Triumph
Celebrates a triumph for German campaigns.
Historical events in May
7,802 historical records across all years
Capture of Masada
Captures the fortress of Masada
Appointed Caesar
Severus is appointed Caesar in the western tetrarchy when Diocletian and Maximian abdicate.
Council of Nicea
The First Council of Nicaea formally opens at Nicaea under imperial sponsorship to address the Arian controversy and other church disputes.
Dedication of Constantinople
Constantine formally dedicates Constantinople on the site of Byzantium as a major imperial residence and administrative center.
Death of Constantine I the Great
Constantine I dies near Nicomedia on May 22, 337, after falling ill while preparing for a Persian campaign.
Death of Constantine I
Constantine I dies, opening the succession that elevates Constantine II and his brothers to rule separate parts of the empire.
Battle of Ctesiphon
2,500 Persians are killed to the cost of 70 Roman lives
Battle of Ctesiphon
2,500 Persians are killed to the cost of 70 Roman lives
Reballion of Rebels in Ancyra
The rebellion is suppressed
Assassination of Valentinian II
Death of Valentinian II, assassinated
Death of Valentinian II
Death of Valentinian II, assassinated
Death of Boniface IV
Death of Boniface IV
Succession
Succeeds as King of Northumbria
Battle of Nechtansmere
Defeat leads to the creation of a Kingdom of the Picts in northern Britain.
Battle of Nechtansmere
Defeated by the Picts under Brude mac Bili south east of Forfar.
Battle of Nechtansmere
Drawn by the Picts into unfavourable country & defeated south east of Forfar.
Battle of Nechtansmere
Egfrith & most of his army are slain.
Battle of Nechtansmere
Egfriths army is trapped between the shore of the loch between Dunnichen & Letham.
Battle of Nechtansmere
The Northumbrians are forced to retreat to Lothian & the Tweed Valley.
Death of Ecgfrith
Death of Ecgfrith, killed at the Battle of Nechtansmere
Independence of Scotland
Wins independence for Scotland
Battle of Dunnichen Moore
The Angles are forced to withdraw to the Lotian & Tweed Valley. Ensures the independence of Scotland from Anglo-Saxon England. Defeats & kills King Egfrith of Northumbria
Battle of Nechtansmere
Defeat leads to the creation of a Kingdom of the Picts in northern Britain
Accession
Eardwulf becomes King of Northumbria after Osbald's brief twenty-seven-day reign collapses.
Assassination of Aethelred I
Aethelred I is assassinated
Death of Aethelred I
Death of Aethelred I, assassinated
Recall after Osbald
Eardwulf is recalled from exile after Osbald loses the throne only weeks after Aethelred's assassination.
Execution
Eardwulf orders the execution of Alchmund who had been plotting with the Mercians
Battle of Wilton
Alfred fights the Danes at Wilton soon after becoming king, but the West Saxons are defeated after early success.
Battle of Edington
Guthrum is defeated by Alfred at Edington and retreats to Chippenham.
Battle of Edington
Guthrum's shield wall is broken by Alfred's army during the decisive West Saxon victory at Edington.
Battle of Edington
Guthrum faces Alfred's rallied West Saxon army after Alfred gathers forces from Somerset, Wiltshire and Hampshire.
Great Heathen Army
Guthrum's army is defeated by Alfred at Edington, ending the major Wessex campaign of the Great Heathen Army.
Hostages
Guthrum gives hostages to Alfred as part of the terms imposed after the Danish surrender.
Result of Surrender of Guthrum and the Danish Army
Guthrum accepts baptism, hostages and withdrawal, ending the immediate Danish campaign against Wessex.
Retreat from Hampshire
After Edington Guthrum loses the initiative as men from Hampshire rally to Alfred.
Retreat from Wiltshire
After Edington Guthrum's army retreats through Wiltshire toward Chippenham.
Retreat to Chippenham
Guthrum retreats to Chippenham with the remains of his army after defeat at Edington.
Siege of Chippenham
After defeat at Edington Guthrum is besieged at Chippenham and forced to surrender.
Siege of Chippenham
Guthrum is besieged by Alfred after Edington and is forced to negotiate surrender terms.
Surrender of Guthrum and the Danish Army
Guthrum surrenders after the post-Edington siege and agrees to baptism, hostages and withdrawal from Wessex.
Battle of Edington
Alfred defeated Guthrum at Edington and forced the Danish army to seek peace.
Battle of Edington
Alfred defeats Guthrum's Viking army at Edington after rallying forces from Somerset, Wiltshire and Hampshire.
Battle of Edington
Alfred defeats the Danes at Edington and forces Guthrum to negotiate peace.
Muster
Men from Hampshire join Alfred's army after he emerges from Athelney to confront Guthrum.
Muster
Alfred marches through Iley Oak after mustering his army before the Battle of Edington.
Muster
Men from Wiltshire rally to Alfred before the final advance against Guthrum at Edington.
Result of Surrender of Guthrum's Danes
The Danish army withdraws after defeat and submission, securing Alfred's immediate position in Wessex.
Result of Surrender of Guthrum's Danes
The siege ends with Danish capitulation and withdrawal from Wessex.
Siege of Chippenham
After Edington Alfred besieges Guthrum's force at Chippenham for about two weeks until the Danes sue for peace.
Surrender of Guthrum's Danes
Guthrum's Danes surrender at Chippenham after Alfred's victory at Edington and subsequent siege.
Surrender of Guthrum's Danes
The Danes retreat to Chippenham after Edington and surrender after Alfred besieges their stronghold.
Terms of Surrender
Alfred requires Guthrum to give hostages, leave Wessex and accept Christian baptism.
Death of Simeon I
Death of Simeon I, heart attack
Grant at Durrington
Athelstan granted twelve hides at Durrington to his minister Aelfwald.
Army Assembles at Winchester
Athelstan gathers a large army at Winchester before marching north for his campaign against Constantine II of Scotland.
Assassination of Edmund I
King Edmund murdered and succeeded by his brother Eadred of England
Assassination of Edmund I
King Edmund murdered and succeeded by his brother Eadred of England. Dies rescuing an officer attacked by a felon with a dagger at a banquest
Death of Edmund I
Death of Edmund I, assassinated
Coronation
Crowned at Bath "Emperor of Britain
Coronation
Crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Gregory V
Coronation
Crowned Holy Roman Emperor at Pavia
Mobilisation
Harold II calls out land and sea forces to guard the south coast against William
Invasion of England
Baldwin V provided Tostig with a fleet and he landed in the Isle of Wight in May 1066, where he collected money and provisions
Invasion of England
Raids the coast as far as Sandwich but is forced to retreat when King Harold called out land and naval forces
Invasion of England
Assembles forces "larger than any king had assembled before in this country"
Response to Tostig's Raids
Harold's government responds to Tostig's coastal attacks while Edwin of Mercia defeats the exiled earl's invasion.
Southern Coast Watch
Harold maintains forces along the southern coast while expecting a possible invasion from Normandy.
Defeat of Tostig's Raiders
Edwin helps defeat Tostig's attempted invasion of eastern England before the larger Norwegian threat develops.
Flemish Support Secured
Tostig obtains ships and assistance in Flanders before launching attacks against the kingdom ruled by his brother Harold.
Isle of Wight Foraging
Tostig's force takes money and provisions on the Isle of Wight during the opening phase of his 1066 campaign.
Sandwich Coastal Raid
Tostig raids the English coast near Sandwich before Harold's mobilisation forces his ships away.
Invasion of England
Tostigs forces land on the Isle of Wight
Invasion of England
Tostigs forces invade Kent
Coronation of Matilda of Flanders
Eldred Archbishop of York crowns Matilda as Queen of England
Coronation of Matilda of Flanders
William's wife Matilda is crowned Queen of England, reinforcing the legitimacy and public standing of the new dynasty.
Coronation
Eldred Archbishop of York crowns Matilda as Queen of England
Coronation
Eldred Archbishop of York crowns Matilda as Queen of England
Coronation
Eldred Archbishop of York crowns Matilda as Queen of England
Execution of Waltheof
William permits Earl Waltheof's execution for involvement in the revolt of the earls, eliminating a prominent English magnate.
Northumbrian Revolt After Walcher's Death
The killing of Bishop Walcher triggers a northern crisis, prompting William to send forces under Odo of Bayeux.
Battle of Nicea
Bohemund, Tancred, Raymond IV & Robert II of Flanders begin the siege of Nicea
Battle of Nicea
Bohemund, Tancred, Raymond IV & Robert II of Flanders begin the siege of Nicea
Capture of Nicea
The Crusaders capture the Seljuk capital
Siege of Arqah
Raymond IV gives up on Arqah & marches towards Jerusalem
Alliance David I and Matilda
Breaks the 2 year truce with Stephen & heads south to support Matilda
Knighthood
Knighted by King David I of Scotland, his great uncle, at Carlisle
Marriage
The wedding was "without the pomp or ceremony that befitted their rank," partly because only two months previously Eleanors marriage to Louis VII of France had been annulled
Death of David I
Death of David I
Coronation
Crowned King of Scotland
Battle of Brindisi
William destroys the Byzantine fleet
Peace
Defeated by the Lombard League & forced to make peace at the peace of Venice
Battle of Legnano
Frederick I is defeated by the Lombard League & forced to recognize Alexander as Pope
Marriage
Marries Berengaria of Navarre daughter of Sancho VI of Navarre
Capture of Limassol
Berengaria of Navarre marries Richard I at Limassol after the capture of Cyprus
Coronation
Crowned Queen of England
Marriage
Berengaria of Navarre marries Richard I at Limassol after the capture of Cyprus
Marriage
Richard I marries Berengaria of Navarre
Battle of Darum
Arrives at Darum & after 4 days captures it from Saladin & takes 5,000 prisoners
Exile of Richard I the Lionheart
Goes to Normandy & spends the rest of his reign in France
Coronation
Holds the right hand Sword of State at the Coronation of King John
Coronation
Crowned King of England
Battle of Goulet, Le
Recognized as overlord of his English lands in France
Rule of Vexin
Cedes Vexin & Evreux to Philip II under the Treaty of Le Goulet
Treaty of Le Goulet
Cedes Vexin & Evreux to Philip II under the Treaty of Le Goulet
Rule of Evreux
Under the Treaty of Goulet John cedes Evreux to Philip II
Rule of Vexin
Under the Treaty of Goulet John I cedes Vexin to Philip II
Treaty of Goulet, Le
John I is recognized as overlord of English lands in France. John cedes Norman Vexin & Evreux to Philip II
Treaty of Lambeth
Signs the Treaty of Lambeth with the Count of Boulogne-sur-Mer. Agrees not to make peace with Philip II of France
Reform of Government
Agrees to Pope innocent IIIs demands that England & Ireland become a papal fiefdom
papal interdict of 1208 against England is lifted
The papal interdict of 1208 against England is lifted
Battle of Damme
The French invasion fleet is defeated by a sudden raid by the English fleet
Invasion of England
The French invasion fleet is defeated by a sudden raid by the English fleet. The French fleet is prepared to invade England in Damme harbour on the Flemish Coast
Battle of Damme
Defeated in the sea Battle by the English & prevented from taking Flanders
Invasion of France
Prepares a fleet for the invasion of France
Battle of Northampton
Barons renounce their allegiance to John, Fitzwalter leads an attack on Northampton
Battle of Northampton
John orders his mercenaries into London after the Battle of Northampton. After the barons attack Northampton John offers concessions
Siege of Northampton
Leads a rebel force against Northampton Castle but it is well defended by King John
Arbitration-Royalists
Arbitrates with 4 representitives from each side & the Popes deputy in the chair
Pardon
Offers a full pardon to the rebellious Barons but the offer is turned down
Declaration of War
Orders that the estates of the rebellious barons be seized, starting the civil war
Capture of London
The barons take London before the arrival of Johns mercenaries
Capture of Tower of London
The Tower of London is held by the royalists
Birth of Celestine V
Birth of Celestine V, born Pietro Angelerio
Peace
Trusted by the barons & John, Langton is asked by the King to offer the barons a truce
Peace
Offers the Barons a truce
Invasion of England
Philips son Louis lands in England with a French Army
Alliance John fight the rebellious English barons
Louis Coeur de Lion lands in England to help John fight the rebellious English barons
Battle of Lincoln
Louis forces are defeated at Lincoln & Louis is bribed to go back to France
Invasion of England
Louis forces are defeated at Lincoln & Louis is bribed to go back to France
Rule of England
Louis forces are defeated at Lincoln & Louis is bribed to go back to France
Siege of Mitford Castle
Begins the siege of Mitford Castle
Death of Otto IV
Death of Otto IV, leaves Frederick the undisputed leader of the Germans
Death of William Marshal
Death of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke
Death of William Marshal
Death of William Marshal, fulfilling the vow he had made while on crusade, he is invested into the order of the Knights Templar on his deathbed
Knights Templar
Death of William Marshal, fulfilling the vow he had made while on crusade, he is invested into the order of the Knights Templar on his deathbed
Westminster Abbey
Lays the foundation stone of Lady Chapel
Constitution of England
Henrys regents immediately declared their intention to rule by Magna Carta, which they proceeded to do during Henrys minority
Magna Carta
Henrys regents immediately declared their intention to rule by Magna Carta, which they proceeded to do during Henrys minority
Coronation
Crowned for a 2nd time, in Westminster Abbey. A second coronation is ordered by Pope Honorius III who did not consider that the first had been carried out in accordance with church rites
Coronation
Carries out the 2nd coronation of Henry III
Invasion of France
Sets sail from Portsmouth at the head of an invasion force
Invasion of France
Lands with the invasion force at St Malo & proceeds to Dinan
Marriage
Alexander II narries Marie de Coucy
Invasion of France
The English king is joined by a host of French nobles including Hugh de Lusignan. Henry III disembarks at Royen with "a small number of men" and 30 tons of gold
Invasion of France
The English king is joined by a host of French nobles including Hugh de Lusignan
Invasion of France
Geoffroy de Rancon, the Comte de Taillebourg, sides with Louis IX
Vice Regent of Gascony
Appointed Vice Regent of Gascony by Henry III, is given absolute power over revenue
Arrest of Louis IX
Louis IX is ransomed for 400,000 dinars after he pledged not to return to Egypt again and surrender Damietta to the Egyptians, he is allowed to leave alive on the Eighth to Acre with his brothers and 12,000 war prisoners
Ransom
Louis IX is ransomed for 400,000 dinars after he pledged not to return to Egypt again and surrender Damietta to the Egyptians, he is allowed to leave alive on the Eighth to Acre with his brothers and 12,000 war prisoners
Rule of Damietta
Louis IX is ransomed for 400,000 dinars after he pledged not to return to Egypt again and surrender Damietta to the Egyptians, he is allowed to leave alive on the Eighth to Acre with his brothers and 12,000 war prisoners
Siege of Damietta
Louis IX is ransomed for 400,000 dinars after he pledged not to return to Egypt again and surrender Damietta to the Egyptians, he is allowed to leave alive on the Eighth to Acre with his brothers and 12,000 war prisoners
Assassination of Turanshah
Shortly after the Battle of Fariskur, the Ayyubid Sultan Turanshah is assassinated at Fariskur and the Mamluks, the same victorious champions of Al Mansurah, become the new rulers of Egypt
National Day of Damiette
The National Day of Damiette Governorate on May 8, marks the anniversary of the expelling of Louis IX from Egypt in 1250
Rule of Damietta
The National Day of Damiette Governorate on May 8, marks the anniversary of the expelling of Louis IX from Egypt in 1250. Louis IX surrenders to a eunuch named al-Salihi after he was promised he would not be killed and together with his two brothers Charles dAnjou and Alphonse de Poitiers is taken to Al Mansurah where he is imprisoned in the House of Ibrahim
Rule of Egypt
Shortly after the Battle of Fariskur, the Ayyubid Sultan Turanshah is assassinated at Fariskur and the Mamluks, the same victorious champions of Al Mansurah, become the new rulers of Egypt
Siege of Damietta
Louis IX surrenders to a eunuch named al-Salihi after he was promised he would not be killed and together with his two brothers Charles dAnjou and Alphonse de Poitiers is taken to Al Mansurah where he is imprisoned in the House of Ibrahim
Death of Conrad IV
Death of Conrad IV
Interregnum
Conrads death is followed by an interregnum from 1254-1273 which cripples the Empire
Interregnum
Conrad IV died in southern Italy, leaving the Hohenstaufen cause without an adult king able to govern Germany.
Invasion of Germany
Dies while preparing to invade Germany
Interregnum
Richard of Cornwall was crowned at Aachen but never established durable authority throughout the Empire.
Reballion of Rebels in London
Accepts the terms of reform
Siege of Northampton
The Royal Army captures Simon Montfort & captures his head quarters at Northampton
Battle of Lewes
The Royalists in Lewes refuse to listen to mediation. Arrives at Fletching from London 9 miles north of Lewes
Battle of Lewes
Fights for the Barons at the Battle of Lewes
Battle of Lewes
Fights for the barons at the Battle of Lewes
Battle of Lewes
Fights for the barons at the Battle of Lewes
Battle of Lewes
Fights for the barons at the Battle of Lewes
Battle of Lewes
Fights for the barons at the Battle of Lewes
Battle of Lewes
Fights for the Barons at the Battle of Lewes
Battle of Lewes
Fights for the barons at the Battle of Lewes
Arrest of Richard of Cornwall
Taken prisoner at the Battle of Lewes
Battle of Lewes
Taken prisoner at the Battle of Lewes
Battle of Lewes
Contributes to Simon de Montforts victory
Battle of Lewes
Helps Simon de Montfort to victory at the Battle of Lewes. Fights for the barons at the Battle of Lewes. Contributes to Simon de Montforts victory
Battle of Lewes
Fights for the barons at the Battle of Lewes
Battle of Lewes
Shares command with his father Simon de Montfort. Gathers his troops & marches to the summit of the South Downs overlooking Lewes. Captures & imprisons Henry III & Richard of Cornwall, then dictates peace terms
Battle of Lewes
Fights for the barons at the Battle of Lewes
Arrest of Edward I
Captured with his father at the Battle of Lewes
Battle of Lewes
Captured with his father at the Battle of Lewes
Battle of Lewes
The short period that followed was the closest England was to come to complete abolition of the monarchy until the Commonwealth period of 1649-1660. Captured & imprisoned by Simon de Montfort who dictates peace terms
Commonwealth
The short period that followed was the closest England was to come to complete abolition of the monarchy until the Commonwealth period of 1649-1660
Battle of Lewes
Fights in support of Henry III
Interregnum
Richard was captured at the Battle of Lewes, further weakening his ability to intervene in Germany.
Constitution of England
Forced to accept de Montforts conditions & the rule of the Barons
Mise of Amiens
Montfort becomes de facto ruler of England. Establishes Government by council divesting Henry III of real power
Arrest of Henry III
De Montfort captures Henry III at the Battle of Lewes
Battle of Lewes
De Montfort occupies Lewes after the battle Lewes. De Montfort captures Henry III at the Battle of Lewes
Siege of Lewes
De Montfort occupies Lewes after the battle Lewes
Battle of Lewes
Allows his men to pursue the rebels far from the field, throwing away his advantage
Arrest of Edward I
Escapes custody & routs & kills the elder Simon de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham
Arrest of Edward I
Escapes from the captivity of the Barons
Alliance Prince Edward and the Earl of Gloucester
Prince Edward & the Earl of Gloucester meet & agree to restore Henry III
Alliance Prince Edward and the Earl of Gloucester
Prince Edward & the Earl of Gloucester meet & agree to restore Henry III
Battle of Chesterfield
Henry of Amaine overwhelms the Earl of Derbys knights ending the Second Barons War
Battle of Chesterfield
Henry of Amaine overwhelms the Earl of Derbys knights ending the Second Barons War
Battle of Lewes
Fights at Lewes against Henry III & defeated
Birth of Joan of Acre
Birth of Joan of Acre, daughter of King Edward I of England
Council of Lyons
The Council helps regulate papal elections. Convokes the Council of Lyon for temporary union between eastern & western churches
Election
The Council helps regulate papal elections
Council of Lyons, 2nd
The Greek church submits to the Roman church
Treaty of Amiens
Philip III & Edward I accept the Treaty of Amiens at Abbeville
Treaty of Amiens
Philip III recognizes Eleanor as Countess of Ponthieu. Philip III hands over some of the inheritance of Alfonse of Poitiers to Edward I. Edward I gives up his claim to the Bishoprics of Limoges, Perigueux & Cahors
Rule of Ponthieu
Under the Treaty of Amiens Philip III recognizes Eleanor as Countess of Ponthieu
Treaty of Amiens
Philip III recognizes Eleanor as Countess of Ponthieu. Philip III & hands over some of the inheritance of Alfonse of Poitiers to Edward I. Philip III & Edward I accept the Treaty of Amiens at Abbeville. Edward I gives up his claim to the Bishoprics of Limoges, Perigueux & Cahors. Agen & the Agenais are ceded by Philip III to Edward I
Succession
Declares Edward I will decide the succession as "superior & direct lord of Scotland"
Succession
Discussed with the Scottish magnates at Norham Castle on the English side of the Tweed
Interregnum
Edward I met Scottish magnates at Norham before adjudicating the competing claims.
Interregnum
Edward demanded recognition as superior lord before proceeding with the succession case.
Interregnum
Wishart resisted any permanent surrender of the rights of the Scottish crown.
Holy Roman Emperor
Succeeds as Holy Roman Emperor
Succession
Succeeds as Holy Roman Emperor
Foreign Policy Statement at Paris
Philp IV declares that Edward I is a "contumacious vassal"
Rule of Gascony
Philip IV declares Gascony is forfeited to him & confiscates it from Edward I
Rule of Gascony
Philip IV declares Gascony is forfeited to him & confiscates it from Edward I
Invasion of Scotland
Edward I departs from Bury St Edmunds
Invasion of Scotland
Pope demand that Edward withdraw from Scotland. Edward ignores the Pope but withdraws because of too much resistance. After staying briefly at the Abbey of Bury St. Edmunds, Edward I travels north to Carlisle
Peace Treaty
England & France sign a peace Treaty
Royal Entry
Philip IV enters Bruges amid rising hostility to French rule.
Bruges Matins
The French governor loses control of Bruges during the uprising.
Invasion of Scotland
William Wallace had returned to Scotland from France where he had been in exile & Edward takes an army into Scotland. Edward's last invasion of Scotland. Arrives in Scotland to storm the country in revenge for the arrest of Segrave
Invasion of Scotland
Edward II arrives in Scotland at the head of an invasion force
Siege of Stirling Castle
Sir William Oliphant and about fifty Scots hold out in Stirling Castle
Siege of Stirling Castle
Sir William Oliphant and about fifty Scots hold out in Stirling Castle
Invasion of Scotland
Edward holds a banquet and vows by the God of Heaven and these swans to avenge the death of John Comyn and the treachery of the Scots
Knighthood
Edward I gives his son a knighthood prior to the invasion of Scotland
Knighthood
Edward I gives his son a knighthood prior to the invasion of Scotland
Knighthood
Edward I knighted Roger Mortimer at Westminster Abbey on 22 May 1306 during a large ceremony involving more than two hundred other young nobles.
Livery of Inheritance
Roger Mortimer received livery of his full inheritance after being knighted by Edward I in May 1306.
Knighthood at Westminster
Roger Mortimer was knighted at Westminster alongside Edward, Prince of Wales, and other young nobles.
Battle of Halidon Hill
Defeated by Robert Bruce who gains revenge for defeat at the Battle of Methven
Battle of Loudon Hill
The English are defeated by the Scots at the Battle of Loundoun Hill lead by Robert I of Scotland
Battle of Loudon Hill
The English are defeated by the Scots at the Battle of Loundoun Hill lead by Robert I of Scotland
Assassination of Albert I
Albert I is assassinated by nephew John of Swabia, because he refused his share of the Habsburg lands
Assassination of Albert I
Albert I is assassinated by nephew John of Swabia, because he refused his share of the Habsburg lands
Death of Albert I
Albert I is assassinated by nephew John of Swabia, because he refused his share of the Habsburg lands
Duke of Austria
Succeeds as Duke of Austria and Styria after Albert I is murdered.
Father Murdered
Albert I is murdered, forcing Frederick to defend Habsburg interests.
Battle of Inverurie
Robert defeated the forces of John Comyn, Earl of Buchan, at Inverurie and broke major Comyn resistance in the north-east.
Marriage
Marries Isabella of Aragon, strengthening dynastic connections.
Marriage
Marries Frederick III of Austria.
Invasion of Ireland
Edward, brother of Robert the Bruce, lands with an army of 6,000
Invasion of Ireland
Lands the invitation of the King of Tyrone
Mauerbach Consecration
The newly founded Mauerbach Charterhouse was consecrated and settled by Carthusian monks during Frederick's reign.
Death of Haakon V
Death of Haakon V Magnusson
Capture of Newport
Mortimer and his allies captured Newport during the opening phase of the marcher offensive against the Despensers.
Capture of Cardiff
Mortimer's coalition captured Cardiff and its castle during the campaign against Despenser power in Glamorgan.
Birth of Joan
Birth of Joan, daughter of Isabella & Edward II
Reform of Ordinances
Revokes the ordinances
Invasion of Scotland
Agrees a 13 yr truce between England & Scotland
Peace
Agrees a truce with England which lasts for 13 yrs
Siege of Berwick
Edward II agrees a truce because he cannot stop northern counties making peace
Peace Treaty
Edward II is forced to sign a humiliating peace Treaty with Scotland
Appeal-Sachsenhausen
Louis IV of Bavaria declares for the independence of the Empire
Holy Roman Empire
Louis IV of Bavaria declares for the independence of the Empire
Appeal of Sachsenhausen
Louis IV of Bavaria declares for the independence of the Empire in the Appeal of Sachsenhausen
Independence of Holy Roman Empire
Louis IV of Bavaria declares for the independence of the Empire in the Appeal of Sachsenhausen
Independence of Holy Roman Empire
Louis IV of Bavaria declares for the independence of the Empire
Independence of Italy
Louis IV of Bavaria declares for the independence of the Empire in the Appeal of Sachsenhausen
Independence of Italy
Louis IV of Bavaria declares for the independence of the Empire
Border Recognition
Treaty accepts the Anglo Scottish border as it stood under Alexander III
Claims Renounced
Edward's government abandons claims to overlordship of Scotland
Recognition of Robert I
England recognizes Robert I and his heirs as rightful rulers of Scotland
Recognition of Scotland
England recognizes Scotland as a separate and independent kingdom
Stone of Scone Clause
Treaty terms include English agreement to return Scottish royal symbols
Treaty Ratification
Mortimer secures parliamentary approval for the treaty with Scotland
Treaty of Northampton
English parliament ratifies the peace terms agreed at Edinburgh
Betrothal to David Bruce
Joan is pledged to David Bruce as part of the peace settlement
Marriage Settlement
Treaty terms provide for Joan to marry David son of Robert I
Northampton Settlement
Mortimer helps force through the peace with Scotland
Overlordship Renounced
English claims of overlordship over Scotland are abandoned by treaty
Peace with Robert I
Edward's minority government accepts peace with Robert I
Robert I Recognized
England recognizes Robert I and his heirs as kings of Scotland
Scottish Independence Recognized
Edward III's government recognizes Scotland as a free kingdom
Stone of Scone Promise
Treaty terms include an English promise to return the Stone of Scone
Treaty of Edinburgh Northampton
Ratifies the treaty recognizing Scottish independence and Robert I's kingship
Treaty of Edinburgh Ratified
English parliament ratifies the peace recognizing Scottish independence
Peace Settlement
Isabella backs ratification of the treaty with Robert I
English Ratification
Randolph's diplomacy is confirmed by English parliamentary ratification
Treaty Ratified
Robert's kingship and Scotland's independence are recognized by England
Treaty of Northampton
Robert's kingship is recognized by the English parliament
Antipope Nicholas V Supported
Louis IV supports Nicholas V against Pope John XXII
Election as Antipope
Pietro Rainalducci is set up as Antipope Nicholas V
Imperial Antipope
Nicholas V becomes the last imperial antipope of the Middle Ages
Sole Rule Begins
Andronicus III begins sole rule of the Eastern Roman Empire
Abdication
Andronicus II is forced to abdicate by his grandson
Civil War Ends
The Byzantine civil war ends with Andronicus III victorious
Entry into Constantinople
Andronicus III enters Constantinople and secures control
Flight from Avignon
Michael of Cesena flees Avignon after conflict with John XXII
Flight from Avignon
William of Ockham flees Avignon with dissident Franciscans
Coronation
Crowned King of France
Coronation
Philip VI is crowned King of France at Reims
Diplomatic Witness
Airmyn is associated with the English political settlement after the treaty
French Claim Rejected
Edward III's claim through his mother Isabella is not accepted in France
Scottish Compensation
English administration prepares to receive Scottish compensation under the treaty
Parliament at Northampton
Parliament confirms the treaty ending war with Scotland
Opposition to Treaty
Disinherited nobles oppose the settlement made with Robert I
Disinherited Opposition
Beaumont opposes the settlement because it damages disinherited claims
Disinherited Interest
Northern nobles resent treaty terms that protect Bruce's settlement
Disinherited Interest
Wake is among nobles with interests threatened by the peace
Disinherited Opposition
Wake is among nobles unhappy with the peace terms
Chief Adviser
Kantakouzenos becomes the chief adviser of Andronicus III
Retirement to Monastery
Andronicus II retires after losing power to his grandson
Support for Andronicus III
Synadenos supports Andronicus III in the final phase of the civil war
Treaty Witness
Keith is associated with the Scottish diplomatic settlement
Embassy to England
Randolph helps represent Scottish interests during ratification
Peace Proclaimed
The peace is proclaimed after English ratification at Northampton
Marriage Diplomacy
Scottish government prepares for the Bruce Plantagenet marriage alliance
Compensation Payment
Scotland agrees to pay England compensation as part of the treaty
Future Succession
David's future rule is strengthened by recognition of Bruce heirs
War Ends by Treaty
The independence war ends through the Edinburgh Northampton settlement
Earl of Chester Created
Edward of Woodstock is created Earl of Chester while still a child
Peerage
Created Earl of Chester
Scottish Campaign Prepared
Edward III prepares a northern campaign in support of Edward Balliol
Blockade of Berwick
English forces tighten pressure on Berwick before the relief army arrives
Siege of Berwick
Besieges Berwick in support of Edward Balliol
Rokuhara Attack
Anti Hojo forces attack the shogunate's Kyoto offices
Defection to Go-Daigo
Takauji turns against the Kamakura shogunate and supports Go-Daigo
French Lands Confiscated
Philip VI's confiscation of Aquitaine helps trigger open war
Capture of Guyenne
Philip VI confiscates Guyenne from Edward III
Rule of Guyenne
Philip VI confiscates Guyenne from Edward III
Declaration of War
Cancels the truce with France after the attack on Portsmouth & the Isle of Wight
Prince of Wales Created
Edward III created his eldest son Edward of Woodstock Prince of Wales, giving the heir a formal title that had not been held by Edward III himself.
Investiture
Invested as Prince of Wales
Arrest of John II
France rejects a Treaty under which John II will pay England a ransom for his freedom
Treaty of Bretigny
Accepts enlarged English lands in France in return for renunciation terms
Treaty of Bretigny
Edward renounces his claim to the French throne. Edward gives up Normandy & ransoms King John for 3 million gold crowns. Edward gains sovereignty over Calais, Aquitaine & Ponthieu
Treaty of Bretigny
Arranges the Anglo-French Treaty of Bretigny
Treaty of Bretigny
Released by the Treaty of Bretigny & the payment of a 3 million crown ransom. John is released by Edward III for 3 million gold crowns. Edward drops the title King of France
Treaty of Bretigny
Cedes territory to the English in order to release his father John II
Treaty of Calais
Cedes territory to the English in order to release his father John II
Birth of Henry Hotspur Percy
Birth of Henry "Hotspur" Percy, eldest son of the 1st Earl of Northumberland
Birth of Anne of Austria
Birth of Anne of Austria, daughter of Emperor Charles IV by Elizabeth of Pomerania
Capture of Henan
Chang Yuchun helps secure Henan during the northern campaign
Siege of Lisbon
The Siege of Lisbon is a siege of the city of Lisbon from 29 May to 3 September 1384, between the Portuguese defenders of the city led by John I of Portugal and the Castillian army led by King John I of Castille
Reballion of Rebels in London
Regains control of the Government
Invasion of Ireland
Departs from Ireland after receiving the surrender of 80 Irish chiefs. Claims territorry known as the "English Pale"
Battle of Rovine
Resists Ottoman forces under Bayezid I.
Reballion of Richard Scrope
Joins the Earl of Northumberlands rebellion against Henry IV
Reballion of Thomas Mowbray
Joins the Earl of Northumberlands rebellion against Henry IV
Invasion of Wales
Reaches Hereford on a campaign to invade Wales
Invasion of Wales
Calls off the invasion because of a rebellion by Earl Henry Percy of Northumberland
Reballion of Rebels in Hereford
Sets northwards for the 2nd time in 2 years in order to defend the throne
Battle of Shipton Moor
The Archbishop of Yorks forces are defeated by the Earl of Westmorland
Battle of Shipton Moor
The Archbishop of Yorks forces are defeated by the Earl of Westmorland
Battle of Shipton Moor
The Archbishop of Yorks forces are defeated by Westmorland & John of Lancaster
Medici Bank
John XXIII made the Medici Bank the bank of the papacy, contributing considerably to the family's wealth and prestige
Priest
Ordained as a Priest, the day before becoming Pope
Pope
Appointed Pope
Western Schism
Alexander V died soon after, and on 25 May 1410 Cossa was consecrated pope, taking the name John XXIII. He had been an ordained priest only one day earlier.
Western Schism
John XXIII was acknowledged as Pope by France, England, Bohemia, Portugal, parts of the Holy Roman Empire, and numerous Northern Italian city states, including Florence and Venice however
Western Schism
and parts of Germany and Poland
Western Schism
the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII was regarded as Pope by the Kingdoms of Aragon Castile Sicily and Scotland and Gregory XII was still favored by Ladislaus of Naples Carlo I Malatesta the princes of Bavaria Louis III Elector Palatine
Siege of Rome
The main enemy of John was Ladislaus of Naples, who protected Gregory XII in Rome. Following his election as pope, John spent a year in Bologna and then joined forces with Louis II of Anjou to march against Ladislaus. An initial victory proved short-lived and Ladislaus retook Rome in May 1413, forcing John to flee to Florence
Western Schism
The main enemy of John was Ladislaus of Naples, who protected Gregory XII in Rome. Following his election as pope, John spent a year in Bologna and then joined forces with Louis II of Anjou to march against Ladislaus. An initial victory proved short-lived and Ladislaus retook Rome in May 1413, forcing John to flee to Florence
Capture of Paris
Takes the capital & Massacres the remaining Armagnac & Orleanist leaders
Capture of Meaux
Captures Meaux
Constitution of Scotland
Sets up a 2nd Chamber. Provides representation for the shires in the Scottish Parliament
Siege of Orleans
Overuns the bastille at Saint-Loup
Siege of Orleans
The whole of Alencons army arrives within the city of Orleans
Voice from God
A family relative, Durand Lassois, takes Joan to Vaucouleurs to meet with Robert de Baudricourt, the local garrison commander but he refuses to take her seriously
Voice from God
A family relative, Durand Lassois, takes Joan to Vaucouleurs to meet with Robert de Baudricourt, the local garrison commander but he refuses to take her seriously
Voice from God
A family relative, Durand Lassois, takes Joan to Vaucouleurs to meet with Robert de Baudricourt, the local garrison commander but he refuses to take her seriously
Siege of Orleans
Lord Dunois launches an assault against the English-held fortifications around the church of St Loup, carrying her banner, Joan inspires the French army
Siege of Orleans
French troops attack the southern fortresses, St-Jean-le-Blanc is gained without a fight, followed by a successful assault against the English in Les Augustins
Siege of Orleans
Carrying her banner during an assault on the earthwork in front of Les Tourelles, Joan is shot by an arrow but later returns to inspire the troops to victory
Siege of Orleans
Carrying her banner during an assault on the earthwork in front of Les Tourelles, Joan is shot by an arrow but later returns to inspire the troops to victory
Siege of Orleans
The English order all their remaining troops out of their positions, & abandon the siege
Siege of Orleans
The English order all their remaining troops out of their positions, & abandon the siege
Succession
Joan meets Charles VII at Loches & convinces him to push forward toward Reims for his coronation
Coronation
Joan meets Charles VII at Loches & convinces him to push forward toward Reims for his coronation
Coronation
Joan meets Charles VII at Loches & convinces him to push forward toward Reims for his coronation
Voice from God
Durand Lassois takes Joan to Vaucouleurs again, Baudricourt finally consented to give her an escort of 6 soldiers to bring her before Charles VII at Chinon
Voice from God
Durand Lassois takes Joan to Vaucouleurs again, Baudricourt finally consented to give her an escort of 6 soldiers to bring her before Charles VII at Chinon
Voice from God
Durand Lassois takes Joan to Vaucouleurs again, Baudricourt finally consented to give her an escort of 6 soldiers to bring her before Charles VII at Chinon
Voice from God
Durand Lassois takes Joan to Vaucouleurs again, Baudricourt finally consented to give her an escort of 6 soldiers to bring her before Charles VII at Chinon
Arrest of Joan of Arc
Sold to the English by Jean of Luxembourg for 10,000 Livres Tournois. Siezed by a Burgundian soldier & handed over to Jean of Luxembourg. Joan slips into Compiegne, under siege by Burgundian troops, in an effort to aid the city, while leading a sortie, she is surrounded & captured by Burgundian troops
Siege of Compiegne
Joan slips into Compiegne, under siege by Burgundian troops, in an effort to aid the city, while leading a sortie, she is surrounded & captured by Burgundian troops. Captured by the Burgundians during the siege of Compiegne
Arrest of Joan of Arc
Held under arrest at Le Crotoy
Trial
Sentenced to life imprisonment
Execution
Agrees to sign a "confession" after being threatened with summary execution
Trial
Agrees to sign a "confession" after being threatened with summary execution
Trial
Recants then declares herself as a lapsed heretic & is handed over to the English. After being maneuvered into putting her soldiers clothing back on, Joan of Arc is declared "relapsed"
Execution
Permits Joan of arc to be burnt as a witch
Death of Joan of Arc
Death of Joan of Arc
Execution
Witnesses describe how even some of the English officials wept, the English Royal secretary Jean Tressard, is heard exclaiming: "We are all ruined, for a good and holy person was burned". Joan of Arc is executed, burned in the market place at Rouen
Execution
Witnesses describe how even some of the English officials wept, the English Royal secretary Jean Tressard, is heard exclaiming: "We are all ruined, for a good and holy person was burned"
Battle of Lipany
Dies as radical Hussite forces are defeated.
Peace
Agrees to marry Margaret of Anjou in return for a two year truce with France
Marriage
Margarets betrothal to Henry VI
Congress of Tours
The English must stay in Calais, Aquitaine, Lower Normandy & Maine. The English must not act against Valois rule in France. The congress requests a 2 yr truce & the marriage of Henry VI to Margaret of Anjou
Peerage
Created Baron Rivers by Henry VI
Death of William Pole
Death of William de la Pole, killed by sailors off Dover
Death of Pole
Death of William de la Pole, killed by sailors off Dover
Execution
Intercepted by the Royal ship Nicholas of the Tower & beheaded
Exile of Pole
Leaves England bound for Burgundy
Exile of Pole
Intercepted by the Royal ship Nicholas of the Tower & beheaded
Death of William Pole
Death of William de la Pole, killed by sailors off Dover
Death of Constantine XI
Death of Constantine XI, defending Constantinople from Mehmed II
Capture of Constantinople
Captures Constantinople from the Byzantines
Siege of Constantinople
Manages to break into Constantinople, the remains of the Roman empire come to an end
Mobilization
The King summons his Army
Mobilization
Stays overnight 8 miles from St Albans on his way to a Council of War at Leicester
Battle of St Albans, 1st
Rewarded with the Captaincy of Calais. Aids the Yorkist victory over the Lancastrians
Battle of St Albans, 1st
Fights for the Lancastrians who are defeated in the 1st Battle of St Albans
Battle of St Albans, 1st
Fights for the defeated Lancastrians
Battle of St Albans, 1st
Killed while fighting for the defeated Lancastrians
Battle of St Albans, 1st
The Duke of Buckingham negotiates with the Yorkist Plenipotentiary Mowbray Herald. Injured fighting for the Lancastrians during their defeat at St Albans
Battle of St Albans, 1st
Witnesses the Battle of St Albans
Battle of St Albans, 1st
During the Wars of the Roses, Wenlock initially fought for the House of Lancaster in the First Battle of St Albans
Battle of St Albans, 1st
York & Warwick march on London with 3,000 menh. Richards protectorship is renewed. Despite victory York does not retain his supremacy in Government. Defeats & kills Somerset who is leading 2,000 Lancastrians. Accompanies the defeated King to St Albans Abbey for thanksgiving
Battle of St Albans, 1st
Joins Lancastrians opposed to Richard 3rd Duke of York. Captured at the Battle of St Albans & later executed
Battle of St Albans, 1st
Buckingham commanded the King's army of 2,500; only about 50 people died in the battle, but this included Somerset. Buckingham himself was wounded and captured with the King when the Earl of Warwick scored a remarkable success
Battle of St Albans, 1st
Fights for his step brother Henry VI against the Yorkists
Battle of St Albans, 1st
After negotiatios fail the King raises his standard at Goslawe, St Peters St
Council of War
Holds a Council of War after hearing the Duke of York had arrived outside St Albans
Captain
Appointed Captain of Calais
Captain
Appointed Captain of Calais, after victory at the 1st Battle of St Albans
Siege of Ware
Yorks Army arrives at Ware in Hertfordshire
Marriage
Splits the Yorkist Party & provoking a 2nd War of the Roses. Marries Elizabeth Wydville
Marriage
Marries Edwatd IV splitting the Yorkist Party & provoking a 2nd War of the Roses
Marriage
Marries Edward IV, a secret wedding, only the brides mother and two ladies in attendance
Marriage
When the marriage becomes known, it causes considerable rancour on Warwicks part, and when Elizabeth's relatives, especially her brother, Earl Rivers, began to be favored he changes sides
Death of Henry Beaufort
Death of Henry Beaufort
Death of Herbert
Death of Edward Herbert, executed
Battle of Hexham
Forced to surrender to Lord Montagu & immediately beheaded
Death of John Beaufort
Death of Henry Beaufort, executed
Execution
Captured & executed at Hexham, virtually putting an end to Lancastrian resistance
Battle of Hexham
Captured & executed at the Battle of Hexham by Lord Montagu
Execution
Captured & executed at the Battle of Hexham by Lord Montagu
Battle of Hexham
After victory Edward Neville is rewarded with the hereditary Earldom of Northumberland
Battle of Hexham
Executes Somerset & Lord Roos & Lord Hungerford. Defeats a Lancastrian army led by Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerest. By the middle of the year the Nevilles wipe out Lancastrian opposition in the north
Coronation
Crowned Queen of England
Siege of Gloucester
He sent urgent messages to the Governor, Sir Richard Beauchamp, ordering him to bar the gates to Margaret and man the citys defences.
Siege of Gloucester
King Edward realised that the Lancastrians were seeking to cross the River Severn into Wales.
Siege of Gloucester
The nearest crossing point they could use was at the city of Gloucester.
Siege of Gloucester
When Margaret arrived in the morning of 3 May, Beauchamp refused Margarets summons to let her army pass, and she realised that there was insufficient time to storm the city before Edward's army arrived.
Siege of Gloucester
He sent urgent messages to the Governor, Sir Richard Beauchamp, ordering him to bar the gates to Margaret and man the citys defences.
Siege of Gloucester
King Edward realised that the Lancastrians were seeking to cross the River Severn into Wales.
Siege of Gloucester
The nearest crossing point they could use was at the city of Gloucester.
Siege of Gloucester
When Margaret arrived in the morning of 3 May, Beauchamp refused Margarets summons to let her army pass, and she realised that there was insufficient time to storm the city before Edward's army arrived.
Siege of Gloucester
He sent urgent messages to the Governor, Sir Richard Beauchamp, ordering him to bar the gates to Margaret and man the citys defences.
Siege of Gloucester
King Edward realised that the Lancastrians were seeking to cross the River Severn into Wales.
Siege of Gloucester
The nearest crossing point they could use was at the city of Gloucester.
Siege of Gloucester
When Margaret arrived in the morning of 3 May, Beauchamp refused Margarets summons to let her army pass, and she realised that there was insufficient time to storm the city before Edward's army arrived.
Battle of Tewkesbury
Captured in battle by the Yorkists
Battle of Tewkesbury
Margaret of Anjou had returned to England with Anne Neville and Prince Edward in April, bringing additional troops. At the Battle of Tewkesbury, Edward IV crushed this last Lancastrian army. Prince Edward was killed in or shortly after the battle, and Anne Neville was taken prisoner
Death of Henry Beaufort
Death of Edmund Beaufort, beheaded by the Yorkists
Execution
Beheaded by the Yorkists
Death of John Wenlock
The Lancastrians suffered a crushing defeat, and Wenlock died on the battlefield. He was allegedly killed by his own commander, the Duke of Somerset, who blamed Wenlocks indecisiveness for the defeat
Battle of Tewkesbury
He was allegedly killed by his own commander, the Duke of Somerset, who blamed Wenlocks indecisiveness for the defeat.
Battle of Tewkesbury
The Lancastrian centre was commanded by Lord Wenlock.
Battle of Tewkesbury
The Lancastrians suffered a crushing defeat, and Wenlock died on the battlefield.
Battle of Tewkesbury
Unlike the other principal Lancastrian commanders, Wenlock had deserted the Lancastrian cause after the First Battle of Saint Albans, only to revert to the Lancastrians when he was deprived of the Lieutenancy of Calais.
Battle of Tewkesbury
By contrast, King Edward's army was composed mainly of mounted men, who nevertheless dismounted to fight on foot as most English armies did during this period.
Battle of Tewkesbury
Hearing from his "prickers" or mounted scouts of Margarets position, Edward drove his army to make another march of 6 miles (9.7 km) from Cheltenham, finally halting 3 miles (4.8 km) from the Lancastrians.
Battle of Tewkesbury
Most of their army were footmen, and unable to continue further without rest, and even the mounted troops were weary.
Battle of Tewkesbury
The Lancastrians knew they could retreat no further before Edward attacked their rear, and that they would be forced to give battle
Battle of Tewkesbury
The Yorkists crush Margaret of Anjou whose son & heir, Prince Edward, is killed. The Yorkists capture Margaret of Anjou after the Battle of Tewkesbury. At Tewkesbury, the tired Lancastrians halted for the night.
Battle of Tewkesbury
Helps restore Edward IV to the throne by defeating the Lancastrians
Battle of Tewkesbury
At Tewkesbury, the tired Lancastrians halted for the night. Most of their army were footmen, and unable to continue further without rest, and even the mounted troops were weary.
Battle of Tewkesbury
By contrast, King Edward's army was composed mainly of mounted men, who nevertheless dismounted to fight on foot as most English armies did during this period.
Battle of Tewkesbury
Hearing from his "prickers" or mounted scouts of Margarets position, Edward drove his army to make another march of 6 miles (9.7 km) from Cheltenham, finally halting 3 miles (4.8 km) from the Lancastrians. The Lancastrians knew they could retreat no further before Edward attacked their rear, and that they would be forced to give battle
Battle of Tewkesbury
Tewkesbury Abbey was just behind the Lancastrian centre. A farmhouse then known as Gobes Hall marked the centre of the Lancastrian position; nearby was "Margarets camp". Margarets only son Edward is killed & Henry VI is captured.
Battle of Tewkesbury
The Yorkists capture Margaret of Anjou after the Battle of Tewkesbury. The Lancastrians took up a defensive position a mile south of the town of Tewkesbury. To their rear were River Avon and the Severn.
Death of Edward IV
Death of Henry VI, assassinated, Edward reclaims the throne
Assassination of Henry VI
Murdered in the Tower of London, found dead in the oratory
Death of Henry VI
Murdered in the Tower of London, found dead in the oratory
Invasion of England
The most dangerous Lancastrian force however, was that commanded by the Bastard of Fauconberg. As anticipated, he had landed at Sandwich and rapidly recruited a force from among the pro-Neville Kentishmen. Together with exiled Lancastrians and freebooters from several countries, his army may have numbered 16,000 or even 17,000 in total
Arrest of Anne Neville
Anne was taken first to Coventry and then to the house of her brother-in-law the Duke of Clarence in London, while her mother Anne Beauchamp, Warwicks wife, sought sanctuary in Beaulieu Abbey. When the crisis settled down and the Countess wished to be restored to her estates, Edward IV refused her safe conduct to plead her case; she wrote to Queen Elizabeth and several others to no avail
Battle of Tewkesbury
Seeks exile in Paris with his nephew Henry VII after the Battle of Tewkesbury
Invasion of England
Lands in Essex but quickly leaves after approached by a royalist force
Coronation
Richard III enters London with Edward V for his coronation
Coronation
Richard III enters London with Edward V for his coronation
Lord Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor of England
Sanctuary
Elizabeth Woodville refuses to retire as Queen Dowager
Arrest of Edward V
At Buckinghams suggestion Edward is kept in the Tower
Sanctuary
While in sanctuary at Westminster refuses to reitre & become Queen Dowager
Siege of London
Richard enters London with the future Edward V as his captive. Elizabeth seeks sanctuary at Westminster
Sanctuary Claim Challenged
Henry VII challenges the rebels' attempt to use sanctuary after armed resistance, asserting royal authority over men accused of treason.
Humphrey Stafford Captured
Royal officers remove Humphrey Stafford from sanctuary after judges reject the claim that the church protects him from treason proceedings.
Stafford Brothers Seek Sanctuary
Thomas Stafford accompanies his brother into sanctuary at Culham after royal forces rapidly break up their attempted rising.
Simnel Crowned in Dublin
Lambert Simnel is crowned as King Edward VI in Dublin, turning the Yorkist conspiracy into an open challenge to Henry VII's crown.
Coronation
Falsely claiming to be the Earl of Warwick, crowned in Dublin as Edward VI of England
Simnel Crowned in Dublin
Yorkist supporters crown Lambert Simnel in Dublin as Edward VI, presenting him as the imprisoned Earl of Warwick.
Support for Simnel Coronation
Thomas FitzGerald, Earl of Kildare, supports the Dublin coronation of Lambert Simnel and commits Irish political backing to the Yorkist challenge.
Coronation as Edward VI
Lambert Simnel is crowned in Dublin as King Edward VI, turning a Yorkist impersonation scheme into an open rival kingship against Henry VII.
Irish Support for Simnel
Kildare supports Simnel in Ireland and helps provide the political and military backing needed to present him as a legitimate Yorkist king.
Royal Army Sent North
The Earl of Surrey leads royal forces into Yorkshire to restore order after the murder of Northumberland and the spread of rebellion.
Yorkshire Rising Defeated
Royal forces defeat the organised rebels, ending the immediate challenge to Tudor authority in the north.
Rule of America
The Pope grants Spain exclusive rights to American land 100 leagues west of the Azores
Treaty of Tordessillas
Establishes a line of demarcation between Spanish & Portuguese discoveries
Papal Bull
Papal bull ratified by Alexander VI
Treaty of Tordessillas
Papal bull ratified by Alexander VI. Establishes a line of demarcation between Spanish & Portuguese discoveries
Papal Bull
Papal bull ratified by Alexander VI
Treaty of Tordessillas
Papal bull ratified by Alexander VI. Establishes a line of demarcation between Spanish & Portuguese discoveries
Discovery of Jamaica
Discovers Jamaice & names the island Santiago, St James
Invasion of Italy
Charles leaves Naples leaving behind a garrison to hold Italy proclaiming that he only desires a safe return to France
Siege of Naples
Charles leaves Naples leaving behind a garrison to hold Italy proclaiming that he only desires a safe return to France
Voyage of Matthew
Cabot sails from Bristol seeking a westward route to Asia.
Cabot Sails in the Matthew
John Cabot leaves Bristol in the Matthew on a westward voyage sponsored under Henry VII's patent.
Cabot Expedition Supported
Henry VII backs Cabot's Bristol voyage across the Atlantic.
Cornish Protest Army Formed
Michael An Gof helps gather a large Cornish force at Bodmin to resist the subsidy and carry its grievances directly toward London.
Flamank Articulates Tax Grievances
Flamank argues that royal ministers rather than ordinary taxpayers should bear responsibility for the disputed policy, helping turn local anger into organised protest.
Discovery of Calicut
Arrives at Calicut, India
Discovery of India
Arrives at Calicut, India
Marriage
1st of the wedding ceremonies between Catherine & Arthur take place at Bewdley Palace
Marriage
1st of the wedding ceremonies between Catherine & Arthur take place at Bewdley Palace
Marriage
Stands in for Catherine of Aragon at her proxy marriage with Prince Arthur
Execution of James Tyrrell
James Tyrrell is executed for treason during Henry's reign and is later associated with claims about the Princes in the Tower.
Execution of James Tyrell
James Tyrell is beheaded for treason after involvement with Edmund de la Pole's Yorkist opposition to Henry VII.
Christ's College Royal Charter
Henry grants a royal charter for Christ's College, Cambridge, supporting the educational foundation promoted by Margaret Beaufort.
Burial at Westminster Abbey
Henry VII is buried beside Elizabeth of York in the Lady Chapel he had founded at Westminster Abbey.
Battle of Agnadello
The dominion of Venice in Italy is practically lost
Margaret Beaufort Organises Coronation
Margaret Beaufort takes a leading role in organising her grandson's coronation celebrations and ceremonial arrangements.
Coronation Council Preparations
The royal council prepares the joint coronation of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon as the first great ceremony of the new reign.
Death of Henry VIII
Catherine gives birth to her 1st child but it is born dead
Execution
Has Edmund de le Pole executed for acting as a mercenary in the French Army. Edmund de le Pole, supported by France as the "White Rose" pretender
Alliance Louis XII and James IV of Scots
Promises to pay James IV of Scots for equipping his navy
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant General of the first division of the army in France
Diplomatic Mission to London
Pope Leo X sends an envoy to Henry to ask him to make peace with France
Bishop
Begins lobbying Pope Leo to appoint him as a Cardinal
Invasion of France
Sent by Edward Howard to burn 21 towns in retaliation for Prior John burnng Brighton
Invasion of Normandy
Sent by Edward Howard to burn 21 towns in retaliation for Prior John burnng Brighton
Siege of Brighton
Sent by Edward Howard to burn 21 towns in retaliation for Prior John burnng Brighton
Siege of Calais
Sent by Henry VIII to strengthen the defences at Calais
Invasion of Normandy
Sends Wallop to Normandy to burn 21 towns after Prior Johns burnng of Brighton
Siege of Brighton
Sends Wallop to Normandy to burn 21 towns after Prior Johns burnng of Brighton
Siege of Brighton
John lands in Brighton & sets fire to it
Marriage
Marries Mary, younger sister of Henry VIII, in secret
Marriage
Mary secretly marries Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk
Marriage
Secretly marries Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk
Star Chamber
Delivers his policy for law enforcement before the Council
Papal Legate
Appointed Papal Legate in England, a post renewed annually & made permanent in 1524
Death of Leonardo da Vinci
Death of Leonardo da Vinci, age 67
Purge
Wolsey purges the Privy Council of his rivals
Privy Council
Appointed Member of Privy Council
Privy Council
Appointed Member of Privy Council
Privy Council
Appointed Member of Privy Council
Visit to Canterbury
Emperor Charles arrives in Dover & spends 3 days with Henry & Catherine in Canterbury
Meeting with Henry VIII & spends three days with
Meets Henry VIII & spends three days with Henry & Catherine in Canterbury
Meeting with Francis I
Accompanies Henry VIII to Calais in preparation for a visit to meet Francis I
Meeting with With Francois
Arrives in Calais to meet with Francois
Arrest of Gustavus I Vasa
Held in Kalc slot but escapes, returning by ship to Kalmar on the southeastern side of Sweden on 31 May 1520
Independence of Sweden
Held in Kalc slot but escapes, returning by ship to Kalmar on the southeastern side of Sweden on 31 May 1520
Wartburg Protection
Protects Martin Luther at Wartburg Castle after the Diet of Worms.
Wartburg Refuge
Arranges Luther's protective custody at Wartburg Castle.
Treason
Stafford is found guilty & condemned to death for treason
Trial
Stafford is found guilty & condemned to death for treason
Treason
Condemned to death for treason
Trial
Condemned to death for treason
Trial of Buckingham
Buckingham is tried by his peers for high treason on evidence concerning dynastic ambitions and prophetic claims, and the court finds him guilty.
Bill of Attainder
A bill of attainder against Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, proceeds before his execution for treason.
Death of Edward Stafford
Death of Edward Stafford, executed
Execution
Executed under a trumped up charge of disloyalty to Henry VIII
Execution of Buckingham
Edward Stafford is beheaded on Tower Hill after his treason conviction, removing a nobleman whose royal ancestry had made Henry VIII deeply suspicious.
Execution
The title of Buckingham is made forfeit. Execution of Edward Stafford the Duke of Buckingham for high treason
Treason
Execution of Edward Stafford the Duke of Buckingham for high treason
Edict of Worms
Charles issues the Edict of Worms, declaring Martin Luther an outlaw, banning his writings, and requiring his arrest: "We want him to be apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic"
Edict of Worms
The Papal nuncio at the Diet, Girolamo Aleandro, draws up and proposes the fierce denunciations of Luther embodied in the edict, which permitted anyone to kill Luther without legal consequence
Diet of Worms
On the contrary, we want him to be apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic, as he deserves, to be brought personally before us, or to be securely guarded until those who have captured him inform us, whereupon we will order the appropriate manner of
Diet of Worms
The Edict of Worms was a decree issued on 25 May 1521 by Emperor Charles V, declaring: For this reason we forbid anyone from this time forward to dare, either by words or by deeds, to receive, defend, sustain, or favour the said Martin Luther.
Diet of Worms
Those who will help in his capture will be rewarded generously for their good work
Diet of Worms
proceeding against the said Luther.
Edict of Worms
Charles issues the Edict of Worms, declaring Martin Luther an outlaw, banning his writings, and requiring his arrest: "We want him to be apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic"
Arrest of Martin Luther
Despite the agreement at the Diet of Worms that Luther could return home safely, it was privately understood that Luther would soon be arrested and punished. To protect him from this fate, Prince Frederick seized him on his way home and hid him in Wartburg Castle. It was during his time in Wartburg that Luther began his German translation of the Bible
Diet of Worms
Despite the agreement at the Diet of Worms that Luther could return home safely, it was privately understood that Luther would soon be arrested and punished. To protect him from this fate, Prince Frederick seized him on his way home and hid him in Wartburg Castle. It was during his time in Wartburg that Luther began his German translation of the Bible
Trial
Presides at the trial of Buckingham
Edict of Worms
When Luther eventually reemerged from the Wartburg, the emperor, distracted with other matters, did not press for Luther's arrest. Ultimately, because of rising public support for Luther among the German people and the protection of certain German princes, the Edict of Worms was never enforced in Germany
Diet of Worms
Martin Luther's powerful testimony of faith at the Diet of Worms in 1521 made an indelible impression upon the mind of George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, who turned his eyes to the new faith earlier than any other German prince or any other member of the House of Hohenzollern
Edict of Worms
When Luther eventually reemerged from the Wartburg, the emperor, distracted with other matters, did not press for Luther's arrest. Ultimately, because of rising public support for Luther among the German people and the protection of certain German princes, the Edict of Worms was never enforced in Germany
Invasion of Hungary
Launches an invasion of Hungary
Imperial Army
Led by an Imperial army under the command of Fernando de Avalos & Prosper Colonna against the French defending Genoa, 1st day
Siege of Genoa
Led by an Imperial army under the command of Fernando de Avalos & Prosper Colonna against the French defending Genoa, 1st day. Genoa falls to the Imperial forces led by Fernando de Avalos & Prosper Colonna
Alliance Henry VIII and Charles V
An alliance is agreed with Charles V against the French while a guest of Henry's
Siege of Genoa
Genoa falls to the Imperial forces led by Fernando de Avalos & Prosper Colonna
Birth of Selim II
Birth of Selim II, son of Suleiman the Magnificent
Death of Thomas Munzer
The leader of the southern peasant revolt is beheaded
Execution
The leader of the southern peasant revolt is beheaded
Amicable Grant Abandoned
Wolsey accepts the abandonment of the grant, leaving the crown to retreat from a fiscal policy that had produced dangerous popular unrest.
Lavenham Clothworkers Resist Levy
Clothworkers and other inhabitants resist the levy in the Lavenham area, demonstrating the economic anger produced by the government's demand.
Suffolk Faces East Anglian Resistance
The Duke of Suffolk confronts organised crowds in East Anglia and reports that coercive collection could provoke a much larger rebellion.
Grant Collection Suspended
Henry VIII orders collectors to stop pressing the unpopular levy after reports show that resistance is spreading faster than the government can contain it.
Great Enterprise
The Great Enterprise is abandoned after resistance to the Amicable Grant makes the proposed invasion unaffordable.
Lavenham Revolt
Thousands gather at Lavenham in protest against the Amicable Grant and the burden of royal taxation.
Lavenham Revolt
Thousands gather at Lavenham to oppose the Amicable Grant and the burden of royal taxation.
Pardon
Leaders of the Amicable Grant resistance submit before royal authority and are pardoned.
Pardon
Ringleaders of the Amicable Grant resistance are brought before Star Chamber and pardoned after submission.
Political Crisis
The failure of the Amicable Grant damages Wolsey's authority and exposes limits on extra-parliamentary taxation.
Reballion of Rebels in Lavenham
The Duke of Suffolk confronts armed resistance to the Amicable Grant in the cloth districts of Suffolk.
Reballion of danger of
The Duke of Suffolk confronts organised resistance to the levy and warns of the danger of rebellion.
Taxation
Henry VIII abandons the Amicable Grant after widespread opposition makes collection impossible.
Taxation
Henry VIII abandons the Amicable Grant after widespread resistance and the danger of rebellion.
Lavenham Revolt
Sir John Spring is associated with the government side during resistance to the Amicable Grant at Lavenham.
Lavenham Revolt
Thomas Howard is named among the royal leaders responding to resistance against the Amicable Grant.
Lavenham Revolt
Thomas Howard is named among the royal leaders responding to the Amicable Grant disturbances.
Reballion of Rebels in East Anglia
Thomas Howard supports the Crown's suppression of resistance to the Amicable Grant.
Suppressression
Thomas Howard helps suppress opposition to the Amicable Grant after resistance threatens Henry VIII's war plans.
Lavenham Revolt
Charles Brandon helps confront resistance to the Amicable Grant in Suffolk.
Reballion of Rebels in Lavenham
Charles Brandon helps secure submission from rebels opposing the Amicable Grant.
Invasion of France
Henry VIII abandons the proposed invasion after the Amicable Grant fails to produce the necessary war finance.
Tax Resistance
Opposition to the Amicable Grant threatens armed disorder and undermines Henry VIII's French war plans.
League of Cognac
Becomes "protector" of the Holy League of Cognac against Charles V
Alliance League of Cognac
The League of Cognac is formed with the Pope, Milan, Venice, & Florence. The Alliance is formed against Charles V but is swiftly defeated
Treaty of Madrid
Renounces the Treaty of Madrid, claiming it was made under duress
Alliance Holy League of Cognac
Enters the Holy League of Cognac with France, Venice & Milan against Charles V
League of Cognac
Francis I renounces the Treaty of Madrid as it was made under duress
Arrest of John Tyndale
Harry Phillips, an agent of Henry VIII, arrests John Tyndale for heresy
Arrest of John Tyndale
Harry Phillips, an agent of Henry VIII, arrests John Tyndale for heresy
Arrest of John Tyndale
Harry Phillips, an agent of Henry VIII, arrests John Tyndale for heresy
In charge of the banquet to entertain the French embassy
In charge of the banquet to entertain the French embassy
Treaty of Greenwich
The Treaty of Greenwich is signed with France
Marriage
Wolsey & Warham convene an ecclesiastical court to examine the King's marriage. An ecclesiastical court hears Henry's requests for an annulment
Marriage
An ecclesiastical court hears Henrys requests for an annulment
Birth of Philip II
Philip of Habsburg is born at Valladolid and later becomes King Philip II of Spain and husband of Mary I of England.
Battle of Ghagra
Babur defeats the Afghan Chiefs in the Battle of Ghagra
Death of James Parr
Death of Maud Green Parr, mother of Catherine Parr
Capture of Greece
Completes the capture of Algeria in the name of the Turkish Sultan
Marriage
A tribunal opens to deliberate over the divorce of King Henry from Catherine of Aragon
Salt Pension Treaty Ratified
Ratifies the agreement converting the French salt obligation into cash and authorises the corresponding receipt arrangements.
Reformation, The
The King demands of Convocation that the Church renounce all authority to make laws
Clergy Surrender Independent Canon Making
Warham presides as Convocation concedes that future ecclesiastical canons will require the king's licence and assent.
Submission of the Clergy Accepted
Henry accepts the Submission of the Clergy, which restricts independent church lawmaking and requires royal approval for new canons.
Submission of the Clergy
The clergy submit their lawmaking authority to the Crown and agree not to enact canons without royal licence.
Reform of Church Governance
Prevents the Convocation of the Clergy without the permission of the King
Convocation of Clergy
Thomas Cromwell prevents the Convocation of the Clergy
Reform of Church Governance
Thomas Cromwell prevents the Convocation of the Clergy. New canons require royal assent & existing ones will be vetted by a royal commission
Reformation, The
The Submission of the Clergy was subscribed, which recognised Royal Supremacy over the church so that it could no longer make canon law without royal licencei.e., without the King's permissionthus emasculating it as a law-making body
Submission of the Clergy
The Submission of the Clergy was subscribed, which recognised Royal Supremacy over the church so that it could no longer make canon law without royal licencei.e., without the King's permissionthus emasculating it as a law-making body
Supremacy
The Submission of the Clergy was subscribed, which recognised Royal Supremacy over the church so that it could no longer make canon law without royal licencei.e., without the King's permissionthus emasculating it as a law-making body
Resignation of Thomas More
Resigns the day after the convocation of the clergy seeking Royal consent for policies
Reformation Parliament
Sir Thomas More resigns as Lord Chancellor, realizing that the battle to save the King's marriage to Katherine of Aragon is lost, Mores resignation from the Council represents a triumph for Cromwell and the pro-Reformation faction at court
Reformation, The
Sir Thomas More resigns as Lord Chancellor, realizing that the battle to save the King's marriage to Katherine of Aragon is lost, Mores resignation from the Council represents a triumph for Cromwell and the pro-Reformation faction at court
Resignation of Thomas More
Thomas More resigns as Lord Chancellor after refusing to support Henry VIII's break with Rome.
Resignation of Thomas More
Thomas More resigns as Lord Chancellor after the Submission of the Clergy.
Resignation as Lord Chancellor
More resigns the office of Lord Chancellor amid the developing royal supremacy crisis.
Reform of Church Governance
Resigns the day after the convocation of the clergy seeking Royal consent for policies
Cranmer Rules Catherine Marriage Invalid
Cranmer declares Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon invalid, exercising authority within the developing royal church settlement.
Marriage Annulment
Cranmer declares Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon invalid under English ecclesiastical authority.
Marriage Annulment
Cranmer declares Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon null and void.
Marriage
Cranmer declares Henry's marriage to Catherine null & void
Catherine Marriage Declared Invalid
Cranmer declares Henry's marriage to Catherine invalid, removing the legal basis on which Mary had previously been treated as legitimate heir.
Marriage
Cranmer declares Henrys marriage to Catherine null & void
Marriage
Declares Henry VIIIs marriage to Anne vaild. Declares Henrys marriage to Catherine null & void
Marriage
Declares the marriage between Henry VIII & Catherine of Aragon null & void
Reformation, The
Cranmer pronounces the judgement that Henrys marriage with Catherine is against the law of God and issues a threat of excommunication if Henry does not stay away from Catherine, Henry is now free to marry
Cranmer Confirms Anne Marriage
Cranmer formally confirms Henry's marriage to Anne Boleyn, reinforcing the crown's rejection of papal jurisdiction over the case.
Marriage
Cranmer declares Henry VIII's marriage to Anne Boleyn valid.
Marriage
The marriage between Anne & Henry is declared valid by Parliament & the Church
Marriage
Cranmer pronounces Henry VIII & Anne Boleyn married
Tower Coronation Festivities Begin
Henry's court begins several days of coronation celebrations at the Tower before Anne's public progress through London.
Anne Coronation Preparations at Tower
The Tower is prepared for Anne's coronation celebrations, including accommodation, decoration and ceremonial spaces for the royal household.
Anne's River Procession to Tower
Anne travels by barge from Greenwich to the Tower in a richly staged river procession accompanied by civic craft.
Coronation
Goes from Greenwich to the Tower of London by the River Thames escorted by 50 barges
Eighteen Knights of the Bath Prepared
Eighteen esquires undergo the ritual bathing and vigil that precede their creation as Knights of the Bath.
Coronation Knights Dubbed
Henry knights the selected men before they take their places in Anne's great procession through London.
Coronation Procession
Anne Boleyn processes from the Tower toward Westminster before her coronation.
Anne Boleyn Cheapside Coronation Pageant
Anne passes elaborate Cheapside displays prepared by the City of London to honour the approaching queenly coronation.
Anne Boleyn Cornhill Coronation Pageant
A further civic pageant greets Anne as her procession continues through the decorated commercial centre of London.
Anne Leaves Tower for Westminster
Anne departs the Tower in state to begin the formal city procession toward Westminster.
Gracechurch Street Coronation Pageant
London stages a civic pageant along Anne's route, using elaborate imagery to celebrate the new queen and expected Tudor succession.
Leadenhall Coronation Display
Decorations and performance at Leadenhall form part of the city-wide pageantry welcoming Anne before her coronation.
Westminster Coronation Vigil
Anne reaches Westminster and prepares overnight for the religious crowning service to be held the following day.
Wine Fountains for Coronation Procession
Municipal fountains run with wine along the ceremonial route, contributing to the public festivities surrounding Anne's procession.
Arrest of John Fisher
Falls into a trap laid for him by Richard Rich, who perjures himself to obtain Thomas Mores conviction.
Arrest of John Fisher
Fisher was taken in by Richard Rich and says that he is convinced "that the King was not, nor could be, by the Law of God, Supreme Head in earth of the Church of England".
Arrest of John Fisher
Rich tells Fisher that for his own consciences sake the King wished to know, in strict secrecy, Fishers real opinion.
Oath of Succession
Falls into a trap laid for him by Richard Rich, who perjures himself to obtain Thomas Mores conviction.
Oath of Succession
Fisher was taken in by Richard Rich and says that he is convinced "that the King was not, nor could be, by the Law of God, Supreme Head in earth of the Church of England".
Oath of Succession
Rich tells Fisher that for his own consciences sake the King wished to know, in strict secrecy, Fishers real opinion.
Peace
Henry VIII makes peace with James V
Peace Treaty
An Anglo-Scots Peace Treaty is signed
Execution of Richard Reynolds
Richard Reynolds is executed for opposing the royal supremacy and defending the authority of the papacy.
Execution of Augustine Webster
Augustine Webster is hanged, drawn and quartered after refusing the oath recognising Henry VIII's ecclesiastical supremacy.
Execution of Robert Lawrence
Robert Lawrence is executed for rejecting the royal supremacy and maintaining obedience to papal authority.
Execution of John Houghton
John Houghton is hanged, drawn and quartered after refusing to accept Henry VIII as supreme head of the English Church.
Sebastian Newdigate Arrested
Sebastian Newdigate is arrested after resisting repeated efforts to secure his acceptance of Henry VIII's ecclesiastical supremacy.
William Exmew Arrested
William Exmew is detained for maintaining Carthusian opposition to the royal supremacy despite pressure from the government.
Humphrey Middlemore Arrested
Humphrey Middlemore is arrested for refusing the supremacy settlement and is held before prosecution for treason.
Dissolution
Cromwell had undertaken an inventory of the assets and income of the entire ecclesiastical estate of England and Wales through local commissioners who reported in May 1535
Cardinal
Paul III creates Fisher Cardinal-Priest of S. Vitalis, in the hope of inducing Henry to ease Fishers treatment, the effect is precisely the reverse
Arrest of Henry Norris
Henry Norriss is arrested for having an affair with Anne Boleyn
Arrest of Henry Norris
Henry Norris is arrested for having an affair with Anne Boleyn
Marriage
Cranmer declares Annes marriage void due to Henrys affair with her sister Mary
Reform of Church Governance
Beginning of the reformation of the Church in Ireland
Arrest of Anne Boleyn
Anne Boleyn is arrested and taken to the Tower of London on charges of adultery, incest and treason.
Arrest of George Boleyn and Anne Boleyn
George Boleyn is arrested for high treason. Anne Boleyn is imprisoned in the Tower of London
Arrest of George Boleyn
George Boleyn is arrested with other men accused in the case against Anne Boleyn.
Treason
George Boleyn is arrested for high treason
Arrest of Anne Boleyn
Arrested at the May day jousts in Greenwich & taken to the Tower of London
May Day
Arrested at the May day jousts in Greenwich & taken to the Tower of London
Norris Arrest in Boleyn Case
Henry Norris is sent to the Tower after refusing to confess to allegations involving Anne Boleyn, despite pressure from Henry VIII to admit wrongdoing.
George Boleyn Arrest
George Boleyn is arrested and imprisoned in the Tower as accusations against the queen expand to include incest and conspiracy against Henry VIII.
Divorce
Cranmer wrote a letter to the King expressing his doubts about the queens guilt, highlighting his own esteem for Anne but after it was delivered Cranmer is resigned to the fact that the end of Annes marriage is inevitable
Arrest of George Boleyn
George Boleyn is arrested for high treason
Treason
George Boleyn is arrested for high treason
Arrest of Francis Weston
Francis Weston is arrested for high treason
Treason
Francis Weston is arrested for high treason
Arrest of William Brereton
William Brereton is arrested for high treason
Treason
William Brereton is arrested for high treason
Arrest of William Brereton and Francis Weston
William Brereton is arrested for high treason. Francis Weston is arrested for high treason
Treason
William Brereton is arrested for high treason. Francis Weston is arrested for high treason
Arrest of Richard Page
Arrested for infidelities with Anne Boleyn
Arrest of Thomas Wyatt
Arrested for infidelities with Anne Boleyn
Arrest of Thomas Wyatt and Richard Page
Thomas Wyatt is arrested for high treason. Richard Page is arrested for infidelities with Anne Boleyn
Treason
Thomas Wyatt is arrested for high treason
Arrest of Thomas Wyatt and Richard Page
Thomas Wyatt is arrested for infidelities with Anne Boleyn. Richard Page is arrested for infidelities with Anne Boleyn
Treason
Anne Boleyn is indicted for high treason
Trial
Anne Boleyn is indicted for high treason
Peerage
Accused by Cromwell of adultery with 5 lovers including her brother Lord Rochford
Trial
Accused by Cromwell of adultery with 5 lovers including her brother Lord Rochford
Trial
Anne Boleyn and George Boleyn are tried for high treason before a court of peers.
Trial
Found guilty & will be burned or beheaded according to Henry VIII's wishes
Death of Anne Boleyn
Found guilty of treason & condemned to death
Execution
Anne believes Henry will not allow her execution & will send her to a nunnery
Treason
Found guilty of treason & condemned to death. Found guilty of treason
Trial
Found guilty of treason. Anne believes Henry will not allow her execution & will send her to a nunnery. Accused by Cromwell of adultery with 5 lovers including her brother Lord Rochford
Trial
Ane Boleyn is found guilty & will burned or beheaded according to Henry VIIIs wishes
Anne Boleyn Treason Trial
Anne Boleyn is tried on charges including adultery and plotting the king's death, and a court composed of her political enemies convicts her.
Divorce
Cranmer sees Anne in the Tower and hears her confession
Death of George Boleyn
Death of George Boleyn, executed
Execution
George Boleyn is executed
Death of Francis Weston
Death of Francis Weston, executed
Execution
Francis Weston is executed
Death of Henry Norris
Death of Henry Norris, executed
Execution
Henry Norriss is executed
Death of Mark Smeaton
Death of Mark Smeaton, executed
Execution
Mark Smeaton is executed
Death of William Brereton
Death of William Brereton, executed
Execution
William Brereton os executed
Bill of Attainder
Parliament passes an act of attainder against Anne Boleyn and those accused with her before her execution.
Execution
William Brereton is executed. Mark Smeaton is executed. Henry Norriss is executed. George Boleyn is executed. Francis Weston is executed
Execution
George Boleyn, Henry Norris, Francis Weston, William Brereton and Mark Smeaton are executed.
Marriage Annulment
Cranmer annuls Henry VIII's marriage to Anne Boleyn before her execution.
Marriage
Henry VIII's marriage to Anne Boleyn is declared invalid before her execution.
Marriage
Divorced from Henry VIII
Divorce
Cranmer pronounces Henrys marriage to Anne null & void
Death of Henry VIII
Has Anne Boleyn executed for high treason & adultery
Death of Henry VIII
Anne Boleyn is executed
Execution
Has Anne Boleyn executed for high treason & adultery
Execution
Anne Boleyn is executed by sword within the Tower of London.
Treason
Has Anne Boleyn executed for high treason & adultery
Anne Boleyn Executed
Anne Boleyn's execution changes Mary's prospects at court
Burial
Buried in the Chapel of St Peter-ad-Vincula in the Tower, where she remains
Death of Anne Boleyn
Beheaded on Tower Green by a headsman from Calais who uses a sword
Execution
Found guilty of treason. Beheaded on Tower Green by a headsman from Calais who uses a sword
Treason
Found guilty of treason
Execution of Anne Boleyn
Anne Boleyn is executed after the treason proceedings, ending a prosecution built partly around accusations that she had contemplated Henry VIII's death.
Marriage
Henry VIII is betrothed to Jane Seymour
Marriage
Henry VIII is betrothed to Jane Seymour
Act of Succession
A new Parliament passed the second Act of Succession, securing the rights of Queen Janes heirs to the throne
Legislation
A new Parliament passed the second Act of Succession, securing the rights of Queen Janes heirs to the throne
Succession
A new Parliament passed the second Act of Succession, securing the rights of Queen Janes heirs to the throne
Marriage
Marries Jane Seymour, at York Place
Henry Marries Jane Seymour
Henry marries Jane Seymour shortly after Anne Boleyn's death, renewing hopes for an undisputed male Tudor heir.
Marriage
Marries Henry VIII, his 3rd wife, the same month Anne Boleyn is executed
Execution of James Walworth
James Walworth is executed at York for persisting in Carthusian resistance to the royal supremacy.
Execution of John Rochester
John Rochester is hanged in chains at York after continued refusal to recognise Henry VIII's religious supremacy.
Execution of William Thirsk
William Thirsk is executed for supporting resistance connected with the Pilgrimage of Grace and subsequent unrest.
Execution of Nicholas Tempest
Nicholas Tempest is hanged, drawn and quartered for supporting the renewed northern rebellion after the royal pardon.
Execution
Several northern rebels associated with Bigod's rising are executed after the renewed rebellion fails.
Execution of Margaret Cheyne
Margaret Cheyne is burned at Smithfield after conviction for treason arising from her involvement with the northern rebels.
Execution of John Pickering
John Pickering is executed after being convicted of treason for association with the northern rebellion.
Execution of John Bulmer
John Bulmer is executed for renewed treason after participating in northern resistance associated with the Pilgrimage of Grace.
Execution of Stephen Hamerton
Stephen Hamerton is executed for involvement in the northern rebellions that followed Henry VIII's religious reforms.
Marriage
Marries Mary of Guise, daughter of the Duke of Guise & Antoinette of Bourbon
Marriage
Marries James V, in Notre Dame Cathedral
Visit to England on 27 May 1538
The Lutherans send a joint delegation from various German cities, including a colleague of Martin Luther, Friedrich Myconius, the delegates arrive in England on 27 May 1538, after initial meetings with the King, Cromwell, and Cranmer, discussions on theological differences are transferred to Lambeth Palace under Cranmers chairmanship
Visit to England on 27 May 1538
The Lutherans send a joint delegation from various German cities, including a colleague of Martin Luther, Friedrich Myconius, the delegates arrive in England on 27 May 1538, after initial meetings with the King, Cromwell, and Cranmer, discussions on theological differences are transferred to Lambeth Palace under Cranmers chairmanship
Health of Henry VIII
Henry VIII is seriously ill
Reformation, The
The House of Lords creates a committee with a religious balance of conservatives and reformers to examine and determine doctrine
Act of Six Articles
A Parliamentary committee is established to examine doctrine and the Duke of Norfolk presents six questions for the House to consider, which pass as the Act of Six Articles reaffirming a traditional view of the Mass, the Sacraments and the priesthood
Legislation
A Parliamentary committee is established to examine doctrine and the Duke of Norfolk presents six questions for the House to consider, which pass as the Act of Six Articles reaffirming a traditional view of the Mass, the Sacraments and the priesthood
Reformation, The
A Parliamentary committee is established to examine doctrine and the Duke of Norfolk presents six questions for the House to consider, which pass as the Act of Six Articles reaffirming a traditional view of the Mass, the Sacraments and the priesthood
Legislation
The Churches are ordered to display a copy of the English Bible. Tha Act of Six Articles of the Protestant faith is passed
Act of Six Articles
A Parliamentary committee is established to examine doctrine and the Duke of Norfolk presents six questions for the House to consider, which pass as the Act of Six Articles reaffirming a traditional view of the Mass, the Sacraments and the priesthood
Reformation, The
A Parliamentary committee is established to examine doctrine and the Duke of Norfolk presents six questions for the House to consider, which pass as the Act of Six Articles reaffirming a traditional view of the Mass, the Sacraments and the priesthood
Reform of Bible Use
The Churches are ordered to display a copy of the English Bible. Tha Act of Six Articles of the Protestant faith is passed
Reformation, The
The Six Articles confirm the conservative interpretation of doctrines such as the real presence, clerical celibacy, and the necessity of auricular confession, the private confession of sins to a priest. The Duke of Norfolk notes that the Lords committee into religious doctrine had not agreed on anything and proposes that the Lords examine six doctrinal questions, which form the basis of the Six Articles
Six Articles, The
The Duke of Norfolk notes that the Lords committee into religious doctrine had not agreed on anything and proposes that the Lords examine six doctrinal questions, which form the basis of the Six Articles
Six Articles, The
The Six Articles confirm the conservative interpretation of doctrines such as the real presence, clerical celibacy, and the necessity of auricular confession, the private confession of sins to a priest
Greater Monasteries Dissolution Act
Parliament confirms the surrender and transfer of larger religious houses, accelerating the end of monastic institutions across England.
Birth of James Stewart
Mary gives birth to James Duke of Rothesay son of James V
Execution of Margaret Pole
Margaret Pole is beheaded without a conventional treason trial after years of suspicion surrounding her Plantagenet family connections.
Arrival in Goa
Arrives at Goa on 6 May 1542, beginning the major Asian phase of his Jesuit missionary career.
Death of Copernicus
His death coincides with publication of De revolutionibus.
Death of Nicolaus Copernicus
Dies at Frombork in the same year his major work appears.
Bible Reading Restricted by Statute
The Act for the Advancement of True Religion limits access to English scripture for some social groups and seeks to control unauthorised interpretation.
King's Book Published
The Necessary Doctrine and Erudition for Any Christian Man presents an authoritative and more conservative statement of religion under Henry VIII.
Burning of Edinburgh
Hertford's army lands at Leith during the punitive expedition ordered by Henry VIII.
Siege of Edinburgh
Major hostilities began with an attack on Edinburgh, led by the Earl of Hertford and Viscount Lisle. Hertford had instructions to burn Edinburgh and issue Henry's proclamation of 24 March 1544, which laid the blame on Cardinal Beaton's "sinister enticement" of Regent Arran
Burning of Edinburgh
Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford, commands the English expedition that lands at Leith.
Burning of Edinburgh
Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford, lands at Leith with an English expeditionary force during the Rough Wooing.
Invasion of Scotland
Hertford's expedition lands at Leith to punish Scotland for rejecting Henry VIII's marriage policy.
Siege of Edinburgh
Major hostilities begin with an attack on Edinburgh, led by the Earl of Hertford and Viscount Lisle
Landing at Leith
Seymour lands the English invasion army at Leith, securing a coastal base from which his forces can attack Edinburgh and the surrounding countryside.
Siege of Edinburgh
The troops entered Edinburgh's Canongate, and set the city on fire. Edinburgh Castle was defended by cannon fire commanding the Royal Mile. Hertford decided not to lay siege but thoroughly burn the city. According to the English contemporary account, all the houses within the suburbs and city walls were burnt including Holyroodhouse and the Abbey
Burning of Edinburgh
English forces take Leith as the expedition advances toward Edinburgh.
Burning of Edinburgh
Hertford's army enters Edinburgh during Henry VIII's punitive campaign against Scotland.
Burning of Edinburgh
Hertford's troops damage Holyrood and nearby religious buildings during the attack on Edinburgh.
Burning of Edinburgh
English forces sack and burn Edinburgh as part of Henry VIII's Rough Wooing policy.
Burning of Edinburgh
Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford, sacks and burns Edinburgh during the Rough Wooing.
Burning of Edinburgh
English forces sack and burn Edinburgh during the Rough Wooing.
Invasion of Scotland
The burning of Edinburgh is intended to force Scotland to accept the Edward and Mary marriage.
Burning of Edinburgh
Seymour's troops burn large parts of Edinburgh after failing to take the castle, carrying out Henry VIII's punitive invasion strategy against Scotland.
Burning of Edinburgh
Holyrood Abbey and nearby buildings suffer destruction during Hertford's raid.
Capture of Leith
Seymour captures & burns Leith
Siege of Leith
Seymour captures & burns Leith
Burning of Edinburgh
Hertford withdraws after devastating Edinburgh, Leith and nearby settlements.
Burning of Edinburgh
The destruction of Edinburgh becomes one of the most notorious actions of Henry VIII's Rough Wooing.
Burning of Edinburgh
The raid is intended to punish Scotland for rejecting the Treaty of Greenwich and the proposed Edward and Mary marriage.
Burning of Edinburgh
Holyrood Abbey and buildings around the abbey are damaged during Hertford's raid.
Invasion of Scotland
The invasion is designed to intimidate Scottish political leaders and weaken resistance to English terms.
Burning of Dunbar
Seymour's returning army burns Dunbar and other settlements while marching south, extending the devastation of the 1544 invasion into the Scottish Borders.
Destruction of Leith
English forces destroy and burn much of Leith before withdrawing, damaging Scotland's principal east-coast port during the invasion.
English Burning of Edinburgh
Mary faces English attacks during the Rough Wooing
Assassination of Beaton
Cardinal Beaton is assassinated by Protestant lairds hostile to his pro-French and anti-English policy.
Assassination of Beaton
Has Beaton assassinated by Fife Protestants who oppose his pro-French policy
Assassination of Beaton
Seymour captures Edinburgh (1544) and Cardinal Beaton is murdered 29 May 1546, but the English are unable to reduce Scotland to obedience
Invasion of Scotland
Seymour captures Edinburgh (1544) and Cardinal Beaton is murdered 29 May 1546, but the English are unable to reduce Scotland to obedience
Peace Negotiations
Negotiations resume as England and France seek to end the costly war over Boulogne.
Marriage
Marries Catherine Parr
Marriage
Marries Thomas Seymour
Treaty of Breda
Signs the Treaty of Breda. Agrees to the Covenant in Scotland & to impose Presbyterianism in England
Execution of Joan Bocher
Joan Bocher is burned for heresy after refusing to abandon beliefs concerning the nature of Christ.
Scottish Ratification of Peace
Mary of Guise ratifies Scotland's inclusion in the Anglo-French peace settlement, helping end the Rough Wooing.
Removal of Altars
Bishop Nicholas Ridley orders stone altars in his London diocese to be replaced by wooden communion tables.
Birth of William Camden
William Camden is born in London.
Marriage
Forced to marry Lady Jane Grey by his father, the Duke of Northumberland
Marriage
Marries Lord Guildford Dudley, son of the Duke of Northumberland
Jane Grey Marries Guildford Dudley
Jane Grey marries Guildford Dudley, joining the senior Grey succession claimant to the family of the politically dominant Duke of Northumberland.
Marriage to Guildford Dudley
Jane Grey marries Guildford Dudley, linking the designated Protestant heir to Northumberland's family shortly before Edward VI's succession arrangements take effect.
Device for the Succession
As his health worsens, Edward develops a succession plan intended to prevent Mary from inheriting the Crown.
Marriage Treaty Parliamentary Settlement
Helps secure parliamentary approval for the royal marriage while preserving restrictions designed to prevent Spanish domination of English government.
Execution of William Thomas
William Thomas is hanged, drawn and quartered for treason after involvement in conspiracy against Mary I during the Wyatt rebellion crisis.
Wyatt Rebellion
Is executed for involvement in the rebellion.
Arrest of Elizabeth I
Jubillant crowds mistakenly believe Elizabeth has been freed
Wyatt Rebellion
Is moved from the Tower to house arrest at Woodstock.
Arrest of Elizabeth I
Moves to Richmond en route to Woodstock after 2 months in the Tower. Jubillant crowds mistakenly believe Elizabeth has been freed
Elizabeth Leaves Tower
Elizabeth leaves the Tower and is placed under guard
Released from Tower
Elizabeth leaves the Tower but remains under close guard
Wyatt Rebellion
Elizabeth is moved from the Tower to Woodstock after Wyatt's execution.
Custody Begins
Bedingfield is assigned to escort and guard Elizabeth
Arrest of Elizabeth I
Refuses to allow Elizabeth to make an appeal to the Council. Given custody of Princess Elizabeth at Woodstock in Oxfordshire
Elizabeth Sent to Woodstock
Mary's government sends Elizabeth to house arrest at Woodstock
House Arrest at Woodstock
Elizabeth is placed under guard at Woodstock after leaving the Tower
Prison at Bocardo
Is held in Oxford prison while proceedings continue.
Execution of John Cardmaker
John Cardmaker is burned after maintaining Protestant teaching despite efforts to persuade him to recant.
Custody Discharged
Discharged from direct custody of Princess Elizabeth after her transfer from Woodstock
Arrest of Kat Ashley
Arrested for plotting against Mary I
Plot
Arrested for plotting against Mary I
Arrest of Baptista Castiglione
Arrested for plotting against Mary I
Plot
Arrested for plotting against Mary I
Capture of Narva
Russian forces capture Narva during the opening phase of the Livonian War
Pregnancy Disappointment
Mary's second suspected pregnancy proves false and succession anxiety grows
Second False Pregnancy
Mary's second expected pregnancy proves false and succession anxiety increases
Return to Scotland
Knox returns from exile and becomes a leading voice of the Scottish Reformation
Act of Supremacy Passed
Act of Supremacy restores the crown's authority over the Church of England
Act of Uniformity Passed
Act of Uniformity restores a revised English prayer book
Reform of Church Governance
Restores the anti-papal laws of Henry VIII
Supreme Governor Title
Elizabeth takes the title Supreme Governor rather than Supreme Head of the Church
Perth Sermon
Knox preaches at Perth and religious unrest spreads
Bonner Deprived for Refusing Settlement
Edmund Bonner is deprived of the bishopric of London after refusing the Elizabethan supremacy and uniformity settlement.
Battle of Konya
Suleyman's forces defeat Prince Bayezid in the Ottoman succession struggle
Elizabethan Act of Uniformity Passed
Parliament requires use of a revised Book of Common Prayer and establishes penalties for clergy or worshippers who reject the authorised service.
Lords of Congregation
Argyll supports the Protestant Lords of the Congregation
Lords of Congregation
James Stewart supports Protestant lords opposing the regency
Perth Disturbances
Mary of Guise faces Protestant unrest after Knox's preaching
Assault on Leith
English assault on Leith fails with heavy casualties
Leith Assault Fails
Elizabeth's forces suffer a costly failure during the assault on Leith
Failed Assault on Leith
Grey orders a major assault on Leith that is repulsed with heavy English losses, forcing the besiegers to continue pressure rather than storm the town.
Battle of Djerba
Doria withdraws after the Ottoman attack on the Christian fleet
Battle of Djerba
Medinaceli's expedition is defeated by the Ottoman fleet
Battle of Djerba
Spanish-led Christian forces suffer a major naval defeat at Djerba
Battle of Djerba
Piyale Pasha defeats a Christian naval coalition near Djerba
Battle of Djerba
Turgut Reis supports the Ottoman victory at Djerba
Chancellor Appointed
L'Hospital becomes Chancellor and supports a policy of moderation
Battle of Djerba
Ottoman forces confront a Christian fleet near Djerba
Capital at Madrid
Philip II establishes Madrid as the main seat of his government
First Landing in Florida
Ribault lands on the Atlantic coast during the French Florida expedition
Grey Marriage Declared Invalid
An ecclesiastical commission declares Catherine Grey's marriage invalid because proof of the ceremony is judged insufficient, making her son's legitimacy disputed.
Port Royal Explored
Ribault explores the harbour later used for Charlesfort
Siege of Le Havre
Montmorency helps direct royal operations against English occupied Le Havre
Siege of Le Havre
Catherine supports the campaign to recover Le Havre from the English
Siege of Le Havre
Royal forces begin the siege to expel the English from Le Havre
Naval Mobilization
Trolle commands Danish naval forces in the opening Baltic campaign
War with Sweden Begins
Frederick II begins war against Sweden over Baltic rivalry
English Defence of Le Havre
Warwick commands the English defence as French forces close on Le Havre
Le Havre Defence
Poynings serves among English officers defending Le Havre
Naval Mobilization
Bagge commands Swedish naval forces during the opening of the war
War with Denmark Begins
Erik XIV enters the Northern Seven Years War against Denmark and Lubeck
Birth of John Calvin
Death of John Calvin
Invasion of Malta
Admiral Pialis fleet of 181 vessels is 1st sighted off Malta
Invasion of Malta
Admiral Pialis fleet of 181 vessels is 1st sighted off Malta
Invasion of Malta
Suleyman I the Magnificent lands at Marsasirocco Bay
Invasion of Malta
Suleyman I the Magnificent lands at Marsasirocco Bay
Marriage
Negotiates possible marriage between Elizabeth I & Anjou, younger brother of Charles
Alliance Agreement with Spain & the Empire
A marriage to Archduke Charles would create an alliance with Spain & the Empire
Alliance marriage to Archduke Charles would and Spain and the Empire
A marriage to Archduke Charles would create an alliance with Spain & the Empire
Marriage
Turns down the offer of marriage to Charles IX. Elizabeth I negotiates marriage to the Duke of Anjou, younger brother of Charles IX. Elizabeth I enters negotiations with Archduke Charles through his envoy, Zwetkovich
Marriage
Mary authorizes Bothwells divorce from his wife, a week later they are married. Divorces Lady Jean
Marriage
Authorizes Bothwells divorce from Lady Jean Gordon & a week later marries him
Marriage
Marries Queen Mary after allegedly raping her at Dunbar & forcing her consent
Marriage
Marries the Earl of Bothwell at the Great Hall of Holyrood
Arrest of Mary of Scots
Mary Queen of Scots arrives in England & spends the rest of her life under arrest
Arrest of Mary of Scots
Mary Queen of Scots arrives in England & spends the rest of her life under arrest
Arrest of Mary of Scots
Escapes from Loch Leven & joins the supporters of Hamilton & Argyll
Battle of Langside
Mary & her escort rides off, eventually arriving at Dundrennan Abbey in Dumfriesshire, some sixty miles to the south & from here she leaves for England, never to see Scotland again. Leads an army which defeats Mary Queen of Scots
Battle of Langside
Mary escapes from Lochleven (May 2, 1568), the Duke of Chatelherault and other nobles rallied to her standard, but Moray gathers his allies and defeats her forces at the Battle of Langside
Battle of Langside
Shortly after Marys escape she is defeated at Langside. Marys 6,000 army faces a smaller force under the Earl of Moray but is defeated. Mary flees to England where she is imprisoned by Elizabeth In the Tower of London. Mary escapes from prison, her supporters join her but are defeated by Moray
Exile of Mary of Scots
Mary flees to England where she is imprisoned by Elizabeth In the Tower of London. Crosses the border after the Battle of Langside. hoping to be protected by Elizabeth
Exile of Mary of Scots
Escapes to Dundrennan Abbey & in a written letter appeals to Elizabeth I for support
Battle of Langside
Defeats the Royalists who have helped Mary Queen of Scots escape from Loch Leven
Exile of Mary of Scots
Crosses the Solway into England
Arrest of Mary of Scots
Kept under close guard by Elizabeth I in Carlisle Castle
Battle of Heilgerlee
With 3,000 defeats a combined German & Spanish force under John, Duke of Arenberg
Abdication
Declares that her abdication, and her consent to the coronation of James, had been extorted from her under threat of death
Arrest of Mary of Scots
Mary escapes, heading west to the country of the Hamiltons, high among her remaining supporters, with the determination to restore her rights as queen
Reballion of Rebels in Lanarkshire
With an escort of 50 horse led by Lord Claud Hamilton arrives in Lanarkshire, soon to be joined by a wide-cross section of the nobility, including the earls of Argyll, Cassillis, Rothes and Eglinton. Mary gathers together a force of 6,000 to regain her throne
Mary Stuart Enters England
Mary flees into England after defeat at Langside, placing a major Catholic succession claimant physically within Elizabeth's realm and under English control.
Mobilization
Moray assembles a force of 4,000 to oppose Mary Queen of Scots attempt to regain her throne
Arrest of George Talbot
Shrewsbury conducts Mary Queen of Scots to Chatsworth
Peerage
Created Earl of Essex
Capture of Mons
Captures the fortress of Mons
Marriage
Courted the Duke of Alencon, younger son of Charles IX of France
Robert Bell Chosen Speaker
Robert Bell becomes Speaker during a long Parliament concerned with religion, poverty, security and the position of Mary, Queen of Scots.
Edict of Boulogne-sur-Mer
Hostilities end by the election (11-15 May 1573) of the Duke of Anjou to the throne of Poland and by the Edict of Boulogne (signed in July 1573), which curtailed many of the rights granted to French Protestants
Siege of Edinburgh Castle
Marys stronghold of Edinburgh Castle falls to the English
Prophesyings Suppressed by Royal Order
Elizabeth orders the suppression of prophesyings, fearing that uncontrolled clerical meetings encourage Puritan organisation and challenge episcopal authority.
Chief Justice
Admitted as Chief Justice of the Common Pleas
Death of Charlotte Bourbon
Dies after nursing William of Orange following the assassination attempt
Execution of Thomas Ford
Thomas Ford is executed for alleged treason after returning to England as a Catholic seminary priest.
Execution
Executed for treason after renewed plotting following the Raid of Ruthven
Death at Nagakute
Killed fighting Tokugawa forces during the Battle of Nagakute
Death at Nagakute
Killed in the fighting at Nagakute
Battle of Nagakute
Serves as a leading Tokugawa commander during the campaign
Battle of Nagakute
Fights for Tokugawa Ieyasu during the Battle of Nagakute
Secretary of Scotland
Appointed Secretary of Scotland during James VI's consolidation of authority
Birth of John Pym
Birth of John Pym, later a leading parliamentary opponent of Charles I
Capture of Bruges
Secures Bruges for Spanish authority
Capture of Bruges
Farnese restores Bruges to Spanish authority.
Black Acts
Presides over the parliament associated with the Black Acts against Presbyterian independence
Coronation
Crowned Tsar and Autocrat of all Russia in the Dormition Cathedral
North West Passage
English sea captain John Davis sets sail from Dartmouth with 3 ships in a 2nd attempt to find the Northwest passage linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
Siege of Paris
Day of the Barricades in Paris, Duke Henry of Guise seizes the city, forcing King Henry III to flee
Siege of Lagos
1,000 men disembarked at Lagos in the Algarve and stormed the fortresses of Sagres, Baleeira, Beliche and Cape St. Vincent
Blessing of Armada Banner
Pope Sixtus V allowed Philip II of Spain to collect crusade taxes and granted his men indulgences. The blessing of the Armada's banner takes place on 28th May
Invasion of England
Pope Sixtus V allowed Philip II of Spain to collect crusade taxes and granted his men indulgences. The blessing of the Armada's banner takes place on 28th May
Spanish Armada Sails
Medina Sidonia leads the Spanish Armada from Lisbon with orders to enter the Channel, protect Parma's crossing and support an invasion of England.
Spanish Armada, 1st
The Armada, with around 130 ships, 8,000 sailors and 18,000 soldiers, 1,500 brass guns and 1,000 iron guns, sets sail from Lisbon in Portugal, heading for the English Channel. An army of 30,000 men atands in the Spanish Netherlands waiting for the fleet to arrive, the plan is to land the original force in Plymouth and transfer the land army to somewhere near London, mustering 55,000 men
Blessing of Armada Banner
Pope Sixtus V allowed Philip II of Spain to collect crusade taxes and granted his men indulgences. The blessing of the Armada's banner takes place on 28th May
Invasion of England
Pope Sixtus V allowed Philip II of Spain to collect crusade taxes and granted his men indulgences. The blessing of the Armada's banner takes place on 28th May
Invasion of England
It included twenty eight purpose-built warships, of which twenty were galleons, four galleys and four (Neapolitan) galleasses.
Invasion of England
The Armada set sail from Lisbon and headed for the English Channel.
Invasion of England
The fleet was composed of 130 ships, 8,000 sailors and 18,000 soldiers, and bore 1,500 brass guns and 1,000 iron guns.
Invasion of England
The full body of the fleet took two days to leave port.
Invasion of England
The remainder of the heavy vessels were mostly armed carracks and hulks together with thirty-four light ships.
Spanish Armada, 1st
The Armada, with around 130 ships, 8,000 sailors and 18,000 soldiers, 1,500 brass guns and 1,000 iron guns, sets sail from Lisbon in Portugal, heading for the English Channel. An army of 30,000 men atands in the Spanish Netherlands waiting for the fleet to arrive, the plan is to land the original force in Plymouth and transfer the land army to somewhere near London, mustering 55,000 men
Peace Negotiations
It takes until May 30 for all of the Armada to leave port and, on the same day, Elizabeth's ambassador in The Netherlands, Dr Valentine Dale, meets Parmas representatives to begin peace negotiations
Spanish Armada, 1st
It takes until May 30 for all of the Armada to leave port and, on the same day, Elizabeth's ambassador in The Netherlands, Dr Valentine Dale, meets Parmas representatives to begin peace negotiations
Spanish Armada, 1st
The fleet was to be commanded by the highly experienced Elvaro de , but he died in May 1588, a few months before the sailing date, and Medina Sidonia is appointed in his place
Spanish Armada, 1st
The fleet was to be commanded by the highly experienced Elvaro de , but he died in May 1588, a few months before the sailing date, and Medina Sidonia is appointed in his place
Landing at Peniche
Norris lands the English army at Peniche and begins an overland march toward Lisbon in support of the Portuguese claimant Antonio, Prior of Crato.
Attack on Coruna
Norris lands troops near Coruna and assaults the Spanish port, but the English expedition cannot secure the city and eventually withdraws.
Assassination of Christopher Marlowe
Murdered in Deptford during a pub brawl under mysterious circumstances
Death of Christopher Marlowe
Death of Christopher Marlowe, murdered
Assassination of Christopher Marlowe
Murders Christopher Marlowe after disputing a bill with him in Eleanor Bulls House
Battle of Clontibret
O'Neill's forces defeat a crown army near Clontibret, demonstrating that the Ulster rebellion can challenge experienced English troops in open battle.
Greenwich Anti-Spanish Alliance
Forms an offensive and defensive alliance with Henry IV of France against Spain during the continuing Anglo-Spanish and Franco-Spanish wars.
Greenwich No Separate Peace Clause
Agrees that England and France will not conclude a separate peace or truce with Spain without the consent of the other.
Treaty of Vervins
Ends war between France & Spain
Peace of Vervins
Henry IV and Philip II had end the Franco-Spanish War with the Peace of Vervins
Rule of Artois
Under the Treaty of Vervis Spain keeps Artois
Rule of Charololais
Under the Treaty of Vervis Spain keeps Charololais
Rule of Flanders
Under the Treaty of Vervis Spain keeps Flanders
Rule of Picardy
Under the Treaty of Vervis Spain cedes Picardy to France
Treaty of Vervins
Spain keeps Flanders, Artois & Charololais but must leave Picardy. Henry IV and Philip II had end the Franco-Spanish War with the Peace of Vervins. Ends 3 years of war with Henry II of France
Peerage
Created Duque de Lerma
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Accompanied by John Wrights brother Christopher, Fawkes had also been a member of the 1603 delegation to the Spanish court pleading for an invasion of England
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Accompanied by John Wrights brother Christopher, Fawkes had also been a member of the 1603 delegation to the Spanish court pleading for an invasion of England
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Thomas Percy, Catesbys friend and John Wrights brother-in-law, was introduced to the plot
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Thomas Percy, Catesbys friend and John Wrights brother-in-law, was introduced to the plot
Gunpowder Treason Plot
The first meeting of the five central conspirators took place on Sunday 20 May 1604, at an inn called the Duck and Drake, in the fashionable Strand district of London
Gunpowder Treason Plot
The plotters take a secret oath at the Duck and Drake inn near the Strand in London, they include Thomas Percy, Robert Catesby and his cousin Thomas Wintour, John Wright and Guy Fawkes. The first meeting between the five conspirators took place on 20 May 1604, probably at the Duck and Drake Inn, just off the Strand, Thomas Wintours usual residence when staying in London
Gunpowder Treason Plot
The first meeting between the five conspirators took place on 20 May 1604, probably at the Duck and Drake Inn, just off the Strand, Thomas Wintours usual residence when staying in London. Fawkes became involved with a small group of English Catholics, led by Robert Catesby, who planned to assassinate the Protestant King James and replace him with his daughter, third in the line of succession, Princess Elizabeth
Gunpowder Treason Plot
The first meeting between the five conspirators took place on 20 May 1604, probably at the Duck and Drake Inn, just off the Strand, Thomas Wintours usual residence when staying in London
Gunpowder Treason Plot
The first meeting between the five conspirators took place on 20 May 1604, probably at the Duck and Drake Inn, just off the Strand, Thomas Wintours usual residence when staying in London
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Fawkes became involved with a small group of English Catholics, led by Robert Catesby, who planned to assassinate the Protestant King James and replace him with his daughter, third in the line of succession, Princess Elizabeth
Gunpowder Treason Plot
In an attempt to gain foreign support, in May 1605 Fawkes travelled overseas and informed Hugh Owen of the plotters plan. Fawkes, Catesby, Wright & Wintour agree the plot at the Duck & Drake in the Strand.
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Wintour travelled to Flanders to enquire about Spanish support. While there he sought out Guy Fawkes a commited Catholic who had served as a soldier in the Southern Netherlands under the command of William Stanley.
Gunpowder Treason Plot
In an attempt to gain foreign support, in May 1605 Fawkes travelled overseas and informed Hugh Owen of the plotters plan
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Fawkes, Catesby, Wright & Wintour agree the plot at the Duck & Drake in the Strand
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Fawkes, Catesby, Wright & Wintour agree the plot at the Duck & Drake in the Strand
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Fawkes, Catesby, Wright & Wintour agree the plot at the Duck & Drake in the Strand
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Wintour travelled to Flanders to enquire about Spanish support. While there he sought out Guy Fawkes a commited Catholic who had served as a soldier in the Southern Netherlands under the command of William Stanley. Fawkes, Catesby, Wright & Wintour agree the plot at the Duck & Drake in the Strand
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Gerard sanctifies the plotters oath to each other
Gunpowder Treason Plot
At some point during his fundraising trip abroad Fawkes name made its way into the files of Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, who employed a network of spies across Europe
Jamestown
Founds Jamestown, Virginia is re-colonized
Protestant Assembly
The Protestant Bohemians assemble at Prague in defiance of the royal command to dissolve
Defenestration
Protestant rebels throw Habsburg officials from the window of the Castle Hradshin
Defenestration
Councillors Martinitz & Slawata are thrown out of the windows of Hradschin castle
Defenestration
After the defenestration a provisional Government is formed under Count Mathias
Provisional Government
After the defenestration a provisional Government is formed under Count Mathias
Protestant Assembly
The radical Bohemian Protestants meet secretly and decide to act against the Habsburg regents
Reballion of Rebels in Bomemia
The radical Bohemian Protestants meet secretly and decide to act against the Habsburg regents
Second Defenestration of Prague
Helps lead the defenestration that begins the Bohemian Revolt.
Bohemian Revolt
The Bohemian conflict spreads through all of the Bohemian Crown, including Bohemia, Silesia, Upper and Lower Lusatia, and Moravia, Moravia was already embroiled in a conflict between Catholics and Protestants, the religious conflict eventually spreads across the whole continent of Europe, involving France and Sweden
Bohemian Revolt
The King-elect sent two Catholic councillors (Vilem Slavata of Chlum and Jaroslav Borzita of Martinice) as his representatives to Hradcany castle in Prague, Ferdinand wanted them to administer the Government in his absence but on 23 May, an assembly of Protestants seize them and throw
Bohemian Revolt
them (and also secretary Philip Fabricius) out of the palace window, some 21 metres (69 ft) off the ground, remarkably, although injured, they survive but the (Second) Defenestration of Prague, starts the Bohemian Revolt.
Siege of Pilsen
The Protestant nobles overthrew the rule of King Ferdinand II and threw the Roman Catholic governors of Bohemia from their office at Prague Castle in the Defenestration of Prague. The new Government formed of Protestant nobility and gentry gave Ernst von Mansfeld the command over all of its forces
Apologia
Protestant rebels published the Apologia, justifying the Defenstration of Prague
Defenestration
Protestant rebels publish the Apologia, justifying the Defenstration of Prague
Defenestration
The defenestration, known as the Second Defenestration of Prague, starts the Bohemian Revolt. Sends two Catholic councillors (Wilhelm Grav Slavata and Jaroslav Borzita Graf Von Martinicz) as his representatives to Hradcany castle, the Bohemian Calvinists throw them out of the window
Reballion of defenestration, known as the Second Defenestration of Prague
The defenestration, known as the Second Defenestration of Prague, starts the Bohemian Revolt
Reballion of Rebels in Bohemia
The Bohemians, desperate for allies against the Emperor, apply to be admitted into the Protestant Union which was led by their original candidate for the Bohemian throne, the Calvinist Frederick V, Elector Palatine
Impeachment
Parliament fines Bacon & declares him incapable of holding office
Trial
Parliament fines Bacon & declares him incapable of holding office
Treaty of Lubeck
Christian IV renounces his claims to Bishoprics within the Empire
Battle of Bad Wimpfen
Helps defeat George-Frederick of Baden-Durlach
Battle of Wimpfen
Victorious at the Battle of Wimpfen against Georg Fredrick, Margrave of Baden-Durlach
Assassination of Osman II
Strangled during a palace uprising led by Mustafa Is mother
Coup
Strangled during a palace uprising led by Mustafa Is mother
Death of Osman II
Death of Osman II, assassinated
Birth of William Petty
William Petty is born at Romsey in Hampshire.
Marriage
Marries Henrietta Maria, daughter of the France's Henry IV
Capture of Madrid
The Dutch colony of Bahia in Brazil is captured by the Spanish
Burial
Attends the burial of James I in state as the chief mourner at Westminster Abbey
Burial
Charles I attends in state as the chief mourner at Westminster Abbey
Death of Francisco Gomez de Sandoval y Rojas
Death of Francisco Gomez de Sandoval y Rojas, Duke de Lerma
Failure to Relieve Breda
Frederick Henry could not break Spinola's fortified siege system before the garrison capitulated.
Discovery of Manhattan Island
Dutch explorer Peter Minuit lands on what is now Manhattan Island
Peerage
With help from the Duke of Buckingham, elevated to the House of Lords, receiving his fathers barony of Kimbolton and styled Viscount Mandeville as a courtesy title, since his father had been created earl of Manchester in February
Capture of Magdeburg
Magdeburg is sacked with only the cathedral left standing. Captures Magdeburg from the Swedish forces
Declaration of War
Delares war on the Habsburgs in Spain
Declaration of War
Declares War on Spain after the Spanish occupation of the fortress of Trier
Siege of Trier
Declares War on Spain after the Spanish occupation of the fortress of Trier
Treaty of Prague
Makes peace with Sweden & France
Rule of Lusatia
Under the Treaty of Prague John George I receives Lusatia
Treaty of Prague
Under the Treaty of Prague John George I receives Lusatia. Signed after defeats at Breitenfeld & Lutzen. Concludes a peace with Emperor Ferdinand II
Catholic League
Amnesty is granted to those princes who had fought against Imperial troops, with the exception of the exiled descendants of the former "Winter King", Elector Palatine Frederick V
Catholic League
The Peace of Pragues Treaty briings an end to religion as a source of national conflict, the principle of cuius regio, eius religio is established for good within the Empire and in return for making concessions Ferdinand II gained the alliance of the Lutheran princes
Catholic League
Under the terms of the Peace of Prague formal alliances of States of the Empire among themselves or with foreign powers are prohibited, which applied to both the Catholic League and the Protestant Heilbronn League.
Catholic League
both in the struggle against the Swedish intervention, and against the expected intervention of France.
Heilbronn League
Under the terms of the Peace of Prague formal alliances of States of the Empire among themselves or with foreign powers are prohibited, which applied to both the Catholic League and the Protestant Heilbronn League
Holy Roman Empire
The Peace of Pragues Treaty briings an end to religion as a source of national conflict the principle of cuius regio
Holy Roman Empire
Under the terms of the Peace of Prague formal alliances of States of the Empire among themselves or with foreign powers are prohibited, which applied to both the Catholic League and the Protestant Heilbronn League.
Holy Roman Empire
eius religio is established for good within the Empire and in return for making concessions Ferdinand II gained the alliance of the Lutheran princes both in the struggle against the Swedish intervention and against the expected intervention of France
Imperial Army
The armies of the various states were to be unified under the command of the Princes as generals of the Emperor, to establish an Imperial Army for the Holy Roman Empire as a whole, which would fight against invading troops
Peace of Prague
The Peace of Prague is a Treaty signed between the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand II and the Electorate of Saxony representing most of the Protestant states of the Holy Roman Empire which effectively brings to an end to the civil war part of the Thirty Years
Peace of Prague
The Peace of Prague is a Treaty signed between the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand II and the Electorate of Saxony representing most of the Protestant states of the Holy Roman Empire which effectively brings to an end to the civil war part of the Thirty Years War.
Peace of Prague
The armies of the various states were to be unified under the command of the Princes as generals of the Emperor, to establish an Imperial Army for the Holy Roman Empire as a whole, which would fight against invading troops
Peace of Prague
Under the terms of the Peace of Prague Ferdinand is forced to make concessions to some of the major states to get them to sign the Treaty: Saxony is granted the Bohemian crown lands of Lower and Upper Lusatia.
Peace of Prague
Under the terms of the Peace of Prague formal alliances of States of the Empire among themselves or with foreign powers are prohibited, which applied to both the Catholic League and the Protestant Heilbronn League.
Peace of Prague
War.
Rule of Lusatia
Under the terms of the Peace of Prague Ferdinand is forced to make concessions to some of the major states to get them to sign the Treaty: Saxony is granted the Bohemian crown lands of Lower and Upper Lusatia
Death of Jansenius
Dies at Ypres before Augustinus is published.
Capture of Aberdeen
The Royalists briefly occupy Aberdeen
Siege of Aberdeen
The Royalists capture Aberdeen
Black Oath
The "black oath" requires all Scots in Ulster to take an oath to the King
Rule of Ulster
The "black oath" requires all Scots in Ulster to take an oath to the King
Covenanters
Enters Aberdeen with 4000 Covenanters
Siege of Aberdeen
Enters Aberdeen with 4000 Covenanters
Petition against Dissolution
Pym urges Charles to negotiate with Scotland and continue parliamentary deliberation.
Commons Deputation to King
Pym joins efforts asking the King to delay dissolution and address grievances.
Decision to Dissolve Short Parliament
Charles decides that continuing debate will not produce the requested subsidies.
Decision to Dissolve Short Parliament
Charles decides that continuing debate will not produce the requested subsidies.
Advice after Short Parliament
Strafford supported continued royal action after Charles dissolved the Short Parliament.
Short Parliament Dissolved
Charles dissolves the Short Parliament after the Commons refuses immediate war subsidies.
Short Parliament Dissolved
Charles dissolves the Short Parliament after the Commons refuses immediate war subsidies.
Short Parliament Ends
Glanvilleโs brief speakership ends when Charles dissolves Parliament.
War Finance Parliament Dissolved
Charles dissolves Parliament after failing to obtain money for the renewed Scottish war.
War Finance Parliament Dissolved
Charles dissolves Parliament after failing to obtain money for the renewed Scottish war.
Convocation Continues after Dissolution
Laud continues Convocation after the Short Parliament has been dissolved.
Convocation Remains in Session
Laud keeps Convocation sitting after Parliament ends by issuing a new royal commission.
Capture of Aberdeen
Captures Aberdeen for the Royalists
Siege of Aberdeen
Captures Aberdeen for the Royalists
Capture of Aberdeen
Captures Aberdeen for the Covenanters
Covenanter Campaign
Captures Aberdeen for the Covenanters
Lambeth Palace Mob
Laud escapes an armed crowd that attacks Lambeth Palace during the night.
Commander of Army
Appointed Commander of the Swedish army in Germany
Canons of 1640 Adopted
Convocation adopts new canons asserting royal authority and stricter religious conformity.
Clerical Subsidies Granted
Convocation grants six clerical subsidies to help finance the Kingโs Scottish war.
Et Cetera Oath Introduced
The new canons require clergy and professionals to swear the disputed Et Cetera Oath.
Princess Mary's Marriage
Charles attends the marriage of Princess Mary to William II, Prince of Orange.
Princess Mary's Marriage
Charles attends the marriage of Princess Mary to William II, Prince of Orange.
Marriage to William II of Orange
Princess Mary marries William II, Prince of Orange, at the Chapel Royal.
Marriage to Princess Mary
William II marries Mary, eldest daughter of Charles I.
Petition against New Evidence
Strafford petitioned the Lords for an opportunity to answer new allegations supporting the attainder.
Lords Pass Strafford Attainder
The Lords approve the bill of attainder against Strafford.
Lords Consider Strafford Attainder
Manchester participates as the Lords decide the bill of attainder.
Support for Strafford Attainder
Essex supports parliamentary action against Strafford.
Warwick Supports Attainder
Warwick supports the Lords' approval of Strafford's attainder.
Protection from Dissolution
Hampden backs the act requiring Parliament's consent before dissolution.
Continuance Act Support
Holles supports the measure securing the Long Parliament's institutional survival.
Long Parliament Continuance Bill
Pym supports statutory protection against dissolution of the Long Parliament.
Continuance Act Proceedings
Lenthall oversees Commons proceedings on protection of the Long Parliament.
Strafford Advises Royal Assent
Strafford tells Charles that he will not obstruct assent intended to preserve public peace.
Act against Dissolving Parliament
Charles accepts that the Long Parliament cannot be dissolved without its own consent.
Royal Assent to Strafford Attainder
Charles reluctantly assents to the bill of attainder against Strafford.
Strafford's Final Appeal
Charles receives Strafford's letter accepting sacrifice for the peace of the kingdom.
Act against Dissolving Parliament
Charles accepts that the Long Parliament cannot be dissolved without its own consent.
Act against Dissolving Parliament
Charles assents to legislation preventing dissolution of the Long Parliament without its consent.
Continuance of Long Parliament
Legislation gives the Long Parliament control over the timing of its dissolution.
Long Parliament Protected
The King accepts that the Long Parliament cannot be dissolved without parliamentary approval.
Parliament Controls Dissolution
Members secure statutory protection against dissolution without their own consent.
Royal Assent to Strafford Attainder
Charles reluctantly assents to the bill of attainder against Strafford.
Strafford's Final Appeal
Charles receives Strafford's letter accepting sacrifice for the peace of the kingdom.
Request for Mercy
Charles asked the Lords to consider mercy for Strafford after giving assent to the attainder.
Strafford Execution Aftermath
Pym's campaign removes the King's most powerful minister from government.
Strafford Execution Recorded
Evelyn records the solemn public execution on Tower Hill.
Witnesses Strafford's Execution
Evelyn witnesses Strafford's execution and records the event in his diary.
Farewell to Strafford
Laud gave Strafford a final blessing from the Tower as the condemned Earl passed toward execution.
Burial after Execution
Strafford's remains are buried following his execution.
Death of Thomas Wentworth
Thomas Wentworth dies by beheading following his conviction through attainder.
Execution of Strafford
Strafford is executed after Parliament obtains royal assent to his attainder.
Speech from the Scaffold
Strafford addresses the crowd before his execution on Tower Hill.
Loss of Inheritance through Attainder
Strafford's attainder prevented his son William from immediately inheriting the earldom and family honours.
Root and Branch Bill
Pym supports legislation intended to abolish episcopal government in the Church of England.
Abolition of Episcopacy Proposal
Cromwell promotes complete removal of bishops from the Church of England.
Root and Branch Bill Introduced
Cromwell supports introduction of legislation seeking abolition of episcopacy.
Root and Branch Bill Support
Vane supports introduction of the bill against episcopacy.
Church Reform Programme
Pym connects church reform with broader safeguards against arbitrary government.
Root and Branch Petition Follow-Up
Rous supports parliamentary legislation following the petition against episcopal government.
Episcopal Authority Challenged
The Root and Branch Bill directly challenges the church structure Laud defended.
Root and Branch Campaign
The Root and Branch Bill threatens the episcopal system associated with Laud.
Army Plot Investigation
Pym investigates attempts to use army officers against the Long Parliament.
Proposed Transfer of Law Courts
Charles proposes transferring the central law courts from London to York.
Proposed Transfer of Law Courts
Charles proposes transferring the central law courts from London to York.
Covenanters
Succeeds in securning a base for the Covenanters in Down
Siege of Down
Succeeds in securning a base for the Covenanters in Down
Transfer of Law Courts Rejected
Parliament declares the proposed transfer of the law courts unlawful.
Transfer of Law Courts Rejected
Parliament declares the proposed transfer of the law courts unlawful.
Parliament Declares King Is Making War
Parliament declares that the King's military preparations amount to war against Parliament.
Parliament Declares King Is Making War
Parliament declares that the King's military preparations amount to war against Parliament.
Siege of Newry
Occupies Newry & massacres 80 of its inhabitants
First Siege of Corfe Castle
Erle begins an unsuccessful Parliamentarian siege of Corfe Castle.
Battle of Grantham
1st victory for Cromwell & the Eastern association
Battle of Grantham
Cromwell defeats a larger Royalist cavalry force near Grantham and strengthens Parliament's position in Lincolnshire.
Regency
Directs policy during Louis XIV's minority.
Regency
Governs for the young Louis XIV with Mazarin.
Death of Louis XIII
Dies after a 33 year dominated by his mother Marie deMedici & Cardinal Richelieu
Minority Reign
Becomes king as a child after the death of Louis XIII.
Succession
Succeeds as King of France
Regency
Appointed Member of Regency Council
Regency
Appointed Member of Regency Council on behalf of Louis XIV until his majority
Constitution of France
Granted sole & absolute power by the Paris Parliament
Battle of Rocroi
Leads a French army of 23,000 to victory over a Spanish army of 20,000. 1st French victory in decades
Battle of Rocroi
Victory over Spain gives France hegemony in Europe in place of Spain
Battle of Rocroi
Defeats the Spanish army which is invading France & heading for Paris
Battle of Rocroi
The Spanish army is virtually destroyed
Battle of Rocroi
Defeat by France gives France hegemony in Europe in place of Spain
Capture of Wakefield
Comes to the aid of the Royalist garrison but it is captured by Thomas Fairfax
Capture of Wakefield
Helps command the Parliamentary foot as Thomas Fairfax captures Wakefield
Capture of Wakefield
Helps command the Parliamentary foot as Thomas Fairfax captures Wakefield
Capture of Wakefield
Senior Royalist Commander at Wakefield when it is capturd by Thomas Fairfax
Capture of Wakefield
Captures Wakefield for the Parliamentarians
Capture of Wakefield
Senior Royalist Commander at Wakefield when it is capturd by Thomas Fairfax
Invasion of France
Leads a Spanish army from The Netherlands towards Paris through then Arennes
Siege of Rocroi
Lays siege to Rocroi
Battle of Faringdon
Defeats Cromwell but is kept in check by him
Siege of Lincoln
Captures Lincoln
Siege of York
Gathers together a force of 27,000 outside York
Mobilization
Charles Is Cavalry Leader accompanies his King on his way from Oxford
Battle of Dundee
Wins a small Battle at the head of a Royalist Army invading Scotland
Siege of Dundee
Wins a small Battle at the head of a Royalist Army invading Scotland
Siege of Bolton
1st of the Cavaliers to enter then take Bolton
Capture of Bolton
Captures Bolton from the Roundheads
Siege of Bolton
Captures Bolton from the Roundheads
Mobilization
Joins forces with Prince Rupert
Advance on Oxford
Waller advances against Oxford from the south while Parliamentarian armies attempt to trap the King's field force.
Defence of Lyme Regis
Blake helps defend Lyme Regis against a prolonged Royalist siege and preserves an important Parliamentarian foothold in the west.
Battle of Faringdon
Defeated in battle by the Earl of Norwich, George Goring
Skirmish at Faringdon
Royalist forces under Goring damage part of Cromwell's regiment near Faringdon after his Oxfordshire raid.
Battle of Mergentheim
Invades central Germany but is defeated by Mercy & withdraws to the Rhine
Mobilization
Reaches Blandford & detaches 6 regiments for the relief of Taunton
Siege of Oxford
Charles I and Goring evade Parliamentarian forces and leave Oxford during the campaigning season.
Battle of Auldearn
Hurry tries to surprise Montose but is trapped by MacDonald & defeated by Montrose
Civil War
Hurry tries to surprise Montose but is trapped by MacDonald & defeated by Montrose
Civil War
Hurry tries to surprise Montose but is trapped by MacDonald & defeated by Montrose. Hurry is defeated & 2,000 to 3,000 Covenanters perish in the battle
Covenanters
Hurry is defeated & 2,000 to 3,000 Covenanters perish in the battle
Battle of Auldearn
Helps Montrose defeat Hurry at Auldearn
Battle of Auldearn
Resigns after John Hurrys defeat at Auldearn over interference in command
Resignation of William Baille
Resigns but quickly returns to his command
Mobilization
Reaches Droitwich & leaves it 14th May
Siege of Chester
Reaches Market Drayton & recieves news that Brereton has raised the siege of Chester
Mobilization
Arrives at Nuneham near Oxford & is joined by Cromwell
Council of War
Charles decides to send Goring south west while he & Rupert head nth
Mobilization
Advances toward Kenilworth before parliamentary orders redirect forces during the Oxford operations.
Mobilization
Joins Fairfax near Nuneham as Parliamentarian forces press operations around Oxford.
Siege of Oxford
Siege of Oxford by Fairfax and the New Model Army
Mobilization
Serves with Fairfax near Oxford as Parliamentarian forces try to contain Charles I's army.
Siege of Leicester
Rupert captures and ransacks Leicester in an attempt to draw Fairfax away from Oxford
Siege of Oxford
Rupert captures and ransacks Leicester in an attempt to draw Fairfax away from Oxford
Battle of Preston
Wins victory over the Scots under Hamilton. The 1st Battle over which Cromwell has independent command
Battle of Worcester
Royalist victory, diverts Fairfax from Oxford, Charles then proceeds safely to Oxford
Mobilization
Arrives in Cambridge to gather horse and reinforce the Eastern Association before rejoining the main campaign.
Defence of Taunton
Blake maintains the Parliamentarian defence of Taunton despite blockade, bombardment and repeated Royalist pressure.
Siege of Leicester
Charles I sacks Leicester, followed by his defeat at Naseby. Charels I captures Leicester waiting for Goring & Gerard to join forces with him
Result of Surrender of Charles I
Charles I remains in Scottish hands after the collapse of his remaining military position.
Surrender of Charles I
Surrenders to the Scots at Newark after defeat at Stowe-on-the-Wold
Siege of Newark
Newark is surrendered to the Scots
Invasion of Scotland
Montrose receives a letter from Charles I asking him to withdraw from Scotland
Civil War
Asked by Charles to leave Scotland because Charles has joined the Covenanters
Covenanters
Asked by Charles to leave Scotland because Charles has joined the Covenanters
Exile of James Graham
Defeated trying to join Charles I after his defeat at Naseby, flees to the Highlands
Invasion of Scotland
Asked by Charles to leave Scotland because Charles has joined the Covenanters
Siege of Highlands
Defeated trying to join Charles I after his defeat at Naseby, flees to the Highlands
Battle of Newark
Charles surrenders to the Scots
Civil War
Accepts the surrender of Charles I at Newark
Army Grievances
Ireton helps turn the soldiers' complaints over pay, indemnity and disbandment into a coordinated Army political programme.
Northern Royalist Campaign
Lambert commands Parliamentarian forces against renewed Royalist resistance in northern England during the Second Civil War.
Naval Command
Rainsborough receives naval command as Parliament confronts unrest and Royalist sympathy within sections of the fleet.
Agreement of the Free People
Lilburne and fellow Levellers issue the Agreement of the Free People while imprisoned, setting out their constitutional programme.
Agreement of the Free People
Lilburne and the imprisoned Leveller leaders issue "An Agreement of the Free People of England" as a proposed constitutional settlement
Suppression of Burford Mutiny
Cromwell helps suppress the Leveller-linked mutiny at Burford after army units resist orders and challenge the authority of their commanders.
Levellers
Church is shot with other Leveller mutineers after the Burford rising, marking the destruction of the Levellers' organised support base within the New Model Army
Siege of Northampton
A Parliamentary force under Colonel Reynolds defeats the Levellers
Commonwealth
Parliament declares England a commonwealth with supreme authority in the Commons
Constitution of England
Parliament declares England a commonwealth with supreme authority in the Commons
Declaration of Commonwealth
Parliament declares England a commonwealth with supreme authority in the Commons
Parliament
Parliament declares England a commonwealth with supreme authority in the Commons
Reform of Parliament
Parliament declares England a commonwealth with supreme authority in the Commons
Levellers
Puts down the Leveller mutiny
Reballion of Rebels in Burford
Puts down the Leveller mutiny
Siege of Northampton
Mutinous Leveller troops under William Thompson occupy Northampton
Siege of Northampton
Mutinous Leveller troops under William Thompson occupy Northampton
Interregnum
Charles accepted the Treaty of Breda to obtain Scottish support for his restoration.
Treaty of Breda
Charles accepted the agreement permitting his return to Scotland under stringent political and religious conditions.
Arrest of James Graham
Taken from Ardvreck Castle & handed over to General Leslie
Battle of Clonmel
Cromwells 8000 men eventually take the town from its 1000 Irish defenders, but not before they suffer heavy losses
Siege of Clonmel
Cromwell's troops suffer heavy losses when Hugh Dubh O'Neill's defence traps the attackers at Clonmel.
Battle of Clonmel
Cromwells men are trapped by Hugh Dubh ONeill, 2,500 are killed. Cromwell's 8000 men eventually take the town from its 1000 Irish defenders, but not before they suffer heavy losses
Siege of Clonmel
ONeill's defence inflicts heavy losses on Cromwell's troops before withdrawing from Clonmel.
Arrest of James Graham
Led through Edinburgh by the Covenanters but his courage raises admiration
Arrest of James Graham
Taken through Fife & shipped to Leith
Covenanters
Led through Edinburgh by the Covenanters but his courage raises admiration
Battle of Edinburgh
Charles II does not defend him because he tries to win the support of the Covenanters
Civil War
Charles II does not defend him because he tries to win the support of the Covenanters
Covenanters
Charles II does not defend him because he tries to win the support of the Covenanters
Execution
Sentenced to death, refuses to repent
Siege of Edinburgh
Charles II does not defend him because he tries to win the support of the Covenanters
Trial
Sentenced to death, refuses to repent
Death of James Graham
Death of James Graham, executed for treason by order of the English Parliament
Execution
Executed at Market Cross for treason by order of the English Parliament. Death of James Graham, executed for treason by order of the English Parliament
Treason
Executed at Market Cross for treason by order of the English Parliament. Death of James Graham, executed for treason by order of the English Parliament
Return from Ireland
Cromwell returns to England after leaving the Irish command to Henry Ireton.
Birth of John Churchill
Born at Ashe House near Musbury, Devon, into a gentry family whose fortunes had suffered during the Civil War.
Siege of Leicester
Overwhelmed by royalistds to divert Parliamentary forces from the stronghold of Oxford
Commonwealth
The Commonwealth is formerly enacted by Parliament
Reform of Parliament
The Commonwealth is formerly enacted by Parliament
Invasion of Jamaica
The Western Design captures Jamaica from Spain under Penn and Venables
Capture of Jamaica
Helps capture Jamaica from Spain during Cromwell's Western Design
Capture of Jamaica
Commands the land forces that capture Jamaica after the failed attack on Hispaniola
Humble Petition
Cromwell rejects the Humble Petition
Kingship
Cromwell rejects the offer of the Kingship
Succession
Cromwell rejects the offer of the Kingship
Succession
Announces he will not accept the title of King
Interregnum
Cromwell formally refused the crown offered under the Humble Petition and Advice.
Investiture
Agrees to Parliaments proposal that he should be invested as Lord Protector
Constitution of England
Cromwell is installed as Lord Protector under a new constitution
Commonwealth
42 survivors of Cromwell's dissolution issue a declaration establishing a "commonwealth without a King, single person or Lords
Constitution of England
42 survivors of Cromwell's dissolution issue a declaration establishing a "commonwealth without a King, single person or Lords
Dissolution of Parliament
42 survivors of Cromwell's dissolution issue a declaration establishing a "commonwealth without a King, single person or Lords
Exile of Richard Cromwell
Cromwell resigns the Protectorship, leaves for the Continent & does not return until 1680
Parliament
Cromwell resigns the Protectorship, leaves for the Continent & does not return until 1680
Resignation of Richard Cromwell
Cromwell resigns the Protectorship, leaves for the Continent & does not return until 1680
Interregnum
Richard resigned after army pressure ended the Protectorate.
Declaration of Breda Received
Monck helps bring the Declaration of Breda before Parliament as the Restoration settlement advances.
Declaration of Breda
Monck receives and helps present the Declaration of Breda to the Convention Parliament.
Restoration Vote
The Parliament Monck helped bring together votes to restore the monarchy.
Declaration Read
The Declaration of Breda is read to Parliament and becomes the basis for Charles II's return.
Convention Parliament
Holles supports the Commons vote welcoming Charles II's Declaration of Breda.
Restoration Settlement
Holles supports the Convention Parliament's move toward restoring monarchy under negotiated terms.
Declaration of Breda
Grenville delivers copies of the Declaration of Breda and Charles II's letters to Parliament.
Renunciation
Renounces his hereditary claim to the Swedish crown under the Peace of Oliva
Treaty of Oliva
Signs the Peace of Oliva, ending the war with Sweden and renouncing his claim to the Swedish throne
Peace
Peace of Oliva ends the Swedish Deluge and allows the Commonwealth to turn east against Russia
Treaty of Oliva
Signs the Peace of Oliva on behalf of the minor Charles XI and the Swedish regency
Peace with Poland-Lithuania
Poland-Lithuania recognises the Swedish crown and concludes peace at Oliva.
Swedish Livonia Confirmed
The Treaty of Oliva confirms Swedish sovereignty over Livonia.
Treaty of Oliva
The Treaty of Oliva ends Sweden's war with Poland-Lithuania and its allies.
Peace with Poland-Lithuania
Poland-Lithuania recognises the Swedish crown and concludes peace at Oliva.
Swedish Livonia Confirmed
The Treaty of Oliva confirms Swedish sovereignty over Livonia.
Treaty of Oliva
The Treaty of Oliva ends Sweden's war with Poland-Lithuania and its allies.
Succession
Final day of the Interregnum, rule without a monarch
Proclamation of Charles II
Monck's political settlement enables Parliament to proclaim Charles II king.
King Proclaimed
Parliament proclaims that Charles II has been lawful king since the execution of Charles I.
Proclamation
Proclaimed king in London by the Convention Parliament.
Convention Parliament
Annesley supports the Convention Parliament as it proclaims Charles II lawful king.
Interregnum
The Convention proclaimed Charles II king, preparing the formal Restoration.
Proclamation
Proclaimed king at Edinburgh as monarchy is restored in Scotland
Restoration
The Restoration is celebrated in Scotland after Charles II is proclaimed king
Embarkation
Charles II leaves the Dutch Republic aboard the English fleet for his return to England.
Battle of Gyalu
Mortally wounded fighting Ottoman forces near Gyalu during the Transylvanian crisis
Royal Return
Montagu helps deliver Charles II safely to Dover at the start of the restored monarchy.
Restoration
Welcomes Charles II at Dover and presents his sheathed sword to the restored king.
Return from Exile
James Duke of York returns with Charles II during the Restoration landing at Dover.
Charles II Arrival
Receives Charles II at Dover and helps secure the public return of the monarchy.
Landing
Lands at Dover on his return from exile.
Return of Charles II
Charles II lands at Dover and is received by Monck before returning to London.
Entry into Canterbury
Charles II is received on the road to London after landing at Dover.
Peace with Denmark and Norway
The Copenhagen settlement ends hostilities between Sweden and Denmark-Norway.
Swedish Rule of Blekinge Confirmed
The Treaty of Copenhagen confirms Swedish possession of Blekinge.
Swedish Rule of Bohuslan Confirmed
The Treaty of Copenhagen confirms Swedish possession of Bohuslan.
Swedish Rule of Scania Confirmed
The Treaty of Copenhagen confirms Sweden's possession of Scania.
Treaty of Copenhagen
Peace with Denmark confirms Sweden's control of Scania, Halland, Blekinge and Bohuslan.
Peace with Denmark and Norway
The Copenhagen settlement ends hostilities between Sweden and Denmark-Norway.
Swedish Rule of Blekinge Confirmed
The Treaty of Copenhagen confirms Swedish possession of Blekinge.
Swedish Rule of Bohuslan Confirmed
The Treaty of Copenhagen confirms Swedish possession of Bohuslan.
Swedish Rule of Scania Confirmed
The Treaty of Copenhagen confirms Sweden's possession of Scania.
Treaty of Copenhagen
Peace with Denmark confirms Sweden's control of Scania, Halland, Blekinge and Bohuslan.
Birth of George I
Birth of George I in Osnabruck, son of Ernest Augustus of Brunswick-Luneburg and Sophia of the Palatinate
Entry
Enters London in triumph on his thirtieth birthday.
Restoration Entry
Charles II enters London in triumph as monarchy is publicly restored.
Declaration of Oak Apple Day
Marks the day Charles returns to London as well as his birthday
Interregnum
Charles entered London on his thirtieth birthday, marking the public restoration of monarchy.
Declaration of Oak Apple Day
Made a day of annual thanksgiving with a special service in the Book of Common Prayer
Fleet to Holland
Montagu commands the fleet sent to bring Charles II home from exile.
Restoration Correspondence
Morice helps manage correspondence between Monck, Parliament and Charles II during the Restoration.
Exile of Charles II
Charles boards Parliament's flagship, the Naseby, & returns to reclaim his kingdom
Secretary of State
Joins Charles II at Breda and is rewarded with the office of Secretary of State for Scotland
Restoration
Begins recovering his ruined family estates after the Restoration
Mission
Sent to Breda by Scottish Resolutioners to seek assurances from Charles II on the Presbyterian kirk
Parliament
Opens the Cavalier Parliament, the first fully legal royalist Parliament after the Restoration.
Speaker of House of Commons
Turnor is appointed Speaker of the House of Commons in the Cavalier Parliament.
Cavalier Parliament
Clarendon guides royal policy as the Cavalier Parliament begins reshaping the Restoration settlement.
Cavalier Parliament
Clarendon supports the king's programme as the Cavalier Parliament begins its work.
Cavalier Parliament
Charles II opens the Cavalier Parliament, beginning a long royalist-dominated session.
Cavalier Parliament
Charles II opens the Cavalier Parliament, which consolidates the restored monarchy.
Cavalier Parliament
The Cavalier Parliament assembles and begins consolidating the restored monarchy.
peaker of House of Commons
Turnor is chosen Speaker of the House of Commons for the Cavalier Parliament.
Cavalier Parliament
Turnor serves as Speaker of the House of Commons in the Cavalier Parliament.
Restoration
The Cavalier Parliament assembles and helps consolidate the restored Stuart monarchy.
Birth of Jahandar Shah
Birth of Jahandar Shah, son of the future emperor Bahadur Shah I
Burial
Given a state funeral & buried in the High Kirk of St Giles
Reversal of Strafford Attainder
Parliament and Charles II reversed the attainder imposed on the first Earl of Strafford.
Licensing of the Press Act
Clarendon supports tighter control of printing during the Restoration settlement.
Book of Common Prayer
The Restoration settlement requires clergy to use the Book of Common Prayer and accept episcopal ordination.
Clarendon Code
The Act of Uniformity becomes part of the Clarendon Code enforcing Anglican conformity after the Restoration.
Licensing of the Press Act
Charles II gives assent to the Licensing of the Press Act passed by the Cavalier Parliament.
Licensing of the Press Act
Gives assent to the Licensing of the Press Act regulating printing and publication.
Reform of Church Worship
The Restoration settlement requires clergy to use the Book of Common Prayer and accept episcopal ordination.
Restoration as Earl of Strafford
William Wentworth succeeded as second Earl of Strafford after his father's attainder was reversed.
Book of Common Prayer
Morley supports the episcopal settlement requiring use of the restored Book of Common Prayer.
Book of Common Prayer
Cosin supports the restored Prayer Book settlement confirmed by the Act of Uniformity.
Act of Uniformity
Parliament requires ministers to use the Book of Common Prayer and conform to the restored Church of England.
Act of Uniformity
Sheldon supports the settlement requiring clergy to conform to the restored Church of England.
Act of Uniformity
Sheldon supports the legislation enforcing conformity within the restored Church of England.
Act of Uniformity
Clarendon backs the religious legislation that becomes central to the Restoration settlement.
Act of Uniformity
Clarendon's ministry supports the religious settlement confirmed by the Act of Uniformity.
Act of Uniformity
Charles II gives assent to the Act of Uniformity, enforcing use of the restored Book of Common Prayer.
Act of Uniformity
Gives royal assent to the Act of Uniformity enforcing the restored Book of Common Prayer.
Marriage
Charles II first sees Catherine of Braganza at Portsmouth before their marriage.
Meeting with Catherine
Charles II first sees Catherine of Braganza at Portsmouth before their marriage.
Bombay Dowry
Bombay passes to England as part of Catherine of Braganza's Portuguese dowry.
Tangier Dowry
Tangier becomes part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry to the English crown.
Marriage
Marries Catherine of Braganza at Portsmouth after her arrival from Portugal.
Queen Consort
Catherine of Braganza becomes queen consort through her marriage to Charles II.
Marriage
Marries Charles II and becomes queen consort of England.
Theatre Royal Drury Lane
Hart becomes one of the leading actors of Killigrew's King's Company.
Theatre Royal Drury Lane
Mohun performs with the King's Company in the Restoration theatre world.
Theatre Royal Drury Lane
Royal patronage supports Killigrew's King's Company at the new Theatre Royal.
Theatre Royal Drury Lane
Opens the Theatre Royal in Bridges Street, later known as Drury Lane.
Jupiter Spot Observation
Observes a conspicuous spot on Jupiter, contributing to early studies of the planet's changing atmosphere.
Tartuffe
Louis XIV sees Moliere's Tartuffe during court festivities at Versailles.
Tartuffe
Sees Moliere's Tartuffe during court festivities.
Tartuffe
Tartuffe is performed before Louis XIV and soon faces religious opposition.
Conventicle Act
The Conventicle Act restricts unauthorised religious meetings outside the Church of England.
Legislation
Clarendon's ministry supports legislation against nonconformist religious assemblies.
Conventicle Act
Gives assent to the Conventicle Act forbidding unauthorised religious meetings of more than five people.
Conventicle Act
Sheldon supports stronger enforcement of Anglican uniformity through the Conventicle Act.
Conventicle Act
Cosin backs the Anglican settlement that restricts dissenting religious meetings.
Conventicle Act
Quakers face harsher pressure after Parliament restricts unauthorised religious meetings.
Conventicle Act
Calamy's Presbyterian ministry is constrained by the Restoration legislation against conventicles.
Conventicle Act
Baxter's nonconformist circle is threatened by the new law against conventicles.
Expedition to New Netherland
Sails with the English expedition sent to seize New Netherland.
French West India Company
Organises the French West India Company to strengthen colonial commerce.
Legislation
Hyde supports the Restoration religious settlement enforcing conformity against dissent.
Legislation
Parliament advances religious uniformity by restricting conventicles and dissenting worship.
Reform of Church Governance
The Restoration government strengthens Anglican conformity through measures later called the Clarendon Code.
Reform of Parliament
Clarendon backs parliamentary reforms intended to secure the restored Church of England.
Fleet Command
Serves as a leading royal naval commander as the Second Anglo-Dutch War begins.
Commander of Fleet
Appointed to senior naval command during the war with the Dutch Republic.
Attack on Barbados
Leads a Dutch attack on Barbados during operations against English colonies.
Barbados Raid
Raids Barbados as part of Dutch attempts to strike English Atlantic commerce.
West Indies Expedition
Attacks English shipping and interests in the Caribbean during the early war.
Grand Marshal
Appointed Grand Marshal of the Crown and gains greater authority in Polish military affairs.
Field Command
Receives high military responsibility after becoming Grand Marshal of the Crown.
Grand Marshal
Appointed Grand Marshal during the later phase of the war with Russia.
Declaration of War
Begins the War of Devolution by invading Flanders and Hainault
Declaration of War
Says the law in Brabant makes his wife Maria Theresa a better claimant than Charles II
Invasion of Netherlands
A French army under Turenne crosses the border and invades the Spanish Netherlands
War of Devolution
Invades the Spanish Netherlands using Maria Theresa's claim.
Invasion of Spanish Netherlands
Commands French forces in the War of Devolution.
Invasion of Netherlands, The
A French army under Turenne crosses the border and invades the Spanish Netherlands
Breda Peace Negotiations
Holles represented Charles II in negotiations with Dutch, French, and Danish envoys.
Breda Peace Negotiations
Coventry served with Holles as an English ambassador and plenipotentiary.
Dutch Peace Delegation
Van Beverningh represented the States General during the Breda negotiations.
Dutch Peace Delegation
De Huybert participated in drafting and approving the Dutch-English peace settlement.
Rule of Belgium
Under the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle France gives up the Belgian provinces
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Britain and the United Provinces form an alliance against France which Sweden joins
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Spain regains Franche-Comte in return for Lille, Tournay and 10 other fortified towns. Louis makes peace which is signed at Aix-la-Chapelle. Ends the war over Louis XIV's claim to the Spanish Belgian provinces.
Health of Samuel Pepys
Failing eyesight forces Samuel Pepys to make his final diary entry
Treaty of Dover
Charles II is due to receive 160,000 pounds and 6,000 troops frfrfrom Louis XIV to suppress disorder
Treaty of Dover
Charles declares to Louis XIV that he is a Catholic and wins his support
Treaty of Dover
Louis XIV hopes to gain Spanish territory and Charles II some Dutch land
Treaty of Dover
Will support Louis XIV to the Spanish monarchical possessions of south America. Supports the Catholic religion and resolves to reconcile himself with the Church of Rome
Treaty of Dover
Declares war against the Dutch for a subsidy frfrom Louis XIV in the Treaty of Dover
Treaty of Dover
A secret alliance with Charles II for the restoration of Catholicism in England
Death of Edward Montagu
Death of Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester
Arrest of Thomas Blood
Thomas Blood is arrested for attempting to steal the crown jewels & released
Crown Jewels
Thomas Blood is arrested for attempting to steal the crown jewels & released
Battle of Sole Bay
Serves with the Duke of York's forces at the Battle of Sole Bay.
Battle of Sole Bay
Killed aboard the flagship Royal James
Battle of Sole Bay
The English are saved by reinforcements. The Duke of York is twice forced to abandon his flagship. De Ruyter forces the French to withdraw
Battle of Sole Bay
Withdraws 35 French vessels leaving the English open to attack by de Ruyter
Battle of Schooneveldt Bank
Ruyter counters & the English suffer heavy losse. Rupert attacks de Ruyters fleet at its coastal anchorage
Battle of Schooneveldt Bank
Ruyter counters & the English suffer heavy losse. Rupert attacks de Ruyters fleet at its coastal anchorage
Battle of Sole Bay
There are great losses & the Duke of York abandons his flagship twice. The French withdraw & de Ruyter moves with 75 ships against a smaller English force. Reinforcements save the English
Privy Council
Appointed Privy Councillor
Diet
The Diet in Warsaw elects John III King
Election
The Diet in Warsaw elects John III King
Succession
The Diet in Warsaw elects John III King
Exile of Charles II
Signs a declaration expelling Jesuits & "Romish Priests" from the Realm
Parliament
Dismisses Parliament after 1st & 2nd readings of the Exclusion Bill pass the Commons
Ulrika Eleonora Arrives in Sweden
The Danish princess Ulrika Eleonora lands in Sweden before the royal wedding.
Ulrika Eleonora Arrives in Sweden
The Danish princess Ulrika Eleonora lands in Sweden before the royal wedding.
Marriage to Ulrika Eleonora
Charles marries the Danish princess Ulrika Eleonora at Skottorp Manor.
Marriage to Ulrika Eleonora
Charles marries the Danish princess Ulrika Eleonora at Skottorp Manor.
Atlantic-Mediterranean Waterway
Creates a navigable route linking the Garonne basin with the Mediterranean.
Canal du Midi Opened
The Canal du Midi opens after years of construction.
Versailles Capital
Moves the royal court and government to Versailles.
Death of Theodore III
Death of Theodore III, without isuue, news of his death sparks the Moscow uprising
Reballion of sparks the Moscow
Death of Theodore III, without isuue, news of his death sparks the Moscow uprising
Baron Churchill of Sandridge
Created Baron Churchill of Sandridge in the English peerage.
Reform of Royal Succession
Requests Anglican clergy read the 2nd Declaration of Indulgence to their congregations
Battle of Banrty Bay
An inconclusive naval skirmish off the coast of Ireland with the French
Battle of Cromdale
The Jacobite Army was broken up at Dunkeld & its remnants defeated at Cromdale
Battle of Banrty Bay
An inconclusive naval skirmish off the coast of Ireland with the English
Battle of Bantry Bay
Commands the French fleet in the Battle of Bantry Bay
Battle of Bantry Bay
Commands the English fleet in the inconclusive Battle of Bantry Bay
Declaration of War
Declares war on France after French support for James II in Ireland
Declaration of War
William III of Orange's government declares war on France as the Nine Years' War expands into an English war against Louis XIV.
War with England
Faces England's declaration of war after French support for James II
Declaration of War
Declares war on England
War with England
France is at war with England after William III's government joins the coalition opposing Louis XIV.
Patriot Parliament
Opens the Irish Parliament that recognizes his authority
Scottish Crown Accepted
William III of Orange and Mary accept the Scottish crown after the Convention of Estates offers it to them.
Succession
William and Mary are offered the separate Scottish Crown (the two kingdoms were not united until the Acts of Union in 1707); they accept on 11 May
Scottish Crown Offer
Accepts the separate Scottish crown with Mary II
Scottish Crown Offer
Accepts the separate Scottish crown with William III
Proxy to Shrewsbury
Registers a parliamentary proxy with the Earl of Shrewsbury before leaving for military service abroad.
Oku no Hosomichi Journey
Begins the journey later recorded in Oku no Hosomichi
Oku no Hosomichi Journey
Accompanies Matsuo Basho on the journey north
Toleration Act
Gives royal assent to the Toleration Act protecting many Protestant dissenters
Toleration Act
Gives royal assent with William III to the Toleration Act
Toleration Act
Benefits from the legal toleration granted to Protestant dissenters
Birth of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
Birth of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
Toleration Act
William III of Orange gives assent to legislation allowing most Protestant dissenters to worship publicly under specified conditions.
Death of Jacob Leisler
Death of Jacob Leisler
Execution
Executed for treason
Treason
Executed for treason
Reballion of popular
Leader of a popular uprising in support of William & Marys accession to the throne
Siege of Namur Begins
Louis XIV joins the major French operation to capture the strategically important fortress of Namur.
Battle of Barfleur
Russell commands the larger Anglo-Dutch fleet that fights Tourville off Barfleur.
Battle of Barfleur
Tourville fights Edward Russell's larger Anglo-Dutch fleet off Barfleur before withdrawing toward the French coast.
Battle of Barfleur
Van Almonde commands the Dutch contingent of the Allied fleet during the Battle of Barfleur.
Arrest of John Churchill
Committed to the Tower in May on a high-treason accusation arising from a fabricated Jacobite plot.
Namur Siege Command
Boufflers serves among the principal French commanders conducting the siege of Namur.
Namur Siege Engineering
Vauban directs the French siege approaches and batteries against the defences of Namur.
Battle of Cape St Vincent
Defeats the Anglo-Dutch fleet
Agney Estate Settlement
Executes a settlement placing Sarah's Agney estate in trustees so that it remains for her separate use.
Battle of Torroella
Noailles defeats the Spanish army at the River Ter near Torroella and opens the way toward Girona.
Battle of Torroella
Pacheco commands the Spanish army defeated by Noailles at the Battle of the River Ter.
Death of Samuel Pepys
Death of Samuel Pepys, naval administrator and diarist.
Royal Entry into Berlin
Frederick makes a ceremonial royal entry into Berlin.
Berlin Thanksgiving
Frederick attends thanksgiving ceremonies celebrating the new monarchy.
King's Bench and Fleet Prisons Conference
Manages a parliamentary conference on amendments to legislation regulating the King's Bench and Fleet prisons.
Commander-in-Chief English Forces Abroad
Appointed commander-in-chief of the English forces serving abroad.
Italian Campaign Authorised
Leopold authorises an Imperial campaign in northern Italy.
Italian Army Command
Eugene assumes command of the Imperial army assembled for the Italian campaign.
Impeachment Proceedings
Somers answers impeachment charges arising from the partition treaties.
Grand Alliance
Queen Anne declares war on France and continues England's commitment to the Grand Alliance.
War Declaration
Anne declares war against France and Spain under the English calendar.
War Declaration
Queen Anne declares war on France and Spain after England enters the Grand Alliance.
Captain General Appointment
Appoints Marlborough Captain General of English land forces.
Declaration of War
The war widens in Europe as the Grand Alliance declares war on France
Capture of Warsaw
Charles XII captures Warsaw as the Swedish army advances through Poland.
Capture of Warsaw
Charles occupies Warsaw during the Swedish advance through Poland.
Capture of Warsaw
Occupies Warsaw during the advance through Poland.
Capture of Warsaw
Warsaw falls to Charles XII during the Swedish campaign in Poland.
Occupation of Warsaw
Swedish forces occupy Warsaw after Augustus II fails to block Charles XII's advance.
Declaration of War
Declares war on France and Spain with the Grand Alliance.
Grand Alliance War
Faces war with the Grand Alliance.
Lord High Admiral
Prince George becomes Lord High Admiral under Queen Anne.
Captain General Appointment
Anne appoints John Churchill Captain General of her land forces.
Lord Treasurer Appointment
Anne appoints Sidney Godolphin Lord High Treasurer.
Military Command Structure
Anne confirms Marlborough's authority over English land forces serving abroad.
Allied Army Command
Marlborough assumes command of the combined English and Dutch field army.
Arrival in the Netherlands
Marlborough arrives in the Dutch Republic to begin the Allied campaign.
Withdrawal from Warsaw
Augustus abandons Warsaw as the Swedish army approaches.
Capture of Warsaw
Charles XII captures Warsaw
Advance into Poland
Charles advances into Poland to remove Augustus II from the coalition.
Invasion of Poland
Charles XII invades Poland-Lithuania and begins a series of victories over Saxon and Polish forces.
Invasion of Poland
Invades Poland-Lithuania to overthrow Augustus II's influence.
Defeat at Pultusk
Steinau's Saxon force is defeated near Pultusk.
Pultusk Command
Rehnskiold commands Swedish troops during the victory at Pultusk.
Battle of Pultusk
Charles defeats a Saxon force near Pultusk.
Siege of Bonn
The Allied army begins the siege of Bonn under Marlborough.
Brezan Proclamation
Bercsenyi joins Rakoczi in issuing the uprising proclamation.
Brezan Proclamation
Rakoczi issues a proclamation calling Hungary to resistance.
Capture of Nyenschantz
Peter's forces capture the Swedish fortress of Nyenschantz.
Surrender of Bonn
Bonn capitulates after the Allied siege commanded by Marlborough.
Alliance Treaty
Methuen signs the defensive alliance bringing Portugal into the Grand Alliance.
Grand Alliance
Methuen negotiates English agreements that help bring Portugal into the alliance.
Alliance Treaty
Peter II enters the alliance with England, Austria, and the Dutch Republic.
Grand Alliance
Peter II brings Portugal into the anti-Bourbon alliance through treaties with England and the Dutch.
Recognition of Archduke Charles
Peter II recognises Archduke Charles as the Allied claimant to Spain.
Neva Naval Victory
Peter participates in the capture of two Swedish vessels at the Neva mouth.
Raising of Rakoczi Banners
Esze's followers raise Rakoczi's banners in the Upper Tisza region.
Foundation of Saint Petersburg
Peter founds the Peter and Paul Fortress on Hare Island.
Portuguese Alliance Policy
Hedges coordinates English approval of the new alliance with Portugal.
Royal Commissioner Appointment
Anne appoints the Duke of Queensberry as royal commissioner to the Scottish Parliament.
Scottish Parliament Summoned
Anne summons a new session of the Scottish Parliament.
Surrender of Bonn
Allegre surrenders Bonn after its defences are breached.
Bavarian Junction
Villars links French operations with Bavaria in an attempt to threaten Austria through the Danube.
French-Bavarian Junction
Maximilian Emanuel joins forces with Villars in Bavaria.
Scottish Parliament
Queensberry opens the Scottish parliamentary session as Anne's commissioner.
Siege of Thorn
Besieges Thorn as part of the Polish campaign.
Siege of Thorn
Charles begins the prolonged siege of Thorn.
Danube Strategy
Begins the march that shifts the war to southern Germany.
Pact of the Vigatans
Bac de Roda signs the Pact of the Vigatans and supports the uprising for Charles of Austria.
Relief of Barcelona
Byng takes part in the naval relief of Barcelona during the 1706 campaign.
Relief of Barcelona
Leake's fleet relieves Barcelona and forces the Bourbon siege to collapse.
Relief of Barcelona
Relieves Barcelona and forces the Bourbon siege to fail.
Barcelona Naval Relief
Assists Leake in relieving Barcelona.
Battle Plan at Ramillies
Uses a feint and cavalry shift to break Villeroi's army.
Battle of Ramillies
Marlborough defeats Villeroi at Ramillies and opens the Spanish Netherlands to Allied occupation.
Ramillies Cavalry Counter-Charge
Personally helps lead a cavalry counter-charge during the close fighting that precedes the French collapse at Ramillies.
Ramillies Feint
Presses the French left at Ramillies, encouraging Villeroi to commit reinforcements away from the sector Marlborough intends to exploit.
Ramillies Reserve Transfer
Shifts Allied troops across the battlefield to reinforce the decisive attack while masking the movement from the French command.
Ramillies Victory Opens Flanders
Marlborough's victory at Ramillies causes much of the Spanish Netherlands to fall under Allied control.
Battle of Ramillies
Lumley serves in the cavalry during Marlborough's victory at Ramillies.
Battle of Ramillies
Serves with Marlborough's army at Ramillies.
Battle of Ramillies
Carries Marlborough's orders during the Ramillies campaign.
Battle of Ramillies
Villeroy is defeated by Marlborough at Ramillies, causing the loss of much of the Spanish Netherlands.
French Army Defeated at Ramillies
Villeroy's army is defeated at Ramillies, triggering a rapid French loss of positions across Flanders.
Battle of Ramillies
Is defeated by Marlborough at Ramillies.
Grand Alliance
Overkirk serves with Marlborough during the Grand Alliance victory at Ramillies.
Battle of Ramillies
John Dalrymple commands a brigade at Ramillies as Marlborough defeats the French army.
Battle of Ramillies
At the Battle of Ramillies, he leads the pursuit of the defeated French
Capture of Brussels
Receives Brussels after the victory at Ramillies.
Bruges Enters Allied Control
Bruges passes into Allied control during the rapid campaign following the victory at Ramillies.
Brussels Surrenders after Ramillies
Marlborough exploits Ramillies as Brussels and other major towns submit to the Allied advance.
Campaign in Flanders
Marlborough exploits victory at Ramillies as many towns in the Spanish Netherlands surrender to the Allies.
Ghent Submits to Allied Advance
Ghent submits as Marlborough rapidly exploits the collapse of French positions after Ramillies.
French Field Command Reorganised under Vendome
Vendome assumes command of French field forces and reorganises their deployment after Villeroy's defeat.
Transfer to Flanders
Vendome is transferred from Italy to Flanders after the French crisis following Ramillies.
Union and War
Continues the war as England and Scotland form Great Britain.
Constitution of Great Britain
Scotland loses its Parliament
Constitution of Great Britain
Scotland loses its Parliament & is represented in UK Parliament with 45 MPs & 16 peers. Scotlad is represented in the Parliament of Britain with 45 MPs & 16 peers
Legislation
Unification is legislated after the Monarchy experiences the conflics of 2 Parliaments
Constitution of Great Britain
Scotland retains its legal system & established Church. Scotland is represented in the Parliament of Britain with 45 MPs & 16 peers
Act of Union
The Act of Union creates the United Kingdom of Great Britain
Unification
Overcomes the 1701 Scottish Parliaments refusal to accept Hanoverian succession.
Unification
Scotland is represented in the Parliament of Britain with 45 MPs & 16 peers.
Unification
Scotland loses its Parliament & is represented in UK Parliament with 45 MPs & 16 peers.
Unification
Scotland loses its Parliament.
Unification
Scotland retains its legal system & established Church.
Unification
The Act of Union creates the United Kingdom of Great Britain.
Unification
Unification is legislated after the Monarchy experiences the conflics of 2 Parliaments.
Unification
Unification solves the Scottish Parliaments refusal of Hanoverian succession.
Reform of Parliament
The Scottish Parliament refuses the succession, the Act of Succession is passed
Act of Union
The Act of Union passed in 1701 comes into effect
Unification
The Act of Union passed in 1701 comes into effect. Scotland retains its legal system & established Church. Scotland loses its Parliament. Scotland is represented in the Parliament of Britain with 45 MPs & 16 peers
Valencia Campaign
Berwick's victory at Almansa enables Bourbon recovery across Valencia and Aragon.
Lord Chancellor
When the union with Scotland comes into operation the Queen in Council names Cowper Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain
Unification
When the union with Scotland comes into operation the Queen in Council names Cowper Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain
Battle of Cartagena
Passes a resolution to defeat & destroy the Spanish treasure fleet at Cartagena
Battle of Poltava
Defends the Poltava garrison against Swedish siege operations.
Battle of Poltava
Commands infantry during the Swedish siege of Poltava.
Battle of Poltava
Begins the siege of Poltava after a costly winter campaign.
Peace Negotiations
Supports harsh Allied terms rejected by France.
Siege of Poltava
Besieges Poltava before Peter I advances to relieve the fortress.
Siege of Poltava
Charles XII's army besieges Poltava before Peter I advances to relieve the fortress.
Lord Treasurer
Harley becomes Lord Treasurer and leads the ministry seeking peace with France.
Peace
Approves the Restraining Orders imposing an Anglo-French truce
Restraining Orders
Receives orders not to fight major actions against France.
Captivity
Stenbock is taken into captivity after the surrender of the Swedish force at Tonning.
Surrender at Tonning
Stenbock surrenders the Swedish army at Tonning after supplies fail and disease spreads through the camp.
Succession
Refuses any member of the House of Hanover to settle in Britain in her lifetime
Birth of Henry Bathurst
Birth of Henry Bathurst
Death of Sophia Dorothea of Zell
Sophias death makes her son, the Elector George Ludwig, heir to the British crown
Legacy Error Corrected
Removed as Louis XIV was dead before the 1770 marriage of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette.
Imprisonment in the Bastille
Arouet is imprisoned in the Bastille after being accused of writing satirical verses.
Reform of Currency
An edict orders a recoinage registered in the cour des monnaies
Alliance Philippe II of Orleans and Triple Alliance
Tsar Peter I concludes a Francon Treaty after France joins the Triple Alliance
Francon Treaty
Tsar Peter I concludes a Francon Treaty after France joins the Triple Alliance
Alliance Triple Alliance
Attempts to conclude a Francon Treaty after France joined the Triple Alliance
Francon Treaty
Attempts to conclude a Francon Treaty after France joined the Triple Alliance
Invasion of Sardinia
Uses the arrest of the Spanish Grand Inquisitor by the Emperor to invade Sardinia
Invasion of Great Britain
Advises invaders in Scotland to proceed saying they will be supported by Spain
Reform of Currency
Bank-notes & company shares are devalued
Dismissal
Dismissed as the Controller General of Finance
Reform of Government
The edict of 21st May is repealed
Exile of Francis Atterbury
The Bill of Pains & Penalties deprives him of his see & sends him into exile
Birth of Dagobert Sigismond Wurmser
Birth of Dagobert Sigismond Wurmser
Death of Catherine I
Dies age 44 & succeeded by her son Peter
Reform of Catholic Rights
Disenfrachises the Irish Roman Catholics
Birth of Catherine II the Great
Birth of Catherine II the Great, a minor German princess with a very remote Russian ancestry, and a cousin of Gustav III of Sweden and of Charles XIII of Sweden
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 2nd term
Bishop
Appointed Bishop of Cloyne
New Room Founded
Wesley opens the New Room as an early Methodist meeting house.
Death of Frederick II the Great
Death of Frederick William I of Prussia
Coronation
Crowned King of Prussia, says "a crown is merely a hat that lets the rain in"
Death of Frederick William I
Says he had at last, "had the decency to die". Death of Frederick William I
Pragmatic Sanction, The
Frederick disputed the succession of the 23-year-old Maria Theresa to the Habsburg lands, while simultaneously making his own claim on Silesia
Pragmatic Sanction, The
Upon succeeding to the throne and desiring the prosperous Austrian province of Silesia Frederick declines to endorse the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713
Rule of Silesia
Upon succeeding to the throne and desiring the prosperous Austrian province of Silesia Frederick declines to endorse the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713
Support for Charles Albert
Fleuryโs government committed French support to Charles Albertโs challenge against Maria Theresa.
Invasion of Bohemia
Invades Bohemia in order to gain the Imperial Crown. France sends an army into south Germany under de Broglie to support the Bavarians
Alliance France and Prussia
France prepares to invade Austria in support of Charles Albert of Bavaria. France makes n alliance with Prussia within 5 weeks of Prussia's victory at Mollwitz
Withdrawal from Cartagena
Vernon withdrew after disease, casualties, and failed assaults made the capture of Cartagena impossible.
Battle of Chotusitz
Prussian victory over Austria, Charles of Lorraine is defeated by Frederick II
Battle of Chotusitz
Prussian victory over Austria, Charles of Lorraine is defeated by Frederick II
Frederick Marches Toward Battlefield
Frederick II moved to reinforce Leopold before the Austrian assault developed fully.
Austrian Attack Opens Battle
Austrian troops attacked the Prussian position near Chotusitz on the morning of 17 May.
Cavalry Clashes On Right
Prussian and Austrian cavalry fought on one flank as the battle unfolded.
Cavalry Clashes On Left
Fighting between mounted units also developed on the opposite side of the field.
Chotusitz Village Becomes Battleground
The village of Chotusitz lay amid heavy combat between the opposing armies.
Austrian Mounted Attack Continues
Austrian cavalry continued its efforts to disrupt the Prussian flanks.
Charles Evaluates Battlefield Position
Charles of Lorraine faced the prospect of increasing losses as the engagement continued.
Prussians Retain Battlefield
Frederick IIโs forces held the field after the Austrian withdrawal.
Battle Influences Silesian Diplomacy
The Prussian victory strengthened Frederick IIโs negotiating position in the First Silesian War.
Breslau Settlement Follows Battle
Austria and Prussia reached the preliminary Treaty of Breslau in June 1742 after the campaign.
Battle of Sahay
Defeats the Austrians near Budweis. Created Duc de Broglie & made a peer of France after victory at Sahay
Birth of Jean Paul Marat
Birth of Jean Paul Marat
Battle of Fontenoy
French victory over 50,000 British, Dutch & German. Britain gains compensation in America & India. After the Battle of Fontenoy France occupies the Austrian Netherlands
Battle of Fontenoy
The French under Maurice de Saxe stop an allied advance on Tournai
Capture of Fontenoy
After the Battle of Fontenoy France occupies the Austrian Netherlands
Invasion of Netherlands, The
After the Battle of Fontenoy France occupies the Austrian Netherlands
Rule of Netherlands, The
After the Battle of Fontenoy France occupies the Austrian Netherlands
Battle of Fontenoy
Defeated by the French while relieving Tournai
Siege of Bruges
During the Battle of Fontenoy Cumberland is forced to retreat to Brussels and wis unable to prevent the fall of Ghent, Bruges and Ostend
Siege of Ghent
During the Battle of Fontenoy Cumberland is forced to retreat to Brussels and wis unable to prevent the fall of Ghent, Bruges and Ostend
Siege of Ostend
During the Battle of Fontenoy Cumberland is forced to retreat to Brussels and wis unable to prevent the fall of Ghent, Bruges and Ostend
Siege of Tournai
During the Battle of Fontenoy Cumberland is forced to retreat to Brussels and wis unable to prevent the fall of Ghent, Bruges and Ostend. Cumberland advances to the relief of Toutnai, which was besieged by Marshal Saxe, in the resulting Battle of Fontenoy the Allies were defeated by the French
Siege of Tournai
Defeated by Marshal Saxe in an a failed effort to relieve Tournai
Death of Francois-Marie de Broglie
Death of Francois-Marie de Broglie
Birth of Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes
Birth of Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes
Binomial Plant Nomenclature
Establishes the starting point for modern botanical nomenclature.
Species Plantarum
Publishes Species Plantarum using consistent two-part plant names.
Birth of Lazare Nicholas Marguerite Carot
Birth of Lazare Nicholas Marguerite Carot, Nolay in Burgundy, son of a lawyer
Election
Returned by Aldborough
Election
The Government wins a landslide election victory
Alliance England and Prussia
England allies with Prussia. An anti-Prussian alliance is formed of Austria, France, Russia, Sweden & Saxony
Death of Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin
Death of Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin
Battle of Prague
Frederick II the Great defeats the Austrians & lays siege to Prague
Siege of Prague
Marshal Daun goes to the relief of Prague with 60,000 troops. Frederick II the Great defeats the Austrians & lays siege to Prague
Birth of Henry Addington
Birth of Henry Addington, son of Anthony Addington, William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chathams physician
Birth of Henry Addington
Birth of Henry Addington, son of Anthony Addington, William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chathams physician
Siege of Prague
Daun relieves Prague with 60,000 troops after it is occupied by Frederick the Great
Death of Benedict XIV
Death of Benedict XIV, Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini
Birth of Maximilien Francois Marie Isidore Robespierre
Birth of Maximilien Francois Marie Isidore Robespierre
Birth of Andre Massena
Birth of Andre Massena
Siege of Olmutz
1st day of the siege of Olmutz
Invasion of Great Britain
Appointed Rear-Admiral, and was shortly after given command of a small squadron intended to destroy a large number of flat-bottomed boats and stores which were being collected at Havre for an invasion of the English coasts
Rear Admiral
Appointed Rear-Admiral, and was shortly after given command of a small squadron intended to destroy a large number of flat-bottomed boats and stores which were being collected at Havre for an invasion of the English coasts
Battle of Le Harvre
Bombarded Le Harvre for two days and nights, and inflicts great loss of war-material on the enemy
Invasion of Great Britain
Bombarded Le Harvre for two days and nights, and inflicts great loss of war-material on the enemy
Siege of Le Harvre
Bombarded Le Harvre for two days and nights, and inflicts great loss of war-material on the enemy
Invasion of Siam
Death of Alaungpaya, dies of malaria after returning from a failed invasion of Siam
Treaty of Saint Petersburg
Tsar Peter III loans Frederick a Russian army corps. Ends the war between Prussia & Russia, saves Frederick from almost total defeat
Treaty of Saint Petersburg
Saves Frederick from almost total defeat, Peter loans Frederick a Russian army corp. Ends the war between Prussia & Russia
Treaty of Saint Petersburg
Frederick can now concentrate his forces against Austria. Ends the war between Prussia & Sweden
Birth of Henry Bathurst
Birth of Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain
Separate Steam Condenser
Develops the idea of the separate steam condenser while working in Glasgow.
Birth of Arthur Wellesley
Birth of Arthur Wellesley
Birth of Vinzenz Rittimann
Birth of Vinzenz Rittimann
Marriage
Marries Marie Antoinette
Reform of Trade
The East India Co goes bankrupt so mercantalist burdens are lifted. The East India Co can sell directly, competing with American smugglers
Birth of Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar von Metternich
Birth of Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar von Metternich
Death of Louis XV
The Parlement of Paris is abolished
Succession
Succeeds as King of France
Closes the port of Boston & reduces the power of the Massachusetts
Closes the port of Boston & reduces the power of the Massachusetts legislature
Parliament punishes the American colonists for the anti-British behaviour
Parliament punishes the American colonists for the anti-British behaviour
Continental Congress
Elected President of the Second Continental Congress, succeeding Peyton Randolph after Henry Middleton declined the nomination
Alliance Louis XVI and to the American revolutionaries
Consigns military aid to the American revolutionaries
Alliance Benjamin Franklin and French Foreign Minister
Meets the French Foreign Minister & begins a 2 1/2 yr campaign to win French support
Meeting with The French Foreign Minister & begins a
Meets the French Foreign Minister & begins a 2 1/2 year campaign to win French support
Treaty of Amity
The Treaty is received by Congress
Treaty of Amity
The Treaty is ratified by Congress
General
Appointed Commander of the British forces in America
General
Appointed Commander of the British forces in America
Death of Voltaire
Voltaire dies in Paris after returning triumphantly to the city, aged eighty-three.
Rule of Ansbach
Under the Treaty of Teschen Austria recognizes the Prussian claims to the Franconian margraviates of Ansbach and Bayreuth, ruled Margrave Christian Alexander from the House of Hohenzollern
Rule of Bavaria
Under the Treaty of Teschen Maria Theresa returns Lower Bavaria to Charles Theodore but keeps the so-called Innviertel, a 2,200-square-kilometer strip of land in the basin of the Inn River
Rule of Bayreuth
Under the Treaty of Teschen Austria recognizes the Prussian claims to the Franconian margraviates of Ansbach and Bayreuth, ruled Margrave Christian Alexander from the House of Hohenzollern
Treaty of Teschen
Under the Treaty of Teschen Austria recognizes the Prussian claims to the Franconian margraviates of Ansbach and Bayreuth, ruled Margrave Christian Alexander from the House of Hohenzollern
Treaty of Teschen
Under the Treaty of Teschen Maria Theresa returns Lower Bavaria to Charles Theodore but keeps the so-called Innviertel, a 2,200-square-kilometer strip of land in the basin of the Inn River
Rule of Bavaria
Under the Treaty of Teschen Maria Theresa returns Lower Bavaria to Charles Theodore but keeps the so-called Innviertel, a 2,200-square-kilometer strip of land in the basin of the Inn River
Rule of Innviertel
Under the Treaty of Teschen Maria Theresa returns Lower Bavaria to Charles Theodore but keeps the so-called Innviertel, a 2,200-square-kilometer strip of land in the basin of the Inn River
Treaty of Teschen
Under the Treaty of Teschen Maria Theresa returns Lower Bavaria to Charles Theodore but keeps the so-called Innviertel, a 2,200-square-kilometer strip of land in the basin of the Inn River
Rule of Ansbach
Under the Treaty of Teschen Austria recognizes the Prussian claims to the Franconian margraviates of Ansbach and Bayreuth, ruled Margrave Christian Alexander from the House of Hohenzollern
Rule of Bayreuth
Under the Treaty of Teschen Austria recognizes the Prussian claims to the Franconian margraviates of Ansbach and Bayreuth, ruled Margrave Christian Alexander from the House of Hohenzollern
Treaty of Teschen
Under the Treaty of Teschen Austria recognizes the Prussian claims to the Franconian margraviates of Ansbach and Bayreuth, ruled Margrave Christian Alexander from the House of Hohenzollern
Birth of Elizabeth Fry
Birth of Elizabeth Fry
Reballion of Rebels in Morristown
Suppresses a possible mutiny at a winter camp near Morristown after series of defeats
Dismissal
Louis XVI dismisses his Finance Minister, Neckar
Siege of Mangalore
Tipu Sultan's forces besiege the East India Company garrison at Mangalore during the closing phase of the war.
The Marriage of Figaro
The Marriage of Figaro premieres at the Burgtheater in Vienna.
The Marriage of Figaro
Allows The Marriage of Figaro to be staged in Vienna.
The Marriage of Figaro
Writes the libretto for Mozart's Le nozze di Figaro.
Slavery
Under what came to be known as the Wilberforce Oak at Holwood, Pitt challenged his friend: "Wilberforce, why dont you give notice of a motion on the subject of the Slave Trade?"
Slavery
Under what came to be known as the Wilberforce Oak at Holwood, Pitt challenged his friend: "Wilberforce, why dont you give notice of a motion on the subject of the Slave Trade?"
String Quintet No 4
Completes String Quintet No 4 in G minor.
Closure of Assembly of Notables
Louis XVI dismissed the Assembly of Notables after it refused to endorse the government's principal taxation proposals.
Death of Leopold Mozart
Leopold Mozart dies in Salzburg.
Committee of Thirty
The "Committee of Thirty", argue that ancient precedent is not sufficient, because "the people were sovereign". The "Committee of Thirty", a body of liberal Parisians, began to agitate against voting by estate, composed of the wealthy, argues for the Estates General to assume the voting mechanisms of the Dauphine
Committee of Thirty
The Committee of Thirty argued for voting by head and maintained that political sovereignty rested with the people.
Estates General
The "Committee of Thirty", argue that ancient precedent is not sufficient, because "the people were sovereign". The "Committee of Thirty", a body of liberal Parisians, began to agitate against voting by estate, composed of the wealthy, argues for the Estates General to assume the voting mechanisms of the Dauphine
Estates General
The Committee of Thirty pressed the Estates General to adopt voting arrangements that strengthened representation of the Third Estate.
Judicial Reform Crisis
Louis XVI's government imposed judicial reforms that reduced the powers of the parlements, deepening political resistance to royal authority.
Marriage
William Herschel marries the widow Mary Pitt (nee Baldwin) at St Laurence's Church
Battle of Ochakov
The Turks intend to seize the fortress of Kinburn. The Turks attempt to repulse Potemkins attack on Ochakov
Lieutenant
Joins his regiment in Auxonne
Queen appears in Estates General procession
Marie-Antoinette joined the court's ceremonial display as political conflict over representation approached. This development concerning ceremonial procession of three estates exposed the limits of the old regime's political arrangements.
Queen attends solemn preopening ceremony
Marie-Antoinette appeared among royal participants while political disputes simmered beneath court ritual. The debate over deputies join ceremonial procession demonstrated why electoral rules and parliamentary procedure mattered to constitutional reform.
Talleyrand attends with clergy deputies
Talleyrand appeared among the clerical representatives at a gathering that would soon challenge the separate estates. The consequences of ceremonial procession of three estates reached well beyond the palace and its neighbouring legislative chambers.
Talleyrand joins clerical procession
Talleyrand stood with deputies of the First Estate during the last great representative ceremony of the old order. The consequences of deputies join ceremonial procession helped redefine the place of the three orders in French public life.
King leads traditional ceremonial opening
The king attended the solemn procession that preceded the Estates General's first formal session. The ceremonial procession of three estates made Versailles a focal point in the struggle over royal and representative authority.
King stages traditional public procession
Louis XVI took part in an elaborate ceremony intended to display continuity between the crown and the three orders. The deputies join ceremonial procession formed part of the transition from estate-based consultation toward claims of national sovereignty.
Estates General Procession
Louis XVI took part in the ceremonial procession preceding the formal opening of the Estates General at Versailles.
States-General open amid royal uncertainty
Marie Antoinette attended the opening of the Estates-General as the monarchy sought a remedy for its financial and constitutional crisis. The proceedings exposed the widening gulf between the royal court and representatives demanding political change.
Necker explains crown's financial condition
Necker's address concentrated heavily on public finances, disappointing many representatives seeking constitutional reform. The debate over estates general opens at menus plaisirs demonstrated why electoral rules and parliamentary procedure mattered to constitutional reform.
Necker presents financial assessment
Necker delivered a lengthy explanation of royal finances without resolving the dispute over voting by order or by head. This development concerning estates general opens in menus plaisirs hall exposed the limits of the old regime's political arrangements.
King addresses assembled three orders
Louis XVI opened the Estates General and asked the deputies to address the kingdom's difficulties. The estates general opens in menus plaisirs hall made Versailles a focal point in the struggle over royal and representative authority.
Louis XVI inaugurates the estates
The king called for cooperation in solving the state's financial crisis without conceding the demands of national sovereignty. The estates general opens at menus plaisirs formed part of the transition from estate-based consultation toward claims of national sovereignty.
Mirabeau enters commoner delegation
Mirabeau represented the Third Estate despite his noble origin and quickly became a major parliamentary speaker. The consequences of estates general opens at menus plaisirs helped redefine the place of the three orders in French public life.
Mirabeau enters national parliamentary arena
Mirabeau attended as a commoner deputy despite noble ancestry, illustrating the political crossing of estate boundaries. The consequences of estates general opens in menus plaisirs hall reached well beyond the palace and its neighbouring legislative chambers.
Estates General constitutional pressure: Third Estate asserts majority
Sieyes argued that the productive nation could not remain subordinated to privileged orders. His writings transformed the dispute about voting procedure into a question of national representation.
Estates General constitutional pressure: Oratory bridges the social orders
Mirabeau entered the Estates General as a deputy for the Third Estate despite his noble ancestry. His prominence illustrated growing support for a political assembly not confined by inherited rank.
Constitution of France
The 3rd Estate demands voting by head instead of by Estate
Constitution of France
The 3rd Estate demands voting by head instead of by Estate.
Estates General
The 3rd Estate meets for the 1st time since 1614. The 3rd Estate demands voting by head instead of by Estate. The Estates General was organized into three estates, respectively: the clergy, the nobility, and the rest of France
Estates General
The 3rd Estate meets for the 1st time since 1614. The 3rd Estate demands voting by head instead of by Estate. The Estates General was organized into three estates, respectively: the clergy, the nobility, and the rest of France.
Opening Address to Estates General
Louis XVI opened the Estates General and called on the assembled deputies to help resolve the kingdom's financial crisis.
Reform of Electoral System
The 3rd Estate demands voting by head instead of by Estate
Reform of Electoral System
The 3rd Estate demands voting by head instead of by Estate.
Third Estate
The 3rd Estate meets for the 1st time since 1614. The 3rd Estate demands voting by head instead of by Estate
Third Estate
The 3rd Estate meets for the 1st time since 1614. The 3rd Estate demands voting by head instead of by Estate.
Third Estate
The 3rd Estate demands voting by head instead of by Estate
Estates General constitutional pressure: Financial emergency opens debate
Necker's fiscal crisis compelled the crown to convene representative estates after a long absence. The failure of ordinary revenue policy gave political reformers an opening to challenge the structure of royal government.
Sieyes opposes separate verification
Sieyes demanded an approach treating deputies as representatives of the same nation rather than isolated orders. The verification of credentials stalls formed part of the transition from estate-based consultation toward claims of national sovereignty.
Mirabeau presses urgency of representation crisis
Mirabeau helped transform disputes about credentials into open questions of political authority. The consequences of verification of credentials stalls helped redefine the place of the three orders in French public life.
Mounier seeks workable common proceedings
Mounier was involved in the struggle to overcome procedural deadlock between estates. The debate over verification of credentials stalls demonstrated why electoral rules and parliamentary procedure mattered to constitutional reform.
Sieyes advances national representation
Sieyes argued that common national authority should replace the fragmented mandates of the three orders. This development concerning deputies contest verification by estate exposed the limits of the old regime's political arrangements.
Mirabeau presses for effective common deliberation
Mirabeau supported the movement to turn a procedural conflict into a claim of national legislative authority. The consequences of deputies contest verification by estate reached well beyond the palace and its neighbouring legislative chambers.
Mounier supports unified verification
Mounier belonged to deputies who refused to let the privileged orders exercise independent control over verification. The deputies contest verification by estate made Versailles a focal point in the struggle over royal and representative authority.
Bailly joins the verification dispute
Bailly participated in the Third Estate's resistance to separate verification of credentials by each order. The dispute concerned whether privileged estates could continue to obstruct common representation.
Press Freedom Protest
Mirabeau protested the suppression of his Journal des Etats Generaux and defended freedom of the press.
Press Freedom Protest
Mirabeau protests suppression of his Journal des Etats Generaux and argues for freedom of the press.
Bailly chosen as Paris Third Estate deputy
Paris electors selected the astronomer Jean-Sylvain Bailly to represent the Third Estate at the Estates General. His election brought a respected scholar into the constitutional struggle.
Bailly selected by Paris electors
Paris elected Bailly to represent the city's commoners, bringing an academician into national politics. The bailly elected third estate deputy formed part of the transition from estate-based consultation toward claims of national sovereignty.
Sieyes chosen to represent Paris commoners
Sieyes entered the Third Estate delegation for Paris as a prominent defender of national sovereignty. The debate over bailly elected third estate deputy demonstrated why electoral rules and parliamentary procedure mattered to constitutional reform.
Brissot reports on new representative politics
Brissot's political journalism helped inform readers about the emerging electoral and parliamentary transformation. The consequences of bailly elected third estate deputy helped redefine the place of the three orders in French public life.
Slavery
Wilberforce draws on Thomas Clarksons evidence in the Commons, he describes in detail the appalling conditions in which slaves travelled from Africa
Government Report
When the Privy Council report was published on 25 April 1789, it was finally time for Wilberforce to make his delayed entry into the Parliamentary campaign, after months of planning Wilberforce makes his first major speech on the subject of abolition
Slavery
Wilberforce draws on Thomas Clarksons evidence in the Commons, he describes in detail the appalling conditions in which slaves travelled from Africa. When the Privy Council report was published on 25 April 1789, it was finally time for Wilberforce to make his delayed entry into the Parliamentary campaign, after months of planning Wilberforce makes his first major speech on the subject of abolition
Talleyrand moves toward reform coalition
Talleyrand became one of the clerical representatives willing to join the common political process. The consequences of clerical union negotiations continue helped redefine the place of the three orders in French public life.
Gregoire favors cooperation beyond clerical estate
Grรฉgoire belonged to reform-minded clergy who resisted strict political separation by order. The debate over clerical union negotiations continue demonstrated why electoral rules and parliamentary procedure mattered to constitutional reform.
Mirabeau encourages dialogue with clergy
Mirabeau advocated communication with clerical representatives to win support for common deliberation. The clerical union negotiations continue formed part of the transition from estate-based consultation toward claims of national sovereignty.
Conference with Clergy
Mirabeau proposed talks with the clergy to encourage union with the Third Estate during the verification dispute.
Journal du Peuple Request
Olympe de Gouges asked the royal censor for permission to publish a Journal du peuple during the Estates General.
Election
Sieyes was elected as a Paris deputy of the Third Estate to the Estates General.
Election for Chartres
Chartres electors chose Petion for the Third Estate, beginning his prominent role in the revolutionary assemblies.
Bailly helps sustain common deliberations
As negotiations among the estates stalled, Bailly supported the determination of commoners to deliberate collectively. Their persistence made the procedural quarrel a constitutional confrontation.
Third Estate
The French Revolution began in 1789 with the convocation of the Estates General
Club Breton
Deputies from Brittany meet during the Estates General and create the political network that later develops into the Jacobin Club
Club Breton
Deputies from Brittany meet during the Estates General and create the political network that later develops into the Jacobin Club.
Estates-General covered by revolutionary press
Brissot's journal reported on debates surrounding the Estates-General and emerging National Assembly. Press coverage brought parliamentary conflicts to readers outside Versailles.
Patriote francais newspaper launched
Brissot launched Le Patriote franรงais to discuss political developments during the Revolution. The journal became an important platform for his arguments on constitutional change and foreign affairs.
Patriote Francais
Brissot founded the Patriote francais, using journalism to promote revolutionary political ideas.
Estates General Opens Path to Declaration of Rights
The Estates General opens the revolutionary process that leads to the National Assembly and the Declaration of Rights.
Estates General
The Estates General opened the revolutionary year that produced the National Assembly, Tennis Court Oath, Bastille uprising and Declaration of Rights.
Third Estate
The Third Estateโs challenge to the old order produced the National Assembly and a sequence of major revolutionary reforms.
Bailly works under new municipal framework
Revolutionary legislation reorganized municipal government and electoral authority across France. In Paris, Bailly's position increasingly depended on formal civic institutions rather than the emergency arrangements of July 1789.
War Powers Debate
Barnave argued against giving the king a decisive role in the constitutional power to make war and peace.
Judicial organization transformed: Court system reconstructed
Duport contributed to discussions replacing privileged and venal judicial institutions with courts grounded in national legislation. The overhaul aimed to make justice more regular and accessible.
Judicial organization transformed: Jury and criminal justice debated
Target was associated with the era's legal reform work as deputies reconsidered procedures for judging accused persons. The new system sought to reduce arbitrary practices of the old regime.
Judicial organization transformed: Old jurisdictions abolished
Le Chapelier participated in the Assembly's broad dismantling of legal corporations and territorial exceptions. Citizens were increasingly to be tried under a common public legal framework.
Voting Rights
Robespierre argues against property qualifications and gains support among radical democrats in the club
Voting Rights
Robespierre argues against property qualifications and gains support among radical democrats in the club.
Constitution of 3 May
Swears support for the Constitution of 3 May
Constitution of 3 May
Presides over the Sejm session that adopts the Constitution of 3 May
Constitution of 3 May
Helps draft and promote the Constitution of 3 May
Constitution of Poland
The Union of Lublin is superseded by the Constitution of the 3rd May. Stanislaw II transforms Poland into a unitary state
Union of Lublin
The Union of Lublin is superseded by the Constitution of the 3rd May
Battle of Arakere
Tipu Sultan fights Cornwallis's army near Arakere while attempting to prevent the allied advance toward Srirangapatna.
Self-Denying Ordinance
Robespierre successfully argued that members of the Constituent Assembly should not sit in the next legislature.
Colonial color equality debate intensifies
Brissot supported efforts to extend political rights to free people of color in the colonies. The debates encountered strong resistance from defenders of the plantation order.
Death of George Brydges Rodney
Death of George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney
Exile of Jacques-Pierre Brissot
Gets the Assembly to pass a law exiling refractory priest
Exile of Jacques-Pierre Brissot
Gets the Assembly to pass a law exiling refractory priest.
Reform of Clergy Discipline
Gets the Assembly to pass a law exiling refractory priest
Royal Guard disbanded by Assembly
The Legislative Assembly ordered the dissolution of the king's Constitutional Guard amid accusations of royalist activity. Marie Antoinette saw another part of the household's security structure removed.
Royal Guard disbandment supported
Brissot's legislative faction supported steps to weaken forces suspected of loyalist sympathies. The abolition of the Constitutional Guard intensified confrontation with Louis XVI.
Coup
The Jacobins assumed more and more power during the spring of 1793, with the support of the Parisian mob, which overawed the Convention, culminating in a coup at the end of May
Jacobin Club
The Jacobins assumed more and more power during the spring of 1793, with the support of the Parisian mob, which overawed the Convention, culminating in a coup at the end of May
Refractory priests and public security: Assembly debates executive veto
Vergniaud operated within a legislature increasingly frustrated by Louis XVI's use of suspensive veto powers. The quarrel enlarged demands for a government loyal to revolutionary war aims.
Refractory priests and public security: Interior administration seeks compliance
Roland's ministry faced pressure to apply laws against clergy who rejected revolutionary religious arrangements. Disputes over enforcement brought ministers into conflict with the crown.
Austrian Committee accusations circulate
Brissot's political allies accused court figures of secretly assisting France's enemies. Such allegations further damaged trust between the king and the revolutionary legislature.
Refractory priest deportation dispute
The Legislative Assembly adopted measures directed against nonjuring clergy, provoking strong royal opposition. Brissot's supporters viewed resistant priests as a political danger during wartime.
Refractory priests and public security: Pressure for religious security law
Brissot's legislative allies supported stronger measures against refractory clergy believed to encourage counter-revolution. The king's reluctance to endorse controversial decrees became a new source of confrontation.
Battle near Raismes Blocks French Relief Effort
Dampierre's offensive against Coalition lines met determined resistance in the Raismes area. The failure left French positions near Valenciennes increasingly vulnerable.
Dampierre Mortally Wounded during Fighting
The French commander received a fatal wound during efforts to strike Coalition forces near Valenciennes. His death deprived the Army of the North of its leader at a critical time.
Siege of Conde
Killed during the siege of Conde
Army of the North
Appointed Commander of the Army of the North
Army of the North
Custine was appointed Commander of the Army of the North.
Commander of Army of the North
Appointed Commander of the Army of the North
Army of the North
Appointed Commander of the Army of the North
Commander of Army of the North
Appointed Commander of the Army of the North
Departmental Administration Proposal
Saint-Just proposed suppressing departmental administrations as resistance to central revolutionary authority increased.
Municipal Reform Proposal
Saint-Just proposed limiting each town to a single municipality regardless of its population.
Battle of Valenciennes
Defeated in battle against the Allies
Coalition Captures Famars Defensive Camp
Coburg's army defeated French forces in the fighting around Famars. The loss opened the way for the systematic investment of Valenciennes.
Threat Against Paris
Isnard warns Paris that insurrection against national representation could bring severe retaliation, deepening the conflict between Girondins and the capital.
Brissot addresses his constituents
Brissot published an appeal criticizing radical opponents and warning against disorder. The pamphlet appeared amid a deepening struggle over whether the Paris sections could compel decisions by the Convention.
Guards Mobilized from Municipal Headquarters
Hanriot became prominent in directing armed forces during the Commune's confrontation with the Girondins. Control of the National Guard made municipal politics a decisive force in the capital.
Coup
A Jacobin committee of Marat & Montagnards calls Paris "to arms" against the Girondins
Coup
A Jacobin committee of Marat and Montagnards calls Paris "to arms" against the Girondins.
Hebert welcomes assault on Girondin influence
Hรฉbert's radical political world favored eliminating deputies accused of resisting Parisian popular demands. The episode concerned girondin purge strengthens radical sections and affected the relationship between club activists and public authority.
Chaumette advances municipal radical demands
Chaumette's participation in Paris municipal radicalism reinforced the pressure on the national legislature. The controversy surrounding girondin purge strengthens radical sections influenced the changing balance among revolutionary factions.
Paris rising demands Girondin removal: Commission conflict drives uprising
Guadet's support for action against the Commune contributed to hostility among the Parisian sections. The outbreak of insurrection showed that legislative investigations had failed to contain the conflict.
Paris rising demands Girondin removal: Convention confronted by armed crowds
Vergniaud and his colleagues faced demands for the removal of leading Girondin deputies. Street mobilization transformed a long-running parliamentary struggle into a direct confrontation.
Insurrection of 31 May attacks Girondins
Armed protesters pressed the National Convention to act against the Girondin leadership. Brissot's standing weakened as the Mountain allied with Parisian militants.
Paris rising demands Girondin removal: Marseille deputy denounced
Barbaroux belonged to the Girondin camp attacked during the Paris uprising. His association with provincial political networks made him especially vulnerable to accusations of disloyalty to the capital.
Coup
The Jacobins assumed more and more power during the spring of 1793, with the support of the Parisian mob, which overawed the Convention, culminating in a coup at the end of May.
Coup
The Jacobins will hold power until the summer of 1794, and they repeatedly purged the Convention of those they held disloyal to the Republic.
Coup
ending with a widespread program of execution, the Reign of Terror in their last months.
Execution
The Jacobins will hold power until the summer of 1794, and they repeatedly purged the Convention of those they held disloyal to the Republic, ending with a widespread program of execution, the Reign of Terror in their last months
Execution
The Jacobins will hold power until the summer of 1794, and they repeatedly purged the Convention of those they held disloyal to the Republic, ending with a widespread program of execution, the Reign of Terror in their last months.
Reign of Terror
Robespierre promoted a Republic of Virtue while Jacobin rule intensified repression before his overthrow on 9 Thermidor.
Reign of Terror
The Jacobins will hold power until the summer of 1794, and they repeatedly purged the Convention of those they held disloyal to the Republic, ending with a widespread program of execution, the Reign of Terror in their last months. Robespierre tries to found the Republic of Virtue, until the Jacobins last purge, 9 Thermidor, in July 1794, executed Robespierre himself
Insurrection against Girondins begins: Armed Paris sections organized
Hanriot emerged as a commander during the uprising of 31 May and 2 June. Military organization of sectional forces gave the demonstrators leverage over the legislature.
Hanriot deploys armed force against Girondins
Hanriot's troops surrounded the Convention during the confrontation that forced the removal of leading Girondins. This aspect of girondin purge strengthens radical sections illustrates how press campaigns, popular sections and government decisions became connected.
Paris Guard Mobilizes for Girondin Confrontation
National Guard companies helped assemble armed pressure against Girondin deputies. The mobilization threatened the Convention's ability to deliberate free of external coercion.
Hanriot named provisional Guard commander
Franรงois Hanriot emerged as commander of the Paris National Guard during the uprising against the Girondins. His elevation aligned armed municipal pressure with the radical sections.
Insurrection against Girondins begins: Popular rising endorsed
Robespierre supported popular mobilization against deputies accused of obstructing the Revolution. The Paris sections and Commune placed unprecedented pressure on the Convention.
Vote against Girondins
Barras sided against the Girondins during the Convention's escalating factional struggle.
Insurrection against Girondins begins: Radical mobilization encouraged
Marat urged a forceful response against Girondin politicians. His attacks helped prepare an atmosphere in which insurgents demanded the removal of leading representatives.
Ferraris Directs Technical Siege Preparations
Austrian general Ferraris supervised the engineering approach to the fortress. He preferred systematic trenches and batteries to a risky immediate assault.
Ferrand Takes Responsibility for Fortress Defence
Ferrand commanded the garrison responsible for resisting a major Coalition siege. His troops prepared to hold fortified positions despite uncertainty about relief from the field army.
French Survivors Reinforce Valenciennes Garrison
Troops falling back after the defeat at Famars entered the fortified town. Their arrival increased the number of defenders but also complicated provisions and accommodation.
Commission of Twelve challenges Commune: Commission given investigative powers
Guadet helped promote institutional action against revolutionary agitators and municipal officials. The arrests ordered by the commission became a focal point of escalating street protest.
Commission of Twelve challenges Commune: Paris radicals investigated
Isnard's parliamentary faction supported a commission to investigate threats against the Convention. The move infuriated the capital's militant sections and their municipal allies.
Commission of Twelve investigates Paris sections
Girondin deputies secured a commission to examine alleged threats from the Paris Commune and radical sections. Brissot's political allies hoped parliamentary investigation could contain municipal pressure.
Commission of Twelve challenges Commune: National deputies assert independence
Brissot's allies defended the commission as protection against coercion by Parisian activists. Their opponents portrayed it as an attack on the popular movement that had saved the Revolution.
Paris guard confronts Girondin-Mountain rivalry
Guard battalions became important to the struggle between Girondin deputies and militant Paris sections. The political orientation of commanders shaped the balance between street mobilization and the Convention.
Hanriot Gains Influence through Radical Sections
Hanriot became a leading military figure within the politically mobilized Paris sections. His rise marked a shift from moderate constitutional policing toward militant republican command.
Retreat from Germany Weakens Custine Position
Reverses on the Rhine undermined confidence in Custine's command and exposed him to political accusations. The campaign illustrated the close connection between military failure and revolutionary suspicion.
Duke of York Assigned Siege Command
The Duke of York led the force tasked with reducing Valenciennes while other Allied troops protected the operation. His command included British units working with Austrian specialists.
Cult of the Supreme Being Decree
Robespierre presents a report linking republican morality with belief in a Supreme Being, and the Convention adopts a civic religious program.
Supreme Being Decree
Robespierre presented the report that led the Convention to recognize the Supreme Being and the immortality of the soul.
Lavoisier Tried with Former Tax Officials
Lavoisier was prosecuted with other former members of the tax farming system. Revolutionary authorities treated the old financial institution as a symbol of privilege and abuse.
Scientist Lavoisier Executed After Conviction
Antoine Lavoisier was guillotined following a Revolutionary Tribunal verdict. The execution ended the life of a leading chemist during the campaign against former tax farmers.
Death of Elizabeth of France
Death of Elizabeth of France, executed
Execution
Elizabeth of France, sister of Louis XVI, is executed
Birth of Jean-Jacob Fazy
Birth of Jean-Jacob Fazy
French Victory at Tourcoing Breaks Allied Plan
French troops defeated coalition columns during the battle of Tourcoing. Their success helped reverse earlier pressure against the revolutionary armies in Flanders.
Souham Leads Troops Against Allied Columns
Souham commanded French formations during the fighting around Tourcoing. The republican victory frustrated an allied plan to envelop French forces.
Assassination of Maximilien Francois Marie Robespierre
Robespierre survived an assassination attempt.
Bastia
Supports British operations leading to the capture of Bastia.
Assassination of Maximilien Francois Marie Robespierre
Cecile Renault failed in an attempt to assassinate Robespierre.
Death of Cecile Renault
Fails in an attempt to assassinate Robespierre
Assassination of Maximilien Francois Marie Robespierre
Robespierre survived an assassination attempt by Cecile Renault.
Army of the North
The Army of the North defeats an Allied Army at Turcoing
Army of the North
The Army of the North defeats an Allied Army at Turcoing.
Siege of St Elme
Wounded during the siege of St Elme
Battle of Turcoing
The Army of the North defeats an Allied Army at Turcoing
Siege of Calvi
Nelson prepares for an assault on Calvi with Lieutenant General Charles Stuart.
Former Prosecutor Convicted of Tribunal Abuses
Fouquier Tinville was condemned after a lengthy trial examining his conduct during the Terror. His execution symbolized the Thermidorian backlash against revolutionary judicial repression.
Treaty with Batavian Republic
Sieyes signed the peace treaty concluded at The Hague between France and the Batavian Republic.
Feraud murdered during Prairial revolt - Political consequence
Jean-Bertrand Feraud figured in events surrounding feraud murdered during prairial revolt at Paris. The violence intensified the determination of the majority to suppress the uprising. It exposed divisions among revolutionary deputies over who should control punishment, representation and public order.
Feraud murdered during Prairial revolt
During the invasion of the Convention by insurgents demanding bread, deputy Feraud was killed and his severed head displayed. The violence intensified the determination of the majority to suppress the uprising.
Prairial Insurrection
Feraud is killed while attempting to protect the Convention during the Prairial uprising, when armed demonstrators invade the chamber demanding bread and the Constitution of 1793.
Convention Resists Prairial Uprising
Boissy d'Anglas remains at the presidential chair during the Prairial invasion and continues proceedings despite threats from armed demonstrators.
Prairial Rising
The Prairial uprising is suppressed and the remaining power of the Paris sans culottes is broken
Death of Ignac Martinovics
Death of Ignav Martinovics, executed
Execution
The Jacobin leader in Hungary is executed
Boissy d'Anglas withstands uprising - Public response
Francois Antoine Boissy d'Anglas figured in events surrounding boissy d'anglas withstands uprising at Paris. His conduct became a symbol of the Convention's claim to independence from insurgent pressure. The episode altered the political climate in Paris as former supporters of the Terror confronted a hostile new majority.
Boissy d'Anglas withstands uprising
Boissy d'Anglas presided amid the Prairial disturbances and resisted the demand that armed crowds dictate legislative decisions. His conduct became a symbol of the Convention's claim to independence from insurgent pressure.
Discovery of Africa
Sets out on 1st voyage of discovery to Africa
Guard Loyalties Split during Prairial Rising
The Prairial uprising exposed disagreements between armed citizens supporting protesters and those defending the Convention. The authorities regained control with military assistance and then weakened radical sectional networks.
Return to Committee of Public Safety
Tallien returned to the Committee of Public Safety as Thermidorian leaders confronted renewed unrest in Paris.
Fouquier Tinville Tried for Judicial Abuses
The former public prosecutor stood trial for actions taken under the Revolutionary Tribunal's emergency procedures. His conviction reflected a sharp reversal in the official assessment of Terror era justice.
Colonel
Appointed Colonel
Battle of Lodi
Drives the Austrians out of Lombardy
Arrest of Francois Noel Babeuf
Arrested for conspiring to overthrow the Directory
Coup
Arrested for conspiring to overthrow the Directory
General
Appointed General de Brigade
Babeuf Arrested for Equality Conspiracy
Babeuf and his associates were arrested over plans to overthrow the Directory and establish a more egalitarian republic. Their prosecution later moved to a special high court.
Battle of Lodi
Napoleon defeated Austrian forces at Lodi and forced a crossing of the Adda during the advance into Lombardy.
Battle of Lodi
Massena fought at Lodi during the French advance across the Adda toward Milan.
Battle of Lodi
Fights at the Battle of Lodi in Italy
Discovery of Smallpox Vaccine
Discovers an inoculation for smallpox derived from cowpox
Entry into Milan
Napoleon entered Milan after the victory at Lodi, strengthening French control of Lombardy during the Italian campaign.
Capture of Venetian Rep
Occupies the Venetian Republic
Invasion of Lombardy
Napoleon conquers Lombardy as far as Mantua then creates the Lombard Republic
Lombard Republic
Founds the Lombard Republic
Siege of Mantua
Drives the Austrians out of Mantua
Constitution of France
Executed for advocating the Constitution of 1793. Death of Francois Noel Babeuf, executed for advocating the Constitution of 1793
Death of Francois Noel Babeuf
Death of Francois Noel Babeuf, executed for advocating the Constitution of 1793
Execution
Executed for advocating the Constitution of 1793
Order of Bath
Is invested as a Knight of the Order of the Bath.
Ambassador to Berlin
Sieyes was appointed French ambassador to Berlin and spent about a year representing the Directory in Prussia.
Plot
A shot is fired at George III in a Drury Lane theater. A failed assassination attempt takes place during a review in Hyde Park
Egypt Expedition Departs Toulon Harbour
Bonaparte's fleet sailed from Toulon with the Army of the Orient. The embarkation returned the port to prominence as the starting point of an ambitious Mediterranean campaign.
Departure from Council of Five Hundred
Tallien left the Council of Five Hundred at the end of his legislative term.
Embarkation for Egypt
Napoleon embarked for Egypt with the Army of the Orient, beginning the expedition intended to challenge British influence in the eastern Mediterranean.
Reballion of Rebels in Wexford
May 23-June 21, a rebellion takes place in Wexford
Reballion of Rebels in Wexford
May 23-June 21, a rebellion takes place in Wexford
Theophilanthropy
La Revelliere-Lepeaux supported Theophilanthropy as a civic religious movement intended to encourage morality outside traditional Catholic institutions.
Toulon Fleet
Loses contact with the French fleet and convoy from Toulon.
Governor
Appointed Governor of Mysore
Death of Fateh Ali Tippu
Tipu Sultan is killed while defending Srirangapatna during the final assault on 4 May 1799.
Siege of Srirangapatna
Tipu Sultan dies fighting during the British-led storming of Srirangapatna.
Siege of Acre
Napoleon decided to abandon the siege of Acre after repeated assaults failed to break the defenders.
Election to Directory
Sieyes returned from Berlin after being chosen to replace Rewbell as a member of the Executive Directory.
Siege of Acre
Napoleon departs from Acre after failing to capture it
Siege of Acre
Napoleon departs from Acre after failing to capture it
Alliance 2nd Coalition
Hears of the formaion of the 2nd Coalition of Austria, Britain & Russia against France
Mechanical Drawing Patent
Continues developing mechanical inventions after arriving in Britain.
Writing and Drawing Machine Patent
Takes out a British patent for a writing and drawing machine.
Plot
James Hadfield fires shots at George III at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane
Plot
James Hadfield fires shots at George III at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane
Viscount Nelson
Is created Viscount Nelson after the Copenhagen victory.
First Consul
Appointed Consul
HMS Victory
Hoists his flag in HMS Victory for Mediterranean command.
Portsmouth Block Mills
A second series of Brunel's machines is installed to manufacture smaller pulley blocks.
Marshal
Appointed Marshal of France
Marshal
Appointed Marshal of the Empire
Marshal
Appointed Marshal of France
Marshal
Appointed Marshal of the Empire
West Indies Cruise
Reaches Martinique but fails to draw Nelson into decisive action.
Wali of Egypt
Is recognized as Wali after Cairo's political leaders demand his appointment.
Coronation
Crowned in Milan
Abdication
Steps down in favor of Mustapha IV. Carrys out reforms but the military Janissaries & reactionary "Ulema" Council remain
Arrest of Selim III
Arrested by the Jannissaries
Election
Palmerston stood again for the Cambridge seat in May but he lost by three votes after he advised his supporters to vote for the other Tory candidate in the two-member constituency so as to ensure a Tory was elected
Election
Palmerston enters Parliament as Tory MP for the pocket borough of Newport on the Isle of Wight
Member of Parliament
Palmerston enters Parliament as Tory MP for the pocket borough of Newport on the Isle of Wight
Abdication
Abdicates in favour of Joseph Bonaparte
Reballion of Rebels in Madrid
Suppresses the rebellion in Madrid
Constitution of Spain
18 Supreme Governing Juntas are established in the provinces ruling in the name of Ferdinand VII
Abdication
Ferdinand VII is forced to abdicate by Napoleon. Abdication of his father, Charles IV. 18 Supreme Governing Juntas are established in the provinces ruling in the name of Ferdinand VII
Supreme Governing Juntas
18 Supreme Governing Juntas are established in the provinces ruling in the name of Ferdinand VII
Floating Harbour Completed
Jessop's Floating Harbour works improve Bristol's port.
Battle of Oporto
Defeated by the Duke of Wellington
Battle of Oporto
Soult is driven out of Portugal by Wellington
Invasion of Bavaria
Takes up residence at Schonbrunn
Siege of Vienna
Napoleon threatens to besiege Vienna
Battle of Oporto
Makes a surprise attack across the River Douro & drives the French from Oporto
Invasion of Austria
Napoleon crosses the Danube, 6 miles south of Vienna
Battle of Aspern
The Archduke drives Napoleon back across the Danube & prevents him attacking Vienna
Battle of Aspern
The Archduke drives Napoleon back across the Danube & prevents him attacking Vienna
Chuquisaca Revolution
The Chuquisaca uprising begins the independence crisis in Upper Peru
Invasion of Austria
Napoleon chooses Albern to cross the Danube, 6 miles south of Vienna
May Revolution Response
Rejects pressure from Buenos Aires after the May Revolution.
US passes the Non-Intercourse Act against British commerce
The US passes the Non-Intercourse Act against British commerce
Battle of Fuentes dOnoro
Defeated in battle by Wellington during the siege of the fortress of Ciudad Rodrigo
Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo
Defeated in battle by Wellington during the siege of the fortress of Ciudad Rodrigo
Battle of Fuentes dOnoro
Defeats Massena
Siege of Fuentes dOnoro
Defeats Massena
Siege of Almeida
Almeida fortress suerrenders
Independence of Paraguay
Participates in the movement that establishes Paraguayan independence.
Independence of Paraguay
Helps lead the May 1811 uprising against Spanish colonial authority.
Independence of Paraguay
Paraguayan revolutionaries declare independence from Spanish rule during Ferdinand VII's disputed reign.
Independence of Spain
Paraguayan revolutionaries declare independence from Spanish rule during Ferdinand VII's disputed reign.
Battle of Albuhera
Wellington defeats the French under Nicolas Soult
Battle of Albuhera
Beresfords Allied army defeats the French
Battle of Albuhera
Wellington defeats the French under Marshal Nicolas Soult. The French are unable to relieve the siege of Badajoz after defeat at Albuhera
Siege of Albuhera
Wellington defeats the French under Nicolas Soult
Siege of Badajoz
The French are unable to relieve the siege of Badajoz after defeat at Albuhera
Captain
Spaniards under Blakes command successfully hold the allied flank against the strongest French infantry attack of the war, earning him promotion to Captain General
Battle of Albuhera
Blake fights the French at Albuera alongside William Beresfords Anglo-Portuguese army
Battle of Albuhera
Spaniards under Blakes command successfully hold the allied flank against the strongest French infantry attack of the war, earning him promotion to Captain General
Captain
Spaniards under Blakes command successfully hold the allied flank against the strongest French infantry attack of the war, earning him promotion to Captain General
Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo
Sent with a force of 45,000 troops to relieve Ciudad Rodrigo
Invasion of Russia
Leaves France for the Russian campaign
Arrest of John Bellingham
Arrests John Bellinigham for the assassination of Spencer Perceval
Assassination of Spencer Perceval
Advises John Bellinigham to petition Spencer Perceval for compensation
Assassination of Spencer Perceval
Shoots Prime Minister Spencer Perceval in the lobby of the House of Commons
Assassination of Spencer Perceval
Shot in the lobby of the Commons by John Bellinigham who blames him for his bankruptcy
Death of Spencer Perceval
Death of Spencer Perceval, assassinated
Treaty of Bucharest
The Treaty of Bucharest ends war with the Ottoman Empire and transfers Bessarabia to Russia.
Trial
Tried & hanged for the murder of Spencer Perceval
Trial
Tries John Bellingham for the murder of Spencer Perceval
Battle of Leipzig
The Confederation dissolves after Napoleon's defeat at Leipzig. Reinforcements fail to arrive & the Saxons change sides. Napoleon flees into the city having lost 60,000 men
Siege of Halle
Storms Halle
Battle of Lรผtzen
Alexander accompanies the allied campaign as Napoleon defeats Russian and Prussian forces at Lรผtzen.
Siege of Torgau
The fall of Torgau
Capture of Madrid
Forces Napoleon's forces to the Ebro River where they are defeated at Vittorio. Captures Madrid
Battle of Bautzen
Helps Napoleon defeat a combinec force of Prussians & Russians
Battle of Bautzen
Helps Napoleon defeat a combinec force of Prussians & Russians
Battle of Bautzen
Wishes to inflict a defeat on Prussia for deserting his cause. Follows Napoleon's capture of Dresden
Battle of Lutzen
Wittgenstein is allowed to retreat because of Neys late attack. The Russians & Prussians are driven from the east bank of the Spree. The French lose 25,000 to the Allies 11,000. Napoleon's Army of 110,000 defeat the Allied Army of 73,000. Napoleon breaks through Wittgensteins centre. A technical victory because Wittgenstein retreats into Silesia
Battle of Bautzen
Wittgenstein is allowed to retreat because of Neys late attack. The Russians & Prussians are driven from the east bank of the Spree
Battle of Bautzen
Leads the Prussian troops under Russian command during the War of Liberation
Battle of Lutzen
Leads the Prussian troops under Russian command during the War of Liberation
Battle of Bautzen
Russian and Prussian armies fight Napoleon at Bautzen before withdrawing in good order.
Birth of Richard Wagner
Birth of Richard Wagner
Siege of Salamanca
Triumphantly enters Salamanca
Battle of Vitoria
Arrives at Miranda do Douro in an effort to outflank the French
Siege of Hamburg
1st day of the siege of Hamburg
Battle of Lastaguanes
Defeats a Spanish force
Invasion of Venezuela
Raises a volunteer army & invades Venezuela
Peerage
Created Duke of Wellington
Exile of Napoleon I
Granted 2 million francs annually, keeps his Imperial title
Death of Napoleon I
Death of Josephine
Rule of Alsace
Under the Treaty of Paris France can keep Alsace
Rule of Alsace
Under the Treaty of Paris France keeps control over parts of Belgium, Savoy, Alsace & the Rhineland
Rule of Avignon
Under the Treaty of Paris France keeps control over Papal Avignon and Salm
Rule of Belgium
Under the Treaty of Paris France keeps control over parts of Belgium, Savoy, Alsace & the Rhineland
Rule of Rhineland, The
Under the Treaty of Paris France keeps control over parts of Belgium, Savoy, Alsace & the Rhineland
Rule of Salm
Under the Treaty of Paris France keeps control over Papal Avignon and Salm
Rule of Savoy
Under the Treaty of Paris France can keep Savoy
Rule of Savoy
Under the Treaty of Paris France keeps control over parts of Belgium, Savoy, Alsace & the Rhineland
Treaty of Paris
Talleyrand signs the Treaty of Paris which are generous to France
Treaty of Paris
The Treaty of Paris calls for a Congress in Vienna to "preserve the balance of power in Europe"
Treaty of Paris
Under the Treaty of Paris France keeps control over Papal Avignon and Salm
Treaty of Paris
Under the Treaty of Paris France keeps control over parts of Belgium, Savoy, Alsace & the Rhineland
Treaty of Paris
Under the Treaty of Paris France returns to it's 1792 frontiers and does not need to pay any indemnities
Treaty of Paris
Under the Treaty of Paris Holland is given Belgium & Norway, Northern Italy is shared out by Austria & Piedmont
Treaty of Paris
Russia joins the victorious allies in the First Treaty of Paris after Napoleon's abdication.
Battle of Carabobo
Bolivar defeats a Spanish force under Jose Tomas Boves
Battle of Carabobo
Bolivar defeats a Spanish force under Jose Tomas Boves
Arrest of Marechal Joachim Murat
Captured at the Battle of Tolentino
Battle of Tolentino
Defeated by the Austrian Army while trying to capture the Italian throne. Captured at the Battle of Tolentino & executed
Congress of Cariaco
Patriot representatives met at Cariaco and attempted to restore a federal republican government.
Birth of Karl Marx
Karl Heinrich Marx is born in Trier to lawyer Heinrich Marx and Henriette Pressburg.
Birth of Victoria
Birth of Victoria, to Edward Duke of Kent & Mary daughter of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg
Birth of Florence Nightingale
Birth of Florence Nightingale
Gold Convertibility Restored
The Bank of England resumes unrestricted convertibility at the pre-war parity, completing Britain's return to the gold standard after the Restriction Period.
Gold Convertibility
The Bank of England resumes full gold convertibility after the Restriction Period.
Death of Napoleon I
Death of Napoleon I
Battle of Gravia Inn
Androutsos delays Ottoman advance in a defensive stand at Gravia Inn
Invention of Printing Press
Samuel Rust of New York City patents the 1st practical printing press built in the USA
Debt
Financial losses and unpaid obligations lead to Brunel's imprisonment for debt in the King's Bench Prison.
Ottoman Counteroffensive
Mahmud II orders Ottoman forces to suppress the revolt in Moldavia and Wallachia
Birth of John Russell Hind
Birth of John Russell Hind
Battle of Maniaki
Ibrahim defeats Greek forces at Maniaki during his Peloponnesian campaign
Battle of Maniaki
Papaflessas dies fighting Ibrahim Pasha's Egyptian forces at Maniaki
Released to Command
Kolokotronis is released from imprisonment to organize resistance against Ibrahim
Massacre
A corps loyal to Mahmud lay siege to Janissaries barracks & masacre 6,000-10,000
Reballion of Janissaries
Janissaries rebel after Mahmud orders a new corps to replace them
Troezen Constitution Adopted
The Assembly adopts a liberal constitution based on popular sovereignty.
Battle of Phaleron
Cochrane supports operations to relieve the Acropolis of Athens
Battle of Phaleron
Church commands Greek land forces during the failed attempt to relieve Athens
President of Chile
Assumes the presidency during the liberal constitutional period.
Thames Tunnel
The River Thames breaks into the tunnel and Brunel helps evacuate the workers before directing repairs to the breach.
Tunnel Flood
The River Thames breaks into the workings and Brunel directs efforts to save the tunnel and repair the breach.
Legislation
The Test & Corporation Acts dating from Charles II are repealed. Acts of indemnity are passed annually
Reform of Religious Tests
The Test & Corporation Acts dating from Charles II are repealed
Tariff of 1828
Adams signs a protective tariff that provokes strong opposition in the agricultural South.
Capture of Braila
The Russian Commander in Chief, Prince Peter Wittgenstein, moves into Wallachia and captures Braila and captures Bucharest without difficulty
Capture of Bucharest
The Russian Commander in Chief, Prince Peter Wittgenstein, moves into Wallachia and captures Braila and captures Bucharest without difficulty
Invasion of Wallachia
The Russian Commander in Chief, Prince Peter Wittgenstein, moves into Wallachia and captures Braila and captures Bucharest without difficulty
Siege of Silistra
60,000 soldiers led by Field Marshall Diebitsch cross the Danube and resume the siege of Silistra
President of Bolivia
Santa Cruz is sworn in as President of Bolivia.
Stabilisation
Santa Cruz begins a presidency that restores administrative order and central state authority.
Battle of Kulevicha
The Sultan sent a 40,000-strong contingent to the relief of Varna, but the latter was annihilated by Diebitsch in the Battle of Kulevicha
Siege of Varna
The Sultan sent a 40,000-strong contingent to the relief of Varna, but the latter was annihilated by Diebitsch in the Battle of Kulevicha
Birth of Guido Gezelle
Guido Gezelle is born in Bruges and later becomes a major Flemish poet.
Departure from Bogota
Leaves Bogota intending to travel into exile after resigning from political leadership.
Congress of Valencia
Leads the new Venezuelan government as the Congress of Valencia assembles to establish a separate republic.
Treaty of Commerce and Navigation
The United States signs a commerce and navigation treaty with the Ottoman Empire.
Separation of Ecuador from Gran Colombia
Leads Ecuador as it separates from Gran Colombia and establishes a new state.
Death of Joseph Fourier
Joseph Fourier dies after major contributions to mathematical physics and analysis.
Birth of Hector Malot
Hector Malot is born in Normandy and later becomes a French novelist.
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
Oversees opening of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad line to Ellicott's Mills.
Maysville Road Veto
Vetoes federal funding for the Maysville Road project in Kentucky.
Indian Removal Act
Signs the Indian Removal Act authorizing removal treaties with Indigenous nations east of the Mississippi.
Reform of Native Removal
The Indian Removal Act removes Indians to lands west of the Mississippi
Preemption Act of 1830
Signs the Preemption Act allowing qualifying settlers to buy public land at the minimum federal price.
Resignation from Presidency
Resigns political authority in Gran Colombia amid the federation's collapse.
Independence of Belgium
Agrees to Leopolds demands that Luxemburg should become part of Belgium
Independence of Great Britain
Agrees to Leopolds demands that Luxemburg should become part of Belgium
King Selected
Great powers select Otto of Bavaria as king of the new Greek state
Reform of Parliament
Grey and Henry Brougham meet the king and ask him to create a large number of Wigg peers in order to get the Reform Bill passed in the House of Lords, William IV refuses
Reform of Parliament
Reform Bill, 3rd, a Lords amendment seeks to safeguard pocket boroughs
Reform of Parliament
Lord Greys Government resigns and William IV now ask the leader of the Tories, the Duke of Wellington, to form a new Government. Grey and Henry Brougham meet the king and ask him to create a large number of Wigg peers in order to get the Reform Bill passed in the House of Lords, William IV refuses
Resignation of Charles Grey
Lord Greys Government resigns and William IV now ask the leader of the Tories, the Duke of Wellington, to form a new Government
Resignation of Charles Grey
Offers William IV his resignation his refusal to create peers to pass the Reform Bill
Treaty of Paynes Landing
Seminole Chiefs cede land in Florida & agree to move west of the Mississippi River
Independence of Greece
Greece (Hellas) is recognised as a free country from the Ottoman Empire
Rule of Greece
As a result of years of negotiation, Greece is finally recognized as an independent nation in May 1832
Independence of Greece
Greece (Hellas) is recognised as a free country from the Ottoman Empire
Independence of Turkey
Greece (Hellas) is recognised as a free country from the Ottoman Empire
A Treaty
A Treaty of trade & peace is signed with Chile
Constitution of USA
The Democratic Republican Party becomes the Democratic Party during its 1st convention
Convention
The Democratic Republican Party becomes the Democratic Party during its 1st convention
Reform of Political Parties
The Democratic Republican Party becomes the Democratic Party during its 1st convention
President of USA
Wins the Democrat Vice Presidential Nomination
Election
Wins the Democratic Presidential Nomination
Rule of Greece
As a result of years of negotiation, Greece is finally recognized as an independent nation in May 1832
Convention
Halts hostilities, Egypt is allowed to have sovereignty over Syria & Cilicia
Rule of Cilicia
Under the Convention of Kutahya Egypt is allowed to have sovereignty over Cilicia
Rule of Syria
Under the Convention of Kutahya Egypt is allowed to have sovereignty over Syria
Convention
Halts hostilities, Egypt is allowed to have sovereignty over Syria & Cilicia
Constitution of 1833
Promulgates the long-lasting Constitution of 1833.
Invasion of Samos
The Turkish Admiral Hassan Bey landed troops at Vathy
Invasion of Samos
The Turkish Admiral Hassan Bey landed troops at Vathy
Brussels-Mechelen Railway
Opens the public railway between Brussels and Mechelen.
First Continental Public Railway
Inaugurates the first steam passenger railway on continental Europe.
Engagement
Brunel proposes marriage to Mary Elizabeth Horsley during a family walk in London.
Constitution of Bolivia
Delegates at Tacna approve the confederation's Basic Law under Santa Cruz's direction.
Peru-Bolivian Confederation
The Tacna congress establishes the institutional structure of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation.
Constitution of Bolivia
Santa Cruz receives constitutional authority as Supreme Protector of the confederation.
Rule of Peru
Santa Cruz gains extensive executive authority over the confederated Peruvian states.
Supreme Protector
The Tacna pact grants Santa Cruz a ten-year term as Supreme Protector.
Panic of 1837
Bank suspensions and collapsing credit begin a severe national economic depression.
Battle of Huesca
Commands Liberal forces against the Carlist Royal Expedition near Huesca.
Liberal Defeat at Huesca
Withdraws after the Carlists defeat his army outside the city.
Recognition of Algerian Authority
Gains recognition of his authority across large areas of western Algeria.
Treaty of Tafna
Signs the Treaty of Tafna with French General Bugeaud.
Demands payment to bondholders, suggests revenue from the Spanish colony of Cuba
Demands payment to bondholders, suggests revenue from the Spanish colony of Cuba
Birth of John Wilkes Booth
Birth of John Wilkes Booth
Death of Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord
Death of Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord
Ross Antarctic Expedition Begins
Crozier commands HMS Terror during James Clark Ross's Antarctic expedition, undertaking extensive magnetic, oceanographic and geographical exploration.
Leaves Russia on his way to London
Leaves Russia on his way to London
Gladstone lambasts Palmerston's Opium War and said that he felt in dread
Gladstone lambasts "Palmerston's Opium War" and said that he felt "in dread of the judgments of God upon England for our national iniquity towards China"
The Question of Centralisation in Itself
Publishes an article examining political centralisation and local autonomy in the Rheinische Zeitung.
Diplomatic Mission
Informs the British Ambassador that Nicholas I is on his way to London
Patent
Perry patents the gasoline engine
Franklin Expedition Departure
Crozier sails as captain of HMS Terror and second-in-command of Franklin's expedition seeking the remaining navigable link through the Northwest Passage.
Siege of Fort Texas
Brown commands Fort Texas during the Mexican bombardment before dying from wounds
Battle of Palo Alto
Arista is defeated by Taylor at the Battle of Palo Alto
Battle of Palo Alto
Defeats Mexican forces
Battle of Palo Alto
Taylor defeats Mexican forces at Palo Alto in the first major battle of the war
Battle of Resaca de la Palma
Arista's army is defeated and retreats after the Battle of Resaca de la Palma
Battle of Resaca de la Palma
Defeats Mexican forces
Battle of Resaca de la Palma
Taylor defeats Arista at Resaca de la Palma and secures the lower Rio Grande
Relief of Fort Texas
Taylor relieves Fort Texas after victories at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma
Declaration of War
Paredes presides over Mexico as war with the United States begins
Exile of Napoleon III
Escapes from Ham to London
Corn Law
The 3rd reading of the Corn Law Repeal Bill
Reform of Corn Laws
The 3rd reading of the Corn Law Repeal Bill
Corn Law
The Corn Law Repeal Bill passes through Parliament
Legislation
The Corn Law Repeal Bill passes through Parliament
Reform of Parliament
The Corn Law Repeal Bill passes through Parliament
Exeter-Teignmouth Steam Service Opens
The first South Devon section opens with conventional locomotives while the atmospheric equipment is still being installed.
Siege of Kote Kangra
Chief Engineer at the reduction of the fortress of Kote Kangra in the Punjab by Brigadier General Wheeler
Birth of William James Pirrie
William James Pirrie is born in Quebec to James Alexander Pirrie and Eliza Swan Montgomery.
Slovak National Demands
Helps issue national demands for Slovak rights.
President of Germany
Appointed President of the Frankfurt Parliament
President of Switzerland
Appointed President of the Diet, 2nd term
Committee of Public Safety
The Committee of Public Safety rules Vienna
Demonstrations
The Court flees to Innsbruck. The Committee of Public Safety rules Vienna
Demonstrations
Students demonstrate over the limited franchise
Franchise
Students demonstrate over the limited franchise
Independence of Austria
Croatia declares independence
Independence of Croatia
Croatia declares independence
Battle of Palestrina
Defeats the Neapolitans at Palestrina
Expulsion from Prussia
Prussian authorities order Marx to leave after withdrawing his right of residence.
Suppression of Neue Rheinische Zeitung
The final issue appears in red ink after Prussian authorities order the newspaper closed.
Battle of Velletri
Defeats the Neapolitans at Velletri
Constitution of Germany
The Gagernsche Program is accepted but endless constitutional debate leads to Gagerns resignation
Gagernsche Program
The Gagernsche Program is accepted but endless constitutional debate leads to Gagerns resignation
Resignation of Heinrich Wilhelm August Freiherr von Gagern
Resigns after the King of Prussia refuses his offer to be an elected German Emperor frustrating Gagerns plan for non-revolutionary German unification
Alliance of Three Kings
The Alliance of the Three King's is concluded between Prussia, Saxony and Hanover
Alliance of Three Kings
The Alliance of the Three King's leads to the Erfurt Union which abandons universal and equal franchise in favour of a 3 class franchise
Constitution of Germany
The Alliance of the Three King's leads to the Erfurt Union which abandons universal and equal franchise in favour of a 3 class franchise
Erfurt Union
The Alliance of the Three King's leads to the Erfurt Union which abandons universal and equal franchise in favour of a 3 class franchise
Reballion of down the Hungarian
Appeals to Tsar Nicholas for help in putting down the Hungarian rebellion
Birth of Arthur
Birth of Arthur, 7th child of Victoria & Albert, 2nd in line to the throne
Birth of Arthur
Birth of Arthur, 7th child of Victoria & Albert, 2nd in line to the throne
Birth of Arthur
Birth of Arthur, 7th child of Victoria & Albert, 2nd in line to the throne
Alliance Felix zu Schwarzenburg and King of Wurttemberg and the King of Bavaria
Concludes an alliance with the King of Wurttemberg and the King of Bavaria
Congress of Berlin
Holds a Congress of German Princes
Constitution of Germany
In Prussia a congress of Princes decides against introducing a constitution
Erfurt Union
In Prussia a congress of Princes decides against introducing a constitution
Unifiication of Germany
In Prussia a congress of Princes decides against introducing a constitution
Panama Railroad Construction
Construction begins on the Panama Railroad from the Atlantic terminus at Aspinwall.
Great Exhibition
Designs the Great Exhibition which is opened at Hyde Park, London
Great Exhibition
Prince Albert opens the Great Exhibition showcasing industry, technology and international commerce.
Great Exhibition
Opens the Great Exhibition in the Crystal Palace at Hyde Park, London
Transferred to Dublin
Cullen is transferred from Armagh to Dublin and becomes Archbishop of Dublin while retaining major influence over the Irish hierarchy.
Birth of Max von Gallwitz
Birth of Max von Gallwitz
Industry Exhibition
Opens the art-industry exhibition designed to promote the industry & arts of Ireland
SS Great Eastern
The keel of SS Great Eastern is laid at John Scott Russell's shipyard in Millwall.
Battle of Nigoiti
Defeats an Ottoman force at Nigoiti, opening the way for a Russian advance toward Ozurgeti.
Battle of Nigoiti
Commands Ottoman troops defeated at Nigoiti during the Caucasus campaign.
Commander British Army
Commands the British expeditionary force cooperating with the French army in the eastern theatre.
Capture of Piraeus
Anglo-French forces occupy Piraeus to prevent the Greek fleet from aiding Russia.
Occupation of Piraeus
Supports occupying Piraeus to prevent Greek aid to Russia.
Occupation
Anglo-French forces occupy Piraeus to prevent the Greek Fleet from assisting Russia.
Prime Minister of Greece
Kanaris forms a short-lived government during the Crimean War crisis.
Paddington Station
Brunel's permanent Paddington Station formally opens with a three-span wrought-iron and glazed train shed.
Trafalgar Relief
Completes one of the bronze reliefs on Nelson's Column.
Royal Albert Bridge
Construction begins on Brunel's Royal Albert Bridge across the River Tamar between Devon and Cornwall.
Defence of Silistria
Assists the Ottoman defence of Silistria and helps strengthen its resistance to Russian siege operations.
Defence of Silistria
Enters Silistria with irregular troops and reinforces the garrison during the Russian siege.
Defence of Silistria
Advises the defenders of Silistria and contributes to the successful resistance against the Russian siege.
Withdrawal from Calafat
Ends the unsuccessful Russian attempt to reduce the Ottoman position at Calafat.
Siege of Silistria
Directs important Russian engineering work during the siege of Silistria and is fatally wounded.
Siege of Silistria
Besieges Silistria on the Danube.
Calafat Defence
Retains the Calafat bridgehead after Russian forces abandon their prolonged effort against it.
French Command
Replaces Canrobert as commander of French forces in Crimea.
Resignation of Francois Certain Canrobert
Resigns command after disputes over operational direction.
Capture of Kerch
Clears the Sea of Azov and severs Russian communications with the interior.
Capture of Kerch
Takes Kerch and threatens Russian supply through the Sea of Azov.
Sea of Azov
Supports operations disrupting Russian supplies through the Sea of Azov.
Capture of Kerch
Takes part in the Allied seizure of Kerch that opens the Sea of Azov to naval operations.
Attack on Fort Arabat
Commands HMS Miranda during the Allied attack on Fort Arabat at the entrance to the Sea of Azov.
Genitchi Stores Raid
Helps fire Russian supply stores at Genitchi while Cossacks threaten the landing party.
Genitchi Stores Raid
Lands under fire and helps destroy Russian stores and vessels supplying the Crimean army.
Genitchi Stores Raid
Joins a hazardous landing party that burns Russian stores at Genitchi.
Sea of Azov Campaign
Supports French participation in the Allied naval campaign against Russian supply ports in the Sea of Azov.
Sardinian Expedition
Commands Sardinian troops in Crimea.
Sardinian Expedition
Arrives in Crimea to command a Sardinian division during the Allied campaign.
Birth of Sigmund Freud
Birth of Sigmund Freud
Prime Minister of New Zealand
Appointed Prime Minister of New Zealand, 1st term, Government lasts 12 days
Birth of Sackville Hamilton Carden
Birth of Sackville Hamilton Carden
Reballion of Rebels in Meerut
Oubreak of the Indian Mutinty
Sepoy Mutiny
Bahadur Shah II becomes the symbolic head of the Delhi rebellion after mutinous sepoys enter the city.
Reballion of Bahadur Shah II
Rebel sepoys enter Delhi and recognize Bahadur Shah II as the symbolic emperor of the uprising.
First Hall Government
Begins the First Hall Government in Copenhagen and serves as Council President of Denmark.
Andrรฆ Government
The Andrรฆ Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Council President of Denmark.
Battle of Koonch
Tatya Tope fights British forces at Koonch during the rebel campaign in Bundelkhand.
Battle of Kalpi
Rani Lakshmibai fights alongside other rebel forces at Kalpi before retreating toward Gwalior.
Resistance at Shahjahanpur
Ahmadullah Shah continues armed resistance around Shahjahanpur after the British recapture of Lucknow.
Royal Albert Bridge
Prince Albert formally opens the Royal Albert Bridge, although illness prevents Brunel from attending.
Declaration of War
France declares war Austria
Declaration of War
France declares war Austria
Siege of Milan
French victory at Magenta is followed by the French liberation of Milan
Royal Albert Bridge
Public railway services begin across the Royal Albert Bridge as the Cornwall Railway opens through Saltash.
Reichstag
The Liberals have a majority in the Landtag & William dissolves it
Birth of Pierre Curie
Birth of Pierre Curie in Paris.
Birth of Arthur Conan Doyle
Birth of Arthur Conan Doyle
Franklin Expedition Remains Found
McClintock finds human remains and abandoned equipment during his search of King William Island, adding important evidence about Franklin's lost expedition.
Battle of Varese
Wins a victory over the Austrians
Marshal
Appointed Marshal after the Battle of Magenta
Peerage
Created Duke of Magenta, after the Battle of Magenta
Franklin Record Recovered
McClintock's expedition recovers the written record left by Franklin's officers, providing the first authoritative account of the ships' abandonment.
Hartford Speech
Lincoln addresses Hartford Republicans before the presidential campaign
Pre Election Campaign
Lincoln remains in Springfield on the eve of the presidential election
Burial
Death of Mikhail Dmitrievich and is buried, in accordance with his own wish, at Sevastopol
Death of Mikhail Dmitrievich
Death of Mikhail Dmitrievich and is buried, in accordance with his own wish, at Sevastopol
Attorney General
Lincoln appoints Edward Bates as Attorney General
Cabinet Formation
Lincoln forms his first cabinet after taking office
Interior Appointment
Lincoln appoints Caleb B Smith as Secretary of the Interior
Postmaster Appointment
Lincoln appoints Montgomery Blair as Postmaster General
Treasury Appointment
Lincoln appoints Salmon P Chase as Secretary of the Treasury
President of Bolivia
Acha begins serving as constitutional President of Bolivia.
Federal Income Tax
Revenue Act introduces the first federal income tax in United States history
Revenue Act
Lincoln signs the Revenue Act creating new federal revenue measures
Battle of Chanceville
Killed at the Battle of Chancellorsville by one of his own soldiers in the confusion. Helps defeat Unionists under General Hooker
Death of Thomas Jonathan Stonewall Jackson
Killed at the Battle of Chancellorsville by one of his own soldiers in the confusion
English Press and the Fall of New Orleans
Publishes an article examining British press reaction to the Union capture of New Orleans.
Homestead Act
The Homestead Act offers public land to settlers who improve and occupy it.
Death of Thomas Jonathan Stonewall Jackson
Accidentally killed by one of his soldiers bullets
Siege of Vicksburg
Takes command of the siege. A Confederate communications centre 235 miles North of New Orleans
Siege of Vicksburg
Fails for a 2nd time to capture Vicksburg, Grant takes personal command of the siege
Capture of Herat
Dost Mohammad captures Herat and reunifies most of Afghanistan under his government.
May Coup
Cuza dissolves the assembly and strengthens executive authority through a plebiscitary settlement.
Franchise
Supports a wider franchise despite warnings by Palmerston not to commit the Government
Franchise
Supports a wider franchise to include the northern towns
Reform of Electoral System
Supports a wider franchise to include the northern towns. Supports a wider franchise despite warnings by Palmerston not to commit the Government
Death of James Ewell Brown Stewart
Death of James Ewell Brown, killed in battle
Siege of Richmond
Killed in battle as the Confederates are driven from Richmond
Conference of London
The Conference of London leads to a ceasefire, which soon breaks down, as as there is not an agreement on territorial oundaries
Conference of London
The Conference of London leads to a ceasefire, which soon breaks down, as as there is not an agreement on territorial oundaries
Union of Ionian Islands
The government incorporates the Ionian Islands into the Kingdom of Greece.
Statute Expanding the Paris Convention
Cuza introduces a constitutional statute creating a Senate and strengthening the executive.
Treaty of the Triple Alliance
Aligns Uruguay with Brazil and Argentina against Paraguay in the War of the Triple Alliance.
Address to President Andrew Johnson
Drafts an International address to United States President Andrew Johnson after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln.
Arrest of Jefferson Davis
Captures the defeated Confederates President Jefferson Davis
Arrest of Jefferson Davis
Captured by the Union cavalry led by Benjamin Pritchard
Declaration of Amnesty
Officially ends the civil war
War Effort
Commits Brazil to the alliance against Paraguay.
A Warning
Issues A Warning in connection with organisational disputes inside the International Workingmen's Association.
Overend Gurney Assistance Refused
Henry Holland refuses emergency assistance to Overend Gurney after an examination concludes that the discount house is insolvent.
Birth of Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Birth of Gopal Krishna Gokhale, one of the founding social and political leaders during the Indian Independence Movement against the British Empire in India
Bank Charter Act
Suspends the Bank Charter Act & raises the bank rate to 10%, causes panic & depression
Crisis
Suspends the Bank Charter Act & raises the bank rate to 10%, causes panic & depression
Crisis
The Bank of Overend & Gurney fails
Economy of Great Britain
Suspends the Bank Charter Act & raises the bank rate to 10%, causes panic & depression
Arrival of Carol I
Carol arrives in Bucharest to assume the Romanian throne.
Oath as Prince
Carol takes the constitutional oath as ruling prince.
Overend Gurney Crisis
Gladstone authorises emergency liquidity after the collapse of Overend Gurney triggers panic.
Overend Gurney Crisis Liquidity Response
Henry Holland oversees exceptional Bank of England lending during the panic following the failure of Overend Gurney.
Financial Crisis
The Government relaxes statutory note limits to contain the Overend Gurney panic.
Ordination of William Joseph Walsh
Walsh is ordained to the Catholic priesthood after advanced study and begins an academic career closely associated with Maynooth.
Battle of Tuyuti
Commands Paraguay during one of the largest battles in South American history.
Grants rights of primogeniture to Ismail, Khedive of Egypt
Grants rights of primogeniture to Ismail, Khedive of Egypt
Army Mobilization
Roon applies the army reforms and reserve system that accelerate Prussian mobilization.
Mobilization
Wilhelm authorizes preparations that place Prussia's reformed army on a rapid war footing.
Dynamite Patented
Patents dynamite by stabilizing nitroglycerin in an absorbent material.
Safer Nitroglycerin Explosive
Creates a more manageable explosive for construction, mining and engineering.
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary
International and Prussian Protectionist Tariffs
Helps define the International's position on Prussian protectionist tariff policy.
Birth of Nicholas II
Birth of Nicholas II
Dissolution of Parliament
Victoria agrees to dissolve Parliament
Parliament
Liberals unite under Gladstone to disestablish the Anglican Irish Church
Benedetti is told by Bismarck that Leopold had refused the Spanish throne
Benedetti is told by Bismarck that Leopold had refused the Spanish throne
Transcontinental Railroad
Stanford participates in the ceremony linking the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads.
Address to the National Labor Union
Drafts an address from the International to the National Labor Union in the United States.
Manitoba Act
Negotiates protections that help create Manitoba as a province.
Manitoba Act
Oversees passage of the Manitoba Act.
Birth of Jan Christian Smuts
Birth of Jan Christian Smuts
Education
Completes law studies at Christs College
Frijs Government
The Frijs Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Council President of Denmark.
Holstein-Holsteinborg Government
Begins the Holstein-Holsteinborg Government in Copenhagen and serves as Council President of Denmark.
Rule of Alsace-Lorraine
Under the Treaty of Frankfurt Prussia is awarded Alsace-Lorraine
Treaty of Frankfurt
The Treaty of Frankfurt formerly ends the Franco-Prussian War. Germany receives a war Indemnity of 5,000 million francs. Germany keeps Alsace & Lorraine & an army of occupation in France
Rule of Alsace
Under the Treaty of Frankfurt Germany keeps Alsace
Rule of Lorraine
Under the Treaty of Frankfurt Germany keeps Alsace
Treaty of Frankfurt
Germany keeps Alsace & Lorraine. Ends the Franco-Prussian War. A German army of occuption will remain in France until the war indemnity is paid
Death of John Frederick William Herschel
Death of John Frederick William Herschel
Capture of Paris
Captures Paris from the Commune
Birth of Bertrand Russell
Birth of Bertrand Russell
Constitution of Germany
The estate of the Church was confiscated, monastic orders dissolved, and the paragraphs of the Prussian constitution assuring the freedom of the Catholics is removed
Education
Under the May Laws administered by Adalbert Falk, the state begins to monitor the education of clergy closely, creates a secular court for cases involving the clergy, and requires notification of all clergy employment
Kulturkampf
Under the May Laws administered by Adalbert Falk, the state begins to monitor the education of clergy closely, creates a secular court for cases involving the clergy, and requires notification of all clergy employment. The Jesuits are banned (and remained banned in Germany until 1917)
Legislation
Under the May Laws administered by Adalbert Falk, the state begins to monitor the education of clergy closely, creates a secular court for cases involving the clergy, and requires notification of all clergy employment. The Jesuits are banned (and remained banned in Germany until 1917)
May Laws
Under the May Laws administered by Adalbert Falk, the state begins to monitor the education of clergy closely, creates a secular court for cases involving the clergy, and requires notification of all clergy employment
Rangers First Match
Plays in Rangers' first recorded match, a goalless draw with Callander on Glasgow Green.
Scandinavian Monetary Union
Denmark joins Sweden in establishing a shared gold-based krone currency system.
Scandinavian Monetary Union
Sweden enters a monetary union based on a common gold-valued krona.
A military convention between Germany & Russia
A military convention between Germany & Russia
Legislation
Introduces the May Laws subjecting the Clergy to State control
Reform of Church Governance
Introduces the May Laws subjecting the Clergy to State control
North-West Mounted Police
Creates the North-West Mounted Police to police the western territories.
Birth of Leo Baeck
Birth of Leo Baeck
Resignation of Louis Adolphie Thiers
Thiers resigns
Election
Elected President of France
President of France
Appointed President of France
Scandinavian Monetary Union
Denmark joins Sweden in creating the Scandinavian Monetary Union, replacing the former monetary unit with a gold-defined krone equal in value to the Swedish krona.
Gold Standard and Krona
Sweden adopts the gold standard and the krona within the Scandinavian Monetary Union, defining the new currency by a fixed quantity of gold.
Kulturkampf
Under the May Laws of 1873 administered by Adalbert Falk, the state began to supervise the education of clergy closely, created a secular court for cases involving the clergy, and required notification of all clergy employment
Legislation
Under the May Laws of 1873 administered by Adalbert Falk, the state began to supervise the education of clergy closely, created a secular court for cases involving the clergy, and required notification of all clergy employment
May Laws
Under the May Laws of 1873 administered by Adalbert Falk, the state began to supervise the education of clergy closely, created a secular court for cases involving the clergy, and required notification of all clergy employment
Legislation
Further May Laws against the Ultramontane clergy provoking Pius IX to annul them
Resignation of Marco Minghetti
Minghetti resigns from office but the King refuses to accept
Constitution of Venezuela
A new constitution reduced the presidential term and revised the federal political structure.
Civil Rights
Graduates with a degree in Civil Rights and Canonical Law
Education
Graduates with a degree in Civil Rights and Canonical Law
Constitution of Germany
The Congregations Law of 1875 abolishes religious orders, stops state subsidies to the Catholic Church, and removes religious protections from the Prussian constitution
Kulturkampf
The Congregations Law of 1875 abolishes religious orders, stops state subsidies to the Catholic Church, and removes religious protections from the Prussian constitution
Critique of the Gotha Programme
Marx writes critical marginal notes on the proposed programme of German social democracy.
Caisse de la Dette
Accepts an international debt commission supervising Egyptian revenues.
Sovereignty
Accepts the Caisse de la Dette, increasing European supervision over Egyptian finances.
Military Coup
Daza overthrows Frias and establishes a military government.
Declaration of Independence
Kogalniceanu proclaims Romania's independence before the Chamber of Deputies.
Independence Confirmed
Carol sanctions Parliament's declaration of Romanian independence.
Birth of Sadao Araki
Birth of Sadao Araki
Prime Minister of South Africa
Appointed Prime Minister of the Cape Colony, 1st term
Birth of Gustav Streseman
Birth of Gustav Streseman, son of an innkeeper
Appointed Bishop of Raphoe
Logue is appointed Bishop of Raphoe and begins an episcopal ministry that includes major efforts to relieve local hardship.
Treaty of Gandamak
Yaqub Khan signs the Treaty of Gandamak, accepting British control over Afghan foreign relations.
Battle of Tacna
Bolivian and Peruvian forces are defeated by Chile at the Battle of Tacna
Prime Minister of South Africa
Appointed Prime Minister of the Cape Colony
Coronation of Carol I
Is crowned King of Romania in Bucharest.
Coronation
Carol and Queen Elisabeth are crowned as Romania's first royal couple.
Steel Crown Coronation
Wears a steel crown made from a captured Ottoman cannon.
French Protectorate over Tunisia
The treaty establishes French control over Tunisian foreign affairs.
Treaty of Bardo
His government imposes the Treaty of Bardo on Tunisia.
Manifesto
"..the voice of God commands us to stand bravely at the helm of the state"
First Electric Tram
Opens an electric railway at Lichterfelde near Berlin.
Lichterfelde Electric Railway
The line becomes the world's first electric tramway.
Ignatyev Joins Alexander III Government
Takes office as the government adopts a more conservative direction.
Interior Ministry Appointment
Becomes Minister of the Interior under Alexander III.
Autocratic Rule Affirmed
Rejects expectations of constitutional reform after his father's assassination.
Manifesto of Unshakable Autocracy
Issues a manifesto affirming the principle of autocratic rule.
Gladstone-Parnell Accommodation
The agreement links land-arrears concessions with political cooperation.
Kilmainham Agreement
Reaches the political accommodation known as the Kilmainham Treaty.
Parnell Released from Prison
His release follows the political settlement negotiated with Gladstone.
Release from Kilmainham
Is released from Kilmainham Gaol.
Birth of Wilhelm
Birth of Wilhelm
Death of Lord Frederick Cavendish
Irish National Invincibles kill Cavendish and Thomas Henry Burke.
Phoenix Park Assassination
Is murdered in Phoenix Park on the day he reaches Dublin.
Chinese Exclusion Act
Signs the Chinese Exclusion Act into law.
Chinese Labour Immigration Suspended
Federal law suspends immigration of Chinese labourers for ten years.
Birth of Muhammad Mossadeq
Birth of Muhammad Mossadeq
German Alliance System Expanded
Bismarck expands Germany's network of defensive alliances.
Triple Alliance Concluded
Germany concludes the Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy.
Italy Joins Triple Alliance
Umberto's kingdom joins the defensive alliance formed in 1882.
Triple Alliance Signed
Italy enters the Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary.
Birth of Sigrid Undset
Norwegian writer Sigrid Undset is born in Kalundborg, Denmark.
Sigrid Undset Born
The future Nobel literature laureate is born while her parents are in Denmark.
Nova Scotia Premiership
Becomes premier of Nova Scotia.
Thompson Becomes Premier
His brief premiership precedes his later career in federal politics.
Birth of Harry S Truman
Birth of Harry S Truman
Prime Minister of South Africa
Appointed Prime Minister of the Cape Colony
Peace
Peace negotiations break down in Peking
Birth of Ismet Inonu
Birth of Ismet Inonu
North-West Rebellion
Surrenders after defeat at Batoche during the North-West Rebellion.
Death of Victor Hugo
Death of Victor Hugo
1st Daimler
1st Daimler takes to the road
Invention of Automobile
1st Daimler takes to the road
Death of Wilhelm I
Dies in Berlin age 90 & succeeded by his 57 year old son Friedrich Wilhelm
Celtic Inaugural Match Goal
Scores Celtic's second goal in the club's first match, a 5-2 victory over Rangers.
Celtic First Goal
Scores Celtic's first ever goal in the club's inaugural match against Rangers.
Celtic Inaugural Match Hat-Trick
Scores a hat-trick in Celtic's first match against Rangers.
Birth of Gilardo Gilardi
Birth of Gilardo Gilardi
Birth of Igor Sikorsky
Birth of Igor Sikorsky
New Government Building Used
The Ou Raadsaal becomes a central symbol of republican government.
Ou Raadsaal Parliamentary Session
Presides as the Volksraad meets in the new government building.
Birth of Alfred Jodl
Alfred Jodl is born in Wรผrzburg into a Bavarian military family.
Erding Appointment
Is appointed Bezirksamtsassessor at Erding, continuing his rise through the Bavarian civil service.
Birth of Ho Chi Minh
Birth of Ho Chi Minh
Rule of Tanganyika
Cedes land near lake Tanganyika to the British east Africa Co in a private Treaty
Election
Returned for Geestmunde with a large majority
Death of Ion Bratianu
Death of Ion Bratianu
Trans-Siberian Railway
Supports the Trans-Siberian Railway project as a national priority.
Portsmouth Dockyard Superintendency
Fisher becomes Admiral Superintendent of Portsmouth Dockyard.
Vladivostok Railway Ceremony
Authorises Tsarevich Nicholas to inaugurate construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway at Vladivostok.
Birth of Manfred von Richthofen
Birth of Manfred von Richthofen
Peerage
Created Duke of York
Birth of Josip Broz Tito
Birth of Josip Broz Tito
Second Emil Stang Government
Begins the Second Emil Stang Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
First Johannes Steen Government
The First Johannes Steen Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Panic of 1893
Railroad failures and declining gold reserves trigger a severe financial and industrial contraction.
Pullman Strike
Debs leads a railway boycott supporting Pullman workers during a major national labour conflict.
Birth of Jean Renoir
Birth of Jean Renoir
Radio Receiver Demonstration
Demonstrates a radio-wave receiver to the Russian Physical and Chemical Society.
Wireless Signal Detection
The achievement marks wireless signal detection as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Invasion of Cuba
The expedition reaches Dos Rios
Battle of Dos Rios
But the fighting continues with alternating successes and failures until the entry of the United States into the war in 1898.
Battle of Dos Rios
Gomez faces Ximenez de Sandovals troops and orders Marti to stay rearguard, but Marti separates from the bulk of the Cuban forces, and enters the Spanish line.
Battle of Dos Rios
Killed in battle against Spanish troops at the Battle of Dos Rios, near the confluence of the rivers Contramaestre and Cauto.
Battle of Dos Rios
The death of Marti is a blow to the "aspirations of the Cuban rebels,inside and outside of the island.
Death of Jose Juian Marti Perez
Killed in battle against Spanish troops at the Battle of Dos Rios, near the confluence of the rivers Contramaestre and Cauto
Invasion of Cuba
Killed in battle against Spanish troops at the Battle of Dos Rios, near the confluence of the rivers Contramaestre and Cauto
Battle of Dos Rios
Gomez faces Ximenez de Sandovals troops and orders Marti to stay rearguard, but Marti separates from the bulk of the Cuban forces, and enters the Spanish line
Battle of Dos Rios
Gomez faces Ximenez de Sandovals troops and orders Marti to stay rearguard, but Marti separates from the bulk of the Cuban forces, and enters the Spanish line
Birth of Reginal Joseph Mitchell
Birth of Reginal Joseph Mitchell
Invasion of Cuba
The expedition finally takes place
Prime Minister of Canada
Serves briefly as prime minister before the 1896 election.
Marriage
Married for the first time at the Ortakโy Palace to Shahsuvar Bash Kadin Effendi
Hรธrring Government
Begins the Hรธrring Government in Copenhagen and serves as Council President of Denmark.
Reedtz-Thott Government
The Reedtz-Thott Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Council President of Denmark.
Battle of Talana Hill
Buller drives away the Boers from Dundee
Battle of Talana Hill
Buller drives away the Boers from Glencoe
Conference of Hague
The First Hague Peace Conference opened in The Netherlands as 26 nations meet on World Goodwill Day, the destruction or seizure of enemy property with no military value is banned at the convention
First Hague Peace Conference
The First Hague Peace Conference opened in The Netherlands as 26 nations meet on World Goodwill Day, the destruction or seizure of enemy property with no military value is banned at the convention
Bloemfontein Conference
Fails to settle the franchise dispute with Kruger.
Bloemfontein Conference
Resists British demands over uitlander rights.
Birth of Luang Privi
Birth of Luang Privi
Capture during Mafeking Attack
Hore is captured during Eloff's penetration of Mafeking before the attacking Boer force is itself surrounded.
Repulse of Eloff's Attack
Baden-Powell's garrison contains Eloff's assault and forces the isolated Boer raiders to surrender.
Siege of Kroonstad
Roberts reaches Kroonstad
Attack on Mafeking
Eloff leads a bold assault into Mafeking and penetrates part of the defended town.
Capture at Mafeking
Eloff's raiding force is isolated inside Mafeking and he is compelled to surrender to the defenders.
London to Ladysmith via Pretoria
Takes part in operations around the siege and relief of Ladysmith.
Siege of Mafeking
Mafeking is besieged until British relief arrives in May 1900.
Relief of Mafeking
Helps raise the siege of Mafeking.
Relief of Mafeking
Baden-Powell's garrison is relieved after holding Mafeking throughout the longest siege of the war.
Relief of Mafeking
Leads the column relieving Mafeking.
Birth of Ruhollah Khomeini
Birth of Ruhollah Khomeini
Reballion of Rebels in Beijing
Foreign diplomats call on China to suppreess anti-foreigner activities of the Boxers
Siege of Peking
Foreign diplomats call on China to suppreess anti-foreigner activities of the Boxers
Capture of Orange Free State
British forces occupy the Orange Free State and rename it the Orange River Colony.
Rule of Orange River Colonylony
British forces occupy the Orange Free State and rename it the Orange River Colony.
Battle of Doornkop
Hamilton leads British forces in the action at Doornkop during Roberts's advance toward Johannesburg.
Battle of Doornkop
De la Rey's Boer forces resist Hamilton's advance at Doornkop before withdrawing from the position.
Flight from Pretoria
Leaves Pretoria before the British advance.
Government Leaves Pretoria
Leaves Pretoria ahead of the British advance.
Kruger Evacuates Capital
The republican government relocates as Roberts approaches the capital.
Capture of Johannesburg
Johannesburg falls to the British
Occupation of the Rand
British troops occupy the Rand
Siege of Johannesburg
British troops occupy Johannesburg
Siege of Pretoria
British troops enter Pretoria during Roberts's advance.
Capture of Johannesburg
British troops occupy Johannesburg.
Boxer Mobilization
Organises Boxer groups around Tianjin.
Boxer Policy
The court moves toward open support for anti-foreign forces.
Court Divisions
Warns against war with all foreign powers.
Pro-Boxer Faction
Backs the court faction favouring the Boxers.
Reballion of their standard of
The Boxers raise their standard of revolt on the railway line to Hankow
Siege of Peking
Boxers march with the slogan, "death & destruction to the foreigner & all his works"
The Boxers
The Boxers raise their standard of revolt on the railway line to Hankow
Kansu Army
Brings Muslim troops into Beijing to oppose foreigners.
Pretoria Advance Staff Work
Coordinates staff and logistical arrangements during the British advance toward Pretoria.
Action at Brakpan
Bell covers the withdrawal of dismounted men under close Boer fire and later receives the Victoria Cross for his actions.
Independence of Cuba
Cuba gains independence from Spain, the US withdraws its troops
Independence of United States of America
Cuba gains independence from Spain, the US withdraws its troops
D'Arcy Oil Concession Signed
Receives a sixty-year concession granting extensive rights to explore, produce, transport and market Persian petroleum.
Northern Provinces Excluded from Concession
Accepts exclusion of five northern Persian provinces from the concession to reduce conflict with Russian interests.
Persian Royalty Terms Agreed
Agrees cash, share and sixteen-percent profit terms with the Persian government under the oil concession.
Battle of Vlakfontein
Dixon reorganizes his force after the Boer charge at Vlakfontein and recovers the captured guns.
Battle of Vlakfontein
Armstrong is killed during the intense fighting between Dixon's column and Boer commandos at Vlakfontein.
Battle of Vlakfontein
Kemp leads Boer fighters in the assault on the British rearguard at Vlakfontein.
Battle of Vlakfontein
De la Rey's commandos attack Dixon's column at Vlakfontein and temporarily capture British guns during the fighting.
HMS Immortalitรฉ Command Assumed
Carden takes command of HMS Immortalitรฉ, the seagoing tender to Wildfire at Sheerness.
Sheerness Tender Duties Begin
As captain of Immortalitรฉ, Carden performs seagoing tender duties for the Sheerness flagship establishment.
Vereeniging Peace Conference
The Treaty of Vereeniging ends the Second Boer War.
Boer Peace Deliberations
Supports negotiations ending prolonged resistance to British forces.
Vereeniging Peace Conference
Participates in the Boer peace conference at Vereeniging.
Capture of Orange Free State
British forces occupy the Orange Free State and rename it the Orange River Colony.
Constitution of Cuba
Under the new Cuban constitution the US retains the right to intervene in Cuban affairs and to supervise its finances and foreign relations. Under the new Cuban constitution, however, the U.S. retained the right to intervene in Cuban affairs and to supervise its finances and foreign relations
Independence of Cuba
Under the Platt Amendment, Cuba agrees to lease to the U.S. the naval base at Guantanamo Bay. Under the new Cuban constitution, however, the U.S. retained the right to intervene in Cuban affairs and to supervise its finances and foreign relations. The Republic of Cuba gains formal independence, with the independence leader Tomas Estrada Palma becoming the countrys first President
Platt Amendment
Under the Platt Amendment, Cuba agrees to lease to the U.S. the naval base at Guantanamo Bay
President of Cuba
The Republic of Cuba gains formal independence, with the independence leader Tomas Estrada Palma becoming the countrys first President
Independence of Cuba
Cuba gains independence from Spain
Independence of Spain
Cuba gains independence from Spain
Pretoria Peace Talks
British troops enter Pretoria during Roberts's advance.
Pretoria Peace Talks
British troops enter Pretoria during Roberts's advance.
First Edgbaston Test Match
Edgbaston hosts its first Test match as England plays Australia.
Treaty of Vereeniging
The Treaty of Vereeniging ends the Second Boer War.
Peace Agreement Signed
Accepts Boer surrender terms ending the South African War.
Treaty of Vereeniging
Signs the final peace agreement at Melrose House.
Treaty of Vereeniging
The Treaty of Vereeniging ends the Second Boer War.
British Peace Settlement
Represents British imperial policy in the postwar settlement.
Treaty of Vereeniging
Signs the peace settlement ending the war.
Treaty of Vereeniging
The Treaty of Vereeniging ends the Second Boer War.
Treaty of Vereeniging
Burger signs the Treaty of Vereeniging as a senior Transvaal representative, formally ending the war.
Treaty of Vereeniging
De Wet signs the peace settlement that ends the Second Boer War after the Boer representatives accept British sovereignty.
Second Boer War Ends
Accepts peace while seeking future self-government for Afrikaners.
Treaty of Vereeniging
Signs the Treaty of Vereeniging ending the Second Boer War.
Reconciliation Terms Favoured
Supports comparatively conciliatory postwar terms intended to help secure a durable settlement.
Vereeniging Negotiations Supported
Supports negotiations that move Boer delegates toward acceptance of British peace terms.
Visit to Paris
1st day of a good will visit to Paris
Birth of Pedro Eugenio Aramburu Cilveti
Birth of Pedro Eugenio Aramburu Cilveti
Speech
Supports Free Trade in answer to Chamberlains speech in favour of Imperial Preference
Birth of Otto Abetz
Birth of Otto Abetz
Speech
Attacks his party's proposals to increase military expenditure
Speech
Rebukes Chamberlains speech on Imperial Preference in the Commons
FFL
Founds the Free Food League with Conservative MPs in favour of free trade
Free Food League
Founds the Free Food League with Conservative MPs in favour of free trade
Canal Zone Administration
The United States assumes control of Canal Zone property and the canal construction project.
Siege of Port-Arthur
The Japanese encircle Port Arthur
Ship Detection Radar
Demonstrates the Telemobiloscope for detecting ships through fog.
Defection
Crosses the House of Commons to become a Liberal
Liberal Party
Sits on the opposition benches for the 1st time
Naval Necessities Memorandum
Fisher sets out proposals for faster, heavily armed ships and other reforms in his Naval Necessities memorandum.
One Step Forward, Two Steps Back
Publishes a defence of Bolshevik organisation after the split.
Afrikaner Political Organisation
Promotes conciliation, self-government and Afrikaner political recovery.
Het Volk Leadership
Helps build Het Volk as a Transvaal political party.
Het Volk
Transvaal generals to form a political party, Het Volk, to fight for the Afrikaner cause. Louis Botha is elected leader, & Smuts his deputy
Delegation to Tsar
Warns Nicholas II that revolution is spreading.
Strike
Prince Troubetskoi visits the Tsar saying revolution is underway
Strike
Prince Troubetskoi visits the Tsar saying revolution is underway
Education
Graduates from the Military Academy Staff College with the rank of Captain
Brownian Motion Paper Received
Annalen der Physik receives Einstein's paper explaining Brownian motion through molecular collisions.
Speech
Describes the Conservative Party as a party of "great vested interests"
Mobilization
The Russian Fleet leaves Vladivostok
Death of Henrik Ibsen
Death of Henrik Ibsen
Battle of Tsushima Straits
Lays a trap for the Russian Fleet & scores a spectacular success which ends the War
Battle of Tsushima Straits
Orders the Russian Fleet to Vladivostok but it is ambushed and defeated
Battle of Tsushima Straits
Within a few days the Russian Fleet is destroyed. Leads the Russians in the Suvarov but the Russians are defeated
Battle of Tsushima Straits
Leads the Baltic Fleet into defeat at Tsushima.
Battle of Tsushima Straits
Russia suffers a crushing naval defeat against Japan.
Battle of Tsushima Straits
Sinks 7 Russian battleships without loss. All but 12 minor ships of the Russian fleet are sunk, captured or driven aground. 12 remaining ships of the Russian Fleet are surrounded by submarines & surrender
Result of Surrender of Remaining Russian Baltic Fleet at Tsushima
The remaining Russian fleet is compelled to capitulate, confirming Japan's decisive victory at Tsushima.
Surrender of Remaining Russian Baltic Fleet at Tsushima
The 12 remaining ships of the Russian Fleet are surrounded by submarines
Union of Unions
Helps organise liberal professional groups demanding reform.
Sorbonne Chair
Succeeds Pierre Curie in his Sorbonne chair.
Sinn Fein
Griffiths launches a paper called Sinn Fein
Political Retirement
Moves into political semi-retirement after resignation.
Privy Council
Appointed Privy Councillor
Jules de Trooz Government
Begins the Jules de Trooz Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.
Second de Smet de Naeyer Government
The Second de Smet de Naeyer Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.
London Congress
Attends the party congress as a Bolshevik organiser.
Fifth Congress
Attends the Fifth Congress as factional conflict continues.
Fifth Congress
Advocates positions between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks.
Fifth Congress
Challenges Bolshevik strategy at the London Congress.
Birth of Muhammad Ayub Khan
Muhammad Ayub Khan is born on 14 May 1907.
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for Dundee with a Liberal majority 2,709
Birth of James Maitland Stewart
Birth of James Maitland Stewart
Invention of Aeroplane
Patents a flying machine
Birth of Robert Morley
Birth of Robert Morley
Commercial Oil Struck at Masjed Soleyman
A major oil reservoir is struck at Masjed Soleyman, transforming the prospects of D'Arcy's Persian concession.
Customs Conference
Supports customs discussions encouraging closer union among the colonies.
Union Preparations
Helps build momentum for a national constitutional convention.
Birth of James Mason
Birth of James Mason
Employment Service Legislation
Creates machinery matching unemployed workers with available jobs.
Labour Exchanges Bill
Introduces legislation establishing a national labour exchange system.
Legislation
Introduces the Labour Exchanges Bill to the House of Commons
Reform of Parliament
Persuades Parliament to accept plans for the introduction of Labour Exchanges
Accession
Attends a meeting of the Privy Council to discuss the accession of George V
Constitution of Great Britain
Death of Edward VII, during a constitutional crisis
Death of Henry Herbert Asquith
Death of Edward VII, during a constitutional crisis
Edward VII Death Crisis
Edward VII dies during the continuing constitutional crisis.
Reform of Government
A 6 month political truce is called due to George VIs inexperience
Constitution of Great Britain
Death of Edward VII, during the constitutional crisis facing the House of Lords
Death of Edward VII
Death of Edward VII, during the constitutional crisis facing the House of Lords
Full-Time Scout Movement Leadership
Devotes himself fully to leadership of the Scout movement.
Retirement from Army
Retires from the British Army as a lieutenant general.
Acting President
Appointed Acting President of Panama
Death of William Huggins
Death of William Huggins
Doctorate Awarded
Receives his doctorate from the University of Vienna for research on the conduction of electricity over the surface of insulators in moist air.
Funeral of Edward VII
Edward VII receives a state funeral at Windsor.
Royal Funeral
European monarchs and dignitaries attend the royal funeral.
Asked to Form First Union Cabinet
Becomes the first prime minister-designate of the Union of South Africa.
Union Government Commission
Is asked by Lord Gladstone to form the Union government.
Marriage
Patton marries Beatrice Ayer
Governor General Takes Office
Represents the Crown in the newly unified dominion.
Union of South Africa
Takes office as governor general when South Africa becomes a union.
Constitution of South Africa
South Africa becomes a self-governing Dominion of the British Empire. Proclamation of the Union of South Africa
First Union Cabinet
Heads the first cabinet of the Union of South Africa.
First Union Government
Heads the new dominion formed from four former colonies.
Free State
Composed of Natal, Cape of Good Hope, Orange Free State & the Transvaal
Independence of South Africa
South Africa becomes a self-governing Dominion of the British Empire
Unification
Proclamation of the Union of South Africa. Composed of Natal, Cape of Good Hope, Orange Free State & the Transvaal
Union Government Begins
Begins governing the new dominion from its administrative capital.
Union of South Africa
Takes office as first prime minister when the Union begins.
New Reign Begins
Begins his reign during the constitutional crisis.
Proclamation of George V
Is proclaimed king following Edward VII's death.
Buckingham Palace Memorial
Completes the monumental sculpture facing Buckingham Palace.
Victoria Memorial Unveiled
King George V unveils Brock's completed Victoria Memorial.
Death of Gustav Mahler
Taken to Paris, where a new serum had recently been developed, does not respond and is taken back to Vienna at his request where he dies from his infection on 18 May 1911 at the age of 50, leaving his Symphony No. 10 unfinished. Death of Gustav Mahler
Terra Nova Pony Management
Oates oversees the ponies at Cape Evans, monitoring their condition and exercising animals intended for the southern journey.
Birth of Randolph Churchill
Birth of Randolph Churchill, Winston Churchills only son
Olympic Delivery Attendance
Joins owner and builder representatives travelling to Olympic after Titanic's launch before Olympic departs Belfast for Liverpool.
Titanic Launch
Harland and Wolff launches Titanic from Slipway Number 3 in Belfast.
Titanic Hull Launch
Witnesses the completed hull enter the water before the fitting-out phase begins.
British Inquiry Fireman Evidence
Gives evidence about his engineering duties and lifeboat 13 during the British investigation.
British Inquiry Chairmanship
Chairs hearings examining navigation, construction and emergency procedures.
British Titanic Inquiry Opened
Opens the formal British investigation ordered by the Board of Trade into the loss of Titanic.
British Inquiry Assessor Service
Serves as one of Lord Mersey's maritime assessors during the formal British investigation into Titanic's loss.
British Titanic Inquiry Opens
Opens the formal British inquiry into Titanic's loss.
British Inquiry Lookout Evidence
Gives evidence about lookout duties and conditions aboard Titanic before the collision.
Bolshevik Party
Losif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili took the name Stalin, meaning "man of steel"
Man of Steel
Losif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili took the name Stalin, meaning "man of steel"
British Inquiry Engineering Evidence
Begins giving evidence about boiler-room flooding, watertight doors and his escape from Titanic.
British Inquiry Quartermaster Evidence
Gives evidence about the helm orders at the collision and his command of lifeboat 6.
Burial after Titanic Disaster
Is buried at Fairview Lawn Cemetery in Halifax after his body is recovered following the Titanic disaster.
British Inquiry Fireman Evidence
Gives evidence about engineering conditions and the conduct of emergency lifeboat 1.
British Inquiry Trimmer Evidence
Gives evidence about engineering work, the evacuation and his escape from Titanic.
Armament
Present for the King's inspection of the Fleet
Serbo-Bulgarian Military Convention
Negotiates operational cooperation between the Bulgarian and Serbian armies.
Balkan League
Expanded by a military contract
RFC
Creates the Royal Flying Corps
Serbo-Bulgarian Military Convention
Helps prepare Serbian military cooperation with Bulgaria.
Naval Aviation Organization
Brings naval aviation into a formal military organization.
Naval Wing of Royal Flying Corps
Supports creation of the Royal Flying Corps naval wing.
Number Two Squadron Command
Takes command of Number Two Squadron Royal Flying Corps.
Royal Flying Corps Squadron
Leads one of Britain's first organized military flying units.
Military Aviation Command
Organizes army aviation units, training and operational doctrine.
Royal Flying Corps Military Wing
Becomes commander of the Royal Flying Corps Military Wing.
British Inquiry Californian Evidence
Gives evidence about the rockets and conversations on Californian's bridge during Titanic's sinking.
British Inquiry Californian Evidence
Gives evidence about the rockets, Morse signalling and the nearby ship observed from Californian.
British Inquiry Californian Evidence
Gives evidence about Californian's position, the nearby vessel and the rockets observed during Titanic's sinking.
British Inquiry Californian Evidence
Gives evidence about the ship seen from Californian before the rockets are observed.
British Inquiry Log Evidence
Gives evidence about Californian's log practices and the bridge observations made on the night Titanic sank.
Titanic Identity Opinion
States during the British inquiry that he later believed the passenger steamer he observed was Titanic.
British Inquiry Wireless Evidence
Gives evidence about Californian's wireless communications and the ice warning sent to Titanic.
Conspiracy Trial
Is convicted after the WSPU window-smashing campaign.
Suffrage Imprisonment
Receives imprisonment for conspiracy connected with militant suffrage action.
Conspiracy Trial
Is convicted with WSPU leaders over militant protest organization.
WSPU Imprisonment
Serves imprisonment for conspiracy connected with property damage.
British Inquiry Steward Evidence
Gives evidence about the evacuation and instructions received during Titanic's final hours.
British Inquiry Steward Evidence
Gives evidence about guiding third-class passengers and the loading of lifeboat 15.
Saved from the Titanic Released
Appears in the film Saved from the Titanic only weeks after surviving the disaster.
British Inquiry Seaman Evidence
Gives evidence about emergency lifeboat 1 and events seen from the boat after Titanic sank.
Equal Secondary Study Programmes
Approves equal secondary study programmes for male and female students.
British Inquiry Fireman Evidence
Gives evidence about the evacuation and his escape in emergency lifeboat 1.
Lightoller Titanic Inquiry Evidence
Begins evidence to the British inquiry about navigation, ice warnings, the collision and lifeboat loading.
British Inquiry Passenger Evidence
Gives evidence to the British inquiry about her experience aboard emergency lifeboat 1.
Armament
The new Naval Law is passed by the Reichstag in order to expand the German navy
Lowe Titanic Inquiry Evidence
Gives evidence to the British inquiry about lifeboats, ice information and his actions during the evacuation.
Boxhall Titanic Inquiry Evidence
Gives evidence to the British inquiry about bridge activity, distress signals and lifeboat operations.
British Inquiry Evidence
Describes his officer duties, command of lifeboat 5 and the debate over returning toward people in the water.
British Inquiry Lamp Trimmer Evidence
Gives evidence about deck activity, shipboard lights and the evacuation.
Fleet Titanic Inquiry Evidence
Gives evidence to the British inquiry about the lookout watch, iceberg sighting and absence of binoculars.
British Inquiry Carpathia Evidence
Gives evidence about receiving Titanic's distress call and Carpathia's wireless work during the rescue.
Olympic Fireroom Inquiry Testimony
Describes flooding in Titanic's boiler spaces during testimony taken aboard Olympic in New York Harbor.
Olympic Wireless Log Evidence
Gives evidence aboard Olympic and submits wireless records concerning Titanic's distress traffic.
Olympic Senate Examination
Gives evidence aboard Olympic about the ship's wireless contact with Titanic and efforts to steam toward the disaster.
Olympic Inquiry Examination
Boards Olympic in New York Harbor and questions officers and crew about Titanic-related wireless and engineering evidence.
International Sea Traffic Safety Agreement Recommendation
Supports international agreement on safer ocean traffic, including ship safety requirements and routing in waters threatened by ice.
Lifeboat Reform Recommendation
Supports the report's recommendation that passenger ships carry lifeboat capacity sufficient for everyone aboard.
Passenger Drill Recommendation
Supports recommendations for improved lifeboat assignments, crew training and passenger emergency drills before departure.
Titanic Senate Report Presented
Presents the subcommittee's final report on the causes and safety lessons of the Titanic disaster.
Titanic Senate Report
Presents the Senate inquiry's findings and safety recommendations after weeks of hearings.
United States Lifeboat Capacity Recommendation
Supports Senate recommendations requiring lifeboat capacity adequate for the people carried on ocean-going passenger ships.
United States Lifeboat Crew Training Recommendation
Supports proper assignment and training of crew members so lifeboats can be loaded, lowered and handled efficiently in emergencies.
United States Passenger Drill Recommendation
Supports passenger lifeboat assignments and emergency drills before departure so people know where to go during an abandonment.
United States Radiotelegraph Regulation Recommendation
Supports stronger regulation of shipboard radiotelegraphy after the inquiry exposes weaknesses in emergency wireless communications.
Wireless Regulation Recommendation
Supports stronger regulation of shipboard radiotelegraphy after the inquiry examines failures in emergency communications.
Titanic Final Report Participation
Participates as a member of the subcommittee when the Senate investigation issues its final report.
Titanic Senate Debate
Speaks in the Senate when the Titanic investigation report and maritime safety issues are debated.
Balkan League
This agreement is later followed by a similar one between Bulgaria and Montenegro, thus forming a network of alliances in the Balkans, aimed at Turkey.
Greco-Bulgarian Treaty
Greece, not wishing to be left out of a possible alliance against the Ottoman Empire and the corresponding partition of territory, begins negotiations with Bulgaria on a defensive alliance resulting in the Greco-Bulgarian Treaty
Greco-Bulgarian Treaty
Concludes a defensive treaty with Greece.
Balkan League
Greece, not wishing to be left out of a possible alliance against the Ottoman Empire and the corresponding partition of territory, begins negotiations with Bulgaria on a defensive alliance resulting in the Greco-Bulgarian Treaty
Balkan League
Signing of the Greco-Bulgarian Treaty
Greco-Bulgarian Treaty
Greece, not wishing to be left out of a possible alliance against the Ottoman Empire and the corresponding partition of territory, begins negotiations with Bulgaria on a defensive alliance resulting in the Greco-Bulgarian Treaty
Greco-Bulgarian Treaty
Joins Bulgaria in a treaty against Ottoman power.
Rostron Loving Cup Presentation
Joins the survivors' committee in honoring Captain Rostron with a silver loving cup after the rescue.
British Inquiry Chief Baker Evidence
Gives evidence about provisioning lifeboats, Titanic's final plunge and his survival.
British Inquiry Lookout Evidence
Gives evidence about Titanic's lookout organisation and the watch preceding Fleet and Lee.
British Inquiry Lifeboat Evidence
Gives evidence about lookout duties and his command of emergency lifeboat 1.
British Inquiry Lookout Evidence
Gives evidence about the crow's-nest watch, visibility and the iceberg sighting.
British Inquiry Quartermaster Evidence
Gives evidence about lights seen from Titanic and signalling activity during the sinking.
British Inquiry Lifeboat Two Evidence
Describes the loading of emergency boat 2, its occupants and the decisions made after Titanic disappeared.
British Wreck Inquiry Evidence
Answers questions concerning speed, lifeboats and company policy.
British Inquiry Passenger Evidence
Gives evidence to the British inquiry about emergency lifeboat 1 and payments later made to its crew.
Titanic Lifeboat Inquiry
Examines lifeboat provision, launching and evacuation procedures during the British investigation.
Titanic Navigation Inquiry
Examines evidence concerning Titanic's navigation, speed, ice warnings and collision.
Titanic Wireless Inquiry
Reviews wireless messages, distress calls and communications evidence during the inquiry.
Capture of Rhodes
The Italians capture Rhodes
Capture of Dodecanese
Italy captures the Dodecanese Islands from Turkey
Birth of Sid James
Birth of Sid James, born Solomon Joel Cohen
Invention of Aeroplane
The 1st 4 engine aircraft is built & flown by Igor Sikorsky
Alliance two and an agreement for mutual diplomatic support
Greece and Serbia signed a Treaty of mutual defence against an attack, a mutual border is agreed between the two and an agreement for mutual diplomatic support
Balkan League
Greece and Serbia signed a Treaty of mutual defence against an attack, a mutual border is agreed between the two and an agreement for mutual diplomatic support
Battle of Kilkis-Lahanas
The Greek army counterattacks and defeats the Bulgarians at Kilkis-Lahanas
Mutual Defence Treaty
Greece and Serbia signed a Treaty of mutual defence against an attack, a mutual border is agreed between the two and an agreement for mutual diplomatic support
Birth of Neelam Reddy
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy is born and later becomes the sixth President of India.
Neutrality
A plan to mobilize 3 million troops against Germany, assumes Belgiums neutrality
Plan XVII
Operation XVII is approved by the War Minister. A plan to mobilize 3 million troops against Germany, assumes Belgiums neutrality
Peace Conference
Hosts renewed peace negotiations between the Balkan allies and the Ottoman Empire.
Conference of London
The Balkan States finally agree to accept the mediation of the powers, when the Balkan delegates and the representatives of the great powers meet for the 2nd time they find a Treaty embodying the original terms ready for.
Armament
The new Naval Law is passed by the Reichstag in order to expand the German navy
Birth of Peter Cushing
Peter Cushing is born in Kenley, Surrey.
British Actor Born
The future British film and television actor is born.
Signing Pressure
Warns the delegations that they must sign the prepared settlement or leave London.
Albanian Frontiers
Sees Albania excluded from the Ottoman cession while the Great Powers retain authority to determine its frontiers and related questions.
Great Power Settlement
Continues seeking recognition of Albanian interests while the treaty assigns the country's territorial settlement to the Great Powers.
Albanian Settlement
The Treaty of London leaves Albania's boundaries and related questions for determination by the Great Powers.
Albanian Settlement
The peace treaty excludes Albania from the Ottoman territorial cession and leaves its frontiers and other questions to the Great Powers.
Albanian Independence
Great Power diplomacy confirms an autonomous Albanian state.
Albanian Question
Supports Albania to block Serbian access to the Adriatic.
Treaty Signature
Adds Bulgaria's signature to the agreement ceding Ottoman territory west of the Enos-Midia line to the Balkan allies.
Prisoner Arrangements
Accepts that prisoner-of-war questions will be settled through later special conventions.
Treaty Signature
Serves in the Bulgarian delegation signing the London peace settlement.
Enos-Midia Cession
Accepts the territorial settlement under which the Ottoman Empire cedes lands west of the Enos-Midia line, except Albania.
Treaty Signature
Signs the peace treaty ending the First Balkan War on behalf of Bulgaria.
Bulgarian Delegation
Leads Bulgaria's plenipotentiary team in accepting the settlement ending the First Balkan War.
Treaty Signature
Represents Bulgaria among the plenipotentiaries concluding peace in London.
Treaty of London
Bulgaria accepts the peace ending the First Balkan War, including the Ottoman cession west of the Enos-Midia line, while allied territorial disputes remain unresolved.
Enos-Midia Settlement
Accepts a peace that transfers Ottoman territory west of the Enos-Midia line to the Balkan allies.
Rule of Thrace
The treaty transfers Ottoman territory west of the Enos-Midia line to the Balkan allies, creating major Bulgarian expectations in Thrace.
First Balkan War Settlement
Uses London diplomacy to manage disputes among the Balkan states.
St James's Peace Conference
Presides over the diplomatic process in London that brings the Balkan belligerents to a formal peace treaty.
Treaty Signing
Oversees the signing of the treaty ending the First Balkan War.
Treaty of London
Hosts the London negotiations and presses the Balkan allies and Ottoman representatives toward the settlement ending the First Balkan War.
First Balkan War Settlement
Helps end the First Balkan War through Great Power mediation.
London Conference
Hosts negotiations ending the First Balkan War.
Greek Delegation
Signs the treaty as one of the principal Greek plenipotentiaries.
Treaty Signature
As Greece's minister in London, authenticates the agreement that restores formal peace with the Ottoman Empire.
Treaty Signature
Joins the Greek plenipotentiaries in concluding the settlement while the future of the Aegean islands remains with the Great Powers.
Mount Athos Decision
Accepts that the Great Powers will determine the status of Mount Athos under the peace settlement.
Treaty Signature
Participates in the Greek delegation signing the Treaty of London.
Nationality Arrangements
Accepts that nationality questions created by the peace settlement will be resolved through special conventions.
Treaty Signature
Represents Greece among the plenipotentiaries concluding the London settlement.
Cession of Crete
Accepts the treaty article by which the Ottoman Empire renounces sovereignty over Crete to the Balkan allies.
Treaty Signature
Signs the London peace settlement as a member of the Greek delegation.
London Peace Negotiations
Represents Greek interests during the London negotiations that end the First Balkan War.
Treaty of London
Greece accepts the peace settlement ending the First Balkan War and shares in the Ottoman cession of European territory west of the Enos-Midia line.
Crete Settlement
Benefits from the Ottoman renunciation of sovereignty over Crete in favour of the Balkan allies.
Montenegrin Delegation
Represents Montenegro in accepting the treaty while its ambitions around northern Albania remain constrained by Great Power decisions.
Commercial Arrangements
Accepts that commercial questions resulting from the peace will be addressed by subsequent agreements.
Treaty Signature
Represents Montenegro in the delegation concluding peace with the Ottoman Empire.
Treaty Signature
Serves among the Montenegrin representatives signing the London settlement.
Aegean Islands Decision
Accepts Great Power authority to determine the future of Ottoman Aegean islands other than Crete.
Treaty Signature
Signs the peace treaty as a member of the Montenegrin delegation.
Treaty Signature
Signs the London treaty on behalf of Montenegro.
Treaty of London
Montenegro accepts the peace ending the First Balkan War while the Great Powers continue to constrain its ambitions around Albania.
Albanian Settlement
Faces Great Power control of Albania's frontiers, limiting Montenegrin claims despite wartime gains.
Serbian Question
Backs Serbia while trying to manage Great Power tension.
Serbian Delegation
Heads Serbia's senior diplomatic representation as peace is concluded with the Ottoman Empire.
Treaty Signature
Signs the London settlement as one of Serbia's plenipotentiaries.
Treaty Signature
Signs the peace treaty for Serbia.
Adriatic Question
Accepts peace without the Adriatic outlet Serbia had sought because the Great Powers support a separate Albanian state.
Treaty of London
Serbia accepts the London peace while the creation of Albania blocks a Serbian Adriatic outlet and disputes over conquered territory remain unresolved.
Treaty Signature
Participates in the Serbian delegation that concludes peace with the Ottoman Empire.
Financial Questions Commission
Accepts referral of financial questions arising from the war and territorial cessions to an international commission in Paris.
Treaty Signature
Serves in Serbia's delegation concluding the London peace settlement.
Treaty Signature
Represents Serbia in the delegation that signs the treaty ending the war.
Albanian Boundary Decision
Accepts that the Great Powers will determine Albania's frontiers and related questions.
Treaty Signature
Signs the Treaty of London for Serbia after the First Balkan War.
Treaty Signature
Signs the peace settlement as a member of the Ottoman delegation.
Treaty Signature
Signs the peace settlement as legal adviser in the Ottoman delegation.
Albanian Settlement
The treaty leaves Albania's status and frontiers to the Great Powers rather than assigning the territory among the Balkan allies.
Treaty Signature
Joins the Ottoman team that formally accepts the loss of most European territory west of the Enos-Midia frontier.
Treaty of London
Accepts Ottoman cession west of the Enos-Midia line, the renunciation of Crete, and Great Power decisions on Albania, Aegean islands and Mount Athos.
Ottoman Delegation
Leads the Ottoman delegation that signs the treaty ending the First Balkan War.
Treaty of London
His government accepts the settlement ending the First Balkan War and surrendering most remaining Ottoman territory in Europe to the Balkan allies.
Aegean Islands Decision
Accepts that the Great Powers will decide the sovereignty of the Ottoman Aegean islands other than Crete.
Cession of Crete
Renounces Ottoman sovereignty over Crete in favour of the Balkan allies.
European Territorial Cession
Cedes Ottoman territory in Europe west of the Enos-Midia line, with Albania excluded.
Financial Questions
Agrees that financial questions arising from the war and territorial cessions will be referred to an international commission in Paris.
Mount Athos Decision
Accepts that the Great Powers will determine the future status of Mount Athos.
Constitution of USA
The 17th Amendment to the US Constitution allows for the popular election of senators
Election
The 17th Amendment to the US Constitution allows for the popular election of senators
Conference of London
The 2nd meeting of the London Peace Conference
Chinese Waters Piracy
Answers Commons questions about piracy and British naval responsibilities in Chinese waters.
Royal Flying Corps Naval Coordination
Answers parliamentary questions about the Royal Flying Corps and naval aviation responsibilities.
Oil Fuel Policy
Answers Commons questions on the Admiralty's growing use of oil fuel.
Naval Wages
Provides parliamentary information concerning wages paid within naval establishments.
Petty Officers and Seamen
Answers parliamentary questions concerning conditions affecting petty officers and seamen.
Submarine Disaster Questions
Answers parliamentary questions concerning submarine accidents and naval safety.
HMS Chatham Inquiry
Answers parliamentary questions concerning HMS Chatham.
Austro-Hungarian Naval Programme
Answers Commons questions about the Austro-Hungarian naval programme.
Engineering Branch Policy
Answers Commons questions concerning the Royal Navy engineering branch.
Government Dockyards
Addresses Commons questions concerning government dockyards and Admiralty administration.
Hospital Ship Provision
Answers parliamentary questions concerning hospital-ship provision for the Royal Navy.
Naval Materiel Supply
Answers parliamentary questions concerning naval materiel and Admiralty supply arrangements.
Birth of Joe Louis
Birth of Joe Louis
Pacific Naval Policy
Answers Commons questions about British naval policy and commitments in the Pacific.
Instructional Allowances
Provides a parliamentary answer concerning instructional allowances in naval service.
Reform of Parliament
The House of Commons passes the Welsh Church Disestablishment Bill for the third time
Welsh Church Third Commons Passage
The Commons passes Welsh Church disestablishment legislation for a third time.
Kings Regulations
Answers a parliamentary question concerning the application of King's Regulations in the naval service.
Battleship Construction
Provides parliamentary information concerning battleships then under construction.
Dockyard Admirals Superintendent
Answers questions concerning admirals superintendent serving at Royal Navy dockyards.
Home Rule Compromise
Argues for compromise over Irish Home Rule as the Liberal Government attempts to contain the constitutional crisis.
Light Cruiser Construction
Provides parliamentary information concerning the Royal Navy's light-cruiser construction programme.
Anglo Persian Oil Control
Britain acquires control of Persian Gulf oil interests from the Anglon Oil Company.
Purchase of Anglon Oil
Britain acquires control of oil in the Persian Gulf from the Anglon Oil Company
Home Rule Third Commons Passage
The Commons passes the Irish Home Rule Bill in May 1914.
Home Rule
The House of Commons passes the Irish Home Rule Bill
Irish Home Rule
The House of Commons passes the Irish Home Rule Bill
Reform of Parliament
The House of Commons passes the Irish Home Rule Bill
Kiel Canal
Opens the widened Kiel Canal
Royal Society
Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society
Sinking of SS Gulflight - Vessel Survives
Gulflight was torpedoed by U-30 on 1 May 1915 but did not sink; she was towed to safety and later returned to service.
Sinking of SS Gulflight
A US steamer is torpedoed off the Scilly Isles by a German submarine, 3 lives are lost
Battle of Gorlice
Breaks through the Russian lines at Gorlice-Tarnow & destroys the Russian 3rd Army
Birth of Peggy Mount
Birth of Peggy Mount
Baby 700 Offensive Approved
Birdwood approves an offensive intended to seize Baby 700 and improve the vulnerable ANZAC position.
Baby 700 Night Attack Coordinated
Godley directs the New Zealand and Australian Division during the poorly coordinated attack on Baby 700.
In Flanders Fields
McCrae writes In Flanders Fields after Ypres losses.
Baby 700 Attack Abandoned
Godley ends the failed Baby 700 attack after severe casualties and little territorial gain.
Admiral Bacon Appointment Defended
Churchill explains the Admiralty's appointment of Admiral Reginald Bacon during parliamentary questioning.
Dardanelles Press Criticism Answered
Churchill rejects exaggerated press allegations concerning the conduct of the Dardanelles operation.
Fisher Reputation Defended over Dardanelles
Churchill argues that criticism of the Dardanelles should not unfairly damage Admiral Fisher's reputation.
German Submarine Prisoner Policy Answered
Churchill answers questions concerning the treatment of captured German submarine crews.
Food and Coal Prices Addressed
Responds to concerns about rising food and coal prices during wartime.
Einar Arnorsson Ministry
Begins the Einar Arnorsson Ministry and serves as Minister for Iceland.
Sigurdur Eggerz Ministry
The Sigurdur Eggerz Ministry ends, concluding this period as Minister for Iceland.
Prime Minister of Iceland
Appointed Prime Minister of Iceland
Anzac Reinforcements Sent to Helles
Hamilton transfers Australian and New Zealand infantry from ANZAC to reinforce a renewed attack at Helles.
Espionage Measures Reviewed
Addresses wartime measures against spying and enemy intelligence activity.
New Zealand Brigade Ordered to Helles
Johnston's brigade is transferred from ANZAC to reinforce the Helles offensive.
Second Krithia Offensive Opened
Hamilton opens the second attempt to capture Krithia with strengthened British, French and ANZAC forces.
Unmarried Men Recruiting Census Announced
Addresses proposals to identify unmarried men available for military service.
Battle of Ypres, 2nd
Plumer takes command during the Ypres fighting.
Wellington Battalion Moves to Helles
Malone's Wellington Battalion moves south with the New Zealand Infantry Brigade for the renewed Krithia offensive.
Birth of George Orson Welles
Birth of George Orson Welles
Capture of Libau
Captures Libau, Russian Baltic port
Sinking of RMS Lusitania - Diplomatic Crisis
The sinking intensified diplomatic pressure on Germany because 128 United States citizens were among roughly 1,200 people killed.
Sinking of RMS Lusitania
Germany sinks the Cunard liner Lusitania, 1152 lives are lost including 102 Americans
Sinking of RMS Lusitania - Captain Turner
William Thomas Turner, not David Dow, commanded Lusitania on her final voyage and survived the sinking off southern Ireland.
Sinking of RMS Lusitania
The Luisitania is sunk 8 miles off the head of Kinsale by a German submarine. All passengers are saved
Lusitania
Cunard's Liverpool-registered Lusitania is sunk by a German submarine.
Sinking of RMS Lusitania - American Response
Wilson's administration sent Germany diplomatic notes after Lusitania's loss, challenging attacks on passenger and neutral shipping.
Sinking of RMS Lusitania
Germany sinks the Cunard liner Lusitania, 1152 lives are lost including 102 Americans
Australian Brigade Attacks at Second Krithia
McCay leads the 2nd Australian Brigade in the final phase of the Second Battle of Krithia.
Second Krithia Offensive Halted
Hamilton halts the second Krithia offensive after heavy losses produce only a small advance.
Krithia Daylight Advance Ordered
Johnston commits New Zealand battalions to a costly daylight advance during the Second Battle of Krithia.
Daisy Patch Advance Survived
Malone leads the Wellington Battalion through intense fire during the New Zealand attack across the Daisy Patch.
Battle of Arras
First day of the Arras Offensive
Spring Offensive
The second Battle of Artois, 9 May-18 June 1915, was the most important part of the Allied spring offensive of 1915. It was hoped to capture Vimy Ridge, break through the German lines, and advance into the Douai plain. This would cut key German railway lines and perhaps force them to retreat from their great salient bulging out into France
Battle of Artois, 2nd
The French offensive would be launched by the Tenth Army, under General dUrbal. It was supported by 1,200 guns with 200,000 shells, a huge amount for ammunition for 1915 (later bombardments would use millions of shells). The artillery bombardment began six days before the attack was due to go in
Spring Offensive
The French offensive would be launched by the Tenth Army, under General dUrbal. It was supported by 1,200 guns with 200,000 shells, a huge amount for ammunition for 1915 (later bombardments would use millions of shells). The artillery bombardment began six days before the attack was due to go in
Aubers Ridge Offensive Launched
Haig's First Army attacks Aubers Ridge but strong German defences inflict severe British losses.
Lusitania Naval Dispositions Withheld
Churchill refuses to publish patrol dispositions around the British coast after the Lusitania sinking.
Lusitania Warning Confirmed
Churchill confirms that the Admiralty warned Lusitania using information about submarine activity.
Merchant Escort Limits Explained after Lusitania
Churchill states that available destroyers cannot escort the hundreds of merchant and passenger sailings each day.
Aubers Ridge Failure Reviewed
Haig reviews the failed attack after British troops gain little ground against intact German positions.
Light Horse Reinforcements Land without Horses
Chauvel lands with the 1st Light Horse Brigade to reinforce the ANZAC infantry.
Forth Primary Base Development Backed
The conference chaired by Fisher concludes that developing the Forth as a primary fleet base is urgent.
Rosyth Base Conference Chaired
Fisher chairs a conference considering redistribution of the Grand Fleet and the strategic development of Rosyth and the Forth.
Scapa Flow Retained as Alternative Base
Fisher's conference agrees that Scapa Flow should remain an alternative and supporting Grand Fleet base.
Coalition Government Discussions Acknowledged
Addresses parliamentary questions about the possibility of forming a coalition government.
May Recruiting Appeal Renewed
Renews the Government appeal for voluntary recruits as manpower demands increase.
British and Ottoman Losses Compared
Churchill answers parliamentary questions concerning British and Ottoman losses during Dardanelles operations.
Battle of Dardanelles
Demands an end to the Dardanelles campaign in cabinet. Accuses Churchill of being "a determined mad gambler"
First Sea Lord Resignation Submitted
Fisher resigns as First Sea Lord after the dispute over continued Dardanelles commitments reaches breaking point.
Monitor Diversion Deepens Churchill Dispute
Plans to strengthen the Dardanelles with monitors intended for Fisher's northern strategy intensify his dispute with Churchill.
Monash Valley Sniper Wound
Bridges is shot by an Ottoman sniper while inspecting the front in Monash Valley.
Battle of Dardanelles
Churchill and Fisher continually quarreled throughout the campaign, and Fisher finally resigned on 15 May 1915 after repeated threats to do so
Battle of Dardanelles
Fishers resignation, on top of poor progress in the campaign, precipitated the fall of the Government and Churchills replacement as First Lord
Second First Sea Lord Term Ends
Fisher's second tenure as First Sea Lord ends after his wartime resignation.
Battle of Dardanelles
Fishers resignation, on top of poor progress in the campaign, precipitated the fall of the Government and Churchills replacement as First Lord. Churchill and Fisher continually quarreled throughout the campaign, and Fisher finally resigned on 15 May 1915 after repeated threats to do so
Resignation of Fisher
Churchill calls for reinforcements for the Dardanelles despite Fishers wishes
Festubert Offensive Opened
Haig's First Army begins a night offensive intended to exploit limited artillery preparation around Festubert.
Chunuk Bair Approaches Reconnoitred
Overton scouts routes north of ANZAC and reports that approaches toward the Sari Bair heights are lightly held.
Battle of Arras
Final day of the Arras Offensive, nearly breaks the German defenses on Vimy Ridge
Coalition Government
Asquith & Bonar Law agree a Coaltion
Government
Sends a letter to ministers requesting their resignation for a new wartime coalition
Ministerial Resignation Request
Asks ministers to resign so a new wartime coalition can be created.
Wartime Coalition Agreement
Asquith and Bonar Law agree to form a wartime coalition.
Resignation of Fisher
First Sea Lord Fisher resigns & leaves operational contol of the Admiralty to Hamilton
Resignation of Fisher
First Sea Lord Fisher resigns & leaves operational contol of the Admiralty to Hamilton
91st Infantry Brigade Staff Appointment
Serves as brigade major of 91st Infantry Brigade while training New Army formations.
Bridges Dies after Gallipoli Wound
Bridges dies from the wound received at ANZAC and becomes the senior Australian officer lost in the campaign.
Munitions Supply Crisis Addressed
Addresses the national shortage of artillery ammunition and the need to expand munitions production.
E14 First Marmara Patrol Completed
Boyle returns through the Dardanelles after a successful first patrol in the Sea of Marmara.
E11 Dardanelles Passage Begins
Nasmith takes E11 through the heavily defended Dardanelles toward the Sea of Marmara.
Festubert Operations Extended
Haig continues attacks as British troops make slow gains through strongly defended trench systems.
Mass ANZAC Counterattack Prepared
Mustafa Kemal helps prepare the large Ottoman assault intended to drive the Anzacs into the sea.
Anzac Trench Recaptured Single-Handed
Jacka attacks Ottoman soldiers occupying part of an Australian trench and helps restore the position.
Anzac Line Holds against Mass Assault
Birdwood's corps defeats the large Ottoman attack and retains the entire ANZAC perimeter.
Admiralty Yacht Enchantress Use Explained
Churchill provides information concerning wartime use of the Admiralty yacht Enchantress.
Coalition Negotiations Announced
Announces political negotiations intended to broaden the wartime Government.
Wellington Battalion Returns from Helles
Malone's battalion returns to ANZAC after suffering heavily during the fighting around Krithia.
Nineteenth May Assault Repulsed
Mustafa Kemal's troops participate in the massive Ottoman attack that fails against prepared ANZAC defences.
Dismissal
Dismissed by Asquith, Bonar Law wishes to form a coalition without Churchill
Invasion of Austria
Italy begins to invade Austria along a 60 mile front
Declaration of War
Responsible for the task of defending the southwestern frontier and historic heartlands of the Empire following the Itialian declaration of war
Declaration of War
Italy declares war on Austria
E11 Ottoman Gunboat Destroyed
Nasmith attacks a patrol vessel during E11's first offensive sweep beyond the Dardanelles.
Declaration of War
Hands the declaration of war on Austria to Baron Macchio
Declaration of War
Signs the declaration of war on Austria
Invasion of Austria
Italy begins to invade Austria along a 60 mile front
Burial Armistice Arranged
Birdwood participates in arrangements for a temporary truce to bury thousands of dead between the opposing lines.
Admiralty Responsibilities Transferred to Balfour
Churchill's responsibilities pass to Arthur Balfour as the coalition government reorganises naval leadership.
Coalition Reconstruction Ends Admiralty Tenure
Churchill leaves the Admiralty when Asquith reconstructs the government after the political crisis over naval strategy.
Nagara Ammunition Transport Sunk
Nasmith sinks the ammunition-laden transport Nagara after allowing those aboard to leave.
Attorney General
Asquith appoints Carson Attorney General when the Coalition Government is formed after the Liberal Government was bought down by the Shell Crisis
Coalition Premiership
Continues as Prime Minister under the wartime coalition.
Declaration of War
Asquiths policy of "wait & see" is challenged by Lloyd George
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 4th term
HMS Triumph Sinking Witnessed off Anzac
Birdwood witnesses the loss of HMS Triumph after the battleship is torpedoed while supporting the ANZAC beachhead.
E11 Reaches Constantinople Waters
Nasmith brings E11 into waters off Constantinople and attacks shipping near the arsenal.
Tophane Arsenal Transport Attacked
E11 fires a torpedo at an Ottoman transport alongside the Tophane Arsenal.
Festubert Offensive Closed
Haig ends the Festubert operation after limited advances and heavy casualties.
Coalition Ministry Announced
The new wartime government is announced.
Government
The new Government is announced
Coalition Government Formed
Forms a coalition administration with Conservative participation to strengthen wartime government.
Armeegruppe Rohr
Appointed Commander of Armeegruppe Rohr, takes charge of all troops in from Graz to Innsbruck
General
Appointed Commander of Armeegruppe Rohr, takes charge of all troops in from Graz to Innsbruck
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
Appointed Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, stays in position for 5 months
War Council
Appointed Member of War Council
Battleship Support Reduced after U-Boat Losses
De Robeck withdraws major warships from close offshore support after submarine attacks sink Triumph and Majestic.
Bombing of London
German Zeppelins bombard the suburbs of London
London Zeppelin Bombing
German Zeppelins bombard suburbs of London.
Anzac Counterattacks Coordinated from Forward Posts
Chauvel coordinates defence of the forward posts during repeated Ottoman pressure.
Quinn Courtney Steele Sector Commanded
Chauvel takes responsibility for the dangerous Quinn's, Courtney's and Steele's Post sector.
Fourth Brigade Takes Over Pope's Hill Sector
Monash's brigade assumes responsibility for exposed positions around Pope's Hill and Monash Valley.
Anzac Casualty Clearing Improved
Howse works to improve treatment and evacuation arrangements for the growing number of ANZAC casualties.
French Command at Helles Assumed
Gouraud takes over the French Expeditionary Corps operating on the right of the Helles line.
French Helles Trenches Expanded
Gouraud strengthens French positions and artillery on the eastern side of the Helles front.
Shell Crisis Cabinet Pressure Faced
Faces intense political criticism as shortages of artillery ammunition become a national controversy.
North Sea Monitors Protected from Diversion
Fisher resists plans to absorb newly built monitors into a continuing Mediterranean commitment at the expense of northern operations.
Frezenberg Ridge Defence Supported
Plumer coordinates British resistance during heavy German attacks around Frezenberg Ridge.
E14 Military Transport Sunk
Boyle's E14 sinks a large Ottoman military transport carrying supplies through the Sea of Marmara.
E14 Ottoman Gunboat Sunk
Boyle destroys an Ottoman gunboat while E14 operates against military traffic entering the Sea of Marmara.
E11 Sailing Vessel Disguise Attempted
Nasmith briefly uses a captured sailing vessel as camouflage while operating near Gallipoli.
North Sea Fleet Exercises Intensified
Beatty conducts exercises intended to improve battlecruiser manoeuvring, gunnery and cooperation with supporting forces.
Coalition Government War Role Retained
Remains at the War Office when Asquith forms a coalition government during the shell crisis.
Shell Shortage Criticism Intensifies
Faces mounting criticism over ammunition shortages during British offensives on the Western Front.
New Army Brigade Training Programme
Helps train New Army units while serving on the staff of 91st Infantry Brigade.
Italian Intervention Decision
Supports the government decision that leads Italy to enter the war after the secret London agreement.
New Zealand Infantry Brigade Concentrated at Anzac
Johnston concentrates the New Zealand Infantry Brigade after its units complete the landing.
Mounted Rifles Reinforce ANZAC without Horses
Russell's mounted riflemen land as infantry reinforcements and take over sections of the ANZAC line.
Capture of Windhoek
Windhoek in German South West Africa is captured by forces under Louis Botha
Reballion of of the Easter
Crushes the last remnants of the Easter Rebellion in Dublin
Reballion of of the Easter
Takes the surrender of the last of the rebels, over 1,000 prisoners have been taken. Crushes the last remnants of the Easter Rebellion in Dublin
Compulsory Military Service Expanded
Announces the Government decision to broaden compulsory military service beyond the January settlement.
Resignation of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
The 6th Royal Scots merges with the 15th Division. Churchill does not seek another command & returns to Parliament
Birrell Resignation Addressed
Addresses the resignation of Augustine Birrell following the Easter Rising in Ireland.
Second Military Service Bill Introduced
Introduces a Bill extending military service obligations to a wider group of eligible men.
Secret Parliamentary Session Arranged
Explains arrangements for a secret parliamentary session on military manpower and recruiting.
Irish Rebellion Repression Policy Reviewed
Addresses the Government response to the Easter Rising and the treatment of rebels.
Resignation of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
Gives his Officers a farewell lunch at Armentieres
Resignation of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
Holds a farewell luncheon for the officers of his batallion
Resignation of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
Returns to England, the end of his military career
Clemency for Irish Prisoners Considered
Addresses parliamentary appeals for clemency toward prisoners detained after the Easter Rising.
Easter Rising Inquiry Announced
Supports an inquiry into the causes of and responsibility for the Easter Rising.
Irish Rebel Trials Addressed
Answers questions about the trials of participants in the Easter Rising.
James Caird Voyage
Navigates the James Caird across the Southern Ocean to South Georgia during the Endurance rescue effort
James Caird Reaches South Georgia
Crean and the James Caird crew reach South Georgia after a seventeen-day voyage of more than eight hundred miles across the Southern Ocean.
Death of Karl Schwarzschild
Death of Karl Schwarzschild
Trentino Offensive
Austrian offensive in the Trentino begins
South Georgia Interior Crossing
Crean crosses the unmapped mountainous interior of South Georgia with Shackleton and Frank Worsley during a continuous journey to Stromness whaling station.
Coalition Government Constitution Reviewed
Explains the constitution and working arrangements of the wartime coalition government.
Post-Rising Ireland Statement Delivered
Gives Parliament a statement on conditions in Ireland after the Easter Rising.
Irish Prisoner Treatment Reviewed
Answers questions concerning the treatment and release of prisoners detained after the rebellion.
Government of Ireland Policy Reconsidered
Addresses possible political arrangements for Ireland following the Easter Rising.
Military Service Extended to Married Men
Implements the extension of compulsory military service to married men through further legislation.
Paris Economic Conference Discussed
Addresses British participation in Allied discussions about wartime and postwar economic cooperation.
Martial Law in Ireland Reviewed
Reviews the continuing operation of martial law in Ireland after the rebellion.
Battle of Jutland
Beatty sails from Rosyth with six battlecruisers and the four fast battleships of the Fifth Battle Squadron.
Battlecruiser Fleet Sorties for Jutland
Beatty leads the Battle Cruiser Fleet from the Forth toward its planned North Sea rendezvous.
Fifth Battle Squadron Attached for Jutland Sortie
Four Queen Elizabeth-class battleships under Evan-Thomas reinforce Beatty's six battlecruisers for the operation.
German Fleet Sortie Intelligence Received
Beatty receives orders to sail after Admiralty intelligence indicates major German naval movement.
Battle of Jutland
Leads 5 cruisers along the Jutland Peninsula to break the British North Sea blockade. Hipper & Beattys destroyers see each other & the Germans entice the British fleet. Germans have 16 Dreadnoughts, 6 pre-Dreadnoughts, 11 light cruisers & 72 destroyers
Battle of Jutland
Intends to entice British battle-cruisers offf the Norwegian coast & destroy them. Follows von Hipper with the German Fleet of 99 ships along the Jutland Peninsula
War Office
Stands alone in criticizing the Government during the War Office vote
Battle of Jutland
British and German scouting forces make contact, drawing Beatty's and Hipper's battlecruisers toward battle.
Battlecruisers Turn East before Grand Fleet
Beatty turns eastward as he approaches Jellicoe, helping clear the deployment area for the battlefleet.
Beatty Reports German Fleet Position
Beatty sends position information as Jellicoe prepares the Grand Fleet for deployment.
Beatty Turns North before High Seas Fleet
Beatty reverses course to lead Hipper and Scheer toward Jellicoe's approaching Grand Fleet.
Beatty Turns toward Hipper
Beatty alters course to bring his battlecruisers into action against Hipper's First Scouting Group.
Fifth Battle Squadron Enters Heavy Action
Evan-Thomas's fast battleships bring their powerful guns into action against Hipper's ships.
Fifth Battle Squadron Falls Astern
Evan-Thomas's battleships trail Beatty's faster battlecruisers during the opening pursuit.
Fifth Battle Squadron Turn Delayed
Signalling difficulties delay Evan-Thomas's turn, exposing the fast battleships to concentrated German fire.
German Fleet Drawn toward Jellicoe
Beatty fulfils the battlecruiser scouting role by bringing Scheer's fleet toward Jellicoe's battleships.
Grand Fleet Deployment Supported by Beatty Screen
Beatty's battlecruisers operate ahead of the deploying Grand Fleet as Jellicoe forms his battle line.
HMS Engadine Seaplane Reconnaissance Used
A seaplane from HMS Engadine scouts ahead of Beatty's force and reports German ships during the approach to battle.
HMS Galatea Reports Enemy Contact
A sighting report from Galatea helps draw Beatty toward Hipper's battlecruisers.
HMS Indefatigable Lost at Jutland
Indefatigable explodes under German battlecruiser fire during the Run to the South.
HMS Lion Magazine Flooded
Emergency flooding prevents flash from reaching Lion's magazines after the Q-turret hit.
HMS Lion Q Turret Hit
A German shell penetrates Lion's Q turret and creates a serious risk of a magazine explosion.
HMS Princess Royal Damaged at Jutland
Princess Royal suffers German hits while remaining in action with Beatty's battlecruiser force.
HMS Queen Mary Lost at Jutland
Queen Mary is destroyed by catastrophic magazine explosions during the battlecruiser action.
HMS Tiger Continues Battlecruiser Action
Tiger remains with Beatty's force through the main phases of the Jutland battle.
High Seas Fleet Sighted
Beatty identifies Scheer's approaching battlefleet and realises his force has been drawn toward superior numbers.
Hipper Force Re-engaged near Grand Fleet
Beatty's surviving battlecruisers renew action as Hipper's ships encounter the Grand Fleet.
Jutland Scouting Screen Deployed
Beatty spreads light cruisers ahead of his capital ships to search for Hipper's scouting force.
Nightfall Ends Beatty's Main Gun Action
Fading light reduces Beatty's opportunity to maintain effective heavy-gun contact with the German fleet.
Run to the North Begins
Beatty leads the German forces north toward the main body of the Grand Fleet.
Run to the South Begins
Beatty pursues Hipper southward as both battlecruiser forces exchange heavy gunfire.
Battle of Jutland
Commands the Grand Fleet in the Battle of Jutland
Grand Fleet
Commands the Grand Fleet in the Battle of Jutland
Somme Artillery Build-Up Directed
Haig oversees the concentration of guns, ammunition and divisions for the coming offensive.
Married Men Conscription Extension Supported
Supports extending compulsory military service to married men as manpower demands continue.
Capture of Fort Rupel
Bulgaria captures Fort Rupel & enters Macedonia, a threat to the Allies
Brusilov Offensive
Forwarded after an appeal from the Italian King after the invasion of Italy by Austria
Milyukov Resignation
Kerensky remains in government after Milyukov resigns following the April political crisis.
Resignation as Foreign Minister
Miliukov resigns from the Provisional Government after the April crisis destroys support for his foreign-policy position.
Reform of Armed Forces
Reports that the Army is in a state of ruin
Birth of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Birth of John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Brookline, Mass
Sixth Brigade Fights at Second Bullecourt
Gellibrand's 6th Australian Brigade fights during the opening of Second Bullecourt.
Second Bullecourt Assault Continued
Haig continues operations at Bullecourt against heavily fortified Hindenburg Line positions.
Third Scarpe Attack Ordered
Haig orders another Scarpe attack as the Arras offensive approaches its final phase.
Government
Forms a coalition Government, 6 socialists enter the cabinet
Return to Petrograd
Returns to Petrograd after release from British detention and immediately re-enters revolutionary politics.
Government
Forms a coalition Government, 6 socialists enter the cabinet
Minister of Posts & Telegraph
Appointed Minister for Posts & Telegraph in the 1st coalition Government
First Coalition Government
Kerensky helps form the first coalition government including socialist and liberal ministers.
Coalition Government
Becomes war minister in the new coalition.
Appointment as Agriculture Minister
Chernov enters the coalition government as agriculture minister while pressure grows for immediate redistribution of land.
Coalition Government
Supports socialist participation in the government.
First Coalition Government
Lvov forms a coalition government that brings moderate socialist ministers into the cabinet alongside liberals.
Coalition Government
Socialist leaders enter government with Soviet approval.
Provisional Government
Appointed Prime Minister of the Provisional Government
Dual Power
Leads the Provisional Government under pressure from the Petrograd Soviet.
Aircraft Recovery
Joins a party recovering a crashed British aircraft near Wadi Hamdh.
Aqaba Expedition
Leaves Wejh with Arab forces for the inland expedition against Aqaba.
Chairman
Offers the "internationalist" Mensheviks a place on the editorial board of Pravda
Menshevik Party
Offers the "internationalist" Mensheviks a place on the editorial board of Pravda
Pravda
Offers the "internationalist" Mensheviks a place on the editorial board of Pravda
Chairman
Offers the "internationalist" Mensheviks a place on the editorial board of Pravda
Menshevik Party
Offers the "internationalist" Mensheviks a place on the editorial board of Pravda
Pravda
Offers the "internationalist" Mensheviks a place on the editorial board of Pravda
First Liberty Loan
McAdoo launches a national bond campaign to finance United States participation in the war.
Peace
Offers an immediate peace to Russia
Arras Offensive Ended
Haig ends the Arras offensive after tactical gains but no strategic breakthrough.
Resignation of Paul Miliukov
Resigns as Foreign Minister
Peace
Writes a 2nd letter of peace
Peace
Declares Russia that it will not agree a separate peace with the Central Powers
Minister of War
Becomes Minister of War and Navy in the coalition government.
Kerensky Offensive
Becomes Minister of War and Navy before pressing for a renewed offensive.
Appointment as Supreme Commander
Brusilov becomes supreme commander of the Russian army as the Provisional Government prepares a new offensive.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief by the provisional Government
Provisional Government
Appointed Commander in Chief by the provisional Government
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief by the provisional Government
Provisional Government
Appointed Commander in Chief by the provisional Government
Dismissal
Dismissed as Commander in Chief because of opposition to the Kerenski Offensive
Offensive
Dismissed as Commander in Chief because of opposition to the Kerenski Offensive
Kerensky Offensive
Becomes commander in chief and prepares the army for the summer attack.
Birth of Nakasone
Birth of Nakasone
Chief of General Staff
Appointed Chief of the General Staff
Chief of General Staff
Appointed Chief of the General Staff
Regimental Adjutant Appointment
Jodl serves as a regimental adjutant after his period of battery command.
Eton College
Wins a scholarship place at Eton College.
Bullecourt Operations Coordinated
Birdwood's I ANZAC Corps coordinates Australian attacks during the prolonged fighting at Bullecourt.
North Sea Blockade Cover Maintained
The Grand Fleet continues providing strategic cover for Britain's blockade and northern patrol system.
Henderson Mission to Russia Supported
Sends Arthur Henderson to Russia to assess political conditions and Allied cooperation.
Irish Convention Plan Announced
Proposes a representative convention to seek an agreed settlement of the Irish constitutional question.
Merchant Convoy System Adopted
Backs the adoption of escorted convoys for merchant ships facing the U-boat campaign.
Petain Appointment Welcomed
Supports continued Allied cooperation after Philippe Petain replaces Nivelle in French command.
Shipping Loss Emergency Measures Expanded
Orders further measures to conserve tonnage while the convoy system begins reducing losses.
War Cabinet Reviews French Army Crisis
Monitors the French Army crisis after failed offensives and widespread indiscipline.
Battle of Carso, 3rd
Drives the Austrians from their trench lines from Kostanjevica to the Adriatic
Army Morale Tour
Tours the front to rally soldiers behind the offensive.
Bolshevik Party
Returns to Moscow via Japan & Siberia
Exile of Nikolai Bukharin
Returns to Moscow via Japan & Siberia
All Power to the Soviets
Bolsheviks use Soviet meetings to press their slogan.
Military Organisation
Works with soldiers linked to the Soviet and Bolsheviks.
Menshevik Party
Milyukov resigns, members of the Mensheviks and the Socialist Revolutionaries join the Government
Resignation of Paul Miliukov
Milyukov resigns, members of the Mensheviks and the Socialist Revolutionaries join the Government
Menshevik Party
Milyukov resigns, members of the Mensheviks and the Socialist Revolutionaries join the Government
Resignation of Paul Miliukov
Milyukov resigns, members of the Mensheviks and the Socialist Revolutionaries join the Government
April Days
Milyukov resigns, members of the Mensheviks and the Socialist Revolutionaries join the Government
Menshevik Party
Milyukov resigns, members of the Mensheviks and the Socialist Revolutionaries join the Government
Battle of Aisne, 3rd
Ludendorf orders the Aisne attack to divert the French reserves so that the BEF can be struck again in Flanders
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Ludendorf orders the Aisne attack to divert the French reserves so that the BEF can be struck again in Flanders
Inheritance
Inheritance is abolished
Iron Cross First Class Award
Jodl receives the Iron Cross First Class for wartime service.
Treaty of Bucharest
Marghiloman signs the imposed Treaty of Bucharest, which King Ferdinand never ratifies.
Award
Awarded for courage beyond the call of duty
Maurice Accusations Answered
Answers General Maurice's public accusations concerning army strength and government statements.
Maurice Debate Confidence Test Won
Defeats the parliamentary challenge arising from the Maurice controversy and retains Commons support.
Western Front Army Strength Defended
Defends official figures used to describe British manpower on the Western Front.
Bolshevik Party
Bolshevik troops open fire on workers protesting at food shortages in the town of Kolpino
Reballion of Rebels in Kolpino
Bolshevik troops open fire on workers protesting at food shortages in the town of Kolpino
Food Dictatorship Decree
The Soviet government strengthens emergency grain procurement powers as urban food shortages worsen.
Purchase of Grain
Has power to force peasants to deliver grain to collection points for fixed payments
Dismissal
Dismissed for not co-operating with the Germans in the Ukraine
Dismissal
Dismisses Bohm-Ermolli
Siege of Paris
The Germans reach Meuse at Chateau-Thierry within 40 miles of Paris
Federal Women Vote
Welcomes federal voting rights for many Canadian women.
Czechoslovak Legion Revolt
Lenin's government faces a widening military crisis as clashes with the Czechoslovak Legion spread along the Trans-Siberian Railway.
Independence of Georgia
Georgia declares independence
Rule of Georgia
Georgia declares independence
Congress of Councils
Presides over the opening of the Alln Congress of Councils of National Economy
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Battle of Aisne, 3rd
1st day of 3rd Ludendorf offensive, Battle of the Aisne
Ludendorf Offensive
1st day of 3rd Ludendorf offensive, Battle of the Aisne
Aisne Crisis Reinforcements Reviewed
Haig reviews reinforcement requirements after Germany launches a new offensive on the Aisne.
German Aisne Offensive Monitored
Reviews the new German attack on the Aisne as Allied forces face another major crisis.
Armenian National Council
Chairs the Armenian National Council, which proclaimed the independence of Democratic Republic of Armenia
Rule of Armenia
Chairs the Armenian National Council, which proclaimed the independence of Democratic Republic of Armenia
Treaty of Batum
Signs the Treaty of Batum with the Ottoman Empire. Chairs the Armenian National Council, which proclaimed the independence of Democratic Republic of Armenia
Red Army Conscription
The Soviet government introduces compulsory military service as the civil war expands and volunteer recruitment proves insufficient.
Australian Corps Command Assumed
Monash assumes command of the newly unified Australian Corps.
213th Infantry Division
Manstein transferred to the 213th Infantry Division on the Western Front as an operations staff officer. He remained involved in German divisional planning during the final year of the war.
Royal Medal
Awarded the Royal Societys Royal Medal
Royal Society
Awarded the Royal Societys Royal Medal
Allied Shipping Allocated for American Reinforcements
Backs use of Allied shipping capacity to accelerate the arrival of United States forces.
American Troop Arrival Accelerated
Supports arrangements to speed the movement of American troops to the Western Front.
Petrograd Defence
Oversees Soviet authority as civil war threats grow.
Petrograd Defence
Zinoviev organises Soviet authority during threats to Petrograd.
Economy of Russia
Helps found the Vesenkha to control the economy at the Alln Congress
Nationalization
The sugar industry is nationalized. The oil industry is nationalized
Vesenkha
Helps found the Vesenkha to control the economy at the Alln Congress
Reballion of Rebels in River Don
A rebellion in the River Don results in Krasnov establishing military rule
Union for Defence of Fatherland and Freedom
Savinkov organises an underground anti-Bolshevik network preparing armed resistance against Soviet rule.
Arrest of Fedorovna
Grand Duchess Elizaveta Fedorovna is arrested by the Bolsheviks
Bolshevik Party
Grand Duchess Elizaveta Fedorovna is executed by the Bolsheviks. Grand Duchess Elizaveta Fedorovna is arrested by the Bolsheviks
Death of Fedorovna
Grand Duchess Elizaveta Fedorovna is executed by the Bolsheviks
Execution
Grand Duchess Elizaveta Fedorovna is executed by the Bolsheviks
Arrest of Mikhailovich
Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich is arrested by the Bolsheviks
Bolshevik Party
Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich is arrested by the Bolsheviks
Arrest of Palei
Vladimir Pavlovich Palei is arrested by the Bolsheviks
Bolshevik Party
Vladimir Pavlovich Palei is executed by the Bolsheviks. Vladimir Pavlovich Palei is arrested by the Bolsheviks
Death of Palei
Vladimir Pavlovich Palei is executed by the Bolsheviks
Execution
Vladimir Pavlovich Palei is executed by the Bolsheviks
Reballion of Rebels in River Don
A rebellion in the River Don results in Krasnov establishing military rule
Third Anglo-Afghan War
Afghan forces cross the frontier, beginning the Third Anglo-Afghan War.
Capture of Bagh
Forces associated with Zar Shah seize Bagh, threatening the nearby British position at Landi Kotal and its vital water supply.
Landi Kotal Water Supply Cut
Armed forces under Zar Shah disrupt the water supply serving Landi Kotal, increasing pressure on the British garrison in the Khyber.
Afghan Troops Cross Frontier
Afghan troops cross the frontier at the western end of the Khyber Pass, opening the main military phase of the Third Anglo-Afghan War.
Assassination of Gustav Landauer
Munich is "liberated" by the White Army & Landauer is assassinated by Feikorps troops
Assassination of Rudolf Eglhofer
Munich is "liberated" by the White Army & Eglhofer is assassinated by Feikorps troops
Death of Rudolf Eglhofer
Munich is "liberated" by the White Army & Eglhofer is assassinated by Feikorps troops
Death of Gustav Landauer
Munich is "liberated" by the White Army & Landauer is assassinated by Feikorps troops
Demonstrations
Over 3000 students of Peking University and other schools gather together in front of Tiananmen and hold a demonstration
May 4th Movement
Students join in a protest in the Tiananmen Square of Beijing against the European powers decision to grant German-controlled Shandong to Japan, and thus create a new nationalist Chinese movement ("May 4th movement"). Over 3000 students of Peking University and other schools gather together in front of Tiananmen and hold a demonstration. Demonstrations against the terms of the Treaty of Versailles
Demonstrations
Leads a student protest against the Versailles Peace Conference
Treaty of Versailles
Demonstrations against the terms of the Treaty of Versailles
May 4th Movement
Under intense public outcry, the Beiyang Government has to release the arrested students and dismiss Cao Rulin, Zhang Zongxiang and Lu Zongyu from their posts
May 4th Movement
Under intense public outcry, the Beiyang Government has to release the arrested students and dismiss Cao Rulin, Zhang Zongxiang and Lu Zongyu from their posts
May 4th Movement
Under intense public outcry, the Beiyang Government has to release the arrested students and dismiss Cao Rulin, Zhang Zongxiang and Lu Zongyu from their posts
May 4th Movement
Chinese representatives in Paris refuse to sign on the peace Treaty, the May 4th Movement win the initial victory, more symbolic than anything else, Japan retains the Shandong Peninsula and Pacific Islands won in World War I
Rule of Shandong
Chinese representatives in Paris refuse to sign on the peace Treaty, the May 4th Movement win the initial victory, more symbolic than anything else, Japan retains the Shandong Peninsula and Pacific Islands won in World War I
RAF Coordination at Peshawar
Minchin travels from Murree to Peshawar to coordinate Royal Air Force operations with the North-West Frontier Force after hostilities begin.
Air Liaison Appointment
Millar is attached to the frontier command as an air liaison officer, helping coordinate No. 31 Squadron with ground operations.
Reconnaissance over Afghanistan
No. 31 Squadron aircraft conduct reconnaissance over Afghan territory under Millar's command and return after encountering small-arms fire.
Birth of Maria Eva Duarte Peron
Birth of Maria Eva Duarte Peron, born out of wedlock in rural Argentina
Demonstrations
Arrives in Nankai University to organize student rebellion against western imperialism
First Dakka Camp Established
Baldwin establishes a camp near Loe Dakka, but its exposed position leaves the force vulnerable to fire from surrounding heights.
Occupation of Dakka
Baldwin leads the British-Indian force occupying Dakka after Afghan troops withdraw westward from the Khyber fighting.
Winnipeg General Strike
Supports workers during the Winnipeg General Strike.
Assumes Command at Dakka
Fowler arrives at Dakka and assumes command of the British-Indian force after concerns arise over the defensive position of the camp.
Dakka Camp Repositioned
Fowler orders the Dakka camp moved westward and strengthens the surrounding defensive positions to reduce its exposure to Afghan attack.
Invasion of Turkey
The Greeks land at Smyrna in an attempt to invade Turkey
Siege of Smyrna
The Greeks land at Smyrna in an attempt to invade Turkey
Battle of Turubah
Directs Saudi policy during the victory over Hashemite forces at Turubah.
Battle of Turubah
Commands Saudi fighters during the victory at Turubah.
Dakka Heights Secured
Fowler's troops secure the heights around Dakka and compel Afghan forces to withdraw, stabilizing the British position west of the Khyber.
First Jalalabad Air Raid
No. 31 Squadron begins concentrated bombing attacks on Jalalabad, using air power against Afghan military positions during the frontier campaign.
Invasion of Turkey
Lands at Samsun & organizes resistance to the invasion of Turkey by the Allies
Second Jalalabad Air Raid
Aircraft of No. 31 Squadron return to Jalalabad for a second concentrated raid against targets supporting Afghan operations.
Bombing of Kabul
Halley flies the Handley Page V/1500 Old Carthusian on a long-range bombing mission against Kabul that has a major psychological impact.
Third Jalalabad Air Raid
No. 31 Squadron carries out another major attack on Jalalabad, continuing sustained aerial pressure on Afghan forces and communications.
Withdrawal from Wana Begins
Russell begins withdrawing from Wana with about 300 loyal men after much of the South Waziristan Militia mutinies during the frontier crisis.
Capture of Spin Baldak
Wapshare's British-Indian force storms and captures the Afghan fortress of Spin Baldak, securing the strategically important approach from Kandahar toward Quetta.
Different from the Others
Directs Different from the Others, an early film addressing homosexuality.
Fighting Retreat through Mir Ali Khel
Russell leads loyal militia through hostile territory toward Fort Sandeman while the withdrawing column suffers casualties during repeated fighting.
Relativity, Theory of
According to the theory of general relativity, stars with light rays that passed near the Sun would appear to have been slightly shifted because their light had been curved by its gravitational field.
Relativity, Theory of
During the eclipse, he took pictures of the stars in the region around the Sun.
Relativity, Theory of
Eddington travelled to the island of Principe near Africa to watch the solar eclipse of 29 May 1919.
Relativity, Theory of
This effect is noticeable only during eclipses, since otherwise the Suns brightness obscures the affected stars.
Light Deflection
Crommelin observes the solar eclipse at Sobral as part of the British test of general relativity
Light Deflection
Eddington leads eclipse observations that support Einsteins prediction of starlight deflection
Light Deflection
Davidson assists Eddington during the Principe eclipse expedition testing relativistic light bending
Light Deflection
Dyson organises eclipse expeditions that test general relativity by measuring stellar positions near the Sun
Eclipse Test
Measures starlight deflection during a solar eclipse, supporting general relativity.
Solar Eclipse Relativity Test
British eclipse expeditions photograph stars near the Sun to test Einstein's predicted gravitational deflection.
Total Eclipse Relativity Test
The total solar eclipse provides observations designed to test the bending of starlight predicted by Einstein's general theory of relativity.
Birth of Rene Barrientos
Rene Barrientos Ortuno is born in Tarata, Cochabamba.
Wana Column Reaches Fort Sandeman
Russell's surviving column reaches Fort Sandeman after a difficult four-day retreat from Wana in which several British officers and militia are killed or wounded.
Siege of Thal
Nadir Khan commands a large Afghan regular force that surrounds Thal and places its British-Indian garrison under sustained pressure.
Declaration of War
Hostilities last for just 1 month
Treaty of Rawalpindi
Under the Treaty of Rawalpindi Afghanistan wins control of its foreign affairs
May Fourth Movement
Takes part in student activism associated with the May Fourth movement and campaigns against foreign privileges.
Volkswehr Battery Augsburg Command
Jodl commands the Volkswehr Battery Augsburg during the transition from the imperial army to the Reichswehr.
Defence of Thal
Eustace commands the under-strength Sikh, Gurkha and cavalry garrison that holds Thal for a week despite repeated Afghan attacks.
Afghan Assault at Dakka Repulsed
Fowler's force withstands Afghan artillery and infantry attacks at Dakka before mounting a counter-attack against the attacking troops.
Birth of Tenzing Norgay
Birth of Tenzing Norgay, from a peasant family from Khumbu in Nepal, very near Mount Everest, which the Sherpas call Chomolungma
Defence of Petrograd
Mobilises Soviet support during Yudenich's threat to Petrograd.
Defence of Petrograd
The Petrograd Soviet supports defence efforts against White forces.
Ordnungszelle Policy
Publicly presents Bavaria as an 'Ordnungszelle', a nucleus from which order and stability could spread through Germany.
Treaty of Trianon
Romania, Czechoslovakia & Yugoslavia take nearly 2/3 of Hungarys territory
Friis Caretaker Government
The Friis Caretaker Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Second Neergaard Premiership
Begins the Second Neergaard Premiership in Copenhagen and serves as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Ether and Relativity Lecture
Delivers the lecture Ether and the Theory of Relativity, redefining the concept in gravitational terms.
North Persia Oils Incorporated
A company linked with Anglo-Persian is incorporated to pursue former Russian oil interests in northern Persia.
Policy of Fulfillment
Joseph Wirth and Walter Rathenau announce their "Policy of Fulfillment"
Policy of Fulfillment
Joseph Wirth and Walter Rathenau announce their "Policy of Fulfillment"
Birth of John Paul II
Birth of John Paul II, Karol Wojtyla
First Tusar Government
The First Tusar Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Second Tusar Government
Begins the Second Tusar Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Abdication
Forced to abdicate as King of Palestine by the French
Ether and Relativity Leiden Address
Delivers his Leiden inaugural lecture on ether and relativity, arguing that general relativity permits a physical spacetime structure without a mechanical luminiferous ether.
Invasion of Silesia
Polish forces under Wojciech Korfantry invade Upper Silesia
Rule of Silesia
Polish forces under Wojciech Korfantry invade Upper Silesia
London Ultimatum
The London Ultimatum sets the total sum of the war indemnity at 132 billion marks
Reparations
The London Ultimatum sets the total sum of the war indemnity at 132 billion marks
Royal Society Foreign Membership
Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society.
Democratic Programme
Kerensky records his position on democratic programme in exile.
Legislation
Emergency Quota Act, restricts immigration to 3% of the nationality within the US
American Radium Gift
Receives a gram of radium from American supporters.
American Radium Gift
Presents Marie Curie with radium bought by American donors.
Battle of St Annaberg
German Freikorps smash Polish forces at St Annaberg
Invasion of Silesia
German Freikorps smash Polish forces at St Annaberg
Freikorps
Under Allied pressure, all Freikorps units are outlawed
Lords of Appeal in Ordinary
Appointed one of seven Lords of Appeal in Ordinary
Birth of Stanley Harding Stan Mortensen
Birth of Stanley Harding "Stan" Mortensen
Economy of USA
Emergency Tariff Act, increases duties on farm products & other goods
Legislation
Emergency Tariff Act, increases duties on farm products & other goods
Einwohnerwehr Dissolution
Accepts the political necessity of dissolving the Bavarian Einwohnerwehr organisation after sustained Allied pressure for disarmament.
Polish Corridor Agreement
Serves as Foreign Minister when Germany ratifies an agreement simplifying rail traffic through the Polish Corridor.
Hitler Youth
The inaugural meeting of the Hitler Youth
Genoa Plenary Address
Addresses the plenary session of the Genoa Conference on Germany's economic and international position.
Birth of Christopher Lee
Birth of Christopher Lee
Siege of Odessa
Stalin signs an instruction of the Revo-lutionary Military Council of the South-Western Front to the Command of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Armies on measures for the defense of Odessa
Civil War
Faces military rebellion during the Paraguayan civil war.
Birth of Joseph Heller
Birth of Joseph Heller
Comptroller of Currency
Takes office as Comptroller of the Currency during the Harding administration.
Birth of Bea Arthur
Birth of Bea Arthur, actress in the "Golden Girls"
Resignation of Andrew Bonar Law
Law resigns because he is dying from throat cancer
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 1st term
Second Otto B. Halvorsen Government
The Second Otto B. Halvorsen Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Civil War
Leads the Free State government as the Civil War ends and constitutional administration consolidates.
British Recognition Statement
Britain publicly recognised the existence of a Transjordanian government under Abdullah on 25 May 1923, although significant British oversight remained.
Independence of Jordan
Jordans official independence day. Announcement of the Emirate of Transs independence
Death of Albert Leo Schlageter
Albert Leo Schlageter, a German freebooter and saboteur, is executed by a French firing squad in the Ruhr, Hitler declares him a hero that the German nation was not worthy to possess
Execution
Albert Leo Schlageter, a German freebooter and saboteur, is executed by a French firing squad in the Ruhr, Hitler declares him a hero that the German nation was not worthy to possess
Execution
Albert Leo Schlageter, a German freebooter and saboteur, is executed by a French firing squad in the Ruhr, Hitler declares him a hero that the German nation was not worthy to possess
Birth of Henry Alfred Kissinger
Birth of Henry Alfred Kissinger
Government
Forms a coalition Government
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland, 2nd term
Abraham Berge Government
Begins the Abraham Berge Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Foreign Secretary of Iran
Appointed Foreign Minister
Bolshevik Party
Trotsky described Zinovievs and Kamenevs opposition to the Bolshevik seizure of power in 1917, something that the two would have preferred to be left unmentioned
Literature and Revolution
Trotsky described Zinovievs and Kamenevs opposition to the Bolshevik seizure of power in 1917, something that the two would have preferred to be left unmentioned. Publication of "Literature & Revolution"
Birth of Peter Shore
Birth of Peter Shore
Immigration Act
The Immigration Act establishes national-origin quotas that restrict labour migration.
Birth of Edward Dillon Lott du Cann
Birth of Edward Dillon Lott du Cann
Assassination of Giacomo Matteotti
Denounces the Fascist Party & is found dead 12 days later
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Congress of Communist Party, 13th
Zinoviev and Kamenev helped Stalin retain his position as General Secretary of the Central Committee at the XIIIth Party Congress in May-June 1924 during the first Lenins Testament controversy
Congress of Communist Party, 13th
Zinoviev and Kamenev helped Stalin retain his position as General Secretary of the Central Committee at the XIIIth Party Congress in May-June 1924 during the first Lenins Testament controversy
Congress of Communist Party, 13th
Zinoviev and Kamenev helped Stalin retain his position as General Secretary of the Central Committee at the XIIIth Party Congress in May-June 1924 during the first Lenins Testament controversy
Lessons of October, an extensive summary of the events of 1917
Trotsky publishes The Lessons of October, an extensive summary of the events of 1917
The Lessons of October, an extensive summary of the events of 1917
Trotsky publishes The Lessons of October, an extensive summary of the events of 1917
Strike
Organizes the printing of a Government newspaper, the "British Gazette". Advocates "no surrender" to the strikers
Afrikaans Official Language
Supports legislation recognizing Afrikaans as an official language.
Language Status Reform
The change replaces Dutch for official constitutional purposes.
Aloys Van de Vyvere Government
Begins the Aloys Van de Vyvere Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
First Georges Theunis Government
The First Georges Theunis Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Gold Standard Act
The Gold Standard Act receives royal assent and restores convertibility of sterling into gold bullion.
Gold Standard
The Bank of England is required to sell gold bullion at the statutory pre-war price.
Gold Standard Act
Baldwin's Government enacts the statutory return of sterling to gold bullion convertibility.
Death of Alfred Milner
Death of Alfred Milner, of sleeping sickness soon after returning from South Africa, his viscountcy, lacking suitable heirs, dies with him
Building Materials Bill
Debates proposals concerning the charges and supply of building materials.
General Strike
Praised by the Daily Mail for his handling of the General Strike
Strike
Praised by the Daily Mail for his handling of the General Strike
Birth of Malcolm X
Birth of Malcolm X, Malcolm Little
Machado Presidency
Begins presidency before his rule hardens into dictatorship.
Death of John Denton Pinkstone French
Death of John Denton Pinkstone French
Death of John French
Death of John French, Earl of Ypres.
French Security and Reconciliation Policy Combined
Briand combines demands for security with a willingness to pursue political reconciliation with Germany.
Rio de Janeiro Relativity Lectures
Speaks in Rio de Janeiro during his South American tour, explaining relativity while participating in debates about theoretical science and its wider significance.
Strike
The Miners go on strike
General Strike
Baldwin's Government confronts a nationwide strike supporting miners against wage reductions.
General Strike
The TUC calls a general strike in support of the Miners
Strike
The TUC calls a general strike in support of the Miners
Strike
Railwaymen, printers, builders, drivers, dockers, iron & steel workers join miners
Wave and Matrix Mechanics Equivalence
Publishes a demonstration that his wave mechanics and Heisenberg's matrix mechanics are mathematically equivalent formulations of quantum theory.
General Strike
1st day of the General Strike
Strike
4 million trades unionists are ordered at the General Council of the TUC to cease work. 1st day of the General Strike
Coup
US troops arrive in Nicaragua after a coup
Coup
US troops arrive in Nicaragua after a coup
1st Flight North Pole
Helps complete the 1st flight over the North Pole
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland, 3rd term
Resignation of Hans Luther
Dr Luther leaves office over flag dispute
General Strike
The TUC unconditionally call off the general strike. The last day of the General Strike, the miners stay out
Strike
The TUC unconditionally call off the general strike. The last day of the General Strike, the miners stay out
Strike
The sympathy strike is called off but the miners continue their industrial action
Coup
Overthrows the Wojciechowski Government. Between November 1918 & Pilsudskis coup there had been 14 different regimes
Coup
Between November 1918 & Pilsudskis coup there had been 14 different regimes
Arrest of Stanislaw Wojciechowski
Arrests President Wojciechowski
Chancellor
Marx cabinet of the Center, BVP, DDP, DVP, 2 term
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland, 1st term
Henri Jaspar Government
Begins the Henri Jaspar Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Prosper Poullet Government
The Prosper Poullet Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Strike
The Miners Conference decides to continue with the strike
Independence of France
Lebanon is declared a Republic
Independence of Lebanon
Lebanon is declared a Republic
Exile of Bernardino Luis Machado
Deposed by a military revolt & forced into exile
Coup
Leeds a coup
Coup
Deposed by a military revolt & forced into exile
General Strike
Declares a state of emergency during the general strike
State of Emergency
Declares a state of emergency during the general strike
Strike
Declares a state of emergency during the general strike
Baptism
Baptized by Dr Lang the Archbishop of York
General Strike
Supports miners during the General Strike and lockout.
Reform of Trade
Makes a speech in support of the Trades Disputes Bill
President of Chile
Begins his first presidency after consolidating power over the civilian administration.
Economy of Germany
Germany's economy collapses
Treaty of Jeddah
Supports Saudi diplomacy surrounding international recognition of the state.
Treaty of Jeddah
Secures British recognition of the independence of his territories.
Authoritarian Government
Consolidates an authoritarian presidency after eliminating major political opposition.
Presidential Succession
Assumes presidential authority after Emiliano Figueroa resigns.
Declaration of 84
The Opposition forwards its case to the Politburo against "Socialism in one country"
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Russia
Britain severs diplomatic relations with Russia
Battle of Jinan
The Jinan Incident brings Nationalist and Japanese forces into violent conflict during the Northern Expedition.
Battle of Jinan
Japan defeats the Guomindang at Jinan & occupies the Shandong Peninsular
Capture of Shandong
Japan defeats the Guomindang at Jinan & occupies the Shandong Peninsular
Birth of Muhammad Hosni Sayyid Mubarak
Muhammad Hosni Sayyid Mubarak is born in Kafr el-Meselha in Monufia Governorate.
Sixty League Goals Record
Dixie Dean completes a hat-trick against Arsenal to finish the 1927โ28 First Division season with sixty league goals, a record for the English top flight.
Reform of Government
The electorate is reduced from 10 to 3 million
Birth of Burt Bacharach
Birth of Burt Bacharach
Election
The SDP win 153 seats, short of a majority
Election
The Nazi party wins 12 of the 491 Reichstag seats. The Nazi Party polls 810,000 votes out of 31 million cast, 2.5%
Birth of Ida Amin Dada
Birth of Ida Amin Dada, born as Awo-Ongo Angoo in Kampala, fathered by Andreas Nyabire, Nyabire was an ethnic Kakwa and Catholic who converted to Islam iand changed his name to Amin Dada
Birth of Ida Amin Dada
Birth of Ida Amin Dada, born as Awo-Ongo Angoo in Kampala, fathered by Andreas Nyabire, Nyabire was an ethnic Kakwa and Catholic who converted to Islam iand changed his name to Amin Dada
Alliance Turkey and Italy
Turkey signs a 5 yr Nonaggression pact with Italy
NSDAP
Hitler speaking ban lifted in Bavaria
Birth of Ralf Gustav Dahrendorf
Birth of Ralf Gustav Dahrendorf
Birth
Is born in Newcastle upon Tyne to a Scottish mother and an English father who worked as a BBC sound engineer.
Ebbw Vale Election
Wins Ebbw Vale for Labour at the general election.
President of Venezuela
Appointed acting President of Venezuela
Naming of Pluto
Lowell Observatory director Vesto Slipher announces Pluto as the proposed name for the newly discovered world.
Arrest of Indira Nehru Gandhi
Arrested by the British
1st Flight Australia
Takes off in a gypsy moth seeking to become the 1st woman to fly solo to Australia
Death of Sackville Hamilton Carden
Death of Sackville Hamilton Carden
Debut
England debut against Italy, which finished a 11 draw, Hapgood became England captain and wore the armband 21 times
Nansen Legacy
Dies after shaping League refugee policy.
Dismissal
Dismissed from the Labour Government
1st Flight Australia
Reaches Darwin, the first woman to fly solo to Australia
Resignation of Hernando Siles Reyes
Siles Reyes resigns after opposition to his effort to extend presidential power.
Birth of Clinton Clint Eastwood
Birth of Clinton "Clint" Eastwood.
Central Plains War
Directs Nationalist forces against the coalition of Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang and other opponents during the Central Plains War.
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 6th term
M
Directs M, his first sound film.
Encyclical
Publication of "Quadragesimo Anno", outline of the corporate state
Constitution of China
The Provisional Constitution for the Period of Political Tutelage is drafted and prepared as the legal framework of Nationalist rule.
Independence of Canton
A rival Nationalist faction in Guangzhou challenges Chiangโs Nanjing government.
Second Johan Ludwig Mowinckel Government
The Second Johan Ludwig Mowinckel Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Peder Kolstad Government
Begins the Peder Kolstad Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Reballion of Rebels in Canton
Disarms 2 regiments loyal to Chiang Kai-shek at the Whampoa Military Academy
Reballion of Rebels in Canton
Disarms 2 regiments loyal to Chiang Kai-shek at the Whampoa Military Academy
Siege of Whampoa
Disarms 2 regiments loyal to Chiang Kai-shek at the Whampoa Military Academy
Oxford Honorary Doctorate
Receives an honorary Doctor of Science degree from the University of Oxford.
Alliance Turkey and Italy
Turkey agrees a 5 year pact with Italy
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland
Gold Convertibility Crisis
The Creditanstalt crisis triggers severe pressure on Austrian reserves and exchange controls, undermining the country's ability to operate normal gold-standard convertibility.
Reballion of Rebels in Canton
Helps innaugurate a new Government calling itself the Nationalist Government of China
Import Duties Act
Speaks against or scrutinises the operation of the Import Duties Act.
President of Panama
Appointed President of Panama
Alliance Kurt von Schleicher and the Nazis
Agrees a Presidential Cabinet of Hindenburgs choosing & dissolution of the Reichstag. Agrees a deal with the Nazis to lift the ban on the SA
Birth of Sonny Liston
Birth of Sonny Liston
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor of Austria
National Health Insurance and Pensions Bill
Contributes to debate on national health insurance and contributory pensions legislation.
Children and Young Persons Bill
Takes part in scrutiny of the Children and Young Persons Bill.
Kuhle Wampe
Directs Kuhle Wampe, a politically engaged Weimar film.
Constitution of Japan
Party Government is effectively brought to an end as the military takes over
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan
Death of Tsuyoshi Inukai
Death of Tsuyoshi Inukai, assassinated for trying to restrain the army in Manchuria
Assassination of Tsuyoshi Inukai
Assassinated for trying to restrain the army in Manchuria
Death of Augusta Gregory
Death of Augusta Gregory, founder of the Irish Dramatic movement
Resignation of Heinrich Bruening
Forced to resign by Hindenburg. Bruning resigns after no longer having Hindenburgs support
Radium Institute Warsaw
Opens the Radium Institute in Warsaw.
Invasion of China
The War Party gains a victory of 303 seats against 146
Day of National Labour
Stages May Day as the Day of National Labour before the regime destroys the independent trade unions.
VJ Day
The "Joy of Victory" celebrations take place
NSDAP
Becomes a self-appointed theorist of the NAZI state. Appointed Member of NSDAP
Russian Democracy Campaign
Kerensky records his position on russian democracy campaign in exile.
Arrest of Adolf Hitler
Trades Union leaders are put in concentration camps
Trades Unions
The Nazis suppress German trades unions
Trades Unions
Dissolves the Trades Unions, their leaders are put in concentration camps
Trades Unions
Takes a leading role as SA and police occupy trade union offices, seize funds and arrest union leaders.
Constitution of Ireland
The Dail abolishes loyalty to the British crown
Abolition of Oath of Allegiance
Leads the government as legislation removes the oath of allegiance from Free State constitutional arrangements.
Birth of James Brown
Birth of James Brown, South Carolina
Birth
Is born in New York City and later develops an early interest in theoretical physics.
Public Works
Goes on TV & describes plans to give work to 1/4 million unemployed
Declaration of War
Bolivia formally enters declared war with Paraguay during the Chaco War.
Purge
Tollers books are burnt as part of a Nazi purge of decadent literature
Books
Bonfires are started with proscribed books of anti-Nazi writers
Burning Books
Bonfires are started with proscribed books of anti-Nazi writers
Purge
Decadent books are burnt in a purge by the Nazis
German Labour Front
Forms the German Labour Front to replace independent trade unions with a Nazi-controlled labour organisation.
Burning Books
Addresses the Berlin book burning, where works by Jewish, liberal, socialist and anti-Nazi writers are publicly destroyed.
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland
Agricultural Adjustment Act
The Act seeks higher farm prices through production controls and benefit payments.
Peace Speech
Gives a Reichstag speech claiming Germany seeks peace while demanding equality of rights in armaments.
Tennessee Valley Authority
The TVA begins integrated development of electricity, navigation and flood control.
Securities Act
The Securities Act requires disclosure for many securities offered to the public.
Election
The Nazis win elections in Danzig
Majlis Ratifies New Oil Concession
The Majlis ratifies the new agreement governing Anglo-Persian operations and future royalty payments.
New Oil Concession Receives Imperial Assent
Gives imperial assent, bringing the 1933 Anglo-Persian concession into force.
Oil Concession Agreement
Approves the concession agreement beginning commercial oil exploration.
Oil Concession Agreement
Signs the oil concession agreement for the Saudi government.
Peace
Nationalist China signs the Tanggu Truce with Japan, establishing a demilitarized zone south of the Great Wall.
Synod
Accuses Muller of abandoning the legal basis of the Protestant church
Civilian Conservation Corps
Creates the Civilian Conservation Corps to reduce unemployment
Economy of USA
Creates the Civilian Conservation Corps to reduce unemployment. Creates the civilian conservation corps to reduce unemployment
New Deal
Creates the Civilian Conservation Corps to reduce unemployment
Public Works
Creates the Civilian Conservation Corps to reduce unemployment
Red-Shifts in the Spectra of Nebulae
Hubble delivers and publishes the Halley Lecture on red-shifts in nebular spectra, reviewing observational evidence and the competing physical interpretations of galaxy redshifts.
Birth of Alan Bennett
Birth of Alan Bennett, son of a co-op butcher
Meeting with Anthony Eden & refuses to make any
Meets Anthony Eden & refuses to make any armament concessions
Reform of Unemployment Support
Creates an unemployment assistance board to administer aid at a fixed national rate
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland
Arms Embargo
Supports League of Nations efforts to restrict arms shipments to Bolivia and Paraguay during the Chaco War.
Armament
Japan declares the Washington & London Naval treaties "obsolete"
Japan declares the Washington & London Naval Treaties as obsolete
Japan declares the Washington & London Naval Treaties as "obsolete"
Treaty of Washington
Japan declares the Washington & London Naval treaties "obsolete"
Conference of Disarmament
Final day of the conference but the French and German positions are irreconcilable
Prime Minister of Spain
Apponted Prime Minister of Spain
Armament
Turkey distrusts Italy's policy in the eastern Mediterranean
Armament
Turkey distrusts Italy's east Mediterranean policy
Alliance France and Russia
Signs the Franco-Soviet pact, guaranteeing mutual assistance over 5 years
French-Soviet pact, effective for five years, for mutual help in the case
French-Soviet pact, effective for five years, for mutual help in the case of an attack by an European nation
Pact between France and Soviet Union
French-Soviet pact, effective for five years, for mutual help in the case of an attack by an European nation
French-Soviet pact, effective for five years, for mutual help in the case
French-Soviet pact, effective for five years, for mutual help in the case of an attack by an European nation
Pact between France and Soviet Union
French-Soviet pact, effective for five years, for mutual help in the case of an attack by an European nation
Anniversary
Celebrates his Silver Jubilee
Works Progress Administration
Hopkins directs a large federal programme providing jobs on public projects.
Birth of John Jack Charlton
Birth of John "Jack" Charlton
Motorcycle Accident
Crashes his Brough Superior motorcycle near Clouds Hill and is fatally injured.
Moscow Metro Opening
Participates in the political oversight surrounding the opening of the first Moscow Metro line.
EPR Paper
Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen publish their argument that quantum mechanics may not provide a complete description of physical reality.
Franklin Medal
Receives the Franklin Medal in recognition of his work in relativity and the photoelectric effect.
Pact between Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia
Soviet-Czechoslovak pact, valid only if France supports both parties
Political Support
Soviet-Czechoslovak pact, valid only if France supports both parties
Pact between Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia
Soviet-Czechoslovakian pact, valid only if France supports both parties
Political Support
Soviet-Czechoslovakian pact, valid only if France supports both parties
Pact between Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia
Soviet-Czechoslovakian pact, valid only if France supports both parties
Political Support
Soviet-Czechoslovakian pact, valid only if France supports both parties
Death of Thomas Edward Lawrence of Arabia
Dies from injuries sustained in a motorcycle accident near Clouds Hill.
Treaty of Anglo-German Naval
Prepared to restrict the tonnage of the German Navy to 35% of the British
World Record
Breaks 3 world records & ties another at the Big Ten Track and Field Championships in Michigan-in just 45 minute
Long March
The Red Army crosses the Tatu River
Red Army
The Red Army crosses the Tatu River
Luftwaffe
Helps found the Wehrmacht, consists of the Heer (army), the Kriegsmarine (navy) and the Luftwaffe (air force)
Supreme Commander
Appointed Commander of the Wehrmacht
Wehrmacht
Helps found the Wehrmacht, consists of the Heer (army), the Kriegsmarine (navy) and the Luftwaffe (air force). Appointed Commander of the Wehrmacht
Luftwaffe
Helps found the Wehrmacht, consists of the Heer (army), the Kriegsmarine (navy) and the Luftwaffe (air force)
Wehrmacht
Helps found the Wehrmacht, consists of the Heer (army), the Kriegsmarine (navy) and the Luftwaffe (air force)
Exile of Haile Selassie I
Forced into exile after Italian victory
May Day
A Nazi May Day rally is held in Berlin merged with an ancient Spring festival
Rally
A Nazi May Day rally is held in Berlin merged with an ancient Spring festival
Capture of Addis Ababa
Italian forces enter the Abyssinian capital
Birth of Albert Finney
Birth of Albert Finney
Capture of Italy
Proclaims Italy's annexation of Abyssinia
Election
Elected President of Spain
President of Spain
Appointed President of Spain, last President of the Republic
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland
Military Socialism
Toro takes power and introduces a reformist military government after defeat in the Chaco War.
Birth of Dennis Lee Hopper
Birth of Dennis Lee Hopper
Resignation of Manuel Portela Valladares
The Valladares Government collapses
Rural Electrification
Federal loans support cooperatives extending electricity to underserved rural communities.
President of Bolivia
Toro becomes president and advances the programme known as military socialism.
Barmitzvah
Celebrates his Jewish coming of age under the Nazi regime
Long March
Reaches Chuten
Grasslands Crossing
Surviving units complete another difficult crossing of the eastern grasslands.
Wembley Cup Victory Against Preston
Gurney scores as Sunderland defeat Preston North End 3โ1 in the FA Cup final, adding the cup to the league title secured the previous year.
Captain Carter Scores in Cup Final
Carter scores Sunderland's equaliser against Preston North End before his side completes a 3โ1 FA Cup final victory.
Cochrane Guides Sunderland to FA Cup
Cochrane manages Sunderland to their first FA Cup, overseeing a comeback against Preston North End in the Wembley final.
Battle of Barcelona
1st day of Battle by Republican Government against anarcho-syndicalists & marxists
Battle of Barcelona
The Republicans submit to attempting to win the war under communist control
Coronation
Crowned King of Great Britain. Crowned George raher than Albert, too German & indicates link with George V
Caravan
Duke Ellington & his band recorded the classic, "Caravan", for Brunswick Records
Death of Philip Snowden
Death of Philip Snowden
Resignation of Francisco Largo Caballero
Refuses demands by the communists to break up the marxist POUM & the Government falls
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain
Resignation of Francisco Largo Caballero
Refuses demands by the communists to break up the marxist POUM & the Government falls
Huesca Wound
Is shot through the throat near Huesca.
Fomin Birth
Is born in Novoekonomichne in the Donetsk region of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic on 21 May 1937.
Legislation
Congress Approves Roosevelts Social Security Act
Resignation of Stanley Baldwin
Accepts Baldwins resignation
Retirement
Retires as Prime Minister & from public life
Becomes Prime Minister
Succeeds Stanley Baldwin as Prime Minister and makes the pursuit of negotiated European settlements central to his foreign policy.
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain
Election
Derby, seconded by Churchill, proposes Chamberlain for Leadership
Election
Derby, seconded by Churchill, proposes Chamberlain for Leadership
Election
Derby, seconded by Churchill, proposes Chamberlain for Leadership
Long March
Frced to seek safety with Mao in north Shensi
Barcelona May Days
Witnesses political conflict inside Republican Barcelona.
Anglo-Italian Agreement Debate
Questions whether accommodation with Fascist Italy will improve British security while German expansion continues.
Anglo-Italian Agreement Debate
Questions the strategic value of accommodation with Mussolini's Italy while Germany continues expanding its power.
Opposition to the Anglo-Italian Agreement
Challenges the government's agreement with Mussolini and questions whether concessions to dictators will strengthen peace.
Czechoslovakia Questions
Answers Commons questions as the government continues seeking a negotiated solution to Sudeten German demands.
Constitution of Ireland
Wins the election for President under the 1927 constitution
Election
Wins the election for President under the 1927 constitution
President of Ireland
Appointed President of Ireland
Housing Rural Workers Amendment Bill
Argues that the governmentโs rural housing measures are inadequate.
Alliance Maxim Maximovich Litvinov and Czech
Will help Czech against Germany if Romania & Poland allow passage of Russian troops
Will help Czech against Germany if Romania & Poland allow passage of
Will help Czech against Germany if Romania & Poland allow passage of Russian troops. Rumania & Poland refuse to allow passage of Russian troops
Capture of Xiamen
Japanese forces capture Xiamen, tightening their control over important coastal positions.
Recognition of the Japanese puppet state in Manchuria
Recognizes the Japanese puppet state in Manchuria, Manzhouguo
Air Ministry Debate
Continues pressing for rapid improvement of British air strength against the background of the government's appeasement policy.
Prime Minister of Belgium
Appointed Prime Minister of Belgium, 1st term
When the Saints Go Marching In
Louis Armstrong & his orchestra record the New Orleans jazz standard, "When the Saints Go Marching In", on Decca Records
Captain
Hapgood captains England against Germany where Hapgood and his players are made to give the Nazi salute before the match, under pressure from British diplomats, Hitler is not in attendance and England win the match 63
Paul-Emile Janson Government
The Paul-Emile Janson Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.
First Paul-Henri Spaak Government
Begins the First Paul-Henri Spaak Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Czechoslovakia Questions
Responds to parliamentary questioning on Czechoslovakia during increasing tension between Prague and the Sudeten German movement.
Invasion of Czech
German troop movements are reported near the Bohemian border
Czechoslovakia Questions
Provides Foreign Office answers on Czechoslovakia as Britain tries to prevent the nationality dispute from becoming a wider war.
Election
Confirmed in power after South African elections
Prime Minister of South Africa
Confirmed in power after South African elections
Leaflet Raid over Japan
Chinese aircraft fly over Japan and drop propaganda leaflets rather than bombs, demonstrating long-range capability.
May Crisis Mobilization
Orders partial mobilization during the Sudeten crisis.
Border Settlement at Prague
Recalls the Czech reservists and mans the border with Germany
Mobilization
The Czech Government calls up reservists
Demonstrations
Pro-German riots take place in the Sudetenland
Mobilization
The Czech Government orders partial mobilization
Invasion of Czech
"It is my unalterable intention to smash Czech by military action in the near future"
It is my unalterable intention to smash Czech by military action in
"It is my unalterable intention to smash Czech by military action in the near future"
Military Support
Warns Germany off military action against Czech but fails to support France. Warns Germany not to attack Czech
Invasion of Czech
Tells France Britain will not take military action to defend Czech from Germany
Tells France Britain will not take joint military action to defend Czech
Tells France Britain will not take joint military action to defend Czech from Germany
Nationalization
The Istanbul Electric Company is purchased
Air Defences Debate
Warns that adequate air defence is essential if Britain is to negotiate with the dictators from a position of strength.
Czechoslovakia Questions
Continues presenting the government's negotiated approach to the Czechoslovak crisis in the Commons.
Birth of John Leslie Prescot
Birth of John Leslie Prescot
Inaugural Lecture at Sydney
Delivers his inaugural lecture as Professor of Greek at the University of Sydney and criticises appeasement in Europe.
France's Czech Treaty
German troops move to the Czech border. Chamberlain warns Berlin Britain will support France's Czech Treaty obligations
Party Leader
Appointed heads of the civil administration in Czechoslovakia
First Saudi Oil Export
Inaugurates the first shipment of Saudi crude oil for export.
First Saudi Oil Export
Oversees financial policy as Saudi Arabia begins exporting oil.
Foreign Secretary of Russia
Appointed Commissar for Foreign Affairs, 1st term
Death of Karl Eduard Wilhelm Groener
Death of Karl Eduard Wilhelm Groener
Mobilization
Takes minutes at a Chancellery conference when Hitler declares war is inevitable
Diplomatic Negotiations
The replacement of Litvinov with Molotov significantly increases Stalins freedom to maneuver in foreign policy. The dismissal of Litvinov, whose Jewish ethnicity was viewed disfavorably by Nazi Germany, removes an obstacle to negotiations with Germany. Stalin replaces Litinov with Vyacheslav Molotov
Dismissal
Stalin replaces Litinov with Vyacheslav Molotov
Leaves for Canada
Leaves for Canada
Birth of Rudolph Franz Marie Lubbers
Birth of Rudolph Franz Marie Lubbers
Resignation of Neville Chamberlain
Appeals for unity and invites Greenwood and Attlee to join a coalition government with him as Prime Minister
Visit to Chartwell
Leon Blum visits Churchill
Great Britain and Russia Negotiations
Questions the government over negotiations with the Soviet Union as Labour presses for a broader security coalition.
Invasion of Russia
Japanese attack on disputed border areas is renewed between Japanese and Soviets
Invasion of Russia
Japanese attacks on disputed border areas is renewed between Japanese and Russia
Birth of Harvey Keitel
Birth of Harvey Keitel
Constitution of Switzerland
The League of Nations grants Switzerland an unconditional neutrality
Neutrality
The League of Nations grants Switzerland an unconditional neutrality
European Situation
Argues that the failure of appeasement requires stronger diplomatic and military coordination with states threatened by Germany.
Berths at Wolfes Cove 1 mile from Quebec
Berths at Wolfes Cove 1 mile from Quebec
Addresses the Canadian Parliament & gives Royal Assent to Canadian Bills
Addresses the Canadian Parliament & gives Royal Assent to Canadian Bills
International Situation
Presses for effective alliances and deterrence while the government negotiates security arrangements before the outbreak of war.
Death of Ernst Toller
Death of Ernst Toller, suicide rather than witness the further growth of fascism
Suicide
Death of Ernst Toller, suicide rather than witness the further growth of fascism
Alliance Joachim von Ribbentrop and Italy
Signs the Pact for Germany with Italy
Pact of Steel
Although intended to last 10 years, it was effectively cancelled in 1943 with removal of Italy's fascist Government
Pact of Steel
Due to this disagreement, the pact was signed without Japan and became an agreement between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, signed on 22 May 1939 by Foreign Minister's Galeazzo Ciano of Italy and Joachim von Ribbentrop of Germany. The pact consisted of two parts.
Pact of Steel
The first section was an open declaration of continuing trust and cooperation between Germany and Italy while the second, a "Secret Supplementary Protocol", encouraged a union of policies concerning the military and economy.
Pact of Steel
The pact was initially drafted as a tripartite military alliance between Japan, Italy and Germany. While Japan wanted the focus of the pact to be aimed at the Soviet Union, Italy and Germany wanted it aimed at Britain and France.
Pact of Steel
Consequently, Italy did not enter World War II until June 1940, with a delayed invasion of Southern France. The pact consisted of two parts.
Pact of Steel
Due to this disagreement, the pact was signed without Japan and became an agreement between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, signed on 22 May 1939 by Foreign Ministers Galeazzo Ciano of Italy and Joachim von Ribbentrop of Germany.
Pact of Steel
The Pact aimed to ensure that neither country was able to make peace without the agreement of the other. The agreement was based on the assumption that a war would not occur within three years.
Pact of Steel
The Pact of Steel obliged Germany and Italy to aid the other country militarily, economically or otherwise in the event of war, and to collaborate in wartime production.
Pact of Steel
The first section was an open declaration of continuing trust and cooperation between Germany and Italy while the second, a "Secret Supplementary Protocol", encouraged a union of policies concerning the military and economy.
Pact of Steel
The pact was initially drafted as a tripartite military alliance between Japan, Italy and Germany. While Japan wanted the focus of the pact to be aimed at the Soviet Union, Italy and Germany wanted it aimed at Britain and France.
Pact of Steel
When Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939 and war broke out on 3 September, Italy was not yet prepared for conflict and had difficulty meeting its obligations.
Alliance Ciano and Germany
Signs the Pact of Steel for Italy with Germany
Pact of Steel
Although intended to last 10 years, it was effectively cancelled in 1943 with removal of Italy's fascist Government
Pact of Steel
Due to this disagreement, the pact was signed without Japan and became an agreement between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, signed on 22 May 1939 by Foreign Minister's Galeazzo Ciano of Italy and Joachim von Ribbentrop of Germany. The pact consisted of two parts.
Pact of Steel
The first section was an open declaration of continuing trust and cooperation between Germany and Italy while the second, a "Secret Supplementary Protocol", encouraged a union of policies concerning the military and economy.
Pact of Steel
The pact was initially drafted as a tripartite military alliance between Japan, Italy and Germany. While Japan wanted the focus of the pact to be aimed at the Soviet Union, Italy and Germany wanted it aimed at Britain and France.
Pact of Steel
Signs the Pact of Steel for Italy with Germany
Alliance Formalizes relations between Italy and Germany, Japan
Formalizes relations between Italy & Germany, Japan joins after the outbreak of war
Pact between Italy and Germany
Formalizes relations between Italy & Germany, Japan joins after the outbreak of war
Pact of Blood
It was Italian leader Benito Mussolini who dubbed the agreement the "Pact of Steel", after being told that the original name, "Pact of Blood", would most likely be poorly received in Italy
Pact of Steel
Although intended to last 10 years, it was effectively cancelled in 1943 with removal of Italy's fascist Government.
Pact of Steel
Consequently, Italy did not enter World War II until June 1940, with a delayed invasion of Southern France. The pact consisted of two parts.
Pact of Steel
It was Italian leader Benito Mussolini who dubbed the agreement the "Pact of Steel", after being told that the original name, "Pact of Blood", would most likely be poorly received in Italy.
Pact of Steel
The Pact aimed to ensure that neither country was able to make peace without the agreement of the other. The agreement was based on the assumption that a war would not occur within three years.
Pact of Steel
The Pact of Steel obliged Germany and Italy to aid the other country militarily, economically or otherwise in the event of war, and to collaborate in wartime production.
Pact of Steel
The first section was an open declaration of continuing trust and cooperation between Germany and Italy while the second, a "Secret Supplementary Protocol", encouraged a union of policies concerning the military and economy.
Pact of Steel
When Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939 and war broke out on 3 September, Italy was not yet prepared for conflict and had difficulty meeting its obligations.
Great Britain and Russia Negotiations
Presses ministers on the pace and substance of negotiations for cooperation with the Soviet Union.
Alliance Agreement with France & Britain
Russia offers a tripartite alliance with France & Britain, Churchill urges acceptence
Alliance Russia and France and Britain, Churchill urges acceptence
Russia offers a tripartite alliance with France & Britain, Churchill urges acceptence
Alliance Agreement with France & Britain
Russia offers a tripartite alliance with France & Britain
Alliance Russia and France and Britain
Russia offers a tripartite alliance with France & Britain
Capture of Hainan
Japan captures the Chinese controlled island of Hainan
Battle of Nomonhan
Japan suffers a major defeat by the Russians on the Manchurian frontier
Arrest of Isaak Emmanuilovich Babel
Arrested & accused of spying for France
Alliance Agreement with France & Britain
Russia offers a tripartite alliance with France & Britain
Alliance Russia and France and Britain
Russia offers a tripartite alliance with France & Britain
Declaration of War
Russia mobilizes against Japan on the border between Manchuria & Outer Mongolia
Foreign Legion at Narvik
Leads legionnaires prepared for the assault north of Narvik.
Commandant
Appointed Commandant of Auschwitz concentration camp
Result of Surrender of Norway
Norwegian organised resistance ends and German occupation becomes established.
Surrender of Norway
Norway surrenders to Germany
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Miltary Co-ordinating Committee
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Miltary Co-ordinating Committee
Invasion of Norway
British Forces are withdrawn from Andalsnes
Barttle of Narvik
Monitors Allied build-up as French and Polish troops join the Narvik campaign.
Withdrawal from Andalsnes
Paget evacuates British forces from Andalsnes after German pressure and air attacks make the position untenable.
Invasion of Norway
British Forces are withdrawn from Namsos
Surrender of Hegra Fortress
Holtermann surrenders Hegra Fortress after southern Norway collapses and further resistance becomes impossible.
Battle of Narvik
Commands the Polish Highland Brigade in the Narvik campaign.
Polish Brigade Arrives
Commands the Polish Highland Brigade assigned to the Narvik campaign.
Conduct of the War
Participates in the Commons debate that helps bring down Neville Chamberlainโs government.
Norway Debate
Defends the Admiralty during parliamentary criticism of the Norway campaign.
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of XIX Corps
Chief of Staff
Appointed Commander of XIX Corps
XIX Corps
Composed of First, 2nd & 10th Panzer divisions & an elite regiment "Grossdeutschland"
Invasion of France
1st day of Fall Gelb, German forces occupy Luxembourg
Invasion of Luxembourg
1st day of Fall Gelb, German forces occupy Luxembourg
Operation Fall Gelb
1st day of Fall Gelb, German forces occupy Luxembourg
Resignation of Neville Chamberlain
Chamberlain prefers Halifax as PM but he cannot run the Government from the Lords
Chief Whip
Informs Chamberlain that the Commons favours Churchill as Chamberlains successor
Resignation of Neville Chamberlain
Sends a letter to Chamberlain saying Labour will not serve under Chamberlain
Government Crisis
Takes part in discussions as Chamberlain's government collapses.
Plan D
Orders Plan D in response to the German invasion of France
Commander of 4th Army
Appointed Commander of the 4th Army in France
Fall Gelb Launch Supported
Jodl works within OKW as Germany launches the western offensive against the Low Countries and France.
Commander of 4th Army
Appointed Commander of the 4th Army in France
Invasion of Belgium
The assault on the Maginot Line begins. Rommel crosses the border 30 miles south of Aachen
Maginot Line
The assault on the Maginot Line begins
Operation Yellow
1st day, takes the high ground at Maspelt before moving on to the Espeler-Dorner line
Invasion of France
Crosses the borders of Belgium & Holland towards France
Operation Yellow
The 6 Fliegerkorps of Luftflotte 2 & 3 begin the war in the west
Campaign in France
Witzleben commands First Army during the German offensive in the west
Diplomatic Mission at Berlin
Ambassadors of The Netherlands & Belgium are summoned & told troops will invade
Invasion of Belgium
An invasion is launched to "safeguard neutrality". Ambassadors of The Netherlands & Belgium are summoned & told troops will invade
Invasion of Netherlands, The
An invasion is launched to "safeguard neutrality". Ambassadors of The Netherlands & Belgium are summoned & told troops will invade
Neutrality
An invasion is launched to "safeguard neutrality"
Invasion of Belgium
Army Group B launches it's feint offensive during into The Netherlands and Belgium
Invasion of France
Hitler takes up his Battle HQ at Munstereifel on the Siegfried Line
Invasion of Netherlands, The
1st day of Operation Yellow, the military occupation of The Netherlands & Belgium
Invasion of Netherlands, The
Army Group B launches it's feint offensive during into The Netherlands and Belgium
Manstein Plan
Uses the Manstein Plan to enter the Ardennes, cross the Meuse & reach the Channel
Operation Fall Gelb
Army Group B launches it's feint offensive during into The Netherlands and Belgium
Sitzkrieg
After several months of "Drole de Guerre" (Phoney war, Sitzkrieg) the Germans finally attack in the west
Invasion of Maastricht
Commands the army group advancing through the Netherlands and Belgium.
Meuse Bridge Operations
Oversees operations seeking rapid control of Maastricht and nearby crossings.
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 1st term
Secretary of State for Defence
Appointed Minister of Defence
Resignation of Neville Chamberlain
Labour will not serve in a Government with Chamberlain in. Attlee informs Chamberlain saying Labour will serve in the Government without him
Prime Minister
Becomes Prime Minister after Neville Chamberlain resigns.
Invasion of Belgium
Sent by Churchill to the Belgian King to "stiffen Belgiums resolve"
Resignation of Neville Chamberlain
After the failure of appeasement & there is a need for strong Government
Battle of France
despite the objections of its commander Hugh Dowding that this left home defences under-strength, Churchill sent fighter squadrons to support operations in France,where the RAF suffered heavy losses
Fighter Command
Despite the objections of its commander Hugh Dowding that this left home defences under-strength, Churchill sent fighter squadrons to support operations in France,where the RAF suffered heavy losses
Battle of Narvik
Becomes Prime Minister while the campaign around Narvik is still underway.
Prime Minister
Becomes Prime Minister and Minister of Defence as Germany attacks the west.
BEF Advance into Belgium
Leads 3rd Division into Belgium as the BEF moves forward after the German western offensive begins.
British Occupation of Iceland
Hermann Jonasson's government protests the British occupation while instructing Icelandic authorities to avoid armed resistance and maintain public order.
Defence of the Netherlands
Directs national resistance during the opening phase of the invasion.
German Invasion of Maastricht
Commands Dutch forces as Germany attacks Maastricht and the Meuse crossings.
Narvik Air Support
Supports northern operations through Norwegian air activity around Bardufoss.
Commander of 4th Arm Division
Appointed Commander of the 4th Armoured Division
Commander of 4th Arm Division
Appointed Commander of the 4th Armoured Division
Invasion of Netherlands, The
Begins the French advance into Holland as part of Gamelins Plan D
Operation Yellow
The 7th Division crosses the Ourthe River
Battle of River Meuse
Crosses the Borders of Belgium & Luxembourg towards France
Cabinet
Appointed Member of Coalition War Cabinet
Minister of Aircraft
Appointed Minister of Aircraft
First Lord of Admiralty
Appointed First Lord of the Admiralty, 2nd term
Lord President
Given 11 Downing St as part of his appointment as Lord President
War Cabinet
Appointed Member of War Cabinet
Minister of Labour
Appointed Minister of Labour & National Service
Minister of Supply
Appointed Minister of Supply
War Cabinet
Appointed Member of War Cabinet
Secretary of State
Appointed Secretary of State for Air
War Cabinet
Appointed Member of War Cabinet
War Office
Churchill appoints Eden Secretary of State for War in the new coalition government
Minister without Portfolio
Joins Churchillโs wartime coalition as Minister without Portfolio and a member of the War Cabinet.
Invasion of Norway
Commander of British forces during the Norwegian campaign
Coalition Government
Forms a national coalition government to prosecute the war.
War Cabinet
Creates a smaller War Cabinet for rapid wartime decision making.
Invasion of France
Agrees to let Billote take command of the Allied Armies in Belgium
Invasion of France
Attends an inter-allied conference in the Chateau at Casteau near Mons
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Appointed to co-ordinate the operations of the BEF & Belgian Army
Mobilization
Appointed to co-ordinate the operations of the BEF & Belgian Army
Invasion of France
Attends an inter-allied conference in the Chateau at Casteau near Mons
Battle of River Meuse
From Dinant to Sedan the Germans are within reach of the River Meuse
Battle of River Meuse
Reaches Sedan
Board of Trade
Appointed President of the Board of Trade, 1st term
President of Board of Trade
Appointed President of the Board of Trade, 1st term
Lord Chancellor
Appointed Lord Chancellor
Invasion of France
Attends an inter-allied conference in the Chateau at Casteau near Mons
Advance toward Narvik
Fleischer's forces continue pressure on Dietl's mountain troops as Allied units prepare the final Narvik assault.
Battle of Narvik
Directs French forces in the amphibious landing at Bjerkvik.
Bjerkvik Landing
French forces conduct an amphibious landing north of Narvik.
Bjerkvik Landing
Bethouart commands the French expeditionary troops in the amphibious landing behind German lines at Bjerkvik.
Battle of Narvik
Leads legionnaires in the Bjerkvik operation north of Narvik.
Bjerkvik Landing
Magrin-Vernerey's Foreign Legion battalions land at Bjerkvik and force German troops to retreat.
Capture of Elvegardsmoen
Legionnaires recapture Elvegardsmoen during the Bjerkvik operation.
Capture of Elvegardsmoen
Magrin-Vernerey's legionnaires recapture Elvegardsmoen during the Bjerkvik operation north of Narvik.
Battle of River Meuse
Crosses the River Meuse
Battle of River Meuse
Crosses the River Meuse
Operation Yellow
The 7th Rifle Regiment crosses the Maas between Houx & Dinant
Battle of River Meuse
Present at the German attack on Sedan
Battle of River Meuse
Guderian crosses the River Meuse
Capture of Germany
Germany completes the capture of Holland
Capture of Rotterdam
The 9th Panzer Division reaches Rotterdam
Manstein Plan
Adopts the Manstein Plan under which Army Group A crosses the Meuse
Capture of Rotterdam
Receives the surrender of Belgium
Speech
In the Commons says "I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears & sweat"
Vote of Confidence
Wins a unanimous vote of confidence from the Commons for the new administration
Battle of Narvik
Takes command of reorganised British land forces in northern Norway.
Narvik Command
Takes command of reorganised British land forces in northern Norway.
Narvik Command
Auchinleck takes command of reorganised British land forces in the Narvik area.
Battle of Narvik
Oversees the campaign as Allied troops capture Elvegardsmoen and advance toward Narvik.
Blood Toil Tears and Sweat
Tells Parliament he can offer only blood toil tears and sweat.
Alliance Italy and Germany
Tells Ciano Italy will enter the war on the German side
Capture of Amsterdam
Germany completes the capture of Holland
Exile of Wilhelmina I
The British send a destroyer to help Wilhelmina to leave Holland
Invasion of Netherlands, The
Leaves the Hague-Amsterdam redoubt. Asks the British to send extra fighters to defend Holland but is turned down
Battle of River Meuse
Decides to abandon the Meuse north of Sedan & make a stand from Rocroi to Omont
Invasion of France
The Germans breakthrough at Sedan
Battle of River Meuse
Reaches Anthee in Belgium
Battle of River Meuse
Reaches Revin in Belgium
Battle of River Meuse
Strikes out towards the Channel ports via Peronne & Cambrai
Battle of River Meuse
Begins the "German pocket" which will cut the Allied forces in two
Invasion of Belgium
Rommel arrives at the River Meuse near Dinant
Invasion of Belgium
The 7th Div is the 1st German unit to cross the River Meuse
Capture of Sedan
Breaks through Sedan & reaches the Channel coast within 1 week
Bombing of Rotterdam
The Dutch Army surrenders after the Bombing of Rotterdam by the Luftwaffe
Capture of Rotterdam
The Dutch Army surrenders after the Bombing of Rotterdam by the Luftwaffe
Battle of Narvik
Withdraws toward mountain positions as Allied pressure increases.
German Defensive Line
Withdraws toward mountain positions as Allied pressure increases.
Minister of Shipping
Appointed Minister for Shipping
Minister of Transport
Appointed Minister for Transport
Home Guard
Eden announces the formation of the Home Guard
Secretary of State for Agriculture
Appointed Minister for Agriculture
Secretary of State
Appointed Secretary of State for Scotland
Minister of Economic Warfare
Appointed Minister for Economic Warfare
Local Defence Volunteers (LDV)
Foundation of the Local Defence Volunteers, later Home Guard
Local Defence Volunteers (LDV)
Calls for volunteers to form the LDV, within 24 hours 250,000 enrol
Local Defence Volunteers
Broadcasts the appeal for volunteers to form the Local Defence Volunteers
Beaverbrook Appointment
Appoints Beaverbrook to accelerate aircraft production.
Siege of Paris
Informed Touchon will try to create a defensive line outside Paris
Battle of River Meuse
Suports the German 6th Army in Flanders
Sixth Army
Suports the German 6th Army in Flanders
Capture of Netherlands, The
The Dutch sign the document of capitulation
Invasion of Netherlands, The
The Dutch sign the document of capitulation
Result of Surrender of Netherlands
The Netherlands ends organised military resistance to Germany.
Surrender of Netherlands
Holland surrenders to Germany
Attorney General
Appointed Attorney General
Solicitor General
Appointed Solicitor General
Battle of France
Confronts the crisis created by the German breakthrough at Sedan.
Invasion of Netherlands, The
General Winckelmann capitulates
Capture of Netherlands, The
The Dutch sign the document of capitulation
Invasion of Netherlands, The
The Dutch sign the document of capitulation
Invasion of France
Joined by an embryo staff & remants of General Petiets Cavalry at Laon
Supreme War Council
Warns Churchill that the French front is collapsing.
Supreme War Council
Explains the German breakthrough and the failure of French defences.
Invasion of France
Writes in his diary, "the breakthrough is developing along completely classical lines"
Capture of Ribemount
The XIX Corps captures Ribemount in Northern France on its way to the Channel Coast
Battle of River Meuse
Advances as far as Avesnes
Capture of Clairfay
Rommel captures Clairfay on the Maginot Line
Supreme War Council
Attends a crisis meeting after the German breakthrough at Sedan.
Supreme War Council
Attends as air reinforcements for France are debated.
Supreme War Council
Accompanies Churchill and records strategic discussions.
Supreme War Council
Accompanies Churchill during the crisis meeting in Paris.
Air Reinforcement Debate
Debates sending more RAF fighter squadrons to France.
Supreme War Council
Flies to Paris to discuss the collapsing French front.
Battle of Abbeville
Launches a counterattack in the region of Laon with 80 tanks to destroy the communication of the German armoured troops
Invasion of France
Launches an attack on the "Bulge" from the north & sth
Battle of Montcornet
Prepares to sever Guderians supply lines at Montcornet but is beaten back
Invasion of France
Prepares to sever Guderians supply lines at Montcornet but is beaten back
Siege of Montcornet
Prepares to sever Guderians supply lines at Montcornet but is beaten back
Invasion of France
Wishes to reduce the 2 operational phases to 1. Claims there is little danger of an Allied attack on the northern flank of the "Bulge". Believes France can be broken in a single sweep to the south west
Battle of River Meuse
Advances as far as Le Cateau
Capture of Landrecies
Captures the Landrecies bridge, a crossing point acros the River Sambre into France
Invasion of France
Moves westward in the direction of the River Sambre
Battle of Montcornet
Manages to fend off de Gaulles attempt to break off his supply lines
Battle of River Meuse
Ordered by Rundstedt to launch a "reconnaissance in force", undermines Hitler
Home Defence
Orders urgent preparations against possible invasion of Britain.
Vice President
Appointed Vice President of the Council
Arrest of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
Makes it known he would like communists & fascists detained but nothing comes of this
Enemy Aliens
Makes it known he would like communists & fascists detained but nothing comes of this
Commission on General List
Receives an emergency commission as a second lieutenant on the General List after completing officer training.
Dismissal
Dismissed by the French Prime Minister, Weygand
Operation Yellow
Captures the Sambre Bridge at Berlimont & joins the 7th & 5th Panzers
Invasion of France
Advances as far as the Channel Coast
Operation Dynamo
Operational control is delegated to Ramsay
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander of the French forces during the retreat
Commander of Allied Armis
Appointed Commander of the Allied Armies in France
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander of France
Commander of Allied Armis
Appointed Commander of the Allied Armies in France
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of the Panzer Group comprising XIX, XXXIX & XLI Corps
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of the Panzer Group comprising XIX, XXXIX & XLI Corps
Capture of Cambrai
Rommel captures Cambrai, 12,000 enemy troops are taken
Battle of Dunkirk
Reaches the Channel Coast
Capture of Abbeville
Guderains tanks break through to Abbeville
Manstein Plan
Leading panzer divisions reach the Channel near Abbeville
Operation Dynamo
Orders the Admiralty to round up shipping in order to evacuate the BEF
Admiral
Appointedmand the evacuation from Dunkirk, operates from Dover
Evacuation
It is planned to evacuate 10,000 from Calais, Boulogne-sur-Mer & Dunkirk every 24 hrs
Operation Dynamo
It is planned to evacuate 10,000 from Calais, Boulogne-sur-Mer & Dunkirk every 24 hrs
Operation Dynamo
Commands the evacuation from Dunkirk, operates from Dover. A conference considers "emergency evacuation across the Channel of very large forces"
Battle of Narvik
Plans the final Allied attack while evacuation planning begins.
Narvik Assault Planning
Plans the final Allied attack while evacuation orders are kept secret.
Battle of Narvik
Maintains Norwegian pressure on isolated German mountain troops.
Battle of Arras
Rommel engages the British with 88-mm anti-tank guns. 5 British Brigades stop the SS Totenkopf & manage to create a retreat to Dunkirk
Battle of Dunkirk
An Allied counter-attack briefly stops the Germans
Battle of Abbeville
Races to the coast of the English Channel at Abbeville isolating the British Expeditionary Force, Belgian Army, and the French Army
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Races to the coast of the English Channel at Abbeville isolating the British Expeditionary Force, Belgian Army, and the French Army
Invasion of France
Races to the coast of the English Channel at Abbeville isolating the British Expeditionary Force, Belgian Army, and the French Army
Supreme War Council
Presents plans after replacing Gamelin as commander in chief.
Supreme War Council
Participates in crisis discussions as the French position worsens.
Operation Yellow
Rommel reaches La Basee Canal but Hitler halts the Panzers advance on Dunkirk
State of Emergency
Parliament grants Winston Churchill and his Government wide emergency powers
Supreme War Council
Attends another crisis meeting as German forces reach the Channel.
Supreme War Council
His army's situation drives urgent Allied discussions.
Emergency Powers
Secures emergency powers to mobilise national resources for war.
Supreme War Council
Returns to Paris as German forces approach the Channel.
Invasion of France
Rommel crosses the River Scarpe
Battle of Dunkirk
Drafts a "halt order" after concerns about the Allied counter-attack at Arras
Operation Alphabet
Receives notice that French troops will withdraw after the planned Narvik attack.
Battle of Dunkirk
1st Panzer Division breaches the Aa Canal, 15 kilometers from Dunkirk
Battle of Dunkirk
Hitler orders the left wing to stop, it is forbidden to cross the Aa
Capture of Boulogne-sur-Mer
Ordered to halt by the German High Command & not to advance on Dunkirk. Guderains tanks capture Boulogne-sur-Mer
Battle of Dunkirk
"Dunkirk is to be left to the Luftwaffe". A "Fuhrer order" is issued from Rundstedts HQ forbidding the left to cross the Aa
Evacuation
Orders Guderains tanks to make no further advance, allowing the evacuation of the BEF
Invasion of France
Times the 2nd phase of the invasion of France for 31st May at a Council of War
Luftwaffe
"Dunkirk is to be left to the Luftwaffe"
Manstein Plan
The Panzer Divisions halt on Hitler's orders enabling British troops to escape to Dunkirk
Operation Dynamo
Orders Guderains tanks to make no further advance, allowing the evacuation of the BEF
Siege of Charleville
A "Fuhrer order" is issued from Rundstedts HQ forbidding the left to cross the Aa
Battle of Dunkirk
Explains to Hitler his concerns about the Allied counter-attack at Arras. A "Fuhrer order" is issued from Rundstedts HQ forbidding the left to cross the Aa
Battle of Dunkirk
Halts his forces behind Dunkirk to allow the Luftwaffe the finishing blow
Luftwaffe
Halts his forces behind Dunkirk to allow the Luftwaffe the finishing blow
Operation Alphabet
Receives orders to prepare evacuation while the Allied attack on Narvik continues.
Narvik Evacuation Planning
Works on evacuation planning after the campaign in France worsens.
Operation Alphabet
Works on the military implications of evacuating Allied forces from Narvik.
Operation Alphabet
Prepares British land forces for withdrawal from the Narvik area.
Battle of Narvik
Authorises Operation Alphabet to evacuate Allied forces from northern Norway.
Calais Decision
Orders Calais to hold out to aid the Dunkirk evacuation.
Operation Alphabet Authorised
Authorises evacuation of Allied forces from northern Norway.
Operation Alphabet
Churchill's government authorises the evacuation of Allied forces from Narvik.
Operation Alphabet
Authorises evacuation of Allied forces from northern Norway as the battle in France worsens.
Operation Alphabet
Continues the Narvik offensive despite Allied plans to evacuate northern Norway.
Operation Alphabet
Prepares the Polish Highland Brigade for evacuation after operations around Narvik.
Assassination of Leon Trotsky
Trotsky survived a raid on his home by Stalinist assassins led by GPU agent Iosif Grigulevich, Mexican painter and Stalinist David Alfaro Siqueiros, and Vittorio Vidale
Plot
Trotsky survived a raid on his home by Stalinist assassins led by GPU agent Iosif Grigulevich, Mexican painter and Stalinist David Alfaro Siqueiros, and Vittorio Vidale
Plot
A failed assassination attempt on Trotsky when gunmen fire on his villa
Operation Yellow
Goering holds back the Army outside Dunkirk, Kesselring objects to this strategy
Supreme War Council
Warns Britain of French pressure for an armistice.
Battle of Dunkirk
The "halt order" is lifted & the Panzers resume their advance
Battle of Dunkirk
The "halt order" is lifted & the Panzers resume their advance
Evacuation
The evacuation of Allied troops from Dunkirk begins
Operation Dynamo
The evacuation of Allied troops from Dunkirk begins
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Puts evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force from North West France into action
Operation Dynamo
Puts evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force from North West France into action
Supreme War Council
Takes part in cabinet discussions connected with the council meeting.
Supreme War Council
Meets Reynaud as Dunkirk and possible Italian mediation are discussed.
Supreme War Council
Participates in British deliberations on France and Italy.
Operation Dynamo
Authorises evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force from Dunkirk.
War Cabinet Crisis
Rejects seeking peace terms through Italian mediation.
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Receives orders to withdraw the BEF to Dunkirk
Operation Dynamo
Receives orders to withdraw the BEF to Dunkirk
Supreme War Council
Discusses possible Italian mediation during the Dunkirk crisis.
Invasion of Belgium
The Belgian Army capitulates
Battle of Narvik
French troops cross Rombaksfjord during the final assault.
Final Assault on Narvik
Bethouart's French troops cross Rombaksfjord during the final Allied assault that leads to Narvik's recapture.
Rombaksfjord Crossing
French troops cross Rombaksfjord during the final assault.
Commander of 5th Panzer Division
Appointed Commander of the 5th Panzer Division
Medal
Awarded the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross, 1st divisional commander so honoured
Operation Dynamo
Secrecy is lifted when submission for large numbers of private vessels are allowed
Evacuation
The last of the 338,000 British, French and Belgian forces evacuated from Dunkirk. Evacuation from Dunkirk begins
Battle of Narvik
Balances Narvik operations against the worsening Allied crisis in France.
Ankenes Advance
Polish troops advance across Ankenes toward Narvik.
Battle of Narvik
Polish forces advance across Ankenes toward Narvik.
Belgian Surrender Ends Organised Flanders Defence
Belgium's surrender ends organised Belgian resistance in Flanders while British and French forces continue withdrawing.
Capture of Belgium
Surrenders Belgium to the Germans
General
Appointed temporary general
Battle of Abbeville
The Germans had massed the bulk of their armoured force in Panzer Group von Kleist, which attacked through the comparatively unguarded sector of the Ardennes and achieved a breakthrough at Sedan with air support. Holds the Germans up at Abbeville. Appointed temporary general
General
Appointed temporary general
Battle of Narvik
French mountain troops help capture Narvik after the final assault.
Capture of Narvik
French mountain troops help capture the town after the final assault.
Operation Alphabet
French mountain troops help recapture Narvik before withdrawal begins.
Operation Yellow
The Battle for Flanders is successfully concluded
Operation Yellow
The 7th cuts the main Lille-Armentieres Road
Result of Surrender of Belgian Army
The Belgian Army lays down its arms, forcing Allied forces in Belgium to withdraw.
Surrender of Belgian Army
The King of the Belgians surrenders the Belgian Army to the Germans
Battle of Narvik
Withdraws German troops after Allied forces retake the town.
Operation Alphabet
Withdraws from Narvik as Allied troops take the town.
Withdrawal from Narvik
Withdraws German mountain troops from the town after Allied attack.
Withdrawal from Narvik
Dietl withdraws German mountain troops from Narvik after Allied forces retake the town.
Evacuation
Announces in Cabinet, "of course, whatever happens at Dunkirk, we shall fight on"
Battle of Narvik
Allied command supports the successful recapture of the town.
Capture of Narvik
Allied command supports the successful recapture of Narvik.
Capture of Narvik
Auchinleck's Allied command supports the successful recapture of Narvik before the wider Allied evacuation.
Battle of Narvik
Receives news of the Allied recapture of Narvik.
Battle of Narvik
Receives news that Allied forces have recaptured Narvik from Dietl's troops.
Dunkirk Evacuation
Monitors the evacuation as large numbers of troops are rescued.
No Negotiated Peace
Persuades ministers to continue fighting rather than seek terms.
Operation Alphabet
Receives news of Narvik's recapture while evacuation plans remain in force.
Result of Surrender of Belgian Army
Belgium's capitulation exposes Montgomery's division and other Allied troops to further German pressure and retreat.
Surrender of Belgian Army
After Belgium surrenders the 3rd Division is forced to retreat from Belgium
Battle of Narvik
Coordinates Norwegian forces during the recapture of Narvik.
Operation Alphabet
Norwegian forces enter Narvik before Allied evacuation removes their support.
Recapture of Narvik
Norwegian forces join Allied troops in retaking Narvik.
Recapture of Narvik
Fleischer coordinates Norwegian, French, Polish and British troops that recapture Narvik from Dietl's force.
Ankenes Advance
Bohusz-Szyszko's Polish Highland Brigade advances across Ankenes to encircle Narvik from the south.
Battle of Narvik
Polish troops help close the Allied ring around Narvik.
Capture of Ankenes
Polish forces help close the ring around Narvik from the south.
Capture of Ankenes
Polish troops under Bohusz-Szyszko capture Ankenes and help close the Allied ring around Narvik.
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Allied craft are hit but 47,300 of the BEF are evacuated
Evacuation
Allied craft are hit but 47,300 of the BEF are evacuated
Abdication
Says Leopolds reasons for staying are "mad, stupid, worse still criminal"
Abdication
The Senate makes demandis Leopolds dethronement on "moral" & "juridicial" grounds
Invasion of France
The Leader of the Belgian Chamber charges Leopold with surrendering to Germany
Invasion of France
Realizes that France will be over-run by the Germans
Commander of Second Corps
Appointed Commander of Second Corps & ordered to withdraw
Evacuation
Agrees that the BEF should evacuate after deciding "no further proportionate damage could be inflicted on the enemy"
Dunkirk Evacuation
Works in Cabinet during the Dunkirk evacuation crisis
Commander of Second Corps
Appointed Commander of Second Corps & ordered to withdraw
Temporary Second Corps Command at Dunkirk
Takes temporary command of II Corps during the final stages of the withdrawal to Dunkirk.
Supreme War Council
Meets Churchill as Dunkirk evacuation and Italy are discussed.
Supreme War Council
Represents French air concerns as Allied resources are debated.
Battle of Narvik
Argues France's collapsing front must take priority over Norway.
French Crisis and Narvik
Argues the French front has priority despite the Allied success at Narvik.
Supreme War Council
Reviews the military situation with Churchill and Reynaud.
Supreme War Council
Questions prospects as France approaches military collapse.
Battle of Narvik
Meets Churchill as Narvik success is overshadowed by France's crisis.
Supreme War Council Narvik
Meets Churchill as Narvik success is overshadowed by events in France.
First Army
The French First Army surrenders
Result of Surrender of French First Army
The French First Army ceases organised resistance and passes into German control.
Surrender of French First Army
The French First Army surrenders
Result of Surrender of French First Army
German terms are presented to the surrounded French force, leading toward its capitulation.
Surrender of French First Army
Offers the French their terms of surrender
Supreme War Council
Travels with Churchill for the Paris council meeting.
Supreme War Council
Attends the council as Allied strategy shifts during the Dunkirk evacuation.
Supreme War Council
Announces evacuation figures from Dunkirk during a Supreme War Council meeting.
Supreme War Council
Meets the Allied Supreme War Council and declares Britain will fight on.
Supreme War Council
Promises to fight on despite the worsening military position.
Operation Alphabet
Coordinates naval arrangements for removing Allied troops from Narvik.
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Decides to evacuate all 3 remaining Divisions of the BEF on 1st June
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Gort returns to Britain & Alexander is put in charge of the 3 BEF Divisions at Dunkirk
Evacuation
Ignores orders from Gort & the French to stay. Decides to evacuate all 3 remaining Divisions of the BEF on 1st June
Evacuation
Gort returns to Britain & Alexander is put in charge of the 3 BEF Divisions at Dunkirk
Supreme War Council
Accompanies Churchill during the Paris crisis meeting.
Supreme War Council
Assists Churchill at the council meeting as France nears collapse.
Supreme War Council
Warns against any separate French surrender during discussions.
Operation Alphabet
Manages withdrawal arrangements while maintaining pressure on German forces.
Battle of Narvik
Discusses Narvik and Dunkirk with French leaders at the Supreme War Council.
Battle of Narvik
Discusses Narvik and Dunkirk with French leaders.
Supreme War Council
Attends as Allied leaders discuss evacuation from Norway and France.
Supreme War Council
Discusses Dunkirk and Norway with French leaders.
Supreme War Council
Discusses Narvik and Dunkirk with French leaders.
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
The Commander of the BEF follows Cabinet orders & returns to Britain
Evacuation
The Commander of the BEF follows Cabinet orders & returns to Britain
Belgian Army Defends Flanders Line
Leopold's army fights in Flanders as German forces press westward through Belgium.
Belgian Withdrawal through Flanders Conducted
Belgian forces fall back through Flanders while trying to maintain contact with British and French armies.
German Occupation
German forces occupy Bruges during the campaign in Belgium.
Battle of Montcornet
Holds the Germans up at Montcornet
Capture of Konigstein
Captured by the Germans & held in Konigstein
Allied Counterattack Plans Include Flanders Forces
Weygand attempts to coordinate counterattacks while northern Allied armies remain trapped in Belgium and Flanders.
Exile of Jacques Philippe Leclerc
Deserts & joins de Gaulle in England rather than surrender
Siege of Rethel
Delays the Germans at Rethel on the Aisne
Colonel
Appointed Colonel General
Belgium and Netherlands Operations Monitored
Jodl's operations staff monitors the rapid campaigns through Belgium and the Netherlands.
Colonel
Appointed Colonel General after his 19th corps defeat the French at Sedan
Invasion of Belgium
Rommels Div earns the name "the Ghost Division" because of its sudden appearences
Seventh Panzer Advance Threatens Allied Flanders Position
Rommel's rapid advance helps split Allied forces and threatens communications supporting troops in Flanders.
Invasion of Belgium
Commands 28 Divisions from the North Sea to Aix-la-Chapelle
Invasion of France
Commands 28 Divisions from the North Sea to Aix-la-Chapelle
Invasion of Netherlands, The
Commands 28 Divisions from the North Sea to Aix-la-Chapelle
Invasion of France
Commands 17 Divisions from the Moselle to the Swiss border
Luftflotte Two Supports German Drive in Flanders
Kesselring's air fleet supports German armies attacking Allied positions across Belgium and Flanders.
XXXVIII Army Corps
During the German campaign in France, Manstein commanded XXXVIII Army Corps. He directed his formation in the west after moving from the planning staff positions for which he had previously been known.
Battle of France
Fall Gelb (Case Yellow), German armoured units pushed through the Ardennes, to cut off and surround the Allied units that had advanced into Belgium
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Operation Yellow is launched to lure the BEF out of France
Invasion of France
Fall Gelb (Case Yellow), German armoured units pushed through the Ardennes, to cut off and surround the Allied units that had advanced into Belgium
Operation Fall Gelb
German armoured units push through the Ardennes to cut off and surround the Allied units that had advanced into Belgium
Operation Fall Gelb
Launched to prevent the Allies Treaty obligations to defend Belgium
Operation Fall Gelb
Operation Yellow is launched to lure the BEF out of France
German Army Group Pressure Tightens around Flanders
Rundstedt's forces continue closing the corridor around Allied armies retreating through Flanders.
Battle of France
In the Battle of France commands Panzergruppe von Kleist, consisting of XLI Panzer Corps and XIX Panzer Corps (under Heinz Guderian), the two southernmost armoured corps in the drive to the English Channel
Invasion of France
In the Battle of France commands Panzergruppe von Kleist, consisting of XLI Panzer Corps and XIX Panzer Corps (under Heinz Guderian), the two southernmost armoured corps in the drive to the English Channel
Invasion of France
The Germans had massed the bulk of their armoured force in Panzer Group von Kleist, which attacked through the comparatively unguarded sector of the Ardennes and achieved a breakthrough at Sedan with air support. Commands 5 Panzer & 3 motorised Divisions through the Ardennes
Bombing of Rotterdam
Rotterdam is reduced to a blazing ruin for the German invasion of France
Secretary of State for War and the Colonies
Appointed Secretary for War, May-December
Commander of British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Appointed Commander of the British Exteditionary Force
BEF Withdrawal toward Flemish Coast Ordered
Gort orders British forces toward the coast as the Allied position in Belgium deteriorates.
Flanders Corridor Defence Prioritised
Gort prioritises routes through Flanders needed for the BEF's withdrawal toward evacuation ports.
Flanders Withdrawal Enables Dunkirk Evacuation
The BEF withdrawal from positions in Flanders helps concentrate British forces for evacuation from Dunkirk.
Commander of British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Appointed Commander of the British Exteditionary Force
Secretary of State for War and the Colonies
Appointed Secretary for War, May-December
Dunkirk Perimeter Defence
Uses 3rd Division in the defensive battle protecting routes toward the Dunkirk evacuation area.
Third Division Withdrawal from Dyle Line
Conducts an organised withdrawal as Allied armies fall back from the Dyle position under German pressure.
Commandant
Heinrich Himmler tells Hโss that Hitler had given orders for the final solution"
Exile of Rashid Ali al Kaylani
British troops invade Iraq to install a pro-British Government, Rashid Ali requests German support, but Germany refuses to intervene and Ali is forced to flee to Iran
Invasion of Iraq
British troops invade Iraq to install a pro-British Government, Rashid Ali requests German support, but Germany refuses to intervene and Ali is forced to flee to Iran
Coronation
Crowned king under the French protectorate administration
Restoration
Re-enters the capital, Addis Ababa
Operation Ironclad
The 1st large amphibious assault made by British forces since the Dardanelles. An amphibious invasion of the Vichy French colony of Madagascar
Vichy Government
An amphibious invasion of the Vichy French colony of Madagascar
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of Venezuela
Operation Ironclad
Vichy forces surrender to the British in Madagascar
Vichy Government
Vichy forces surrender to the British in Madagascar
Enigma Machine
Boards U-110 and recovers an Enigma machine, rotors, codebooks and current cryptographic material.
Enigma Machine
Participates in the U-110 capture operation that secures valuable German Enigma material.
Enigma Machine
Orders a boarding party onto disabled U-110, enabling capture of an intact Enigma machine and code material.
Capture of Diego Suarez
The British march into Diego Suarez in Madagascar after just 2 days fighting
Invasion of Madagascar
The British march into Diego Suarez in Madagascar after 2 days fighting
Operation Ironclad
The British march into Diego Suarez in Madagascar after just 2 days fighting
Siege of Diego Suarez
The British march into Diego Suarez in Madagascar after 2 days fighting
Arrest of Rudolph Hess
Arrested by the British & held as a POW
Meeting with The Duke of Hamilton to submit his
Proposes asking Britain to give Germany a free hand in Europe, in exchange Germany will leave the British Empire intact. Hess flies himself to Scotland & meets the Duke of Hamilton to submit his own peace proposals
Exile of Adolf Hitler
Announces Hess flight to Britain was due to a mental breakdown
Jurisdiction Order
Signs an order defending German troops from any crimes against the Russian population
Birth of Ritchie Valens
Birth of Ritchie Valens, Richard Steven Valenzuela
Invasion of Russia
The original day planned for operation Barbarossa
Operation Barbarossa
The original day planned for operation Barbarossa
Afrika Korps
The 1st British operation against the Afrika Korps, attempts to throw the Axis forces back from the Egyptian frontier
Operation Brevity
The 1st British operation against the Afrika Korps, attempts to throw the Axis forces back from the Egyptian frontier
Manhattan Project
A report by Arthur Compton and the National Academy of Sciences is issued which finds favorable the prospects of developing nuclear power production for military use
National Academy of Sciences
A report by Arthur Compton and the National Academy of Sciences is issued which finds favorable the prospects of developing nuclear power production for military use
Manhattan Project
Vannevar Bush creates the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD)
Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD)
Vannevar Bush creates the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD)
Viet Minh Founded
Helps develop the Viet Minh movement after its formation
Final Solution
An order is issued by the RSHA to block emigration of Jews attempting to leave Belgium or France as part of the "imminent Final Solution of the Jewish question." The RSHA.
Final Solution
And food in Theresienstadt (a concentration camp to extermination facilities like Auschwitz).
Final Solution
If they turned over their assets to the RSHA through a 'phony' home-purchase plan.
Final Solution
Working with Adolf Eichmann's Reich Association of Jews in Germany, deliberately deceived Jews living in Germany and those of other countries by promising them good living quarters, medical care.
Reich Association of Jews
An order is issued by the RSHA to block emigration of Jews attempting to leave Belgium or France as part of the "imminent Final Solution of the Jewish question." The RSHA.
Reich Association of Jews
And food in Theresienstadt (a concentration camp to extermination facilities like Auschwitz).
Reich Association of Jews
If they turned over their assets to the RSHA through a 'phony' home-purchase plan.
Reich Association of Jews
Working with Adolf Eichmann's Reich Association of Jews in Germany, deliberately deceived Jews living in Germany and those of other countries by promising them good living quarters, medical care.
Crete Operation High Command Coordination
Jodl's staff participates in OKW coordination as German airborne forces attack Crete.
Invasion of Crete
A German air landing manages to capture Crete after twelve days of severe fighting
Invasion of Crete
Germany launches an invasion of Crete, 23,000 men & 600 aircraft attack Crete
Mercury
The German attack on Crete begins
Rule of Crete
A German air landing manages to capture Crete after twelve days of severe fighting
Final Solution
An order is issued by the RSHA to block emigration of Jews attempting to leave Belgium or France as part of the "imminent Final Solution of the Jewish question." The RSHA.
Final Solution
And food in Theresienstadt (a concentration camp to extermination facilities like Auschwitz).
Final Solution
If they turned over their assets to the RSHA through a 'phony' home-purchase plan.
Final Solution
Working with Adolf Eichmann's Reich Association of Jews in Germany, deliberately deceived Jews living in Germany and those of other countries by promising them good living quarters, medical care.
Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA)
An order is issued by the RSHA to block emigration of Jews attempting to leave Belgium or France as part of the "imminent Final Solution of the Jewish question." The RSHA.
Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA)
And food in Theresienstadt (a concentration camp to extermination facilities like Auschwitz).
Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA)
If they turned over their assets to the RSHA through a 'phony' home-purchase plan.
Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA)
Working with Adolf Eichmann's Reich Association of Jews in Germany, deliberately deceived Jews living in Germany and those of other countries by promising them good living quarters, medical care.
Birth of Bob Dylan
Birth of Bob Dylan at Duluth, Minnesota
Family
Abe Zimmerman is father of Bob Dylan.
Birth of Bob Dylan
Birth of Bob Dylan, born Robert Allen Zimmerman.
Dismissal
Relieved of his command by Hitler after the Panzers are forced onto the defensive
Capture of Halfaya Pass
Reinforced by the 1fifth panzer division recaptures Halfaya Pass
Luftflotte
Britain decides to evacuate Crete
Mercury
Crete is captured by the German forces
Mercury
Crete is captured by the German forces, Freyberg organizes the British withdrawal
Economy of USA
Roosevelt declares a state of emergency, the Government assumes wide-ranging control of the economy & pledges to resist German aggression
State of Emergency
Roosevelt declares a state of emergency, the Government assumes wide-ranging control of the economy & pledges to resist German aggression
Capture of Crete
Takes Crete from the British with an airbourne assault
Invasion of Egypt
Appeals in vain to launch an offensive against Egypt & Suez
Suez Canal
Appeals in vain to launch an offensive against Egypt & Suez
Suez Canal
Urges Hitler to concentrate on Mediterranean strategy and seize the Suez Canal, but the proposal is not adopted.
Luftwaffe
German support appears in the form of a small number of Luftwaffe fighter planes, and the British forces quickly defeat the Iraqi military
Siege of Basra
German support appears in the form of a small number of Luftwaffe fighter planes, and the British forces quickly defeat the Iraqi military
Coup
The Rashid Ali Al-Gaylani coup leads to a British invasion of Iraq
Invasion of Iran
The Rashid Ali Al-Gaylani coup leads to a British invasion of Iraq
Siege of Habbaniya
Defeated by the British who regain control of Iraq
Capture of Crete
Germany captues Crete
Bombing of Canea
Commands the bombing of Canea
Bombing of Heraklion
Commands the bombing of Heraklion
Enigma Machine
Uses captured German naval cryptographic material to strengthen Hut 8 attacks on U-boat Enigma.
Enigma Machine
Works in Hut 8 as captured U-boat material helps restore access to German Naval Enigma traffic.
Free French
Wilson is appointed GOC Palestine and Trans Jordan and oversaw the successful Syria campaign, in which predominantly Australian, British, Indian, and Free French forces overcame Vichy French forces in fierce fighting
GOC
Wilson is appointed GOC Palestine and Trans Jordan and oversaw the successful Syria campaign, in which predominantly Australian, British, Indian, and Free French forces overcame Vichy French forces in fierce fighting
Invasion of Lebanon
Wilson is appointed GOC Palestine and Trans Jordan and oversaw the successful Syria campaign, in which predominantly Australian, British, Indian, and Free French forces overcame Vichy French forces in fierce fighting
Invasion of Syria
Wilson is appointed GOC Palestine and Trans Jordan and oversaw the successful Syria campaign, in which predominantly Australian, British, Indian, and Free French forces overcame Vichy French forces in fierce fighting
Vichy Government
Wilson is appointed GOC Palestine and Trans Jordan and oversaw the successful Syria campaign, in which predominantly Australian, British, Indian, and Free French forces overcame Vichy French forces in fierce fighting
Liverpool Blitz
His government faces severe bombing damage during the Liverpool Blitz.
Major General
Appointed Major General
Major General
Appointed Major General
Battle of Coral Sea
Orders Inouye to sieze bases in the southern Solomons & capture Port Moresby
Battle of Coral Sea
Ordered by Yamamoto to sieze bases in the southern Solomons & capture Port Moresby
Capture of Port Moresby
Ordered to capture Port Moresby in the Solomons
Capture of Mandalay
The Japanese capture Mandalay
Second Stauning Premiership
The Second Stauning Premiership ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Capture of Tulagi
Japanese forces occupy the island of Tulagi without opposition
Battle of Coral Sea
Captures the Island of Tulagi in the Coral Sea
Capture of Tulagi
Captures the Island of Tulagi in the Coral Sea
First Buhl Government
Begins the First Buhl Government in Copenhagen and serves as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Midway Occupation Order
Yamamoto receives orders to conduct the occupation of Midway and key western Aleutian positions.
Battle of Midway
Japan must now concentrate on defending the Southern Resources Area. Japan loses its initiative in the Pacific
Capture of Corregidor
The Japanese capture Corregidor
Fall of Corregidor
Homma's forces capture Corregidor, ending organized Allied resistance in the Manila Bay defenses.
Capture of Corregidor
The Japanese complete their capture of the Phillipines
Battle of Bataan
The US surrenders to the Japanese on Corregidor after the surrender of Bataan
Carrier Operations at Coral Sea
Hara commands Carrier Division Five, centered on Shokaku and Zuikaku, during the Coral Sea operation.
Battle of Coral Sea
The Shoho is sunk
Battle of the Coral Sea
Takagi commands the Japanese carrier striking force as the Battle of the Coral Sea begins.
Operation Trappenjagd
Manstein launched Operation Trappenjagd against Soviet forces on the Kerch Peninsula. German attacks, backed by strong air support, broke through the Soviet defensive positions and led to the collapse of their bridgehead.
Battle of Coral Sea
Inouye is forced to call off his planned capture of Port Moresby in the Solomons
Damage to Shokaku
Hara's Carrier Division Five loses operational strength after Shokaku is badly damaged by American dive bombers.
Battle of Coral Sea
The air-sea Battle of the Coral Sea comes out as an tactical victory but strategical defeat for Japan
Battle of Coral Sea
Calls off the plan to sieze bases in the southern Solomons & capture Port Moresby
Carrier Battle at Coral Sea
Takagi's carriers exchange major air strikes with American carriers in the first carrier battle fought beyond visual range.
Battle of Coral Sea
Japanese expansion is stopped at New Guinea
Battle of Coral Sea
Japanese expansion in the Pacific is stopped off New Guinea
German Decoration
Fecia di Cossato receives a German decoration after successful Atlantic submarine operations conducted from the Betasom base.
Fridericus
Submits plans to von Bock to eliminate the Barvenkovo salient
Battle of Kalewa
Gets his remaining troops across the Chindwin River & into the border region
Siege of Kharkov
Timoshenko breaks through Heitzs VIII Corps to within 12 miles of Kharkov
Siege of Kharkov
Timoshenko breaks through Heitzs VIII Corps to within 12 miles of Kharkov
Birth of Ian Dury
Birth of Ian Dury
Siege of Kharkov
Timoshenko breaks through Heitzs VIII Corps to within 12 miles of Kharkov. Launches an attack to cut off Kharkov with 640,000 men, 1,200 tanks & 1,000 planes
Birth of Jeff Astle
Birth of Jeff Astle
Fourth Hermann Jonasson Government
The Fourth Hermann Jonasson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
First Olafur Thors Government
Begins the First Olafur Thors Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Prime Minister of Iceland
Appointed Prime Minister of Iceland
Siege of Kharkov
Strikes at the Barvenkovo salient, as ordered by Hitler
Siege of Kharkov
Timoshenko requests further support from Stalin who just refuses withdrawal. Kleist counter-attacks & forces Timoshenko back
Siege of Kharkov
Timoshenko requests further support from Stalin who just refuses a withdrawal. Kleist counter-attacks & forces Timoshenko back
Siege of Kharkov
The "Barvenkovo mousetrap" is sprung by Kleist & Paulus, 240,000 Russians are taken
Siege of Kharkov
The "Barvenkovo mousetrap" is sprung by Kleist & Paulus, 240,000 Russians are taken
Siege of Kharkov
Timoshenko calls off his offensive after Kleists advance into the Barvenko salient
Siege of Kharkov
The "Barvenkovo mousetrap" is sprung by Kleist & Paulus, 240,000 Russians are taken
Siege of Kharkov
Timoshenko calls off his offensive after Kleists advance into the Barvenko salient. The "Barvenkovo mousetrap" is sprung by Kleist & Paulus, 240,000 Russians are taken
Siege of Kharkov
Timoshenko is forced to call off his attack
Battle of Bir-Hakeim
Rommel sends his armour south of Bir-Hakeim to outflank the British
Invasion of Libya
Commences the invasion of Libya
Treaty of Anglo-Soviet
An Anglo-Soviet Treaty of alliance is signed in London
Battle of Gazala
De Stefanis leads Ariete as the Axis offensive opens against the British Gazala defensive line.
Battle of Gazala
Azzi commands the Trieste Motorised Division as it enters the fighting around the Gazala line.
Departure for Aleutians
Kakuta sails from Ominato with the carrier force assigned to strike the Aleutians during the Midway operation.
Treaty of Anglo-Soviet
An Anglo-Soviet Treaty of alliance is signed in London
Operation Anthropoid
Is mortally wounded by Czechoslovak parachutists.
Assassination of Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich
After the plans for the Final Solution are laid down at the Wannsee conference, Heydrich is attacked by members of the Czech underground resistance
1st Meeting With Eisenhower
1st meets Eisenhower, disagrees with him about how to defend the British coast
Battle of Bir Hakeim
Ariete under De Stefanis attacks positions around Bir Hakeim during the opening phase of the Gazala battle.
Departure for Midway
Nagumo's four-carrier striking force sails for Midway as the principal offensive element of Yamamoto's plan.
Midway Main Body Sortie
Yamamoto sorties with the Combined Fleet main body aboard Yamato in support of the Midway operation.
Norway Defence Planning Overseen
Jodl's staff oversees strategic planning for the defence of occupied Norway against possible Allied attack.
Medal
Awarded the Knights Cross after the siege of Kharkhov
Promotion to Major
Is promoted to major after assuming responsibilities normally associated with more senior intelligence officers.
Invasion of Burma
Withdraws to India with his Burmese Corps
Bombing of Bath
Visits Bath
Invasion of Egypt
Backs German invasion because he believes Cairo will be quickly captured
Invasion of Egypt
Malta retains independence & provides an Allied supply route
Invasion of Malta
Calls off an invasion of Malta in order to support the Germans in Egypt, a mistake
Battle of Midway
Ordered to make diversionary strikes against US Alaskan bases before the Midway strike
Kharkov Offensive Political Role
Serves with the Southwestern Front leadership during the failed Soviet offensive near Kharkov.
Manhattan Project
Oppenheimer is given the title "Coordinator of Rapid Rupture", specifically referring to the propagation of a fast neutron chain reaction in an atomic bomb
Manhattan Project
Groves appoints Oppenheimer to head the project's secret weapons laboratory
Manhattan Project
Groves appoints Oppenheimer to head the project's secret weapons laboratory
London Allied Coordination Mission
Conducts a mission to London to improve coordination between American and British military planning.
Invasion of Sicily
Attends a conference to discuss the invasion of Sicily
Operation Husky
Attends a conference to discuss the invasion of Sicily
Sicily Assault Planning Conference
Takes part in Allied planning for the invasion of Sicily and argues for a concentrated landing plan.
Battle of Convoy ONS5
Twelve ships are sunk with the loss of two U-boats
Birth of Michael Edward Palin
Birth of Michael Edward Palin
Capture of Tunis
Tunis is captured & entered by the British First Army
Capture of Tunis
Surrenders the Army Group Africa after the fall of Tunis
Conference of Trident
Alan Brooke represents British military planning interests during the Trident Conference
Conference of Trident
Churchill attends the Third Washington Conference, code named Trident, to discuss Allied strategy with Roosevelt
Birth of David Walker
Birth of David Walker
Conference of Trident
Roosevelt opens strategic discussions with Churchill at the Trident Conference in Washington
North Africa Campaign
Surrenders Axis forces in Tunisia after being promoted to Marshal of Italy, ending organized Axis resistance in North Africa.
Birth of Mary Wells
Birth of Mary Wells
Conference of Trident
The Allies agree to the completion of "Roundup" by 1st May 1944
Conference of Trident
The Allies agree to invade Sicily to knock Italy out of the War
Operation Roundup
The Allies agree to the completion of "Roundup" by 1st May 1944
Operation Tube Alloys
The Allies agree to develop the atomic bomb, operation "Tube Alloys"
Invasion of Sicily
The Allies agree at Trident to proceed with the invasion of Sicily as part of the Mediterranean strategy
Bombing of Eder
The Dambusters breach the Eder dam by "bouncing bombs"
Bombing of Mohne
The Dambusters breach the Mohne dam by "bouncing bombs"
Bombing of Sorpe
The Dambusters breach the Sorpe dam by "bouncing bombs"
Bombing of Ruhr
Leads 19 Lancasters from 617 Squadron & breaches the Mohne & Eder dams. Gibson is later awarded the VC
Eighth Army Released for Sicily Training
Withdraws Eighth Army from the closing Tunisian operations to prepare for the Sicily invasion.
Invasion of Sicily
The Eighth Army is released from Tunisia to train for the invasion of Sicily
Addresses Congress regarding the Allied war aims
Addresses Congress regarding the Allied war aims
Return to Interior and Education Portfolio
Al-Rifai returned to ministerial office in Tawfiq Abu al-Hudaโs fifth government. He again held the interior and education portfolio, restoring him to a senior role in the emirateโs administration.
Death of William Aberhart
Death of William Aberhart
Bombing of Duesseldorf
Duesseldorf is bombed
Battle of Atlantic
Doenitz withdraws the U-boats from the North Atlantic
Medical Officer
Appointed Medical Officer at Auschwitz-Birkenau, gains the nickname "Angel of Death"
Operation Roundup
The Trident Conference confirms planning for a cross Channel invasion while continuing Mediterranean operations
International Agreement at Washington
Churchill & Roosevelt meet in Washington where they agree a cross-Channel invasion (Operation Overlord) to be provisionally be launched on 1 May 1944
Operation Overlord
Churchill & Roosevelt meet in Washington where they agree a cross-Channel invasion (Operation Overlord) to be provisionally be launched on 1 May 1944
International Agreement at Washington
Churchill & Roosevelt meet in Washington where they agree a cross-Channel invasion (Operation Overlord) to be provisionally be launched on 1 May 1944
Operation Overlord
Churchill & Roosevelt meet in Washington where they agree a cross-Channel invasion (Operation Overlord) to be provisionally be launched on 1 May 1944
Battle of Attu
Yamasaki leads the final Japanese attack on Attu and is killed as organized resistance collapses.
K-25 Surveying Begins
Surveying begins for the massive K-25 gaseous-diffusion uranium-enrichment plant at Oak Ridge.
Committee of National Liberation (CNL)
Appointed Member of Committee of National Liberation
Committee of National Liberation (CNL)
Appointed Member of Committee of National Liberation
Mediterranean Defence after Tunisia Reviewed
Jodl's staff reviews the defence of Italy and the Balkans after the Axis defeat in Tunisia.
Suez Canal
Plans British strategy after the North African victory secures the Suez Canal and frees forces for Mediterranean operations.
Suez Canal
Commands Middle East forces after the North African campaign has secured Egypt and the Suez Canal.
Major General
Appointed Major General
Resignation of Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez
Martinez resigns after strikes and military pressure end his rule
Provisional President Returns
Menendez returns as provisional President after Martinez resigns
Capture of Crimea
Russia recaptures Crimea by taking Sevastopol
Siege of Sevastopol
Russia recaptures Crimea by taking Sevastopol
Invasion of Italy
Commands an invasion of Italy to divert the Axis powers from the D-Day landings
Siege of Monte Cassino
In order to try & break the deadlock the area is swamped with Allied troops
Hungarian Mass Deportations Begin
Oversees the start of systematic deportations from Hungary.
Transports to Auschwitz Start
German and Hungarian authorities send mass transports toward Auschwitz.
Operation Overlord
Montgomerry presents Overlord plans to senior commanders, the King, Smuts & Churchill
Final Overlord Commanders Conference
Presents the final ground plan to senior commanders and political leaders before D-Day.
Operation Overlord
The Americans are assigned Utah and Omaha, the British Gold and Sword, and the Canadians Juno Beach.
Operation Overlord
Final conference at Montgomerys HQ in St Pauls School
Operation Overlord
Presents the final plan to senior commanders, the King, Smuts & Churchill at St Pauls. Expresses his belief that that Allied tanks will reach Falaise on D-Day
Operation Overlord
Montgomerry presents the Overlord plan to Commanders, the King, Smuts & Churchill
Siege of Monte Cassino
The Germans begin their withdrawal from the Gustav Line. The French achieve a breakthrough in the Aurunci Mountains
Siege of Monte Cassino
Polish troops capture the monastery of Monte Cassino
Capture of Cassino
Leads an Allied force which captures Cassino
Birth of Joe Cocker
Joe Cocker is born in Sheffield, Yorkshire.
Lebanon Conference Agreement
Greek political and resistance representatives agree to participate in a national government.
Siege of Tito HQ
Orders the XV Gebirg Corps to attack Tito in Bosnia & destroy the Yugoslav Army, YANL
Reballion of Rebels in Bosnia and Herzegovina
The XV Gebirg Corps attack Tito at his HQ in Bosnia & destroys the Yugoslav Army, YANL
Siege of Tito HQ
The XV Gebirg Corps attack Tito at his HQ in Bosnia & destroys the Yugoslav Army, YANL
XV Gebirg Corps
The XV Gebirg Corps attack Tito at his HQ in Bosnia & destroys the Yugoslav Army, YANL
YANL
The XV Gebirg Corps attack Tito at his HQ in Bosnia & destroys the Yugoslav Army, YANL
Operation Unthinkable
In the Spring 1944, Churchill had commissioned a contingency military enforcement operation plan (war on the Soviet Union) to obtain "square deal for Poland" (Operation Unthinkable), which resulted in a May 22 report stating unfavorable success odds. The reports arguments included geostrategic issues (possible Soviet-Japanese alliance resulting in moving of Japanese troops from continent to Home Islands, threat to Iran/Iraq) and uncertainties concerning land battles in Europe
Implosion Instability Analysis
Taylor joins Los Alamos and highlights hydrodynamic instability problems that influence the move toward a more conservative implosion design.
Independence of Iceland
Icelandic voters sever all ties with Denmark
Referendum
Icelandic voters sever all ties with Denmark
Siege of Tito HQ
The attack on Tito fails due to partisan intelligence
Reballion of Rebels in Bosnia and Herzegovina
The Germans launch an attack on Tito at his HQ on his birthday, the attempt fails
Shingle
The forces at Anzio break out & link up with the US 5th Army
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador, 2nd term
Operation Overlord
Subordinate commanders are informed D-Day will be 5th June
Birth of Sondra Locke
Birth of Sondra Locke
Exploding Bridgewire Detonator Test
A successful test of the exploding-bridgewire detonator demonstrates a way to fire many implosion detonators with the required simultaneity.
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
Withdrawal from Kohima
Sato orders his exhausted division to withdraw from Kohima as food and ammunition shortages become critical.
Operation Barbarossa
From July 1943 to May 1944 the Germans lose 41 Divisions in the East
Employment Policy White Paper
The Government commits itself to maintaining a high and stable level of employment.
Enigma Machine
Sees Oracle, the third specialised Twinn-type Bombe for Abwehr Enigma, installed in May.
LOPO Reactor
Helps bring the LOPO reactor at Los Alamos to criticality, demonstrating an aqueous homogeneous reactor fueled with enriched uranium.
Battle of Berlin
The meeting between Krebs, who had been sent by Goebbels, and Soviet general Vasily Chuikov ended with no agreement. According to Hitler's personal secretary Traudl Junge, Krebs returned to the bunker complex looking "worn out, exhausted". The surrender of Berlin was thus delayed until Goebbels committed suicide, after which it was left up to Weidling to negotiate with the Soviets
Result of Surrender of German Forces in Italy, Austria, Holland and Norway
German formations across several European theatres lay down their arms as the Reich collapses.
Surrender of German Forces in Italy, Austria, Holland and Norway
German troops in Italy, Austria, Holland & Norway surrender
Dรถnitz Government Military Adviser
After Hitler's death, Jodl serves as a senior military adviser to the government headed by Karl Dรถnitz.
Death of Paul Joseph Goebbels
Administers poison to his 6 children & shoots his wife & himself in Hitler's bunker
Result of Surrender of German Forces in Italy, Austria, Holland and Norway
German forces in multiple western and southern theatres stop fighting and enter Allied custody.
Surrender of German Forces in Italy, Austria, Holland and Norway
German troops in Italy, Austria, Holland & Norway surrender
Battle of Berlin
Chuikov, who commanded his army operating in central Berlin, was the first Allied officer to learn about Adolf Hitler's suicide, being informed by General Hans Krebs who had come to Chuikovs headquarters under a white flag
Battle of Berlin
General Weidling finally surrenders with his staff at 06:00 hours, he was taken to see General Vasily Chuikov at 08:23, Weidling agrees to order the citys defenders to surrender to the Soviets
Arrest of Helmuth Otto Ludwig Weidling
The Soviet forces took Weidling into custody as a prisoner of war and flew him to the Soviet Union
Battle of Berlin
The Soviet forces took Weidling into custody as a prisoner of war and flew him to the Soviet Union. General Weidling had his Chief of Staff, von Dufving, arrange a meeting with General Chuikov. Weidling told the Soviets about the suicides of Hitler and Goebbels, and Chuikov demanded complete capitulation
Result of Surrender of Berlin
Berlin passes into Soviet control after the city's defenders capitulate.
Surrender of Berlin
Berlin surrenders to the Soviet Army
Battle of Berlin
General Weidling finally surrenders with his staff at 06:00 hours, he was taken to see General Vasily Chuikov at 08:23, Weidling agrees to order the citys defenders to surrender to the Soviets
Battle of Berlin
The Soviets capture the Reich Chancellery
Battle of Berlin
General Weidling had his Chief of Staff, von Dufving, arrange a meeting with General Chuikov. Weidling told the Soviets about the suicides of Hitler and Goebbels, and Chuikov demanded complete capitulation. Accepts the surrender of Berlins forces from General Helmuth Weidling
Capture of Berlin
With Zhukov shares the honour of capturing Berlin
Capture of Berlin
Berlin surrenders to the Soviet Army
Battle of Berlin
Berlin surrenders, 17 days after the 1st day of the battle
Capture of Berlin
Berlin falls to the Allies
Invasion of Germany
The Red flag is raised over the Reichstag
X-Unit Detonation Testing
A Raytheon Mark II X-Unit arrives for testing as part of the electrical firing system for the implosion bomb.
VE Day
Planned & commanded the capture of Germany until VE-Day
Jackson Appointed U.S. Chief Prosecutor
President Truman appoints Jackson to prepare and prosecute charges against leading European Axis war criminals before an international tribunal.
Promotion to Temporary Brigadier
Reaches the temporary rank of brigadier after beginning the war as a private soldier.
German Surrender Delegation Received
Receives German officers seeking terms for forces facing 21st Army Group in northern Germany and nearby areas.
Death of Fedor von Bock
Death of Fedor von Bock during an Allied raid on Hamburg
Luneburg Heath Surrender Accepted
Accepts the unconditional surrender of German forces in the Netherlands, north-west Germany and Denmark.
Counterattack on Okinawa
Cho supports a major Japanese counteroffensive that leaves the Thirty-Second Army weakened after costly attacks on American lines.
Okinawa Counteroffensive
Ushijima authorizes a broad counterattack that fails to break the American positions and causes severe Japanese losses.
Invasion of Czech
Elements of the 3rd Army reach Czech
Third Army
Elements of the 3rd Army reach Czech
Prague Uprising
Prague uprising begins against German occupation.
Second Buhl Government
Begins the Second Buhl Government in Copenhagen and serves as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Result of Surrender of German Forces in Northwest Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands
German forces in northwest Europe surrender to Montgomery, ending organised resistance across a large northern theatre.
Surrender of German Forces in Northwest Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands
In Europe, the 2First Army Group made its way across The Netherlands, Denmark and Northwest Germany, until on 5 May 1945 its commander, Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, accepts the German surrender of all German forces
Result of Surrender of Kesselring's German Forces
Kesselring's remaining forces pass into American custody as German resistance collapses.
Surrender of Kesselring's German Forces
Surrenders to the Americans
Reims Surrender Negotiations Begin
Jodl arrives at SHAEF headquarters and seeks terms that would allow more German forces to surrender in the west.
Surrender Delay Request Rejected
Allied commanders reject German attempts to limit or delay the unconditional surrender.
Arrest of Kurt von Schuschnigg
Rescues from a POW camp at Prager Wildsee by the British 5th Army
Result of Surrender of Army Group South
A large German force passes into American rather than Soviet custody at the end of the European war.
Surrender of Army Group South
Surrenders 600,000 troops to the Americans rather than the Russians
Arrest of Horace Greeley Hjalmar Schacht
Rescued from a POW camp at Prager Wildsee by the British 5th Army
Result of Surrender of German Armed Forces
All German armed forces are ordered to cease resistance to the Allies.
Surrender of German Armed Forces
Unconditional surrender of all German forces to the Allies
Result of Surrender of German Armed Forces
Dรถnitz authorises the general surrender of German forces, ending further organised national resistance.
Surrender of German Armed Forces
Authorizes unconditional surrender of all German fighting forces
Signing of German Military Surrender
Jodl signs Germany's unconditional military surrender at SHAEF headquarters in Reims at 02:41.
Surrender Authority from Dรถnitz Received
Jodl receives authority from Dรถnitz to sign the unconditional military surrender.
Suicide
Bodies of Goebbels, his wife & 5 children are found in a shelter near the Reichstag
Result of Surrender of Germany
Krosigk publicly confirms Germany's capitulation to the Allied powers.
Surrender of Germany
Proclaims the capitulation of Germany to the Allies in a national broadcast
Result of Surrender of German Armed Forces
The unconditional capitulation ends organised German military resistance.
Surrender of German Armed Forces
Unconditional surrender of all German forces to the Allies
Battle of Rhine
Montgomery & Rokossovsky join together at Wismar
Result of Surrender of German High Command
The German High Command formally accepts unconditional military surrender.
Surrender of German High Command
The German High Command signs a document of unconditional surrender
Alliance Konstantin Konstantinovich Rokossovsky and together at Wismar
Montgomery & Rokossovsky join together at Wismar
Trinity One Hundred Ton Test
The Trinity team detonates about 108 tons of TNT containing reactor fission products to calibrate instruments for the coming nuclear test.
Result of Surrender of Germany
Germany's unconditional surrender ends organised German resistance in Europe.
Surrender of Germany
Accepts the unconditional surrender of the Germans
Result of Surrender of Axis Powers in Europe
The defeat of the Axis in Europe is publicly confirmed in France.
Surrender of Axis Powers in Europe
Makes the official announcement of victory over the Axis powers in Europe at 3 pm
VE Day
Makes the official announcement of victory over the Axis powers in Europe at 3 pm
German Military Surrender Takes Effect
The Reims surrender requires German military operations to cease at 23:01 Central European Time.
Victory Celebrations
Crowds gather in Trafalgar Square at the end of war in Europe.
VE Day
Attends the VE Day celebrations in her ATS uniform
Result of Surrender of Germany
Victory in Europe Day publicly marks the end of the European war.
Surrender of Germany
Announces "Victory in Europe Day"
VE Day
Makes the announcement of Allied victory over the Axis powers in Europe at 3 p.m
Commonwealth
Broadcasts a victory message to the nation & commonwealth at 9.00 p.m
VE Day
Broadcasts a victory message to the nation & commonwealth at 9.00 p.m
Capture of Berlin
Directs the capture of Berlin
Result of Surrender of Germany
German military leaders formally acknowledge defeat in Zhukov's presence.
Surrender of Germany
German military leaders sign documents of surrender in Zhukovs presence
VE Day
The day that marks victory in Europe for the Allies in World War II, the defining events were the Germans unconditional surrender Eisenhower at Rheims, France, and to the Soviets in Berlin on May 7, President Truman announces victory at 9 AM
VE Day
The day that marks victory in Europe for the Allies in World War II, the defining events were the Germans unconditional surrender Eisenhower at Rheims, France, and to the Soviets in Berlin on May 7, President Truman announces victory at 9 AM. Makes the announcement of Allied victory over the Axis powers in Europe at 3 PM
Result of Surrender of Germany
Germany's final surrender instrument confirms the end of organised German resistance in Europe.
Surrender of Germany
Present when Generalfeldmarschall Wilhelm Keitel signs the final German Instrument of Surrender entering into force at 23:01 Central European Time
Result of Surrender of Germany
Germany accepts the formal military surrender ending the European war.
Result of Surrender of Germany
The Berlin surrender instrument confirms and ratifies Germany's unconditional capitulation.
Surrender of Germany
Signs act of military surrender to the Allies
Surrender of Germany
Generalfeldmarschall Wilhelm Keitel signs the final German Instrument of Surrender entering into force at 23:01 Central European Time
Result of Surrender of Germany
The Berlin instrument confirms the final military surrender of Germany.
Surrender of Germany
Present when Generalfeldmarschall Wilhelm Keitel signs the final German Instrument of Surrender entering into force at 23:01 Central European Time
Result of Surrender of German Forces in Prague
German forces in Prague cease resistance and pass under Soviet control.
Surrender of German Forces in Prague
German forces in Prague surrender to the Soviet Army
Result of Surrender of Germany
The final German capitulation ends the European war.
Surrender of Germany
German commanders sign unconditional surrender, ends the war in Europe
Result of Surrender of Germany
Germany's final surrender instrument confirms the termination of organised military resistance.
Surrender of Germany
Present when Generalfeldmarschall Wilhelm Keitel signs the final German Instrument of Surrender entering into force at 23:01 Central European Time
Indigenous Congress
Villarroel's government convenes Bolivia's first national Indigenous congress.
Manhattan Project
Second meeting of the Target Committee, at Los Alamos, which works to finalize the list of cities on which atomic bombs may be dropped
Bombing of Japan
Second meeting of the Target Committee, at Los Alamos, which works to finalize the list of cities on which atomic bombs may be dropped
Manhattan Project
Second meeting of the Target Committee, at Los Alamos, which works to finalize the list of cities on which atomic bombs may be dropped
Target Committee
Second meeting of the Target Committee, at Los Alamos, which works to finalize the list of cities on which atomic bombs may be dropped
Birth of Ian McLagan
Birth of Ian McLagan
Birth of Alan James Ball Jr
Birth of Alan James Ball Jr
Government Defence
Kerensky records his position on government defence in exile.
Arrest of Robert Ley
Captured by American paratroopers of the 101st Airborne Division in a shoemaker's house in the village of Schleching
Coalition Government
Asks Attlee and Sinclair to remain in the Coalition until the defeat of Japan; the offer is rejected
Conclusion of First Premiership
The first government headed by al-Rifai came to an end after approximately seven months in office. His premiership had combined executive leadership with responsibility for foreign affairs and defense.
Birth of Peter Dennis Blandford Townshend
Birth of Peter Dennis Blandford Townshend
Birth of Pete Townshend
Birth of Who guitarist Pete Townshend.
Resignation of Clement Richard Attlee
Rejects Churchill's offer to continue the Coalition Government
Independence of Israel
Asks Churchill to proclaim a Jewish State, has to wait for a Peace Conference. Asks Churchill to abandon the White Paper of 1939
Jewish State
Asks Churchill to proclaim a Jewish State, has to wait for a Peace Conference
Flensburg Government
Dissolved by the Allies
Arrest at Flensburg
Allied forces arrest Jodl with members of the Dรถnitz government at Flensburg.
Resignation of Clement Richard Attlee
The Government resigns
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 2nd term
Arrest of Heinrich Himmler
Arrested by British troops
Death of Heinrich Himmler
Commits suicide
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary
Kyoto Removed from Atomic Target List
Stimson rules out Kyoto as an atomic-bomb target because of its cultural and historical importance.
American Custody
Falls into American custody after Germany's defeat.
Postwar Detention under False Identity
Uses false identity papers to conceal his senior SS role.
Suez Canal
Rules Egypt as the war ends with the Suez Canal still occupied and defended under British military arrangements.
Elder of the Jews
And after the camp is liberated by the Russians in May 1945, becomes the Jewish figure head as the Elder of the Jews
Reichsvereinigung
And after the camp is liberated by the Russians in May 1945, becomes the Jewish figure head as the Elder of the Jews
Burial
Brauns remains are discovered by the Russians & secretly buried at the SMERSH compound
Notes on Nationalism
Publishes Notes on Nationalism.
Military Rank
Ends wartime service with senior army experience that later shapes his public reputation.
Enigma Machine
Remains in Hut 8 through the end of the European war, continuing work on German Naval Enigma.
Twenty First Army Group Links with Soviet Forces
His forces establish contact with Soviet troops advancing from the east as the European war ends.
Battle of Okinawa
Takes advantage of bad weather to wihdraw to the south & make a last stand
Peace
Stalin reveals Japans request for peace to the USA, issued by Japan in Feb
Alliance Soviet and British forces
Joins up with the British forces at Wittenberg near Lubeck
Military Governor
Appointed Military Govrernor of Bavaria
Military Governor of US Occupation Zone
Becomes Military Governor of the United States occupation zone in Germany after the German surrender.
Battle of Okinawa
Attacks the "Shuri line"
Occupation
Responsible for ordering the occupation of the US controlled part of Germany
Military Governor
Appointed Military Govrernor of Bavaria
Japanese Surrender Administration
Zhu De is associated with Communist efforts to receive and administer former Japanese-held areas in North China
People's Liberation Army
Zhu De is identified with the Communist armed forces as they adopt the People's Liberation Army title
PLA Command
Zhu De commands Communist forces against the Nationalists as the civil war intensifies
People's Liberation Army
Zhu De is identified as commander in chief of the Communist armed forces using the PLA title
PLA Command
Zhu De commands Communist forces as they prepare for renewed war against the Nationalists
People's Liberation Army
Communist forces adopt the title People's Liberation Army
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Schacht testified in his defence about economic policy, rearmament and his break with the Nazi leadership.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Schacht testified in his defence about economic policy, rearmament and his break with the Nazi leadership.
Land Reform
Mao supports the shift from rent reduction toward more radical land reform in Communist-held areas
May Fourth Directive
Liu Shaoqi is associated with the land policy directive encouraging redistribution in Communist areas
Hayler Testifies on Wartime Economic Administration
Hayler answers questions about wartime economic administration and the responsibilities of officials working under the Reich Economics Ministry.
Birth of Bill Legend
Birth of Bill Legend, William Arthur Fifield
Prime Minister of Afghanistan
Shah Mahmud Khan replaces Mohammad Hashim Khan as prime minister.
Succession
Succeeds as King of Italy
Abdication
Victor Emmanuel III abdicates
Birth of Graham Keith Gouldman
Birth of Graham Keith Gouldman
Defence Minister Appointed
Appointed Minister of National Defence in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
Gerhard Wagner Testifies on Naval Command
Wagner gives evidence about German naval command relationships, operational planning and issues raised in the defence of senior admirals.
Godt Testifies on U-Boat Operations
Godt gives evidence about U-boat command, operational orders and naval practices considered during the defence of Doenitz.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Raeder continued his testimony in defence of his conduct and naval command.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Raeder continued his testimony in defence of his conduct and naval command.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Raeder continued his testimony in defence of his conduct and naval command.
Communist Withdrawal from Siping
Lin Biao withdraws Communist forces from Siping after heavy fighting
Nationalist Capture of Siping
Nationalist forces take Siping after Communist defenders withdraw
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Raeder continued his testimony in defence of his conduct and naval command.
Los Alamos Criticality Accident
Slotin receives a lethal radiation dose when a plutonium-core criticality experiment becomes briefly supercritical.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Raeder continued his testimony in defence of his conduct and naval command.
Severing Testifies on Pre-Nazi Politics
Severing provides evidence about German political conditions before 1933 and the destruction of democratic institutions under National Socialism.
Birth of George Best
Birth of George Best
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, 1st term
Advance on Changchun
Sun Li-jen's forces participate in the Nationalist advance into Changchun
Capture of Changchun
Nationalist forces capture Changchun during the struggle for Manchuria
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Schirach testified before the Tribunal concerning his political and wartime activities.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Schirach testified before the Tribunal concerning his political and wartime activities.
Naujocks Testifies on Security Service Operations
Naujocks gives evidence concerning covert Security Service operations and activities carried out by special units before and during the war.
Transjordan Mandate
Transjordan formally celebrated independence and Abdullahโs accession as king on 25 May 1946. This milestone marked the conclusion of the mandate-era emirate and the emergence of a sovereign Hashemite kingdom.
Slovak Election
Democratic Party wins the Slovak vote in elections.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Schirach testified before the Tribunal concerning his political and wartime activities.
Lauterbacher Testifies on Nazi Party Leadership
Lauterbacher answers questions concerning Party leadership structures and responsibilities within the Nazi political organization.
Hoepken Testifies during Schirach Defence
Hoepken gives evidence concerning youth administration and political responsibilities examined during Baldur von Schirach's defence.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Sauckel testified about his responsibilities for labour mobilisation during the war.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Sauckel testified about his responsibilities for labour mobilisation during the war.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Sauckel testified about his responsibilities for labour mobilisation during the war.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Sauckel testified about his responsibilities for labour mobilisation during the war.
Timm Testifies in Sauckel Defence
Timm appears for Sauckel's defence and addresses labour administration, recruitment practices and the operation of wartime manpower offices.
Return to Nanjing
The National Government formally returns its capital from Chongqing to Nanjing
Confessions of a Book Reviewer
Publishes Confessions of a Book Reviewer.
Barnhill
Moves to Barnhill on the Isle of Jura.
Transjordan Mandate
The transition from British mandatory supervision to sovereign government culminated in the establishment of an independent monarchy. Institutions developed during the emirate period provided much of the administrative foundation for the new state.
Visit to Moscow
Marshal Tito is personally received by Stalin during his visit to Moscow
Visit to Moscow
Returns from Russia with a promise of arms & munitions credits. Marshal Tito is personally received by Stalin during his visit to Moscow
Romberg Testifies on Dachau Aviation Experiments
Romberg testified about his participation in aviation experiments and explained the role he claimed to have played during high-altitude research at Dachau.
IG Farben Trial Indictment
Krauch and other IG Farben executives were indicted for aggressive war, plunder, slave labour and related crimes.
Constitution of Japan
The new constitution takes effect
Weltz Testifies on Aviation Medicine Institute
Weltz described the Institute for Aviation Medicine and denied responsibility for criminal experimentation carried out outside the research activities he supervised.
Constitution Promulgated
Approves constitutional arrangements for a limited parliamentary monarchy
Hederich Testifies during Brack Defence
Hederich gave evidence about administrative and political matters relevant to Viktor Brack's role in the Chancellery and the programmes examined at trial.
Pfannmueller Testifies on Euthanasia Programme
Pfannmueller testified about the euthanasia programme and institutional medical practices, providing evidence during the defence phase of Viktor Brack's case.
Hostage Trial Indictment
List and other German commanders were indicted over reprisals, hostage killings and crimes in southeastern Europe.
Constitution
Promulgates the constitution of the Kingdom of Laos within the French Union
Brack Testifies on Euthanasia and Sterilization
Brack testified about his role in the Chancellery, the euthanasia programme and proposals for mass sterilization, while disputing aspects of the prosecution's account.
Aid
Senate votes funds for Greece & Turkey against communist insurgency
Marshall Plan
Senate votes funds for Greece & Turkey against communist insurgency
Rule of Greece
Senate votes funds for Greece & Turkey against communist insurgency
Rule of Turkey
Senate votes funds for Greece & Turkey against communist insurgency
Senate votes funds for Greece & Turkey against communist insurgency
Senate votes funds for Greece & Turkey against communist insurgency
Becker-Freyseng Testifies on Seawater Research
Becker-Freyseng described Luftwaffe research into making seawater drinkable and answered allegations concerning the design and approval of experiments at Dachau.
Death of Bruno Brauer
Death of Bruno Brauner, found guilty by a Greek Court of war crimes & executed
Execution
Found guilty by a Greek Court of war crimes & executed
Death of Freidrich-Wihelm Muller
Found guilty by a Greek Court of war crimes & executed
Execution
Found guilty by a Greek Court of war crimes & executed
NHS Scotland Act
Secures Scottish legislation for the new health service.
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan
Debut
Mortensen makes his full England debut against Portugal and scores four goals in a 100 win
Jaeger Testifies for Becker-Freyseng Defence
Jaeger appeared for Becker-Freyseng and discussed aviation-medicine research and scientific questions associated with the defendant's work.
Birth of William Thomas Ward
Birth of William Thomas Ward, later drummer and founding member of Black Sabbath.
Defence Ministry Returns
Returns as Minister of National Defence for a long 2nd term
Temporary Provisions Promulgated
Promulgates the Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist Rebellion, expanding emergency presidential powers during the civil war.
Birth of Steve Winwood
Birth of Steve Winwood.
President of Italy
Appointed President of Italy
Independence of Great Britain
Britain surrenders its mandate over Palestine
Independence of Great Britain
Britain surrenders its mandate over Palestine
Independence of Israel
Britain surrenders its mandate over Palestine
Independence of Israel
Signs the Declaration of Independence
Palestine War
Commits Egyptian forces to the war following the end of the British Mandate in Palestine.
Invasion of Israel
The Arabs invade Israel on the day the British mandate ends
Prime Minister of Israel
1st day of the War of Independence
Birth of Olivia Trinidad Arias
Birth of Olivia Trinidad Arias
Presidential Inauguration
Takes office as the first constitutional President of the Republic of China.
Constitution of Czechoslovakia
The Communists assumed complete power in a coup
Coup
The Communists assumed complete power in a coup
Election to Parliament
Wins election to Parliament for the constituency of George.
George Constituency Victory
Enters national politics as the National Party takes power.
Trial
Opening of Godses trial for the assasination of Gandhi
Promoted General
Promoted to General and becomes the first full general of the Vietnam People's Army
Birth of John Bonham
Birth of John Bonham
Birth of John Bonham
Birth of John Bonham, later Led Zeppelin's drummer.
Capture of Shanghai
Shanghai surrenders to the Communists
Visit to Paris
Elizabeth & Philip make their 1st official tour, a royal state visit to France
Visit to Paris
Elizabeth & Philip make their 1st official tour, a royal state visit to France
Congress of Europe
Attends the Congress of Europe at the Hague, Churchill becomes its central figure
Nationalisation of Gas
Public area gas boards take control of Britain's gas undertakings.
Discovery of Nereid
Kuiper discovers Nereid, Neptune's second known moon, using a ground-based telescope.
Council of Europe
As French Foreign Minister, Schuman supported the creation of the Council of Europe, whose Statute was signed in London on 5 May 1949.
Council of Europe
At the signing of it's Statutes at St James's Palace, London, 5 May 1949, the founding States agreed to defining the frontiers of Europe based on the principles of human rights and fundamental freedoms that Schuman enunciated.
Council of Europe
He also announced a coming supranational union for Europe that saw light as the European Coal and Steel Community and other such Communities within a Union framework of common law and democracy.
Council of Europe
Schuman continued advocating supranational European cooperation while serving as French Foreign Minister.
Council of Europe
The Council of Europe and was created within the tight schedule Schuman had set.
Council of Europe
The Council of Europe was established in 1949 as part of the wider post-war movement toward European cooperation.
European Coal and Steel Community
At the signing of it's Statutes at St James's Palace, London, 5 May 1949, the founding States agreed to defining the frontiers of Europe based on the principles of human rights and fundamental freedoms that Schuman enunciated.
European Coal and Steel Community
He also announced a coming supranational union for Europe that saw light as the European Coal and Steel Community and other such Communities within a Union framework of common law and democracy.
European Coal and Steel Community
The Council of Europe and was created within the tight schedule Schuman had set.
Council of Europe
At the signing of it's Statutes at St James's Palace, London, 5 May 1949, the founding States agreed to defining the frontiers of Europe based on the principles of human rights and fundamental freedoms that Schuman enunciated.
Council of Europe
He also announced a coming supranational union for Europe that saw light as the European Coal and Steel Community and other such Communities within a Union framework of common law and democracy.
Council of Europe
The Council of Europe and was created within the tight schedule Schuman had set.
European Coal and Steel Community
At the signing of it's Statutes at St James's Palace, London, 5 May 1949, the founding States agreed to defining the frontiers of Europe based on the principles of human rights and fundamental freedoms that Schuman enunciated.
European Coal and Steel Community
He also announced a coming supranational union for Europe that saw light as the European Coal and Steel Community and other such Communities within a Union framework of common law and democracy.
European Coal and Steel Community
The Council of Europe and was created within the tight schedule Schuman had set.
Council of Europe
Supports creation of the Council of Europe as part of the postwar European cooperation movement.
Council of Europe Advocacy
Welcomes the creation of a Council of Europe consistent with his postwar campaign for closer European cooperation.
Council of Europe
The Statute of the Council of Europe is signed in London by ten founding states, advancing the European cooperation Churchill had publicly advocated after the war.
Statute of Council of Europe
Sees ten European governments sign the London Statute establishing the Council of Europe with a Committee of Ministers and Consultative Assembly.
Council of Europe Membership
Represents Ireland as a founding member of the Council of Europe.
United Nations
Israel becomes a member of the United Nations
Siege of Shanghai
Communist forces begin the final campaign for Shanghai, one of the last major Nationalist strongholds on the mainland coast.
Berlin Blockade Ends after 327 Days
The lifting of restrictions ends the prolonged confrontation while Western air supply has kept the city functioning.
Blockade of Berlin
The Berlin blockade ends after 327 days
Berlin Soviet Restrictions Lifted
Soviet authorities end the blockade after the Western powers maintain access through the airlift.
Blockade of Berlin
The Berlin blockade is lifted after 327 days, both sides claim victory. Calls off the Berlin Blockade after more than a year
Berlin Blockade Settlement Recorded
The end of the blockade restores surface access to Berlin after both sides claim political success.
Blockade of Berlin
The Berlin blockade is lifted, both sides claim victory
Reform of Immigration Law
Israel abolishes restrictions on immigration
Nationalist Revolutionary Movement
Urriolagoitia expands repression against the MNR and other reformist organisations.
Birth of William Scott Bruford
Birth of William Scott Bruford, later Yes drummer and progressive rock innovator.
Birth of Richard Christopher Wakeman
Birth of Richard Christopher Wakeman, later Yes keyboard player and solo artist.
Capture of Changshah
The Communists capture Changshah
Capture of Changteh
The Communists capture Changteh
Capture of Fuchow
The Communists capture Fuchow
Capture of Sian
The Communists capture Sian, this enables the PLA to turn westward
Basic Law
The Basic Law (Grundgesetz), invests the Chancellor (German, Bundeskanzler) with broad powers to initiate Government policy & for that reason, some observers refer to the German political system as a "Chancellor democracy"
Basic Law
The Chancellor's authority emanates from the provisions of the Basic Law and in practice from his or her status as leader of the party (or coalition of parties) holding a majority of seats in the Bundestag (federal Parliament)
Constitution of Germany
The Basic Law (Grundgesetz), invests the Chancellor (German, Bundeskanzler) with broad powers to initiate Government policy & for that reason, some observers refer to the German political system as a "Chancellor democracy"
Constitution of Germany
The Chancellor's authority emanates from the provisions of the Basic Law and in practice from his or her status as leader of the party (or coalition of parties) holding a majority of seats in the Bundestag (federal Parliament)
Constitution of Germany
With the founding of the Federal Republic, the German Chancellor is now officially addressed as "Herr Bundeskanzler"
Federal Republic
Establishes the Federal Republics constitution
Legislation
The Basic Law (Grundgesetz), invests the Chancellor (German, Bundeskanzler) with broad powers to initiate Government policy & for that reason, some observers refer to the German political system as a "Chancellor democracy"
Capture of Shanghai
The Communists capture Shanghai & seal Chiangs defeat in the Civil War
Capture of Shanghai
Communist forces capture Shanghai after heavy fighting, removing the Nationalists from Chinaโs largest city.
Unification
Russia rejects a western plea for German reunification
Trade Treaty
Britain & Argentina agree a 5 yr trade Treaty
Mobilization
Sets up the Northeast Military Region
Withdrawal Negotiations
Organizes a national campaign against proposed US withdrawal from Korea
Aid to French Indochina
Approves military and economic aid to French forces fighting in Indochina
Indochina Aid
Supports recognition and aid for the French-backed State of Vietnam
Schuman Declaration
Schuman publicly proposed pooling French and German coal and steel production under a common High Authority.
Schuman Plan
Proposes a community to integrate the coal and steel industries of Europe, the two elements necessary to make weapons of war
Schuman Plan
Schuman proposed pooling French and German coal and steel production under a common High Authority, opening the way to the ECSC.
Drafting of Schuman Plan
Monnet helped design the proposal that became the Schuman Declaration and the foundation for the ECSC.
Declaration of Schuman
The "Schuman declaration", considered to be the beginning of the creation of what is now the European Union, later known as Europe Day
European Coal and Steel Community
Proposes the creation of the EuropeanCoal & Steel Community, dubbed "St Schumans Day"
Schuman Declaration
The French Government agreed to the Schuman Declaration which invited the Germans and all other European countries to manage their coal and steel industries jointly and democratically in Europe's first supranational Community with its five foundational institutions.
Schuman Declaration
The principles of supranational democracy were announced in what has become known as the Schuman Declaration.
Schuman Declaration
The text was jointly prepared by Paul Reuter, the legal adviser at the Foreign Ministry, his chef-de Cabinet, Bernard Clappier and Jean Monnet and two of his team, Pierre Uri and Etienne Hirsch.
Schuman Plan
The "Schuman declaration", considered to be the beginning of the creation of what is now the European Union, later known as Europe Day
Schuman Declaration
Proposes pooling coal and steel production, creating a model for later European integration.
Schuman Declaration
Helps draft the Schuman Plan that prepares the way for supranational European institutions.
Schuman Plan
The Schuman Plan is launched in Paris. The French & German coal, iron & steel industries are placed under a single authority
Birth of Stevie Wonder
Too much oxygen in the incubator causes him to become permanently blind. Birth of Stevie Wonder, Stevland Morris
Constitution of Indonesia
A unitary Republic of Indonesia is agreed
President of Turkey
Appointed President of Turkey
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 1st term
Prime Minister Term Ends
Ends his 1950 prime ministerial term after one month in office
Albania & Yugoslavia sever relations
Albania & Yugoslavia sever relations
Schuman Plan
Monnet invites Britain to join the European Coal and Steel Community, rejected
Schuman Plan
Monnet invites Britain to join the European Coal and Steel Community, the British refuse
Ali Baba
Operation Ali Baba begins, brings 113,000 Iraqi Jews to Israel
Nationalization
The Anglo-Iranian Oil Company is nationalized after parliamentary approval and royal assent
Nationalization
Fatemi supports the oil nationalization programme and the challenge to British control
United States Defence Agreement
Iceland concludes a defence agreement with the United States providing facilities for NATO defence responsibilities while preserving Icelandic sovereignty.
Birth of Paul Thompson
Birth of Paul Thompson, drummer with Roxy Music
President of Bolivia
Ballivian Rojas assumes power after the outgoing government blocks the elected MNR.
Offensive
An offensive is launched against the United Nations forces in central Korea
Debut
Nicholson's only international appearance, because of injuries, the dominance of Billy Wright, and on many occasions he put his club before his country. Makes his full international debut for England against Portugal at Goodison Park, Liverpool, and makes an immediate.
Seventeen Point Agreement
Chinese and Tibetan representatives sign the Seventeen Point Agreement in Beijing.
Britain submits Iranian oil nationalization to the International Court of Justice
Britain submits Iranian oil nationalization to the International Court of Justice
International Court of Justice
Britain submits Iranian oil nationalization to the International Court of Justice
Nationalization
Britain submits Iranian oil nationalization to the International Court of Justice
Battle of Day River
Conducts attacks along the Day River against French positions
Health of George VI
Prostrated by an attack of influenza, most official engagements are cancelled
Arrival in Lima
Guevara and Granado reach Lima, where they meet doctors and continue studying public health conditions.
Reballion of Rebels in Koje
General Dodd is taken hostage by communist POWs
Reballion of Rebels in Koje
General Dodd is taken hostage by communist POWs
European Coal and Steel Community
The European Coal and Steel Community is created, this takes over the role of the International Authority for the Ruhr and lifts some restrictions on German industrial productivity
Schuman Plan
The European Coal and Steel Community is created, this takes over the role of the International Authority for the Ruhr and lifts some restrictions on German industrial productivity
Reballion of Rebels in Koje
Released by POW captors
Reballion of Rebels in Koje
Released by POW captors
Reballion of communist POW
Ordered to suppress the communist POW rebellion
Trial
A Soviet military tribunal sentences Weidling to 25 years of imprisonment for not surrendering Berlin sooner
Birth of Karl Bartos
Birth of Karl Bartos, later Kraftwerk electronic percussionist, keyboard player and songwriter.
Retirement from Active Military Service
Retires from active military service before entering the presidential campaign.
Meeting with Hugo Pesce
Guevara meets physician and Marxist Hugo Pesce, whose ideas and medical work make a strong impression on him.
CERN Theory Group Founded in Copenhagen
Becomes nominal director of the provisional CERN theoretical study group established at his Copenhagen institute to develop nuclear theory and train young European physicists.
First Elected Union Government
Nehru forms India's first Union government based on a nationwide general election.
Steel Common Market
The ECSC common market for steel opened, extending practical economic integration under Monnet's High Authority.
Accession
Formal accession to the throne
Succession
Formal accession to the throne
Birth of Anthony Blair
Birth of Anthony Blair, son of a barrister & university lecturer
Court Parole Release
Justice McClancy released Lee on parole until September 24 and requested referral to the Community Service Society for treatment.
George Darwin Lecture
Edwin Hubble delivers the George Darwin Lecture in London on the law of red-shifts, reviewing the observational development of the galaxy velocity-distance relation and its cosmological significance.
Privatization
The Bill for the denationalization of steel is given the Royal Assent
Birth of Pierce Brendan Brosnan
Birh of Pierce Brendan Brosnan
World Champion
44th pro boxing victoryt, knocking out former champ, Jersey Joe Walcott, at Chicago Stadium in two minutes
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, 5th term
Broadcast
Selected to give the first party political broadcast on television
Liberal Party
Helps found the Liberal Party, in protest at the colour policy of the United Party. Calls for an end to all racial discrimination
Liberal Party
Helps found the Liberal Party, in protest at the colour policy of the United Party. Calls for an end to all racial discrimination
Voice of Liberation Oversight
Hunt oversaw psychological-warfare projects that included the clandestine Voice of Liberation broadcasts directed at Guatemala.
Coup
Is overthrown by Alfredo Stroessner during a military uprising.
Coup
Overthrows President Federico Chaves during a military uprising.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
1st 4 Minute Mile
1st person to run the mile in under 4 minutes
4 Minute Mile
1st person to run the mile in under 4 minutes
Final Assault
Orders final assault against the French entrenched camp
Battle of Dien Bien Phu
The French garrison of Dien Bien Phu falls to the Vietminh
Rule of Indochina
Dien Bien Phu falls & marks the end of French rule in Indochina
Siege of Dien Bien Phu
Dien Bien Phu falls & marks the end of French rule in Indochina
Invasion of Vietnam
The US begins to prepare for limited military intervention. Dien Bien Phu falls to the Communists
Battle of Dien Bien Phu
Viet Minh take the French garrison before the Geneva settlement
Battle of Dien Bien Phu
The Viet Minh overwhelm the French garrison of Dien Bien Phu
Saint Lawrence Seaway Act
The Act authorises American participation in constructing the Saint Lawrence Seaway.
Commonwealth
Returns from the Commonwealth tour
Returns from the Commonwealth tour
Returns from the Commonwealth tour
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 3rd term
Brown v Board Desegregation Ruling
The Supreme Court rules segregated public schools unconstitutional, creating a major civil-rights challenge for the administration.
Ceasefire
Vietnam & France agree a ceasefire
Conference of Geneva
Vietnam & France agree a ceasefire. Elections will be held in South Vietnam supervised by France
Election
Elections will be held in South Vietnam supervised by France
Conference of Geneva
The US does not want to recognize Beijing & Hanoi. Seeks unification through free elections supervised by the UN. Ignores the "Final Declaration", pledges unity through United Nations supervised elections. Ignores the "Final Declaration". Despite general agreement the "Final Declaration" is not signed
Election
Seeks unification through free elections supervised by the UN. Ignores the "Final Declaration", pledges unity through United Nations supervised elections
US does not want to recognize Beijing & Hanoi
The US does not want to recognize Beijing & Hanoi
Conference of Geneva
The Geneva Conference partitions Vietnam at the 17th parallel. The Geneva Conference appoints Ngo Dinh Diem President of Vietnam
Geneva Korean Negotiations
Participates in international negotiations on the unresolved Korean question at Geneva.
Blockade of Tonkin Gulf
US ships are sent to patrol the Gulf on Tonkin
Tonkin Gulf Naval Patrol Expanded
United States ships patrol the Tonkin Gulf as Washington increases naval attention to the conflict in Indochina.
Accords of Geneva
American delegates attended the Geneva summit but scarcely participated.
Accords of Geneva
But the plan hatched at Geneva was undermined and sabotaged by a lack of support.
Accords of Geneva
The Geneva conference adopted a similar approach in Vietnam.
Accords of Geneva
US Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, a vehement anti-communist, refused to recognise, shake hands with or speak directly to Chinese or Viet Minh delegates.
Accords of Geneva
Vietnamese territory would be divided temporarily into north and south, then given a road map to free elections, self Government, reunification and independence.
Capture of Dienbienphu
Dienbienphu falls to the Viet Minh
Siege of Dienbienphu
Dienbienphu falls to the Viet Minh
Capture of Saigon
Supporters of Prime Minister drive the Binh Xuyen rebels out of the capital
German Membership of NATO
West Germany joins NATO
German Membership of NATO
West Germany promises bot to violate the defensive NATO charter and invade East Germany to achieve German reunification
German Membership of NATO
West Germany joins NATO. Without West Germany it would have been impossible to field enough conventional forces to resist a Soviet invasion
President of Italy
Appointed President of Italy
Bandung Conference Report
Reports on the Bandung Conference and discusses peaceful approaches to tensions over Taiwan.
Treaty of Friendship
8 Communist countries sign a Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation & Mutual Assistance
Warsaw Pact Created
The Soviet Union and seven Eastern European allies establish the Warsaw Pact.
Austrian State Treaty
Russia, Britain, France & the USA sign a Treaty restoring Austrian independence. Raab takes part in negotiating the Austrian State Treaty, which ends the four-power occupation of Austria and restores Austrias independence and neutrality
Constitution of Austria
Austria is not allowed to join Germany & must remain neutral
Independence of Austria
Russia, Britain, France & the USA sign a Treaty restoring Austrian independence. Austria is not allowed to join Germany & must remain neutral
Neutrality
Russia, Britain, France & the USA sign a Treaty restoring Austrian independence. Raab takes part in negotiating the Austrian State Treaty, which ends the four-power occupation of Austria and restores Austrias independence and neutrality. Austria is not allowed to join Germany & must remain neutral
Rule of Austria
Raab takes part in negotiating the Austrian State Treaty, which ends the four-power occupation of Austria and restores Austrias independence and neutrality
Political Amnesty
Fidel Castro is released from prison under Batista's political amnesty after serving about twenty-two months following the Moncada attack.
Political Amnesty
Almeida is released with other Moncada prisoners under Batista's May 1955 political amnesty.
Political Amnesty
Raรบl Castro is released from prison under the May 1955 political amnesty granted to surviving participants in the Moncada attack.
Amnesty
Grants amnesty to surviving Moncada prisoners.
Amnesty
Is released from prison under Batista's amnesty.
Amnesty
Is released with other Moncada prisoners.
Austrian State Treaty
The four occupying powers sign the Austrian State Treaty, leading to the withdrawal of occupation forces.
Austrian State Treaty
The four occupying powers and Austria sign the State Treaty restoring Austrian sovereignty.
Alliance France and South Vietnam
France agrees to deploy troops against the Vietminh
General Election - General Election
Wins the general election and increases the Conservative majority
General Election Election Outcome
General election outcome recorded for Robert Anthony Eden: Wins the general election and increases the Conservative majority
General Election Government
Government context for this general election: Wins the general election and increases the Conservative majority
General Election
Wins the general election and increases the Conservative majority
Aberavon General Election
Contests the Labour-held Aberavon constituency as the Conservative candidate at the 1955 general election but is not elected.
General Election
Retains Birmingham Stechford for Labour as the Conservatives win nationally.
General Election
Retains Coventry East at the 1955 general election.
Leeds East Election
Healey wins the newly created Leeds East constituency and represents it until retiring from the Commons.
Election Defeat
Loses Plymouth Devonport to Conservative Joan Vickers at the general election.
Leeds East
Healey moves to Leeds East at the general election and holds it for decades.
Belgrade Reconciliation with Tito
Visits Yugoslavia and repairs relations with Josip Broz Tito after the Stalin-era split.
Alliance United States and Taiwan
US Admiral Arthur Radford visits Taiwan amid American efforts to deter further Communist attacks in the Taiwan Strait.
Alliance Dwight David Eisenhower and mainland Taiwan
The USA sends Admiral Radford to Taiwan to state it will only protect mainland Taiwan
Allergy Research Publication
Research associated with Guevara's allergy work is published while he is working in Mexico.
Arrest of Fidel Alejandro Castro
Castro is released due to a general amnesty from Batista
Independence of France
Agreement is reached on the independence of Tunisia
Independence of France
Agreement is reached on the independence of Bourgiba
Independence of Tunisia
Agreement is reached on the independence of Tunisia
Independence of Tunisia
Agreement is reached on the independence of Bourgiba
Rule of Bourgiba
Agreement is reached on the independence of Bourgiba
Rule of Tunisia
Agreement is reached on the independence of Tunisia
Black Sash
Through the Black Sash organisation, Hayman offered free legal advice to many people, usually women, who had approached the Black Sash Advice Centre in Johannesburg, and often appeared herself in court to represent them
Benelux Memorandum
Promotes Benelux proposals for a general common market before the Rome negotiations.
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
West Germany joins NATO, an obstacle to east-west relations
Warsaw Pact Organisation
The Warsaw Pact Organisation is founded
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
West Germany joins NATO, an obstacle to east-west relations
Black Sash
The Black Sash was a non-violent white womens resistance organisation founded in 1955 in South Africa by Jean Sinclair. The Black Sash initially campaigned against the removal of Coloured or mixed race voters from the voters roll in the Cape Province by the National Party Government
Bank Holding Company Act
Eisenhower signs the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, placing bank holding companies under federal supervision and giving the Federal Reserve important responsibilities for their regulation and expansion.
Heartbreak Hotel
First enters the US charts with "Heartbreak Hotel"
Treaty of Rome
Hallstein publicly endorses the European integration strategy emerging from the Spaak Report in an address in Bonn.
Fourth Premiership Concludes
Al-Rifaiโs fourth cabinet came to an end after serving since January. Its tenure had included the transfer of leadership in the Arab Army away from British command.
Treaty of Rome
Spaak joins the Venice Conference, where the Six accept the Spaak Report as the basis for treaty negotiations.
Venice Conference
Pineau took part in ministerial talks that advanced negotiations for the European Economic Community and Euratom.
Treaty of Rome
Pineau chairs the Venice Conference as the Six accept the Spaak Report as the basis for drafting new treaties.
Spaak Report Approval
Supports further negotiations after ministers approve the Spaak Report at Venice.
Treaty of Rome
Faure joins Pineau at Venice as France supports opening formal negotiations on the common market and Euratom.
Spaak Report Approval
Supports using the Spaak Report as the basis for treaty negotiations.
Treaty of Rome
Hallstein represents the Federal Republic at Venice when the Six approve the Spaak Report as a negotiating basis.
Venice Conference
Represents Italy as the Six approve the Spaak Report as the basis for treaty negotiations.
Treaty of Rome
Bech accepts the Spaak Report at Venice as the framework for the next phase of negotiations.
Treaty of Rome
Beyen attends the Venice Conference as the Six agree to use the Spaak Report for formal treaty negotiations.
Government Report
The Spaak report is accepted at the Venice Conference where the decision is taken to organise an InterGovernmental Conference. The InterGovernmental Conference on the Common Market and Euratom focused on economic unity, leading to the Treaties of Rome being signed in 1957 which established the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) among the members
Spaak Report
The Spaak report is accepted at the Venice Conference where the decision is taken to organise an InterGovernmental Conference. The InterGovernmental Conference on the Common Market and Euratom focused on economic unity, leading to the Treaties of Rome being signed in 1957 which established the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) among the members
Venice Conference
Heads the Italian government as Venice launches the intergovernmental work that produces the Rome Treaties.
Death of Mir Dzhafar Abassovich Bagirov
Death of Mir Dzhafar Abassovich Bagirov, executed
Execution
Executed for treason
Treason
Executed for treason
President of South Korea
Appointed President of the Republic of Korea, 3rd term
Promotion to Private First Class
The Marine Corps promoted Lee to private first class effective May 1, 1957, while he was completing aviation training.
Treaty of Rome
Adenauer's government begins the parliamentary ratification process after the Bundesrat starts examining the treaty legislation.
Confidential Security Clearance
Oswald received final clearance to the confidential level on May 3, 1957, after local record checks disclosed no derogatory information.
Jacksonville Aviation Course Completion
Lee completed Aviation Fundamental School in Jacksonville, ranking 46th among 54 students after six weeks of specialized instruction.
FA Cup Captaincy
Dixon lifts the FA Cup after captaining Villa against the Busby Babes.
Two Goals in FA Cup Final
McParland scores both Villa goals in the 2-1 final victory over Manchester United.
Seventh FA Cup Victory
Houghton manages Villa to a seventh FA Cup by defeating Manchester United 2-1.
Diem Visit
Receives Ngo Dinh Diem during his official US visit
US Visit
Visits the United States and is presented as an anti-communist ally
Election
Forced into exile by the army after refusing to allow an election
Exile of Gustavo Rojas Gustavo
Forced into exile by the army after refusing to allow an election
Military Aid to Yugoslavia Resumed
The United States resumes military aid to Yugoslavia during Eisenhower's second term.
Head of Government Appointed
Mamadou Dia becomes head of government before full independence
Federal Vice Chancellor
Appointed Federal Vice Chancellor
President of Austria
Appointed President of Austria
Quarrymen
1st public performance of the Quarrymen skiffle group, in Rosebery St carnival
April Crisis
Kerensky records his position on april crisis in exile.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Battle of El Uvero
Guevara participates prominently in the rebel attack on the El Uvero army post, one of the guerrillas' important early offensive actions.
Battle of El Uvero
Guevara fights in the attack on the fortified El Uvero garrison, a major early Rebel Army victory.
Second European Cup Final Opener
Scores from the penalty spot as Real Madrid defeat Fiorentina 2-0 in the European Cup final.
Sarti Plays European Cup Final Against Madrid
Giuliano Sarti keeps goal against Real Madrid as Fiorentina contest the 1957 European Cup final at the Santiago Bernabรฉu.
Second European Cup Final Goal
Scores Real Madrid's second goal in the European Cup final victory over Fiorentina.
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina
Election Victory
Wins a seat in supplementary elections that strengthen the Pathet Lao legal front
Death of Otto Abetz
Death of Otto Abetz
Birth of Roddy Doyle
Birth of Roddy Doyle
Birth of Toyah Willcox
Toyah Willcox is born in Birmingham and later develops a music and acting career.
Fifth Rifai Cabinet Formed
Al-Rifai formed his fifth government, succeeding his service in the Ibrahim Hashem cabinet. This would become his longest premiership, extending into May 1959.
Cantillo Given Offensive Mission
Batista assigns Cantillo the mission of destroying Castro's forces in the Sierra Maestra.
Summer Offensive Authorised
Batista authorises a large army operation against the 26th of July Movement.
Birth of John William Weller
Birth of John William Weller
Single Ballot Electoral Reform
Promulgates electoral reform establishing a state-printed single ballot to reduce bribery and electoral manipulation.
Third European Cup Final Equaliser
Scores Real Madrid's second equaliser before extra time in the final against AC Milan.
Third European Cup Extra-Time Winner
Scores the extra-time winner as Real Madrid beat AC Milan 3-2 in the European Cup final.
Invasion of Cuba
When Operation Verano ends, Castro orders 3 columns commanded by Guevara, Jaime Vega and Camilo Cienfuegos to invade central Cuba
Operation Verano
A bad decision was to divide operational control between two Generals, Cantillo and the ineffective (but politically well connected) General Alberto del Rio Chaviano
Operation Verano
Commands Batista's summer offensive against Castro's guerrillas.
Operation Verano
Cantillo surrounds the mountain range of the Sierra Maestra, and set up roadblocks to prevent supplies from getting to the guerrillas, and attacked from the north to drive the guerrillas down to the south coast
Operation Verano
The offensive fails because Cantillo's soldiers fight in unfamiliar terrain (forests and jungles of the Sierra Maestra) and because much of the army was demoralized and unmotivated
Battle of La Plata
Commands Batista's summer offensive against Castro's guerrillas.
Operation Verano
Launches a summer offensive against Castro's guerrillas.
Operation Verano
Shares operational responsibility during Batista's offensive.
Operation Verano
Commands Batista's offensive against the Sierra Maestra rebels.
Divided Command Approved
Batista divides responsibility between Cantillo and Chaviano during planning for the offensive.
Plan FF Approved
Batista approves the campaign known as Plan FF, meaning Final Phase or End of Fidel.
Rebel Army Targeted
Batista intends to eliminate Castro's growing guerrilla force before it expands further.
Defence after Failed General Strike
Castro regroups the guerrillas after the failed April general strike strengthens Batista's resolve.
Divided Operational Command
Chaviano shares operational authority with Cantillo, complicating coordination of the offensive.
Regional Command Responsibility
Chaviano receives a politically influential share of authority during the campaign.
Mountain Supply Routes Blocked
Cantillo places roadblocks around the Sierra Maestra to restrict supplies reaching the rebels.
Operational Command Assigned
Cantillo receives responsibility for the principal army operation against Castro.
Sierra Maestra Encirclement Plan
Cantillo establishes roadblocks and advances intended to isolate Castro's mountain headquarters.
Deputy Labour Leader
Is elected Deputy Leader of the Labour Party.
Silver Beatles
The Silver Beetles fail an audition to back Billy Fury & are chosen to back Johny Gentle on a Scottish tour
Silver Beatles
The Silver Beetles fail an audition to back Billy Fury & are chosen to back Johny Gentle on a Scottish tour
End of Longest Premiership
Al-Rifaiโs fifth government concluded after nearly one year in office. During this administration Jordan had entered the short-lived Arab Federation with Iraq, before the upheavals of July 1958 altered the regional political order.
Iceland gunboats shoot at British fishing ships
Iceland gunboats shoot at British fishing ships
Conference of Geneva
The conference place at MacMillans instigation. Attended by the Foreign Minister's of Britain, Russia, America & France
Debut
Makes his international debut, against Brazil in front of over 120,000 fans at the Estย dio do Maracana
Nationalization
Signs the First Agrarian Reform Law limiting large estates and expropriating land
Agrarian Reform Law
Castro signs the First Agrarian Reform Law, which expropriates over 1,000 acres of farmlands & forbids foreign land ownership
Legislation
Castro signs the First Agrarian Reform Law, which expropriates over 1,000 acres of farmlands & forbids foreign land ownership
Nationalization
Castro signs the First Agrarian Reform Law, which expropriates over 1,000 acres of farmlands & forbids foreign land ownership
Reform of Land Ownership
Castro signs the First Agrarian Reform Law, which expropriates over 1,000 acres of farmlands & forbids foreign land ownership
Debut
Greaves wins his first England cap against Peru, scoring Englands only goal in a 4-1 defeat. Goes on to play 57 times and score 44 goals for England, five fewer than Bobby Charlton but at a much higher rate, remains third in the all-time list of England goalscorers, behind Charlton and Gary Lineker
Scoring Record
Goes on to play 57 times and score 44 goals for England, five fewer than Bobby Charlton but at a much higher rate, remains third in the all-time list of England goalscorers, behind Charlton and Gary Lineker
England Goal Against Peru on Debut
Greaves scored England's goal in a 4-1 friendly defeat in Peru, marking the beginning of his prolific senior international career.
Death of John Foster Dulles
Death of John Foster Dules
Death of John Foster Dulles
Death of John Foster Dulles
Burial
Interred at Arlington National Cemetery
Exile of Josef Mengele
Moves to Paraguay while evading capture for Nazi war crimes.
Economy of South Korea
Establishes a 5 yr program for economic development
Ho Chi Minh Trail
Hanoi established the 559th Transportation Group under the command of Colonel (later General) Vo Bam to improve and maintain a transportation system to supply the Vietcong uprising against South Vietnamese Government
Ho Chi Minh Trail
Hanoi established the 559th Transportation Group under the command of Colonel (later General) Vo Bam to improve and maintain a transportation system to supply the Vietcong uprising against South Vietnamese Government
Transportation Group
Hanoi established the 559th Transportation Group under the command of Colonel (later General) Vo Bam to improve and maintain a transportation system to supply the Vietcong uprising against South Vietnamese Government
Group 559
Creates Group 559 to enlarge the Ho Chi Minh Trail into South Vietnam
Group 759
Creates Group 759 to supply troops & provisions by Sea into South Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh Trail
Hanoi established the 559th Transportation Group under the command of Colonel (later General) Vo Bam to improve and maintain a transportation system to supply the Vietcong uprising against South Vietnamese Government. Creates Group 559 to enlarge the Ho Chi Minh Trail into South Vietnam
U-2 Spy Plane Shot Down
Soviet air defenses shoot down Francis Gary Powers's U-2 reconnaissance aircraft over Soviet territory.
Anti-Pass Campaign Conviction
Refuses to accept the apartheid court's moral legitimacy.
Three Year Sentence
Is sentenced to three years imprisonment for incitement.
Civil Rights Act of 1960 Signed
Signs the Civil Rights Act of 1960, strengthening federal protection of voting records and enforcement procedures.
Whelan Breaks Leg in Cup Final
Whelan suffers a broken leg during Blackburn Rovers' FA Cup final defeat against Wolverhampton Wanderers, severely disrupting the team's challenge.
Duncan Guides Rovers to FA Cup Final
Duncan's Blackburn reaches Wembley before losing 3โ0 to Wolverhampton Wanderers, having played much of the match with ten men.
Chairman of Supreme Soviet Presidium
Becomes Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, serving as the Soviet Union's head of state.
Central Cross-Island Highway Opens
The Central Cross-Island Highway opens to traffic, completing one of Taiwanโs most ambitious infrastructure projects of the period.
Birth of Bono
Birth of Bono, Paul David Hewson
Captured near Buenos Aires
Israeli agents capture Eichmann near his Argentine residence.
Mossad Operation against Eichmann
He is secretly held before removal to Israel.
Arrest of Adolf Eichmann
Israeli agents kidnap Eichman in Buenos Aires, Argentina
Launch
Launches the Worlds longest liner at St Nazaire
Conference of Paris
Khruschev demands Eisenhower stop U-2 spying over Russia, he refuses
Conference of Paris
Before the Summit Khruschev demands Eisenhower stop U-2 spying over Russia, he refuses
Khruschev demands Eisenhower stop U-2 spying over Russia, he refuses
Khruschev demands Eisenhower stop U-2 spying over Russia, he refuses
Summit
Attends the Allied Summit in Paris
Conference of Paris
Attends the Allied Summit in Paris
Paris Summit Collapse
Leaves the Paris summit after the United States refuses his demands over the U-2 reconnaissance programme.
Paris Summit U-2 Demand
Demands an American apology and an end to U-2 reconnaissance flights after the capture of pilot Francis Gary Powers.
Conference of Paris
Attends the Allied Summit in Paris
Conference of Paris
The Paris Summit ends after Khruschev walks out, MacMillan spent 2 yrs organising it
European Cup Final Hat-Trick
Scores three goals as Real Madrid defeat Eintracht Frankfurt 7-3 in the European Cup final.
European Cup Final Two Goals
Scores twice for Eintracht Frankfurt in the 7-3 European Cup final defeat.
European Cup Final Opening Goal
Scores Eintracht Frankfurt's opening goal in the European Cup final against Real Madrid.
European Cup Final Four Goals
Scores four goals as Real Madrid defeat Eintracht Frankfurt 7-3 at Hampden Park.
Fifth Consecutive European Cup
Wins a fifth consecutive European Cup with Real Madrid at Hampden Park.
Secret Transfer from Argentina
Israeli authorities prepare to prosecute him in Jerusalem.
Taken to Israel
Is secretly flown from Argentina to Israel.
Great Chilean Earthquake Response
Directs national emergency and reconstruction measures after the devastating Valdivia earthquake.
Ben-Gurion Announces Capture
Israel publicly announces that Eichmann is in custody.
Israeli Prosecution Announced
Prime Minister Ben-Gurion says he will stand trial.
Arrest of Adolf Eichmann
The Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurian announces that Eichmann has been arrested
Trial
The Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurian announces Eichmann will stand trial
Arrest of Adolf Eichmann
The Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurian announces that Eichmann has been arressted
Trial
The Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurian announces Eichmann will stand trail
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 1st term
Publication of Guerrilla Warfare
Guevara publishes Guerrilla Warfare, setting out lessons he drew from the Cuban revolutionary struggle.
Christian Democratic Front Participation
Rasco's Christian Democratic Movement participates in the Democratic Revolutionary Front formed to coordinate opposition to Castro.
Institutional Democratic Movement Joins FRD
Sardina's Institutional Democratic Movement joins the exile Democratic Revolutionary Front supported by the covert programme.
Parliamentary Elections
Lumumba's political alliance emerges as the largest grouping in the national elections.
Beatles, The
Allan Williams starts to manage the Beatles after they had played in his Jacaranda club
Jacaranda
Allan Williams starts to manage the Beatles after they had played in his Jacaranda club
South African United Front
Represents the ANC in the South African United Front.
Administration Moves to Dharamsala
The Tibetan administration in exile relocates from Mussoorie to Dharamsala.
Cuban Broadcast Facilities Assessment
After visiting Cuba, Hunt recommended disabling major radio and television transmitters around the time of an invasion to hinder government mobilization.
Undercover Visit to Cuba
Hunt made an undercover visit to Cuba to assess political conditions, public attitudes, and communications facilities before reporting to CIA superiors.
Constitution of Cuba
Castro forms a dictatorship & declares himself to be a Marxist-Leninist. As hundreds of thousands celebrate May Day, Castro announces Cuba is a socialist nation & abolishes elections
Dictatorship
Castro forms a dictatorship & declares himself to be a Marxist-Leninist
Election
As hundreds of thousands celebrate May Day, Castro announces Cuba is a socialist nation & abolishes elections
May Day
As hundreds of thousands celebrate May Day, Castro announces Cuba is a socialist nation & abolishes elections
Independence of Tanzania
Prepares Tanganyika for independence
Prime Minister of Tanzania
Appointed Prime Minister of Tanzania
Area Redevelopment Act
The Act provides loans and assistance to regions experiencing persistent unemployment.
St John Signs as Central Attacking Figure
Ian St John joined Liverpool from Motherwell in May 1961, supplying goals and link-up play as Shankly pursued promotion from the Second Division.
Death of Maurice Merleau-Ponty
Maurice Merleau-Ponty dies suddenly in Paris.
Lumumba University Application Rejected
Patrice Lumumba Friendship University rejected Lee's application because the institution was reserved for students from developing regions.
Bay of Pigs After Action Report
Lynch submits an after-action report describing the landing operation and the rapid deterioration of the invasion.
Landing After Action Report
Robertson submits his after-action account of the Bay of Pigs landing operation to the Taylor inquiry.
Lemnitzer Military Talks
Meets US Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman Lyman Lemnitzer to discuss military cooperation and security in the Taiwan Strait.
Freedom 7 Mercury
Shepard pilots Freedom 7 on the first crewed American suborbital spaceflight, demonstrating the basic Mercury spacecraft and recovery system.
1961 FA Cup Final Goalkeeping Appearance
Banks plays in goal for Leicester City in the 1961 FA Cup final at Wembley, where Tottenham Hotspur win 2-0 to complete their league-and-cup double.
Air Strike Cancellation Statement
Cabell gives Taylor a detailed statement explaining the circumstances surrounding cancellation of the D-Day air strike.
Death of Frank James Gary Cooper
Death of Frank James "Gary" Cooper
Death of Gary Cooper
Death of Gary Cooper
Consecration
Consecrates Guildford Cathedral
Guildford Cathedral
Consecrates Guildford Cathedral
Intelligence Reorganisation Advice
Schlesinger advises Kennedy on intelligence organisation after the failure.
Return to America Embassy Letter
The American Embassy received Lee's letter announcing his marriage and asking about possible prosecution if he returned to the United States.
Moon Goal
Commits the United States to landing a man on the Moon.
Amnesty International
Benenson and Baker, in consultation with other writers, academics and lawyers, write via Louis Blom-Cooper to David Astor, editor of The Observer newspaper, who, on May 28, 1961, publishes Benensons article The Forgotten Prisoners.
Amnesty International
Marks the launch of Appeal for Amnesty, 1961, the aim of which is to mobilize public opinion, quickly and widely, in defence of these individuals, and in particular communist party members, who Benenson named "Prisoners of Conscience".
Prisoners of Conscience
Marks the launch of Appeal for Amnesty, 1961, the aim of which is to mobilize public opinion, quickly and widely, in defence of these individuals, and in particular communist party members, who Benenson named "Prisoners of Conscience"
Amnesty International
Benenson and Baker, in consultation with other writers, academics and lawyers, write via Louis Blom-Cooper to David Astor, editor of The Observer newspaper, who, on May 28, 1961, publishes Benensons article The Forgotten Prisoners.
Amnesty International
Marks the launch of Appeal for Amnesty, 1961, the aim of which is to mobilize public opinion, quickly and widely, in defence of these individuals, and in particular communist party members, who Benenson named "Prisoners of Conscience".
Appeal for Amnesty
Marks the launch of Appeal for Amnesty, 1961, the aim of which is to mobilize public opinion, quickly and widely, in defence of these individuals, and in particular communist party members, who Benenson named "Prisoners of Conscience"
National Strike Campaign
Organises protest demanding a democratic constitutional convention.
Republic Stay-at-Home
Calls for a national stay-at-home against the new republic.
Death of Adolf Eichmann
Hanged for war crimes at Ramle
Execution
Hanged for war crimes at Ramle
Death of Michael Barne
Death of Michael Barne
Archbishop of Canterbury
Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury
Archbishop
Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury
European Cup Final Goal
Scores for Barcelona in the European Cup final against Benfica in Bern.
Commonwealth
South Africas membership of the Commonwealth is terminated
Constitution of South Africa
The Republic of South Africa comes into existence
Government
Verwoerd forms a republican ministry
First State President
Becomes the first State President of the Republic of South Africa.
Republic Head of State
Replaces the governor-general as republican head of state.
Capital Punishment for Economic Crimes
Soviet law expands capital punishment to specified major economic crimes.
Reform of Capital Punishment
Capital punishment is extended to include economic crime
Strike
Incites strike action
Junta
Appointed Heads of the military Junta
Coup
Successfully leads a coup in Korea
Cuba Study Group Hearings
Testifies or is questioned during post-invasion reviews of CIA planning
Cuba Study Group Hearings
Defends CIA organization and planning before post-invasion reviewers
Taylor Committee Review Participation
Robert Kennedy participates in the presidential inquiry examining responsibility for the failed invasion.
Operational Failure Investigation Expanded
Taylor's study group examines command, intelligence, air support and policy decisions that contributed to the Bay of Pigs defeat.
Jazz News Advertisement
Places a Jazz News advertisement seeking musicians for a new rhythm and blues group.
Jazz News Advertisement
Responds to Brian Jones's advertisement and becomes the Stones's first pianist.
Hospital Administration Address
Addresses hospital administrators on efficiency, planning and the use of resources within the National Health Service.
Carupano Uprising
Rebel military officers launched an unsuccessful uprising against the constitutional government at Carupano.
Smith Scores in 1962 FA Cup Final
Smith scored Tottenham's second goal against Burnley as the club retained the FA Cup with Jimmy Greaves also on target.
Blanchflower Wembley Penalty Against Burnley
Blanchflower converted Tottenham's penalty as Spurs defeated Burnley 3-1 in the FA Cup final alongside striker Jimmy Greaves.
Governor-General Appointed
Becomes the first Sierra Leonean Governor-General
Beatles, The
The Beatles finally sign a record contract with Parlophone Records after having been turned down by many labels
Parlaphone Records
The Beatles finally sign a record contract with Parlophone Records after having been turned down by many labels
Parlophone Records
The Beatles finally sign a record contract with Parlophone Records after having been turned down by many labels
Beatles, The
The Beatles finally sign a record contract with Parlophone Records after having been turned down by many labels
Parlaphone Records
The Beatles finally sign a record contract with Parlophone Records after having been turned down by many labels
Beatles, The
The Beatles finally sign a record contract with Parlophone Records after having been turned down by many labels
Parlaphone Records
The Beatles finally sign a record contract with Parlophone Records after having been turned down by many labels
Cup Winners Cup Final Goal
Scores Atletico Madrid's goal in the 1-1 Cup Winners' Cup final draw with Fiorentina.
Cup Winners Cup Final Equaliser
Scores Fiorentina's equaliser in the Cup Winners' Cup final against Atletico Madrid.
President of Italy
Appointed President of Italy
Government
Orders the 7th Fleet to Indochina after Pathet Lao overuns most of Northern Laos
Invasion of Laos
Orders the 7th Fleet to Indochina after Pathet Lao overuns most of Northern Laos
President of India
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan takes office as the second President of India.
Cuban Revolution Influence Speech
Guevara speaks on the influence of the Cuban Revolution in Latin America.
Belorussian Factory Departure
At his request, Lee left his job at the Belorussian Radio and Television Factory as the family's departure plans neared completion.
Debut
Moore was uncapped as he flew to South America with the rest of the squad, but made his debut on 20 May 1962 in Englands final pre-tournament friendly - a 4-0 win over Peru in Lima
Pre-World Cup England Debut
was uncapped as he flew to South America with the rest of the squad, but made his debut on 20 May 1962 in Englands final pre-tournament friendly - a 4-0 win over Peru in Lima.
World Cup Quarter-Final Run
Proved so impressive that Moore stays in the team for the whole of Englands participation in the World Cup, which ended in defeat by eventual winners Brazil in the quarter finals at Vica del Mar. Moore.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Castro discussed the Soviet proposal to deploy strategic missiles as protection against another American-backed attempt to overthrow his government.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Khrushchev discussed placing Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba as a means of strengthening the island's defense and Soviet strategic leverage.
Soviet Exit Visa Collected
Lee collected his Soviet exit visa on May 22 and prepared to travel with Marina and June to Moscow.
Moscow Final Emigration Papers
Lee and Marina completed documents at the American Embassy in Moscow, where Marina received her United States visa.
Aurora 7 Mercury
Carpenter pilots Aurora 7 on a three-orbit Project Mercury mission that confirms the success of America's first orbital flight.
Death Sentence Upheld
The lower court conviction and death sentence are upheld.
Supreme Court Appeal Rejected
Israel's Supreme Court rejects his appeal.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Castro accepted the strategic deployment in principle after Soviet representatives presented the plan as a defense of Cuba.
Opening World Cup Goal Against Mexico
Pelรฉ scored against Mexico in Brazil's first match of the 1962 World Cup before injury curtailed the rest of his tournament.
Clemency Request Rejected
His request for clemency is rejected.
Eichmann Hanged
The execution occurs at Ramla prison in Israel.
Execution at Ramla Prison
Is executed by hanging shortly before midnight.
Presidential Pardon Denied
The death sentence remains in force.
England Tournament Opener Against Hungary
Leads England into their opening match of the Chile World Cup, where Hungary capitalise on their chances to secure a 2-1 victory despite an English second-half equaliser.
England Midfield Role Against Hungary
Features in England's midfield during the narrow loss to Hungary, participating in the opening fixture of the national side's World Cup campaign in Chile.
Equalising Penalty Against Hungary
Converts a second-half penalty to bring England level against Hungary, but the team subsequently concedes again and loses its first match of the tournament.
Winner Over England
Scores Hungary's decisive second goal after England have equalised, helping his side begin the group phase with a 2-1 win.
Opening Goal Against England
Puts Hungary ahead in the first half of their World Cup meeting with England, creating the foundation for a narrow group-stage victory.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Castro accepted the Soviet proposal to deploy missiles after consulting senior Cuban leaders.
Operation Anadyr Approved
Approves the secret plan to deploy Soviet missiles, bombers and troops to Cuba.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Malinovsky supported the secret military deployment later conducted under the codename Operation Anadyr.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Biryuzov joined a Soviet delegation that discussed the proposed missile deployment with Cuban leaders.
Aid to Vietnam
5,000 troops are present in South Vietnam
Police Repression
Connor orders police dogs and high-pressure hoses used against young demonstrators.
JFK offers Israel assistance against aggression
JFK offers Israel assistance against aggression
Reily Coffee Company Application
Lee applied to William B. Reily Company and listed two apparently fictitious references, Robert Hidell and J. Evans.
Reily Coffee Company Employment
Lee began work at the Reily coffee company at 640 Magazine Street, earning $1.50 per hour.
Drive to New Orleans
Paine drove Marina Oswald and her daughter from Texas toward New Orleans after Lee Oswald reported that he had found work there.
Oswald Residence
Marina joins Oswald at 4905 Magazine Street
European Cup Winners Cup Final Brace
Greaves scored twice as Tottenham thrashed Atlรฉtico Madrid 5-1 to become the first British club to win a major UEFA competition.
European Cup Winners Cup
Puts Spurs in the history books when they became the first British club to win a major European trophy, Spurs defeat favourites Atlโtico Madrid 5-1 to win the European Cup Winners Cup
White Scores Against Atlรฉtico Madrid
White scored Tottenham's other goal in the 5-1 European Cup Winners' Cup final victory, with Greaves and Terry Dyson each contributing two.
Dyson Two Goals in European Final
Dyson scored twice as Tottenham beat Atlรฉtico Madrid 5-1 in the 1963 Cup Winners' Cup final alongside Greaves, who also scored two.
Faith 7 Mercury
Cooper launches aboard Faith 7 on the final crewed mission of Project Mercury.
Treaty of Franco-German
The Bundestag ratifies the Franco-German Treaty
Faith 7 Manual Reentry
Cooper manually controls key reentry steps after electrical and automatic-control problems develop late in the Faith 7 mission.
Project Mercury Final Flight
Faith 7 splashes down successfully, closing the crewed flight phase of Project Mercury after more than thirty-four hours in space.
Vienna Civil Liability Convention Adopted
The Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage is adopted under IAEA auspices.
League Cup Final First-Leg Double
Leek scored twice against Aston Villa in the first leg of the League Cup final, giving Birmingham City a decisive cushion before the goalless return.
League Cup Final Third Goal
Bloomfield found the net in the first leg against Aston Villa, contributing Birminghamโs third goal to a 3โ1 home victory in the League Cup final.
Organisation of African Unity Charter Signed
Nkrumah joins other African leaders in signing the charter that establishes the Organisation of African Unity in Addis Ababa.
Herd Two Goals in United Cup Final
Herd scored twice against Leicester City in the 1963 FA Cup final as Manchester United won 3-1 with Law also on the scoresheet.
FA Cup Final Goal Against Leicester
Law scored Manchester United's first goal in the 3-1 FA Cup final victory over Leicester City at Wembley.
Leicester Reaches Another FA Cup Final
Gillies manages Leicester City in the 1963 FA Cup final, when the Foxes finish runners-up following a 3-1 defeat to Manchester United.
Captains League Cup Winners
Smith captained Birmingham City through both legs of the 1963 League Cup final, organising a defence that protected the first-leg advantage at Villa Park.
Midfield Shield in League Cup Decider
Beard played in Birmingham Cityโs half-back line at Villa Park, where disciplined defending completed the 3โ1 aggregate triumph.
Birmingham Derby Cup Final Defence
Lynn played at full-back for Birmingham City during the second leg of the League Cup final, helping withstand Aston Villaโs attempts to reverse the deficit.
League Cup Decider Clean Sheet
Schofield kept goal as Birmingham City held Aston Villa to a goalless second leg, securing the clubโs first League Cup title.
First Major Trophy as Birmingham Manager
Merrick guided Birmingham City to their first major domestic trophy, a 3โ1 aggregate League Cup final win against local rivals Aston Villa.
First Robben Island Transfer
Is transferred from Pretoria to Robben Island.
Robben Island Imprisonment Begins
Begins his first period of imprisonment on the island.
A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall
Releases A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall on Freewheelin.
Don't Think Twice It's All Right
Releases Don't Think Twice It's All Right on Freewheelin.
The Freewheelin Bob Dylan
Releases The Freewheelin Bob Dylan and becomes known as a songwriter.
The Freewheelin Bob Dylan
Releases The Freewheelin Bob Dylan.
Welsh Defender in Cup-Winning Eleven
Hennessey formed part of Birmingham Cityโs defensive unit in the second League Cup final leg, when a clean sheet confirmed the aggregate triumph.
FPCC Charter Response
The Fair Play for Cuba Committee replied that a New Orleans chapter would need more participants before a formal charter could be issued.
Bristol Bus Boycott
Henry supports the campaign against colour bar employment practices.
Bristol Bus Boycott
Hackett helps organize community resistance during the bus boycott.
Election
KANU wins 83 seats out of 124
Legislation
The only person in Parliament to vote against the General Law Amendment Act
Arrest of Robert Sobukwe
Due for release but redetained without charge & sent to Robben Island. Banished to Robben Island where he remains for 6 yrs
Nationalization
The Baathist government increases state control over banks and major economic sectors
Fair Play for Cuba Membership
Oswald applied for membership in the Fair Play for Cuba Committee after obtaining literature from the organization's national office.
New Orleans FPCC Charter Request
Oswald wrote the Fair Play for Cuba Committee requesting authority to create a New Orleans chapter and offered to rent a small office at his own expense.
New Orleans Travel Expenses
Paine paid the travel and related expenses when she transported Marina Oswald and her child to rejoin Lee Oswald in New Orleans.
New Orleans Visit
Paine stayed with the Oswald family during part of her May trip to New Orleans before returning to Texas.
Fair Play for Cuba Committee Membership
Oswald joins the Fair Play for Cuba Committee and begins presenting himself publicly as a supporter of Fidel Castro's government.
Proposed New Orleans FPCC Branch
Oswald writes to Fair Play for Cuba Committee headquarters proposing a New Orleans branch, although investigators later find no evidence of other genuine branch members.
Birmingham Truce Negotiations
King supports negotiations that produce commitments to desegregate Birmingham businesses.
FA Cup Final Equaliser
Scores West Ham's second equaliser in the 3-2 FA Cup final victory over Preston North End.
FA Cup Winning Captain
Captains West Ham United to a 3-2 FA Cup final victory over Preston North End.
Bombing of Vietnam
Requests the US Ambassador Henry Lodge to bomb North Vietnam
FBI Informant Allegation Denied
Hosty stated under oath that Oswald had not been his informant and that he knew of no FBI effort to recruit Oswald.
Hosty Address Book Entry Explained
Hosty explained how his name, telephone number, office information, and automobile license number could have reached Oswald's address book.
Internal Security Assignment Described
In Commission testimony, Hosty described his responsibility for FBI internal-security cases involving Lee Harvey Oswald and Marina Oswald.
No Oswald Interview Testimony
Hosty testified that he had never interviewed Oswald before President Kennedy's assassination.
Paine Contacts Explained to Commission
Hosty explained the purpose of his early-November contacts at Ruth Paine's home and the limited nature of his conversations with Marina.
Revill Statement Denied Under Oath
Hosty denied Revill's allegation that he had said the FBI knew Oswald was capable of assassinating President Kennedy.
Secret Service Referral Policy Discussed
Hosty's testimony addressed why Oswald had not been referred to the Secret Service under the FBI procedures then used for presidential threats.
Violence Assessment Explained
Hosty testified that before November 22 he regarded Oswald as a security concern but had no information identifying him as potentially violent.
Warren Commission Testimony
Hosty testified before the Warren Commission about the FBI's investigation of Oswald, his Paine-house contacts, and events on November 22.
Birth of Lorraine McIntosh
Birth of Lorraine McIntosh, singer with Deacon Blue
Diversion of the Nile
Nasser attends the closure of the river channel and beginning of reservoir storage.
Recognition of High Dam Workforce
Nasser praises Egyptian and Soviet workers after the Nile diversion milestone.
Aswan High Dam Ceremony
Joins President Gamal Abdel Nasser at ceremonies marking major progress on the Aswan High Dam.
Warren Commission Testimony
McCone testified before the Warren Commission about CIA information relevant to Lee Harvey Oswald and possible foreign involvement in President Kennedy's assassination.
Trial
Yutar sums up the prosections case against Mandela in the Rivonia trial
Trial
Yutar sums up the prosections case against Mandela in the Rivonia trial
Great Society
Delivers the University of Michigan speech setting out the Great Society programme.
Alliance United States, Laos and South Vietnam
Asks the NSC to authorize the request of Laos & South Vietnam for armed forces
Death of Jawaharlal Nehru
Jawaharlal Nehru dies in office after serving as India's first Prime Minister for nearly seventeen years.
First Acting Premiership
After Nehru's death, Gulzarilal Nanda temporarily heads the Union government until Congress chooses a permanent successor.
Death of Jawaharlal Nehru
Death of Jawaharlal Nehru
US Economic Aid Announced
The US State Department announces that regular American economic aid to Taiwan will end in 1965 as the islandโs economy strengthens.
Coup
The PLO is founded by the Arab League with the aim of overthrowing the state of Israel
PLO
The PLO is founded by the Arab League with the aim of overthrowing the state of Israel. 28 May-2 June, the PLO is founded by a combination of Arab states
Bull Ring Centre
The modern Bull Ring shopping centre opens as a major city-centre redevelopment.
Egypt State Visit
Visits Egypt and publicly celebrates Soviet-Egyptian cooperation on the Aswan High Dam.
Hero of United Arab Republic Award
Receives Egypt's Hero of the United Arab Republic title during his state visit.
Liverpool First FA Cup
Leads Liverpool to their first FA Cup, defeating Leeds United 2-1 after extra time.
St John Heads First Liverpool Cup Winner
Ian St John scored the extra-time winner against Leeds United at Wembley, giving Liverpool its first FA Cup during Shanklyโs management.
Hunt Breaks Wembley Deadlock
Roger Hunt headed Liverpool into the lead against Leeds United in the 1965 FA Cup final, before the match went to extra time.
Mobilization
The 1st U.S. Army combat troops, 3500 men of the 173rd Airborne Brigade, arrive in Vietnam
Debut
Given his international debut in a 1-1 draw with Yugoslavia in Belgrade
Diplomatic Correspondence
West Germany and Israel exchange letters establishing diplomatic relations
Several Arab nations break ties with West Germany
Several Arab nations break ties with West Germany after it established diplomatic relations with Israel
Siege of Phuoc Long
Earns the Congressional Medal of Honor by knocking out a Viet Cong machine-gun then guiding rescue helicopters, while wounded four times
Bombing of Vietnam
The 1st bombing pause is announced by the U.S. in the hope that Hanoi will now negotiate
Siege of Phuoc Long
The Viet Cong attack the U.S. special forces camp in Phuoc Long
Phuoc Long Defense
Williams helps defend the Special Forces camp during the Viet Cong attack at Phuoc Long
Phuoc Long Attack
Viet Cong forces attack the US Special Forces camp at Song Be in Phuoc Long Province
Head Start
Announces Project Head Start as an early childhood education programme within the War on Poverty.
Two Goals in European Cup Winners Cup Final
Alan Sealey scores both goals as West Ham United defeat 1860 Munich 2-0 at Wembley and win their first major European trophy.
Bombing of Vietnam
U.S. bombing of North Vietnam resumes
Set Me Free
The Kinks release Set Me Free.
First Dortmund German Cup Triumph
Plays in Dortmundโs 2-0 DFB-Pokal final victory over Alemannia Aachen, earning the club its first German Cup trophy.
World Champion
Cassius Clay knocks out challenger Sonny Liston in one minute and 56 seconds of the first round
President of Bolivia
Ovando becomes sole president after Barrientos leaves the co-presidency.
Battle of Ba Gia
Thi's I Corps faces heavy pressure during the communist offensive around Ba Gia
Battle of Ba Gia
Communist forces open the Battle of Ba Gia during the 1965 summer offensive
Satisfaction Riff
Develops the guitar riff for Satisfaction during the Stones's American tour period.
Viet Cong Offensive
Viet Cong forces launch coordinated attacks during the 1965 summer offensive
Cup Winners Cup Final Goal
Scores Borussia Dortmund's opening goal against Liverpool in the Cup Winners' Cup final.
Cup Winners Cup Final Winning Goal
Scores Borussia Dortmund's extra-time winner against Liverpool.
Cup Winners Cup Final Equaliser
Scores Liverpool's equaliser against Borussia Dortmund at Hampden Park.
Cup Winners Cup Final
Manages Liverpool in the Cup Winners' Cup final against Borussia Dortmund at Hampden Park.
Arab Summit
al-Rifai participates in arab summit connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Sixth European Cup Equaliser
Scores Real Madrid's equaliser against Partizan in the European Cup final.
Sixth European Cup Winning Goal
Scores the winning goal as Real Madrid defeat Partizan 2-1 to claim their sixth European Cup.
Sixth European Cup as Captain
Captains Real Madrid to victory over Partizan and wins a record sixth European Cup.
Paint It Black
Brian Jones's sitar part helps define the Rolling Stones single Paint It Black.
Strike
Summons the seamen's leaders to Downing St to avert a strike but the strike continues
FA Cup Final Winning Goal
Derek Temple scores the winning goal after Everton overturn Sheffield Wednesdayโs lead in a memorable Wembley final.
Two Goals In Wembley Comeback
Mike Trebilcock scores twice as Everton recover from a two-goal deficit to beat Sheffield Wednesday 3โ2 in the FA Cup final.
Central Cultural Revolution Group
Mao replaces the old cultural apparatus with the Central Cultural Revolution Group dominated by his allies
May 16 Notification
Mao authorises the May 16 Notification warning that bourgeois representatives have infiltrated the party
May 16 Notification
Mao launches the Cultural Revolution through the May 16 Notification against alleged bourgeois elements in the party
Five-Man Group
The Five-Man Group is abolished when the May 16 Notification reverses Peng Zhen's approach
Purge
Peng Zhen is purged after Mao rejects the February Outline and the Five-Man Group
May 16 Notification
Deng Xiaoping is soon drawn into the attack on senior party leaders after the May 16 Notification
Central Cultural Revolution Group
Chen Boda becomes head of the Central Cultural Revolution Group
Central Cultural Revolution Group
Guan Feng is appointed to the Central Cultural Revolution Group
Central Cultural Revolution Group
Jiang Qing becomes a powerful member of the Central Cultural Revolution Group
Central Cultural Revolution Group
Jiang Qing is appointed to the Central Cultural Revolution Group and promotes radical cultural campaigns
Central Cultural Revolution Group
Qi Benyu is appointed to the Central Cultural Revolution Group
Central Cultural Revolution Group
Wang Li is appointed to the Central Cultural Revolution Group
Central Cultural Revolution Group
Yao Wenyuan is appointed to the Central Cultural Revolution Group
Central Cultural Revolution Group
Zhang Chunqiao is appointed to the Central Cultural Revolution Group
May 16 Notification
Liu Shaoqi becomes a principal target as the Cultural Revolution turns against the party establishment
Blonde on Blonde
Releases the double album Blonde on Blonde.
Just Like a Woman
Releases Just Like a Woman on Blonde on Blonde.
Visions of Johanna
Releases Visions of Johanna on Blonde on Blonde.
Saul Develops Tottenham Forward Combination
Frank Saul offered Tottenham another mobile forward option alongside established goalscorer Jimmy Greaves during the mid-1960s. His willingness to run beyond defenders helped the club maintain attacking depth ahead of its 1967 FA Cup success.
Hey Joe
Hendrixs first single is a cover of "Hey Joe", crafted after folk-singer Tim Roses slower revision of the song and adapted to Hendrixs style
State of Emergency
A state of emergency is declared in response to the seamen's strike
Birth in Marseille
Eric Cantona was born in Marseille on 24 May and would go on to become one of the most distinctive forwards in European football.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Arrest for Alleged Coup Plot
Is arrested with three former ministers and accused of plotting to overthrow Mobutu.
Whisky a Go Go
Begins a residency at the Whisky a Go Go.
Waterloo Sunset
The Kinks release Waterloo Sunset.
Arrest of Brian Jones
Jones is arrested for drug use for the first time
Arrest of Brian Jones
Jones is arrested for drug possession on 10 May 1967, shortly after the "Redlands" incident at Richards Sussex home, authorities find marijuana, cocaine, and methamphetamine in his flat & he confesses to marijuana use but claims he did not use hard drugs
Rolling Stones, The
Jones is arrested for drug possession on 10 May 1967, shortly after the "Redlands" incident at Richards Sussex home, authorities find marijuana, cocaine, and methamphetamine in his flat & he confesses to marijuana use but claims he did not use hard drugs
President of India
Zakir Husain becomes the third President of India.
Invasion of Sinai
Nasser orders the United Nations peacekeeping force out of the Sinai
Mobilization
Nasser moves 100,000 men with tanks & artillery guns into the Sinai
Mobilization
Closure of the Tiran Straits
N'Sele Manifesto
The new ruling movement adopts a nationalist programme centred on unity and presidential authority.
Popular Movement of the Revolution
Mobutu establishes the Popular Movement of the Revolution as the regime's political organisation.
Saul Tottenham Cup Final Second Goal
Saul added Tottenham's second goal against Chelsea as Spurs won the 1967 FA Cup with Greaves in their attacking line.
FA Cup Final Victory Over Chelsea
Greaves played as Tottenham beat his former club Chelsea 2-1 in the FA Cup final, earning another major domestic trophy.
Robertson Tottenham Cup Final Opener
Robertson opened the scoring in Tottenham's 2-1 FA Cup final win over Chelsea, with Jimmy Greaves featuring against his former club.
Birth of Crown Prince Pavlos
Pavlos, the eldest son of Constantine II and Anne-Marie, is born in Athens while the monarchy still formally exists.
Are You Experienced
Releases Album, "Axis, Bold as Love". Releases Album, "Are You Experienced"
Axis, Bold as Love
Releases Album, "Axis, Bold as Love". Releases Album, "Are You Experienced"
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
Produces Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, one of the most influential albums of the studio era.
Absolutely Free
Releases Absolutely Free with the Mothers of Invention, expanding the group's mixture of satire and complex ensemble writing.
Birth of Paul John Gascoigne
Birth of Paul John Gascoigne
Circumnavigation
Returns from lone circumnavigation of the World
European Cup Winners Cup Decider
Franz Roth scores the extra-time winner against Rangers as Bayern capture the European Cup Winners Cup, their first major continental trophy.
Bank Rate
Bank Rate is reduced to 5.5 percent as the Government cautiously relaxes credit conditions.
European Policy
Continues to argue that British membership of the European Community is strategically important.
Prewar Border Crisis
Tensions intensified along the Syrian-Israeli frontier before the June war, with artillery exchanges and disputes over demilitarized areas contributing to the wider regional crisis.
KGB Leadership under Andropov
The KGB gains renewed political importance after Yuri Andropov becomes its chairman.
Government
Advises Foreign Minister Abba Eban not to make a pre-emptive strike against Egypt
Apple Corps Ltd
Apple Corps, Ltd. begins operating in London. It is the Beatles attempt to take control of their own creative and economic destiny
Beatles, The
Apple Corps, Ltd. begins operating in London. It is the Beatles attempt to take control of their own creative and economic destiny
Apple Corps Ltd
Apple Corps, Ltd. begins operating in London. It is the Beatles attempt to take control of their own creative and economic destiny
Beatles, The
Apple Corps, Ltd. begins operating in London. It is the Beatles attempt to take control of their own creative and economic destiny
Arab Summit
I participates in arab summit connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
First British Heart Transplant
Ross leads Britain's first heart transplant at the National Heart Hospital, demonstrating the new possibilities and major clinical risks of cardiac transplantation.
Conference of Paris
Peace talks begin in Paris with North Vietnamese officials
Lumpy Gravy
Releases Lumpy Gravy, an orchestral and tape-collage work credited as his first solo album.
Wonderwall
The world premiere of Harrisons film, "Wonderwall"
Electric Ladyland
Releases Album, "Electric Ladyland"
Arrest of Brian Jones
Jones is arrested a second time on 21 May 1968, for possession of cannabis, which Jones said had been left by previous tenants of the flat, he is facing a long jail sentence if found guilty owing to his probation, the jury find him guilty
Arrest of Brian Jones
Jones is arrested a second time, for marijuana possession
Arrest of Brian Jones
The Stones wanted to tour the United States in 1969 for the first time in three years, but Jones second arrest exacerbates problems with US immigration, Jones is unable to acquire a work visa.
Arrest of Brian Jones
but the judge had sympathy for Jones; instead of jailing him he fines him pounds 50 plus pounds 105 in costs and told him: "For goodness sake, dont get into trouble again or it really will be serious".
Rolling Stones, The
105 in costs and told him: "For goodness sake, dont get into trouble again or it really will be serious".
Rolling Stones, The
Jones is arrested a second time on 21 May 1968, for possession of cannabis, which Jones said had been left by previous tenants of the flat.
Rolling Stones, The
he is facing a long jail sentence if found guilty owing to his probation, the jury find him guilty but the judge had sympathy for Jones. instead of jailing him he fines him pounds 50 plus pounds.
Jumpin Jack Flash
The Rolling Stones release Jumpin Jack Flash and return to a harder blues-rock sound.
Federal Injunction Suit Filed
Shaw filed a federal lawsuit on May 27, 1968, seeking to stop the state conspiracy prosecution.
Temporary Restraining Order Issued
A temporary federal restraining order was issued on May 28, 1968, while Shaw's request to halt the state prosecution was considered.
Best Scores Extra Time Wembley Goal
Best rounded Benfica's goalkeeper and scored during extra time as Manchester United won the European Cup without the injured Denis Law.
Charlton Scores Twice in European Final
Charlton captained United and scored twice against Benfica in the European Cup final, a match that injured teammate Denis Law had to miss.
Truth in Lending Act
The Act requires standard disclosure of major consumer-credit costs and terms.
Civil Air Patrol Photograph
Jim Garrison released a photograph of Oswald in a Civil Air Patrol uniform and publicly claimed that it supported his assertion that Oswald had known Ferrie.
Prague Spring
Announces the Fourteenth Party Congress will convene on September 9 and incorporate the Action Programme into the party statutes, draft a federalization law, and elect a new Central Committee
Marjorine UK Chart Entry
Releases Marjorine, which becomes his first entry on the UK singles chart and peaks at number 48.
Rolling Stones, The
Aided by up-and-coming producer Jimmy Miller, Jagger and Richards produce some of their most memorable work, including "Sympathy for the Devil" and the distorted acoustic guitar-driven "Street Fighting Man"
Beatles, The
John Lennon and Yoko Ono exhibit their first official joint venture at the Arts Lab in London. Soon after, they plant acorns outside Coventry Cathedral as a conceptual "living arts sculpture"
Rolling Stones, The
With personal relations between Jones and Richards increasingly frayed, the release of the single "Jumpin Jack Flash" and, later the year, the album Beggars Banquet (UK #3; US #5), see a return to the bands blues roots
Rolling Stones, The
With personal relations between Jones and Richards increasingly frayed, the release of the single "Jumpin Jack Flash" and, later the year, the album Beggars Banquet (UK #3; US #5), see a return to the bands blues roots. Aided by up-and-coming producer Jimmy Miller, Jagger and Richards produce some of their most memorable work, including "Sympathy for the Devil" and the distorted acoustic guitar-driven "Street Fighting Man"
Rolling Stones, The
With personal relations between Jones and Richards increasingly frayed, the release of the single "Jumpin Jack Flash" and, later the year, the album Beggars Banquet (UK #3; US #5), see a return to the bands blues roots. Aided by up-and-coming producer Jimmy Miller, Jagger and Richards produce some of their most memorable work, including "Sympathy for the Devil" and the distorted acoustic guitar-driven "Street Fighting Man"
Election
Elected Member of Lambeth Council, Ferndale ward
Beatles, The
John Lennon and Yoko Ono exhibit their first official joint venture at the Arts Lab in London. Soon after, they plant acorns outside Coventry Cathedral as a conceptual "living arts sculpture"
Paris Talks
Handles Soviet diplomacy as US-North Vietnamese talks open in Paris
Bombing of Kampuchea
The bombing of Kampuchea is only officially acknowledged in 1973. Exposes the secret bombings of Kampuchea
Death of Franz von Papen
Dies in Obersasbach, Baden
Death of Zakir Hussain
President Zakir Husain dies in office.
Political Lectures
Kerensky records his position on political lectures in exile.
Bombing of Kampuchea
News of the secret bombing of Kampuchea is leaked to the New York Times
Hamburger Hill
Commands US forces during the battle for Hill 937
Hamburger Hill Defense
Associated with North Vietnamese forces opposing the US assault on Hill 937
Security-Whitehouse
1st wiretap is placed in the White House following leaks about the bombing of Kampuchea
Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere
Releases Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere with Crazy Horse, establishing his electric guitar style.
Invasion of Vietnam
Proposes withdrawal from South Vietnam of American & North Vietnamese forces on TV
Venera 5 Atmospheric Descent
Venera 5 returns atmospheric measurements while descending through the clouds of Venus before pressure destroys the probe.
Venera 6 Atmospheric Descent
Venera 6 transmits pressure, temperature and composition measurements during descent through the Venusian atmosphere.
Apollo 10 Color Television
Participates in early live color television transmissions from Apollo 10 during the flight to the Moon.
Apollo 10 CSM-LM Docking
Pilots the command module during transposition and docking with lunar module Snoopy.
Apollo 10 Translunar Injection
Commands Apollo 10 as the Saturn V sends the complete crewed spacecraft toward the Moon.
Apollo 10
Commands the lunar landing dress rehearsal mission.
Apollo 10 Lunar Orbit Insertion
Remains aboard the command module as Apollo 10 enters lunar orbit.
Apollo 10 Lunar Orbit Insertion
Commands Apollo 10 during the maneuver that places the spacecraft into lunar orbit.
Apollo 10 Descent Orbit Insertion
Operates lunar module systems as Snoopy descends toward its low pass above the lunar surface.
Apollo 10 Landing Radar Test
Tests lunar module landing radar while Snoopy descends toward the Moon.
Apollo 10 Lunar Module Staging
Flies with Stafford as Snoopy's descent stage is jettisoned and the ascent stage continues the rehearsal.
Apollo 10 Lunar Module Undocking
Serves as lunar module pilot as Snoopy separates from Charlie Brown for the landing rehearsal.
Apollo 10
Flies the lunar module close to the Moon before Apollo 11.
Snoopy Ascent Stage Flight
Flies the lunar module ascent stage after staging during the Apollo 10 rehearsal.
Apollo 10 Command Module Solo Orbit
Pilots Charlie Brown alone while Stafford and Cernan fly Snoopy close to the lunar surface.
Apollo 10 Lunar Landmark Tracking
Conducts lunar observations and tracking from Charlie Brown during the lunar module's independent flight.
Apollo 10
Pilots the command module during Apollo 10.
Apollo 10 Descent Orbit Insertion
Commands Snoopy during the maneuver that lowers the lunar module toward the Moon.
Apollo 10 Low Lunar Pass
Pilots Snoopy to within about nine miles of the lunar surface during the landing rehearsal.
Apollo 10 Lunar Module Undocking
Commands lunar module Snoopy as it separates from command module Charlie Brown.
Snoopy Undocking
Commands lunar module Snoopy as it undocks for the lunar landing rehearsal.
Tommy Album
Release Tommy as a double album.
Apollo 10 Lunar Module Rendezvous
Helps rendezvous Snoopy with command module Charlie Brown after the low lunar pass.
Apollo 10 Active Rendezvous
Pilots command module Charlie Brown during the active rendezvous and redocking with Snoopy.
Apollo 10 Lunar Module Redocking
Pilots Charlie Brown during the final docking with Snoopy after the landing rehearsal.
Apollo 10 Lunar Module Rendezvous
Commands Snoopy during rendezvous and return to Charlie Brown after the landing rehearsal.
Apollo 10 Trans-Earth Injection
Commands the burn that sends Apollo 10 from lunar orbit back toward Earth.
Siege of Latrun
The Israeli Army makes the first of four unsuccessful assaults on Arab forces in the town of Latrun, Israel
Apollo 10 Splashdown
Returns with Stafford and Young after completing the full lunar landing rehearsal except touchdown.
Apollo 10 Splashdown
Returns with Stafford and Cernan after completing the full lunar landing rehearsal except touchdown.
Battle of Hamburger Hill
Abrams withdraws from Hamburger Hill after 241 dead
European Cup Final Defeat
Appears for Ajax in their first European Cup final, where AC Milan win 4-1 and provide a painful lesson for the emerging Dutch side.
Demonstrations
An anti-Gaullist demonstration is held by a communist led trades union
Balance of Payments
Britain records an improving current account position as exports rise and domestic consumption remains restrained.
Arrest of Robert Sobukwe
Released from prison
Retirement
Retires from the CIA
Fishhook Operation
US forces begin operations against North Vietnamese sanctuaries in the Fishhook area
National Guard at Kent State
Sends the Ohio National Guard to Kent during antiwar protests
Kent State Crisis
Kent State shootings follow nationwide protests over the Cambodia incursion
Kent State Shooting
Killed by Ohio National Guard gunfire at Kent State University
Kent State Shooting
Killed by Ohio National Guard gunfire at Kent State University
Kent State Shooting
Killed by Ohio National Guard gunfire at Kent State University
Kent State Shooting
Killed by Ohio National Guard gunfire at Kent State University
GRUNK Founded
Forms the Royal Government of National Union of Kampuchea in exile
Let It Be
Receives production credit on Let It Be, although Phil Spector reshapes the final released album.
Death in Jail
Dies in a county jail, triggering unrest in Augusta
Lincoln Memorial Visit
Visits the Lincoln Memorial early in the morning and speaks with antiwar protesters
Augusta Riot
Faces riots after the death of Charles Oatman in jail
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Arrest of Andraes Baader
Baader was arrested on 3 April 1970, Ensslin, Ulrike Meinhof, who was at that time a well-known leftist polemicist, and two other women freed him on 14 May 1970
Arrest of Andreas Baader
Meinhof & Mahler shoot their way into the Social Affairs Institute & release Baader. In the conservative Springer Press a name is born: "the Baader-Meinhof Gang"
Red Army Faction
The RAF is formally founded in 1970 by Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, Horst Mahler, Ulrike Meinhof, Irmgard Muller and others. Foundation of the Baader-Meinhof Group
Arrest of Andreas Baader
Baader was arrested on 3 April 1970, Ensslin, Ulrike Meinhof, who was at that time a well-known leftist polemicist, and two other women freed him on 14 May 1970
Red Army Faction
One person was shot is shot during baaders release, this is the beginning of the gangs violent crimes, and the RAF, Ensslin becomes one of the most wanted people in Germany
Red Army Faction
The RAF is formally founded in 1970 by Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, Horst Mahler, Ulrike Meinhof, Irmgard Muller and others
Red Army Faction
The RAF is formally founded in 1970 by Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, Horst Mahler, Ulrike Meinhof, Irmgard Muller and others
Arrest of Andreas Baader
In the conservative Springer Press a name is born: "the Baader-Meinhof Gang". Baader was arrested on 3 April 1970, Ensslin, Ulrike Meinhof, who was at that time a well-known leftist polemicist, and two other women freed him on 14 May 1970
Baader-Meinhof Gang
In the conservative Springer Press a name is born: "the Baader-Meinhof Gang"
Red Army Faction
The RAF is formally founded in 1970 by Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, Horst Mahler, Ulrike Meinhof, Irmgard Muller and others
Springer Press
In the conservative Springer Press a name is born: "the Baader-Meinhof Gang"
Jackson State Shooting
Killed by police gunfire near Jackson State College
Jackson State Shooting
Killed by police gunfire during protests at Jackson State College
Live at Leeds Release
Release Live at Leeds.
Heighway Emerges from Amateur Football
Steve Heighway joined Liverpool from Skelmersdale United in May 1970 and went on to become a fast, skilful winger for Shankly.
Arab Summit
Rifai participates in arab summit connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Equal Pay Act
Secures equal pay legislation influenced partly by European treaty obligations on equal pay.
Pink Floyd
"Relics" is released
Pink Floyd
"Relics" is released
Pink Floyd
"Relics" is released
American Military Aid
Receives expanded American military support for the new anti-communist regime
Election
Loses 8 seats to rival parties
Visit to To Malawi
Vorster pays an official visit to Malawi
Cambodian Campaign Response
Responds to allied incursions against communist base areas in Cambodia
Retirement
Plays his final game for Blackpool in front of a crowd of over 30,000 against Manchester United at Bloomfield Road
General
Appointed General Secretary of the SED, Socialist Unity Party
League Title Winning Header
Heads the winning goal at Tottenham Hotspur as Arsenal secure the league championship.
Demonstrations
Anti war protest in Washington DC
White House Tape 491-014
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon in the 28-minute White House recording numbered 491-014; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 491-014
Richard Nixon appears with H. R. Haldeman in the 28-minute White House recording numbered 491-014; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
Arsenal Double Captain
Captains Arsenal through the league and FA Cup Double-winning campaign.
1971 FA Cup Final Equaliser
Scores Arsenal's extra-time equaliser before Charlie George strikes the winning goal against Liverpool.
Marriage
Mick Jagger marries Bianca Perez Morena de Macias, cannot remember her whole name so she becomes known as Bianca Jagger
Bridge over Troubled Water
Aretha Franklin, the Queen of Soul, receives a gold record for her version of "Bridge over Troubled Water"
Corrective Revolution
Removes leading rivals from government and consolidates his control of the presidency.
Mars 2
Mars 2 is launched toward Mars as part of the Soviet planetary programme.
Soviet Relations
Signs the Egyptian-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation.
Treaty of Friendship
Signs a fifteen-year Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with the Soviet Union.
Federal Permanent Injunction
A federal district court permanently barred Garrison's office from continuing the pending perjury prosecution against Shaw on May 27, 1971.
Every Picture Tells a Story
Releases Every Picture Tells a Story, his major solo breakthrough.
Mars 3
Mars 3 is launched toward Mars as part of the Soviet planetary programme.
Kooks
Becomes father to Duncan Jones, inspiring the song Kooks on Hunky Dory.
Invitation for Nixon Visit
Uses secret communications to signal China's willingness to receive a presidential envoy and later President Richard Nixon.
Election
Labour turn a Tory majority of 10,874 to a Labour majority of 1,868
Rule of Okinawa
The US returns Okinawa to Japan
Survivor Benefit Reemployment Request
Hunt asked CIA whether a brief return to active service could allow him to correct an earlier retirement-benefit election affecting his wife.
Siege of Tel Aviv
Sabena aircraft at Lod Intl, Tel Aviv, is captured by Palestinians
Haiphong Mining
Oversees Navy support for mining North Vietnamese harbors
Bombing of Haiphong
2,000 pound mines are dropped in Haiphong harbour
Linebacker I
1st day of Operation Linebacker I, bombing north Vietnam
Mining of Dong Hoi
Nixon orders the mining of Dong Hoi
Mining of Hai Phong
Nixon orders the mining of Hai Phong
Mining of Haiphong
Announces the mining of North Vietnamese harbors
Mining of Vietnam Ports
Orders the mining of major north Vietnamese ports
Black September
Israeli commandos rescued most passengers aboard Sabena Flight 571 after Palestinian militants hijacked the aircraft and landed it at Lod Airport. The episode preceded the Munich Olympic attack and highlighted Israeli concerns about attacks on civilian aviation.
International Court of Justice
Australia and New Zealand institute proceedings in the International Court of Justice against French atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons in the South Pacific
Nuclear Power
Australia and New Zealand institute proceedings in the International Court of Justice against French atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons in the South Pacific
EEC Membership Referendum
Welcomes the referendum result in which Irish voters strongly approve membership of the European Communities.
Linebacker Air Campaign
Oversees Air Force operations as Operation Linebacker begins
Bombing of Frankfurt
The Baader-Meinhof bomb a US Army base in Frankfurt killing 1 & injuring 14
Bombing of Karlsruhe
Bombing of the car of the Federal Judge Buddenberg
Bombing of Augsburg
Bombing of a police station in Augsburg and the Bavarian State Criminal Investigations Agency in Munich, claimed by Tommy Weissbecker
Bombing of Munich
Bombing of a police station in Augsburg and the Bavarian State Criminal Investigations Agency in Munich, claimed by Tommy Weissbecker
Exile on Main Street
The Rolling Stones release Exile on Main Street.
Government
An assassination attempt is made on Wallace while campaigning in the Maryland primary
Okinawa Reversion
The US returns Okinawa to Japan
Greatest Hits
Glen Campbell earns a gold record for his Greatest Hits album
Arthur Bremer Assignment Considered
After the shooting of George Wallace, Hunt examined the feasibility of entering Arthur Bremer's apartment after Charles Colson raised a political operation involving the gunman.
CIA Rejects Reemployment Proposal
CIA General Counsel advised Hunt that returning briefly to service merely to change retirement benefits would violate the spirit of the retirement law.
Bombing of Axel Springer Verlag
Bombing of the Axel Springer Verlag, Ilse Stachowiak is involved in the bombing
Nixon Moscow Summit
Meets Richard Nixon in Moscow during a landmark superpower summit focused on dรฉtente and arms control.
First Private Meeting with Nixon
Holds a lengthy private Kremlin meeting with Richard Nixon at the opening of the Moscow summit.
Nixon Moscow Summit
Meets Richard Nixon while the Vietnam War and Linebacker bombing remain central issues
Basic Principles Agreement
Brezhnev & Nixon sign the Basic Principles of Relations. Becomes the 1st US President to visit Russia
Watergate Team Meeting
Liddy meets with Hunt, McCord and members of the Miami burglary team after they arrive in Washington for the developing campaign intelligence operation.
Visit to Washington
Arrives in Moscow for talks with Party Secretary Brezhnev
Arab Summit
Arif participates in arab summit connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Bombing of USAREUR HQ
Bombing outside of Military Intelligence (G-2), Headquarters, U.S. Army in Europe (HQ USAREUR) at Campbell Barracks, claimed by the 15th July Commando (in honour of Petra Schelm), executed by Irmgard Moeller
Bombing of USAREUR HQ
Bombing outside of Military Intelligence (G-2), Headquarters, U.S. Army in Europe (HQ USAREUR) at Campbell Barracks, claimed by the 15th July Commando (in honour of Petra Schelm), executed by Irmgard Moeller
Spaghetti Junction
The Gravelly Hill Interchange opens, linking major motorways and urban routes.
First Watergate Entry Attempt
Hunt and Virgilio Gonzalez took part in an unsuccessful attempt to enter the Democratic National Committee offices at the Watergate complex.
First DNC Entry Attempt
The intelligence operation supervised by Liddy and Hunt makes an unsuccessful attempt to enter the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate complex.
Exile On Main Street
Rolling Stones release the album, "Exile On Main Street"
Rolling Stones, The
Rolling Stones release the album, "Exile On Main Street"
Rolling Stones, The
Rolling Stones release the album, "Exile On Main Street"
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
Signs the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty with Richard Nixon during the Moscow summit.
SALT I Agreement
Signs the SALT I Interim Agreement with Richard Nixon, limiting strategic offensive missile launchers.
ABM Treaty Signed
Signs the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty limiting strategic missile defence systems.
ABM Treaty
The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM Treaty or ABMT) is a Treaty between the United States of America and the Soviet Union on the limitation of the anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems used in defending areas against missile-delivered nuclear weapons
SALT I Interim Agreement Signed
Signs the SALT I Interim Agreement limiting specified United States and Soviet strategic ballistic missile launchers.
SALT I
SALT I Treaty signed
SALT I
first round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I ) ends with President Nixon and General Secretary Brezhnev signing the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty & the SALT Accord and the Interim Agreement on Strategic Offensive Arms
SALT I
1st round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I ) ends with President Nixon and General Secretary Brezhnev signing the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty & the SALT Accord and the Interim Agreement on Strategic Offensive Arms
SALT I
The ABM Treaty provides that the United States and Soviet Union may each have only two ABM deployment areas, which are restricted and located in such a way that they cannot provide the basis for a nationwide ABM defense.
SALT I
The Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty enters into force.
Monitoring Equipment Inspection
Liddy and Hunt visit Howard Johnson room 419, where James McCord shows them electronic monitoring equipment prepared for the campaign intelligence operation.
Second Watergate Entry Attempt
Hunt's team made another unsuccessful effort to gain access to the Democratic National Committee offices before the successful entry the following night.
Second DNC Entry Attempt
The Liddy-Hunt intelligence operation makes another unsuccessful attempt to enter the Democratic National Committee offices before the successful entry the following day.
Death of Edward VIII
Death of Edward VIII
DNC Wiretap Installation
McCord participates in the first successful Watergate entry and helps install electronic listening devices inside the Democratic National Committee offices.
First Successful DNC Entry
Hunt helped direct the successful entry in which the team photographed Democratic documents and installed electronic listening devices.
Watergate Command Post
Hunt and Liddy operated from a nearby command location while the burglary team entered the Democratic National Committee offices.
First Watergate Break-In
Assists planning and coordination of the first covert entry into Democratic National Committee offices at the Watergate complex.
Basic Principles of US-Soviet Relations
Agrees with Richard Nixon on Basic Principles intended to guide relations between the two superpowers.
Moscow Summit Dรฉtente Declaration
Concludes the Moscow summit with a joint commitment to reduce confrontation and expand peaceful cooperation.
Wiretap Monitoring Begins
The operation Hunt helped organize began monitoring conversations captured by listening equipment installed during the successful Watergate entry.
Japanese Red Army
Three militants of the Japanese Red Army (PFL) stage a machine-gun and hand-grenade attack at the Lod Airport in Israel
Red Army
Three militants of the Japanese Red Army (PFL) stage a machine-gun and hand-grenade attack at the Lod Airport in Israel
Siege of Lod
Three militants of the Japanese Red Army (PFL) stage a machine-gun and hand-grenade attack at the Lod Airport in Israel
Two Goals in European Cup Final
Scores both goals in a 2-0 victory over Inter Milan, securing Ajax's second consecutive European Cup through a commanding performance in Rotterdam.
Lou Reed
Releases his self-titled debut solo album after leaving the Velvet Underground.
Constitution of Great Britain
The Northern Ireland Assembly Bill becomes law, elections for the new assembly are held 28th June
Election
The Northern Ireland Assembly Bill becomes law, elections for the new assembly are held 28th June
Legislation
The Northern Ireland Assembly Bill becomes law, elections for the new assembly are held 28th June
Northern Ireland Assembly
The Northern Ireland Assembly Bill becomes law, elections for the new assembly are held 28th June
President of the Council
The Northern Ireland Assembly Bill becomes law, elections for the new assembly are held 28th June
Yessongs
Appears on Yessongs, documenting the band as a major live progressive rock act.
Watson Marks Leeds Attack in Cup Upset
Watson anchors Sunderland's back line in the 1973 FA Cup final, helping restrict Leeds United despite the Yorkshire side's strong attacking reputation.
Malone Defends Wembley Cup Lead
Malone plays at full-back as Sunderland protect a one-goal advantage over Leeds United to win the FA Cup against the odds.
International Court of Justice
Australia and New Zealand institute proceedings in the International Court of Justice against French atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons in the South Pacific
Nuclear Power
Australia and New Zealand institute proceedings in the International Court of Justice against French atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons in the South Pacific
International Court of Justice
Australia and New Zealand institute proceedings in the International Court of Justice against French atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons in the South Pacific
Nuclear Power
Australia and New Zealand institute proceedings in the International Court of Justice against French atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons in the South Pacific
Keegan Scores Twice in UEFA Cup Final First Leg
Kevin Keegan scored two goals against Borussia Mรถnchengladbach at Anfield, helping Liverpool establish the first-leg advantage needed to win the 1973 UEFA Cup.
Clemence UEFA Cup Final Penalty Save
Ray Clemence saved a penalty against Borussia Mรถnchengladbach in the first leg of the 1973 UEFA Cup final, protecting Liverpoolโs advantage in the tie.
Pentagon Papers Trial
The federal case against Ellsberg and Anthony Russo is dismissed after government misconduct, including illegal evidence gathering connected with the Fielding break-in, is exposed.
Dismissal of Pentagon Papers Charges
The federal case against Russo is dismissed with Ellsberg's after government misconduct becomes known.
Dismissal of Pentagon Papers Charges
Judge William Byrne dismisses the case against Ellsberg after government misconduct and illegal evidence gathering are exposed.
Pentagon Papers Case Dismissed
Byrne dismisses the Ellsberg-Russo prosecution after disclosures of government misconduct undermine the case.
Senate Watergate Committee
The Senate Watergate committee begins its nationally televised hearings. Attorney General-designate Elliot Richardson taps former solicitor general Archibald Cox as the Justice Departmentโs special prosecutor for Watergate.
Senate Watergate Committee
The Senate Watergate committee begins its nationally televised hearings. Attorney General-designate Elliot Richardson taps former solicitor general Archibald Cox as the Justice Departmentโs special prosecutor for Watergate.
Public Watergate Hearings
Opens the Senate Watergate Committee's public hearings, beginning months of nationally televised testimony about the burglary, campaign abuses and cover-up.
Bonn State Visit
Begins four days of talks in West Germany with Chancellor Willy Brandt.
Senate Watergate Committee
The Senate Watergate committee begins its nationally televised hearings. Attorney General-designate Elliot Richardson taps former solicitor general Archibald Cox as the Justice Departmentรขโฌโขs special prosecutor for Watergate
Senate Watergate Committee
The Senate Watergate committee begins its nationally televised hearings. Attorney General-designate Elliot Richardson taps former solicitor general Archibald Cox as the Justice Departmentรขโฌโขs special prosecutor for Watergate
Cox Selected
Announces Archibald Cox as the choice for independent Watergate special prosecutor while preparing to take office as attorney general.
Special Prosecutor
Archibald Cox is appointed Special Prosecutor to oversee the investigation into possible presidential impropriety.
James McCord Testimony
Questions James McCord during the second day of public hearings as the committee examines the Watergate break-in, wiretapping and efforts to conceal responsibility.
Special Prosecutor
Archibald Cox is appointed Special Prosecutor to oversee the investigation into possible presidential impropriety
Watergate Statement
Issues a lengthy statement on Watergate, acknowledging a White House effort to contain the scandal while denying prior knowledge of criminal conduct.
Caulfield and Ulasewicz Testimony
Oversees testimony from John Caulfield and Anthony Ulasewicz concerning investigative and political activities connected with the developing Watergate inquiry.
Barker and Baldwin Testimony
Participates as the committee hears Gerald Alch, Bernard Barker and Alfred Baldwin during continuing testimony about the burglary operation and its participants.
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina after the March 1973 election
Give Me Love (Give Me Peace On Earth)
Releases single, "Give Me Love (Give Me Peace On Earth)", 2nd solo single to top the US charts
Skylab 2
Launches in an Apollo command module to repair Skylab.
Restoration of Diplomatic Relations with Cuba
Argentina restores diplomatic relations with Cuba, which then received Argentine aid, such as food and industrial products, to break the United States embargo against Cuba
Third Consecutive European Cup
Takes part as Ajax defeat Juventus 1-0 in Belgrade to secure a third successive European Cup and complete an extraordinary run of continental victories.
Bombing of Kampuchea
The Senate majority leader, Mike Mansfield, says: "The only way to face up to our responsibilities, the only way to do it effectively is to cut the purse strings"
Bombing of Kampuchea
The US Senate votes to cut off funds for the bombing of Kampuchea
Amnesty
One of Camporas first presidential actions was a granting of amnesty to political prisoners who where jailed during the dictatorship prior to his assumption
Lebanese Army-PLO Clashes
Serious fighting erupts between the Lebanese Army and Palestinian armed groups, confronting President Suleiman Frangieh's government with an escalating challenge to state authority and internal security.
Bonn European Security Talks
Presses for rapid progress toward a European security conference during discussions with Willy Brandt.
Bonn Force Reduction Talks
Discusses mutual and balanced force reductions in Europe with West German leaders.
Special Prosecutor Begins Work
Takes charge of the independent Watergate prosecution with authority to investigate offenses connected to the burglary, cover-up and related campaign activities.
FA Cup
Scores twice as Liverpool beat Newcastle United 3-0 in the FA Cup final.
Keegan Scores Wembley Cup Final Double
Kevin Keegan scored twice in Liverpoolโs 3-0 victory over Newcastle United, securing the FA Cup in Shanklyโs final competitive match in charge.
Heighway Scores Against Newcastle at Wembley
Steve Heighway struck Liverpoolโs second goal against Newcastle United in the 1974 FA Cup final after receiving a pass from Kevin Keegan.
Preservation Act 2
The Kinks release Preservation Act 2.
Trial
The House Judiciary Committee opens impeachment hearings on Nixon
Impeachment Evidence Hearings
Begins formal House Judiciary Committee hearings on evidence gathered in the Nixon impeachment inquiry.
Swan Song Records
Helps establish Swan Song Records for Led Zeppelin and allied artists.
Swan Song Records
Launches Swan Song Records as Led Zeppelin's own label.
Government Report
Makes a report to the Commons about the IRAs intentions to take over parts of Belfast
IRA - Government Report
Government record concerning the IRA: Makes a report to the Commons about the IRAs intentions to take over parts of Belfast
IRA - Government Report
Historical IRA record under Labour Party Government: Makes a report to the Commons about the IRAs intentions to take over parts of Belfast
IRA - Government Report
IRA context for Harold Wilson: Makes a report to the Commons about the IRAs intentions to take over parts of Belfast
IRA - Terrorism
Government record concerning the IRA: Makes a report to the Commons about the IRAs intentions to take over parts of Belfast
IRA - Terrorism
Historical IRA record under Labour Party Government: Makes a report to the Commons about the IRAs intentions to take over parts of Belfast
IRA - Terrorism
IRA context for Harold Wilson: Makes a report to the Commons about the IRAs intentions to take over parts of Belfast
Terrorism
Makes a report to the Commons about the IRAs intentions to take over parts of Belfast
Sunningdale Agreement
The Ulster Workers Union will strike if the North Ireland Assembly supports Sunningdale
Ulster Workers Union
The Ulster Workers Union will strike if the North Ireland Assembly supports Sunningdale
Late Equaliser Forces European Final Replay
Hans-Georg Schwarzenbeck scores near the end of extra time against Atletico Madrid, rescuing a 1-1 draw and forcing a replay of the European Cup final.
Sunningdale Agreement
Leads a deputation of the Ulster Workers Council to wishing to destroy the agreement
IAEA Safeguards Agreement
Iran's safeguards agreement with the IAEA under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty enters into force.
PFLP
PFLP terrorists take a school in Maalot, Israel, 26 people are killed including 21 children after an unsuccessful rescue attempt
Siege of Maalot
PFLP terrorists take a school in Maalot, Israel, 26 people are killed including 21 children after an unsuccessful rescue attempt
Second Impeachment Subpoena
Issues an additional subpoena for presidential conversations after concluding Nixon's earlier response did not satisfy the committee's evidentiary needs.
Alice in the Cities
Directs Alice in the Cities.
European Cup Replay Scoring Double
Gerd Muller contributes two goals to Bayernโs 4-0 victory over Atletico Madrid in the replayed European Cup final.
European Cup Replay Double
Uli Hoeness scores twice as Bayern beat Atletico Madrid 4-0 in the European Cup final replay and win the competition for the first time.
Bombing of Dublin
Protestant car bombs in Dublin kill 22
Strike
The Ulster Workers Union calls for a total stoppage in Northern Ireland
Sunningdale Agreement
The Ulster Workers Union calls for a total stoppage in Northern Ireland
Ulster Workers Union
The Ulster Workers Union calls for a total stoppage in Northern Ireland
State of Emergency
Calls a state of emergencey after violence & strikes by the Ulster Workers Council
Strike
Calls a state of emergencey after violence & strikes by the Ulster Workers Council
Operation Smiling Buddha
India conducts its first nuclear explosive test at Pokhran under the code name Smiling Buddha.
Pokhran-I
Raja Ramanna plays a leading scientific role in India's first underground nuclear test at Pokhran.
Nuclear Power
India conducts its first nuclear test at Pokhran during Indira Gandhi's premiership.
Nuclear Power
India detonates a nuclear device underground at Pokhran in the test later known as Smiling Buddha.
Smiling Buddha
India conducts the Smiling Buddha nuclear test at Pokhran on 18 May 1974.
Smiling Buddha Nuclear Test
India conducts its first nuclear explosive test, known as Smiling Buddha.
President of France
Appointed President of France
Youngest President
Youngest head of State in France since Louis Napoleon, 1848
Arab Summit
II participates in arab summit connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Jaworski Tape Order
Orders Nixon to comply with Jaworski's subpoena for sixty-four White House recordings and allows the president time to appeal.
Strike
Says in Parliament road blocks cause supplies not to get to some Catholic areas
Bruce Springsteen
Writes that he has seen rock and roll future after watching Springsteen perform in Cambridge.
Diamond Dogs
Releases Diamond Dogs, moving from glam rock toward dystopian themes and a more theatrical stage presentation.
President of France
Nominated Prime Minister of France by Giscard dEstaing
Rule of Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland is brought under direct rule from Westminster
Israeli Approval of Disengagement
Israel agreed to a military disengagement arrangement with Syria after negotiations led by the United States, allowing international monitoring of the new separation lines.
Agreement on the Golan Heights
Israel and Syria sign an agreement on the Golan Heights
Rule of Golan Heights
Israel and Syria sign an agreement on the Golan Heights
Disengagement
Participates in diplomacy leading to the Syrian-Israeli disengagement agreement.
Agreement Provides for Buffer Zone
The Syrian-Israeli disengagement agreement defined an area of separation and adjoining zones subject to limits on forces and armaments under international supervision.
Disengagement
Accepts the Syrian-Israeli disengagement agreement after prolonged postwar diplomacy.
Watergate Tape Appeal
Pursues Nixon's appeal against Judge Sirica's order requiring production of subpoenaed recordings sought by Special Prosecutor Jaworski.
Dark Horse Records
George Harrison founds Dark Horse Records, its 1st hit is "Costafine Town" by Splinter
General Strike
Unionist opposition, Provisional IRA violence & finally a loyalist general strike cause the collapse of the Agreement
IRA - General Strike
Government record concerning the IRA: Unionist opposition, Provisional IRA violence & finally a loyalist general strike cause the collapse of the Agreement
IRA - General Strike
Historical IRA record under Conservative Party Government: Unionist opposition, Provisional IRA violence & finally a loyalist general strike cause the collapse of the Agreement
IRA - General Strike
IRA context for Edward Richard George Heath: Unionist opposition, Provisional IRA violence & finally a loyalist general strike cause the collapse of the Agreement
IRA - Sunningdale Agreement
Government record concerning the IRA: Unionist opposition, Provisional IRA violence & finally a loyalist general strike cause the collapse of the Agreement
IRA - Sunningdale Agreement
Historical IRA record under Conservative Party Government: Unionist opposition, Provisional IRA violence & finally a loyalist general strike cause the collapse of the Agreement
IRA - Sunningdale Agreement
IRA context for Edward Richard George Heath: Unionist opposition, Provisional IRA violence & finally a loyalist general strike cause the collapse of the Agreement
IRA
Unionist opposition, Provisional IRA violence & finally a loyalist general strike cause the collapse of the Agreement
Sunningdale Agreement
Unionist opposition, Provisional IRA violence & finally a loyalist general strike cause the collapse of the Agreement
Nuclear Program Expansion
Bhutto accelerates Pakistan's nuclear-weapons effort after India's first nuclear test.
Syrian Disengagement Negotiations
President Hafez al-Assad pursued negotiations over military separation after the October war, seeking Israeli withdrawals and arrangements for the future ceasefire.
Pioneer 11 Saturn Retargeting
Mission planners retarget Pioneer 11 to use Jupiter's gravity for a later encounter with Saturn.
Birth of David Robert Joseph Beckham
Birth oof David Robert Joseph Beckham
Child Benefit Bill
The Government advances child benefit legislation as part of family income support reform.
Sikkim Statehood
Sikkim becomes India's twenty-second state.
Thirty-sixth Amendment
The Thirty-sixth Amendment completes Sikkim's admission as a full state of India.
Earls Court
Begins Led Zeppelin's celebrated run of Earls Court concerts.
Earls Court
Performs during Led Zeppelin's major Earls Court concerts.
Trial
Opening day of the Stammheim trial of Baader, Ensslin, Meinhof, and Jan-Carl Raspe began, named after a city district of Stuttgart where it takes place
Red Army Faction
The Stammheim trial of Baader, Ensslin, Meinhof, and Jan-Carl Raspe begins, named after a city district of Stuttgart where it takes place
Trial
Opening day of the Stammheim trial of Baader, Ensslin, Meinhof, and Jan-Carl Raspe began, named after a city district of Stuttgart where it takes place
Trial
Opening day of the Stammheim trial of Baader, Ensslin, Meinhof, and Jan-Carl Raspe began, named after a city district of Stuttgart where it takes place
Red Army Faction
The Stammheim trial of Baader, Ensslin, Meinhof, and Jan-Carl Raspe begins, named after a city district of Stuttgart where it takes place
Trial
Opening day of the Stammheim trial of Baader, Ensslin, Meinhof, and Jan-Carl Raspe began, named after a city district of Stuttgart where it takes place
Trial
Opening day of the Stammheim trial of Baader, Ensslin, Meinhof, and Jan-Carl Raspe began, named after a city district of Stuttgart where it takes place
Second Goal Secures European Cup Defence
Gerd Muller scores Bayernโs second goal against Leeds United, sealing the clubโs second consecutive European Cup triumph.
Opening Goal Against Leeds in Paris
Franz Roth breaks the deadlock late in the European Cup final as Bayern defeat Leeds United 2-0 and retain the trophy.
Renegotiation Campaign
Supports continued European Community membership after renegotiation.
Exile of Nguyen van Thieu
Thieu escapes to begin a life in exile, in London, then in Boston
Wired
Produces Wired, another influential Jeff Beck instrumental rock album.
Cup Winners' Cup Final Two Goals
Scores twice in Anderlecht's 4-2 European Cup Winners' Cup final victory over West Ham United.
Pay Policy
Healey works with the TUC on a second phase of pay restraint.
Social Contract
Healey works with the TUC on the second phase of pay restraint.
Pay Policy
Accepts a second phase limiting pay rises to modest weekly amounts.
Cup Winners' Cup Final Equaliser
Scores West Ham United's second goal to make the Cup Winners' Cup final against Anderlecht 2-2.
Cup Winners' Cup Final Opening Goal
Scores the opening goal for West Ham United in the European Cup Winners' Cup final against Anderlecht.
Cup Winners' Cup Final Two Goals
Scores twice as Anderlecht defeat West Ham United 4-2 to win their first European trophy.
Election of Elias Sarkis
The Lebanese parliament elects Elias Sarkis as president while the civil war is still under way, with his assumption of office deferred until the completion of Suleiman Frangieh's term.
Death of Ulrike Marie Meinhof
Death of Ulrike Meinhof, found dead in her cell, hanging from a rope made from jail towels, an investigation concludes that she had hanged herself, a result hotly contested at the time, spurring conspiracy theories
Suicide
Death of Ulrike Meinhof, found dead in her cell, hanging from a rope made from jail towels, an investigation concludes that she had hanged herself, a result hotly contested at the time, spurring conspiracy theories
Death of Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto
Death of Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto
Third Consecutive European Cup
Captains Bayern Munich to a third consecutive European Cup with victory at Hampden.
European Cup Final Clean Sheet
Keeps a clean sheet as Bayern Munich defeat Saint-Etienne 1-0 at Hampden.
European Cup Final Winning Goal
Scores the only goal as Bayern Munich defeat Saint-Etienne in the European Cup final.
Evaporating Black Hole Stress Tensor
With Stephen Fulling and William Unruh, calculates the quantum stress-energy tensor in a collapse model supporting the standard picture of black hole evaporation.
Evaporating Black Hole Stress Tensor
With Paul Davies and William Unruh, calculates the quantum stress-energy tensor near an evaporating black hole.
Concorde
Britain and France open the trans-Atlantic Concorde service to Washington
Rhodesian forces cross into Mozambique in pursuit of guerrillas
Rhodesian forces cross into Mozambique in pursuit of guerrillas
Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty Signed
The United States and Soviet Union sign the Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty.
Clash
Rhodes and Levene meet surreptitiously with Strummer after a 101ers gig, Rhodes gives him 48 hours to make up his mind whether he wanted to join the new band that would "rival the Pistols"
Clash
Rhodes and Levene meet surreptitiously with Strummer after a 101ers gig, Rhodes gives him 48 hours to make up his mind whether he wanted to join the new band that would "rival the Pistols"
Charlton Loudest Concert
The Who's Charlton Athletic concert is measured at 126 decibels.
Death of Ulrike Marie Meinhof
An enquiry finds suicide the cause, extremists claim otherwise & make her a martyr
Suicide
An enquiry finds suicide the cause, extremists claim otherwise & make her a martyr
Marshal of the Soviet Union
Receives the military rank Marshal of the Soviet Union.
The Final Days Publication
Bernstein and Bob Woodward publish The Final Days, an account of the final months of Richard Nixon's presidency and the Watergate crisis.
Cup Winners' Cup Final Runner-Up
Manages Anderlecht in the European Cup Winners' Cup final, where Hamburg win 2-0.
Debut
Moore plays his final professional game in England for Fulham against Blackburn Rovers
Retirement
Retirement of Bobby Moore from football
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
S-21 Expansion
Tuol Sleng S-21 prison expands interrogation operations
Nuclear Power
Morarji Desai publicly argues that nuclear weapons do not provide useful defence and questions further explosive testing.
Health of Sese Seko Nkuku Ngbendu Banga Mobutu
The terminally ill Mobutu leaves Zaire for treatment
Virgin Records
Signs the Sex Pistols to Virgin Records after earlier label deals with EMI and A&M collapse.
European Cup
Guides Liverpool to their first European Cup.
Shankly Witnesses Liverpool European Cup Breakthrough
Shankly attended Liverpoolโs first European Cup final triumph against Borussia Mรถnchengladbach, watching a team built upon foundations established during his managerial tenure.
American Stars n Bars
Releases American Stars n Bars, including Like a Hurricane.
God Save the Queen
Creates the defaced Queen artwork that becomes one of punk's most famous record sleeves.
God Save the Queen
The Pistols second single, "God Save the Queen", is released, during the week of Queen Elizabeth's Silver Jubilee, the single reached number one in the NME chart
God Save the Queen
Sings God Save the Queen, released during the Silver Jubilee period and banned by major broadcasters.
Jam
"In the City" takes The Jam into the UK Top 40 for the first time
Sex Pistols
The band sign their third and final record deal with Virgin Records
Demonstrations
A new round of protests begins across the nation
Cup Winners' Cup Final Two Goals
Scores twice in Anderlecht's 4-0 European Cup Winners' Cup final victory over Austria Wien.
Cup Winners' Cup Final Two Goals
Scores twice as Anderlecht defeat Austria Wien 4-0 in the European Cup Winners' Cup final.
Bonn Arms Control Discussions
Discusses SALT, European troop reductions and bilateral relations with Helmut Schmidt.
Ipswich Town FA Cup Victory
Manages Ipswich Town to a 1-0 FA Cup final victory over Arsenal.
FA Cup Captaincy
Mick Mills captains Ipswich Town to the 1978 FA Cup triumph over Arsenal, leading a defence that preserves a clean sheet in the Wembley final.
Death of Aldo Moro
Death of Aldo Moro
Assassination of Aldo Moro
Moros body is found in a parked car in Rome
European Cup Final with Club Brugge
Manages Club Brugge in the European Cup final, where Liverpool win 1-0 at Wembley.
Jensen Keeps Brugge Competitive at Wembley
Birger Jensen makes important stops against Liverpool in the 1978 European Cup final before Kenny Dalglish scores its only goal.
European Cup
Guides Liverpool to a second successive European Cup.
European Cup Final Goal Against Club Brugge
Scores the only goal as Liverpool defeat Club Brugge in the European Cup final at Wembley.
HSCA Bringuier Deposition
Bringuier gave a deposition to the House Select Committee on Assassinations concerning Oswald's New Orleans contacts and anti-Castro Cuban activity.
Bringuier Deposition Review
The committee took Bringuier's deposition and compared his account of Oswald's 1963 New Orleans contacts with Warren Commission evidence.
Response to Second Shaba Invasion
Mobutu again seeks foreign intervention after rebels seize Kolwezi.
Angels with Dirty Faces
Angels with Dirty Faces enters the Official Singles Chart and reaches number nineteen.
I Don't Mind Chart Entry
I Don't Mind enters the Official Singles Chart as Buzzcocks continue their rapid run of releases.
Misfits
The Kinks release Misfits.
Despair
Directs Despair, adapted from Vladimir Nabokov.
The Man-Machine
Helps build The Man-Machine's precise synthesis, vocoder and robotic performance language.
The Man-Machine
Contributes to The Man-Machine during Kraftwerk's most iconic visual period.
The Man-Machine
Releases The Man-Machine, strengthening Kraftwerk's robot image and electronic pop style.
The Man-Machine
Performs electronic percussion on The Man-Machine.
Eastern Zone Purge
Mass purge of Eastern Zone cadres
Pioneer Venus Orbiter Launch
Pioneer Venus Orbiter launches to study Venus's atmosphere, ionosphere, gravity field and cloud-hidden surface.
Invasion of Israel
Withdraws Palestinian forces from a buffer zone between Israel & the Litani River
Invasion of Litani River
Withdraws Palestinian forces from a buffer zone between Israel & the Litani River
Bryukhanov Unit One Full Power
Sees Unit 1 reach its design output of 1,000 megawatts, completing the first reactor's power-development programme.
Barcelona Farewell Appearance
Receives a farewell tribute at Camp Nou as his five-season playing spell at Barcelona reaches its conclusion.
Requests Intervention at Kolwezi
Requests foreign military assistance after FNLC forces seize Kolwezi during the Second Shaba War.
Bonn Visit with Helmut Schmidt
Makes a four-day official visit to West Germany for talks with Chancellor Helmut Schmidt.
Assassination of Morteza Motahhari
Motahhari is assassinated by the Furqan group, removing one of Khomeini's leading clerical allies
The Tin Drum
Directs The Tin Drum, winner of the Palme d'Or at Cannes.
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for Huntingdon, majority of 21,563
Public Accounts Committee Membership
Begins service on the House of Commons Public Accounts Committee while also entering the Treasury as Financial Secretary.
Election
The Conservatives win a majority of 45. Conservatives 339, Labour 268, Liberals 11, others 18
Election
The Labour Party win 36.9% of votes cast & 269 MPs. The Labour Party lose the election after a 7% swing to the Conservatives
Blaby Re-election 1979
Wins re-election as Conservative Member of Parliament for Blaby at the 1979 general election that brings Margaret Thatcher to government.
Election
Leads the Conservatives to victory and becomes Prime Minister.
Edinburgh South Election
Brown contests Edinburgh South but is not elected to Parliament.
Election
The Liberals win 13.8% votes cast & 11 MPs
Conservative Government Returns
The Conservative Party entered government under Margaret Thatcher after the May 1979 general election.
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 1st term
Thatcher Government Begins
Continues in Parliament as Margaret Thatcher forms a Conservative government.
Love Song Chart Entry
Love Song enters the Official Singles Chart and becomes the Damned's first UK Top Twenty hit.
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Geoffrey Howe is appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer on 5 May 1979.
Appointment as Defence Secretary
Appointed Secretary of State for Defence as Margaret Thatcher formed her first government, beginning a cabinet tenure that continued until his January 1981 transfer.
Appointment
Appointed Secretary of State for Environment.
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary
Departure from Treasury
Healey leaves the Treasury after Labour loses the general election.
Shadow Cabinet
Healey becomes Shadow Chancellor after Labour loses the general election.
Shadow Treasury Return
Healey returns to the opposition front bench as Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer.
IRGC Foundation
Khomeini issues the decree establishing the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
Financial Secretary of Treasury
Nigel Lawson is appointed Financial Secretary to the Treasury on 6 May 1979.
1979 FA Cup Final Opening Goal
Scores Arsenal's opening goal in the 3-2 FA Cup final victory over Manchester United.
1979 FA Cup Final Second Goal
Heads Arsenal's second goal in the dramatic 3-2 FA Cup final victory over Manchester United.
Birth of Charles Philip Edmund Bertil
Birth of Charles Philip Edmund Bertil, Charles XVIs son
Birth of Charles Philip Edmund
Birth of Charles Philip Edmund, eldest son of Charles XVI
Price Commission
The Price Commission is abolished
Cup Winners Cup Final Victory
Scores twice as Barcelona defeat Fortuna Dusseldorf 4-3 after extra time in the European final.
Housing and Local Government
Speaks in the Commons on housing and local government shortly after taking office.
Lodger
Releases Lodger, completing the Berlin trilogy with Brian Eno and Tony Visconti.
Lodger
Co-produces Lodger, completing Bowie's Berlin trilogy with Brian Eno.
Ministerial Responsibilities
Answers a parliamentary question on the responsibilities of the Department of the Environment.
Israel begins to return Sinai to Egypt
Israel begins to return Sinai to Egypt
Rule of Sinai
Israel begins to return Sinai to Egypt
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Treaty of Accession
Simonet adds Belgium's signature in his capacity as Foreign Minister.
Treaty of Accession
Van der Meulen signs for Belgium as Permanent Representative to the European Communities.
Treaty of Accession
Martens signs for Belgium as Prime Minister during Greece's accession ceremony.
Treaty of Accession
Kofoed signs for Denmark as a cabinet minister participating in the national delegation.
Treaty of Accession
Riberholdt adds Denmark's signature as the country's Permanent Representative to the European Communities.
Treaty of Accession
Poncet signs for France as Foreign Minister while France presides over the Community institutions.
Treaty of Accession
Nanteuil signs for France in his capacity as Permanent Representative to the European Communities.
Treaty of Accession
Bernard-Reymond joins the French delegation signing the treaty that will make Greece the tenth member.
Treaty of Accession
Genscher signs for West Germany as Federal Foreign Minister during the Athens ceremony.
Treaty of Accession
Sigrist signs for West Germany as Permanent Representative to the European Communities.
Treaty of Accession
Carington signs for Britain as Foreign Secretary at the ceremony admitting Greece.
Treaty of Accession
Maitland signs on Britain's behalf as its senior permanent representative to the European Communities.
Treaty of Accession
Signs Greece's accession treaty as Foreign Minister alongside Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis.
Treaty of Accession
Signs Greece's accession treaty as the minister responsible for national economic affairs.
Treaty of Accession
Signs Greece's Treaty of Accession to the European Communities at the Zappeion in Athens.
Treaty of Accession
O'Kennedy signs for Ireland as Minister for Foreign Affairs during the Zappeion ceremony.
Treaty of Accession
Dillon completes Ireland's delegation signatures as Permanent Representative to the Communities.
Treaty of Accession
Lynch adds Ireland's signature to the treaty admitting Greece to the European Communities.
Treaty of Accession
Plaja represents Italy's permanent mission and signs the treaty admitting Greece to the Communities.
Treaty of Accession
Andreotti signs for Italy as head of government during the Athens accession ceremony.
Treaty of Accession
Battaglia signs for Italy as an under-secretary responsible for foreign affairs.
Treaty of Accession
Dondelinger represents Luxembourg's permanent mission in signing the Greek accession treaty.
Treaty of Accession
Thorn signs for Luxembourg while serving as both Prime Minister and Foreign Minister.
Treaty of Accession
Van der Klaauw signs for the Netherlands as Foreign Minister at the Zappeion ceremony.
Treaty of Accession
Lubbers signs for the Netherlands as its Permanent Representative to the European Communities.
Bryukhanov Unit Two Full Power
Heads the station when Unit 2 reaches its design capacity of 1,000 megawatts after its commissioning programme.
Parliamentary Private Secretary
Appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to Margaret Thatcher at the time she became Prime Minister
Election
Enters no 10 quoting St Francis, "where there is discord, may we bring harmony"
Election
Following the electoral defeat, Livingstone told Socialist Organiser that the blame lay solely with the "Labour Governments policies" and the anti-democratic attitude of Callaghan and the Parliamentary Labour Party, calling for greater party democracy and a turn towards a socialist platform
Election
Standing as Labour candidate for Hampstead, Livingstone is defeated by the incumbent Conservative, Geoffrey Finsberg
Socialist Organiser
Following the electoral defeat, Livingstone told Socialist Organiser that the blame lay solely with the "Labour Governments policies" and the anti-democratic attitude of Callaghan and the Parliamentary Labour Party, calling for greater party democracy and a turn towards a socialist platform
IRGC Command
Abu Sharif becomes associated with early Revolutionary Guard organisation after the force is created
Vote of Confidence
Loses a vote of confidence in the lower house, presented by the Socialist Party
Death of Josip Broz Tito
Death of Josip Broz Tito, leaves a power vacuum that threatens the unity of Yugoslavia
Death of Josip Broz Tito
Death of Josip Broz Tito
Iranian Embassy Siege
Metropolitan Police command hands final assault responsibility to the SAS.
Iranian Embassy Siege
Authorises final action as the Iranian Embassy siege reaches its end.
Iranian Embassy Siege
The SAS storms the Iranian Embassy and ends the hostage siege.
Operation Nimrod
Commands the SAS assault that ends the Iranian Embassy siege.
Operation Nimrod
Leads the SAS structure involved in Operation Nimrod.
West Ham FA Cup Victory
Manages second-tier West Ham United to a 1-0 FA Cup final victory over Arsenal.
Death of Deborah Curtis
Curtis hangs himself in the kitchen of his home; Deborah Curtis, his wife, discovers his body
Death of Ian Curtis
Curtis hangs himself in the kitchen of his home; Deborah Curtis, his wife, discovers his body
Joy Division
Curtis hangs himself in the kitchen of his home; Deborah Curtis, his wife, discovers his body
Quebec Referendum
Campaigns for the No side in Quebec first sovereignty referendum.
Publicly apologises to Saudi Arabia for the film Death of a Princess
Publicly apologises to Saudi Arabia for the film "Death of a Princess"
Saudi Arabia
Apologises to Saudi Arabia over the Death of a Princess broadcast dispute.
Covert Arms Support
Akhtar briefs senior Pakistani officers on weapons being covertly supplied to Afghan insurgents resisting Soviet forces.
Birth of Steven George Gerrard
Birth of Steven George Gerrard
Khan Research Laboratories
Zia-ul-Haq renames the Engineering Research Laboratories as Khan Research Laboratories in recognition of A. Q. Khan's work.
Death of Nargis Dutt
Death of Nargis Dutt
Death of Bobby Sands
Death of Bobby Sands, on 66th day of hunger strike
Vacant and Under-used Land
Answers a parliamentary question concerning vacant and under-used land.
Government
Expels all Libyan Diplomats due to Libyas support for terrorists
GLC
Livingstone calls a caucus of his supporters. announcing his intent to challenge Mc Intoshs leadership, he invited those assembled to stand for other GLC posts.
GLC
Livingstone defeated him by 30 votes to 20 & the entire left caucus slate is then elected.
GLC
Mc Intosh proclaims the GLC coup illegitimate, asserting that Labour was in danger from a leftist take-over.
GLC
the meeting ends having agreed on a full slate of candidates then Mc Intosh holds a GLC Labour meeting. the attendees called an immediate leadership election, in which.
GLC
Livingstone calls a caucus of his supporters; announcing his intent to challenge McIntoshs leadership, he invited those assembled to stand for other GLC posts, the meeting ends having agreed on a full slate of candidates then McIntosh holds a GLC Labour meeting; the attendees called an immediate leadership election, in which Livingstone defeated him by 30 votes to 20 & the entire left caucus slate is then elected
Withdrawal Negotiations at Damascus
Syria tells Israel it will not withdraw missiles in Lebanon
Election
Wins 51.7% of the vote, 48.3% for Valery Giscard dEstaing
President of France
Appointed President of France, 1st term
Election
Defeated by Mitterand in the 2nd round of the Presidential election
Computer World
Shapes Computer World's computerised speech, rhythm and information-age themes.
Computer World
Contributes percussion and songwriting to Computer World.
Computer World
Releases Computer World, predicting everyday life shaped by data, networks and machines.
Computer World
Performs electronic percussion on Computer World.
Election
The Social Democrats sustain heavy losses in West Berlin
Death of Bob Marley
Death of Bob Marley
KGB (Committee for State Security)
Mehmet Ali Agca claims he was working for the KGB
Plot
Shot in the Vatican Sqr by a Turk, Mehmet Ali Agca. Mehmet Ali Agca claims he was working for the KGB
GLC
Deputy leader Illtyd Harrington said the administration was challenging the absurd cosmetic approach to Armageddon.
GLC
The GLC published the names of 3,000 politicians and administrators designated to survive a nuclear attack on London in underground bunkers.
GLC
The Livingstone administration declared London a nuclear-free zone and stopped the GLC's annual ยฃ1 million spending on nuclear-war defence plans.
GLC
Deputy leader Illtyd Harrington said the administration was challenging the absurd cosmetic approach to Armageddon.
GLC
The GLC published the names of 3,000 politicians and administrators designated to survive a nuclear attack on London in underground bunkers.
GLC
The Livingstone administration declared London a nuclear-free zone and stopped the GLC's annual ยฃ1 million spending on nuclear-war defence plans.
Prime Minister of France
Appointed Prime Minister of France
Assassination of Jaime Roldos Aguilera
Death of Jaime Roldos Aguilera, killed by terrorists in an air-crash
Death of Jaime Roldos Aguilera
Death of Jaime Roldos Aguilera, killed by terrorists in an air-crash
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador after the death of Jaime Roldos
Gulf Cooperation Council Founded
Supports Saudi diplomacy during the council's creation.
Gulf Cooperation Council Founded
Joins the leaders establishing the Gulf Cooperation Council.
Resignation of Arnaldo Frolani
Resigns after top officials are linked to the "P2" masonic lodge
European Cup
Leads Liverpool to European Cup victory over Real Madrid.
Coup
Shot dead during a military coup
Death of Ziaur Rahman
Shot dead during a military coup
The Wall
Pink Floyd play Earls Court, the performance is filmed for inclusion in the film of "The Wall"
The Wall
Pink Floyd play Earls Court, the performance is filmed for inclusion in the film of "The Wall"
Pink Floyd
Nick Mason releases his solo album, "Fictitious Sports" with help from Carla Bley and Robert Wyatt
Election
A Labour GLC election victory, with McIntosh installed as Head of the GLC; within 24 hours he would be deposed by members of his own party, replaced by Livingstone
GLC
A Labour GLC election victory, with McIntosh installed as Head of the GLC; within 24 hours he would be deposed by members of his own party, replaced by Livingstone
Election
Livingstone turns his attention to achieving a GLC Labour victory, exchanging his safe-seat in Hackney North for the marginal Inner London seat at Paddington; wins the seat by 2,397 votes. A Labour GLC election victory, with McIntosh installed as Head of the GLC; within 24 hours he would be deposed by members of his own party, replaced by Livingstone
GLC
A Labour GLC election victory, with McIntosh installed as Head of the GLC; within 24 hours he would be deposed by members of his own party, replaced by Livingstone
GLC
Cutler and the Conservatives learn of Livingstones plans, proclaiming that a GLC Labour victory would lead to a Marxist takeover of London and then Britain; the rightist press pick up the story, with the Daily Express using the headline of "Why We Must Stop These
GLC
Livingstone turns his attention to achieving a GLC Labour victory, exchanging his safe-seat in Hackney North for the marginal Inner London seat at Paddington; wins the seat by 2,397 votes.
GLC
Red Wreckers".
Plot
John Paul II visits Mehmet Ali Agca & forgives him
DFB Cup Comeback Against Nuremberg
Paul Breitner helps Bayern recover from a 2-0 deficit to defeat Nuremberg 4-2 in the German Cup final.
Operation Black Buck
British Vulcans attack Stanley airfield.
Operation Black Buck
Operations against the Falklands open with the "Black Buck 1" attack on the airfield at Stanley
Air Attacks on Falklands
Air attacks begin on the Argentine garrison on the Falklands
Operation Black Buck
Operations against the Falklands open with the "Black Buck 1" attack on the airfield at Stanley
Mirage Air Combat
Leads Sea Harrier combat operations as British fighters engage Argentine aircraft on the opening day of major air attacks.
Operation Black Buck
Pilots the Vulcan bomber during Black Buck 1.
Black Buck 1 Tanker Support
Flies a Victor tanker deep into the refuelling sequence supporting Vulcan XM607 on Black Buck 1.
Refuelling Probe Failure
Suffers a refuelling-probe failure in severe weather, forcing Bob Tuxford's Victor to take over the final tanker role.
Black Buck 1 Tanker Mission
Captains Victor K2 XL189 during the complex tanker operation supporting the first Black Buck raid.
Final Vulcan Refuelling
Provides the final planned fuel transfer that enables Martin Withers's Vulcan to continue toward Stanley.
Diplomatic Proposal
Peruvian President Belaunde Terry presents a peace proposal to Galtieri who gives preliminary acceptance with some modifications
Sinking of ARA General Belgrano - HMS Conqueror Attack
HMS Conqueror fired three torpedoes at General Belgrano on 2 May 1982; two struck and the cruiser was abandoned as she sank.
Sinking of ARA General Belgrano
The General Belgrano is sunk outside the Exclusion Zone demarcated by the British. Over 700 men are rescued from the open ocean despite cold seas and stormy weather, the 368 losses from the Belgrano total just over half of Argentine deaths in the Falklands conflict
Abandon Ship
Orders evacuation as flooding and damage make it impossible to save General Belgrano.
Belgrano Torpedoed
Is commanding General Belgrano when HMS Conqueror torpedoes the cruiser.
General Belgrano Patrol
Commands the cruiser ARA General Belgrano while it operates southwest of the Falkland Islands.
Provisional President Takes Office
Magana becomes provisional President after the Constituent Assembly election
Invasion of Falklands
The General Belgrano is sunk by HMS conqueror
Meeting with United Nations Secretary General Perez de Cuellar
Meets United Nations Secretary-General Javier Perez de Cuellar in New York as Britain considers a possible United Nations diplomatic route after the failure of earlier American mediation efforts.
Naval Losses
General Belgrano sunk 30 miles outside exclusion zone by submarine Conqueror on orders of War Cabinet who claim self-defence - 368 Argentines die
Naval Losses
The General Belgrano is sunk outside the Exclusion Zone demarcated by the British. After the loss of the Belgrano, the entire Argentine fleet returns to port and do not leave again for the duration of hostilities
Naval Losses
HMS Conqueror sinks the Argentine cruiser General Belgrano.
Sinking of General Belgrano
HMS Conqueror sinks the cruiser General Belgrano.
Sinking of General Belgrano
The cruiser sinking changes Argentine naval operations.
Constitution of Peru
The sinking occurs 14 hours after Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru Fernando Belapounds nde Terry had proposed a comprehensive peace plan and called for regional unity
Diplomatic Proposal
Peruvian President Belaunde Terry presents a peace proposal to Galtieri who gives preliminary acceptance with some modifications
Sinking of ARA General Belgrano - Peace Initiative Context
Belgrano was torpedoed while Peruvian President Fernando Belaรบnde Terry was promoting a peace proposal aimed at ending the Falklands conflict.
Sinking of ARA General Belgrano
The sinking occurs 14 hours after Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru Fernando Belapounds nde Terry had proposed a comprehensive peace plan and called for regional unity
Diplomatic Plan
Rejects the Peruvian peace plan, cites the sinking of the Belgrano. Galtieri rejects Peruvian peace plan, citing General Belgrano
Sinking of ARA General Belgrano - Rescue Operation
Argentine and Chilean vessels rescued 772 survivors from General Belgrano between 3 and 5 May amid cold, worsening South Atlantic weather.
Sinking of ARA General Belgrano
Galtieri rejects Peruvian peace plan, citing General Belgrano. After the loss of the Belgrano, the entire Argentine fleet returns to port and do not leave again for the duration of hostilities
Haig Negotiated Settlement Letter
Receives Haig's appeal to continue seeking a negotiated settlement despite military developments, with Washington warning that continued fighting could produce prolonged instability and hostility.
Naval Losses
Galtieri rejects Peruvian peace plan, citing General Belgrano
British Fleet Located
Commands naval reconnaissance activity that locates the British force before the Super Etendard attack on HMS Sheffield.
Neptune Contact Maintained
Uses a Neptune patrol aircraft to maintain contact information on the British force for the Sheffield strike.
Strike Targeting Information
Provides targeting information that enables the Super Etendard pair to approach the British naval formation.
Exocet Attack on Sheffield
Launches an AM39 Exocet during the mission that fatally damages HMS Sheffield.
First Argentine Naval Air Strike
Participates in the Argentine Navy's first wartime Super Etendard and Exocet attack against the British fleet.
Sheffield Strike Launch
Takes off in a Super Etendard with Armando Mayora for an Exocet strike against the British task force.
Exocet Mission Refuelling
Completes aerial refuelling with Bedacarratz before the pair continue at low level toward the British task force.
Return from Sheffield Strike
Returns to Rio Grande after the attack that leaves HMS Sheffield fatally damaged.
Sheffield Strike Wingman
Flies as the second Super Etendard pilot in the Exocet mission against HMS Sheffield.
Expanded Contact Group Proposal
Sends Haig an expanded settlement proposal linking ceasefire and mutual withdrawal with a temporary contact group, safeguards for the islanders and a timetable for final negotiations.
Peruvian Peace Proposal Statement
Tells the Commons he is responding positively to Peruvian peace ideas while insisting that Argentine withdrawal must accompany any ceasefire and precede substantive negotiations.
Naval Losses
The British lose the Type 42 destroyer HMS Sheffield to fire following an Exocet missile strike - 20 die
Operation Black Buck
British forces begin bombarding Argentine positions around Stanley
Loss of HMS Sheffield
HMS Sheffield is hit by an Exocet missile.
Loss of HMS Sheffield
Loses HMS Sheffield to Argentine air attack.
Occupation
Israel accepts the US proposal for mutual withdrawal from Lebanon of Israel & Syria
Cabinet Acceptance of Peace Framework
Conveys that the British Cabinet will accept the American-Peruvian proposals as a basis for further work, subject to changes on withdrawal, terminology and safeguards for the islanders.
Draft Interim Agreement Amendments
Replies to Haig with British amendments to the proposed interim agreement, seeking explicit withdrawal of all Argentine forces and clearer language protecting British requirements.
Diplomatic Plan at London
Emergency meeting of full British cabinet approves Peruvian peace plan
Diplomatic Plan at London
Full cabinet approval of the Peruvian peace plan
Peruvian Peace Plan
Cabinet considers and accepts the Peruvian peace plan.
Diplomatic Plan
The Junta rejects the Peruvian peace plan for a 2nd time. Argentine junta rejects Peruvian peace plan
Ceasefire and Withdrawal Linkage
Agrees with Haig that any ceasefire must be tied to simultaneous Argentine withdrawal, regarding that linkage as essential to prevent occupation from being frozen in place.
Haig Telephone Consultation on United Nations Route
Discusses Argentina's rejection of the latest initiative with Haig and reviews the diplomatic shift toward United Nations mediation under Secretary-General Javier Perez de Cuellar.
Positive Response to United Nations Proposals
Tells Haig Britain cannot simply reject the Secretary-General's initiative and expects to give a positive response while preserving withdrawal and security requirements.
Diplomatic Plan at London
Argentine junta rejects Peruvian peace plan
Commons Report on Rejected Peace Plan
Reports to Parliament that Britain had accepted the American-Peruvian proposals but Argentina rejected them, and rules out a ceasefire without a clear timetable for Argentine withdrawal.
Declaration of Exclusion Zone
The exclusion zone is extended to 12 miles off the Argentine coast
Exclusion Zone
Britain extends total exclusion zone to 12 miles off Argentine coast
Bombing of Beirut
Israeli jets raid PLO bases south of Beirut
Argentina declares the entire South Atlantic a war zone
Argentina declares the entire South Atlantic a war zone
Haig sends his deputy General Vernon Walters to Buenos Aires
Haig sends his deputy General Vernon Walters to Buenos Aires
Haig sends his deputy General Vernon Walters to Buenos Aires
Haig sends his deputy General Vernon Walters to Buenos Aires
Diplomatic Plan
The Junta concedes that "sovereignty not a precondition". Argentine junta concedes that sovereignty of the Islands isn't a precondition to the United Nations peace plan
Diplomatic Plan
Argentine junta concedes that sovereignty of the Islands isnt a precondition to the United Nations peace plan
Francqui Prize
Receives the Francqui Prize for major contributions including spontaneous symmetry breaking, quantum field theory, statistical physics, relativity and cosmology.
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
QE2 leaves Southampton with 5 Infantry Brigade comprising Scots Guards, Welsh Guards and Gurkhas
Diplomatic Plan at London
Argentine junta concedes that sovereignty of the Islands is not a precondition to the United Nations peace plan
QE2 Requisitioned
QE2 sails with 5 Infantry Brigade troops.
5 Infantry Brigade
Deploys south with 5 Infantry Brigade.
Commons Review of Falklands Diplomacy
Reviews the diplomatic effort in the Commons as fighting continues, defending the government's negotiating activity while maintaining that responsibility for policy remains with the government.
Pebble Island Raid
Commands D Squadron in the raid that destroys eleven Argentine aircraft on Pebble Island.
Luxembourg Meeting with Alexander Haig
Meets Haig during the NATO ministerial gathering for an intensive exchange on the Falklands crisis, followed by a joint public statement about their discussions.
Diplomatic Mission to London
Britain's United Nations ambassador Sir Anthony Parsons sent back to New York with British peace proposals
Peace Proposals
Returns to New York with British peace proposals.
Diplomatic Proposal at London
British peace proposals transmitted to Argentina
Diplomatic Proposal
The Junta rejects the British proposals. Argentine junta rejects British peace proposals
Diplomatic Proposal at London
Argentine junta rejects British peace proposals
Diplomatic Proposal at London
The Junta rejects the British proposals
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
War cabinet gives Admiral Woodward the go ahead for landing plan
Falklands Task Force
War cabinet gives Admiral Woodward the go ahead for landing plan
Landing Approved
Receives approval for the San Carlos landing.
Argentine Invasion of Falklands
Thatcher accuses Argentina of obduracy and delay, deception and bad faith, tells Commons of collapse of peace process, and orders task force into battle
Rule of Falkland Islands
Offers to place the Falklands under jurisdiction of the UN, Argentina refuses
Tells Parliament of the collapse of the peace process
Tells Parliament of the collapse of the peace process
Thatcher accuses Argentina of obduracy and delay, deception and bad faith, tells
Thatcher accuses Argentina of obduracy and delay, deception and bad faith, tells Commons of collapse of peace process, and orders task force into battle
United Nations
Offers to place the Falklands under jurisdiction of the UN, Argentina refuses
Trelew Air Base Visit
Visits Trelew during the San Carlos fighting and encourages Argentine aircrews conducting attacks against British forces.
Attack on HMS Argonaut
Attacks HMS Argonaut with cannon and rockets after identifying British ships in San Carlos Water.
Return from San Carlos Reconnaissance
Escapes the heavily defended anchorage after completing reconnaissance and attack passes against the landing force.
San Carlos Reconnaissance
Flies an Aermacchi MB-339 reconnaissance mission over the British landing force at San Carlos.
San Carlos Pucara Sortie
Flies a Pucara ground-attack sortie during the first day of the British San Carlos landings.
Shot Down by Sea Harrier
Is shot down by Nigel Ward's Sea Harrier and ejects safely from his Pucara.
Invasion of Falklands
British troops land at San Carlos Bay
San Carlos Landing
Leads 3 Commando Brigade ashore at San Carlos.
Naval Losses
British frigate Ardent sunk in San Carlos Water by air attack - 22 die
Operation Corporate
Two brigades of troops had been transported 8,000 miles and one of the most successful amphibious landings was conducted in San Carlos Water when 3,000 troops are put ashore without casualties
Operation Sutton
San Carlos landings begin, codenamed Operation Sutton. British frigate Ardent sunk in San Carlos Water by air attack - 22 die
Naval Losses
The Ardent is sunk
Operation Corporate
Two brigades of troops had been transported 8,000 miles and one of the most successful amphibious landings was conducted in San Carlos Water when 3,000 troops are put ashore without casualties
Loss of HMS Ardent
HMS Ardent is sunk after repeated air attacks.
Operation Sutton
HMS Fearless supports the amphibious landing.
Operation Sutton
HMS Intrepid supports the San Carlos landing.
Pucara Shot Down
Shoots down Carlos Tomba's Pucara with cannon fire during the San Carlos fighting.
Operation Sutton
Directs the amphibious landing in San Carlos Water.
Landing Beaches
Advises on landing sites for Operation Sutton.
Darwin Diversionary Raid
Leads a deceptive SAS action near Darwin intended to distract Argentine forces during the San Carlos landings.
UN Security Council
An open debate commences at the United Nations Security Council into the Falkands War
United Nations
An open debate commences at the United Nations Security Council into the Falkands War
Naval Losses
The HMS Antelope is sunk
Loss of HMS Antelope
HMS Antelope is lost after unexploded bombs detonate.
Atlantic Conveyor Exocet Launch
Launches an AM39 Exocet during the attack that sets Atlantic Conveyor ablaze and causes its eventual loss.
Atlantic Conveyor Radar Contact
Acquires British radar contacts during the low-level approach and selects the largest return as the strike target.
Atlantic Conveyor Strike Launch
Takes off from Rio Grande with Julio Barraza for a second major Exocet strike against the British task force.
Atlantic Conveyor Exocet Launch
Launches his Exocet with Curilovic during the coordinated strike on the British formation.
Atlantic Conveyor Strike Wingman
Flies the second Super Etendard in the attack mission against the British naval group.
Return from Atlantic Conveyor Strike
Returns safely after the Exocet attack that destroys Atlantic Conveyor and its helicopter cargo.
United States Peacekeeping Offer Received
Receives Haig's proposal for a United States-Brazil peacekeeping force intended to secure the islanders and support an interim settlement as British forces gain military advantage.
Naval Losses
British destroyer Coventry sunk by air attack - 20 die. British container ship Atlantic Conveyor is abandoned with 3 vital chinook helicopters aboard after an exocet missile hit sets the ship ablaze - 12 die
Naval Losses
The HMS Coventry is sunk. The Atlantic Conveyor is sunk
Loss of HMS Coventry
HMS Coventry is sunk by Argentine aircraft.
Loss of Atlantic Conveyor
Atlantic Conveyor is hit by Exocet missiles.
European Cup Captaincy
Mortimer lifts the European Cup after Villa's victory over Bayern Munich.
European Cup Final Goal
Withe scores the only goal as Aston Villa defeats Bayern Munich in the European Cup final.
Withe European Cup Goal in Saunders Legacy
Withe scores the winner against Bayern Munich as Aston Villa lift the European Cup with a team largely built during Saunders's tenure.
European Cup Final Injury
Rimmer leaves the European Cup final injured after nine minutes.
European Cup Final Performance
Spink replaces the injured Jimmy Rimmer and keeps Bayern Munich scoreless.
European Cup Victory
Barton guides Aston Villa to a 1-0 European Cup final victory over Bayern Munich.
Mortimer European Captain from Saunders Team
Mortimer captains Villa to victory over Bayern Munich, crowning a squad whose rise through English football began under Saunders.
Post-Landing Diplomatic Position
Tells Haig that mutual withdrawal and interim administration are no longer realistic after establishment of the British bridgehead and the resulting shift in parliamentary and public opinion.
Response to United States Peacekeeping Proposal
Replies that Britain is considering the American battalion offer and wider post-conflict security questions, while warning that Argentine refusal to negotiate has changed British political opinion.
Diplomatic Negotiations at London
UN Security Council Resolution 505 instructs de Cuellar to seek negotiated settlement
UN Security Council
UN Security Council Resolution 505 instructs de Cuellar to seek negotiated settlement
UN Security Council
UN Security Council Resolution 505 instructs de Cuellar to seek negotiated settlement
United Nations
UN Resolution 505 bids de Cuellar to seek a settlement to the Falklands War
United Nations
UN Security Council Resolution 505 instructs de Cuellar to seek negotiated settlement
United Nations
UN Resolution 505 bids de Cuellar to seek a settlement to the Falklands War
Election
Contests the Beconsfield by-election during the Falklands War, loses deposit
Battle of Goose Green
Helps capture Goose Green
Battle of Goose Green
Helps capture Goose Green
Battle of Goose Green
Helps capture Goose Green
Battle of Goose Green
Commands 2 Para during the attack on Goose Green.
Battle of Goose Green
Argentine forces surrender at Goose Green after the battle.
Darwin-Goose Green Battle
Directs Argentine resistance during the day-long British advance along the Darwin-Goose Green isthmus.
Goose Green Defence
Commands the principal Argentine Army garrison defending Darwin and Goose Green against 2 Para.
Battle of Goose Green
Darwin and Goose Green are liberated, and the battalion releases the local inhabitants unharmed and forced the surrender of some 1,200 of the enemy. Commands the 2nd Battalion of the Parachute Regiment after H Jones is killed
Goose Green Battalion Advance
Moves forward with 2 Para's tactical group during the fighting around Darwin Hill.
Killed at Goose Green
Is killed while moving forward under fire during the Battle of Goose Green.
Ajax Bay Casevac
Delivers another wounded soldier to the medical facilities at Ajax Bay during intense casualty-evacuation operations.
Goose Green Casualty Evacuation
Flies a Scout helicopter casualty-evacuation mission carrying wounded personnel from the Goose Green battle.
Battle of Goose Green
Is severely wounded during the battle.
Goose Green Company Command
Leads D Company, 2 Para, during the Battle of Goose Green.
Battle of Goose Green
Commands A Company during the fighting.
Battle of Goose Green
Commands B Company during the attack.
Battle of Goose Green
Commands D Company during the battle.
Battle of Goose Green
Takes command after H Jones is killed.
Organisation of American States condemns Britain's military action and calls on the
Organisation of American States condemns Britain's military action and calls on the US to stop helping Britain - only the US, Chile, Colombia and Trinidad & Tobago abstain
Organisation of American States
Organisation of American States condemns Britain's military action and calls on the US to stop helping Britain - only the US, Chile, Colombia and Trinidad & Tobago abstain
Goose Green Surrender
Surrenders the Argentine garrison after negotiations conclude the Battle of Goose Green.
Death of Romy Schneider
Death of Romy Schneider
Battle of Goose Green
Argentines surrender Goose Green, British take 1,400 prisoners, and the Islanders imprisoned at Goose Green by the Argentines are released
Capture of Goose Green
Argentines surrender Goose Green, British take 1,400 prisoners, and the Islanders imprisoned at Goose Green by the Argentines are released
Capture of Goose Green
Receives news of the Argentine surrender at Goose Green.
Organization of American States condemns Britain's military action and calls on the
Organization of American States condemns Britain's military action and calls on the US to stop helping Britain - only the US, Chile, Colombia and Trinidad and Tobago abstain
Organization of American States
Organization of American States condemns Britain's military action and calls on the US to stop helping Britain - only the US, Chile, Colombia and Trinidad and Tobago abstain
Mount Kent Seized
Leads SAS forces deep behind Argentine positions and secures Mount Kent ahead of the main British advance.
Belgrano Survivors
Survives the sinking with members of his crew; 323 Argentine sailors are killed in the loss of the cruiser.
HMS Plymouth Campaign Command
Commands HMS Plymouth through operations from South Georgia to San Carlos and the later Falklands campaign.
Special Forces Campaign Direction
Directs SAS operations in theatre during reconnaissance, raids and actions supporting the British land campaign.
Santa Fe Diving Operations
Spends several weeks supervising hazardous diving and explosive-clearance work aboard and around ARA Santa Fe.
Santa Fe Refloated
Helps make ARA Santa Fe safe enough to be refloated and moved from the harbour.
Air Force Cross
Receives the Air Force Cross for his role in the Black Buck 1 refuelling operation.
Ship Arriving Too Late to Save a Drowning Witch
Releases Ship Arriving Too Late to Save a Drowning Witch, including the unexpectedly successful Valley Girl.
Treaty of SALT II
President Reagan states he will do nothing to undercut the SALT agreements as long as the Soviet Union shows equal restraint
Nuclear Power
President Reagan states he will do nothing to undercut the SALT agreements as long as the Soviet Union shows equal restraint
Demonstrations
Police break up the May Day demonstrations across Poland
May Day
Police break up the May Day demonstrations across Poland
Demonstrations
Police break up the May Day demonstrations across Poland
May Day
Police break up the May Day demonstrations across Poland
UEFA Cup Final First-Leg Goal
Scores the only goal as Anderlecht defeat Benfica in the first leg of the UEFA Cup final.
Communist Party
Iran outlaws the Tufeh, Iranian Communist Party
Tudeh
Iran outlaws the Tufeh, Iranian Communist Party
Diplomatic Proposal
Israel accepts the US proposal for mutual withdrawal from Lebanon of Israel & Syria
Occupation
Israel accepts the US proposal for mutual withdrawal from Lebanon of Israel & Syria
Government
Reagan declares his support for the Nicaraguan Contras
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Diplomatic Proposal
Israel accepts the US proposal for mutual withdrawal from Lebanon of Israel & Syria
Occupation
Israel accepts the US proposal for mutual withdrawal from Lebanon of Israel & Syria
Government
Israel accepts the US proposal for mutual withdrawal from Lebanon of Israel & Syria
Legislation
The Energy Act 1983 receives Royal Assent, facilitating private generation and supply of electricity and extending competition in the electricity sector.
Reform of Industry
The Energy Act 1983 receives Royal Assent and creates a statutory framework intended to encourage private electricity generation and competition.
Socialist & Freedom Party
Leads a new coalition Government, Socialist & Freedom Party
First National Protest
Confronts the first nationwide protest against military rule amid recession and growing political opposition.
European Cup Winners Cup
Aberdeed seal a 2-1 victory over Real Madrid in the final of the European Cup Winners Cup, becoming only the third Scottish team to win a European trophy and Ferguson now felt that "hed done something worthwhile with his life"
Manifesto
Pledges to create 2.5 million jobs over 5yrs. Calls for unilateral nuclear disarmament. Calls for Britains withdrawal from the EC
Occupation
Israel & Lebanon sign an agreement for Israeli withdrawal within 3 months
Occupation
Israel & Lebanon sign an agreement for Israeli withdrawal within 3 months
Serious Moonlight Tour
Begins the Serious Moonlight tour, turning his early-1980s commercial success into a major global concert event.
Election
The Conservative Party manifesto for the forthcoming election is published
Manifesto
The Conservative Party manifesto for the forthcoming election is published
The Conservative Party manifesto for the forthcoming election
The Conservative Party manifesto for the forthcoming election is published
UEFA Cup Final Second-Leg Equaliser
Scores Anderlecht's equaliser against Benfica, securing the UEFA Cup 2-1 on aggregate.
Landslide Government Warning
During the general election campaign, warns that very large parliamentary majorities do not necessarily produce successful governments, a remark widely interpreted as distancing him from Thatcher's expected landslide victory.
Election
1st day of the election campaign, the first press conference takes place
Member of Parliament
Selected as candidate for Sedgfield
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor of Austria
Federal Vice Chancellor
Appointed Federal Vice Chancellor
International Agreement
The US agrees ro export high technolgy items to China
Government
The US agrees ro export high technolgy items to China
Election
The opinion polls give the Conservatives a lead of 13%-19% over the Labour Party
Gunnar Thoroddsen Government
The Gunnar Thoroddsen Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
First Steingrimur Hermannsson Government
Begins the First Steingrimur Hermannsson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Prime Minister of Iceland
Appointed Prime Minister of Iceland
Election
Attends the G7 summit at Williamsburg during the election campaign
G7
Attends the G7 summit at Williamsburg during the election campaign
Economy of Great Britain
Inflation reaches a low point of 3.7%
Inflation
Inflation reaches a low point of 3.7%
Coup
Visits the USA where his view of free entrprise leads to a coup by his colleagues
Visit to Washington
Visits the USA where his view of free entrprise leads to a coup by his colleagues
Government
Forms a coalition Government
Prime Minister of Iceland
Appointed Prime Minister of Iceland
Fatah Leadership Rebellion
Arafat faces an internal Fatah rebellion backed by Syria, creating a major challenge to his authority within the Palestinian movement.
Strike
Rival groups of miners throw stones and hurl bricks at each other when 5,000 working miners stage a right-to-work march
Strike
Rival groups of miners throw stones and hurl bricks at each other when 5,000 working miners stage a right-to-work march
Nottinghamshire May Demonstration
Working miners in Nottinghamshire staged a protest asserting their right to continue working.
Strike
10,000 miners march through London to Parliament. Police arrest 110
Strike
The Opposition Labour Party accuses the Government of intervening directly to defeat the miners. The Government denies it interfere in any Coal Board settlement
Nottinghamshire Mansfield March
Miners and supporters demonstrated in Mansfield as local tensions over the strike deepened.
European Cup Winners Cup Triumph
Zbigniew Boniek plays for Juventus as the Italian club defeats Porto 2-1 in the European Cup Winners Cup final, adding a major continental trophy to his career.
Government
A small polyp is removed from Reagans colon
Paris, Texas
Paris, Texas wins the Palme d'Or at Cannes.
1984 FA Cup Final Header
Andy Gray adds Evertonโs second goal against Watford, sealing the clubโs fourth FA Cup triumph under Howard Kendall.
FA Cup Final Opening Goal
Graeme Sharp scores Evertonโs opening goal against Watford in the 1984 FA Cup final as the club secures a 2โ0 victory.
Exile of Andrei Sakharov
Passes papers to US diplomats which request his wife be given asylum in the US embassy
Election
Elected President of Germany
Strike
Scargill insists pitts must close on the basis of exhaustion. Negotiations begin with the NUM
Strike
Negotiations begin with the NCB, Scargill says only exhausted pits should close
Coal Board Talks Open
Board representatives met NUM officials in an effort to resolve the dispute over closures.
NCB Talks With NUM
Coal Board and NUM officials held discussions over colliery closures and the criteria used to close pits.
MacGregor Begins Union Talks
MacGregor's organisation entered discussions with NUM representatives about closure procedures.
Strike
Miners try to force the closure of the Sheffield steel plant & confront the police
NUM Orgreave Picketing
Arthur Scargill supported mass picketing at Orgreave as miners attempted to disrupt coke movements.
First Orgreave Mass Picket
Arthur Scargill backed the attempt by striking miners to disrupt coke deliveries from the Orgreave plant.
Arrest of Arthur Scargill
Scargill arrested on Orgreave picket line
Strike
Scargill arrested on Orgreave picket line
European Cup
Guides Liverpool to European Cup victory over Roma.
NUM Leader Arrested
Police arrested Arthur Scargill at Orgreave during picketing linked to the miners strike.
Scargill Arrest At Orgreave
Police arrested NUM president Arthur Scargill during a day of confrontation outside Orgreave.
President of Salvador
Appointed President of Salvador
European Parliament Address
Mitterrand addressed the European Parliament and urged renewed political momentum for European integration.
The Pros And Cons Of Hitch Hiking
Roger Waters releases his first solo album, "The Pros And Cons Of Hitch Hiking"
Manager
Ball resumes his managerial career iwith Portsmouth and was a huge success
Government
Duarte visits Washington & persuades Congress to provide more military aid to Salvador
G7
The G7 summit opens in Bonn
Visit to Bitburg
Reagan visits the Bitburg Nazi cemetery with Chancellor Helmut Khol
Government
Reagan visits the Bitburg Nazi cemetery with Chancellor Helmut Khol
UEFA Cup Final Third Goal
Scores Real Madrid's third goal in the 3-0 first-leg UEFA Cup final victory over Videoton.
UEFA Cup Final First-Leg Goal
Scores as Real Madrid beat Videoton 3-0 away in the first leg of the UEFA Cup final.
Government
Reagan speaks to the European Parliament on 40th anniversary of V-E Day
Award
Lionel Richie receives an honorary Doctor of Music degree from Tuskegee Institute in Alabama
Marriage
The Boss, Bruce Springsteen, marries actress/model Julianne Phillips in ceremonies in Lake Oswego, OR
Cup Winners Cup Final Goal
Andy Gray scores for Everton as they defeat Rapid Vienna 3โ1 in Rotterdam to win the European Cup Winnersโ Cup.
European Final Decisive Strike
Trevor Steven scores Evertonโs third goal against Rapid Vienna to confirm the clubโs European Cup Winnersโ Cup victory.
Arrest of 1,500 Palestinians
Israel frees 1,500 Palestinians for 3 Israeli soldiers
Birth of Mark Cavendish
Birth of Mark Cavendish
Bombing of Beirut
A car bomb kills 50 & wounds 172
First UEFA Cup Title
Guides Real Madrid to their first UEFA Cup title after a 3-1 aggregate victory over Videoton.
Bounty
Mengele becomes the worlds most sought-after fugitive with a bounty of $4 million
Exile of Josef Mengele
West Germany, Israel & the USA announce a combined effort to track down Josef Mengele. Mengele becomes the worlds most sought-after fugitive with a bounty of $4 million
Everything She Wants
Wham!, featuring George Michael, became the 1st group since the Bee Gees in 1979 to have three consecutive no 1 singles. "Everything She Wants" starts a 2-week run at no 1
Joint Declaration Ratification
Serves as Foreign Secretary when Parliament completes ratification of the Sino-British Joint Declaration governing Hong Kong's 1997 transfer.
European Cup Final Appearance
Zbigniew Boniek appears for Juventus in the European Cup final against Liverpool, a match overshadowed by the deadly Heysel Stadium disaster.
Foreign Policy Statement at Brussels
English officials announce no teams under their control will play football in Europe
Live Aid
Dave Gilmour appears at Live Aid as part of Bryan Ferrys band
Liverpool Manager
Becomes Liverpool player-manager after Joe Fagan retires.
Siege of Kabul
Rebel groups are active in and around Kabul, unleashing rocket attacks and conducting operations against the communist Government
Government
Visits a German military ceremony, 47 Waffen SS are buried there
Shcherbina Thirty-Kilometre Evacuation Expansion
Leads the commission as evacuation is expanded to settlements within the thirty-kilometre zone and other contaminated communities.
Pikalov Servicemen Dose Review
Reports on radiation doses received by military personnel engaged in the first days of the Chernobyl response.
DFB Cup Final Hat-Trick
Dieter Hoeness scores three goals as Bayern beat Stuttgart 5-2 to win the DFB Cup.
Summit
3-6 May, attends the Tokyo G7 summit
Removal from Party Leadership
Karmal is replaced by Mohammad Najibullah as PDPA general secretary.
Party Leadership
Najibullah becomes PDPA general secretary and begins consolidating control over the government.
Shcherbina Commission Handover
Hands daily leadership of the on-site Government Commission to Ivan Silayev as the response enters a new phase.
Silayev Takes Chernobyl Commission Command
Replaces Boris Shcherbina as chairman of the on-site Government Commission managing the Chernobyl response.
Transfer to Salyut 7
Undocks from Mir aboard Soyuz T-15 to visit Salyut 7 and recover equipment for transfer to the newer station.
Antoshkin Helicopter Operation Completion
Completes the main phase of the helicopter operation after thousands of tonnes of material have been delivered.
Election
Wins an overwhelming majority in the white-only election
Second UEFA Cup Title
Guides Real Madrid to a second consecutive UEFA Cup title against Cologne.
Death of Tenzing Norgay
Death of Tenzing Norgay
Prime Minister of Norway
Appointed Prime Minister of Norway, 2nd term
Second Gro Harlem Brundtland Government
Begins the Second Gro Harlem Brundtland Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Kรฅre Willoch Government
The Kรฅre Willoch Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Chernobyl Mission Conclusion
Concludes the IAEA mission to the Soviet Union after obtaining information that can be shared with the international nuclear community.
Chernobyl Mission to USSR
Concludes an IAEA mission to the Soviet Union after discussions concerning the Chernobyl accident and its international implications.
Post-Accident International Cooperation
Promotes international exchange of information about the reactor accident.
Liverpool League and FA Cup Double
Wins the League and FA Cup Double in his first season as Liverpool player-manager.
Tishura Death from Radiation Syndrome
Dies from acute radiation syndrome after receiving a fatal radiation dose at Chernobyl.
Akimov Death from Radiation Syndrome
Dies in Moscow after developing severe acute radiation syndrome from the dose received during the Unit 4 emergency response.
Pravik Death from Radiation Syndrome
Dies from acute radiation syndrome after leading the initial firefighting response at Chernobyl.
Kibenok Death from Radiation Syndrome
Dies from acute radiation syndrome after participating in the first-night firefighting response.
Ignatenko Death from Radiation Syndrome
Dies from acute radiation syndrome after fighting fires around the destroyed Unit 4 reactor.
Chernobyl Government Statement
Addresses the Soviet public about Chernobyl after international detection of radioactive fallout makes continued silence untenable.
Chernobyl Public Address
Delivers a televised address explaining the Chernobyl accident and criticising Western reporting while acknowledging the seriousness of the disaster.
Disaster
Speaks on Russian TV because radiation levels can be measured in the west
Nuclear Power
Speaks on Russian TV because radiation levels can be measured in the west
Toptunov Death from Radiation Syndrome
Dies from acute radiation syndrome after receiving a fatal radiation dose during the Unit 4 emergency.
Titenok Death from Radiation Syndrome
Dies from acute radiation syndrome after receiving a fatal dose during the Chernobyl firefighting operation.
Proskuryakov Death from Radiation Syndrome
Dies after suffering severe acute radiation syndrome from the dose received during the reactor-hall mission.
Secretary of State for the Environment
Appointed Secretary of State for the Environment
IAEA Board Chernobyl Review
Leads the IAEA during a Board review of the Chernobyl accident and the need for stronger international nuclear-safety cooperation.
Nuclear Safety Cooperation Strengthened
Supports stronger international cooperation in nuclear safety and notification.
Environment Secretary Appointment
Nicholas Ridley became Secretary of State for the Environment in the Thatcher government.
Sitnikov Death from Radiation Syndrome
Dies from severe acute radiation syndrome after receiving a fatal dose during the Unit 4 inspection.
Kostin Liquidator Documentation
Continues photographing the cleanup operation and the workers later known collectively as Chernobyl liquidators.
Fomin Communist Party Expulsion
Is expelled from the Communist Party after the Chernobyl disaster as authorities assign political and managerial responsibility.
Fomin Post-Accident Investigation
Becomes a central subject of the Soviet investigation into plant management and the failed safety test.
Chernobyl Cleanup Mobilization
Oversees a national response that mobilizes military personnel, engineers, scientists and civilian workers for cleanup and containment.
Chernobyl Glasnost Impact
Confronts domestic criticism that secrecy surrounding Chernobyl conflicts with his policy of greater openness under glasnost.
Chernobyl International Cooperation
Supports increased cooperation with the IAEA as international concern grows over the transboundary effects of the accident.
Nuclear Safety Review
Orders broader consideration of nuclear-safety shortcomings exposed by the Chernobyl accident.
Shcherbina Chernobyl Follow-Up
Continues participating in senior Soviet decisions about containment, resettlement and investigation after leaving daily on-site command.
Shcherbina Emergency Resource Mobilization
Directs the mobilization of military, scientific, engineering, transport and medical resources for accident mitigation.
Silayev Cleanup Logistics Coordination
Coordinates supplies, transport, equipment and personnel required for the rapidly expanding accident-mitigation operation.
Silayev Government Commission Rotation
Completes his period leading the rotating on-site Government Commission as other deputy premiers assume subsequent shifts.
Silayev Operations Centre Creation
Establishes a centralized management centre to coordinate military, engineering, transport and technical work at Chernobyl.
Silayev Radiation Response Coordination
Oversees work by chemical-defense units and specialist teams monitoring contamination across the accident zone.
Silayev Reactor Stabilization Oversight
Directs commission priorities as specialists work to cool, cover and stabilize the destroyed Unit 4 reactor.
Legasov Chernobyl Technical Investigation
Continues technical investigation of reactor damage, releases and measures needed to limit further consequences.
Legasov Containment Planning
Participates in technical discussions about longer-term measures needed to isolate the destroyed reactor from the surrounding environment.
Legasov Continuing Reactor Monitoring
Reviews continuing measurements of reactor temperatures, radiation and radioactive emissions while emergency operations proceed around Unit 4.
Legasov Emergency Measures Review
Reports on emergency measures undertaken at Chernobyl and contributes scientific assessments used by senior Soviet authorities.
Legasov Radioactive Release Review
Studies information on the composition and movement of radioactive releases to improve the Government Commission's understanding of the accident consequences.
Kudryavtsev Fatal Radiation Exposure
Dies after receiving a fatal radiation dose during the attempt to inspect the destroyed reactor area.
Perevozchenko Hospital Treatment
Receives specialist treatment in Moscow for severe acute radiation syndrome after the accident.
Pikalov Decontamination Command
Directs military chemical-defense work involving radiation reconnaissance and decontamination of equipment, terrain and facilities.
Chernobyl Moscow Mission
Travels to Moscow as part of the IAEA response and discusses the accident with Soviet officials and specialists.
Chernobyl Safety Lessons
Promotes international examination of the safety lessons emerging from the Chernobyl reactor accident.
Chernobyl Technical Briefing
Receives technical briefings from Soviet experts concerning the damaged reactor, emergency measures and radioactive releases.
Samoilenko Roof Cleanup Planning Data
Uses roof radiation measurements to identify dangerous zones and plan removal of radioactive debris and fuel fragments.
Samoilenko Roof Radiation Survey
Supervises measurements of radiation contamination on Unit 3 roofs to support later cleanup planning.
Vashchuk Death from Radiation Syndrome
Dies from acute radiation syndrome after being transferred to Moscow for specialist treatment.
Brazhnik Fatal Radiation Exposure
Dies after receiving a fatal radiation dose while responding to the accident in the turbine building.
Reform of Private Enterprise
Legislation allowing free enterprise comes into effect
General Election Victory
Leads the National Party to victory in the white election.
National Party Retains Power
Retains government despite stronger Conservative Party opposition.
Napoli First Serie A Title
Helps Napoli secure the first Italian league championship in the club's history.
President's Rule in Punjab
The central government imposes President's Rule in Punjab amid escalating militancy and political instability.
Cup Winners' Cup Final
Scores the winning goal as Ajax defeat Lokomotive Leipzig to win the European Cup Winners' Cup.
Ajax European Cup Winners Cup
Coaches Ajax to a 1-0 victory over Lokomotive Leipzig in the European Cup Winners' Cup final, with Marco van Basten scoring the decisive goal.
Death of Rita Hayworth
Death of Rita Hayworth
Wings of Desire
Directs Wings of Desire.
Single European Act Referendum
Heads the government when voters approve the constitutional amendment permitting ratification of the Single European Act.
ALADI
Signs a Montevideo integration agreement giving impetus to regional economic integration within the ALADI framework
Montevideo Agreement
Signs a Montevideo integration agreement giving impetus to regional economic integration
European Cup Victory
Guides FC Porto to European Cup victory over Bayern Munich.
FC Porto European Champions
Becomes the first Portuguese manager winning Europe's leading club trophy.
European Cup Victory
Helps FC Porto defeat Bayern Munich in the European Cup final.
Porto Triumph in Vienna
Provides attacking creativity during Portugal's first European Cup victory.
Celtic Manager Return
Returns to Celtic for a second spell as manager and prepares the club for its centenary season.
Perestroika
The unauthorized landing of German amateur aviator Mathias Rust just next to the Kremlin enabled Gorbachev to remove many hardline opponents of his reforms, including Defence Minister Marshal Sergei Sokolov
Perestroika
The unauthorized landing of German amateur aviator Mathias Rust just next to the Kremlin enabled Gorbachev to remove many hardline opponents of his reforms, including Defence Minister Marshal Sergei Sokolov
Atlantic Records Anniversary
Drums with Led Zeppelin members at Atlantic Records' anniversary concert.
Out of Order
Releases Out of Order, renewing his late-1980s commercial momentum.
European Cup Victory
Guides PSV to the European Cup after a penalty shootout victory over Benfica.
Dismissal of Junejo Government
Zia dismisses Prime Minister Muhammad Khan Junejo and dissolves the National Assembly.
Election Announcement
Zia announces new elections after removing the Junejo government.
Dismissal
President Zia dismisses Prime Minister Junejo and his cabinet.
National Assembly Dissolution
Junejo's government ends when the President dissolves the National Assembly.
Papal Visit
Receives Pope John Paul II during a visit that draws attention to authoritarian rule.
Conference of Moscow
The 4th meeting between Reagan & Gorbachev. INF Treaty ratification documents are exchanged between Russia & the USA
Economy of Russia
For the first time since Vladimir Lenins New Economic Policy, the law permits private ownership of businesses in the services, manufacturing, and foreign-trade sectors. Allows foreigners to invest in the Soviet Union in the form of joint ventures with Soviet ministries, state enterprises, and cooperatives
Perestroika
For the first time since Vladimir Lenins New Economic Policy, the law permits private ownership of businesses in the services, manufacturing, and foreign-trade sectors. Allows foreigners to invest in the Soviet Union in the form of joint ventures with Soviet ministries, state enterprises, and cooperatives
Nuclear Power
The fourth meeting between Reagan & Gorbachev. INF Treaty ratification documents are exchanged between Russia & the USA
State Renamed
Heng Samrin continues as head of state after PRK becomes State of Cambodia
State Renamed
Hun Sen continues as Prime Minister after PRK becomes State of Cambodia
General Election - General Election
Wins election for the remainder of the presidential term after the coup.
General Election Election Outcome
General election outcome recorded for Andres Rodriguez: Wins election for the remainder of the presidential term after the coup.
General Election Government
Government context for this general election: Wins election for the remainder of the presidential term after the coup.
General Election
Wins election for the remainder of the presidential term after the coup.
Anniversary
Celebrates 10 yrs as Prime Minister
Magellan Radar Mapping
Magellan launches to map Venus with synthetic aperture radar.
Election
Labour win the Vale of Glamorgan by-election
Barcelona Cup Winners Cup Triumph
Guides Barcelona to a 2-0 win over Sampdoria in the European Cup Winners' Cup final, securing his first continental trophy with the Catalan club as manager.
Cup Winners Cup Final Goal
Scores as Barcelona defeat Sampdoria 2-0 to win the European Cup Winners' Cup.
Demonstrations
About 3,000 students begin a hunger strike
Election
Appointed President of Argentina, the 1st free elections in Argentina
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina, the 1st free elections in Argentina
Israeli Peace Initiative
Shamir's cabinet approves a plan proposing Palestinian elections in the occupied territories followed by negotiations over interim self-government.
Shamir Plan
Presents an initiative for Palestinian elections and limited autonomy while rejecting direct PLO negotiations.
Galileo Arrives at Kennedy Space Center
The Galileo spacecraft arrives at Kennedy Space Center for final testing, mating with its probe and launch preparations.
Demonstrations
Meets student leaders to negotiate but asks them to withdraw without preconditions
Arrest of Ahmed Yassin
Is arrested by Israeli authorities as Hamas expands during the First Intifada.
Demonstrations
Appears on Chinese TV & accuses students of being "counter-revolutionaries"
Arab League
Welcomes Egypt's restoration to full Arab League membership.
Demonstrations
Students begin a hunger strike
Demonstrations
The Government declares martial law
Martial Law
Calls on the army to defend the revolution
Tin Machine
Releases the first Tin Machine album, presenting himself as part of a hard rock band rather than a solo star.
Agni Technology Demonstrator
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam's missile programme conducts the first flight of the Agni technology demonstrator.
Death of Donald George Don Revie
Death of Donald George "Don"Revie
1989 League Championship Manager
Guides Arsenal to the league championship after the dramatic final-match victory at Liverpool.
Anfield Title-Decider Opening Goal
Heads Arsenal's opening goal at Anfield as the club chase the two-goal victory needed for the league title.
Anfield Championship Winning Goal
Scores in stoppage time at Anfield to give Arsenal the league championship on goals scored.
USSR Supreme Soviet Seat
Takes a seat in the USSR Supreme Soviet after a deputy yields a place to him.
Reballion of Rebels in Beijing
Signs a petition protesting against the curfew imposed on Beijing
Adviser
His second period as full-time Downing Street adviser, lasting just five months, from May to October 1989, proved so contentious that it hastened the resignation of the Chancellor, Nigel Lawson. Appointed Economic Adviser to Maragaret Thatcher
Economy of Great Britain
His second period as full-time Downing Street adviser, lasting just five months, from May to October 1989, proved so contentious that it hastened the resignation of the Chancellor, Nigel Lawson
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Economic Adviser to Maragaret Thatcher
Peace Diplomacy
Supports PLO diplomatic work as pressure builds for a negotiated process.
Constitution of Russia
The initial session of the Congress of Peoples Deputies. Gorbachev was elected without opposition to the chairmanship of the new Supreme Soviet; then the Congress of Peoples Deputies elected a large majority of old-style party apparatchiks to fill the membership of its new legislative body
Perestroika
The initial session of the Congress of Peoples Deputies
Entry into Supreme Soviet
Enters the USSR Supreme Soviet and uses the legislature as a platform for opposition politics.
Independence of Estonia
Estonia votes to secede from the USSR
Independence of Latvia
Latvia votes to secede from the USSR
Independence of Russia
Estonia votes to secede from the USSR
Independence of Russia
Latvia votes to secede from the USSR
ANC
Negotiations began with a meeting between the African National Congress and the South African Government at the presidential residence, Groote Schuur. Groote Schuur Minute, a commitment to the resolution of the climate of violence and intimidation as well as the removal of practical obstacles to negotiations including indemnity from prosecution for returning exiles & release of political prisoners
Groote Schuur Minute
Groote Schuur Minute, a commitment to the resolution of the climate of violence and intimidation as well as the removal of practical obstacles to negotiations including indemnity from prosecution for returning exiles & release of political prisoners
First Manchester United FA Cup
Wins his first Manchester United trophy as the club defeat Crystal Palace 1-0 in the final replay.
Rishon LeZion Killings Condemned
Arafat condemns the killing of Palestinian laborers near Rishon LeZion as the incident triggers renewed protests across the occupied territories.
Romanian Presidential Election
Iliescu wins Romania's first post-communist presidential election.
Presidential Election
Wins Romania's first post-communist presidential election.
Hubble First Light
Westphal's Wide Field and Planetary Camera team obtains Hubble's first image, demonstrating sharper resolution than typical ground-based observations.
Republic of Yemen Established
The Republic of Yemen is formally proclaimed.
Unification of Yemen
Becomes president when North and South Yemen unite.
Southern Leadership Joins Union Government
Represents former South Yemen in the new leadership structure.
Vice Presidency after Unification
Becomes vice president of the unified Republic of Yemen.
Governor Appointed
David G. P. Taylor becomes Governor of Montserrat
Government
Forms a centre right Government
Prime Minister of Hungary
Appointed Prime Minister of Hungary
Prime Minister Takes Office
Mircea Druc becomes Prime Minister during Moldova's late Soviet transition
Election Ignored
Military council refuses to transfer power after opposition election victory
Constitutional Amendments
A Loya Jirga amends the constitution, strengthens Islamic provisions, and removes remaining communist terminology.
Takes Leadership of Russian Parliament
Assumes leadership of the Russian Supreme Soviet after a closely contested parliamentary ballot.
Chairman of Russian Supreme Soviet
Is elected Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR on the third ballot.
Kristall Module Launch
Monitors preparations aboard Mir as the Kristall materials-processing and biotechnology module launches toward the orbital complex.
Lubumbashi University Violence Crisis
Faces domestic and international criticism after security forces are accused of killing students at Lubumbashi University.
European Environment Agency
Leads the Irish Presidency when the Community formally establishes the European Environment Agency.
While in the USA informs the Americans that Russia needs $20 bilion
While in the USA informs the Americans that Russia needs $20 bilion over 3 years
Speaker
The turning point in Yeltsins career, he skillfully lobbies the Russian Federations Supreme Soviet (legislature) to elect him - over Gorbachevs prefered candidate - as its Speaker
Visit to Moscow
Visits the USA & is offerred financial aid
Negotiations
Negotiations between Mandela & de Klerk begin
Negotiations
Negotiations between Mandela & de Klerk begin
Legislation
The Government uses the Parliament Act to pass the War Crimes Bill
Reform of Parliament
The Government uses the Parliament Act to pass the War Crimes Bill
Shariat Act
Parliament adopts the Enforcement of Shariat Act under Nawaz Sharif.
First Hubble Jupiter Images
Hubble obtains its first detailed observations of Jupiter, including views of the Great Red Spot.
Soyuz TM-12 Launch
Launches with Anatoli Artsebarski and Sergei Krikalev on Soyuz TM-12 for a scientific visit to the Mir space station.
Compensation Commission Created
Claims arising from Iraq's invasion and occupation can be processed.
UN Resolution 692
Security Council establishes the United Nations Compensation Commission.
First British Visitor Aboard Mir
Docks with Mir and becomes the first British person and the first woman to visit the station.
Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi
Rajiv Gandhi is assassinated by a suicide bomber during an election campaign at Sriperumbudur in Tamil Nadu.
Death of Rajiv Gandhi
Death of Rajiv Gandhi
Exile of Mengistu Haile Mariam
Flees to Zimbabwe as rebels close in on Addis Ababa
Death of Stanley Harding Stan Mortensen
Death of Stanley Harding "Stan" Mortensen
Lebanon-Syria Cooperation Treaty
President Elias Hrawi and Syrian President Hafez al-Assad sign the Treaty of Brotherhood, Cooperation and Coordination in Damascus, establishing a formal framework for wide-ranging bilateral coordination.
City Challenge Launch
Announces the City Challenge approach to neighbourhood regeneration through local public-private partnerships.
UN Security Council Resolution 694
Perez de Cuellar continues UN engagement as Resolution 694 calls for the return of Palestinians deported from the occupied territories.
Mir Research Visit Completed
Returns to Earth after completing a short research programme aboard Mir with the station's resident Soviet cosmonauts.
Premiership Ends
Druc leaves office before Moldova's declaration of independence
Prime Minister Takes Office
Valeriu Muravschi becomes Prime Minister of the Moldovan SSR
Bicesse Accords
The Bicesse Accords, also known as the Estoril Accords, lay out a transition to multi-party democracy in Angola under the supervision of the United Nations UNAVEM II mission. President Jose Eduardo dos Santos of the MPLA and Jonas Savimbi of UNITA sign the accord in Lisbon, Portugal
UNITA
President Jose Eduardo dos Santos of the MPLA and Jonas Savimbi of UNITA sign the accord in Lisbon, Portugal
UNITA
The Bicesse Accords, also known as the Estoril Accords, lay out a transition to multi-party democracy in Angola under the supervision of the United Nations UNAVEM II mission
Angolan Armed Forces
The accords attempt to demobilize the 152,000 active fighters and integrate the remaining Government troops and UNITA rebels into a 50,000-strong Angolan Armed Forces (FAA)
Bicesse Accords
President Jose Eduardo dos Santos of the MPLA and Jonas Savimbi of UNITA sign the accord in Lisbon, Portugal.
Bicesse Accords
The Bicesse Accords, also known as the Estoril Accords, lay out a transition to multi-party democracy in Angola under the supervision of the United Nations UNAVEM II mission.
Bicesse Accords
The accords attempt to demobilize the 152,000 active fighters and integrate the remaining Government troops and UNITA rebels into a 50,000-strong Angolan Armed Forces (FAA).
UNITA
The accords attempt to demobilize the 152,000 active fighters and integrate the remaining Government troops and UNITA rebels into a 50,000-strong Angolan Armed Forces (FAA). President Jose Eduardo dos Santos of the MPLA and Jonas Savimbi of UNITA sign the accord in Lisbon, Portugal
Bicesse Accords
The Bicesse Accords, also known as the Estoril Accords, lay out a transition to multi-party democracy in Angola under the supervision of the United Nations UNAVEM II mission
United Nations
The Bicesse Accords, also known as the Estoril Accords, lay out a transition to multi-party democracy in Angola under the supervision of the United Nations UNAVEM II mission
Bicesse Accords
The Bicesse Accords, also known as the Estoril Accords, lay out a transition to multi-party democracy in Angola under the supervision of the United Nations UNAVEM II mission
Disbanding of Lebanese Militias
The post-war government advances the disarmament and dissolution of most Lebanese militias while rebuilding the Lebanese Armed Forces as the principal national military institution under President Elias Hrawi.
British Monetary Opt Out Compromise
During an informal meeting of finance ministers, Juncker helped preserve negotiations by advancing an opt-out arrangement that allowed the United Kingdom not to adopt the future single currency.
Election
Girija Prasad Koirala of Nepali Congress takes office as first popularly elected Prime Minister in 30 years
NPRC Chairman Appointed
Becomes chairman of the National Provisional Ruling Council
EEA Agreement Signed
Iceland signs the European Economic Area Agreement, creating the framework for participation in the European single market without joining the European Union.
Siege of Sarajevo
A total of 13,952 people are killed during the siege, including 5,434 civilians
Siege of Sarajevo
Serbs blockade Sarajevo
Siege of Sarajevo
One month after the Bosnian Republics declaration of independence, Mladic and his generals, acting under orders from Belgrade, blockade the city of Sarajevo
Monaco European Cup Winners Cup Final
Wenger led Monaco into the 1992 European Cup Winners Cup final, where Werder Bremen won 2-0 and denied the French club a continental trophy.
Head of State Appointed
Assumes the title Head of State under the NPRC military government
Military Government Formed
Leads the NPRC government after Joseph Momoh is overthrown
Byrne Leads Sunderland at Wembley
Byrne leads Sunderland's forward line in the FA Cup final against Liverpool, although the Second Division challengers lose 2โ0.
Siege of Sarajevo
Assumes the post of Chief of Staff/Deputy Commander of the Second Military District Headquarters of the JNA in Sarajevo
Siege of Sarajevo
Mladic assumes the command of the Second Military District Headquarters of the JNA
Army of Republika Srpska Established
Takes command of the newly established Army of Republika Srpska.
Army of Republika Srpska Established
Provides political leadership as the Bosnian Serb army is established.
Siege of Sarajevo
Commands Bosnian Serb forces during the siege.
Siege of Sarajevo
Mladic is appointed Commander of the Main Staff of the VRS, a position he holds until December 1996
Constitution of Serbia
Assumes de jure powers, as described in the constitution of the Bosnian Serb administration, includes commanding the army of the Bosnian Serb administration in times of war and peace
Republic of the Serbian People of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Karadzic becomes President of the Bosnian Serb administration in Pale after the breakup of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Assumes de jure powers, as described in the constitution of the Bosnian Serb administration, includes commanding the army of the Bosnian Serb administration in times of war and peace
Takeover Policy
Answers a parliamentary question concerning company takeovers.
UEFA Cup Victory
Guides Ajax to the UEFA Cup title against Torino.
UEFA Cup Victory
Helps Ajax win the UEFA Cup against Torino on away goals after the two-legged final.
UEFA Cup Victory
Contributes to Ajax's UEFA Cup triumph over Torino.
Constitution of Afghanistan
Afghanistan is declared an Islamic State
Constitution of Afghanistan
Afghanistan is declared an Islamic State
Mujahideen
Kabul falls to the Mujahideen
Siege of Kabul
Kabul falls to the Mujahideen
Cabinet Chairmanship
As President, Niyazov heads the Cabinet of Ministers
Prime Minister Office Abolished
Leaves office when the 1992 constitution abolishes the separate prime ministership
Head of Government Role
President becomes head of government after the prime ministership is abolished
Constitution Adopted
New constitution strengthens the presidency and removes the separate prime ministership
European Cup Winning Goal
Scores the extra-time free-kick that gives Barcelona a 1-0 European Cup final victory over Sampdoria.
First European Cup as Manager
Coaches Barcelona to the club's first European Cup after extra time against Sampdoria.
Declaration of War
Fighting between Hikmatrs forces & the Mujahideen in Kabul starts 4 yrs of civil war
Mujahideen
Fighting between Hikmatrs forces & the Mujahideen in Kabul starts 4 yrs of civil war
Lisbon Protocol Signed
Signs the Lisbon Protocol making Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine parties to START I alongside the United States.
Newell Helps Rovers Win Promotion Playoff
Newell plays in Blackburn's 1โ0 play-off final win against Leicester City, securing entry to the inaugural Premier League.
President of Italy
Appointed President of Italy
United Nations Sanctions
Implements Security Council measures against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
United Nations Sanctions
Faces comprehensive international sanctions during the Yugoslav wars.
Economic Referendum Campaign
Explains the economic and monetary provisions of the Maastricht settlement during Denmark's referendum campaign.
Maastricht Economic Ratification Debate
Supports parliamentary approval of the treaty's economic and monetary provisions before the first Danish referendum.
Foreign Policy Referendum Campaign
Argues that Denmark should approve the Maastricht Treaty and remain fully engaged in European cooperation.
Maastricht Ratification Debate
Defends the government's foreign-policy case for ratifying the Maastricht Treaty during the parliamentary approval process.
Maastricht Referendum Campaign
Campaigns for approval of the Maastricht Treaty before Denmark's first referendum on the agreement.
Parliamentary Approval of Maastricht Treaty
Heads the government as the Folketing approves the Maastricht Treaty by 125 votes to 25 before the required referendum.
War Policy Shift
NPRC government promises stronger action against RUF insurgents
Independence of Slovenia
The USA recognizes the independence of Slovenia
United Nations
Slovenia is admitted to the United Nations
Death of Ranasinghe Premadasa
Death of Ranasinghe Premadasa
Accords of Oslo
Yasser Arafat & Yitzhak Rabin sign the Oslo Accords. The Israeli Government recognizes the PLO as the legitimate representative of the Palestinian people while the PLO recognizes the right of the state of Israel to exist and renounces terrorism. Provides for elections in Palestinian controlled areas
Election
Provides for elections in Palestinian controlled areas
Accords of Oslo
In order that the Palestinians should govern themselves according to democratic principles, free and general political elections would be held for the Council
Accords of Oslo
The Israeli Government recognizes the PLO as the legitimate representative of the Palestinian people while the PLO recognizes the right of the state of Israel to exist and renounces terrorism.
Accords of Oslo
The Oslo Accords call for the withdrawal of Israeli forces from parts of the Gaza Strip and West Bank and affirm the Palestinian right to self-Government within those areas through the creation of the Palestinian Authori.
Accords of Oslo
Yasser Arafat & Yitzhak Rabin sign the Oslo Accords.
Election
In order that the Palestinians should govern themselves according to democratic principles, free and general political elections would be held for the Council
Independence of Palestine
The Oslo Accords call for the withdrawal of Israeli forces from parts of the Gaza Strip and West Bank and affirm the Palestinian right to self-Government within those areas through the creation of the Palestinian Authori
Rule of Gaza
The Oslo Accords call for the withdrawal of Israeli forces from parts of the Gaza Strip and West Bank and affirm the Palestinian right to self-Government within those areas through the creation of the Palestinian Authority. Leaders of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) signed the Oslo Accords calling for Palestinian administration of the Gaza Strip, implemented in May 1994
Rule of West Bank
The Oslo Accords call for the withdrawal of Israeli forces from parts of the Gaza Strip and West Bank and affirm the Palestinian right to self-Government within those areas through the creation of the Palestinian Authori
Exile of Asil Nadir
The chairman of Polly Peck jumps bail & flees to Cyprus
Lovebirds Chart Debut
Dodgy enter the UK singles chart with Lovebirds during the band's early recording career.
President of Turkey
Appointed President of Turkey
Referendum Approval of Maastricht
Receives public approval to complete Denmark's ratification of Maastricht under the Edinburgh arrangements.
Second Maastricht Referendum
Welcomes the referendum result approving the Maastricht Treaty with the Edinburgh arrangements by 56.8 percent of votes.
Treaty of Maastricht
Sees the European Communities Amendment Bill pass its Commons Third Reading with a majority of 180.
Maastricht Rebellion
Votes against elements of the government's Maastricht legislation.
Treaty Ratification Opposition
Becomes associated with the Conservative parliamentary rebellion over Europe.
European Communities Amendment Bill
Challenges the government over parliamentary sovereignty and European integration.
Maastricht Rebellion
Opposes the legislation required to ratify the Maastricht Treaty.
Conservative Eurosceptic Revolt
Joins Conservative Eurosceptics resisting the treaty's transfer of authority.
Maastricht Rebellion
Rebels against the government during Maastricht legislation votes.
Maastricht Rebellion
Votes against the government during the Maastricht ratification struggle.
Treaty Ratification Opposition
Campaigns against transferring additional powers to European institutions.
Suspension from Office
The Supreme Court authorized proceedings against Carlos Andres Perez, and Congress suspended him from the presidency.
President of Venezuela
Appointed acting President of Venezuela after Carlos Andres Perez was suspended
Unplugged and Seated
Releases Unplugged and Seated after an MTV performance with Ronnie Wood.
Champions League Winning Manager
Guides Marseille to a 1-0 final victory and becomes the oldest coach to win the competition.
Deschamps Champions League Winning Captain
Captains Marseille to victory over Milan and lifts the European Cup at age twenty-four.
Boli Champions League Final Winning Goal
Heads Marseille's only goal against Milan to secure the first Champions League-era title.
Supreme Court Restoration
The Supreme Court restores Nawaz Sharif and the dissolved National Assembly.
Secretary of State for the Environment
Appointed Secretary of State for the Environment
Election Boycott
Khmer Rouge boycott national elections
EMU Opt-Out Referendum Campaign
Explains the economic implications of Denmark's special position on the third stage of economic and monetary union.
Edinburgh Agreement Referendum Campaign
Argues that the Edinburgh arrangements address Danish concerns while allowing Denmark to ratify the Maastricht Treaty.
Second Maastricht Referendum Campaign
Leads the government campaign for approval of Maastricht with the Danish arrangements secured at Edinburgh.
UEFA Cup Final Run
Captains Dortmund during its run to the UEFA Cup final, where Juventus wins the two-legged tie despite the German sideโs progress through the tournament.
Manager
Clough is succeeded as Manager of Nottingham Forest by then Leyton Orient manager, and European Cup-winning Forest player under Clough, Frank Clark
Golden Boot Premier League
Finishes as the leading goalscorer in the Premier League with 22 goals for Nottingham Forest and Tottenham Hotspur. The campaign is particularly remembered for his finishing for two clubs in the inaugural Premier League campaign.
Retirement
The 1992-93 season is Cloughs 18th with Forest - and his last, they are one of the 22 clubs in the new Premier League, but the sale of key players like Teddy Sheringham and Des Walker, combined with the managers alcholism lead to a decline. Clough is succeeded as Manager of Nottingham Forest by then Leyton Orient manager, and European Cup-winning Forest player under Clough, Frank Clark
Pyonyang launches a missile into the Sea of Japan, USese anti-missiles reply
Pyonyang launches a missile into the Sea of Japan, USese anti-missiles reply
Independence of Israel
Israeli and PLO delegates open a final round of talks in Cairo, Egypt, on Palestinian autonomy prior to the signing of an agreement on self-rule
Independence of Palestine
Israeli and PLO delegates open a final round of talks in Cairo, Egypt, on Palestinian autonomy prior to the signing of an agreement on self-rule
International Agreement
Israeli and PLO delegates open a final round of talks in Cairo, Egypt, on Palestinian autonomy prior to the signing of an agreement on self-rule
Rule of Palestine
Israeli and PLO delegates open a final round of talks in Cairo, Egypt, on Palestinian autonomy prior to the signing of an agreement on self-rule
Genocide Crimes in Gisenyi
He is later convicted for genocide and crimes against humanity.
Gisenyi Military Command
Commands the Gisenyi operational sector during the genocide.
Kigali Genocide Operations
He is later convicted for genocide-related crimes.
Para Commando Battalion Crimes
Commands the Para Commando Battalion during the genocide.
Cup Winners' Cup Final Winning Goal
Scores the only goal as Arsenal defeat Parma to win the European Cup Winners' Cup.
International Accord at Gaza
Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and PLO leader Yasser Arafat sign a historic accord on Palestinian autonomy that grants self-rule in the Gaza Strip and Jericho
Rule of Gaza
Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and PLO leader Yasser Arafat sign a historic accord on Palestinian autonomy that grants self-rule in the Gaza Strip and Jericho
Rule of Jericho
Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and PLO leader Yasser Arafat sign a historic accord on Palestinian autonomy that grants self-rule in the Gaza Strip and Jericho
Gaza Jericho Agreement
Signs the Gaza Jericho Agreement implementing the first stage of Palestinian self-government.
Palestinian Authority
Signs the Gaza-Jericho Agreement providing for Israeli withdrawal and Palestinian self-rule in Gaza and Jericho.
Palestinian Authority
Signs the Gaza-Jericho self-rule accord with Rabin, setting out the first transfer of authority to Palestinian administration.
Gaza Jericho Agreement
Supports the agreement establishing Palestinian self-government in Gaza and Jericho.
Gaza Jericho Agreement
Abbas supports implementation of the Gaza Jericho Agreement under the Oslo process
Independence of Palestine
Israel & the PLO sign a deal on Palestinian self-rule in Jericho & the Gaza Strip
PNA
The Palestinian National Authority is created to administer areas handed over to Palestinian rule
Rule of Gaza
The Palestinian National Authority is created to administer areas handed over to Palestinian rule. Israel & the PLO sign a deal on Palestinian self-rule in Jericho & the Gaza Strip
Rule of Jericho
Israel & the PLO sign a deal on Palestinian self-rule in Jericho & the Gaza Strip
Gaza Jericho Agreement
Supports negotiations implementing the first stage of Palestinian self-government.
Channel Tunnel
President Mitterand & Elizabeth II open the Channel Tunnel
President Mitterand & Elizabeth II open the Channel Tunnel
President Mitterand & Elizabeth II open the Channel Tunnel
Channel Tunnel
President Mitterand & Elizabeth II open the Channel Tunnel
French League Victory
Guides Paris Saint-Germain to the French league championship.
Paris Saint-Germain Championship
Wins a major domestic title while managing outside Portugal.
Election by National Assembly
Is elected president by South Africa new National Assembly.
First Democratic President Chosen
Becomes the first president chosen after universal suffrage.
National Assembly
Appointed President of South Africa by the 1st session of the National Assembly
President of South Africa
Appointed President of South Africa by the 1st session of the National Assembly
Government of National Unity Begins
Begins leading the Government of National Unity.
Inauguration
Inaugurated as President of the Government of National Unity. Announces a "rainbow nation at peace with itself & the world"
Presidential Inauguration
Is inaugurated as South Africa first democratically elected president.
Death of John Smith
Death of John Smith
Death of John Smith
John Smith's death triggers a Labour leadership contest and discussions between Brown and Tony Blair.
Siege of Sarajevo
Appointed the rank of Colonel General over the approximately 80,000 troops stationed in Sarajevo
European Union Aid Agreements
Arafat signs European Union aid agreements supporting Palestinian police expenditure and preparations for elections in the self-rule areas.
Rule of Jericho
The West Bank town of Jericho sees its first full day of Palestinian self-rule following the withdrawal of Israeli troops, an event celebrated by Palestinians
Rule of West Bank
The West Bank town of Jericho sees its first full day of Palestinian self-rule following the withdrawal of Israeli troops, an event celebrated by Palestinians
PECDAR Statutes Signed
Arafat signs statutes establishing the Palestinian Economic Council for Development and Reconstruction as a mechanism for managing international assistance.
Rule of Gaza
Israel begins its final withdrawal from the Gaza Strip, shutting down the prison and military headquarters where Israeli soldiers had been in charge since the 1967 Middle East War
Desailly Champions League Final Fourth Goal
Scores Milan's fourth goal and wins a second successive European title with a different club.
Rule of Gaza
Israels three decades of occupation in the Gaza Strip end as Israeli troops completed their withdrawal and Palestinian authorities take over
Massaro Two Goals in Champions League Final
Scores twice before half-time as Milan overwhelm Barcelona 4-0 in the final.
Champions League Final Tactical Victory
Guides Milan to a dominant 4-0 final victory over Johan Cruyff's Barcelona.
Champions League Final Defeat as Coach
Manages Barcelona in a Champions League final defeat by AC Milan, a major setback after his side's commanding domestic achievements.
Independence of Palestine
The Israelis complete their withdrawal from the Gaza Strip
Delicious Single
Sleeper's Delicious charts in Britain as the band develops its early Britpop following.
Democratic Republic of Yemen Declared
The secession collapses after government forces capture Aden.
Southern Secession Declaration
Supports declaration of a separate southern state.
Competitiveness White Paper
Publishes the White Paper Competitiveness: Helping Business to Win, setting out a cross-government programme intended to strengthen British industrial competitiveness.
M87 Massive Black Hole
Leads Hubble observations of rapidly orbiting gas in M87, providing strong evidence for a massive black hole at the galaxy's centre.
Wembley Promotion Defensive Role
Grayson forms part of Leicester City's team that beats Derby County at Wembley in 1994 and secures promotion to the Premier League.
1994 Play Off Final Double
Walsh scores twice against Derby County, including a late winner, to give Leicester City a 2-1 victory in the 1994 promotion play-off final.
1994 Play Off Final Promotion
Little guides Leicester City to Premier League promotion by defeating Derby County 2-1 in the 1994 First Division play-off final at Wembley.
Withdrawal from Aouzou Strip
Libyan forces complete their withdrawal following the international court judgment.
Alliance Blair and Brown
Blair & Brown meet at Granita restaurant in Islington and reportedly agree a deal
Death of Mbaye Diagne
Is killed when a mortar shell strikes near his vehicle.
Peacekeeper Killed
He dies after weeks of courageous civilian rescue work.
Death of Anthony Charles Lynton Blair
Death of Labour Leader John Smith, Tont Blair & Gordon Brown agree at the Granita restaurant that Tony Blair should stand for the leadership
Golden Boot Premier League
Scores 34 goals for Newcastle United to claim the Premier League scoring honour. The achievement reflects his record-breaking production during a full 42-match league season.
Withdrawal from Gaza
Israel begins withdrawing from parts of the Gaza Strip under the Oslo implementation process
Withdrawal from Jericho
Israel transfers limited authority in Jericho under the Gaza Jericho implementation agreement
Election
The UDF wins 84 of the 175 assembly seats. Muluzi wins 47% of the votes for the presidency
Economy of Russia
Chubais privatisation plan is a necessary evil because it enables Russia to finally cut the Gordian Knot and break with the legacy of the Soviet command model of economy
Mass Privatization Programme
Continues large-scale privatization of state enterprises as the government restructures the post-Soviet economy.
ANC
The ANC win the 1st non-racial elections, 62% of the vote
Economy of South Africa
Announces an investment of R2.5 billion for the Reconstruction & Development Prog
Election
The ANC win the 1st non-racial elections, 62% of the vote
Union Government Defended
Government forces defeat the southern secession attempt.
Yemeni Civil War
Leads the government during the Yemeni civil war.
Federal Vice Chancellor
Appointed Federal Vice Chancellor
Election
French voters end 14 years of socialist rule electing longtime Paris Mayor Jacques Chirac to the presidency
Victory Day Summit with Clinton
Meets Bill Clinton in Moscow during commemorations of the fiftieth anniversary of victory in Europe.
NPT Indefinite Extension
Leads the IAEA during indefinite extension of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
Non-Proliferation Treaty Review
The decision preserves the treaty framework supporting IAEA safeguards.
NPT Indefinite Extension
NPT parties agree to extend the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty indefinitely.
1995 Cup Final Forward Role
Duncan Fergusonโs Everton team beat Manchester United 1โ0 in the FA Cup final, with Ferguson leading the line as Paul Rideout scores the only goal.
1995 FA Cup Final Winner
Paul Rideout heads the only goal against Manchester United, earning Everton their fifth FA Cup title.
Spektr Module Launch
Prepares Mir for expansion as the Spektr remote-sensing module launches carrying major scientific equipment and additional solar arrays.
Competitiveness White Paper
Presents the Government's second competitiveness White Paper and reports on measures to improve UK industrial performance.
Champions League Winner
Jari Litmanen linked midfield with the forwards against a seasoned Milan defence in the 1995 UEFA Champions League final, helping Ajax win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Danny Blind captained the Amsterdam side as their disciplined defence resisted Milan's attack in the 1995 UEFA Champions League final, helping Ajax win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Frank de Boer helped contain the Italian forwards while advancing play from the back in the 1995 UEFA Champions League final, helping Ajax win the competition.
Champions League Victory
Guides a young Ajax side to a 1-0 victory over AC Milan in the UEFA Champions League final.
Champions League Victory
Plays in Ajax's midfield as the club defeats AC Milan in the UEFA Champions League final.
Champions League Victory
Starts in midfield as Ajax defeat AC Milan to win the UEFA Champions League.
Champions League Victory
Helps Ajax defeat AC Milan 1-0 in the UEFA Champions League final before retiring from professional football.
Champions League Victory
Starts in defence as Ajax defeat AC Milan to win the UEFA Champions League.
Champions League Victory
Starts for Ajax as the club defeats AC Milan in the UEFA Champions League final.
Champions League Final Goal
Scores the only goal as Ajax defeat AC Milan in the UEFA Champions League final.
Champions League Winner
Patrick Kluivert came off the bench to score the 85th-minute winner against AC Milan in the 1995 UEFA Champions League final, helping Ajax win the competition.
Teenage Champions League Final Winner
Comes off the bench and scores Ajax's late winning goal against Milan.
Champions League Victory
Keeps goal as Ajax defeat AC Milan 1-0 to win the UEFA Champions League.
Champions League Winner
Edwin van der Sar kept a clean sheet against AC Milan and gave Ajax a reliable last line of defence in the 1995 UEFA Champions League final, helping Ajax win the competition.
Ajax Champions League Triumph
Leads a youthful Ajax side to the European title with an unbeaten campaign.
Champions League Winner
Clarence Seedorf started in midfield as the young Ajax side secured the European title in the 1995 UEFA Champions League final, helping Ajax win the competition.
Champions League Final Assist
Supplies the pass from which Patrick Kluivert scores Ajax's winning goal.
Champions League Winner
Frank Rijkaard brought experience to Ajax's midfield and supplied the pass for the decisive goal in the 1995 UEFA Champions League final, helping Ajax win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Ronald de Boer provided movement between midfield and attack during Ajax's narrow triumph in the 1995 UEFA Champions League final, helping Ajax win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Marc Overmars offered speed on the flank as Ajax searched for a late breakthrough in the 1995 UEFA Champions League final, helping Ajax win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Finidi George stretched the opposition with direct running and wide attacking options in the 1995 UEFA Champions League final, helping Ajax win the competition.
Kristall Relocation for Spektr
Uses Mir's manipulator system to reposition Kristall and create the docking geometry needed for the approaching Spektr module.
I Should Coco Number One
Supergrass debut album I Should Coco reaches number one on the UK albums chart.
A Spanner in the Works
Releases A Spanner in the Works, continuing his 1990s adult rock style.
Golden Boot Premier League
Claims the Premier League top-scorer award with 34 goals while representing Blackburn Rovers. The season is distinguished by his decisive contribution to Blackburnโs first English league championship in 81 years.
Presidential Election Law
Signs the legal framework governing the 1996 Russian presidential election.
Executive Outcomes Hired
Government hires Executive Outcomes to help reverse RUF advances
First Official US Visit as Elected President
Arafat meets President Bill Clinton at the White House during his first official United States visit after winning the Palestinian presidential election.
Grateful When You're Dead
Kula Shaker enter the UK Top Forty with Grateful When You're Dead during their rapid 1996 breakthrough.
Lost Cat Single
Catatonia's Lost Cat reaches the UK singles chart during the band's early breakthrough period.
Sale of the Century Top Ten
Sale of the Century reaches number ten on the UK singles chart, giving Sleeper a Top Ten hit.
Constitution of South Africa
The new constitution replaces the interim constitution
UEFA Cup Triumph Over Bordeaux
Lothar Matthaus captains Bayern as they defeat Bordeaux 3-1 away in the second leg to complete a 5-1 aggregate UEFA Cup final victory.
First Vajpayee Government
Atal Bihari Vajpayee becomes Prime Minister for the first time but resigns after thirteen days.
Batistuta Double in Italian Cup Final
Batistuta scores both Fiorentina goals in a 2โ0 Coppa Italia final second leg against Atalanta, securing the trophy under Ranieri.
Rui Costa Wins Italian Cup
Rui Costa provides passing invention as Fiorentina defeat Atalanta on aggregate to claim the Coppa Italia under Ranieri.
Inauguration
Sworn in as President of the Republic of China
Vialli Champions League Winning Captain
Captains Juventus as the club defeats Ajax on penalties to become European champions.
Ravanelli Champions League Final Opening Goal
Scores from a tight angle to put Juventus ahead against Ajax in Rome.
Juventus Champions League Victory
Coaches Juventus to a penalty-shootout victory over defending champions Ajax.
Play Off Final Extra Time Winner
Claridge strikes the decisive goal near the end of extra time against Crystal Palace to win the 1996 First Division play-off final for Leicester City.
Leicester Play Off Promotion Debut Season
O'Neill leads Leicester City to the Premier League through the 1996 First Division play-off final, beating Crystal Palace 2-1 after extra time.
Second Consecutive Bundesliga Championship
Provides leadership and defensive organisation as Dortmund defends its Bundesliga title in the 1995-96 season.
Golden Boot Premier League
Leads the Premier League scoring standings with 31 goals for Blackburn Rovers. His contribution stands out for his sustained scoring despite Blackburn losing their championship crown.
Independence of Italy
Proclaims the opening of the Padania, the "Parliament of the North"
Independence of Padania
Proclaims the opening of the Padania, the "Parliament of the North"
Al-Qaeda
Bin Laden leaves Sudan and returns to Afghanistan
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for Huntingdon, majority 18,140
Election
The Conservatives win 30.7% of votes cast & 165 MPs
Election
Says of the election, "We won as New Labour, we will govern as New Labour". Labour wins the largest number of seats & the highest majority in its history. Labour wins 43.2% of votes cast & 418 MPs, Commons majority of 179
New Labour
Says of the election, "We won as New Labour, we will govern as New Labour"
Trident
Blair takes office and retains Trident as Britain's strategic nuclear deterrent
Stafford Election
Contests Stafford for the Conservatives and is defeated in the Labour landslide.
General Election Re-election
Brown retains Dunfermline East during Labour's landslide general-election victory.
Election
Labour win the election by a landslide ending 18 yrs of Tory rule
Election
Wins the Sedgfield election with a majority of 25,143
Member of Parliament
Labour win the election by a landslide ending 18 yrs of Tory rule
Member of Parliament
Wins the Sedgfield election with a majority of 25,143
Election
Leads Labour to a landslide general election victory.
Brexit
The Referendum Party contests the general election demanding a vote on EU membership.
Appointment as Chancellor
Brown is appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer after Labour's election victory.
Treasury Appointment Ceremony
Brown formally takes charge of HM Treasury as Chancellor of the Exchequer.
Election
Tony Blair becomes the youngest Prime Minister since 1812
Outeniqua Talks with Kabila
Meets Laurent Kabila aboard the South African ship Outeniqua during Nelson Mandela's unsuccessful mediation effort.
Bank of England Independence
Brown grants the Bank operational independence to set interest rates.
Monetary Policy Committee Framework
Brown establishes a committee-based system for independent interest-rate decisions.
Bank of England Independence Announcement
Brown grants the Bank of England operational independence over interest-rate decisions.
Economy of Great Britain
The Bank of England is made independent & free to set interest rates. Chancellor Gordon Brown gives the Bank of England the freedom to set interest rates
Reform of Interest Rates
The Bank of England is made independent & free to set interest rates
Ganymede May Flyby
Galileo returns to Ganymede for another targeted encounter during its primary Jupiter tour.
Presidential Re-Election
Konare wins a second presidential term during opposition-boycotted elections.
Peace Treaty with Chechnya
Signs a peace treaty with Chechen President Aslan Maskhadov pledging to reject force in future relations.
M84 Black Hole Signature
Hubble spectroscopy maps rapidly moving gas in galaxy M84 and records a clear dynamical signature of a supermassive black hole.
First OPCW Director-General Appointed
Is appointed the first Director-General of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.
Cup Winners Cup Final Goal
Scores the penalty that gives Barcelona victory over Paris Saint-Germain in the European final.
Cup Winners Cup Victory
Assists Bobby Robson as Barcelona defeat Paris Saint-Germain to win the European Cup Winners' Cup.
Flight from Zaire
Leaves the country as AFDL forces approach Kinshasa and his thirty-two-year rule collapses.
Departure from Kinshasa
Mobutu leaves the capital as Laurent Kabila's forces approach.
Peace
Blair travels to Belfast to restart the peace talks
Mobutu Flees Zaire
Leaves the country as rebel forces approach Kinshasa.
Mobutu Rule
His three-decade rule of Zaire collapses.
Capture of Kinshasa
Kabila's alliance enters Kinshasa and ends Mobutu's rule.
Restoration of Country Name
Kabila restores the name Democratic Republic of the Congo after taking power.
STS-84 Mir Crew Handover
Takes over from Jerry Linenger as the American resident and begins a research programme spanning life sciences, materials and station technology.
President of Zaire
Appointed President of Zaire
Kabila Takes Kinshasa
Takes power after ADFL forces enter Kinshasa.
Mobutu Government Overthrown
Rwandan and Ugandan support is crucial to his victory.
Economy of Germany
Presents the Joint Initiative for More Jobs in Eastern Germany
Economy of Belarus
Russia and Belarus sign a union charter for economic, military and political cooperation
Independence of Belarus
Russia and Belarus sign a union charter for economic, military and political cooperation
Russia and Belarus sign a union charter for economic, military and political
Russia and Belarus sign a union charter for economic, military and political cooperation
President of Iran
Muhammad Khatami is elected President of Iran
Europa Layered Interior Evidence
Galileo results indicate Europa has a differentiated interior with a metallic core and rocky mantle.
Tribal Gathering
Performs at Tribal Gathering, signalling renewed live activity after a quieter period.
AFRC Junta
Johnny Paul Koroma becomes head of the AFRC military junta
Coup by AFRC
Kabbah is overthrown by soldiers of the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council
AFRC Chairman Appointed
Seizes power as chairman of the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council
NATO-Russia Founding Act
Signs the NATO-Russia Founding Act, establishing a formal framework for consultation and security cooperation.
Constitutional Decree
Kabila issues a decree concentrating legislative and executive authority in the presidency.
Champions League Winner
Jorg Heinrich provided width and defensive cover in the final at Munich's Olympiastadion in the 1997 UEFA Champions League final, helping Borussia Dortmund win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Jurgen Kohler marshalled the defence against a Juventus attack featuring Alessandro Del Piero in the 1997 UEFA Champions League final, helping Borussia Dortmund win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Matthias Sammer organised Dortmund's back line and supplied leadership throughout the final in the 1997 UEFA Champions League final, helping Borussia Dortmund win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Stefan Reuter supported Dortmund's shape on the right against the Italian champions in the 1997 UEFA Champions League final, helping Borussia Dortmund win the competition.
Riedle Champions League Final Brace
Scores two first-half goals as Borussia Dortmund defeat Juventus 3-1.
Champions League Winner
Stefan Klos guarded Dortmund's goal against Juventus in the club's first Champions League final victory in the 1997 UEFA Champions League final, helping Borussia Dortmund win the competition.
Dortmund Champions League Victory
Guides Borussia Dortmund to the club's first European Cup by defeating Juventus.
Champions League Winner
Andreas Moller created attacking opportunities as Dortmund upset the heavily favoured Juventus side in the 1997 UEFA Champions League final, helping Borussia Dortmund win the competition.
Champions League Final Substitute Goal
Scores seconds after entering as a substitute with a long-range chip over Angelo Peruzzi.
Champions League Final Substitute Goal
Scores with his first touch shortly after entering the match to put Dortmund 3-1 ahead of Juventus in the Champions League final.
Champions League Winner
Lars Ricken scored shortly after coming on as a substitute to seal the 3-1 win over Juventus in the 1997 UEFA Champions League final, helping Borussia Dortmund win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Michael Zorc was part of the Dortmund squad that completed the club's historic European breakthrough in the 1997 UEFA Champions League final, helping Borussia Dortmund win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Paul Lambert restricted Zinedine Zidane's influence and helped set up Dortmund's opening goal in the 1997 UEFA Champions League final, helping Borussia Dortmund win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Stephane Chapuisat led the forward line and kept Juventus defenders occupied during Dortmund's victory in the 1997 UEFA Champions League final, helping Borussia Dortmund win the competition.
Presidential Investiture
Kabila takes the presidential oath and establishes a new central government.
Inauguration
Sworn in as President of Zaire in a stadium in front of 35,000 people
AFDL Government Appointed
Forms a new government dominated by the victorious AFDL after the fall of Mobutu.
Political Parties Suspended
Suspends political party activity after taking power and concentrates authority in the new presidency.
Resignation of John Roy Major
Announces resignation as Party Leader of the Conservative Party
Golden Boot Premier League
Collects the Premier League leading-scorer distinction after scoring 25 goals for Newcastle United. The award recognises his first campaign for Newcastle after leaving Blackburn.
Model Additional Protocol
Leads the IAEA when the Board approves the Model Additional Protocol.
Safeguards Access Strengthened
The new safeguards instrument expands access to information and locations.
Final Collapse
Khmer Rouge military structure collapses after Pol Pot death
Euro Participant Decision
Jospin supported France's participation among the initial states approved to launch the single currency.
Euro Participant Decision
Represents Germany when leaders decide that eleven member states meet the conditions to adopt the euro from 1999.
Euro Conversion Preparation
Participates in the agreement on the method for determining irrevocable conversion rates for the future euro.
Euro Participant Decision
Represents Italy when leaders confirm that Italy qualifies to adopt the euro from 1999.
Italy Qualifies for Euro
Supports Italy's successful qualification for participation in the first wave of the euro.
First Premier League Crown with Arsenal
Wenger secured his first English league championship when Arsenal defeated Everton 4-0 at Highbury, completing a dramatic pursuit of Manchester United.
Capital Renamed Astana
Capital is renamed Astana during Nazarbayev's presidency
Constitution of Great Britain
The Northern Ireland Electons Bill receives royal assent
Peace
Sinn Fein backs the peace deal
Accords of Good Friday
A Sinn Fein conference approves the Good Friday Accord
Pokhran-II Nuclear Tests
India conducts a series of nuclear tests at Pokhran and openly declares itself a nuclear-weapon state.
Nuclear Power
Vajpayee's government conducts the first three Pokhran-II nuclear tests, followed by two further tests on 13 May.
Pokhran II First Test Series
India conducts three underground nuclear tests at Pokhran and publicly declares the tests successful.
Pokhran II Second Test Series
India conducts two additional underground nuclear tests and announces completion of its 1998 test series.
Death of Frank Sinatra
Death of Frank Sinatra
1998 FA Cup Final Second Goal
Scores Arsenal's second goal in the 2-0 FA Cup final victory over Newcastle United.
German Cup Ends Long Wait
Giovanni Trapattoni directs Bayern to a 2-1 victory over Duisburg in the DFB Cup final, bringing the club its first German Cup since 1986.
Carlos First Champions League Title
Starts at left-back as Real Madrid defeat Juventus to reclaim Europe's leading club trophy.
Real Madrid European Cup Return
Guides Real Madrid to their first European Cup triumph in thirty-two years.
Seventh European Cup Winning Goal
Scores the only goal against Juventus as Real Madrid win their seventh European Cup.
Champions League Victory
Helps Real Madrid defeat Juventus in the UEFA Champions League final at the Amsterdam Arena.
Champions League Trophy Lift
Captains Real Madrid during the 1-0 final victory over Juventus.
Accords of Good Friday
Commitment to the settlement is demonstrated in a dual referendum, the North approves the accord by a vote of 71% to 29%, and in the Irish Republic 94% favor it
Constitution of Great Britain
71% of the turnout in Northern Ireland vote for the Good Friday Agrrement
Referendum
Commitment to the settlement is demonstrated in a dual referendum, the North approves the accord by a vote of 71% to 29%, and in the Irish Republic 94% favor it
Amsterdam Treaty Referendum
Welcomes voter approval of the Amsterdam Treaty in Ireland's constitutional referendum.
Accords of Good Friday
Commitment to the settlement is demonstrated in a dual referendum, the North approves the accord by a vote of 71% to 29%, and in the Irish Republic 94% favor it
Referendum
Commitment to the settlement is demonstrated in a dual referendum, the North approves the accord by a vote of 71% to 29%, and in the Irish Republic 94% favor it
Nineteenth Amendment Referendum
Welcomes overwhelming Irish approval of the constitutional changes required by the Good Friday Agreement.
Accords of Good Friday
71% ov voters in North Ireland support the Good Friday Accord
Peace
Says of North Ireland, "Peace is no longer a dream. It is a reality"
Rule of Abkhazia
Fighting between Abkhaz forces and Georgian irregulars rages inside a Russian patrolled buffer zone despite an agreed 1993 cease-fire
Chagai-I Nuclear Tests
Pakistan conducts nuclear tests in response to India's tests.
Chagai-I
Nawaz Sharif announces Pakistan's nuclear tests at Ras Koh in response to India's tests earlier that month.
Chagai I Nuclear Tests
Pakistan conducts its first series of announced nuclear tests in response to India's May tests.
Chagai-I
Ishfaq Ahmad leads PAEC as Pakistan conducts the Chagai-I nuclear tests at the Ras Koh range.
Chagai-I
Samar Mubarakmand is part of the senior technical team involved in preparing and conducting the Chagai-I tests.
Chagai-I
A. Q. Khan attends the Chagai tests after years of leading Pakistan's uranium-enrichment program.
When We Were the New Boys
Releases When We Were the New Boys, covering songs by younger British rock writers.
Chagai-II Nuclear Test
Pakistan conducts an additional nuclear test in the Kharan Desert.
Chagai-II
Sharif's government conducts another nuclear test in the Kharan Desert two days after the Ras Koh tests.
Chagai II Nuclear Test
Pakistan conducts another nuclear test two days after the Chagai I series.
Chagai-II
Ishfaq Ahmad remains PAEC chairman as Pakistan carries out the Chagai-II test in the Kharan Desert.
Europa May Flyby
Galileo conducts a further Europa encounter to examine the icy surface and surrounding environment.
Death of Linda McCartney
Death of Linda McCartney, dies of cancer
Golden Boot Premier League
Claims the Premier League top-scorer award with 18 goals while representing Blackburn Rovers. The season is distinguished by sharing the award during Blackburnโs final season before relegation.
Golden Boot Premier League
Finishes as the leading goalscorer in the Premier League with 18 goals for Coventry City. The campaign is particularly remembered for sharing the scoring lead with Michael Owen and Chris Sutton.
Golden Boot Premier League
Scores 18 goals for Liverpool to claim the Premier League scoring honour. The achievement reflects a breakthrough Liverpool season in which his speed troubled established defenders.
Nuclear Test Sanctions
The United States and other countries impose sanctions on India after the Pokhran-II nuclear tests.
Honours
Receives the Order of the Garter from the British Royal Familly
Visit to Britain
Recieves the Order of the Garter from the British Royal Familly. Emperor Akihito & Empress Michiko visit Britain. British POWs demostrate & demand an apology & compensation
Visit to Britain
Emperor Akihito & Empress Michiko visit Britain
Decision to Conduct Nuclear Tests
Nawaz Sharif's government decides to conduct nuclear tests after India carries out a new series of tests at Pokhran.
Birmingham G8 Summit
Participates in the Birmingham summit as Russia takes part in the political work of the Group of Eight.
Treaty of Schengen
During the Schengen process, Derycke represents Belgian diplomacy as Schengen is absorbed into the European Union legal order. The Belgian approach combines mobility with common visa and policing rules.
Treaty of Schengen
Dehaene helps lead Belgium when the Amsterdam Treaty takes effect and the Schengen acquis becomes part of EU law. Belgium supports wider participation while preserving practical security cooperation.
Treaty of Schengen
During the Schengen process, Vedrine handles French diplomacy as the Schengen system is absorbed into the Union's legal structure. French officials link border removal with operational law-enforcement cooperation.
Treaty of Schengen
Jospin helps lead France when the Amsterdam Treaty takes effect and the Schengen acquis becomes part of EU law. France supports mobility alongside common visa and security arrangements.
Treaty of Schengen
Schroder helps lead Germany when the Amsterdam Treaty takes effect and the Schengen acquis becomes part of EU law. Germany supports freer travel alongside common security and visa rules.
Treaty of Schengen
During the Schengen process, Fischer oversees German diplomacy as the Schengen acquis is transferred into the European Union system. German officials emphasise reliable information-sharing between national authorities.
Treaty of Amsterdam Enters into Force
Amsterdam's institutional reforms become legally effective while Simitis leads the Greek government.
Treaty of Amsterdam Enters into Force
Amsterdam's institutional reforms become legally effective while Ahern leads the Irish government.
Treaty of Schengen
During the Schengen process, van Aartsen represents Dutch diplomacy when the separate Schengen system is incorporated into the European Union. Dutch officials favour shared information systems alongside open internal borders.
Treaty of Schengen
Kok helps lead Netherlands when the Amsterdam Treaty takes effect and the Schengen acquis becomes part of EU law. The Netherlands links free movement with practical law-enforcement cooperation.
Death of Robert Oliver Reed
Death of Robert Oliver Reed
Death of Oliver Reed
Death of Oliver Reed
Statehood Declaration Postponed
Arafat postpones a unilateral declaration of Palestinian statehood at the end of the Oslo interim period after sustained international diplomatic pressure.
Callisto May Flyby
Galileo uses a Callisto encounter as part of a campaign to reshape its orbit for later close passes of Io.
Death of Dirk Bogarde
Death of Dirk Bogarde
Death of Dirk Bogarde
Death of Dirk Bogarde
National Maritime Museum
Opens the new look National Maritime Museum
Primakov Dismissed
Dismisses Prime Minister Yevgeny Primakov and nominates Sergei Stepashin.
Prime Minister of Russia
The nomination of Interior Minister Sergei Stepashin, a Yeltsin loyalist, as Primakovs replacement suggests to many that Primakov had become too powerful for the Presidents comfort. Stepashin is easily confirmed by the Duma
Dismissal
Yeltsin fires Primakov, ostensibly because of the need for more energetic leadership
The Ego Has Landed
Releases The Ego Has Landed for the North American market.
Resignation of Binyamin Netanyahu
Resigns as Prime Minister of Israel
President of Italy
Appointed President of Italy, acting
President of Italy
Appointed President of Italy, acting
Impeachment Charges Defeated
Survives a State Duma attempt to impeach him on five separate charges.
Election
Israel elects Labor party leader and Former General Ehud Barak as Prime Minister in a landslide, Barak promises rapid progress toward peace
Kargil Operational Briefing
Tauqir Zia briefs Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and senior commanders on the Kargil operation at Ojhri Camp.
Poet Laureate
Appointed Poet Laureate
Duma Confirms Stepashin
Secures State Duma approval of Sergei Stepashin as prime minister.
Stepashin Appointed Prime Minister
Appoints Sergei Stepashin prime minister after dismissing Yevgeny Primakov.
Treaty of Schengen
Van Parys backs the Council's allocation of EU treaty bases to the inherited Schengen measures. Belgian officials favour gradual implementation backed by shared security measures.
Treaty of Schengen
Chevenement supports the post-Amsterdam legal settlement assigning treaty bases to individual Schengen measures. The French approach stresses both free movement and compensating security measures.
Treaty of Schengen
Schily supports the Council's legal mapping of Schengen measures onto the EU treaties. The German approach combines mobility with coordinated frontier safeguards.
Treaty of Schengen
Korthals backs the Council's assignment of EU legal bases to the inherited Schengen rules. The Dutch approach combines mobility with common security safeguards.
ICTR Genocide Conviction
Is convicted of genocide for crimes in Kibuye.
Kibuye Crimes Judgment
The ICTR sentences him to life imprisonment.
Champions League Winner
Peter Schmeichel captained United in his final appearance for the club and lifted the trophy after a dramatic comeback in the 1999 UEFA Champions League final, helping Manchester United win the competition.
Barcelona Final Heartbreak
Stefan Effenberg captains Bayern in the Champions League final, where Manchester United score twice in stoppage time to overturn a 1-0 deficit.
National Assembly
Opens the Welsh National Assembly
Champions League Winner
Gary Neville played at right-back as United survived Bayern's pressure before two stoppage-time goals in the 1999 UEFA Champions League final, helping Manchester United win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Teddy Sheringham equalised in stoppage time to revive United's hopes against Bayern Munich in the 1999 UEFA Champions League final, helping Manchester United win the competition.
Champions League Comeback in Barcelona
Manchester United defeat Bayern Munich 2-1 in the Champions League final after two stoppage-time goals, giving Ferguson his first title in Europeโs leading club competition.
Champions League Winner
David Beckham delivered corners that created United's late equaliser and winning goal in the 1999 UEFA Champions League final, helping Manchester United win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Nicky Butt covered central midfield in the absence of suspended teammates Roy Keane and Paul Scholes in the 1999 UEFA Champions League final, helping Manchester United win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Ryan Giggs contributed from the wing and was involved in the move leading to United's equaliser in the 1999 UEFA Champions League final, helping Manchester United win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Denis Irwin provided defensive experience on the left as the final turned in injury time in the 1999 UEFA Champions League final, helping Manchester United win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Jaap Stam anchored United's central defence during the tense contest with Bayern Munich in the 1999 UEFA Champions League final, helping Manchester United win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Ronny Johnsen partnered Stam in central defence and helped keep the score close until the closing minutes in the 1999 UEFA Champions League final, helping Manchester United win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Ole Gunnar Solskjaer turned in the injury-time winner that completed United's astonishing comeback in the 1999 UEFA Champions League final, helping Manchester United win the competition.
Second David Oddsson Government
The Second David Oddsson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Third David Oddsson Government
Begins the Third David Oddsson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
President of Nigeria
Appointed President of Nigeria, 4th Republic
Presidential Election
Wins Slovakia's first direct presidential election.
Midland Metro
The first Midland Metro line opens between Birmingham Snow Hill and Wolverhampton.
Diplomatic Mission
Britain & Iran exchange ambassadors for the 1st time since 1989
Diplomatic Mission
Britain & Iran exchange ambassadors for the 1st time since 1989
Golden Boot Premier League
Leads the Premier League scoring standings with 18 goals for Liverpool. His contribution stands out for retaining a share of the top-scorer honour despite an injury-interrupted spring.
Battle of Kargil
Vajpayee leads India during the Kargil conflict after Pakistani forces occupy positions across the Line of Control.
Operation Vijay
Atal Behari Vajpayee's government authorizes Operation Vijay to evict infiltrating forces from Indian-held positions in the Kargil sector.
Diplomatic Mission
Britain & Iran exchange ambassadors for the 1st time since 1989
Golden Boot Premier League
Finishes as the leading goalscorer in the Premier League with 18 goals for Leeds United. The campaign is particularly remembered for his prolific Leeds campaign before a move to Atlรฉtico Madrid.
Kargil Operations
Aziz Khan serves as Chief of General Staff and participates in senior planning and oversight of the Kargil operation.
Kargil Operations
Mahmud Ahmed commands X Corps during the Kargil operation and participates in senior operational briefings.
Kargil Operations
Javed Hassan commands Force Command Northern Areas during the Pakistani military deployment associated with the Kargil conflict.
Golden Boot Premier League
Collects the Premier League leading-scorer distinction after scoring 18 goals for Manchester United. The award recognises his leading attacking role in Unitedโs treble-winning season.
Constitutional Commission Appointed
Mugabe appoints a commission to prepare proposals for a new constitution.
Things Have Changed
Releases Things Have Changed for the film Wonder Boys.
Missing Intergalactic Hydrogen
Hubble quasar spectroscopy reveals extensive filaments of ionized hydrogen between galaxies, helping account for matter missing from the nearby universe.
START II
Putin signs the resolution of ratification for START II and its extension protocol, the legislation makes exchange of the instruments of ratification (required to bring the Treaty into force) contingent on US ratification of the 1997 extension protocol
DFB Cup Victory Over Werder Bremen
Ottmar Hitzfeld oversees Bayernโs 3-0 win against Werder Bremen in the DFB Cup final, completing the domestic cup campaign with a trophy.
Operation Palliser
Britain launches Operation Palliser to evacuate citizens and stabilize Freetown
Inauguration
Putin is inaugurated, he names Mikhail Kasyanof as Prime Minister and pledges to restore the country to world-power status
President of Russia
Appointed President of Russia
Prime Minister of Russia
Putin is inaugurated, he names Mikhail Kasyanof as Prime Minister and pledges to restore the country to world-power status
Prime Minister of Russia
Appointed Prime Minister of Russia
President of Armenia
Appointed President of Armenia
Supreme Court Election Deadline
The Supreme Court orders Musharraf to hold national elections by October 2002.
President of Turkey
Appointed President of Turkey
Arsenal UEFA Cup Final Appearance
Wenger took Arsenal to the UEFA Cup final against Galatasaray, but a goalless contest ended in defeat for his side on penalties.
Sankoh Arrested
Foday Sankoh is arrested after violence near his Freetown residence
Arrest of Sankoh
Sankoh is captured and detained after the RUF hostage crisis
Coup Attempt
Survives an attempted coup during a period of political instability.
League Title Clinched on Final Day
Ottmar Hitzfeld guides Bayern to the Bundesliga championship after Bayer Leverkusen lose their final league match, allowing Bayern to finish top on goal difference.
Aston Villa FA Cup Final
Manages Aston Villa in the last FA Cup final staged at the original Wembley Stadium.
Galileo Ganymede Close Encounter
Galileo makes another close Ganymede pass, extending measurements of its surface and magnetic environment.
Death of John Gielgud
Death of John Gielgud
Economy of Russia
Putin abolishes the chief agency for environmental protection and transferred its powers to a ministry that hands out oil and gas leases
First Commissioners Session
Chairs the first session of the UNMOVIC College of Commissioners.
UNMOVIC College Meeting
Commissioners review preparations for renewed Iraq monitoring.
Champions League Winner
Fernando Redondo captained Madrid and controlled possession in central midfield in the 2000 UEFA Champions League final, helping Real Madrid win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Roberto Carlos advanced energetically from left-back while contributing to Madrid's clean sheet in the 2000 UEFA Champions League final, helping Real Madrid win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Nicolas Anelka started in attack and occupied Valencia's back line in the decisive match in the 2000 UEFA Champions League final, helping Real Madrid win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Steve McManaman scored Madrid's second goal with a volley to strengthen their lead in the 2000 UEFA Champions League final, helping Real Madrid win the competition.
McManaman Champions League Final Volley
Scores with a low volley as Real Madrid defeat Valencia 3-0.
Israeli Withdrawal from South Lebanon
Israeli forces withdraw from southern Lebanon after a long military presence, transforming the security situation along the border during President Emile Lahoud's term.
Champions League Winner
Aitor Karanka helped close down Valencia's attackers as Madrid secured the trophy in the 2000 UEFA Champions League final, helping Real Madrid win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Ivan Helguera combined defensive work with midfield support during Madrid's eighth European Cup win in the 2000 UEFA Champions League final, helping Real Madrid win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Michel Salgado protected the right side of Madrid's defence during a convincing victory over Valencia in the 2000 UEFA Champions League final, helping Real Madrid win the competition.
Champions League Victory
Guides Real Madrid to victory over Valencia in Paris.
Champions League Winner
Fernando Morientes opened the scoring with a first-half header against Valencia in the 2000 UEFA Champions League final, helping Real Madrid win the competition.
Morientes Champions League Final Opening Goal
Heads Real Madrid into the lead during the first Champions League final between clubs from one country.
Champions League Winner
Raul Gonzalez completed the 3-0 scoreline with a breakaway goal in the second half in the 2000 UEFA Champions League final, helping Real Madrid win the competition.
Gonzalez Champions League Final Third Goal
Completes Real Madrid's victory by rounding the goalkeeper and scoring the third goal.
Champions League Victory
Keeps goal as Real Madrid defeat Valencia in Paris.
Champions League Winner
Iker Casillas kept Valencia scoreless as Madrid won an all-Spanish European final in the 2000 UEFA Champions League final, helping Real Madrid win the competition.
Economy of Russia
Putin unveils a new plan to revive the economy that includes a flat 13% income tax
Income Tax
Putin unveils a new plan to revive the economy that includes a flat 13% income tax
Reform of Taxation
Putin unveils a new plan to revive the economy that includes a flat 13% income tax
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
Putin signs the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, it will not be effective until the US and other nations also approve
Treaty of Nuclear Weapons
Putin signs the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, it will not be effective until the US and other nations also approve
Premier League Promotion Through Playoffs
George Burley manages Ipswich Town to a 4โ2 victory over Barnsley in the 2000 First Division play-off final, returning the club to the Premier League.
Death of Petur Mladenov
Death of Petur Mladenov
Debut
Gerrard makes his international debut against the Ukraine
Golden Boot Premier League
Scores 30 goals for Sunderland to claim the Premier League scoring honour. The achievement reflects his exceptional goal return in Sunderlandโs first season back in the top flight.
Freetown Stabilized
British forces help stabilize Freetown and support Sierra Leonean government authority
Population
India marks the symbolic birth of its billionth citizen as its population reaches one billion.
Rule of Chechnya
Putin declares direct rule over Chechnya from Moscow. former Chechen cleric Akhmad Kadyrov is appointed as administrative head
Election
Putin wins the election
Rule of Chechnya
Putin declares direct rule over Chechnya from Moscow. former Chechen cleric Akhmad Kadyrov is appointed as administrative head
British Intervention Requested
Kabbah government seeks British support as RUF advances threaten Freetown
UN Hostage Crisis
RUF fighters seize UN peacekeepers and threaten the peace process
Abuja Ceasefire Revived
Government and RUF renew ceasefire and disarmament commitments
Disarmament Commitment
Issa Sesay represents RUF as disarmament arrangements are revived
Governor Appointed
Tony Longrigg becomes Governor of Montserrat
First FA Cup Winner's Medal
Wins his first FA Cup as Liverpool defeat Arsenal 2-1 at the Millennium Stadium.
2001 FA Cup Final Opening Goal
Scores Arsenal's goal in the FA Cup final before Liverpool recover to win 2-1.
Retirement from Parliament
Retires from Parliament after continuous Commons service since 1950.
General
Appointed General Secretary of the Arab League
Hamburg Free Kick Clinches League
Patrik Andersson scores a stoppage-time indirect free kick against Hamburg to secure a 1-1 draw and the Bundesliga title for Bayern.
Election
Chad holds elections, Doby is later declared the winner
Unilateral Ceasefire Announcement
Sharon announces a unilateral Israeli ceasefire while the international community promotes the recently issued Mitchell Committee recommendations.
Fifth Commissioners Session
Chairs the fifth session of the UNMOVIC College.
UNMOVIC College Meeting
Commissioners review progress in training and monitoring preparations.
Champions League Final Shootout Saves
Saves three penalties in the shootout as Bayern Munich defeat Valencia.
European Crown After Twenty-Five Years
Ottmar Hitzfeld leads Bayern to their first European championship since 1976 after a penalty shootout victory over Valencia in the Champions League final.
Hitzfeld Second Champions League Coaching Title
Wins the competition with Bayern after previously guiding Borussia Dortmund to the 1997 title.
Effenberg Champions League Final Equalising Penalty
Converts Bayern Munich's second-half penalty to level the final against Valencia.
Death of Peter David Shore
Death of Peter Shore
Manager
Appointed manager of first division Manchester City
Galileo Close Callisto Flyby
Galileo passes only about 138 kilometres above Callisto during a close encounter.
Health and Social Care Act 2001
The Health and Social Care Act provides statutory support for organisational changes, partnership arrangements and new mechanisms for improving health and social-care coordination.
Golden Boot Premier League
Claims the Premier League top-scorer award with 23 goals while representing Chelsea. The season is distinguished by leading the league scoring chart in his first Chelsea season.
Mitchell Recommendations Accepted
Arafat accepts the Mitchell Committee recommendations as a framework for ending violence, rebuilding confidence and returning to negotiations.
European Court of Human Rights says Turkey violated Greek Cypriot rights
The European Court of Human Rights says Turkey violated Greek Cypriot rights
Politics
The European Court of Human Rights says Turkey violated Greek Cypriot rights
Portsmouth Enrichment Closure
Uranium-enrichment activities at the Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant conclude after roughly half a century of operation.
Death of Barbara Anne Castle
Death of Barbara Castle
Bundesliga Championship Contribution
Leads the forward line as Borussia Dortmund secures the 2001-02 Bundesliga title, combining aerial strength with link-up play.
League Title as Dortmund Manager
Wins the Bundesliga as Dortmund head coach after previously winning German league championships with the club as a player.
2002 FA Cup Final Opening Goal
Scores from distance to give Arsenal the lead against Chelsea in the FA Cup final.
2002 FA Cup Final Second Goal
Scores Arsenal's second goal in the 2-0 FA Cup final victory over Chelsea.
Death of Pim Fortuyn
Death of Pim Fortuyn
Premier League Title Won at Old Trafford
Arsenal defeated Manchester United 1-0 at Old Trafford to secure the Premier League championship and complete the league component of Wengerโs second domestic Double.
Old Trafford League Title Winner
Scores the only goal at Manchester United as Arsenal clinch the Premier League title.
UEFA Cup Victory
Wins the UEFA Cup with Feyenoord after the club defeats Borussia Dortmund in the final in Rotterdam.
Al-Qaeda
US authorities announce the arrest of an American citizen they accuse of planning to build and detonate a bomb containing radioactive material, Jose Padilla, is detained Chicago airport after arriving from Pakistan
Church of Nativity Siege Settlement
The Church of the Nativity standoff ends through a negotiated arrangement that sends some Palestinian militants abroad and others to Gaza.
Presidential Election Victory
Toure wins the presidential runoff and prepares to return as an elected civilian leader.
Postwar Election
Kabbah wins postwar election after the end of the civil war
Champions League Final Equaliser
Heads Bayer Leverkusen level against Real Madrid in the Champions League final.
Champions League Final Assist
Provides the cross that Zinedine Zidane converts with his famous winning volley.
Palestinian Authority Reform Speech
Arafat addresses the Palestinian Legislative Council and promises political and administrative reforms after intense domestic and international pressure.
Arab Summit
II participates in arab summit connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
East Timor Independence
UN transitional administration ends as East Timor becomes independent
Agreement on Reduce operationally deployed strategic nuclear warheads to
Both sides agree to reduce operationally deployed strategic nuclear warheads to 1,700 from 2,200 by 2012
SORT
The START II Treaty is officially bypassed by the SORT Treaty, agreed to by Presidents George W. Bush and Vladimir Putin at their summit meeting in November 2001, and signed at Moscow Summit on May 24, 2002. Both sides agree to reduce operationally deployed strategic nuclear warheads to 1,700 from 2,200 by 2012
START II
Russia and the United States sign the Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty in Moscow, which calls for each country to deploy no more than 1,700-2,200 strategic warheads
SORT
The START II Treaty is officially bypassed by the SORT Treaty, agreed to by Presidents George W. Bush and Vladimir Putin at their summit meeting in November 2001, and signed at Moscow Summit on May 24, 2002. Both sides agree to reduce operationally deployed strategic nuclear warheads to 1,700 from 2,200 by 2012
START II
Russia and the United States sign the Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty in Moscow, which calls for each country to deploy no more than 1,700-2,200 strategic warheads
Moscow Treaty Signed
Signs the Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty with Vladimir Putin to reduce deployed strategic nuclear warheads.
Constitutional Referendum
Voters approved constitutional changes affecting presidential terms and the structure of parliament.
Palestinian Basic Law Promulgated
Arafat promulgates the Palestinian Basic Law, giving the Palestinian Authority a more formal constitutional framework for governance.
Ninth Commissioners Session
Chairs the ninth UNMOVIC Commissioners session.
UNMOVIC Inspection Planning
Commissioners continue planning for possible renewed inspections.
Opening Match Goal Against France
Scores the only goal as World Cup debutants Senegal defeat defending champions France.
Bundesliga Leading Scorer
Finishes the Bundesliga campaign as joint top scorer with 18 league goals while helping Borussia Dortmund claim the championship.
Golden Boot Premier League
Leads the Premier League scoring standings with 24 goals for Arsenal. His contribution stands out for his combination of creativity and finishing in Arsenalโs double-winning campaign.
Kaluchak Attack
Militants attack a military camp and family quarters at Kaluchak, killing soldiers and civilians.
Reballion of Rebels in Kashmir
Kashmiri separatist leader Abdul Gani Lone shot dead in Srinagar by Islamist militants
Agreement on Establish a NATO Council
Russia & the USA will cut their nuclear arsenals from 6,000 to 2,000 over 10 yrs. Russia & the USA announce a new agreement on strategic nuclear weapons reduction. Russian & NATO agree to establish a NATO Council
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Russian & NATO agree to establish a NATO Council
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Russian & NATO agree to establish a NATO Council
Invasion of Iraq
An end of major combat operations is declared, ending the invasion period and beginning the military occupation period
Invasion of Iraq
An end of major combat operations is declared, ending the invasion period and beginning the military occupation period
Invasion of Iraq
An end of major combat operations is declared, ending the invasion period and beginning the military occupation period
GSLV-D2
K. Kasturirangan oversees GSLV-D2, which places the experimental GSAT-2 spacecraft into a geosynchronous transfer orbit.
2003 FA Cup Final Winning Goal
Scores the only goal as Arsenal defeat Southampton to retain the FA Cup.
Scandal
Dr David Kelly meets Andrew Gilligan in the Charing Cross Hotel
Invasion of Iraq
Resolution 1483 recognizes the authority, responsibilities, and obligations of the United States and the United Kingdom as occupying powers of Iraq under a unified command
Rule of Iraq
Resolution 1483 recognizes the authority, responsibilities, and obligations of the United States and the United Kingdom as occupying powers of Iraq under a unified command
UN Resolution 1483
Resolution 1483 recognizes the authority, responsibilities, and obligations of the United States and the United Kingdom as occupying powers of Iraq under a unified command
United Nations
Resolution 1483 recognizes the authority, responsibilities, and obligations of the United States and the United Kingdom as occupying powers of Iraq under a unified command
Trial
Resolution 1483 calls upon the states of the United Nations to support actions that facilitate the prosecution of the members of Saddam Husseins regime responsible for crimes and atrocities
UN Resolution 1483
Resolution 1483 recognizes the authority, responsibilities, and obligations of the United States and the United Kingdom as occupying powers of Iraq under a unified command. Resolution 1483 calls upon the states of the United Nations to support actions that facilitate the prosecution of the members of Saddam Husseins regime responsible for crimes and atrocities
United Nations
Resolution 1483 recognizes the authority, responsibilities, and obligations of the United States and the United Kingdom as occupying powers of Iraq under a unified command. Resolution 1483 calls upon the states of the United Nations to support actions that facilitate the prosecution of the members of Saddam Husseins regime responsible for crimes and atrocities
Trial
Resolution 1483 calls upon the states of the United Nations to support actions that facilitate the prosecution of the members of Saddam Husseins regime responsible for crimes and atrocities
UN Resolution 1483
Resolution 1483 calls upon the states of the United Nations to support actions that facilitate the prosecution of the members of Saddam Husseins regime responsible for crimes and atrocities
UN Resolution 1483
Resolution 1483 recognizes the authority, responsibilities, and obligations of the United States and the United Kingdom as occupying powers of Iraq under a unified command
United Nations
Resolution 1483 recognizes the authority, responsibilities, and obligations of the United States and the United Kingdom as occupying powers of Iraq under a unified command
Fourth David Oddsson Government
Begins the Fourth David Oddsson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Third David Oddsson Government
The Third David Oddsson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina
Road Map for Peace
Accepts the Quartet Road Map with reservations.
Road Map Principles Accepted
Sharon's cabinet conditionally accepts the principles of the Quartet Road Map while attaching Israeli reservations to its implementation.
Led Zeppelin DVD
Appears in archive performances on the Led Zeppelin DVD release.
How the West Was Won
Releases How the West Was Won, drawn from 1972 live recordings.
Champions League Winner
Dida Silva saved penalties in the shootout as Milan edged Juventus after a goalless final in the 2003 UEFA Champions League final, helping AC Milan win the competition.
Maldini Champions League Winning Captain
Captains Milan to European victory seventeen years after his father had lifted the trophy.
Champions League Winner
Alessandro Costacurta provided an experienced defensive presence in Milan's all-Italian final in the 2003 UEFA Champions League final, helping AC Milan win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Alessandro Nesta helped neutralise Juventus's forwards over 120 scoreless minutes in the 2003 UEFA Champions League final, helping AC Milan win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Paolo Maldini captained Milan to European glory at Old Trafford after a stalemate with Juventus in the 2003 UEFA Champions League final, helping AC Milan win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Filippo Inzaghi led the attack through a scoreless final before Milan prevailed in the shootout in the 2003 UEFA Champions League final, helping AC Milan win the competition.
First Champions League Coaching Title
Guides Milan to victory over Juventus in the competition's first all-Italian final.
Champions League Winner
Andrea Pirlo distributed the ball from deep as Milan sought openings against Juventus in the 2003 UEFA Champions League final, helping AC Milan win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Gennaro Gattuso battled for possession in the centre of the pitch and limited Juventus's rhythm in the 2003 UEFA Champions League final, helping AC Milan win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Clarence Seedorf featured in Milan's midfield and won the competition with a third different club in the 2003 UEFA Champions League final, helping AC Milan win the competition.
Champions League Victory
Wins the Champions League with AC Milan against Juventus.
Champions League Winner
Rui Costa provided creative passing in a closely contested final that required penalties in the 2003 UEFA Champions League final, helping AC Milan win the competition.
Milan European Title
Adds Europe's leading club trophy to his honours.
Champions League Winner
Andriy Shevchenko converted the decisive penalty to deliver Milan's sixth European Cup in the 2003 UEFA Champions League final, helping AC Milan win the competition.
Shevchenko Champions League Winning Penalty
Converts Milan's decisive shootout penalty against Juventus at Old Trafford.
Scandal
Andrew Gilligan says a senior official said the Iraq dossier was "sexed up"
Death of Mickie Most
Death of Mickie Most
Resignation of Lokendra Bahadur Chand
Chand resigns after months of protests led by political parties demanding the King appoint Government with their nominees or revive Parliament
Resignation of Clare Short
Resigns over the Governments policy of war in Iraq
Broadcast
BBC Radio 4 "Today" says the Government "sexed up" the dossier of Iraqs weapons
Invasion of Iraq
Radio 4 "Today" broadcast says the Government "sexed up" the Iraq weapons dossier. BBC Radio 4 "Today" says the Government "sexed up" the dossier of Iraqs weapons
Resignation of Clare Short
Claire Short resigns over the Governments policy on war in Iraq
Nuclear Power
The UNs International Atomic Energy Agency conducts a series of inspections in Iran, Iran confirms that there are sites at Natanz and Arak under construction, but insists that these, like Bushehr, are designed solely to provide fuel
Premier League Title
Wins the Premier League with Manchester United and finishes the season as the league's leading scorer.
Golden Boot Premier League
Collects the Premier League leading-scorer distinction after scoring 25 goals for Manchester United. The award recognises scoring crucial league goals as Manchester United reclaimed the title.
Offensive Reduction Treaty
The Russian Parliament ratifies the Offensive Reduction Treaty
Suicide
50 are killed during a suicide bombing of a Government building in Chechnya
Treaty of Nuclear Weapons
The Russian Parliament ratifies the Offensive Reduction Treaty
Treaty of Accession
Papadopoulos serves as Cyprus's president when the accession settlement becomes effective and membership starts.
Treaty of Accession
Spidla leads the Czech Republic as its accession treaty takes effect and full EU membership begins.
Treaty of Accession
Parts heads Estonia on the day the Athens treaty takes effect and the country enters the European Union.
Eastern Enlargement
Chirac welcomed ten new member states as the European Union completed its largest enlargement.
European Union Enlargement
Heads the German government when ten new member states join the European Union in its largest enlargement.
EU Enlargement
Allows workers from new EU member states immediate labour market access.
European Union Enlargement
Heads the Greek government when ten new member states join the European Union.
Treaty of Accession
Medgyessy leads Hungary on its first day as an EU member under the 2003 accession treaty.
Day of Welcomes
Hosts celebrations welcoming ten new countries during the largest enlargement in European Union history.
European Union Enlargement
Leads the Irish EU Presidency as ten new member states join the European Union.
European Union Enlargement
Heads the Italian government when ten new member states join the European Union.
Treaty of Accession
Emsis leads Latvia as the country crosses from candidate status into full European Union membership.
Treaty of Accession
Brazauskas heads Lithuania when the Athens treaty enters into force and Lithuania joins the Union.
Treaty of Accession
Gonzi heads Malta as the accession agreement takes legal effect and the island state joins the Union.
Treaty of Accession
Miller remains Poland's prime minister as the country enters the European Union on enlargement day.
Treaty of Accession
Dzurinda heads Slovakia as the 2003 treaty takes effect and the country becomes a European Union member.
Treaty of Accession
Rop leads Slovenia when the accession treaty becomes effective and Slovenian EU membership begins.
Champions League Semi-Final Victory
Porto defeat Deportivo La Coruna to reach the Champions League final.
New Civil Marriage Law
Promulgates a new civil marriage law that introduces divorce into Chilean law.
Governor Appointed
Deborah Barnes Jones becomes Governor of Montserrat
Child Trust Funds Act
Legislation establishes long-term savings accounts for eligible children.
Arab Summit
al-Bakhit participates in arab summit connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Unbeaten Premier League Season Completed
Arsenal finished the 2003-04 Premier League campaign without a defeat across all 38 matches, the defining achievement of Wengerโs Invincibles team.
Final Unbeaten League Match Winning Goal
Scores the winner against Leicester City as Arsenal complete the Premier League season unbeaten.
United Progressive Alliance
Sonia Gandhi is chosen to lead the United Progressive Alliance after the 2004 general election.
United Progressive Alliance
Recommends the noted economist Dr. Manmohan Singh for the Prime Minister's post
Operation Rainbow
Sharon's government launches Operation Rainbow in Rafah, combining raids and demolitions with efforts to disrupt militant activity and weapons-smuggling tunnels.
Ayala Captains Valencia European Success
Ayala organises the defence during Valencia's 2โ0 UEFA Cup final victory over Marseille at the end of Benรญtez's reign.
UN Security Council Resolution 1544
Receives Council call for Israel to respect humanitarian obligations in Gaza
Prime Minister of India
Secures the nomination for Prime Minister when President Abdul Kalam officially asks him to form a Government
Mista Goals Help Valencia Win UEFA Cup
Mista scores Valencia's second goal against Marseille in the UEFA Cup final as Benรญtez completes a league-and-European double.
Vicente Penalty in Valencia UEFA Cup Final
Vicente converts the penalty that opens scoring against Marseille and helps Benรญtez's Valencia win the UEFA Cup.
Bombing of New York
In an audiotape posted on a website that the US claims is "frequently used by al-Qaeda", bin Laden says he had personally directed the 19 hijackers
Prime Minister of India
Manmohan Singh becomes India's fourteenth Prime Minister and the first Sikh to hold the office.
UPA Government Formed
Manmohan Singh forms the first United Progressive Alliance government after the 2004 general election.
Champions League Winner
Carlos Alberto Gomes opened the scoring with an acrobatic first-half finish against Monaco in the 2004 UEFA Champions League final, helping Porto win the competition.
Gomes Champions League Final Opening Goal
Scores Porto's opening goal in their 3-0 final victory over Monaco.
Porto Champions League Captain
Leads Porto onto the field and lifts the trophy after the victory over Monaco.
Champions League Winner
Jorge Costa captained Porto to their second European championship with a composed defensive display in the 2004 UEFA Champions League final, helping Porto win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Nuno Valente secured Porto's left flank as the Portuguese champions controlled the final in the 2004 UEFA Champions League final, helping Porto win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Paulo Ferreira supported Porto's compact defensive unit against Monaco's pace in the 2004 UEFA Champions League final, helping Porto win the competition.
Champions League Victory
Helps FC Porto keep a clean sheet in the final.
Champions League Winner
Ricardo Carvalho dominated key defensive exchanges and left Porto as a Champions League winner in the 2004 UEFA Champions League final, helping Porto win the competition.
Porto Defensive Leader
Completes an outstanding European campaign as a central defender.
Champions League Victory
Keeps goal as FC Porto win the Champions League final.
Champions League Winner
Vitor Baia kept Monaco from scoring as Porto won the European final by three goals in the 2004 UEFA Champions League final, helping Porto win the competition.
Porto European Championship
Captains the defensive foundation of Mourinho's European champions.
Champions League Victory
Leads FC Porto to a 3-0 victory over Monaco in the UEFA Champions League final.
Deco Champions League Final Second Goal
Finishes a counterattack to double Porto's advantage over Monaco.
Champions League Winner
Costinha Portugal shielded the defence and disrupted Monaco's attempts to build attacks in the 2004 UEFA Champions League final, helping Porto win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Deco Souza scored Porto's second goal and directed attacks from midfield in the 2004 UEFA Champions League final, helping Porto win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Maniche Ribeiro made influential runs from midfield as Porto advanced towards a commanding victory over Monaco in the 2004 UEFA Champions League final, helping Porto win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Dmitri Alenichev came off the bench and scored Porto's third goal to complete the emphatic 3-0 win in the 2004 UEFA Champions League final, helping Porto win the competition.
Acting Governor-General Takes Office
Jeffery Nape serves briefly as acting Governor-General
Golden Boot Premier League
Finishes as the leading goalscorer in the Premier League with 30 goals for Arsenal. The campaign is particularly remembered for his goals for the unbeaten Invincibles side.
Student demonstrators attempt to storm the British Embassy
Student demonstrators attempt to storm the British Embassy
2004 General Election
Congress performs strongly in the 2004 general election and leads the formation of the United Progressive Alliance government.
2004 General Election Defeat
The BJP-led National Democratic Alliance loses power after the 2004 general election.
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland, 2nd term
Vote of Confidence
Loses the 1st vote of confidence in Parliament
Declaration of War
Leaked documents say Bush and Blair were determined to topple Saddam Hussein at least nine months before war
Chelsea Semi-Final Goal
Scores the only goal of Liverpool's semi-final tie against Chelsea at Anfield.
House of Lords Reform Committee Service Ends
Completes his membership of the Joint Committee on House of Lords Reform after nearly three years of committee service.
Tax Law Rewrite Committee Service Ends
Completes his membership of the Joint Committee on Tax Law Rewrite Bills.
Election
Labour wins the election with 37% of the votes cast & 356 seats
Election for Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath
Brown is elected for the newly created Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath constituency.
First Election for New Constituency
Brown wins the newly drawn Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath seat.
Re-election for Leigh
Burnham retains Leigh for Labour at the general election.
Election
Wins a third Labour general election victory.
Election
Leads the Liberal Democrats to increased parliamentary representation.
Election
With 62 seats, the Liberal Democrats have 10 more MPs than in 2001. The Liberal Democrats won 62 seats, their greatest number of seats since the 1920s, gaining 22.1% of the vote
Election
The former Labour anti war rebel wins the Bethnal Green seat
Election
Comes 4th in Erewash, 20,000 votes behind the Labour candidate
Presidency Member Takes Office
Ivo Miro Jovic becomes Croat member of the Presidency after Covic is removed
Independence of Georgia
President Bush, before a cheering crowd of tens of thousands of people, said that the former Soviet republic of Georgia is proving to the world that determined people can rise up and claim their freedom from oppressive rulers
Beatification
Benedict XVI begins the beatification process for his predecessor, Pope John Paul II
Election
Merkel wins the CDU/CSU nomination as challenger to Chancellor Gerhard Schroder of the SPD in the 2005 national elections
Home Office Appointment
Burnham enters government as a Parliamentary Under-Secretary at the Home Office.
Shadow Education Secretary
Becomes Shadow Secretary of State for Education and Skills after the general election.
Pluto Moons
Hubble images reveal two faint candidate satellites near Pluto, later named Nix and Hydra.
Pluto Moons
A second Hubble observing epoch shows the two candidate moons moving with Pluto, strengthening the satellite interpretation.
Operation Murambatsvina Begins
Government authorities begin demolishing informal housing and trading structures.
Operation Murambatsvina
The government begins demolishing informal homes, markets and businesses.
Death of Paul Ricoeur
Paul Ricoeur dies at his home in Chatenay-Malabry.
FA Cup Final Shootout Save
Saves Paul Scholes's penalty as Arsenal defeat Manchester United in the FA Cup final shootout.
Rock by the River
Adams & cousin Johnny Armitage raise 1.3M pounds from a concert & auction entitled "Rock by the River" for the Royal Marsden Hospital in London
Champions League Winner
Vladimir Smicer scored Liverpool's second goal and later converted a shootout penalty in the 2005 UEFA Champions League final, helping Liverpool win the competition.
ล micer Long-Range Goal Against Milan
ล micer scores Liverpool's second goal with a low shot from distance, helping Benรญtez's team recover from a three-goal deficit.
Champions League Winner
Sami Hyypia contributed experience in central defence as Liverpool recovered from three goals down in the 2005 UEFA Champions League final, helping Liverpool win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Djimi Traore made an important goal-line clearance that kept Liverpool in the contest in the 2005 UEFA Champions League final, helping Liverpool win the competition.
Economy of Georgia
In Azerbaijan officials opened the first section of a $3.6 billion, 1,100-mile pipeline that will carry Caspian Sea oil to Western markets
Champions League Winner
Dietmar Hamann came on at half-time and helped stabilise Liverpool's midfield in the 2005 UEFA Champions League final, helping Liverpool win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Jamie Carragher fought through cramp to preserve the 3-3 draw before the shootout in the 2005 UEFA Champions League final, helping Liverpool win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Steven Gerrard headed Liverpool's first goal and inspired a remarkable second-half recovery in the 2005 UEFA Champions League final, helping Liverpool win the competition.
Gerrard Header Ignites Istanbul Recovery
Gerrard heads Liverpool's first goal against Milan before winning the penalty that brings the match level in the famous final comeback.
Champions League Winner
Steve Finnan started at right-back during a difficult first half against AC Milan in the 2005 UEFA Champions League final, helping Liverpool win the competition.
Fastest Champions League Final Goal
Scores after fifty seconds, the fastest goal in a Champions League final.
Champions League Final Shootout Hero
Saves decisive penalties as Liverpool defeat Milan after a 3-3 draw.
Champions League Winner
Jerzy Dudek made a crucial extra-time double save and stopped penalties to complete Liverpool's comeback in the 2005 UEFA Champions League final, helping Liverpool win the competition.
Dudek Saves Shevchenko Shootout Kick
Dudek stops Andriy Shevchenko's penalty to seal Liverpool's Champions League title under Benรญtez following an extraordinary comeback.
Champions League Victory
Leads Liverpool to victory after trailing Milan by three goals.
Champions League Winner
Luis Garcia was part of the Liverpool side whose European run culminated in victory over Milan in the 2005 UEFA Champions League final, helping Liverpool win the competition.
Alonso Champions League Final Equaliser
Scores from the rebound after his penalty is saved, completing Liverpool's three-goal comeback.
Alonso Scores Istanbul Equaliser
Alonso converts the rebound after his penalty is saved, drawing Liverpool level at 3โ3 with AC Milan in Benรญtez's Champions League final.
Champions League Winner
Xabi Alonso scored from the rebound of a saved penalty to make the score 3-3 in the 2005 UEFA Champions League final, helping Liverpool win the competition.
Constitution of France
French voters rejected the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe in the referendum held on 29 May 2005.
Constitution of France
Negotiations to modify EU institutions began in 2001, resulting first in the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, which would have repealed the existing European treaties and replaced them with a "constitution". Although ratified by a majority of member states, this was abandoned after being rejected by 54.67% of French voters on 29 May 2005
Independence of Georgia
Russia agreed to begin withdrawing its troops from two Soviet-era bases in Georgia this year, resolving one of the most serious disputes between Moscow and its pro-Western neighbor
Play-Off Final Winning Goal Against Preston
Bobby Zamora scores the only goal as West Ham United defeat Preston North End 1-0 in the Championship play-off final and reach the Premier League.
Deep Throat
Former assistant FBI director Mark Felt announces that he was "Deep Throat," the secret source who helped unravel the Watergate scandal
Deep Throat
Former assistant FBI director Mark Felt announces that he was "Deep Throat," the secret source who helped unravel the Watergate scandal.
Deep Throat
The admission takes even legendary Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, who had promised to keep their sources identity a secret until his death, by surprise.
Deep Throat
Publicly identifies himself as Deep Throat, confirming that he was the confidential source who assisted Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein during Watergate reporting.
Deep Throat
Former assistant FBI director Mark Felt announces that he was "Deep Throat," the secret source who helped unravel the Watergate scandal.
Deep Throat
The admission takes even legendary Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, who had promised to keep their sources identity a secret until his death, by surprise.
Deep Throat
Publicly identifies himself as Deep Throat, confirming that he was the confidential source who assisted Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein during Watergate reporting.
Deep Throat Confirmation
Bernstein joins Bob Woodward and Ben Bradlee in confirming that former FBI official Mark Felt was the Watergate source known as Deep Throat.
Golden Boot Premier League
Scores 25 goals for Arsenal to claim the Premier League scoring honour. The achievement reflects his continued attacking excellence despite Arsenal finishing second.
Independence of Palestine
Abbas travels to the White House and meets with President Bush, Bush, in return for Abbas crackdown on terrorists, pledges $50 million in aid to the Palestinian Authority and reiterates US support or a free Palestinian state
Meeting with With President Bush
Abbas travels to the White House and meets with President Bush, Bush, in return for Abbas crackdown on terrorists, pledges $50 million in aid to the Palestinian Authority and reiterates US support or a free Palestinian state
Nationalization
Announces nationalization of the hydrocarbons sector and orders troops to occupy gas installations
Gas Nationalization
Morales announces nationalization of the hydrocarbons sector
Nationalization of Hydrocarbons
Morales decrees state control over Bolivia's hydrocarbon resources and production.
Living with War
Releases Living with War, a direct protest album responding to the Iraq War era.
ODPM
In a Cabinet reshuffle Prescotts departmental responsibilities are transferred to Ruth Kelly, as Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government, following revelations about his private life and a poor performance by Labour in UK
Department of Health Appointment
Burnham becomes Minister of State responsible for NHS delivery and quality.
Death of Gene Pitney
Death of Gene Pitney, found dead in his hotel room in Cardiff
Highbury Farewell Hat-Trick
Scores a hat-trick against Wigan Athletic in Arsenal's final competitive match at Highbury.
Arab Summit
ibn Shaker participates in arab summit connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
FA Cup Final Two-Goal Performance
Scores twice, including a late long-range equaliser, as Liverpool beat West Ham on penalties.
Crouch FA Cup Final Header Disallowed
Crouch has a headed goal ruled out for offside as Liverpool fight back against West Ham in a dramatic FA Cup final.
Gerrard Last-Minute Cardiff Equaliser
Gerrard strikes from long range in stoppage time against West Ham to force extra time in Benรญtez's FA Cup final.
Reina Saves West Ham Penalties
Reina stops three shootout penalties as Liverpool overcome West Ham following a 3โ3 FA Cup final draw.
Ambassador
Ambassador of the Princes Trust, an honarary appointment made by Prince Charles Charity in London to raise awareness for young people looking for work
Removal from State Sponsors List Announced
Washington begins the process of removing Libya from its state sponsors of terrorism list.
United States Relations Restored
The United States announces restored diplomatic relations and removal of Libya's terrorism designation.
Belletti Champions League Final Winning Goal
Comes off the bench and scores the goal that gives Barcelona a 2-1 victory.
Champions League Winner
Juliano Belletti came off the bench and scored the winning goal past Jens Lehmann's replacement in the 2006 UEFA Champions League final, helping Barcelona win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Edmilson Gomes helped shield Barcelona's back line as they controlled long stretches of possession in the 2006 UEFA Champions League final, helping Barcelona win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Samuel Eto'o scored Barcelona's equalising goal late in the second half in the 2006 UEFA Champions League final, helping Barcelona win the competition.
Eto'o Champions League Final Equaliser
Scores Barcelona's equaliser against ten-man Arsenal late in the second half.
Arsenal Champions League Final
Wenger guided Arsenal to its first UEFA Champions League final, where ten-man Arsenal lost 2-1 to Barcelona after leading late into the match.
Champions League Final Opening Goal
Heads Arsenal into the lead against Barcelona in the Champions League final.
Champions League Winner
Rafael Marquez strengthened the central defence while Barcelona searched for an equaliser in the 2006 UEFA Champions League final, helping Barcelona win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Giovanni van Bronckhorst advanced from left-back to support attacks against Arsenal in the 2006 UEFA Champions League final, helping Barcelona win the competition.
Barcelona Champions League Triumph
Guides Barcelona to their second European Cup by defeating Arsenal.
Champions League Winner
Deco Souza linked Barcelona's midfield and attack during the 2-1 victory over Arsenal in the 2006 UEFA Champions League final, helping Barcelona win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Carles Puyol captained Barcelona to their second European title after a late turnaround in the 2006 UEFA Champions League final, helping Barcelona win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Oleguer Presas started on the right side of the defence in Barcelona's Paris final in the 2006 UEFA Champions League final, helping Barcelona win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Victor Valdes made important saves as Barcelona came from behind to beat ten-man Arsenal in the 2006 UEFA Champions League final, helping Barcelona win the competition.
Champions League Victory
Wins the Champions League with Barcelona against Arsenal.
First European Club Title
Earns his first European Cup winners medal.
Champions League Winner
Henrik Larsson entered as a substitute and assisted both late Barcelona goals in the 2006 UEFA Champions League final, helping Barcelona win the competition.
Constitution of Iraq
The 37-member Cabinet is approved by the National Assembly and sworn in on May 20, 2006
Inauguration
The 37-member Cabinet is approved by the National Assembly and sworn in on May 20, 2006
National Assembly
The 37-member Cabinet is approved by the National Assembly and sworn in on May 20, 2006
Belfast City Airport
Belfast City Airport is renamed George Best Belfast City Airport as a tribute to Best, the official new name and signage is unveiled to a gathering of the Best family and friends at the airport on 22 May 2006 which would have been his 60th birth
Golden Boot Premier League
Claims the Premier League top-scorer award with 27 goals while representing Arsenal. The season is distinguished by securing a third consecutive scoring crown.
Dismissal
Charles Clarke is sacked over Home Office scandal of foreign prisoners granted early release from prison
Dismissal
Charles Clarke is sacked over Home Office scandal of foreign prisoners granted early release from prison
A-List Candidates
Promotes priority candidate lists to broaden Conservative parliamentary representation.
Hyperinflation Accelerates
Zimbabwe experiences accelerating hyperinflation and severe currency instability.
Inflation Exceeds One Thousand Percent
Official inflation rises above one thousand percent.
Agger Scores Against Chelsea in Semi-Final
Agger finishes a rehearsed free-kick move to level the Champions League semi-final on aggregate before Liverpool prevail on penalties.
Kuyt Decisive Semi-Final Penalty
Kuyt converts the winning shootout penalty against Chelsea to take Benรญtez's Liverpool into another Champions League final.
Djin Djin
Produces Djin Djin, later recognised with a Grammy Award for contemporary world music.
Nationalization
Takes majority state control of heavy oil projects in the Orinoco Belt
Al-Qaeda
Muharib Abdul Latif al-Jubouri, a leader of al-Qaeda in Mesopotamia, dies in a raid north of Baghdad. US officials say that Jubouri was involved in the kidnapping of American reporter Jill Carroll
Siege of Baghdad
Muharib Abdul Latif al-Jubouri, a leader of al-Qaeda in Mesopotamia, dies in a raid north of Baghdad. US officials say that Jubouri was involved in the kidnapping of American reporter Jill Carroll
Al-Qaeda
Muharib Abdul Latif al-Jubouri, a leader of al-Qaeda in Mesopotamia, dies in a raid north of Baghdad. US officials say that Jubouri was involved in the kidnapping of American reporter Jill Carroll
Siege of Baghdad
Muharib Abdul Latif al-Jubouri, a leader of al-Qaeda in Mesopotamia, dies in a raid north of Baghdad. US officials say that Jubouri was involved in the kidnapping of American reporter Jill Carroll
Al-Qaeda
Muharib Abdul Latif al-Jubouri, a leader of al-Qaeda in Mesopotamia, dies in a raid north of Baghdad. US officials say that Jubouri was involved in the kidnapping of American reporter Jill Carroll
Siege of Baghdad
Muharib Abdul Latif al-Jubouri, a leader of al-Qaeda in Mesopotamia, dies in a raid north of Baghdad. US officials say that Jubouri was involved in the kidnapping of American reporter Jill Carroll
DYP
It is announced that DYP and the Motherland Party (ANAP) would merge to form the Democratic Party (Turkish: Demokrat Parti)
Democratic Party
It is announced that DYP and the Motherland Party (ANAP) would merge to form the Democratic Party (Turkish: Demokrat Parti)
DYP
It is announced that DYP and the Motherland Party (ANAP) would merge to form the Democratic Party (Turkish: Demokrat Parti)
Democratic Party
It is announced that DYP and the Motherland Party (ANAP) would merge to form the Democratic Party (Turkish: Demokrat Parti)
Exile of Sheikh Hasina Wajed
Former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Wajed is greeted by tens of thousands of supporters as she returns to Bangladesh after the military-backed Government abandon plans to force her into exile
Siege of Baghdad
The US and Iraq begin a new offensive in an attempt to increase security in Baghdad and quell the increasingly deadly attacks by insurgents and militias
Tony Blair Announces Departure
Blair confirms that he will resign as Prime Minister on 27 June.
Resignation of Anthony Charles Lynton Blair
Tony Blair today announces he is stepping down after 10 years as Prime Minister and 13 as Labour leader. The Prime Minister returns to his political roots in the north east for his swansong, telling supporters at Trimdon Labour club he would stand down as PM on June 27
Constitutional Reform Proposal
Brown launches his leadership campaign with proposals for citizenship and constitutional reform.
Labour Leadership Campaign Launch
Brown launches his campaign promising to listen, learn and lead change.
Leadership Campaign Launch
Brown launches his campaign to succeed Tony Blair as Labour leader.
Winning Goal at Old Trafford Preserves Survival
Carlos Tevez scores the winner in West Ham Unitedโs 1-0 final-day victory at Manchester United, confirming the clubโs Premier League survival.
Invasion of Iraq
President Bush selects Lt Gen Douglas Lute to oversee war policy in Iraq and Afghanistan
Invasion of Iraq
President Bush selects Lt Gen Douglas Lute to oversee war policy in Iraq and Afghanistan
UEFA Cup Final Opening Goal
Scores Sevilla's opening goal against Espanyol in the UEFA Cup final.
UEFA Cup Final Late Equaliser
Scores Espanyol's late extra-time equaliser to force a penalty shoot-out.
UEFA Cup Final Extra-Time Goal
Scores for Sevilla during extra time in the UEFA Cup final.
UEFA Cup Final Penalty Saves
Saves three penalties as Sevilla defeat Espanyol in the UEFA Cup final shoot-out.
UEFA Cup Final
Manages Espanyol in the UEFA Cup final, where the side lose to Sevilla on penalties.
UEFA Cup Final Victory
Guides Sevilla to a second consecutive UEFA Cup by defeating Espanyol on penalties.
UEFA Cup Final Equaliser
Scores Espanyol's first equaliser against Sevilla in the UEFA Cup final.
Unopposed Nomination
Brown becomes the only candidate with sufficient nominations for the Labour leadership.
Chelsea FA Cup Victory
Chelsea defeat Manchester United after extra time in the first FA Cup final at the rebuilt Wembley.
Manager
It is announced at a press conference that Bryan Robson and Brian Kidd would be the new management team at Sheffield United
Manager
It is announced at a press conference that Bryan Robson and Brian Kidd would be the new management team at Sheffield United
Champions League Victory
Wins the Champions League with Milan against Liverpool.
Milan European Champion
Finishes as the competition's leading scorer with ten goals.
Fifth European Cup as Player
Captains Milan to victory and collects the fifth European Cup of his playing career.
Inzaghi Champions League Final Brace
Scores both Milan goals in the 2-1 final victory over Liverpool.
Ancelotti Second Champions League Coaching Title
Guides Milan past Liverpool to win his second Champions League as a coach.
First Geir Haarde Government
The First Geir Haarde Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Second Geir Haarde Government
Begins the Second Geir Haarde Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Invasion of Iraq
Moktada al-Sadr, leader of the Mahdi Army militia and an opponent of the US-led war in Iraq, reemerges from hiding for the first time since January. In a speech, he calls for a timetable for the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq
Invasion of Iraq
Moktada al-Sadr, leader of the Mahdi Army militia and an opponent of the US-led war in Iraq, reemerges from hiding for the first time since January. In a speech, he calls for a timetable for the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq
Wembley Promotion Defence
Darren Moore helps organise Derby Countyโs defence during the 2007 Championship play-off final victory over West Bromwich Albion.
Promotion Final Goalkeeping
Stephen Bywater keeps a clean sheet in Derby Countyโs 1-0 win over West Bromwich Albion at Wembley as the Rams secure promotion.
Championship Playoff Promotion
Billy Davies manages Derby County to victory over West Bromwich Albion in the 2007 Championship play-off final, restoring the club to the Premier League.
Playoff Final Winning Goal
Stephen Pearson scores Derby Countyโs decisive goal against West Bromwich Albion in the 2007 Championship play-off final.
President of Nigeria
Appointed President of Nigeria after the 2007 presidential election
Invasion of Iraq
With 127 deaths, May is the deadliest month for U.S. troops since November 2004
Blair Endorses Brown
Tony Blair publicly praises Brown's ability as the leadership transition approaches.
Parliamentary Nominations
Brown secures overwhelming support from Labour Members of Parliament for his leadership bid.
Celtic Transfer
Joins Celtic from Hibernian and later becomes a long-serving captain.
Secretary General
Elected as Secretary General of the Dawa Party, succeeding Jaafari
LIGO-Virgo Joint Observations
Virgo begins joint observations with LIGO under a shared data-analysis agreement, creating a coordinated transatlantic detector network for gravitational-wave searches.
Golden Boot Premier League
Leads the Premier League scoring standings with 20 goals for Chelsea. His contribution stands out for his powerful centre-forward performances under Josรฉ Mourinho.
Electricity Shortage
The government warns that prolonged electricity cuts will affect homes and businesses.
Economy of Cuba
Cuba announces a major shake-up of its troubled farm sector on May Day, shifting control of the islands farms from officials at the Agriculture Ministry to more than 150 local councils
May Day
Cuba announces a major shake-up of its troubled farm sector on May Day, shifting control of the islands farms from officials at the Agriculture Ministry to more than 150 local councils
Local Election Defeat
Labour records its weakest local-election performance for several decades.
Economy of Cuba
Computers go on sale to the general public
ZANU-PF Loses Assembly Majority
Official results show ZANU-PF losing its elected majority in the Assembly.
ZANU-PF Loses Parliamentary Majority
Election results show ZANU-PF losing its parliamentary majority for the first time.
La Liga Title-Clinching Winner
Scores the late winning goal against Osasuna that mathematically secures the league title.
Talks with Dalai Lama Envoys
Chinese officials meet representatives of the Dalai Lama after international calls for dialogue.
Thirty-First La Liga Title
Coaches Real Madrid to their thirty-first Spanish league championship.
Dialogue Endorsement
The Dalai Lama endorses renewed contact between his envoys and Chinese officials.
Taoiseach of Ireland
Succeeds Bertie Ahern as Taoiseach.
Criminal Justice and Immigration Act
The Act changes sentencing, criminal justice and immigration provisions.
Arab Summit
al-Rifai participates in arab summit connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Constitution of Russia
Due to constitutionally mandated term limits, Putin was ineligible to run for a third consecutive Presidential term, his successor, Dmitry Medvedev nominates Putin to be Russian Prime Minister
Election
Elected Prime Minister of Russia
Prime Minister of Russia
Elected Prime Minister of Russia. Due to constitutionally mandated term limits, Putin was ineligible to run for a third consecutive Presidential term, his successor, Dmitry Medvedev nominates Putin to be Russian Prime Minister
Constitution of Russia
Putin was barred from a third term by the Constitution, First Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev was elected his successor, in a power-switching operation on 8 May 2008, only a day after handing the presidency to Medvedev, Putin was appointed Prime Minister of Russia, maintaining his political dominance
Election
Putin was barred from a third term by the Constitution, First Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev was elected his successor, in a power-switching operation on 8 May 2008, only a day after handing the presidency to Medvedev, Putin was appointed Prime Minister of Russia, maintaining his political dominance
Prime Minister
Putin was barred from a third term by the Constitution, First Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev was elected his successor, in a power-switching operation on 8 May 2008, only a day after handing the presidency to Medvedev, Putin was appointed Prime Minister of Russia, maintaining his political dominance
Disaster
The earthquake that strikes Sichuan Province has a strength of 7.9 on the Richter scale, causing landslides and destroying thousands of buildings
Earthquake
The earthquake that strikes Sichuan Province has a strength of 7.9 on the Richter scale, causing landslides and destroying thousands of buildings
Hydroxyl on Venus
Venus Express detects hydroxyl in Venus's upper atmosphere, the first detection of the molecule in another planet's atmosphere.
Same-Sex Marriage
The California Supreme Court ruling permits same-sex marriages in the state
FA Cup Winner
Sylvain Distin formed a strong central defensive partnership that restricted Cardiff's attacks as Portsmouth defeated Cardiff City 1-0 in the 2008 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Lassana Diarra used his mobility in midfield to help Portsmouth control passages of play as Portsmouth defeated Cardiff City 1-0 in the 2008 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Sulley Muntari added energy and ball-winning strength to Portsmouth's midfield as Portsmouth defeated Cardiff City 1-0 in the 2008 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Glen Johnson supplied width on the right side while also handling defensive duties as Portsmouth defeated Cardiff City 1-0 in the 2008 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Sol Campbell captained the defence as Portsmouth preserved their narrow advantage as Portsmouth defeated Cardiff City 1-0 in the 2008 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
David James protected Portsmouth's lead with an experienced performance in goal as Portsmouth defeated Cardiff City 1-0 in the 2008 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Hermann Hreidarsson contributed disciplined left-sided defending to the clean sheet as Portsmouth defeated Cardiff City 1-0 in the 2008 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
John Utaka created the decisive opening for Kanu's goal during the final as Portsmouth defeated Cardiff City 1-0 in the 2008 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Nwankwo Kanu scored the only goal to secure Portsmouth's first FA Cup since 1939 as Portsmouth defeated Cardiff City 1-0 in the 2008 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Papa Bouba Diop brought physical presence to the central areas in the Wembley contest as Portsmouth defeated Cardiff City 1-0 in the 2008 FA Cup final at Wembley.
Champions League Final Shootout Penalty
Scores Manchester United's first penalty in the shootout as the club defeat Chelsea to win the Champions League.
Disaster
According to the Chinese Government more than 40,000 people have been killed and 247,645 have been injured in last weeks devastating earthquake near the city of Dujiangyan in Sichuan Province
Earthquake
According to the Chinese Government more than 40,000 people have been killed and 247,645 have been injured in last weeks devastating earthquake near the city of Dujiangyan in Sichuan Province
Champions League Winner
Patrice Evra covered United's left flank throughout the rain-soaked Moscow final in the 2008 UEFA Champions League final, helping Manchester United win the competition.
Champions League Final Victory
Wins the Champions League with Manchester United after the final against Chelsea is decided by penalties.
Champions League Winner
Rio Ferdinand co-captained United on the pitch and helped hold Chelsea to a draw through extra time in the 2008 UEFA Champions League final, helping Manchester United win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Wes Brown supplied the cross for Cristiano Ronaldo's opening header against Chelsea in the 2008 UEFA Champions League final, helping Manchester United win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Wayne Rooney pressed Chelsea's defenders and supported Ronaldo in United's attacking line in the 2008 UEFA Champions League final, helping Manchester United win the competition.
Second Champions League Title as Manager
Wins his second Champions League crown when Manchester United defeat Chelsea on penalties.
Champions League Winner
Michael Carrick kept United's passing game moving in a tightly balanced final in the 2008 UEFA Champions League final, helping Manchester United win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Owen Hargreaves contributed tireless running and converted his penalty in the shootout in the 2008 UEFA Champions League final, helping Manchester United win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Paul Scholes started in midfield after missing United's 1999 triumph through suspension in the 2008 UEFA Champions League final, helping Manchester United win the competition.
Champions League Final Decisive Save
Saves Nicolas Anelka's penalty to secure Manchester United's European title.
Champions League Winner
Edwin van der Sar saved Nicolas Anelka's penalty to secure the trophy against Chelsea in the 2008 UEFA Champions League final, helping Manchester United win the competition.
Champions League Victory
Wins the Champions League with Manchester United against Chelsea.
Champions League Winner
Cristiano Ronaldo headed United ahead during the first half before the match went to penalties in the 2008 UEFA Champions League final, helping Manchester United win the competition.
Manchester United European Title
Scores during the final before United prevail on penalties.
Ronaldo Champions League Final Header
Heads Manchester United into the lead against Chelsea before the match goes to penalties.
Champions League Winner
Nemanja Vidic provided physical presence in the centre of defence against Chelsea's forwards in the 2008 UEFA Champions League final, helping Manchester United win the competition.
Election and Inauguration of Michel Sleiman
Parliament elects army commander Michel Sleiman as President of Lebanon with 118 votes, ending a prolonged presidential vacancy and enabling a renewed constitutional transfer of authority.
Phoenix Mars Lander
NASA's Phoenix lander touches down near the Martian north pole
Constitutional Revision of 2008
Parliament completes a limited revision of the constitution.
Klopp Appointed Dortmund Manager
Takes over as Borussia Dortmund head coach and introduces an energetic pressing approach that shapes the teamโs subsequent development.
Golden Boot Premier League
Collects the Premier League leading-scorer distinction after scoring 31 goals for Manchester United. The award recognises a landmark campaign combining wide play and relentless finishing.
Six Two Clasico Victory
Scores twice as Barcelona defeat Real Madrid 6-2 at the Santiago Bernabeu.
Stamford Bridge Semi-Final Equaliser
Scores in stoppage time against Chelsea to send Barcelona through on away goals.
Quantitative Easing Expanded to 125 Billion Pounds
Mervyn King chairs the Monetary Policy Committee as it expands planned asset purchases to a total of one hundred and twenty-five billion pounds.
Second Topolanek Government
The Second Topolanek Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czech Republic.
Presidential Inauguration
Is inaugurated as president at the Union Buildings.
Zuma Presidency Begins
Begins his first presidential term after the general election.
First Johanna Sigurdardottir Government
The First Johanna Sigurdardottir Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Second Johanna Sigurdardottir Government
Begins the Second Johanna Sigurdardottir Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Hubble Servicing Mission 4 Launch
Altman commands Atlantis as the final Hubble servicing mission launches to repair and modernize the observatory.
Copa del Rey Final Goal
Scores as Barcelona defeat Athletic Bilbao 4-1 in the Copa del Rey final.
Hubble Captured for Final Servicing
McArthur uses Atlantis's robotic arm to capture Hubble for the telescope's fifth and final astronaut servicing mission.
Planck
Tauber serves as Planck project scientist as ESA launches a mission to map the microwave background
Hubble Soft Capture Mechanism Installed
Feustel helps install a soft-capture mechanism intended to support a future robotic rendezvous with Hubble.
Hubble Data Handling System Replaced
Grunsfeld helps install a replacement Science Instrument Command and Data Handling system during the first final-servicing spacewalk.
Wide Field Camera 3 Installed
Grunsfeld helps replace WFPC2 with Wide Field Camera 3, greatly expanding Hubble's ultraviolet, visible and infrared imaging capability.
Hubble Battery Module Replaced
Good helps replace the first of Hubble's two battery modules, renewing the observatory's electrical storage system.
Hubble Gyroscope Units Replaced
Massimino helps replace all three Hubble gyroscope rate-sensing units during Servicing Mission 4.
Advanced Camera for Surveys Repaired
Feustel helps repair the Advanced Camera for Surveys, restoring major imaging capability lost after an electronics failure.
Cosmic Origins Spectrograph Installed
Grunsfeld helps install the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, a highly sensitive ultraviolet instrument designed for Hubble.
Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph Repaired
Massimino helps replace an electronics card and restore Hubble's Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph to operation.
Hubble Thermal Blankets Renewed
Feustel helps install new outer blanket layers that protect Hubble equipment bays after years of insulation degradation.
Second Hubble Battery Module Installed
Feustel helps install Hubble's second replacement battery module during the final servicing spacewalk.
Hubble Fine Guidance Sensor Refurbished
Grunsfeld helps install a refurbished Fine Guidance Sensor to maintain Hubble's precision pointing capability.
Expenses Scandal
Announces resignation as Speaker during the MPs' expenses scandal.
Hubble Released After Final Servicing
McArthur uses Atlantis's robotic arm to release Hubble after five spacewalks complete the final servicing mission.
Second UPA Government
Manmohan Singh is sworn in again after the Congress-led UPA secures enough support to form the government following the 2009 election.
Final Hubble Servicing Mission Completed
Altman commands Atlantis to landing, completing the final astronaut servicing mission to Hubble.
Second Nuclear Test
North Korea conducts its second nuclear test.
North Korea Second Nuclear Test
North Korea conducts its second announced nuclear test explosion.
Messi Champions League Final Header
Heads Barcelona's second goal to secure victory over Manchester United.
Eto'o Champions League Final Opening Goal
Scores Barcelona's opening goal against Manchester United after ten minutes.
Champions League Final in Rome
Ferguson takes Manchester United to a second consecutive Champions League final, but Barcelona win 2-0 to deny the club a successful title defence.
Barcelona Treble Captain
Captains Barcelona to the Champions League and completes the club's first continental treble.
Barcelona European Championship
Completes a league, cup and European treble.
Champions League Victory
Leads Barcelona to Champions League victory over Manchester United.
Arsenal Champions League Semi Final
Wenger led Arsenal to the 2008-09 Champions League semi-finals, where Manchester United eliminated the London club over two legs.
Golden Boot Premier League
Finishes as the leading goalscorer in the Premier League with 19 goals for Chelsea. The campaign is particularly remembered for his productive season as Chelseaโs principal scorer.
Further Complications Album
Releases Further Complications, which reaches number 19 on the UK albums chart.
Expenses Reform Response
Brown supports reforms after publication of parliamentary-expenses claims.
Operation Rah-e-Rast
Kayani oversees the army campaign in Swat that seeks to restore government control over areas held by Taliban militants.
First Serie A Title
Wins Serie A in his first season as Inter manager.
Coppa Italia Victory
Inter defeat Roma in the Coppa Italia final to secure the first trophy of their treble.
Election
Leads the Conservatives to become the largest party in a hung parliament.
Re-election for Leigh
Burnham retains Leigh at the general election.
General Election
Brown leads Labour into the general election that produces a hung Parliament.
President of Nigeria
Appointed President of Nigeria after the death of Umaru Musa Yar'Adua
Hung Parliament
The election produces a hung Parliament and negotiations over a new government.
Member of Parliament
BNP leader Nick Griffin finishes in third place after a heavy loss in Barking to Labour Member of Parliament Margaret Hodge
Election
Green leader Caroline Lucas wins Brighton Pavilion, the 1st Green MP
Member of Parliament
Green leader Caroline Lucas wins Brighton Pavilion, the 1st Green MP
Election
BNP leader Nick Griffin finishes in third place after a heavy loss in Barking to Labour Member of Parliament Margaret Hodge
Member of Parliament
BNP leader Nick Griffin finishes in third place after a heavy loss in Barking to Labour Member of Parliament Margaret Hodge
Election
The Conservatives and Liberal Democrats control 363 seats in the House of Commons, with a majority of 76 seats. 35% of voters supported a party other than Labour or the Conservatives-the highest such figure since the 1918 general election
Election
Respect Member of Parliament George Galloway chose not to contest his Bethnal Green & Bow seat, instead challenging Minister of State for Farming and the Environment Jim Fitzpatrick in the nearby Poplar and Limehouse constituency but loses
Beatification
During a visit to the United Kingdom, Benedict proclaims the beatification of John Henry Newman
Death of Dennis Lee Hopper
Death of Dennis Lee Hopper
Coalition Government
Becomes Deputy Prime Minister in the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition.
Downing Street Premiership Statement
Sets out priorities of freedom, fairness and responsibility after accepting the Queen's request to form a government.
Coalition Government
Announces plans to form a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats.
Prime Minister
Appointed Prime Minister after Conservative and Liberal Democrat coalition talks.
Resignation as Prime Minister
Brown resigns as Prime Minister after coalition negotiations produce a Conservative-led government.
Deputy Prime Minister
Talks between Cameron and Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg led to an agreed Conservative/Liberal Democrat coalition, enabling the Queen to invite Cameron to form a Government
Resignation from Premiership
Brown resigns after the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats agree to form a coalition.
Coalition Agreement
Forms a coalition government promising no transfer of powers without referendum.
Coalition Press Conference
Appears with Nick Clegg to present the new Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government.
Constitution of Great Britain
Just after midnight on 12 May 2010, the Liberal Democrats emerged from a meeting of their Parliamentary party and Federal Executive to announce that the coalition deal had been "approved overwhelmingly"
Deputy Prime Minister
Just after midnight on 12 May 2010, the Liberal Democrats emerged from a meeting of their Parliamentary party and Federal Executive to announce that the coalition deal had been "approved overwhelmingly"
Shadow Health Appointment
Burnham becomes Shadow Health Secretary after Labour leaves government.
FA Cup Winner
Alex Costa strengthened the central defence as Chelsea completed a league-and-cup double as Chelsea defeated Portsmouth 1-0 in the 2010 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Petr Cech saved Kevin-Prince Boateng's penalty to keep the final scoreless before Chelsea took the lead as Chelsea defeated Portsmouth 1-0 in the 2010 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Nicolas Anelka provided movement in the attacking line as Chelsea pursued the winning goal as Chelsea defeated Portsmouth 1-0 in the 2010 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Florent Malouda carried an attacking threat on the flank during Chelsea's narrow victory as Chelsea defeated Portsmouth 1-0 in the 2010 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Michael Ballack started the final and helped Chelsea sustain pressure during a goalless first half as Chelsea defeated Portsmouth 1-0 in the 2010 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Ashley Cole offered overlapping runs and defensive security on Chelsea's left flank as Chelsea defeated Portsmouth 1-0 in the 2010 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
John Terry captained Chelsea to an FA Cup triumph that completed their domestic double as Chelsea defeated Portsmouth 1-0 in the 2010 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Frank Lampard influenced Chelsea's attacks from midfield despite missing a late penalty as Chelsea defeated Portsmouth 1-0 in the 2010 FA Cup final at Wembley.
Brown Plays in Cup Final Amid Administration
Brown contributes midfield experience as Portsmouth confronts Chelsea in the FA Cup final after a season marked by acute financial problems.
FA Cup Winner
Didier Drogba struck a second-half free kick for the only goal of the Wembley final as Chelsea defeated Portsmouth 1-0 in the 2010 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Branislav Ivanovic helped Chelsea shut out Portsmouth while providing an attacking outlet from full-back as Chelsea defeated Portsmouth 1-0 in the 2010 FA Cup final at Wembley.
Second Serie A Title
Inter defeat Siena to retain Serie A and complete the domestic double.
Big Society Programme Launch
Launches the coalition's Big Society programme with Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg.
Akatsuki Launch
Akatsuki launches to study Venusian meteorology, cloud circulation and atmospheric dynamics from orbit.
Inter Treble Captain
Captains Inter to European glory in his 700th appearance for the club.
Champions League Winner
Javier Zanetti captained Inter to their first European championship since 1965 in the 2010 UEFA Champions League final, helping Inter Milan win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Walter Samuel formed a resilient central partnership as Inter won 2-0 in the 2010 UEFA Champions League final, helping Inter Milan win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Diego Milito scored both goals against Bayern Munich to secure Inter's 2-0 victory in the 2010 UEFA Champions League final, helping Inter Milan win the competition.
Milito Champions League Final Brace
Scores both goals as Inter defeat Bayern Munich 2-0 at the Bernabeu.
Champions League Winner
Esteban Cambiasso shielded Inter's defence and organised midfield transitions in the 2010 UEFA Champions League final, helping Inter Milan win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Lucio Ferreira used his experience to restrain Bayern's forwards in the Madrid final in the 2010 UEFA Champions League final, helping Inter Milan win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Maicon Sisenando made overlapping runs on the right while keeping Bayern's attack in check in the 2010 UEFA Champions League final, helping Inter Milan win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Julio Cesar Soares kept a clean sheet against Bayern Munich as Inter completed the treble in the 2010 UEFA Champions League final, helping Inter Milan win the competition.
Cesar Champions League Final Clean Sheet
Keeps Bayern Munich scoreless as Inter complete an historic treble.
Champions League Winner
Samuel Eto'o supported both phases of play in his second consecutive European title-winning season in the 2010 UEFA Champions League final, helping Inter Milan win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Wesley Sneijder created Inter's opening goal with a pass to Diego Milito in the 2010 UEFA Champions League final, helping Inter Milan win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Goran Pandev worked across the attacking line and helped Inter defend their lead in the 2010 UEFA Champions League final, helping Inter Milan win the competition.
Inter Treble Completed
Completes Inter's Serie A, Coppa Italia and Champions League treble by defeating Bayern Munich.
Economic Growth Strategy
Sets out plans to promote enterprise, rebalance the economy and support private-sector growth.
Real Madrid Appointment
Is appointed Real Madrid manager after leaving European champions Inter.
Hung Parliament Negotiations
Leads Conservative negotiations after the general election produces a hung Parliament.
Golden Boot Premier League
Scores 29 goals for Chelsea to claim the Premier League scoring honour. The achievement reflects his goals during Chelseaโs league-and-FA-Cup double.
Euro Area Rescue Fund Agreement
As Eurogroup president, Juncker took part in the agreement to establish the European Financial Stability Facility, a temporary mechanism designed to assist euro-area countries in financial difficulty.
Inter Milan Departure
Leaves Inter after two seasons and an unprecedented Italian treble.
Death
Dies at his home in Linkebeek, Belgium, before the experimental discovery associated with the mechanism he helped formulate.
Cairo Reconciliation Ceremony
Abbas joined Hamas leader Khaled Meshaal and other Palestinian representatives in Cairo to mark a reconciliation agreement between rival factions. The accord was intended to create a path toward unified institutions and future elections.
Gravity Probe B Results
Announces final Gravity Probe B results confirming geodetic precession and frame dragging around Earth.
AV Referendum
Holds the referendum on replacing first past the post with the alternative vote.
Electoral Law
A decree-law established the electoral system for the National Constituent Assembly.
FA Cup Winner
Carlos Tevez captained City and threatened Stoke's defence with runs across the front line as Manchester City defeated Stoke City 1-0 in the 2011 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Vincent Kompany marshalled the centre of defence in a hard-fought final against Stoke as Manchester City defeated Stoke City 1-0 in the 2011 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Joleon Lescott contested aerial deliveries and helped keep the Stoke forwards quiet as Manchester City defeated Stoke City 1-0 in the 2011 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Micah Richards supported attacks from right-back while helping to secure a Wembley clean sheet as Manchester City defeated Stoke City 1-0 in the 2011 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Joe Hart kept Stoke City scoreless as Manchester City won their first major trophy in 35 years as Manchester City defeated Stoke City 1-0 in the 2011 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Mario Balotelli produced an influential attacking display and was named man of the match as Manchester City defeated Stoke City 1-0 in the 2011 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Yaya Toure scored the decisive goal that ended Manchester City's lengthy trophy drought as Manchester City defeated Stoke City 1-0 in the 2011 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Nigel de Jong screened the defence and contested possession in a combative midfield as Manchester City defeated Stoke City 1-0 in the 2011 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Aleksandar Kolarov added left-sided balance to the Manchester City team at Wembley as Manchester City defeated Stoke City 1-0 in the 2011 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
David Silva linked midfield with the forwards as City worked to break down Stoke as Manchester City defeated Stoke City 1-0 in the 2011 FA Cup final at Wembley.
Eurpopa League Winner
Helped preserve Porto's clean sheet in a tense Portuguese derby on the European stage.
Eurpopa League Winner
Led Porto's attacking threat alongside Falcao in the all-Portuguese final.
Eurpopa League Winner
Kept a clean sheet against Braga to secure Porto's narrow victory in Dublin.
Eurpopa League Winner
Headed the only goal of the final and finished a record-breaking Europa League scoring campaign.
Eurpopa League Winner
Delivered the cross from which Falcao headed the winning goal.
Eurpopa League Winner
Anchored a defensive unit that prevented Braga from scoring in the final.
Europa League Victory
Guides FC Porto to Europa League victory over Braga.
Porto European Trophy
Becomes the youngest manager winning a major UEFA club trophy.
Eurpopa League Winner
Controlled passages of midfield play as Porto protected its one-goal lead.
Eurpopa League Winner
Shared in Porto's Europa League success after contributing to the club's winning campaign.
Fukushima Fact Finding Mission
An IAEA international fact-finding mission visits Japan to assess the Fukushima Daiichi accident and identify lessons.
Messi Champions League Final Second Goal
Restores Barcelona's lead with a low strike from outside the penalty area.
Wembley Champions League Final
Manchester United reach the Champions League final at Wembley under Ferguson but lose 3-1 to Barcelona, concluding another deep European campaign.
Barcelona Wembley Triumph
Wins his second Champions League title as a manager.
Pedro Champions League Final Opening Goal
Scores Barcelona's first goal in the Wembley final against Manchester United.
Villa Champions League Final Third Goal
Curls Barcelona's third goal into the top corner to seal a 3-1 victory.
Barcelona Wembley Championship
Wins his third Champions League title as a player.
Transfer of Political Authority
The Dalai Lama formally transfers his political responsibilities to elected Tibetan leadership.
Golden Boot Premier League
Claims the Premier League top-scorer award with 20 goals while representing Manchester City. The season is distinguished by sharing the scoring award while captaining Manchester City.
Golden Boot Premier League
Leads the Premier League scoring standings with 20 goals for Manchester United. His contribution stands out for sharing first place while United won the league title.
Breakthrough Championship Campaign
Becomes a prominent creative player in Dortmundโs title-winning side and helps generate chances through rapid combinations between midfield and attack.
Dair Alzour Reactor Assessment
Reports that the destroyed Dair Alzour building in Syria was very likely a nuclear reactor that should have been declared.
Eredivisie Title
Guides Ajax to the Eredivisie title in his first season as head coach.
Groningen First-Team Debut
Makes his senior debut for Groningen and develops into a first-team central defender.
Golden Boot La Liga
Scores 40 goals for Real Madrid to claim the La Liga scoring honour. The achievement reflects surpassing the previous 38-game-era scoring standard.
Scotland Act
The Scotland Act 2012 receives royal assent.
La Liga Title-Clinching Opening Goal
Scores the opening goal as Real Madrid beat Athletic Bilbao to secure the league title.
Real Madrid La Liga Title
Real Madrid defeat Athletic Bilbao to secure the Spanish league championship.
London Mayoral Election
Wins re-election as Mayor of London.
Economy of Russia
On his first day as President, Putin issued 14 Presidential decrees, which are sometimes called the "May Decrees" by the media, including a lengthy one stating wide-ranging goals for the Russian economy
Inauguration
Putins presidency is inaugurated in the Kremlin
May Decrees
On his first day as President, Putin issued 14 Presidential decrees, which are sometimes called the "May Decrees" by the media, including a lengthy one stating wide-ranging goals for the Russian economy
President of Russia
Putins presidency is inaugurated in the Kremlin
Eurpopa League Winner
Coached Atletico to a convincing win against fellow Spanish side Athletic Bilbao.
Eurpopa League Winner
Kept Athletic Bilbao scoreless as Atletico claimed the European title.
Eurpopa League Winner
Helped secure a clean sheet in the 3-0 final victory.
Eurpopa League Winner
Added Atletico's third goal late in the match to finish a decisive victory.
Eurpopa League Winner
Scored two excellent first-half goals to give Atletico control of the final.
Eurpopa League Winner
Supported Atletico's attacking moves from right-back while maintaining defensive discipline.
Eurpopa League Winner
Joined Falcao in the forward line during Atletico's comprehensive win.
Eurpopa League Winner
Supplied creativity and ball retention as Atletico controlled the contest.
Gรผndoฤan Dortmund Cup Final Midfield
Gรผndoฤan helps Klopp's Dortmund control central areas during their German Cup final victory over Bayern Munich.
German Cup Final Opening Goal
Scores Dortmundโs opening goal in the 5-2 DFB-Pokal final win over Bayern Munich, helping the club complete a domestic double.
Kagawa Scores Against Bayern in Cup Final
Kagawa opens the scoring in Dortmund's 5โ2 DFB-Pokal final victory over Bayern Munich before departing for Manchester United.
DFB Pokal Final Hat Trick
Robert Lewandowski scores a hat trick as Borussia Dortmund defeats Bayern Munich 5-2 in the German Cup final to complete a domestic league-and-cup double.
Lewandowski Scores German Cup Final Hat-Trick
Lewandowski scores three times as Dortmund beat Bayern Munich 5โ2 in the German Cup final, completing a double under Klopp.
Premier League Title Winning Goal
Scores in stoppage time against Queens Park Rangers to give Manchester City the Premier League title.
One Hundred Point League Season
Real Madrid finish the league season with a then-record 100 points under Mourinho.
Caretaker Government Appointed
Pikrammenos leads a caretaker government before the June election.
Champions League Winner
David Luiz played through discomfort and converted a penalty in Chelsea's victorious shootout in the 2012 UEFA Champions League final, helping Chelsea win the competition.
Champions League Final Penalty Saves
Saves an extra-time penalty and then two shootout penalties against Bayern Munich.
Champions League Winner
Petr Cech saved an extra-time penalty and made vital shootout stops against Bayern Munich in the 2012 UEFA Champions League final, helping Chelsea win the competition.
Late Lead in Chelsea Final
Thomas Muller heads Bayern in front late in the Champions League final against Chelsea, although the English side equalise and eventually win on penalties.
Champions League Final Captain
Captains Chelsea to their first Champions League title after a penalty shootout against Bayern Munich.
Champions League Winner
Ashley Cole defended Chelsea's left side under sustained pressure in Bayern's own stadium in the 2012 UEFA Champions League final, helping Chelsea win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Gary Cahill returned from injury to help Chelsea withstand Bayern's many chances in the 2012 UEFA Champions League final, helping Chelsea win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Frank Lampard captained Chelsea in the absence of John Terry and converted a shootout penalty in the 2012 UEFA Champions League final, helping Chelsea win the competition.
Chelsea First Champions League Title
Guides Chelsea to their first European Cup after taking charge during the season.
Champions League Winner
Didier Drogba headed the equaliser and converted the winning penalty in the shootout in the 2012 UEFA Champions League final, helping Chelsea win the competition.
Drogba Champions League Winning Penalty
Converts Chelsea's decisive shootout penalty after earlier heading the equaliser.
Champions League Winner
John Obi Mikel screened the defence throughout a match dominated territorially by Bayern Munich in the 2012 UEFA Champions League final, helping Chelsea win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Jose Bosingwa covered right-back as Chelsea survived extra time at the Allianz Arena in the 2012 UEFA Champions League final, helping Chelsea win the competition.
Ricardo Vaz Te Scores Promotion Winner
Ricardo Vaz Te scores the decisive late goal as West Ham United beat Blackpool 2-1 in the Championship play-off final to earn promotion.
Champions League Winner
Fernando Torres came off the bench and won the corner that led to Chelsea's equaliser in the 2012 UEFA Champions League final, helping Chelsea win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Juan Mata delivered the corner from which Didier Drogba equalised late in normal time in the 2012 UEFA Champions League final, helping Chelsea win the competition.
Presidential Medal of Freedom
Awards Dylan the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
Andromeda Proper Motion Measured
Hubble measurements constrain M31's sideways motion against distant background galaxies, enabling a quantitative forecast of its future encounter with the Milky Way.
Golden Boot La Liga
Claims the La Liga top-scorer award with 50 goals while representing Barcelona. The season is distinguished by setting an extraordinary single-season Spanish top-flight record.
M23 Rebellion Emerges
Becomes a senior commander of the M23 rebellion formed by former CNDP officers who mutiny from the Congolese army.
Bundesliga Top Scorer
Finishes the Bundesliga season as the leading scorer with Schalke.
Time
Releases Time, his first album of largely self-written new material in many years.
Retirement Announcement
Ferguson announces that he will retire at the end of the 2012-13 season, bringing an end to more than twenty-six years in charge of Manchester United.
FA Cup Winner
Paul Scharner contributed experienced defensive work during Wigan's Wembley upset as Wigan Athletic defeated Manchester City 1-0 in the 2013 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Emmerson Boyce captained Wigan Athletic to the club's historic first FA Cup trophy as Wigan Athletic defeated Manchester City 1-0 in the 2013 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Ben Watson came off the bench to head the dramatic injury-time winner from a corner as Wigan Athletic defeated Manchester City 1-0 in the 2013 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
James McArthur worked tirelessly to disrupt City's build-up during the underdog victory as Wigan Athletic defeated Manchester City 1-0 in the 2013 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Shaun Maloney delivered the late corner from which Wigan scored the winning goal as Wigan Athletic defeated Manchester City 1-0 in the 2013 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Callum McManaman repeatedly troubled City's defenders and drew a second booking for Pablo Zabaleta as Wigan Athletic defeated Manchester City 1-0 in the 2013 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Roger Espinoza gave Wigan energy and tactical discipline through their midfield play as Wigan Athletic defeated Manchester City 1-0 in the 2013 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
James McCarthy used his passing and positioning to help Wigan compete with City as Wigan Athletic defeated Manchester City 1-0 in the 2013 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Antolin Alcaraz helped resist Manchester City's forwards with committed central defending as Wigan Athletic defeated Manchester City 1-0 in the 2013 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Joel Robles kept a clean sheet against the favourites in Wigan's first FA Cup final as Wigan Athletic defeated Manchester City 1-0 in the 2013 FA Cup final at Wembley.
Rediscovery of S 2000 J11
Links new observations to the long-lost Jovian moon S 2000 J11, recovering its orbit.
Eurpopa League Winner
Played in central midfield and helped Chelsea compete against Benfica's passing game.
Eurpopa League Winner
Provided athleticism and defensive recovery work across Chelsea's midfield.
Eurpopa League Winner
Made important saves to keep Chelsea in contention before its late winner.
Eurpopa League Winner
Captained Chelsea and struck the crossbar during the final.
Eurpopa League Winner
Headed Chelsea's stoppage-time winning goal against Benfica.
Ivanoviฤ Late Winner Against Benfica
Ivanoviฤ heads Chelsea's stoppage-time winner in the Europa League final, rewarding Benรญtez's side after a tense match.
Chelsea European Trophy
Wins a European trophy during his interim managerial period.
Europa League Victory
Guides Chelsea to Europa League victory over Benfica.
Eurpopa League Winner
Opened the scoring for Chelsea with a composed finish in the second half.
Torres Opens Chelsea Benfica Final
Torres rounds Benfica's goalkeeper to put Chelsea ahead in the Europa League final under Benรญtez.
Eurpopa League Winner
Steered Chelsea to the Europa League title while serving as interim manager.
Eurpopa League Winner
Delivered the late corner that Ivanovic headed in for the winning goal.
Death of Ray Manzarek
Dies in Germany from bile duct cancer complications.
Real Madrid Departure Announced
Real Madrid announce that Mourinho will leave the club at the end of the season.
Death of Trevor Bolder
Death of Trevor Bolder
New Constitution Assented
Mugabe gives assent to the new Constitution of Zimbabwe.
Second Johanna Sigurdardottir Government
The Second Johanna Sigurdardottir Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Sigmundur David Gunnlaugsson Government
Begins the Sigmundur David Gunnlaugsson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador, 3rd term
Champions League Winner
David Alaba gave Bayern energy on the left and secured the club's fifth European Cup in the 2013 UEFA Champions League final, helping Bayern Munich win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Dante Bonfim started at centre-back in Bayern's narrow victory over Dortmund in the 2013 UEFA Champions League final, helping Bayern Munich win the competition.
Mandzukic Champions League Final Opening Goal
Scores Bayern Munich's first goal against Borussia Dortmund at Wembley.
Champions League Winner
Franck Ribery played a crucial part in the move that produced Bayern's late winning goal in the 2013 UEFA Champions League final, helping Bayern Munich win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Jerome Boateng maintained Bayern's defensive organisation during an intense all-German final in the 2013 UEFA Champions League final, helping Bayern Munich win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Philipp Lahm captained Bayern to a European title after two recent final defeats in the 2013 UEFA Champions League final, helping Bayern Munich win the competition.
Reus Wins Wembley Final Penalty
Reus draws the foul that leads to Dortmund's equalising penalty in the Champions League final, but Klopp's side eventually lose.
Champions League Winner
Mario Gomez was a member of the Bayern squad that completed a historic treble in the 2013 UEFA Champions League final, helping Bayern Munich win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Thomas Muller supported the forward line with pressing and movement in the Wembley final in the 2013 UEFA Champions League final, helping Bayern Munich win the competition.
Champions League Winner
Manuel Neuer produced key saves against Dortmund before Bayern claimed the trophy at Wembley in the 2013 UEFA Champions League final, helping Bayern Munich win the competition.
Heynckes Bayern Champions League Treble
Guides Bayern to European glory during a season that ends with a continental treble.
Dortmund Champions League Final
Klopp guides Dortmund to the Champions League final at Wembley, where Bayern Munich claim a late 2โ1 victory.
Champions League Winner
Bastian Schweinsteiger directed Bayern's midfield play against their Bundesliga rivals in the 2013 UEFA Champions League final, helping Bayern Munich win the competition.
Champions League Final Penalty Equaliser
Converts a second-half penalty to draw Dortmund level with Bayern Munich in the Champions League final before Bayern scores late.
Gรผndoฤan Final Penalty Equaliser
Gรผndoฤan converts a penalty to level the Champions League final before Bayern Munich score late to defeat Dortmund.
Champions League Winning Goal
Scores the late winning goal as Bayern Munich defeat Borussia Dortmund in the UEFA Champions League final.
Robben Champions League Final Winning Goal
Scores in the 89th minute to give Bayern Munich a 2-1 victory.
Champions League Winner
Javi Martinez broke up Dortmund attacks and provided defensive balance in midfield in the 2013 UEFA Champions League final, helping Bayern Munich win the competition.
Resignation from Congress Presidency
Magariaf resigns after legislation bars senior officials associated with the former regime.
Mercury Global Mosaic
MESSENGER imagery supports a new global Mercury mosaic used to study surface geology and spacecraft ground tracks.
Prime Minister Takes Office
Leanca is confirmed as Prime Minister of Moldova
Golden Boot La Liga
Leads the La Liga scoring standings with 46 goals for Barcelona. His contribution stands out for maintaining a dominant scoring pace in Barcelonaโs championship season.
Golden Boot Premier League
Collects the Premier League leading-scorer distinction after scoring 26 goals for Manchester United. The award recognises his immediate impact in Manchester Unitedโs championship-winning squad.
Paducah Enrichment Closure
Commercial uranium-enrichment operations cease at Paducah, ending more than sixty years of gaseous-diffusion production at the site.
Mertens Seals Napoli Cup Win
Mertens scores Napoli's third goal in stoppage time against Fiorentina to confirm the Coppa Italia title for Benรญtez.
Larsson Helps Sunderland Win at Old Trafford
Larsson supplies experience in midfield as Sunderland beat Manchester United 1โ0 away during their late-season recovery.
Insigne Double in Italian Cup Final
Insigne scores twice as Benรญtez's Napoli beat Fiorentina 3โ1 in the Coppa Italia final.
Eurpopa League Winner
Helped Sevilla keep Benfica scoreless over 120 minutes.
Bacca Europa League Final Penalty
Bacca converts his penalty in Sevilla's shootout against Benfica, helping Emery's side lift the Europa League after a scoreless final.
Eurpopa League Winner
Led Sevilla's attack and converted his penalty in the decisive shootout.
Eurpopa League Winner
Captained Sevilla and was named player of the match after controlling midfield.
Rakitiฤ Captains Sevilla in Turin
Rakitiฤ captains Sevilla to the Europa League trophy against Benfica and is named player of the match for his command of midfield.
Eurpopa League Winner
Came on as a substitute and scored the concluding penalty for Sevilla.
Eurpopa League Winner
Provided defensive stability as the final remained level through extra time.
Eurpopa League Winner
Saved two Benfica penalties in the shootout that delivered Sevilla the trophy.
Europa League Victory
Guides Sevilla past Benfica in the Europa League final.
Sevilla European Trophy
Wins his first UEFA club trophy as a manager.
Eurpopa League Winner
Directed Sevilla through a goalless final and a successful penalty shootout.
Eurpopa League Winner
Served as an experienced attacking option during Sevilla's trophy-winning run.
Great Red Spot Smallest Measured Size
Hubble measurements show Jupiter's Great Red Spot has shrunk to its smallest size then recorded.
FA Cup Winner
Bacary Sagna played his final Arsenal match as the side ended a nine-year wait for silverware as Arsenal defeated Hull City 3-2 after extra time in the 2014 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Final Equaliser
Scores Arsenal's equaliser against Hull City to take the FA Cup final into extra time.
FA Cup Winner
Laurent Koscielny scored Arsenal's equaliser to force the contest into extra time as Arsenal defeated Hull City 3-2 after extra time in the 2014 FA Cup final at Wembley.
Arsenal Ends Nine Year Trophy Drought
Arsenal recovered from a two-goal deficit to beat Hull City 3-2 after extra time in the FA Cup final, ending a nine-year wait for a major trophy under Wenger.
FA Cup Winner
Olivier Giroud supplied the back-heeled assist for Ramsey's winning goal as Arsenal defeated Hull City 3-2 after extra time in the 2014 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Per Mertesacker helped steady Arsenal's defence after Hull's two early goals as Arsenal defeated Hull City 3-2 after extra time in the 2014 FA Cup final at Wembley.
German Cup Final Extra-Time Goal
Thomas Muller scores in extra time as Bayern beat Borussia Dortmund 2-0 in the DFB Cup final.
FA Cup Winner
Mesut Ozil helped create openings as Arsenal recovered and pressed for the winner as Arsenal defeated Hull City 3-2 after extra time in the 2014 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Kieran Gibbs provided support along the left flank during Arsenal's comeback as Arsenal defeated Hull City 3-2 after extra time in the 2014 FA Cup final at Wembley.
2014 FA Cup Final Winning Goal
Scores the extra-time winner as Arsenal defeat Hull City 3-2 in the FA Cup final.
FA Cup Winner
Aaron Ramsey scored the extra-time goal that clinched Arsenal's first trophy since 2005 as Arsenal defeated Hull City 3-2 after extra time in the 2014 FA Cup final at Wembley.
German Cup Final Opening Goal
Arjen Robben breaks the deadlock in extra time against Borussia Dortmund to set Bayern on course for the German Cup.
FA Cup Winner
Lukasz Fabianski guarded Arsenal's goal as the club recovered from a two-goal deficit as Arsenal defeated Hull City 3-2 after extra time in the 2014 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Mikel Arteta captained the London club in the comeback victory at Wembley as Arsenal defeated Hull City 3-2 after extra time in the 2014 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Final Free-Kick Goal
Scores a long-range free kick to begin Arsenal's comeback from two goals down against Hull City.
FA Cup Winner
Santi Cazorla began the recovery with an outstanding free kick in the first half as Arsenal defeated Hull City 3-2 after extra time in the 2014 FA Cup final at Wembley.
UNOCI Force Command
The United Nations appoints Hafiz Masroor Ahmed of Pakistan as Force Commander of UNOCI.
Brexit
UKIP wins the UK European Parliament election, intensifying pressure for a referendum.
Champions League Final Player of the Match
Is named player of the match as Real Madrid defeat Atletico Madrid to win the Champions League.
Marcelo Champions League Final Third Goal
Drives forward and scores Real Madrid's third goal during extra time.
Champions League Final Extra-Time Goal
Heads Real Madrid in front during extra time against Atletico Madrid.
La Decima Champions League Manager
Guides Real Madrid to their long-awaited tenth European Cup.
Conclusion of Michel Sleiman Presidency
Michel Sleiman concludes his presidential term with a farewell ceremony at Baabda Palace as parliament remains unable to elect an immediate successor.
Seventeen-Goal Champions League Season
Scores his seventeenth goal of the campaign, setting a single-season Champions League record.
Champions League Final Equaliser
Scores a stoppage-time equaliser against Atletico Madrid.
La Decima Final Equaliser
Heads a stoppage-time equaliser against Atletico Madrid before Real Madrid win the European Cup in extra time.
First Modi Government
Narendra Modi is sworn in as Prime Minister after the BJP wins a parliamentary majority in the 2014 general election.
Golden Boot La Liga
Collects the La Liga leading-scorer distinction after scoring 31 goals for Real Madrid. The award recognises overcoming interruptions to still lead the league scoring charts.
Golden Boot Premier League
Finishes as the leading goalscorer in the Premier League with 31 goals for Liverpool. The campaign is particularly remembered for an extraordinary scoring season in Liverpoolโs title challenge.
Third Chelsea Premier League Title
Chelsea defeat Crystal Palace to secure Mourinho's third Premier League championship.
Brexit
Wins a Conservative majority on a manifesto promising an EU membership referendum.
Referendum Manifesto
Wins a Conservative majority on a manifesto promising an EU membership referendum.
Election
Wins a Conservative majority in the general election.
Re-election for Leigh
Burnham wins another term as Labour Member of Parliament for Leigh.
Election to Parliament
Starmer is elected Labour Member of Parliament for Holborn and St Pancras.
One Nation Government Agenda
Sets out a One Nation approach after the Conservatives secure a parliamentary majority.
Second Cameron Ministry
Forms a Conservative majority government after the election.
Willem II First-Team Debut
Makes his senior professional debut for Willem II in the Eredivisie.
Pluto Moons
New Horizons photographs Kerberos and Styx for the first time, bringing all five known Pluto moons into spacecraft view.
Peace and Reconciliation Agreement
The government and Platform coalition sign the Algiers peace and reconciliation agreement.
Retirement from House of Lords
Retires from membership of the House of Lords under the House of Lords Reform Act 2014 after more than two decades as a peer.
Advanced LIGO Dedication
Reitze marks the formal dedication of Advanced LIGO after a major redesign that greatly improves detector sensitivity and expands the volume of the universe accessible to gravitational-wave searches.
Marriage Equality Referendum
Welcomes the referendum vote approving constitutional recognition of marriage without distinction as to sex.
Eurpopa League Winner
Orchestrated possession and distribution during Sevilla's narrow victory.
Bacca Scores Twice Against Dnipro
Bacca scores twice in Sevilla's 3โ2 Europa League final win over Dnipro, delivering the goals that secure a second consecutive title for Emery.
Eurpopa League Winner
Scored twice, including the decisive second-half goal against Dnipro.
Eurpopa League Winner
Equalised for Sevilla in the first half and brought strength to midfield.
Krychowiak Levels European Final
Krychowiak equalises for Sevilla against Dnipro in the Europa League final, restoring balance before his side completes a 3โ2 victory.
Eurpopa League Winner
Contributed to Sevilla's defensive organisation during an open and closely contested match.
Second Europa League Victory
Leads Sevilla to victory over Dnipro in Warsaw.
Sevilla Retains European Title
Becomes a consecutive Europa League winner with the Spanish club.
Eurpopa League Winner
Started in goal as Sevilla defended its title in a five-goal final.
Eurpopa League Winner
Led Sevilla to consecutive Europa League titles through a hard-fought final.
Eurpopa League Winner
Provided attacking thrust down the right as Sevilla overcame Dnipro's resistance.
Eurpopa League Winner
Created problems for Dnipro's defence with quick movement and direct attacks.
Brexit
The European Union Referendum Bill is introduced in Parliament.
Referendum Bill
The European Union Referendum Bill is introduced in Parliament.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
President of Nigeria
Appointed President of Nigeria after the 2015 presidential election
2015 FA Cup Final Goal
Scores a spectacular long-range goal as Arsenal defeat Aston Villa 4-0 in the FA Cup final.
FA Cup Final
Delph captains Villa in the FA Cup final against Arsenal.
Golden Boot Premier League
Scores 26 goals for Manchester City to claim the Premier League scoring honour. The achievement reflects finishing ahead of all rivals despite City failing to retain the title.
Second-Term Queen's Speech
Begins the legislative programme of his majority government with a new Queen's Speech agenda.
Seven-Day NHS Plan
Sets out plans intended to expand access to NHS services across seven days.
Golden Boot La Liga
Finishes as the leading goalscorer in the La Liga with 48 goals for Real Madrid. The campaign is particularly remembered for delivering one of the highest goal totals in league history.
Remain Campaign Young Voters
Argues during the referendum campaign that younger pro-European voters need to be mobilised to participate in the vote.
Leicester City Historic Championship
Ranieri wins the Premier League with Leicester after Tottenham draw with Chelsea, completing one of England's greatest sporting upsets.
Brexit
Is elected Mayor of London during the referendum campaign and supports Remain.
Khazri Scores Against Chelsea in Survival Win
Khazri scores with a spectacular volley as Sunderland beat Chelsea 3โ2 in a vital late-season Premier League encounter.
Physical Protection Amendment Enters Force
The 2005 Amendment to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material enters into force.
Seventh Party Congress
Is elected party chairman at the Seventh Congress.
Mark Noble Captains Farewell to Upton Park
Mark Noble leads West Ham United in the final menโs first-team match at the Boleyn Ground, a 3-2 win over Manchester United.
Allardyce Preserves Sunderland Premier League Place
Allardyce's side defeats Everton 3โ0 to confirm Premier League survival and relegate rivals Newcastle United and Norwich City.
Global Anti-Corruption Summit
Hosts an international summit aimed at exposing corruption, improving transparency and strengthening enforcement.
2016 Women's FA Cup Final Winning Goal
Scores the only goal as Arsenal defeat Chelsea to win the Women's FA Cup at Wembley.
Boris Johnson Hitler Comparison
Condemns Boris Johnson's comparison between European integration and Hitler's ambitions, calling the analogy irresponsible and damaging to serious referendum debate.
European Peace Argument
Emphasises that European cooperation transformed relations among democratic states after repeated continental wars and should not be compared with coercive empire.
Eurpopa League Winner
Helped Sevilla seize control of midfield after the interval.
Eurpopa League Winner
Advanced from right-back and supplied the ball for Gameiro's equaliser.
Eurpopa League Winner
Strengthened Sevilla's central defensive structure during the final.
Eurpopa League Winner
Equalised just after halftime to begin Sevilla's comeback from a goal down.
Gameiro Starts Basel Comeback
Gameiro equalises against Liverpool soon after half-time in the Europa League final, changing the match's momentum for Emery's Sevilla.
Eurpopa League Winner
Scored twice in the second half to turn the final decisively in Sevilla's favour.
Coke Double Clinches Third Sevilla Final
Coke scores twice in the second half against Liverpool as Sevilla recover to win their third consecutive Europa League title under Emery.
Sevilla European Hat-Trick
Establishes an unprecedented sequence of three straight tournament victories.
Third Europa League Victory
Guides Sevilla to a third consecutive Europa League title.
Eurpopa League Winner
Protected Sevilla's lead as Liverpool struggled to respond to the comeback.
Eurpopa League Winner
Guided Sevilla to a third consecutive Europa League title with a second-half tactical turnaround.
Eurpopa League Winner
Contributed energetic forward runs as Sevilla overwhelmed Liverpool after halftime.
Celtic Manager Appointment
Is appointed Celtic manager and begins a period of sustained domestic success.
FA Cup Winner
Marcos Rojo contributed to United's defensive efforts before being substituted as Manchester United defeated Crystal Palace 2-1 after extra time in the 2016 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Antonio Valencia supplied width from the right during United's comeback at Wembley as Manchester United defeated Crystal Palace 2-1 after extra time in the 2016 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Anthony Martial offered pace and attacking impetus through United's left-sided play as Manchester United defeated Crystal Palace 2-1 after extra time in the 2016 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Chris Smalling featured in the winning side but was sent off during extra time as Manchester United defeated Crystal Palace 2-1 after extra time in the 2016 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Wayne Rooney captained United and made the surging run that preceded Mata's equaliser as Manchester United defeated Crystal Palace 2-1 after extra time in the 2016 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Jesse Lingard struck the extra-time winner to secure Manchester United's twelfth FA Cup as Manchester United defeated Crystal Palace 2-1 after extra time in the 2016 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Michael Carrick provided passing control as the final turned into an extra-time contest as Manchester United defeated Crystal Palace 2-1 after extra time in the 2016 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Daley Blind played in central defence as Manchester United overcame Crystal Palace as Manchester United defeated Crystal Palace 2-1 after extra time in the 2016 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
David de Gea helped Manchester United survive sustained Palace pressure in extra time as Manchester United defeated Crystal Palace 2-1 after extra time in the 2016 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Juan Mata scored United's equaliser shortly after Palace had gone ahead as Manchester United defeated Crystal Palace 2-1 after extra time in the 2016 FA Cup final at Wembley.
Copa del Rey Final Extra-Time Goal
Scores in extra time as Barcelona defeat Sevilla to retain the Copa del Rey.
Reusable Launch Vehicle Demonstrator
ISRO flies the RLV-TD technology demonstrator during A. S. Kiran Kumar's tenure, testing systems intended for reusable launch vehicles.
Manchester United Appointment
Is appointed Manchester United manager on a three-year contract.
First Champions League Title as Manager
Wins the Champions League less than five months after taking charge of Real Madrid.
Champions League Final Winning Penalty
Converts the decisive penalty as Real Madrid win the shootout against Atletico.
Ramos Champions League Final Opening Goal
Scores Real Madrid's first-half goal against Atletico Madrid.
Champions League Final Shootout Opener
Converts Real Madrid's first penalty in the shootout victory over Atletico Madrid.
Metro Extension to New Street
Midland Metro trams begin running through the city centre to Grand Central.
Arsenal Premier League Runners Up
Arsenal finished second in the 2015-16 Premier League season under Wenger, behind surprise champions Leicester City.
Beneficial Ownership Transparency
Promotes stronger disclosure of company ownership as part of the government's anti-corruption agenda.
Referendum Economic Case
Campaigns for Remain by emphasizing economic risks he associates with leaving the European Union.
Referendum Security Case
Campaigns for Remain by arguing that European Union membership contributes to British national security.
Golden Boot Premier League
Claims the Premier League top-scorer award with 25 goals while representing Tottenham Hotspur. The season is distinguished by leading Spursโ attack in their pursuit of the championship.
Golden Boot La Liga
Scores 40 goals for Barcelona to claim the La Liga scoring honour. The achievement reflects his prolific contribution to Barcelona retaining the league title.
Departure from House of Commons
Burnham's first period as Member of Parliament ends before the mayoral election.
White House Meeting with Donald Trump
Abbas met United States President Donald Trump at the White House for talks centred on reviving Israeli-Palestinian negotiations. The meeting occurred before the administration's later decision on Jerusalem sharply damaged relations with the Palestinian leadership.
Election as Mayor
Burnham wins the first directly elected Greater Manchester mayoral contest.
Mayor's Homelessness Fund
Burnham launches a homelessness fund and donates fifteen percent of his mayoral salary.
Takes Office as Mayor
Burnham begins serving as the first elected Mayor of Greater Manchester.
Comey Firing
Fires FBI Director James Comey.
Leipzig Comeback Ends Four to Five
Robert Lewandowski scores twice in Bayernโs dramatic 5-4 Bundesliga victory over RB Leipzig, including a penalty during a match with several late goals.
Moon of 2007 OR10
Kiss leads analysis of Hubble images revealing a moon around the large Kuiper Belt object then known as 2007 OR10.
Saudi Arabia Visit
Delivers speech to leaders of Muslim-majority countries.
Thirty-Third La Liga Title
Coaches Real Madrid to their thirty-third Spanish league championship.
La Liga Title-Decider Opening Goal
Scores the opening goal as Real Madrid beat Malaga and secure the Spanish league championship.
Manchester Arena Response
Burnham coordinates civic leadership and public solidarity after the Manchester Arena bombing.
Eurpopa League Winner
Kept a clean sheet as United defeated Ajax in Stockholm.
Eurpopa League Winner
Scored United's second goal with an acrobatic close-range finish.
Eurpopa League Winner
Captained United and kept Ajax's wide attacks in check.
Eurpopa League Winner
Scored Manchester United's opening goal with a deflected shot.
Eurpopa League Winner
Won the header that set up Mkhitaryan's goal from a corner.
Eurpopa League Winner
Led United's attack and stretched the Ajax defence with his movement.
Europa League Final
Starts for Ajax in the UEFA Europa League final against Manchester United.
Europa League Victory
Manchester United defeat Ajax 2-0 to win the UEFA Europa League.
Eurpopa League Winner
Oversaw a disciplined 2-0 victory that secured the club's first Europa League title.
Eurpopa League Winner
Controlled central areas and was named player of the match.
NATO Summit Speech
Urges NATO allies to increase defense spending.
Irregular Jupiter Magnetic Field
Juno measurements show Jupiter's magnetic field is stronger and more spatially irregular than expected.
Deep Ammonia Structure
Juno microwave measurements reveal ammonia-rich structures extending far below Jupiter's visible cloud tops.
Jupiter Polar Cyclone Architecture
Juno data reveal tightly packed giant cyclones surrounding central storms at Jupiter's poles.
3-D The Catalogue
Releases 3-D The Catalogue, documenting the multimedia live catalogue performances.
FA Cup Winner
Alexis Sanchez opened the scoring early as Arsenal claimed a record thirteenth FA Cup as Arsenal defeated Chelsea 2-1 in the 2017 FA Cup final at Wembley.
Second Arsenal FA Cup Victory
Sรกnchez opened the scoring against Chelsea in the FA Cup final as Arsenal won 2โ1, earning another English cup winner's medal for the Chilean forward.
FA Cup Winner
David Ospina started in goal and made important interventions against Chelsea as Arsenal defeated Chelsea 2-1 in the 2017 FA Cup final at Wembley.
Dembรฉlรฉ 2017 Cup Final Opening Goal
Dribbles inside and scores the first goal of the DFB-Pokal final against Eintracht Frankfurt, setting Dortmund on its way to the trophy.
German Cup Final Winning Penalty
Converts a second-half penalty against Eintracht Frankfurt to give Borussia Dortmund a 2-1 DFB-Pokal final victory.
FA Cup Winner
Per Mertesacker captained Arsenal in his first start of the season and led a reshaped back line as Arsenal defeated Chelsea 2-1 in the 2017 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Mesut Ozil created chances and helped Arsenal maintain their attacking rhythm as Arsenal defeated Chelsea 2-1 in the 2017 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Rob Holding formed part of Arsenal's three-man defence that resisted Chelsea's attack as Arsenal defeated Chelsea 2-1 in the 2017 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Danny Welbeck pressed Chelsea's defence and provided a mobile option up front as Arsenal defeated Chelsea 2-1 in the 2017 FA Cup final at Wembley.
2017 FA Cup Final Winning Goal
Heads Arsenal's winning goal against Chelsea as the club lift a record 13th FA Cup.
FA Cup Winner
Aaron Ramsey headed the winning goal after Chelsea had briefly levelled the match as Arsenal defeated Chelsea 2-1 in the 2017 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain performed a demanding wide role in Arsenal's victory over the league champions as Arsenal defeated Chelsea 2-1 in the 2017 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Nacho Monreal helped defend the left side as Arsenal protected a slender lead as Arsenal defeated Chelsea 2-1 in the 2017 FA Cup final at Wembley.
PSG Retains French Cup
Emery guides Paris Saint-Germain to a 1โ0 Coupe de France final victory over Angers, keeping the trophy in the capital.
FA Cup Winner
Granit Xhaka supplied midfield structure and progressive passing in the Wembley final as Arsenal defeated Chelsea 2-1 in the 2017 FA Cup final at Wembley.
Golden Boot La Liga
Claims the La Liga top-scorer award with 37 goals while representing Barcelona. The season is distinguished by leading a scoring race that featured several world-class forwards.
Golden Boot Premier League
Leads the Premier League scoring standings with 29 goals for Tottenham Hotspur. His contribution stands out for overtaking his rivals with a remarkable late-season scoring surge.
FWA Footballer of the Year
Becomes the first African winner of the Football Writers' Association Footballer of the Year award.
Rangers Manager Appointment
Is appointed Rangers manager in his first senior managerial role.
Porto Championship Return
Ends the club's four-season wait for a national championship.
Portuguese League Victory
Guides FC Porto to the Portuguese league title.
Municipal Election
Tunisia held its first municipal elections after the revolution under the decentralization framework.
Neymar Scores in Coupe de France Final
Neymar scores Paris Saint-Germain's second goal in the Coupe de France final against Les Herbiers as Emery's side complete a domestic clean sweep.
JCPOA Withdrawal
Withdraws the United States from the Iran nuclear agreement.
Iran Nuclear Deal Withdrawal
Withdraws the U.S. from the Iran nuclear agreement.
United States Withdraws from JCPOA
Announces United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action concerning Iran's nuclear programme.
Premier League Golden Boot
Finishes the Premier League season with 32 goals and wins the Golden Boot while setting a new 38-match-season scoring record.
Premier League Player of the Season
Receives the Premier League Player of the Season award after a record-breaking debut campaign with Liverpool.
Eurpopa League Winner
Led Atletico to another European trophy, although he was suspended from the touchline for the final.
Eurpopa League Winner
Scored twice to establish Atletico's commanding lead.
Eurpopa League Winner
Kept a clean sheet as Atletico limited Marseille's chances.
Eurpopa League Winner
Provided a physical attacking presence that helped occupy Marseille's defenders.
Eurpopa League Winner
Captained Atletico and scored the third goal in the closing minutes.
Eurpopa League Winner
Assisted Griezmann's second goal and linked Atletico's midfield play.
Eurpopa League Winner
Helped Atletico dominate the middle of the pitch as the match progressed.
Eurpopa League Winner
Marshalled Atletico's experienced back line against Marseille's forwards.
FA Cup Winner
Eden Hazard won and converted the first-half penalty that proved decisive as Chelsea defeated Manchester United 1-0 in the 2018 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Thibaut Courtois kept Manchester United from scoring as Chelsea won the final by one goal as Chelsea defeated Manchester United 1-0 in the 2018 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Olivier Giroud led Chelsea's forward line against his former Arsenal rivals' city opponents as Chelsea defeated Manchester United 1-0 in the 2018 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
N Golo Kante covered ground in midfield and helped disrupt United's attempts to equalise as Chelsea defeated Manchester United 1-0 in the 2018 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Tiemoue Bakayoko added physical strength to Chelsea's central midfield throughout the final as Chelsea defeated Manchester United 1-0 in the 2018 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Antonio Rudiger produced a strong defensive performance against United's attack as Chelsea defeated Manchester United 1-0 in the 2018 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Gary Cahill captained Chelsea to the FA Cup with a disciplined defensive display as Chelsea defeated Manchester United 1-0 in the 2018 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Victor Moses offered width on the right while tracking United's attacking runners as Chelsea defeated Manchester United 1-0 in the 2018 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Cesar Azpilicueta helped organise Chelsea's back three and protect the first-half lead as Chelsea defeated Manchester United 1-0 in the 2018 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Cesc Fabregas used his passing range to help Chelsea retain possession under pressure as Chelsea defeated Manchester United 1-0 in the 2018 FA Cup final at Wembley.
Thirty-Sixth Amendment Referendum
Welcomes the referendum vote allowing legislation to regulate termination of pregnancy.
Salah Injury in Kyiv Final
Salah leaves the Champions League final with a shoulder injury following a challenge by Sergio Ramos, a major blow to Klopp's Liverpool.
Benzema Champions League Final Opening Goal
Intercepts Loris Karius's throw and scores Real Madrid's first goal.
Third Consecutive Champions League Title
Guides Real Madrid to a third successive Champions League triumph.
Karius Errors in Madrid Final
Karius makes costly goalkeeping errors as Liverpool lose the Champions League final to Real Madrid in Kyiv.
Champions League Final Bicycle Kick
Scores an overhead kick shortly after coming on as Real Madrid defeat Liverpool in the Champions League final.
Champions League Final Bicycle Kick
Scores an overhead kick shortly after entering as a substitute and later adds another goal.
Manรฉ Opens Liverpool Madrid Final Scoring
Manรฉ scores Liverpool's equaliser against Real Madrid in the Champions League final, although Klopp's team lose 3โ1.
Third Consecutive Champions League as Captain
Captains Real Madrid to a third consecutive Champions League title with victory over Liverpool.
First International Appearance
Begins an international career as a central defender.
Portugal Senior Debut
Makes his senior Portugal debut in a friendly against Tunisia.
Steel and Aluminum Tariffs
Imposes tariffs on steel and aluminum imports from allies.
Golden Boot La Liga
Leads the La Liga scoring standings with 34 goals for Barcelona. His contribution stands out for his finishing as Barcelona won La Liga.
Premier League Runners-Up
Guides Manchester United to second place in the Premier League, their highest finish since 2013.
Enthronement
Accedes to the Chrysanthemum Throne after Emperor Akihito abdicates.
Hubble Legacy Field
Illingworth helps assemble the Hubble Legacy Field from thousands of exposures, creating a wide deep view containing about 265,000 galaxies.
Lacazette Two Goals Against Valencia
Lacazette scores twice in Arsenal's 3โ1 Europa League semi-final first-leg win over Valencia, giving Emery's team a useful advantage.
Moving On Tour
Begin the Moving On symphonic tour.
Champions League Semi-Final Goals
Scores twice as a substitute in Liverpool's 4-0 comeback victory over Barcelona in the Champions League semi-final.
Ajax Semi-Final Hat-Trick
Completes a second-half hat-trick in stoppage time to send Tottenham into the final.
Champions League Semi-Final
Starts for Ajax as the club narrowly misses the UEFA Champions League final against Tottenham Hotspur.
General Election - General Election
Leads the African National Congress to victory in the general election.
General Election Election Outcome
General election outcome recorded for Cyril Ramaphosa: Leads the African National Congress to victory in the general election.
General Election Government
Government context for this general election: Leads the African National Congress to victory in the general election.
General Election
Leads the African National Congress to victory in the general election.
Aubameyang Hat-Trick Reaches Baku Final
Aubameyang scores three times in Arsenal's Europa League semi-final second leg against Valencia, helping Emery reach the final.
Premier League Golden Boot
Shares the Premier League Golden Boot with Sadio Mane and Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang after all three finish the season on 22 goals.
Prime Minister Office Abolished
Sall abolishes the prime ministership after beginning his 2nd term
Artemis Program
NASA names its Moon return programme Artemis.
Same-Sex Marriage
Oversees Taiwan becoming the first Asian jurisdiction to legalise same-sex marriage.
Federal Election
Wins the Australian federal election.
Ibiza Affair
Faces coalition collapse after the Ibiza affair.
FA Cup Winner
Vincent Kompany captained City to the trophy in one of his last appearances for the club as Manchester City defeated Watford 6-0 in the 2019 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Gabriel Jesus scored twice as Manchester City overwhelmed Watford at Wembley as Manchester City defeated Watford 6-0 in the 2019 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Ederson Moraes kept Watford scoreless while Manchester City completed an unprecedented English men's domestic treble as Manchester City defeated Watford 6-0 in the 2019 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Aymeric Laporte helped limit Watford's opportunities in a commanding defensive performance as Manchester City defeated Watford 6-0 in the 2019 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Ilkay Gundogan kept the ball moving in midfield as City overwhelmed Watford as Manchester City defeated Watford 6-0 in the 2019 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Kyle Walker covered the right side as City dominated the final from beginning to end as Manchester City defeated Watford 6-0 in the 2019 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Raheem Sterling scored twice in the second half to underline City's attacking dominance as Manchester City defeated Watford 6-0 in the 2019 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Bernardo Silva created openings with clever movement and precision passing as Manchester City defeated Watford 6-0 in the 2019 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
David Silva opened the scoring to send City toward a record-equalling final winning margin as Manchester City defeated Watford 6-0 in the 2019 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Oleksandr Zinchenko supported City's fluid attacking system from the left-back position as Manchester City defeated Watford 6-0 in the 2019 FA Cup final at Wembley.
President of Ukraine
Is inaugurated as President of Ukraine.
Verkhovna Rada Dissolution
Announces the dissolution of the eighth Verkhovna Rada during his inaugural address.
Early Election Consultations
Meets parliamentary leaders to discuss dissolving parliament and holding an early election.
European Parliament Election
The Brexit Party wins the UK European Parliament election.
2019 General Election
Narendra Modi wins a second term after the BJP-led alliance secures another parliamentary majority.
Resignation Announcement
Announces that she will resign as Conservative leader after failing to pass her Brexit deal.
Resignation of Theresa Mary May
Announces that she will resign as Conservative leader.
Presidential Inauguration
Is inaugurated after the 2019 general election.
Ramaphosa Electoral Mandate
Takes the presidential oath during a national ceremony in Pretoria.
Parasite
Parasite wins the Palme d'Or at Cannes.
European Election
Faces European Parliament election results during her final full term.
Championship Play-Off Victory
Smith leads Villa past Derby County to secure promotion to the Premier League.
Championship Playoff Final Campaign
Frank Lampard leads Derby County to the 2019 Championship play-off final in his first senior managerial season, although Aston Villa win the deciding match.
Eurpopa League Winner
Scored twice and assisted Pedro during Chelsea's emphatic win.
Eurpopa League Winner
Headed Chelsea into the lead against his former club and finished as the competition's leading scorer.
Eurpopa League Winner
Returned to the Chelsea side despite injury concerns and contributed defensive work in midfield.
Eurpopa League Winner
Won his first major managerial trophy by taking Chelsea past Arsenal.
Eurpopa League Winner
Recycled possession to help Chelsea take control after a scoreless opening half.
Eurpopa League Winner
Captained Chelsea through a convincing all-English final.
Eurpopa League Winner
Started in goal for Chelsea as they overcame Arsenal in Baku.
Arsenal Finishes European Runner-Up
Emery's Arsenal reach the Europa League final but lose 4โ1 to Chelsea in Baku, ending his first season without a major trophy.
Eurpopa League Winner
Scored Chelsea's second goal after a flowing team move.
Nine Goals Against Honduras
Haaland scored nine goals as Norway defeated Honduras 12-0 at the FIFA Under-20 World Cup, setting an extraordinary single-match scoring mark.
Premiership Ends
O'Neill leaves office after losing parliamentary support
Prime Minister Takes Office
James Marape is elected Prime Minister by Parliament
Golden Boot La Liga
Collects the La Liga leading-scorer distinction after scoring 36 goals for Barcelona. The award recognises spearheading a further Barcelona championship-winning campaign.
Golden Boot Premier League
Collects the Premier League leading-scorer distinction after scoring 22 goals for Arsenal. The award recognises sharing the top-scorer honour in his first full Arsenal season.
Ajax Domestic Double
Captains Ajax to the Eredivisie title and KNVB Cup during a breakthrough European season.
Golden Boot Premier League
Finishes as the leading goalscorer in the Premier League with 22 goals for Liverpool. The campaign is particularly remembered for sharing the award after Liverpool collected 97 league points.
Death of Dave Greenfield
Dies after testing positive for COVID-19 during treatment for heart problems.
Death of Little Richard
Death of rock and roll singer Little Richard.
Operation Warp Speed Launch
Announces initiative to accelerate COVID-19 vaccine development.
Suspension of Agreements and Security Coordination
Abbas declared that the PLO and the State of Palestine were no longer bound by agreements and understandings with Israel and the United States, including security commitments. He presented the decision as a response to Israeli plans to annex parts of the occupied West Bank.
Banking Reform Law
Signs banking legislation designed to prevent former owners from reclaiming insolvent banks.
Death of George Floyd
Death of George Floyd during an arrest, sparking global protests.
NPC National Security Decision Welcomed
Lam welcomes the National People's Congress decision to establish a legal and enforcement framework for safeguarding national security in Hong Kong.
SpaceX Demo-2
Pilots SpaceX Demo-2 to the International Space Station.
SpaceX Demo-2
Launches on SpaceX Demo-2, the first crewed orbital launch from the United States since 2011.
Golden Boot La Liga
Finishes as the leading goalscorer in the La Liga with 25 goals for Barcelona. The campaign is particularly remembered for winning another Pichichi despite Barcelona finishing second.
Golden Boot Premier League
Scores 23 goals for Leicester City to claim the Premier League scoring honour. The achievement reflects becoming the oldest outright Premier League Golden Boot recipient.
Assembly Majority Begins
Bukele's party gains legislative majority and strengthens presidential control
Roma Appointment
Roma announce Mourinho as head coach for the following season.
Second Mayoral Election Victory
Burnham wins a second term as Mayor of Greater Manchester.
Hartlepool By-Election Response
Starmer accepts responsibility for Labour's defeat and promises further party reform.
Shadow Cabinet Reshuffle
Starmer reorganises Labour's front bench following the local election results.
Dortmund Cup Triumph as Interim Coach
Leads Borussia Dortmund to a 4-1 win against RB Leipzig in the DFB-Pokal final during his spell as interim head coach.
German Cup Final Brace
Scores twice in Borussia Dortmundโs 4-1 DFB-Pokal final victory over RB Leipzig, helping the club collect another German Cup.
German Cup Final Victory
Haaland scored twice as Borussia Dortmund defeated RB Leipzig 4-1 in the DFB-Pokal final and lifted the German Cup.
FA Cup Winner
Timothy Castagne contributed defensive cover and width in Leicester's Wembley success as Leicester City defeated Chelsea 1-0 in the 2021 FA Cup final at Wembley.
2021 FA Cup Final Winning Goal
Scores from long range as Leicester City win their first FA Cup.
FA Cup Winner
Youri Tielemans scored the spectacular long-range strike that won Leicester's first FA Cup as Leicester City defeated Chelsea 1-0 in the 2021 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Kasper Schmeichel made crucial late saves to preserve Leicester's historic first FA Cup victory as Leicester City defeated Chelsea 1-0 in the 2021 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Wesley Fofana showed composure in a three-man defence facing Chelsea's repeated attacks as Leicester City defeated Chelsea 1-0 in the 2021 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Jonny Evans started as Leicester's experienced defensive organiser before an injury forced his departure as Leicester City defeated Chelsea 1-0 in the 2021 FA Cup final at Wembley.
First FA Cup Final Appearance
Thomas starts at left wing-back as Leicester City defeats Chelsea 1-0 to win the FA Cup for the first time in the club's history.
FA Cup Winner
Jamie Vardy led Leicester's attack and pressed Chelsea's defenders at Wembley as Leicester City defeated Chelsea 1-0 in the 2021 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Marc Albrighton provided tireless running and service along Leicester's right flank as Leicester City defeated Chelsea 1-0 in the 2021 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Wilfred Ndidi shielded the back line through diligent tackling and ball recovery as Leicester City defeated Chelsea 1-0 in the 2021 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Ayoze Perez supported Leicester's pressing and combined with teammates in advanced areas as Leicester City defeated Chelsea 1-0 in the 2021 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Caglar Soyuncu helped Leicester protect their lead through a tense final period as Leicester City defeated Chelsea 1-0 in the 2021 FA Cup final at Wembley.
DESI Main Survey Starts
Levi directs DESI as its five-year main survey begins mapping millions of galaxies and quasars to track the effect of dark energy across cosmic history.
Public Offices Oath Ordinance Signed
Lam signs legislation extending and clarifying oath-taking and allegiance requirements for public officers, including District Council members.
Bundesliga Forty One Goal Record
Robert Lewandowski scores his forty-first Bundesliga goal of the season against Augsburg, surpassing Gerd Mullerโs long-standing single-season scoring record.
Forty-One Goal Bundesliga Record
Robert Lewandowski scores his 41st league goal of the season against Augsburg, breaking Gerd Mullerโs long-standing Bundesliga scoring record.
FA Youth Cup Victory
Villa's under-18 team defeats Liverpool 2-1 to win the FA Youth Cup.
Detention of Transitional Leaders
Forces loyal to Goita detain President N'Daw and Prime Minister Ouane.
Eurpopa League Winner
Helped contain United's attacking players from his right-back position.
Eurpopa League Winner
Scored his shootout penalty and then saved David de Gea's attempt to win the final.
Rulli Scores and Saves in Historic Shootout
Rulli converts his own penalty and then saves David de Gea's attempt, finishing Villarreal's 11โ10 shootout victory under Emery.
Eurpopa League Winner
Won player-of-the-match recognition for his energetic midfield display.
Eurpopa League Winner
Helped hold Manchester United to one goal over 120 minutes before converting in the shootout.
Torres Converts Final Shootout Penalty
Pau Torres converts a penalty in Villarreal's lengthy shootout against Manchester United as Emery secures the club's first major trophy.
Eurpopa League Winner
Captained Villarreal and organised the team's resistance against United's forwards.
First Villarreal Major Trophy
Wins the first major trophy in Villarreal's history.
Villarreal Europa League Victory
Leads Villarreal past Manchester United in a penalty shootout.
Eurpopa League Winner
Opened the scoring for Villarreal with a close-range finish from a free kick.
Moreno Scores in Europa Final
Gerard Moreno turns in a set-piece delivery to put Villarreal ahead against Manchester United in the Europa League final.
Eurpopa League Winner
Coached Villarreal to its first major European title after an extraordinary shootout.
Eurpopa League Winner
Provided the free-kick delivery from which Moreno scored Villarreal's goal.
Electoral Reform Bill Passed
Lam welcomes Legislative Council passage of legislation implementing the restructured electoral system and new candidate eligibility arrangements.
Kante Champions League Final Player of the Match
Dominates midfield and receives the official player-of-the-match award.
Havertz Champions League Final Winning Goal
Rounds Ederson and scores the only goal as Chelsea defeat Manchester City.
Chelsea Champions League Victory
Guides Chelsea to the European title four months after becoming head coach.
Electoral Reform Ordinance Signed
Lam signs the electoral reform ordinance, completing the local legislative process required to implement the redesigned election framework.
Golden Boot La Liga
Scores 30 goals for Barcelona to claim the La Liga scoring honour. The achievement reflects securing his final La Liga top-scorer prize with Barcelona.
Golden Boot Premier League
Claims the Premier League top-scorer award with 23 goals while representing Tottenham Hotspur. The season is distinguished by combining the Golden Boot with the leagueโs Playmaker prize.
Champions League Top Scorer with Dortmund
Haaland ended the 2020-21 UEFA Champions League as its leading scorer with ten goals, despite Dortmund being eliminated in the quarter-finals.
Mariupol Evacuations
Reports evacuation efforts from besieged Mariupol.
Azovstal Civilian Evacuation
Announces the start of an evacuation operation for civilians trapped at the Azovstal steelworks.
Kyiv Congressional Visit
Leads a congressional delegation to Kyiv.
Sixth-Term Chief Executive Election Result
Lam welcomes the result of the sixth-term Chief Executive election after John Lee is selected to succeed her as Hong Kong's next Chief Executive.
May G7 Leaders Meeting
Joins G7 leaders by video and urges continued defense support and sanctions against Russia.
Embassy Return to Kyiv
Announces U.S. diplomats will return to Kyiv.
Victory Day Speech
Defends the invasion during Russia's Victory Day speech.
Lend-Lease Legislation
Welcomes United States Lend-Lease legislation intended to accelerate support for Ukraine.
Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act
Signs Lend-Lease legislation for Ukraine assistance.
Sagittarius A Star EHT Image
As EHT project director, helps lead the collaboration releasing the first image of the Milky Way's central black hole Sagittarius A*.
Sagittarius A Star Variability
Contributes to EHT analysis of rapid variability in Sagittarius A* while reconstructing its horizon-scale ring structure.
First Image of Sagittarius A Star
As EHT project scientist, helps present the first direct image of Sagittarius A*, the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way.
Sagittarius A Star Imaging
Contributes to Event Horizon Telescope imaging and interpretation of Sagittarius A* at event-horizon scales.
FA Cup Winner
Alisson Becker kept a clean sheet across 120 minutes and saved Mason Mount's shootout penalty as Liverpool defeated Chelsea 0-0; Liverpool won 6-5 on penalties in the 2022 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Luis Diaz created several of Liverpool's best chances and was named player of the match as Liverpool defeated Chelsea 0-0; Liverpool won 6-5 on penalties in the 2022 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Victory
Starts the FA Cup final as Liverpool defeat Chelsea on penalties to complete a domestic cup double.
FA Cup Winner
Ibrahima Konate provided recovery pace and aerial strength alongside Virgil van Dijk as Liverpool defeated Chelsea 0-0; Liverpool won 6-5 on penalties in the 2022 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Andrew Robertson worked tirelessly on Liverpool's left and struck the post late in normal time as Liverpool defeated Chelsea 0-0; Liverpool won 6-5 on penalties in the 2022 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Trent Alexander-Arnold offered creative delivery from right-back and converted his shootout penalty as Liverpool defeated Chelsea 0-0; Liverpool won 6-5 on penalties in the 2022 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Jordan Henderson captained Liverpool to an eighth FA Cup in a tense shootout final as Liverpool defeated Chelsea 0-0; Liverpool won 6-5 on penalties in the 2022 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Kostas Tsimikas converted the decisive penalty after coming on as a substitute as Liverpool defeated Chelsea 0-0; Liverpool won 6-5 on penalties in the 2022 FA Cup final at Wembley.
Tsimikas Winning FA Cup Penalty
Tsimikas converts the decisive shootout penalty against Chelsea to seal Klopp's first FA Cup with Liverpool.
FA Cup Winner
Naby Keita contributed work rate and ball progression before leaving the field as Liverpool defeated Chelsea 0-0; Liverpool won 6-5 on penalties in the 2022 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Virgil van Dijk helped contain Chelsea's forwards before Liverpool prevailed on penalties as Liverpool defeated Chelsea 0-0; Liverpool won 6-5 on penalties in the 2022 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Thiago Alcantara dictated passages of play with his touch and passing from central midfield as Liverpool defeated Chelsea 0-0; Liverpool won 6-5 on penalties in the 2022 FA Cup final at Wembley.
Azovstal Surrender
Azovstal defenders begin leaving the steelworks after orders from Kyiv.
Eurpopa League Winner
Led Frankfurt to the Europa League trophy without losing a match in the competition.
Eurpopa League Winner
Equalised in normal time and converted Frankfurt's decisive penalty.
NATO Application
Finland applies to join NATO after Russia's invasion of Ukraine.
Eurpopa League Winner
Provided solidity in the Frankfurt back three during extra time and the shootout.
Eurpopa League Winner
Made a crucial late save and stopped Aaron Ramsey's penalty in the shootout.
Eurpopa League Winner
Captained Frankfurt despite receiving a head wound early in the final.
Eurpopa League Winner
Provided pace along the right flank during Frankfurt's title-winning European run.
Eurpopa League Winner
Contributed to Frankfurt's attack and converted a penalty in the shootout.
Eurpopa League Winner
Delivered the cross that Borre turned in for the equaliser.
NATO Application
Sweden applies to join NATO after Russia's invasion.
Survival Winner Against Palace
Dominic Calvert-Lewin heads the winning goal in a 3โ2 comeback against Crystal Palace, ensuring Everton avoid Premier League relegation.
Azovstal Surrender
Orders defenders at Azovstal to preserve lives as the Mariupol siege ends
Azovstal Captivity
Leaves Azovstal after orders to preserve defenders' lives.
Neil Guides Sunderland Out of League One
Neil steers Sunderland to a 2โ0 Wembley play-off final win over Wycombe Wanderers, ending four seasons in the third tier.
Embleton Opens Promotion Final Scoring
Embleton's first-half strike against Wycombe Wanderers puts Sunderland ahead in the League One play-off final at Wembley.
Golden Boot and Playmaker Awards
Finishes with 23 league goals and 13 assists, sharing the Premier League Golden Boot and winning the Playmaker award outright.
Davos World Economic Forum Address
Addresses the World Economic Forum and calls for sanctions, reconstruction support and investment in Ukraine.
Conference League Victory
Leads Roma to victory over Feyenoord in the inaugural UEFA Europa Conference League final.
Champions League Final Player of the Match
Makes a series of decisive saves and is named player of the match as Real Madrid beat Liverpool.
Courtois Champions League Final Player of the Match
Makes a series of saves against Liverpool and is named player of the match.
Champions League Final Goal
Scores the only goal in the Champions League final.
Real Madrid European Victory
Secures Real Madrid's European victory against Liverpool.
Benzema Champions League Top Scorer
Finishes the campaign with fifteen goals as Real Madrid become European champions.
Record Fourth Champions League Coaching Title
Becomes the first coach to win the European Cup four times.
European Council Address
Addresses European Council leaders and urges unity on sanctions and support for Ukraine.
Golden Boot La Liga
Claims the La Liga top-scorer award with 27 goals while representing Real Madrid. The season is distinguished by leading the line as Madrid secured another Spanish title.
Golden Boot Premier League
Leads the Premier League scoring standings with 23 goals for Tottenham Hotspur. His contribution stands out for sharing the award with Mohamed Salah without scoring a penalty.
Premier League Single-Season Goal Record
Haaland scored against West Ham United to reach 35 Premier League goals for the season, surpassing the previous single-campaign record of 34.
Copa del Rey Final Brace
Scores both Real Madrid goals in the 2-1 Copa del Rey final victory over Osasuna.
Victory Day Parade
Uses Victory Day speech to justify Russia's war aims.
Eurovision Song Contest
Supports Liverpool's hosting of Eurovision after Ukraine cannot safely stage the contest.
Meloni Rome Meeting
Meets Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni and discusses military assistance and Ukraine's peace formula.
Pope Francis Meeting
Meets Pope Francis and discusses the humanitarian consequences of Russia's invasion.
Charlemagne Prize
Accepts the Charlemagne Prize on behalf of the Ukrainian people for defending European values.
Macron Paris Defense Talks
Meets Emmanuel Macron to discuss air defense, armored vehicles and support for a Ukrainian counteroffensive.
Scholz Berlin Meeting
Meets German Chancellor Olaf Scholz as Germany announces additional military support.
Sunak Chequers Meeting
Meets Rishi Sunak and discusses long-range weapons and a coalition to provide modern fighter aircraft.
Council of Europe Reykjavik Summit
Jakobsdottir opens the Council of Europe summit in Reykjavik, where leaders focus on Ukraine, democratic resilience and human-rights protection.
IMF Three-Billion-Dollar Facility Approved
The IMF approves a three-billion-dollar Extended Credit Facility arrangement supporting Ghana's programme to restore macroeconomic stability and debt sustainability.
Arab League Summit Address
Addresses the Arab League summit and seeks wider support for Ukraine's peace formula.
F-16 Training Support
Says the United States will support F-16 training for Ukraine.
Bakhmut Claimed Captured
Claims Wagner captures Bakhmut after heavy losses.
Claimed Capture of Bakhmut
Claims Wagner forces have captured Bakhmut after months of fighting
Bakhmut Defense
Bakhmut falls after months of intense urban fighting.
G7 Hiroshima Visit
Attends the G7 summit in Hiroshima to seek further international support for Ukraine.
NHS Reform Mission
Starmer sets goals for prevention, workforce reform and improved access to NHS care.
Nuclear Weapons Agreement
Confirms Russian tactical nuclear weapons deployment plans.
Caretaker Government Formed
Sarmas leads a caretaker government between the May and June elections.
Final Day Survival Goal
Abdoulaye Doucourรฉ scores from outside the area against Bournemouth as Everton win 1โ0 on the final day and retain their Premier League status.
McGinn Leads Villa European Qualification
Captain McGinn helps Villa defeat Brighton on the final league day and return to UEFA competition under Emery.
European Qualification
Villa finishes seventh and qualifies for the UEFA Europa Conference League.
President of Nigeria
Appointed President of Nigeria after the 2023 presidential election
Five Principles for Zaporizhzhya Protection
Presents five concrete principles to the UN Security Council for protecting the Zaporizhzhya nuclear plant during the war.
Eurpopa League Winner
Converted the decisive spot kick after a retake in the shootout.
Eurpopa League Winner
Converted Sevilla's first shootout penalty after a physically demanding final.
Eurpopa League Winner
Started in midfield and converted his penalty as Sevilla overcame Roma.
Eurpopa League Winner
Helped Sevilla remain organised in defence as the final went to penalties.
Eurpopa League Winner
Led Sevilla's attack and contested Roma's defenders throughout the final.
Eurpopa League Winner
Saved two Roma penalties in the shootout to secure Sevilla's seventh title.
Europa League Final
Leads Roma to the Europa League final, where Sevilla win after a penalty shootout.
Eurpopa League Winner
Captained Sevilla and crossed the ball that produced Roma's own goal.
Eurpopa League Winner
Guided Sevilla to European silverware shortly after taking charge during a difficult league season.
Dortmund Top-Four Push
Provides goals and creative passing in Dortmundโs 2022-23 Bundesliga campaign, during which the club narrowly misses the league title on the final day.
First Premier League Title
Haaland became an English league champion in his debut season with Manchester City, contributing a record-breaking haul of goals to the title-winning campaign.
Premier League Golden Boot in Debut Season
Haaland claimed the Premier League Golden Boot with 36 league goals, a record total for a single season in the competition.
Golden Boot La Liga
Leads the La Liga scoring standings with 23 goals for Barcelona. His contribution stands out for winning the scoring honour in his debut La Liga season.
Paris Champions League Semifinal First-Leg Winner
Scores a controlled first-half finish against Paris Saint-Germain that gives Dortmund a 1-0 advantage in the Champions League semifinal tie.
Third Mayoral Election Victory
Burnham wins election to a third term as Greater Manchester Mayor.
Local Election Results
Starmer welcomes Labour gains in councils, mayoral contests and parliamentary by-elections.
Thirty-Sixth La Liga Title
Coaches Real Madrid to their thirty-sixth Spanish league championship.
Four Goals Against Wolverhampton
Haaland scored four goals as Manchester City beat Wolverhampton Wanderers 5-1, helping sustain the clubโs pursuit of the Premier League title.
Paris Champions League Semifinal Header
Heads in the only goal of the away leg against Paris Saint-Germain to secure Dortmundโs place in the Champions League final.
Euro 2024 Travel Campaign
Joins football leaders in urging supporters travelling to Euro 2024 to prepare carefully and follow official advice.
Russian Intelligence Measures
Supports measures against alleged Russian malign activity, including expulsion of an undeclared intelligence officer.
Bayern Semi-Final Late Brace
Scores twice in the closing minutes to send Real Madrid past Bayern Munich into the final.
Gaza Humanitarian Airdrops
Supports continuing Royal Air Force humanitarian airdrops delivering food and supplies for civilians in Gaza.
Harder Edge Foreign Policy Speech
Sets out a foreign-policy approach centred on stronger competition, cooperation and innovation in a more dangerous world.
Kharkiv Offensive
Russian forces open a new offensive in Kharkiv Oblast.
Kharkiv Offensive
Russian forces launch a new offensive toward Kharkiv Oblast
Security Council Appointment
Is moved from defense minister to Security Council secretary.
Durรกn Late Double Against Liverpool
Durรกn scores twice off the bench against Liverpool to rescue a 3โ3 draw and keep Villa close to securing fourth place.
Russian Uranium Import Ban
Signs legislation restricting Russian enriched-uranium imports.
Chinese Ambassador Summoned
Oversees the summoning of China's ambassador after allegations of foreign interference in the United Kingdom.
Defense Minister Appointment
Becomes Russia's defense minister during the war.
Kyiv Guitar Visit
Visits Kyiv as the United States resumes major aid.
Gaza Maritime Aid Shipment
Supports shipment of more than one hundred tonnes of aid toward the temporary maritime pier serving Gaza.
Yemen Humanitarian Aid Increase
Announces increased humanitarian aid intended to help hundreds of thousands of people facing food insecurity in Yemen.
Assassination Attempt
Survives a shooting after a government meeting in Handlova.
Antimicrobial Resistance Funding
Supports an ยฃ85 million international funding package to address antimicrobial resistance.
Gibraltar Agreement Talks
Participates in UK-EU-Spain-Gibraltar talks on progress toward an agreement concerning Gibraltar.
UK EU Joint Committee Meetings
Meets European Commission representatives for Withdrawal Agreement and Trade and Cooperation Agreement discussions.
Gaza Pier Aid Delivery
Supports delivery of UK-funded shelter supplies through the temporary maritime pier serving Gaza.
Russia DPRK Arms for Oil Sanctions
Joins partners in sanctions targeting illicit arms-for-oil cooperation between Russia and North Korea.
Sri Lanka Conflict Anniversary Statement
Marks fifteen years since the end of Sri Lanka's armed conflict with a Foreign Secretary statement.
Klopp Final Liverpool Match
Klopp takes charge of Liverpool for the last time in a 2โ0 win over Wolves, ending nearly nine years at Anfield.
El Fasher Sudan Statement
Issues a statement on the dangerous situation around El Fasher during the war in Sudan.
Elliott Klopp Farewell Liverpool Goal
Elliott starts Klopp's final Liverpool match against Wolves as the team gives its departing manager a winning farewell.
Fourth Consecutive City League Title
Haaland helped Manchester City win a fourth straight Premier League championship, an unprecedented run in English menโs top-flight football.
Finland Strategic Partnership
Strengthens UK-Finland cooperation through a strategic partnership emphasizing European security and support for Ukraine.
Eurpopa League Winner
Captained Atalanta and helped deliver a clean sheet against a previously unbeaten opponent.
Eurpopa League Winner
Kept a clean sheet in Dublin as Atalanta completed an emphatic final victory.
Eurpopa League Winner
Supported Lookman with pressing and close control in Atalanta's front line.
Eurpopa League Winner
Disrupted Leverkusen's passing rhythm with tireless ball-winning in central areas.
Albania Migration Partnership
Visits Albania to strengthen cooperation against people smuggling and illegal migration.
Eurpopa League Winner
Supplied width and energy from wing-back against Leverkusen's dangerous flanks.
Eurpopa League Winner
Organised a relentless pressing display that brought Atalanta its first European title.
Eurpopa League Winner
Contributed intelligent movement and pressure as Atalanta controlled the midfield battles.
Eurpopa League Winner
Scored a hat-trick to end Leverkusen's unbeaten run and secure Atalanta's first major European trophy.
Euclid First Science Results
Mellier presents Euclid's first science papers and performance results, demonstrating that the mission is ready for precision studies of the dark universe.
General Election Campaign Launch
Starmer launches Labour's general election campaign under the message of change.
FA Cup Winner
Lisandro Martinez returned to the starting defence and helped frustrate City's attack as Manchester United defeated Manchester City 2-1 in the 2024 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Alejandro Garnacho capitalised on a defensive mistake to open the scoring at Wembley as Manchester United defeated Manchester City 2-1 in the 2024 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Andre Onana made saves as United held off City's second-half pressure as Manchester United defeated Manchester City 2-1 in the 2024 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Raphael Varane produced an assured final appearance for United against their city rivals as Manchester United defeated Manchester City 2-1 in the 2024 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Aaron Wan-Bissaka limited the effectiveness of City's wide players with close marking as Manchester United defeated Manchester City 2-1 in the 2024 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Marcus Rashford stretched City's back line with direct running before being substituted as Manchester United defeated Manchester City 2-1 in the 2024 FA Cup final at Wembley.
2024 FA Cup Final Goal and Award
Scores Manchester United's second goal against Manchester City and is named player of the match.
FA Cup Winner
Kobbie Mainoo finished a sweeping team move for United's second first-half goal as Manchester United defeated Manchester City 2-1 in the 2024 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Sofyan Amrabat provided defensive cover in midfield as United resisted late pressure as Manchester United defeated Manchester City 2-1 in the 2024 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Diogo Dalot kept his defensive discipline and supported counterattacks against City as Manchester United defeated Manchester City 2-1 in the 2024 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Bruno Fernandes captained United and laid on the assist for Mainoo's winning goal as Manchester United defeated Manchester City 2-1 in the 2024 FA Cup final at Wembley.
Kharkiv Bombardment
Reports casualties from Russian strikes on Kharkiv.
Spain Bilateral Security Commitments
Formalizes Spanish military and reconstruction support with Pedro Sanchez during a visit to Madrid.
Solar Orbiter Traces Solar Wind to Source
Oversees Solar Orbiter science as coordinated imaging and in-situ measurements make a direct connection between solar-wind streams around the spacecraft and specific source regions on the Sun.
Belgium Defense Support Compact
Secures Belgian long-term defense assistance with Alexander De Croo, including cooperation on combat aviation capabilities.
Portugal Security Cooperation Pact
Agrees with Luis Montenegro on sustained military cooperation, reconstruction support and Ukraine's European integration.
Russia North Korea Arms Sanctions
Joins international action against entities involved in unlawful arms transfers from North Korea to Russia.
Sweden Defense Partnership
Formalizes long-term Swedish assistance with Ulf Kristersson, strengthening weapons support, training and defense-industrial cooperation.
Second Premier League Golden Boot
Haaland retained the Premier League Golden Boot after scoring 27 league goals in 2023-24, finishing ahead of every other player in the division.
Golden Boot La Liga
Collects the La Liga leading-scorer distinction after scoring 24 goals for Girona. The award recognises helping Girona to an unprecedented Champions League qualification.
Missile and Drone Campaign
Russia continues missile and drone attacks against Ukrainian cities.
Australian Federal Election
Leads Labor to re-election in the federal election.
Pro-Democracy Protests
Goita faces protests demanding elections and opposing proposals to dissolve Mali's political parties.
Malian Protests
Faces pro-democracy protests over planned party dissolution.
General Election - Singapore General Election
Leads the People's Action Party to victory.
Singapore General Election Election Outcome
General election outcome recorded for Lawrence Wong: Leads the People's Action Party to victory.
Singapore General Election Government
Government context for this general election: Leads the People's Action Party to victory.
Singapore General Election
Leads the People's Action Party to victory.
Fifth FA Youth Cup Victory
Villa defeats Manchester City 3-1 to win the FA Youth Cup for a fifth time.
Chancellor of Germany
Is elected and sworn in as Chancellor of Germany.
United Kingdom-India Trade Agreement
Starmer announces completion of negotiations for a bilateral trade agreement with India.
Operation Sindoor
Modi announces Operation Sindoor strikes after the Pahalgam attack, as India targets sites it identifies as terrorist infrastructure.
Air Operations
Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu leads the Pakistan Air Force during the May 2025 air and missile confrontation with India.
Military Response
Asim Munir commands the Pakistan Army during the May confrontation with India.
National Security Response
Shehbaz Sharif leads Pakistan's civilian government as military exchanges with India intensify after Indian strikes on targets inside Pakistan.
Victory in Europe Anniversary
Leads commemorations marking eighty years since Victory in Europe Day.
United Kingdom-United States Trade Deal
Starmer announces an economic agreement reducing selected trade barriers with the United States.
India Pakistan Ceasefire
Dar confirms Pakistan's participation in the ceasefire understanding reached after several days of intense exchanges with India.
Operation Bunyan-un-Marsoos
Asim Munir leads the army during Pakistan's Operation Bunyan-un-Marsoos on 10 May.
India Pakistan Ceasefire
Shehbaz Sharif's government confirms a ceasefire after several days of fighting with India.
Operation Bunyan-un-Marsoos
Sharif's government announces Operation Bunyan-un-Marsoos as Pakistan responds to Indian military strikes.
Immigration White Paper
Starmer presents reforms intended to reduce migration and strengthen domestic skills requirements.
Dissolution of Political Parties
Goita signs a decree dissolving political parties and organisations throughout Mali.
First Quarter GDP Growth
ONS estimates that GDP grew by 0.7 percent during the first quarter of 2025.
First Quarter GDP per Head Growth
ONS estimates that real GDP per head grew by 0.5 percent in the first quarter.
Erdogan Ankara Peace Talks
Meets Recep Tayyip Erdogan while seeking direct leader-level talks and a ceasefire with Russia.
Eurovision Victory
Austria wins Eurovision with Wasted Love.
Crystal Palace First FA Cup
Guides Crystal Palace to their first FA Cup with a 1-0 final victory over Manchester City.
FA Cup Winner
Daniel Munoz supplied the low cross that Eberechi Eze converted for the winning goal as Crystal Palace defeated Manchester City 1-0 in the 2025 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Maxence Lacroix used his speed and positioning to repel City's dangerous forward runs as Crystal Palace defeated Manchester City 1-0 in the 2025 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Marc Guehi captained Palace through an intense defensive display at Wembley as Crystal Palace defeated Manchester City 1-0 in the 2025 FA Cup final at Wembley.
2025 FA Cup Final Winning Goal
Scores the only goal as Crystal Palace win the FA Cup for the first time.
FA Cup Winner
Eberechi Eze scored the first-half winner that delivered Crystal Palace's first FA Cup as Crystal Palace defeated Manchester City 1-0 in the 2025 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Dean Henderson saved Omar Marmoush's penalty and maintained the clean sheet behind Palace's first FA Cup title as Crystal Palace defeated Manchester City 1-0 in the 2025 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Adam Wharton offered composed passing and positional discipline in central areas as Crystal Palace defeated Manchester City 1-0 in the 2025 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Will Hughes worked to close midfield spaces during Palace's determined resistance as Crystal Palace defeated Manchester City 1-0 in the 2025 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Tyrick Mitchell tracked wide attacks and supported Palace's compact defensive structure as Crystal Palace defeated Manchester City 1-0 in the 2025 FA Cup final at Wembley.
FA Cup Winner
Ismaila Sarr carried the ball into attacking positions to relieve sustained City pressure as Crystal Palace defeated Manchester City 1-0 in the 2025 FA Cup final at Wembley.
Eurovision Song Contest
Wins Eurovision for Austria as JJ.
FA Cup Winner
Chris Richards helped keep City's attacking players away from clear scoring opportunities as Crystal Palace defeated Manchester City 1-0 in the 2025 FA Cup final at Wembley.
Romanian Presidential Election
Wins Romania's presidential election.
Agri Food Negotiations
Agrees to work toward reduced agri food barriers with the European Union.
First UK-EU Summit after Withdrawal
Starmer hosts European Union leaders at the first UK-EU summit since withdrawal.
Fishing Access Agreement
Agrees longer term reciprocal fishing access arrangements with the European Union.
Security Defence Partnership
Agrees a security and defence partnership with the European Union.
UK EU Summit
Holds the first UK EU summit since withdrawal from the European Union.
UK-EU Agri-Food Negotiation Framework
Starmer agrees to negotiate reduced sanitary barriers affecting agricultural and food trade.
UK-EU Fisheries Access Arrangement
Starmer agrees reciprocal access to waters through June 2038 under the renewed partnership.
UK-EU Security and Defence Partnership
Starmer agrees a framework for closer security and defence cooperation with the European Union.
Ceasefire Negotiations Call
Says after a call with Putin that Russia and Ukraine will begin ceasefire negotiations
Promotion to Field Marshal
Pakistan's cabinet approves Asim Munir's promotion to field marshal following the May 2025 military confrontation with India.
Eurpopa League Winner
Helped Tottenham defend its slender lead and was named player of the match.
Eurpopa League Winner
Guided Tottenham to the Europa League trophy with a disciplined final performance.
Eurpopa League Winner
Scored the only goal of the final to bring Tottenham its first European trophy in decades.
Eurpopa League Winner
Led Tottenham's forward line and repeatedly pressured United's defenders.
Eurpopa League Winner
Kept a clean sheet against Manchester United in Tottenham's narrow final victory.
Eurpopa League Winner
Made a remarkable goal-line clearance to preserve Tottenham's advantage.
Eurpopa League Winner
Helped maintain Tottenham's midfield defensive shape against a late United surge.
Eurpopa League Winner
Supplied forward runs from right-back while helping Spurs protect their lead.
Second Teacher Pay Award
The Government accepts a four percent teacher pay award for the 2025/26 academic year.
President of Ecuador
Begins his second presidential term in Ecuador.
Premier League Player of the Season
Wins the Premier League Player of the Season award for the second time after driving Liverpool's title-winning campaign with elite scoring and creative output.
Le Bris Leads Sunderland to Premier League Promotion
Le Bris oversees Sunderland's 2โ1 Championship play-off final victory over Sheffield United, returning the club to the Premier League after eight years.
Watson Scores Sunderland Promotion Winner
Watson strikes in stoppage time against Sheffield United at Wembley to secure a 2โ1 play-off final win and Premier League promotion.
Arsenal Women's Champions League Title Manager
Coaches Arsenal to a 1-0 victory over Barcelona and the club's second European women's title.
Mayenda Equalises in Promotion Final
Mayenda brings Sunderland level against Sheffield United in the Championship play-off final, laying the groundwork for a dramatic late triumph.
Women's Champions League Final Winning Goal
Scores the only goal as Arsenal defeat Barcelona to win the UEFA Women's Champions League.
President of Romania
Dan is sworn in as President of Romania.
President of Romania
Is sworn in as President of Romania.
Paris Champions League Winning Captain
Captains Paris Saint-Germain during the record 5-0 final victory over Inter.
Doue Two Goals in Champions League Final
Scores twice and creates another goal as Paris Saint-Germain defeat Inter 5-0.
Paris First Champions League Final Goal
Opens the scoring against his former club as Paris Saint-Germain win their first European Cup.
Champions League Victory
Guides Paris Saint-Germain to its first Champions League title.
Golden Boot Premier League
Collects the Premier League leading-scorer distinction after scoring 29 goals for Liverpool. The award recognises winning the league scoring prize in a title-winning Liverpool season.
Golden Boot La Liga
Finishes as the leading goalscorer in the La Liga with 31 goals for Real Madrid. The campaign is particularly remembered for capturing the Spanish scoring title during his first season in Madrid.
Defence Coordination
Khawaja Asif represents Pakistan's defence policy during the May 2025 confrontation and public discussions of military readiness.
Crisis Diplomacy
Ishaq Dar conducts diplomatic contacts during the escalating India-Pakistan crisis and subsequent ceasefire negotiations.
Voyager 1 Backup Roll Thrusters Revived
Engineers revive long-dormant Voyager 1 roll thrusters to provide a backup attitude-control option.
Special Reviewer Appointment
The Prime Minister appoints Brown to advise on international finance and security cooperation.
Ukraine Peace Talks
Pushes a May ceasefire effort between Russia and Ukraine
War Nearly Over Claim
Says the war is almost over, a view Ukraine disputes
Health Bill Introduced
The Health Bill is introduced to Parliament with measures for a single patient record, abolition of NHS England and changes to local commissioning and system oversight.
First Quarter GDP Growth in 2026
ONS estimates that GDP grew by 0.6 percent during the first quarter of 2026.
First Quarter GDP per Head Growth in 2026
ONS estimates that real GDP per head increased by 0.6 percent in the first quarter.
2026 FA Cup Final Winning Goal
Scores the only goal against Chelsea and is named player of the match as Manchester City win the FA Cup.
Prime Minister Takes Office
Ahmadou Alhaminou Mohamed Lo becomes Prime Minister after Sonko is dismissed
Back-to-Back Champions League Captain
Captains Paris Saint-Germain as they retain the title by defeating Arsenal on penalties.
Dembele Champions League Final Equalising Penalty
Scores from the penalty spot to equalise against Arsenal in the second half.
Third Champions League Coaching Title
Wins his third Champions League as a coach and his second consecutive title with Paris Saint-Germain.
Unbeaten Benfica League Campaign
Completes an unbeaten Primeira Liga campaign with Benfica before leaving the club later in 2026.