council of State before imprisonment in the Tower of London
Treaty of Saint-Germain
Parisians agree to lay down their arms. Agrees to restore the Bastille to the crown for an amnesty & Louis to return to Paris
Constitution of England
The monarchy is abolished. The House of Lords is abolished
House of Lords
The House of Lords is abolished
Scottish Negotiations at Breda
Charles opened negotiations with commissioners representing the Scottish Parliament.
Siege of Kilkenny
Cromwell accepts Kilkenny's surrender after disease and bombardment weaken the Confederate garrison.
Civil War
Lands with an invasion force on the Orkneys
Invasion of Scotland
Lands with an invasion force on the Orkneys
Siege of Orkneys
Lands with an invasion force on the Orkneys
Council of State
The Council of States 14 members are elected, including Cromwell
Constitution of England
The Monarchy is abolished
Constitution of England
The House of Lords is abolished, Cromwell wished to keep it as an advisery body
House of Lords
The House of Lords is abolished, Cromwell wished to keep it as an advisery body
Battle of Portland
Wins an exchange with the Dutch which closes the Channel to Dutch merchant shipping
Alliance Middleton Middleton, 1st and Scottish clans
Sent to support the Scottish clans who declared loyalty to the King
Alliance Charles II and Scottish clans
Sends General Middleton to support the Scottish clans who declared loyalty to the King
Penruddock Rising
Helps lead the royalist rising that fails in the West Country
Penruddock Rising
Leads a royalist rising against the Protectorate and briefly seizes Salisbury
Capture of Salisbury
Captures Salisbury during the royalist rising for Charles II
Constitution of England
Influences Cromwell's decision to divide England and Wales into military districts after Penruddock's rising
Suppression of Penruddock Rising
Suppresses the royalist rising and hardens security policy
Alliance Charles II and Spain
Negiates with the Spanish Governor Don Juan for an alliance with Spain
Interregnum
Widdrington presented the Humble Petition and Advice offering Cromwell a revised constitution.
Constitution of England
Cromwell is offered the crown by Parliament as part of a revised constitutional settlement, presenting him with a dilemma, since he had been "instrumental" in abolishing the monarchy, Cromwell agonises for six weeks over the offer
Parliament
Cromwell is offered the crown by Parliament as part of a revised constitutional settlement, presenting him with a dilemma, since he had been "instrumental" in abolishing the monarchy, Cromwell agonises for six weeks over the offer
Constitution of England
The Upper House will consist of 70 members nominated by Cromwell
Reform of Parliament
The Upper House will have 70 members nominated by Cromwell to balance the Commons
Acclamation as King
The assembled Estates acclaim the young Charles as King of Sweden.
Acclamation as King
The assembled Estates acclaim the young Charles as King of Sweden.
Dissolution of Long Parliament
The restored Long Parliament dissolves itself after Monck supports elections for a new Parliament.
Election Call
Monck backs elections for a new Parliament to decide the terms of Charles II's return.
Restoration Settlement
Monck supports the dissolution of the Long Parliament and new elections for a settlement with Charles II.
Interregnum
Lenthall presided as the restored Long Parliament dissolved itself and called elections.
Restoration Negotiations
Charles II and Monck begin moving toward terms for the return of the Stuart monarchy.
Death of Mazarin
On the death of Mazarin assumes complete control
Death of Jules Mazarin
Death of Jules Mazarin, in the castle of Vincennes
Personal Rule
Takes personal control after Mazarin's death.
Personal Rule
Appointed Prime Minister of France, appoints himself
Carrosses a Cinq Sols
Pascal helps establish an early public transport service using fixed routes and fares.
Succession
Prince Satohito succeeds as Emperor Reigen after the abdication of Emperor Go-Sai.
Carolina Charter
Named as one of the Lords Proprietors in the Carolina charter.
Carolina Charter
Named as one of the Lords Proprietors in the Carolina charter.
Carolina Charter
Named as one of the Lords Proprietors in the Carolina charter.
Carolina Charter
Named as one of the Lords Proprietors in the Carolina charter.
Carolina Charter
Named as one of the Lords Proprietors in the Carolina charter.
Carolina Charter
Grants the Carolina charter to eight Lords Proprietors for territory south of Virginia.
Carolina Charter
Named as one of the Lords Proprietors in the Carolina charter.
Carolina Charter
Named as one of the Lords Proprietors in the Carolina charter.
Order of the Garter
Appointed a Knight of the Garter during Charles II's favour to his illegitimate son.
Religious Toleration
Forced to abandon plans for wider toleration of dissenters and Catholics after parliamentary resistance.
New France Royal Colony
Takes New France under direct royal control after the end of company rule.
New France Royal Colony
Colbert reorganises New France as part of royal imperial administration.
New Netherland Grant
Receives the royal grant that gives his title to the future province and city of New York.
New Netherland Grant
Grants his brother James a patent including New Netherland before the English expedition.
Declaration of War
Declares war on the Dutch Republic as the Second Anglo-Dutch War begins.
Peerage
Created Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne after the Restoration of Charles II.
Restoration
Created Duke and rewarded after his estates and honours are restored.
Assassination of David Riccio
Assassinated by Darnley to remove the Queens favourite & gain the throne
Death of David Riccio
Death od David Riccio, assassinated
Assassination of David Rizzio
Heads a group of armed Lords at the assassination of David Rizzio
Paris Police
Creates the office of Lieutenant General of Police.
Participation in Council Meetings
Charles begins attending meetings of the royal council before reaching his majority.
Participation in Council Meetings
Charles begins attending meetings of the royal council before reaching his majority.
Declaration of War
Attacks the Dutch Smyrna convoy, but it escapes
Declaration of Indulgence
Grants licenses to Non Conformists to worship publicly. Attempts to remove legislation against Catholics & Non Conformists. Allows Catholics to worship in private
Declaration of Indulgence
Attempts to extend religious liberty by royal prerogative through the Declaration of Indulgence.
Declaration of Indulgence
Charles II issues the Declaration of Indulgence suspending penal laws against Catholics and Protestant dissenters.
Suspension of Penal Laws
Suspends the execution of penal laws against religious nonconformists by issuing the Declaration of Indulgence.
Declaration of Indulgence
Seeks to relieve Roman Catholics and Protestant nonconformists from penal religious restrictions.
Reform of Church Governance
Uses royal authority to exempt selected religious groups from penalties under conformity laws.
Declaration of War
England & France declare war against in accordance with the Treaty of Dover. Charles II declares war without consulting Parliament
Birth of Spencer Compton
Birth of Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington, third son of the 3rd Earl of Northampton
Reform of Religious Tests
Assents to the Test Act. All public office holders must take public communion in the Church of England
Hereditary Stadtholder in Eastern Provinces
William III of Orange strengthens his dynastic position as hereditary stadtholder status extends to Gelderland and Overijssel.
Astronomer Royal Appointed
Becomes the first Astronomer Royal for work at Greenwich.
Royal Observatory Founded
Orders creation of the Royal Observatory to improve navigation.
Birth of Benedict XIV
Birth of Benedict XIV, Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini
Succession
Signs a declaration he had only married Queen Catherine, makes Monmouth illegitimate
Capture of Ypres
French forces capture Ypres during the Franco-Dutch War.
Election to Parliament
Is elected Member of Parliament for Newtown on the Isle of Wight and serves during the short 1679 Parliament.
Four Gallican Articles
Supports Gallican articles limiting papal authority in France.
Birth of Caroline of Ansbach
Birth of Caroline of Ansbach, born at Ansbach in Germany, the daughter of Johann Friedrich, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach and his second wife, Princess Eleanor Erdmuthe Louise of Saxe-Eisenach
Code Noir
Issues the Code Noir for French colonies.
Birth of George Berkley
Birth of George Berkley
Destruction of Heidelberg
Melac is closely associated with the French destruction of Heidelberg and its castle during the devastation of the Palatinate.
Execution
Executed by order of Aurangzeb
Execution of Sambhaji
Orders the execution of Sambhaji after his capture
Landing in Ireland
Lands in Ireland with French support to recover his kingdoms
Succession
Succeeds his brother Sambhaji as Maratha ruler
Succession
Lands in Ireland with the support of Louis XIV
Capture of Charlemont
Begins the campaign with the capture of Charlemont, but no advance southward was made until the arrival of William
Invasion of Ireland
Begins the campaign with the capture of Charlemont, but no advance southward was made until the arrival of William
Investment of Mons
Boufflers begins the French investment of Mons before the main siege works are opened.
Capture of Villefranche
Catinat captures Villefranche during the French offensive against Savoy's Mediterranean territories.
Arrival at Siege of Mons
Louis XIV arrives before Mons and personally oversees the principal French operation of the 1691 campaign.
Siege Engineering at Mons
Vauban directs the systematic siege works and artillery attack against Mons.
Blocking Relief of Mons
Luxembourg commands the covering army that prevents the Allies from relieving the French siege of Mons.
Burial
Purcell wrote special anthems & Archbishop Tenison preaches the service. Attended by both Houses of Parliament
Royal Reconciliation Gesture
Kisses William III's hand as his gradual political rehabilitation gains momentum.
Danish Calendar Reform
Aligns Danish civil dating more closely with most of western Europe.
Gregorian Calendar Introduced
Helps introduce the Gregorian calendar in Denmark-Norway.
Treaty of Partition
The Second Partition Treaty makes Archduke Charles the proposed heir to Spain and the Indies.
Treaty of Partition
William III of Orange agrees the Second Partition Treaty with France and the Dutch Republic in another attempt to avoid a European succession war.
Treaty of Partition
Louis XIV agrees the Second Partition Treaty with England and the Dutch Republic after Joseph Ferdinand's death.
Treaty of Partition
The Second Partition Treaty reserves important Italian possessions for the French Dauphin.
Treaty of Partition
Heinsius supports the Dutch Republic entering the Second Partition Treaty after the Bavarian heir dies.
Defence of Holstein-Gottorp
Defends Sweden's ally after Denmark attacks Holstein-Gottorp.
Alliance with Bavaria
Louis strengthens his position through an alliance with the Elector of Bavaria.
Bourbon Alliance
Maximilian Emanuel aligns Bavaria and the Spanish Netherlands with France.
Succession
As a result of his claiming his fathers lost thrones, James is attainted for treason in London and his titles are forfeited under English law
Treason
As a result of his claiming his fathers lost thrones, James is attainted for treason in London and his titles are forfeited under English law
Attainder
The English Parliament attaints James Francis Edward Stewart for treason.
Forfeiture of Titles
James loses his English titles under the parliamentary attainder.
Accession Council
Anne meets her council after succeeding to the throne.
Death of William III
William III of Orange dies at Kensington Palace and is succeeded in England by his sister-in-law, Anne.
Accession
Anne succeeds William III as Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
Coronation
Crowned Queen of England, last Stuart monarch
First Parliamentary Address
Anne addresses Parliament and promises to maintain England's religion and liberties.
Order of the Garter
Invested as a Knight of the Garter early in Queen Anne's reign.
Captain General
Queen Anne appoints Marlborough Captain-General of her land forces.
Captain General
Appointed Captain-General of Queen Anne's forces as the war coalition mobilises.
Accession Proclamation
Anne's accession is publicly proclaimed following William III's death.
Succession to Anne Prepared
As William III of Orange's final illness worsens, the established succession makes Anne the next Protestant monarch of England.
Final Illness
William III of Orange's health deteriorates after the riding accident, with complications contributing to his death at Kensington Palace.
Capture of Kehl
Villars captures Kehl and opens a crossing point for French operations east of the Rhine.
Capture of Kehl
Villars captures Kehl and secures a Rhine crossing.
Relief of Gibraltar
Leake helps relieve Gibraltar during the Bourbon attempt to retake the fortress.
Siege of Gibraltar
Tesse continues the siege of Gibraltar but fails to recover the fortress for the Bourbons.
Death of Alamgir
Death of Alamgir
Succession
Leaves the throne to internecine quarrels & the destruction of the Mogul Empire
Death of Aurangzeb
After Aurangzebs death, his son Bahadur Shah I takes the throne, the Mughal Empire, due both to Aurangzebs over-extension and cruelty and to Bahadurs weak military and leadership qualities, enters a long decline
Invasion of Scotland
Makes an unsuccessful attempt to land in Scotland, the fleet of Admiral Sir George Byng intercepted his French ships, and in spite of James tearful pleas, the French admiral refused to let him go ashore, choosing to retreat rather than risk a naval battle
Peace
Turns down peace proposals from Spain
Battle of Helsingborg
Stenbock defeats the Danish army at Helsingborg and ends Denmark's attempt to retake Scania.
Succession
Jahandar Shah is a mere puppet in the hands of his favorite wife, Lal Kunwar,who, before her elevation to the position of Queen Consort was a mere dancing girl
Succession
Jahandar Shah is a mere puppet in the hands of his favorite wife, Lal Kunwar,who, before her elevation to the position of Queen Consort was a mere dancing girl. Azim-ush-shan is killed and Jahandar Shah is able to rule for a further eleven months
Hanoverian Succession
The Treaty of Utrecht recognises the Hanoverian succession in Great Britain.
Treaty of Utrecht
The Treaty of Utrecht recognises the Hanoverian succession in Great Britain.
Treaty of Rastatt
Makes peace with France after refusing the Utrecht settlement.
Treaty of Utrecht
Makes peace with France after refusing the Utrecht settlement.
Treaty of Rastatt
Villars signs the Treaty of Rastatt with Eugene, helping end the war between France and Austria.
Treaty of Rastatt
Confirms peace with Austria after the Utrecht negotiations.
Treaty of Utrecht
Confirms peace with Austria after the Utrecht negotiations.
Battle of Holand
Charles XII wins a minor action at Holand during the Swedish invasion of Norway.
Battle of Holand
Wins a minor action during the Norwegian campaign.
Advance on Christiania
Advances toward Christiania during the Norwegian campaign.
Council of Foreign Affairs
Appointed Member of Council for Foreign Affairs
Invasion of Great Britain
Sails from Cadiz with 29 ships & 5,000 men
Reform of Interest Rates
Interest rates are reduced from 4% to 2%
Final Will
Executes his final will several months before his death.
Declaration of War
Claims he had an ear cut off by Spanish coastguards in the Caribbean in 1731
Birth of Joseph II
Joseph, the future Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II, was born in Vienna to Maria Theresa and Francis Stephen.
Siege of Cartagena de Indias
Vernonโs large expedition began operations against the fortified Spanish port of Cartagena de Indias.
Birth of Joseph Priestley
Birth of Joseph Priestley, later associated with Birminghamโs Lunar Society.
Siege of Neisse
Relieves Neisse & cuts off Frederick IIs supply route to Prussia
Invasion of Silesia
Marshal Neipperg crosses into Lower Silesia & threatens Frederick IIs in Breslau
Siege of Breslau
Marshal Neipperg crosses into Lower Silesia & threatens Frederick IIs in Breslau
Siege of Cartagena de Indias
Wentworth commanded the British land forces during the unsuccessful campaign against Cartagena.
Defence of Cartagena de Indias
Eslava coordinated the colonial government, army, militia, and fortifications during the British siege.
Defence of Cartagena de Indias
Blas de Lezo organized the naval and fortress defence against Vernonโs much larger expedition.
Cartagena Expedition
Lawrence Washington served with colonial troops in Vernonโs expedition against Cartagena.
Succession
Succeeds as Elector of Bavaria
Birth of James Madison
Birth of James Madison
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 1st term
Capture of Chandernagore
Captures Chandernagore to secure a line of communication to Calcutta
Siege of Calcutta
Captures Chandernagore to secure a line of communication to Calcutta
Siege of Chandagore
Captures Chandernagore to secure a line of communication to Calcutta
Halleys Comet
Edmund Halley determines that the orbital elements of a comet which had appeared in 1682, were nearly the same as those of two comets which had appeared in 1531 and 1607, Halley thus concludes that they are the same comet.
Halleys Comet
Edmund Halley returns, as predicted in 1682, Halley's Comet last appeared in the inner Solar System in 1986 and will next appear in mid-2061.
Halleys Comet
Halley's Comet is the best-known short-period comet and is visible from Earth every 75 to 76 years.
Birth of Charles Grey
Birth of Charles Grey, from Northumberland gentry
Birth of Louis-Gabriel Suchet
Birth of Louis-Gabriel Suchet
Boston Massacre
After the Boston Massacre a meeting of citizens at Faneuil Hall appoints a committee, which includes Hancock, to meet with Governor Hutchinson and Colonel Dalrymple to demand the removal of the troops
Boston Massacre
The fourth anniversary of the Boston Massacre, gives a speech strongly condemning the British
Closes Boston harbour until the East India Company is reimbursed for lost
Closes Boston harbour until the East India Company is reimbursed for lost tea
Sanctions
Closes Boston harbour until the East India Company is reimbursed for lost tea
The Wealth of Nations
Smith publishes The Wealth of Nations, analysing markets, specialisation and economic growth.
Dismissal
The passage of the 6 Edicts leads to Turgots downfall
Six Edicts, The
The 6 Edicts are registered by a "lit de justice" because of opposition to them
Birth of William Lamb
Birth of William Lamb, son of the 1st Lord Melbourne
Treaty of France
Frankin meets Louis XVI to confirm the French-American Treaty
Treaty of France
Frankin meets Louis XVI to confirm the French-American Treaty
Congress of National
The National Congress renames itself "The United States in Congress Assembled"
Constitution of USA
The National Congress renames itself "The United States in Congress Assembled"
Independence of United States of America
The National Congress renames itself "The United States in Congress Assembled"
Battle of Guildford
Despite victory Cornwallis cannot hold Georgia & the Carolinas
Battle of Virginia Cap
Destroys 3 British ships & has the better of the engagement but retreats to Newport
Discovery of Uranus
Discovers Uranus using a home made telescope from his back garden in Bath
Peace
Parliament enacts legislation empowering the Crown to negotiate peace with the US
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary
Foreign Secretary of England
Appointed Foreign Secretary, 1st term
Piano Concerto No 23
Completes Piano Concerto No 23 in A major.
Frances Nisbet
Marries Frances Nisbet on Nevis.
Constitution of USA
1st Congress of the US is held in New York
King encounters nobles favoring political change
The elections brought to Versailles aristocrats who did not uniformly defend inherited privileges. The consequences of lafayette elected noble deputy helped redefine the place of the three orders in French public life.
Lafayette represents nobles of Riom
Lafayette's election as a noble deputy gave reformers a prominent supporter within the privileged order. The lafayette elected noble deputy formed part of the transition from estate-based consultation toward claims of national sovereignty.
Noailles exemplifies liberal noble politics
Noailles joined noble representatives willing to entertain sweeping institutional reforms. The debate over lafayette elected noble deputy demonstrated why electoral rules and parliamentary procedure mattered to constitutional reform.
Election as Noble Deputy
Lafayette was elected as a noble deputy for Riom and entered the Estates General as a supporter of reform.
Election as Noble Deputy
Alexandre de Beauharnais was elected as a noble deputy for the bailliage of Blois to the Estates General.
Bailly oversees expanding civic bureaucracy
The revolutionary municipality needed officers and administrative procedures to replace inherited offices. Bailly's tenure coincided with efforts to regularize police, supply and civic management.
Redemption terms codified for feudal dues
The Assembly adopted detailed rules for redeeming certain seigneurial obligations. The arrangement protected some landowners' claims but disappointed peasants expecting immediate extinction of dues.
Provincial Societies
Affiliated Jacobin societies begin linking Parisian politics with provincial revolutionary opinion
Provincial Societies
Affiliated Jacobin societies begin linking Parisian politics with provincial revolutionary opinion.
Proof of seigneurial entitlement debated
Lawmakers and rural communities disputed which documents could establish rights still payable after abolition. The arguments showed that the August decrees had not immediately ended all relations between former lords and tenants.
Distinction between real and personal dues persists
Legislation retained distinctions between personal servitudes and claims linked to land tenure. The framework emerging from Noailles's original reform impulse imposed continuing legal and financial burdens on many villagers.
Allarde decree removes trade privileges
The revolutionary legislature abolished many guild restrictions and proclaimed greater freedom to pursue trades. The measure continued the dismantling of corporate privilege begun in 1789.
Death of John Wesley
Dies in London
Unification
Vermont becomes the 14th State of the Union
Vermont Admission
Leads Vermont as it enters the Union as the fourteenth state
Vermont Admission
Vermont becomes the fourteenth state of the Union
Birth of John MacHale
John MacHale is born in County Mayo and later becomes Archbishop of Tuam and a prominent Catholic nationalist churchman.
Rights of Man Part I
Publishes the first part of Rights of Man in answer to Edmund Burke
Capture of Bangalore
Captures Bangalore during the Third Anglo-Mysore War.
Loss of Bangalore
Loses Bangalore to Cornwallis during the Third Anglo-Mysore War.
Director of Jury
Vergniaud became director of the jury at the criminal tribunal of the Gironde before entering national politics.
Federal District Survey
Begins surveying the boundaries of the federal district
Debate over electoral citizenship: Legislative compromise pursued
Duport worked among reformers who regarded ordered representation as essential to constitutional stability. The adopted electoral framework nevertheless drew criticism for excluding many poorer men.
Debate over electoral citizenship: Property qualifications challenged
Robespierre criticized tying political rights to wealth and taxation. The controversy exposed the gap between general equality in the Rights Declaration and restrictive rules for choosing representatives.
Debate over electoral citizenship: Representative system defended
Sieyes had long distinguished political representation from universal direct rule. The constitutional debate sought a workable franchise but left substantial differences between active and passive citizens.
Birth of John Frederick William Herschel
Birth of John Frederick William Herschel
The Surprise Symphony
First performance of "The Surprise Symphony" at Vienna
Girondin ministries unsettle royal court
Marie Antoinette regarded the appointment of reformist ministers associated with the Girondins as a threat to royal influence. Disputes over war and religious policy further polarized the constitutional government.
Girondin-associated ministers take office: Interior ministry occupied
Jean-Marie Roland joined a ministry supported by the political current around Brissot. His administration would soon clash with Louis XVI over the direction of revolutionary policy.
Brissotin network shapes ministry politics
Political allies of Brissot gained influence as Louis XVI appointed ministers associated with the pro-war movement. Their advancement increased the political stakes of relations with Austria.
Girondin Influence
Brissotins and future Girondins remain influential in the Jacobin network before later conflict with the Mountain
Girondin Influence
Brissotins and future Girondins remain influential in the Jacobin network before later conflict with the Mountain.
Girondin-associated ministers take office: Salon becomes ministerial network
Madame Roland exercised considerable informal influence through correspondence and meetings among reform-minded politicians. Her household became closely associated with the Girondin milieu.
Girondin Ministry
Louis XVI appointed ministers associated with the Girondins as pressure grew for a more confrontational foreign policy.
Treaty of Seringapatam
Tipu Sultan accepts the Treaty of Seringapatam, ceding territory and providing hostages after the Third Anglo-Mysore War.
Girondin-associated ministers take office: Finance ministry enters reform camp
รtienne Claviรจre became finance minister during the emergence of a cabinet associated with pro-war deputies. Financial instability complicated the government's ability to pursue military and political objectives.
Battle of Aldenhoven
Wins distincton during the French invasion of the Austrian Netherlands
Birth of Sam Houston
Birth of Sam Houston
Danton Demands Extraordinary Political Court
Danton urged the Convention to establish a special tribunal amid military crisis and fears of conspiracy. The court was intended to punish threats to the new Republic.
Revolutionary Tribunal established: Extraordinary court urged
Danton supported creating a revolutionary tribunal to address suspected political conspiracies during the military emergency. The court later became a central institution of the Terror.
Revolutionary Tribunal Established
Danton urges the Convention to create an extraordinary tribunal for political offenses as military and internal crises intensify.
Revolutionary Tribunal established: Security legislation defended
Robespierre accepted emergency measures as part of the republic's struggle against counter-revolution. Their implementation raised profound questions about legal safeguards and political dissent.
Revolutionary Tribunal established: Suspected traitors targeted
Marat's polemics encouraged distrust of alleged internal enemies as the Tribunal emerged. Radicals expected emergency justice to punish conspirators whom ordinary courts might fail to restrain.
Arrest of Leading Hebertists
Calls for an uprising but leading Hebertists are arrested
Arrest of Leading Hebertists
Calls for an uprising but leading Hebertists are arrested.
Reballion of Calls for an
Calls for an uprising but leading Hebertists are arrested
Capture of Chemille
Leads counter-revolutionaries & seizes Chemille
Battle of Neerwinden
Wins distinctin during the French invasion of The Netherlands, defeats Dumouriez
Neerwinden Defeat Forces French Withdrawal
Dumouriez lost the battle of Neerwinden to coalition forces and withdrew westward. The defeat undermined the revolutionary occupation of Belgium.
Battle of Neerwinden
Attacks Prince Friedrich of Saxe-Coburg but is repulsed
Battle of Neerwinden
The French are turned back by Saxe-Coburg
Slavery
Congress votes to forbid participation in the slave trade with foreign nations
Treaty of Amiens
The Directory is recognized by the Pitt Government which offers to negotiate for peace
Proposals to prosecute the former queen
Revolutionary leaders urged the authorities to bring Marie Antoinette to trial as a suspected enemy of the republic. Military threats and internal insurgencies gave demands for harsh measures added force.
Declaration of War
The Convention declares war on Spain
Declaration of War
The Convention declares war on Spain.
Vendรฉe rising exposes fractures: Civil rebellion burdens government
Vergniaud and his colleagues confronted a major counter-revolutionary revolt in western France. Military emergencies increased criticism of the Girondins' handling of war and domestic security.
Vendรฉe rising exposes fractures: Interior ministry loses influence
Roland's political standing suffered as the republic faced insurrection and factional accusations. He resigned from the ministry in January, leaving his former allies more exposed.
Dumouriez reverses undermine Girondins
French defeats and the collapse of General Dumouriez's campaign damaged the reputation of pro-war politicians. Brissot's opponents used the military emergency to attack his faction.
Vendรฉe rising exposes fractures: War leadership faces new scrutiny
Brissot's policy reputation deteriorated as conflict spread from foreign frontiers into French territory. The widening crisis strengthened arguments for harsher central measures.
Capture of Vendee
Captures the Vendee & restores the monarchy & Church
Second Ventose Decree
Saint-Just develops the Ventose program by linking the punishment of political enemies with material assistance for needy patriots.
The Clock
1st performance of, "The Clock" at the King's Concert Hall
Report Against Hebertists
Saint-Just denounces the Hebertist faction before the Convention as a conspiracy threatening revolutionary government and republican unity.
Momoro caught in purge of club leaders
Momoro's place among the radical Cordeliers made him a target of the March 1794 prosecution. The controversy surrounding government moves against hebertists influenced the changing balance among revolutionary factions.
Hebert arrested after failed insurrectionary agitation
Authorities accused Hรฉbert and associates of plotting against revolutionary government, ending their bid for stronger club pressure. The episode concerned government moves against hebertists and affected the relationship between club activists and public authority.
Vincent detained with militant faction
Vincent was arrested as leading members of the Hรฉbertist circle lost protection from the ruling committees. This aspect of government moves against hebertists illustrates how press campaigns, popular sections and government decisions became connected.
Death of Jacques Rene Hebert
Jacques Rene Hebert was executed in Paris with leading Hebertists.
Execution
Hebert was executed with leading members of the Hebertist faction.
Hebertists Executed Following Tribunal Proceedings
Hebert and several associates were condemned and guillotined after their trial. Their elimination changed the balance of power within the revolutionary movement.
Execution of Hebertists
Hebert and leading Hebertists are executed after being accused of conspiracy against the revolutionary government
Execution of Hebertists
Hebert and leading Hebertists are executed after being accused of conspiracy against the revolutionary government.
Reform of Paris Commune
The Paris commune is reorganized, Hebertists are replaced by supporters of Robespierre
Reform of Paris Commune
The Paris commune is reorganized, Hebertists are replaced by supporters of Robespierre.
Dantonist Crisis
Danton and his allies are arrested after criticism of the Terror and the Committee of Public Safety
Dantonist Crisis
Danton and his allies are arrested after criticism of the Terror and the Committee of Public Safety.
Arrest of Georges Jacques Danton
Arrested for conspiring with foreign monarchs & links to the India company scandal
Arrest of Georges Jacques Danton
Georges Jacques Danton was arrested for conspiring with foreign monarchs and links to the India company scandal.
Scandal
Arrested for conspiring with foreign monarchs & links to the India company scandal
Report Against Dantonists
Saint-Just presents accusations against Danton and his associates, and the Convention approves a decree placing leading Dantonists on trial.
Dantonist Crisis
Desmoulins is imprisoned with the Dantonists after calling for clemency and attacking revolutionary excess
Dantonist Crisis
Desmoulins is imprisoned with the Dantonists after calling for clemency and attacking revolutionary excess.
Committee of General Security
The Committee of Public Safety and the Committee of General Security ensure that Desmoulins and Danton are arrested
Committee of General Security
The Committee of Public Safety and the Committee of General Security ensure that Desmoulins and Danton are arrested.
Committee of Public Safety
The Committee of Public Safety and the Committee of General Security ensure that Desmoulins and Danton are arrested
Hebertist leaders suppressed: Factional danger moves toward moderates
Danton's associates observed the removal of the Hรฉbertists as the government tightened control over rival revolutionary currents. The crackdown soon preceded prosecution of Danton's own circle.
Hebertist Crisis
Conflict grows between the Jacobin leadership and Hebertist militants over dechristianisation and popular pressure
Hebertist Crisis
Conflict grows between the Jacobin leadership and Hebertist militants over dechristianisation and popular pressure.
Hebertist leaders suppressed: Radical opponents accused
Saint-Just participated in reporting against alleged conspiratorial factions during the spring of 1794. Proceedings against the Hรฉbertists narrowed the political space available to the militant Parisian left.
Hebertist Leaders Accused of Conspiracy
Hรฉbert and prominent allies appeared before the Revolutionary Tribunal accused of conspiring against the Republic. The prosecution eliminated a militant faction that had challenged the emergency government.
Hebertist leaders suppressed: Extremist challenge eliminated
Robespierre regarded some ultra-revolutionary activists as threats to republican unity. Their arrest and execution removed vocal critics of the Committee's authority.
Committee of Public Safety
Sieyes entered the Committee of Public Safety during the final phase of the Convention and participated in post-Thermidor government.
Battle of Genoa
Damaged French ships are forced to surrender after the Battle of Genoa.
Battle of Genoa
Nelson takes possession of Censeur as the French abandon their Corsica invasion plan.
Invasion of Corsica
Nelson's capture of Censeur helps frustrate the French Corsican operation.
Invasion of Corsica
The French fleet abandons its plan to invade Corsica and returns to port.
Battle of Genoa
Fights in the naval action known as the Battle of Genoa.
Promotion to Chef de Bataillon
Carnot was promoted to chef de bataillon while continuing his political and military work during the final months of the Convention.
Reinstatement of Girondin Deputies
Sieyes helped secure the reinstatement of deputies previously arrested as associates of the Girondins.
Appointment of Bonaparte
Carnot supported the appointment of Bonaparte as commander in chief of the Army of Italy.
Commander of Army of Italy
Appointed Commander of the Army in Italy
Commander of Army of Italy
Napoleon received command of the Army of Italy, placing him at the head of the campaign against Austria and Piedmont.
Commander of Army of Italy
Appointed Commander of the Army in Italy
Marriage
Marries Napoleon I
Marriage
Marries Josephine Tascher de la Pagerie
Marriage to Josephine
Napoleon married Josephine de Beauharnais in Paris shortly before leaving to take command of the Army of Italy.
Marriage Witness
Barras served as a witness at the civil marriage of Napoleon Bonaparte and Josephine de Beauharnais.
Departure for Army of Italy
Napoleon left Paris to join the Army of Italy after receiving its command earlier that month.
Army of Italy Command
Barras supported the decision that placed Bonaparte in command of the Army of Italy before the 1796 campaign.
Battle of Tagliamento
Defeats the Austrians under Archduke Charles
Battle of Tagliamento
Commands a cavalry brigade under General Ney
Invasion of Egypt
Approves an expedition to Egypt
Recall by Directory
The Directory recalled Massena after the mutiny that disrupted his command in the Papal States.
Swiss Revolution Diplomacy
Talleyrand supported French diplomatic involvement in Switzerland as revolutionary change produced the Helvetic Republic.
Battle of Seedaseer
Tipu Sultan attacks allied forces at Seedaseer during the opening stages of the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War.
Capture of Jaffa
Napoleon's army captured Jaffa during the Syrian campaign, gaining a coastal position on the route toward Acre.
Battle of Coire
Massena fought at Coire during operations against Coalition forces in the Swiss theatre.
Arrival
Brunel lands at Falmouth and travels to London to pursue his engineering proposals.
Siege of Acre
Napoleon commences a 61 day siege of Acre against the Turks & British
Siege of Acre
Napoleon commences a 61 day siege of Acre against the Turks & British
Siege of Acre
Napoleon began the siege of Acre after advancing north from Jaffa, but Ottoman and British-supported defenders resisted repeated assaults.
Battle of Ostrach
Defeats the French under Jourdan in Italy
Battle of Feldkirch
Massena fought at Feldkirch during the difficult spring campaign against Austrian forces near the eastern Swiss frontier.
Battle of Stokach
Defeats the French under Jourdan in Italy
Battle of Stockach
Jourdan was defeated by Archduke Charles at Stockach and withdrew toward Strasbourg during the War of the Second Coalition.
Battle of Stokach
Replaces the wounded Lefebvre at the Battle of Stokach. Fights at the Battle of Stokach, French General Jourdan is defeated
Battle of Malavelly
Tipu Sultan's army contests the British-led advance at Malavelly before withdrawing toward Srirangapatna.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Italy
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Italy
Assassination of Peter I
Member of a court cabal who assassinate Peter I
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain
Battle of Alexandria
The Battle of Alexandria is fought between the French army under General Menou and the British expeditionary corps under Sir Ralph Abercrombie, where the British troops had advanced towards Alexandria. Abercromby defeats the French but dies during the battle. The British advance and capture Alexandria 2nd Sept 1801
Battle of Alexandria
The Battle of Alexandria is fought between the French General Menou and the British Abercrombie, where the British troops had advanced towards Alexandria. Abercromby defeats the French but dies during the battle. The British advance and capture Alexandria 2nd Sept 1801
Birth of Benito Juarez
Birth of Benito Juarez
Assassination of Paul I
Strangled in his bed during a Kremlin coups by drunken Russian Officers. Russian officers declare Alexander Emperor
Death of Paul I
Death of Paul I
Peace
Signed by Joseph Bonaparte and the Marquess Cornwallis as a "Definitive Treaty of Peace" between France and the United Kingdom
Peace
England keeps Ceylon & Trinidad & Malta is restored to the Knights of St John.
Peace
France keeps continental conquests.
Peace
Great Britain recognises the French Republic, the consequent peace, which lasted only one year, is the only period during which Great Britain was not at war with France during the so-called Great French War.
Peace
Signed by Joseph Bonaparte and the Marquess Cornwallis as a "Definitive Treaty of Peace" between France and the United Kingdom.
Peace
England keeps Ceylon & Trinidad & Malta restored to the Knights of St John.
Peace
France keeps her continental conquests.
Peace
Great Britain recognises the French Republic, the consequent peace, which lasted only one year, is the only period during which Great Britain was not at war with France during the so-called Great French War.
Peace
Signed by Joseph Bonaparte and the Marquess Cornwallis as a "Definitive Treaty of Peace" between France and the United Kingdom.
Rule of Ceylon
Under the Treaty of Amiens Britain is awarded Ceylon
Rule of Trinidad
Under the Treaty of Amiens Britain is awarded Trinidad
Treaty of Amiens
Pitt recognizes the French Directorate. Pitt has none of the ideological objections he had with the revolutionary regimes
Treaty of Amiens
Pitt agrees a peace with France for the sake of security
League of Armed Neutrality
The British Fleet shells the Danish Fleet & breaks the League of Armed Neutrality
Neutrality
The British Fleet shells the Danish Fleet & breaks the League of Armed Neutrality
Resignation of William Pitt the Younger
Pitt resigns from after his failure to achieve Catholic emancipation & Addington is chosen to succeed him
Moonlight Sonata
Composition of "Moonlight Sonata"
Neutrality
Under the Treaty of Amiens France withdraws from the Papal States; it fixed the borders of French Guiana; Malta, Gozo, and Comino are restored to the Order of St. John of Jerusalem and the islands are declared neutral
Rule of Cape Colony
Under the Treaty of Amiens Britain gives up the Cape Colony (occupied after Napoleon's invasion of the United Provinces in 1803), and much of the West Indies to the Batavian Republic, and also withdraws from Egypt
Rule of Egypt
Under the Treaty of Amiens Britain gives up the Cape Colony (occupied after Napoleon's invasion of the United Provinces in 1803), and much of the West Indies to the Batavian Republic, and also withdraws from Egypt
Rule of French Guiana
Under the Treaty of Amiens France withdraws from the Papal States; it fixed the borders of French Guiana; Malta, Gozo, and Comino are restored to the Order of St. John of Jerusalem and the islands are declared neutral
Rule of Malta
Under the Treaty of Amiens France withdraws from the Papal States; it fixed the borders of French Guiana; Malta, Gozo, and Comino are restored to the Order of St. John of Jerusalem and the islands are declared neutral
Rule of Papal States
Under the Treaty of Amiens France withdraws from the Papal States; it fixed the borders of French Guiana; Malta, Gozo, and Comino are restored to the Order of St. John of Jerusalem and the islands are declared neutral
Rule of West Indies
Under the Treaty of Amiens Britain gives up the Cape Colony (occupied after Napoleon's invasion of the United Provinces in 1803), and much of the West Indies to the Batavian Republic, and also withdraws from Egypt
Treaty of Amiens
Together with the Treaty of Lunโville (1801) the Treaty of Amiens marks the end of the Second Coalition
Treaty of Amiens
Under the Treaty of Amiens Britain gives up the Cape Colony (occupied after Napoleon's invasion of the United Provinces in 1803), and much of the West Indies to the Batavian Republic, and also withdraws from Egypt.
Treaty of Amiens
Under the Treaty of Amiens France withdraws from the Papal States; it fixed the borders of French Guiana; Malta, Gozo, and Comino are restored to the Order of St. John of Jerusalem and the islands are declared neutral.
Treaty of Amiens
Together with the Treaty of Lunโville (1801) the Treaty of Amiens marks the end of the Second Coalition
Unification
Ohio becomes the 17th State of the Union
Head of Confederation
Appointed Head of the Confederation, 1st term
Resignation of Henry Addington
Resigns as Prime Minister of Great Britain
Death of Victor-Francois de Broglie
Death of Victor-Francois de Broglie
Slavery
Wilberforce reintroduceS his Bill it in the 1805 session, on this occasion it is defeated on the second reading
Toulon Departure
Leaves Toulon as part of Napoleon's naval concentration plan.
Villeneuve Escape
Learns Villeneuve has escaped Toulon and begins the pursuit.
Portsmouth Block Mills
A third series of machines for large pulley blocks completes the main block-making installation.
Peerage
Created Grand Duke of Berg & Cleves
Peerage
Created Grand Duke of Berg & Cleves
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 2nd term
Resignation of William Cavendish-Bentinck
Grenvilles "Ministry of all talents" collapses after failure to emancipate Catholics
Legislation
The Slave Trade Act receives the royal assent
Appointed Foreign Minister, 1st term, given key responsibilities for the countrys
Appointed Foreign Minister, 1st term, given key responsibilities for the countrys diplomacy in the Napoleonic Wars
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Minister, 1st term, given key responsibilities for the countrys diplomacy in the Napoleonic Wars
Legislation
Royal Assent is given to an Act abolishing slavery
Reform of Slavery
Royal Assent is given to an Act abolishing slavery
Reform of Trade
The Slave Trade Act receives the royal assent
Slavery
The Slave Trade Act receives the royal assent
President of Haiti
Appointed President of Haiti, the independent southern part of the island
Diet of Porvoo
Receives the allegiance of the Finnish estates and confirms Finland's religion, laws and traditional privileges.
Citadel Massacre
Eliminates leading Mamluk rivals during a ceremony at the Cairo Citadel.
Massacre
Massacres the Mamelukes at Cairo
Siege of Cairo
Massacres the Mamelukes at Cairo
Birth of Urbain Le Verrier
Birth of Urbain Le Verrier
Birth of Francois-Charles-Joseph
Birth of Francois-Charles-Joseph, heir to Napoleon I, King of Rome
Birth of Francois-Charles-Joseph
Birth of Francois-Charles-Joseph, heir to Napoleon I, King of Rome
Birth of Napoleon I
Birth of Napoleon I, son of Napoleon II
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Minister under Lord Liverpool
Alliance Leads the coalition
Leads the coalition against Napoleon & prevents Allies dealing separately with France
Constitution of Spain
The Cortes passes a liberal constitution under a hereditary monarch. Ferdinand VII repudiates the liberal constitution
Alliance Metternich and Napoleon
Franch agrees to restore the Illyrian Provinces to Austria. Austria agrees to provide an army for Napoleon
Rule of Illyrian Provinces
Franch agrees to restore the Illyrian Provinces to Austria
Siege of Badajoz
Wellington laid siege to the fortress of Badajoz form 17th March to 6th April
Legislation
Frame-breaking becomes a capital offence
Dismissal of Speransky
Dismisses reformer Mikhail Speransky as conservative opposition and wartime political pressures intensify.
Award
Awarded the Order of the Garter
Award
Awarded the Order of the Garter
Siege of Torgau
1st day of the siege of Torgau
Declaration of War
Prussia declares war on France
Reballion of Rebels in River Prut
Acoompanies several other Greek officers crossed the river Prut in Romania
General
Appointed General of the Infantry
General
Appointed General of the Infantry
Battle of Laon
Joins Blucher & helps defeat the Napoleonic forces at Laon
Capture of Bordeaux
Captures Bordeaux
Constitution of Spain
Upon the return of Fernando VII the Regency is dissolved
Supreme Council
Upon the return of Fernando VII the Regency is dissolved
Royal Society Fellowship Election
Brunel is elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in recognition of his mechanical and civil engineering achievements.
Capture of Paris
Marmont surrenders Paris
Capture of Paris
Napoleon rejects an Allied peace offer with France's natural borders. As the Allies approach Paris they only offer France its "the pre-revolutionary limits"
Entry into Paris
Enters Paris with the allied sovereigns after coalition armies defeat Napoleon's forces in France.
Battle of San Mateo
Bolivar defeats a Spanish force under Jose Tomas Boves
Siege of New Orleans
Arrives in Alabama to put down an Indian rising & is deployed to defend New Orleans
Battle of San Mateo
Bolivar defeats a Spanish force under Jose Tomas Boves
Exile of Napoleon I
Lands in Cannes from Elba with 1,500 men & begins a march on Paris
Siege of Algiers
Enters Algiers harbour & forces the release of American prisoners
Congress of Vienna
Congress hears of Napoleon's escape from Elba
Congress of Vienna
Congress outlaws Napoleon
Corn Law
The Government enacts grain tariffs intended to protect domestic agricultural prices.
Congress of Vienna
Wellington leaves Vienna
Battle of La Puerta
Defeated by the Spanish at La Puerta
Battle of Cancha-Rayada
General Osorio narrowly defeats San Martin
Battle of Rayad
Defeated by the Spanish & colonial forces
Battle of Cancha-Rayada
General Osorio narrowly defeats San Martin
Filiki Eteria
The Filiki Eteria plan to launch revolts in the Peloponnese, the Danubian Principalities and Constantinople, the first of these revolts began on 6 March 1821 in the Danubian Principalities, but it was soon put down by the Ottomans
Crossing of the Prut
Ypsilantis crosses the Prut into Moldavia and begins the Danubian revolt
Independence of Greece
The Filiki Eteria plan to launch revolts in the Peloponnese, the Danubian Principalities and Constantinople, the first of these revolts began on 6 March 1821 in the Danubian Principalities, but it was soon put down by the Ottomans
Revolutionary Proclamation
Ypsilantis issues a proclamation calling Christians to rise against Ottoman rule
Mani Revolt
Mavromichalis raises revolt in Mani against Ottoman authority
Messenian Senate Established
Mavromichalis leads a regional revolutionary authority formed after the liberation of Kalamata.
Capture of Kalamata
Greek forces capture Kalamata and issue a call for European support
Revolution Blessed
Germanos becomes associated with the symbolic blessing of the Greek revolt
Sacred Band Mobilized
Greek volunteers form the Sacred Band for the Danubian campaign
Repudiation of Ypsilantis
Repudiates Alexander Ypsilantis's uprising in the Danubian Principalities rather than support an unauthorised Greek revolt.
Abdication
Forced to abdicate after a Republican Revolution
Speech
Maiden speech on the Manchester Gas Light Bill
Thames Tunnel
Construction of the Thames Tunnel begins ceremonially and Brunel lays the second brick after his father.
Thames Tunnel
Construction begins ceremonially on Brunel's tunnel beneath the River Thames.
Resignation of Robert Banks Jenkinson
Resigns after suffering a stroke, Prime Minister for 14 years 41 weeks
Birth of Frederick Charles
Birth of Frederick Charles, son of Charles of Prussia & nephew of William I
Reform of Parliament
The Roman Catholic Relief Bill passes through the House of Commons
Duel of Wellington
Duels the Earl of Winchilsea who accuses him of treachery over Catholic Emancipation. Both parties aim wide & honor is saved
Conference of London
A London Conference agrees the boundaries of an independent Greece
Independence of Great Britain
A London Conference agrees the boundaries of an independent Greece
Independence of Greece
A London Conference agrees the boundaries of an independent Greece
Book of Mormon Published
The Book of Mormon is published in Palmyra, New York.
Book of Mormon Published
Provides major financial support for publication of the Book of Mormon.
Capture of Diponegoro
Is arrested during negotiations with Dutch commander Hendrik Merkus de Kock.
Capture of Diponegoro
Arrests Prince Diponegoro, bringing the main phase of the Java War to an end.
Pragmatic Sanction of 1830
Issues the Pragmatic Sanction allowing his daughter to inherit the Spanish crown.
Reform of Electoral System
Introduces the Reform Bill, it passes its 2nd reading by 1 vote but is then defeated
President of Chile
Serves provisionally as head of government while Congress prepares the presidential succession.
Reform of Parliament
Introduces the 3rd Reform Bill to the Commons
Clifton Bridge Engineer Appointed
Brunel is appointed engineer for the Clifton Suspension Bridge after his revised design is selected.
Election
1st Reform Bill is rejected by the Commons, this leads to an election
Reform of Parliament
Introduces the 1st Reform Bill to the Commons. 1st Reform Bill is rejected by the Commons, this leads to an election
Etienne de Gerlache Government
The Etienne de Gerlache Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.
First Joseph Lebeau Government
Begins the First Joseph Lebeau Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.
Reform of Parliament
Steers 1st Reform Bill through the House of Commons but is defeated in committee
Birth of John Hoyer Updike
Birth of John Hoyer Updike
Death of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Death of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, age 82, final words are "more light!"
Reform of Parliament
Reform Bill, 3rd, 1 of the 4 framers of the Bill which passes through the Commons
Great Western Railway
Brunel is appointed engineer for the proposed railway between Bristol and London.
HMS Thetis Treasure Recovery Advice
Brunel corresponds with the Royal Society about engineering methods connected with recovering treasure from the wreck of HMS Thetis.
President of Uruguay
Appointed President of Uruguay
Battle of Gohad
The Mexican army Massacres the Texan rebels
Rule of Peru
Southern Peruvian departments establish South Peru under Santa Cruz's confederation project.
Thames Tunnel
A larger improved tunnelling shield is assembled and excavation beneath the Thames resumes.
Independence of Texas
Recognizes the "lone star" Republic of Texas
Independence of United States of America
Recognizes the "lone star" Republic of Texas
Inauguration
Inaugurated President of the USA, 8th
Lower Canada Finance Measures
Deepens political conflict between Lower Canadas assembly and imperial authorities.
Russell Resolutions
Introduces resolutions authorizing colonial revenues without assembly approval.
President of Venezuela
Appointed acting President of Venezuela
Great Western Sea Trial Completed
SS Great Western completes an early sea trial before beginning her first Atlantic service.
Brunel Injured during Great Western Fire
Brunel is injured after falling about twenty feet during the confusion surrounding the Great Western engine-room fire.
Great Western Engine-Room Fire Contained
An engine-room fire breaks out as Great Western prepares for her maiden Atlantic voyage but is extinguished with limited ship damage.
Invasion of Afghanistan
By late March 1839, the British forces had reached Quetta, crossed the Bolan Pass and begun their march to Kabul
Chief Minister
Appointed Chief Minister of Prussia
Knighthood
Queen Victoria knights Marc Isambard Brunel in recognition of his engineering work and the approaching completion of the Thames Tunnel.
Consulate
Becomes consul and begins shaping post-Francia government.
Provisional Government
Shares authority in the consular government after Francia's death.
Local Election of Provincial Deputies
Publishes an article on local elections of deputies to the provincial assembly.
Rhein-und-Mosel-Zeitung as Grand Inquisitor
Publishes a polemical response to the Rhein-und-Mosel-Zeitung.
Stylistic Exercises of the Rhein-und-Mosel-Zeitung
Publishes a further critique of the Rhein-und-Mosel-Zeitung's political journalism.
Resignation from Rheinische Zeitung
Marx resigns shortly before the authorities suppress the Rheinische Zeitung.
Thames Tunnel
The Thames Tunnel opens to pedestrians after eighteen years of construction begun under Marc and Isambard Brunel.
Thames Tunnel
The Thames Tunnel opens to the public as the first successful tunnel beneath a navigable river.
Prime Minister of Greece
Konstantinos Kanaris begins his first term as Prime Minister.
President of Paraguay
Becomes president under a new constitutional framework.
Constitution of 1844 Adopted
The National Assembly completes Greece's first constitution under the monarchy.
SS Great Britain
SS Great Britain is completed for service but remains delayed by limitations in Bristol Harbour.
Invasion of Persia
Birth of Georg Cantor
Statehood of Florida
Florida becomes the 27th State of the Union
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of the provisional government after the Marcist Revolution
Siege of Fort Texas
Mexican artillery opens bombardment against the United States fort opposite Matamoros
Siege of Fort Texas
Mexican forces begin the siege of Fort Texas near the Rio Grande
Rule of India
Under the Treaty of Lahore Britain gains territory beyond the Sutlej River
Treaty of Lahore
Under the Treaty of Lahore Britain gains territory beyond the Sutlej River. The Treaty of Lahore ends the 1st Sikh War
Treaty of Lahore
The Treaty of Lahore ends the First Sikh War and requires major territorial and financial concessions from the Sikh state.
Treaty of Lahore
The Sikh government of the young Duleep Singh accepts the Treaty of Lahore after defeat in the First Sikh War.
Treaty of Surrender
Nearly half of the Sikh Kingdom is taken over by the British
Siege of Cracow
Austrian & Russian troops occupy Cracow
Siege of Cracow
Austrian & Russian troops occupy Cracow
Treaty of Amritsar
Gulab Singh acquires Kashmir under the Treaty of Amritsar following the First Sikh War.
Treaty of Amritsar
The Treaty of Amritsar recognizes Gulab Singh as Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir after the First Sikh War.
Second de Theux Government
Begins the Second de Theux Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.
Sylvain Van de Weyer Government
The Sylvain Van de Weyer Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.
Landing at Veracruz
Conner's naval force supports Scott's landing near Veracruz
Landing at Veracruz
Scott lands an expeditionary army near Veracruz in a major amphibious operation
Siege of Veracruz
Morales defends Veracruz before the city capitulates to Scott's expedition
Siege of Veracruz
Perry supports naval bombardment and blockade operations during the siege of Veracruz
Capture of Veracruz
Captures Veracruz
Capture of Veracruz
Scott captures Veracruz and opens the route inland toward Mexico City
Expulsion from Belgium
Belgian authorities arrest and expel Marx during the revolutionary crisis.
Constitution of Hungary
Declares in the Hungarian Diet it is time to end absolutism & the "Metternich System"
Speech
Declares in the Hungarian Diet it is time to end absolutism & the "Metternich System"
Responsible Government
Forms a reform ministry with Baldwin under responsible government.
Responsible Government
Forms a reform ministry as responsible government takes hold in Canada.
Speech
Sends in the paramilitary police to restore order in the Diet
Demonstrations
Vienna students & artisans protest
Resignation of Metternich
Forced to resign by a Vienna mob
Constitution of Austria
Forced to promise a constitution
Reballion of Rebels in Pest
A bloodless revolution in Pest leads to wider social representation in the Diet
Coup
Overthrown during protests in Vienna
Exile of Metternich
Seeks exile in London
Resignation of Metternich
Overthrown during protests in Vienna
Reballion of Rebels in Milan
Italian revolutionaries rebel against Austrian rule
Birth of Louise
Birth of Louise, 6th child of Victoria & Albert
Birth of Louise
Birth of Louise, 6th child of Victoria & Albert
Minister President
Appointed Chief Minister President of Prussia
Minister President
Appointed Chief Minister President of Prussia
Revolution of Germany
When revolution breaks out in Prussia, part of the larger Revolutions of 1848, the king initially moved to repress it with the army, but later decided to recall the troops and place himself at the head of the movement
Declaration of War
Sardinia-Piedmont declares war for the nationalists in Austrias Italian provinces
Reballion of Rebels in Sardinia
Sardinia-Piedmont declares war for the nationalists in Austrias Italian provinces
Moltke Government
Begins the Moltke Government in Copenhagen and serves as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Demonstrations
Demonstrations break out in Kracow
Demonstrations
Demonstrations break out in Prague
Demands of the Communist Party
Marx and Engels issue political demands for the German revolutionary movement.
Return to Paris
Marx returns to revolutionary Paris after the fall of the July Monarchy.
Constitution of Austria
Enacts a new centralised & absolute Austrian constitution
Constitution of Austria
Enacts a new centralised & absolute Austrian constitution
Reichstag
Dissolves the Austrian Reichstag
Result of Surrender of Sikh Forces
Sikh organised resistance collapses as the remaining forces lay down their arms.
Surrender of Sikh Forces
The Sikhs lay down their arms
Result of Surrender of Sikh Forces
The Sikh military position collapses, enabling British authority to be imposed more fully in the Punjab.
Surrender of Sikh Forces
The Sikhs lay down their arms
Battle of Novara
Radetzky completely defeats Charles Albert & Albert Chrzanowski
Battle of Novara
Radetzky completely defeats Charles Albert & Albert Chrzanowski
Succession
Succeeds as King of Sardinia-Piedmont, 1849-1861
Succession
Elected as "Emperor of the Germans"
Constitution of Austria
A new constituton is written & approved but never put into practice
Capture of Punjab
The British capture the Punjab
Capture of Punjab
The British capture the Punjab
Chief Minister
Mazzini arrives in Rome and is appointed Chief Minister
Constitution of Italy
In the Constitution of the Roman Republic, religious freedom was guaranteed by article 7, the independence of the Pope as head of the Catholic Church was guaranteed by article 8 of the Principi fondamentali & the death penalty is abolished
Reform of Government
Provides for the confiscation of emblems & arms of rival Orange & Catholic parties
Erfurt Parliament
The Erfurt Union Parliament lasts from March 20 to April 29, 1850, opened at the former Augustinian monastery in Erfurt
Erfurt Union
The Erfurt Union Parliament lasts from March 20 to April 29, 1850, opened at the former Augustinian monastery in Erfurt
Erfurt Union
The Erfurt Union is union of German states under a federation, proposed by Prussia at Erfurt
Erfurt Union
The union never came into effect, and undermined in the Punctation of Olmutz under pressure from the Austrian Empire.
Address to the Communist League
Marx and Engels urge the Communist League to maintain independent working-class organisation.
Senator
Davis enters his new term as senator from Mississippi
Direct Demonstration of Earths Rotation
Provides visible mechanical evidence that Earth rotates.
Foucault Pendulum
Demonstrates a long pendulum beneath the dome of the Pantheon.
President of Uruguay
Appointed President of Uruguay after the end of the Guerra Grande
The Italian Insurrection and British Politics
Publishes an article connecting an Italian insurrection with developments in British politics.
Forced Emigration and the Refugee Question
Publishes an article discussing forced emigration, political refugees and British electoral corruption.
President of Argentina
Appointed President of the Argentine Confederation
Budget
Gladstone has to increase expenditure on the Services and a vote of credit of pounds 1,250,000 is taken to send a 25,000 to the East so the deficit for the year would be pounds 2,840,000 but Gladstone refuses to borrow the money needed to cover
Budget
Gladstones 3rd budget, by May pounds 6,870,000 is needed to finance the Crimean war so Gladstone raises the income tax from 10 and a half pence to 14d and to raise pounds 3,250,000; spirits, malt, and sugar are taxed to raise the rest of the
Budget
money needed.
Budget
the deficit and increases the income tax by one half from sevenpence to tenpence-halfpenny in the pound (from 2.92% to 4.38%)
Budget
Introduces a wartime budget as Britain enters the Crimean War and government expenditure rises.
Income Tax
92% to 4. 38%)
Income Tax
Gladstone has to increase expenditure on the Services and a vote of credit of pounds 1,250,000 is taken to send a 25,000 to the East so the deficit for the year would be pounds 2,840,000 but Gladstone refuses to borrow the money needed to cover
Income Tax
Gladstones 3rd budget, by May pounds 6,870,000 is needed to finance the Crimean war so Gladstone raises the income tax from 10 and a half pence to 14d and to raise pounds 3,250,000; spirits, malt, and sugar are taxed to raise the rest of the
Income Tax
money needed.
Income Tax
the deficit and increases the income tax by one half from sevenpence to tenpence-halfpenny in the pound (from 2.
Siege of Silistria
Commands Russian forces during the campaign against Silistria before illness and injury end his active role.
Birth of Alfred Milner
Birth of Alfred Milner
Abolition of Slavery
President Jose Gregorio Monagas signed legislation abolishing slavery throughout Venezuela.
Declaration of War
Joins Britain in war against Russia.
Declaration of War
After Russia ignores an Anglo-French ultimatum to withdraw from the Danubian Principalities, Great Britain and France formally declare war.
Declaration of War
Declares war after Russia refuses to leave the Danubian Principalities.
Declaration of War
After Russia ignores an Anglo-French ultimatum to withdraw from the Danubian Principalities, Great Britain and France formally declare war.
Command Appointment
Commands the French expeditionary army sent east.
Alliance Britain and France
Concludes an alliance between Britain and France.
Mobilization
A joint Anglo-French force is moved to Varna to repel the Russian Invasion of Bulgaria.
Accession
Becomes Tsar after the death of Nicholas I during the Crimean War.
Death of Vladimir Istomin
Is killed by artillery fire while directing the defence of the Malakoff sector.
Treaty of Peshawar
Dost Mohammad signs a treaty of peace and friendship with British India.
Henri de Brouckere Government
The Henri de Brouckere Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.
Pieter de Decker Government
Begins the Pieter de Decker Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.
Death of Charlotte Bronte
Death of Charlotte Bronte
Treaty of Paris
Signs the Treaty of Paris as an Austrian plenipotentiary.
Treaty of Paris
Treaty settlement of the Congress of Paris.
Danube Commission
Supports creation of an international Danube commission.
Treaty of Paris
Represents Prussia in the final Paris arrangements and signs the peace treaty.
Treaty of Paris
Signs the Treaty of Paris as one of Britain's plenipotentiaries at the peace congress.
Treaty of Paris
Signs the Treaty of Paris for Britain.
Treaty of Paris
The Treaty of Paris is signed.
Vote of Confidence
Wins a vote of confidence in the Commons and the Lords after the Treaty of Paris.
Vote of Confidence
Wins parliamentary support after the Treaty of Paris.
Treaty of Paris
Signs the Treaty of Paris for Sardinia alongside Cavour.
Treaty of Paris
Signs the Treaty of Paris for Russia.
Treaty of Paris
The "Four Points" plan is largely adhered to, most notably Russia's special privileges relating to the Danubian Principalities are transferred to the Great Powers.
Treaty of Paris
The Tsar and the Sultan agree not to establish any naval or military arsenal on the coast of the Black Sea. The Treaty of Paris stands until 1871, when France is crushed by Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War.
Treaty of Paris
Warships of all nations are perpetually excluded from the Black Sea, once the home to the Russian fleet (which had been destroyed in the course of the war). Treaty settlement of the Congress of Paris.
Bessarabia Cession
Cedes territory near the mouth of the Danube.
Black Sea Neutralisation
Accepts neutralisation of the Black Sea under the peace settlement.
Return of Kars
Regains Kars through the Treaty of Paris settlement.
Treaty of Paris
Signs the Treaty of Paris for the Ottoman Empire.
Treaty of Paris
Treaty settlement of the Congress of Paris.
Treaty of Paris
Signs the Treaty of Paris as an Ottoman plenipotentiary at the peace congress.
Declaration of War
Declares war on China
Vote of Confidence
Loses a vote of censure by 263 to 247 votes which leads to a dissolution of Parliament
Dissolution of Parliament
Parliament is dissolved after The Queen agrees to Parlmerstons request
House of Representatives
Takes his seat as a United States representative from Massachusetts.
Barrackpore Mutiny
Mangal Pandey's attack at Barrackpore exposes deep unrest among Bengal Army sepoys before the wider revolt.
Reballion of Rebels in Barrackpore
Mangal Pandey attacks British officers at Barrackpore, becoming an early symbol of the 1857 uprising.
March Revolution
The March Revolution forced Jose Tadeo Monagas from office and established a provisional government.
President of Venezuela
Appointed acting President of Venezuela
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of Venezuela after the March Revolution
Siege of Jhansi
Rani Lakshmibai directs the defence of Jhansi as British forces begin their major siege of the city.
Abdication
The last Mughal ruler is deposed
Azamgarh Campaign
Kunwar Singh carries the rebellion into the Azamgarh region while conducting a mobile campaign against British forces.
Birth of Alexandru Averescu
Birth of Alexandru Averescu
Leavenworth Speech
Lincoln speaks at Leavenworth during his Kansas tour
IRB
Founds the Irish Republican Brotherhood
President of Argentina
Appointed President of the Argentine Confederation
Morrill Tariff
The Morrill Tariff raises import duties shortly before Lincoln takes office.
Annual Message to Congress
Lincoln sends his first annual message to Congress
American Affairs
Publishes an article reviewing political and military developments in the United States.
Minister President
Appointed Chief Minister President of Prussia
Secessionists Friends and the American Blockade
Publishes an article on British supporters of secession and recognition of the Union blockade.
Idaho Territory
Lincoln signs legislation organizing Idaho Territory
National Academy of Sciences
Lincoln signs the act incorporating the National Academy of Sciences
Marriage
Marries Alexandra, eldest daughter of King Christian IX of Denmark
Thanksgiving Proclamation
Lincoln issues a proclamation establishing a national Thanksgiving observance
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant Colonel with a force of 4,000 Chinese
Election as King
The National Assembly elects Prince William of Denmark as King George I.
National Bank Act
Lincoln signs the National Bank Act revising the national banking system
Siege of Dybbol
Begins the siege of Dybbol, Denmark
Invasion of Denmark
A new agreement is signed between the powers under which the compacts of 1852 are declared invalid
Invasion of Denmark
The status of the Duchies within the Danish monarchy are subjected to a new understanding
Federal Constitution
The Federal Constitution reorganized the country as the United States of Venezuela.
Hampton Roads Conference
Confederate commissioners seek terms that might preserve Southern political authority after the war
Hampton Roads Conference
Conference ends without agreement as Union leaders demand reunion and Confederate leaders reject surrender terms
Hampton Roads Conference
Lincoln insists that restoration of the Union is required before any peace settlement can be made
Hampton Roads Conference
Lincoln meets Confederate commissioners aboard the steamer River Queen to discuss possible peace terms
Hampton Roads Conference
Lincoln meets Confederate representatives but no peace settlement is reached
Hampton Roads Conference
Lincoln refuses to recognize Confederate independence during the peace conference
Central Council Conflict in the Paris Section
Drafts resolutions for the International's Central Council concerning conflict in its Paris section.
Breach with the Social-Democrat
Publishes a statement explaining the causes of the break with the German newspaper Social-Demokrat.
Prime Minister of Greece
Koumoundouros begins his first premiership.
Chemical Society Presentation
Presents the Law of Octaves to the Chemical Society, arguing that elemental properties repeat in a pattern analogous to musical octaves.
Franchise
Introduces a franchise for occupiers in boroughs & occupiers in counties
Reform of Electoral System
Introduces a franchise for occupiers in boroughs & occupiers in counties. Gladstones proposals are based on rents rather than rates
Resignation of Benjamin Disraeli
Disraeli resigns as Chancellor of the Exchequer
Death of James Thomas Brudenell
Death of James Thomas Brudenell
Reform of Parliament
Disraeli passes the 2nd reform act through Parliament
Battle of Awaji Strait
Engages anti-Tokugawa Imperialist forces, indecisive naval gun battle
Reballion of Takeaki Enomoto
Leads a rebellion in Hokkaido & does not accept the fall of the Imperial forces
Reballion of Takeaki Enomoto
Leads a rebellion in Hokkaido & does not accept the fall of the Imperial forces
Reform of Government
Introduces the Irish Church Bill to end the Union of the English & Irish Churches. Introduces the Irish Church Bill to end the establishment of the Irish Church
First Published Periodic System
Presents the periodic system to the Russian Chemical Society and arranges elements so that chemical properties recur systematically with atomic weight.
Birth of Neville Chamberlain
Neville Chamberlain is born in Birmingham to Joseph and Florence Chamberlain.
Public Credit Act
The Public Credit Act promises repayment of federal obligations in coin, strengthening expectations that the United States will ultimately restore specie convertibility.
Birth of John Robert Clynes
Birth of John Robert Clynes
Battle of Cerro Cora
Dies at Cerro Cora as the War of the Triple Alliance ends.
Succession
Issues a memo saying a Hohenzollern is Spain would tie down 2 French Divs
Succession
William & the Crown Prince oppose Charles Anthonys Spanish succession. Urges Charles Anthony to accept the Spanish crown
Alliance Agreement
Publishes alliances with south German states, German Armies are under Prussian control
Alliance Bismarck and the south German states
Publishes alliances with south German states, German Armies are under Prussian control
Confidential Communication on Bakunin
Writes a confidential communication analysing Bakunin's political activity and disputes inside the International.
Abdication
Deposed by the National Assembly & retires to Chiselhurst in Kent
National Assembly
Deposed by the National Assembly & retires to Chiselhurst in Kent
Abdication
Deposed by the National Assembly at Bordeaux
National Assembly
Deposed by the National Assembly at Bordeaux
Birth of Maurice-Francois Garin
Birth of Maurice-Francois Garin
Reichstag
Opens the 1st Reichstag of the 2nd Reich
Treaty of Paris
The postwar settlement restricting Russian naval power in the Black Sea is overturned in 1871.
Fictitious Splits in the International
Completes with Engels a private circular answering factional attacks and preparing for confrontation with Bakunin's supporters.
Kulturkampf
Religious schools are forced to undergo official Government inspection and in June religious teachers are banned from Government schools
Legislation
Religious schools are forced to undergo official Government inspection and in June religious teachers are banned from Government schools
Rangers Foundation
Helps found Rangers after discussing the idea with friends in Glasgow's West End.
Rangers Foundation
Joins the group that founds Rangers Football Club in Glasgow.
Rangers Foundation
Helps establish Rangers with Moses McNeil, William McBeath and Peter Campbell.
Rangers Foundation
Becomes one of the four young founders of Rangers Football Club.
Legislation
The Judicature Act, establishes a Supreme Court of Judicature
Reform of Legal System
The Judicature Act, establishes a Supreme Court of Judicature
Resignation of William Ewart Gladstone
Resigns after the defeat of the Irish University Bill. 43 Liberals vote against the Government
Prime Minister of New Zealand
Appointed Prime Minister of New Zealand, 4th term
Senate
Begins service as a Republican senator from Massachusetts.
Government
Forms a new ministry in Hungary
Prime Minister of Hungary
Appointed Prime Minister of Hungary, 1st term
Invention of Telephone
Granted a patent for the telephone
Suez Canal Exchequer Bonds
Parliament authorises Exchequer bonds to replace the temporary Rothschild financing of the Suez Canal purchase.
Rangers First Scotland International
Becomes Rangers' first Scotland international when Scotland defeat Wales at Hamilton Crescent.
Swan Lake
1st performance of, "Swan Lake" staged by the Russian Imperial Ballet in Moscow
Treaty of San Stefano
Through the Treaty of San Stefano, the Russians, led by Chancellor Alexander Gorchakov, creating the Bulgarian autonomous principality under Ottoman Empires nominal rule
Treaty of San Stefano
Negotiates the Treaty of San Stefano creating independent states of Bulgaria & Serbia
Treaty of San Stefano
The Treaty of San Stefano ends the war and creates a large autonomous Bulgaria while recognising the independence of Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania.
Capture of Kars
Russia captures Kars from the Ottoman Empire
Congress of Berlin
The congress aims to revise the Treaty of San Stefano and keep Constantinople in Ottoman hands and disavow Russias victory over the decaying Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78
Treaty of San Stefano
Turkey capitulates & signs the Treaty of San Stefano with Russia. Independence of Serbia, Bulgaria & Romania is recognized by the Treaty of San Stefano
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain
Birth of Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein is born in Ulm, Wรผrttemberg, Germany.
Slavery
Pennsylvania becomes the 1st State to abolish slavery
President of USA
Appointed President of the USA, Twentieth President, Garfield takes office
Birth of Maustafa Kemal Ataturk
Birth of Maustafa Kemal Ataturk
Articles of Confederarion
All the US states ratify the Articles of Confederarion
Garfield Inauguration
Is inaugurated as the twentieth President of the United States.
Twentieth President Takes Office
Begins his presidency after winning the 1880 election.
Arthur Becomes Vice President
Begins the vice presidency that ends with Garfield's death.
Vice Presidential Inauguration
Takes office as Vice President under President Garfield.
Armistice
Signs the armistice ending the main First Boer War fighting.
Armistice
Agrees an armistice with Joubert after Majuba.
First Boer War Armistice
Agrees an armistice with Boer commander Piet Joubert.
O'Neill's Cottage Armistice
The agreement halts the principal fighting after Majuba.
Armistice
Signs the armistice ending the main First Boer War fighting.
Armistice with Evelyn Wood
Major combat ends while political negotiations continue.
Armistice
Signs the armistice ending major fighting.
First Boer War Armistice
Signs an armistice with British commander Evelyn Wood.
Letter to Vera Zasulich
Writes to Vera Zasulich discussing the Russian rural commune and possible paths of social development.
Assassination of Alexander II
Members of People's Will attack Alexander II in Saint Petersburg; a second bomb mortally wounds him.
Death of Alexander II
Dies in Saint Petersburg after being mortally wounded in a People's Will bomb attack.
Assassination of Alexander II
Is fatally wounded in a bombing organized by People's Will.
Death of Tsar Alexander II
Dies after a second bomb explodes near his carriage.
New Russian Tsar
Begins a reign marked by political reaction and stronger autocracy.
Succession of Alexander III
Succeeds his assassinated father as Tsar of Russia.
Alexander II Assassination Plot
Helps coordinate the assassination of Tsar Alexander II.
People's Will Attack
Signals the attackers as the imperial carriage approaches.
Assassination of Alexander II
Alexander II, Tsar of Russia, is assassinated, a bomb is thrown at him near his palace by the anarchist group Peoples Will led by Sophia Perovskaya
Carol I Becomes King
The new royal title reflects Romania's internationally recognized independence.
Kingdom of Romania Proclaimed
Carol becomes king when Parliament proclaims the Kingdom of Romania.
Kingdom of Romania Proclaimed
Parliament proclaims Romania a kingdom and Carol its king.
Birth of Bela Viktor Janos Bartok
Birth of Bela Viktor Janos Bartok
Pretoria Convention
Boer leaders sign the Pretoria Convention restoring Transvaal self-government.
Preliminary Peace Settlement
Accepts a peace settlement restoring Transvaal self-government.
Transvaal Self-Government Accepted
British policy shifts from renewed war toward negotiated autonomy.
Bela Bartok Born
The future Hungarian composer and ethnomusicologist is born.
Birth of Bela Bartok
Bela Bartok is born in Nagyszentmiklos.
Peace Negotiations
Accepts self-government for the Transvaal after British defeats.
Plot
Robert Maclean tries unsuccessfully to assassinate Queen Victoria
Plot
Robert Maclean tries unsuccessfully to assassinate Queen Victoria
Edmunds Act
Signs the Edmunds Act targeting polygamy in United States territories.
Federal Anti-Polygamy Law
The legislation strengthens federal penalties against plural marriage.
Birth of Emmy Noether
Emmy Noether is born in Erlangen, Bavaria.
Emmy Noether Born
The future pioneering algebraist is born into a mathematical family.
Death of Karl Marx
Karl Marx dies at his London home, aged sixty-four.
Burial of Karl Marx
Marx is buried at Highgate Cemetery in London in a small funeral ceremony
Siege of Khartoum
Th reinforcements requested by Gordon are refused by the British Government. The Mahdi have Khartoum surrounded
Inauguration
Inaugurated President of the USA, 22nd President
Panjdeh Crisis
Russian forces seize Panjdeh, prompting an Anglo-Russian crisis over Afghanistan's northern frontier.
Capture of Langson
China recaptures Langson
Siege of Chi-lung
Chi-lung surrenders to the French
Treaty of Bucharest
Concludes peace without territorial concessions to Serbia.
Rule of Rumelia
The Treaty of Bucharest concludes the Serbn war, reestablishing prewar Serbon borders but leaving Eastern Rumelia and Bulgaria united
Treaty of Bucharest
The Treaty of Bucharest concludes the Serbn war, reestablishing prewar Serbon borders but leaving Eastern Rumelia and Bulgaria united
Treaty of Bucharest
Accepts restoration of the prewar Serbian-Bulgarian frontier.
Editor
William Randolph Hearst appointed "Proprietor" of the SF Examiner newspaper
Chief Secretary
Appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland
Legislation
Irish Crimes Bill, trial by jury is suspended
Reform of Jury System
Irish Crimes Bill, trial by jury is suspended
Birth of Heitor Villa-Lobos
Birth of Heitor Villa-Lobos
Succession
Succeeds as German Emperor and King of Prussia.
National Holiday
Benjamin Harrison is inaugurated as 23rd President
Rule of Oklahoma
President Harrison opens Oklahoma for white colonization
Eiffel Tower
French engineer Gustave Eiffel unfurls the French tricolor from atop the Eiffel Tower, officially marking its completion. Constructed of 7,000 tons of iron and steel, the 984-foot structure was designed by Alexandre Gustave Eiffel for the Paris Exhibition of 1889, commemorating the centennial of the French Revolution
Paris Exhibition
Constructed of 7,000 tons of iron and steel, the 984-foot structure was designed by Alexandre Gustave Eiffel for the Paris Exhibition of 1889, commemorating the centennial of the French Revolution
Eiffel Tower Completed
Completes the iron tower built for the Paris exposition.
Exposition Universelle Landmark
Demonstrates large-scale prefabricated iron construction and wind-resistant engineering.
Dismissal
Criticises Bismarck for making arrangements with the Centre without his knowledge
Dismissal
Urges Wihelm to dismiss Bismarck for concealing declining relations with Russia
Urges Wihelm to dismiss Bismarck for concealing declining relations with Russia
Urges Wihelm to dismiss Bismarck for concealing declining relations with Russia
Chancellor
Appointed Imperial Chancellor
Dismissal
Forces Bismarck's resignation as Imperial Chancellor
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of Venezuela
Dismissal
Dismissed by William II who "drops the pilot"Benjamin Harrison was inaugurated as 23rd President
Reinsurance Treaty
Instructed by Wihelm II to renew the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia
Statue
A statue of John Wesley is unveiled in the City Rd
First Emil Stang Government
The First Emil Stang Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
First Johannes Steen Government
Begins the First Johannes Steen Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Manifesto
Issues a manifesto to the Irish in America requesting funds
Burial
Prince Napoleon is buried in Turin
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain, 5th term
Cuban Revolutionary Party
The first edition of the Patria newspaper, related to the Cuban Revolutionary Party, is published, funded and directed by Marti
Independence of Cuba
The first edition of the Patria newspaper, related to the Cuban Revolutionary Party, is published, funded and directed by Marti
Patria, El
The first edition of the Patria newspaper, related to the Cuban Revolutionary Party, is published, funded and directed by Marti
Dawes Commission
Congress authorizes a commission to negotiate with the Five Civilized Tribes.
Gold Medal
Birth of Wilhelm Heinrich Walter Baade
Resignation of William Ewart Gladstone
Resigns after being critical of the high naval estimates
August Beernaert Government
The August Beernaert Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.
Jules de Burlet Government
Begins the Jules de Burlet Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain, 6th term
Arrest of Oscar Wilde
Sentenced to 2 yrs hard Labour for homosexuality
Invasion of Cuba
Marti and Gomez declare the Manifesto de Montecristi, an "exposition of the purposes and principles of the Cuban revolution"
Manifesto de Montecristi
Marti and Gomez declare the Manifesto de Montecristi, an "exposition of the purposes and principles of the Cuban revolution"
Manifesto
Marti and Gomez declare the Manifesto de Montecristi, an "exposition of the purposes and principles of the Cuban revolution"
Invasion of Cuba
Marti and Gomez declare the Manifesto de Montecristi, an "exposition of the purposes and principles of the Cuban revolution"
Manifesto de Montecristi
Marti and Gomez declare the Manifesto de Montecristi, an "exposition of the purposes and principles of the Cuban revolution"
Manifesto
Marti and Gomez declare the Manifesto de Montecristi, an "exposition of the purposes and principles of the Cuban revolution"
HMS Royal Arthur Service
Crean serves aboard HMS Royal Arthur during a tense British naval presence at Corinto while the Pacific Station flagship confronts unrest in Nicaragua.
Battle of Adowa
Frustrates Italian attempts to make Ethiopia a protectorate
Independence of Ethiopia
Under the Treaty of Addis Ababa Italy recognizes Abyssinian independence and delineates borders with Italian-controlled Eritrea
Treaty of Addis Ababa
The Treaty of Addis Ababa abrogates the Treaty of Wuchale and formally ends the First Italo-Abyssinian War on terms favorable to Ethiopia.
Treaty of Addis Ababa
The Treaty of Addis Ababa is completed several months after the decisive Battle of Adowa in March of the same year, which was convincingly won by the Ethiopian forces commanded by Menelek II.
Treaty of Addis Ababa
Under the Treaty of Addis Ababa Italy recognizes Abyssinian independence and delineates borders with Italian-controlled Eritrea.
Uranium Rays
Discovers penetrating radiation emitted by uranium salts.
Uranium Rays
Reports spontaneous radiation from uranium salts.
Battle of Adowa
With a force of 20,000 attacks but defeated by Emperor Meneleks force of 90,000
Capture of Great Britain
French ambition in the Nile lead Salisbury to order Britain to reoccupy the Sudan
Invasion of Nicaragua
US Marines land in Nicaragua, to protect US citizens at the outbreak of revolution
Radioactivity
Shows uranium radiation can fog photographic plates without sunlight.
Sudan Reconquest Expedition Opened
Begins the Anglo-Egyptian advance designed to recover the Sudan from Mahdist control.
Ascent-Saint Elias
Makes the 1st ascent of Mount Saint Elias, Alaska, 5,489 m
Commander of 5th Dragoons
Appointed Commander of the 5th Dragoon Guards
Currency Act
The Currency Act authorises a gold standard funded partly by Chinese indemnity payments.
First Congress
Represents Jewish socialist organisation at the founding congress.
First Congress
Attends the Minsk congress that founds the party.
First Congress
Joins other delegates creating the party at Minsk.
First Congress
Takes part in the First Congress founding the party.
Birth of Zhou Enlai
Zhou Enlai is born in Huai'an, Jiangsu, into a family with roots in Shaoxing.
Birth of Chou En-Lai
Birth of Chou En-Lai
Mahmud Force Located near Atbara
Concentrates against Emir Mahmud's army after intelligence identifies its fortified position near the Atbara.
Party Programme
Influences the new party through the older Marxist exile movement.
Party Founded
Learns of the new party while still in Siberian exile.
Camp Ridley
By 2 March the base, christened "Camp Ridley" after Borchgrevinks English mothers maiden name, was fully established, and the Duke of Yorks flag raised
Southern Cross Expedition
Establishes the Southern Cross Expedition base at Cape Adare, the first overwintering base on the Antarctic mainland
Southern Cross Expedition
The Southern Cross departs for New Zealand to winter there, leaving a shore party of 10 with their provisions, equipment and 70 dogs. By 2 March the base, christened "Camp Ridley" after Borchgrevinks English mothers maiden name, was fully established, and the Duke of Yorks flag raised
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain
Civil Rights
Advised by Joseph Chamberlain to give civil rights to Uitlanders, in the Transvaal
Reform of Civil Rights
Advised by Joseph Chamberlain to give civil rights to Uitlanders, in the Transvaal
French Acceptance of Congo-Nile Boundary
Accepts the agreement with Britain defining French and British spheres between the Congo and Nile basins.
Anglo-French Congo-Nile Boundary Settlement
Concludes an Anglo-French agreement defining spheres of influence between the Nile and Congo basins after the Fashoda crisis.
Resignation of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
Resigns his commission & leaves India
Pretoria Convention
Boer leaders sign the Pretoria Convention restoring Transvaal self-government.
Battle of Poplar Grove
Kelly-Kenny commands infantry during Roberts's advance against Boer positions at Poplar Grove.
Battle of Driefontein
Kelly-Kenny's infantry fights through Boer resistance at Driefontein on the march toward Bloemfontein.
Birth of ustavo Rojas Gustavo
Birth of ustavo Rojas Gustavo, Tunja, Boyoca
Capture of Orange Free State
British forces occupy the Orange Free State and rename it the Orange River Colony.
Siege of Bloemfontein
British forces occupy the Orange Free State and rename it the Orange River Colony.
Capture of Bloemfontein
British forces occupy the Orange Free State and rename it the Orange River Colony.
Siege of Bloemfontein
The British launch an offensive against the Boer capital
Capture of Bloemfontein
Occupies the Orange Free State capital.
Flight from Bloemfontein
Moves the Free State government after Bloemfontein falls.
Gold Standard Act
The Gold Standard Act defines the dollar by gold and protects currency redemption.
Gold Standard Act
The Gold Standard Act legally defines the dollar by gold and protects currency redemption.
University of Birmingham
Helps secure the charter creating the University of Birmingham.
Battle of Sanna's Post
Broadwood's mounted force is caught in De Wet's ambush at Sanna's Post and suffers heavy losses.
Battle of Sanna's Post
De Wet ambushes Broadwood's column at Sanna's Post and captures men, wagons and artillery.
Bloemfontein Advance Supported
Supports Roberts's advance and occupation of Bloemfontein as British momentum improves.
Command of Transvaal Forces
Assumes leadership of the Transvaal forces after Piet Joubert's death.
Commandant-General Leadership
Becomes the principal Transvaal commander during the remaining war.
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain, 7th term
Arrest of Emilio Aguinaldo
The rebel leader is captured after leading a revolt against US hegemony
Constitution of Venezuela
The Constitution of 1901 strengthened the presidency and reorganized the federal states.
Club Constitution
Presides over the board when Madrid Football Club is formally constituted.
Battle of Tweebosch
Is wounded and captured by De la Rey.
Battle of Tweebosch
Kemp fights with De la Rey's commandos during the Boer victory over Methuen's column at Tweebosch.
Battle of Tweebosch
Captures Methuen during a major Boer success.
Symphony No 2 Premiere
Conducts the first public performance of Symphony No 2 in Helsinki.
Marriage
Mahler marries Alma Schindler (1879 -1964), twenty years his junior and the stepdaughter of the noted Viennese painter Carl Moll
What Is to Be Done?
Sets out the argument for a disciplined revolutionary organisation.
What Is to Be Done?
Publishes What Is to Be Done?, setting out his vanguard party argument.
President of Uruguay
Begins his first presidency and launches the reformist programme later known as Batllismo
Discovery Expedition
At the end of March 1903 the Morning is ordered to return, leaving supplies with the Discovery, still sealed in the ice, several crew are exchanged, including Shackleton, who was considered not healthy enough to remain for the winter
Invalided Home from Discovery
Shackleton leaves the Discovery expedition early because of poor health and returns home aboard the relief ship Morning.
Birth of Alfred Ludwig Heinrich Karl Graf von Waldersee
Death of Alfred Ludwig Heinrich Karl Graf von Waldersee
Birth of Reinhard Heydrich
Birth of Reinhard Heydrich, Saxony
Death of Zakarine Kham Souk
Dies, opening the succession for Sisavang Vong
Christian Michelsen Government
Begins the Christian Michelsen Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Second Francis Hagerup Government
The Second Francis Hagerup Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Invincible Design Receives Board Approval
The Admiralty Board approves the new fast armoured-cruiser design with only minor changes.
Mobilization
The Russian Fleet departs Madagascar across the Indian Ocean
Photoelectric Effect Paper Submitted
Sends his light-quantum paper to Annalen der Physik, using quanta to explain the photoelectric effect.
Closure-Schools
All secondary schools and universities are closed for the remainder of the year
School Closures
Closes universities and secondary schools amid unrest.
Birth of Berthold Konrad Hermann Albert Speer
Birth of Berthold Konrad Hermann Albert Speer
Anglo-Afghan Treaty
Habibullah confirms earlier agreements with British India while retaining authority over internal affairs.
Monetary Reform Law
Mexico enacts a monetary reform defining the peso by 75 centigrams of pure gold and replacing bimetallism with a gold-exchange standard.
Monetary Reform
Mexico adopts a gold-exchange standard after falling silver prices destabilise the peso.
Dreadnought Final Design Completed
The final HMS Dreadnought design emerges from the Fisher-era design process with heavy uniform guns and turbine propulsion.
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina after the death of Manuel Quintana
Adolf Eichmann Born
The future SS official is born to a German family.
Birth of Adolf Eichmann
Adolf Eichmann is born in Solingen, Germany.
3rd Foot Guards Regiment
After completing his cadet education, Manstein joined the Prussian 3rd Foot Guards Regiment as an ensign. This posting marked the beginning of his active service in the Imperial German Army.
Election
The Het Volk, including many English-speaking allies, win the election
Prime Minister of South Africa
Appointed Prime Minister of the Transvaal
Het Volk Administration
Becomes prime minister under restored responsible government.
Het Volk Government Formed
Forms a government supported by Afrikaner and English-speaking allies.
Transvaal Government Formed
Forms the Transvaal government after Het Volk wins the election.
Transvaal Premiership
Becomes prime minister after Het Volk wins the Transvaal election.
Peasant Revolt Government
Sturdza forms a government during the nationwide peasant revolt.
Parliament
Botha attends the opening of Parliament by Lord Selbourne
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War
Constitution of Russia
Stolypin announces a reform program
Resignation of Henry Campbell-Bannerman
Resigns as Prime Minister of Great Britain
South Pole
Climbs Mt Erebus, the worlds southernmost active volcano
Mount Erebus
Leads the first ascent of Mount Erebus with Douglas Mawson and Alistair Mackay during Shackleton's Nimrod Expedition
Birth of Maurice Merleau-Ponty
Maurice Merleau-Ponty is born at Rochefort-sur-Mer.
First Gunnar Knudsen Government
Begins the First Gunnar Knudsen Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Jรธrgen Lรธvland Government
The Jรธrgen Lรธvland Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
1st Plane Passenger
Taks the 1st aviation passenger, flies over Paris
Teacher
Appointed Teacher at Oneglia on the Riviera
South Pole
The Nimrod spots Shackleton from Cape Royds & pick him up
Nimrod Expedition Leaves Antarctica
Nimrod departs Antarctica with Shackleton's expedition after the southern party returns safely from its record-setting journey.
Birth of Hector Jose Campora Demaestre
Birth of Hector Jose Campora Demaestre
HMS Invincible Commissioned
HMS Invincible enters Home Fleet service, embodying Fisher's fast heavily armed cruiser concept.
Discovery of South Pole
Arrives in New Zealand having led an expedition to within 111 miles of the South Pole
Antarctic Geological Work Completed
Brings back geological observations from the Ross Sea region.
Nimrod Expedition Return
Returns from Antarctica after geological work with the Nimrod expedition.
Depot and Sledge Work Completed
Completes a second major Antarctic expedition as an experienced seaman.
Nimrod Expedition Return
Returns after serving on sledging and depot-laying parties.
Invasion of Persia
Russian troops invade northern Persia & occupy Tabriz
Bjorn Jonsson Ministry
Begins the Bjorn Jonsson Ministry and serves as Minister for Iceland.
First Hannes Hafstein Ministry
The First Hannes Hafstein Ministry ends, concluding this period as Minister for Iceland.
Prime Minister of Iceland
Appointed Prime Minister of Iceland
Titanic Keel Laid
Titanic's keel is laid at Harland and Wolff, beginning construction of Yard Number 401.
Dreadnought Construction Programme
Supports construction intended to preserve Britains naval superiority.
Naval Estimates
Defends increased naval estimates during the dreadnought scare.
Home Fleet Unified Organisation
Home-water forces are reorganised into a unified Home Fleet with differing readiness levels and concentrated battle strength.
Birth of David Niven
David Niven is born in London.
British Actor Born
The future British film actor and soldier is born.
Birth of Claire Trevor
Birth of Claire Trevor
Death of Karl Lueger
Death of Karl Lueger
Naval Spending Programme
Defends major expenditure as necessary for British naval security.
Navy Estimates
Introduces the Navy Estimates for the financial year.
Reform of Parliament
"The Crown & the Commons must act together against the encroachments of the Lords"
Constitution of Great Britain
Announces the Lords must be reformed on a democratic basis
Lords Reform Declaration
Declares that the House of Lords must be reformed on a democratic basis.
Constitution of Great Britain
Supports abolition of the veto at the Free Trade Hall. Attempts to rally the Liberals to support reform of the Lords
Birth of Akira Kurosawa
Birth of Akira Kurosawa
Budget
With the support of the Irish Nationalists Asquiths Budget is passed by the Commons
Constitution of Great Britain
Promises if the Lords reject the budget the King will create peers before an election. Declares the Lords should not have the right to reject or a Bill more than 2X. Declares that Parliament should be restricted to terms 5 years
Election
Promises if the Lords reject the budget the King will create peers before an election
Five Year Parliament Proposal
Proposes limiting the maximum life of Parliament to five years.
Irish Backing for Budget
Irish Nationalist support helps the Budget pass the Commons.
Peer Creation Warning
Warns that peers may be created if the Lords block the Budget.
Constitution of Great Britain
Government proposals to reform the House of Lords is introduced to Parliament
Lords Reform Proposals Introduced
Government proposals to reform the House of Lords are introduced to Parliament.
Reform of Prisons
Reduces maximum solitary confinement to 1 month. Plans a library system for prisoners. Creates a distinction betwen political & criminal prisoners, includes the suffragettes
Military League Dissolved
The Military League dissolves after accepting Venizelos's constitutional programme.
Devolution
Proposes Britain be divided into 10 with a local administration & elected assembly
President of Uruguay
Begins his second presidency and intensifies social, labour and state-led reform
Resignation of Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin
Stolypin resigns as Prime Minister
Bjorn Jonsson Ministry
The Bjorn Jonsson Ministry ends, concluding this period as Minister for Iceland.
Kristjan Jonsson Ministry
Begins the Kristjan Jonsson Ministry and serves as Minister for Iceland.
International Womens Day
Supports nationwide Social Democratic events demanding votes for women.
SPD Womens Suffrage Campaign
Mobilizes working women through the party's first International Women's Day.
First International Womens Day
Helps organize the first International Women's Day in Germany.
Women Workers Mobilization
Campaigns for women's suffrage through coordinated socialist demonstrations.
Birth of Jacob Rubenstein
Birth of Jacob Rubenstein
Peerage Creation
Continues directing War Office reform after entering the peerage.
Viscount Haldane
Is created Viscount Haldane of Cloan.
Birth of Heinz Maier-Leibnitz
Heinz Maier-Leibnitz is born in Esslingen.
German Nuclear Physicist Born
The future German nuclear physicist and research leader is born.
Birth of Elisabeth Grummer
Elisabeth Grummer is born in German-administered Alsace-Lorraine.
German Soprano Born
The future German lyric soprano is born near Diedenhofen.
Court Councillor
Receives the title of court councillor from Duke Carl Eduard.
Meiningen Court Appointment
Prepares for a new musical appointment connected with the Meiningen court.
Education
Begins studies at the Royal Officer Cadet Academy
Danzig Cadet Course
Completes an officer-training course at the Royal Cadet School.
Royal Cadet School Training
Studies military subjects before receiving his lieutenant's commission.
Sea Ice Rescue
Helps survive a dangerous sea-ice incident.
Militant Suffrage Protest
Is arrested during renewed militant action for women's voting rights.
Window-Smashing Campaign
Leads a coordinated window-smashing protest in central London.
Rule of Samos
Under the leadership of Themistoklis Sofoulis Samos is united with Greece
Attempt to Meet Polar Party
He waits six days hoping to meet Scott's returning party.
One Ton Depot Relief Journey
Reaches One Ton Depot with a dog team and supplies.
Oates Condition Deteriorates
Oates's frostbitten feet worsen severely as the polar party struggles north across the Barrier.
Arica-La Paz Railway
Inaugurates the railway connecting Arica with La Paz as part of Chile's obligations toward Bolivia.
President of Ecuador
Appointed acting President of Ecuador
South Pole Announcement
Announces from Hobart that his party has reached the South Pole
South Pole Expedition
The Expedition makes its way to Hobart, Australia, where Amundsen publicly announces his success
South Pole
Amundsens success is publicly announced on March 7, 1912, when he arrives at Hobart, Australia
Discovery of South Pole
Announces King Haaken & Queen Maude agree to use their names for discovered areas. Announces his discovery of the South Pole
Inexpressible Island Snow Cave
Campbell's men begin converting a snowdrift into a cramped winter shelter after accepting that ship relief will not arrive.
Serbo-Bulgarian Alliance
Signs the alliance establishing Serbian-Bulgarian cooperation against the Ottoman Empire.
Balkan League
The signing of a secret bilateral defensive alliance between Serbia and Bulgaria. Serbia and Bulgaria sign treaties to split between them the land of Vardarrr Macedonia
Serbo-Bulgarian Alliance
Approves the secret alliance with Serbia.
Serbo-Bulgarian Alliance
Signs alliance with Bulgaria against the Ottoman Empire.
Serbo-Bulgarian Alliance
Supports the alliance with Bulgaria directed against Ottoman rule in the Balkans.
Death of Lawrence Oates
Oates, whose condition was aggravated by an old war-wound to the extent that he was barely able to walk, voluntarily left the tent and walked to his death.
Death of Lawrence Oates
Scott wrote that Oates last words were, "I am just going outside and may be some time.". Oates, whose condition was aggravated by an old war-wound to the extent that he was barely able to walk, voluntarily left the tent and walked to his death
Oates Leaves the Tent
Scott records Oates's farewell before Oates, badly weakened and scarcely able to walk, leaves the tent during a blizzard and walks to his death.
Death of Lawrence Edward Grace Oates
Leaves Scott's tent during the return from the South Pole, sacrificing himself as the party struggles northward
Oates Death Recorded
Scott records Oates leaving the tent during a blizzard after weeks of worsening frostbite and exhaustion.
Death of Lawrence Oates
Leaves the tent during a blizzard while critically ill.
Oates Leaves Final Camp
His sacrifice is intended to improve his companions' survival chances.
Death of Lawrence Oates
Leaves the tent and dies during the return journey.
Scott Suffers Severe Frostbite
Scott records serious frostbite in his right foot as the three survivors approach One Ton Depot.
Armament
Announces in the Commons that for every German battleship built Britain should build 2
Diplomatic Proposal at London
Proposes a "Naval holiday", a suspension of naval construction by Britain & Germany
Final Camp Established
After walking a further 20 miles, the three remaining men made their final camp on 19 March, 11 miles (18 km) short of One Ton Depot, but 24 miles (38 km) beyond the original intended location of the depot.
Final Camp Near One Ton Depot
Wilson reaches the final camp with Scott and Bowers approximately eleven miles short of One Ton Depot.
Final Camp Near One Ton Depot
Bowers reaches the final camp with Scott and Wilson while a worsening blizzard prevents further progress.
Titanic Belfast Assignment
Joins Titanic at Belfast as an officer while the new liner is being prepared for service.
Birth of Wilfrid Brambell
Birth of Wilfrid Brambell
Birth of Werner von Braun
Birth of Werner von Braun
Election
The Liberal Party wins a commanding parliamentary majority under Venizelos.
Liberal Election Victory
Venizelos wins an overwhelming parliamentary mandate for his reform programme.
Titanic Junior Officer Arrival
Joins Titanic at Belfast with the junior deck officers before the ship's trials and delivery voyage.
Final Diary Entry
Scott writes his final diary entry while the surviving polar party remains trapped by a blizzard near One Ton Depot.
Death of Henry Robertson Bowers
Dies with Scott and Wilson in their final camp during the return from the South Pole
Final Camp
Dies with Wilson and Bowers near One Ton Depot.
Final Diary Entry
Writes his final diary entry near One Ton Depot.
Polar Party Final Camp
Scott, Wilson and Bowers die in their tent soon afterward.
Death of Henry Bowers
Dies with Scott and Wilson during the return journey.
Death of Edward Wilson
Dies with Scott and Bowers in the final camp.
Coal Mines Minimum Wage Act
Secures passage of the Coal Mines Minimum Wage Act.
National Coal Strike Settlement
Creates district boards to establish minimum underground wage rates.
Coal Mines Minimum Wage Act
Secures passage of the Coal Mines Minimum Wage Act.
Coal Wage District Boards
Creates district boards to set minimum underground wage rates.
Agadir Crisis
France establishes a full protectorate over Morocco, ending what remained of the countrys formal independence
Rule of Morocco
France establishes a full protectorate over Morocco, ending what remained of the countrys formal independence
Rule of Morocco
France establishes a full protectorate over Morocco, ending what remained of the countrys formal independence
Abdication
Abdelhafid abdicates in favor of his brother Yusef after signing the Treaty of Fez, which makes Morocco a French protectorate
Milestones Premiere
Milestones receives its first London production.
Royalty Theatre Production
Traces changing family attitudes across several generations.
One Ton Depot Dog Journey
Cherry-Garrard travels south with dog teams to One Ton Depot in an attempt to meet the returning Polar Party.
Northern Party Winter Cave
Priestley helps the stranded Northern Party survive the Antarctic winter in an ice cave on Inexpressible Island.
Northern Party Winter Survival
Campbell commands the stranded Northern Party as the men prepare an improvised winter shelter on Inexpressible Island.
Northern Party Medical Support
Levick provides medical oversight while the Northern Party endures an unexpected winter on Inexpressible Island.
Dog Team Journey
Attempts to meet Scott's returning party with dog teams.
Titanic Command Appointment
Receives command of Titanic for the new liner's maiden voyage after serving as White Star's senior Olympic-class captain.
Inexpressible Island Winter
Survives the Northern Party's snow-cave winter.
Inexpressible Island Winter
Northern Party winters in a snow cave after ship pickup fails.
Cape Evans Command
Takes command at Cape Evans after Evans is invalided home.
Inexpressible Island Winter
Endures the Northern Party's winter at Inexpressible Island.
Miners Federation Leadership
Supports coordinated action across Britain's principal coalfields.
National Coal Strike
Helps lead the national miners' strike over minimum wages.
Miners Parliamentary Advocacy
Presses Parliament for statutory protection of minimum wages.
National Coal Strike Support
Supports miners during the national coal strike.
Exile from British Arrest
Directs suffrage strategy from France through clandestine communications.
Flight to Paris
Escapes to Paris to avoid arrest for militant conspiracy.
One Ton Depot Support
Girev accompanies the dog journey to One Ton Depot, where worsening conditions prevent any farther attempt to locate Scott's party.
Capture of Ioannina
The Turkish garrison of 30,000 falls to Prince Constantine of Greece
Capture of Ioannina
The Turkish garrison of 30,000 falls to Prince Constantine of Greece
Inauguration
Inaugurated President of the USA, 28th
Capture of Ioannina
Captures Ioannina from Ottoman forces.
Surrender of Ioannina
Surrenders Ioannina to the Greeks.
Political Levy Reform
Helps Labour benefit from lawful political levies with individual opt-outs.
Trade Union Act Support
Supports legislation restoring trade-union political funding rights.
Political Fund Legislation
Permits union political funds while allowing members to opt out.
Trade Union Act
Secures Royal Assent for the Trade Union Act.
Trade Union Act Royal Assent
Secures Royal Assent for the Trade Union Act.
Union Political Funds
Permits trade union political funds while allowing members to opt out.
Political Levy Reform
Welcomes restoration of trade-union political fund powers.
Trade Union Act Campaign
Strengthens Labour financing after the Osborne judgment restrictions.
Birth of Clay Lavergne Shaw
Clay Lavergne Shaw was born in Kentwood, Louisiana, on March 17, 1913.
Accession of Constantine I
Constantine succeeds his father as King of Greece.
Assassination of George I
King George I is assassinated shortly after Thessaloniki becomes part of Greece.
Succession
Succeeds as King of Greece in the newly occuppied city of Salonika
Assassination of George I
Death of George I, assassinated during the First Balkan War
Assassination of George I
Is assassinated in Salonika during the war.
Assassination of Sung Chiao-jen
Assassinated by agents of Yuan Shih-kai
Death of Sung Chiao-jen
Death of Sung Chiao-jen
Assassination of Chiaojen Sung
Has Sung Chiao-jen assassinated, provokes the Chinese 2nd Revolution
Capture of Adrianople
Captures Adrianople with Serbian assistance.
Capture of Adrianople
Commands the Bulgarian Second Army during the fall of Adrianople.
Diplomatic Proposal at London
Proposes an Anglo-German "naval holiday" to reduce expenditure on armaments
Capture of Adrianople
A combined Bulgar-Serb force captures Adrianople
Capture of Adrianople
Serbian heavy artillery assists Bulgaria at Adrianople.
Capture of Adrianople
Commands Serbian artillery supporting the capture of Adrianople.
Surrender of Adrianople
Surrenders Adrianople after siege.
Capture of Adrianople
Surrenders Adrianople to a combined Bulgar-Serb force
Capture of Adrianople
Adrianople is captured by the Bulgarians, assisted by the Serbs, Turkey is brought back to the negotiating table in London
Birth of Walter Winterbottom
Birth of Walter Winterbottom
Birth of James Cleveland Jesse Owens
Birth of James Cleveland "Jesse" Owens
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff
The Balkan War and Socialism
Writes The Balkan War and Socialism while analyzing nationalism, war and socialist policy in southeastern Europe.
Naval Supplementary Estimate
Explains a supplementary naval estimate to the House of Commons and defends the additional expenditure.
Prince Takes Office
William of Wied arrives in Albania as sovereign prince
Navy Estimates 1914-15
Presents the Navy Estimates for 1914-15 and explains Admiralty policy and construction commitments.
Dreadnought Completion Figures
Answers Commons questions on the number of completed British dreadnoughts.
Fleet Disposition Statement
Answers Commons questions about the disposition of Royal Navy forces.
German Navy Estimates Review
Answers Commons questions concerning German naval estimates and comparative naval strength.
HMS Iron Duke Status
Answers Commons questions concerning HMS Iron Duke during discussion of the naval programme.
Royal Naval Museum Greenwich
Answers parliamentary questions concerning the Royal Naval Museum at Greenwich.
Canadian Ships Policy
Addresses Commons questions about Canadian ships and their relationship to Imperial naval policy.
Dreadnought Comparative Statistics
Provides comparative information on British and foreign dreadnought strength.
Merchant Steamships Guns
Defends Admiralty policy concerning guns carried by merchant steamships.
Movement of Warships
Answers Commons questions concerning Royal Navy warship movements.
Civil and Military Forces
Takes part in Commons discussion concerning the relationship between civil authority and military forces.
Secretary of State
Appointed Secretary of State for War
War Office Appointment
Temporarily assumes the War Office during the Curragh crisis.
Curragh Crisis War Office
Succeeds Seely at the War Office during the Curragh crisis and threat of Irish civil conflict.
Reballion of Rebels in London
Successor to Seely during the "Curragh Mutiny" & threat of Irish civil war
Lieutenant
Appointed Member of 49th Field Artillery Regiment
Civilian Minesweeper Limitations Exposed
Carden's trawler minesweepers struggle against current, searchlights and mobile artillery while operated largely by civilian crews.
Intermediate Defences Bombarded
Battleships bombard intermediate positions while minesweepers begin the difficult effort to clear a passage toward the Narrows.
Battle of Gallipoli
Proposes Greek troops help the Allies
Battle of Dardanelles
Allied troops land at Kum-Kale, the Asiatic side of the Dardanelles
Amethyst Covers Minesweeping Attempt
HMS Amethyst supports six minesweepers during a costly attempt to clear mines under heavy Ottoman fire.
Minesweeper Crews Suffer under Fire
Several trawlers are hit during minesweeping operations, demonstrating the vulnerability of the improvised sweeping force.
First Wartime Resignation
Venizelos resigns after disagreement with Constantine I over participation in the war.
French Minesweeping Attempt Fails
French minesweepers make another attempt under covering fire but fail to open the required passage through the minefields.
Nusret Mine Mission Prepared
Hakki prepares Nusret for a covert mining mission across Erenkoy Bay.
Battle of Gallipoli
The event that decided the battle took place on the night of March 8 when the Ottoman minelayer Nusret laid a line of mines in Eren Key Bay, a wide bay along the Asian shore just inside the entrance to the straits
Battle of Gallipoli
The operation went ahead without the British or French becoming aware of the recent additions to the Ottoman minefields
Royal Navy Courts-Martial Return Provided
Churchill supplies parliamentary information concerning Royal Navy courts-martial during wartime.
Erenkoy Mine Line Concealed from Allies
Cevat's defence preserves the newly laid Erenkoy mine line from Allied detection.
Erenkoy Mine Line Laid
Hakki Bey commands Nusret as it lays a concealed line of mines across Erenkoy Bay.
Twenty-Six Erenkoy Mines Laid
Hakki's Nusret lays a fresh line of mines parallel to the Asian shore in Erenkoy Bay.
Minesweeping Attack Reaches Kephez Lines
Keyes sends minesweepers against the main mine lines near Kephez under heavy Ottoman fire.
March Tenth Minesweeping Effort
Further minesweeping is attempted under Carden's command as the fleet struggles to create a safe channel toward the Narrows.
Neuve Chapelle Breakthrough Exploitation Ordered
Haig orders reserves forward after British troops penetrate the first German defensive positions.
Neuve Chapelle Offensive Directed by First Army
Haig's First Army opens the Neuve Chapelle offensive after a concentrated artillery bombardment.
Neutrality
The Reprisals Order, in which Britain bans all neutral parties from trading with Germany
Reprisals Order
The Reprisals Order, in which Britain bans all neutral parties from trading with Germany
Mediterranean Expeditionary Force Command Received
Hamilton is appointed to command the force being assembled for land operations at the Dardanelles.
March Eleventh Minesweeping Effort
Another minesweeping effort continues under Commodore Keyes while Carden presses for progress against the mine barrier.
Neutrality
The Reprisals Order, in which Britain bans all neutral parties from trading with Germany
Reprisals Order
The Reprisals Order, in which Britain bans all neutral parties from trading with Germany
Reprisals Trading Ban
Britain bans neutral parties from trading with Germany under the Reprisals Order.
Narrows Bombardment Intensified
Carden intensifies attacks on forts covering the Narrows while minesweeping remains incomplete.
Keyes Leads Volunteer Minesweeping Attack
Commodore Keyes leads naval volunteers in another determined attempt to clear mines and suppress searchlights in the Straits.
Two-Hour Covering Bombardment Precedes Sweep
Carden's forces precede the volunteer minesweeping attempt with prolonged gunfire against searchlights and mobile batteries.
Neuve Chapelle Offensive Halted
Haig ends the offensive after communications failures, resistance and ammunition shortages prevent further progress.
Death of Sergei Witte
Death of Sergei Yulyevich Witte.
Carden Reports Strain before Decisive Attack
Carden reports severe strain as pressure mounts for a decisive fleet assault.
Merchant Ship Losses Statement Provided
Churchill provides information on British merchant ships detained, captured or destroyed during the war.
Admiralty Accepts Daylight Attack Scheme
The Admiralty accepts Carden's revised plan for a heavily supported daylight assault and minesweeping effort.
Battle Fleet Protection Assigned to Daylight Sweep
Carden's final operational plan places the minesweepers under close protection of the battle fleet for the proposed daylight clearance.
Daylight Minesweeping Plan Developed
Carden proposes a daylight minesweeping operation closely protected by the battle fleet after repeated night attempts fail.
Dardanelles Command Passed to de Robeck
Carden leaves command through illness and de Robeck takes over the naval operation.
Battle of Gallipoli
March 18 is a significant victory for the Ottoman Empire
Health Breakdown Removes Carden from Operational Direction
Severe illness and nervous exhaustion prevent Carden from continuing direct command on the eve of the major fleet assault.
Eighteenth March Battle Plan Confirmed
De Robeck confirms the plan for battleships to silence the forts while minesweepers clear a passage.
Dardanelles Fleet Command Assumed
De Robeck assumes command of the Allied naval force on the eve of the major Dardanelles attack.
Dardanelles Plan Continues under de Robeck
De Robeck inherits Carden's operational concept and prepares the large fleet attack scheduled for 18 March.
Eastern Mediterranean Command Relinquished
Carden formally relinquishes the Eastern Mediterranean Squadron to John de Robeck because of his deteriorating health.
Bouvet Sunk during Naval Assault
Guepratte's force suffers the sudden loss of Bouvet after the battleship strikes a mine.
French Division Ordered into Second Line
Guepratte takes the French battleship division into the straits behind the first British line.
French Battleship Line Commits to Narrows Attack
Guepratte leads the French battleship division into the central phase of the 18 March naval assault.
Inflexible Damaged by Erenkoy Mines
HMS Inflexible is badly damaged by a mine while withdrawing from the Narrows.
Irresistible Lost during Strait Assault
De Robeck's fleet loses HMS Irresistible after the battleship strikes a mine during the assault.
Ocean Lost during Withdrawal
HMS Ocean is lost after striking a mine while attempting to assist damaged ships.
Battle of Dardanelles
Commands a naval attack fails & the Inflexible & Irrepressible are lost
Fleet Withdraws after Battleship Losses
De Robeck withdraws after mines and Ottoman fire sink three Allied battleships and damage several others.
Main Dardanelles Naval Assault Ordered
De Robeck orders the principal British and French battleship attack against the Ottoman straits defences.
Battle of Dardanelles
A naval attack fails & the Inflexible & Irrepressible are lost
Narrows Batteries Engage Main Fleet
Cevat's forts engage the Allied battleships during the largest naval attack on the straits.
Fleet Assault Suspended after Eighteenth March
De Robeck suspends another immediate battleship assault after the heavy losses of 18 March.
Eighteenth March Battleship Losses Reviewed
Churchill reviews the severe losses suffered during the main Allied attempt to force the Dardanelles.
Dardanelles Battleship Losses Condemned
After the 18 March losses, Fisher tells the War Council that the sinking of major ships cannot be dismissed.
Twelve-Battleship Loss Estimate Reaffirmed
Fisher repeats his view that forcing the Dardanelles by naval power alone could cost about twelve battleships.
Renewed Minesweeping Urged after Eighteenth March
Keyes argues that determined minesweeping could still open a path through the straits.
Discovery of Pluto
Lowell Observatory captures faint images of Pluto, but the object is not recognised as the predicted planet.
Siege of Przmysl
Austrian forces surrender to the Russians
Land Support Declared Necessary
De Robeck tells Allied commanders that troops are required to capture shore batteries before another naval advance.
Ottoman Fifth Army Command Assumed
Liman von Sanders takes command of the Ottoman Fifth Army responsible for defending Gallipoli.
Battle of Champagne, 1st
By the end of the battle the French have advanced 500 yards
Socialist Womens Conference
Zetkin organises the Socialist Womens Conference
Return to Front Line Service
Jodl returns to active service after recovering from his 1914 wound.
Carpathian Offensive
Directs the Carpathian Offensive, March-April
Dardanelles Army Headquarters Established
Hamilton establishes headquarters and begins organising the multinational force for the peninsula invasion.
Kilid Bahr Plateau Set as Strategic Objective
Hamilton identifies the Kilid Bahr plateau as essential for neutralising the forts covering the Narrows.
Renewed Naval Attack Advocated after Losses
Churchill continues pressing for renewed naval action despite the battleship losses.
Fleet Loss Concerns Raised before Final Assault
Fisher expresses concern that battleships are being risked before the minefields are fully cleared.
Civilian Minesweeper Crews Replaced
Keyes supports using naval personnel when civilian trawler crews struggle under Ottoman fire.
Night Minesweeping Effort Intensified
Keyes pushes minesweepers deeper into the straits despite heavy fire and strong currents.
Ground Invasion Backed after Naval Failure
Asquith's government accepts that troops must seize the Gallipoli defences before the fleet can advance.
Twenty-Ninth Division Released for Dardanelles
Kitchener releases the 29th Division for Hamilton's Mediterranean Expeditionary Force.
Downstream Sweeping Method Attempted
Carden's command experiments with sending trawlers upstream before turning to sweep with the current through the minefields.
Naval Volunteers Replace Civilian Sweeping Crews
Royal Navy volunteers increasingly replace reluctant civilian trawler crews in attempts to improve minesweeping under fire.
Night Minesweeping Adopted
Carden shifts much minesweeping work to darkness in an attempt to reduce exposure to Ottoman guns and observation.
Searchlights Disrupt Night Sweeping
Ottoman searchlights illuminate slow trawlers at night, allowing shore batteries to interfere repeatedly with minesweeping.
Trawler Crews Abandon Sweeping Gear under Fire
Some civilian trawler crews fail to stream minesweeping gear when Ottoman fire becomes intense during an attempted sweep.
Unprotected Surprise Sweep Attempted
A night attempt sends trawlers without close battleship protection in hopes of surprising Ottoman defenders.
Battlecruiser Fleet Scouting Role Expanded
Beatty's force develops its role as the fast scouting arm intended to locate enemy heavy ships.
Neuve Chapelle Ammunition Lessons Reviewed
Reviews ammunition expenditure after Neuve Chapelle highlights the enormous shell demands of modern offensives.
Election
Venizelos wins the election & is returned to power
Siege of Salonika
Urges the Germans to invade Greece & recapture Salonika from the Allies
Industrial Legacy
His policies remain associated with rapid Russian industrial growth.
Railway Legacy
His name remains linked with railway expansion and state finance.
October Manifesto Legacy
His role in the October Manifesto defines his reform reputation.
Commander of North West Army
Appointed Commander of the North West Army Group
Portsmouth Legacy
His Portsmouth diplomacy remains a major achievement of his career.
Commander of North West Army
Appointed Comander of the North West Army Group
Mobile Howitzers Disrupt Minesweeping
Cevat uses concealed mobile artillery to harass civilian-crewed minesweepers operating at night.
New Zealand Division Formed
Russell assumes command when the New Zealand Division is formally created in Egypt.
Battle of Verdun
Wounded in battle & captured by the Germans. "posthumously" awarded the Legion of Honour. It is officially thought de Gaulle died in battle
Speech
Urges the First Lord of the Admiralty to recall Lord Fisher as First Sea Lord
National Economy Appeal Reinforced
Urges greater national economy as wartime expenditure and demands on resources increase.
Birth of Harold Wilson
Birth of Harold Wilson
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Portugal
Austria-Hungary severs diplomatic relations with Portugal. Austria-Hungary declares war on Portugal
DEclaration of War
Austria-Hungary declares war on Portugal
Battle of Dardanelles
Forced to hand over his command to John de Robeck, due to ill health
Brusilov Offensive
The Russians attack Lake Naroch under French pressure to divert forces from Verdun
Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD)
Several SPD members in the Reichstag vote against the authorization of further credits to finance World War I, pacifists led by Hugo Haase are expelled from the SPD
ANZAC Mounted Division Formed
Chauvel takes command of the newly formed ANZAC Mounted Division in Egypt.
First Light Horse Brigade Joins Mounted Division
Cox's 1st Light Horse Brigade joins the ANZAC Mounted Division in Egypt.
Second Light Horse Brigade Joins Mounted Division
Ryrie's 2nd Light Horse Brigade joins the ANZAC Mounted Division during its formation.
Budget
Haase and 18 other SPD delegates vote against the Government's emergency budget
Resignation of Hugo Haase
Forced to resign as party chairman of the SPD
Sozialdemokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft
Founded and led the Sozialdemokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft
Commander of Danube Army
Appointed Commander of the Army of the Danube
Commander of Danube Army
Appointed Commander of the Army of the Danube
New Zealand Mounted Rifles Joins ANZAC Mounted Division
Chaytor's brigade becomes the New Zealand component of the ANZAC Mounted Division.
Brusilov Offensive
Russia has 130 Divisions for an offensive coinciding with Anglo-French attacks on the Somme
Chief of Staff
Appointed Austro-Hungarian Chief of Staff
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff
February Revolution
The first Joint Plenum of the Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies issues Soviet Order No. 1: all soldiers units will elect Soldiers Committee's & the decree stipulates that soldiers will now accept orders from the Soldiers Soviet
Moscow Soviet
Formation of the Moscow Soviet
Soviet of Workers & Soldiers Deputies
The first Joint Plenum of the Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies issues Soviet Order No. 1: all soldiers units will elect Soldiers Committee's & the decree stipulates that soldiers will now accept orders from the Soldiers Soviet
Demonstrations
General Ivanov is ordered to abort his mission to suppress rebellion in Petrograd
Executive Committee
Becomes influential in the Soviet moderate majority.
Soviet Majority
Socialist Revolutionaries gain influence inside the Soviet movement.
Order Number One
The Soviet issues Order Number One increasing soldiers representation and influence.
Order Number One
The Soviet issues Order Number One to soldiers of the garrison.
Order Number One
Helps draft Order Number One for the Petrograd Soviet.
Order Number One
Sokolov helps prepare the order that defines early Soviet authority.
Demonstrations
General Ivanov is ordered to abort his mission to suppress the rebellion in Petrograd
Duma
Nicholas II orders General Alekseev to form a Duma ministry
Exile of Nicholas II
The Imperial train is diverted to Pskov
February Revolution
The first Joint Plenum of the Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies issues Soviet Order No. 1: all soldiers units will elect Soldiers Committee's & the decree stipulates that soldiers will now accept orders from the Soldiers Soviet
Government
Nicholas II orders General Alekseev to form a Duma ministry
Reballion of to suppress the
General Ivanov is ordered to abort his mission to suppress the rebellion in Petrograd
Dual Power
The Provisional Government shares authority with the Petrograd Soviet.
Petrograd Command
Is appointed commander of the Petrograd Military District.
Dual Power
His government must share authority with the Petrograd Soviet.
Negotiations
Duma & Soviet representitives reach agreement on the basis of an 8 point program
Constitution of Russia
Duma & Soviet representitives reach agreement on the basis of an 8 point program
Abdication of Nicholas II
Nicholas II signs his abdication, ending his reign as the monarchy collapses during the February Revolution.
Appointment as Foreign Minister
Miliukov becomes foreign minister in the first Provisional Government headed by Prince Lvov.
Formation of Provisional Government
Lvov becomes minister-chairman of the Provisional Government formed after negotiations between Duma leaders and Soviet representatives.
Appointment as War and Navy Minister
Guchkov becomes minister of war and navy in the first Provisional Government.
Government
A Provisional Government is formed
Provisional Government
A Provisional Government is formed
Exile of Joseph Stalin
Stalin, with a group of exiles, leaves Achinsk for Petrograd
Refusal of Russian Crown
Grand Duke Michael declines to accept the crown without approval from a future constituent assembly, ending Romanov rule.
House
The Provisional Government meets Michael & persuades him to reject the crown
Provisional Government
The Provisional Government meets Michael & persuades him to reject the crown
House
The Provisional Government meets Michael & persuades him to reject the crown
Provisional Government
The Provisional Government meets Michael & persuades him to reject the crown
Arrest of Nicholas II
The Soviet supports pressure for the former emperor's arrest.
February Revolution
Petrograd revolutionary authorities press for the former tsar's detention.
House
Michaels renunciation of the throne is made public
Police Department
The Police Department is abolished
Abdication
Issues his abdication manifesto
Abdication
Nicholas abdication manifesto is made public
Manifesto
Nicholas abdication manifesto is made public
Pravda
Pravda resumes printing & Molotov is appointed to the editorial board
Dismissal
The Provisional Government dismisses all governors & their deputies
Provisional Government
The Provisional Government dismisses all governors & their deputies
Pravda
Pravda resumes printing & Molotov is appointed to the editorial board
Irish Conference Proposal Advanced
Suggests a conference of Irish representatives as a route toward wartime political settlement.
Irish Settlement Initiative Presented
Presents proposals intended to reopen negotiations over Irish self-government during the war.
Ulster Exclusion Principle Reaffirmed
States that Home Rule cannot be imposed on areas of Ulster that reject it.
Arrest of Empress
Carries out orders connected with custody of the imperial family.
Arrest of Imperial Family
Carries out orders connected with custody of the imperial family.
Arrest of Nicholas II
Bids farewell to his army officers & departs for Tsarskoye Selo under arrest
Arrest of Nicholas II
Bids farewell to his Army Officers & heads for Tsarskoye Selo
House Arrest of Nicholas II
Nicholas II and his family are placed under guard at the Alexander Palace after the abdication.
Provisional Government
The USA recognizes the Provisional Government
Recognition of the Provisional Government
The USA recognizes the Provisional Government
Baghdad Victory Welcomed
Welcomes the capture of Baghdad as an important success in the Mesopotamian campaign.
Return from Siberia
Returns to Petrograd and works on Pravda.
Return from Siberia
Returns from exile and influences Bolshevik policy in Petrograd.
Petrograd Soviet
Represents Menshevik influence in the Petrograd Soviet.
Exile of Joseph Stalin
Released by the February Revolution from exile in Turukhansk, arrives in Petrograd
Chairman
Factory and military delegates elect Chkheidze chairman of the Soviet.
Chairman
Workers and soldiers choose Chkheidze to lead the Petrograd Soviet.
Vice Chairman
Becomes vice chairman of the Petrograd Soviet.
Election
Is elected vice chairman of the Petrograd Soviet.
Petrograd Soviet
Is elected vice chairman while joining the revolutionary leadership.
Operations on the Ancre
British operations on the Ancre close as the German withdrawal changes the front line.
Return to Petrograd
Returns from exile and enters Bolshevik work around the Soviet.
Return to Petrograd
Returns from exile and influences Bolshevik Soviet tactics.
Party Organiser
Returns from Siberia and resumes Bolshevik organisation in Petrograd.
Party Organiser
Returns from Siberia and works with Bolsheviks in Petrograd.
German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line
The main German withdrawal toward the Hindenburg Line begins after preparations under Operation Alberich.
Hindenburg Line
The main German retreat to the Hindenburg line begins
Foreign Secretary of Russia
Appointed Foreign Minister
Minister of Justice
Appointed Minister of Justice
Dual Power
Joins the government while retaining links with the Soviet.
Editorial Control
Returns from exile and helps edit the Bolshevik newspaper
Editorial Policy
Helps guide the paper's cautious early revolutionary line
Abdication
Forced to abdicate at his Russian front HQ at Pskov
German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line
British troops occupy St Pierre Vaast Wood during the German withdrawal toward the Hindenburg Line.
Amnesty
Supports amnesty for political prisoners after February.
German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line
British Fifth Army follows the German retreat and occupies Bapaume after German forces abandon the town.
German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line
French forces advance after the German withdrawal and enter Noyon during the pursuit.
Battle of Verdun
German attacks in the Avocourt-Mort Sector are repulsed
German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line
German forces complete the withdrawal from exposed Somme positions to the new defensive line.
Lenins Letters from Afar, are published, though highly
Lenins Letters from Afar, are published, though highly abridged
Declaration of War
Defines Russias war aims
Peace
Holds a secret peace meeting
Nationalization
The Provisional Government introduces state monopoly on the grain trade
Provisional Government
The Provisional Government introduces state monopoly on the grain trade
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief by the Provisional Government
Provisional Government
Appointed Commander in Chief by the Provisional Government
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief by the Provisional Government
Provisional Government
Appointed Commander in Chief by the Provisional Government
First Gaza Mounted Envelopment
Chauvel's mounted division moves around Gaza during the first Allied attack on the city.
New Zealanders Enter Gaza Outskirts
Chaytor's mounted riflemen reach the outskirts of Gaza during the First Battle of Gaza.
Birth of James Callaghan
Birth of James Callaghan
Death Penalty Abolished
Supports abolition of the death penalty after the revolution.
Exile of Leon Trotsky
Trotsky leaves exile in New York to return to Russia
Commander of Tyrol
Continues as the Commander of the southern Tyrol
Dismissal
Dismised as Field Marshal
Commander of Tyrol
Continues as the Commander of the southern Tyrol
Dismissal
Dismised as Field Marshal
Dismissal
Dismissed by the new Emperor Charles I
Kite Balloon Observation Expanded
The Grand Fleet increases kite-balloon use for spotting and reconnaissance under Beatty's command.
Naval Aircraft Reconnaissance Encouraged
Beatty supports wider use of aircraft to extend the Grand Fleet's scouting and observation capabilities.
Agricultural Expansion Given War Priority
Backs cultivation measures intended to increase grain production and reduce import dependence.
Merchant Shipping Loss Reporting Restricted
Supports limiting publication of detailed shipping losses to deny useful information to Germany.
Russian Provisional Government Welcomed
Supports Allied relations with the new Russian authorities after the fall of the Tsar.
War Credit Requirements Reviewed
Reviews the growing financial requirements of the war with senior ministers.
Oath
Refuses to take the oath of allegiance to the Central Powers
Legal Reform
Backs reforms intended to democratise courts and prisons.
Petrograd Garrison
Tries to restore discipline among revolutionary soldiers.
Petrograd Soviet Policy
Tsereteli supports moderate socialist policies within the Petrograd Soviet.
Petrograd Soviet
Supports cooperation with the Provisional Government.
Transition from Trudovik Politics
Kerensky's Trudovik parliamentary career gives way to senior revolutionary office as he enters the new political order created after the fall of the monarchy.
Arrest of Nicholas II
March-August, under arrest at Tsarskoye Selo
Exile of Nicholas II
Britain withdraws offer to provide asylum for the Imperial family
Commander of Army
Appointed Comander-in-Chief of the Russian Army
Commander of Army
Appointed Comander-in-Chief of the Russian Army
First Kuban Campaign
Leads the difficult march into the Kuban region.
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Returns from the peace negotiations at Brest
Peace Treaty
Austria signs a peace Treaty with Russia
Peace
Launches an offensive against the Russians which forces them to sign a peace Treaty
Bolshevik Party
Negotiates & signs on behalf of Germany with the Bolshevik Government
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Negotiates & signs on behalf of Germany with the Bolshevik Government. Implements the Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Chicherin signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk for Soviet Russia, formally ending Russia's participation in the First World War.
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
The future of Courland, Lithuania & part of White Russia will be decided locally. Signs the Treaty of Brest Litovsk. Russian naval bases are stripped. Renounces Riga. Livonia & Estonia are occupied by Germany. A Russo-German peace is signed
Peace
Germany and Austria force Russia to sign the Peace of Brest
Rule of Estonia
Germany and Austria force Soviet Russia to sign the Peace of Brest, which calls for the establishment of 5 independent countries: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine
Rule of Latvia
Germany and Austria force Soviet Russia to sign the Peace of Brest, which calls for the establishment of 5 independent countries: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine
Rule of Lithuania
Germany and Austria force Soviet Russia to sign the Peace of Brest, which calls for the establishment of 5 independent countries: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine
Rule of Poland
Germany and Austria force Soviet Russia to sign the Peace of Brest, which calls for the establishment of 5 independent countries: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland
Rule of Ukraine
Germany and Austria force Russia to sign the Peace of Brest
Rule of Kars
Under the Treaty of Brest-Litovsl Russia evacuates Kars
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Under the Treaty of Brest-Litovsl Russia evacuates Kars
Acting President
Appointed Acting President of Panama
Opposition to Brest-Litovsk
Bukharin leads Left Communist opposition to Lenin's policy of accepting the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Bolshevik Party
The Bolshevik Party is renamed the Russian Communist Party. Opening of the 7th Congress of the Bolshevik Party
Congress of Bolsheviks, 7th
Opening of the 7th Congress of the Bolshevik Party
Russian Communist Party
The Bolshevik Party is renamed the Russian Communist Party
Seventh Party Congress
Lenin defends the Brest-Litovsk settlement when the Seventh Party Congress opens.
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Argues against accepting the Treaty of Litovsk at the 7th Congress but is defeated
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
The 7th Congress ratifies the Treaty of Brest Litovsk. Lenin proclaims the "triumphal procession" of the revolution is over
Bolshevik Party
Peoples Courts are introduced
Congress of Bolsheviks, 7th
Peoples Courts are introduced
Central Committee
Zinoviev soon returns to the fold and was once again elected to the Central Committee at the VII Party Congress
Bolshevik Party
Cuts links with the discredited Social Democratic Party. 7th Congress resolution changes the name of the Bolshevik Party to the Communist Party
Communist Party
7th Congress resolution changes the name of the Bolshevik Party to the Communist Party
Congress of Bolsheviks, 7th
Cuts links with the discredited Social Democratic Party
Operation Michael
Issues the operaion Michael order
Government Transfer to Moscow
Lenin and the Soviet government leave Petrograd for Moscow because the former capital is vulnerable to German attack.
Government Press Relations Defended
Answers criticism of government relations with newspapers and wartime information management.
Censorship
Military & political press censorship is abolished to promote Pan-Turanianism & aids attacks on Allies
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor of Austria, 1st term
Capital Moved
The capital moves to Moscow while Petrograd remains symbolically important.
Moscow Becomes Soviet Capital
Sverdlov works from Moscow as the Soviet government establishes the city as the new national capital.
Supreme War Council
Argues with Foch and other commanders over Allied reserves and strategy.
Supreme War Council
Uses council meetings to press for unified Allied strategy.
Supreme War Council
Advises British ministers during Supreme War Council debates.
People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs
Becomes People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs and takes a leading role in building the Red Army.
Congress of Soviets
The 3rd Congress of Soviets ratifies the Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
The Soviets ratify the Treaty of Brest Litovsk. The Soviet Congress ratifies the Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
The 3rd Congress of Soviets ratifies the Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Fourth Congress Ratifies Brest-Litovsk
Lenin secures ratification of the Brest-Litovsk treaty by the Fourth All-Russian Congress of Soviets.
Operation Michael
60 infantry divisions move up to the front
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
The Treaty of Brest Litovsk is ratified by the 4th Alln Congress of Soviets
Mobilization
Cables all factories to requested increased output
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
The Allies refuse to recognize the Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Lord Pirrie Shipping Appointment Defended
Defends Lord Pirrie's appointment to strengthen merchant shipbuilding administration.
Operation Michael
1st day of Operation Michael
Operation Michael Opens against BEF
Haig confronts the opening German spring offensive against the British Third and Fifth Armies.
Saint Quentin Defensive Crisis Managed
Haig directs emergency measures as German forces penetrate the Fifth Army front near Saint Quentin.
German Spring Offensive Crisis Reviewed
Confronts the emergency created by the opening German offensive on the Western Front.
Fifth Army Withdrawal Coordinated
Haig coordinates retreat and reinforcement as the Fifth Army falls back under intense German pressure.
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
General rertreat of 1/2 the British Expeditionary Force to the Somme
Operation Michael
General rertreat of 1/2 the British Expeditionary Force to the Somme
Capture of Albert
Albert is captured by the Germans during Operation Michael
Capture of Bapaume
Bapaume is captured by the Germans during Operation Michael
Michael
Albert is captured by the Germans during Operation Michael
Operation Michael
Bapaume is captured by the Germans during Operation Michael
Capture of Bapaume
Bapaume is captured by the German during Operation Michael
Michael
Bapaume is captured by the German during Operation Michael
Bapaume Sector Withdrawal Reviewed
Haig reviews the retreat around Bapaume as Operation Michael continues westward.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander for Allied operations on the Western Front
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander for Allied operations on the Western Front
Conference of Doullens
Foch becomes the de facto Allied Generalissimo
Supreme War Council
Receives broader Allied coordinating authority after the German offensive.
Doullens Allied Command Agreement Accepted
Haig accepts Foch's coordinating authority during the emergency conference at Doullens.
Foch Allied Coordination Authority Supported
Haig supports unified Allied direction as the spring offensive threatens to divide British and French armies.
Rosieres Defensive Fighting Directed
Haig coordinates resistance as German forces continue advancing during the Battle of Rosieres.
Doullens Command Agreement Supported
Supports the agreement giving Ferdinand Foch authority to coordinate Allied armies in France.
Allied Generalissimo
Instrumental in getting General Ferdinand Foch appointed as Allied Generalissimo
New Zealand Division Moves to Somme during Spring Offensive
Russell's division moves rapidly to help stabilise the Allied line during the German spring offensive.
Capture of Montdidier
The French 3rd Army loses Montdidier
Third Army
The French 3rd Army loses Montdidier
Union of Bessarabia
Bessarabia votes union with Romania.
Mars Offensive
1st day of the Mars offensive on Arras
Operation Georgette
Ludendorf orders operation Georgette in 10 days time
Arras Defensive Battle Reinforced
Haig reinforces the Arras sector where British troops slow renewed German attacks.
Siege of Amiens
The German 8th Army heads towards Amiens
Siege of Zeebrugge
Defeats the British Zeebrugge Raid
Counter-Attack
Launches a German counter-attack to within 75 miles of Paris
Grand Fleet North Sea Dominance Maintained
Beatty's fleet continues to contain Germany's surface navy while U-boats remain the greater maritime threat.
Allied Command Unity Urged after German Attack
Presses for unified Allied command as German forces threaten the British and French armies.
Foch Coordination Authority Expanded
Backs expansion of Foch's powers as the German offensive continues.
First Transjordan Raid Supported
Chaytor leads the ANZAC Mounted Division during the first Transjordan operation toward Amman.
Marghiloman Government
Marghiloman forms a government charged with negotiating peace with the Central Powers.
Petrograd Cheka
Soviet institutions expand coercive power in Petrograd.
Bolshevik Party
The Bolshevik Government moves to Moscow
Capital
The Bolshevik Government moves to Moscow
Peoples Courts
Peoples Courts are introduced
Left SR Break with Bolsheviks
Spiridonova condemns the Brest-Litovsk settlement as Left Socialist Revolutionaries break with the Bolshevik government over peace with Germany.
Resignation of Nikolai Bukharin
Resigns from the Vesenkha after failing to stop the Brest Litovsk Treaty
Kuban Campaign
Leads the Volunteer Army toward the Kuban during the civil war.
Bolshevik Party
The Bolsheviks accept the dictated peace of Brest Litovsk
Conference of Brest Litovsk
The Bolsheviks accept the dictated peace of Brest Litovsk
President of Uruguay
Becomes president under the new constitutional arrangement with a National Council of Administration
International, 3rd
The 3rd International is founded to propogate the idea of world revolution
Comintern Chairmanship
Becomes the leading chairman of the Communist International
World Revolution Appeal
Supports the Comintern as a tool of international revolutionary strategy
Comintern Congress
Participates in early Communist International deliberations
Comintern Congress
Represents German communists at the founding congress of the Communist International
Comintern Foundation
Sponsors the founding congress of the Communist International
Comintern
"by all available means, including armed force, for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie and for the creation of an international Soviet republic as a transition stage to the complete abolition of the State"
Comintern
The Comintern holds seven World Congresses, the first in March 1919 and the last in 1935, until it was officially dissolved in May 1943. The Comintern becomes known as the "General Staff of the World Revolution".
Comintern
The central policy of the Comintern under Lenins leadership was that Communist parties should be established across the world to aid the international proletarian revolution. Founds an international Communist organisation in the midst of the "war communism" period (1918-1921).
Coup
"by all available means, including armed force, for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie and for the creation of an international Soviet republic as a transition stage to the complete abolition of the State"
Comintern Congress
Takes part in building the Communist International's early organization
Comintern Congress
Links Hungarian revolutionary politics with the new Communist International
Comintern Agitation
Helps shape revolutionary propaganda for the Communist International
Comintern Program
Contributes to early Communist International doctrine
Egyptian Revolution
Faces nationwide protests after British authorities deport Saad Zaghlul and other nationalist leaders.
Military Leadership Debate
Kerensky participates in military leadership debate during his political career.
Egypt High Commissioner Appointment
Is appointed Special High Commissioner for Egypt and Sudan.
High Commissioner
Appointed Egypt Special High Commissioner
Birth of Howard Leslie Brennan
Birth of Howard Leslie Brennan
President of Hungary
Appointed President of Hungary
Constitution of Hungary
A Soviet Republic is created
Exile of Charles I
Exiled to Switzerland
Blacksirts
Groups within the PNF called Blackshirts built a base of power by violently attacking socialists and their institutions in the rural Po Valley thereby gaining the support of landowners
PNF
In Milan, used to break up strikes & make violent assaults on opponents of fascism. Groups within the PNF called Blackshirts built a base of power by violently attacking socialists and their institutions in the rural Po Valley thereby gaining the support of landowners
Strikes
In Milan, used to break up strikes & make violent assaults on opponents of fascism
Fasci di Combattimento
Marks the transformation of the paramilitary Fasci Italiani di Combattimento into a more coherent political group (the Fasci di Combattimento, founded by Mussolini in Milans Piazza San Sepolcro
PNF
Marks the transformation of the paramilitary Fasci Italiani di Combattimento into a more coherent political group (the Fasci di Combattimento, founded by Mussolini in Milans Piazza San Sepolcro
Central Committee
Becomes a non-voting member of the ruling Politburo when it is created after the VIII Congress
Congress of Communist Party, 8th
Becomes a non-voting member of the ruling Politburo when it is created after the VIII Congress
Comintern
Becomes the Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Comintern when it is created in March 1919
Comintern
The first Chairman of the Cominterns Executive Committee is Grigory Zinoviev, from 1919 to 1926
Rule of Palestine
Proclaims himself King of Syria & Palestine
Rule of Syria
Proclaims himself King of Syria & Palestine but 15 weeks later deposed by the French
Resignation of Gustav Noske
Informs Noske the army will not fire on the free corps, Noske resigns
Siege of Berlin
Informs Noske the army will not fire on the free corps, Noske resigns
Coup
The Government of the National Association is formed headed by Kapp & Luttwitz. Seeckt refuses to defend Berlin & prevents the army firing during the Kapp Putsch. Leads a royalist coup in Berlin
Coup
The Government is forced to flee to Stuttgart but returns within a few days
Coup
The Kapp Putsch involves a group of Freikorps troops who gained control of Berlin and installed Wolfgang Kapp (a right-wing journalist) as Chancellor
Second Averescu Government
Averescu begins his second premiership and oversees major postwar reforms.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Bavarian Foreign Ministry
Also serves as Bavarian Minister of Foreign Affairs while heading the state government.
Bavarian Interior Ministry
Assumes the Bavarian Interior Ministry alongside the premiership, combining political leadership with responsibility for internal administration.
Bavarian Premiership
Is elected Bavarian prime minister after the Kapp crisis and forms a conservative government supported by right-wing security organisations.
Rule of Constantinople
The Allies occupy Constantinople
Rule of Constantinople
The Allies occupy Constantinople
Coup
The national Government moves to Stuttgart and calls for a general strike, the strike cripples Germany's economy and the Kapp Government collapses
General Strike
The national Government moves to Stuttgart and calls for a general strike, the strike cripples Germany's economy and the Kapp Government collapses
National Government
The national Government moves to Stuttgart and calls for a general strike, the strike cripples Germany's economy and the Kapp Government collapses
Coup
The national Government moves to Stuttgart and calls for a general strike, the strike cripples Germany's economy and the Kapp Government collapses
General Strike
The national Government moves to Stuttgart and calls for a general strike, the strike cripples Germany's economy and the Kapp Government collapses
National Government
The national Government moves to Stuttgart and calls for a general strike, the strike cripples Germany's economy and the Kapp Government collapses
Shell Supply Agreement Examined in Commons
Parliament examines the company's pre-government marketing agreement to supply Shell through the end of 1922.
United States Non-Membership
The Senate rejects League membership after the Versailles dispute.
Marriage to Annemarie Bertel
Marries Annemarie Bertel while establishing his academic career in Germany.
North Persia Concession Purchase Agreement
North Persia Oils concludes a sale agreement connected with acquisition of northern Persian concession interests.
Evacuation
Evacuated by sea from Novorossik, mostly in British ships
Second Zahle Premiership
The Second Zahle Premiership ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Liebe Caretaker Government
Begins the Liebe Caretaker Government in Copenhagen and serves as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Demobilization
Stays on the Army payroll until 31st March 1920
Economy of Russia
The State Commission for the Electrification of Russia is founded
GOELRO
The State Commission for the Electrification of Russia is founded
Occupation
The Allies enter Germany to enforce reparations
Kronstadt Rebellion
Addresses sailors but fails to stop the revolt.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Sees the revolt as a grave threat during the civil war crisis.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Denounces the Kronstadt sailors as enemies of Soviet power.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Faces revolt from sailors who demand free Soviets.
Entry into Amman
Abdullah arrived in Amman on 2 March 1921, a decisive step in making the town the centre of his new administration.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Orders the rebels to submit to Soviet authority.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Supports rebel administration inside the fortress.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Helps coordinate rebel communication and defence.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Joins the revolutionary committee organising the uprising.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Serves on the rebel revolutionary committee.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Chairs the Provisional Revolutionary Committee in Kronstadt.
Copenhagen Physics Institute Opened
Creates an international centre for atomic and quantum research.
Institute for Theoretical Physics
Opens the University of Copenhagen institute devoted to theoretical physics.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Backs the party line against the Kronstadt revolt.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Supports Bolshevik action against the naval revolt.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Supports security measures during the rebellion.
Inauguration
Kisses the same bible used in the inauguration of George Washington
Vice President
Inaugurated Vice President of the USA
Kronstadt Rebellion
Receives command of forces assigned to crush the revolt.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Commands Red Army units during the assault preparations.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Helps organise artillery defence against the Red Army assault.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Supports suppression of the Kronstadt revolt.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Threatens severe punishment unless the sailors surrender.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Launches the first Red Army assault across the ice.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Participates in Red Army operations against Kronstadt.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Rejects Bolshevik ultimatums and continues resistance.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Argues at the party congress that the revolt must be defeated.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Links the revolt to the wider crisis facing Soviet power.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Helps mobilise loyal Communist forces for the attack.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Supports party mobilisation against the rebellion.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Supports the Bolshevik response during the party congress.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Serves among commanders used in operations against the fortress.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Supports party unity against the rebellion.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Addresses the party congress while Petrograd remains under pressure.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Appeals against bloodshed during the crisis.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Condemns Bolshevik repression of the sailors.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Criticises Bolshevik suppression from exile.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Regroups forces after the first assault fails.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Maintains rebel morale as the fortress holds out.
Transjordan Mandate
Churchill convened British officials in Cairo to reconsider postwar policy in the Middle East. Their discussions helped establish the framework for an Arab-led administration in Transjordan under British supervision.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Directs Petrograd political mobilisation during the siege.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Zinoviev directs political responses during the Kronstadt crisis.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Prepares the final assault across the frozen gulf.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Commands forces assigned to the southern assault group.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Leads Red troops prepared for the renewed attack.
Trade Agreement
An agreement is made to resume Anglo-Soviet trade relations
Congress of Communist Party, 10th
Zinoviev is made a full member of the Politburo after the Xth Party Congress
Politburo
Zinoviev is made a full member of the Politburo after the Xth Party Congress
Pact between Russia and Turkey
Under a pact between Russia & Turkey the Kars region becomes part of Turkey
Rule of Kars
Under a pact between Russia & Turkey the Kars region becomes part of Turkey
Trade Agreement
An agreement is made to resume Anglo-Soviet trade relations
Under a pact between Russia & Turkey the Kars region becomes part
Under a pact between Russia & Turkey the Kars region becomes part of Turkey
Kronstadt Rebellion
Participates in operations as Red forces close on the fortress.
Pact between Russia and Turkey
Under a pact between Russia & Turkey the Kars region becomes part of Turkey
Rule of Kars
Under a pact between Russia & Turkey the Kars region becomes part of Turkey
Pact between Russia and Turkey
Under a pact between Russia & Turkey the Kars region becomes part of Turkey
Rule of Kars
Under a pact between Russia & Turkey the Kars region becomes part of Turkey
Under a pact between Russia & Turkey the Kars region becomes part
Under a pact between Russia & Turkey the Kars region becomes part of Turkey
Kronstadt Rebellion
Leaves the fortress with retreating rebels.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Orders the final assault on Kronstadt.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Flees toward Finland as Red forces enter Kronstadt.
Treaty of Riga Frontier
The Treaty of Riga confirms a Polish-Soviet frontier well east of the Curzon Line, leaving the British proposal unused as the interwar boundary.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Uses the crisis to justify tighter party discipline.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Announces Bolshevik victory after Kronstadt is taken.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Red Army troops capture Kronstadt after heavy fighting.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Enters exile after the suppression of the rebellion.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Defends the suppression as necessary for Soviet survival.
Referendum
Plebiscite in Upper Silesia, they vote to remain part of Germany. Allied Plebiscite Commission rejects vote, draws boundary anyway; takes section of mines, mills and furnaces and 350,000 Germans and puts them under Polish rule
Rule of Silesia
Plebiscite in Upper Silesia, they vote to remain part of Germany. Allied Plebiscite Commission rejects vote, draws boundary anyway; takes section of mines, mills and furnaces and 350,000 Germans and puts them under Polish rule
Transjordan Mandate
Abdullah met Churchill in Jerusalem to discuss the future government of Transjordan. The negotiations produced British acceptance of Abdullah as ruler within an arrangement subject to imperial oversight.
Battle of Inonu, 2nd
Defeats the Greeks at the 2nd Battle of Inonu
Cairo Conference
Participates in the Cairo Conference on Britain's Middle Eastern policy.
Iraq Settlement
Advises on arrangements that help place Faisal on the throne of Iraq.
Transjordan Settlement
Contributes to British discussions that recognise Abdullah's position in Transjordan.
Transjordan Mandate
Churchill supported a political arrangement under which Abdullah would govern territory east of the Jordan River. Britain expected the arrangement to stabilize the region without imposing direct administration from Jerusalem.
Transjordan Mandate
Separates Transjordan administration from Palestine mandate policy.
Constitution of Poland
The powers of the President are cut back & Pilsudski refuses to stand for election
Election
The powers of the President are cut back & Pilsudski refuses to stand for election
Nosferatu
Directs Nosferatu, one of the central works of German silent horror.
Capture of Fiume
Fiume surrenders to the Fascists
Siege of Fiume
Fiume surrenders to the Fascists
Reparations Committee Address
Addresses the Reichstag Main Committee, arguing that reparations remain the central problem of German foreign policy.
Second Jon Magnusson Government
The Second Jon Magnusson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Sigurdur Eggerz Government
Begins the Sigurdur Eggerz Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Hitler Youth
The first NSDAP-related organisation of German youth is the Jugendbund der NSDAP, its establishment by the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP, the German Nazi Party, is announced in the Volkischer Beobachter
Jugendbund der NSDAP
The first NSDAP-related organisation of German youth is the Jugendbund der NSDAP, its establishment by the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP, the German Nazi Party, is announced in the Volkischer Beobachter
Finance Minister Appointment
Takes office as Reich Finance Minister during worsening budgetary pressure, reparations obligations and currency weakness.
Arrest of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
Gandhi is arrested then tried for sedition, and sentenced to six years imprisonment
Independence of Egypt
Becomes King as Britain recognizes Egypt as an independent sovereign state, subject to reserved matters.
Declaration of Independence
Assumes the title King after Britain recognizes Egyptian independence with reserved powers.
Reparations
France is willing to accept raw material instead of currency for German reparations
Coronation
Sultan Fuad I is crowned king of Egypt. England recognizes Egypt
Independence of Egypt
Sultan Fuad I is crowned king of Egypt. England recognizes Egypt
Independence of Great Britain
Sultan Fuad I is crowned king of Egypt. England recognizes Egypt
Rule of Egypt
Sultan Fuad I is crowned king of Egypt. England recognizes Egypt
Rule of Kars
Under a pact between Russia & Turkey the Kars region becomes part of Turkey
Indian National Congress
While Gandhi is in prison the Indian National Congress spinters into 2 factions, one led by Chitta Ranjan Das and Motilal Nehru favouring participation in the legislatures, the other led by Chakravarti Rajagopalachari and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
Indian National Congress
While Gandhi is in prison the Indian National Congress spinters into 2 factions, one led by Chitta Ranjan Das and Motilal Nehru favouring participation in the legislatures, the other led by Chakravarti Rajagopalachari and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
Indian National Congress
While Gandhi is in prison the Indian National Congress spinters into 2 factions, one led by Chitta Ranjan Das and Motilal Nehru favouring participation in the legislatures, the other led by Chakravarti Rajagopalachari and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
Indian National Congress
While Gandhi is in prison the Indian National Congress spinters into 2 factions, one led by Chitta Ranjan Das and Motilal Nehru favouring participation in the legislatures, the other led by Chakravarti Rajagopalachari and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
Arrest of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
While Gandhi is in prison the Indian National Congress spinters into 2 factions, one led by Chitta Ranjan Das and Motilal Nehru favouring participation in the legislatures, the other led by Chakravarti Rajagopalachari and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. Imprisoned after the Chauri Chaura incident. Begins his sentence, serves about two years of the sentence, being released in February 1924 after an operation for appendicitis
Indian National Congress
While Gandhi is in prison the Indian National Congress spinters into 2 factions, one led by Chitta Ranjan Das and Motilal Nehru favouring participation in the legislatures, the other led by Chakravarti Rajagopalachari and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
Occupation
President Harding orders the US. troops back from the Rhineland
President Harding orders the US
President Harding orders the US. troops back from the Rhineland
Arrest of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
A British court sentences Mahatma Gandhi to 6 years in prison
Trial
A British court sentences Mahatma Gandhi to 6 years in prison
Pyrmont Joins Prussia
Heads the Prussian government when Pyrmont is incorporated into Prussia and assigned to the Province of Hanover.
Reichstag Reparations Speech
Addresses the Reichstag on reparations and German foreign policy shortly before the Genoa Conference.
Emergency Budget
Secures Reichstag approval of the emergency budget for 1922 while deputies debate Allied reparations demands.
Food Ministry Appointment
Joins Wirth's cabinet as Minister for Food and Agriculture after Andreas Hermes moves to the Finance Ministry.
New Economic Policy
Relaxes the NEP at the 10th Party Congress after peasant disturbances
CP
Wants to join the Conservatives to resist the rise of Socialism. Rejoins the Conservative Party declaring that the 3 Party system is at an end. Declares the Liberals are doomed & the Labour Government has to be brought down
Birth of Basil Hume
Birth of Basil Hume
Agricultural Credits Act
Signs the Agricultural Credits Act, expanding federal credit facilities for farmers.
Classification Act
Signs the Classification Act, standardising federal civil-service grades and pay schedules.
Resignation of Albert Bacon Fall
Leaves office as Secretary of the Interior before the Teapot Dome scandal fully emerges.
Madrid Academy Corresponding Membership
Becomes a corresponding member of the Royal Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences in Madrid.
Second Otto B. Halvorsen Government
Begins the Second Otto B. Halvorsen Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Second Otto Blehr Government
The Second Otto Blehr Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Secretary of State for Health
Appointed Minister of Health, 1st term
Death of Johannes Diderik van Der Waals
Death of Johannes Diderik van der Waals
Madrid Honorary Doctorate
Receives an honorary doctorate in science from the University of Madrid.
Bolshevik Party
Retires from the leadership of the Bolshevik Party after a stroke
Retirement
Retires from the leadership of the Bolshevik Party after a stroke
Coronation
Crowned King of Egypt
Recognition of Egypt
England recognizes Egypt
Death of Sarah Bernhardt
Death of Sarah Bernhardt
Constitution of Romania
Bratianu's government promulgates the Constitution of 1923.
Madrid Relativity Lectures
Gives several Madrid lectures on relativity and theoretical physics to university, academy and scientific audiences during his celebrated Spanish tour.
Zaragoza Relativity Lectures
Concludes his Spanish scientific tour with lectures in Zaragoza that further disseminate the concepts and mathematical outlook of relativity.
Constitution of Turkey
Abolishes the Caliphate
Abdication
Deposed and expelled from the shores of Turkey with the rest of his family. Abdulmecid II is deposed
Exile of Abdulmecid II
Deposed and expelled from the shores of Turkey with the rest of his family
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 2nd term
Election
Will stand as "Independent anti-Socialist candidate" for the Abbey Div of Westminster
Election
Defeated by 43 votes by the official Conservative candidate
Third Jon Magnusson Government
Begins the Third Jon Magnusson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Sigurdur Eggerz Government
The Sigurdur Eggerz Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Republic Proclaimed
The National Assembly abolishes the monarchy and proclaims the Second Hellenic Republic.
Election
Wins the Burnley by-election
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 3rd term
Agricultural Rates Bill
Speaks on the Agricultural Rates Continuance Bill and its effect on public finance.
Inaugural Address
Uses his vice-presidential inaugural speech to attack Senate procedural obstruction.
Senate Presidency
Begins presiding over the United States Senate as Vice President.
Vice President
Sworn in as Vice President of the United States under Calvin Coolidge.
General Medical Council
Raises matters concerning the General Medical Council in the Commons.
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 2nd term
President of Chile
Returns to the presidency after the January military movement recalls him from exile.
Rent and Mortgage Restrictions Bill
Contributes to debate on continuing rent and mortgage interest restrictions.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Death of Sun Yat-Sen
Death of Sun Yat-Sen
Briand Seeks Binding Western Guarantee
Briand seeks a binding international guarantee of France's frontier with Germany and the demilitarized Rhineland.
Western Frontier Guarantee Accepted in Principle
Stresemann accepts the principle of guaranteeing Germany's western frontiers while avoiding a comparable territorial guarantee in the east.
Royal Warwickshire Company Training Programme
Takes command of a company of the Royal Warwickshire Regiment and introduces a structured six-month training programme.
Reform of Marriage Law
Polygamy is outlawed
Ivar Lykke Government
Begins the Ivar Lykke Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
First Johan Ludwig Mowinckel Government
The First Johan Ludwig Mowinckel Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Resignation of Eamon de Valera
Resigns as head of Sinn Feinn
Invention of Rocket
Launches the 1st liquid fueled rocket, a distance of 184 feet in Massachusetts
Second Svehla Government
The Second Svehla Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Second Cerny Government
Begins the Second Cerny Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Secrets of a Soul
Directs Secrets of a Soul, a film influenced by psychoanalysis.
Alliance Poland and Romania
Poland & Romania form an alliance
Third Averescu Government
Averescu begins his third and final term as prime minister.
Show Boat
Show Boat, music by Jerome Kern, lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein, based on Edna Ferbers novel, becomes first hugely popular musical comedy
NSDAP
Hitler's public speaking ban is lifted
Reballion of Rebels in Shanghai
Proclaims a "provisional peoples Government" of Shanghai. Leads a rebellion in Shanghai
Reballion of Rebels in Shanghai
Proclaims a "provisional peoples Government" of Shanghai. Leads a rebellion in Shanghai
Shanghai Workers Armed Uprising
Helps direct the successful workers' armed uprising in Shanghai before Nationalist forces turn against the Communists.
Capture of Shanghai
National Revolutionary Army forces enter Shanghai after a workersโ uprising has weakened warlord control.
Provisional Government
Presses the Shanghai provisional authorities to accept Nationalist control as the Northern Expedition reaches the city.
Reballion of Rebels in Shanghai
Chou En-Lai & the workers refuse to be placed under Chiang Kai-sheks control. Chiang Kaishek asks the Shanghai Government to be placed under his control
Cadman Elected Anglo-Persian Chairman
Is elected chairman after returning from discussions with the newly crowned Reza Shah.
Capture of Shanghai
Shanghai & Nanjing are captured during the Northern Expedition
Capture of Jiangsu
The North Expeditionary forces capture Jiangsu
Capture of Zhejiang
The North Expeditionary forces capture Zhejiang
Siege of Shanghai
The North Expeditionary forces isolate Shanghai & Chuanfang flees
Indian Currency Act
The Indian Currency Act fixes the rupee at 1 shilling 6 pence and obliges the government to buy gold while permitting official sales of gold or sterling.
President of Mexico
Appointed President of Mexico
Birth of Fidel Ramos
Birth of Fidel Ramos
Birth of Patrick Joseph McGoohan
Birth of Patrick Joseph McGoohan
Death of Edward Walter Maunder
Death of Edward Walter Maunder
Spies
Directs Spione, released in English as Spies.
Election
Elected President of Portugal
Communist Party
The Government begins the process of crushing Japans Communist Party
Election
Government electoral victory
Term
Leaves the vice presidency at the end of Coolidge's administration.
Alliance Turkey and Bulgaria
Turkey signs a Treaty with Bulgaria
Treaty of Friendship
The Bulgarian-Turkish Treaty of Friendship
Asphalt
Directs Asphalt, a late silent film of the Weimar period.
Death of Ferdinand Foch
Death of Ferdinand Foch
Constitution of Italy
The Fascists claim electoral victory
Election
The Fascists claim electoral victory
Battle of Sabilla
Defeats the rebellious Ikhwan and secures central royal authority.
Battle of Sabilla
Supports government forces during the campaign against the Ikhwan rebellion.
Communist Party of Indochina
In March 1929, some radical members of the Vietnam Revolutionary Youth League form the first communist cell in French Indochina
Capture of Gdansk
Poland occupies Gdansk
Death of William Howard Taft
Death of William Taft
Discovery of Pluto
News of Pluto's discovery is telegraphed from Lowell Observatory to the Harvard College Observatory.
Naming of Pluto
Oxford astronomer Herbert Hall Turner forwards Venetia Burney's proposed name Pluto to astronomers at Lowell Observatory.
Discovery of Pluto
Eleven-year-old Venetia Burney suggests the name Pluto after hearing of the newly discovered world.
Naming of Pluto
Eleven-year-old Venetia Burney suggests the name Pluto during breakfast after hearing news of the newly discovered planet.
Chancellor
Chancellors Bruning, Papen, Schleicher and Hitler are all Presidentially appointed dictatorships
Chancellor
Heinrich Bruning is appointed the successor of Chancellor Muller by Paul von Hindenburg after months of political lobbying by General Kurt von Schleicher on behalf of the military
Constitution of Germany
Chancellors Bruning, Papen, Schleicher and Hitler are all Presidentially appointed dictatorships.
Constitution of Germany
The new Government is expected to lead a political shift towards conservatism, based on the emergency powers granted to the Reichspresident by the constitution, since it had no majority support in the Reichstag.
Weimar Republic
The new Government is expected to lead a political shift towards conservatism, based on the emergency powers granted to the Reichspresident by the constitution, since it had no majority support in the Reichstag. Chancellors Bruning, Papen, Schleicher and Hitler are all Presidentially appointed dictatorships
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland, 1st term
Anti-Machado Strike
Helps organise opposition to Machado's dictatorship.
Resignation of Herman Mueller
resigns over unemployment insurance funding
Economy of Russia
Publishes letter in "Pravda", "Dizzy with Success"
Pravda
Publishes letter in "Pravda", "Dizzy with Success"
President Takes Office
Arturo Araujo becomes President after winning the 1931 election
NSDAP
Appointed Member of NSDAP, number 474,481
Sturmabteilung (SA)
Appointed Member of SA
Acting President
Appointed Acting President of Panama
Birth of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev
Birth of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, Privolnoye, Stavropol krai, North Caucasus
Dyatlov Birth
Is born in the village of Atamanovo in Krasnoyarsk Krai on 3 March 1931.
President of Bolivia
Salamanca begins his presidency amid escalating tensions with Paraguay.
Alliance Maustafa Kemal Ataturk and Russia
A Treaty with Russia prohibits changes in Black Sea Fleets without 6 months notice
Purge
Expelled from the Labour Party for seeking to form a new Party
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Historical Analysis
Kerensky participates in historical analysis during his political career.
Customs Union
Agrees a Customs union with Germany, although pressure from France and Czechoslovakia saw the plan vetoed
International Agreement
Agrees a Customs union with Germany, although pressure from France and Czechoslovakia saw the plan vetoed
Reform of Taxation
Britain returns to protectective tariffs
Manchukuo
Japan supports creation of Manchukuo despite League criticism.
Assassination of Dan Takuma
Assassinated by the Ketsumeidan, "Blood Brotherhood League"
Death of Dan Takuma
Death of Dan Takuma, assassinated
Peder Kolstad Government
The Peder Kolstad Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Manchukuo
Becomes nominal ruler of Japanese-backed Manchukuo.
President of Executive Council
Takes office as President of the Executive Council after Fianna Fail's election victory.
Rule of Manchukuo
Manchukuo is founded in Manchuria, the Japanese rule through Emperor Pu Yi
Birth of Nigel Lawson
Nigel Lawson is born on 11 March 1932.
Election
Wins 49.6% to Hitler's 30.1% of votes during the 1st round of the elections
Election
Presidential elections 1st round, Hindenburg wins 49.6% to Hitler's 30.1% of the votes. Hindenburg wins 1st round of Presidential election with 18.65 million votes. Hindenburg is just 0.4% short of a majority
Party Fuhrer
Presidential elections 1st round, Hindenburg wins 49.6% to Hitler's 30.1% of the votes
Jens Hundseid Government
Begins the Jens Hundseid Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Leopoldina Membership
Becomes a member of the German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina.
Communist Party
The police & SA sieze all Communist Party buildings in Germany along with weapons claimed to be used for a coup. As a consequence of the Reichstag Fire Decree, the Communist Party of Germany KPD is banned
Coup
The police & SA sieze all Communist Party buildings in Germany along with weapons claimed to be used for a coup
Decree
As a consequence of the Reichstag Fire Decree, the Communist Party of Germany KPD is banned
Plot
As a consequence of the Reichstag Fire Decree, the Communist Party of Germany KPD is banned
Alliance Werner von Blomberg and Nazi Party
Issues a directive to the Officer Corps openly supporting the NAZIs
Siege of Shanghai
A ceasefire ends the major 1932 fighting in Shanghai between Chinese and Japanese forces.
Jens Hundseid Government
The Jens Hundseid Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Third Johan Ludwig Mowinckel Government
Begins the Third Johan Ludwig Mowinckel Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Inauguration
Inaugurated President of the USA
Chancellor
The NSDAP wins only 44% of the vote but are able to use it to gain total power
Election
The Nazis increase their vote to 44% giving the Nazis & their coalition allies the German National Peoples Party 52%. Falls far short of the 2/3 majority to establish dictatorship by consent of Parliament
Election
The Nazis win 288 out of 647 seats in the Reichstag. The Nazis poll 17,277,180 votes, failing to win a majority with 43. 9% of the total. The Nazis need the 52 seats won by their Nationalist allies to win a majority.
Election
With Communist electoral participation also suppressed (the Communists had previously polled 17% of the vote), the Nazis are able to increase their share of the vote in the March 5, 1933 Reichstag elections from 33% to 44%.
Election
Hitler makes a speech on the "Day of the Awekening Nation"
Reichstag Election
Fails to win an outright Nazi majority, but uses coalition support and repression to move toward dictatorial authority.
Reichstag Fire
With Communist electoral participation also suppressed (the Communists had previously polled 17% of the vote), the Nazis are able to increase their share of the vote in the March 5, 1933 Reichstag elections from 33% to 44%
Speech
Hitler makes a speech on the "Day of the Awekening Nation"
Election Propaganda
Directs propaganda during the Reichstag election, presenting the Nazi campaign as a defence against Marxism and national collapse.
Election
Following the appointment of Adolf Hitler as Chancellor by President Hindenburg, the SPD receives 18.25% of the votes during the last free elections gaining 120 seats
National Bank Holiday
Roosevelt suspends banking transactions while authorities examine institutions before reopening them.
Economy of USA
US banks close for 4 days due to a financial crisis. US banks close for 4 days due to a finacial crisis
National Bank Holiday
Roosevelt declares a nationwide bank holiday to halt the banking panic and give federal authorities time to examine institutions before permitting sound banks to reopen.
Constitution of Austria
Suspends Parliament & assumes dictatorial powers to prevent the Nazis coming to power
Dissolution of Parliament
Suspends Parliament & assumes dictatorial powers to prevent the Nazis coming to power
Constitution of Germany
On the orders of Hitler and Wilhelm Frick abolishes the Government of Bavaria and sets up a Nazi regime
Rule of Bavaria
On the orders of Hitler and Wilhelm Frick abolishes the Government of Bavaria and sets up a Nazi regime
Coup
Under Hitler's orders von Epp sets up a Nazi regime in Bavaria
Coup
Under Hitler's orders von Epp sets up a Nazi regime in Bavaria
Coup
Under Hitler's orders von Epp sets up a Nazi regime in Bavaria
Emergency Banking Act
The Act provides federal procedures for reopening solvent banks and supporting financial institutions.
Economy of USA
Banks are closed, only "sound" institutions associated with the Federal Reserve remain
Emergency Banking Act Gold Controls
The Emergency Banking Act gives Roosevelt broad authority over domestic and international gold movements as the administration confronts banking panic and reserve losses.
Emergency Banking Act
Roosevelt signs the Emergency Banking Act, which strengthens federal control over the banking emergency and permits Federal Reserve Banks to issue additional currency backed by qualifying assets.
Federal Reserve
Banks are closed, only "sound" institutions associated with the Federal Reserve remain
Banking Crisis Fireside Chat
Roosevelt uses a national radio address to explain the bank holiday and the reopening process, helping restore public confidence in banks that federal examiners and the Federal Reserve considered able to resume business.
Propaganda Ministry
Is appointed Reich Minister for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, centralising Nazi control over political messaging, press, radio and culture.
Minister of Propaganda
Appointed Minister of Propaganda & Enlightenment, given control of the media & arts
Birth of Michael Caine
Birh of Michael Caine, born Maurice Joseph Micklewhite
President of Germany
Appointed President of the Reichsbank, 2nd term
Death of Luigi Amedeo
Death of Luigi Amedeo
Dachau Concentration Camp
Announces the establishment of Dachau as a concentration camp for political prisoners near Munich.
Concentration Camps
1st concentration camp is opened at Oranienburg outside Berlin
Constitution of Germany
"The day of Potsdam", Parliament is deprived of its powers
Day of Potsdam
Uses the Potsdam ceremony to associate the Nazi Government with conservative, military and Prussian traditions.
Economy of Germany
The "battle for work" begins
Reichstag
A ceremony in the Potsdam Garrison Church marks the opening of the Reichstag
Reichstag
The ceremonial opening of the 1st NSDAP Parliament, held at the Garrison Church. Opened on the same day Bismarck opened the 1st Reichstag of the 2nd Reich in 1871
Day of Potsdam
Attends the Potsdam ceremony with Hitler, symbolising conservative acceptance of the new Nazi-led Government.
Birth of Michael Heseltine
Born in Swansea, South Wales, into a relatively prosperous middle-class family.
Dachau
Opens Dachau Concentration Camp for communists & other "political undesireables"
Legislation
Thw Kroll Opera House, where the voting will be held, is surrounded by SA & SS. Hitler tells Wels that his death-knell had sounded
Constitution of Germany
The Centre Party votes for the Enabling Law, the "legal" basis of dictatorship. Legislative power is transferred to the executive. All political parties other than the NSDAP are banned. A dictatorship in all but name is established
Constitution of Germany
441 in the Reichstag vote for the Enabling Bill, only 94 against
Constitution of Germany
The title of Fuhrer and Chancellor is soon understood to mean Head of State & Head of Government & given by propaganda the title of Fuhrer des deutschen Reiches und Volkes (Leader of the German Reich and People), the name the soldiers had to swear
Constitution of Germany
The title of Reichspresident however was not taken by Hitler; instead, he wanted to let his title remain Fuhrer und Reichskanzler, for respect of Hindenburgs achievements as a WWI hero who became Germany's President.
Constitution of Germany
to.
Enabling Act
Presents the Enabling Act to the Reichstag as a law to remove distress from people and Reich, demanding cabinet power to legislate without Parliament.
Enabling Act
Promises that the Government will respect the churches and states, using reassurance to win conservative and Centre Party support for the Enabling Act.
Fuhrerprinzip
Nazi Germany cultivated the Fuhrerprinzip (leader principle), and Hitler was generally known as just der Fuhrer ("the Leader")
Legislation
The Kroll Opera House, where the voting will be held, is surrounded by SA & SS. The Centre Party votes for the Enabling Law, the "legal" basis of dictatorship
Reichstag
The Reichstag convenes in the Kroll Opera House
Enabling Act
Represents the armed Nazi presence around Hitler as the Enabling Act is passed under conditions of coercion.
Enabling Act
Remains in Hitler's cabinet as the Enabling Act transforms the Government into a dictatorship with legal form.
Enabling Act
Serves as Justice Minister as the Enabling Act enables laws that bypass normal constitutional and parliamentary limits.
Enabling Act
Uses control of Prussian police and auxiliary forces to reinforce Nazi dominance before the Enabling Act vote.
Enabling Act
Continues as Finance Minister while the Enabling Act transfers legislative authority from Parliament to Hitler's cabinet.
Enabling Act
Supports the Enabling Act as Interior Minister, giving the cabinet authority to override ordinary constitutional safeguards.
Enabling Act
Supports Hitler's cabinet as Labour Minister when the Enabling Act destroys parliamentary checks on legislation.
Enabling Act
Promotes the Enabling Act as a national rescue measure while Nazi propaganda attacks Marxists and parliamentary opposition.
Enabling Act
Presides over the Reichstag session in the Kroll Opera House while SA and SS pressure surrounds the vote on the Enabling Act.
Enabling Act
Commands SA power that intimidates political opponents during the period in which the Enabling Act is forced through.
Enabling Act
Benefits from the emergency atmosphere surrounding the Enabling Act as SS and police power expand under Nazi rule.
Enabling Act
Supports the Enabling Act from inside the conservative coalition, helping give Hitler dictatorial powers through legal procedure.
Enabling Act
Supports the Enabling Act with Catholic conservative deputies, helping provide the two-thirds majority Hitler needs.
Enabling Act
Votes with the Centre Party for the Enabling Act, a decision later criticised as helping destroy parliamentary government.
Enabling Act
Leads Centre Party support for the Enabling Act after Hitler offers assurances on church rights and federal institutions.
Enabling Act
Supports the Centre Party line in favour of the Enabling Act after negotiations with Hitler's Government.
Enabling Act
Cannot vote against the Enabling Act because he is imprisoned after being accused in connection with the Reichstag fire.
Enabling Act
Represents the excluded communist opposition, whose deputies are absent after arrests, flight and repression following the Reichstag fire.
Enabling Act
Is unable to oppose the Enabling Act in the Reichstag because the KPD has been suppressed and he is under arrest.
Enabling Act
Backs the Enabling Act as Hitler's nationalist coalition partner, expecting conservative influence to remain inside the Government.
Enabling Act
Votes for the Enabling Act with his party delegation, a decision he later regarded as a grave political mistake.
Enabling Act
Votes for the Enabling Act with the German State Party after pressure and misjudgement about Nazi intentions.
Enabling Act
Votes with the Social Democratic deputies against the Enabling Act despite Nazi intimidation around the Reichstag session.
Enabling Act
Opposes the Enabling Act with the Social Democrats, rejecting the transfer of legislative power to Hitler's cabinet.
Enabling Act
Votes against the Enabling Act as part of the Social Democratic opposition to Hitler's dictatorship.
Enabling Act
Speaks against the Enabling Act, declaring that freedom and life can be taken, but honour cannot be taken.
Enabling Act
Uses the Enabling Act after its approval to govern by cabinet law and accelerate the coordination of Germany under Nazi rule.
Enabling Act
Signs the Enabling Act after the Reichstag vote, allowing Hitler's cabinet to enact laws without Reichstag approval.
Concordat
Bishops withdraw their ban on membership of the Nazi party
US declines to recognize the German occupation of Bohemia & Moravia
The US "declines" to recognize the German occupation of Bohemia & Moravia. Roosevelt requests an assurance Germany will not invade any country from a list of 31
Government Report
Japan leaves the League of Nation as a reaction on the Lytton Report
Lytton Report
Japan leaves the League of Nation as a reaction on the Lytton Report
League of Nations
Leads the Japanese delegation out of the League of Nations. Japan leaves the League of Nations after it calls for withdrawal from Manchukuo
Invasion of Manchuria
Fails to gain recognition in Manchuria and leads the delegation out of the League
Invasion of Manchuria
Fails to gain recognition of Japanese policy in Manchuria at the League of Nations
League of Nations
Fails to gain recognition in Manchuria and leads the delegation out of the League
League Walkout
Leads Japan's delegation out of the League.
League Withdrawal
Japan announces withdrawal from the League after Manchuria criticism.
Leaves Prussian Academy
Resigns from the Prussian Academy of Sciences after deciding not to return to Nazi Germany.
The Testament of Dr Mabuse
The Nazi regime bans The Testament of Dr Mabuse after its release is blocked.
NSDAP
German bishops withdraw their ban on Nazism
Gleichschaltung
Oversees the first coordination law that reshapes state parliaments according to the Reichstag election result.
SS
The SS is put under the command of Josef Dietrich who had selected 117 men for the SS-Stabswache Berlin, out of these three would become divisional commanders,at least eight would become regimental commanders, fifteen became battalion commanders
SS
The SS had grown from a tiny personal bodyguard unit to a formation of over 50,000 men, the decision is made to form a new bodyguard unit, picking the most capable and trustworthy SS men to form its cadre
SS
The SS is put under the command of Josef Dietrich who had selected 117 men for the SS-Stabswache Berlin, out of these three would become divisional commanders,at least eight would become regimental commanders, fifteen became battalion commanders.
Baltic Canal
Construction of the Baltic-White Sea Canal is completed
Metro
The Moscow metro is completed
Coalition Government
Forms a coalition government with Jan Smuts.
Hertzog-Smuts Coalition
The alliance responds to economic and political pressures during the Depression.
Birth of Joan Ann Hackett
Birth of Joan Ann Hackett
Independence of Philippines
The US promises the Philippines independence
Independence of United States of America
The US promises the Philippines independence
Recognition of Independence
The US promises the Philippines independence
Reform of Driver Licensing
Driving tests become mandatory
Strike
A strike breaks out in Saragossa
President Elected
Martinez begins an elected presidential term after provisional rule
Luftwaffe
Helps create the administrative and training infrastructure of the Luftwaffe
Luftwaffe
Helps create the infrastructure of the Luftwaffe
Major
Appointed Major General for to create the infrastructure of the Luftwaffe
Election
Elected by the Thai Parliament to succeed Rama VII
statement relating to Defence
Rearmament of "statement relating to Defence", recognizes the need to rearm
Armament
Signs a White Paper to modernize equipment & increase estimates
Pact between France and Belgium
Re-establishment of the French-Belgian military pact
Re-establishment of the French-Belgian military pact
Re-establishment of the French-Belgian military pact
Armament
The Allies are informed about the existence of a German airforce
Luftwaffe
The Allies are informed about the existence of a German airforce
Luftwaffe
The existence of the German Luftwaffe is publicly revealed
A Clergyman's Daughter
Publishes A Clergyman's Daughter.
Armament
Moves that increased arms budgets are at variance with the League of Nations
Death of Josef Klemens Pilsudski
Death of Josef Klemens Pilsudski
Armament
The Nazis decree compulsory military service in defiance of the Treaty of Versailles. Announces expansion of the Army to 36 Divs. Announces abrogation of the Treaty of Versailles
Conscription
The Nazis decree compulsory military service in defiance of the Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of Versailles
The Nazis decree compulsory military service in defiance of the Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of Versailles
Announces abrogation of the Treaty of Versailles & expansion of the Army to 36 Divs
Versailles Violation
German rearmament challenges League and Versailles authority.
Armament
The Government protests about Germany's conscription & existence of the Luftwafe
Government protests about Germany's conscription & existence of the Luftwafe
The Government protests about Germany's conscription & existence of the Luftwafe
France complains to the League of Nations about Germany's conscription and the
France complains to the League of Nations about Germany's conscription and the Luftwaffe
Luftwaffe
France complains to the League of Nations about Germany's conscription and the Luftwaffe
Third Johan Ludwig Mowinckel Government
The Third Johan Ludwig Mowinckel Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Johan Nygaardsvold Government
Begins the Johan Nygaardsvold Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Birth of Brian Clough
Birth of Brian Clough, born at number 11 Valley Road, Grove Hill, Middlesbrough, the son of a local sweet factory worker, and the fifth of eight children
Communique
Meets Eden to discuss the London Communique issued by Britain & France
Rejection of Eastern Pact Proposal
Hitler rejects a proposed Eastern Pact and favors separate agreements rather than an eastern extension of the Locarno system.
Second Georges Theunis Government
The Second Georges Theunis Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Paul van Zeeland Government
Begins the Paul van Zeeland Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Communique
Meets Hitler to discuss the terms of the London Communique agreed with France
Meeting with Hitler to discuss the terms of the
Meets Hitler to discuss the terms of the London Communique agreed with France
Triumph of the Will
Releases Triumph of the Will, a major Nazi propaganda film.
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland, 3rd term
Belgian Gold Standard Abandoned
Belgium devalues its currency and leaves the Gold Bloc after banking and reserve pressures make continued defence of the old gold parity unsustainable.
Armament
Hitler restores conscription. Announces the peace time strength of the German army will be 1/2 million
Conscription
Hitler restores conscription
Reform of Armed Forces
Hitler restores conscription. Founds the Ministry of Church Affairs
Treaty of Versailles
Hitler repudiates the military restrictions of the Treaty of Versailles
Succession
Succeeds as King of Thailand
Franco-Belgian Accord
Belgium ends the Franco-Belgian Accord of 1920, after the German Remilitarization of the Rhineland
German Memorandum Declares Locarno No Longer Binding
The German government notifies the Locarno powers that it considers the treaty no longer binding.
Neurath Backs Rhineland Remilitarization
Neurath supports the Rhineland move and expects that France will not answer the German action with military force.
Treaty of Versailles
Hitler occupies the Rhineland in contravention of Versailles, an act of war
German Repudiation of Locarno
Hitler declares Germany no longer bound by the Locarno Treaty while restoring German military control in the Rhineland.
Locarno Treaty Breach in Rhineland
The German entry into the demilitarized zone constitutes a breach of the Locarno guarantee system.
Remilitarization of the Rhineland
Hitler sends German troops into the demilitarized Rhineland, violating the Versailles and Locarno settlement.
Rhineland Sovereignty Proclaimed after Locarno Repudiation
Hitler announces restored German sovereignty in the demilitarized Rhineland while repudiating the Locarno system.
Rhineland Remilitarisation
Remilitarises the Rhineland despite League-era security commitments
French Demand for Response to Locarno Breach
Flandin urges the Locarno signatories to demand German withdrawal from the remilitarized Rhineland.
Falange
The Falange is banned
Birth of Frederik Willem de Klerk
Birth of Frederik Willem de Klerk
League Council Finds Locarno Violation
The League Council finds that Germany has violated its treaty obligations by remilitarizing the Rhineland.
Germany and Locarno Treaty Debate
Challenges policy toward Germany after the remilitarisation of the Rhineland and the breach of the Locarno settlement.
Alliance Austria, Hungary and Italy
Austria, Hungary & Italy sign the Three Power Pact
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan
Veterans Reform
Promotes reforms linked to Chaco War veterans and nationalist politics.
The Road to Wigan Pier
Publishes The Road to Wigan Pier.
Peerage
Created Duke of Windsor
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Nationalization
Nationalizes Standard Oil's Bolivian holdings after the Chaco War
Standard Oil Nationalization
Toro nationalises Standard Oil's Bolivian assets
Nationalization of Standard Oil
Toro nationalises Standard Oil's Bolivian properties.
Armament
Warns the Commons about Hitler's plans following the German absorption of Austria
Concordat
Pius XIs encyclical "With Burning Concern" is read from German pulpits
Encyclical
Pius XIs encyclical "With Burning Concern" is read from German pulpits
Fen District Floods
Raises the consequences of flooding in the Fen district and the public response required.
Peace
Nationalist representatives continue negotiations with Zhou Enlai as cooperation against Japan develops after the Xiโan Incident.
sword of Islam Presentation
Presented with the "sword of Islam"
sword of Islam Presentation
Presented with the "sword of Islam"
Hitler says he is concerned by the 10 million Germans
Hitler says he is concerned by the 10 million Germans who live outside the Reich. Henderson offers Germany colonial territory
Defence Debate after Austrian Crisis
Argues for stronger defence preparations as the European security situation deteriorates.
Herbert Hoover tells Hitler that his doctrine would be unacceptable and intolerable
Herbert Hoover tells Hitler that his doctrine would be unacceptable and intolerable in the US
Anschluss
Kurt Schuschnigg defies the Nazis & calls for a referendum on independence
Referendum
Announces a plebiscite will be held in 4 days to determine the sovereignty of Austria
Referendum
Kurt Schuschnigg defies the Nazis & calls for a referendum on independence
Anschluss
Kurt Schuschnigg defies the Nazis & calls for a referendum on independence
Referendum
Kurt Schuschnigg defies the Nazis & calls for a referendum on independence
Anschluss
Decides on military occupation before Schuschnigg's plebiscite of March 13th
Invasion of Austria
Decides on military occupation before Schuschnigg's plebiscite of March 13th
Army Estimates and Rearmament
Uses the Army Estimates debate to argue for stronger defence as German power expands.
Anschluss
Germany closes the border at Salzburg
Anschluss
Rail traffic between is halted & German troops are massed on the frontier. Hitler threatens to invade Austria. Forced to drop the plebiscite on union with Germany
Invasion of Austria
Rail traffic between is halted & German troops are massed on the frontier. Hitler threatens to invade Austria
Referendum
Faced by German occupation agrees with President Miklas to call off the plebiscite. A referendum to decide union with Germany is canceled after an ultimatum from Hitler
Resignation of Kurt von Schuschnigg
Forced to resign by Hitler & have himself replaced by Seyss-Inquart as Chancellor
Demonstrations
Austrian Nazis take to the streets in Austria & appeal to Hitler to restore order
Anschluss
Mussolini indicates that he will not intervene to save Austria. Austrian Nazis in Government appeal to Hitler to restore order
Anschluss
Austrian Nazis take to the streets in Austria & appeal to Hitler to restore order
Anschluss
Makes an ultimatum to Schuschnigg forbidding his referendum on union with Germany
Invasion of Austria
German troops are prepared to invade Austria
Invasion of Bohemia
Decides to issue an ultimatum to annex Bohemia & Moravia
Invasion of Bohemia
An ultimatum is drafted on Hitler's orders by Keitel calling the Czechs to surrender
Referendum
Makes an ultimatum to Schuschnigg forbidding his referendum on union with Germany
Case Otto Directive Initialled
Jodl initials and supplements directives connected with Case Otto during the Austrian crisis.
Anschluss
While Ribbentrop is at Chequers Hitler announces the Anschluss
While Ribbentrop is at Chequers Hitler announces the Anschluss
While Ribbentrop is at Chequers Hitler announces the Anschluss
Anschluss
Hitler voids Article 88 of the Treaty of St Germain for Austrias independence
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor
Independence of Austria
Hitler voids Article 88 of the Treaty of St Germain for Austrias independence
Invasion of Austria
Hitler voids Article 88 of the Treaty of St Germain for Austrias independence
Treaty of St Germain
Hitler voids Article 88 of the Treaty of St Germain for Austrias independence
Anschluss
The Nazis take over Austria and expel all Jews and other political opponents from the universities. Germany invades Austria after the Austrian Nazi Party invite German troops to march in and the union becomes the Anschluss
Anschluss
Held prisoner by the Nazis in his villa in the grounds of Belvedere castle, 1938-1945
Arrest of Kurt von Schuschnigg
Held prisoner by the Nazis in his villa in the grounds of Belvedere castle, 1938-1945
Rule of Austria
Germany invades Austria after the Austrian Nazi Party invite German troops to march in and the union becomes the Anschluss
Anschluss
Ordered by Hitler to Vienna to organize a total anshcluss
Anschluss
Germany invades Austria after the Austrian Nazi Party invite German troops to march in and the union becomes the Anschluss
Anschluss
Orders Wihelm Stuckart to Vienna to draft a law making him President of Austria
Anschluss
Proclaims the union of Austria with Germany. German troops occupy Austria which then becomes a Dominion of the 3rd Reich
Anschluss
Orders Stuckart to Vienna to organize anshcluss n defiance of the Versailles Treaty
Invasion of Austria
Germany invades Austria after the Austrian Nazi Party invite German troops to march in and the union becomes the Anschluss
Rule of Austria
Germany invades Austria after the Austrian Nazi Party invite German troops to march in and the union becomes the Anschluss
Anschluss
Commands the 2nd Panzer Division through Linz to Vienna during the Anschluss
Dammam Number Seven
Receives confirmation of commercial oil production from Dammam Number Seven.
Dammam Number Seven
Guides exploration teams whose work contributes to the major oil discovery.
Exile of Jerome David Salinger
Leaves Austria only a month or so before it was annexed by Nazi Germany
Dismissal
The Government falls
Government
Forms a Socialist Cabinet
Foreign Policy Statement at Paris
Italy declares the 1935 pact with France invalid, because ratifications had not been exchanged
Prime Minister of France
Appointed Prime Minister of France, 2nd term
Invasion of Austria
German troops enter Austria
Pravda
Nikolay Bukharin, a revolutionary economist who helped edit Pravda with Lenin, is put on trial and executed in the purges
Trial
Nikolay Bukharin, a revolutionary economist who helped edit Pravda with Lenin, is put on trial and executed in the purges
Death of Cevat Cobanli
Death of Cevat Cobanli
Anschluss
Makes a triumphal entry into Vienna, where he had lived so long as a tramp. Chamberlain anounces in the Commons that nothing could have stopped the anshcluss
Invasion of Austria
Hitler lays a wreath on his parents grave in Austria
Foreign Affairs Debate on Austria
Speaks after the Anschluss and warns about the strategic effects of continued German expansion.
Anschluss Debate
Addresses the Commons after Germany's annexation of Austria and warns about the strategic consequences of Nazi expansion.
Debate on the Annexation of Austria
Criticises the failure to deter German expansion after the Anschluss.
Capture of London
Declares in the Commons policy will not change despite Hitler's occupation of Prague
Rule of Prague
Declares in the Commons policy will not change despite Hitler's occupation of Prague
Foreign Affairs Debate after Anschluss
Argues that the Austrian crisis shows the danger of relying on concessions without an effective system of collective security.
Death of Nikolai Bukharin
Death of Nikolai Bukharin
Execution
Executed by a bullet in the back of the head
Execution
Stalin has Bukharin purged & then executed
Calls for better relations with Poland, Russia & America
Calls for better relations with Poland, Russia & America
Invasion of Hungary
Tilea informs Orme Germany intends to absorb Hungary before attacking Romania
Invasion of Romania
Tilea informs Orme Germany intends to absorb Hungary before attacking Romania
Mobilization
Calls for staff talks with France & the Belgium
Tilea informs Orme Germany intends to absorb Hungary
Tilea informs Orme Germany intends to absorb Hungary before attacking Romania
Political Support at Brenner Pass
Supports Italy which can keep a "watch on the Brenner Path". Says Czech will be Hitler's next target
Political Support
Supports Italy which keeps a watch on the Brenner Path. Says a Czech guarantee is "suicide"
Suicide
Says a Czech guarantee is "suicide"
Spain
Addresses British policy toward the Spanish Civil War.
Czechoslovakia Debate
Raises the security of Czechoslovakia immediately after the annexation of Austria changes the strategic position in Central Europe.
Informs Orme Germany intends to absorb Hungary
Informs Orme Germany intends to absorb Hungary before attacking Romania
Invasion of Romania
Informs Orme that Germany intends to absorb Hungary before attacking Romania
Navy Estimates and European Rearmament
Uses the Navy Estimates debate to connect British naval preparedness with the worsening European balance of power.
Demonstrations
Anti-Jewish riots broke out in Dabrowa, Poland
Diplomatic Ultimatum
The Polish Government presents an ultimatum to Lithuania to establish diplomatic ties
Nationalization
Expropriates foreign oil companies and places the industry under Mexican state control
Nationalization
Lazaro Cardenas of Mexico nationalizes US and British oil companies
Border Settlement at Warsaw
Poland forces Lithuania to open its borders
Air Supplementary Estimate
Presses the case for stronger air power amid concern that accommodation with Germany is not producing lasting security.
Czechoslovakia Questions
Presses ministers about British policy toward Czechoslovakia and the growing German threat.
Foreign Policy and the Dominions
Discusses the need for a stronger foreign policy with support from the Dominions amid the European crisis.
Unemployment and Economic Conditions
Speaks on unemployment and wider economic conditions.
Foreign Affairs and Rearmament
Links foreign policy to accelerated rearmament and argues that diplomatic concessions require credible British strength.
Foreign Affairs and Rearmament Debate
Criticises the government's foreign policy while arguing that defence policy must be linked to collective resistance to aggression.
US asks that all powers help refugees fleeing from the Nazis
The US asks that all powers help refugees fleeing from the Nazis
Anschluss
Herman Goering warns all Jews to leave Austria
Economy of Mexico
The US stops buying Mexican silver in reprisal for the Mexican seizure of American oil companies
Nationalization
The US stops buying Mexican silver in reprisal for the Mexican seizure of American oil companies
US stops buying Mexican silver in reprisal for the Mexican seizure
The US stops buying Mexican silver in reprisal for the Mexican seizure of American oil companies
Capture of Nanjing
Japan sponsors the Reformed Government of the Republic of China at Nanjing as a collaborationist regime.
Advises the German population in Czech to demand enough to break-up the
Advises the German population in Czech to demand enough to break-up the Cezh state
Alliance Konrad Henlein and Henlein and make him Viceroy of Czech
Hitler promises to support Henlein & make him Viceroy of Czech
Czechoslovakia Questions
Answers Commons questions on Czechoslovakia as the Foreign Office monitors German pressure on the state.
Anschluss
Within days of the Anschluss squads of Nazis and Austrian museum personnel empty the Viennese palaces of the Rothschild brothers, Alphonse and Louis
Raid on Jewish Community Offices
Leads a raid on the Vienna Jewish community offices.
Vienna Jewish Community Targeted
The raid follows Germany's annexation of Austria.
Einsatzgruppen
The Einsatzgruppen were formed under the direction of Heydrich and operated by the SS before and during World War II. The Einsatzgruppen had its origins in the ad hoc Einsatzkommando formed by Heydrich to secure Government buildings and documents following the Anschluss in Austria in March 1938
Diplomatic Negotiations
Announces negotiations in Italy for a settlement of "outstanding questions"
Alliance Britain and France and the Covenant of the League of Nations
Calls for a Grand Alliance of Britain and France and the Covenant of the League of Nations
Covenant of the League of Nations
Calls for a Grand Alliance of Britain and France and the Covenant of the League of Nations
Plot
Accused of plotting to kill Lenin during the Brest Litovsk negotiations in 1918
Trial
Accused of plotting to kill Lenin during the Brest Litovsk negotiations in 1918
Reballion of Rebels in Ruthenia
Dismisses the Ruthenian Government from office
Reballion of Rebels in Ruthenia
Dismisses the Ruthenian Government from office
Czech President Hacha dismisses the Ruthenian Government from office
The Czech President Hacha dismisses the Ruthenian Government from office
Prime Minister of Romania
Calinescu becomes prime minister and continues repression of the Iron Guard.
Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia
Appointed Prime Minister of the Slovak Government
Czech President Hacha dismisses the Slovak Government from office
The Czech President Hacha dismisses the Slovak Government from office
Invasion of Bohemia
Hitler's government began the occupation of the remainder of Czechoslovakia during the period from 10 to 16 March.
Invasion of Bohemia
The remainder of Czechoslovakia is occupied, 10-16 March
Invasion of Czech
Allied appeasement ends when Germany occupies the remainder of Czech, Bohemia-Moravia
Invasion of Czech
Hitler's occupation of the remainder of the Czech lands ended the policy of Allied appeasement described in the source records.
Speech
Defends his opposition to appeasement to his constituents
Independence of Czech Republic
2 members of the German Government arrive with 5 Generals and demand Slovak independence
Independence of Slovakia
2 members of the German Government arrive with 5 Generals and demand Slovak independence
Independence of Czech Republic
Visits Hitler who demands the separation of Slovakia from the Czech State
Independence of Slovakia
Visits Hitler who demands the separation of Slovakia from the Czech State
Independence of Czech Republic
Visits Hitler who demands the separation of Slovakia from the Czechoslovak state
Independence of Slovakia
Visits Hitler who demands the separation of Slovakia from the Czechoslovak state
Independence of Czech Republic
Declares that he will oppose the separation of Slovakia from the Czech State
Independence of Slovakia
Declares that he will oppose the separation of Slovakia from the Czech State
Invasion of Czech
Appeals to Hitler not to invade Czechoslovakia
Invasion of Slovakia
Announces Hungarian troop movements on the Slovak-Hungarian border
Independence of Germany
Slovakia proclaims its independence
Independence of Slovakia
Slovakia proclaims its independence
Rule of Slovakia
Hitler advises Jozef Tiso to declare Slovakias independence in order to prevent its partition by Hungary and Poland
Hitler Meeting
Hitler pressures Tiso to declare Slovakia independent under German protection.
Independence of Czech Republic
Tiso reads out a declaration of independence prepared by Ribbentrop to Slovak deputies
Independence of Slovakia
Tiso reads out a declaration of independence prepared by Ribbentrop to Slovak deputies
Independence of Czech Republic
Slovakia proclaims its independence from the Czech State
Independence of Slovakia
Slovakia proclaims its independence from the Czech State
Rule of Carpatho
Slovakia and Carpatho declare independence from Czechoslovakia (strongly encouraged by the Axis-countries)
Rule of Slovakia
Slovakia and Carpatho declare independence from Czechoslovakia (strongly encouraged by the Axis-countries)
Slovak Independence
Slovakia declares independence under German pressure.
Capture of Ostrava
German troops occupy Ostrava while Hacha visits Hitler in an attempt to save Czech
Invasion of Czech
German troops occupy Ostrava while Hacha visits Hitler in an attempt to save Czech
Invasion of Czech
Hacha is forced to sign a communique placing "Czech people in the hands of the Fuhrer"
Independence of Germany
When Slovak deputies meet Tiso reads out a declaration of independence
Independence of Slovakia
When Slovak deputies meet Tiso reads out a declaration of independence
Hacha is forced to sign a communique placing Czech people in the
Hacha is forced to sign a communique placing "Czech people in the hands of the Fuhrer"
Independence of Germany
Visited by Tiso & Durcansky, Hitler demands the separation of Slovakia from Czech
Independence of Slovakia
Visited by Tiso & Durcansky, Hitler demands the separation of Slovakia from Czech
Rule of Czech
Visited by Tiso & Durcansky, Hitler demands the separation of Slovakia from Czech
Rule of Slovakia
The Slovak provincial assembly proclaims independence; priest Jozef Tiso becomes the president of the independent Slovak Government
Hacha is forced to sign a communique placing Czech people in the
Hacha is forced to sign a communique placing "Czech people in the hands of the Fuhrer"
Capture of Ostrava
German troops occupy Ostrava while Hacha visits Hitler in an attempt to save Czech
Invasion of Czech
German troops occupy Ostrava while Hacha visits Hitler in an attempt to save Czech
Invasion of Czech
Hacha is forced to sign a communique placing "Czech people in the hands of the Fuhrer"
Foreign Policy Statement at London
Announces in the Commons Britain cannot honour Czech obligations
Invasion of Czech
Says Britain has no obligation to Czech because it has ceased to exist as a state. Germany invades Prague despite the Munich Agreement
Munich Agreement
Germany invades Prague despite the Munich Agreement
Munich Agreement
Protests after German legions move on Prague in contravention of the Munich Agreement
Of the Munich Agreement
Protests after German legions move on Prague in contravention of the Munich Agreement
Invasion of Czech
Protests after German legions move on Prague contravening the Munich Agreement
Munich Agreement
Protests after German legions move on Prague contravening the Munich Agreement
Siege of Prague
Protests after German legions move on Prague contravening the Munich Agreement
Slovak Independence
The Slovak Assembly proclaims independence and Tiso becomes prime minister.
Slovak State Established
The Slovak State is proclaimed under German pressure.
Bohemia-Moravia Takeover
The German takeover of Bohemia and Moravia occurred while Hacha held the Czechoslovak presidency.
Czechoslovakia
Under Hacha, the German takeover of Bohemia and Moravia brought the remaining Czechoslovak state to an end.
German Protectorate Declaration
While Hacha was president, Hitler visited Prague and announced German protectorate rule over Bohemia and Moravia.
German Rule over Czech Lands
Hacha's office remained in place as Germany imposed rule over Bohemia and Moravia after the March occupation.
Occupation of Bohemia and Moravia
Hacha's presidency continued as German forces occupied Bohemia and Moravia and Czechoslovakia ceased to exist.
Prague Occupation
Hacha was president when German troops entered the Czech lands and Hitler established control from Prague.
Rule of Bohemia
During Hacha's presidency, Hitler entered Prague and declared German control over Bohemia and Moravia.
Rule of Bohemia
Hitler visits Prague and declares a German Protectorate over Bohemia and Moravia
Rule of Moravia
Hacha remained president as Hitler declared a German protectorate over Bohemia and Moravia.
Rule of Moravia
Hitler visits Prague and declares a German Protectorate over Bohemia and Moravia
First Beran Government
The First Beran Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Invasion of Czech
Hitler visits Prague & declares a German Protectorate over Bohemia & Moravia
German Occupation
German troops occupy the Czech lands.
Capture of Bohemia
Bohemia is taken under German protection
Capture of Bohemia
Hitler brought Bohemia under German protection as the remaining Czechoslovak state was dismantled.
Capture of Moravia
Moravia is taken under German protection
Czechoslovakia
The German occupation under Hitler caused Czechoslovakia to cease to exist as an independent state.
German Protection of Bohemia
Bohemia was placed under German protection as Hitler completed the takeover of the remaining Czechoslovak territory.
German Troops Cross Czech Border
German troops crossed into the Czech lands and occupied Bohemia and Moravia as Hitler extended German control.
Invasion of Czech
German troops crossed the Czech border and occupied the remaining parts of Bohemia and Moravia under Hitler's direction.
Invasion of Czech
German troops occupy the remaining part of Bohemia and Moravia; Czechoslovakia ceases to exist. German troops cross the Czech border
Invasion of Czech
Hitler sleps in the Presidential Palace
March Occupation of Czech Lands
Hitler's March occupation brought the remaining Czech lands under German authority in Bohemia and Moravia.
Occupation of Bohemia and Moravia
Hitler oversaw the German occupation of Bohemia and Moravia as Czechoslovakia disappeared as an independent state.
Rule of Bohemia
German troops occupied Bohemia and Moravia, and Hitler's takeover ended the independent Czechoslovak state.
Rule of Bohemia
German troops occupy the remaining part of Bohemia and Moravia; Czechoslovakia ceases to exist
Rule of Moravia
German troops occupy the remaining part of Bohemia and Moravia; Czechoslovakia ceases to exist
Rule of Moravia
Hitler's forces occupied Moravia together with Bohemia, eliminating the remaining Czechoslovak state.
Treaty of Munich
Hitler occupied the Czech lands, violating the Munich pledge that the Sudetenland was Germany's final territorial demand.
3rd Army Entry
Under Blaskowitz, the 3rd Army entered Bohemia during the German takeover of Czechoslovakia.
3rd Army Operation in Bohemia
The 3rd Army operated in Bohemia under Blaskowitz during Germany's occupation of the remaining Czech territory.
Army Movement into Czech Lands
Blaskowitz led German army units into the Czech lands as the remaining Czechoslovak state was taken over.
Bohemia Occupation
Blaskowitz commanded the 3rd Army as it moved into Bohemia during the occupation of the Czech lands.
Bohemia Takeover
Blaskowitz led the 3rd Army into Bohemia as part of the German takeover that ended Czechoslovakia's remaining independence.
Czechoslovakia Occupation
The 3rd Army under Blaskowitz entered Bohemia during the occupation that placed the remaining Czech lands under German control.
German Army Advance
The 3rd Army advanced into Bohemia under Blaskowitz while Hitler completed the German takeover of Czechoslovakia.
German Military Occupation
Blaskowitz commanded forces participating in the German military occupation of Bohemia.
Invasion of Bohemia
Blaskowitz led the 3rd Army into Bohemia as Germany took control of the remaining Czechoslovak state.
Invasion of Bohemia
Leads the 3rd army into Bohemia as Hitler takes over Czechoslovakia
Military Entry into Bohemia
Blaskowitz directed the military entry of the 3rd Army into Bohemia as German forces occupied the country.
Czechoslovakia Debate after Prague
Responds to the German occupation of Prague, which demonstrates the failure of Hitler's Munich commitments.
Czechoslovakia after German Occupation
Challenges the government after German forces occupy Prague and the Munich settlement collapses.
Czechoslovakia Dissolution
German occupation of Czech lands completes the destruction of Czechoslovakia.
Independence of Czech Republic
Requests Hitler take Slovakia under German protection, Hitler obliges the same day
Independence of Slovakia
Requests Hitler take Slovakia under German protection, Hitler obliges the same day
Bohemia and Moravia Protectorate
The proclamation of the Protectorate placed Hacha at the head of the new Czech administration as State President.
Prague Protectorate Proclamation
In Prague, the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was proclaimed and Hacha continued in office as State President.
Protectorate Established
Hacha became State President when the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was proclaimed in Prague.
Protectorate Established
The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia is proclaimed.
Protectorate Government Formed
Hacha's State Presidency formed part of the government structure created when the Protectorate was proclaimed.
Protectorate Proclaimed
The new Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was proclaimed with Hacha serving as its State President.
State Presidency under Protectorate
Hacha held the title of State President after the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was formally established.
Independence of Germany
Slovakia proclaims independence & declares support for Nazi Germany
Independence of Slovakia
Slovakia proclaims independence & declares support for Nazi Germany
Invasion of Czech
After the German occupation, Hitler proclaimed the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia from Prague.
Invasion of Czech
Hitler proclaims a Proctecorate over Bohemia & Moravia
Invasion of Ruthenia
Allows the Hungarians to capture Ruthenia & establish a border with Poland
Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
Hitler proclaimed the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia after German forces had occupied the remaining Czech territory.
Rule of Bohemia
Hitler proclaimed protectorate rule over Bohemia and Moravia after the German occupation was completed.
Rule of Bohemia
Hitler proclaims a Proctecorate over Bohemia & Moravia, Czech ceases to exist
Rule of Czech
Hitler proclaims a Proctecorate over Bohemia & Moravia, Czech ceases to exist
Rule of Czech
In Prague, Hitler announced the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and the remaining Czech state ceased to exist.
Rule of Moravia
Hitler proclaims a Proctecorate over Bohemia & Moravia, Czech ceases to exist
Rule of Moravia
Protectorate rule was proclaimed over Moravia and Bohemia after Hitler's forces took control of the Czech lands.
Birmingham Foreign Policy Speech
Chamberlain warns that Britain will resist any attempt at German world domination.
Birmingham Foreign Policy Speech
After Germany occupies Prague, warns that Britain may resist further attempts at domination by force, marking a major shift from the Munich approach.
Foreign Policy Statement at Birmingham
British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain gives a speech in Birmingham, stating that Britain will oppose any effort at world domination on the part of Germany.
Treaty of Munich
Chamberlain declared that Germany's destruction of Czechoslovakia had undermined the assumptions behind the Munich policy.
Treaty of Protection
A Treaty between Germany & Slovakia to establish a German Protectorate is signed
Treaty of Protection
Contains a secret protocol giving Germany exclusive rights to exploit Slovakia. Approves the Treaty of Protection in Vienna
Censorship
As Reich Protector, Neurath censored the press in Bohemia and Moravia and moved against organised opposition.
Censorship
Censors the press & removes all opposition including trades unions & political parties
Opposition Suppression
Neurath acted to remove organised opposition in Bohemia and Moravia, including political parties and trade unions.
Political Parties
Censors the press & removes all opposition including trades unions & political parties
Political Parties
Neurath suppressed political parties as part of the removal of opposition under protectorate rule.
Political Suppression
Political opposition was curtailed under Neurath through censorship and the removal of parties and unions.
Press Control
Neurath imposed press censorship as one of the first controls introduced under the German protectorate.
Protectorate Administration
Neurath assumed the office of Reich Protector and began administering German control over Bohemia and Moravia.
Reich Protector
Appointed Reich Protector of Bohemia & Moravia
Reich Protector
Neurath was appointed Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia after the German takeover.
Removal of Organised Opposition
Neurath combined press censorship with the removal of political parties and trade unions to suppress organised opposition.
Trades Unions
Censors the press & removes all opposition including trades unions & political parties
Trades Unions
Neurath removed trade unions while consolidating German political control in Bohemia and Moravia.
Union Suppression
Neurath's administration eliminated trade unions as part of the broader suppression of opposition in the protectorate.
Resignation of Robert Menzies
Resigns, angered by Lyons lack of support for his national insurance scheme
Diplomatic Mission at Berlin
Hosts Polish Ambassador Jozef Lipski & demands the return of the Free City of Danzig
Rule of Gdansk
Hosts Polish Ambassador Jozef Lipski & demands the return of the Free City of Danzig
Rule of Memel
The Lithuanian Government decides to return the Memel District to the Reich. Lithuanian military units begin withdrawing from Memel during the early morning hours - Lithuanian district governor Gailus turns power over to the Nazi dominated local assembly - 2 pm Lithuanian delegation arrives in Berlin for talks
Rule of Memel
Article 4 of the state Treaty renounces the use of force between Germany and Lithuania, and pledges that neither would support a third country against the other signatory
Rule of Memel
Germany in in the Treaty provides generous support for the economic needs of Lithuania and gave Lithuania the right to establish a Lithuanian Free Zone in the Memel harbor.
Rule of Memel
Lithuanian Foreign Minister Urbsys signs the convention returning Memel to Germany at 1 am retroactive to March 22,1939.
Rule of Memel
The Kriegsmarine is deprived of a chance to launch a planned amphibious assault but was accorded the honor of delivering the Fueher to the city for a celebration of his last bloodless conquest.
Rule of Memel
The Treaty of 23 March affirms the return of the Memel District, which had been separated by the Treaty of Versailles, to Germany.
Declaration of War
The Slovak-Hungarian War begins
Slovak-Hungarian War
The Slovak-Hungarian War begins along Slovakia's eastern frontier.
Rule of Memel
Adolf Hitler sails into the harbor at Memel at the head of a strong German naval force and spoke to the loyal people of the most remote German territory
Ultimatum Prepared
Ciano helps prepare Italian demands intended to reduce Albania to dependency
European Situation
Urges a firmer collective response to German expansion in the first major foreign-policy debates after Prague.
Chief of State
Appointed Head of the Government after the fall of Madrid
Chief of State
Appointed Head of the Government after the fall of Madrid
Capture of Madrid
Madrid falls to the Nationalists
Alliance Great Britain and Poland
Ends appeasement of Germany by commiting Britain to defend Poland. Embarks on policy which leads to British declaration of war against Germany
Declaration of War
Embarks on policy which leads to British declaration of war against Germany
Mobilization
Cabinet decides to double the territorial force
Rule of Memel
The Lithuanian Parliament approves the convention returning Memel to Germany unanimously and without abstention
Independence of Poland
Agrees Chamberlains proposal of a unilateral British guarantee of Polish independence
International Agreement at Warsaw
Agrees Chamberlains proposal of a unilateral British guarantee of Polish independence
Birth of Volker Schlondorff
Birth of Volker Schlondorff.
Anglo French Assurance Pact
Britain and France guarantee Polands defense (Anglo French Assurance Pact), a pact with Poland to come to their defense if Germany attacked
Alliance Neville Chamberlain and Poland
Britain & France pledge to support Poland
Peace
The last of the Republican resistance comes to an end
Einsatzgruppen
With the founding of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA), the Sicherheitspolizei as a functioning state agency ceased to exist as the department was merged into the RSHA. Also the RSHA obtained overall command of the Einsatzgruppen
Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA)
With the founding of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA), the Sicherheitspolizei as a functioning state agency ceased to exist as the department was merged into the RSHA. Also the RSHA obtained overall command of the Einsatzgruppen
Sicherheitspolizei
With the founding of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA), the Sicherheitspolizei as a functioning state agency ceased to exist as the department was merged into the RSHA. Also the RSHA obtained overall command of the Einsatzgruppen
Capture of Prague
Enters Prague
Polish Corridor
In preparation for war with Poland, in the spring of 1939 Hitler demands the annexation of the Free City of Danzig to Germany and extraterritorial rail access for Germany across the "Polish Corridor," the Polish frontier to East Prussia
Rule of Danzig
In preparation for war with Poland, in the spring of 1939 Hitler demands the annexation of the Free City of Danzig to Germany and extraterritorial rail access for Germany across the "Polish Corridor," the Polish frontier to East Prussia
Tours the USA
Tours the USA. Tours Canada
Expulsion from Labour
Is expelled temporarily from the Parliamentary Labour Party.
Mobilization
Cabinet decides in the event of war with Germany an army will be sent to Europe
Rule of Gdansk
Hitler lays claim to the free City of Danzig
Invasion of Romania
Bulgaria joins the Tripartite Pact
Pact between Germany, Italy, Japan and Bulgaria
Bulgaria joins the Tripartite Pact
Spring Awakening
Issues an order to invade Norway
Tripartite Pact
Bulgaria joins the Tripartite Pact
Operation Weserubung Order
Orders preparation of the German invasion of Denmark and Norway.
Norway Strategy
Supports seizing Norwegian ports before the Allies can cut the ore route.
Academy Award
Wins an Oscar for, "Gone With The Wind"
Frisch-Peierls Memorandum
Calculates with Peierls that a compact uranium bomb may be practical.
Frisch-Peierls Memorandum
Calculates that a uranium-235 bomb may be practical.
Frisch-Peierls Memorandum
Co-authors the Birmingham memorandum estimating uranium-235 weapon feasibility.
Frisch-Peierls Memorandum
Co-authors memorandum estimating uranium-235 bomb feasibility.
Invasion of Finland
The Fins are forced out of the Karelian Isthmus
Second Roosevelt Letter
Writes again to President Roosevelt urging stronger attention to uranium research developments.
General Election - General Election
Penaranda wins the presidential election as candidate of the conservative alliance.
General Election Election Outcome
General election outcome recorded for Enrique Penaranda Castillo: Penaranda wins the presidential election as candidate of the conservative alliance.
General Election Government
Government context for this general election: Penaranda wins the presidential election as candidate of the conservative alliance.
General Election
Penaranda wins the presidential election as candidate of the conservative alliance.
Inside the Whale
Publishes Inside the Whale and Other Essays.
Barttle of Narvik
Continues pushing plans for a northern operation linked to Narvik.
Narvik Landing Plan
Continues planning for possible Allied landings linked to Narvik.
Narvik Landing Plan
The War Cabinet continues planning for a possible Allied landing at Narvik.
Standstill Order
Narvik plans pause after Finland accepts peace with the Soviet Union.
Standstill Order
Chamberlain's government pauses Narvik planning after Finland accepts peace with the Soviet Union.
Invasion of Finland
Finland surrenders large tracts of territory & fortifications to Russia
Enigma Machine
The first bombe is installed
Resignation of Edouard Daladier
Resigns after the Russian invasion of Finland
Resignation of Edouard Daladier
Daladier resigns after the Russian invasion of Finland. Daladier fails to unite Parliament or the people behind his mobilization for the "phony war"
Conference of Lahore
The Lahore Resolution is adopted, its principles form the foundation for Pakistans first constitution
Constitution of Pakistan
The Lahore Resolution is adopted, its principles form the foundation for Pakistans first constitution
Independence of Pakistan
The Lahore Resolution is adopted, its principles form the foundation for Pakistans first constitution
Lahore Resolution
The Lahore Resolution is adopted, its principles form the foundation for Pakistans first constitution
Conference of Lahore
The Lahore Resolution is adopted, its principles form the foundation for Pakistans first constitution
Constitution of Pakistan
The Lahore Resolution is adopted, its principles form the foundation for Pakistans first constitution
Independence of Pakistan
The Lahore Resolution is adopted, its principles form the foundation for Pakistans first constitution
Lahore Resolution
The Lahore Resolution is adopted, its principles form the foundation for Pakistans first constitution
Invasion of Norway
Wins support of the war Cabinet & the Allied supreme war Council to mine Norway
Mining
Wins support of the war Cabinet & the Allied supreme war Council to mine Norway
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Supreme War Council
Takes part in Allied planning shortly after becoming premier.
Narvik Occupation Plan
Participates in Allied plans for Norway and Narvik after becoming premier.
Supreme War Council
Approves Operation Wilfred and related Norwegian planning.
Supreme War Council
The council agrees to mine Norwegian waters and prepare Narvik occupation plans.
Barttle of Narvik
Backs Supreme War Council approval of mining Norwegian waters and preparing Narvik occupation plans.
Operation Wilfred Approval
Backs approval to mine Norwegian waters and prepare Narvik operations.
Operation Wilfred Approval
Supreme War Council approves mining Norwegian waters and preparing Narvik occupation plans.
Wang Jingwei Regime
Rejects the Japanese-sponsored collaborationist government established at Nanjing under Wang Jingwei and continues resistance from Chongqing.
Minister Without Portfolio
Appointed Minister without portfolio
Minister of Interior
Appointed Minister of the Interior, March-July
Operation Weserubung
Raeder supports the plan to seize Norway before Allied forces can establish bases along the coast.
Boys' Weeklies
Publishes Boys' Weeklies on popular children's papers.
Charles Dickens
Publishes a major essay on Charles Dickens.
Enigma Machine
Leads British Tabulating Machine engineering work that turns Turing's Bombe design into operational hardware.
Enigma Machine
Breaks several German Naval Enigma messages from late 1938 using the Fort crib method.
Rule of Nanking
A puupet Japanese Government is established in Japan
Uranium-235 Fission
Shows uranium-235 is responsible for slow-neutron fission.
Alliance Adolf Hitler and Tripartite Pact
Bulgaria joins the Tripartite Pact
Pact between Germany, Italy, Japan and Bulgaria
Bulgaria signs the Tripartite Pact
Tripartite Pact
Bulgaria signs the Tripartite Pact
Reform of Policing
Given plenipotentiary powers covering all police actions in occupied territory
Siege of Lofoton
The British & Norwegians raid the occupied Lofoten Islands destroying 11 German ships
Hitler demands from Prince Paul that German troops pass through Yugoslavia to
Hitler demands from Prince Paul that German troops pass through Yugoslavia to Greece
Operation Barbarossa
Paul of Yugoslavia is invited to the Berghof & offered Salonika for German support
Tripartite Pact
Hitler applies pressure on Yugoslavia to join the Tripartite Pact
Operation Claymore
Churchill launches Operation Claymore, a naval raid against the Lofoten Islands
Siege of Lofoton
A commando raid destroys fish oil processing plants in Lofoton, northern Norway
Hitler demands from Prince Paul that German troops pass through Yugoslavia to
Hitler demands from Prince Paul that German troops pass through Yugoslavia to Greece
Invasion of Greece
In Operation Lustre British forces are ferried to Greece to defeng it against the German invasion
Operation Lustre
In Operation Lustre British forces are ferried to Greece to defeng it against the German invasion
Bartholomew Street Home
Marguerite Oswald purchased a modest frame house on Bartholomew Street, where the family lived while she attempted to support her children.
Invasion of Ethiopia
The British Army invades Italian-controlled Ethiopia
Battle of Greece
After weeks of inconclusive winter warfare, the Italians launched a large-scale counterattack across the centre of the front on March 9, 1941, which, despite the superiority of the Italian armed forces, failed. After one week and 12,000 casualties, Mussolini called off the counterattack, and then left Albania twelve days later
Invasion of Greece
After weeks of inconclusive winter warfare, the Italians launched a large-scale counterattack across the centre of the front on March 9, 1941, which, despite the superiority of the Italian armed forces, failed. After one week and 12,000 casualties, Mussolini called off the counterattack, and then left Albania twelve days later
Battle of Greece
Italy opens a major spring offensive against Greek positions, but the attack fails after heavy casualties and makes little territorial gain.
Invasion of Greece
Mussolini oversees the opening of a major Italian offensive against Greece, but the attack fails to break the Greek front.
Lend-Lease
US Congress passes the Lend-Lease Act
Lend-Lease Act
The Act authorises material assistance to countries considered vital to American defence.
Alliance Lend Lease Act provides for the US to lend Britain and her Allies war materials
The Lend Lease Act provides for the US to lend Britain & her Allies war materials. SAends the Lend-Lease Bill to Congress
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the Country Party, in Parliament
Reform of Armed Forces
Given power to act independently & have jurisdiction over the Army Chiefs of Staff
Reform of Armed Forces
Given power to act independently & have jurisdiction over the Army Chiefs of Staff
Greece Occupation Requirement Discussed
Jodl is present when Hitler states that Greece must be fully occupied before any settlement.
Battle of Atlantic
Forms the Battle of Atlantic Committee
Committee of Atlantic
Forms the Battle of Atlantic Committee
Tripartite Pact
In front of Hitler & Ribbentrop Cvetkovic signs Yugoslavia to the Tripartite Pact
Alliance Tripartite Pact
Yugoslavia signs the Tripartite Pact
Invasion of Yugoslavia
Hitler put pressure on Yugoslavia to join the Tripartite Pact. The Regent, Prince Paul of Yugoslavia, succumbed to this pressure
Pact between Germany, Italy, Japan and Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia signs the Tripartite Pact
Tripartite Pact
Hitler put pressure on Yugoslavia to join the Tripartite Pact. The Regent, Prince Paul of Yugoslavia, succumbed to this pressure
Tripartite Pact
In front of Hitler & Ribbentrop Cvetkovic signs Yugoslavia to the Tripartite Pact
Tripartite Pact
In front of Hitler & Ribbentrop Cvetkovic signs Yugoslavia to the Tripartite Pact
Alliance Tripartite Pact
Yugoslavia signs the Tripartite Pact
Pact between Germany, Italy, Japan and Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia signs the Tripartite Pact
Coup
Overthrown in a Coup by Air Force officers which was supported by most of the Army
Belgrade Bombing Decision Conference
Jodl attends the conference that decides on the attack on Yugoslavia and bombing of Belgrade without prior declaration of war.
Yugoslavia Destruction Planning
Jodl attends Hitler's conference ordering rapid military preparations to destroy Yugoslavia.
Invasion of Yugoslavia
Instructed by Hitler to advise Hungary, Romania & Italy they will partition Yugoslavia
Partition
Instructed by Hitler to advise Hungary, Romania & Italy they will partition Yugoslavia
Rule of Yugoslavia
Instructed by Hitler to advise Hungary, Romania & Italy they will partition Yugoslavia
Coup
Orders invasion after a pro-Allied coup in Belgrade. Delays invasion by 4 weeks to invade Yugoslavia after an Allied coup in Belgrade
Coup
Summons chiefs to the Chancellery saying the Belgrade coup endangered Barbarossa. Delayed up to 4 weeks so Yugoslavia can be invaded after a pro-Allied coup in Belgrade
Coup
A coup is launched in Yugoslavia by anti-Prince Paul, Serbian military officers, and the Regent was replaced on the throne by King Peter II of Yugoslavia.
Coup
Hitler takes the Yugoslav coup as a personal insult, and was so angered that he was determined "without waiting for possible declarations of loyalty of the new Government to destroy Yugoslavia militarily and as a nation".
Coup
Summons chiefs to the Chancellery saying the Belgrade coup endangered Barbarossa.
Invasion of Russia
Delays invasion by 4 weeks to invade Yugoslavia after an Allied coup in Belgrade
Invasion of Yugoslavia
Orders invasion after a pro-Allied coup in Belgrade. Delays invasion by 4 weeks to invade Yugoslavia after an Allied coup in Belgrade
Invasion of Yugoslavia
Orders Goering to "destroy Belgrade"
Invasion of Yugoslavia
A coup is launched in Yugoslavia by anti-Prince Paul, Serbian military officers, and the Regent was replaced on the throne by King Peter II of Yugoslavia.
Invasion of Yugoslavia
Hitler takes the Yugoslav coup as a personal insult, and was so angered that he was determined "without waiting for possible declarations of loyalty of the new Government to destroy Yugoslavia militarily and as a nation".
Invasion of Yugoslavia
Summons chiefs to the Chancellery saying the Belgrade coup endangered Barbarossa.
Operation Barbarossa
Summons chiefs to the Chancellery saying the Belgrade coup endangered Barbarossa. Delayed up to 4 weeks so Yugoslavia can be invaded after a pro-Allied coup in Belgrade
Siege of Belgrade
Orders Goering to "destroy Belgrade"
Coup
Assumes power after a military coup in Belggrade
Pact between Germany, Italy, Japan and Yugoslavia
Reneges on the Tripartite Pact
Tripartite Pact
Reneges on the Tripartite Pact
Tripartite Pact
Reneges on the Tripartite Pact. Offers a nonaggression pact with Germany, Hitler has to delay his invasion of Russia
Coup
The Regency is overthrown by pro-Allied groups to resist German invasion. A coup is launched by anti-Prince Paul, Serbian military officers, and the Regent was replaced on the throne by King Peter II of Yugoslavia
Invasion of Yugoslavia
A coup is launched by anti-Prince Paul, Serbian military officers, and the Regent was replaced on the throne by King Peter II of Yugoslavia
Succession
The Regency is overthrown by pro-Allied groups to resist German invasion
Exile of Paul
For the remainder of the war, Prince Paul is kept, with his family, under house arrest by the British in Kenya
Invasion of Yugoslavia
For the remainder of the war, Prince Paul is kept, with his family, under house arrest by the British in Kenya
Yugoslavia Operational Plan Issued
Jodl's office issues a tentative plan coordinating German and Italian military operations against Yugoslavia.
Invasion of Russia
At a General Staff meeting says Germany must destroy the Red Army & the Soviet State
Operation Barbarossa
At a General Staff meeting orders destruction of the Red Army & the Soviet State
Red Army
At a General Staff meeting says Germany must destroy the Red Army & the Soviet State. At a General Staff meeting orders destruction of the Red Army & the Soviet State
Jewish Affairs Section Leadership
The office coordinates deportations of Jews across Nazi-controlled Europe.
RSHA IV B 4 Appointment
Becomes director of RSHA section IV B 4.
Alliance Boris III and Tripartite Pact
Bulgaria joins the Tripartite Pact
Pact between Germany, Italy, Japan and Bulgaria
Bulgaria joins the Tripartite Pact
Tripartite Pact
Bulgaria joins the Tripartite Pact
Death of Georges Mandel
Executed by the Vichy Government
Execution
Executed by the Vichy Government
Vichy Government
Executed by the Vichy Government
Alliance Axis Powers
Announce Bulgaria has joined the Axis powers
Invasion of Russia
The entire urban population of the invaded land was to be starved to death, thus creating an agricultural surplus to feed Germany and allowing the urban populations replacement by a German upper class
Operation Barbarossa
Operation Barbarossa was to combine a northern assault towards Leningrad, a symbolic capturing of Moscow, and an economic strategy of seizing oil fields in the south beyond Ukraine. Hitler repeated his order: "Leningrad first, the Donetsk Basin second, Moscow third"
Green Folder
Goerings Green Folder laid out details of the Soviet Unions proposed economic disposal after the invasion
Invasion of Russia
The entire urban population of the invaded land was to be starved to death, thus creating an agricultural surplus to feed Germany and allowing the urban populations replacement by a German upper class. Goerings Green Folder laid out details of the Soviet Unions proposed economic disposal after the invasion
Enigma Machine
Leads cryptanalysis of Italian naval Enigma traffic that contributes intelligence before Cape Matapan.
Enigma Machine
Helps Knox's team read Italian naval Enigma traffic before the Battle of Cape Matapan.
Meeting with Winant
Meets Winant, the new US Ambasador, in London, breaks with precedent
Coup
Ousted as the ruler of Iraq for being pro-British
Coup
Ousts Abd Al-Allah Ibn Ali Ibn as the ruler of Iraq for being pro-British
Siege of Habbaniya
Seeks to defeat the British at their garrison of Habbaniya
Invasion of Greece
Italy's spring offensive fails to achieve a decisive breakthrough, increasing dependence on German intervention in the Balkans.
Battle of Rzhev
Russian forces are trapped & then destroyed
Command of Folgore
Frattini assumes command of the Folgore parachute division before its deployment to North Africa.
Invasion of Java
Imamura's Sixteenth Army lands on Java as Japan moves to complete the conquest of the Netherlands East Indies.
Birth of Lewis Allan Reed
Birth of Lewis Allan Reed, later known professionally as Lou Reed.
Dismissal
Replaced by Lieutenant General Alexander
Capture of Rangoon
The Japanese capture Rangoon
Surrender of Java
Imamura receives the capitulation of Allied forces on Java, completing the principal Japanese campaign on the island.
350th Infantry Regiment
The frontier-guard formation commanded by Di Lorenzo is redesignated the 350th Infantry Regiment for North African service.
Agreement on Cooperate in strategic planning in the event
US and Britain agree to cooperate in strategic planning in the event the US enters the war, during the ABC-1 talks, the US agree in principal that the defeat of Germany would be the first priority in the event of a two-theatre conflict
Commander of Burma Corps
Appointed Commander of the Burma Corps
Commander of Burma Corps
Appointed Commander of the Burma Corps
Invasion of Burma
Begins to defend the Prome-Toungoo Line
Defencive Line
Establishes a defensive line from Prome to Toungoo & east to the Salween River
Battle of Toungoo
Renews the offensive in Burma by attacking the Chinese Army at Toungoo
Second Battle of Sirte
Iachino leads the Italian battle fleet during the Second Battle of Sirte while attempting to intercept a British convoy bound for Malta.
Jewish Deportations
Deportations of Slovak Jews to Nazi-controlled camps begin.
Promotion to Major General
Promoted to temporary Major General while serving on the War Department General Staff.
Siege of Caucasus
Presents Hitler's plans for the conquest of the Caucasus & Russia up the Volga
Birth of Neil Kinnock
Birth of Neil Kinnock
Operation Chariot
A naval and commando raid on the St Nazaire (Operation Chariot) succeeds at badly damaging the ports dry dock and denying it German navy capital ships
Siege of St Nazaire
A naval and commando raid on the St Nazaire (Operation Chariot) succeeds at badly damaging the ports dry dock and denying it German navy capital ships
Atlantic Patrol
Tazzoli returns to Le Verdon after a 56-day Atlantic patrol in which Fecia di Cossato's submarine sank six merchant ships.
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of the 6th Army
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief for the West, replaces Witzleben
Major General
Appointed Major General
Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH)
Appointed Member of OKH Fuhrer Reserve
Plenipotentiary
Appointed Plenipotentiary for Labour Allocation
Operation Reinhard
Named in memory of Reinhard Heydrich, coordinator of the Endlosung der Judenfrage (Final Solution of the Jewish Question), extermination of the Jews living in the European countries occupied by the German 3rd Reich
Eastern Front Operational Control Remains with OKH
The main Eastern Front remains under OKH operational control while Jodl's OKW staff directs other theatres.
OKW Western Theatre Responsibilities Expanded
Jodl's operations staff assumes broader responsibility for theatres facing the Western Allies outside the main Eastern Front.
Western Allied Theatre Direction Expanded
Jodl becomes the principal OKW operational adviser for campaigns against the Western Allies and peripheral theatres.
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of the 6th Army
Dismissal
Dismissed because the 6th Army had not counter-attacked enough at the siege of Kharkov
Sixth Army
Dismissed because the 6th Army had not counter-attacked enough at the siege of Kharkov
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief for the West, replaces Witzleben
Final Solution
By spring of 1942, Operation Reinhard began the systematic extermination of the Jews, although hundreds of thousands already had been killed by death squads and in mass pogroms
Holocaust
Code name given to the Nazi plan to murder Polish Jews in the General Government, marks the beginning of the most deadly phase of the Holocaust, the use of extermination camps
Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW)
Directs the command of the West under the OKW & the East under the OKH
Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH)
Directs the command of the West under the OKW & the East under the OKH
Operation Reinhard
By spring of 1942, Operation Reinhard began the systematic extermination of the Jews, although hundreds of thousands already had been killed by death squads and in mass pogroms
Operation Reinhard
Code name given to the Nazi plan to murder Polish Jews in the General Government, marks the beginning of the most deadly phase of the Holocaust, the use of extermination camps.
Operation Reinhard
During the operation, as many as two million people are murdered in Belzec, Sobibor and Treblinka, almost all of whom were Jews.
Operation Reinhard
Named in memory of Reinhard Heydrich, coordinator of the Endlosung der Judenfrage (Final Solution of the Jewish Question), extermination of the Jews living in the European countries occupied by the German 3rd Reich.
Pogroms
By spring of 1942, Operation Reinhard began the systematic extermination of the Jews, although hundreds of thousands already had been killed by death squads and in mass pogroms
Major General
Appointed Major General
Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW)
Appointed Member of OKH Fuhrer Reserve
Plenipotentiary
Appointed Plenipotentiary for Labour Allocation
Atlantic Submarine Attack
Rossetto commands Finzi during an Atlantic attack in which four torpedoes sink a British merchant vessel of about 7,000 tons.
Commander US Naval Forces in Europe
Appointed Commander of the US Naval forces in Europe
Commander US Naval Forces in Europe
Appointed Commander of the US Naval forces in Europe
Enigma Machine
Is selected by NCR to lead engineering of a high-speed U.S. Navy Bombe for four-rotor Enigma.
Presents Credentials
Presents his diplomatic credentials to Pope Pius XII as Italy's ambassador to the Holy See.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Munchhausen
Directs Munchhausen, a prestige colour fantasy film made for UFA.
Bombing of Essen
Bombs Essen with 442 bombers, 14 fail to return
Medenine Attack Repulsed
Eighth Army defeats Rommel's attack at Medenine and retains the initiative in southern Tunisia.
Republic Declaration
Kerensky participates in republic declaration during his political career.
Hydrocarbons Law
The Hydrocarbons Law unified petroleum rules and increased the state's share of industry revenues.
Mareth Line Assault Opens
Launches attacks against the Mareth Line while preparing an outflanking move through the Tebaga Gap.
Speech
Makes a public broadcast outlining plans for a post-war Britain
Dachau
Announces the creation of Dachau near Munich
Tebaga Gap Outflanking Attack
Shifts strength toward the Tebaga Gap to turn the Axis flank and force abandonment of the Mareth Line.
Birth of Robert Bob Woodward
Birth of Robert "Bob" Woodward
Birth of Christopher Walken
Birth of Christopher Walken
Arrest of Maurice Gustave Gamelin
Held at Buchenwald until May 1945
Commander of LXXXIV Corps
Appointed Commander of the LXXXIV Corps
Atlantic Wall
Visits Hitler to ask for stronger defences for the Atlantic Wall which are ignored
Retreat
Rommel returns to Germany. Retreats to the Mareth Line within the Tunisian border. Persues Montgomerys Eighth Army but loses 52 tanks & is driven back
Commander of LXXXIV Corps
Appointed Commander of the LXXXIV Corps
North Africa Campaign
Leaves North Africa after the Axis withdrawal westward, ending his direct threat to Egypt and Suez.
Capture of Mareth Line
The Eighth Army breaks through the Mareth Line & takes 7,000 German & Italian prisoners
General
Appointed General Feldmarschall, the youngest in German military history
General
Appointed General Feldmarschall, the youngest in German military history
Birth of Roger Daltrey
Birth of Roger Daltrey, the same working class neighbourhood that produced fellow Who members Pete Townshend and John Entwistle
Birth of Roger Daltrey
Birth of Who vocalist Roger Daltrey.
Plan Z
Finalizes Plan Z using Hollandia in New Guinea to launch an attack on the US forces
Operation U-Go
Mutaguchi launches Operation U-Go, sending the Fifteenth Army across the frontier toward Imphal and Kohima.
Bombing of Tokyo
Nearly 17 sqr miles of Tokyo are raised to the ground
Ukranian Front
Konevs units make contact Zhukov threatening the remains of the 1st Panzer Army
Siege of Monte Cassino
An air attack & military bombardment destroys the town of Monte Cassino
Invasion of Hungary
Hitler forces Horthy to agree to German occupation & rule in Hungary
Invasion of Hungary
Hitler forces Horthy to agree to German occupation & rule in Hungary
Rule of Hungary
Hitler forces Horthy to agree to German occupation & rule in Hungary
Arrival in Budapest
Arrives in Budapest after Germany occupies Hungary.
Hungarian Deportation Mission
Personally directs the SS deportation team assigned to Hungarian Jewry.
Invasion of Hungary
German troops enter Hungary unopposed
Invasion of Hungary
The Germans march into Hungary unnoposed
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
The 1st Panzer Army was now in a salient, Manstein requested that the position be withdrawn to avoid encirclement, but Hitler refused, persisting with his "no retreat" orders. Following an operational switching movement, five Red Army tank Corps of the 1st Tank Army, 3rd Guards Tank Army and the 4th Tank Army penetrated the extreme northern flank of Hubes position east of Ternopol
Red Army
Following an operational switching movement, five Red Army tank Corps of the 1st Tank Army, 3rd Guards Tank Army and the 4th Tank Army penetrated the extreme northern flank of Hubes position east of Ternopol
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
The 1st Panzer Army was now in a salient. Manstein requested that the position be withdrawn to avoid encirclement, but Hitler refused, persisting with his "no retreat" orders
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
The entire 1st Panzer Army was now encircled in a pocket centred around the city of Kamenets-Podolsky. Just before the 1st Ukrainian Front had completed the encirclement, Hube had requested from OKH the authority to use mobile defence tactics during the breakout, a request which was quickly turned down
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
The entire 1st Panzer Army was now encircled in a pocket centred around the city of Kamenets-Podolsky
Bombing of Tokyo
Nearly 19 sqr miles of Tokyo are raised to the ground
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
The northern column quickly captured three bridges over the Zbruch River, while the southern column was battered by a Red Armys 4th Tank Army counterattack which penetrated deep into the pocket, capturing Kamenets-Podolsky. The advance guard of Hubes Army moved west towards the Zbruch river, while the rearguard began a fighting withdrawal, with the rest of the 200,000 troops between them
Invasion of Burma
On a signal from Mountbatten attacks the Japanese & helps the British advance
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
Manstein was informed by OKH that he had been relieved of command
Commander of Army Group Ukraine
Appointed Commander of the Army Group Ukraine
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
Hubes southern advanced guard turned and halted the Red Army assault, severing its supply lines and rendering the T-34s of the 4th Tank Army immobile
Red Army
Hubes southern advanced guard turned and halted the Red Army assault, severing its supply lines and rendering the T-34s of the 4th Tank Army immobile
Commander of Army Group Ukraine
Appointed Commander of the Army Group Ukraine
Death of Mineichi Koga
Death of Mineichi Koga, in an aircrash
Beaver
US D-Day beach landing training exercise (Operation Beaver) at Slapton Sands, Devon, demonstrate a dangerous lack of coordination between units
Operation Overlord
US D-Day beach landing training exercise (Operation Beaver) at Slapton Sands, Devon, demonstrate a dangerous lack of coordination between units
Deportation
Leads a task force which deports 437,000 Jews to Auschwitz from Hungary
Commander of 4th Panzer Army
Appointed Commander of the 4th Panzer Army
Arrest of Berthold Konrad Hermann Albert Speer
Werner von Braun is soon released following the intervention of Albert Speer
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
The Red Armys massive concentration in troops and material forced Hube to withdraw his northern flank to south-west until it reached the Dniester river
Arrest of Werner von Braun
Werner von Braun is soon released following the intervention of Albert Speer. Arrested by Himmler on trumped up charges
Commander of 4th Panzer Army
Appointed Commander of the 4th Panzer Army
Offensive
Commands the 4th Panzers after the Red Army had surrounded the 1st Panzer Army
Red Army
Commands the 4th Panzers after the Red Army had surrounded the 1st Panzer Army
Western Mobile Reserve Debate
Jodl participates in arguments over how mobile armoured reserves should support the Atlantic coast defences.
Assistant Director of Military Intelligence
Becomes a full colonel and Assistant Director of Military Intelligence in India, supporting operations connected with the Burma campaign.
Enigma Machine
Serves as Assistant Director of Machines and Mechanical Devices while Bombe operations continue supporting Enigma exploitation.
Finns ask for peace
The Finns ask for peace but Stalins terms are unacceptable
President Takes Office
Castaneda Castro becomes President after the 1945 election
Government
Forms a pro-Soviet Government
Prime Minister of Romania
Appointed Prime Minister of Romania
Groza Government
Groza forms a Soviet-backed government under intense external pressure.
Capture of Remagen
The Allies capture the Remagen Bridge, still intact, just South of Bonn
Capture of Remagen
Commands Combat Command B of the US 9th Armored Div which captures the Remagen bridge
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, West
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, West
Bombing of Tokyo
2 million have been made homeless in Tokyo
Mobilization
Konevs units join Zhukov near Vinnitsa threatening the remains of the 1st Panzer Army
Warning to Roosevelt over Poland
Writes Roosevelt expressing alarm about Soviet actions in Poland and urging a firm interpretation of the Yalta settlement.
International Agreement
On March 11, Roosevelt responded to Churchill, writing, "I most certainly agree that we must stand firm on a correct interpretation of the Crimean decision.
Roosevelt assured Congress that I come from the Crimea with a firm
Roosevelt assured Congress that "I come from the Crimea with a firm belief that we have made a start on the road to a world of peace." However, the Western Powers soon realized that Stalin would not honour his promise of free elections for Poland.
Reply to Churchill on Poland
Replies that the United States should insist on a genuine implementation of the Yalta agreement concerning Poland.
Independence of Vietnam
Proclaims independence within the Japanese Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere
Supreme Commander
Appointed Supreme Commander of Courland
Supreme Commander
Appointed Supreme Commander of Courland
Death of Friedrich Fromm
Death of Friedrich Fromm, executed
Execution
Executed after being found guilty by a Peoples Court
Trial
Executed after being found guilty by a Peoples Court
K-25 Production Begins
K-25 begins production of enriched uranium using gaseous diffusion.
Birth of Patricia Boyd
Birth of Patricia Boyd
First Premiership
Forms Cambodia's first modern cabinet and serves as Prime Minister
Decree
Hitler announces a scorched earth policy
Commander of Army Group Vistula
Appointed Commander of Army Group Vistula
Army Group Vistula
General Gotthard Heinrici is appointed Commander in Chief of Army Group Vistula replacing Reichsfuhrer-SS Heinrich Himmler
Battle of Berlin
General Gotthard Heinrici is appointed Commander in Chief of Army Group Vistula replacing Reichsfuhrer-SS Heinrich Himmler
Commander of Army Group Vistula
Appointed Commander of Army Group Vistula
Commander of First Panzer Army
Appointed Commander of the 1st Panzer Army
Commander of First Panzer Army
Appointed Commander of the 1st Panzer Army
Invasion of Germany
Nehrings priority is to surrender to the west rather than the Russians
Battle of Rhineland
Patton crosses the Rhine at Oppenheim
Diplomatic Mission
Roosevelts Ambassador to the USSR Averell Harriman cabled Roosevelt that "we must come clearly to realize that the Soviet program is the establishment of totalitarianism, ending personal liberty and democracy as we know it." Two days later, Roosevelt began to admit that his view of Stalin had been excessively optimistic and that "Averell is right."
Arab League
Represents Egypt's government as the Arab League is founded in Cairo.
Arab League
Represents Egypt as the Arab League is formally established in Cairo.
General
Appointed General Secretary of the Arab League
Arab League Founding
Transjordan participated as a founding member of the League of Arab States, placing Abdullah's emirate within a new framework of inter-Arab diplomacy.
Arab League Founded
Represents Saudi diplomacy during the creation of the Arab League.
Arab League Founded
Supports Saudi Arabia becoming a founding member of the Arab League.
Invasion of Germany
US troops in Germany cross the River Rhine at Nierstein & Oppenheim
Invasion of Germany
The 3rd Army crosses the Rhine & establishes its 1st bridgehead
Third Army
The 3rd Army crosses the Rhine & establishes its 1st bridgehead
Battle of Rhineland
Patton crosses the Rhine at Oppenheim
Battle of Rhineland
Patton crosses the Rhine at Oppenheim
Capture of Cologne
The Allies capture Cologne & cross the Rhine
Capture of Cologne
Britsh, American & Canadian troops capture Cologne
Battle of Rhine
The British cross the Rhine at Wesel
Operation Plunder Rhine Crossing Begins
Launches the 21st Army Group assault across the Rhine at Rees and Wesel.
United Nations
A conference on the proposed world organisation will be summoned for 25th April
Plunder
Watches the Allies cross the Rhine
Operation Varsity Airborne Assault
Supports the Rhine crossing with the large British-American airborne assault of Operation Varsity.
Churchill Visits Rhine Bridgehead
Accompanies Churchill during a visit to troops after the successful Rhine crossings.
Final Roosevelt Letter Prepared
Signs a letter drafted by Leo Szilard seeking a presidential meeting on nuclear policy; Roosevelt dies before receiving it.
Final Attack on Iwo Jima
Kuribayashi's remaining troops launch a final attack near the northern end of Iwo Jima before organized resistance ends.
Final Fighting on Iwo Jima
Ichimaru dies during the final phase of organized Japanese resistance on Iwo Jima.
Invasion of Germany
Crosses the Rhine at Worms
Lublin Committee
Churchill argued to Roosevelt that it was "as plain as a pike staff" that Moscows tactics were to drag out the period for holding free elections "while the Lublin Committee consolidate their power."
Lublin Committee
The Soviet Peoples Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) arrested 16 Polish opposition political leaders that had been invited to participate in provisional Government negotiations.
Lublin Committee
The arrests were part of a trick employed by the NKVD, which flew the leaders to Moscow for a later show trial followed by sentencing to a gulag.
Arrest of Sixteen Polish Leaders
Soviet security authorities arrest sixteen Polish underground leaders invited to talks on implementing the Yalta political settlement.
Lublin Committee
Churchill argued to Roosevelt that it was "as plain as a pike staff" that Moscows tactics were to drag out the period for holding free elections "while the Lublin Committee consolidate their power."
Lublin Committee
The Soviet Peoples Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) arrested 16 Polish opposition political leaders that had been invited to participate in provisional Government negotiations.
Lublin Committee
The arrests were part of a trick employed by the NKVD, which flew the leaders to Moscow for a later show trial followed by sentencing to a gulag.
Dismissal
Dismissed for failing to check the Red Armys advance on Berlin
Trial of the Sixteen
The Polish Government Delegates, together with most members of the Council of National Unity and the Commander-in-chief of the Armia Krajowa, were invited by Soviet general Ivan Serov with the agreement of Joseph Stalin to a conference on their eventual entry to the Soviet-backed Provisional Government. They are presented with a warrant of safety, but are arrested in Pruszkow by the NKVD on 27 and 28 March
Trial of the Sixteen
The Polish Government Delegates, together with most members of the Council of National Unity and the Commander-in-chief of the Armia Krajowa, were invited by Soviet general Ivan Serov with the agreement of Joseph Stalin to a conference on their eventual entry to the Soviet-backed Provisional Government. They are presented with a warrant of safety, but are arrested in Pruszkow by the NKVD on 27 and 28 March
Death of Eileen Orwell
Eileen Orwell dies during an operation.
Birth of Eric Patrick Clapton
Birth of Eric Patrick Clapton
Occupation
Asks Eisenhower why the Americans are leaving Berlin to the Russians
Exile of Werner von Braun
Surrenders to the Americans & allowed to continue his research in the USA
Death of David Lloyd George
Death of David Lloyd George
Operation Plunder Preparations Completed
Completes the immense artillery, engineering, smoke and logistical preparations for crossing the Rhine.
Rhineland West Bank Secured
Montgomery's armies secure positions west of the Rhine before preparing the major river assault.
INA Burma Campaign
Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon serves as a senior INA officer during the final fighting and withdrawal in Burma.
Diplomatic Negotiations at Washington
Japan & the US begin negotiations to settle their differences
Battle of Okinawa
After 3 months fighting 110,000 Japanese soldiers & 150,000 civilians died
Peace
Decides because the navy & army will fight at Okinawa it is not a good time for peace
Birth of John Paul Jones
Birth of John Paul Jones
Bank of England Nationalisation
The Bank of England transfers from private shareholders into public ownership.
Nationalization
The Bank of England is brought into public ownership under the Bank of England Act
Commander in Chief Appointed
Appointed Commander in Chief of the Vietnamese armed forces
Speech
Makes his famous "iron curtain" speech at Fulton, Missouri, USA
Land Reform Law
Promotes radical land reform in northern Korea.
Birth of David Gilmour
Birth of David Gilmour, later guitarist and vocalist with Pink Floyd
Free State
France recognizes the Republic of Vietnam as a Free State within the French Union
Independence of Vietnam
France recognizes the Republic of Vietnam as a Free State within the French Union. Accepts the stationing of French troops in the nth
Occupation
French troops enter Hanoi
Bodenschatz Testifies on Goering Headquarters
Bodenschatz gives evidence about Goering's headquarters, Luftwaffe leadership and contacts among senior figures of the Nazi regime.
Bodenschatz Describes Goering Peace Contacts
Karl Bodenschatz testified about Goering's pre-war contacts and statements, presenting the defence argument that Goering had attempted to preserve peaceful relations with Britain.
Bodenschatz Explains Goering Four Year Plan Position
Bodenschatz described Goering's explanation that the Four Year Plan was intended to secure strategic raw materials and reduce Germany's dependence on foreign imports.
Goering Defence Presentation Begins
Goering's defence case began with testimony from witnesses chosen to address his political intentions, Luftwaffe leadership, economic authority and relationship with Hitler.
Milch Begins Evidence for Goering Defence
Erhard Milch began evidence for Goering's defence, addressing Luftwaffe administration, wartime decision-making and the internal relationship between Goering and Hitler.
Birth of Randy Meisner
Birth of Randy Meisner, later founding bassist and harmony vocalist of Eagles.
Transfer of Power
Monje Gutierrez transfers presidential authority to the elected Enrique Hertzog.
Milch Discusses Goering Opposition to Soviet War
During continued testimony, Milch described conversations indicating that Goering had reservations about attacking the Soviet Union and understood the danger of a prolonged eastern war.
Kesselring Testifies on Luftwaffe Command
Kesselring answers questions about Luftwaffe operations, command responsibility and the military decision-making process.
Brauchitsch Gives Evidence on Goering Luftwaffe Headquarters
Bernd von Brauchitsch testified about his service around Goering's Luftwaffe headquarters and provided evidence concerning command routines and senior military communications.
Kesselring Begins Luftwaffe Evidence for Goering
Albert Kesselring gave evidence about Luftwaffe development and command, supporting parts of Goering's defence concerning air-force policy before and during the war.
Koerner Testifies on Goering Economic Authority
Paul Koerner described Goering's position within the Four Year Plan organization and the administrative machinery through which economic directives were transmitted.
Koerner Testifies on Four Year Plan
Koerner gives evidence about the Four Year Plan organization, Goering's authority and economic preparations connected with the war.
First and Second Van Acker Governments
The First and Second Van Acker Governments ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Second Paul-Henri Spaak Government
Begins the Second Paul-Henri Spaak Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Goering testified in his own defence before the International Military Tribunal.
Goering Explains Early Nazi Leadership Role
His testimony described his early position in the Nazi movement and sought to explain how his political authority developed before the party entered government.
Goering Recounts Early Career and Political Rise
Goering opened his evidence with an account of his upbringing, military career, First World War service and eventual entry into Hitler's political movement.
Goering Sworn as Defence Witness
Goering took the witness stand, gave his name and repeated the oath before beginning the lengthy personal testimony presented in his own defence.
Kesselring Cross Examination Raises Goering Gestapo Role
During Kesselring's cross-examination, prosecutors drew attention to Goering's responsibility for establishing the Prussian Gestapo and questioned claims about limited knowledge of persecution.
Kesselring Identifies Goering as Luftwaffe Channel to Hitler
Kesselring stated that Goering was the principal channel through which Luftwaffe information and views could reach Hitler at the highest level of command.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Goering testified in his own defence before the International Military Tribunal.
Goering Addresses Nazi Party Programme
Goering discussed the Nazi Party programme, his acceptance of its broad aims and the methods by which the movement intended to obtain and exercise political power.
Goering Addresses Police and Security Powers
Goering described the early security structure under his control and defended measures taken against political opponents during the establishment of the Nazi state.
Goering Discusses German Rearmament Policy
His evidence addressed German rearmament and the rebuilding of military strength, presenting these policies as responses to Germany's strategic and political position.
Goering Explains Consolidation of Nazi Power
The defence examination moved through the consolidation of Nazi rule, with Goering explaining governmental changes and his own expanding authority after Hitler became chancellor.
Battle of Siping
Li Tianyou helps command Communist forces during the first 1946 battle for Siping
Battle of Siping
Wan Yi participates in Communist operations during the March fighting at Siping
Battle of Siping
Liu Handong's Nationalist troops fight Communist forces for control of Siping
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Goering testified in his own defence before the International Military Tribunal.
Goering Addresses Neutrality of Belgium and Netherlands
He argued that German leaders doubted whether Belgian and Dutch neutrality would remain effective during a major war in western Europe.
Goering Discusses Western Offensive Decisions
Goering testified about the military reasoning used to justify operations against the Netherlands and Belgium during the western campaign of 1940.
Goering Explains Luftwaffe Strategic Decisions
Goering described Luftwaffe planning and operational considerations while defending his conduct as commander-in-chief during the opening campaigns of the war.
Birth of Lynda La Plante (born Lynda Titchmarsh
Birth of Lynda La Plante (born Lynda Titchmarsh)
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Goering testified in his own defence before the International Military Tribunal.
Goering Addresses Responsibility for Austrian Entry
Goering acknowledged that the decision to send German forces into Austria rested with Hitler and himself, irrespective of subsequent political telegrams from Vienna.
Goering Describes Reich Defence Council Role
Goering addressed his formal position connected with the Reich Defence Council and asserted that the body described in the relevant law had not functioned as alleged.
Goering Discusses Military Obedience under Hitler
Goering explained his view that senior officers could express disagreement in peacetime but were expected to obey once Hitler had made a final decision.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Goering testified in his own defence before the International Military Tribunal.
Goering Admits Four Year Plan War Readiness Language
Under cross-examination, Goering acknowledged using language that described his task as placing the German economy in a state of readiness for war within four years.
Jackson Begins Cross Examination of Goering
Robert Jackson began a sustained cross-examination intended to test Goering's account of Nazi policy, rearmament, aggression and his personal responsibility within the regime.
Jackson Challenges Goering on Soviet Attack Preparations
Jackson questioned Goering about advance knowledge of plans against the Soviet Union and the economic and military preparations made before Operation Barbarossa.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Goering testified in his own defence before the International Military Tribunal.
Dahlerus Evidence Examines Goering Peace Diplomacy
Birger Dahlerus gave evidence about his contacts with Goering during the 1939 crisis and the unsuccessful efforts to facilitate communication between Germany and Britain.
Jackson Questions Goering on Secret Mobilization Measures
Jackson pressed Goering on military preparations and secrecy, challenging attempts to characterize German mobilization measures as ordinary precautions rather than preparations for aggressive war.
Tribunal Directs Goering to Answer Cross Examination Responsively
After disputes over lengthy explanations, the Tribunal reminded Goering that he was required to answer prosecution questions directly before adding explanations through proper examination.
Hospital Nationalisation
Proposes transferring hospitals to national ownership.
National Health Service Bill
Introduces the National Health Service Bill.
Dahlerus Testifies on 1939 Peace Contacts
Dahlerus describes his efforts to mediate between British and German leaders during the final days before the outbreak of war.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Goering testified in his own defence before the International Military Tribunal.
Goering Confronted with Prisoner Labour Conference Record
The prosecution confronted Goering with conference records concerning the employment of prisoners of war and foreign labour, testing his explanations of responsibility and authorship.
Goering Questioned on Kristallnacht Economic Measures
Cross-examination examined Goering's participation in the post-Kristallnacht economic conference, including measures affecting Jewish property, insurance claims and the imposed collective fine.
Jackson Examines Goering Occupation Economic Directives
Jackson questioned Goering about economic directives applied in occupied territories and the authority exercised through officials responsible for carrying out Four Year Plan policies.
Jackson Questions Goering on Nuremberg Laws
Jackson questioned Goering about his role as Reichstag president when the Nuremberg racial laws were proclaimed and about the legal persecution that followed.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Goering testified in his own defence before the International Military Tribunal.
Maxwell-Fyfe Questions Goering on Great Escape Investigation
British prosecutor David Maxwell-Fyfe questioned Goering about Luftwaffe knowledge of investigations following the escape and subsequent killing of Allied airmen from Stalag Luft III.
Maxwell-Fyfe Tests Goering Account of Dahlerus Contacts
Maxwell-Fyfe challenged Goering's interpretation of Dahlerus's 1939 missions and questioned discrepancies concerning the purpose and handling of the Swedish intermediary's flights.
Rudenko Challenges Goering on Eastern Exploitation Policy
The Soviet cross-examination addressed Goering's economic directives for occupied eastern territories and disputed his attempts to soften the meaning of recorded extraction policies.
Rudenko Examines Goering Role in Barbarossa Preparations
Rudenko pressed Goering on Luftwaffe preparations for the attack on the Soviet Union and on his knowledge of strategic and territorial objectives in the East.
Rudenko Questions Goering on Position beside Hitler
Soviet chief prosecutor Roman Rudenko questioned Goering about his proximity to Hitler and his influence over Luftwaffe, economic and high-level political decisions.
National Health Service Bill
Introduces the National Health Service Bill to Parliament.
Battle near Thakhek
Wounded during fighting against French forces near Thakhek
Death of Werner von Blomberg
Death of Werner von Blomber, while awaiting trial
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Goering testified in his own defence before the International Military Tribunal.
Goering Testimony Phase Concludes
Goering's multi-day appearance as the first defendant witness concluded after defence examination and questioning by American, British and Soviet prosecutors.
Tribunal Notes Breadth of Goering Evidence
The Tribunal observed that Goering had been permitted to give extensive evidence covering the development of the Nazi regime from its rise through Germany's defeat.
Treaty of London
Abdullah's government concluded the Treaty of London with Britain, providing the diplomatic basis for the termination of the mandate and the recognition of Transjordan's independence.
Transjordan Mandate
Britain and Abdullah concluded the Treaty of London recognizing Transjordan as an independent state. The agreement ended the basic mandate-era constitutional relationship while establishing a new alliance between the two governments.
Birth of Alan Bleasdale
Birth of Alan Bleasdale
Bohle Testifies on Nazi Foreign Organization
Bohle describes the Nazi Party's Foreign Organization and answers questions about its structure, functions and dealings with Germans abroad.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Housing Subsidies Act
Secures housing subsidies to support local authority building.
Paul Schmidt Testifies on Foreign Policy Meetings
Schmidt describes diplomatic conferences and conversations he interpreted for senior German leaders before and during the war.
Defence Witnesses Address Ribbentrop British Policy
Ribbentrop's defence presented witnesses who discussed his attempts to cultivate Anglo-German relations and his conduct while serving as ambassador in London.
Paul Schmidt Evidence Examines Ribbentrop Foreign Office Role
Interpreter Paul Schmidt gave evidence about Ribbentrop's work in the Foreign Office, his diplomatic style and his relationship with senior officials and Hitler.
Ribbentrop Defence Evidence Turns to Anglo German Diplomacy
The defence used testimony concerning the 1935 Naval Agreement and later diplomatic contacts to present Ribbentrop as an advocate of accommodation with Britain.
Ribbentrop Addresses Austrian Crisis of 1938
His testimony examined the Austrian crisis, including meetings with Chancellor Schuschnigg and Ribbentrop's claim that closer political union should be achieved through agreement.
Ribbentrop Addresses Secret Protocol Negotiations
His evidence addressed the confidential arrangements negotiated with the Soviet Union concerning spheres of interest in eastern Europe alongside the public non-aggression agreement.
Ribbentrop Describes Final August 1939 British Contacts
Ribbentrop described the final diplomatic contacts with British ambassador Nevile Henderson and the unsuccessful effort to resolve the German-Polish confrontation before hostilities began.
Ribbentrop Describes Polish Crisis Diplomatic Exchanges
Ribbentrop recounted the worsening German-Polish crisis of 1939 and presented his version of the proposals exchanged among Berlin, Warsaw and London before war began.
Ribbentrop Discusses German Soviet Non Aggression Pact
Ribbentrop testified about his mission to Moscow and the negotiations that produced the German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact shortly before the invasion of Poland.
Ribbentrop Discusses Sudeten and Czechoslovak Questions
Ribbentrop described German policy toward Czechoslovakia and the Sudeten dispute while defending his role in the diplomatic steps that preceded the Munich settlement.
Ribbentrop Explains Danzig and Corridor Negotiations
The defence questioned Ribbentrop about negotiations with Poland over Danzig, minority issues and a transport connection across the Polish Corridor.
Ribbentrop Testifies on Appointment as Foreign Minister
Ribbentrop described his appointment as Foreign Minister in February 1938 and explained how he assumed control of the ministry after serving as ambassador in London.
Ribbentrop Addresses Policy toward France after 1940
His testimony reviewed German diplomatic policy toward defeated France and the limited efforts made to obtain closer political collaboration with the Vichy government.
Ribbentrop Addresses War Declaration on United States
His defence testimony examined Germany's declaration of war on the United States and Ribbentrop's account of the legal and strategic considerations discussed after Pearl Harbor.
Ribbentrop Discusses Balkan Neutrality Policy
Ribbentrop stated that German diplomacy sought to keep the Balkans out of the wider war while monitoring British and French military activity in southeastern Europe.
Ribbentrop Explains Second Moscow Mission
He described his September 1939 return to Moscow, where German and Soviet representatives negotiated a new boundary arrangement following the defeat of Poland.
Ribbentrop Responds to Foreign Office Jewish Policy Document
Ribbentrop was questioned about a Foreign Office circular concerning the Jewish question and denied treating the document as an important statement of his own policy.
Ribbentrop Testifies on Memel Settlement
Ribbentrop gave evidence about the return of Memel to Germany and portrayed the settlement with Lithuania as a negotiated solution to a longstanding territorial dispute.
Ribbentrop Testifies on Tripartite Pact Purpose
Ribbentrop characterized the Tripartite Pact with Italy and Japan as a diplomatic measure intended to strengthen Germany's position and discourage United States intervention.
Third Van Acker Government
Begins the Third Van Acker Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Second Paul-Henri Spaak Government
The Second Paul-Henri Spaak Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Postwar Parliamentary Election
The People's Party wins the first national election after liberation.
Manchuria Campaign
Lin Biao organises Communist forces in Manchuria after Japanese defeat and Soviet withdrawal
Manchuria Campaign
Du Yuming leads Nationalist operations as fighting for Manchuria intensifies after the Soviet withdrawal
Free State
France recognizes Vietnam as a free state within the Indochina federation
Independence of Vietnam
France recognizes Vietnam as a free state within the Indochina federation
Exile of Bao Dai
Goes into exile after the restoration of French colonial rule
International Accord
France & the Vietminh then reach an accord
Secretary of State for Defence
Appointed Minister of Defence, 1st term, replaces Stalin in position
Raeder Testifies in Milch Case
Erich Raeder gives defence testimony concerning Milch's standing within the German leadership and wartime command structure.
Gebhardt Testifies on Ravensbrueck Experiments
Gebhardt defended the surgical experiments conducted at Ravensbrueck and described the medical reasoning he claimed lay behind wound-treatment and bone-transplant procedures.
Gebhardt Defence Case Begins
Gebhardt opens his defence concerning surgical experiments, SS medical authority and operations conducted on prisoners at Ravensbrueck.
Alliance Clement Richard Attlee Attlee, 1st and France
A treaty of alliance, the Treaty of Dunkirk, is signed with France
Treaty of Dunkirk
A treaty of alliance, the Treaty of Dunkirk, is signed with France
Justice Trial Opens
The Justice Case opened against former judges and Justice Ministry officials accused of using the legal system for persecution.
Leaves Paymaster General
Leaves the office of Paymaster General and is succeeded by Hilary Marquand.
Justice Case Tests Criminal Use of Courts
The Justice Case examines whether judges and ministry officials used legal institutions as instruments of persecution and unlawful punishment.
Death of Josef Meisinger
Executed by the Polish authorities for war crimes
Execution
Executed by the Polish authorities for war crimes
President of Bolivia
Hertzog begins his constitutional presidency.
Birth of Avril Phaedra Campbell
Birth of Avril Phaedra Campbell
Pohl Trial Arraignment
Pohl and the other WVHA defendants were arraigned before Military Tribunal II.
Fischer Testifies on Experimental Surgery
Fischer testified about his work as Gebhardt's assistant and described his participation in surgical experiments carried out on women imprisoned at Ravensbrueck.
Fischer Defence Case Begins
Fischer begins his defence over his work as Gebhardt's assistant and his participation in experimental surgery on prisoners.
Milch Begins Personal Defence Testimony
Milch takes the stand in his own defence and addresses allegations involving forced labour and his responsibilities in the Luftwaffe war economy.
Kosmehl Testifies before Blome Defence
Kosmehl testified about medical research and administrative matters before Blome's own testimony began, providing background for the biological-warfare allegations.
Blome Defence Case Begins
Blome answers allegations involving biological warfare, medical research administration and the Nazi euthanasia programme.
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Support free people who resist subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressure
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Support free people who resist subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressure
Blome Testifies on Biological Warfare Research
Blome gave evidence about biological-warfare research, plague and vaccine work, while denying that he personally conducted criminal experiments on concentration-camp inmates.
Flick Trial Indictment
Flick and five executives were indicted for offences including slave labour, plunder and support for the SS.
Flick Amended Indictment Filed
An amended indictment refines the charges against Flick and five associates concerning forced labour, plunder and financial support for the SS.
Behl Testifies in Justice Case
Conrad Behl testifies as the prosecution develops its case concerning the use of German courts as instruments of political persecution.
Citizenship
Becomes Lieutenant Philip Mountbaten, RN
Prime Minister of Belgium
Appointed Prime Minister of Belgium, 3rd term
Siege of Yanan
Nationalist forces capture Yanโan, the principal Communist base, though Communist field forces avoid decisive destruction.
Camille Huysmans Government
The Camille Huysmans Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Third and Fourth Spaak Governments
Begins the Third and Fourth Spaak Governments in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Pieck Testifies during Blome Defence
Pieck appeared during Blome's defence and gave evidence used to challenge parts of the prosecution's account of wartime medical and biological research.
Rudolf Brandt Defence Case Begins
Rudolf Brandt begins his defence concerning administrative support for SS medical programmes and correspondence handled for Heinrich Himmler.
Meine Testifies for Rudolf Brandt Defence
Meine described work within Himmler's staff and helped explain the administrative environment in which Rudolf Brandt handled correspondence concerning SS medical matters.
Rudolf Brandt Testifies on Himmler Correspondence
Rudolf Brandt described his administrative work for Heinrich Himmler and attempted to distinguish clerical transmission of orders from responsibility for the medical programmes discussed in correspondence.
Mrugowsky Testifies on SS Hygiene Institute
Mrugowsky testified about the Waffen-SS Hygiene Institute, vaccine research and his relationship to typhus, poison and other experiments examined by the prosecution.
Mrugowsky Defence Case Begins
Mrugowsky's defence addresses vaccine research, camp experiments and his leadership role in the Waffen-SS Hygiene Institute.
Seiler Testifies in Justice Case
Irene Seiler gives evidence about Nazi racial law enforcement and the human consequences of politically controlled judicial proceedings.
Ferber Testifies in Justice Case
Karl Ferber begins testimony concerning judicial practice under National Socialism and the operation of special political courts.
Horn Testifies in Mrugowsky Defence
Horn testified about medical and laboratory matters relevant to Mrugowsky's defence against allegations involving vaccines, poisons and the Waffen-SS Hygiene Institute.
Reform of Education
Fundemental Law of Education
February 28 Reinforcements
Orders Nationalist troops to Taiwan during the February 28 crisis; subsequent repression causes extensive civilian deaths and arrests.
Capture of Changchun
20,000 communist soldiers die in the process of capturing Changchun
Siege of Shaanxi
Nationalist forces launch a major offensive into Communist-held Shaanxi during renewed civil war.
Lear Tolstoy and the Fool
Publishes Lear, Tolstoy and the Fool.
CEPS
Founds the Central Economic Planning Staff
Doctrine of Truman Doctrine
The US announces the Truman Doctrine
Civil War
Survives a civil war that consolidates Colorado Party military influence.
Conference of Big Four
Russia demands $10 billion in reparations & control of the Ruhr, this is not agreed. A conference opens in Moscow to discuss the development of post-war Germany
Temporary Loss of Ukrainian Party Post
Leaves the Ukrainian party first-secretary post while remaining head of the republican government.
Independence of South Korea
Visits Chiang Kai-shek to gain support for the establishment of a Korean Government
Asian Relations Conference
A Tibetan delegation presents territorial concerns during the Asian Relations Conference.
Birth of Christopher Russell Edward Squire
Birth of Christopher Russell Edward Squire, later Yes bassist and founding member.
Death of Jan Garrigue Masaryk
Death of Jan Garrigue Masaryk
Death of Jan Garrigue Masaryk
Dies by suicide or murder, then a communist putsch leads to Soviet power in Czech
RuSHA Trial Judgment and Sentence
Greifelt was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment in the RuSHA Case.
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan
Wyatt Presides over RuSHA Judgment and Sentencing
Wyatt presided when the RuSHA Tribunal announced its judgment and sentences, resolving charges arising from SS racial and resettlement policies.
O'Connell Participates in RuSHA Judgment
O'Connell participated in the tribunal's final determination of criminal responsibility in the RuSHA Case and the penalties imposed on convicted defendants.
Potsdam Agreement
Advised the west is going to transform Germany into a "military-political bloc". Accuses the west of breaking the Potsdam Agreement & the London Conference is invalid
Rule of Germany
Advised the west is going to transform Germany into a "military-political bloc"
Reballion of Kachin
Mandalay is captured by Kachin rebels. Kachin rebels capture Manadalay
Capture of Mandalay
Mandalay is captured by the Kachin rebels
Reballion of Kachin
Mandalay is captured by Kachin rebels. Kachin rebels capture Manadalay
Treaty of Brussels
The Treaty of Brussels, signed on 17 March 1948 by Belgium, The Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, and the United Kingdom, is considered the precursor to the NATO agreement
Clark Elementary Enrollment
Lee entered Clark Elementary School on March 19, 1948, after leaving Clayton Public School during his mother's divorce proceedings.
Reballion of Communists begin their
The White Flag Communists begin their rebellion
Reballion of Rebels in Communists
The White Flag Communists begin a revolt
Reballion of Communists begin their
The White Flag Communists begin their rebellion. The White Flag Communists begin a revolt
Declaration of War
Civil War breaks out when Picado attempts to annul the annual elections
Election
Civil War breaks out when Picado attempts to annul the annual elections
1st Flight Circumnavigation
Completes the 1st non-stop round-the-world flight, 94 hours in Lucky Lady II
Treaty of Elysee
An agreement with Bao Dai making Vietnam an "associated state" within the French Union
Agreement of Elysee
The Elysee Accords are intended to increase US-support for French actions in Indochina and to convince Bao Dai that France wiil give Vietnam greater independence
Agreement of Elysee
The Elysee Accords are signed by President Auriol making Vietnam an "assocated state" of France. France retains control over the defense, diplomacy & finances. Bao Dai is restored as head of state of a nominally independent Vietnam
Agreement of Elysee
The Elysee Accords state that Vietnam can conduct it's own foreign affairs, control it's finances and have an army although the agreements fall short of complete independence
Elysee Accords
The Elysee Accords state that Vietnam could conduct its own foreign affairs, control its finances and have an army although the agreements fell short of complete independence. France retains control over the defense, diplomacy & finances
Independence of Vietnam
The Elysee Accords are signed by President Auriol making Vietnam an "assocated state" of France. France retains control over the defense, diplomacy & finances. Bao Dai is restored as head of state of a nominally independent Vietnam
Independence of Vietnam
The Elysee Accords state that Vietnam could conduct its own foreign affairs, control its finances and have an army although the agreements fell short of complete independence. The Elysee Accords are an agreement which would give Vietnam greater independence from France
Death of Henri-Honore Giraud
Death of Henri-Honore Giraud
Objectives Resolution
The Constituent Assembly adopts the Objectives Resolution under Liaquat Ali Khan.
Carlisle United Managerial Beginning
Shankly accepted the managerial post at Carlisle United after his playing career, beginning the coaching journey that eventually took him to Liverpool.
Trade Embargo at London
Argues for a trade embargo with Eastern Europe
BBC Cosmology Broadcast
Hoyle used the expression Big Bang during a BBC radio discussion while criticizing finite-age cosmology.
Birth of David Paul Greenfield
Birth of David Paul Greenfield, later keyboard player with The Stranglers.
Newfoundland Joins Confederation
Welcomes Newfoundland as Canada tenth province.
Unification
The province of Newfoundland is added to the Canadian Confederation
Independence of France
Vietnamis given "independence within the French Union"
Big Bang
Popularises the phrase Big Bang while criticising cosmologies with an initial dense state.
Independence of Vietnam
Tonkin, Annam & Cochin China are united into the single state of Vietnam
Rule of Annam
Tonkin, Annam & Cochin China are united into the single state of Vietnam
Rule of Cochin China
Tonkin, Annam & Cochin China are united into the single state of Vietnam
Rule of Tonkin
Tonkin, Annam & Cochin China are united into the single state of Vietnam
Unification
Tonkin, Annam & Cochin China are united into the single state of Vietnam
National Government
Resumes the presidency of the Republic of China in Taipei.
Economy of Germany
Rationing ends in West Germany, apart from sugar
Rationing
Rationing ends in West Germany, apart from sugar
Arrest of Klaus Fuchs
Sentenced to serve 7 yrs in prison
Trial
Found guilty of passing British atomic secrets to Russian agents
Council of Europe Membership
Iceland joins the Council of Europe, expanding its participation in European cooperation on democracy, human rights and the rule of law.
Nuclear Power
Announces Russia possesses the atomic bomb
Advises Truman to allocate $15 million to France for Indochina
Advises Truman to allocate $15 million to France for Indochina
Military Aid
Advises Truman to allocate $15 million to France for Indochina
Third Olafur Thors Government
The Third Olafur Thors Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Prime Minister of Iceland
Appointed Prime Minister of Iceland
Steingrimur Steinthorsson Government
Begins the Steingrimur Steinthorsson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Maiden Speech
Delivers his maiden speech in the House of Commons shortly after entering Parliament for Wolverhampton South West.
Cold War
Makes a speech suggesting ways in which Russia can end the Cold War
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Advocates economic union with France
Advocates economic union with France
Economy of Germany
Advocates economic union with France
Invasion of Korea
North Korea invades South Korea
Invasion of Korea
The United Nations Security Council passes a resolution demanding withdrawal of North Korean forces
UN Security Council
The United Nations Security Council passes a resolution demanding withdrawal of North Korean forces
Birth of Anthony George Banks
Birth of Anthony George Banks, later Genesis keyboard player and founding member.
Recognition of Israel
Great Britain recognises Israel
Capture of Seoul
North Korea captures Seoul, it has destroyed most of the South Korean Army
Death of Leon Blum
Death of Leon Blum
Maiden Parliament
Begins parliamentary work as a new Conservative MP in the postwar House of Commons.
Convention
The ANC adopts the "Programme of Action"
Programme of Action
The ANC adopts the "Programme of Action"
Reform of Land Ownership
Promulgates the Land Reform Act
Removal of Foreign Affairs Portfolio
A ministerial adjustment ended al-Rifaiโs concurrent appointment as foreign minister while leaving him in office as prime minister. The change altered the distribution of responsibilities within his third cabinet.
Birth of Kenneth Mathieson Dalglish
Birth of Kenneth Mathieson Dalglish
Treasury-Federal Reserve Accord
The Treasury and Federal Reserve announce an accord that ends the central bank's obligation to maintain fixed prices for government securities, restoring greater independence to monetary policy after the wartime interest-rate peg.
Ripper
Launches an operation to recapture Inchon & Kimpo airfield
Resignation of Ernest Bevin
Resigns due to ill health
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 2nd term
Prime Minister of France
Appointed Prime Minister of France, 3rd term
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Minister
Capture of Seoul
Counter-attacking Allied forces retake Seoul
Capture of Chunshon
Recaptures Cunshon from the communists
Capture of Seoul
Seoul is recaptured by the Americans. Recaptures Seoul from the communists
Battle of Mao Khe
Attacks French defenses around Mao Khe
Nationalization
Mosaddeq passes a bill nationalizing British Petroleum's Iranian interests
Nationalization
Mosaddeq passes a bill nationalizing British Petroleum's Iranian interests
Agro-Town Proposal
Promotes large planned agricultural settlements before retreating after the proposal draws criticism from Stalin.
National Council of Government
The collegial National Council of Government replaces the single presidency
Prime Minister of France
Appointed Prime Minister of France, Mar-Dec
China accuses the USA of using germ warfare in Manchurian Korea
China accuses the USA of using germ warfare in Manchurian Korea
Coup
Holds power with the backing of a nationalist section of the army as a "provisional president" for the next two years. Batista fears that Barquin would oust him and his followers, and when it becomes apparent that Batista had little chance of winning the election he stages a coup
Election
Batista fears that Barquin would oust him and his followers, and when it becomes apparent that Batista had little chance of winning the election he stages a coup
President of Cuba
Appointed President of Cuba, 3rd term
Military Coup
Seizes power by military coup before scheduled elections.
International Conference at Moscow
Russia proposes a 4 power conference on the unification & rearmament of Germany
Unification
Russia proposes a 4 power conference on the unification & rearmament of Germany
Secretary General of NATO
Appointed the 1st Secretary General of NATO
Secretary General of NATO
Appointed the 1st Secretary General of NATO
President Takes Office
Ba U becomes President of the Union of Burma
Presidential Transition
Succeeds Sao Shwe Thaik as ceremonial head of state
Presidency Ends
Leaves the presidency at the end of his constitutional term
Prime Minister of Ghana
Appointed Prime Minister of the Gold Coast
Trial
Please "guilty", in spite of the fact that he felt no remorse or guilt for having committed acts of homosexuality, Turing is convicted and given a choice between imprisonment and probation, which would be conditional on his agreement to undergo hormonal treatment designed to reduce libido, accepts treatment via injections of stilboestrol, a synthetic oestrogen
Anti-Batista Opposition
Challenges Batista's coup through legal and political opposition.
Second Parliamentary Mandate
Continues as Prime Minister after AFPFL electoral success
Chief of State Security
Appointed Chief of State Security
Diplomatic Proposal
Stalins proposals for German unification are rejected by the west
Unification
Stalins proposals for German unification are rejected by the west
Health of Joseph Stalin
Suffers from a stroke, doctors are frightened to treat him
Death of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
Death of Joseph Stalin, Churchill is the last survivor of the war time triumvirate
Stalin Death Leadership Transition
Enters the collective leadership struggle that follows Joseph Stalin's death.
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Council of Minister's
First Secretary
Appointed First Secretary of the Communist Party
Death of Joseph Stalin
Death of Joseph Stalin
Prime Minister of Russia
Appointed Prime Minister of Russia
Stalin Death Reaction
Comments on Stalinโs death and Soviet uncertainty.
Death of Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin
Death of Joseph Stalin
Burial
Funeral of Joseph Stalin
Department of Health Education and Welfare Created
The Department of Health, Education and Welfare is created during Eisenhower's first months in office.
Truancy Court Petition
A school attendance officer filed a court petition on March 12, 1953, alleging that Oswald had been excessively absent from school.
Resignation of Georgi Maksimilanovich Malenkov
Resigns as 1st Secretary
President of Austria
Appointed President of the National Council
Zapotocky Government
The Zapotocky Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
First Siroky Government
Begins the First Siroky Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Public School 44 Registration
Lee registered at Public School 44 on March 23, 1953, after court proceedings increased pressure for him to resume attendance.
Death of Elizabeth II
Death of Mary
The Blue Gardenia
Directs The Blue Gardenia.
Admission to Arab League
Libya joins the Arab League and expands its regional diplomatic role.
Visited by President Tito
Visited by President Tito
Plot
Expelled Army officers fail to assassinate Mossadeq
Plot
Dismisses the "doctors plot" as "provocation & fake"
Secretary of State for Defence
Appointed Minister of Defence, 2nd term
Party Secretariat Appointment
Becomes a secretary of the Communist Party Secretariat following Stalin's death.
Secretary
Appointed Secretary of the Party Secretariat, 1 of 5
Military Political Promotion
Receives promotion to lieutenant general while serving in senior military political administration.
Navy Political Directorate
Is transferred to senior political administration in the Soviet Navy after Stalin's death.
Operation Ajax
Supports CIA-backed plans to overthrow Iranian prime minister Mohammad Mossadegh.
Political Support
Supports CIA-backed plans to overthrow Iranian prime minister Mohammad Mossadegh.
Operation Ajax
Supports CIA-backed plans to overthrow Iranian prime minister Mohammad Mossadegh.
Chief Minister of Tunisia
Mohamed Salah Mzali began serving as chief minister under the Tunisian monarchy.
Government
The US carries out the 1st hydrogen bomb test in Bikini Atoll
Nuclear Power
The US carries out the first hydrogen bomb test in Bikini Atoll
Castle Bravo Test
The United States conducts Castle Bravo, its most powerful nuclear test and a major source of radioactive fallout.
Reform of Agriculture
Launches his "Virgin & Idle Lands" programme to increase sown areas
Virgin Lands Campaign Launched
Launches the Virgin Lands campaign to expand grain cultivation in Kazakhstan and other eastern regions.
Government
The US & Japan sign a mutual Defence Treaty
New York Truancy Case Dismissed
The New York juvenile court dismissed Lee's truancy case on March 11, 1954, after he had returned to New Orleans.
Battle of Dien Bien Phu
Launches an assault on the communist stronghold of Dien Bien Phu
Battle of Dien Bien Phu
Battle begins with a heavy Viet Minh artillery bombardment
Battle of Dien Bien Phu
Viet Minh capture the Beatrice strongpoint
Capture of Beatrice
Viet Minh capture Beatrice in the opening phase
Battle of Dien Bien Phu
Viet Minh capture the Gabrielle strongpoint
Capture of Gabrielle
Viet Minh capture Gabrielle after sustained assault
Birth of Jimmy Nail
Birth of Jimmy Nail
Anne-Marie Falls
Viet Minh pressure causes the Anne-Marie position to collapse
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland, 2nd term
Second Presidential Term
Is re-elected President for a second constitutional term, with Chen Cheng serving as Vice President.
Government
According to Eisenhower the Hydrogen Bomb test exceeds all expectations
Nuclear Power
According to Eisenhower the hydrogen bomb test exceeds all expectations
Battle of Dien Bien Phu
The communist assault on Dien Bien Phu begins
Dominique Attacked
Second phase of the siege attacks eastern strongpoints
Eliane Fighting
Fighting intensifies around the Eliane strongpoints
Budget
Churchills budget includes expenditure on the hydrogen bomb
Nuclear Power
Churchills budget includes expenditure on the hydrogen bomb
Nuclear Power
Supports the debate in Parliament for investing in a British hydrogen bomb
Nuclear Power
Opens the debate in Parliament in favour of investing in a British hydrogen bomb
Nuclear Power
Finishes off the debate in Parliament, "we have to prevent hot war & win the cold war"
International Agreement at Damascus
Egypt & Syria sign a defensive agreement
Abdication
Abdicates in favor of his father Norodom Suramarit to enter politics
Government
Eisenhower indicates willingness to resort to nuclear weapons in the event of war
Nuclear Power
Eisenhower indicates willingness to resort to nuclear weapons in the event of war
Death of Alexander Fleming
Death of Alexander Flemming
Yalta Papers Released
The State Department releases previously secret papers concerning the 1945 Yalta Conference.
President of Japan
Appointed President of Japan, 2nd term
Lao Peoples Party Founding
Helps found the Lao Peoples Party, later the Lao Peoples Revolutionary Party
February Revolution
Kerensky participates in february revolution during his political career.
Strike
Print Workers go on strike
Arabization of Army Command
During al-Rifaiโs fourth premiership, King Hussein dismissed British commander John Bagot Glubb and initiated the Arabization of the Arab Army command. The decision marked an important assertion of Jordanian control over its armed forces.
Second 1956 Premiership
Returns briefly as Prime Minister during Sangkum rule
Birth of Eduardo Rodriguez Veltze
Eduardo Rodriguez Veltze is born in Cochabamba.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Death of Irene Joliot-Curie
Dies after illness linked to radiation exposure.
Prime Minister
Returns as prime minister and seeks reconciliation with the Pathet Lao
Revolucion Libertadora
Death of Eduardo A. Lonardi Doucet
Coventry Cathedral
Lays the foundation stone for Coventry Cathedral
Constitution of Pakistan
The 1956 Constitution creates the republic and makes Iskander Mirza its first President.
President of Pakistan
Iskander Mirza assumes office as Pakistan's first President.
First Constitution Enactment
Pakistan's first Constitution enters into force and establishes a parliamentary republic.
March Premiership Ends
Ends his March 1956 prime ministerial term
Constituent Assembly Election
Tunisians elected a Constituent Assembly to draft the institutions of the independent state.
Independence of France
Tunisia & Morocco are granted independence
Independence of Tunisia and Morocco
Tunisia & Morocco are granted independence
Premiership Ends
Ba Swe leaves office as U Nu returns to the premiership
Prime Minister Returns
U Nu resumes office for a second premiership
Eisenhower Doctrine
The Eisenhower Doctrine is supported by a Congressional resolution
Treaty of Rome
Snoy briefs Belgian officials on the Common Market, Euratom and overseas-association arrangements shortly before signature.
13th of March Movement
Survivors included Dr. Humberto Castello (later Inspector General in the Escambray), and Rolando Cubela and Faure Chomon (later Commandantes of the 13 of March Movement, centred in the Escambray Mountains of Las Villas Province)
Revolutionary Directorate
Survivors included Dr. Humberto Castello (later Inspector General in the Escambray), and Rolando Cubela and Faure Chomon (later Commandantes of the 13 of March Movement, centred in the Escambray Mountains of Las Villas Province)
Revolutionary Directorate
The Revolutionary Directorate attacks Batista's palace and radio station.
13th of March Movement
Survivors included Dr. Humberto Castello (later Inspector General in the Escambray), and Rolando Cubela and Faure Chomon (later Commandantes of the 13 of March Movement, centred in the Escambray Mountains of Las Villas Province)
Revolutionary Directorate
Survivors included Dr. Humberto Castello (later Inspector General in the Escambray), and Rolando Cubela and Faure Chomon (later Commandantes of the 13 of March Movement, centred in the Escambray Mountains of Las Villas Province)
13th of March Movement
The Revolutionary Directorate attacks Batista's palace and radio station.
Death of Jose Antonio Echeverria
The Revolutionary Directorate attacks Batista's palace and radio station.
Revolutionary Directorate
The Revolutionary Directorate attacks Batista's palace and radio station.
Revolutionary Directorate
Survivors included Dr. Humberto Castello (later Inspector General in the Escambray), and Rolando Cubela and Faure Chomon (later Commandantes of the 13 of March Movement, centred in the Escambray Mountains of Las Villas Province)
Presidential Palace Attack
Survives the Revolutionary Directorate assault on the palace.
Presidential Palace Attack
Leads the Revolutionary Directorate attack and is killed.
Presidency Ends
Ba U leaves the presidency
President Takes Office
Win Maung becomes President of the Union of Burma
Jacksonville Aviation Training
Oswald reported to the Naval Air Technical Training Center at Jacksonville on March 18, 1957, for aviation fundamentals instruction.
Third Taoiseach Term
Returns to office for his final term as Taoiseach.
Bermuda Conference with Macmillan
Begins a conference with British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan that helps restore close Anglo-American cooperation after Suez.
Royal Society Election Certificate
The Royal Society elected Hoyle for major contributions to stellar structure, accretion, nucleosynthesis, and cosmology.
Treaty of Rome
Signs the Treaty of Rome for Belgium alongside Paul-Henri Spaak.
Euratom Treaty
Signs the Euratom Treaty for Belgium at the Rome ceremony.
Treaty of Rome
Signs the Treaty of Rome for Belgium after chairing the committee that prepared the common-market proposals.
Treaty of Rome
Signs the Treaty of Rome for Belgium after leading earlier work on the common market through the Spaak Committee.
Treaty of Rome
Heads the Belgian government as Belgium signs the Treaty of Rome.
Treaty of Rome
Heads the Belgian government when Belgium signs the Treaty of Rome.
Treaty of Rome
Snoy is appointed to chair the Interim Committee created to prepare the new Community institutions before the treaties enter into force.
Treaty of Rome
Signs the Treaty of Rome for Belgium alongside Paul-Henri Spaak as head of the Belgian delegation.
Treaty of Rome Signature
Pineau signed the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community on behalf of France.
Euratom Treaty Signature
Faure signed the Euratom treaty for France alongside the treaty establishing the European Economic Community.
Euratom Treaty
Signs the Euratom Treaty for France at the same Rome ceremony.
Treaty of Rome
Signs the Treaty of Rome for France during Guy Mollet's government.
Treaty of Rome
Signs the Treaty of Rome on behalf of France during Guy Mollet's government.
Treaty of Rome
Signs the Treaty of Rome for France alongside Christian Pineau.
Treaty of Rome
Signs the Treaty of Rome for France alongside Foreign Minister Christian Pineau.
Treaty of Rome Signature
Signs the Treaty of Rome for the Federal Republic of Germany and commits Germany to the new European Economic Community.
Treaty of Rome Signature
Signs the Treaty of Rome alongside Adenauer after helping shape Germany's negotiating position on European integration.
Euratom Treaty
Signs the Euratom Treaty for West Germany at the Rome ceremony.
Treaty of Rome
Signs the Treaty of Rome for West Germany and supports deeper integration with France and the Benelux states.
Treaty of Rome
Signs the Treaty of Rome for the Federal Republic of Germany and supports deeper European economic integration.
Treaty of Rome
Supports West German signature of the Treaty of Rome while Hallstein handles much of the negotiating work.
Treaty of Rome
Supports the Federal German government's decision to sign the Treaty of Rome while Hallstein remains central to the negotiations.
Treaty of Rome
Signs the Treaty of Rome for the Federal Republic of Germany alongside Chancellor Konrad Adenauer.
Treaty of Rome
Signs the Treaty of Rome for West Germany and helps guide the treaty through German political debate.
Treaty of Rome
Signs the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community alongside Prime Minister Antonio Segni.
Treaty of Rome
Signs the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community for Italy.
Euratom Treaty
Signs the Euratom Treaty for Italy at the Rome ceremony.
Treaty of Rome
Martino addresses the signing ceremony and links the treaties to Italy's longer commitment to European integration.
Treaty of Rome
Signs the Treaty of Rome for Italy alongside Prime Minister Antonio Segni.
Treaty of Rome
Signs the Treaty of Rome on behalf of Italy.
Treaty of Rome
Signs the Treaty of Rome for Italy with Foreign Minister Gaetano Martino.
Treaty of Rome
Signs the Treaty of Rome for Italy alongside Foreign Minister Gaetano Martino.
Treaty of Rome
Signs the Treaty of Rome for Luxembourg alongside Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Joseph Bech.
Treaty of Rome
Signs the Treaty of Rome for Luxembourg alongside Joseph Bech.
Treaty of Rome
Signs the Treaty of Rome for Luxembourg and supports creation of the common market.
Treaty of Rome
Signs the Treaty of Rome for Luxembourg and supports the creation of the common market.
Treaty of Rome
Signs the Treaty of Rome for the Netherlands alongside Joseph Luns.
Euratom Treaty
Signs the Euratom Treaty for the Netherlands at the Rome ceremony.
Treaty of Rome
Signs the Treaty of Rome for the Netherlands as one of the six founding states.
Treaty of Rome
Signs the Treaty of Rome for the Netherlands, not Luxembourg, as one of the six founding states.
Treaty of Rome
Signs the Treaty of Rome for the Netherlands alongside Foreign Minister Joseph Luns.
Treaty of Rome
Heads the Dutch government when the Netherlands signs the Treaty of Rome.
Sovereignty
Reopens the Suez Canal under Egyptian administration after wrecks from the invasion are cleared.
Reopening of Suez Canal
Restores international navigation after wrecks from the Suez conflict are cleared.
Common Market Policy
Presents the common market as a practical route to wider European integration.
Common Market Policy
Accepts the creation of a common market after negotiation over agriculture and overseas territories.
European Economic Community
Supports French participation in the new European Economic Community created by the Treaty of Rome.
Treaty of Rome Background
Earlier Schuman Plan work provides political background to the later Treaty of Rome.
Common Market Policy
Supports the common market while stressing competition and the social market economy.
Common Market Policy
Supports German participation in the common market while guarding the social market economy.
Meeting with President Eisenhower at Bermuda & reaffirms the
Meets President Eisenhower at Bermuda & reaffirms the freedom of the Suez Canal
Suez Canal
Meets President Eisenhower at Bermuda & reaffirms the freedom of the Suez Canal
Second General Election
Polling for the second Lok Sabha returns Congress to power and gives Jawaharlal Nehru another parliamentary mandate.
Common Market Policy
Supports Italian entry into the common market as part of postwar economic modernization.
Common Market Policy
Supports the common market as a means of anchoring Luxembourg in European institutions.
Common Market Policy
Backs Dutch participation in the common market and customs union framework.
Government
The Doctrine is approved by Congress & signed by Eisenhower
1st Antarctic Crossing
Completes the 1st crossing of the Antarctic
Return Voyage from Philippines
Lee's unit departed Corregidor aboard the USS Wexford County on March 7, 1958, returning to Atsugi eleven days later.
Crisis of Batista Regime
The United States restricts arms supplies to Batista's government.
Embargo
The United States restricts arms supplies to Batista's government.
US Arms Embargo
Faces a United States arms embargo as rebel pressure grows.
United States restricts arms supplies to Batista's government
The United States restricts arms supplies to Batista's government.
US Arms Embargo
Restricts arms shipments to Batista's government.
European Parliamentary Assembly Presidency
Schuman became the first President of the European Parliamentary Assembly created for the new European Communities.
Holy Family Sculpture Installed
His sculptural group representing the Holy Family is installed on the Nativity facade.
Chairman of Council of Ministers
Becomes Chairman of the Council of Ministers, combining the premiership with Communist Party leadership.
General Election - General Election
Wins a landslide federal majority.
General Election Election Outcome
General election outcome recorded for John Diefenbaker: Wins a landslide federal majority.
General Election Government
Government context for this general election: Wins a landslide federal majority.
General Election
Wins a landslide federal majority.
Arms Delivery
Huber Matos arrives in the Sierra Maestra with a planeload of weapons and ammunition obtained with support from Costa Rican President Josรฉ Figueres.
Third Eastern Front
Juan Almeida Bosque becomes a commander in the eastern rebel organization and leads the Third Eastern Front in Oriente during 1958.
Second Eastern Front
Raรบl Castro establishes a separate rebel command in northeastern Oriente that becomes known as the Second Eastern Front.
First Deputy
Appointed First Deputy Prime Minister of the USSR
Exile of Mikhail Khristodolou Mouskos Makarios
Makarios ends his exile & returns to Cyprus
Private First Class Rank Restored
Lee was promoted again to private first class effective March 1, 1959, after having previously been reduced in rank.
Birth of Chris Fairbank
Birth of Chris Fairbank
Hawaii Admission Act Signed
Signs the act providing for Hawaii's admission as a state.
Albert Schweitzer College Application
Lee applied to Albert Schweitzer College in Switzerland for the spring 1960 term, listing philosophy, psychology, ideology, and writing among his interests.
Suppression of Lhasa Uprising
Chinese forces suppress the Lhasa uprising as the Dalai Lama escapes toward India.
Marine GED Testing
Marine educational testing gave Lee an overall satisfactory rating, with his strongest scores in English composition and physical sciences.
Release from Belgian Detention
Belgian authorities release Kasa-Vubu after detaining him following the January disturbances.
Dalai Lama Granted Asylum
India grants asylum to the Dalai Lama after he flees Tibet following the uprising in Lhasa.
Foreign Policy
II participates in foreign policy connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
La Coubre Memorial and Korda Photograph
At the memorial for victims of the La Coubre explosion, Alberto Korda photographs Guevara in the image later known worldwide.
Agrarian Reform Law
The government enacted an agrarian reform law intended to redistribute land and modernize rural production.
International Nubia Campaign Ceremony
Malraux presides over the ceremony inaugurating UNESCO's international safeguarding campaign.
UNESCO Nubian Appeal
Veronese launches an international appeal to save monuments threatened by the rising reservoir.
Temporary Provisions Amendment
The National Assembly amends the Temporary Provisions so the incumbent President and Vice President may seek additional terms.
Manager
Accepts the job of manager at Dunfermline, after only 6 weeks in charge, Stein leads them clear of relegation
Defence Case Continues
Challenges government allegations against Congress Alliance leaders.
Treason Trial Defence
Participates as the defence opens its Treason Trial case.
Anti-Pass Campaign Announced
Announces that the PAC will begin its anti-pass campaign.
PAC Campaign Declaration
Calls for disciplined nonviolent protest against compulsory passes.
First Monarch Portrait Banknote
Cameron Cobbold serves as Governor when the Bank of England issues its first banknote carrying the portrait of Queen Elizabeth II.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Approves CIA training and equipment for Cuban exiles against Castro.
Project Organisation Begins
Esterline begins organising personnel, facilities and operational planning for the Cuban project.
Cuban Project Direction
Bissell receives responsibility for developing the CIA operation authorised by Eisenhower.
Covert Action Programme Approved
Eisenhower approves a covert programme supporting Cuban opposition to Castro.
Covert Action Programme Authorised
Eisenhower authorises the CIA programme to organise, train and equip Cuban opponents of Castro.
Covert Action Planning Approved
Herter participates as the administration authorises covert action planning against Castro.
Anti-Pass Circular
Authorises instructions for the 21 March campaign.
PAC Mobilisation Order
Urges supporters to leave passes at home and surrender peacefully.
Political Sovereignty and Economic Independence Speech
Guevara speaks on political sovereignty and economic independence during Cuba's rapid economic transformation.
Leaves South Africa
Leaves South Africa shortly before the anti-pass campaign.
PAC External Mission
Begins organising international representation for the PAC.
Third Presidential Term
Is elected President for a third term after constitutional emergency provisions are amended.
ANC
After the Sharpville massacre the ANC & PAC are banned
Government Response to Sharpeville
Defends government security policy amid international condemnation.
Massacre
World opinion turns against apartheid. Over 400 are wounded, including women & children. For the 1st time the United Nations intervenes in South Africa. Black protestors are massacred protesting against apartheid pass laws, 69 are killed. After the Sharpville massacre the ANC & PAC are banned
Sharpeville Crisis
Faces a national political crisis after police killings at Sharpeville.
Pass Laws
The PAC announces it will launch its own anti-pass law campaign
Anti-Pass Arrest
Seeks arrest as part of the PAC anti-pass campaign.
Orlando Surrender
Presents himself at Orlando police station without a pass.
ANC
The PAC announces it will launch its anti-pass law campaign, seperate from the ANC
Pass Laws
The PAC announces it will launch its anti-pass law campaign, seperate from the ANC
Incitement Charge
Is charged with incitement alongside Robert Sobukwe.
PAC Leadership Arrest
Faces prosecution for organising the PAC anti-pass campaign.
Incitement Charge
Is charged with incitement following the anti-pass campaign.
PAC Leadership Prosecution
Faces prosecution with other PAC leaders after Sharpeville.
Caledon Square Protest
Uses mass voluntary arrest to challenge the pass system.
Langa Surrender March
Leads Langa residents to surrender themselves for arrest.
Pass Laws
Publicly burns his pass in front of the press
Pass Laws
Publicly burns his pass in front of the press
Orlando Anti-Pass Demonstration
Participates in coordinated defiance against pass restrictions.
Pass Burning
Burns his pass during the ANC protest in Orlando.
Orlando Protest
Joins public defiance against the pass system after Sharpeville.
Pass Burning
Burns his pass with other ANC leaders in Orlando.
Anti-Pass Protest
Urges peaceful resistance to the pass system after Sharpeville.
Pass Burning
Publicly burns his reference book in protest against pass laws.
Orlando Anti-Pass Protest
Supports national resistance to the pass laws.
Pass Burning
Burns his pass publicly alongside other ANC leaders.
Orlando Protest
Joins Mandela and Nokwe in publicly rejecting pass controls.
Pass Burning
Burns his pass during the coordinated ANC protest.
Pass Laws
Publicly burns his pass during a demonstration
State of Emergency
The Government suspends habeas corpus. The Government declares a State of Emergency. South Africa is placed under martial law
External Mission Begins
Begins building international support for sanctions and political pressure.
Leaves South Africa
Leaves South Africa on instructions from the ANC leadership.
National Day of Mourning
Calls a national day of mourning for Sharpeville victims.
Sharpeville Stay-at-Home
Supports a nationwide stay-at-home against racial repression.
Demonstrations
50,000 demonstrate against the pass laws in the township of Langa
Massacre
The ANCs Day of Mourning for the Sharpeville Massacre
Pass Laws
The ANCs national stay-at-home day. The ANCs Day of Mourning for the Sharpeville Massacre
Pass Laws
50,000 demonstrate against the pass laws in the township of Langa
Emergency Government Powers
Emergency regulations expand government powers following Sharpeville.
State of Emergency Proclamation
Serves as governor-general during the declaration of emergency.
Emergency Powers Invoked
Emergency powers permit mass detention and restrictions on meetings.
State of Emergency
Government declares a state of emergency after Sharpeville.
Emergency Detention
Is detained with thousands of activists during the emergency.
Post-Sharpeville Imprisonment
Joins thousands imprisoned following the Sharpeville crisis.
State of Emergency Detention
Is detained after the government declares a state of emergency.
State of Emergency Imprisonment
Remains imprisoned while Treason Trial proceedings continue.
Emergency Detention
Is detained during the state of emergency crackdown.
State of Emergency Arrest
Remains imprisoned as opposition leaders are detained.
ANC Leadership Crackdown
Faces repression as emergency powers restrict political activity.
Emergency Detention
Is caught in the government crackdown on ANC leadership.
Cape Town March
Leads tens of thousands from Langa toward central Cape Town.
Mass Protest March
Persuades the huge crowd to disperse peacefully after negotiations.
Pass Laws
1st day of the ANC campaign against the Pass Laws
Pass Laws
Anti-Pass Law deptutations are sent to local authorities
Secretary
Appointed Secretary for Cadres in the Central Committee Secretariat
Apartheid Policy Concerns
Questions whether existing apartheid policies can continue unchanged.
Cabinet Misgivings After Sharpeville
Expresses misgivings about government policy after Sharpeville.
Arrest of Albert Lutuli
Arrested for 5 months
Pass Laws
Leads an anti-pass campaign
President of South Korea
Appointed President of the Republic of Korea, 4th term
G. Wray Gill Agreement
Ferrie later stated that attorney G. Wray Gill agreed to represent him in his Eastern Airlines dismissal dispute in exchange for Ferrie's investigative work on other cases.
Peace Corps
Announces the Peace Corps has been created
Peace
Announces the Peace Corps has been created
Interagency Cuba Plan Review
Mann hosts an interagency review of the Joint Staff draft plan for operations against Cuba.
Holy Loch
The American Polaris submarine USS Patrick Henry reaches Holy Loch as the United States establishes a forward submarine base in Scotland
Revolutionary Council Announcement Delayed
Mann asks that formation of the Cuban Revolutionary Council not be announced until after the Mexico City peace conference.
Holy Loch
The United States Navy begins regular Polaris submarine operations from Holy Loch in Scotland
Director
Appointed Director of the Peace Corps
Peace Corps
Appointed Director of the Peace Corps
Foreign Aid and Development Speech
Guevara speaks on foreign assistance, economic development and Cuba's industrial strategy.
Water Tower Speech
Addresses the National Association for Mental Health and argues for replacing large isolated mental hospitals with community-based care.
First Cod War Settlement
Iceland and the United Kingdom settle their fisheries dispute, with Britain accepting Iceland's twelve-mile fishery zone under an exchange of notes.
Trinidad Plan Plausible Denial Objection
Mann argues that the Trinidad concept makes outside sponsorship too visible and presses for a more deniable landing site.
Trinidad Plan Political Review
Bundy joins the presidential review of the Trinidad plan as Kennedy demands a less overt American appearance.
Trinidad Site Rejected
Kennedy demands a less conspicuous landing site than Trinidad.
White House Trinidad Discussion
Berle participates in the White House discussion of the Trinidad invasion concept and its political risks.
Presidential Briefing on Revised Plan
Bundy meets CIA and military officials and then briefs Kennedy on the revised invasion planning.
Invasion of Angola
Organizes Bakongo militants, launches an incursion into Angola, leading 4,000 to 5,000 militants
National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA)
Organizes Bakongo militants, launches an incursion into Angola, leading 4,000 to 5,000 militants
Commonwealth
South Africa withdraws from the Commonwealth
Revised Zapata Plan Prepared
Bissell works with CIA planners to prepare a revised military plan meeting White House political restrictions.
Meeting Marina Prusakova
Oswald met Marina Prusakova at a trade-union dance in Minsk around March 17, 1961, and began seeing her soon afterward.
Marriage
1st introduced to Lee Harvey Oswald
Revolutionary Council Chairman Elected
Cuban exile leaders unanimously select Miro Cardona to chair the Cuban Revolutionary Council.
Chairman of Council of State
Gheorghiu-Dej becomes chairman of the newly created Council of State.
Independence of Laos
"the security of South East Asia will be endagered if Laos loses its independence"
Independence of United States of America
"the security of South East Asia will be endagered if Laos loses its independence"
Recognition of Independence
"the security of South East Asia will be endagered if Laos loses its independence"
Birth of William Hague
Birth of William Hague
First National Sugar Meeting
Guevara addresses the First National Sugar Meeting on production and the role of the sugar economy.
Landing Phase
Departs Stock Island aboard Blagar to help direct the landing phase of the invasion
Landing Phase
Departs Stock Island aboard Barbara J to help direct the landing phase of the invasion
Congress Defendant Acquitted
Leaves court without conviction on the treason charges.
Treason Trial Acquittal
Is acquitted at the conclusion of the Treason Trial.
Treason Charges Dismissed
The court rejects the state high treason case.
Treason Trial Acquittal
Is acquitted with the remaining Treason Trial defendants.
Pencil Factory Inauguration
Guevara speaks at the inauguration of a pencil factory in Batabanรณ as part of Cuba's industrial programme.
Cuban Revolutionary Council (CRC)
The CIA helped Cuban exiles in Miami to create the Cuban Revolutionary Council (CRC), chaired by Jose Miro Cardona, former Prime Minister of Cuba in January 1959. Cardona became the de facto leader-in-waiting of the intended post-invasion Cuban Government
Revolutionary Council Chairmanship Candidate
Pazos is considered among the principal candidates for chairmanship of the Cuban Revolutionary Council.
Revolutionary Council Leadership Candidate
Hevia is considered for senior leadership in the exile political structure being prepared to replace Castro.
Revolutionary Council Delegation Joined
Chibas joins the exile delegation associated with Miro Cardona's newly formed Cuban Revolutionary Council.
Meeting with Kennedy
Meets Kennedy but finds out the US does not need a "broker" with Russia
Holy Loch
The British Government defends the use of Holy Loch as a base for American Polaris submarines
First Secretary
Appointed First Secretary of the Komsomol Krai Committee
Komsomol
Appointed First Secretary of the Komsomol Krai Committee
Commonwealth
Tries to keep South Africa within the Commonwealth but is forced to withdraw membership
Conference of Commonwealth
Tries to keep South Africa within the Commonwealth but is forced to withdraw membership
All-In African Conference Mandate
Warns of mass action if government refuses negotiations.
National Convention Demand
Calls for a national convention on South Africa future.
Cuban Revolutionary Council (CRC)
CIA helps Cuban exiles create the Cuban Revolutionary Council.
Exile Leadership Negotiations
Hunt continued negotiations among rival Cuban exile leaders as the CIA tried to present a unified political alternative to Fidel Castro.
Restored to Active Army List
President Kennedy restores Eisenhower to the active list of the Regular Army with the rank of General of the Army.
Constitution of Pakistan
Ayub Khan promulgates Pakistan's second Constitution, establishing a presidential system.
President of Myanmar
Appointed President of Burma
Coup Takes Power
Ne Win seizes power and becomes head of state and government
Deposed in Coup
Win Maung is removed when Ne Win seizes power
Deposed in Coup
U Nu is overthrown and detained during Ne Win's coup
Coup
Seizes power from U Nu
Government Chairman
Ne Win chairs the Revolutionary Government after abolishing parliamentary rule
Constitution of Algeria
1st Prime Minister of Algeria
Prime Minister of Algeria
Appointed Prime Minister of Algeria
Peace
7-18 March, a cease-fire is negotiated between the French & Algerian rebel leaders
National Economic Development Council
Government, employers and unions begin coordinated discussions through the National Economic Development Council.
ORI National Directorate
Guevara becomes a member of the national leadership of the Integrated Revolutionary Organizations.
Election
The Liberals win a Conservative seat overturning a majority of 14,760
Member of Parliament
Transforms a Conservative majority of 14,760 into a 7,855 Liberal majority. The Liberal swing leads to phrase "Orpington man"
Marina Visa Approval Notice
Lee received notice that immigration authorities had approved Marina's application for a United States visa.
Man In Space Soonest
Named as one of six pilot-engineers who would fly the space plane when it got off the design board
Accords of Evian
Signed by France and the Front de Liberation nationale, ends the war in Algeria with a formal cease-fire proclaimed for March 19, and formalizing the idea of cooperative exchange between the two countries
Accords of Evian
Signed by France and the Front de Liberation nationale, ends the war in Algeria with a formal cease-fire proclaimed for March 19, and formalizing the idea of cooperative exchange between the two countries
La Liga Championship
Guides Real Madrid to the Spanish league championship during the 1961-62 season.
Bob Dylan Album
The first Columbia album mixes folk, blues, gospel and two originals.
Bob Dylan
Releases his debut Columbia album Bob Dylan.
Song to Woody
Includes Song to Woody on his debut album.
Comedy
Corbett appears in "The Offer", an episode of the BBCs anthology series of one-off comedy plays, Comedy Playhouse, written by Galton and Simpson
Sunrise
An operation to corral peasants into armed stockades & seal them off from the Vietcong. 50 hamlets are infiltrated & taken over by Viet Cong who kill village leaders
National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA)
Roberto establishes the Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile, appointing Savimbi to the position of Foreign Minister
Revolutionary Government
Roberto establishes the Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile, appointing Savimbi to the position of Foreign Minister
Revolutionary Government
Roberto establishes the Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile, appointing Savimbi to the position of Foreign Minister
Foreign Policy
al-Bakhit participates in foreign policy connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina after the overthrow of Arturo Frondizi
Party Organizer
Appointedarty Organizer of a Territorial Production Association
Oswald Visa
Marina recieves her entrance visa into the USA
Sunrise
Diem orders bombing raids against suspected Viet Cong-controlled hamlets
Neely Street Apartment
The Oswald family moved to 214 West Neely Street on March 3, 1963, carrying their belongings without hired assistance.
Birth of Jason Curtis Newsted
Birth of Jason Curtis Newsted
Prime Minister of Afghanistan
Mohammad Yusuf becomes prime minister and leads preparations for constitutional government.
Resignation of Mohammad Daoud Khan
Daoud resigns after King Zahir Shah seeks constitutional government and reduced tension with Pakistan.
Carcano Rifle Order
Using the name A. Hidell, Oswald ordered a rifle from Klein's Sporting Goods in Chicago on March 12, 1963.
Breakfast
The Americans begin bombing Communist Headquarters in Kampuchea
Please Please Me
Produces Please Please Me, the Beatles' debut album, recorded quickly after early singles success.
Formation of Sixth and Final Government
Al-Rifai became prime minister for the sixth time and simultaneously served as defense minister. His final cabinet was formed under King Hussein and lasted less than one month.
Crozier Typing Course Ends
After irregular attendance, Lee stopped attending his evening typing course at Crozier Technical High School around March 28.
Unauthorized Cuban Raid Policy
McCone recommended that the United States disassociate itself from unauthorized Cuban exile raids and take steps to prevent their continuation.
Backyard Photos
According to Mohrenschildt, the photograph was not found among his stored papers until he and his wife found it in February 1967. When analyzed by the HSCA in 1977, this photo turned out to be a first generation print of the backyard photo already known to the Warren Commission as "CE-133A" and which had probably been taken on March 31, 1963
Backyard Photos
When shown the pictures at Dallas Police headquarters after his arrest, Oswald insists they are fakes, however, Marina Oswald testifies in 1964 and 1978 that she took the photographs at Oswalds request. The "backyard photos," taken by Marina Oswald, show Oswald dressed all in black and holding two Marxist newsletters - The Militant and The Worker - in one hand, a rifle in the other
Prime Minister Office Abolished
New constitutional settlement strengthens presidential rule after the Dia crisis
Assassination of Edwin Walker
Investigated by the FBI for inciting a race riot
FBI
Investigated by the FBI for inciting a race riot
Former Landlady Interview
While trying to locate Marina Oswald, Hosty spoke with former landlady M. F. Tobias and received allegations about difficulties in the Oswald household.
Marina Detailed Interview Deferred
After locating the Oswalds, Hosty decided not to conduct a detailed interview with Marina immediately and continued the investigation through other sources.
Neely Street Residence Located
Hosty determined that Lee and Marina Oswald were living at 214 Neely Street while he was working to locate Marina for the FBI.
Oswald Case Reopened
Hosty recommended reopening the FBI security investigation of Lee Harvey Oswald, and the recommendation was accepted.
Review of Oswald Security File
Information obtained while locating Marina led Hosty to review the existing FBI security file on Lee Harvey Oswald.
Worker Subscription Identified
During his file review, Hosty learned that Oswald had become a subscriber to the Communist Party newspaper The Worker.
Backyard Photographs
Marina photographed Oswald at the Neely Street residence holding the rifle and political newspapers with the revolver strapped to his belt.
Walker Residence Photographs
During the weekend of March 9-10, Oswald photographed areas around General Edwin Walker's Dallas residence while planning an attack.
Friendship with Marina Oswald
After meeting the Oswalds, Paine became increasingly friendly with Marina and provided practical assistance during difficulties in Marina's marriage.
Assassination of Edwin Walker
Investigated by the FBI for inciting a race riot
FBI
Investigated by the FBI for inciting a race riot
Marriage
George Harrison meets Patti Boyd for the first time on the set of "A Hard Days Night"
Death of Paul I
Death of Paul I
Succession
Constantine II succeeds his father, King Paul, as King of the Hellenes on March 6, 1964.
Nation of Islam
Malcolm X takes Clay on a guided tour of the United Nations building. Malcolm X announced that Clay would be granted his "X". Elijah Muhammad records a statement over the phone to be played over the radio that Clay will be renamed Muhammad (the prophet of Islam) Ali
Nation of Islam
Malcolm X takes Clay on a guided tour of the United Nations building. Malcolm X announced that Clay would be granted his "X". Elijah Muhammad records a statement over the phone to be played over the radio that Clay will be renamed Muhammad (the prophet of Islam) Ali
Nation of Islam
Malcolm X takes Clay on a guided tour of the United Nations building. Malcolm X announced that Clay would be granted his "X"
Prime Minister of Iran
Appointed Prime Minister of Iran
Nation of Islam
Malcolm X announces his break from the Nation of Islam
Nation of Islam
Malcolm X announces his break from the Nation of Islam
Khanh Coup Intelligence Failure Review
McCone concluded that intelligence agencies had failed to anticipate the January coup by Nguyen Khanh and questioned whether warning indicators had been properly analyzed.
Birth of Edward
Birth of Edward, gives birth to Prince Edward
Muslim Mosque, Inc
Announces the foundation of the Muslim Mosque, Inc
Organisation of African Unity
Addresses the Organisation of African Unitys first ordinary assembly of heads of state and Governments in Cairo as a representative of the OAAU
Muslim Mosque, Inc
Announces the foundation of the Muslim Mosque, Inc
Murder Conviction and Death Sentence
A Dallas jury found Ruby guilty of murdering Lee Harvey Oswald on March 14, 1964, and assessed the death penalty.
Fifth-Floor Reconstruction
During a Commission staff reconstruction, Norman reports hearing sounds similar to those he remembered when a rifle bolt was operated and cartridge cases were dropped above him.
CIA Minsk Photograph Enlargement
The CIA enlarges photographs of Oswald taken in Minsk as part of post-assassination efforts to compare and document his appearance.
Commission Deposition March 21
Paine gave a deposition connected with the Warren Commission investigation on March 21, 1964.
and becomes an instant best-seller
John Lennons first book, In His Own Write, is published and becomes an instant best-seller
Death of Peter Lorre
Death of Peter Lorre
Commission Deposition March 23
Paine gave additional deposition testimony connected with the Warren Commission investigation on March 23, 1964.
Foreign Policy
ibn Shaker participates in foreign policy connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Warren Commission
The testimony of Mrs. Jean Lollis Hill was taken at 2:30 p.m. on March 24, 1964, in the office of the U.S. attorney, 301 Post Office Building, Bryan and Ervay Streets, Dallas, Tex., by Mr. Arlen Specter, assistant counsel of the President's Commission
Baker Encounter Testimony
Truly described to the Warren Commission how he and Marrion Baker encountered Oswald on the second floor shortly after the shots.
Oswald Employment Testimony
Truly testified about hiring Oswald and described the duties Oswald performed as an order filler at the Texas School Book Depository.
Second Floor Timing Evidence
Truly's testimony helped the Commission assess how quickly Baker and Truly reached the second floor after entering the building.
Sixth Floor Access Testimony
Truly testified that Oswald routinely went to the sixth floor many times each day while collecting books for customer orders.
Warren Commission Testimony
Roy Truly testified before the Warren Commission on March 24, 1964, about Oswald's employment and events inside the Depository after the assassination.
UNCTAD Speech
Guevara addresses the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development in Geneva on development and unequal economic relations.
Provisional Constitution
Promulgates a provisional constitution maintaining the official United Arab Republic name.
Planning with Tamara Bunke
Guevara meets Tamara Bunke and discusses preparations connected with a future revolutionary mission in Bolivia.
Autopsy Evidence Review
Warren's commission reviewed the autopsy findings, Parkland Hospital evidence, medical testimony, and related material concerning President Kennedy's wounds.
Ballistics Evidence Review
Warren's commission examined firearms, bullets, cartridge cases, firearms-identification testimony, and other ballistics evidence connected with the assassination and Tippit killing.
Dallas Police Evidence Review
Warren's commission examined Dallas Police Department records concerning Oswald's arrest, interrogation, detention, identification lineups, and the investigation of Officer Tippit's killing.
Eyewitness Testimony Program
Warren's commission heard and collected testimony from eyewitnesses to the assassination, the Tippit shooting, and Oswald's subsequent movements.
Motorcade Evidence Review
Warren's commission studied the Dallas motorcade route, witness locations, presidential limousine evidence, and the circumstances surrounding the shooting in Dealey Plaza.
Zapruder Film Review
Warren's commission examined the Zapruder film and other photographic evidence to analyze the timing and sequence of shots fired at the presidential motorcade.
Trial
Ruby's lawyers argued that he could not have received a fair trial in the city of Dallas because of the excessive publicity surrounding the case. Following Ruby's March 1964 conviction for murder with malice, Ruby's lawyers, led by Sam Houston Clinton, appealed to the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, the
Trial
highest criminal court in Texas
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
CIA cover-up
Mexico Mystery Man
A March 1964 memo notes that "Jim Angleton would prefer to wait out the Commission" on documents passed to the Secret Service just after the assassination, including photos of the so-called "Mexico Mystery Man." As will be seen, the Mexico City episode is replete with circumstantial evidence of a major
Mexico Mystery Man
CIA cover-up
Depository Route Reconstruction
Truly participated in timing tests that reconstructed the route from the Depository entrance toward the second-floor lunchroom.
Stairway Timing Test
Commission investigators used timing tests involving Truly and Baker to compare their ascent with a possible descent by Oswald from the sixth floor.
Correspondence Produced to Commission
Paine voluntarily provided the Warren Commission with correspondence and written communications that had passed between her and Marina Oswald.
Personal Records Produced
Paine voluntarily made her 1963 date book, calendar, address book, and telephone notation book available to the Warren Commission investigation.
CIA Evidence
Acts as a CIA counterintelligence contact for Warren Commission matters involving Oswald's foreign contacts, Mexico City material, and Soviet defector information.
Operation Rolling Thunder
Scheduled to last 8 weeks, Rolling Thunder will continue for 3 yrs. Operation Rolling Thunder begins as over 100 American fighter-bombers attack targets in North Vietnam
Operation Rolling Thunder
Begins sustained bombing of North Vietnam
Operation Rolling Thunder
Begins sustained bombing of North Vietnam under Operation Rolling Thunder
Operation Rolling Thunder
Moore's 2nd Air Division participates in the opening phase of Rolling Thunder
Operation Rolling Thunder
Sharp helps direct Pacific command responsibilities for Rolling Thunder operations
Operation Rolling Thunder
Rolling Thunder starts as the United States escalates air attacks against North Vietnam
Operation Rolling Thunder
Sustained US bombing of North Vietnam begins under Operation Rolling Thunder
Operation Rolling Thunder
Johnson begins sustained bombing of North Vietnam under Operation Rolling Thunder
Operation Rolling Thunder
McNamara supports the air campaign intended to pressure Hanoi and restrict support for the Viet Cong
Quote
"Christianity will go. It will vanish and shrink. I neednt argue with that; Im right and I will be proved right. Were more popular than Jesus now. I dont know which will go first, rock n roll or Christianity"
Kinda Kinks
The Kinks release the album Kinda Kinks.
Bloody Sunday
Is beaten unconscious during the bridge attack.
Bloody Sunday
Works with SCLC during the Selma campaign.
Bloody Sunday
Local voter registration struggle frames the march.
Bloody Sunday
Supports the voting rights campaign in Alabama.
Bloody Sunday
Young local activists support the voting rights march.
Bloody Sunday
Supports the voting rights campaign that led to the march.
Bloody Sunday
Helps shape the Selma voting rights campaign.
Bloody Sunday
His earlier arrest helps intensify the Selma campaign.
Bloody Sunday
Marches for voting rights on Bloody Sunday.
Bloody Sunday
Media coverage spreads news of the attack.
Bloody Sunday
Learns that marchers have been attacked in Selma.
Bloody Sunday
Is absent when local civil rights leaders march from Selma and are attacked.
Bloody Sunday
SCLC supports the voting rights campaign, but King is not on the first march.
Bloody Sunday
Photographs help publicise violence on the bridge.
Bloody Sunday
Commands Alabama troopers at the bridge confrontation.
Bloody Sunday
Co-leads the first Selma to Montgomery march.
Bloody Sunday
Leads marchers toward the Edmund Pettus Bridge.
Bloody Sunday
SNCC activists support local demands for voting rights.
Bloody Sunday
Local law enforcement confronts voting rights demonstrators.
Bloody Sunday
Orders marchers to disperse before troopers attack.
Bloody Sunday
Opposes the march and defends segregationist state authority.
Bloody Sunday
Faces national outrage after the bridge attack.
Bloody Sunday
Federal officials respond to the crisis after Bloody Sunday.
Bloody Sunday
Helps national support build after the televised violence.
Bloody Sunday
Voting rights campaigners connect Selma to wider disenfranchisement.
Bloody Sunday
Joins efforts to continue the march after the violence.
Landing-Da Nang
The 9th Marine Expeditionary Brigade are the 1st U.S. ground combat force in Vietnam
Napalm Bombing
Johnson authorizes the use of Napalm, a petroleum based anti-personnel bomb that showers hundreds of explosive pellets upon impact
Siege of Da Nang
The 1st U.S. combat troops arrive in Vietnam as 3500 Marines land at China Beach to defend the American air base at Da Nang
Siege of Da Nang
The 1st US combat troops arrive in Vietnam as 3500 Marines land at China Beach to defend the American air base at Da Nang
Da Nang Landing
Commands Marines landing at Da Nang as the first major US ground combat units
US Combat Troops
Westmoreland receives the first major US ground combat deployment at Da Nang
US Marines Land at Da Nang
Karch commands the Marine brigade whose combat troops land at Da Nang
US Combat Troops
US Marines land at Da Nang as the first major American ground combat deployment to South Vietnam
US Ground Escalation
The arrival of US Marines at Da Nang marks a major escalation of the war
US Ground Escalation
Johnson authorises the deployment of Marines to defend the Da Nang air base
Appalachian Regional Development Act
Signs the Appalachian Regional Development Act, creating a regional development programme for Appalachia.
Bloody Sunday
Dies after being attacked during Selma campaign events.
Market Time
Joint effort between the U.S. Navy & South Vietnamese Navy to disrupt North Vietnamese sea routes used to funnel supplies into the South. 1st day of Operation-Market Time, results in the North Vietnamese shifting to the more difficult land route along the Ho Chi Minh trail
Operation Market Time
US naval patrols begin Operation Market Time to stop seaborne communist supply to South Vietnam
Operation Market Time
US and South Vietnamese naval forces begin coastal interdiction against supply routes supporting communist forces
Return to Cuba after International Tour
Guevara returns to Cuba after his international tour and soon disappears from public view.
Israels cabinet formally approves establishing diplomatic relations with West Germany
Israels cabinet formally approves establishing diplomatic relations with West Germany
Presidential Referendum
Wins another presidential term through an uncontested referendum.
Voting Rights Speech
Addresses Congress after Selma and calls for voting rights legislation, declaring โWe shall overcome.โ
Bloody Sunday
Calls for voting rights legislation after Selma.
Bloody Sunday
Later permits the protected Selma to Montgomery march.
First Spacewalk
The achievement marks first spacewalk as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Voskhod 2
Leaves Voskhod 2 and performs the first spacewalk.
Death of Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
Gheorghiu-Dej dies, opening a succession struggle in the communist leadership.
Yardbirds
After being invited to replace Eric Clapton in The Yardbirds Page turns down the offer and suggested his friend Jeff Beck
Yardbirds
After being invited to replace Eric Clapton in The Yardbirds Page turns down the offer and suggested his friend Jeff Beck
Appointment as Prime Minister
King Idris appoints Maziq to head the national government.
Ho Chi Minh Trail
US planning expands air interdiction against infiltration routes used to support communist forces in South Vietnam
Communist Party Leadership
Ceausescu becomes first secretary of the Romanian Workers' Party.
Bringing It All Back Home
Releases Bringing It All Back Home.
Bringing It All Back Home
Releases an album mixing acoustic songs with electric instruments.
Chairman of Council of State
Stoica becomes chairman of the Council of State after Gheorghiu-Dej's death.
Black Power
The march finally goes ahead fully, it is during this march that Willie Ricks coins the phrase "Black Power"
Demonstrations
The march finally goes ahead fully, it is during this march that Willie Ricks coins the phrase "Black Power"
Bloody Sunday
Is murdered after supporting the Selma voting rights campaign.
Black Power
The march finally goes ahead fully, it is during this march that Willie Ricks coins the phrase "Black Power"
Demonstrations
The march finally goes ahead fully, it is during this march that Willie Ricks coins the phrase "Black Power". On the steps of the state capitol building, King delivers a speech that has become known as "How Long, Not Long"
Studio Z Obscenity Arrest
Is arrested after an undercover officer commissions a suggestive audio recording; he later serves ten days in jail.
Siege of Embassy
Viet Cong terrorists bomb the U.S. embassy in Saigon
Parliamentary Elections
Tshombe's political alliance wins the largest bloc in national parliamentary elections.
March Agricultural Programme
Backs higher agricultural investment and procurement incentives at the March Central Committee plenum.
Bombing of Ho Chi Minh Trail
The 1st air strikes against the Ho Chi Minh trail
Military Planning
Dung serves in Hanoi's high command as communist forces intensify operations in the South
War Direction
Dung helps direct North Vietnam's military planning during the American escalation
Ho Chi Minh Trail
US intelligence estimates heavy communist supply movement through Laos and presses for stronger interdiction
Beatles, The
Londons Evening Standard publishes an interview with John Lennon in which he states that the Beatles are "more popular than Jesus now", the comment provokes several protests, including the burning of Beatles records
Discovery of Venus
The unmanned Venus 3 touches down on Venus
Verve Records Contract
Signs with Verve Records after producer Tom Wilson sees the Mothers perform, leading to the name Mothers of Invention.
Substitute
Release Substitute as a major British single.
Battle of Lo Ke
US air support succeeds in bombing the attackers into retreat. The 272nd Regiment of the Vietcong 9th Div attack the American 3rd Brigade
Election
first day of the election campaign, Labour have a 9% lead in the polls
Pink Floyd
Pink Floyd gets its first billing at London's Marquee Club
Pink Floyd
Pink Floyd gets its first billing at London's Marquee Club
Pink Floyd
Pink Floyd gets its first billing at London's Marquee Club
Gemini VIII
During Gemini VIII American astronauts Neil A. Armstrong and David Scott performed the first orbital docking
1st Orbital Docking
During Gemini VIII American astronauts Neil A. Armstrong and David Scott perform the first orbital docking
Gemini VIII
The rendezvous and first ever docking between two spacecraft is successfully completed after 6.5 hours in orbit. The mission launches, the most complex yet, with a rendezvous and docking with the unmanned Agena target vehicle, the second American (and third ever) extra-vehicular activity (EVA) (Armstrong himself dislikes the term "space walk"). During Gemini VIII American astronauts Neil A. Armstrong and David Scott perform the first orbital docking
First Vanden Boeynants Government
Begins the First Vanden Boeynants Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Pierre Harmel Government
The Pierre Harmel Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Emergency Powers Expansion
The National Assembly expands the Temporary Provisions, allowing the President to establish a body for policies concerning suppression of Communist rebellion.
Becks Bolero
Keith Moon, bass player John Paul Jones, keyboardist Nicky Hopkins, Jeff Beck and Jimmy Page record "Becks Bolero" in London's IBC Studios
Becks Bolero
Keith Moon, bass player John Paul Jones, keyboardist Nicky Hopkins, Jeff Beck and Jimmy Page record "Becks Bolero" in London's IBC Studios
Becks Bolero
Keith Moon, bass player John Paul Jones, keyboardist Nicky Hopkins, Jeff Beck and Jimmy Page record "Becks Bolero" in London's IBC Studios
Fourth Presidential Term
Wins another presidential term after emergency constitutional provisions are expanded, continuing in office with Yen Chia-kan as Vice President.
Foreign Policy
al-Rifai participates in foreign policy connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Apollo 1 Crew
Is assigned as senior pilot for Apollo 1.
Apollo 1 Crew
Is named commander for the first crewed Apollo mission.
Apollo 1 Crew
Is assigned as pilot for Apollo 1.
Refusal to Send Troops
Rules out sending British troops to fight in Vietnam
President of Turkey
Appointed President of Turkey
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
President of Ecuador
Appointed acting President of Ecuador after the military junta resigned
President of Ecuador
Appointed interim President of Ecuador
Election
The Conservatives win 41.9% of votes cast & 253 seats. Loses the general election by 97 seats
General Election - General Election
Retains Birmingham Stechford while continuing as Home Secretary after Labour's victory.
General Election Election Outcome
General election outcome recorded for Roy Harris Jenkins: Retains Birmingham Stechford while continuing as Home Secretary after Labour's victory.
General Election Government
Government context for this general election: Retains Birmingham Stechford while continuing as Home Secretary after Labour's victory.
General Election
Retains Birmingham Stechford while continuing as Home Secretary after Labour's victory.
General Election - General Election
Retains Ebbw Vale for Labour during Harold Wilson's strengthened parliamentary majority.
General Election Election Outcome
General election outcome recorded for Michael Mackintosh Foot: Retains Ebbw Vale for Labour during Harold Wilson's strengthened parliamentary majority.
General Election Government
Government context for this general election: Retains Ebbw Vale for Labour during Harold Wilson's strengthened parliamentary majority.
General Election
Retains Ebbw Vale for Labour during Harold Wilson's strengthened parliamentary majority.
Election
The Labour Party wins 48 percent of votes cast & 364 MPs. Labour wins with 363 seats to 253 Tory, 12 Liberal & 2 others, a majority of 97
Bebington Election Defeat
Loses the Bebington constituency at the 1966 general election and returns to legal practice.
General Election Defeat
Leads the Conservatives in the 1966 general election but loses to Harold Wilson.
General Election
Retains Coventry East when Labour increases its parliamentary majority.
Hangzhou Meeting
Mao directs criticism of the February Outline and prepares to overturn Peng Zhen's leadership of the cultural campaign
Foreign Secretary of Indonesia
Appointed Foreign Minister
Ends Konfrontasi with Malaysia
Ends "Konfrontasi" with Malaysia
The Piper at the Gates of Dawn
Smith begins producing sessions for Pink Floyd's debut album at Abbey Road
President of Uruguay
Becomes President under the restored single-president system of the 1967 Constitution
Bombing of Lang Vei
The U.S. accidentally bombs Lang Vei, 80 civilians are killed
Death of Muhammad Mossadeq
Death of Muhammad Mossadeq
Asylum
Stalin's daughter, Svetlana Alliluyeva, requests asylum at the U.S. Embassy
Russian Emigre Movement
Kerensky participates in russian emigre movement during his political career.
Arnold Layne
Pink Floyd release Arnold Layne as their debut single in the United Kingdom
Pink Floyd
Pink Floyd release "Arnold Layne", written by Barrett
Pink Floyd
"Arnold Layne" is released backed by "Candy And A Currant Bun"
Pink Floyd
"Arnold Layne" is released backed by "Candy And A Currant Bun"
The Velvet Underground and Nico
Sings on several tracks on The Velvet Underground and Nico under Andy Warholโs patronage.
The Velvet Underground and Nico
Releases The Velvet Underground and Nico, later regarded as one of rock musicโs most influential albums.
Trial
Sentenced to death by a military court which convicts him in absentia
Four State Witnesses Presented
Louisiana presented four witnesses at Shaw's preliminary hearing as prosecutors attempted to establish probable cause for the assassination conspiracy charge.
Preliminary Hearing Opens
A three-judge state panel began Shaw's preliminary hearing on March 14, 1967, to determine whether probable cause supported the conspiracy charge.
Russo Preliminary Hearing Testimony
At the preliminary hearing, Perry Russo testified that Shaw, Oswald, and Ferrie had participated in a discussion about killing President Kennedy.
Vernon Bundy Preliminary Testimony
Vernon Bundy testified at Shaw's preliminary hearing that he had seen Shaw conversing with Oswald near Lake Pontchartrain.
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil
Mobilization
Urges expansion of ground operations in Laos & Kampuchea. Requests 200,000 troops, rising to 670,000
Brief Premiership
Takes office briefly before military intervention removes him
Prime Minister Appointed
Appointed Prime Minister after the APC election victory
Military Head Appointed
Seizes power and becomes head of a short-lived military government
Iron and Steel Act
The Iron and Steel Act receives Royal Assent, enabling major steel companies to return to public ownership.
Nationalization
The Iron and Steel Act receives Royal Assent, providing for the renationalization of the British steel industry.
Orleans Parish Grand Jury Indictment
The Orleans Parish grand jury indicted Shaw for conspiracy to murder President Kennedy on March 22, 1967.
First Guerrilla Ambush
Guevara's force ambushes Bolivian troops in the first major armed action of the campaign.
NRC Chairman Appointed
Becomes chairman of the National Reformation Council after Lansana is removed
Bolivian National Liberation Army Announced
The guerrilla movement publicly identifies itself as the National Liberation Army of Bolivia.
ELN Communique Number One
The guerrillas issue their first communiquรฉ describing the opening clash with the Bolivian Army.
Resonant Detector Review
Weber publishes results from two years of resonant-detector operation, reporting that possible gravitational signals could not yet be excluded by the available measurements.
Conference of London
1st day of the Anglo-Maltese conference to discuss British withdrawal
Independence of Great Britain
1st day of the Anglo-Maltese conference to discuss British withdrawal
Independence of Malta
1st day of the Anglo-Maltese conference to discuss British withdrawal
Conference of London
first day of the Anglo-Maltese conference to discuss British withdrawal
Independence of Great Britain
first day of the Anglo-Maltese conference to discuss British withdrawal
Independence of Malta
first day of the Anglo-Maltese conference to discuss British withdrawal
NRC Chairman Appointed
Becomes chairman of the National Reformation Council military regime
Rolling Stones, The
Jones girlfriend Anita Pallenberg runs off with Richards while Jones is hospitalised, damaging Jones and Richards friendship
Pink Floyd
Pink Floyd sign to EMI records with an advance of GBP 5,000
Pink Floyd
Pink Floyd sign to EMI records with an advance of GBP 5,000
Rolling Stones, The
Anita Pallenberg, Jones's girlfriend of two years, leaves him for Richards when Jones is hospitalised during a trip the three made to Morocco, further damaging the already strained relations between Jones and Richards, as tensions and.
Rolling Stones, The
Jones's substance use increase, his musical contributions become sporadic, he becomes bored with the guitar and seeks exotic instruments to play, and is increasingly absent from recording sessions.
Rolling Stones, The
Jones girlfriend Anita Pallenberg runs off with Richards while Jones is hospitalised, damaging Jones and Richards friendship
Bank Rate
Bank Rate is reduced to 6 percent as the balance of payments position temporarily improves.
Unemployment
Registered unemployment rises to about 631000 after the previous year's deflationary measures.
President of Indonesia
Appointed President of Indonesia, by the provisional Peoples Consultative Assembly
Death of Albert Lutuli
Deatg of Albert Lutuli, run over by a train
Probable Cause Ruling
The three-judge panel ruled that sufficient evidence had been presented to continue the conspiracy prosecution against Shaw.
Demonstrations
The "Valle Giulia" student protest in Rome leads to a long period of violent disputes
Valle Giulia
The "Valle Giulia" student protest in Rome leads to a long period of violent disputes
Pink Floyd
During a meeting at their Ladbroke Road offices, Syd is asked to stop touring and contributing material
We're Only in It for the Money
Releases We're Only in It for the Money, satirising contemporary counterculture and mainstream American society.
Lima Site 85 Crisis
Faces the loss of the secret US radar site at Phou Pha Thi.
Lima Site 85 Crisis
Hmong and US-linked forces lose the strategic radar site.
Lima Site 85 Loss
Loses a radar support site used for air operations over Laos.
Lima Site 85
Killed after helping rescue other personnel during the fall of Lima Site 85
Lima Site 85
Killed after helping rescue other personnel from Lima Site 85
ASCII
President Lyndon B. Johnson mandates that all computers purchased by the federal Government support the ASCII character encoding
ASCII
President Lyndon B. Johnson mandates that all computers purchased by the federal Government support the ASCII character encoding
Election
U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson edges out antiwar candidate Eugene J. McCarthy in the New Hampshire Democratic primary, a vote which highlights the deep divisions in the country, as well as the party, over Vietnam
New Hampshire Primary
Challenges Johnson's Vietnam policy in the Democratic presidential primary
Beatles, The
"The Lady Madonna" is released as a single with "The Inner Light" as the "B" side, the 1st Harrison composition to be released on a Beatles single
Resignation of George Brown
British Foreign Secretary George Brown resigns
Resignation of George Brown
British Foreign Secretary George Brown resigns
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Minister, 2nd term
Election
US Senator Robert F. Kennedy enters the race for the Democratic Party presidential nomination
Massacre
A massacre by US troops, allegedly under the orders of Lt Calley
My Lai Intervention
Helps rescue civilians during the My Lai massacre
My Lai Intervention
Helps Hugh Thompson protect civilians at My Lai
My Lai Massacre
Leads a platoon involved in the My Lai massacre
My Lai Intervention
Intervenes to protect Vietnamese civilians during the My Lai massacre
Antiwar Campaign
Enters the presidential race while criticizing Vietnam policy
Vietnam War Protest
Speaks during Vietnam War protest activity in London.
London Gold Pool Collapse
Central banks end London Gold Pool operations and establish a two-tier gold market.
London Gold Pool Collapses
Central banks end routine intervention in the private London gold market after heavy demand overwhelms the Gold Pool, creating a two-tier gold market.
Demonstrations
A demonstration in London's Grosvenor Square against U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War leads to violence; 91 people are injured, 200 demonstrators arrested
Foreign Policy
I participates in foreign policy connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Economy of USA
The Congress of the United States repeals the requirement for a gold reserve to back U.S. currency
Gold Reserve Requirement
Johnson signs legislation eliminating statutory gold reserve requirements for United States and Federal Reserve notes.
Budget Strategy
Presents a restrictive Budget designed to reduce demand and restore financial stability.
Budget
Delivers a tough Budget aimed at restoring financial confidence after devaluation.
Budget
Roy Jenkins presents a severe Budget raising approximately 923 million pounds in additional taxation.
Excise Duties
Duties on petrol, tobacco and alcoholic drinks are increased to raise revenue and restrict consumption.
Family Allowances
Family allowances are increased while child tax allowances are reduced to redirect assistance toward families with children.
Purchase Tax
Purchase tax rates are increased as part of a fiscal package designed to reduce consumer spending.
Selective Employment Tax
The Budget raises Selective Employment Tax by 50 percent to restrain domestic demand and encourage exports.
Special Charge
A one-off special charge on higher personal incomes is introduced as part of the post-devaluation programme.
Civil Rights
Students at Howard University signal a new era of militant student activism on college campuses in the US, students stage rallies, protests and a 5-day sit-in, laying siege to the administration building, shutting down the university
Demonstrations
Students at Howard University signal a new era of militant student activism on college campuses in the US, students stage rallies, protests and a 5-day sit-in, laying siege to the administration building, shutting down the university
Concert
Supports Donovan at the Royal Albert Hall.
Demonstrations
In ongoing campus unrest, Howard University students protesting the Vietnam War, the ROTC program on campus and the draft, confront Gen. Lewis Hershey, then head of the U.S. Selective Service System
Demonstrations
In ongoing campus unrest, Howard University students protesting the Vietnam War, the ROTC program on campus and the draft, confront Gen. Lewis Hershey, then head of the U.S. Selective Service System
Demonstrations
In ongoing campus unrest, Howard University students protesting the Vietnam War, the ROTC program on campus and the draft, confront Gen. Lewis Hershey, then head of the US Selective Service System
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Law of Treaties Conference First Session
Represents Sweden at the first session of the United Nations Conference on the Law of Treaties in Vienna.
President of Indonesia
Appointed President of Indonesia, 1st term, by the Peoples Consultative Assembly
Election
President Johnson announces he will not seek re-election
Retirement
Announces decision to retire
Bombing of Vietnam
Announces cessation of bombing north of the Twentieth parallel to negotiate a solution
Bombing Halt and Withdrawal
Announces a partial bombing halt and says he will not seek reelection
Bombing Halt
Announces a partial bombing halt and says he will not seek reelection
Siege of PLO Bases
The PLO fedayeen repels an Israeli attack on the PLOs Jordanian bases
Siege of PLO Bases
The PLO fedayeen repels an Israeli attack on the PLOs Jordanian bases
Dresden Warsaw Pact Meeting
Joins Warsaw Pact leaders in criticizing the direction of political reforms in Czechoslovakia.
The Unknown Soldier
Releases The Unknown Soldier during Vietnam War controversy.
Venue Evidentiary Hearing
The trial court conducted an extensive evidentiary hearing on Shaw's request to move the conspiracy trial away from New Orleans.
Assassination of Martin Luther King
King goes to Memphis, Tennessee, in support of the black sanitary public works employees, represented by AFSCME Local 1733, who had been on strike since March 12 for higher wages and better treatment
Tet Offensive
The Tet offensive is contained by the U.S. at the cost of 165,000 civilian lives. The North Vietnamese offensive is repelled but this leads to anti-war protests
Tet Aftermath
Assesses losses and political impact after the Tet Offensive
Tet Offensive
The Tet offensive is contained by the US at the cost of 165,000 civilian lives
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Nosenko is detained during contested CIA assessments of his defector claims.
KGB (Committee for State Security)
Nosenko is formally acknowledged to be a genuine defector, and released, with financial compensation from the CIA
The Velvet Underground
Releases the self-titled Velvet Underground album, showing a quieter and more intimate songwriting style.
Miami Concert
Performs at Dinner Key Auditorium before later legal charges.
Trial
Shaw is acquitted less than one hour after the case went to the jury
Capture of Damansky
The Chinese occupy the Island of Damansky on the border with Russia in the North East. 23 Russian troops are killed
Concorde
The first prototype of the Concorde makes its maiden flight
Concorde
The first prototype of the Concorde makes its maiden flight
Perjury Information Filed
On March 3, 1969, Garrison signed an information charging Shaw with perjury based on testimony Shaw had given during the conspiracy trial.
Apollo 9 Transposition and Docking
Pilots the command module during transposition and docking with lunar module Spider.
Apollo 9
Serves as command module pilot on Apollo 9.
Apollo 9 CSM-LM Docking
Commands the first crewed Apollo docking with a lunar module in Earth orbit.
Apollo 9
Commands Apollo 9 during the first crewed lunar module test.
Spider Descent Engine Test
Tests the lunar module descent engine, including crewed throttling planned for lunar landing operations.
Apollo 9 EVA Support
Supports Schweickartโs EVA from the command module while testing crew transfer and rescue procedures.
Apollo 9 EVA
Tests lunar module spacesuit systems during Apollo 9.
Apollo 9 Portable Life Support Test
Tests the portable life support backpack and lunar spacesuit systems during Apollo 9.
Portable Life Support System Test
Tests the lunar surface spacesuit and portable life support backpack outside lunar module Spider.
From Genesis to Revelation
Plays bass and guitar on From Genesis to Revelation during the band's early pop period.
From Genesis to Revelation
Sings on From Genesis to Revelation, the band's debut album produced by Jonathan King.
From Genesis to Revelation
Plays keyboards on From Genesis to Revelation as Genesis issue their first studio album.
Pinball Wizard
Release Pinball Wizard from Tommy.
Apollo 9 Command Module Solo Flight
Pilots Gumdrop alone while McDivitt and Schweickart conduct the lunar module free-flight test.
Apollo 9 Lunar Module Recovery
Pilots Gumdrop during rendezvous and docking with Spider after the lunar module's independent flight.
Apollo 9 Rendezvous
Pilots command module Gumdrop during rendezvous and redocking with lunar module Spider.
Apollo 9 Lunar Module Free Flight
Commands Spider during its independent free flight away from command module Gumdrop.
Apollo 9 Lunar Module Redocking
Commands Spider through rendezvous and redocking with Gumdrop after the lunar module free flight.
Apollo 9 Lunar Module Free Flight
Flies in Spider during the first crewed independent flight of a lunar module.
Apollo 9 Lunar Module Rendezvous
Participates in Spider's rendezvous with command module Gumdrop after the free-flight test.
Spider Ascent Engine Test
Uses the lunar module ascent engine during rendezvous exercises simulating departure from the Moon.
Spider Undocking
Pilots lunar module Spider away from the command module for independent flight tests.
Lunar Module Independent Flight
Flies aboard Spider during the first crewed independent flight of a lunar module.
War of Attrition
Announces intensified operations against Israeli forces along the Suez Canal.
Apollo 9 Earth Landmark Tracking
Conducts Earth landmark tracking to test navigation methods during Apollo 9.
Arrest of James Earl Ray
Ray is extradited to Tennessee and charged with King's murder, confessing to the assassination, though he recants this confession three days later
Assassination of Martin Luther King
Ray is extradited to Tennessee and charged with King's murder, confessing to the assassination, though he recants this confession three days later
Peaceful Transfer of Power
Rafael Caldera's inauguration marked the first peaceful transfer between competing political parties in modern Venezuela.
Lindsay Recruited to Modernise Left Flank
Alec Lindsay joined Liverpool from Bury in March 1969 and later became an attacking full-back in Shanklyโs rebuilt side.
Apollo 9 Splashdown
Returns with McDivitt and Schweickart after the first crewed test of the complete Apollo spacecraft.
Apollo 9 Splashdown
Returns with the Apollo 9 crew after successful testing of the complete Apollo spacecraft system.
Prime Minister of Israel
Golda Meir becomes the 4th Prime Minister of Israel
Operation Menu
Helps oversee the secret bombing program in Cambodia
Operation Menu Support
Supports bombing of North Vietnamese and Viet Cong bases in Cambodia
Bombing of Kampuchea
Authorizes the secret bombing of Kampuchea. 1st day of the secret bombing of Kampuchea
Bombing of Kampuchea
Menu or short-duration bombing of Vietcong sanctuaries, lasts for 14 months. Bombing begins over Kampuchea
Menu
1st day of the secret bombing of Kampuchea
Secret Bombing of Cambodia
Authorizes Operation Menu bombing of Cambodian sanctuaries
Marriage
Marries Angela Barnett, who becomes closely associated with his early 1970s public image and creative circle.
Demonstrations
Lennon & Yoko Ono stage their "Beds in Peace" at the Amsterdam Hilton on honeymoon
Demonstrations
Lennon & Yoko Ono stage their "Beds in Peace" at the Amsterdam Hilton on honeymoon
Constitution Abrogation
Yahya Khan abrogates the 1962 Constitution and dissolves the legislatures.
Martial Law
Yahya Khan declares martial law and becomes Chief Martial Law Administrator.
Transfer of Power
Ayub Khan transfers authority to army commander Yahya Khan amid nationwide unrest.
Martial Law
Ayub Khan leaves office as Yahya Khan imposes a new martial-law regime.
Resignation of Muhammad Ayub Khan
Ayub Khan resigns after prolonged protests and political disorder.
Supplementary Election Regulations
Promulgates regulations allowing supplementary elections for additional national representatives while old mainland-elected seats remain in place.
Death of Dwight David Eisenhower
Death of Dwight D Eisenhower
Eisenhower State Funeral
State funeral ceremonies begin in Washington, including procession to the United States Capitol where he lies in state.
Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Yahya Khan governs the Islamic Republic under martial law.
Islamic Republic
The state remains the Islamic Republic of Pakistan during Yahya Khan's rule.
President of Pakistan
Yahya Khan formally assumes the office of President.
President of Pakistan
Yahya Khan's formal presidency follows his assumption of military power.
Constitution of Pakistan
Becomes President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Becomes President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Islamic Republic
Becomes President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
President of Pakistan
Becomes President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Sino-Soviet Border Crisis Diplomacy
Coordinates diplomatic and state responses as armed clashes sharply increase tension along the Sino-Soviet border.
Assassination of Martin Luther King
On the advice of his attorney Percy Foreman, Ray makes guilty plea to avoid a trial conviction and thus the possibility of receiving the death penalty, Ray is sentenced to a 99-year prison term
Trial
On the advice of his attorney Percy Foreman, Ray makes guilty plea to avoid a trial conviction and thus the possibility of receiving the death penalty, Ray is sentenced to a 99-year prison term
Apollo 9 Service Propulsion Tests
Helps conduct command and service module propulsion tests during the ten-day engineering mission.
Apollo 9 Descent Engine Test
Commands Spider during crewed testing of the lunar module descent propulsion system.
Apollo 9 Lunar Module Activation
Leads activation and checkout of lunar module Spider during its first crewed flight.
Apollo 9 Lunar Module Activation
Helps activate and check out Spider, the first lunar module flown with astronauts aboard.
EFTA Membership
Iceland joins the European Free Trade Association, gaining improved access for industrial exports to markets of other EFTA member states.
Appointment as President of Rhodesia
Dupont becomes the first President of the Republic of Rhodesia.
Republic of Rhodesia Proclaimed
Smith's government proclaims Rhodesia a republic outside the Commonwealth.
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in Force
The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty enters into force during Brezhnev's leadership.
NPT Verification Mandate Begins
The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty enters into force, giving the IAEA major verification responsibilities.
NPT Enters Force
The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty enters into force after required ratifications are deposited.
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty enters into force during Nixon's presidency.
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty enters into force
Public Laos Statement
Publicly addresses US policy and involvement in Laos
Deja Vu
Releases Deja Vu with Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young during the supergroup's peak period.
Embassy Protests
Anti-Vietnamese demonstrations increase pressure on Sihanouk's neutral policy
Income and Corporation Taxes Act
Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1970 consolidates legislation governing income tax and corporation tax.
Begins the bi-centenary Cook tour of Australia & New Zealand
Begins the bi-centenary Cook tour of Australia & New Zealand
Ultimatum to Vietnamese Forces
Demands Vietnamese communist forces leave Cambodian territory
Bryukhanov Chernobyl Director Appointment
Is appointed the first director of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant and takes responsibility for construction and future operation.
Cheng Heng Head of State
Cheng Heng becomes provisional head of state while Lon Nol keeps executive control
Coup
Lon Nol leads the political takeover that removes Sihanouk during his absence abroad
Emergency Powers
Lon Nol receives emergency powers after Sihanouk is removed
National Assembly Vote
National Assembly votes unanimously to withdraw confidence from Sihanouk
Sihanouk Abroad
Acts while Sihanouk is outside Cambodia during the decisive National Assembly session
Sihanouk Deposed
Premier Lon Nol supports the National Assembly vote removing Sihanouk
State of Emergency
Emergency powers are invoked as Lon Nol becomes effective head of government
Coup
Sihanouk is held responsible for the North Vietnamese taking refuge in Kampuchea. A Coup overthrows Prince Sihanouk while the Prince is out of the country
Anti-Communist Government
Neutralist rule is replaced by an anti-communist government aligned with the United States
Cambodian Coup
Leads the government as the National Assembly removes Sihanouk while abroad
In Moscow asks Russia to press North Vietnam to remove troops from
In Moscow asks Russia to press North Vietnam to remove troops from Kampuchea
Kampuchean National Assembly votes to depose Sihanouk by 92 votes to
The Kampuchean National Assembly votes to depose Sihanouk by 92 votes to 0
National Assembly
The Kampuchean National Assembly votes to depose Sihanouk by 92 votes to 0
Overthrow
Removed from power by the Cambodian National Assembly while abroad
Postal Strike
Sombrotto helps lead New York letter carriers as the illegal postal strike spreads nationally.
Fights communists until victory or death against stooges of American imperialism
Fights communists until "victory or death" against "stooges of American imperialism"
FUNK Announced
Announces a resistance front against the Lon Nol government
Laos War Allegations
Publicly alleges that the United States is fighting a secret tribal war in Laos
Postal Strike Response
Orders federal troops to assist mail delivery during the postal strike
Woodstock Documentary
Directs the documentary Woodstock
Fillmore East Concerts
Performs the first of two celebrated Mad Dogs and Englishmen concert nights at the Fillmore East.
First Step
Releases First Step with Faces after the Small Faces evolve into a new band.
Election Framework
The Legal Framework Order sets representation and constitutional rules for the election.
Legal Framework Order
Yahya Khan issues the Legal Framework Order governing the forthcoming general election.
Legal Framework Order
Yahya Khan's order requires the elected assembly to draft a constitution within a fixed period.
Assassination of Mikhail Khristodolou Mouskos Makarios
A group of Greek Cypriots attempt to assassinate Makarios
Death of Mikhail Khristodolou Mouskos Makarios
A group of Greek Cypriots attempt to assassinate Makarios
Mad Dogs and Englishmen Tour
Launches the large-scale Mad Dogs and Englishmen tour with an ensemble assembled by Leon Russell.
Alliance Kampuchea and United States
Leads to civil war in Kampuchea & US bombing of Khmer Rouges strongholds
Borders Closed
Orders airports and borders closed against Vietnamese communist movement
Roadhouse Blues
Releases Roadhouse Blues as a single.
General Strike
A general strike follows the postponement of the elected National Assembly.
National Assembly Postponement
Yahya Khan postpones the National Assembly session, triggering mass protests in East Pakistan.
Birth of Elizabeth Scarlett Jagger
Birth of Elizabeth Scarlett Jagger, Jerry Hall, gives birth to Mick Jaggers daughter Elizabeth Scarlett Jagger
Birth of Elizabeth Scarlett Jagger
Birth of Elizabeth Scarlett Jagger, Jerry Hall, gives birth to Mick Jagger's daughter Elizabeth Scarlett Jagger
Ceasefire
Faces expiration of the Suez ceasefire while diplomatic negotiations remain stalled.
Immigration Bill Speech
Speaks during debate on the Immigration Bill, continuing his campaign for stricter controls on immigration.
Death of Harold Lloyd
Death of Harold Lloyd
Prime Minister of Australia
Appointed Prime Minister of Australia
Election
Indira Gandhi leads Congress to a decisive victory in the 1971 general election.
Demonstrations
Demonstrators demand the arrest of IRA leaders
IRA - Demonstrations
Government record concerning the IRA: Demonstrators demand the arrest of IRA leaders
IRA - Demonstrations
Historical IRA record under Conservative Party Government: Demonstrators demand the arrest of IRA leaders
IRA - Demonstrations
IRA context for Edward Richard George Heath: Demonstrators demand the arrest of IRA leaders
IRA - IRA
Government record concerning the IRA: Demonstrators demand the arrest of IRA leaders
IRA - IRA
Historical IRA record under Conservative Party Government: Demonstrators demand the arrest of IRA leaders
IRA - IRA
IRA context for Edward Richard George Heath: Demonstrators demand the arrest of IRA leaders
IRA
Demonstrators demand the arrest of IRA leaders
Prime Minister of Norway
Appointed Prime Minister of Norway, 1st term
Bombing of Rotterdam
The PLO blow up fuel storage tanks in Rotterdam
Nuclear Arms Control
Fourth round of SALT talks begin in Vienna
SALT
4th round of the nuclear SALT talks begin in Vienna
Per Borten Government
The Per Borten Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
First Trygve Bratteli Government
Begins the First Trygve Bratteli Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Demonstrations
1,800 more troops are sent to Northern Ireland
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Ministrer of Northern Ireland
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Ministrer of Northern Ireland
Arrest of Mujibar Rahman
Arrested in Dhaka, Pakistani forces start Operation Searchlight, a systematic plan to eliminate any resistance, thousands of people are killed in student dormitories and police barracks in Dhaka
Independence of Bangladesh
Arrested in Dhaka, Pakistani forces start Operation Searchlight, a systematic plan to eliminate any resistance, thousands of people are killed in student dormitories and police barracks in Dhaka
Operation Searchlight
Arrested in Dhaka, Pakistani forces start Operation Searchlight, a systematic plan to eliminate any resistance, thousands of people are killed in student dormitories and police barracks in Dhaka
Operation Searchlight
The military launches a major operation against Bengali political opposition in East Pakistan.
Operation Searchlight
Tikka Khan commands Pakistan's Eastern Command when Operation Searchlight begins in Dhaka.
Operation Searchlight
Yahya Khan's military government begins Operation Searchlight against Bengali nationalist forces in East Pakistan.
President of Argentina
Appointed de facto President of Argentina
Independence of Bangladesh
East Pakistan proclaims its independence, taking the name Bangladesh, considered the official Independence day of Bangladesh
Awami League
The Awami League's leadership backs Bangladesh's declaration of independence.
Declaration of Bangladesh
Bengali leaders declare Bangladesh independent as military operations begin in East Pakistan.
East Pakistan Crisis
The political crisis in East Pakistan escalates into armed conflict and a declaration of independence.
Budget
The top rate of tax is reduced to 75%. Selective employment tax is halved. Child allowances & old age pensions are increased
24th CPSU Congress
Participates in the 24th CPSU Congress as a senior Soviet leader.
24th CPSU Congress
Supports Brezhnev's party line during the 24th CPSU Congress.
Massacre
Convicted by a military tribunal of killing civilians at My Lai
Trial
William Calley is sentenced to life in prison, reduced to 20 yrs. Convicted by a military tribunal of killing civilians at My Lai
Massacre
William Calley is sentenced to life in prison, reduced to 20 yrs
Move to Paris
Moves to Paris with Pamela Courson.
Glam Rock
Appears on Top of the Pops wearing glitter and satin, a performance often cited as glam rock's breakthrough moment.
T.Rex
Performs Hot Love on Top of the Pops, helping turn T. Rex into a major pop phenomenon.
Resignation from Eastern Command
Sahibzada Yaqub Khan resigns his Eastern Command rather than carry out a military solution to the political crisis.
Eastern Command
Yahya Khan places Tikka Khan in authority in East Pakistan as the political crisis develops into armed conflict.
Twenty-Fourth CPSU Congress
Presents the principal report to the Twenty-Fourth Communist Party Congress.
Love Her Madly
Releases Love Her Madly as a single.
Meeting with Neil Sheehan
Ellsberg meets New York Times reporter Neil Sheehan in March after efforts to secure official disclosure fail.
March Meeting with Ellsberg
Sheehan meets Ellsberg in March as the New York Times obtains access to the classified Vietnam study.
Receipt of Pentagon Papers Volumes
Sheehan obtains extensive Pentagon Papers material that becomes the basis for the New York Times publication project.
Capture of Tchepone
Lam captures Tchepone & destroys PAVN supply caches
Lam Son
Lam captures Tchepone & destroys PAVN supply caches
PAVN
Lam captures Tchepone & destroys PAVN supply caches
Land Reform
Bhutto introduces land ceilings and redistribution measures.
First NPT Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement
The first comprehensive safeguards agreement based on INFCIRC/153 enters into force with Finland.
President of Uruguay
Appointed President of Uruguay
Pioneer 10 Launch
NASA launches Pioneer 10 on the first mission intended to make close observations of Jupiter.
Chief of Army Staff
Tikka Khan becomes Pakistan's Chief of Army Staff, succeeding Gul Hassan Khan.
Powers Transferred
Cheng Heng resigns and transfers chief-of-state powers to Lon Nol
President Assumes Office
Lon Nol becomes President of the Khmer Republic
Reform of Housing
The Housing Finance Bill is guillotined
Temporary Provisions Revised
The National Assembly revises the Temporary Provisions, giving the President broader authority to adjust central government administrative and personnel structures.
Dismissal from New Statesman
Is dismissed as editor of the New Statesman after less than two years.
Born to Boogie
Marc Bolan appears in Ringo Starrs film Born to Boogie, a documentary showing T. Rex at the height of T. Rextasy during a concert at Wembley Empire Pool on 18 March 1972
Born to Boogie
Marc Bolan appears in Ringo Starrs film Born to Boogie, a documentary showing T. Rex at the height of T. Rextasy during a concert at Wembley Empire Pool on 18 March 1972
Born to Boogie
T. Rex play two Wembley Empire Pool shows filmed by Ringo Starr and Apple Films.
T.Rex
T.Rex play two shows at the Empire Pool, Wembley which are filmed by Ringo Starr and his crew for Apple Films
Fifth Presidential Term
Is re-elected President for a fifth term together with Vice President Yen Chia-kan.
Barber Budget
Backs an expansionary Budget under Chancellor Anthony Barber.
Finance Committee Transfer
After reported conflicts with Jeb Magruder, Liddy leaves his CRP counsel position and becomes counsel to the campaign finance committee.
Pink Floyd Live At Pompeii
Eight days of recording and filming starts in a Roman amphitheatre for "Pink Floyd Live At Pompeii"
Pink Floyd Live At Pompeii
Eight days of recording and filming starts in a Roman amphitheatre for "Pink Floyd Live At Pompeii"
Direct Rule Northern Ireland
Introduces direct rule from Westminster after suspending the Stormont government.
Rule of Ulster
Direct Rule takes effect over Northern Ireland
Secretary of State
Appointed Secretary of State
Secretary of State
Appointed Secretary of State for Northern Ireland
Venera 8 Launch
Venera 8 launches with instruments designed to study Venus's atmosphere, illumination and surface conditions.
White House Tape 697-029
Charles Colson appears with Richard Nixon and H. R. Haldeman in the 46-minute White House recording numbered 697-029; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 698-009
Charles Colson appears with Richard Nixon and H. R. Haldeman in the 3-minute White House recording numbered 698-009; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 697-015
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon in the 25-minute White House recording numbered 697-015; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 697-029
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon and Charles Colson in the 46-minute White House recording numbered 697-029; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 698-009
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon and Charles Colson in the 3-minute White House recording numbered 698-009; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 697-015
Richard Nixon appears with H. R. Haldeman in the 25-minute White House recording numbered 697-015; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 697-029
Richard Nixon appears with H. R. Haldeman and Charles Colson in the 46-minute White House recording numbered 697-029; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 698-009
Richard Nixon appears with H. R. Haldeman and Charles Colson in the 3-minute White House recording numbered 698-009; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
Gemstone Operational Approval
A reduced campaign-intelligence program received approval, clearing the way for operations that eventually included illegal entry into Democratic offices.
Reduced Intelligence Plan Approval
Magruder later testifies that Mitchell approved a reduced intelligence program developed by Liddy with a budget of about $250,000; Mitchell denies authorizing it.
Easter
Hanoi refuses concessions & launches the Easter Offensive
Invasion of Vietnam
The Viet Cong strike Quang Tri province, Kontum-Pleiku & Binh Long province. JCS increase the monthly sortie rate to 1,800
Operation Arc Light
JCS increase the monthly sortie rate to 1,800
Easter Offensive
PAVN divisions strike across the DMZ and from Laos
Nguyen Hue Campaign
North Vietnam launches the Nguyen Hue Campaign as a major conventional offensive
PAVN Offensive
PAVN opens coordinated attacks across northern South Vietnam
Easter Offensive Strategy
Backs the major conventional offensive against South Vietnam
Southern Offensive
Commands communist forces in the southern theater during the offensive
Easter Offensive
Helps direct the North Vietnamese 1972 offensive
Son Ngoc Thanh Premiership
Uses Son Ngoc Thanh as Prime Minister under the presidential system
Just Another Band from L.A.
Releases Just Another Band from L.A., documenting the Flo and Eddie-era Mothers in live performance.
Official Gold Price Raised
United States legislation raises the official gold price to 38 dollars per ounce, formalising the dollar devaluation agreed under the Smithsonian arrangements.
Constant Guard
Launches an offensive against growing North Vietnamese activity
The Dark Side of the Moon
Parsons engineers The Dark Side of the Moon, released in the United Kingdom
The Dark Side of the Moon
Pink Floyd release The Dark Side of the Moon in the United Kingdom
Black September
Black September gunmen seized the Saudi Arabian embassy in Khartoum during a diplomatic reception and took several foreign diplomats hostage. A later United States intelligence assessment attributed foreknowledge and approval of the operation to Yasser Arafat, although the episode remains politically contested.
White House Tape 866-003
John Dean appears with Richard Nixon in the 26-minute White House recording numbered 866-003; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 866-003
Richard Nixon appears with John Dean in the 26-minute White House recording numbered 866-003; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
Forbes Captains Norwich Cup Final Team
Forbes leads Norwich's defence in the club's first League Cup final under Saunders, although Tottenham emerge victorious.
Keelan Norwich Wembley Goalkeeper
Keelan keeps goal for Saunders's Norwich against Tottenham in the League Cup final, helping the Canaries compete in a narrow defeat.
Norwich Reaches League Cup Final
Saunders takes Norwich to their first League Cup final, where Tottenham Hotspur win 1โ0 at Wembley.
Paddon Norwich Wembley Cup Final
Paddon takes part in Norwich's first League Cup final against Tottenham, the culmination of a notable cup run under Saunders.
Black September
The gunmen who seized the Saudi embassy surrendered to Sudanese authorities after two American diplomats and a Belgian diplomat were murdered. A United States intelligence memorandum reported that Yasser Arafat had directed the militants to release the surviving hostages and surrender.
Meeting With Paul O'Brien
Hunt met campaign attorney Paul O'Brien while pressing concerns that financial and other commitments made to him had not been fulfilled.
Spiring Transfer Continues Squad Investment
Peter Spiring arrived from Bristol City in March 1973 as Shankly prepared Liverpool for the closing stages of a demanding season.
Awami League
Wins a landslide victory in the countrys first general elections, Rahman and the Awami League win the elections
Constitution of Bangladesh
Wins a landslide victory in the countrys first general elections, Rahman and the Awami League win the elections
Election
Wins a landslide victory in the countrys first general elections, Rahman and the Awami League win the elections
Demonstrations
Bombs explode near Trafalgar Square, injuring many people.
Trafalgar Square Bombs
His government faces bomb attacks near Trafalgar Square.
White House Tape 872-001
John Dean appears with Richard Nixon in the 4-minute White House recording numbered 872-001; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 872-001
Richard Nixon appears with John Dean in the 4-minute White House recording numbered 872-001; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
Rehabilitation
Deng Xiaoping is restored to government work with Zhou Enlai's support and Mao's approval
White House Tape 878-014
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon and John Dean in the 69-minute White House recording numbered 878-014; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 878-014
John Dean appears with Richard Nixon and H. R. Haldeman in the 69-minute White House recording numbered 878-014; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 878-014
Richard Nixon appears with H. R. Haldeman and John Dean in the 69-minute White House recording numbered 878-014; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
Watergate Polling Request
Records Nixon's request for polling on Watergate's political effects and notes the President's extended meeting with John Dean about the scandal.
Taoiseach of Ireland
Cosgrave forms a Fine Gael-Labour coalition and assumes the office of Taoiseach.
Warning Over Unkept Commitments
Hunt told Paul O'Brien that promised support had not been provided and referred to sensitive activities he had performed for the White House.
London Bridge
Queen Elizabeth II opens the new London Bridge
White House Tape 882-012
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon and John Dean in the 33-minute White House recording numbered 882-012; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 882-012
John Dean appears with Richard Nixon and H. R. Haldeman in the 33-minute White House recording numbered 882-012; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 882-012
Richard Nixon appears with John Dean and H. R. Haldeman in the 33-minute White House recording numbered 882-012; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
Pink Floyd
"Dark Side Of The Moon" performed at Earls Court, London
Pink Floyd
"Dark Side Of The Moon" performed at Earls Court, London
Watergate
Convicted Watergate burglar and ex-CIA agent James Mc Cord, still facing sentencing, wrote a letter to U.S.
Watergate
Convicted Watergate burglar and ex-CIA agent James McCord, still facing sentencing, wrote a letter to U.S.
Watergate
District Judge John Sirica.
Watergate
In the letter, Mc Cord stated that he had been pressured to plead guilty and remain silent, that he had perjured himself during the trial, that the break-in was not a CIA operation, and that other.
Watergate
In the letter, McCord stated that he had been pressured to plead guilty and remain silent, that he had perjured himself during the trial, that the break-in was not a CIA operation, and that other.
Watergate
Judge Sirica urged Mc Cord to cooperate fully with the Senate Watergate Committee, which was about to begin its investigation.
Watergate
Judge Sirica urged McCord to cooperate fully with the Senate Watergate Committee, which was about to begin its investigation.
Watergate
Sirica is the United States District Judge who receives James McCord's letter concerning pressure surrounding the Watergate case.
Watergate
as yet unnamed Government officials, were involved.
Contributors and White House Invitations
Reviews how political contributors and supporters figure in guest-list planning for state dinners and other White House social occasions.
State Dinner Guest Strategy
Discusses state-dinner guest lists, contributors, Democrats for Nixon and the political considerations surrounding invitations to White House social events.
Watergate
In his letter to Judge Sirica, McCord alleges that defendants were pressured to plead guilty and remain silent about the Watergate operation.
Watergate
In his letter to Judge Sirica, McCord states that perjury occurred during the Watergate trial.
Watergate
McCord sends a letter to United States District Judge John Sirica describing concerns about the Watergate case before sentencing.
Watergate
McCord states in his letter to Judge Sirica that the Watergate break-in was not an operation directed by the Central Intelligence Agency.
Watergate
McCord tells Judge Sirica that additional government officials, not yet publicly named, were involved in matters surrounding Watergate.
Watergate
Convicted Watergate burglar and ex-CIA agent James Mc Cord, still facing sentencing, wrote a letter to U.S.
Watergate
District Judge John Sirica.
Watergate
In the letter, McCord stated that he had been pressured to plead guilty and remain silent, that he had perjured himself during the trial, that the break-in was not a CIA operation, and that other.
Watergate
Judge Sirica urged Mc Cord to cooperate fully with the Senate Watergate Committee, which was about to begin its investigation.
Watergate
Sirica is the United States District Judge who receives James McCord's letter concerning pressure surrounding the Watergate case.
Watergate
as yet unnamed Government officials, were involved.
Watergate
Convicted Watergate burglar and ex-CIA agent James McCord, still facing sentencing, wrote a letter to U.S. District Judge John Sirica.
Watergate
In the letter, McCord stated that he had been pressured to plead guilty and remain silent, that he had perjured himself during the trial, that the break-in was not a CIA operation, and that other, as yet unnamed Government officials.
Watergate
Judge Sirica urges McCord to cooperate fully with the Senate Watergate Committee after McCord alleges involvement by additional officials.
Watergate
were involved. Judge Sirica urged McCord to cooperate fully with the Senate Watergate Committee, which was about to begin its investigation
Constitution of Great Britain
The British Government publishes a white paper which proposes a 78-member Northern Ireland Assembly, to be elected by proportional representation. A Council of Ireland will give the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland a voice in each others affairs
Council of Ireland
A Council of Ireland will give the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland a voice in each others affairs
Northern Ireland Assembly
The British Government publishes a white paper which proposes a 78-member Northern Ireland Assembly, to be elected by proportional representation
President of the Council
A Council of Ireland will give the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland a voice in each others affairs
White House Tape 037-204
Charles Colson appears with Richard Nixon in the 14-minute White House recording numbered 037-204; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 421-018
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon, John Dean, and John Ehrlichman in the 36-minute White House recording numbered 421-018; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 884-007
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon in the 4-minute White House recording numbered 884-007; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 885-007
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon in the 46-minute White House recording numbered 885-007; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 886-008
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon and John Dean in the 111-minute White House recording numbered 886-008; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 037-175
John Dean appears with Richard Nixon in the 14-minute White House recording numbered 037-175; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 421-018
John Dean appears with Richard Nixon, H. R. Haldeman, and John Ehrlichman in the 36-minute White House recording numbered 421-018; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 886-008
John Dean appears with Richard Nixon and H. R. Haldeman in the 111-minute White House recording numbered 886-008; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 421-018
John Ehrlichman appears with Richard Nixon, John Dean, and H. R. Haldeman in the 36-minute White House recording numbered 421-018; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 037-175
Richard Nixon appears with John Dean in the 14-minute White House recording numbered 037-175; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 037-204
Richard Nixon appears with Charles Colson in the 14-minute White House recording numbered 037-204; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 421-018
Richard Nixon appears with John Dean, H. R. Haldeman, and John Ehrlichman in the 36-minute White House recording numbered 421-018; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 884-007
Richard Nixon appears with H. R. Haldeman in the 4-minute White House recording numbered 884-007; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 885-007
Richard Nixon appears with H. R. Haldeman in the 46-minute White House recording numbered 885-007; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 886-008
Richard Nixon appears with John Dean and H. R. Haldeman in the 111-minute White House recording numbered 886-008; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
Payment Delivered to Hunt Attorney
Fred LaRue arranged a cash payment to Hunt's attorney as White House and campaign officials struggled with continuing financial demands from the defendants.
Cancer on the Presidency
Warns Nixon that the Watergate cover-up has become a cancer on the presidency and describes growing demands for money and possible clemency.
Hush Money Discussion
Discusses with John Dean the cost of meeting Watergate defendants' financial demands and the legal and political dangers surrounding continued payments.
White House Tape 422-020
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon in the 106-minute White House recording numbered 422-020; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 422-033
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon, John Dean, John Ehrlichman, and John Mitchell in the 88-minute White House recording numbered 422-033; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 422-033
John Mitchell appears with Richard Nixon, John Dean, John Ehrlichman, and H. R. Haldeman in the 88-minute White House recording numbered 422-033; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 422-033
John Dean appears with Richard Nixon, John Ehrlichman, H. R. Haldeman, and John Mitchell in the 88-minute White House recording numbered 422-033; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 422-033
John Ehrlichman appears with Richard Nixon, John Dean, H. R. Haldeman, and John Mitchell in the 88-minute White House recording numbered 422-033; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 422-020
Richard Nixon appears with H. R. Haldeman in the 106-minute White House recording numbered 422-020; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 422-033
Richard Nixon appears with John Dean, John Ehrlichman, H. R. Haldeman, and John Mitchell in the 88-minute White House recording numbered 422-033; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
Campaign Funds Discussion
Discusses with Nixon the possible use of campaign contributions for Watergate defendants and the risk that such payments could appear to obstruct justice.
Campaign Funds Discussion
Discusses with Nixon possible use of campaign contributions for Watergate defendants and the risk that such payments could be viewed as obstruction of justice.
Executive Privilege Strategy
Discusses limiting White House testimony and using executive privilege as investigators press for evidence about Watergate and political intelligence operations.
Pink Floyd
"Dark Side Of The Moon" Released
Pink Floyd
"Dark Side Of The Moon" Released
Pink Floyd
"Dark Side Of The Moon" Released
Watergate Sentencing and Jail Entry
Hunt entered District of Columbia jail custody after sentencing proceedings arising from his Watergate convictions.
McCord Letter Public Disclosure
Judge John Sirica makes McCord's letter public in court, bringing its allegations of political pressure, perjury and wider involvement into public view.
Watergate Sentence
Judge John Sirica sentences Liddy to between six years eight months and twenty years in prison and imposes a $40,000 fine for his Watergate convictions.
Watergate Sentencing and Jail Entry
Hunt entered District of Columbia jail custody after sentencing proceedings arising from his Watergate convictions.
Senate Watergate Committee
Says James McCord has begun naming participants and providing a fuller account of the Watergate operation after two committee interviews.
Senate Watergate Committee
Senate Watergate Committee lawyer Sam Dash told reporters that he had interviewed James McCord twice, and that McCord had "named names" and had begun supplying a full and honest accounts of the Watergate operation.
Watergate
Senate Watergate Committee lawyer Sam Dash told reporters that he had interviewed James McCord twice, and that McCord had "named names" and had begun supplying a full and honest account of the Watergate operation.
Post-Conviction Grand Jury Testimony
Three days after sentencing, Liddy appears before the Watergate grand jury and invokes the Fifth Amendment when questioned about the break-in and other participants.
White House Tape 423-003
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon, John Ehrlichman, and Ronald Ziegler in the 109-minute White House recording numbered 423-003; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 423-003
John Ehrlichman appears with Richard Nixon, H. R. Haldeman, and Ronald Ziegler in the 109-minute White House recording numbered 423-003; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 423-003
Richard Nixon appears with H. R. Haldeman, John Ehrlichman, and Ronald Ziegler in the 109-minute White House recording numbered 423-003; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 423-003
Ronald Ziegler appears with Richard Nixon, H. R. Haldeman, and John Ehrlichman in the 109-minute White House recording numbered 423-003; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
Houses of the Holy
Releases Houses of the Holy with Led Zeppelin.
Pink Floyd
"Dark Side Of The Moon" hits number 1 in the Billboard album chart
Pink Floyd
"Dark Side Of The Moon" hits number 1 in the Billboard album chart
Northern Ireland White Paper Debate
Speaks on the Northern Ireland White Paper, developing constitutional arguments that later shape his Ulster Unionist politics.
Watergate
Gordon Liddy had told McCord that the burglary and surveillance operation was approved by then-Nixon campaign chairman & Attorney General John Mitchell in February 1972.
Watergate
Gordon Liddy had told McCord that the burglary and surveillance operation was approved by then-Nixon campaign chairman & Attorney General John Mitchellll in February 1972.
Watergate
James McCord testified before the Senate Watergate Committee in a closed 5-hour session.
Watergate
There were so many leaks to the press that committee leaders decided to conduct all future hearings in public session.
Watergate
Gordon Liddy had told McCord that the burglary and surveillance operation was approved by then-Nixon campaign chairman & Attorney General John Mitchell in February 1972.
Watergate
Gordon Liddy had told McCord that the burglary and surveillance operation was approved by then-Nixon campaign chairman & Attorney General John Mitchellll in February 1972.
Watergate
James McCord testified before the Senate Watergate Committee in a closed 5-hour session.
Watergate
There were so many leaks to the press that committee leaders decided to conduct all future hearings in public session.
Senate Watergate Committee
Leaks following McCord's closed Senate testimony contribute to the committee's decision to conduct later Watergate hearings in public.
Senate Watergate Committee
McCord tells Senate investigators that G. Gordon Liddy said John Mitchell had approved the burglary and surveillance operation.
Senate Watergate Committee
McCord testifies for about five hours in a closed session of the Senate Watergate Committee.
Watergate
Gordon Liddy had told McCord that the burglary and surveillance operation was approved by then-Nixon campaign chairman & Attorney General John Mitchell in February 1972.
Watergate
James McCord testified before the Senate Watergate Committee in a closed 5-hour session.
Watergate
There were so many leaks to the press that committee leaders decided to conduct all future hearings in public session.
Immunity for Further Testimony
Judge John Sirica granted Hunt immunity from further prosecution so investigators could compel additional testimony concerning Watergate-related matters.
Watergate
Gordon Liddy had told McCord that the burglary and surveillance operation was approved by then-Nixon campaign chairman & Attorney General John Mitchell in February 1972.
Watergate
James McCord testified before the Senate Watergate Committee in a closed 5-hour session.
Watergate
There were so many leaks to the press that committee leaders decided to conduct all future hearings in public session.
Senate Watergate Committee
McCord alleges to Senate investigators that White House Special Counsel Charles Colson knew about the Watergate operation in advance.
Senate Watergate Committee
McCord tells investigators that G. Gordon Liddy said senior Nixon campaign officials had approved the burglary and surveillance operation.
Senate Watergate Committee
James McCord testified before the Senate Watergate Committee in a closed 5-hour session. There were so many leaks to the press that committee leaders decided to conduct all future hearings in public session.
Senate Watergate Committee
and that White House Special Counsel to the President Charles Colson knew about the Watergate operation in advance
President of Turkey
Appointed President of Turkey, acting
Dean Grand Jury Statement
Discusses draft language concerning John Dean, Dean's forthcoming grand-jury testimony, executive privilege and possible responses to Watergate accusations.
Executive Privilege and Watergate
Reviews executive-privilege questions, the Ervin Committee and possible White House responses to inquiries about Dean and Watergate.
Watergate Public Forum
Discusses possible forums for answering Watergate accusations, including the Senate Ervin Committee and anticipated questions.
Ooh La La
Releases Ooh La La with Faces during growing tension between group and solo commitments.
White House Tape 890-019
John Ehrlichman appears with Richard Nixon and Ronald Ziegler in the 16-minute White House recording numbered 890-019; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 890-019
Richard Nixon appears with Ronald Ziegler and John Ehrlichman in the 16-minute White House recording numbered 890-019; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 890-019
Ronald Ziegler appears with Richard Nixon and John Ehrlichman in the 16-minute White House recording numbered 890-019; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
Grand Jury Immunity Order
Judge Sirica grants Liddy immunity and orders him to answer grand jury questions, but Liddy continues refusing to testify about Watergate.
Election
Wins the March 1973 election with 49.5% of the votes. Runs for President to circumvent the veto on Perons participation in the election which had been issued by Argentine dictator General Alejandro Lanusse
Vice Premier
Deng Xiaoping is rehabilitated and returns to senior office after Cultural Revolution purges
Deng Xiaoping Rehabilitation
Supports Deng Xiaoping's return to senior state work as administrative reconstruction continues.
Open All Hours
The Open All Hours pilot episode is broadcast, and runs for four series between February 1976 and October 1985
Conscription Introduced
Introduces conscription as the army suffers casualties and desertions
Peace
The last ground troops are withdrawn from Vietnam
Election
Attempts unsuccessfully to form a coaltion with the Liberals
Shadow Cabinet Appointment
Becomes a Conservative Shadow Secretary of State following the party's move into opposition after the February 1974 election.
Election
Refuses to join a co-altion with the Conservatives & the Labour Party comes to power
Indictment
Former White House Counsel John Dean had taken a plea bargain back in October. Nixon was named an "unindicted co-conspirator" by the grand jury
Indictment
Richard Milhous Nixon is included among defendants charged in the federal Watergate cover-up case returned by the grand jury.
Indictment
Former White House Counsel John Dean had taken a plea bargain back in October.
Indictment
Haldeman, former Nixon aide John Ehrlichman, former White House counsel Charles Colson, White House Aide to Haldeman Gordon C.
Indictment
Indictments were handed down for what the press dubs "the Watergate Seven": Former Attorney General and Nixon campaign manager John N.
Indictment
Nixon was named an "unindicted co-conspirator" by the grand jury.
Indictment
Strachan, aide to Mitchell and CREEP counsel Robert Mardian, and CREEP counsel Kenneth Parkinson.
Indictment
Strachan, aide to Mitchellll and CREEP counsel Robert Mardian, and CREEP counsel Kenneth Parkinson.
Indictment
Former White House Counsel John Dean had taken a plea bargain back in October.
Indictment
Haldeman, former Nixon aide John Ehrlichman, former White House counsel Charles Colson, White House Aide to Haldeman Gordon C.
Indictment
Indictments were handed down for what the press dubs "the Watergate Seven": Former Attorney General and Nixon campaign manager John N.
Indictment
Nixon was named an "unindicted co-conspirator" by the grand jury.
Indictment
Strachan, aide to Mitchellll and CREEP counsel Robert Mardian, and CREEP counsel Kenneth Parkinson.
Indictment
Former White House Counsel John Dean had taken a plea bargain back in October.
Indictment
Haldeman, former Nixon aide John Ehrlichman, former White House counsel Charles Colson, White House Aide to Haldeman Gordon C.
Indictment
Indictments were handed down for what the press dubs "the Watergate Seven": Former Attorney General and Nixon campaign manager John N.
Indictment
Nixon was named an "unindicted co-conspirator" by the grand jury.
Indictment
Strachan, aide to Mitchell and CREEP counsel Robert Mardian, and CREEP counsel Kenneth Parkinson.
Indictment
Strachan, aide to Mitchellll and CREEP counsel Robert Mardian, and CREEP counsel Kenneth Parkinson.
Indictment
Former White House Counsel John Dean had taken a plea bargain back in October.
Indictment
Haldeman, former Nixon aide John Ehrlichman, former White House counsel Charles Colson, White House Aide to Haldeman Gordon C.
Indictment
Indictments were handed down for what the press dubs "the Watergate Seven": Former Attorney General and Nixon campaign manager John N.
Indictment
Nixon was named an "unindicted co-conspirator" by the grand jury.
Indictment
Strachan, aide to Mitchell and CREEP counsel Robert Mardian, and CREEP counsel Kenneth Parkinson.
Indictment
Strachan, aide to Mitchellll and CREEP counsel Robert Mardian, and CREEP counsel Kenneth Parkinson.
Indictment
Former assistant to Nixon in charge of domestic affairs; faced a maximum of 25 years in prison and $40,000 in fines. Ehrlichman was convicted of conspiracy, obstruction of justice, perjury and other charges; he served 18 months in prison.
Indictment
Former White House Counsel John Dean had taken a plea bargain back in October.
Indictment
Haldeman, former Nixon aide John Ehrlichman, former White House counsel Charles Colson, White House Aide to Haldeman Gordon C.
Indictment
Indictments were handed down for what the press dubs "the Watergate Seven": Former Attorney General and Nixon campaign manager John N.
Indictment
Nixon was named an "unindicted co-conspirator" by the grand jury.
Indictment
Strachan, aide to Mitchell and CREEP counsel Robert Mardian, and CREEP counsel Kenneth Parkinson.
Indictment
Strachan, aide to Mitchellll and CREEP counsel Robert Mardian, and CREEP counsel Kenneth Parkinson.
Watergate Seven
A member of the Watergate Seven, who were indicted by a federal grand jury on March 1, 1974.
Indictment
Former White House Counsel John Dean had taken a plea bargain back in October.
Indictment
Haldeman, former Nixon aide John Ehrlichman, former White House counsel Charles Colson, White House Aide to Haldeman Gordon C.
Indictment
Indictments were handed down for what the press dubs "the Watergate Seven": Former Attorney General and Nixon campaign manager John N.
Indictment
Nixon was named an "unindicted co-conspirator" by the grand jury.
Indictment
Strachan, aide to Mitchell and CREEP counsel Robert Mardian, and CREEP counsel Kenneth Parkinson.
Indictment
Strachan, aide to Mitchellll and CREEP counsel Robert Mardian, and CREEP counsel Kenneth Parkinson.
Watergate Cover-Up Indictment
Is indicted with other former Nixon aides on charges arising from the Watergate cover-up and conspiracy to obstruct the investigation.
Watergate Cover-Up Indictment
Is indicted with other former Nixon aides on charges arising from the Watergate cover-up and conspiracy to obstruct the investigation.
Watergate Cover-Up Indictment
Is indicted in the federal Watergate cover-up case with other former Nixon administration and campaign figures.
Watergate Cover-Up Indictment
Is indicted in the Watergate cover-up case alongside former administration and campaign officials.
Watergate Cover-Up Indictment
Is indicted with senior former administration officials as prosecutors bring charges over the Watergate cover-up.
Watergate Cover-Up Indictment
Is indicted as one of the defendants in the federal Watergate cover-up prosecution involving senior Nixon administration and campaign officials.
Watergate Cover-Up Indictment
Is indicted by the Watergate grand jury for alleged participation in the conspiracy and cover-up following the Democratic headquarters burglary.
Watergate Cover-Up Indictment
Is indicted by a federal grand jury in the Watergate cover-up case.
Watergate Cover-Up Indictment
Is indicted with senior former Nixon aides in the Watergate cover-up case brought by the federal grand jury.
Indictment
Colson pleads guilty to obstruction of justice on June 3, 1974, in a case related to efforts to discredit Daniel Ellsberg.
Indictment
Colson receives a prison sentence and fine after his obstruction-of-justice plea and later serves several months in federal custody.
Indictment
Colson, a former White House counsel involved in political affairs, becomes a defendant in Watergate-related federal proceedings.
Indictment
Former White House counsel specializing in political affairs;
Indictment
pleaded nolo contendere on June 3, 1974 to one charge of obstruction of justice, having persuaded prosecution to change the charge from one of which he believed himself innocent to another of which he believed himself guilty, in order to
Indictment
testify freely.; sentenced to 1 to 3 years of prison and fined $5,000; Colson served seven months
Indictment
Richard Milhous Nixon is included among defendants charged in the federal Watergate cover-up case returned by the grand jury.
Indictment
Former White House Counsel John Dean had taken a plea bargain back in October. Nixon was named an "unindicted co-conspirator" by the grand jury.
Indictment
Haldeman, former Nixon aide John Ehrlichman, former White House counsel Charles Colson, White House Aide to Haldeman Gordon C. Strachan, aide to Mitchellll and CREEP counsel Robert Mardian, and CREEP counsel Kenneth Parkinson.
Unindicted Co-Conspirator
Is secretly named by the Watergate grand jury as an unindicted co-conspirator in the alleged cover-up while still serving as president.
Watergate Seven
Refers to the seven advisors and aides to United States President Richard M. Nixon who were indicted by a grand jury on March 1, 1974 for their role in the Watergate scandal.
Watergate Seven
The grand jury also named Nixon an unindicted conspirator. The indictments marked the first time in U.S. history that a president was so named.
Watergate
The Watergate grand jury names Nixon as an unindicted co-conspirator in the alleged cover-up.
Doyle Captains City Wembley Side
Doyle captains Manchester City under Saunders against Wolverhampton Wanderers in the League Cup final.
Lee Scores in City League Cup Final
Francis Lee equalises for Manchester City against Wolves in the 1974 League Cup final before City lose 2โ1.
Summerbee City League Cup Final Wing Play
Summerbee brings attacking width as Saunders's Manchester City narrowly lose the League Cup final against Wolves.
Manchester City League Cup Runner-Up
Saunders manages Manchester City in the League Cup final against Wolves, who win 2โ1 at Wembley.
President Takes Office
Ne Win becomes President under the 1974 socialist constitution
Watergate
The US Grand Jury says Nixon is involved in the Watergate cover-up
Marriage
Marries Margaret Sinclair, in secret
Election
No Party wins an election majority & negotiations with the Liberals break down
Resignation of Edward Richard George Heath
No Party wins an election majority & negotiations with the Liberals break down. Coalition negotiations with leaders of the Liberal Party fail & Heath resigns as Prime Minister & is replaced by Harold Wilson & a minority Labour Government
Resignation as Prime Minister
Resigns as Prime Minister after coalition talks fail and Labour forms a minority government.
Prime Minister of United Kingdom
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 3rd term
Social Contract
Wilson forms a Labour government committed to a Social Contract with the trade unions.
Social Contract
Returns to office promising a different relationship with organised labour.
New Constitution
New constitution formalizes BSPP one-party socialist rule
Prime Minister Takes Office
Sein Win becomes Prime Minister under the new socialist constitution
Ali Fear Eats the Soul
Directs Ali: Fear Eats the Soul.
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Healey is appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1st term.
Pay Policy
Healey becomes Chancellor as inflation and wage pressure dominate economic policy.
Chief Secretary
Appointed Chief Secretary to the Treasury, most powerful position outside the Cabinet
Cabinet Return
Returns to the Home Office when Labour forms a minority government.
Second Home Office Term
Begins his second period as Home Secretary in Harold Wilson's government.
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary, 2nd term
Minister of Trade & Industry
Appointed Minister of Trade & Industry
Parliamentary Under Secretary
Appointed Parliamentary Under Secretary
Secretary of State
Appointed Secretary of State for Trade & Industry
Cabinet
Enters Harold Wilson's cabinet as Secretary of State for Employment.
Pay Policy
Takes responsibility for employment policy as Labour seeks voluntary wage restraint.
Secretary of State for Employment
Appointed Employment Secretary
Social Contract
Begins implementing Labour's industrial relations programme with trade union support.
Secretary of State for the Environment
Appointed Minister of the Environment
Prices & Consumer Protection
Appointed Secretary of State for Prices & Consumer Protection
Secretary of State
Appointed Secretary of State for Prices & Consumer Protection
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Minister
Secretary of State for Health
Appointed Minister of Health & Social Security
Secretary of State for Social Services
Appointed Secretary of State for Social Services
Strike
The miners strike is brought to an end by agreeing to their terms
State of Emergency
The 3 day week & the state of emergency ends
Strike
The 3 day week & the state of emergency ends
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil
Election
Says he will call an election if the opposition makes it impossible to govern
Resignation of Harold Wilson
Wilson announces his resignation
Apostrophe (')
Releases Apostrophe ('), one of the most commercially successful albums of his career.
First Budget
Healey delivers his first Budget shortly after Labour returns to office.
March Budget
Healey presents an emergency Budget combining tax increases with food subsidies and pension support.
Social Contract
Healey frames his first Budget around inflation, subsidies and cooperation with unions.
Budget
Denis Healey presents the Government's first Budget after Labour returns to office.
Capital Transfer Tax
The Government announces capital transfer tax to replace estate duty and tax lifetime transfers.
Food Subsidies
The Government uses food subsidies as part of its policy to protect household living standards.
Income Tax
The Budget raises direct taxation as part of an emergency response to inflation and borrowing.
Price Controls
The Government maintains price controls and subsidies while seeking agreement on wage restraint.
Creation of Presidency
The Great National Assembly creates the office of President of Romania.
President of Romania
Ceausescu is elected Romania's first president.
Mariner 10 Mercury Flyby
Mariner 10 makes the first spacecraft flyby of Mercury, validating the trajectory that permits later repeat encounters.
Prime Minister of Romania
Manescu becomes prime minister after the presidency is created.
Mercury Magnetic Field
Mariner 10 magnetometer observations reveal that Mercury possesses an intrinsic magnetic field strong enough to form a magnetosphere.
Sunshine On My Shoulders
John Denver reaches the top spot on the US charts with, "Sunshine On My Shoulders"
Declaration of Principles
The military government publishes principles defining its proposed political and institutional reconstruction.
Government Programme
Presents the military government as a programme of national reconstruction.
Institutional Objectives
Sets out institutional objectives intended to guide the military government.
Coalition Talks
Attempts coalition talks with the Liberal Party after the hung parliament.
Policy Unit
Asked by Wilson to create the Policy Unit, Wilson's "eyes & ears"
Budget
Healey raises the top rates on earned and unearned income while increasing food and pension subsidies for poorer households.
Treasury Appointment
Healey becomes Chancellor of the Exchequer when Labour returns to government.
Cabinet
Calls his Cabinet, "the most experienced & talented this century"
Policy Unit
Founds the Policy Unit, Wilson's "eyes & ears"
GLC
Elected onto the executive of the Greater London Labour Party (GLLP), responsible for drawing up the manifesto for the GLC Labour group and the lists of candidates for council and Parliamentary seats
Greater London Labour Party
Elected onto the executive of the Greater London Labour Party (GLLP), responsible for drawing up the manifesto for the GLC Labour group and the lists of candidates for council and Parliamentary seats
Manifesto
Elected onto the executive of the Greater London Labour Party (GLLP), responsible for drawing up the manifesto for the GLC Labour group and the lists of candidates for council and Parliamentary seats
War of Attrition Along Golan
Israeli and Syrian forces exchanged fire during renewed clashes in the spring of 1974, underscoring the fragility of the postwar ceasefire.
League Cup Captaincy
Ross lifts the League Cup after Villa defeats Norwich City.
Aitken Villa League Cup Defender
Aitken brings years of Aston Villa experience to the defence as the team lift the 1975 League Cup under Saunders.
League Cup Winning Goal
Graydon scores from the rebound after his penalty is saved in the League Cup final.
Little Young Villa Cup Final Forward
Little works across the forward line during Villa's 1975 League Cup triumph, the first of two competition wins under Saunders.
Graydon Takes Penalty in Wembley Cup Final
Graydon scores a retaken penalty against Norwich City as Saunders leads Aston Villa to a 1โ0 League Cup final victory.
Cumbes Keeps League Cup Final Clean Sheet
Cumbes protects Aston Villa's goal as Saunders's side edge Norwich City 1โ0 in the League Cup final.
Second League Cup Victory
Saunders leads Villa to a 1-0 League Cup final victory over Norwich City.
Knighthood
Knighted at Buckingham Palace
Young Americans
Releases Young Americans, shifting toward soul and funk influences during his Philadelphia soul period.
Young Americans
Works on Young Americans as Bowie explores soul and funk with American musicians.
First European Council
Represents Germany at the first meeting formally held under the title European Council.
First Formal European Council
Hosts the first formal meeting of the European Council at Dublin Castle.
Siege of Ban Me Thuot
The north make a succesful attack on Ban Me Thuot in the central highlands
First European Council Meeting
Giscard represented France at the first meeting of the newly created European Council in Dublin.
Renegotiation Results
Reports renegotiated European Community terms before the membership referendum.
Invasion of Vietnam
Thieu decides to abandon all of the highlands, except the Ban Me Thuot region. Leads to a speedy collapse of resistance in the south & an end to the war
Capital Transfer Tax
Finance Act 1975 establishes capital transfer tax on chargeable transfers.
Finance Act
Finance Act 1975 receives Royal Assent, altering duties and public revenue law.
Nationalization
Portuguese banks and insurance companies are nationalized during the revolutionary process
Helios 1 First Solar Perihelion
Uses Helios 1 observations from its first record-setting close approach to investigate solar-wind plasma much nearer the Sun than previous spacecraft.
Invasion of Vietnam
Meets with his commanders at Camranh & orders withdrawal from the Northern Provinces
Third Mercury Flyby
Mariner 10 completes a third Mercury encounter, demonstrating the effectiveness of Colombo's repeat-flyby trajectory.
Mariner 10 Imaging
Mariner 10 obtains some of its highest-resolution Mercury images during the mission's third and closest flyby.
Mercury Magnetosphere
Magnetic measurements from Mariner 10's final close encounter confirm Mercury's internally generated field and magnetospheric structure.
Referendum
In Cabinet votes to dissociate from Labours policy of accepting the yes vote
Referendum
Cabinet votes in favour of the "yes" vote by 16 to 7. Cabinet votes in favour of holding the referendum
Assassination of Herbert Chitepo
Robert Mugabe unilaterally assumes control of ZANU after the assassination of Herbert Chitepo
Death of Herbert Chitepo
Robert Mugabe unilaterally assumes control of ZANU after the assassination of Herbert Chitepo
ZANU
Robert Mugabe unilaterally assumes control of ZANU after the assassination of Herbert Chitepo
Tommy Film Release
Releases the film version of Tommy.
Tommy Film Role
Stars as Tommy in Ken Russell's film.
Social Security Act
Social Security Act 1975 consolidates national insurance contributions and benefit provisions.
Rolling Stones, The
Ronnie Wood joins the Rolling Stones for a recording session in Munich
Capture of Hue
Hue falls to the Communists
Mariner 10 Mission End
Ground controllers turn off Mariner 10's transmitter after the spacecraft exhausts its attitude-control gas following three Mercury encounters.
Succession of King Khalid
Becomes crown prince following King Khalid's accession.
Succession of King Khalid
Succeeds King Faisal as the fourth king of Saudi Arabia.
Biological Weapons Convention Enters Force
The Biological Weapons Convention enters into force, banning development, production and stockpiling of biological and toxin weapons.
Blow by Blow
Produces Blow by Blow, a major instrumental rock album for guitarist Jeff Beck.
Capture of Danang
Danang falls to the Communists
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 2nd term
Advance toward Saigon Ordered
Ordered by the Politburo in Hanoi to push toward Saigon
Meeting
A "financial mechanism" is agreed to prevent Britain from paying the EC too much
European Regional Development Fund
Leads Ireland during the establishment of the European Regional Development Fund, a major Irish Community priority.
Capital Encircled
Khmer Rouge forces surround Phnom Penh as the republic nears collapse
Dick Gregory Evidence Submission
Dick Gregory and associates submitted photographic material to the Rockefeller Commission alleging that Hunt and Sturgis resembled men detained in Dallas.
Rockefeller Inquiry into Dallas Allegation
The Rockefeller Commission investigated claims that Sturgis and E. Howard Hunt had been present near the Kennedy assassination scene.
Spring Offensive Support
Supports the final military campaign that leads to reunification
Chief of Army Staff
Zia-ul-Haq becomes Chief of Army Staff after being selected to succeed General Tikka Khan.
Border Settlement at Maputo
Mozambique closes its borders with Rhodesia & mobilizes its armed forces
Kings of the Road
Directs Kings of the Road.
Economy of Great Britain
The British pound falls below the equivalent of $2 for the first time.
Economy of Great Britain
The British pound falls below the equivalent of $2 for the first time
Rule of Northern Ireland
Britain gives up on the Ulster talks and decides to retain rule in Northern Ireland indefinitely
Public Expenditure
Healey defends the Public Expenditure White Paper and plans to level off spending after April 1977.
Vote of Confidence
39 of the left abstain in the Commons on the motion for further cuts
Vote of Confidence
Passes a vote of confidence in the Commons after defeated motion the previous day
Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with the Soviet
Abrogates the 1971 Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with the Soviet Union.
Social Contract
Announces his resignation with the Social Contract already under pressure.
The Man Who Fell to Earth
Stars as Thomas Jerome Newton in The Man Who Fell to Earth, his first major film role.
Death of Bernard Law Montgomery
Dies at Isington, Hampshire, aged 88.
Election
Wins 56 votes in the first round of the leadership election and later withdraws.
Labour Leadership First Ballot
Receives 56 votes and finishes third in the first Labour leadership ballot.
Leadership Contest Withdrawal
Withdraws from the leadership contest after concluding that his support cannot increase.
Leadership Election
Finishes third in the Labour leadership contest after Harold Wilson resigns.
Labour Leadership Election
Healey stands in the Labour leadership election after Harold Wilson announces his resignation.
Leadership First Ballot
Healey receives 30 votes in the first ballot of the Labour leadership election.
Election
Wins 37 votes in the 1st round of the leadership election & withdraws. Transfers his support to Michael Foot
Trade Union Law
Amends the 1974 trade union legislation to adjust provisions on trade disputes and union legal immunities.
Trade Union and Labour Relations Amendment Act
Trade Union and Labour Relations Amendment Act 1976 receives Royal Assent before Wilson leaves office.
Birth of Tara
Anita Pallenberg gives birth to a daughter, Tara
Rolling Stones, The
Anita Pallenberg gives birth to a daughter, Tara
President of Argentina
Appointed de facto President of Argentina after the 1976 coup
Leadership Second Ballot
Healey receives 38 votes in the second ballot but is eliminated from the leadership contest.
Appointed President
CPK Central Committee appoints Khieu Samphan as President of the State Presidium
Presence
Releases Presence, recorded while Plant recovered from injuries.
Leadership Reconfirmed at Twenty-Fifth Congress
Emerges from the Twenty-Fifth Party Congress with his leadership position firmly reaffirmed.
Trans-Europe Express
Co-creates Trans-Europe Express, refining Kraftwerk's sequenced electronic sound.
Trans-Europe Express
Contributes percussion and composition to Trans-Europe Express.
Trans-Europe Express
Releases Trans-Europe Express, celebrating European rail travel and mechanical rhythm.
Trans-Europe Express
Adds electronic rhythm to Trans-Europe Express during the band's classic quartet era.
Independence of Great Britain
A referendum is held but the required 40% of Scots do not vote for devolution
Independence of Scotland
A referendum is held but the required 40% of Scots do not vote for devolution
Referendum
A referendum is held but the required 40% of Scots do not vote for devolution
Governor-General Takes Office
Tore Lokoloko becomes Governor-General after John Guise
Basic People's Congress System
Local popular congresses become the stated foundation of Libya's new governmental structure.
Declaration of People's Authority
The General People's Congress adopts the declaration reorganising Libya as a Jamahiriya.
Direct Democracy Framework
The Jamahiriya formally assigns local decision-making to basic popular congresses.
General People's Congress Established
The General People's Congress becomes the highest formal institution of the new Jamahiriya.
General People's Congress Leadership
Gaddafi becomes secretary-general of the institution coordinating the Jamahiriya's formal state bodies.
Jamahiriya Proclaimed
Gaddafi proclaims the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya as a mass-state.
Revolutionary Sector Established
Informal revolutionary institutions retain decisive authority over the formal people's congress system.
First Shaba Invasion from Angola
FNLC forces based in Angola cross into Zaire's Shaba province, creating a major security crisis for Mobutu's government.
Election Dispute
Opposition parties reject the election results and allege widespread manipulation.
General Election - General Election
Bhutto's Pakistan Peoples Party wins the disputed 1977 general election.
General Election Election Outcome
General election outcome recorded for Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto: Bhutto's Pakistan Peoples Party wins the disputed 1977 general election.
General Election Government
Government context for this general election: Bhutto's Pakistan Peoples Party wins the disputed 1977 general election.
General Election
Bhutto's Pakistan Peoples Party wins the disputed 1977 general election.
National Assembly Election
The Pakistan Peoples Party secures a large National Assembly majority in the disputed poll.
Kennedy Task Force Created
The reconstituted committee created a Kennedy assassination subcommittee and staff task force to pursue conspiracy and agency-performance questions.
A&M Records
Attends the public signing with A&M Records outside Buckingham Palace.
Sex Pistols
At a press ceremony held outside Buckingham Palace, the Sex Pistols sign to A&M Records
Mass Purges
Widespread purges of cadres accused of disloyalty
Damned Album Chart
Damned Damned Damned enters the UK albums chart during the first major wave of British punk.
A&M Records
Sees the A&M contract collapse within days after escalating controversy around the band.
The Idiot
Mixes The Idiot with David Bowie and Iggy Pop during the Berlin period.
Assassination of Marien Ngouabi
Is assassinated during a period of acute political tension and military intrigue.
Sanctions
The restrictions on US citizens traveling to Cuba lapse
State of Emergency
The Emergency formally ends before the transfer of power to the Janata Party.
Resignation of Indira Nehru Gandhi
Indira Gandhi leaves office after Congress loses the 1977 general election.
Archbishop
Appointed Archbishop of Munich and Freising
Janata Government Formed
Morarji Desai forms India's first Union government headed by a non-Congress party.
Morarji Desai becomes Prime Minister and states that his government does not
Morarji Desai becomes Prime Minister and states that his government does not intend to develop nuclear weapons.
Prime Minister of India
Morarji Desai becomes India's first Prime Minister from a non-Congress government.
Nuclear Power
At his first press conference as prime minister, Desai states that his government does not believe in nuclear weapons.
Execution after Ngouabi Assassination
Is executed after being accused of involvement in the conspiracy that killed President Ngouabi.
Budget
Healey presents a Budget after the IMF crisis as sterling pressure eases.
Economic Recovery after IMF Crisis - Economic Policy
Economic-policy record linked to the IMF crisis: Uses the March Budget as the government seeks economic recovery after the IMF crisis.
Economic Recovery after IMF Crisis - Government Response
Government response under Denis Winston Healey: Uses the March Budget as the government seeks economic recovery after the IMF crisis.
Economic Recovery after IMF Crisis - IMF
IMF context: Uses the March Budget as the government seeks economic recovery after the IMF crisis.
Economic Recovery after IMF Crisis
Uses the March Budget as the government seeks economic recovery after the IMF crisis.
March Budget after IMF Crisis - Economic Policy
Economic-policy record linked to the IMF crisis: Presents the March Budget as sterling stabilises after the IMF crisis.
March Budget after IMF Crisis - Government Response
Government response under Denis Winston Healey: Presents the March Budget as sterling stabilises after the IMF crisis.
March Budget after IMF Crisis - IMF
IMF context: Presents the March Budget as sterling stabilises after the IMF crisis.
March Budget after IMF Crisis
Presents the March Budget as sterling stabilises after the IMF crisis.
March Budget
Healey presents a Budget as sterling stabilises and the government seeks economic recovery after the IMF crisis.
Post-IMF Budget - Economic Policy
Economic-policy record linked to the IMF crisis: Presents a Budget after the IMF crisis as sterling pressure eases.
Post-IMF Budget - Government Response
Government response under Denis Winston Healey: Presents a Budget after the IMF crisis as sterling pressure eases.
Post-IMF Budget - IMF
IMF context: Presents a Budget after the IMF crisis as sterling pressure eases.
Post-IMF Budget
Presents a Budget after the IMF crisis as sterling pressure eases.
Sterling Stabilisation - Economic Policy
Economic-policy record linked to the IMF crisis: Presents the Budget as sterling stabilises following the IMF crisis.
Sterling Stabilisation - Government Response
Government response under Denis Winston Healey: Presents the Budget as sterling stabilises following the IMF crisis.
Sterling Stabilisation - IMF
IMF context: Presents the Budget as sterling stabilises following the IMF crisis.
Sterling Stabilisation
Presents the Budget as sterling stabilises following the IMF crisis.
Premiership Ends
Sein Win leaves the prime ministership
Prime Minister Takes Office
Maung Maung Kha becomes Prime Minister of socialist Burma
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
Mohrenschildt received a business card from Gaeton Fonzi, an investigator for the House Select Committee on Assassinations, telling him that he would like to see him. The HSCA considered him a "crucial witness".
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
That afternoon, Mohrenschildt was found dead from a self-inflicted shotgun wound to the head in a house where he was staying in Manalapan Florida. The coroner's verdict was suicide
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
CIA-related assassination records become part of later investigations.
Death of George de Mohrenschildt
Death of George de Mohrenschildt, suicide
Death of George de Mohrenschildt
Mohrenschildt received a business card from Gaeton Fonzi, an investigator for the House Select Committee on Assassinations, telling him that he would like to see him. The HSCA considered him a "crucial witness".
Death of George de Mohrenschildt
That afternoon, Mohrenschildt was found dead from a self-inflicted shotgun wound to the head in a house where he was staying in Manalapan Florida. The coroner's verdict was suicide
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
Shortly after Chief Counsel Richard Sprague declined to sign CIA secrecy oaths and began asking pointed questions about Oswald's visit to Mexico City, he began to be denounced in the press and by his own committee chairman, Henry Gonzalez.
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
The Church Committee's unfinished business fell to the House Select Committee on Assassinations.
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
The committee was almost terminated before it got started, rescued only by the resignations of Gonzalez and Sprague, and the apparent suicide of key witness George de Mohrenschildt
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
Mohrenschildt received a business card from Gaeton Fonzi, an investigator for the House Select Committee on Assassinations, telling him that he would like to see him. The HSCA considered him a "crucial witness".
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
That afternoon, Mohrenschildt was found dead from a self-inflicted shotgun wound to the head in a house where he was staying in Manalapan Florida. The coroner's verdict was suicide
Oswald Meeting
Mohrenschildt gave an interview to author Edward Jay Epstein, during which he claimed that in 1962, Dallas CIA operative J. Walton Moore and one of Moore-s associates had handed him the address of Lee Harvey Oswald in nearby Fort Worth and then suggested that Mohrenschildt might like to meet him
HSCA Witness
Dies before the committee can question him in person.
Armament
The Botswana Defence Force is established
Botswana Defence Force
The Botswana Defence Force is established
Sanctions
The regulation on spending US dollars in Cuba is lifted
Response to First Shaba Invasion
Mobutu requests foreign military assistance after insurgents enter Shaba Province.
Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols
"Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols" is recorded between March and June 1977, in Wessex Studios, Highbury, London, produced by Chris Thomas
White Riot
The bands first single, "White Riot", was released in March; the album, The Clash, came out the following month
Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols
"Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols" is recorded between March and June 1977, in Wessex Studios, features Matlock on bass, redrafted as a session musician to compensate for Vicious's lack of musical ability
Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols
"Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols" is recorded between March and June 1977, in Wessex Studios, Highbury, London, produced by Chris Thomas
Reelection Amendment
Secures constitutional changes that permit continued reelection.
HSCA Resignation
Resigns after disputes over committee procedure and secrecy rules.
HSCA Resignation
Resigns from the chairmanship after conflict with committee staff.
Internal Settlement Signed
Smith signs an agreement creating an interim biracial administration and majority-rule elections.
Miller Becomes Federal Reserve Chairman
G. William Miller begins service as Federal Reserve chairman, succeeding Arthur Burns at a time when inflation and questions about the appropriate stance of monetary policy are intensifying.
Tell Us the Truth Chart Entry
Tell Us the Truth enters the UK albums chart and reaches number twenty-five.
Crossing the Red Sea
Crossing the Red Sea with the Adverts enters the UK albums chart.
Ready Steady Go Chart Entry
Ready Steady Go enters the Official Singles Chart during Generation X's first major release period.
Death of John Cazale
Death of John Cazale
Kidnap
Kidnapped in Rome by the Red Brigade
Operation Litani
Israeli forces invade southern Lebanon in Operation Litani, creating a major sovereignty and security crisis for the government of President Elias Sarkis.
Invasion of Lebanon
The United Nations Security Council adopts Resolution 425 demanding that Israel withdraw from Lebanon. The Israeli army takes control of almost all of Lebanon south of Litani River
UN Resolution 425
The United Nations Security Council adopts Resolution 425 demanding that Israel withdraw from Lebanon
UN Security Council
The United Nations Security Council adopts Resolution 425 demanding that Israel withdraw from Lebanon
UN Security Council Resolution 425
The United Nations Security Council adopts Resolution 425, calling for Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon and creating UNIFIL while President Elias Sarkis's government seeks restoration of state authority in the south.
Bringuier CIA File Request
The HSCA specifically requested CIA records concerning Carlos Bringuier, his DRE role, and his earlier testimony about Oswald.
CIA Anti-Castro File Request
The committee asked CIA for files on numerous anti-Castro Cuban activists and organizations relevant to its Kennedy investigation.
Orlando Bosch CIA File Request
The HSCA requested CIA files concerning Orlando Bosch and his leadership of the anti-Castro MIRR organization.
HSCA Bosch File Request
The HSCA requested CIA records concerning Bosch because of his leadership of the anti-Castro MIRR organization and its relevance to the committee's Cuban inquiry.
Invasion of Lebanon
UNIFIL forces arrive in Lebanon setting up headquarters in Naqoura. The United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) is created to enforce this mandate, and restore peace and sovereignty to Lebanon
UN Interim Force in Lebanon
The United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) is created to enforce this mandate, and restore peace and sovereignty to Lebanon
UNIFIL
The United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) is created to enforce this mandate, and restore peace and sovereignty to Lebanon
999 Debut Album
999's self-titled debut album enters the UK albums chart.
Another Music in a Different Kitchen
Buzzcocks' debut album Another Music in a Different Kitchen enters the UK chart and peaks at number fifteen.
Budget
A white paper announces cuts to the defence budget of 4,700 million pounds over 10 yrs
Minister of Information
Appointed Minister of Information
Vice President
Appointed Vice President of Indonesia
HSCA Garrison File Review
CIA material supplied to the HSCA included references to Sergio Arcacha Smith within files dealing with the Garrison investigation and Cuban exile activity.
Withdrawal from Formal State Office
Gaddafi leaves the General People's Congress secretariat while retaining revolutionary authority.
Second Vanden Boeynants Government
The Second Vanden Boeynants Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.
First to Fourth Martens Governments
Begins the First to Fourth Martens Governments in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Thebe Discovery
Identifies Thebe, a small inner moon of Jupiter, in Voyager imagery.
Callisto Imaging
Voyager 1 images show Callisto's heavily cratered and ancient surface.
Europa Imaging
Voyager 1 images reveal Europa's bright, fractured icy surface.
First Close-Up of Amalthea
Voyager 1 obtains the first close spacecraft image of Amalthea, showing its elongated reddish shape.
Voyager 1 Jupiter Flyby
Voyager 1 makes its closest approach to Jupiter and surveys its atmosphere, rings and moons.
Mandatory Veiling Protest
Women demonstrate in Tehran against pressure for compulsory Islamic veiling after the revolution
Discovery of Io Volcanism
Identifies a volcanic plume above Io in Voyager 1 imagery, revealing active volcanism beyond Earth.
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of Venezuela
European Monetary System Launch
France entered the European Monetary System, designed to stabilise exchange rates among participating Community currencies.
European Monetary System Launch
Heads the German government when the European Monetary System begins operating with the Deutsche Mark participating.
European Monetary System Launch
Welcomes the launch of the European Monetary System after sustained Commission advocacy.
Irish Pound Enters EMS
Oversees Ireland's entry into the European Monetary System and the Irish pound's break from sterling parity.
European Monetary System Launch
Heads the government when Ireland joins the new European Monetary System.
European Monetary System Launch
Serves as foreign minister as Italy participates in the new European Monetary System.
European Monetary System Launch
Heads the Italian government when the European Monetary System begins operating.
Herat Uprising
A major uprising in Herat exposes the revolutionary government's weak control outside Kabul.
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil
Sanandaj Revolt
Kurdish unrest grows in Sanandaj as local groups challenge the authority of the new revolutionary state
Peace Treaty
The Israeli Parliament approves a peace Treaty with Egypt
Peace Treaty
Signs the Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty in Washington with Menachem Begin.
Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty
Signs the peace treaty establishing diplomatic relations and phased Israeli withdrawal from Sinai.
Camp David Agreement
The Camp David peace Treaty is signed by Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin and Egyptian President Anwar Sadat at the White House
Peace Treaty
The Camp David peace Treaty is signed by Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin and Egyptian President Anwar Sadat at the White House
Peace Treaty
Signs a Peace Treaty with Egypt in Washington
Prime Minister of Afghanistan
Amin becomes prime minister while Taraki remains head of state and PDPA general secretary.
Peace Treaty
The Egyptian Parliament unanimously approves a peace Treaty with Israel
No Confidence Vote
Faces the Commons defeat that brings down James Callaghan's Labour government.
Election
The Government loses a confidence motion by 1 vote. Forced to call a general election
Vote of Confidence
The Government loses a confidence motion by 1 vote
First Gravitational Lens
Co-discovers Q0957+561, the first confirmed gravitationally lensed quasar.
HSCA Final Report
The committee submitted its final report, preserving its findings on Oswald, possible conspiracy, Cuba-related allegations, and the performance of federal agencies.
Assassination of Airey Neave
Killed by a car bomb in the House of Commons
Death of Airey Neave
Death of Airey Neave, assassinated
Islamic Republic Referendum
Voting begins in a national referendum on replacing the monarchy with an Islamic Republic
Islamic Republic Referendum
Voting begins in a referendum on replacing the monarchy with an Islamic Republic
Referendum
A national referendum begins on replacing the monarchy with an Islamic Republic
The Staircase Chart Entry
The Staircase Mystery enters the Official Singles Chart and reaches number twenty-four.
Islamic Republic Referendum
Bazargan's provisional government administers the referendum on creating an Islamic Republic
Arab League
The Arab League suspends Egypt following its Treaty with Israel
Treaty Negotiations
The Arab League suspends Egypt following its Treaty with Israel
Arab League
Faces Egypt's suspension from the Arab League after signing peace with Israel.
Friday Prayer
Taleghani becomes a leading revolutionary cleric and mediator in the early Islamic Republic
General
Appointed General Secretary of the Arab League
HSCA Rejects Oswald FBI Informant Allegation
The House Select Committee reported that it found no credible evidence that Oswald had been an FBI informant, despite unresolved concerns about record handling.
Anti-Castro Group Finding Context
The HSCA's final findings did not identify anti-Castro Cuban groups as organizational participants in Kennedy's assassination, despite reviewing militant networks that included MIRR.
Anti-Castro Group Finding
Finds anti-Castro Cuban groups were not involved as groups.
Cuban Government Finding
Finds the Cuban government was not involved in the assassination.
FBI CIA Finding
Finds the FBI and CIA were not involved in the assassination.
Fatal Shot Finding
Concludes Oswald's third shot killed President Kennedy.
Investigation Criticism
Criticizes earlier investigation of possible conspiracy as inadequate.
Organized Crime Finding
Finds organized crime as a group was not involved.
Oswald Three Shots Finding
Concludes Lee Harvey Oswald fired three shots at President Kennedy.
Probable Conspiracy Finding
Finds Kennedy was probably assassinated as a result of conspiracy.
Second Gunman Finding
Cites acoustical evidence suggesting a high probability of two gunmen.
Secret Service Finding
Finds the Secret Service was not involved in the assassination.
Soviet Government Finding
Finds the Soviet government was not involved in the assassination.
HSCA Final Report
Presents the committee's final findings to Congress.
Metis Discovery
Identifies the small inner Jovian moon Metis in Voyager imagery.
Jupiter Clouds
Leads Voyager imaging studies revealing detailed structures in Jupiter's belts, zones and storms.
Io Sulfur-Rich Surface
Voyager colour imagery reveals extensive sulfur-rich deposits and varied volcanic terrain across Io.
Valhalla Basin Imaging
Voyager imagery reveals the vast multi-ring Valhalla impact structure on Callisto.
Pele Volcanic Plume
Analysis of Voyager 1 imagery identifies the towering volcanic plume associated with Pele on Io.
Europa Young Icy Surface
Voyager images show a bright, sparsely cratered Europan surface crossed by long fractures.
Great Red Spot Close Imaging
Voyager 1 obtains detailed images of the Great Red Spot and surrounding turbulent cloud motions.
Jupiter Ring Discovery
Voyager 1 imagery reveals the faint ring encircling Jupiter.
Jupiter Magnetic Field
Voyager magnetometer measurements map Jupiter's powerful magnetic field.
Jupiter Aurora Observations
Voyager instruments record ultraviolet emissions associated with Jupiter's powerful auroral regions.
Jupiter Plasma
Voyager plasma measurements characterize charged particles in Jupiter's magnetosphere.
Io-Jupiter Electrical Interaction
Voyager radio observations show strong electrodynamic coupling between Io and Jupiter's magnetic environment.
Jupiter Radio Emissions
Voyager radio measurements study Jupiter's intense natural radio emissions.
Jupiter Magnetosphere
Voyager energetic-particle instruments map Jupiter's magnetosphere and radiation environment.
Ganymede Grooved Terrain
Voyager imagery reveals extensive grooved terrain on Ganymede, demonstrating a complex geological history.
Jupiter Lightning Discovery
Voyager observations detect lightning in Jupiter's atmosphere, demonstrating powerful electrical storms.
Guerrilla Warfare
Begin guerrilla operations along the Thai border
Prime Minister of Canada
Returns to power after the 1980 federal election.
Junta Member Takes Office
Duarte joins the Revolutionary Government Junta during the civil war crisis
Independence Election Victory
ZANU-PF wins 57 of the 80 common-roll parliamentary seats.
Appointment as Prime Minister
Mugabe is appointed Prime Minister after ZANU-PF's election victory.
Appointment as Prime Minister
Mugabe is appointed Prime Minister following the election result.
Coalition with ZAPU
Mugabe includes ZAPU representatives in the first independence government.
Election Victory Announced
ZANU-PF wins the largest share of seats in the independence election.
Formation of First Government
Mugabe begins forming Zimbabwe's first majority-rule government.
Constitution of Zimbabwe
After a campaign marked by intimidation from all sides, mistrust from security forces and reports of full ballot boxes found on the road, the Shona majority is decisive in electing Mugabe to head the first Government as Prime Minister
Election
After a campaign marked by intimidation from all sides, mistrust from security forces and reports of full ballot boxes found on the road, the Shona majority is decisive in electing Mugabe to head the first Government as Prime Minister
Election
ZANU allies itself with the Zimbabwe African Peoples Union (ZAPU) in the Patriotic Front (PF), the two parties adopting the names ZANU-PF and PF-ZAPU respectively, but they split after achieving majority rule.
Election
ZANU win 57 out of 80 Common Roll seats in the new Parliament, with the 20 white seats all going to the Rhodesian Front.
Completion of Nubian Campaign
M'Bow marks completion of the twenty-year international campaign to save Nubian monuments.
First Premiership Ends
Somare leaves office after his first period as Prime Minister
Prime Minister Takes Office
Julius Chan becomes Prime Minister after Somare loses parliamentary support
Credit Control Program
With presidential approval, the Federal Reserve imposes a broad credit-control program that includes special reserve requirements and restraints intended to curb rapidly expanding credit and inflationary pressures.
Coup
Admits that the Government have crushed a plot against him
Pink Floyd
"Dark Side Of The Moon" breaks the record for the longest stay on the Billboard Top 100
Pink Floyd
"Dark Side Of The Moon" breaks the record for the longest stay on the Billboard Top 100
Budget
Geoffrey Howe delivers the 1980 Budget with tax increases and plans for public spending restraint.
Budget
The 1980 Budget raises a range of duties and announces reductions in planned public expenditure.
Medium Term Financial Strategy
Howe sets out the Medium Term Financial Strategy alongside the 1980 Budget, establishing targets for monetary growth and public borrowing.
Public Spending
Howe announces reductions in planned public expenditure during the March 1980 Budget.
Medium Term Financial Strategy
Backs the Treasury's medium-term approach to inflation control.
Duke
Plays keyboards on Duke as Genesis balances progressive writing with shorter songs.
Economy of Japan
Japan has a record trade deficit of $14.4 billion
Monetary Control Act
Carter signs the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act, extending Federal Reserve reserve requirements to all depository institutions and requiring priced access to many Federal Reserve services.
Death of James Cleveland Jesse Owens
Death of James Cleveland "Jesse" Owens
Budget Debate Schedule
Sets out the Commons programme surrounding the March Budget, including continuation of the Budget debate and other government and opposition business.
Government
Announces plan to cut federal employment by 37,000
Government
Announces plan to link welfare benits to work requirements
President of Chile
Begins the constitutional presidential period established by the 1980 Constitution.
Government
The US will send 15 Green Berets to El Salvador as military advisers
Face Dances Album
Release Face Dances with Kenney Jones on drums.
Arrest of Maria Estela Martinez Cartas de Peron
Arrested for 8 yrs for corruption
Maastricht European Council
Represents newly admitted Greece at its first year of European Council participation.
Canvey Island Planning Inquiry
Addresses the Commons concerning the Canvey Island planning inquiry.
Provisional Constitutional Order
Zia issues a Provisional Constitutional Order requiring judges to take a new oath.
Social Democratic Party Launch
Helps launch the Social Democratic Party as a centrist alternative to Labour.
SDP Launch
Helps launch the Social Democratic Party with other Labour defectors.
Solidarity
Solidarity holds a 4 hour national strike
Strike
Solidarity holds a 4 hour national strike
Strike
Solidarity holds a 4 hour national strike
President of Argentina
Appointed de facto President of Argentina after Jorge Rafael Videla
Assassination of President Reagan
Wounded alongside President Reagan in an assassination attempt
Government
Attempts to assassinate President Reagan. Arrested for shooting President Reagan & 2 of his aides
Government
President Reagan & 3 aides are shot in an assassination attempt in Washington
First to Fourth Martens Governments
The First to Fourth Martens Governments ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Greater London Council Housing Transfer
Takes part in Commons proceedings on transfer of Greater London Council housing.
Minister of Education
Serves as Minister of Education before becoming prime minister under Mohammad Ali Rajai
Revolution of Iran
Bahonar backs revolutionary cultural policy aimed at removing secular influence from universities
Solidarity
The militia beats up Solidarity borough council members & provokes a strike
Strike
The militia beats up Solidarity borough council members & provokes a strike
Twenty-Sixth Congress Leadership Confirmation
The Communist Party leadership is reconfirmed after the Twenty-Sixth Congress.
British and Argentine deputy Foreign Minister's issue a joint communique praising the
British and Argentine deputy Foreign Minister's issue a joint communique praising the cordial and positive spirit of sovereignty discussions held in New York
British and Argentine deputy Foreign Ministers issue a joint communique praising the
British and Argentine deputy Foreign Ministers issue a joint communique praising the cordial and positive spirit of sovereignty discussions held in New York
Joint Communique
Issues a cordial communique after talks with Argentina.
Venera 13 Colour Images
Venera 13 returns colour panoramas of the Venusian surface and analyses nearby soil.
Venera 13 Landing
Venera 13 lands on Venus and begins an exceptionally productive surface science session.
Argentine Foreign Minister says that Argentina reserves the right to employ
The Argentine Foreign Minister says that Argentina reserves the right to employ other means if Britain keeps refusing to cede sovereignty
Foreign Policy Statement at London
The Argentine Foreign Minister says that Argentina reserves the right to employ other means if Britain keeps refusing to cede sovereignty
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
MP Julian Amery asks if all necessary steps are in hand to ensure the protection of the Islands against unexpected attack but receives an evasive reply
Parliamentary Question
Questions whether the Falklands are protected against surprise attack.
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
MP Julian Amery asks if all necessary steps are in hand to ensure the protection of the Islands against unexpected attack but receives an evasive reply
Fitzcarraldo
Directs Fitzcarraldo.
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
Foreign Secretary Lord Carrington refuses to send a submarine to patrol off the Islands and South Georgia
Venera 14 Landing
Venera 14 lands on Venus and returns further images and direct measurements of surface material.
Invasion of Falklands
Hercules aircraft operated by Argentine military airline LADE,on a mail run to an Antarctic base, lands at Stanley Airport, falsely claiming a fuel leak, and carrying senior Argentine officers who survey Stanley
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
Hercules aircraft operated by Argentine military airline LADE,on a mail run to an Antarctic base, lands at Stanley Airport, falsely claiming a fuel leak, and carrying senior Argentine officers who survey Stanley
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
Thatcher asks the Foreign Office and Ministry of Defence for contingency plans in case of an Argentine blockade or invasion of the Islands
Contingency Planning
Requests contingency plans for a possible Argentine blockade or invasion.
Bryukhanov Fifty Billion Kilowatt Hours
Records another production milestone as the plant reaches fifty billion kilowatt-hours of generated electricity.
Second Taoiseach Term
Returns as Taoiseach for a short second administration.
Expanded United States Trade Restrictions
Washington prohibits Libyan oil imports and restricts strategic exports to Libya.
United States Oil Embargo
The United States bans Libyan oil imports and exports of oil-industry technology.
Purchase of Trident II
Thatcher receives American confirmation that Britain can modernize its nuclear deterrent with Trident II
Sale of Trident II
Reagan confirms American readiness to sell Trident II systems to the United Kingdom
Liverpool Urban Policy
Addresses Commons questions on Liverpool and inner-city policy.
Vacant and Derelict Land
Addresses Commons questions on vacant and derelict land.
Invasion of South Georgia
Davidoff sends 40 workmen on naval vessel Bahia Buen Suceso to dismantle Leith whaling station, the workmen fail to ask permission to land from the British Antarctic Survey base at Grytviken and hoist the Argentine flag
Invasion of South Georgia
Davidoff sends 40 workmen on naval vessel Bahia Buen Suceso to dismantle Leith whaling station, the workmen fail to ask permission to land from the British Antarctic Survey base at Grytviken and hoist the Argentine flag
South Georgia Crisis
Argentine workers land at Leith and raise an Argentine flag.
South Georgia Deployment
Leads a small Argentine military detachment accompanying the scrap-metal party at Leith Harbour.
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
Davidoff sends 40 workmen on naval vessel Bahia Buen Suceso to dismantle Leith whaling station, the workmen fail to ask permission to land from the British Antarctic Survey base at Grytviken and hoist the Argentine flag
Invasion of South Georgia
Davidoff sends 40 workmen on naval vessel Bahia Buen Suceso to dismantle Leith whaling station, the workmen fail to ask permission to land from the British Antarctic Survey base at Grytviken and hoist the Argentine flag
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
Carrington says a diplomatic solution is being pursued
Foreign Policy Statement at Falkland Islands
Carrington says a diplomatic solution is being pursued
States that Britain is pursuing a diplomatic settlement
States that Britain is pursuing a diplomatic settlement.
Death of Harry H Corbett
Death of Harry "H" Corbett
Capture of Khorramshahr
Iran recaptures Khorramshar
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
British Foreign Secretary Carrington asks US Secretary of State Alexander Haig to intercede with the Argentine junta in an attempt to avoid military action
British Foreign Secretary Carrington asks US Secretary of State Alexander Haig to
British Foreign Secretary Carrington asks US Secretary of State Alexander Haig to intercede with the Argentine junta in an attempt to avoid military action
Haig Mediation
Asks Alexander Haig to intercede with Argentina.
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
Britain begins contingency planning for the sending of a task force to the Islands
British Foreign Secretaty Carrington asks US Secretary of State Alexander Haig to
British Foreign Secretaty Carrington asks US Secretary of State Alexander Haig to intercede with the Argentine junta in an attempt to avoid military action
Invasion of Falklands
British Foreign Secretaty Carrington asks US Secretary of State Alexander Haig to intercede with the Argentine junta in an attempt to avoid military action
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
The Joint Intelligence Committee reports an invasion seems imminent, Thatcher orders 3 nuclear submarines south to the Islands
Submarine Deployment
Orders nuclear submarines south as invasion fears grow.
Brussels European Council
Represents Greece as leaders consider economic recovery and Community budget questions.
Invasion of Falklands
Violent anti-Government riots occur across Argentina. The Junta takes final decision to invade the Islands on 2 April
Junta Invasion Decision
Participates in the junta decision that commits Argentina to the military seizure of the islands.
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
At a crisis meeting headed by Thatcher, First Sea Lord Admiral Sir Henry Leach advises that Britain can and should send a task force if the islands are invaded.
3 Commando Brigade Mobilization
Includes 3 Commando Brigade Royal Marines in the force package required to recover the Falkland Islands.
Acting Defence Staff Bypass
Chooses to take his naval assessment directly to ministers rather than leave the issue with the acting Chief of the Defence Staff.
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
Chief of the Naval Staff Admiral Sir Henry Leach advises a crisis meeting headed by Margaret Thatcher that Britain could and should send a task force if the islands are invaded.
Ark Royal Availability
Explains that the former aircraft carrier Ark Royal is no longer available and that the new carrier of that name will not be ready for years.
Chief of Defence Staff Absence
Acts during the crisis while Chief of the Defence Staff Admiral Sir Terence Lewin is returning from an official visit to New Zealand.
Defence Secretary Search
Goes to find Defence Secretary John Nott after deciding that the government's current operational advice understates what the Navy can do.
Fleet Readiness Call
Telephones Commander-in-Chief Fleet Admiral John Fieldhouse to establish the readiness of the fleet before pressing the case for a South Atlantic operation.
Full Dress Uniform Intervention
Arrives at the Falklands crisis meeting in full naval uniform after returning from a Portsmouth engagement, making a conspicuous intervention in the discussion.
HMS Fearless Requirement
Includes the assault ship HMS Fearless among the amphibious capabilities needed for a force capable of retaking the islands.
HMS Hermes Requirement
Identifies HMS Hermes as one of the two aircraft carriers required for the expeditionary force being assembled for the South Atlantic.
HMS Intrepid Requirement
Includes the assault ship HMS Intrepid among the amphibious capabilities required for the projected South Atlantic campaign.
HMS Invincible Requirement
Identifies HMS Invincible as one of the two aircraft carriers required to provide air cover for the projected Falklands operation.
House of Commons Intervention
Follows John Nott to the House of Commons and seeks admission to the ministerial meeting considering the Falklands crisis.
Intelligence Brief Review
Reviews intelligence material indicating that an Argentine invasion of the Falkland Islands is becoming imminent.
National Credibility Warning
Argues that failing to respond effectively to the seizure of the islands would seriously diminish Britain's international credibility.
National Mobilization Requirement
Warns that mounting the operation will require a major national effort extending beyond the ships immediately available to the Royal Navy.
Naval Response Judgment
Concludes that if Argentina occupies the islands the Royal Navy should be used to recover them rather than accept the occupation as irreversible.
Operational Brief Review
Finds the operational advice circulating in the Ministry of Defence excessively pessimistic about Britain's ability to respond to an Argentine occupation.
Operational Risk Assessment
Describes the proposed attempt to recover the Falklands as an operation involving considerable risk but judges that the risk should be taken.
Royal Fleet Auxiliary Mobilization
Includes Royal Fleet Auxiliary ships as an essential part of the fuel, stores, transport, and replenishment system for the task force.
Sea Harrier Mobilization
Calls for all operational Sea Harriers that can be made available to support the carrier force sent toward the Falklands.
South Atlantic Transit Estimate
Explains that the force would require about three weeks, rather than a few days, to reach the South Atlantic operating area.
Surface Fleet Mobilization
Plans to draw heavily on the operational surface fleet to provide escorts and combat power for the South Atlantic force.
Task Force Assembly Authority
Receives Margaret Thatcher's authority to begin assembling the naval task force after giving his assessment of the operation's feasibility.
Task Force Mobilization Estimate
Advises that a naval task force can be mobilized to sail within roughly 48 hours despite the scale of the emergency.
Two-Carrier Air Cover Plan
Judges that the Falklands can still be recovered using the two available small aircraft carriers to provide naval air cover.
Thatcher telegraphs American President Ronald Reagan asking him to warn the Argentines
Thatcher telegraphs American President Ronald Reagan asking him to warn the Argentines off
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
Governor Rex Hunt is informed Britain believes Argentina is planning a submarine landing on the Islands as a means of increasing pressure over South Georgia
Invasion Warning
Is warned that an Argentine landing may be imminent.
Robben Island Imprisonment Ends
Leaves Robben Island after eighteen years of imprisonment.
Transfer to Pollsmoor Prison
Is transferred from Robben Island to Pollsmoor Prison.
Death of Randy Rhoads
Death of Rhandy Rhoads, killed in an air-crash
European Cup Quarter-Final
Barton guides Villa past Dynamo Kyiv after replacing Ron Saunders.
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
BBC journalist Laurie Margolis was able to speak with an islander at Goose Green via amateur radio, who confirmed the presence of a large Argentine fleet and that Argentine forces had taken control of the island
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
The invasion met a nominal defence organised by the Falkland Islands Governor Sir Rex Hunt, giving command to Major Mike Norman of the Royal Marines
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
Operation Corporate is the codename given to the British military operations in the Falklands War, the commander of task force operations is Admiral Sir John Fieldhouse
Operation Corporate
Operation Corporate is the codename given to the British military operations in the Falklands War, the commander of task force operations is Admiral Sir John Fieldhouse
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
The invasion met a nominal defence organised by the Falkland Islands Governor Sir Rex Hunt, giving command to Major Mike Norman of the Royal Marines
Conservative Party Split
Sees right-wing National Party dissidents form the Conservative Party.
Right-Wing Nationalists Leave
Consolidates control after opponents reject his reform proposals.
Iraqi Oil Pipeline
Syria closes Iraqs 400,000 barrels per day oil export line
Syria closes Iraqs 400,000 barrels per day oil export line
Syria closes Iraqs 400,000 barrels per day oil export line
Cruise Missile Dual-key Costs
Answers Commons questions on the estimated cost of a British dual-key control arrangement for cruise missiles.
Governor-General Takes Office
Kingsford Dibela becomes Governor-General of Papua New Guinea
Government
Calls the USSR "an evil Empire"
Cold Test
PAEC conducts a non-nuclear cold test associated with Pakistan's developing weapons program at the Kirana Hills.
Budget
The 1983 Budget raises personal tax allowances substantially and removes many people from income-tax liability.
Income Tax
The 1983 Budget raises income-tax allowances by 14 percent and removes a substantial number of people from income-tax liability.
Auf Wiedersehen, Pet
Rises to fame playing Leonard Jeffrey Oz Osborne in Auf Wiedersehen, despite having no acting experience whatsoever (he had appeared as an extra in the movie Get Carter)
BAFTA
Roger Waters receives a BAFTA award for "Another Brick In The Wall Part II"
Film
Roger Waters receives a BAFTA award for "Another Brick In The Wall Part II"
BAFTA
Roger Waters receives a BAFTA award for "Another Brick In The Wall Part II"
Pink Floyd
"The Final Cut" is released
Pink Floyd
The last Waters-Gilmour-Mason collaboration, The Final Cut, is released
The Final Cut
Pink Floyd release The Final Cut, the final album of the Waters-led period
Chairman
Macgregor is named as the Chairman of the NCB
Government
Outlines his Strategic Defence Initiative to defend the US & allies
Nuclear Power
Outlines his Strategic Defence Initiative to defend the US & allies
SALT
President Reagans introduction of the Strategic Defence Initiative program in 1983 was viewed as a threat by the Soviet Union, and the Soviets withdrew from setting a timetable for further negotiations
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the National Coal Board
NCB Chairmanship Appointment
Ian MacGregor was chosen to lead the National Coal Board after having chaired British Steel.
MacGregor Selected For NCB
The government selected MacGregor as National Coal Board chairman after his controversial work at British Steel.
Government
Reagan halts sale of F-16 fighters to Israel until its troops withdraw from Lebanon
Non-Aligned Summit
India hosts the seventh Non-Aligned Movement summit and Indira Gandhi becomes chair of the movement.
Retirement
Retires from public life
Commander of Armed Forces
Appointed Commander of the Armed Forces
President of Israel
Chaim Herzog is elected as the 6th president of Israel and served for 10 years
Strike
The NCB announce closure of Cortonwood in Yorkshire sparking off the Miners Strike
Cortonwood Closure Announcement
The Coal Board announced plans affecting Cortonwood Colliery and triggered protests among Yorkshire miners.
NCB Cortonwood Decision
Plans to close Cortonwood Colliery became an immediate cause of the 1984 miners strike.
Cortonwood Closure Conflict
The accelerated closure of Cortonwood Colliery helped trigger the nationwide miners dispute.
Strike
Miners strike in South Yorkshire and some Scottish pits
Strike
The National Coal Board announces plans to cut coal output by 4 million tons to stem annual loss of $340 million a year. National Union of Mineworkers say this will mean closing 20 pits and loss of 20,000 jobs
About Face
Dave Gilmour releases his second solo album, "About Face", co-written with Pete Townshend
About Face
Dave Gilmour releases his second solo album, "About Face", co-written with Pete Townshend
Defence Estimates
Answers a parliamentary question concerning the Statement on the Defence Estimates.
Strike
Cortonwood colliery strikes over closure plans
Cancellation of May 17 Agreement
The Lebanese government cancels the 17 May 1983 agreement with Israel after Syrian opposition and domestic political pressure prevent implementation of the planned reciprocal withdrawal arrangements.
Yorkshire NUM Walkouts
Yorkshire miners began industrial action in response to proposed closures of local pits.
Pit Closures
Has a meeting with the NUM & announces there will be 20 pit closures
Miners' Strike
Faces the start of the national miners' strike.
Strike
Miners strike in South Yorkshire and some Scottish pits
Strike
The National Coal Board announces plans to cut coal output by 4 million tons to stem annual loss of $340 million a year. National Union of Mineworkers say this will mean closing 20 pits and loss of 20,000 jobs
Coal Output Reduction
The Board proposed reducing annual coal output by about four million tonnes amid plans for colliery closures.
Twenty Colliery Closures
The proposed closure of roughly twenty mines prompted miners to mobilise against extensive job losses.
NCB Production Cuts
Coal Board management proposed a reduction in production capacity and closure of high cost pits.
NCB Closure Opposition
Arthur Scargill publicly opposed the Board's proposed reduction in coal output and mine closures.
Scottish NUM Action
Scottish miners joined industrial action during the initial spread of the national coal dispute.
MacGregor Announces Output Cuts
The Coal Board proposed cutting output and closing pits it regarded as uneconomic.
Strike
The NUM executive backs nationwide strikes
Strike
The NUM National Executive supports Yorkshire & Scotland without a national ballot
NUM Executive Endorses Strike
The NUM national executive supported action in areas already on strike as the dispute broadened.
Strike
Durham and Kent coalfields join the strike
Ministry of Defence Organisation
Makes and defends proposals concerning organisation of the Ministry of Defence.
Strike
81 pits are out but 83 work normally
Strike
The National Coal Board says Britain has 23 million tons of coal in stock with another 24 million at the power stations
Strike
Union moderates call for a national strike ballot
Strike
National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) chief Arthur Scargill unites various strikes into nationwide industrial action, without a ballot
Strike
The beginning of the Miners Strike, during the 1st day 100 pits are closed down
Coal Stocks Assessment
The government and National Coal Board emphasised large coal reserves as industrial action spread across coalfields.
Coal Strike Begins
The Coal Board faced widespread stoppages as the strike moved beyond individual Yorkshire pits.
NCB Stockpile Position
The Board cited coal stocks at mines and power stations as part of its assessment of the strike.
Welsh Coalfield Strike
Miners in South Wales participated in the strike against coal closures and loss of jobs.
NUM Strike Without National Ballot
The union supported area based strike action without conducting a single national vote of all members.
MacGregor Faces Miners Strike
Nationwide industrial action challenged the chairmans restructuring plans in March 1984.
Nottinghamshire Flying Pickets
Pickets from other coalfields travelled to working Nottinghamshire collieries hoping to persuade miners to stop work.
Defence Expenditure
Addresses Commons questions on defence expenditure.
Falkland Islands Defence
Addresses Commons questions concerning defence of the Falkland Islands.
Trident Programme
Addresses Commons questions concerning the Trident programme.
Strike
The High Court orders miners leaders to stop backing roving pickets
Strike
Violent picketing shuts down more mines. 132 pits shut. Some 136,000 of Britain's 175,000 miners now on strike
Bishop
Nominated as Bishop of Durham
Mine Access Injunction
The Coal Board sought legal relief against some forms of mass picketing during the dispute.
NCB Picketing Litigation
NCB legal action sought to restrain forms of flying picketing around working pits.
MacGregor Seeks Legal Protection
The Coal Board resorted to courts as mass picketing affected access to some working collieries.
Strike
the flying pickets outside Ollerton colliery
Ollerton Picket Death
Miner David Jones died after an incident during picketing at Ollerton in Nottinghamshire.
Strike
The Government dispatches 3,000 extra police to the Midlands
Accords of Nkomati
Mozambique & South Africa end hostilities. 1st agreement signed between South Africa & a black nation
Nkomati Accord
Signs a non-aggression accord with Mozambique.
Non-Aggression Agreement with Mozambique
Seeks limits on cross-border support for armed opposition movements.
Accords of Nkomati
Mozambique & South Africa end hostilities
Strike
The Midlands, Northeast and Northwest miners vote against strike
Strike
The Midlands, Northeast and Northwest miners vote against strike
Strike
Some 8,000 police guard mines roadblocks across Midlands in the biggest police operation in a labor dispute since the 1926 general strike
Strike
Some 8,000 police guard mines roadblocks across Midlands in the biggest police operation in a labor dispute since the 1926 general strike
Nottinghamshire Police Roadblocks
Police deployments and roadblocks restricted the movement of flying pickets approaching Nottinghamshire collieries.
Death of John Winston Lennon
An opening ceremony is held for Strawberry Fields, an area in New York Citys Central Park dedicated to John Lennon
Strawberry Fields
An opening ceremony is held for Strawberry Fields, an area in New York Citys Central Park dedicated to John Lennon
Territorial Army Expansion
Announces a further phase of plans to expand and reorganise the Territorial Army.
Death of Ahmed Sekou Toure
Death of Ahmed Sekou Toure
Bryukhanov Unit Four Full Power
Leads the station when Unit 4 reaches its 1,000-megawatt design output more than three months ahead of schedule.
Strike
The Kent NUM loses its case against the Government. The Kent NUM challenge the Governments right to turn away pickets
Strike
Sets up a special committee to deal with the Miners Strike
Capture of Majnoon Islands
Iran captures Iraqs oil-rich Majnoon Islands
Capture of Majnoon Islands
Iran captures Iraqs oil-rich Majnoon Islands
Government
The mainly US Multi-National Force is forced out of Beirut
Strike
Closes down a Yorkshire colliery, 55,000 miners go on strike
Constitution of Uruguay
Restores constitutional government after the civic-military dictatorship
Economy of Uruguay
Makes reduction of the foreign debt one of the main economic objectives of his first government
Inauguration
Sworn in as President of Uruguay with a five-year term
President of Uruguay
Appointed President of Uruguay, first term
Constitution Restoration Order
The government begins restoring the 1973 Constitution with substantial amendments.
Strike
Delegates at an NUM conference decide 98 to 91 to end the strike
Strike
The year long miners strike is called off
NCB Strike Conclusion
The National Union of Mineworkers voted to call off the dispute without an agreement on closures.
NUM End Strike Vote
Delegates decided by ninety eight votes to ninety one to end the yearlong stoppage.
MacGregor Oversees Strike End
The NUM called off industrial action without obtaining an agreed programme of colliery closures.
Nottinghamshire Strike Ending
The national strike ended while Nottinghamshire remained divided over the years events.
Strike
The year long miners strike is called off
Miners Return To Work
Miners began an organised return to the pits after NUM delegates voted to end the stoppage.
NCB Resumes Operations
After the strike ended the Board restored operations at affected coal mines amid continued industrial tensions.
NUM Pickets Return
Miners returned to their pits after the union conference ended the dispute without a closure settlement.
Death of Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko
Death of Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko, dies of emphysema age 73
General
The Politburo vote to appoint Gorbachev as Chernenkos successor. Appointed President of Russia. Appointed General Secretary of the Communist Party
Politburo
1st at the politburo meeting to propose Gorbachev as a replacement for Chernenko
President of Russia
Appointed President of the Supreme Soviet
President of Russia
Supports the proposal for Gorbachev as a replacement for Chernenko
Burial
Attends Chernenkos funeral in Moscow
General
The Communist Party plenum ratify Gorbachevs succession
Burial
Burial of Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko, 3rd Russian leader buried in 2 1/2 yrs
Burial
Leads the funeral procession
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil after Tancredo Neves was unable to take office
Siege of Basra
Iran attempts to ford the Tigris, Iraq fights off the offensive
Siege of Basra
Iraq fights off the offensive during the heaviest Battle yetw. Iran attempts to ford the Tigris
Prime Minister of Pakistan
Muhammad Khan Junejo becomes Prime Minister after non-party elections.
Walker Plays Wembley League Cup Final
Walker plays in the Sunderland side beaten 1โ0 by Norwich City in the League Cup final, the club's first appearance in that competition's final.
Birth of Keira Christina Knightley
Birth of Keira Christina Knightley
Privatization
Agrees to the total privatization of British Gas
Brussels European Council
Represents Greece as leaders prepare for treaty reform and completion of the internal market.
Constitution of Great Britain
Signs the Australia Bill in severing constitutional ties with Britain
Legislation
Signs the Australia Bill in severing constitutional ties with Britain
Constitution of Great Britain
Signs the Australia Bill in severing constitutional ties with Britain
Independence of Australia
Signs the Australia Bill in severing constitutional ties with Britain
Independence of Great Britain
Signs the Australia Bill in severing constitutional ties with Britain
1st Colour Pictures
Today becomes the 1st national daily to carry colour pictures
European Community Debate
Speaks in a Commons debate on the European Community while continuing his long-standing opposition to supranational European integration.
Emergency Lifted
Allows the 1985 state of emergency to lapse.
Partial Emergency Ends
The respite from emergency rule lasts only several months.
Death of Ray Milland
Death of Ray Milland
Loss of Bases
Key border bases lost to Vietnamese operations
Soyuz T-15 Launch
Launches aboard Soyuz T-15 with Vladimir Solovyov to begin the first crewed expedition to the Mir space station.
First Crew Boards Mir
Enters Mir with Leonid Kizim, becoming part of the first resident crew to activate and commission the new orbital station.
Military Aid
The Contra Aid Bill for $300 million for Nicaraguan rebels is rejected by Congress
Gulf of Sidra Clash
United States and Libyan forces clash over Libya's maritime claim in the Gulf of Sidra.
Government
Libyan missiles are fired at US aircraftin the Gulf of Sirte
Government
$20 million in military aid to Honduras is approved by Congress
Resignation of Bettino Craxi
Resigns after 3 1/2 yrs in office, the longest Government in Italy since World War II
League Cup Semi-Final Replay Winner
Scores the late winner against Tottenham Hotspur in the League Cup semi-final replay at White Hart Lane.
Iran-Contra Affair
Addresses the Nation on the Iran Contra affair
Third Taoiseach Term
Returns for a third period as Taoiseach after the 1987 general election.
Oxford Chancellorship
Is elected Chancellor of the University of Oxford, serving until his death.
Constitution of Czechoslovakia
Announces similar reforms to those by Gorbachev in Russia
Visit to Georgia
Visits Georgia
Visit to Russia & is allowed to see the
Appears on Russian TV. 23 March-2 April, visits Russia & is allowed to see the streets & shops
Fomin Trial Scheduled
Is scheduled to stand trial on 24 March 1987 with other Chernobyl officials accused of responsibility for the accident.
World Record
Vincent van Goghs Sunflowers sell for $39.85 million, more than triple the record for an auctioned painting
Kvant-1 Module Launch
Oversees Mir preparations as the Kvant-1 astrophysics module launches toward the station to expand its scientific capabilities.
Chairman Joint Chiefs
Akhtar leaves the ISI and becomes Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee while the Afghan war continues.
Fomin Suicide Attempt Before Trial
Attempts suicide before the trial by cutting his wrists with broken glass from his spectacles.
Fomin Trial Postponement
Has the start of his trial postponed after the suicide attempt raises concerns about his mental and physical condition.
Constitution of Russia
Pravda announces larger constituencies & more candidates than seats in local elections
Election
Pravda uses the word "democracy" for "multi-candidate" elections
Election
Pravda announces larger constituencies & more candidates than seats in local elections
Pravda
Pravda uses the word "democracy" for "multi-candidate" elections
Pravda
Pravda announces larger constituencies & more candidates than seats in local elections
Massacre
Takes place in Azerbaijan after a conflict with Muslim Azerbaijanis
Massacre
Takes place in Azerbaijan after a conflict with Muslim Azerbaijanis
Liberal Democrats
Becomes a Liberal Democrat peer after the SDP and Liberals merge.
Peace Initiative
Presents an initiative for Arab-Israeli negotiations and transitional Palestinian self-government.
Appointment as First State Commissioner
Mobutu appoints Sambwa Pida Nbagui to lead the government.
Halabja Chemical Attack
Iraqi forces use chemical weapons against Halabja during the Iran-Iraq War, killing large numbers of civilians.
IRS-1A
U. R. Rao oversees the launch of IRS-1A, beginning India's operational remote-sensing satellite series.
Candle Demonstration
Helps organise a major peaceful religious rights protest.
Final United States Concert
Performs at Nassau Coliseum in what becomes his final concert in the United States.
Secretary of State for Defence
Appointed Minister of Defence
Geneva Negotiations
Zain Noorani leads Pakistan's delegation in the final phase of United Nations-sponsored negotiations on a Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan.
Intifada, 1st
Supports political organization and civil resistance during the First Intifada.
Demonstrations
Crowds of Azeris rampage through the city of Sumgait, at least 32 Armenians are killed
Beer Prohibition Ends
Iceland ends its long-standing prohibition on beer, allowing legal domestic sale of stronger beer for the first time since 1915.
Governor-General Takes Office
Ignatius Kilage becomes Governor-General of Papua New Guinea
Deputy President
Appointed Deputy President of the African National Congress
Martial Law
Li Peng's government declares martial law in Lhasa after several days of unrest.
Troop Deployment in Lhasa
Security forces reinforce Lhasa as martial law restrictions take effect.
Reballion of Rebels in Tashkent
A demonstration of 10,000 in Tashkent wish to make Uzbek their state language
Reballion of Rebels in Tashkent
A demonstration of 10,000 in Tashkent wish to make Uzbek their state language
Broadcast
Makes a television broadcast confessing to adultery
Scandal
Makes a television broadcast confessing to adultery
Elections
Oversees National Assembly elections during gradual institutional reform
Moscow People's Deputy Election
Wins election as a USSR People's Deputy in Moscow with overwhelming support.
Moscow Electoral Landslide
Wins more than ninety percent of the vote in his Moscow district during elections to the Congress of People's Deputies.
Constitution of Russia
Yeltsins presence in the Supreme Soviets Chamber of Peoples Deputies provided a focus for the reformist minority, the legislature becomes a more pluralist body than Gorbachev intends. The March 1989 election of the Congress of Peoples Deputies marked the first time that voters of the Soviet Union ever chose the membership of a national legislative body
Constitution of Russia
The USSR Supreme Soviet is replaced by the USSR Congress of Peoples Deputies
Election
The March 1989 election of the Congress of Peoples Deputies marked the first time that voters of the Soviet Union ever chose the membership of a national legislative body. Fails to support Yeltsin against the conservatives, leads to Gorbachevs downfall. Elections for the Congress of Peoples Deputies, 80% of candidates are CPSU members. Communist Party members have to stand in elections for the 1st time ever
Perestroika
The March 1989 election of the Congress of Peoples Deputies marked the first time that voters of the Soviet Union ever chose the membership of a national legislative body
Election
Elected Member of Congress of Peoples Deputies
Election
Elected Member of Congress of Peoples Deputies
Inauguration
Sworn in as President after winning the election of 26 November 1989
President of Uruguay
Appointed President of Uruguay
Transfer of Power
Julio Maria Sanguinetti hands over the presidency to Luis Alberto Lacalle Herrera
ANC Deputy Presidency
Is elected deputy president of the newly unbanned ANC.
Senior ANC Leadership
Takes a central role in negotiations with the government.
Prime Minister of Tunisia
Hamed Karoui became prime minister of Tunisia.
Sound and Vision Tour
Begins the Sound and Vision tour, promoted as a final outing for many of his older hits.
Election
Announces he will leave the Cabinet in May & not contest the general election
Resignation of Peter Walker
Announces he will leave the Cabinet in May & not contest the general election
Scandal
Suspended from the House of Commons for not declaring his business interests
Coup
Forced to resign during a coup
Resignation of Prosper Avril
Forced to resign during a coup
Resignation of Augusto Jose Ramon Pinochet Ugarte
Transfers presidential power to Patricio Aylwin after seventeen years of military rule.
Democratic Transition
Begins the first elected civilian government after the military regime.
President of Chile
Takes office as President of Chile and restores elected civilian government.
President of Lithuania
Appointed President of Lithuania
Constitution of Russia
Lithuania declares independence in accordance with its constitution of 1938
Independence of Lithuania
Lithuania becomes the 1st republic to declare independence
Independence of Lithuania
Lithuania declares independence in accordance with its constitution of 1938
Independence of Russia
Lithuania becomes the 1st republic to declare independence
Independence of Russia
Lithuania declares independence in accordance with its constitution of 1938
President of Haiti
Appointed President of Haiti
Election
Elected President of Lithuania
Independence of Lithuania
Lithuania declares independence from Russia
Dismissal
Peres dismissal by Shamir leads to the fall of the Government
Dismissal
Peres dismissal by Shamir leads to the fall of the Government
Resignation of Dick Douglas
Resigns the party whip
Constitution of Russia
Sworn in as the 1st executive President of the USSR
Inauguration
Sworn in as the 1st executive President of the USSR
Constitution of Germany
The 1st free elections are held in the DDR
Election
The 1st free elections are held in the DDR
Election
Appointed Prime Minister of the GDR after winning the elections
Prime Minister of Germany
Appointed Prime Minister of the GDR after winning the elections
Budget
Presents the Budget Statement to the House of Commons
National Assembly
Appointed President of China, by the National Assembly
President of Taiwan
Appointed President of China, by the National Assembly
Election
The Tories lose Mid-Staffordshire after holding it with a majority of over 19,000. Labour win the Mid-Staffordshire by-election
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for Mid-Staffordshire, overturns Tory majority of 14,654
Independence of Lithuania
Warns Lithuania to withdraw its declaration of independence but it refuses
Independence of Russia
Warns Lithuania to withdraw its declaration of independence but it refuses
Retirement
Announces decision to retire
Invasion of Lithuania
Russia sends in the tanks to discourage secession
Invasion of Lithuania
Russia sends in the tanks to discourage secession
Member of Parliament
Wins the nomination to stand as the Labour candidate for Hampstead & Highgate
Congressional Gold Medal
Awarded the Congressional Gold Medal by George HW Bush
Honours
Awarded the Congressional Gold Medal by George HW Bush
Poll Tax Riot
Poll Tax demonstrations in Trafalgar Square lead to arrests and damage.
Poll Tax Riot
The anti-poll-tax demonstration turns violent in Trafalgar Square.
Poll Tax Riot
Anti-poll-tax campaigning feeds the mass London demonstration.
Budget
Delivers the budget in the House of Commons
Election
Radical groups win in the cities & many prominent party officials are defeated. Gorbachev is elected for the third time in eighteen months to a position equivalent to Soviet head of state. "Democratic Russia" wins 85% of the seats in the Congress of Peoples Deputies. "Democratic Russia" wins 56% of seats in the city soviet
President of Russia
Gorbachev is elected for the third time in eighteen months to a position equivalent to Soviet head of state
Election to Russian Congress
Wins election to the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian SFSR.
Presidential Election Victory
Mugabe wins the first direct presidential election under the executive system.
Reballion of Rebels in Basra
A revolt against the Government begins in Basra & spreads to other Shiite cities
Reballion of Rebels in Basra
A revolt against the Government begins in Basra & spreads to other Shiite cities
Independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnias Muslims and Croats vote for independence in referendum boycotted by Serbs
Independence of Serbia
Bosnias Muslims and Croats vote for independence in referendum boycotted by Serbs
Referendum
Bosnias Muslims and Croats vote for independence in referendum boycotted by Serbs
Morrison Portrayal
Portrays Jim Morrison in Stone's film.
The Doors
Stars as Jim Morrison in Oliver Stone's film The Doors.
The Doors Film Release
Releases The Doors, a dramatized film biography.
The Doors
Directs the biographical film The Doors.
Clash
A reissue of "Should I Stay or Should I Go" gives The Clash its first and only number 1 UK single
Clash
A reissue of "Should I Stay or Should I Go" gives The Clash its first and only number 1 UK single
UN Security Council Resolution 686
The United Nations sets immediate obligations for Iraq following the coalition ceasefire.
Ceasefire Conditions
Iraq must release detainees and accept liability for occupation damage.
UN Resolution 686
Security Council sets immediate requirements following coalition victory.
Safwan Military Agreement
Sultan Hashim accepts coalition terms concerning prisoners, boundaries and military movements.
Iraqi Military Delegation
Accepts coalition conditions governing the immediate postwar situation.
Safwan Ceasefire Talks
Represents Iraq during military ceasefire talks at Safwan.
Ceasefire Terms Presented
Sets military arrangements governing the immediate ceasefire.
Safwan Ceasefire Talks
Meets Iraqi commanders to establish military ceasefire arrangements.
Safwan Military Talks
Meets Iraqi commanders after the coalition victory.
Safwan Ceasefire Talks
Schwarzkopf meets Iraqi commanders to establish military arrangements for the ceasefire.
Rettig Report
Presents the truth commission's findings and apologizes on behalf of the state.
Trial
Andreas Papandreou goes on trial on corruption-related charges and is later acquitted.
Poll Tax Abolition Debate
Takes part in a Commons debate specifically addressing abolition of the community charge.
Constitution of Russia
A small majority for his proposal for a federation of socialist sovereign republics
Referendum
Small majority a renewed federation of socialist sovereign republics
Reform of Taxation
The Budget increase VAT to 17.5% to finance cuts in poll tax
Community Charge
Announces that the community charge is to be replaced as part of a wider reform of local-government finance.
Local Government Review England
Announces proposals for a review of the structure and finance of local government in England.
Reform of Taxation
Announces the Government's intention to replace the poll tax with a new council tax.
Community Charge Administrative Costs
Provides for central support toward additional local-authority administrative costs arising from reissuing reduced community-charge bills.
Community Charge Central Funding
Supports an additional ยฃ4 billion transfer from national taxation to finance the ยฃ140 reduction in community-charge bills.
Community Charge Fresh Bills
Requires councils that have already issued 1991-92 community-charge demands to issue revised bills reflecting the ยฃ140 reduction.
Community Charge Grant Compensation
Provides for government grants to compensate charging authorities for income lost through the statutory reduction in community charges.
Community Charge Replacement Decision
Announces that the community charge will be replaced by a new system of local taxation because the public has not accepted it as fair.
Community Charge ยฃ140 Reduction
Announces that 1991-92 headline community charges in England will be reduced by ยฃ140.
RUF Support
Charles Taylor supports RUF operations launched from Liberian territory
RUF Offensive
Foday Sankoh leads the Revolutionary United Front into Kailahun District
RUF Invasion
RUF fighters enter eastern Sierra Leone from Liberia and begin the civil war
Vagabond Heart
Releases Vagabond Heart, including Rhythm of My Heart and The Motown Song.
Community Charges General Reduction Bill
Takes part in Commons proceedings on legislation reducing community-charge bills.
Overthrow of Moussa Traore
Toure leads officers who remove Moussa Traore after pro-democracy demonstrations and military unrest.
Transitional Government Established
Toure heads a transitional authority committed to constitutional government and multiparty elections.
MERCOSUR
Signs the Treaty of Asuncion creating the Southern Common Market, MERCOSUR
Pro-Yeltsin Moscow Demonstration
Tens of thousands demonstrate in Moscow in support of Yeltsin despite restrictions on public rallies.
Resignation of Giulio Andreotti
Forced to resign by the Socialist Party
Hillsborough Disaster
After an 80-day inquest - longest in British legal history - returns verdicts of accidental death
Charter
Unveils the Citizens Charter to improve standards of public services
Foreign Secretary of Malaysia
Appointed Foregn Minister, 1st term
Minister of Finance
Appointed Minister of Finance
Withdrawal Negotiations
Non essential US Embassy staff are withdrawn from Ethiopia
Independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina
A referendum on the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina from Yugoslavia is held, many Serbs boycot the referendum while Bosniaks and Croats and pro-secession Serbs vote, 64% of eligible voters vote 98% in favor of independence
Referendum
A referendum on the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina from Yugoslavia is held, many Serbs boycot the referendum while Bosniaks and Croats and pro-secession Serbs vote, 64% of eligible voters vote 98% in favor of independence
Rule of Bosnia and Herzegovina
A referendum on the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina from Yugoslavia is held, many Serbs boycot the referendum while Bosniaks and Croats and pro-secession Serbs vote, 64% of eligible voters vote 98% in favor of independence
Bosnian Independence Referendum
Bosniaks and Croats vote for independence in a Serb-boycotted referendum.
Bosnian Independence Referendum
Rejects the referendum and promotes a separate Bosnian Serb political structure.
Bosnian Independence Referendum
Supports independence after voters approve separation from Yugoslavia.
Basic Law of Governance
Supports implementation of the kingdom's new governance framework.
Consultative Council Law
Supports development of the reorganized national consultative body.
Provinces Law
Supports implementation of the new provincial administrative framework.
Basic Law of Governance
Issues the Basic Law defining central principles of Saudi governance.
Consultative Council Law
Issues the law reorganizing the Consultative Council.
Provinces Law
Issues the law defining administration of Saudi provinces.
Independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Izetbegovic announces the Bosnia's independence
President Takes Office
Alija Izetbegovic becomes President of the Presidency after independence preparations
Prime Minister Takes Office
Jure Pelivan becomes Prime Minister of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Constitutional Review of Maastricht Treaty
The Justice Ministry completes a constitutional review of Denmark's accession to the Maastricht Treaty and the transfer of powers involved.
Independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The Bosnian Parliament promulgates the results of the referendum, proclaiming the republic's independence from Yugoslavia
Referendum
The Bosnian Parliament promulgates the results of the referendum, proclaiming the republic's independence from Yugoslavia
Death of Menachem Begin
Death of Menachem Begin
Election
Announces the date of the general election
Schtonk!
Directs Schtonk!, a satire on the Hitler diaries scandal.
UNTAC Deployment
UN peacekeepers deploy as Khmer Rouge obstruct operations
Lisbon Agreement
Drafts a cantonal peace plan for Bosnia.
Republika Srpska
The Serb Parliament proclaims the "Serb Republic" (Republika Srpska)
Serb Autonomous Regions
The Serb Parliament proclaims the "Serb Republic" (Republika Srpska)
Serb Republic
The Serb Parliament proclaims the "Serb Republic" (Republika Srpska)
First Belgian in Space
Launches aboard Atlantis as the first Belgian astronaut.
STS-45 Mission
Conducts atmospheric and Earth-observation experiments during the ATLAS-1 mission.
Extended Mir Mission Completed
Returns to Earth after remaining aboard Mir through two consecutive expeditions while the Soviet Union dissolved and Russia emerged.
United Nations Resolution 748 Sanctions
The Security Council imposes sanctions after Libya refuses to surrender the Lockerbie suspects.
Human Touch
Releases Human Touch, one of two albums issued on the same day after the E Street Band period pauses.
Lucky Town
Releases Lucky Town, a more spontaneous companion album to Human Touch.
President of Slovakia
Becomes Slovakia's first president.
Animal Nitrate Top Ten
Animal Nitrate reaches the UK Top Ten, helping establish Suede as one of Britain's leading new guitar bands.
Islamabad Accord
The Islamabad Accord names Hekmatyar prime minister in a power-sharing government led by Rabbani.
Government Report
Government defeat means a report stage, Maastricht ratification is delayed
Manufacturing and Unemployment
Takes part in a substantial Commons debate on manufacturing industry and unemployment.
Pardon
Refuses to pardon 1st World War servicemen executed for cowardice or desertion
DPRK Announces NPT Withdrawal
North Korea announces its intention to withdraw from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty during the safeguards crisis.
Meeting with At the White House with President Clinton
Yitzhak Rabin meets at the White House with President Clinton, after which Rabin offers to negotiate the return of part of the Golan Heights to Syria
Rule of Golan Heights
Yitzhak Rabin meets at the White House with President Clinton, after which Rabin offers to negotiate the return of part of the Golan Heights to Syria
Death of Chishu Ryu
Death of Chishu Ryu
Discovery of Shoemaker-Levy 9
With Carolyn and Eugene Shoemaker, discovers the fragmented comet later destined to strike Jupiter.
Appointment as Prime Minister
Mobutu appoints Birindwa, producing rival claims to legitimate governmental authority.
Referendum Decree Signed
Calls a nationwide referendum on confidence in the president and the government's reform course.
Pink Floyd
To mark the Twentieth anniversary of the release of "Dark Side Of The Moon", the album is re-mastered, re-packaged and re-released
Pink Floyd
To mark the Twentieth anniversary of the release of "Dark Side Of The Moon", the album is re-mastered, re-packaged and re-released
Cardinal
Appointed Cardinal Bishop of Velletri-Segni
Death of Robert Frederick Chelsea Bobby Moore
Death of Bobby Moore
Election
Ezer Weizman is elected Israels 7th President
President of Israel
Ezer Weizman is elected Israels 7th President
Nuclear Power
Admits South Africa possesses nuclear weapons
South African Nuclear Arsenal Disclosed
Announces that South Africa built and subsequently dismantled six completed nuclear weapons and a seventh incomplete device.
March Impeachment Attempt Fails
Survives an impeachment vote in the Congress of People's Deputies after opponents fail to reach the required majority.
Academy Award
Wins Best Picture and Best Director Academy Awards for Unforgiven.
PLO
Israeli authorities bar West Bank Palestinians from entering Israel after two traffic police officers were shot to death
Peacekeeping Chief
Becomes Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations
Withdrawal-for-Peace Discussions
Israeli and American officials explored whether territorial withdrawal from the Golan Heights could form part of an agreement providing security guarantees and peace with Syria.
Citizenship
Due to bin Ladens continuous verbal assault on King Fahd of Saudi Arabia, on 5 March 1994 Fahd sent an emissary to Sudan demanding bin Ladens passport; bin Ladens Saudi citizenship was also revoked
Exile of Osama bin Laden
Due to bin Ladens continuous verbal assault on King Fahd of Saudi Arabia, on 5 March 1994 Fahd sent an emissary to Sudan demanding bin Ladens passport; bin Ladens Saudi citizenship was also revoked
President of Chile
Takes office as President of Chile and begins the second Concertacion administration.
Second Concertacion Government
Begins the second successive government of the Concertacion coalition.
Kach
The Israeli Cabinet outlaws two Jewish extremist groups, Kach and Kahane Lives, branding them terrorist organisations
Kahane Lives
The Israeli Cabinet outlaws two Jewish extremist groups, Kach and Kahane Lives, branding them terrorist organisations
Interim Government
Forms an interim government after Meciar is removed.
Mark Chart Debut
Shed Seven enter the UK singles chart with Mark, beginning the York band's run of Britpop-era hits.
Pink Floyd
"The Division Bell" is released. In keeping with the albums theme - a lack of communication, the band do not give any press conferences or interviews
Legislative Election
Tunisia held legislative elections that introduced a limited allocation of seats to opposition parties.
Presidential Election
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali was re-elected president without an opposing candidate.
Capitalization Law
Sanchez de Lozada promulgates the Capitalization Law for major state enterprises.
Talk
Sings on Talk before the Rabin-era line-up ends.
Talk
Plays guitar and writes on Talk, his final studio album with Yes.
Death of Giulietta Masina
Death of Giulietta Masina
League Cup Final Goal
Saunders scores twice in Villa's League Cup final victory.
Fourth League Cup Victory
Villa defeats Manchester United 3-1 to win the League Cup.
The Division Bell
Pink Floyd release The Division Bell
Agreement on Resume talks on Palestinian autonomy
The PLO and Israel agree to resume talks on Palestinian autonomy, more than a month after the Hebron mosque massacre
Independence of Israel
The PLO and Israel agree to resume talks on Palestinian autonomy, more than a month after the Hebron mosque massacre
Independence of Palestine
The PLO and Israel agree to resume talks on Palestinian autonomy, more than a month after the Hebron mosque massacre
Coalition Government
Begins his second presidential term and forms a coalition government with the National Party and allied Colorado sectors
President of Uruguay
Appointed President of Uruguay, 2nd term
Bombing of Gaza
Two Palestinians blow themselves up outside two Jewish settlements in the Gaza Strip and kill seven Israeli soldiers and an American, Alisa Flatow, the Islamic Jihad and Hamas take responsibility
Hamas
Two Palestinians blow themselves up outside two Jewish settlements in the Gaza Strip and kill seven Israeli soldiers and an American, Alisa Flatow, the Islamic Jihad and Hamas take responsibility
Bombing of Gaza
Two Palestinians blow themselves up outside two Jewish settlements in the Gaza Strip and kill seven Israeli soldiers and an American, Alisa Flatow, the Islamic Jihad and Hamas take responsibility
Hamas
Two Palestinians blow themselves up outside two Jewish settlements in the Gaza Strip and kill seven Israeli soldiers and an American, Alisa Flatow, the Islamic Jihad and Hamas take responsibility
First American Mir Expedition Launch
Launches aboard Soyuz TM-21 to become the first American assigned as a long-duration resident of the Mir space station.
Aum Shinrikyo
A nerve gas attack in a Tokyo subway kills eight and injures thousands, the Aum Shinrikyo ("Supreme Truth") cult is to blame
Bombing of Tokyo
A nerve gas attack in a Tokyo subway kills eight and injures thousands, the Aum Shinrikyo ("Supreme Truth") cult is to blame
Longest Continuous Spaceflight
Returns after spending 437 consecutive days aboard the Mir space station.
Mir Long-Duration Mission
The achievement marks mir long-duration mission as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Treaty of Schengen
Derycke helps support Belgium's first operational day without routine internal Schengen border checks. Belgian officials favour gradual implementation backed by shared security measures.
Treaty of Schengen
During the Schengen process, Wathelet oversees domestic security arrangements as the Schengen border-free regime becomes operational. Belgian policy links freer movement with close Benelux cooperation.
Treaty of Schengen
Leads Belgium when Schengen internal-border controls are abolished among the first seven participating states.
Treaty of Schengen
During the Schengen process, Pasqua oversees domestic security arrangements as the Schengen border-free regime becomes operational. French policy couples freer movement with stronger police coordination.
Schengen Implementation
France joined six other states in implementing passport-free travel under the Schengen arrangements.
Treaty of Schengen
Balladur helps lead France when routine internal-border checks disappear among the first operational Schengen states. The French approach stresses both free movement and compensating security measures.
Treaty of Schengen
Kohl leads Germany through the first day of operational Schengen, when routine checks cease at participating internal frontiers. German policy pairs open travel with stronger external controls.
Treaty of Schengen
During the Schengen process, Kanther oversees domestic security arrangements as the Schengen border-free regime becomes operational. German policy links open internal borders with stronger external controls.
Treaty of Schengen
During the Schengen process, Sorgdrager oversees domestic security arrangements as the Schengen border-free regime becomes operational. Dutch policy stresses coordinated justice, policing and migration procedures.
Treaty of Schengen
Kok oversees the Dutch transition to passport-free travel across participating internal borders as Schengen becomes operational. The Netherlands emphasises policing and judicial coordination.
Irving G Thalberg Memorial Award
Receives the Irving G Thalberg Memorial Award for lifetime achievement as a film producer.
Foreign Secretary of Malaysia
Appointed Foregn Minister, 2nd term
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
NATO bombers strike at Serbian ammunition dumps the Serbs take nearly 200 members of the United Nations peacekeeping force hostage for more than 2 weeks
Siege of Sarajevo
Serb forces resume their attacks on Sarajevo. NATO bombers strike at Serbian ammunition dumps the Serbs take nearly 200 members of the United Nations peacekeeping force hostage for more than 2 weeks
Peace Negotiations
Works on negotiations under the new Palestinian Authority.
Late Newcastle Winner in Title Pursuit
Cantona scored the only goal away to Newcastle United as Manchester United closed the gap in a pivotal Premier League title race.
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 2nd term
Palestinian Authority
Becomes the first speaker of the Palestinian Legislative Council, helping institutionalize Palestinian Authority governance.
Pluto
Hubble observations indicate Pluto's surface patterns are strongly influenced by migrating nitrogen and methane frosts.
Pluto
Hubble results produce the first image-based surface map of Pluto, revealing about a dozen major bright and dark regions.
Pluto
The Hubble surface map confirms a dark equatorial belt and bright polar regions on Pluto.
Ladykillers
Ladykillers reaches the UK Top Thirty and becomes one of Lush's most prominent Britpop-era singles.
Sharm el-Sheikh Peacemakers Summit
Arafat attends the international peacemakers summit convened after a wave of attacks threatens to derail the Israeli-Palestinian peace process.
Summit of Peacemakers
Attends a summit supporting the peace process after attacks threaten negotiations.
Foreign Policy
I participates in foreign policy connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Presidential Re-Election
Mugabe wins another presidential term after opposition candidates withdraw or boycott.
STS-76 Launch to Mir
Launches aboard Atlantis on STS-76 to begin a long-duration research residency aboard the Mir space station.
Real Love
"Real Love," a 1979 John Lennon demo finished in 1995 by the other Beatles, becomes the second new Beatles single to chart in less than three months. It is released as part of The Beatles Anthology recordings and TV special
Election
Wins 1st direct Presidential election with a victory of 54% of the popular vote
Fifth League Cup Victory
Little manages Villa to a 3-0 League Cup final victory over Leeds United.
Mir Residency Begins
Transfers into Mir after Atlantis docks, beginning the first long-duration stay by an American woman aboard the Russian station.
Departure
Leaves Genesis to focus on solo work, film music and other projects.
Turin Intergovernmental Conference
Chirac participated in launching negotiations that produced the Amsterdam Treaty.
Turin Intergovernmental Conference
Participates as the intergovernmental conference opens negotiations that later produce the Treaty of Amsterdam.
Turin Intergovernmental Conference
Represents Greek diplomacy at the opening of treaty-reform negotiations.
Turin European Council
Represents Greece as the intergovernmental conference opens negotiations that later produce the Amsterdam Treaty.
Turin European Council
Hosts the special European Council that opens the intergovernmental conference to revise Maastricht.
Civilian Presidency Begins
Restores elected civilian presidency after NPRC military rule
Civilian Rule Restored
Kabbah is sworn in as civilian president after military rule
President Sworn In
Sworn in as President after winning the 1996 election
Walkaway Top Ten
Walkaway reaches number nine on the UK singles chart, giving Cast a major Britpop-era hit.
Lovelife Top Ten Album
Lush's Lovelife reaches number eight on the UK albums chart.
Chechnya Peace Programme Announced
Announces a programme seeking a ceasefire, phased troop withdrawals and negotiations over the Chechen conflict.
Declaration of BSE
A statement in the Commons suggests BSE in cattle could be dangerous to human health
Election Victory
Ahmad Tejan Kabbah wins presidential election during the civil war
Election
The DYP win 19% of the vote, 2% less than the winning Islamist Welfare Party
Government
Forms a Government of DYP & Motherland Party with Yilmaz as Prime Minister
Election
The DYP win 19% of the vote, 2% less than the winning Islamist Welfare Party
Presidential Re-Election
Mugabe wins another six-year presidential term.
Birth of Gabriel Luke Beauregard Jagger
Birth of Gabriel Luke Beauregard Jagger, Jerry Hall, gives birth to Mick Jaggers son Gabriel Luke Beauregard
Death of Fred Zinnemann
Death of Fred Zinnemann
High Commissioner
Appointed High Commissioners for Human Rights for the United Nations
Politics
Appointed High Commissioners for Human Rights for the United Nations
Dissolution of Parliament
Granted the dissolution of Parliament
Election
The Sun announces it will back Blair at the general election
Helsinki Summit with Clinton
Meets Bill Clinton in Helsinki for talks dominated by NATO enlargement and strategic arms control.
Helsinki NATO Enlargement Compromise
Agrees with Bill Clinton to deepen NATO-Russia consultation while continuing to oppose NATO enlargement.
Acting Prime Minister Takes Office
John Giheno becomes acting Prime Minister during the Sandline crisis
Second Premiership Suspended
Chan steps aside during the Sandline affair and political crisis
Capture of Kisangani
Sees AFDL forces capture Kisangani, opening the route toward western Zaire.
Election
Announces a general election to be held 1st May
White House Peace Process Meeting
Arafat meets President Clinton in Washington as the United States attempts to sustain Israeli-Palestinian negotiations after implementation disputes.
Cabinet Younger Reformers Promoted
Promotes younger reformers, including Anatoly Chubais and Boris Nemtsov, to senior government posts.
Seven Main Tasks Reform Programme
Launches a reform agenda known as the Seven Main Tasks, emphasizing wage arrears, social support, monopolies and corruption.
Declines Further IAEA Reappointment
Confirms that he will not seek another term as Director General when his current IAEA mandate ends later in the year.
Election
The Social Democrats win the state lections in Lower Saxony
Commander in Chief Emeritus
By unanimous decree of the Army Chiefs of Staff awarded the honorary title of Commander in Chief Emeritus of the Chilean Army
Constitution of Chile
As established under the new constitution Pinochet turns over command of the army to Lieutenant General Ricardo Izurieta Caffarena, chosen by the President of the Republic
Commander in Chief
As established under the new constitution Pinochet turns over command of the army to Lieutenant General Ricardo Izurieta Caffarena, chosen by the President of the Republic
Constitution of Chile
As established under the new constitution Pinochet turns over command of the army to Lieutenant General Ricardo Izurieta Caffarena, chosen by the President of the Republic
Kabbah Restored
ECOMOG intervention restores President Kabbah to power
Restored Government Formed
Returns to Freetown and resumes elected presidential authority
Foreign Policy
Rifai participates in foreign policy connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Old Trafford Title-Race Winner
Scores the only goal at Manchester United to transform Arsenal's Premier League title challenge.
Greek Drachma Enters ERM
Oversees economic policy as the drachma joins the exchange-rate mechanism with a central rate of 357 per ECU.
Greek Drachma Enters ERM
Heads the government when the drachma enters the European Monetary System exchange-rate mechanism.
Prime Minister of India
Atal Bihari Vajpayee becomes Prime Minister following the 1998 general election.
Bill Clinton State Visit
Rawlings hosts United States President Bill Clinton in Accra during the first visit to Ghana by a serving American president.
Chernomyrdin Government Dismissed
Dismisses Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin and his cabinet and nominates Sergei Kiriyenko.
Kiriyenko Nominated Prime Minister
Nominates Sergei Kiriyenko as prime minister after dismissing Viktor Chernomyrdin's cabinet.
Prime Minister of Russia
Yeltsin sacks his entire cabinet, including Chernomyrdin, he names liberal former Energy Minister Sergei Kiriyenko acting Prime Minister
Europa March Flyby
Galileo makes another targeted pass of Europa during the extended mission.
This Is Hardcore Single
Pulp's This Is Hardcore single reaches number twelve on the UK singles chart.
Transfer
Joins Middlesbrough for 3.4 million pounds
Leader of Opposition
Serves as Leader of the Opposition in the Upper house, when the Bharatiya Janata Dal (United) Party led coalition Government was in office
Death of Dusty Springfield
Death of Dusty Springfield
Ta Mok Captured
Ta Mok captured by government forces
Death of Stanley Kubrick
Death of Stanley Kubrick
San Francisco Walk of Fame
Metallica is inducted into the San Francisco Walk of Fame
San Francisco Walk of Fame
Metallica is inducted into the San Francisco Walk of Fame
San Francisco Walk of Fame
Metallica is inducted into the San Francisco Walk of Fame
Metallica
Metallica is inducted into the San Francisco Walk of Fame
San Francisco Walk of Fame
Metallica is inducted into the San Francisco Walk of Fame
Ten-Pence Starting Rate
Brown introduces a ten-percent starting rate of income tax.
Accountability Efforts
Government and international discussions continue over trials for senior leaders
Prime Minister Takes Office
Sturza becomes Prime Minister after confirmation by Parliament
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Is inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a solo artist.
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Is inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a non-performer for his production legacy.
Assassination of Luis Maria Argana
Is assassinated in an event that triggers a national political crisis.
Berlin European Council
Hosts the European Council that reaches an overall agreement on Agenda 2000 and future Union financing.
NATO Air Campaign Begins
Leads Yugoslavia during the opening of the NATO air campaign.
NATO Air Campaign Begins
Authorizes United States participation in NATO air operations against Yugoslavia.
Prime Minister of Estonia
Appointed Prime Minister of Estonia, 2nd term
Berlin Agenda 2000 Agreement
Supports the Agenda 2000 settlement on finances, policy reform and preparations for enlargement.
Resignation of Raul Cubas Grau
Resigns amid protests and impeachment pressure after the assassination of Luis Maria Argana.
President of Paraguay
Assumes the presidency after the resignation of Raul Cubas.
Northern Alliance
A United Nations brokered peace agreement is reached between the Taliban and their main remaining foe, the Northern Alliance under Ahmed Shah Massoud
Taliban
A United Nations brokered peace agreement is reached between the Taliban and their main remaining foe, the Northern Alliance under Ahmed Shah Massoud
Massacre
The Taliban take Mazar-i-Sharif, there are unconfirmed reports of mass arrests and executions (numbering in the thousands) of Shiites, especially of the Hazara ethnic group
Northern Alliance
A United Nations brokered peace agreement is reached between the Taliban and their main remaining foe, the Northern Alliance under Ahmed Shah Massoud
Siege of Mazar-i-Sharif
The Taliban take Mazar-i-Sharif, there are unconfirmed reports of mass arrests and executions (numbering in the thousands) of Shiites, especially of the Hazara ethnic group
Taliban
A United Nations brokered peace agreement is reached between the Taliban and their main remaining foe, the Northern Alliance under Ahmed Shah Massoud
Taliban
The Taliban take Mazar-i-Sharif, there are unconfirmed reports of mass arrests and executions (numbering in the thousands) of Shiites, especially of the Hazara ethnic group
Marzo Paraguayo
Assumes power during the crisis known as Marzo Paraguayo.
Opposition to NATO Kosovo Bombing
Strongly condemns NATO's bombing campaign against Yugoslavia and warns that it damages relations with Russia.
Executive Chairman Takes Office
Begins building the new Iraq inspection organization.
UNMOVIC Duties Begin
Takes up his duties as Executive Chairman of UNMOVIC.
President of Uruguay
Appointed President of Uruguay
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Putin says that Russia will consider joining NATO if it is treated as an equal partner
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Putin says that Russia will consider joining NATO if it is treated as an equal partner
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Putin says that Russia will consider joining NATO if it is treated as an equal partner
Arrest of Augusto Jose Ramon Pinochet
Pinochet returns to Chile
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan due to the ill health of Obuchi
Health of Keizo Obuchi
Obuchi is hospitalized & forced to rest
Greek Euro Application
Leads Greece as it requests removal of its monetary-union derogation and seeks entry into the euro area.
Foreign Policy
Arif participates in foreign policy connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Commissioners Appointed
Consults as sixteen UNMOVIC Commissioners are appointed.
UNMOVIC College Established
The College provides advice and guidance to the Executive Chairman.
President of Chile
Takes office as President of Chile after winning the 1999-2000 runoff election.
Third Concertacion Government
Begins the first Chilean presidency held by a Socialist since Salvador Allende.
First Jens Stoltenberg Government
Begins the First Jens Stoltenberg Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Prime Minister of Norway
Appointed Prime Minister of Norway
First Kjell Magne Bondevik Government
The First Kjell Magne Bondevik Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Meeting with Pope John Paul II
Arafat meets Pope John Paul II during the pontiff's visit to Bethlehem and discusses Palestinian aspirations, Jerusalem and prospects for peace.
Lisbon European Council
Represents Germany as leaders launch the Lisbon strategy for employment, economic reform and knowledge-based growth.
Lisbon European Council
Represents Greece as leaders launch the Lisbon strategy for employment, innovation and economic reform.
Lisbon European Council
Represents Ireland as leaders launch the Lisbon strategy for employment, innovation and economic reform.
Lisbon European Council
Represents Italy as leaders launch the Lisbon strategy for employment, economic reform and innovation.
Economy of Russia
Russias food supply is threatened with a virulent strain of potato blight and livestock feed shortages were forecast
Lisbon Strategy
Chirac backed the European strategy for employment, economic reform and a more competitive knowledge-based economy.
Lisbon Strategy
Supports the programme for making the European economy more competitive and knowledge-based.
Election
Presidential elections are held, Putin wins in the first round, becomes the 2nd post-Communist President with 52.5% vote
Death of Ian Dury
Death of Ian Dury
Arrest of Eugene Ney TerreBlanche
Sentenced to 1 yr in prison
World Champion
Alexei Yagudin wins his third title in the World Figure Skating Championships
START II
Putin calls for a quick ratification of the START II Nuclear arms reduction Treaty and deeper cuts in nuclear missiles
START II
Putin calls for a quick ratification of the START II Nuclear arms reduction Treaty and deeper cuts in nuclear missiles
Arrest of Augusto Jose Ramon Pinochet
After having been placed under house arrest in Britain and initiating a judicial battle, he is eventually released on medical grounds by the then Home Secretary Jack Straw without facing trial
National Service Framework for Coronary Heart Disease
A national framework for coronary heart disease sets standards for prevention, diagnosis, emergency treatment, revascularisation and cardiac rehabilitation across the NHS.
Wealden Selection
Narrowly loses a Conservative parliamentary selection contest in Wealden.
International Sanctions
US Secretary of State Madeleine Albright calls for a new start in USian relations and announces lifting of sanctions on Iranian exports ranging from carpets to food products
Hafez Assad
Israelin peace negotiations fail when Hafez Assad rejects an Israeli offer relayed by US President Clinton in Geneva
Peace Negotiations
Israelin peace negotiations fail when Hafez Assad rejects an Israeli offer relayed by US President Clinton in Geneva
Election
Elected President of Taiwan, ends the 50 yr Kuomingtang monoploy
Independence of Taiwan
Says will not declare independence while China does not attack
Premiership Ends
Niasse leaves office after a short premiership
Prime Minister Takes Office
Mame Madior Boye becomes Senegal's first female Prime Minister
Intifada, 2nd
Takes office during escalating violence in the Second Intifada.
Intifada, 2nd
Sharon becomes Prime Minister as the Second Intifada intensifies.
The Experiment
Directs Das Experiment.
Death of Cranley Gordon Douglas Onslow
Death of Cranley Gordon Douglas Onslow
Resignation of Robin Finlayson Cook
Robin Cook resigns over the Governments policy on war in Iraq
Trial
Senegals highest court says that it has no authority to prosecute Hissene Habre, Chads former president, on charges of torture
Stockholm European Council
Represents Greece as leaders review economic reform, employment and enlargement.
Controlled Mir Deorbit
Serves as RSC Energia president as Mir completes its planned controlled deorbit and ends its fifteen-year orbital career over the South Pacific.
Schengen Rules Implemented
Iceland begins applying Schengen rules, removing routine internal border controls with participating European states while strengthening external-border cooperation.
Academy Award
Wins the Oscar for Things Have Changed.
Prime Minister
Becomes prime minister of Laos
Presidency Member Takes Office
Beriz Belkic becomes Bosniak member of the Presidency
Buddhas of Bamiyan
The Buddhas of Bamiyan are destroyed by the Taliban under an edict issued from Mullah Omar, stating: "all the statues around Afghanistan must be destroyed
Taliban
The Buddhas of Bamiyan are destroyed by the Taliban under an edict issued from Mullah Omar, stating: "all the statues around Afghanistan must be destroyed
HIPC Initiative Application Decision
Kufuor's government decides to seek debt relief under the enhanced Heavily Indebted Poor Countries initiative as part of its economic stabilization strategy.
UN Debate
Urges Israelis and Palestinians to halt violence and return to political negotiations
Secretary of State for Defence
Appointed Minister of Defence
China tels the USA not to sell advanced missile technology to Taiwan
China tels the USA not to sell advanced missile technology to Taiwan
Hubble Servicing Mission 3B Launch
Altman commands Columbia as Servicing Mission 3B launches to replace Hubble solar arrays and install major new hardware.
Hubble Captured for Servicing Mission 3B
Currie uses Columbia's robotic arm to capture Hubble and secure it for the servicing crew.
Hubble Starboard Solar Array Replaced
Linnehan helps replace Hubble's starboard solar array with a more powerful third-generation array.
Gold Reserve Sales Completed
The Treasury completes the multi-year programme of official gold auctions.
Hubble Solar Arrays Completed
Newman helps complete installation of Hubble's new solar arrays, increasing the observatory's available electrical power.
Hubble Reaction Wheel Assembly Replaced
Massimino helps replace a reaction wheel assembly used to control Hubble's orientation and stable pointing.
Foreign Policy
II participates in foreign policy connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Hubble Power Control Unit Replaced
Grunsfeld helps install a new Power Control Unit after Hubble is completely powered down for the first time in orbit.
Advanced Camera for Surveys Installed
Newman helps install the Advanced Camera for Surveys, replacing Hubble's Faint Object Camera.
NICMOS Cooling System Installed
Linnehan helps install an experimental cooling system that returns Hubble's NICMOS infrared instrument to operation.
Hubble Released After Servicing Mission 3B
Currie uses Columbia's robotic arm to release the upgraded Hubble back into orbit.
Presidential Election
Mugabe is declared the winner after a heavily disputed presidential election.
UN Security Council Resolution 1397
Welcomes a Council resolution affirming a vision of two states
UN Security Council Resolution 1397
Annan serves as Secretary-General as Resolution 1397 affirms a vision of Israel and Palestine living side by side within secure and recognized borders.
Hubble Servicing Mission 3B Completed
Altman commands Columbia's landing after the successful Hubble Servicing Mission 3B.
Presidential Re-Election
Mugabe is declared re-elected after a presidential contest criticised by observers.
Chairman Takes Office
Dragan Mikerevic becomes Chairman of the Council of Ministers
Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act
Moyo oversees legislation regulating journalists and media organisations.
Commonwealth Suspension
The Commonwealth suspends Zimbabwe from its councils following the disputed election.
Commonwealth Suspension
Zimbabwe is suspended from Commonwealth councils following the disputed election.
Al-Qaeda
Abu Zubaydah believed to have served as Osama Bin Ladens field commander and chief recruiter is captured during a raid on a house in Pakistan
Arrest of Abu Zubaydah
Abu Zubaydah believed to have served as Osama Bin Ladens field commander and chief recruiter is captured during a raid on a house in Pakistan
Al-Qaeda
Abu Zubaydah believed to have served as Osama Bin Ladens field commander and chief recruiter is captured during a raid on a house in Pakistan
Death of Cesar Milstein
Death of Cesar Milstein
Passover Hotel Bombing
Hamas claims responsibility for the Park Hotel suicide bombing in Netanya, which kills dozens during a Passover Seder and triggers a major Israeli offensive.
Arab League
Supports the Arab League's adoption of the Arab Peace Initiative at the Beirut summit.
Arab Peace Initiative Principles
Supports the Beirut summit framework later reaffirmed by Arab leaders in Riyadh.
Arab Peace Initiative
Endorses the Arab Peace Initiative offering normalization with Israel after withdrawal from occupied territories.
Arab Peace Initiative
Backs the Beirut summit proposal for comprehensive Arab-Israeli peace.
Beirut Summit
Endorses an offer of full Arab normalization with Israel under the Arab Peace Initiative.
Beirut Summit
Supports demands for Israeli withdrawal and creation of a Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital.
Arab Peace Initiative
Presents the initiative offering normalized relations for a comprehensive Arab-Israeli settlement.
Arab Peace Initiative
Promotes Saudi diplomacy supporting adoption of the Arab Peace Initiative.
Arab Peace Initiative Presented
At the Beirut Arab League summit, Crown Prince Abdullahโs peace proposal offered normalization with Israel in exchange for withdrawal from territories occupied in 1967 and other agreed terms.
Beirut Summit
The Arab Peace Initiative is floated by acting Saudi Regent Crown Prince Abdullah as a potential solution to both the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the Arabi conflict.
Beirut Summit
The Beirut Summit calls for Israel to recognize "an independent Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital" in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.
Beirut Summit
The Beirut Summit calls for a "just solution" for the Palestinian refugees.
Beirut Summit
The Beirut Summit calls for the state of Israel to withdraw its forces from all the Occupied Territories, including the Golan Heights.
Beirut Summit
The Beirut Summit calls for the state of Israel to withdraw its forces from all the Occupied Territories, including the Golan Heights
Golan Withdrawal in Arab Proposal
The Arab Peace Initiative expressly included the occupied Syrian Golan Heights among territories from which Israel was asked to withdraw as part of a comprehensive regional peace.
Regional Normalization Framework
Arab leaders endorsed a framework linking a comprehensive Arab-Israeli peace and normalized relations to territorial withdrawal and a negotiated resolution of the Palestinian question.
Rule of Gaza Strip
The Beirut Summit calls for the state of Israel to withdraw its forces from all the Occupied Territories, including the Golan Heights
Rule of Golan Heights
The Beirut Summit calls for the state of Israel to withdraw its forces from all the Occupied Territories, including the Golan Heights
Syria Included in Peace Framework
The summitโs proposed regional settlement addressed Syriaโs territorial dispute with Israel by incorporating the Golan Heights into the land-for-peace approach.
Operation Defensive Shield
Orders a large West Bank operation after suicide bombings inside Israel.
Operation Defensive Shield
Is confined in his Ramallah compound during Israel's West Bank operation.
UN Security Council Resolution 1402
Calls for implementation of a ceasefire and Israeli withdrawal from Palestinian cities
UN Security Council Resolution 1402
Annan serves as Secretary-General as Resolution 1402 calls for an immediate ceasefire and withdrawal of Israeli forces from Palestinian cities.
Ramallah Compound Encirclement
Arafat remains confined inside his Ramallah headquarters as Israeli forces intensify Operation Defensive Shield around the Palestinian Authority compound.
First IAEA Nuclear Security Plan
The Board approves an expanded IAEA nuclear security programme following heightened concern over nuclear terrorism.
Intifada, 2nd
Israeli forces besiege Arafat's compound in Ramallah during Operation Defensive Shield
International Agreement
Turkey signs an agreement with Greece to supply gas
Election Criticism
Opposition parties and foreign observers challenge the credibility of the presidential election.
Al Samoud 2 Destruction Begins
Supervises the start of destruction of Iraq's Al Samoud 2 missiles.
Missile Destruction Supervised
UNMOVIC identifies the missile system as exceeding the permitted range.
Neutrality
Turkey rejects Americas plan to base 62,000 troops in its country
Neutrality
Turkey rejects Americas plan to base 62,000 troops in its country
League Cup Final Win
Jerzy Dudek keeps goal as Liverpool defeats Manchester United 2-0 in the League Cup final, adding a major domestic honor to his record.
President of Czech Republic
Becomes President of the Czech Republic.
Accelerated Iraqi Cooperation Assessment
Acknowledges a recent acceleration in Iraqi initiatives while cautioning that the value of new information still requires careful verification.
Five Hundred Fifty Inspection Milestone
Reports that inspectors have carried out more than 550 inspections at roughly 350 sites since returning to Iraq in November.
March Inspection Assessment
Reports accelerated Iraqi initiatives but continuing unresolved disarmament questions.
No-Notice Access Assessment
States that inspections are being conducted without advance notice and that access has been prompt in virtually every case.
Twelfth Quarterly Report
Presents UNMOVIC's twelfth quarterly report to the Council.
FTSE Market Low
Brown monitors financial conditions as the FTSE 100 falls to an eight-year low.
Economy of Great Britain
The FTSE-100 slumps to an 8 yr low
Evaporating Exoplanet Atmosphere
Vidal-Madjar leads Hubble observations showing hydrogen escaping from HD 209458b in an extended comet-like atmosphere.
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey
Demonstrations
The day Bush issues his 48-hour ultimatum to Saddam Hussein to leave Iraq before the US invasion of Iraq, Obama addresses the largest Chicago anti War rally to date in Daley Plaza and tells the crowd that "its not too late" to stop the war
Invasion of Iraq
The day Bush issues his 48-hour ultimatum to Saddam Hussein to leave Iraq before the US invasion of Iraq, Obama addresses the largest Chicago anti War rally to date in Daley Plaza and tells the crowd that "its not too late" to stop the war
Resignation of Robin Finlayson Cook
Robin Cook resigns over the Governments policy on war in Iraq
Invasion of Iraq
Unlike the first Gulf War or the war in Afghanistan (2001), this war had no explicit United Nations authorisation
Resignation of Robin Finlayson Cook
Robin Cook resigns over the Governments policy on war in Iraq
Bombing of Iraq
In his 2003 address to the nation, Bush demands that Hussein and his two sons, Uday and Qusay, surrender and leave Iraq, giving them a 48-hour deadline
Remaining Disarmament Tasks Defined
The document identifies key remaining Iraqi disarmament tasks.
Work Programme Submitted
Submits UNMOVIC's draft work programme to the Security Council.
Broadcast
Bush addresses the nation, he demands that Hussein and his two sons Uday and Qusay leave Iraq, giving them a 48-hour deadline
Invasion of Iraq
Unlike the first Gulf War or the war in Afghanistan (2001), this war had no explicit United Nations authorisation. In his 2003 address to the nation, Bush demands that Hussein and his two sons, Uday and Qusay, surrender and leave Iraq, giving them a 48-hour deadline
Resignation of John Denham
Three Government ministers resigned in protest at the war, John Denham, Lord Hunt of King's Heath, and the then Leader of the House of Commons Robin Cook
Resignation of Robin Cook
Three Government ministers resigned in protest at the war, John Denham, Lord Hunt of King's Heath, and the then Leader of the House of Commons Robin Cook
Bombing of Iraq
The bombing of Iraq by the United States, the United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, Poland, Australia, and Denmark begins
Declaration of War
Blair wins Parliamentary vote over Iraq war but 139 party members defy him
Invasion of Iraq
Three Government ministers resigned in protest at the war, John Denham, Lord Hunt of King's Heath, and the then Leader of the House of Commons Robin Cook. The UK Parliament held a debate on going to war on March 18, 2003 where the Government motion was approved 412 to 149
Resignation of Robin Finlayson Cook
Foreign minister Robin Cook resigns
Vote of Confidence
139 Laboor MPs vote against the war, but the Commons votes 412 to 149 in favour
Iraq War Vote
Wins Commons backing for military action in Iraq.
Bombing of Iraq
The bombing of Iraq by the United States, the United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, Poland, Australia, and Denmark begins
Inspectors Withdraw from Iraq
Withdraws UNMOVIC personnel from Iraq before the invasion.
UNMOVIC Evacuation
Inspection operations end one day before armed action begins.
Bombing of Iraq
The bombing of Iraq by the United States, the United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, Poland, Australia, and Denmark begins
Invasion of Iraq
The bombing of Iraq by the United States, the United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, Poland, Australia, and Denmark begins
Bombing of Baghdad
The invasion is preceded by an air strike on the Presidential Palace in Baghdad
Mahmoud Abbas Nominated Prime Minister
Arafat nominates Mahmoud Abbas to become the first Palestinian prime minister after political reforms create the new office.
Appointment as Prime Minister
Arafat appoints Abbas as the first Palestinian prime minister amid international demands for institutional reform and renewed negotiations.
Security Council Presentation
Explains remaining inspection tasks despite the withdrawal from Iraq.
Work Programme Briefing
Briefs the Security Council on UNMOVIC's draft work programme.
Bombing of Baghdad
The invasion is preceded by an air strike on the Presidential Palace in Baghdad
Invasion of Iraq
The invasion is preceded by an air strike on the Presidential Palace in Baghdad
Operation Iraqi Freedom
Start of the conflict known as the Iraq War or Operation Iraqi Freedom in which a combined force of troops from the United States, alongside the United Kingdom, and smaller contingents from Australia and Poland
Invasion of Iraq
According to Blair, the trigger was Iraq's failure to take a "final opportunity" to disarm itself of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons that US and British officials called an immediate and intolerable threat to world peace
Invasion of Iraq
Start of the conflict known as the Iraq War or Operation Iraqi Freedom in which a combined force of troops from the United States, alongside the United Kingdom, and smaller contingents from Australia and Poland.
Invasion of Iraq
The reasons for the invasion were "to disarm Iraq of weapons of mass destruction, to end Saddam Hussein's alleged support for terrorism, and to free the Iraqi people".
Bombing of Baghdad
America begins the war with air strikes on Baghdad
Bombing of Baghdad
America begins the war with air strikes on Baghdad
Operation Iraqi Freedom
The US launches the invasion of Iraq, termed "Operation Iraqi Freedom". Start of the conflict known as the Iraq War or Operation Iraqi Freedom in which a combined force of troops from the United States, alongside the United Kingdom, and smaller contingents from Australia and Poland
UN Security Council Resolution 1441
Prior to the invasion, the United States official position was that Iraq was in violation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441 regarding weapons of mass destruction and had to be disarmed by force
UN Security Council
Prior to the invasion, the United States official position was that Iraq was in violation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441 regarding weapons of mass destruction and had to be disarmed by force
Invasion of Iraq
Franks commands United States Central Command during the opening invasion of Iraq.
Invasion of Iraq
Prior to the invasion, the United States official position was that Iraq was in violation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441 regarding weapons of mass destruction and had to be disarmed by force
Invasion of Iraq
Start of the conflict known as the Iraq War or Operation Iraqi Freedom in which a combined force of troops from the United States, alongside the United Kingdom, and smaller contingents from Australia and Poland.
Invasion of Iraq
The US launches the invasion of Iraq, termed "Operation Iraqi Freedom". The United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, South Korea, Italy and Poland supply the vast majority of the invading forces, in co-operation with Kurdish forces.
Invasion of Iraq
The invasion of Iraq was strongly opposed by some traditional US allies, including the Governments of France, Germany, New Zealand, and Canada.
Invasion of Iraq
The reasons for the invasion were "to disarm Iraq of weapons of mass destruction, to end Saddam Hussein's alleged support for terrorism, and to free the Iraqi people".
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
The threat of potential WMD in Iraq is used by President George W. Bush to generate public support for the invasion of Iraq. Prior to the invasion, the United States official position was that Iraq was in violation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441 regarding weapons of mass destruction and had to be disarmed by force
UN Security Council Resolution 1441
Prior to the invasion, the United States official position was that Iraq was in violation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441 regarding weapons of mass destruction and had to be disarmed by force
UN Security Council
Prior to the invasion, the United States official position was that Iraq was in violation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441 regarding weapons of mass destruction and had to be disarmed by force
United Nations
Prior to the invasion, the United States official position was that Iraq was in violation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441 regarding weapons of mass destruction and had to be disarmed by force
Manager
Appointed manager of Leeds United
Battle of Umm Qasr
The Battle of Umm Qasr is the first military confrontation in the Iraq War, with its objective the capture of the port. Allied forces advanced across Southern Iraq and after an amphibious landing forces captured the new port area of Umm Qasr then spend several more days fighting through the old town of Umm Qasr encountering fierce resistance
Capture of Umm Qasr
Allied forces advanced across Southern Iraq and after an amphibious landing forces captured the new port area of Umm Qasr then spend several more days fighting through the old town of Umm Qasr encountering fierce resistance
Invasion of Iraq
Allied forces advanced across Southern Iraq and after an amphibious landing forces captured the new port area of Umm Qasr then spend several more days fighting through the old town of Umm Qasr encountering fierce resistance
Battle of Nasiriyah
Heavy fighting takes place in the southern Iraqi city of Nasiriyah between Iraqi forces and US Marines over control of key bridges over the Euphrates River and the Saddam Canal
Battle of Nasiriyah
US Marines enter Nasiriyah in force, facing heavy resistance as they move to secure two major bridges in the city. The main invasion army moved into southern Iraq, occupying the region and engaging in the Battle of Nasiriyah.
Battle of Nasiriyah
With the Nasiriyah and Talil Airfields secured, Coalition forces gained an important logistical centre in southern Iraq and established FOB/EAF Jalibah, some 10 miles (16 km) outside of Nasiriyah.
Invasion of Iraq
The main invasion army moved into southern Iraq, occupying the region and engaging in the Battle of Nasiriyah
Academy Award
Winner of the Oscar for best actress, for "The Hours"
Academy Award
Winner of the Oscar for best actor, for "The Pianist"
Battle of Umm Qasr
The port is declared safe and reopened
V838 Monocerotis Light Echo
Bond leads Hubble imaging of expanding light echoes produced when the eruptive star V838 Monocerotis illuminates surrounding dust.
Invasion of Iraq
The 173rd Airborne Brigade is airdropped near the northern city of Kirkuk where they joined forces with Kurdish rebels and fought several actions against the Iraqi army to secure the northern part of the country
Battle of Najaf
The 101st Airborne Division on March 29, supported by a battalion from the 1st Armored Division attacked Iraqi forces in the southern part of the city, near the Imam Ali Mosque and captured Najafs airfield
Resignation of Robin Finlayson Cook
Resigns from the Cabinet over the war with Iraq
Invasion of Iraq
Travels to Spain, France, Italy & the Azores but fails to secure a United Nations resolution
Constitution of Great Britain
In the 2003 Northern Ireland Assembly elections, the DUP overtake the UUP to become the largest party in Northern Ireland, achieving thirty seats to the UUPs twenty-seven
Election
In the 2003 Northern Ireland Assembly elections, the DUP overtake the UUP to become the largest party in Northern Ireland, achieving thirty seats to the UUPs twenty-seven
Invasion of Iraq
British troops, in what was codenamed Operation (or Op) TELIC participated in the 2003 Invasion of Iraq. A total of 46,000 troops of all the British Services were committed to the operation at its start. Including 5,000 Royal Navy and Royal Fleet Auxiliary sailors and 4,000 Royal Marines, 26,000 British Army soldiers, and 8,100 Royal Air Force
Operation TELIC
British troops, in what was codenamed Operation (or Op) TELIC participated in the 2003 Invasion of Iraq
Constitution of Palestine
Serves as the first Prime Minister of the Palestinian Authority from March to October
Prime Minister of Palestine
Serves as the first Prime Minister of the Palestinian Authority from March to October
Referendum
The Chechen referendum votes in favour of joining the Russian Federation
Resignation of Abdullah Gul
Gul resigns to allow Erdogan to become Prime Minister
Resignation of Abdullah Gul
Gul resigns to allow Erdogan to become Prime Minister
Initial Chemical Weapons Declaration
Libya submits its initial chemical-weapons declaration to the OPCW.
Manchester United Champions League Elimination
Porto score a late equaliser at Old Trafford to eliminate Manchester United from the Champions League.
Hubble Ultra Deep Field
NASA and the Space Telescope Science Institute release the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, then the deepest visible-light portrait of the universe, containing nearly 10,000 galaxies and probing galaxies from the first billion years after the Big Bang.
New Democracy Government Sworn In
Karamanlis becomes Prime Minister after winning the parliamentary election.
Prime Minister of Greece
Kostas Karamanlis is sworn in as Prime Minister after New Democracy wins the election.
Head-On
Directs Head-On, winner of the Golden Bear at Berlin.
Election
Putin wins the re-election to the presidency for a 2nd term, earning 71 percent of the vote. Putin is elected to the presidency for a 2nd term, receiving 71% of the vote
Constitutional Reform Bill Committee
Joins the House of Lords committee examining the Constitutional Reform Bill and proposed changes to major constitutional institutions.
Killing of Ahmed Yassin
Israel kills Hamas spiritual leader Ahmed Yassin in an airstrike, prompting widespread Palestinian protests and international criticism.
Assassination of Ahmed Ismail Hassan Yassin
Assassinated when an Israeli helicopter gunship fired a missile at him as he was being wheeled to early morning prayers
Assassination of Ahmed Yassin
Ahmed Yassin is killed in an Israeli attack while he was being wheeled out of an early morning prayer session, an Israeli helicopter gunship fires Hellfire missiles at Yassin and both of his bodyguards
Assassination of Ahmed Yassin
The United Nations Commission on Human Rights passes a resolution condemning the killing, supported by votes from 31 countries including the People's Republic of China, India, Indonesia, Russia, and South Africa with 2 votes against and 18 abstentions.
Assassination of Ahmed Yassin
The killing provokes widespread condemnation from the international community, Kofi Annan, United Nations Secretary-General, condemns the killing and calls on Israel to halt its policy of assassination.
Death of Ahmed Yassin
Ahmed Yassin is killed in an Israeli attack while he was being wheeled out of an early morning prayer session, an Israeli helicopter gunship fires Hellfire missiles at Yassin and both of his bodyguards
Politics
The United Nations Commission on Human Rights passes a resolution condemning the killing, supported by votes from 31 countries including the Peoples Republic of China, India, Indonesia, Russia, and South Africa with 2 votes against and 18 abstentions
Hamas
Rantissi is named leader of Hamas in the Gaza Strip, following the killing of Ahmed Yassin by Israeli forces
Tony Blair Visits Libya
Gaddafi meets British Prime Minister Tony Blair during Libya's diplomatic rehabilitation.
Hamas
Rantissi addresses 5,000 supporters in Gaza. He declared US president George W. Bush to be an "enemy of Muslims"
Hamas
Rantissi addresses 5,000 supporters in Gaza. He declared US president George W. Bush to be an "enemy of Muslims"
Death of Peter Ustinov
Death of Peter Ustinov
Romania Joins NATO
Nastase deposits Romania's instrument of accession to the North Atlantic Treaty.
Then and Now
Release the compilation Then and Now.
Death of Abdel Aziz Rantisi
Abdel Aziz Rantisi is announced as the new head of Hamas
Death of Ahmed Ismail Hassan Yassin
200,000 Palestinians attend his funeral procession
President of Uruguay
Becomes the first Broad Front president of Uruguay
Large Hadron Collider Magnet Installation
Oversees the project as the first superconducting dipole magnet is lowered into the Large Hadron Collider tunnel.
Barcelona Champions League Comeback
Chelsea beat Barcelona 4-2 at Stamford Bridge to overturn a first-leg deficit in the Champions League.
Independence of Georgia
Georgia lawmakers vote unanimously for Russia to withdraw troops from soviet-era bases by Jan 1
Retirement
Keegan quits as manager and decides to retire from football
Inauguration
Karolos Papoulias is sworn in as President of the Hellenic Republic.
Presidential Inauguration
Papoulias takes office as President of the Hellenic Republic.
Cairo Declaration
Mashal represents Hamas in Palestinian factional talks that endorse a period of calm and outline principles for broader political participation.
Death of John De Lorean
Death of John De Lorean
Death of James Callaghan
Death of James Callaghan
First International Appearance
Begins one of Spain's longest international careers.
Spain Senior Debut
Makes his senior Spain debut against China.
Discovery of Makemake
Brown, Trujillo and Rabinowitz first observe the large Kuiper Belt object later named Makemake.
Parliamentary Election Victory
ZANU-PF wins a two-thirds parliamentary majority in the national election.
Parliamentary Election
ZANU-PF wins a large parliamentary majority in the national election.
Civil Nuclear Separation Plan
India and the United States agree on a plan separating Indian civilian and military nuclear facilities.
Privy Council
Sworn of the Privy Council.
First Woman President
Becomes the first woman to serve as President of Chile.
President of Chile
Takes office as Chileโs first woman president.
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Is inducted with the Sex Pistols, though the band refuses to attend the ceremony.
Human Rights Council Created
General Assembly creates the Human Rights Council during Annan's reform agenda
The Lives of Others
Directs The Lives of Others.
Election
Ehud Olmert elected PM of Israel, heading Kadima party coalition
Prime Minister of Israel
Ehud Olmert elected PM of Israel, heading Kadima party coalition
Scandal
Scotland Yard launches a probe into allegations political parties awarded state honors in return for loans
Nuclear Power
US National Security Strategy decries Iran, stating that "Iran has violated its Non-proliferation Treaty safeguards obligations and refuses to provide objective guarantees that its nuclear program is solely for peaceful purposes
Nuclear Power
US National Security Strategy decries Iran, stating that "Iran has violated its Non-proliferation Treaty safeguards obligations and refuses to provide objective guarantees that its nuclear program is solely for peaceful purposes
Nuclear Power
US National Security Strategy decries Iran, stating that "Iran has violated its Non-proliferation Treaty safeguards obligations and refuses to provide objective guarantees that its nuclear program is solely for peaceful purposes
Death of Doris Hilda Anderson
Death of Doris Hilda Anderson
Nuclear Power
Gholam Reza Aghazadeh, the head of Atomic Energy Organisation of Iran declared that Iran has started construction of a domestically built nuclear power plant with capacity of 360 MW
Nuclear Power
Gholam Reza Aghazadeh, the head of Atomic Energy Organisation of Iran declared that Iran has started construction of a domestically built nuclear power plant with capacity of 360 MW
President of Panama
Construction begins on the Panama Canal expansion program
Arrest after Prayer Meeting
Police arrest and assault Tsvangirai following an opposition prayer meeting.
Morgan Tsvangirai Beaten
Police arrest and beat Tsvangirai after an opposition prayer meeting.
Trident Renewal
Blair wins the House of Commons vote to renew Trident with Conservative support despite a Labour rebellion
Trident Renewal
Des Browne leads the defence case for beginning the Trident renewal programme
Trident Renewal
Supports Trident renewal as Conservative votes help pass the Commons motion.
Final Budget as Chancellor
Brown presents his eleventh and final Budget as Chancellor.
UN Resolution 1747
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747 expands sanctions while reiterating the requirement that Iran suspend enrichment-related activities.
Berlin Declaration
Leads the German EU Presidency as the Berlin Declaration sets a political timetable for renewed treaty reform.
Berlin Declaration
Supports the Berlin Declaration during Germany's EU Presidency and the fiftieth anniversary of the Treaties of Rome.
Ambassador
Diplomat Ryan Crocker replaces Zalmay Khalizad as U.S. ambassador to Iraq
Riyadh Summit
Backs renewed Arab League endorsement of the Arab Peace Initiative at the Riyadh summit.
Constitution of Great Britain
Power sharing in Northern Ireland is back after an historic agreement between Rev Ian Paisley & Gerry Adams
Rule of Ireland
Power sharing in Northern Ireland is back after an historic agreement between Rev Ian Paisley & Gerry Adams
Trident
Wins the Commons vote to renew Trident, Britains independent nuclear deterent, but only with the backing of the Conservatives
Constitution of Great Britain
Power sharing in Northern Ireland is back after an historic agreement between Rev Ian Paisley & Gerry Adams
Trident
Wins the Commons vote to renew Trident, Britains independent nuclear deterent, but only with the backing of the Conservatives
Arrest of Morgan Tsvangirai
Opposition leader Morgan Tsvangirai is hospitalised after his arrest at a rally
Demonstrations
Opposition leader Morgan Tsvangirai is hospitalised after his arrest at a rally
Suspension of Annapolis Negotiations
Abbas suspended negotiations with Israel during a sharp escalation of fighting in Gaza. He resumed diplomatic engagement only after international mediation sought to restore the Annapolis negotiating process.
Election
Dmitry Medvedev is elected President of Russia with about 70% of the vote, scheduled to succeed Vladimir Putin in May
UN Resolution 1803
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1803 broadens restrictions connected with Iran's nuclear and enrichment programme.
Oil Revenue Distribution Proposal
Gaddafi proposes distributing oil revenue directly while abolishing most government ministries.
Election
John McCain secures the 2008 US Republican Party presidential nomination after winning primary elections in Texas, Vermont, Ohio, and Rhode Island
Republican Nomination
Secures the Republican presidential nomination after further primary victories
Credit Crunch
The Fed releases another $200 billion emergency funding. Former bosses of Citigroup and Merrill Lynch face a congressional committee grilling over pay
Monastic Protests
Monks begin demonstrations in Lhasa on the anniversary of the 1959 uprising.
Call for Nonviolence
The Dalai Lama urges Tibetans to protest peacefully and avoid violence.
Middle Way Reaffirmed
Tenzin Gyatso reiterates his demand for genuine autonomy rather than Tibetan independence.
Tibetan Uprising Anniversary
The exile administration marks the uprising anniversary while reporting renewed protests in Tibet.
Torres Scores at Inter Milan
Torres scores in Liverpool's 1โ0 victory over Inter Milan at San Siro, sealing progress under Benรญtez to the Champions League quarter-finals.
Term Securities Lending Facility
The Federal Reserve announces the Term Securities Lending Facility, offering primary dealers temporary exchanges of less-liquid securities for Treasury securities in order to ease strains in secured funding markets.
Credit Crunch
The Federal Reserve announces the Term Securities Lending Facility, offering Treasury securities in exchange for less-liquid collateral held by primary dealers.
Lhasa Riots
Protests in Lhasa escalate into rioting, attacks and a broad security crackdown.
Diplomatic Plan
China plans to increase its military budget by 417.8 billion yuan ($59 billion) or nearly 18% as compared to previous year
Lhasa Violence
Shops and vehicles are attacked during the violent phase of the Lhasa unrest.
Protection of Minority Property
Security authorities respond after Han Chinese and Hui-owned property is attacked in Lhasa.
Budget
China plans to increase its military budget by 417.8 billion yuan ($59 billion) or nearly 18% as compared to previous year
Diplomatic Plan
China plans to increase its military budget by 417.8 billion yuan ($59 billion) or nearly 18% as compared to previous year
Intercommunal Restraint Appeal
The Dalai Lama urges Tibetans not to target Han Chinese or Hui civilians.
Statement on Lhasa Violence
The Dalai Lama condemns violence in Lhasa while calling for an investigation.
Bear Stearns Liquidity Crisis
Bear Stearns receives emergency secured funding after counterparties withdraw financing.
Bear Stearns
Bear Stearns is bailed out with emergency funding from JP Morgan and the NY Fed
Credit Crunch
Bear Stearns is bailed out with emergency funding from JP Morgan and the NY Fed
Unrest Spreads
Demonstrations spread from Lhasa into Tibetan communities in neighbouring Chinese provinces.
Gansu Protests
Tibetan demonstrations occur in Gansu as unrest spreads beyond the autonomous region.
Statement on Gansu Protests
The Dalai Lama's administration reports demonstrations in Tibetan areas of Gansu.
Ngaba Clashes
Monks and security forces clash in Ngaba during expanding Tibetan protests.
Solidarity Protest
A university sit-in expresses solidarity with Tibetan demonstrators while remaining peaceful.
Tibetan Student Sit-in
Tibetan students hold a peaceful solidarity sit-in at a Beijing university.
Solidarity with Students
The exile leadership welcomes peaceful solidarity actions by Tibetan students in Beijing.
Statement on Ngaba
The exile administration reports casualties and arrests following clashes in Ngaba.
Bear Stearns Takeover
JPMorgan Chase agrees to acquire Bear Stearns with Federal Reserve assistance.
Primary Dealer Credit Facility
The Federal Reserve creates the Primary Dealer Credit Facility to provide overnight secured funding to primary dealers, extending central-bank liquidity support to a critical part of the securities-market infrastructure.
Bear Stearns Rescue
The Federal Reserve supports the Bear Stearns transaction to reduce systemic financial risk.
Bear Stearns
Bear Stearns is sold to JP Morgan Chase for just $240 million under Fed pressure in an emergency rescue takeover
Credit Crunch
Bear Stearns is sold to JP Morgan Chase for just $240 million under Fed pressure in an emergency rescue takeover
Pension Reform
Promulgates a pension reform creating a solidarity pension system.
Security Restrictions
Authorities impose extensive security and access restrictions across Lhasa following the unrest.
Tesla Roadster
Tesla begins regular production of the Roadster electric sports car
Government Accusation
Wen Jiabao accuses supporters of the Dalai Lama of organising the violence.
Response to Lhasa Violence
Wen Jiabao defends the security response and promises restraint toward peaceful demonstrators.
Football Hall of Fame
Awarded a place in the football Hall of Fame at the National Football Museum in Preston, joining fellow former Seasiders Stanley Matthews and Stan Mortensen in the list of Blackpool players selected
Denial of Responsibility
The Dalai Lama denies Chinese allegations that he organised the unrest.
Credit Crunch
The Federal Reserve lowers the federal funds target by three-quarters of a percentage point following the emergency rescue of Bear Stearns.
Foreign Media Restrictions
Authorities restrict foreign media access while presenting the government's account of the unrest.
Death of David Paul Scofield
Death of David Paul Scofield
Comedy
The Curse of Steptoe, a BBC TV play about Brambell and his co-star Harry H Corbett, is broadcast on digital BBC channel BBC FOUR, featuring Phil Davis as Brambel
Methane in Exoplanet Atmosphere
Swain leads Hubble observations detecting methane in HD 189733b, the first organic molecule identified in an exoplanet atmosphere.
Demonstrations
Xinhua reports that 18 civilians and a policeman have died in Lhasa, a total of 382 people were wounded, 58 seriously, according to Xinhua, arsonists set fire to 908 shops, 84 vehicles, seven schools and 120 homes
Bobby Robson Foundation
Launches the Sir Bobby Robson Foundation. Funds equipment for the Sir Bobby Robson Cancer Trials Research Centre, in the Freeman Hospital in Newcastle-upon-Tyne
Cancer Research
Funds equipment for the Sir Bobby Robson Cancer Trials Research Centre, in the Freeman Hospital in Newcastle-upon-Tyne
Prime Minister of Pakistan
Yousaf Raza Gillani becomes Prime Minister after the Pakistan Peoples Party's election victory.
100 Caps
Recalled to the England squad by Capello for the friendly against France, Beckham becomes only the fifth Englishman to win 100 caps
International Investigation Appeal
Tenzin Gyatso calls for an independent international investigation into the unrest.
Harmonised Election
Mugabe contests presidential and parliamentary elections against a strengthened opposition.
Parliamentary Election Results
ZANU-PF wins fewer elected Assembly seats than the combined MDC factions.
Credit Crunch
Henry Paulson proposes sweeping reforms to banking controls
Credit Crunch
Henry Paulson proposes sweeping reforms to banking controls
Ban
New President Raul Castros Government lifts a ban on Cubans staying at hotels previously reserved for foreigners
Premiership Ends
Tarlev resigns after nearly seven years as Prime Minister
Prime Minister Takes Office
Zinaida Greceanii becomes Moldova's first female Prime Minister
Financial Regulation Plan
Proposes a broad redesign of financial regulation after months of credit-market stress
King Abdullah calls for a brotherly and sincere dialogue between believers from
King Abdullah calls for a "brotherly and sincere dialogue between believers from all religions"
Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging
Calls for a "free Afrikaner republic", and vows to take his campaign to the United Nations International Court of Justice in The Hague in a bid to secure this.
Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging
Terre Blanche becomes the speaker at several AWB rallies, encompassing Vryburg, Middelburg, Mpumalanga and Pretoria.
Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging
The AWB announces the re-activation of the political party, for populist reasons, citing the encouragement of the public principally to attacks on commercial farmers and ethnic Boers, the electricity crisis, corruption across Government departments and rampant crime.
International Court of Justice
Calls for a "free Afrikaner republic", and vows to take his campaign to the United Nations International Court of Justice in The Hague in a bid to secure this
Assassination of Joao Bernardo Vieira
The military denies that a coup is under way, stating that the presidents killers are an isolated group of soldiers. The assassination is said to be retaliation for a bomb attack that killed the army Chief of Staff, Gen. Batista Tagme Na Wai. President Joao Bernardo Vieira of the small African country of Guinea-Bissau is shot to death by army troops
Coup
The military denies that a coup is under way, stating that the presidents killers are an isolated group of soldiers
Arrest of Syed Tauhidul Alam
Bangladeshi police arrested Syed Tauhidul Alam, the suspected ringleader of a deadly border guard mutiny that killed at least 69 people, during a raid in a slum in Dhaka
Quantitative Easing
The Bank begins purchasing assets with newly created central-bank money to support demand.
Credit Crunch
The Bank of England cuts Bank Rate to 0.5 percent and begins quantitative easing through large-scale asset purchases financed with central-bank reserves.
Credit Crunch
Lloyds Banking Group agrees in principle to place a large portfolio of troubled assets within the Government's Asset Protection Scheme.
IRA - Massereene Barracks Attack
Government record concerning the IRA: Brown condemns the Real IRA attack that kills two British soldiers.
IRA - Massereene Barracks Attack
Historical IRA record under Labour Party Government: Brown condemns the Real IRA attack that kills two British soldiers.
IRA - Massereene Barracks Attack
IRA context for James Gordon Brown: Brown condemns the Real IRA attack that kills two British soldiers.
Massereene Barracks Attack
Brown condemns the Real IRA attack that kills two British soldiers.
UK Sport Chair Reappointment
Burnham reappoints Sue Campbell as chair of UK Sport.
Aurรฉlio Free Kick Against United
Aurรฉlio scores a curling free kick as Liverpool beat Manchester United 4โ1 at Old Trafford under Benรญtez.
Dossena Completes United Victory
Dossena chips the fourth Liverpool goal against Manchester United, completing a commanding away win in the Premier League.
Torres Opens Old Trafford Rout
Torres equalises at Old Trafford as Benรญtez's Liverpool go on to defeat Manchester United 4โ1 in a high-profile title-race clash.
Coup
Marc Ravalomanana resigns as President, in an apparent coup, he hands power over to the military, which in turn transfers control to Andry Rajoelina
Coup
Marc Ravalomanana resigns as President, in an apparent coup, he hands power over to the military, which in turn transfers control to Andry Rajoelina
President of Madagascar
Marc Ravalomanana resigns as President, in an apparent coup, he hands power over to the military, which in turn transfers control to Andry Rajoelina
Multi-Currency Budget
Biti presents a budget formalising the use of foreign currencies.
Large-Scale Asset Purchases Expanded
The Federal Open Market Committee greatly expands its large-scale asset purchases, adding up to 750 billion dollars of agency mortgage-backed securities, 100 billion dollars of agency debt, and 300 billion dollars of longer-term Treasury securities.
March 23 Agreement with CNDP
Concludes an agreement providing for CNDP political participation and integration of its fighters into national institutions.
Order of Merit
UEFA award Robson the Emerald UEFA Order of Merit award, awarded to "individuals who have dedicated their talents to the good of the game"
Diplomatic Plan
King Abdullah proposed implanting Guantanamo detainees with a chip that contained their personal information before authorities tracked their movements using Bluetooth technology
President of Uruguay
Appointed President of Uruguay
Death of Michael Mackintosh Foot
Death of Michael Mackintosh Foot
Death of Michael Mackintosh Foot
Death of Michael Foot
First Icesave Referendum
Voters reject legislation guaranteeing repayment terms connected with Icesave deposits in Britain and the Netherlands by an overwhelming majority.
President of Chile
Takes office as President of Chile for his first constitutional term.
Acting Mayor of Amsterdam
Takes office as Acting Mayor of Amsterdam.
Mayoral Term
Leaves office as Mayor of Amsterdam.
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Is inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Genesis.
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Is inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Genesis.
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Is inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Genesis.
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Is inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Genesis.
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Is inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Genesis.
Champions League Win at Chelsea
Returns to Stamford Bridge and guides Inter past Chelsea in the Champions League round of sixteen.
Affordable Care Act
Attends signing of the Affordable Care Act.
Cheonan Sinking
South Korea blames North Korea for sinking Cheonan.
Vuฤiniฤ Winner Against Inter
Vuฤiniฤ scores a decisive goal against Inter as Roma win 2โ1 and intensify the Serie A title race under Ranieri.
Large Hadron Collider High-Energy Collisions
Welcomes the first Large Hadron Collider proton collisions at a total energy of 7 TeV, beginning sustained high-energy physics running.
Acting Governor Appointed
Sarita Francis serves briefly as acting Governor
Taoiseach of Ireland
Becomes Taoiseach after the 2011 general election and forms a Fine Gael-Labour government.
Fukushima Disaster
A uranium-fuelled reactor crisis follows the Tohoku earthquake.
Fukushima Emergency Response Activated
The IAEA activates sustained emergency information and coordination work after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident.
United Nations Resolution 1973
The Security Council authorises a no-fly zone and measures to protect civilians.
Libya Intervention
Wins Commons support for UK participation in military action over Libya.
Mercury Orbit Insertion
MESSENGER fires its main engine and becomes the first spacecraft to enter orbit around Mercury.
Friday of Dignity Crisis
Faces a political crisis after protesters are killed in Sanaa.
Protest Killings Intensify Opposition
Senior officials and military commanders begin defecting.
Libya Military Action Begins
Announces that British forces are taking part in international military action under the United Nations mandate.
Libya Commons Authorization
Wins House of Commons support for military action implementing United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973.
Party Congress
Re-elected party general secretary at the ninth LPRP congress
Death of Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor
Death of Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor
Dissolution of Parliament
A decree formally dissolved both chambers of the former national parliament.
London Conference on Libya
Opens an international conference coordinating political and diplomatic support for Libya's transition.
Head of State Ends
Than Shwe hands power to the new civilian-style government
Head of Government Role
Presidency combines head of state and head of government powers
President Takes Office
Thein Sein becomes President under the 2008 constitution
NATO Assumes Operation Command
NATO assumes command of international military operations enforcing the United Nations mandate.
Executive Board Leadership
Jibril leads the National Transitional Council's executive body during the civil conflict.
Election
Putin won the 2012 Russian presidential elections in the first round, with 63.6% of the vote
Wrecking Ball
Releases Wrecking Ball, an album shaped by economic anger and social protest.
Barbara
Directs Barbara.
MESSENGER Extended Mission
MESSENGER begins its first extended mission after completing the primary year of orbital observations.
Military Coup
Sanogo leads soldiers who seize power shortly before scheduled presidential elections.
Acting Presidency Ends
Lupu leaves the acting presidency after Nicolae Timofti is sworn in
President Takes Office
Nicolae Timofti becomes President after parliamentary election
UNOCI Force Command
The United Nations selects Muhammad Iqbal Asi of Pakistan to command the UN peacekeeping force in Cote d'Ivoire.
President of Venezuela
Appointed acting President of Venezuela after the death of Hugo Chavez
The Next Day
Releases The Next Day after a long absence from new albums, surprising listeners with a sudden comeback.
The Next Day
Produces The Next Day, Bowie's surprise return after a long absence from new albums.
Head of Government of Tunisia
Ali Larayedh became head of government of Tunisia.
Higgs Boson Confirmation
Sees CERN report that accumulating measurements increasingly support the new particle having the properties expected of a Higgs boson.
Higgs Boson
Sees CERN report that additional data support the new particle having spin zero and positive parity, strengthening its identification as a Higgs boson.
Higgs Boson Properties
Sees additional ATLAS and CMS measurements strengthen the identification of the 2012 particle as a Higgs boson.
Constitutional Referendum
Voters approve a new constitution by an overwhelming majority.
MESSENGER Second Extension
MESSENGER begins a second extended phase of Mercury observations, allowing progressively lower-altitude measurements.
Inclusive Transition Talks
Political and social groups begin negotiations over constitutional reform.
National Dialogue Conference Opens
Opens Yemen's National Dialogue Conference.
Help to Buy
Announces Help to Buy measures in the Budget.
Planck
Bouchet helps present Planck results with the most detailed all sky map of the cosmic microwave background
Planck
Efstathiou interprets Planck data that refines the age and matter content of the Big Bang universe
Caretaker Prime Minister
Mir Hazar Khan Khoso leads the caretaker government during the 2013 election.
Poyet Guides Sunderland to Wembley Final
Poyet leads Sunderland into the League Cup final after eliminating Manchester United in the semi-finals, but City wins the trophy.
Borini League Cup Final Opener
Borini puts Sunderland ahead against Manchester City with a composed finish, although the team ultimately loses the League Cup final 3โ1.
Disintegrating Asteroid P2013 R3
Jewitt leads Hubble observations showing asteroid P/2013 R3 breaking into multiple pieces without evidence for a high-speed collision.
President of Chile
Returns to office as President of Chile for a second non-consecutive term.
Appointment as Acting Prime Minister
Al-Thani assumes leadership of the government after Zeidan's dismissal.
Dismissal as Prime Minister
The General National Congress dismisses Zeidan after a disputed oil shipment leaves Libya.
Six-Goal Victory over Arsenal
Chelsea defeat Arsenal 6-0 at Stamford Bridge in one of Mourinho's largest Premier League victories.
ECOWAS Chairmanship Assumed
Mahama assumes the chairmanship of ECOWAS and identifies regional peace, economic integration and infrastructure as priorities for his tenure.
Third Chelsea League Cup Victory
Chelsea defeat Tottenham Hotspur 2-0 at Wembley to win the League Cup.
New Horizons
A 93-second thruster burn adjusts New Horizons' trajectory for the forthcoming Pluto encounter.
EU Candidate Status Reconsidered
The government informs European Union institutions that Iceland should no longer be regarded as a candidate country and does not intend to resume negotiations.
New Horizons
New Horizons becomes closer to Pluto than Earth is to the Sun, marking a major approach milestone.
Bardo National Museum Attack
An armed attack at the Bardo National Museum prompted a major government security response.
Chief of Air Staff
Sohail Aman becomes Chief of Air Staff of the Pakistan Air Force.
Death of Lee Kuan Yew
Death of Lee Kuan Yew
Requests External Military Assistance
Requests regional military assistance against Houthi forces.
Saudi Coalition Intervention Requested
Saudi-led intervention begins shortly afterward.
Saudi Defence Leadership
Becomes a central Saudi decision-maker in the campaign.
Saudi-Led Yemen Intervention
Oversees Saudi defense policy as coalition operations begin.
Yemen Campaign Oversight
Oversees Saudi defence policy as the Yemen intervention begins.
Operation Decisive Storm
Authorizes the Saudi-led military intervention in Yemen.
Saudi-Led Intervention Begins
Coalition air operations begin against Houthi-controlled targets.
Saudi-Led Yemen Intervention
Authorizes Saudi participation in the coalition intervention in Yemen.
Economic Affairs Committee Service Ends
Completes his second recorded period of service on the House of Lords Economic Affairs Committee.
Retirement from House of Commons
Brown's thirty-two-year service in the House of Commons comes to an end.
Chairman Takes Office
Denis Zvizdic becomes Chairman of the Council of Ministers
First International Appearance
Begins his international career as a creative midfielder.
Portugal Senior Debut
Makes his senior Portugal debut against Cape Verde.
Coalition Operations Briefings
Serves as spokesman for the Saudi-led coalition.
Operation Decisive Storm Spokesman
Briefs media on air operations and campaign objectives.
GN-z11 Distance Record
Oesch leads Hubble observations that identify GN-z11 as the most distant known galaxy at the time.
EU Financial Affairs Sub-Committee Service Ends
Completes his recorded service on the House of Lords EU Financial Affairs Sub-Committee.
Death of George Martin
Dies aged ninety after a career that reshaped record production and the Beatles' studio sound.
Newcastle Appoints Benรญtez
Benรญtez takes over Newcastle United late in a relegation battle and immediately begins reorganising the team's defensive structure.
Okazaki Overhead Kick Against Newcastle
Okazaki scores with an overhead kick against Newcastle as Leicester protect their lead at the top of the Premier League.
Brexit
Resigns from cabinet during the referendum period and campaigns for Leave.
Government of National Accord Arrives
Sarraj and Presidency Council members arrive by sea to begin governing from Tripoli.
Presidency Ends
Thein Sein leaves office after the transition to an NLD-led government
President Takes Office
Htin Kyaw becomes President after the NLD election victory
Revised Travel Ban
Issues a revised travel ban after legal challenges.
Champions League Sevilla Decisive Goal
Albrighton scores Leicester City's second goal in the 2-0 home victory over Sevilla, sending the club into its first Champions League quarter-final.
Capital Controls Largely Removed
Most capital controls on individuals, companies and pension funds are lifted after years of restrictions introduced during the financial crisis.
Article 50 Act
The European Union Notification of Withdrawal Act receives royal assent.
Brexit
The European Union Notification of Withdrawal Act receives royal assent.
Labour Brexit Tests
Starmer sets tests for judging whether the Government secures an acceptable Brexit agreement.
Coal Regulations Rollback
Signs an order rolling back Obama-era climate and coal regulations.
Article 50 Triggered
The United Kingdom gives formal notice of withdrawal from the European Union.
Brexit
The United Kingdom gives formal notice of withdrawal from the European Union.
Room 29 Album
Releases the collaborative album Room 29 with Chilly Gonzales.
Reelection Crisis
Faces protests over efforts to permit presidential reelection.
Brexit
Delivers the Mansion House speech on the future UK-EU relationship.
Deep Jupiter Jet Streams
Juno gravity measurements show Jupiter's east-west jet streams extend about 3,000 kilometres below the cloud tops.
Jupiter Gravity Asymmetry
Juno gravity data reveal north-south asymmetries linked to deep atmospheric flows inside Jupiter.
President of Chile
Returns to office as President of Chile for his second non-consecutive term.
Resignation of Robert Fico
Resigns after protests over the Kuciak murder.
Transition Agreement
Agrees a draft transition period with the European Union.
Chief of Air Staff
Mujahid Anwar Khan becomes Chief of Air Staff of the Pakistan Air Force.
Acting President Takes Office
Myint Swe becomes acting President after Htin Kyaw resigns
Presidency Ends
Htin Kyaw resigns as President
Prime Minister
Becomes prime minister after Fico's resignation.
President Takes Office
Win Myint becomes President after parliamentary election
Appointment of Mohammad Shtayyeh
Abbas appointed senior Fatah figure Mohammad Shtayyeh to form a new Palestinian Authority government. The appointment replaced Rami Hamdallah and reflected an effort to reorganise the West Bank administration while the political split with Hamas continued.
Second Deal Defeat
The Commons rejects the Withdrawal Agreement for a second time.
Second Meaningful Vote
The Commons rejects the revised Withdrawal Agreement for a second time.
Second Meaningful Vote
Starmer again votes against the revised withdrawal agreement.
Article 50 Extension Vote
MPs vote to seek an extension to the Article 50 process.
Christchurch Attack
Responds to the Christchurch mosque attacks.
Acting President Takes Office
Tokayev becomes acting President after Nazarbayev resigns
Presidency Ends
Nazarbayev resigns after nearly three decades as head of state
Article 50 Short Extension
The European Council grants a short Article 50 extension.
Mueller Report
Submits the report on Russian interference in the 2016 election to the Justice Department.
Mueller Report Delivered
Receives the Mueller report on Russian interference.
General Election - General Election
Leads the pro-military camp through Thailand's general election.
General Election Election Outcome
General election outcome recorded for Prayut Chan-o-cha: Leads the pro-military camp through Thailand's general election.
General Election Government
Government context for this general election: Leads the pro-military camp through Thailand's general election.
General Election
Leads the pro-military camp through Thailand's general election.
Mueller Report Public Summary
Attorney General releases summary of the Mueller report.
Original Exit Date Missed
The original Brexit date passes without the United Kingdom leaving the European Union.
Third Deal Defeat
The Commons rejects the Withdrawal Agreement for a third time.
Third Meaningful Vote
The Commons rejects the Withdrawal Agreement for a third time.
Presidential Election
Wins the presidential election.
McGeady Leads Wembley Trophy Campaign
McGeady contributes to Sunderland's Checkatrade Trophy final appearance against Portsmouth, although Sunderland loses on penalties.
Lowe Attacks Sunderland in Trophy Final
Lowe leads Portsmouth's attacks in the EFL Trophy final against Sunderland, with the side eventually winning after a penalty shootout.
Jackett Wins EFL Trophy Against Sunderland
Jackett leads Portsmouth to an EFL Trophy triumph over Sunderland on penalties after a 2โ2 Wembley draw.
Close Supports Trophy Final Midfield
Close takes part in Portsmouthโs midfield effort as the team defeats Sunderland in the EFL Trophy final on penalties.
President of Uruguay
Inaugurated as President of Uruguay.
COVID-19
Saudi Arabia confirms its first COVID-19 case.
COVID-19
Publishes the United Kingdom coronavirus action plan.
Emergency Federal Funds Rate Cut
The Federal Open Market Committee makes an emergency one-half percentage point reduction in the federal funds target range as the emerging coronavirus outbreak creates rapidly evolving risks to economic activity.
Super Tuesday Comeback
Wins key Super Tuesday contests.
The Mirror and the Light
Publication of The Mirror and the Light.
COVID-19
Declares a state of emergency after COVID-19 cases are found in Bethlehem.
CDC Visit on COVID
Visits CDC to discuss coronavirus response.
COVID-19
Extends lockdown measures across Italy during the COVID-19 pandemic.
COVID-19
Denmark announces a national shutdown as COVID-19 spreads.
Emergency Bank Rate Cut and TFSME
Mark Carney leads the Bank of England as Bank Rate is cut to 0.25 percent and a new Term Funding Scheme is introduced to support lending during the Covid-19 shock.
COVID-19
Turkey confirms its first COVID-19 case.
Travel Restrictions from Europe
Announces travel restrictions from Europe due to COVID-19.
COVID-19
Declares a state of emergency over COVID-19.
COVID-19
Advises the UK government on scientific aspects of the COVID-19 response.
COVID-19
Announces school and public facility closures in response to COVID-19.
COVID-19
Norway announces major national restrictions to slow COVID-19.
COVID-19
Announces limits on public gatherings as cases rise.
COVID-19
Begins self-isolation after Sophie Gregoire Trudeau tests positive for COVID-19.
Presidential Inauguration
Sakellaropoulou takes office as President of the Hellenic Republic.
COVID-19 Gathering Restrictions Introduced
The government introduces nationwide limits on large gatherings as part of Iceland's early public-health response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
COVID-19
Kenya confirms its first COVID-19 case.
COVID-19
Poland announces border restrictions and public health measures.
COVID-19
Declares a national emergency over the COVID-19 pandemic.
COVID-19 National Emergency
Declares a national emergency over the COVID-19 pandemic.
COVID-19
Declares a health emergency after Uruguay confirms its first COVID-19 cases.
COVID-19
Orders suspension of schools and universities as Egypt responds to the COVID-19 pandemic.
COVID-19
Declares a state of alarm as Spain enters national COVID-19 restrictions.
COVID-19
Declares a state of alarm during the COVID-19 crisis.
COVID-19
Declares a state of emergency and quarantine.
COVID-19
Declares a national state of disaster.
Federal Funds Rate Returned to Near Zero
The Federal Open Market Committee reduces the federal funds target range to zero to one-quarter percent and announces large purchases of Treasury and agency mortgage-backed securities as the pandemic shock intensifies.
COVID-19
Austria begins strict measures against COVID-19.
COVID-19
Announces border restrictions as Canada responds to COVID-19.
COVID-19
Finland declares emergency conditions over COVID-19.
COVID-19
Announces national restrictions to slow the spread of COVID-19.
COVID-19
Announces national measures to slow COVID-19 transmission.
COVID-19
Places Luzon under enhanced community quarantine.
COVID-19
Declares a state of emergency over COVID-19.
COVID-19 Emergency
Declares a state of emergency over COVID-19.
COVID-19
Switzerland declares an extraordinary situation under epidemic law.
COVID-19 National Response
Addresses the coronavirus emergency and backs national restrictions intended to slow the spread of COVID-19.
COVID-19
Moderna begins early human testing of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine.
COVID-19
Contributes to rapid design of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine antigen.
COVID-19
Helps lead coronavirus vaccine research at the National Institutes of Health.
COVID-19
Algeria closes public spaces and restricts gatherings in response to COVID-19.
COVID-19
Belgium imposes national restrictions as COVID-19 spreads.
COVID-19
France enters national lockdown to slow COVID-19 transmission.
Overseas Arrival Quarantine Announced
The Government announces compulsory quarantine for people arriving from overseas countries and territories as imported COVID-19 cases increase sharply.
COVID-19
Jordan activates emergency powers during the COVID-19 outbreak.
COVID-19
UEFA postpones Euro 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Euro 2020 Postponed
UEFA postpones Euro 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Commercial Paper Funding Facility Reintroduced
The Federal Reserve reestablishes the Commercial Paper Funding Facility to provide a liquidity backstop for issuers of commercial paper whose access to short-term funding has been disrupted by the pandemic-related market shock.
Primary Dealer Credit Facility Reintroduced
The Federal Reserve reestablishes the Primary Dealer Credit Facility, offering secured funding to primary dealers so they can continue making markets and supporting the flow of credit during severe pandemic-related stress.
COVID-19
Helps coordinate Canada's federal COVID-19 economic and border response.
COVID-19
Declares a constitutional state of catastrophe as COVID-19 spreads through Chile.
COVID-19
Malaysia begins its Movement Control Order.
COVID-19
Portugal declares a state of emergency over COVID-19.
Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility
The Federal Reserve creates the Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility to finance purchases of eligible assets from money market funds, helping those funds meet redemption demands and reducing forced sales into strained markets.
Defense Production Act Use
Invokes Defense Production Act to boost medical supplies.
COVID-19
Announces a nationwide quarantine in Argentina.
Bank Rate Cut to 0.1 Percent
Andrew Bailey leads the Bank of England as Bank Rate is cut to 0.1 percent and the Monetary Policy Committee authorises an additional two hundred billion pounds of asset purchases.
COVID-19
Announces emergency restrictions and surveillance measures during the pandemic.
COVID-19
Announces restrictions on non-residents entering Australia.
COVID-19
Announces the Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme.
Furlough Scheme
Announces the Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme.
COVID-19
Morocco declares a health emergency to contain COVID-19.
Death of Kenny Rogers
Death of country singer Kenny Rogers.
COVID Task Force Briefings
Conducts daily coronavirus task force briefings.
Matovic Government
Forms a government after parliamentary elections.
COVID-19
Announces strict national contact restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Coronavirus Lockdown
The government imposed a general lockdown to limit the spread of COVID-19.
COVID-19
Announces the first nationwide COVID-19 lockdown in the United Kingdom.
COVID-19
Mitsotakis's government imposes nationwide restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Overseas Non-Resident Entry Ban Announced
Lam announces that non-Hong Kong residents arriving by air from overseas will be denied entry as part of stronger measures against imported infections.
COVID-19
Saudi Arabia imposes a nationwide curfew as COVID-19 spreads.
COVID-19
Announces restrictions in Scotland during the first UK lockdown.
COVID-19
Announces a nationwide lockdown in response to COVID-19.
Pandemic Credit Facilities and Open-Ended Asset Purchases
The Federal Reserve expands its pandemic response by committing to purchase Treasury and agency mortgage-backed securities in amounts needed for market functioning and by establishing new facilities to support corporate and consumer credit.
COVID-19
Orders national isolation measures during the pandemic.
COVID-19
Narendra Modi announces a nationwide lockdown to limit the spread of COVID-19.
COVID-19
Agrees with Olympic officials to postpone the Tokyo Olympics because of COVID-19.
Tokyo Olympics Postponed
Agrees with Olympic officials to postpone the Tokyo Olympics because of COVID-19.
Tokyo Olympics Postponed
Tokyo 2020 organisers accept postponement of the Olympic Games.
COVID-19 Response
The federal government approves restrictions and relief measures during the COVID-19 pandemic.
COVID-19 Restrictions
Approves movement restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic.
COVID-19
Approves military-ordinance restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic.
COVID-19
Moves New Zealand into strict lockdown to suppress COVID-19.
COVID-19
Announces measures including a paid non-working period during the COVID-19 outbreak.
COVID-19
Bangladesh begins a nationwide shutdown during the pandemic.
COVID-19
Announces he has tested positive for COVID-19.
COVID-19
Announces he has tested positive for COVID-19.
COVID-19
South Africa begins a national lockdown.
CARES Act
The Act provides emergency payments, unemployment support, business lending and public-health funding.
COVID-19
Signs the CARES Act relief package.
CARES Act Signing
Signs the CARES Act economic relief package.
COVID-19
Orders lockdowns in Lagos, Ogun and Abuja.
COVID-19
Addresses the nation as Sweden follows a less restrictive pandemic strategy.
COVID-19
Ghana imposes restrictions in Accra and Kumasi.
COVID-19
Parliament grants the government emergency powers during the pandemic.
COVID-19
Orders strict measures as Laos responds to the COVID-19 pandemic.
COVID-19
Mexico declares a health emergency over COVID-19.
Small Business Relief Announcement
Highlights Paycheck Protection Program for small businesses.
COVID-19
Declares a public health emergency over COVID-19.
COVID-19 Vaccination
Receives a COVID-19 vaccination while visiting Ukrainian forces in the Donbas region.
National Assembly Confidence Vote
Imran Khan wins a confidence vote in the National Assembly.
Parliamentary Confidence for Unity Government
The House of Representatives grants confidence to Dbeibah's Government of National Unity.
NPC Electoral Reform Decision Welcomed
Lam welcomes the National People's Congress decision to change Hong Kong's electoral system and implement the principle of patriots administering Hong Kong.
American Rescue Plan
The Act funds household payments, unemployment benefits, vaccination and state and local governments.
American Rescue Plan
Signs the American Rescue Plan Act.
Gooch Scores EFL Trophy Final Winner
Gooch nets the only goal against Tranmere Rovers as Sunderland win the EFL Trophy at Wembley, ending a long trophy drought.
Johnson Wins EFL Trophy at Wembley
Johnson leads Sunderland to a 1โ0 EFL Trophy final victory over Tranmere Rovers, lifting silverware during a difficult lower-league period.
Government of National Unity Sworn In
Dbeibah and his cabinet take the oath before the House of Representatives.
Chief of Air Staff
Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu becomes Chief of Air Staff of the Pakistan Air Force.
M87 Polarized Black Hole Image
Coordinates EHT polarimetry work revealing magnetic-field structure close to the event horizon of M87*.
M87 Polarization Analysis
Contributes calibration and polarization analysis for the Event Horizon Telescope view of magnetic fields near M87*.
Bus Franchising Decision
Burnham decides to place Greater Manchester buses under a franchised system of local control.
Military Security Strategy
Approves Ukraine's Military Security Strategy focused on comprehensive defense and closer NATO cooperation.
Basic Law Electoral Annexes Amended
Lam welcomes amendments to Annexes I and II of the Basic Law that substantially restructure the Chief Executive and Legislative Council election systems.
European Parliament Wartime Address
Addresses the European Parliament and urges the European Union to prove that it stands with Ukraine.
State of the Union
Delivers his first State of the Union address.
Capture of Kherson
Reports Russian control of Kherson after Russian forces enter the city
Siege of Mariupol
Mariupol is encircled during Russia's southern offensive.
Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Plant Crisis
Responds to the shelling and Russian seizure of the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant
Irpin Evacuation
Coordinates evacuations as Russian shelling hits Irpin.
Acting Governor Appointed
Lyndell Simpson serves again as acting Governor
United Kingdom Parliament Address
Addresses the British Parliament by video and vows that Ukraine will continue resisting Russia.
Paris Saint-Germain Hat-Trick
Scores a second-half hat-trick as Real Madrid overturn their tie against Paris Saint-Germain.
Mariupol Maternity Hospital Strike
Russian attack damages a maternity hospital during the Mariupol siege.
Mariupol Maternity Hospital Strike
Condemns the Russian strike on a maternity hospital in besieged Mariupol
Mariupol Hospital Documentation
Documents the aftermath of the Mariupol maternity hospital strike.
Antalya Talks
Meets Dmytro Kuleba in Turkey during early diplomatic talks
Antalya Talks
Meets Russian foreign minister Sergei Lavrov in the first high-level talks after the invasion
President of Chile
Takes office as President of Chile at the beginning of the 2022-2026 term.
Melitopol Abduction
Is detained by Russian forces after the occupation of Melitopol.
Presidential Election
Serdar Berdymukhamedov wins the snap presidential election
Severodonetsk Fighting
Reports heavy fighting in Luhansk during Russia's eastern offensive.
Refugee Reception
Poland receives millions of Ukrainian refugees.
Mariupol Siege Reporting
Reports from Mariupol during the Russian siege.
Canadian Parliament Address
Addresses Canada's Parliament and appeals for stronger military and economic support.
Danjuma Opens Villarreal Juventus Victory
Danjuma converts a late penalty at Juventus as Villarreal win 3โ0 away and advance under Emery into the Champions League quarter-finals.
Moreno Penalty at Juventus
Moreno scores from the penalty spot after coming off the bench against Juventus, giving Emery's Villarreal the breakthrough in a Champions League knockout tie.
Mariupol Drama Theatre Strike
Reports on the destruction of the Mariupol drama theatre during the Russian siege
Mariupol Theatre Bombing
Mariupol theatre is bombed while civilians shelter inside.
US Congress Address
Addresses the United States Congress by video and appeals for further military assistance.
German Bundestag Address
Addresses the German Bundestag and urges Germany to take stronger action against Russia.
Mariupol Offensive
Russian forces push deeper into besieged Mariupol.
Mykolaiv Counterattack
Helps coordinate the defense of Mykolaiv.
Cabinet Chairmanship
The President chairs the Cabinet of Ministers in the absence of a prime minister
Cabinet Leadership Ends
His direct head-of-government role ends as his son becomes President
Presidency Ends
Berdymukhamedov steps down as President after fifteen years in office
Head of Government Role
As President, Serdar Berdymukhamedov assumes the head-of-government role
President Takes Office
Serdar Berdymukhamedov becomes President of Turkmenistan
Succession Completed
Presidential authority passes from Gurbanguly to Serdar Berdymukhamedov
Israeli Knesset Address
Addresses Israeli lawmakers and appeals for greater support for Ukraine.
International Flight Ban Lifting Announced
Lam announces that the ban on passenger flights from nine countries will end in April alongside shorter quarantine requirements for arriving residents.
Completion of MINURSO Command
Zia Ur Rehman completes three years as MINURSO Force Commander and leaves the mission.
Women in Uniformed Services
Rehman concludes his MINURSO command after overseeing a substantial increase in women serving within the mission headquarters.
Address to Italian Lawmakers
Tells Italian lawmakers that isolating Russia economically is essential to ending the invasion.
French Parliament Address
Addresses French lawmakers and appeals for sanctions, weapons and international solidarity.
Hwasong 17 Test
North Korea tests the Hwasong-17 ICBM.
NATO Summit Address
Addresses NATO leaders and asks for unrestricted military assistance to defend Ukrainian cities.
NATO Eastern Flank
Meets NATO allies as the alliance reinforces its eastern flank.
Final Concert
Performs Genesis's final concert seated, closing the band's touring history.
Final Concert
Plays Genesis's final concert at the O2 Arena in London.
State of Exception
Bukele government begins emergency anti-gang measures
Liberation of Irpin
Announces Ukrainian forces have retaken Irpin near Kyiv.
Electronic Transfer Levy Assented
Akufo-Addo assents to the Electronic Transfer Levy Act, creating a new charge on specified electronic financial transfers.
Istanbul Negotiations
Leads the Russian delegation in peace talks with Ukraine in Istanbul
Istanbul Negotiations
Leads the Ukrainian delegation in peace talks with Russian negotiators in Istanbul
Address to Denmark's Folketing
Calls on Denmark to tighten sanctions and support the restoration of Ukraine's territorial integrity.
Dissolution of Parliament
Kais Saied dissolved the suspended Assembly of the People's Representatives.
Norwegian Parliament Address
Addresses Norway's Parliament and asks for support against Russian aggression and energy coercion.
Earendel Farthest Star
Welch leads the Hubble discovery of Earendel, a gravitationally magnified star seen from within the universe's first billion years.
Lavrov India Visit
Discusses sanctions and energy ties during a visit to India.
Address to Netherlands Parliament
Asks Dutch lawmakers for weapons, sanctions and support for Ukraine's future inside the European Union.
Australian Parliament Address
Addresses Australia's Parliament and requests additional military assistance.
Seven Nuclear Safety and Security Pillars
Sets out seven indispensable pillars for protecting nuclear facilities during the conflict in Ukraine.
First Presidential Cabinet
Forms his first cabinet after taking the presidency
Bakhmut Withdrawal Debate
Directs defenses as Bakhmut comes under intense pressure.
Liverpool Premier League Scoring Record
Scores twice in a 7-0 victory over Manchester United and becomes Liverpool's all-time leading Premier League goalscorer.
Continental Cup Final Equaliser
Scores Arsenal's equaliser as the team recover to defeat Chelsea 3-1 in the Women's League Cup final.
President of Czech Republic
Becomes President of the Czech Republic.
Saudi-Iran Diplomatic Agreement
Leads Saudi diplomacy implementing the restoration of bilateral relations.
Saudi-Iran Diplomatic Agreement
Signs the agreement restoring diplomatic relations between Saudi Arabia and Iran.
Bank Term Funding Program
The Federal Reserve creates the Bank Term Funding Program to offer loans of up to one year against eligible securities valued at par, providing an additional source of liquidity after acute stress at several United States banks.
Banking Crisis Response
Addresses bank failures and depositor protection.
Five Goals Against Leipzig
Scores five goals in a Champions League knockout match as Manchester City defeat Leipzig.
ICC Warrant
ICC issues an arrest warrant over alleged child deportations.
ICC Arrest Warrant
ICC issues an arrest warrant over alleged child deportations.
ICC Arrest Warrant
Becomes subject to an International Criminal Court arrest warrant
ICC Warrant Response
Welcomes the International Criminal Court arrest warrant for Vladimir Putin.
Moscow Visit
Visits Moscow for talks with Vladimir Putin during the war
Stormont Brake Vote
Supports Commons approval of the Stormont brake element of the Windsor Framework.
Brexit
Wins Commons approval for the Stormont brake element of the Windsor Framework.
Safer Streets Mission
Starmer proposes neighbourhood policing and measures addressing violence against women.
Tactical Nuclear Deployment
Announces plans to station tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus.
Prime Ministerial Election
The National Assembly elects Shehbaz Sharif Prime Minister for a second term.
Prime Ministerial Oath
Shehbaz Sharif takes the oath for his second premiership.
Sweden NATO Accession
Welcomes Sweden joining NATO.
Third State of the Union
Delivers his third State of the Union address.
Erdogan Istanbul Meeting
Meets Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan and discusses defense, shipping and possible peace diplomacy.
Presidential Election
The electoral college elects Asif Ali Zardari President for a second term.
Presidential Oath
Asif Ali Zardari takes office as Pakistan's President for a second time.
Champions League Quarter-Final
Guides Arsenal past Porto on penalties to reach the Champions League quarter-finals.
Champions League Shootout Saves Against Porto
Makes two saves in the penalty shootout as Arsenal eliminate Porto and reach the Champions League quarter-finals.
Appointment of Mohammad Mustafa
Abbas appointed economist Mohammad Mustafa as prime minister and tasked him with forming a new Palestinian Authority government. The mandate emphasised institutional reform, reconstruction planning for Gaza and the goal of reuniting Palestinian governance.
Chairman Takes Office
Becirovic takes the rotating chairmanship of the Presidency
Presidential Election
Claims reelection during wartime conditions.
RLV LEX-02
ISRO completes the second autonomous RLV landing experiment during S. Somanath's tenure, advancing reusable-launch technology.
Energy Infrastructure Strikes
Reports major Russian strikes on energy infrastructure.
ULLYSES Young Star Survey
Sabbi helps lead a major Hubble ultraviolet survey of hundreds of young stars to study stellar formation, evolution and environmental effects.
Schengen Air and Sea Accession
Ciolacu leads the government as internal air and sea border checks are removed.
2024 Continental Cup Final Winner
Scores in extra time as Arsenal defeat Chelsea 1-0 to retain the Women's League Cup.
Eastern Front Defense
Ukraine defends positions across the eastern front.
Europa Clipper Mars Gravity Assist
Europa Clipper uses Mars for a gravity assist on its journey toward the Jupiter system.
London Summit on Ukraine
Starmer hosts European and allied leaders to coordinate support and peace planning for Ukraine.
Academy Award Best Actor
Wins Best Actor for The Brutalist.
Academy Award Best Actress
Wins Best Actress for Anora.
Academy Award Best Picture
Anora wins Best Picture at the Academy Awards.
Blue Ghost Lunar Landing
Firefly's Blue Ghost lander reaches the Moon.
Ukraine Aid Pause
Pauses some U.S. military aid to Ukraine.
Intelligence Sharing Pause
Pauses some intelligence sharing with Ukraine.
Jeddah Ukraine Talks
Hosts U.S. and Ukrainian officials for ceasefire talks.
Jeddah Ukraine Talks
Represents Ukraine in talks with U.S. officials.
Jeddah Ceasefire Proposal
Announces Ukraine's support for a proposed temporary ceasefire.
Kursk Counteroffensive
Russian forces press a counteroffensive to recapture territory in Kursk
Champions League Quarter-Final
Guides Aston Villa past Club Brugge to reach the Champions League quarter-finals.
NHS England Abolition Plan
Streeting announces plans to abolish NHS England and transfer its functions into the Department of Health and Social Care and other parts of the health system.
Abolition of NHS England Announced
Starmer announces plans to return NHS England functions to the Health Department.
Presidential Inauguration
Tassoulas assumes office as President of the Hellenic Republic.
Ceasefire Conditions
Says any temporary ceasefire must address Russia's conditions.
Constitutional Declaration
Signs a constitutional declaration for the transitional period.
Resignation of Justin Trudeau
Leaves office after nearly a decade as prime minister.
Prime Minister of Canada
Is sworn in as Canada twenty-fourth prime minister.
Prime Minister of Canada
Is sworn in as Prime Minister of Canada
Formula One Debut
Makes his Formula One debut with Sauber.
Gaza War Resumes
Israel resumes large-scale strikes in Gaza.
Euclid First Survey Data Release
Mellier's Euclid Consortium releases the mission's first survey data, opening a large galaxy dataset that prepares the way for future dark-energy cosmology analyses.
DESI DR2 Combined Cosmology
Palanque-Delabrouille helps present the three-year DESI analysis combining BAO with complementary cosmological data to test whether dark energy changes over cosmic time.
DESI Data Release One
Schlegel helps present DESI Data Release One, opening public access to a vast spectroscopic map used for precision expansion and dark-energy research.
DESI Three Year Evolving Dark Energy Hint
Levi reports that DESI's first three years strengthen indications that dark energy may evolve with time when combined with other cosmological measurements.
Head of Government of Tunisia
Sarra Zaafrani Zenzri became head of government of Tunisia.
Annual GDP Growth in 2024
ONS estimates that real GDP increased by 1.1 percent across 2024.
GDP per Head in 2024
ONS reports no real GDP-per-head growth across 2024.
President of Chile
Takes office as President of Chile for the 2026-2030 constitutional term.
Chairman Takes Office
Becirovic takes the rotating chairmanship of the Presidency during 2026