Birth of Nerva
Birth of Nerva at Narnia in Umbria.
Historical events in November
6,848 historical records across all years
Foundation of Constantinople
Constantine formally refounds Byzantium as Constantinople, beginning the development of his new imperial residence.
Dedication of Old Saint Peter's
The Constantinian basilica over the traditional site of Saint Peter's tomb is dedicated in Rome.
Death of Constantius II
Death of Constantius II, dies near Tarsus in Galicia
Death of Valentinian I
Death of Valentinian I, age 53, succeeded in name by his 4 yr old son Valentinian II
Capture of Naples
Captures Naples
Capture of Rome
Captures Rome
Battle of Winwaed
Defeats & kills Penda of Mercia. Becomes Bretwalda & King of a reunited Northumbria & becomes overlord of Mercia
Rule of Mercia
Becomes overlord of Mercia after the Battle of Winwaed
Unification
Reunifies Northumbria after the Battle of Winwaed
Battle of Winwaed
Killed by King Oswy while invading Bernicia. Killed at the Battle of Winwaed. Defeated & killed by King Oswy
Temporary Government in Changan
Trisong Detsen's army briefly installs a rival Tang claimant after taking Changan.
Capture of Changan
Tibetan troops capture the Tang capital Changan during a period of Chinese weakness.
Withdrawal from Changan
Tibetan forces withdraw from Changan after occupying the city for about two weeks.
Capture of York
Halfdan participated in the capture of York from the divided Northumbrian kingdom.
Capture of York
Ivar helped seize York, creating the principal Scandinavian political centre in northern England.
Capture of York
The Danes capture York and make it a major Viking stronghold in Northumbria.
Great Heathen Army
Ivar helps capture York while Northumbria is weakened by rivalry between Aella and Osberht.
Capture of York
The Vikings capture York
Capture of York
Ivarr & Halfdan capture York, revenge for the death of their father Ragnar Lodbrok
Death of Edmund
Edmund was killed during the Danish conquest of East Anglia and later venerated as a royal martyr.
Grant at Bowers Gifford
Athelstan granted ten hides at Bowers Gifford to Abbot Beorhtsige.
Coronation
Crowned at Kingston-on-Thames
Death of Eadred
Death of Edred
Massacre
Sweyns sister is killed during the Danish massacre in England. A massacre of Danish settlers in England on St Brices day
Massacre
The Danish revenge for the massacre results in Ethelreds name, "the unready"
Invasion of England
Invades England after a massacre of Danish settlers
Invasion of England
Vikings take winter quarters on the Thames
Succession
Elected by the witan as King of all England on the death of Edmund Ironside
Death of Edmund II Ironside
Death of Edmund II, on St Andrews day, fighting Canute
Rule of Wessex
Edmund dies & Wessex accepts Canute as its ruler
Coronation
King of Scotia, succeeds Malcolm II, followed his grandfather Malcolm without apparent opposition
Succession
Succeeds as King of Scotia, as a result of his father Malcolm II killing Kenneth III
Death of Malcolm II
Mael Coluim dies in 1034, Marianus Scotus giving the date as 25 November 1034, The king lists say that he died at Glamis, variously describing him as a "most glorious" or "most victorious" king
Death of Canute I
Death of Canute
Invasion of England
Canutes sons are unable to hold England & the Norwegians are break away from Denmark
Succession
Caute leaves a legitimate, Harthacnut, & an illegitimate son, Harold Harefoot
Partition
England is again divided between Northumbria & Wessex
Regency
Appointed Regent on his fathers death
Rule of England
England is again divided between Northumbria & Wessex
Marriage
Agnes marries Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor
Birth of Henry IV
Birth of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, son of Agnes of Poitou & Henry III
Death of Geoffrey II Martel
Death of Geoffrey II Martel
Coronation
Crowned King of Scotland
Earldom Consolidated
Morcar consolidates his new authority in York after the royal government recognizes his election.
Government of Northumbria
Morcar begins governing Northumbria after the royal settlement confirms his earldom.
Arrival at Saint-Omer
Tostig reaches Saint-Omer, where Baldwin V provides accommodation for his exiled household.
Departure from England
Tostig leaves England with his wife and loyal followers after his deposition is accepted.
Refuge in Flanders
Tostig takes refuge in Flanders under the protection of Count Baldwin V.
Marriage
Agrees to marry Ealdgyth, sister of Edwin & Morcar to gain support for his accession
Political Crisis and Illness
Edward's health deteriorates after the Northumbrian crisis and the collapse of his attempt to restore Tostig.
Political Settlement of the North
Harold's negotiated settlement ends the immediate Northumbrian crisis without restoring Tostig.
Reballion of Rebels in Northumbria
Harold accepts that Tostig cannot be restored without civil war and supports a negotiated settlement.
Return North
Morcar returns north with his authority recognized after the settlement with Edward's government.
Reballion of Rebels in Northumbria
Sent to mediate with the rebels by Edward but Tostig is exiled
Homage at Wallingford
Stigand meets William at Wallingford and pays homage as the Norman army manoeuvres around London.
Capture of Winchester
William captures Winchester from Queen Edith
Siege of Berkhampstead
Crosses the Thames at Wallingford & moves to Berkhampstead
Siege of Berkshire
Attacks Edgars forces while laying siege to Southwark & moves upstream to Berkshire
Siege of London
William I the Conqueror crosses the Thames at Wallingford & moves to Berkhampstead. Crosses the Thames at Wallingford & moves to Berkhampstead
Siege of London
Cannot attack London directly so decides to surround it
Siege of London
Attacks Edgars forces while laying siege to Southwark & moves upstream to Berkshire
Siege of London
Crosses the Thames at Wallingford & moves to Berkhampstead
Siege of Southwark
Attacks Edgars forces while laying siege to Southwark & moves upstream to Berkshire
Siege of Wallingford
Crosses the Thames at Wallingford & moves to Berkhampstead
Defence
Londoners resist immediate Norman entry after Williams approach
Battle of Southwark
William attacks some of Edgars forces & then moves upstream to Berkshire
Invasion of England
William cannot attack London directly so to decides to isolate it
Siege of London
William cannot attack London directly so to decides to isolate it
Siege of London
William attacks some of Edgars forces & then moves upstream to Berkshire
Siege of Southwark
William attacks some of Edgars forces & then moves upstream to Berkshire
Succession
When William crossed the Thames at Wallingford he was met by Stigand, who now abandoned Edgar and submitted to the invader
Capture of Winchester
William captures Winchester from Queen Edith
Advance
Norman forces threaten London from the south bank of the Thames
Crossing at Wallingford
William uses the Thames crossing at Wallingford to continue a western encirclement of London instead of attacking the city directly.
Illness
William is reported to have delayed after illness during the advance toward London
Thames Valley Advance
William advances through the Thames Valley after failing to secure an immediate submission from London.
Death of Matilda of Flanders
William's wife Matilda dies at Caen, ending a marriage that had strengthened the Norman dynasty's continental alliances.
Battle of Alnwick
Malcolm III is killed at the hands of Robet de Mowbray, Earl of Northumberland. After Malcolm III and his second son Edward are killed near Alnwick Donald, Malcolms brother, becomes the king of Scotland. Malcolms family, including Edgar, are forced into exiled in England
Coronation
Crowned King of Scotland
Battle of Alnwick
After Malcolm III and his second son Edward are killed near Alnwick Donald, Malcolms brother, becomes the king of Scotland. Malcolms family, including Edgar, are forced into exiled in England
Restoration
Restored to the throne after being deposed by Duncan II
Succession
Succeeds as King south of the Clyde while Donald rules the Highlands. All 3 of Edmunds elder brothers had died
Battle of Monthecin
Defeats Duncan & is restored
Restoration
Divides Kingdom with his nephew Edmund
Council of Clermont
Pope Urban II presides over the Council of Clermont and calls the First Crusade into being to free the Holy Places at Jerusalem
Declaration of War
Preaches for the First Crusade at Clermont to free the Holy Places at Jerusalem. Pope Urban II presides over the Council of Clermont and calls the First Crusade into being to free the Holy Places at Jerusalem
Declaration of War
Urbans call to arms to recapture the holy land begins the 1st Crusade
Marriage
Marries Matilda, sister of Edgar, daughter of Malcolm III
Peace
The marriage to Matilda brings peace between England & Scotland
Marriage
Marries Henry I
Coronation
Crowned in Westminster Abbey
Restoration
Restored to the throne
Arrest of Stephen
Exchanges Stephen for the Earl of Gloucester, her half brother & most valued ally
Arrest of Stephen
Released in exchange for Gloucester, Matildas half brother & most valued ally
Succession
Stephen names Henry II as his successor
Succession
Stephen names Henry II as his successor
Peace
Barons conclude peace, the Treaty recognizes his succession to the English throne
Treaty of Winchester
Eustace dies, Stephen loses interest in the succession & the Treaty ends the war. Barons conclude peace, the Treaty recognizes his succession to the English throne
Succession
Stephen names Henry II as his successor
Treaty of Winchester
Stephen concludes a peace Treaty with Henry, son of Matilda, granting him the throne
Treaty of Winchester
The Treaty of Winchester recognizes Matildas son Henry next King of England. The Treaty of Winchester allows William, Stephens son, to keep his French lands
Treaty of Winchester
The Treaty of Winchester recognizes Matildas son Henry next King of England. The Treaty of Winchester allows William, Stephens son, to keep his French lands
Succession
Henry II declares Mary of Scots Queen over England & Ireland
Succession
Henry II declares Mary of Scots Queen over England & Ireland
Succession
Henry II declares Mary of Scots Queen over England & Ireland
Succession
Henry II declares Mary of Scots Queen over England & Ireland
Marriage
The marriage is orchestrated by Henrys father, Henry II, in order to gain control over Marguerites dowry, the strategically vital castles of the Vexin region between Normandy & Paris. Henry the Young King is married to Marguerite of France, daughter of King Louis VII of France by his 2nd wife Constance of Castille, he is 5 yrs of age & she is 2
Marriage
The marriage is orchestrated by Henrys father, Henry II, in order to gain control over Marguerites dowry, the strategically vital castles of the Vexin region between Normandy & Paris. Henry the Young King is married to Marguerite of France, daughter of King Louis VII of France by his 2nd wife Constance of Castille, he is 5 yrs of age & she is 2
Marriage
The marriage is orchestrated by Henrys father, Henry II, in order to gain control over Marguerites dowry, the strategically vital castles of the Vexin region between Normandy & Paris
Coronation
Recrowns Henry II
Death of William Beauchamp
Death of William Beauchamp, 3rd Earl of Warwick
Peace
The interior belongs to the Muslims & the coast belongs to the Latins. Peace is concluded between the Crusaders & the Muslims
Peace
The interior belongs to the Muslims & the coast belongs to the Latins. Peace is concluded between the Crusaders & the Muslims
Peace
The interior will belong to the Muslims while the Latins keep control of the coast
Peace
The interior will belong to the Muslims while the Latins keep control of the coast. Richard I & Saladin conclude peace
Siege of Zara
Zara is besieged and captured
Succession
Elected to succeed Philip of Swabia
Excommunication
Excommunicated by Pope Innocent III
Excommunication
Excommunicates Otto IV
Magna Carta
one of the commissioners on the part of the Barons to negotiate the peace with the King
General Council of Lateran
The 4th Lateran Council is considered by the Catholic Church to have been the twelfth ecumenical council and is sometimes called the "Great Council" or "General Council of Lateran" due to the presence of seventy-one patriarchs and metropolitan bishops, four hundred and twelve bishops, and nine hundred abbots and priors together with representatives of several monarchs
Lateran Council, 4th
Holds the 4th Lateran Council, defines the doctrine of the Eucharist. Catholic women over 12 should make their confession & recieve Communion at Easter. Catholic men over 15 should make their confession & recieve Communion at Easter. The Council confirmed the elevation of Frederick II as Holy Roman Emperor
Regency
Named by the King's council (barons who had remained loyal to King John in the First Barons War) to serve as both regent of Henry III & regent of the kingdom
Coronation
Crowned Emperor at Rome by Pope Honorius III
Coronation
Crowns Frederick II the Holy Roman Emperor
Siege of La Reole
The burgesses of La Reole open their gates to the Earl of Cornwall
Regency
Louis mother, Queen Blanche of Castille, becomes Regent
Succession
Succeeds as King of France, age 11, the Kingdom is ruled by Blance of Castille
Death of Louis VIII
Death of Louis VIII during a crusade against the Albigensian heretics
Rule of La Rochelle
By the time of his death Louis had recaptured Saintonge & La Rochelle
Rule of La Saintonge
By the time of his death Louis had recaptured Saintonge & La Rochelle
Siege of Montpensier
By the time of his death Louis had recaptured Saintonge & La Rochelle
Death of Tsuchimikado
Death of Tsuchimikado
Battle of Cortenuova
The Teutonic Knights & Swordbrothers unite. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor defeats the Lombard Guelfs in Italy
Teutonic Knights
The Teutonic Knights & Swordbrothers unite
Marriage
Marries Sanchia of Provence, daughter of Raimond-Berengar V de Provence
Succession
Succeeds as King of Denmark
Birth of Henry of Almayne
Birth of Henry of Almayne
Death of Henry III
Death of Henry III, in Westminster Palace on St Edmunds Day
Coronation
Crowned King of England
Burial
Placed in Westminster Abbey where the Confessors bones had been removed
Death of Edward I
Death of Henry III, hears of the death of his father returning from the Holy Land
Invasion of Wales
Edward I announces his plans to invade Wales & go against Llewelyn
Invasion of Wales
Edward I announces his plans to invade Wales & go against Llewelyn III
Treaty of Aberconwy
Llywelyn retains the title Prince of Wales
Rule of Gwynedd
Under the Treaty of Aberconwy Llywelyn III retains Gwynedd, west of the Conway
Rule of Wales
Under the Treaty of Aberconwy Llywelyn III is stripped of his overlordship of Wales
Treaty of Aberconwy
Under the Treaty of Aberconwy Llywelyn III retains Gwynedd, west of the Conway. Llywelyn III is stripped of his overlordship of Wales. Llywelyn III is reduced to his traditional heartland to the west of the River Conwy
Marriage
Contracts for a 2nd marriage to Yolande de Dreux, in order to gain a male heir
Treaty of Salisbury
Edward agrees to hand Margaret over to Scotland when there is peace. Agrees to assist Margaret of Norway to the Scottish throne
Interregnum
Edward I negotiated the Treaty of Salisbury concerning Margaret's journey and Scottish succession.
Interregnum
Eric II agreed arrangements for his daughter Margaret's transfer to Scotland.
Treaty of Salisbury
Scotland, Norway & England free Margaret from marriage commitments
Treaty of Salisbury
Scotland, Norway & England will send Margaret to England or Scotland free of marriage
Burial
Remembered by 12 crosses in her funeral procession from Harby to Westminster
Death of Edward I
Death of Eleanor of Castille, Harby, Northants, from fever
Burial
Remembered by 12 crosses in her funeral procession from Harby to Westminster
Death of Eleanor of Castille
Death of Eleanor of Castille, Harby, Northants, from fever
Succession
The court at Berwick castle favour Edward Balliols claim to the Scottish succession. Decides at Berwick the Scottish Succession in favour of John Balliol
Interregnum
Edward delivered judgment in favour of John Balliol after the Great Cause hearings.
Coronation
Crowned on the stone of destiny at Scone
Stone of Destiny
Crowned on the stone of destiny at Scone
Succession
Edward I decides in favour of John Balliol
Succession
Edward I hands over the seisn of Scotland to Edward Balliol
Treaty of Brigham
Edward I renounces the Treaty of Brigham making John his vassal. Edward I decides in favour of John Balliol
Succession
The court at Berwick castle favour Edward Balliols claim to the Scottish succession
Succession
Edward Balliol takes the oath of feality as King of Scotland to Edward I
Succession
Edward Balliol takes the oath of feality as King of Scotland to Edward I
Inauguration
Inaugurated King of Scotland on St Andrews Day
Interregnum
Balliol was inaugurated at Scone, ending the first Scottish interregnum.
Parliament
Opens Parliament to rally England against the threat of the French & the Scots
Parliament
Raises enough revenue for 2 armies
Battle of Stirling Bridge
After the Battle of Stirling Bridge, Sir Andrew de Moray, Wallaces friend and right hand military adviser died of the terrible wounds he had received at Stirling Bridge
Death of Andrew de Moray
After the Battle of Stirling Bridge, Sir Andrew de Moray, Wallaces friend and right hand military adviser died of the terrible wounds he had received at Stirling Bridge
Election
Chosen king after Frederick fails to secure the German crown.
Birth of Edward III
Birth of Edward III, son of Edward II & Isabella of France
Birth of Edward III
Birth of Edward III, son of Edward II & Isabella of France
Baptism
Baptized in the old chapel of St Edward in Windsor Castle
Peerage
Created Earl of Chester
Battle of Gammelsdorf
Louis of Bavaria defeated Frederick at Gammelsdorf, forcing Frederick to abandon his Lower Bavarian guardianship claim.
Coronation
Crowned King of the Romans by the Archbishop of Cologne.
Coronation
Crowns Frederick III at Bonn as King of the Romans.
Death of Louis X
Death of Phillip IV, Louis Xs father
Death of Philip IV
Death of Philip IV
Battle of Morgarten
Leopold, Frederick's brother, is defeated by the Swiss Confederates.
Swiss Campaign
Leads Habsburg forces defeated by the Swiss at Morgarten.
Morgarten Setback
The defeat of Frederick's brother Leopold at Morgarten weakened Habsburg military strength during the struggle with Louis IV.
Lieutenant of Ireland
Edward II appointed Mortimer warden and lieutenant of Ireland with extensive powers against Edward Bruce.
Death of John I
The death of the infant John I ended the direct male succession from Louis X and opened Philip's path to the throne.
Death of William Wishart
Death of William Wishart
Quia Quorundam
John issued Quia quorundam to reinforce his earlier rulings in the Franciscan poverty controversy.
Abdication
After wandering helplessly for some weeks in Wales, Edward II is taken prisoner, and is compelled to abdicate in favour of his son
Birth of Edward V
Birth of Edward V
Birth of Pedro de Luna
Birth of Pedro de Luna later Antipope Benedict XIII
Defeat of Shangdu Faction
Ragibagh loses the struggle for the Yuan throne
Battle of Posada
Defeats Charles Robert and secures Wallachian independence.
Mortimer Executed
Has Roger Mortimer executed after the Nottingham coup
Invasion of France
Edward returns to England
Peace
Returns to England after agreeing a truce with France
Ministerial Purge
Edward III returned unexpectedly to England late in 1340 and dismissed several royal ministers whom he blamed for administrative failures and wartime finance problems.
Coronation
Crowned King of Germany
Treaty of Berwick
Edward III agrees to the release of David II for a ransom of 100,000 marks
Arrest of David II
Edward III agrees to the release of David II for a ransom of 100,000 marks
Treaty of Berwick
Edward III agrees to the release of David II for a ransom of 100,000 marks
Peerage
Gaunt receives the title "Duke of Lancaster" from Edward III. He now owns at least thirty castles and estates across England and France and maintained a household comparable in scale and organisation to that of a monarch
Archbishop
Receives the stole of office as Archbishop of Canterbury
Imperial Coronation
Elizabeth of Pomerania is crowned empress in Rome
Death of Thomas de Beauchamp
Death of Thomas de Beauchamp, died of plague in Calais & later entombed in the Beauchamp Chapel
Invasion of England
By the middle of November, the survivors of the sickly army returned to Calais, where the Earl of Warwick died of plague.
Invasion of England
During the retreat from Harfleur Johns army had to fight its way across the Somme at the ford of Blanchetaque against a French army led by Hugh de Chatillon, who was captured and sold to Edward III.
Invasion of England
Though it seemed an inglorious conclusion to the campaign, John had forced the French king, Charles V, to abandon his plans to invade England that autumn.
Siege of Harfleur
By the middle of November, the survivors of the sickly army returned to Calais, where the Earl of Warwick died of plague.
Siege of Harfleur
During the retreat from Harfleur Johns army had to fight its way across the Somme at the ford of Blanchetaque against a French army led by Hugh de Chatillon, who was captured and sold to Edward III.
Siege of Harfleur
Though it seemed an inglorious conclusion to the campaign, John had forced the French king, Charles V, to abandon his plans to invade England that autumn.
Death of John of Gaunt
After the death in 1376 of his older brother Edward of Woodstock (also known as the "Black Prince"), John of Gaunt contrived to protect the religious reformer John Wycliffe, possibly to counteract the growing secular power of the church
Battle of Rosbecque
The Peasant revolt is ruthlessly suppressed by French knights at the Battle of Rosbecque, conditions for the peasantry worsen
Reballion of Peasant
The Peasant revolt is ruthlessly suppressed by French knights at the Battle of Rosbecque, conditions for the peasantry worsen
Roosebeke Campaign against Ghent Rebels
Charles VI's army defeats the Flemish rebels at Roosebeke and breaks the power of Philip van Artevelde.
Trial
Five Lords meet at Waltham Cross to appeal against Richards tyranny
Battle of Waltham Cross
Fights at Waltham Cross against Richard II
Parliament
The Duke of Gloucester strikes against the King's royal prerogative
Invasion of Ireland
Lands at the head of an army including his cousin & heir presumptive Roger Mortimer
Birth of Henry Beaufort
Birth of Henry Beaufort
Assassination of Louis
Orleans is assassinated by Burgundy while under Charles protection. Burgundy is pardoned because Orleans had been involved in a plot to overthrow the King
Coup
Burgundy is pardoned because Orleans had been involved in a plot to overthrow the King
Death of Charles VI
Death of Orleans, assasinated. Burgundy is pardoned because Orleans had been involved in a plot to overthrow the King
Peerage
Created Earl of Dorset
Peerage
Created 1st Duke of Exeter
Capture of Melun
Captures Melun
Parliament
Opens the 2nd Parliament of his reign
Siege of Orleans
The command of the siege falls to Suffolk. Death of Salisbury after an accidental injury
Siege of St-Pierre-le-Moutier
Joan of Arc is given a new army, her troops captured the town of St-Pierre-le-Moutier
Coronation
Crowned King of England
Siege of La-Charite-sur-Loire
La-Charite-sur-Loire is besieged, Joan of Arcs army is finally forced to lift the siege due to a lack of funding from the Royal Court
Arrest of Joan of Arc
The Burgundians agree to transfer Joan of Arc to their English allies in exchange for monetary compensation, the Burgundians refuse demands from Charles VII to ransom her back to her own faction
Siege of Lagny-sur-Marne
Joan of Arc leaves the Royal Court with a small number of troops & arrives at Lagny-sur-Marne to help the French army
Arrest of Joan of Arc
The Burgundians agree to transfer Joan of Arc to their English allies in exchange for monetary compensation, the Burgundians refuse demands from Charles VII to ransom her back to her own faction
Battle of Varna
Hungarian commander during defeat by the Turks
Battle of Varna
Defeated & killed at the Battle of Varna
Death of Ladislas III
Death of Ladislas III, killed at the Battle of Varna
Death of Wladyslaw III
Death of Wladyslaw III, at the Battle of Varna
Battle of Varna
Killed by the Turks at the Battle of Varna
Trial
The process of appealing the trial begins after French forces enter Rouen, the clergyman Guillaume Bouille launches an investigation into the conduct of the trial
Trial
The process of appealing the trial begins after French forces enter Rouen, the clergyman Guillaume Bouille launches an investigation into the conduct of the trial
Capture of Bordeaux
Bordeaux is captured from the French
Trial
Inquisitor General Jean Brehal begins the Inquisitorial investigation & concludes that there are grounds for an appeal
Trial
Inquisitor General Jean Brehal begins the Inquisitorial investigation & concludes that there are grounds for an appeal
Marriage
Margaret was 12 when she married the 24-year-old Edmund Tudor
Nullification Trial
Beginning of the formal appeal, known as the Rehabilitation or Nullification Trial
Trial
Beginning of the formal appeal, known as the Rehabilitation or Nullification Trial
Death of Edmund Tudor
Henry's father Edmund Tudor dies before his son's birth, leaving Margaret Beaufort pregnant with the future king.
Death of Margaret Beaufort
Death of Edmund Tudor, dies of the plague in captivity at Carmarthen the following, leaving a 13-year-old widow who was seven months pregnant with their child
Austrian Succession
Inherits disputed Austrian authority after Ladislaus Posthumous dies.
Death of Ladislaus
His death opens Austrian and Bohemian succession disputes.
Parliament
The Act of Attainder is passed charging the Yorkists with treason
Treason
The Act of Attainder is passed charging the Yorkists with treason
Parliament
Assumes control & opens Parliament where all Yorkist leaders are charged with treason
Parliament
The Act of Attainder is passed charging the Yorkists with treason
Treason
The Act of Attainder is passed charging the Yorkists with treason. Assumes control & opens Parliament where all Yorkist leaders are charged with treason
Siege of Calais
Forces the surrender of Guines, a Yorkist fort outside Calais
Captain
Appointed Captain of Calais
Siege of Calais
Some of Somersets forces are forced by bad weather to surrender to Warwick. Arrives to take Calais away from the Earl of Warwick who holds it for the Yorkists
Siege of Calais
Some of Somersets forces are forced by bad weather to surrender to Warwick
Death of John de Mowbray
Death of John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk
Restoration
Forced by growing disorder to accompany Edward IV to London to claim his throne back
Birth of Edward V
Birth of Edward V, eldest son of Edward IV
Birth of Edward IV
Birth of Edward IV, sanctuary in Westminster to Elizabeth Woodville & Edward IV
Birth of Edward's 7th daughter
Birth of Edward's 7th daughter
Death of Henry Stafford
Death of Henry Stratford, executed by Henry VIII, the Buckinghmam title is forfeit
Execution
The Duke of Buckingham is executed by Richard III for instegating a Lancastrian plot
Death of Richard III
The Duke of Buckingham is executed by Richard III for instegating a Lancastrian plot
Execution
The Duke of Buckingham is executed by Richard III for instegating a Lancastrian plot
Parliament
The lower house has 296 members representng 37 counties & 111 boroughs
Parliament
The opening day of the new Parliament
Repeal of Titulus Regius
Henry's first Parliament repeals Titulus Regius, removing the statute that had declared Edward IV's children illegitimate.
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for Bedford
First Tudor Parliament Assembles
Henry VII summons his first Parliament to consolidate the new regime after Bosworth and establish a statutory basis for Tudor government.
Royal Title Confirmed by Parliament
Henry's first Parliament recognises his royal title after Bosworth, strengthening the legal and political basis of the new Tudor dynasty.
Titulus Regius Repealed
Parliament repeals Richard III's Titulus Regius, restoring the legitimacy of Edward IV's children and strengthening Elizabeth of York's dynastic position.
Tonnage and Poundage Granted for Life
Parliament grants Henry customs revenue from tonnage and poundage for life, providing the new monarch with a dependable source of ordinary income.
Queen's Coronation Preparations
Court officials complete arrangements for Elizabeth's delayed coronation as queen consort, more than a year after her marriage to Henry VII.
Queen's Coronation Regalia Prepared
Regalia and ceremonial furnishings are prepared for the separate crowning of Elizabeth as queen consort.
Queen's Coronation Procession Assembles
Nobles, civic representatives and household officers assemble for Elizabeth's ceremonial movement toward Westminster.
Queen's Public Entry before Crowning
Elizabeth appears in a formal public procession before her coronation, presenting Yorkist blood within the new Tudor settlement.
Coronation
Elizabeth of York is crowned Queen Consort at Westminster Abbey.
Queen's Coronation Anointing
Holy oil is applied to Elizabeth of York in the consecratory stage of the service before she receives the queen's regalia.
Queen's Coronation Communion
The queen joins the Mass and receives communion after the ceremonies that establish her publicly as Henry VII's crowned consort.
Queen's Coronation Feast
A formal feast follows Elizabeth's crowning, reinforcing her status as queen and symbolically uniting Yorkist and Tudor claims.
Queen's Coronation Recess
The crowned queen leaves the Abbey in state and proceeds to the secular celebrations following the service.
Queen's Coronation Recognition
Elizabeth is formally presented and recognised before the queen-consort coronation service proceeds.
Queen's Coronation Ring Presented
Elizabeth receives the ceremonial ring symbolising her consecrated relationship to the crown and realm.
Queen's Crown Placed
Elizabeth is crowned queen consort in Westminster Abbey in a separate ceremony from that of Henry VII.
Queen's Sceptre Presented
Elizabeth receives the sceptre and associated regalia used in the traditional crowning of an English queen consort.
Coronation
It was not until more than a year after their first child, Arthur, was born on September 20, 1486, that Elizabeth is crowned queen. Henry VII has Elizabeth crowned as his Queen Consort, eldest daughter of Edward IV
Birth of daughter
Princess Margaret Tudor, Henry VII's eldest surviving daughter, is born.
Arthur Created Prince of Wales
Henry formally advances Arthur as Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, strengthening the visible Tudor succession.
Arthur Made Knight of the Bath
Prince Arthur is made a Knight of the Bath as Henry prepares the heir for greater ceremonial and political prominence.
Baptism of Margaret Tudor
Henry VII's daughter Margaret is baptised and named after her grandmother Margaret Beaufort.
Capture of Granada
Abdallah, the last Moorish King of Granada, surrenders
Result of Surrender of Abdallah of Granada
The surrender ends the independent Moorish position at Granada and places the city under Spanish control.
Siege of Granada
Abdallah, the last Moorish King of Granada, surrenders
Surrender of Abdallah of Granada
Abdallah, the last Moorish King of Granada, surrenders
Etaples Brittany Recognition
Recognises French control over Brittany as part of the compromise that ends hostilities between England and France.
Etaples French Indemnity
Secures a substantial French financial payment as part of the peace, strengthening royal finances while ending the campaign.
Etaples Pretender Exclusion
Obtains a French commitment to cease supporting Perkin Warbeck and other claimants who threatened the security of the Tudor throne.
Peace of Etaples Concluded
Concludes peace with Charles VIII of France, ending the English expedition and securing a negotiated settlement without prolonged continental warfare.
Renunciation of French Claims
At Etaples Henry abandons wider claims in France while preserving English possession of Calais.
Rule of Calais
Under the Treaty of Etaples Henry VII renounces his claims to France, excluding Calais
Treaty of Etaples
Henry VII agrees peace with Charles VIII at Etaples, ending the English expedition in France.
Treaty of Etaples
Henry agrees the Treaty of Etaples with Charles VIII, ending the French campaign in return for payments and an undertaking to stop supporting pretenders.
Reballion of Rebels in Etaples
Under the Treaty of Etaples Charles VIII agrees to drop his support for Perkin Warbeck & other rebels
Treaty of Etaples
Under the Treaty of Etaples Charles VIII agrees to pay Henry VII for the Brittany campaign. Henry VII & Charles VIII formally make peace
Treaty of Etaples
Under the Treaty of Etaples Charles VIII agrees to drop his support for Perkin Warbeck & other rebels. Henry VII renounces his claims to France, excluding Calais. Charles VII agrees to pay Henry VIII under the Treaty of Picquigny for Brittany campaig
Treaty of Picquigny
Under the Treaty of Etaples Charles VIII agrees to pay Henry VII for the Brittany campaign. Agrees to pay Henry VIII under the Treaty of Picquigny for the Brittany campaign
Treaty of Picquigny
Agrees to pay Henry VIII under the Treaty of Picquigny for the Brittany campaign
Etaples Army Withdrawal
Helps oversee the withdrawal of English forces after the peace settlement removes the immediate need for further campaigning in France.
Execution of Perkin Warbeck
Perkin Warbeck is hanged after repeated attempts to claim the English throne as Richard, Duke of York.
Death of Perkin Warbeck
The pretender to the throne is hanged in the Tower of London
Execution
The pretender to the throne is hanged in the Tower of London
Execution of Perkin Warbeck
Perkin Warbeck is executed at Tyburn after years of challenging Henry VII's claim to the throne.
Execution of Edward of Warwick
Edward, Earl of Warwick, a senior Yorkist claimant, is executed after being convicted of treason.
Marriage of Arthur and Catherine
Prince Arthur marries Catherine of Aragon at St Paul's Cathedral, completing the dynastic marriage planned with Spain.
Marriage
Marries Catherine of Aragon
Marriage
Marries Catherine of Aragon at St Pauls
Marriage
Arthur marries Catherine of Aragon
Arthur Marries Catherine of Aragon
Arthur marries Catherine of Aragon, creating the dynastic union intended to produce the next generation of Tudor heirs.
Marriage
Marries Prince Arthur at St Pauls Cathedral
Marriage
Henry VII meets Catherine of Aragon at Dogmersfield after her arrival in England to marry Prince Arthur.
Death of Catherine of Aragon
Death of Isabella of Castille, Catherines mother
Death of Isabella I the Catholic
Death of Isabella of Castille
Informs Ferdinand that Queen Catherine is pregnant
Informs Ferdinand that Queen Catherine is pregnant
Council of Wolsey
Appointed Member of Council
Assizes
Special assizes to redress grievances are abolished
Alliance England, Spain, the Pope and Venice
Council & Parliament endorse an alliance between England, Spain, the Pope & Venice
Alliance Henry VIII and Holy League
The Holy League Alliance is signed in Rome. England joins the Holy League against Louis XII of France, formed by Pope Julius II
Holy League Entry
Commits England to the papal Holy League against France, aligning the Tudor monarchy with Spain, the papacy and other anti-French powers.
Invasion of Gascony
Agrees to Ferdinands suggestion to invade Gascony
Holy League War Commitment
Henry joins the Holy League against France, committing England to continental war and preparing the military alliances that lead to invasion campaigns.
Invasion of Gascony
Henry VIII wishes to recapture Bordeaux, lost 60 yrs before
Birth of second son
Birth of Second son at Richmond Palace, the Duke of Cornwall, who dies in the same month
Death of Henry VIII
Death of Second son who dies in the month of his birth
French Coronation Anointing
Mary is anointed according to the ceremonial traditions used for a French queen consort.
French Coronation Recess
Mary leaves the coronation church in royal state after completing the religious ceremony.
French Coronation Recognition
Mary is formally presented during the French queen-consort rite before her anointing and crowning.
French Coronation Regalia Presented
Ceremonial insignia accompany Mary's crowning and publicly mark her new royal position in France.
Mary Tudor Crowned Queen of France
Mary receives the French queen's crown following her marriage to Louis XII.
Queen of France Procession to Saint-Denis
Mary travels in state for the ceremony that will publicly establish her as queen consort of France.
Coronation
Crowned Queen of France
Coronation
Mary Tudor is crowned Queen of France
French Coronation Festivities
Court festivities follow Mary's crowning and celebrate the dynastic alliance created by her marriage to Louis XII.
Birth of Mary of Guise
Birth of Mary of Guise, daughter of Claude, Duke of Guise
Birth of Mary of Guise
Mary of Guise is born in Lorraine and later becomes queen consort of James V and mother of Mary, Queen of Scots.
Death of Thomas Parr
Death of Thomas Parr, father of Catherine Parr
French Peace Ratification
Ratifies the October Anglo-French peace instruments, confirming England's participation in Wolsey's wider European diplomatic settlement.
Birth of daughter
Catherine of Aragon gives birth to another stillborn daughter
Birth of daughter
Catherine of Aragon gives birth to another stillborn daughter
Final Catherine Pregnancy Ends
Catherine's final recorded pregnancy produces a daughter who dies shortly after birth, ending realistic hopes of another surviving child from the marriage.
Discovery of Mexico City
Enter the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan, later Mexico City
Discovery of Tenochtitlan
Enter the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan, later Mexico City
Execution
Christian II earns the name, "Christian the Tyrant". 80 Swedish noble are executed after a show trial by Christian II
Siege of Stockholm
80 Swedish noble are executed after a show trial by Christian II
Death of Christina Sture
Death of Christina Sture, executed
Execution
80 Swedish noble are executed after a show trial by Christian II
Trial
80 Swedish noble are executed after a show trial by Christian II
Circumnavigation
Magellan enters the Pacific Ocean on his way around the world
Discovery of Pacific Ocean
Magellan enters the Pacific Ocean on his way around the world
Award
Pope Leo X confers "Fidei Defensor" on Henry VIII, used today by the monarchy. Awarded "Defender of the Faith" for his "Defence of the Seven Sacraments" by Leo X
Honours
Pope Leo X confers the title "Fidei Defensor" on Henry VIII
Capture of Milan
Captures Milan
Invasion of France
Knighted by the Duke of Suffolk during the latters invasion of France
Knighthood
Knighted by the Duke of Suffolk during the latters invasion of France
Pope
Appointed Pope, Cardinal Giulo de Medici
Retreat
Suffolk's army withdraws toward Calais after the 1523 campaign loses momentum.
Retreat from France
Suffolk orders the invasion force back toward Calais as winter, sickness and supply problems make the planned advance toward Paris unsustainable.
Royal Custody
James V becomes effectively controlled by the Red Douglases after Angus refuses to give up custody of him.
Angus Captivity
Angus refuses to surrender custody of James V and begins keeping the king under close supervision.
Order of St Michael
Installed as Knight of the Order of St Michael by Anne de Montmorency
Parliament
Opening of the Reformation Parliament. Opening of Henry VIIIs 5th Parliament
Reformation, The
Opening of the Reformation Parliament
Reformation Parliament
The Reformation Parliament opens and becomes the legislative engine of Henry VIII's break with Rome.
Constitution of England
Parliament meets to begin a programme of Church reform that lasts until 1536
Dissolution of Parliament
Parliament meets to begin a programme of Church reform that lasts until 1536
Reform of Parliament
Parliament meets to begin a programme of Church reform that lasts until 1536
Audley Chosen Speaker of Reformation Parliament
Thomas Audley becomes Speaker as the Commons begins the long Parliament that will enact Henry VIII's break with Rome.
Battle of Pressburg
The Turkish flotilla carrying artilery after the siege of Vienna suffers severe damage
Arrest of Thomas Wolsey
Has Thomas Wolsey arrested for high treason
Treason
Has Thomas Wolsey arrested for high treason
Death of Henry VIII
Death of Thomas Wolsey, en route to London to be executed for high treason
Treason
Death of Thomas Wolsey, en route to London to be executed for high treason
Death of Henry VIII
Death of Thomas Wolsey, on the way to London to answer charges of treason
Treason
Death of Thomas Wolsey, on the way to London to answer charges of treason
Marriage
Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn go through a private marriage ceremony after returning from Calais.
Invasion of Peru
Spaniards attack unarmed Incas and capture Atahualpa
Excommunication
Clement VII threatens Henry VIII with excommunication if he stays with Anne Boleyn
Arrest of Elizabeth Barton
Elizabeth Barton, the "Holy Maid of Kent", is arrested for treason
Treason
Elizabeth Barton, the "Holy Maid of Kent", is arrested for treason
Marriage
Marries Henry Fitzroy, illegitimate son of Henry VIII, never consummated
Marriage
Marries Mary Howard, the marriage is never consummated
Act of Supremacy
Parliament recognises Henry VIII as Supreme Head on earth of the Church of England.
Act of Supremacy
The Act of Supremacy makes Henry VIII Supreme Head of the Church of England, changing the political meaning of Defender of the Faith.
Act of Supremacy
The Act of Supremacy recognises Henry VIII as Supreme Head on earth of the Church of England.
Church of England
The royal supremacy gives the English Crown jurisdiction over the national church.
Act for Payment of First Fruits and Tenths
The Act of Supremacy clarifies the King's position as head of the Church and the Act for Payment of First Fruits and Tenths substantially increases clerical taxes
Act of Succession
When Parliament reconvenes Cromwell introduces the most significant revision of the treason laws since 1352, making it treasonous to speak rebellious words against the Royal Family, to deny their titles or to call the King a heretic, tyrant, infidel or usurper
Constitution of England
The Act of Supremacy clarifies the King's position as head of the Church and the Act for Payment of First Fruits and Tenths substantially increases clerical taxes
Legislation
The Act of Supremacy clarifies the King's position as head of the Church and the Act for Payment of First Fruits and Tenths substantially increases clerical taxes
Reformation Parliament
A new Parliament is summoned, again under Cromwell's supervision, to enact the legislation necessary to make a formal break of Englands remaining ties with Rome
Reformation Parliament
Henry confirms Cromwell as his Principal Secretary and Chief Minister, a position he had held in all but name for some time.
Reformation Parliament
The Act of Supremacy clarifies the King's position as head of the Church and the Act for Payment of First Fruits and Tenths substantially increases clerical taxes
Reformation Parliament
The Act of Supremacy clarifies the King's position as head of the Church and the Act for Payment of First Fruits and Tenths substantially increases clerical taxes.
Reformation Parliament
When Parliament reconvenes Cromwell introduces the most significant revision of the treason laws since 1352, making it treasonous to speak rebellious words against the Royal Family, to deny their titles or to call the King a heretic, tyrant, infidel or usurper
Reformation Parliament
When Parliament reconvenes Cromwell introduces the most significant revision of the treason laws since 1352, making it treasonous to speak rebellious words against the Royal Family, to deny their titles or to call the King a heretic, tyrant, infidel or usurper.
Reformation, The
Henry confirms Cromwell as his Principal Secretary and Chief Minister, a position he had held in all but name for some time. A new Parliament is summoned, again under Cromwell's supervision, to enact the legislation necessary to make a formal break of Englands remaining ties with Rome
Reformation, The
The Act for Payment of First Fruits and Tenths substantially increases clerical taxes
Reformation, The
The Act of Supremacy clarifies the King's position as head of the Church
Reformation, The
When Parliament reconvenes Cromwell introduces the most significant revision of the treason laws since 1352, making it treasonous to speak rebellious words against the Royal Family, to deny their titles or to call the King a heretic, tyrant, infidel or usurper
Reformation, The
When Parliament reconvenes Cromwell introduces the most significant revision of the treason laws since 1352, making it treasonous to speak rebellious words against the Royal Family, to deny their titles or to call the King a heretic, tyrant, infidel or usurper. The Act of Supremacy clarifies the King's position as head of the Church and the Act for Payment of First Fruits and Tenths substantially increases clerical taxes
Reformation Parliament
The King appoints Cromwell Royal Vicegerent and Vicar General, and commissions him to organize visitations of all the countrys churches, monasteries and clergy
Reformation, The
The King appoints Cromwell Royal Vicegerent and Vicar General, and commissions him to organize visitations of all the countrys churches, monasteries and clergy
Royal Viceregent
The King appoints Cromwell Royal Vicegerent and Vicar General, and commissions him to organize visitations of all the countrys churches, monasteries and clergy
Vicar General
The King appoints Cromwell Royal Vicegerent and Vicar General, and commissions him to organize visitations of all the countrys churches, monasteries and clergy
Census
Cromwell conducts a census in 1535 to enable the Government to tax church property more effectively
Vicar General
The King appoints Cromwell Royal Vicegerent and Vicar General, and commissions him to organize visitations of all the countrys churches, monasteries and clergy
Burial
Jane Seymour is buried at St George's Chapel, Windsor.
Henry Pole Arrested
Henry Pole is arrested for treason during the Exeter conspiracy investigation, largely because of his family connections and alleged knowledge of opposition to Henry VIII.
Henry Pole Arrested in Exeter Conspiracy
Henry Pole is arrested as the government moves against the Pole family and other nobles suspected of involvement in the Exeter conspiracy.
Margaret Pole Arrested in Exeter Conspiracy Purge
Margaret Pole is arrested during the wider purge of her family after the government alleges links between the Poles and opposition to Henry VIII.
Henry Courtenay Arrested
Henry Courtenay is committed to the Tower after the government links him to Reginald Pole and to alleged discussions about resistance and the succession.
Henry Courtenay Arrested in Exeter Conspiracy
Henry Courtenay is arrested after being accused of treasonous connections with Reginald Pole and opposition to Henry VIII's religious policies.
Edward Neville Arrested in Exeter Conspiracy
Edward Neville is arrested during the treason investigation that targets Henry Courtenay, the Pole family and their political associates.
Reformation, The
Henry personally presides at the trial of John Lambert for denying the real presence
Arrest of Henry Courtenay, Edward Neville and Nicholas Carew
Cromwell takes the initiative against his enemies, using evidence acquired from Sir Geoffrey Pole under interrogation in the Tower, he imprisons the Marquess of Exeter, Sir Edward Neville, and Sir Nicholas Carew on charges of treason; all are executed in the following months
Arrest of Henry Courtenay, Edward Neville and Nicholas Carew
Cromwell takes the initiative against his enemies, using evidence acquired from Sir Geoffrey Pole under interrogation in the Tower, he imprisons the Marquess of Exeter, Sir Edward Neville, and Sir Nicholas Carew on charges of treason; all are executed in the following months
Visit to England on 27 May 1538
The Lutherans send a joint delegation from various German cities, including a colleague of Martin Luther, Friedrich Myconius, the delegates arrive in England on 27 May 1538, after initial meetings with the King, Cromwell, and Cranmer, discussions on theological differences are transferred to Lambeth Palace under Cranmers chairmanship
Reformation, The
Shares in the drafting of a proclamation giving Anabaptists and Sacramentaries ten days to get out of the country. Henry personally presides at the trial of John Lambert for denying the real presence
Execution of Hugh Faringdon
Hugh Faringdon is hanged, drawn and quartered after conviction for treason during the final suppression of Reading Abbey.
Execution of Richard Whiting
Richard Whiting dies on Glastonbury Tor after the crown condemns the elderly abbot during the seizure and closure of Glastonbury Abbey.
Execution of John Thorne
John Thorne is executed with Abbot Richard Whiting after the crown moves against Glastonbury Abbey.
Execution of Roger James
Roger James is executed with the abbot and another monk as royal authority completes the suppression of Glastonbury Abbey.
Execution of John Eynon
John Eynon is executed for treason alongside the suppression of Reading Abbey and its leadership.
Richard Whiting Arrested at Glastonbury
Richard Whiting is taken into custody after royal commissioners search Glastonbury Abbey and begin proceedings that lead to a treason charge.
Hugh Faringdon Arrested during Abbey Suppression
Hugh Faringdon is arrested as royal authorities move against Reading Abbey and accuse its abbot of treason during the final dissolution campaign.
Investigation
Cranmer gives Henry VIII evidence alleging Catherine Howard's misconduct before and after her marriage.
Arrest of Catherine Howard
Catherine Howard is placed under guard at Syon House after accusations of adultery and misconduct.
Arrest of Catherine Howard
Catherine Howard is placed under house arrest for adultery
Arrest of Catherine Howard
Catherine Howard is placed under house arrest at Syon House for adultery
Thomas Culpeper Arrested in Howard Investigation
Thomas Culpeper is arrested after investigators uncover secret meetings with Queen Catherine Howard and question whether his conduct constitutes treason.
Jane Boleyn Detained over Howard Meetings
Jane Boleyn is detained after admitting that she helped arrange private meetings between Catherine Howard and Thomas Culpeper.
Francis Dereham Arrested in Howard Investigation
Francis Dereham is arrested when testimony concerning his earlier sexual relationship with Catherine Howard becomes central to the royal investigation.
Battle of Solway Moss
Benefits politically from the Scottish defeat and uses captured nobles to increase English pressure on Scotland.
Battle of Solway Moss
Leads about 500 English cavalry in repeated attacks on the Scottish flank, worsening confusion as the Scots attempt to deploy and withdraw.
Battle of Solway Moss
Commands about 3,000 English troops against a Scottish army of roughly 17,000–18,000; English cavalry and Scottish disorder turn the encounter into a rapid English victory.
Battle of Solway Moss
Does not fight at Solway Moss. His army suffers a humiliating defeat while he remains away from the battlefield, already ill.
Battle of Solway Moss
Wharton's English border force defeats a much larger Scottish army at Solway Moss, intensifying the military crisis that precedes the renewed Tudor invasion of Scotland.
Battle of Solway Moss
A royal command announcement naming Sinclair intensifies leadership divisions. He is captured with many nobles; around 1,200 Scots are taken, while other fugitives drown crossing the Esk.
Battle of Solway Moss
Leads much of the Scottish force before a disputed command change involving Oliver Sinclair. Leadership divisions contribute to the army's collapse, and Maxwell is captured.
Renyin Palace Plot
Survives an attempt by palace women to strangle him with a silk cord during the Renyin Palace Plot.
Renyin Palace Plot
Organizes the palace response that saves the Jiajing Emperor and orders action against women implicated in the assassination attempt.
Warden of Scottish Marches
Is appointed to senior responsibility on the Scottish Marches during preparations for renewed war with Scotland.
Marriage to Philip II
Marries Prince Philip of Spain, her first cousin.
Spanish-Portuguese Dynastic Marriage
The marriage links the Spanish and Portuguese royal houses.
Marriage
Marries Maria of Portugal, 1st of 4 wives
First Marriage of Philip II
The dynastic marriage strengthens ties between Spain and Portugal.
Marriage to Maria Manuela
Marries Maria Manuela of Portugal while still a teenage prince.
Battle of Lothian
The troops of Mary of Guise & the Earl of Arran make a stand against the English
Siege of Lothian
The troops of Mary of Guise & the Earl of Arran make a stand against the English
Battle of Lothian
The troops of Mary of Guise & the Earl of Arran make a stand against the English
Battle of Lothian
The troops of Mary of Guise & the Earl of Arran make a stand against the English
Papal Bull
Issues the Laetare Jerusalem summoning a general council to unite against Turkey
Parliament
Opening of Henry VIIIs 9th Parliament
Parliament
The first Parliament of Edward VI opens and begins legislating on religion, government and social policy.
Edward VI's First Parliament Opens
Edward VI's first Parliament assembles and begins a wide programme of Protestant, criminal and social legislation under the regency government.
First Commons Journal Begun
Clerk John Seymour begins the first surviving continuous manuscript Journal recording daily proceedings of the House of Commons.
Freedom of the Merchant Taylors Company
Stow is admitted to the freedom of the Merchant Taylors' Company.
Removal of Altars
The Privy Council orders the removal of remaining stone altars and their replacement with communion tables across England.
Second Book of Common Prayer
The revised and more explicitly Protestant Book of Common Prayer comes into general use.
Jane Grey Tried for Treason
Jane is convicted of treason for assuming the crown under Edward's device, leaving her life dependent on Mary's willingness to pardon her.
Marriage
Parliament petitions Mary to marry an Englishman
Marriage
A Parliamentary delegation had waited upon Queen Mary, and formally requested that she choose an English husband, the obvious though tacit candidate being her kinsman Edward Courtenay, recently created Earl of Devon
English Marriage Petition
Parliamentary delegation asks Mary to choose an English husband
Wyatt Rebellion
Considers a Spanish marriage to Philip, alarming Protestant and anti-Spanish nobles.
Cranmer Imprisoned
Cranmer is imprisoned as the Catholic restoration gathers force.
Protestant Preachers Restricted
Protestant preaching is restricted as Catholic policy advances.
Pole Attainder Repealed
Parliament repeals Cardinal Pole’s attainder before reconciliation with Rome.
Cardinal Pole Returns
Cardinal Pole returns to England as papal legate.
Papal Legate Arrives
Pole arrives as papal legate to restore England to Roman obedience
Pole Addresses Parliament
Pole presents his legatine authority before Mary’s parliament.
Pole Grants National Absolution
Reginald Pole grants absolution to the realm, ceremonially ending the schism with Rome under Mary I.
Papal Reconciliation Approved
England is formally reconciled with Rome after Parliament and the Crown accept restoration of papal communion.
Birth of Philip Sidney
Philip Sidney is born at Penshurst Place and later becomes a leading Elizabethan courtier, soldier, diplomat and writer.
Monastic Lands Compromise
Mary accepts that former monastic lands will not be restored to the church.
Papal Authority Restored
Parliament accepts reconciliation with Rome and papal authority.
Reconciliation with Rome
England is formally reconciled with the papacy under Mary's parliament.
Papal Reconciliation
England is formally reconciled with Rome under Mary's government
Parliament
Parliament listens to Poles absolution of itself & the nation
Cardinal Pole's Attainder Repealed
Parliament reverses Reginald Pole's attainder, allowing the papal legate to return legally and participate in England's reconciliation with Rome.
Mary Reports Signs of Pregnancy
Mary and her court interpret physical changes as evidence of pregnancy, raising expectations that a Catholic Tudor heir will soon be born.
Clement Heigham Chosen Speaker
Clement Heigham becomes Speaker during the Parliament completing England's formal reconciliation with papal authority.
Catholic Restoration
Gardiner supports legislation restoring papal authority in England
Pregnancy
Announces she is pregnant & that the Te Deum should be sung in all churches
Cranmer Deprived
Thomas Cranmer is deprived of the see of Canterbury.
Battle of Panipat, 2nd
Emperor Akbar defeats the Hindus in a 2nd Battle at Panipat and secures control of the Mogul Empire
Rule of Mogul Empire
Emperor Akbar defeats the Hindus in a 2nd Battle at Panipat and secures control of the Mogul Empire
Marriage
Elizabeth is summoned to court by Mary to marry Emmanuel Philibert
Marriage
Elizabeth is summoned to court by Mary to marry Emmanuel Philibert
Savoy Marriage Proposal
Mary summons Elizabeth to court over a proposed marriage to Emmanuel Philibert
Catholic Reform Synod
Pole’s synod promotes clerical reform and Catholic teaching.
Declaration of War
Spain & France go to war
Succession Recognized
The Privy Council recognizes Elizabeth as Mary I's successor
Elizabeth Recognized
Mary accepts Elizabeth as successor under pressure from her councillors
Elizabeth Recognized
Mary recognizes Elizabeth as successor under pressure from her councillors
Succession
Under pressure from councillors Mary recognizes Elizabeth as her successor
Succession Decision
Elizabeth is informed that the Privy Council has accepted her succession
Rumours of Death
Rumours of Mary's death spread before the official announcement
Accession
Elizabeth succeeds after the death of Mary I
Accession
Elizabeth succeeds Mary as Queen of England
Accession
Formally proclaimed Queen outside the Palace of Westminster
News Reaches Hatfield
Elizabeth receives news of Mary's death and her own accession
Proclaimed Queen
Elizabeth is formally proclaimed Queen outside Westminster
Succession
Elizabeth succeeds Mary I and is proclaimed Queen in London
Calais Lament
Later tradition links Mary's deathbed grief with the loss of Calais
Calais Lament
Later tradition links Mary's deathbed sorrow with the loss of Calais
Death of Mary I
Death of Mary I at St James Palace
Death of Mary I
Mary I dies and Elizabeth succeeds to the throne
Death of Mary I
Mary dies and Elizabeth succeeds to the English throne
Death of Mary I
Mary dies at St James Palace after a reign of five years
Death of Mary I
Mary dies at St James Palace and her reign ends
Memory of Calais
Mary's reign ends with Calais remembered as a severe political loss
Succession Rival Claim
After Mary I dies the French court backs Mary Queen of Scots claim to England and Ireland
Catholic Restoration Ends
Mary dies and the Catholic restoration soon gives way to Elizabeth’s settlement.
Marian Persecutions End
Mary's death ends the burnings of Protestants carried out during her reign
Marian Persecutions End
Mary's death ends the burnings of Protestants under her regime
Death of Reginald Pole
Dies shortly after the death of Mary I
Mary I Dies
Mary I dies leaving Philip II without the English crown
Chief Secretary
Appointed Chief Secretary of State
Queen's Council
Appointed member of Elizabeth I's Council
First Council
Elizabeth begins forming her first Privy Council
William Cecil Appointed
Elizabeth appoints William Cecil as principal secretary
Feria Audience
Elizabeth receives the Spanish ambassador Count de Feria after her accession
Francis Knollys Council
Elizabeth appoints Francis Knollys to her Privy Council
Robert Dudley Advanced
Elizabeth appoints Robert Dudley as Master of the Horse
Thomas Parry Council
Elizabeth brings Thomas Parry into her early governing circle
Recognized Successor
Elizabeth is accepted as successor as Mary's health fails
Succession Supported
Philip supports Elizabeth's succession to block the French-backed claim of Mary Queen of Scots
Will and Succession
Mary accepts arrangements that allow Elizabeth to succeed peacefully
Death Sentence
Conde is sentenced to death before Francis II dies
Council of Trent Recalled
Pius IV issues a bull recalling the Council of Trent
Catherine Grey Secretly Marries Hertford
Catherine Grey secretly marries Edward Seymour without royal permission, a serious political act because Henry VIII's settlement placed her line near the succession.
Duchy Created
Kettler becomes Duke of Courland and Semigallia
Livonia Attached
Livonian lands are attached to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Union of Vilnius
Accepts Livonia under Polish Lithuanian protection after the Livonian Order collapses
Pacta Subiectionis
Livonian estates accept Polish Lithuanian protection against Russia
Execution of John Gordon
John Gordon is executed after the Huntly rebellion
Death of Antoine of Navarre
Antoine dies from wounds received during the siege of Rouen
March on Paris
Conde threatens Paris with Huguenot forces before Dreux
Northern Authority Secured
Moray strengthens royal authority in the north after Corrichie
Succession
Summons a deputation from the Lords & Commons to present her case. Answers Parliament by saying that her marriage & succession are her affair
Birth of Robert Devereux
Birth of Robert Devereux, son of Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex
Trial
Summons six Earls to London to listen to Murrays charges against Queen Mary
Trial
Mary does not attend as she wishes to be heard directly by Elizabeth. Elizabeth summons 6 Earls to hear Murrays accusations against Queen Mary,
Trial
Orders that Marys trial be moved to Westminster
Trial
Marys trial moves to Westmnster. Mary is refused permission to present her own case
Assassination of Henry Stewart
The Casket Letters indicate Mary raped by Bothwell & plotted Darnleys death
Trial
The Casket Letters indicate Mary had been raped by Bothwell & plotted to kill Darnley. The Casket Letters exposed, written from Mary to Bothwell, only copies are found
Northern Earls Raise Retainers
Northumberland and Westmorland mobilise retainers after fearing arrest, turning northern Catholic discontent into open armed rebellion.
Northern Rebel Proclamation Issued
The rebel leaders issue a proclamation presenting their movement as a defence of religion while attacking advisers they blame for current policy.
Rebel Earls Enter Durham
The rebel earls enter Durham with armed followers and take control of the city during the opening stage of the rising.
Catholic Mass at Durham
Northumberland's rebels occupy Durham Cathedral, destroy Protestant service books and restore the Catholic Mass as a public declaration of their religious programme.
Catholic Mass Restored at Durham Cathedral
The rebels restore Catholic worship in Durham Cathedral and publicly reject key elements of Elizabeth I's Protestant religious settlement.
Northern Rebellion Raised
Thomas Percy joins the Rising of the North after being summoned to court, leading armed resistance that seeks to reverse Elizabeth's religious settlement.
Westmorland Joins Northern Rising
Charles Neville joins Northumberland in open rebellion, mobilising retainers and Catholic supporters against Elizabeth I's government in northern England.
Northern Army Marches South
The rebel army moves south from Durham in an effort to broaden support and increase pressure on Elizabeth's government.
Trial
"the Queen of England should (not) conceive an evil opinion of her good sister"
Barnard Castle Resists Rebels
Sir George Bowes defends Barnard Castle against the northern rebels, delaying their operations and tying down part of their force.
Marriage
Marries Anne Maria of Austria, daughter of Emperor Maximilian II
De Nova Stella
Uses the stars absent parallax to place it beyond the Moon.
Observation of New Star
Observes a new star in Cassiopeia and records its changing brightness.
Lord Treasurer
Appointed Lord Treasurer
Gujarat Campaign
Akbar advances into Gujarat and occupies Ahmedabad as Mughal authority expands toward the western coast.
Death of John Knox
Death of John Knox, without Knox there is no opposition to Church reforms
Reform of Religious Policy
Death of John Knox, without Knox there is no opposition to Church reforms
Siege of Antwerp
Philips troops become undisciplined due to lack of pay & sack Antwerp
Pacification-Ghent
The "Pacification of Ghent" is signed between the north & south of The Netherlands
Execution of Cuthbert Mayne
Cuthbert Mayne is hanged, drawn and quartered after conviction under laws directed against Catholic missionary activity.
Papal Force Besieged at Smerwick
Grey's royal army besieges the foreign-backed garrison at Smerwick after papal troops land to support the Desmond rebellion.
Ralph Sherwin Arrested in London
Ralph Sherwin is arrested after returning to England as a Catholic seminary priest and is imprisoned for his clandestine ministry.
Marriage
Elizabeth I publicy announces "the Duke of Alencon shall be my husband"
Marriage
Marries Elizabeth Sheffield in London after the death of his first wife
Marriage Bond
Marriage bond is made for the marriage of Anne Hathaway and William Shakespeare
Marriage Bond
Marriage bond is made for the marriage of William Shakespeare and Anne Hathaway
Earl of Desmond Killed
Gerald FitzGerald is killed near Tralee while being hunted by crown forces and local opponents, effectively ending the second Desmond rebellion.
Edward Arden Arrested
Edward Arden is arrested after his son-in-law Somerville implicates him, although the strength and fairness of the evidence against Arden remain deeply disputed.
Throckmorton Plot Invasion Plan
Throckmorton's conspiracy is uncovered after planning foreign military support for an invasion intended to free Mary, Queen of Scots, and overthrow Elizabeth.
Francis Throckmorton Arrested after House Search
Francis Throckmorton is arrested after government agents search his house and uncover material linking him to plans for foreign-backed Catholic intervention.
Speaker of the House of Commons
Chosen Speaker of the House of Commons in the Parliament of 1584
John Puckering Chosen Speaker
John Puckering becomes Speaker in a Parliament dominated by security concerns following Catholic plots against Elizabeth.
Parliament Petitions for Mary Stuart's Execution
Lords and Commons petition Elizabeth to carry out the sentence against Mary, Queen of Scots, arguing that her survival threatens national security.
Armada Thanksgiving Services Ordered
National thanksgiving services celebrate deliverance from the Spanish Armada and reinforce Protestant interpretations of Elizabethan national identity.
Pisa Inaugural Lecture
Galileo delivers his inaugural university lecture before beginning regular mathematics teaching at Pisa.
Death of Christopher Hatton
Death of Christopher Hatton
Execution of Richard Hesketh
Richard Hesketh is executed after conviction for attempting to recruit the Earl of Derby into a foreign-supported challenge to Elizabeth's crown.
Lambeth Articles Approved
Whitgift approves the Lambeth Articles, a strongly predestinarian doctrinal statement that never receives full statutory authority.
Capture of Wallachia
The Prince of Transylvania in alliance with the Habsburgs conquers Wallachia
Birth of Charles I
Birth of Charles I, son of James I of England & Queen Anne of Denmark
Capture of Osaka Castle
Captures Osaka Castle & becomes ruler of Japan
Reform of Monopolies
Speeds up the Subsidy Bill. Says some monopolies should be suspended & new ones regulated by law
Golden Speech Delivered to Parliamentary Delegation
Elizabeth addresses a parliamentary delegation in the Golden Speech, thanking members and presenting mutual affection as the foundation of her rule.
Commons Opens Major Monopolies Debate
Members launch sustained criticism of royal patents and monopolies that raise prices or restrict ordinary economic activity.
Law of Chords
In the same letter, Galileo formulates the law of chords concerning descent times along chords of a vertical circle.
Pendulum Isochronism Letter
Galileo writes to Guidobaldo del Monte describing his principle that pendulums of equal length have approximately equal periods.
Gunpowder Treason Plot
As Fawkes identified himself as John Johnson, servant to Thomas Percy, it was Percys name which appeared on the Governments first arrest warrant
Gunpowder Treason Plot
The letter had been shown to the king on Friday 1 November, James felt that it hinted at "some strategem of fire and powder",perhaps an explosion exceeding in violence the one that killed his father, Lord Darnley, in 1567
Gunpowder Treason Plot
The letter had been shown to the king on Friday 1 November, James felt that it hinted at "some strategem of fire and powder",perhaps an explosion exceeding in violence the one that killed his father, Lord Darnley, in 1567
Gunpowder Treason Plot
The Privy Council tell James that they had decided to undertake a search of Parliament, "both above and below"
Gunpowder Treason Plot
The leading conspirators meet & decide to go ahead with the plot
Gunpowder Treason Plot
The leading conspirators meet & decide to go ahead with the plot
Gunpowder Treason Plot
The king ordered a second, more thorough search to be made of the undercroft, and at about midnight Fawkes was discovered guarding the gunpowder, and arrested
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Fawkes had taken up his station late on the previous night of the plot, armed with a slow match and a watch given to him by Percy "becaus he should knowe howe the time went away"
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Present at the search of the undercroft where the party are told by the owner of the house, John Whynniard, that its tenancy was then held by Thomas Percy, Monteagle then tells Suffolk the letter could be from Thomas Percy
Gunpowder Treason Plot
During a search of the House of Lords at about midnight on 4 November 1605, Fawkes was discovered guarding 36 barrels of gunpowder enough to reduce the House of Lords to rubble and arrested. Most of the conspirators fled from London as they learned of the plots discovery, trying to enlist support along the way
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Present at the search of the undercroft where the party are told by the owner of the house, John Whynniard, that its tenancy was then held by Thomas Percy, Monteagle then tells Suffolk the letter could be from Thomas Percy. As Fawkes identified himself as John Johnson, servant to Thomas Percy, it was Percys name which appeared on the Governments first arrest warrant
Gunpowder Treason Plot
For his service in protecting the crown, Monteagle was rewarded with 500 pounds and 200 pounds worth of lands.
Gunpowder Treason Plot
John Whynniard, the property's owner, told the searchers that Thomas Percy held the tenancy.
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Monteagle then told Suffolk that the warning letter could have come from Percy.
Gunpowder Treason Plot
William Parker joined Thomas Howard in searching the basement of Parliament, where they found the stash of gunpowder and explosives.
Gunpowder Treason Plot
William Parker, fourth Baron Monteagle, attended the search of Parliament's undercroft.
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Londoners celebrate the well-being of their King, James I. Initially an effigy of Pope Paul V is burnt. 1st official Guy Fawkes Night bonfire is lit on the night of the Gunpowder Plot on 5 November 1605
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Bonfires are set alight to celebrate the safety of James I. A plot to blow up James I & the Commons is uncovered. A Catholic group led by Guy Fawkes is arrested
Reballion of Rebels in London
A plot to blow up James I & the Commons is uncovered
Arrest of Guy Fawkes
Guy Fawkes is arrested for his part in the gunpowder plot. For 2 days Fawkes is the only suspect & his name becomes synonymous with the Powder Treason, the Gunpowder Plot
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Found in the cellar of Parliament with 36 barrels of gunpowder. Fawkes gave his name as John Johnson and was first interrogated by members of the King's Privy Chamber, where he remained defiant. Bonfires are set alight to celebrate the safety of James I
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Guy Fawkes is arrested for his part in the gunpowder plot. Found leaving the cellar, in the early hourss, and arrested, inside, the barrels of gunpowder were discovered hidden under piles of firewood and coal.
Gunpowder Treason Plot
The last Catholic plot in England. Since the plot the Yeomen of the Guard search the cellars of the Palace of Westminster. Since the plot the monarch only enters during "the State Opening of Parliament".
Gunpowder Treason Plot
When asked by one of the lords what he was doing in possession of so much gunpowder, Fawkes answered that his intention was "to blow you Scotch beggars back to your native mountains". The lot is betrayed by an anonymous letter to Lord Monteagle.
Gunpowder Treason Plot
For 2 days Fawkes is the only suspect & his name becomes synonymous with the Powder Treason, the Gunpowder Plot
Powder Treason
For 2 days Fawkes is the only suspect & his name becomes synonymous with the Powder Treason, the Gunpowder Plot
Treason
For 2 days Fawkes is the only suspect & his name becomes synonymous with the Powder Treason, the Gunpowder Plot
Gunpowder Treason Plot
The lot is betrayed by an anonymous letter to Lord Monteagle. Heads a plot to blow up Parliament against the treatment of the Catholics by James I. 36 barrles of gunpowder are placed under the old House of Lords
Gunpowder Treason Plot
When the plot was exposed early on 5 November 1605, Percy immediately fled to the Midlands, catching up with the others en route to Dunchurch in Warwickshire
Gunpowder Treason Plot
The lot is betrayed by an anonymous letter to Lord Monteagle. Monteagles suspicions had been aroused however, and the letter was shown to King James
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Jamess admiration did not, however, prevent him from ordering on 6 November that "John Johnson" be tortured, to reveal the names of his co-conspirators
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Sir William Waad, Lieutenant of the Tower, supervised the torture and obtained Fawkess confession
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Under torture Fawkes confesses his identity & to the plot. Fawkes revealed his true identity on 7 November, and told his interrogators that there were five people involved in the plot to kill the King
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Fawkes revealed his true identity on 7 November, and told his interrogators that there were five people involved in the plot to kill the King
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Percys flight ended with some of his fellow conspirators at about 10:00 pm on 7 November, at Holbeche House on the border of Staffordshire
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Francis Tresham falls sick & dies while in prison
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Richard Walsh, Sheriff of Worcester, and his company of 200 men besieged the Holbeche House. In the ensuing firefight Percy was reportedly killed by the same musketball as Catesby, fired by a John Streete of Worcester
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Richard Walsh, Sheriff of Worcester, and his company of 200 men besieged the Holbeche House. In the ensuing firefight Percy was reportedly killed by the same musketball as Catesby, fired by a John Streete of Worcester
Assassination of Robert Catesby
Death of Robert Catesby, shot by a single bullet
Death of Robert Catesby
Death of Robert Catesby, shot by a single bullet
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Death of Robert Catesby, shot by a single bullet. Catesby is killed in a siege within a few days of the failed attempt Gunpowder Plot
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Their flight ended on the border of Staffordshire, at Holbeche House, besieged early on 8 November by the pursuing Sheriff of Worcester and his men. Percy was reportedly killed by the same musketball as Catesby, his body was later exhumed, and his head exhibited outside Parliament
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Richard Walsh, Sheriff of Worcester, and his company of 200 men besieged the Holbeche House. In the ensuing firefight Percy was reportedly killed by the same musketball as Catesby, fired by a John Streete of Worcester
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Fawkes is forced to name his fellow plotters
Gunpowder Treason Plot
On the orders of the Earl of Northampton, the bodies of Percy and Catesby were exhumed, and their heads displayed on spikes at the side of the Parliament House
Gunpowder Treason Plot
The Gunpowder Plot of 1605, in earlier centuries often called the Gunpowder Treason Plot or the Jesuit Treason, was a failed assassination attempt against King James I of England and VI of Scotland by a group of provincial English Catholics led by Robert Catesby
Rule of Transylvania
Under the Treaty of Zsitiva-Torok Transylvania remains under Ottoman suzerainty
Treaty of Zsitva-Torok
Transylvania is still nominally under Ottoman suzerainty. The Treaty ends war between the Habsburgs & Ottomans in Hungary. The Emperor no longer needs to pay tribute to the Sultan. Ends the Long War
Discovery of Orion Nebula
Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc discovers the Orion Nebula using a telescope
Death of Thomas Butler
Death of Thomas Butler
Dismissal
Dismisses Sir Edward Coke for resisting the Royal Prerogative
Peerage
Created a Knight of the Bath
Investiture
Investiture as Prince of Wales at Westminster, the last investiture until 1911
Battle of Pilsen
German mercenary Count von Mansfield captures Pargue after 16 hours of hard fighting. Carried out by the forces of the Bohemian Protestants led by Ernst von Mansfeld, the first major battle of the Thirty Years War, the Protestant victory and subsequent capture of the city sparked the Bohemian Revolt
Siege of Pilsen
Carried out by the forces of the Bohemian Protestants led by Ernst von Mansfeld, the first major battle of the Thirty Years War, the Protestant victory and subsequent capture of the city sparked the Bohemian Revolt
Birth of Alamgir
Aurangzeb, also known as Alamgir I, ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1658 until his death, the sixth Mughal ruler after Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, and Shah
Birth of Alamgir
Birth of Alamgir, 3rd son of Shah Jahan
Birth of Aurangzeb
Birth of Aurangzeb
Capture of Pilsen
A mercenary force of 20,000 takes Pilsen for the Protestants
Siege of Pilsen
Cracks are made in the walls and the Protestant soldiers pour into the city, after several hours of close hand-to-hand combat, all of the town is in Mansfelds hands. After capturing the city, Mansfeld demanded 120,000 golden guldens as war reparations and an additional 47,000 florins for sparing the city and not burning it to the ground
Coronation
Crowned King of Bohemia
Succession
Succeeds as King of Bohemia
Dreams of a New Method
Descartes experiences celebrated dreams that he interprets as revealing a unified method of knowledge.
Birth of Rupert of the Rhine
Birth of Rupert of the Rhine, 3rd son of Frederick V & grandson of James I of England
Birth of Rupert of the Rhine
Birth of Rupert of the Rhine, 3rd son of Frederick V & grandson of James I of England
Battle of Bilahora
The Bohemian Army is crushed by the Imperialists
Bohemian Revolt
The Catholic Leagues army pacified Upper Austria, while Imperial forces under Johan Tzerclaes, Count of Tilly, pacified Lower Austria, the two armies united and moved north into Bohemia where Ferdinand II decisively defeated Frederick V at the Battle of White Mountain, near Prague, on 8 November 1620 and in addition to becoming Catholic, Bohemia would remain in Habsburg hands for nearly three hundred years
Catholic League
The Catholic Leagues army pacified Upper Austria, while Imperial forces under Johan Tzerclaes, Count of Tilly, pacified Lower Austria, the two armies united and moved north into Bohemia where Ferdinand II decisively defeated Frederick V at the Battle of White Mountain, near Prague, on 8 November 1620 and in addition to becoming Catholic, Bohemia would remain in Habsburg hands for nearly three hundred years
Rule of Bohemia
The Catholic Leagues army pacified Upper Austria, while Imperial forces under Johan Tzerclaes, Count of Tilly, pacified Lower Austria, the two armies united and moved north into Bohemia where Ferdinand II decisively defeated Frederick V at the Battle of White Mountain, near Prague, on 8 November 1620 and in addition to becoming Catholic, Bohemia would remain in Habsburg hands for nearly three hundred years
Battle of Main
Overthrows Frederick V to regain the throne & drive Protestantism out of Bohemia. Fights alongside the Catholic League & Spain against the Protestants
Catholic League
Fights alongside the Catholic League & Spain against the Protestants
Coup
Overthrows Frederick V to regain the throne & drive Protestantism out of Bohemia
Reform of War Policy
Restores Protestantism in Bohemia after victory at the Battle of Main
Battle of White Mountain
Defeat at the Battle of White Mountain leeds to the dissolution of the League of Evangelical Union and the loss of Frederick Vs holdings, Frederick is outlawed from the Holy Roman Empire, and his territories, the Rhenish Palatinate, are given to Catholic nobles, his title
Battle of White Mountain
Ferdinand II decisively defeats Frederick V at the Battle of White Mountain, near Prague, in addition to becoming Catholic, Bohemia would remain in Habsburg hands for nearly three hundred years.
Battle of White Mountain
of elector of the Palatinate is given to his distant cousin, Duke Maximilian of Bavaria and Frederick, now landless, makes himself a prominent exile abroad and tries to curry support for his cause in Sweden, The Netherlands and Denmark
Exile of Frederick V
Defeat at the Battle of White Mountain leeds to the dissolution of the League of Evangelical Union and the loss of Frederick Vs holdings, Frederick is outlawed from the Holy Roman Empire, and his territories.
Exile of Frederick V
the Rhenish Palatinate, are given to Catholic nobles, his title of elector of the Palatinate is given to his distant cousin, Duke Maximilian of Bavaria and Frederick, now landless, makes himself a prominent exile abroad and.
Exile of Frederick V
tries to curry support for his cause in Sweden, The Netherlands and Denmark.
League of Evangelical Union
Defeat at the Battle of White Mountain leeds to the dissolution of the League of Evangelical Union and the loss of Frederick Vs holdings, Frederick is outlawed from the Holy Roman Empire, and his territories.
League of Evangelical Union
the Rhenish Palatinate, are given to Catholic nobles, his title of elector of the Palatinate is given to his distant cousin, Duke Maximilian of Bavaria and Frederick, now landless, makes himself a prominent exile abroad and.
League of Evangelical Union
tries to curry support for his cause in Sweden, The Netherlands and Denmark.
Rule of Bohemia
Ferdinand II decisively defeats Frederick V at the Battle of White Mountain, near Prague, in addition to becoming Catholic, Bohemia would remain in Habsburg hands for nearly three hundred years
Battle of White Mountain
Loses Bohemia after defeat at White Mountain.
Battle of White Mountain
Wallenstein wins back his lost estates. Wallenstein groups his new possessions into a territory called Friedland in northern Bohemia
Battle of White Mountain
Victory at the Battle of White Mountain enables Prague to be captured several days later by the Catholic League, delaying the Czechs independence for 300 more years. Scores an important victory against Frederick V, Elector Palatine at the decisive Battle of White Mountain against the Protestants
Battle of White Mountain
The Spanish troops headed by Spinola in the Palatinate and by Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly in Bohemia achieve a decisive victory against the Czechs in the Battle of White Mountain
Battle of White Mountain
The Spanish troops headed by Spinola in the Palatinate and by Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly in Bohemia achieve a decisive victory against the Czechs in the Battle of White Mountain
Discovery of America
Lands at Cape Cod, the Pilgrim fathers then settle in New Plymouth
Birth of Charles X Gustavus
Birth of Charles X Gustavus, son of John Casimir & Catherine daughter of Charles X
Death of William Camden
William Camden dies at Chislehurst in Kent.
Birth of Oliver Plunkett
Oliver Plunkett is born in County Meath and later becomes Catholic Archbishop of Armagh during a period of severe religious persecution.
Discovery of Manhattan Island
Peter Schager of Amsterdam informs the States General that the ship "The Arms of Amsterdam" had arrived with a cargo of furs and timber from New Netherlands and that the settlers there had bought the Island of Manhatten for 60 guilders
Consecration
Pope Urban VIII consecrates St Peters Cathedral in Rome
St Peters Cathedral
Pope Urban VIII consecrates St Peters Cathedral in Rome
Capture of Rhe
Occupied by England to support the Hugenots. Commands the recapture the island of Rhe near La Rochelle
Appointment to Privy Council
Wentworth joined the Privy Council and became a central supporter of royal government.
Death of Johannes Kepler
Death of Johannes Kepler
Observation of the Transit of Mercury
Gassendi observes the transit of Mercury predicted from Keplerian astronomy and publishes the observation.
First Telescopic Planetary Transit
Records the first telescopic observation of a planetary transit.
Transit of Mercury Observed
Observes Mercury crossing the Sun as predicted by Kepler.
Death of Henry Percy
Death of Henry Percy
Battle of Lutzen
Troops are routed while fighting for the Protestant alliance & negotiates for peace
Battle of Lutzen
The Imperial Army withdraws & Gustavus is killed in battle
Imperial Army
The Imperial Army withdraws & Gustavus is killed in battle
Head of Regency
Appointed Head of the Regency after the death of Gustav II
Battle of Lutzen
Achieves victory but is killed in battle near Leipzig whilst leading a cavalry charge
Death of Gustavus II Adolphus
Killed at the Battle of Lutzen
League of Heilbronn
The Treaty of Paris formally gave control of what remained of the League of Heilbronn to France
Treaty of Paris
The Treaty of Paris formally gave control of what remained of the League of Heilbronn to France
Treaty of Paris
The Treaty of Paris formally gave control of what remained of the League of Heilbronn to France. France offers the German Protestants 12,000 men & 1/2 million Livres
Alliance Franco-Swedish alliance
Under the Treaty of Paris the Franco-Swedish alliance is renewed
Treaty of Paris
Under the Treaty of Paris the Franco-Swedish alliance is renewed. France offers the German Protestants 12,000 men & 1/2 million livres. Catholicism is guarenteed in Germany & land is ceded in Alsace
Election
Elected Member of Tables, a comittee set up to represent religious grievances
Reballion of Rebels in Edinburgh
The Scots Church Assembly decideds that bishops should be deposed or excommunicated
Parliament
Final day of Charles 2nd Parliament in Scotland
Election to Long Parliament
Ashley-Cooper enters the Long Parliament as member for Downton.
Long Parliament Called for War Debts
Charles seeks parliamentary funds for English troops and payments owed to the Scots.
Long Parliament Convenes
Charles opens the Parliament later known as the Long Parliament.
Long Parliament Meets under Financial Pressure
Payments required by the Ripon treaty make parliamentary taxation unavoidable.
Long Parliament Named
The Parliament beginning in November later becomes known for its exceptional duration.
Long Parliament Opens after Bishops War
The military and financial crisis forces Charles to recall Parliament.
Long Parliament Seeks Finance
Charles assembles Parliament because war and occupation have exhausted royal finances.
Opening Speech to Long Parliament
Charles asks Parliament to finance the armies and relieve counties occupied by the Scots.
Parliament Summoned after Ripon
Financial obligations under the Ripon settlement compel Charles to meet Parliament.
Parliament after Bishops Wars
Charles calls the Long Parliament following defeat and settlement in the Bishops Wars.
Parliamentary Grievances Renewed
Members begin challenging taxation, religious policy and ministers associated with Personal Rule.
Long Parliament Called for War Debts
Charles seeks parliamentary funds for English troops and payments owed to the Scots.
Long Parliament Convenes
Charles opens the Parliament later known as the Long Parliament.
Long Parliament Meets under Financial Pressure
Payments required by the Ripon treaty make parliamentary taxation unavoidable.
Long Parliament Named
The Parliament beginning in November later becomes known for its exceptional duration.
Long Parliament Opens after Bishops War
The military and financial crisis forces Charles to recall Parliament.
Long Parliament Seeks Finance
Charles assembles Parliament because war and occupation have exhausted royal finances.
Opening Speech to Long Parliament
Charles asks Parliament to finance the armies and relieve counties occupied by the Scots.
Parliament Summoned after Ripon
Financial obligations under the Ripon settlement compel Charles to meet Parliament.
Parliament after Bishops Wars
Charles calls the Long Parliament following defeat and settlement in the Bishops Wars.
Parliamentary Grievances Renewed
Members begin challenging taxation, religious policy and ministers associated with Personal Rule.
Election to Long Parliament
Strode returns to Parliament after imprisonment following the 1629 confrontation.
Election to Long Parliament
Hampden is re-elected and helps coordinate parliamentary opposition.
Election to Long Parliament
Vane enters the Long Parliament with access to sensitive government information.
Election for Cambridge
Cambridge electors return Cromwell to the Long Parliament.
Election to Long Parliament
Cromwell is returned as member for Cambridge in the Long Parliament.
Election for Kent
Culpeper enters the Long Parliament as a representative of Kent.
Long Parliament Begins
Culpeper serves during debates over taxation, religion and royal authority.
Election to Long Parliament
Haselrig is elected for Leicestershire and joins the parliamentary opposition.
Long Parliament Begins
Haselrig enters the Long Parliament as a determined opponent of royal policies.
Election for Oxford University
Oxford University returns Selden to the Long Parliament.
Legal Limits on Royal Government
Selden argues that established law limits exercises of royal prerogative.
Election to Long Parliament
Hyde is elected for Saltash and supports early constitutional reforms.
Long Parliament Begins
Hyde enters the Long Parliament and initially supports constitutional reform.
Commons Reform Programme Begins
Pym coordinates attacks on ministers, taxation and religious innovations.
Contact with Scottish Covenanters
Pym maintains discreet communication with Scottish opponents of royal religious policy.
Election to Long Parliament
Pym again represents Tavistock and assumes leadership of the Commons reform programme.
Long Parliament Strategy
Pym seeks systematic remedies for abuses associated with the King’s Personal Rule.
Election for Westminster
Glynne is elected for Westminster and becomes active in legal proceedings.
Long Parliament Begins
Glynne joins parliamentary efforts to investigate abuses committed during Personal Rule.
Election for Colchester
Grimston is returned for Colchester and becomes a leading critic of Personal Rule.
Accepts Speakership
Lenthall assumes the chair and begins presiding over the Long Parliament.
Election as Speaker
The Commons elects Lenthall as Speaker at the opening of the Long Parliament.
Long Parliament Chair
Lenthall begins presiding over a Commons determined to investigate Personal Rule.
Long Parliament
Montagu enters the Long Parliament as a prominent critic of Personal Rule.
Parliamentary Opposition
Montagu joins peers seeking ministerial accountability and regular parliamentary government.
Grand Committee for Religion
Pym supports creation of a grand committee to examine religious grievances.
Speech against Personal Rule
Grimston condemns illegal taxation, religious corruption and mistreatment of political opponents.
Arrival in London
Strafford returns to face the hostile Long Parliament despite warnings from allies.
Preparation of Strafford Impeachment
Pym and his allies prepared to strike against Strafford before the Earl could act against them.
House of Lords Custody
The Lords ordered Strafford into custody after the Commons delivered its impeachment accusation.
Impeachment of Strafford
The Commons impeaches Strafford for high treason and attacks his conduct of government.
Strafford Impeachment Motion
Pym moves rapidly to impeach Strafford as the principal architect of arbitrary government.
Committed to Tower of London
Strafford is committed to the Tower after the Commons presents its impeachment.
Strafford Taken to Tower
Strafford enters the Tower while the Lords consider the impeachment accusations.
Triumphal Return to London
Crowds welcome Prynne back from imprisonment imposed by the prerogative courts.
Return to London
Bastwick receives a popular welcome after release from island imprisonment.
Return from Imprisonment
Burton returns publicly after punishment for attacking episcopal religious policy.
Petitions Received by Long Parliament
Pym encourages committees to hear petitions from people harmed during Personal Rule.
Strafford Charges Prepared
Glynne assists parliamentary preparation of the legal case against Strafford.
Treaty of Ripon
The Treaty of Ripon ends hostilities, present at the signing
Grand Remonstrance Drafting
Pym circulates proposals that develop into the Grand Remonstrance against royal government.
Irish Relief Forces Debate
Hampden supports parliamentary oversight of troops intended for Ireland.
Military Appointments Debate
Holles backs parliamentary influence over commanders chosen for the Irish campaign.
Army for Ireland Debate
Pym demands guarantees that forces raised for Ireland cannot be used against Parliament.
Grand Remonstrance Introduced
Pym formally introduces the lengthy catalogue of grievances against royal government.
Ministerial Responsibility Proposal
Pym argues that the King should appoint counsellors trusted by Parliament.
Grand Remonstrance Support
Strode supports the Remonstrance and its programme of parliamentary safeguards.
Grand Remonstrance Support
Hampden supports passage of the Remonstrance in the closely divided Commons.
Grand Remonstrance Support
Holles votes with the parliamentary majority for the Remonstrance.
Opposition to Grand Remonstrance
Culpeper rejects the Remonstrance despite earlier criticism of royal financial policies.
Grand Remonstrance Support
Haselrig backs the document's criticism of royal ministers and church policy.
Opposition to Grand Remonstrance
Hyde opposes the Remonstrance as dangerously divisive and constitutionally excessive.
Demand for Recorded Protest
Palmer seeks a formal protest by members who voted against the Remonstrance.
Protest against Grand Remonstrance
Palmer proposes that opponents of the Grand Remonstrance formally record their protest.
Grand Remonstrance Passed
Pym secures passage of the Grand Remonstrance by 159 votes to 148.
Irish Army Control Debate
Pym links the Irish rebellion with Parliament's demand for influence over military command.
Grand Remonstrance Division
Lenthall presides over the division decided by eleven votes.
Opposition to Grand Remonstrance
Falkland opposes the measure and moves toward constitutional royalism.
Commitment to Tower
The Commons commits Palmer after his challenge to the Grand Remonstrance proceedings.
Return from Scotland
Charles returns to London as the Grand Remonstrance crisis intensifies.
Return from Scotland
Charles returns to London as the Grand Remonstrance crisis intensifies.
Appointment as Secretary of State
Charles I appoints Nicholas as Secretary of State.
Irish Rebellion Correspondence
Nicholas manages royal communications concerning the uprising and military response.
Puritan Preaching Campaign
Rous promotes further reformation of worship and church discipline.
Reballion of Phelim ONeill
Leads a rebellion in Ulster, claiming support from Charles I
Arrest of James Graham
Arrested by Argyll
Siege of Leipzig
The Swedish Commander Tortensson is forced to retreat by Archduke Leopold William
Siege of Leipzig
The Swedish Commander Tortensson is forced to retreat by Archduke Leopold William
Creation as Marquess of Worcester
Charles creates Henry Somerset the first Marquess of Worcester for his Royalist support.
Battle of Breitenfeld, 2nd
Helps defeat the Imperial army
Imperial Army
Helps defeat the Imperial army
Royalist Advance to Reading
Charles reaches Reading while advancing toward London after Edgehill.
Royalist Army Reaches Reading
Charles reaches Reading while Parliamentarian forces reorganise nearer London.
Royalist Advance to Reading
Charles reaches Reading while advancing toward London after Edgehill.
Royalist Army Reaches Reading
Charles reaches Reading while Parliamentarian forces reorganise nearer London.
Attack on Brentford Ordered
Charles orders Royalist troops to attack Parliament's outpost at Brentford.
Attack on Brentford Ordered
Charles orders Royalist troops to attack Parliament's outpost at Brentford.
Battle of Brentford
Holles's regiment helps defend Brentford before being overwhelmed by the Royalist attack.
Defence of Brentford
Holles's regiment resists the Royalist assault before withdrawing toward London.
Capture of Brentford
Rupert of the Rhine captures Brentford for the Royalists, as ordered by Charles I
Siege of Abingdon
Rupert is forced back to Abingdon where he sets up an HQ
Siege of Brentford
Rupert of the Rhine captures Brentford for the Royalists, as ordered by Charles I. Rupert attacks Brentford & defeats Parliaments forces under Holles, Essex & Brooke
Siege of London
Rupert attacks Brentford & defeats Parliaments forces under Holles, Essex & Brooke
London Militia at Turnham Green
Skippon deploys the London Trained Bands within Parliament's larger defensive army.
Battle of Turnham Green
Ramsay helps deploy Parliamentarian forces protecting London at Turnham Green.
Battle of Turnham Green
Essex blocks the Royalist advance toward London at Turnham Green.
Defence of London
Essex mobilises Parliamentarian troops and London militia to defend the capital.
London Forces Muster
Essex gathers Parliamentarian troops and London militia after the defeat at Brentford.
Mobilization
Skippon leads thousands of London militiamen to confront the Royalist army.
Battle of Turnham Green
Charles confronts a larger Parliamentarian army and withdraws from Turnham Green.
Battle of Turnham Green
Charles confronts a larger Parliamentarian army and withdraws from Turnham Green.
Brentford Reoccupied
Essex's forces reoccupy Brentford after the Royalist withdrawal.
Succession as Earl of Manchester
Edward Montagu succeeds his father as the second Earl of Manchester.
Birth of John Strype
John Strype is born in Houndsditch, London.
Southern Association Command
Parliament places Waller over an association of southern counties and authorises forces to serve under his command.
Capture of Wrexham
Captures Wrexham, Royalists are intercepted returning from Ireland after the truce
Battle of Tuttlingen
The Weimar Commander Rantzau is defeated & captured by the Imperial army
Imperial Army
The Weimar Commander Rantzau is defeated & captured by the Imperial army
Battle of Tuttlingen
The Weimar Commander Rantzau is defeated & captured by the Imperial army
Imperial Army
The Weimar Commander Rantzau is defeated & captured by the Imperial army
Battle of Lichfield
Rupert of the Rhine fights at the Battle of Lichfield
Commander of Weimar Army
Appointed Commander of the Weimar Army
Commander of Weimar Army
Appointed Commander of the Weimar Army
Council of War
Advises a military defeat of the King after Manchester fails to persue him in battle
Council of War
"if we beat the King 99 x he would be King still, if he beat us we should be hanged"
Criticism of Manchester
Cromwell criticises Manchester's conduct of the war and presses Parliament for a more vigorous military strategy.
Lieutenant
Appointed Commander in Chief, Royalist forces
Lieutenant
Appointed Commander in Chief, Royalist forces
Battle of Denbigh
Brereton defeats Royalist forces under Sir William Vaughan at Denbigh, cutting another route of support into Cheshire.
Putney Debates
Allen argues from his religious experience that the task before the Army is to remove the negative voice of the King and Lords
Putney Debates
Carter says he no longer feels moved to pray that the King should become a blessing to the kingdom, showing radical distrust of Charles I during the debates
Putney Debates
Wildman objects that restoring the King's rights would leave the people's grievances insecure and would weaken the constitutional purpose of the Agreement
Putney Debates
Rich seeks a middle course on representation, accepting concern for the poor while still warning that equal suffrage could threaten property
Putney Debates
Rainsborough presses the case that soldiers who risked their lives in the war should not be left without political voice in the settlement
Putney Debates
Ireton defends the Army's earlier proposals and argues that peace must be settled through a lawful authority rather than by the Army alone
Putney Debates
Cowling argues that the sword has recovered the people's rights, linking the soldiers' wartime service to the claim that political rights must be secured
Putney Debates
Henry Lilburne challenges some historical claims about ancient liberties, showing that even radical religious and political arguments were disputed within the Council
Grandees
Cromwell urges caution over breaking with monarchy, reflecting the Grandees' preference for a controlled settlement with Charles I rather than immediate adoption of the Leveller programme
Putney Debates
Cromwell discusses the King's negative voice and treats kingship as contractual, while resisting proposals that would immediately overthrow the monarchy
Agreement of the People
Lambert's moderate Army settlement is challenged by the Agreement of the People, which offers the radicals' alternative to the Heads of the Proposals drafted by Ireton and Lambert
Putney Debates
Lambert's regiment is reported to have been approached by Agitators, underlining the Grandees' fear that the debate might spread into wider Army disorder
Putney Debates
Peter encourages continued discussion and possible compromise after the Council becomes stuck over the franchise and the balance between liberty and property
Putney Debates
Sexby and the Agitators remain concerned that any compromise must satisfy soldiers who believed the Army had fought for liberty as well as pay and indemnity
Putney Debates
Allen represents the rank-and-file demand that the Agreement be taken seriously by the General Council rather than buried by the officers' committee
Putney Debates
Petty's arguments for birthright and equal voice help define the radical side of the debate, though the result does not secure full manhood suffrage
Putney Debates
Ireton supports modifying the Agreement rather than adopting the Leveller draft unchanged, producing a limited result short of the radicals' full programme
Putney Debates
Cromwell joins the effort to have proposals refined by committee, aiming to turn the dispute over the Agreement into a controlled constitutional programme
Putney Debates
Everard's participation shows that the debates resulted from pressure by New Agents elected from radical cavalry regiments rather than from officers alone
Putney Debates
Clarke's detailed transcription becomes patchier after this point, so later sessions of the Putney Debates are known less completely than the first days
Putney Debates
Sexby and the Agitators fail to secure adoption of the Leveller Agreement, but the debates leave a lasting record of soldiers demanding political consent
Putney Debates
Wildman's radical constitutional programme is not adopted at Putney, and the result is a modified officer-led approach rather than immediate popular sovereignty
Putney Debates
Ireton's moderate constitutional line prevails over the Leveller demand for the Agreement to become the Army's official settlement programme
Agitators
Cromwell supports ending the open Army Council debates after the Agitators' demands threaten discipline and expose deep division between radical soldiers and senior officers
Putney Debates
Cromwell backs suspension of the Army Council meetings because the Grandees fear that continued debate over the King and the Agreement will damage military discipline
Agreement of the People
Fairfax's authority is used as the Army Council meetings are suspended, leaving the Agreement of the People unadopted as the Army's official constitutional programme
Army Council
Fairfax's authority is used as the Army Council meetings are suspended and the Agitators are ordered back to their regiments, limiting the Leveller challenge to the officer leadership
Grandees
Fairfax's authority is used by the Grandees to suspend the Army Council meetings and send Agitators back to their regiments, ending the open phase of the Putney Debates
Putney Debates
Fairfax's authority is used as the Army leadership orders Agitators and representative officers back to their regiments, bringing the debates to a temporary close
Exile of Charles I
Hosted by the Governor of Carisbrooke Castle
Exile of Charles I
Escapes to the Isle of Wight
Army Council
Cromwell helps restore discipline at the Corkbush Field rendezvous after soldiers resist the Army Council's settlement, resulting in arrests and the execution of a mutineer
Grandees
Cromwell helps enforce the Grandees' settlement at the Corkbush Field rendezvous, suppressing Leveller-influenced resistance and restoring discipline within the New Model Army
Levellers
Cromwell suppresses Leveller-influenced resistance at the Corkbush Field rendezvous, restoring Army discipline after soldiers reject the Grandees' settlement and display slogans for England's freedom and soldiers' rights
Agitators
Fairfax's authority is used at the Ware rendezvous to suppress Leveller-influenced Agitator resistance, restore Army discipline and end the immediate challenge to the Grandees
Corkbush Field Mutiny
Arnold is executed after soldiers at the Corkbush Field rendezvous resist the Army leadership and display papers supporting soldiers' rights and Leveller demands
Birth of Pierre Bayle
Pierre Bayle is born at Le Carla in southern France into a Huguenot family.
Funeral
Rainsborough's funeral becomes a mass Leveller demonstration in London, with supporters using sea-green ribbons as political symbols
Army Remonstrance
Ireton helps shape the Army Remonstrance demanding justice against Charles I after the renewed fighting of the Second Civil War.
Constitution of England
Calls for the adoption of the Leveller programme. Calls for the trial of the King, the abolition of the Army
Remonstrance-Army
Introduces the Remonstrance of the Army to Parliament
Birth of William III
William III of Orange is born at The Hague, the posthumous son of William II, Prince of Orange, and Mary Stuart.
Birth of William III
Birth of William III, son of William II Prince of Orange & Mary Stuart
Birth of William III
Birth of William III, son of William II Prince of Orange & Mary Stuart
Independence of Netherlands
Sovereignty of the Provinces is declared by a General Assembly of 7 Provinces
Night of Fire
Pascal experiences an intense religious conversion recorded in his Memorial.
Siege of Jasna Gora
The monastery fortress at Jasna Gora resists the Swedish siege
Defense of Jasna Gora
Organizes the monastery's defense against Swedish siege forces
Siege of Jasna Gora
Leads the defense of Jasna Gora against Swedish forces
Jasna Gora Siege Command
Commands Swedish forces besieging Jasna Gora
Siege of Jasna Gora
Swedish forces begin the siege of Jasna Gora
Birth of Charles XI
Charles is born at Stockholm Palace to Charles X Gustav and Hedvig Eleonora.
Birth of Charles XI
Charles is born at Stockholm Palace to Charles X Gustav and Hedvig Eleonora.
Birth of son
Born as the son of King Charles X Gustav of Sweden
Treaty of Nimieza
The war is terminated & a 3 yr truce is signed between Russia & Poland
Rule of Little Russia
Under the Treaty of Vilna Poland cedes Little Russia Russia to Russia
Rule of White
Under the Treaty of Vilna Poland cedes White Russia to Russia
Treaty of Nimieza
The war is terminated & a 3 yr truce is signed between Russia & Poland. An alliance is formed between Poland & Russia against Sweden
Treaty of Vilno
Russia makes peace with Poland to fight Sweden which has just invaded Poland. Poland cedes White & Little Russia to Russia
Treaty of Pyrenees
Signs a peace Treaty with Spain. A contract arranges for Louis XIV's marriage to the Spanish infanta Anne
Battle of Nyborg
Transports a Danish-Allied Army from Jutland to Fyn. Michael de Ruyter defeats the Swedish under Philip of Sulzbach
Interregnum
Monck began marching south to restore parliamentary government.
Battle of Nyborg
Michael de Ruyter defeats the Swedish under Philip of Sulzbach
Battle of Chudnov
Commands Crown forces in the Chudnov campaign against the Russian-Cossack army
Battle of Chudnov
Helps defeat the Russian-Cossack army during the Chudnov campaign
Birth of Charles II
Birth of Charles II, son of Mariana de Austria & Philip IV
Imprisonment in the Tower
Harrington is arrested and committed to the Tower of London.
Curator of Experiments
Hooke is appointed curator of experiments for the Royal Society.
Death of Nikola Zrinski
Dies in a hunting accident after becoming a critic of the Treaty of Vasvar.
Habenhausen
Forced to make peace, and concludes the "Peace of Habenhausen"
Siege of Bremen
Forced to make peace, and concludes the "Peace of Habenhausen"
Battle of Pentland Hills
Battle of Pentland Hills, the Scottish Convenenter revolt led by James Wallace is defeated by the Royalist forces
Battle of Pentland Hills
Battle of Pentland Hills, the Scottish Convenenter revolt led by James Wallace is defeated by the Royalist forces
Battle of Pentland Hills
Battle of Pentland Hills, the Scottish Convenenter revolt led by James Wallace is defeated by the Royalist forces
Declared of Age
William III of Orange reaches legal majority and assumes greater control over his own household and dynastic affairs.
Rule of Candia
The Venetians surrender the city of Candia to the Turks
Siege of Candia
The Venetians surrender the city of Candia to the Turks
Biblical Studies Reported
The council receives a report that Charles is well acquainted with the Bible.
Biblical Studies Reported
The council receives a report that Charles is well acquainted with the Bible.
Death of John III
King Michael dies, John puts himself forward as his successor
Battle of Chocim, 2nd
Wins a victory at Chocim destroying the Turkish Army army of 30,000. Despite the Treaty of Buczac John continues to harass the Turks
Marriage
Londoners form a hostile reception, the Lord Mayor declines to welcome her
Marriage
William III of Orange marries Mary Stuart at St James's Palace, strengthening the dynastic connection between the House of Orange and the English royal family.
Marriage
Marries William, her cousin, the Prince of Orange
Transit of Mercury
Halley observes a transit of Mercury from Saint Helena and carefully records the event for later astronomical analysis.
Marriage
Marries Sarah Jennings, probably in November 1677; the marriage is publicly acknowledged the following year.
Popish Plot
Titus Oates joins forces with Israel Tonge to invent the story of the Popish Plot. Claims that there is a Jesuit-guided plan to assassinate Charles II to hasten the succession of the Catholic James, Duke of York, later James II
Plot
A fabricated Popish plot causes anti-catholic reprisals on the streets of London
Newton Correspondence
Corresponds with Newton about falling bodies and orbital paths.
Parliament
1st reading of the 2nd Exclusion Bill passes through the Commons
Reform of Parliament
1st reading of the 2nd Exclusion Bill passes through the Commons
Reform of Parliament
The Commons move the next in line should be the Duke of Yorks eldest daughter Mary. The Commons move the Duke of York be excluded from the succession
Coronation of Queen Ulrika Eleonora
Ulrika Eleonora is crowned Queen of Sweden in Stockholm.
Coronation of Queen Ulrika Eleonora
Ulrika Eleonora is crowned Queen of Sweden in Stockholm.
Marriage
Marries Sophia Dorothea, daughter of George William, Duke of Brunswick
Marriage
Marries George I
Colonel of the Royal Dragoons
Appointed colonel of the Royal Regiment of Dragoons.
Birth of George II
Birth of George II, Schloss Herrenhausen, son of George I & Sophia Dorothea
Birth of George II
Birth of George II, Schloss Herrenhausen, son of George I & Sophia Dorothea
Birth of George II
Birth of George II, Schloss Herrenhausen, son of George I & Sophia Dorothea
Birth of Allen Bathurst
Birth of Allen Bathurst
Landing at Torbay
William III of Orange lands with his army at Torbay, beginning the military phase of the Glorious Revolution in England.
Lieutenant General
Promoted lieutenant-general as James II prepares to resist William of Orange.
Entry into Exeter
William III of Orange enters Exeter and establishes a major early base for his advance across southern England.
Capture of Mannheim
French forces under the campaign command associated with Duras secure Mannheim after the fall of Philippsburg.
Advance to Salisbury
William III of Orange reaches the Salisbury area as defections and declining confidence weaken the position of James II.
Defection to William of Orange
Leaves James II's army during the night of 23-24 November and joins William of Orange at Axminster.
Declaration of War
Declares war on the Netherlands
Fleet Sails for England
William III of Orange sails from the Dutch Republic with a large invasion fleet and army bound for England.
Return from Flanders
Returns to England from campaign service in Flanders as the parliamentary session continues.
Coronation
Normally, the Archbishop of Canterbury performs coronations, but the Archbishop at the time, William Sancroft, although an Anglican, refused to recognise the validity of James IIs removal. Crowned jointly with William III, Queen of England, Scotland & Ireland
Succession
The Convention of the Estates of Scotland - which was much more divided than the English Parliament - finally declares that James is no longer King of Scotland
Return for Lords Session
Attends the opening of the 1693-94 parliamentary session after the previous year's political disgrace.
Birth of Voltaire
Francois-Marie Arouet, later known as Voltaire, is born in Paris.
Grocers' Hall Lease
John Houblon leads the Bank as it secures a lease for Grocers' Hall, which becomes its principal home before the move to Threadneedle Street.
Treaty of Partition
Portocarrero is part of the Spanish court resisting foreign plans to divide the monarchy.
Treaty of Partition
Maria Anna supports Charles II's will naming Joseph Ferdinand heir to an undivided Spanish Empire.
Regency
Cardinal Portocarrero becomes a leading figure in the government after Charles II's death.
Council of Regency
Portocarrero helps direct the government after Charles II's death and before Philip V reaches Spain.
Death of Charles II
Charles II dies childless in Madrid, triggering the succession crisis that leads to European war.
Death of Charles II
Charles II dies childless, ending the Spanish Habsburg line.
Dynasty
The death of Charles II ends nearly two centuries of Habsburg rule in Spain.
Widowhood
Maria Anna of Neuburg becomes the widow of Charles II after his death.
Death of Charles II
Charles II dies childless at Madrid, ending the Spanish Habsburg line and triggering the succession crisis.
Succession Crisis
Charles II's death without children opens the succession conflict over the Spanish monarchy.
Treaty of Partition
Charles II's death makes the partition treaties obsolete and opens the Spanish succession dispute.
Spanish Will
Considers Charles II's will naming Philip of Anjou.
Spanish Will
Louis XIV considers the will of Charles II naming Philip of Anjou heir to Spain.
Siege of Narva
Peter I & his forces are forced to flee by the Swedish. 13-19 Nov, Charles XII scatters Russian forces blocking the Swedish route to Narva
March through Livonia
Charles XII's army advances through harsh weather toward Narva and scatters Russian blocking forces.
Proclamation
Philip of Anjou is proclaimed heir to Spain after Charles II leaves him the Spanish crown.
Succession Crisis
Louis XIV accepts Charles II's will naming Philip of Anjou as heir to the Spanish monarchy.
Succession
Philip, Duke of Anjou, is presented at Versailles as the new King of Spain.
Acceptance of Spanish Will
Louis XIV accepts Charles II's will on behalf of his grandson Philip of Anjou.
Recognition of Philip V
Recognises his grandson Philip as King of Spain.
Acceptance of Spanish Will
Louis XIV accepts Charles II of Spain's will naming Philip of Anjou as heir to the Spanish monarchy.
Succession
Philip of Anjou is proclaimed King of Spain as Philip V.
Battle of Narva, 1st
Augustus II loses strategic momentum after Charles XII destroys the Russian army at Narva.
Narva Consequence
The Swedish victory at Narva strengthens Charles XII and worsens Augustus II's position.
Battle of Narva
Adam Veyde commands a Russian division during the Battle of Narva.
Battle of Narva
Avtonom Golovin commands part of the Russian army during the Battle of Narva.
Capture
Ivan Trubetskoy is among the Russian commanders captured after Narva.
Cavalry Action
Boris Sheremetev's cavalry is caught in the Russian defeat at Narva.
Command at Narva
Charles Eugene de Croy commands Russian forces at Narva after Peter I leaves the army.
Capture
Iakov Dolgorukov is taken prisoner after the Russian defeat at Narva.
Battle of Narva, 1st
Charles XII positioned his 8,000 men (another 2,500 men were garrisoned in the city and would take part in the battle at a later stage) opposite the besieging Russian army of about 34,000 to 40,000 troops.
Battle of Narva, 1st
If Sweden had invaded Russia immediately after Narva, Peter would have been almost powerless to stop them.
Battle of Narva, 1st
The Russian surrender brought to Charles XII's army all of Peter's cannons, muskets and military supplies.
Battle of Narva, 1st
This left Russia's remaining armed forces with essentially no equipment.
Military Defeat
Peter I's army loses artillery, muskets and supplies after the defeat at Narva.
Battle of Narva
Carl Gustav Rehnskiold helps command the Swedish attack at Narva.
Battle of Narva
Magnus Stenbock serves in the Swedish army during the victory at Narva.
Battle of Narva
Otto Vellingk serves among the senior Swedish officers during Charles XII's Narva campaign.
Battle of Narva
Henning Rudolf Horn commands the Swedish garrison at Narva before Charles XII relieves the fortress.
Battle of Narva
Charles XII defeats Peter I's much larger Russian army at Narva and captures guns and supplies.
Battle of Narva
Charles XII defeats Peter I's much larger Russian army at Narva.
Battle of Narva
Charles XII leads a smaller Swedish army to victory over Peter I's larger Russian force at Narva.
Battle of Narva
Defeats a much larger Russian army outside Narva.
Relief of Narva
Charles XII defeats the Russian army besieging Narva and relieves the Swedish fortress.
Relief of Narva
Relieves the Swedish fortress and captures Russian artillery.
Strategic Decision
After Narva, Charles XII turns south toward Livonia and Poland-Lithuania rather than invading Russia.
Council
Louis XIV convenes council over whether to accept the Spanish inheritance for his grandson.
Recognition
Louis XIV publicly recognises Philip of Anjou as King of Spain.
Torcy manages French diplomacy during the Spanish succession crisis
Torcy manages French diplomacy during the Spanish succession crisis.
Dynastic Claim
The Grand Dauphin's line becomes central to the Bourbon claim to the Spanish throne.
Royal Title
Philip of Anjou assumes the title Philip V of Spain.
Dynastic Politics
The Duke of Berry remains part of the Bourbon family calculations during the Spanish succession crisis.
Dynastic Politics
The Duke of Burgundy remains in the French succession while his brother Philip accepts Spain.
Court Influence
Madame de Maintenon is present at court as Louis XIV weighs acceptance of the Spanish will.
European Crisis
Louis XIV's acceptance of the Spanish will provokes alarm among France's rivals.
Military Command
Peter I leaves the siege of Narva shortly before the Swedish relief army arrives.
Succession
Portocarrero supports the acceptance of Philip of Anjou as Charles II's successor.
Dynastic Change
Philip V becomes the first Bourbon monarch of Spain.
Recognition
The Crown of Castile accepts Philip V as the heir named in Charles II's will.
Burial
Charles II is buried in the royal pantheon at El Escorial.
Council
Portocarrero helps steer the Spanish council toward acceptance of the Bourbon succession.
Rival Claim
Archduke Charles is advanced by the Austrian Habsburgs as a rival claimant to Spain.
Claim
Philip V claims the whole Spanish inheritance under Charles II's will.
Defence of Narva
Henning Rudolf Horn commands the Swedish garrison at Narva during the Russian siege.
March to Narva
Charles XII marches through difficult weather toward Narva to relieve the Swedish fortress.
March to Narva
Marches through harsh weather to relieve Narva.
Siege of Narva
Charles XII leads the Swedish relief army toward Narva while Russian troops besiege the fortress.
Death of Charles II
The last Spanish Habsburg dies without an heir. Death of Charles II, the throne is claimed by Philip V grandson of Louis XIV
Marriage to Philip V
Maria Luisa Gabriella marries Philip V in person at Figueres.
Battle of Dunamunde
Charles XII defeats a joint Russian & Saxon Army
Member of Parliament
Elected again as Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge.
Birth of Anders Celsius
Anders Celsius is born into an academic family in Uppsala.
Cambridge Election
Newton is returned to Parliament for Cambridge University.
Parliament Summoned
William III of Orange summons a new Parliament as the European crisis and the French recognition of the Stuart claimant intensify.
Departure from the Netherlands
Leaves the Netherlands after the successful Meuse campaign and begins his journey back to England.
House of Lords Thanks
Receives the formal thanks of the House of Lords for the successes of the 1702 campaign.
Queen Announces Dukedom Plan
Queen Anne informs her cabinet that she intends to raise Marlborough to a dukedom and grant him a substantial pension.
Vigo Victory Celebrated
Anne's government celebrates the destruction of the Franco-Spanish fleet at Vigo.
Treaty with Savoy
Leopold concludes the alliance treaty with Victor Amadeus.
Battle of Speyerbach
Tallard defeats a relief army at Speyerbach during operations around Landau.
Battle of Speyerbach
Tallard defeats the Allied relief army at Speyerbach.
Capture of Landau
Tallard's victory at Speyerbach helps restore Landau to French control.
Recapture of Landau
Tallard's victory enables France to recover Landau.
Anniversary Meeting
Newton assumes the chair at the Society's anniversary election.
Royal Society Presidency
Newton is elected President of the Royal Society.
Royal Society Presidency
Begins his long presidency of the Royal Society.
Royal Society
Elected President of the Royal Society, an office he holds until death.
Savoyard Defection
Louis responds to Savoy's defection by ordering military measures in Piedmont.
Death at Speyerbach
Frederick is killed while commanding Allied troops at Speyerbach.
Prince of Mindelheim
Emperor Joseph I grants Marlborough the territorial principality of Mindelheim.
Warsaw Peace
Supports treaty arrangements with Stanislaw's Polish faction.
Polish Settlement
Seeks to secure Poland as a Swedish-aligned ally.
Invasion of Russia
Begins the campaign intended to defeat Peter I.
Invasion of Russia
Charles XII takes the field after waiting for reinforcements before marching east against Russia.
Battle of Poltava
Marches into Ukraine hoping to recover supplies and Cossack support.
Battle of Poltava
Captures Baturyn and destroys Mazepa's main supply base.
Birth of Julien Offray de La Mettrie
Julien Offray de La Mettrie is born at Saint-Malo in Brittany.
Capture of Aire
Captures Aire during the late 1710 campaign.
Ottoman Declaration of War
At Charles XII's urging, the Ottoman Empire declares war on Russia.
Ottoman Declaration of War
His diplomacy helps bring the Ottoman Empire into war with Russia.
Departure into Exile
Leaves England for the Continent after waiting for favourable conditions to cross the Channel.
Funds Sent to The Hague
Sends a large sum of money to The Hague before leaving Britain, protecting family resources during an uncertain political period.
Succession
On the accession of George I Carolines husband automatically became Duke of Cornwall, and was invested, shortly afterwards, as Prince of Wales, whereupon she became Princess of Wales
Government Resumed
Resumes direct command after returning from Ottoman exile.
Arrival at Stralsund
Charles XII returns from Ottoman exile and reaches Stralsund to resume personal command.
Arrival at Stralsund
Reaches Stralsund and resumes personal command.
Return to Command
Returns to command Sweden's remaining German possessions.
Return to Sweden
Charles XII returns from Ottoman territory and reaches Swedish Pomerania after a rapid ride across Europe.
Ride to Stralsund
Rides rapidly across Europe toward Swedish Pomerania.
Siege of Preston
Leads a Jacobite force into Preston without any resistance
Departure
Departs from Perth to join forces with the Jacobites in Lancashire
Battle of Preston
First day of the Royalist attack on the Jacobites at Preston
Battle of Sheriffmuir
Defeats the Jacobites in battle
Battle of Sheriffmuir
Defeats the Jacobites led by the Earl of Mar
Battle of Sheriffmuir
Fights an inconclusive Battle with the Royalists led by the Duke of Argyll
Battle of Preston
The Royalists march into Preston & dissarm Forsters men, 1,500 prisoners are taken
Battle of Stresow
Charles XII personally leads a Swedish counterattack against the Allied landing force at Stresow.
Battle of Stresow
Personally leads a counterattack against an Allied landing force.
Arrest of Thomas Forster
Arrested but escapes from Newgate prison
Exile of Thomas Forster
Goes into exile in France after his defeat at Preston
Siege of Preston
Forced to surrender
Capture of Perth
Captures Perth from the Jacobites after the Battle of Sherrifmuir
Siege of Fredriksten
Directs siege operations against the Norwegian fortress.
Birth of Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov
Birth of Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov
Birth of Willam Cowper
Birth of Willam Cowper, novelist
Birth of Daniel Boone
Birth of Daniel Boone
Death of Caroline of Ansbach
Death of Caroline of Ansbach, dies from complications following a rupture of the womb
Burial
Buried at Westminster Abbey. Handel composed an elaborate 10-section anthem for the occasion, "The ways of Zion do mourn / Funeral Anthem for Queen Caroline"
Rule of Sicily
The Austrian-Spanish Treaty of Vienna ratifies Charles as King of the Two Sicilies
Treaty of Vienna
The Austrian-Spanish Treaty of Vienna ratifies Charles as King of the Two Sicilies
Treaty of Vienna
Under the Treaty of Vienna Charles must cede the Duchies of Parma, Piacenza & Tuscany
Birth of Frederick William Herschel
Birth of Frederick William Herschel
Battle of Portobello
Seizes the Spanish stronghold of Portobello, Panama
Capture of Portobello
Captures Portobello from the Spanish with just 6 ships
Battle of Portobello
The English capture Portobello
Capture of Portobello
The English capture Portobello
Political Support at Silesia
Frederick II offers to support Maria Theresa in return for Silesia but is refused
Rule of Silesia
Frederick II offers to support Maria Theresa in return for Silesia but is refused
Succession
Succeeds as Queen of Hungary
Support for Elizabeths Coup
Lestocq assisted Elizabeth’s conspiracy and encouraged her alliance with the Guards.
Arrest of Regent
Anna Leopoldovna was arrested with her family after Elizabeth seized power.
Palace Coup
Elizabeth secured the support of Guards regiments and overthrew the regency of Anna Leopoldovna.
Proclamation as Empress
Elizabeth was proclaimed Empress of Russia following the successful palace coup.
Deposition
The infant Ivan VI was deposed during Elizabeth’s coup and removed from the throne.
Support for Elizabeths Coup
Vorontsov supported Elizabeth during the coup that ended Anna Leopoldovna’s regency.
Capture of Prague
Charles Albert & the French capture Prague
Loss of Prague
Maria Theresa lost Prague to a combined Bavarian, French, and Saxon army.
Storming of Prague
Maurice de Saxe helped lead the surprise assault that captured Prague for the Bavarian claimant.
Capture of Prague
Belle-Isle directed French operations supporting the Bavarian capture of Prague.
Storming of Prague
Broglie commanded French troops during the successful allied assault on Prague.
Capture of Prague
The French & Bavarians consolidate control of western & central Bohemia
Capture of Prague
Charles Albert & the French capture Prague
Storming of Prague
Charles Albert’s Bavarian, French, and Saxon allies stormed Prague and occupied the Bohemian capital.
Shipwreck on Bering Island
The damaged St Peter grounded on an island where the expedition remained through the winter.
Occupation of Neisse
Prussian forces occupied Neisse after the fortress completed its staged resistance under the secret convention.
Withdrawal from Cuba
Vernon abandoned the Cuban expedition after disease and logistical problems prevented an attack on Santiago.
Captain
Attains the rank of post-captain, having been appointed to the Plymouth
Siege of Prague
Forced to retreat after the non-arrival of the French due to the illness of Louis XV
Reinterment at Blenheim
His remains are moved from Westminster Abbey to Blenheim Palace in November 1744, shortly before Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough, is buried there.
Invasion of England
Against the advice of Lord Murray, Charles begins the march into England
Invasion of England
Charles, with an escort of Lochiels Camerons and the Hussars, enters England
Invasion of England
Charles persuaded his generals that English Jacobites would stage an uprising in support of his cause. He was convinced that France would launch an invasion of England as well. His army of around 5,000 invaded England on 8 November 1745. They advanced through Carlisle and Manchester to Derby and a position where they appeared to threaten London
Capture of Carlisle
Carlisle surrenders without a shot being fired
Siege of Carlisle
Carlisle is captured by the Jacobites
Battle of Hennersdorf
Frederick II the Great defeats Charles of Lorraines Austrian Army
Siege of Berlin
Frederick II the Great defeats Charles of Lorraines Austrian Army
Battle of Gorlitz
Frederick II the Great defeats Charles of Lorraines Austrian Army
Battle of Gorlitz
Frederick II the Great defeats Charles of Lorraines Austrian Army
Battle of Hennersdorf
Frederick II the Great defeats Charles of Lorraines Austrian Army
Siege of Berlin
Frederick II the Great defeats Charles of Lorraines Austrian Army
Death of Gyurme Namgyal
Qing ambans kill Gyurme Namgyal, triggering a violent uprising in Lhasa.
Birth of Fateh Ali Tippu
Birth of Fateh Ali Tippu, also known as the Tiger of Mysore.
Death of Julien Offray de La Mettrie
Julien Offray de La Mettrie dies in Berlin.
Dismissal
Pitt is dismissed from office as Paymaster, having spoken during a debate against the new system of continental subsidies proposed by the Government of which he was a member
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain
Battle of Rossbach
French armies under command of Prince de Soubise march through Germany & the "Reichsarmee" commanded by Prinz von Hildburghausen this coalition is defeated at the Battle of Rossbach
Battle of Rossbach
Commands Frederick the Greats cavalry in the decisive victory over the Allies
Battle of Rossbach
With Fredericks decisive victory over the French at Rossbach, the British renege on the Convention of Klosterzeven and continue the war. The Allied Army is routed with the loss of 10,000 men to Fredericks loss of about 500. A French army, under Soubise, advances through Germany eastward toward Saxony, but Frederick defeats it with an army half its size at Rossbach
Arrest of August Wilhelm of Brunswick
Helps defeat & capture August Wilhelm of Brunswick
Battle of Breslau
Helps defeat & capture August Wilhelm of Brunswick
Battle of Breslau
Helps defeat & capture August Wilhelm of Brunswick
Austrian Attack Begins At Breslau
The Austrian army attacked Brunswick Bevern’s Prussian forces on 22 November 1757.
Austrian Army Controls Battlefield
Charles of Lorraine’s forces retained the battlefield following the Prussian retreat.
Austrians Win Battle of Breslau
Charles of Lorraine defeated the Prussian army outside Breslau in November 1757.
Bevern Is Captured After Battle
August Wilhelm of Brunswick Bevern fell into Austrian hands shortly after the engagement.
Siege of Berlin
While Frederick is away, 3,500 Austrians under Hadik raid Berlin and ransom the city
Capture of Duquesne
Occupies Fort Duquesne
Capture of Fort Duquesne
Leads Swiss mercernaries who help the British capture Fort Duquesne
Battle of Quiberon Bay
Admiral Hawkes first fleet destroys the French invasion fleet under Admiral Conflans
Battle of Quiberon Bay
Admiral Hawkes first fleet destroys the French invasion fleet under Admiral Conflans
Battle of Torgau
Frederick II the Great forces Dauns Austrian Army to retreat
Battle of Torgau
The Prussians gain control of Saxony
Battle of Torgau
Helps Frederick the Great defeat Austria & gain control of Saxony
Battle of Torgau
Victory gives Frederick II the Great command of Saxony. Frederick II the Great forces Dauns Austrian Army to retreat
Capture of Saxony
Gains control of Saxony after the Battle of Torgau
Burial
George II is buried in Westminster Abbey
Battle of Maxen
Fredericks army is defeated by an Austron Army led by Daun
Battle of Maxen
Fredericks army is defeated by an Austron Army led by Daun
Birth of Jacques Zacharie Destaing
Birth of Jacques Zacharie Destaing
Boston Tea Party
A mass meeting passes a resolution, introduced by Adams, urging the captain of Dartmouth to send the ship back without paying import duty
Boston Tea Party
When the tea ship Dartmouthr arrives in Boston Samuel Adams calls for a mass meeting to be held at Faneuil Hall
Boston Tea Party
Governor Hutchinson refuses to grant permission for the Dartmouth to leave Boston without paying tea duty
Boston Tea Party
Governor Thomas Hutchinson had been urging London to take a hard line with the Sons of Liberty
Sons of Liberty
Governor Thomas Hutchinson had been urging London to take a hard line with the Sons of Liberty
Elected for Bristol
Burke is elected Member of Parliament for Bristol.
Death of Robert Clive
Death of Clive Plessey, commits suicide in London after his trial for corruption
Suicide
Death of Clive Plessey, commits suicide in London after his trial for corruption
Birth of James Abercromby
Birth of James Abercromby
Birth of Frederick John Robinson
Birth of Frederick John Robinson, 1st Earl of Ripon
Peace Treaty
Puts his signature to the preliminary peace Treaty
Comptroller
Appointed Comptroller General of Finances
Dark Stars
Publishes a paper proposing that sufficiently massive stars could have escape velocities exceeding the speed of light, an important precursor to the black hole concept.
Dark Stars
Proposes that sufficiently massive stars could have escape velocity greater than light.
Independence of Great Britain
The Treaty of Paris recognizes the independence of the 13 American colonies
Independence of United States of America
The Treaty of Paris recognizes the independence of the 13 American colonies
Rule of St Lucia
Under the Treaty of Paris Britain cedes St Lucia to France
Rule of Tobago
Under the Treaty of Paris Britain cedes Tobago to France
Rule of West Indies
In the Treaty of Paris Britain is awarded the West Indies
Treaty of Paris
The Treaty of Paris recognizes the independence of the 13 American colonies. The Treaty of Paris cedes Florida to Spain. France regains St Lucia, Tobago & the East Indies. Britain regains the West Indies
President of the Council
Appointed Member of Council
Minister of State
Appointed Minister of State
Lieutenant
Joins his regiment in Valence. Joins his regiment at Valence
Rule of Maastricht
Under the Treaty of Fountainbleus abandons his claim to Maastricht
Rule of River Scheldte
Under the Treaty of Fountainbleau Holland recognizes Joseph s rule over the Scheldt
Treaty of Fontainbleau
Receives 10 million guilders in compensation. Holland recognizes Joseph IIs sovereignty over part of the River Scheldt. Abandons his claim to Maastricht & free navigation of Sheldte outside his dominions
Abandonment of Maastricht Claim
Receives compensation while abandoning demands concerning Maastricht and the Scheldt.
Treaty of Fontainebleau
Accepts a settlement ending his territorial claim to Maastricht.
Alliance Agreement at Paris
An alliance is agreed between France & Holland
Alliance is agreed between France and Holland
An alliance is agreed between France & Holland
Demands Britain relinquish military posts along Great Lakes & in Ohio, Britain
Demands Britain relinquish military posts along Great Lakes & in Ohio, Britain refuses
Dismissal
Dismissed after failing to reform taxes & convening a hostile Assembly of Notables
Royal Session on Loans
Louis XVI held a royal session of the Parlement of Paris as the crown sought registration of new loans to stabilize state finances.
Necker navigates representation pressure
Necker confronted popular demands to increase the commoners' voice without alienating privileged elites. This development concerning notables reconsider rules for estates general exposed the limits of the old regime's political arrangements.
King submits representation issues to notables
Louis XVI convened a second assembly to consider the composition of the coming Estates General. The notables reconsider rules for estates general made Versailles a focal point in the struggle over royal and representative authority.
Sieyes challenges the old constitutional categories
Sieyes's developing theory of the nation strengthened attacks on the political supremacy of privileged orders. The consequences of notables reconsider rules for estates general reached well beyond the palace and its neighbouring legislative chambers.
Second Assembly of Notables
Louis XVI convened a second Assembly of Notables to consider how the forthcoming Estates General should be constituted.
Bailly addresses municipal finance shortages
The new city government inherited fiscal pressures without the settled machinery of the old regime. Bailly's mayoralty depended on finding funds for administration, security and the supply of essential goods.
Church estates nationalized: Clerical wealth placed at nation's disposal
Talleyrand proposed making Church property available to the nation as the treasury's problems mounted. The measure opened a major transfer of institutional wealth toward state administration.
Church property declared at nation's disposal
The Assembly voted to place ecclesiastical property at the disposal of the nation. This decision altered the economic position of the clergy after the earlier abolition of tithes.
Church estates nationalized: Fiscal needs reshape property law
Sieyes and the constituent legislature operated under pressure to stabilize the public finances. Nationalization of Church lands supplied security for the new financial measures.
Church estates nationalized: Church reform enters political program
Grégoire confronted the consequences of placing ecclesiastical wealth under national authority. The measure intensified debate about the relationship between religion and the revolutionary state.
Church Property Nationalization
Louis XVI faced the Assembly's decision to place church property at the disposal of the nation as revolutionary financial reform accelerated.
Promulgation of August Decrees
Louis XVI issued letters patent giving legal effect to major August decrees that dismantled privileges and feudal institutions.
Letters patent promulgate August measures
Louis XVI issued letters patent giving formal legal effect to major reforms enacted after the August sitting. The publication helped translate the Assembly's attack on privilege into the kingdom's legal framework.
Friends of the Constitution
Robespierre becomes associated with the Society of the Friends of the Constitution as radical political debate grows in Paris
Friends of the Constitution
Robespierre becomes associated with the Society of the Friends of the Constitution as radical political debate grows in Paris.
Lafayette Balances District Military Loyalties
Different Paris districts supplied men who did not always agree about the king and municipal government. Lafayette struggled to turn these locally rooted companies into a reliable common command.
Clergy Oath Decree
Louis XVI confronted the Assembly's decree requiring clergy to swear loyalty to the constitutional church settlement.
Oath imposed on clergy: Constitutional episcopacy promoted
Talleyrand's alignment with reforms placed him on the side of a reorganized national Church. The oath controversy increasingly made clerical office a question of political as well as religious loyalty.
Political Debate
Brissot uses club debate and journalism to promote revolutionary reform and a more assertive foreign policy
Political Debate
Brissot uses club debate and journalism to promote revolutionary reform and a more assertive foreign policy.
Oath imposed on clergy: Nonjuror resistance expands
Maury argued against revolutionary intrusions into the Catholic hierarchy as the clerical oath drove divisions. The new categories of constitutional and refractory priests polarized local communities.
Oath imposed on clergy: Priestly conscience divided
Grégoire confronted the oath requirement obliging clergy to accept the civil reorganization of the Church. Supporters considered compliance civic duty, while opponents believed it violated religious obedience.
St Clair's Defeat
Defeated by the Western Confederacy in the Northwest Indian War
Veto of Emigre Measures
Louis XVI used his suspensive veto against legislation targeting émigrés, intensifying suspicion of the monarchy's political intentions.
Mayor of Paris
Elected mayor of Paris after Bailly's resignation
Mayor of Paris
Jerome Petion was elected mayor of Paris after Bailly's resignation.
Bailly leaves Paris mayoralty
Bailly resigned as mayor after prolonged hostility arising from the Champ de Mars shootings. His departure ended the tenure of the capital's first revolutionary mayor.
Bailly succeeded by a different political leadership
The vacancy created by Bailly's departure allowed Paris to choose a new municipal leader. The change reflected the collapse of confidence in the administration associated with the Champ de Mars episode.
Paris mayoral transition: Election to mayoralty
Petion won the Paris mayoralty as the capital turned away from Bailly's model of municipal leadership. The result revealed how the Champ de Mars tragedy altered the city's political balance.
Pressure on German princes advocated
Brissot urged diplomatic action against princes who permitted armed French émigrés to organize on their territory. The issue helped transform domestic counterrevolution into an international confrontation.
Paris mayoral transition: Resignation from municipal office
Bailly left the Paris mayoralty under the weight of declining popularity and political hostility. The suppression of petitioners had become inseparable from his public reputation.
Resignation as Mayor
Bailly resigned as mayor of Paris after his popularity collapsed following the Champ de Mars violence.
Paris mayoral transition: Jacobin influence in city politics
Robespierre's political allies gained opportunities as moderate authority weakened in Paris. The municipal change reflected a larger shift toward popular activists and their elected representatives.
Battle of Jemappes
Sees his 1st military action
Jemappes Victory Opens Belgian Advance
Dumouriez defeated Austrian forces at Jemappes after the autumn French offensive. The victory opened much of the Austrian Netherlands to republican occupation.
Battle of Jemappes
Defeats the Austrians after their capture of Lille
Battle of Jemappes
Helps Dumouriez the Austrians after their capture of Lille
Siege of Namur
1st day of the siege of Namur
Trial of Louis XVI Speech
Saint-Just tells the Convention that the deposed king should be judged as an enemy of the Republic rather than as an ordinary citizen.
First Convention Speech
Saint-Just used his first major Convention speech to argue that Louis XVI should be treated as an enemy rather than an ordinary citizen.
Capture of Paris
Captures Brussels
Iron Chest Documents
Discovery of documents in the Tuileries iron chest strengthened accusations that Louis XVI had secretly dealt with political opponents of the Revolution.
Birth of Victor Cousin
Victor Cousin is born in Paris.
President of National Convention
The Convention placed Barere in the presidential chair as proceedings against Louis XVI moved toward formal trial.
Constitution of France
Vetoes the law regarding refractory priests & accused of undermining the constitution
Constitution of France
Vetoes the law regarding refractory priests and accused of undermining the constitution.
Trial of former king debated: Convention confronts regicide
Danton participated in the revolutionary legislature as deputies debated responsibility for the monarchy's actions. A decision on Louis XVI threatened to divide republican politicians and provoke foreign courts.
Dumouriez victory at Jemappes: French forces defeat Austrians
Dumouriez won the battle of Jemappes in the Austrian Netherlands, boosting hopes for French expansion. His success temporarily strengthened politicians who had advocated revolutionary war.
Dumouriez victory at Jemappes: Republican confidence rises
Vergniaud's allies gained confidence as French armies advanced across the frontier. Military success increased ambition but also provoked new questions about conquest and liberation.
Dumouriez victory at Jemappes: Military success validates policy
Brissot welcomed victories that appeared to vindicate the offensive war policy. Later military reverses would turn the same association into a political liability.
Trial of former king debated: King treated as public enemy
Saint-Just argued that Louis XVI ought to be treated as an enemy of the people rather than an ordinary litigant. His speech rejected the notion that royal inviolability survived the overthrow of monarchy.
Saint Just Challenges Royal Immunity
Saint Just rejected the assumption that a deposed monarch could invoke the constitutional protection once attached to the crown. He argued that Louis XVI's fate involved the survival of the Republic rather than a routine prosecution.
Trial of former king debated: Political judgment urged
Robespierre opposed viewing the former king's fate as a routine criminal trial. He regarded the Revolution's survival as the central question before the Convention.
Olympe de Gouges Defends Political Writing
The Tribunal prosecuted Olympe de Gouges after her publications challenged the dominant political faction. Her case revealed the risks faced by writers who criticized revolutionary authority.
Olympe de Gouges Executed by Tribunal Order
The Revolutionary Tribunal condemned Olympe de Gouges and she was guillotined. Her fate became a notable example of the punishment of political dissent.
Execution of Olympe de Gouges
Olympe de Gouges was executed after conviction by the Revolutionary Tribunal for her political publications.
Former Duke of Orleans Executed
Philippe Egalite was executed after conviction by the Revolutionary Tribunal. His death showed that public association with the Revolution did not guarantee safety.
Cult of Reason
Helps found a "cult of reason"
Cult of Reason
Jacques Rene Hebert helped establish the Cult of Reason.
Chaumette backs ceremonies of reason
Chaumette encouraged de-Christianizing policies associated with the Paris Commune. This aspect of dechristianization divides revolutionaries illustrates how press campaigns, popular sections and government decisions became connected.
Bailly prosecuted for anti-republican conduct
The Revolutionary Tribunal prosecuted Bailly amid accusations rooted in his municipal leadership and the Champ de Mars bloodshed. His earlier role in founding the National Assembly did not prevent prosecution.
Robespierre criticizes coercive atheistic excess
Robespierre opposed the most conspicuous anti-religious campaigners, contributing to the estrangement of Hébertist militants. The controversy surrounding dechristianization divides revolutionaries influenced the changing balance among revolutionary factions.
Hebert promotes anti-clerical agitation
Hébert's followers supported campaigns that sought to replace traditional Catholic rituals with revolutionary civic culture. The episode concerned dechristianization divides revolutionaries and affected the relationship between club activists and public authority.
Bailly sentenced to death
The tribunal condemned Bailly to death in November 1793. The judgment illustrated how a leading figure of the Revolution's first constitutional phase had become a target of its radical government.
Bailly judged through revolutionary memory
Prosecutors and political observers revisited Bailly's conduct in the first years of the Revolution. His reputation as a constitutional founder was overshadowed by charges related to repression.
Bailly taken to Champ de Mars for execution
The authorities brought Bailly to the Champ de Mars, the scene associated with his decision to proclaim martial law in 1791. Choosing this location emphasized the political vengeance attached to his sentence.
Bailly's execution recalls 1791 shootings
The punishment of Bailly was widely linked to the deaths at the Champ de Mars. It revealed how unresolved violence from the constitutional period continued to shape revolutionary justice.
Bailly's final fate contrasts with Tennis Court presidency
Bailly had once presided over the oath asserting the nation's right to a constitution. His execution four years later demonstrated the gulf between early constitutional optimism and the later Terror.
Execution of Jean-Sylvain Bailly
Bailly was guillotined after being condemned by the Revolutionary Tribunal. His death marked the destruction of one of the Revolution's best-known early constitutional leaders.
Revolutionary Government Report
Billaud-Varenne presented proposals for strengthening revolutionary government and central authority.
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant Colonel of the National Guard
Lieutenant
Suchet was appointed lieutenant colonel of the National Guard.
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant Colonel of the National Guard
Calendar
Helped design the calendar which is adopted by the Convention. A "natural" calendar of 12 months of 30 days with names reflecting the climate
Calendar
Helped design the calendar which is adopted by the Convention. A "natural" calendar of 12 months of 30 days with names reflecting the climate.
Capture of Le Caire
The Council of War accepts Napoleon's proposals to recapture Le Caire Peninsular
Siege of Toulon
The Council of War accepts Napoleon's proposals to recapture Le Caire Peninsular
Execution of Antoine Barnave
Barnave was executed in Paris after revolutionary authorities prosecuted his links with the royal family.
Battle of Kaiserslaute
Checked by the Allied forces under Brunswick
Battle of Kaiserslaute
Checks the advance of the French under General Hoche
Allied Sortie Ends with O Hara Captured
O Hara was wounded and captured during fighting outside Toulon. The incident weakened the Allied land command and encouraged the French besiegers.
Forward French Battery Provokes Allied Sortie
Republican artillery positions outside Toulon drew a counterattack from Allied defenders. Fighting over the batteries demonstrated how much control of artillery sites mattered to the siege.
French Artillery Deploys New Heavy Guns
Bonaparte sought additional cannon and ammunition for siege batteries. Concentrating effective artillery was essential to challenging the enemy's defended positions.
Republican Batteries Threaten Allied Shipping
Bonaparte's guns increasingly challenged ships and coastal defenders occupying the harbor. The growing threat made the capture of the southern heights even more consequential.
Bailly prosecuted under the Terror: Earlier municipal rivalry revisited
Petion had succeeded Bailly as mayor after the public backlash against the Champ de Mars massacre. Bailly's later prosecution emphasized the enduring political memory of the event even as the Revolution entered a more violent phase.
Doppet Temporarily Directs Siege Operations
General Doppet briefly replaced Carteaux during the stalled operation against Toulon. The command changes reflected frustration with the speed and coordination of the republican assault.
Dugommier Assumes Command of Siege Army
Dugommier took command after earlier commanders failed to seize the town. He supported a more coordinated effort to capture the strategically decisive fortifications.
La Poype Commands Eastern Siege Sector
General La Poype directed French forces attacking from the eastern side of Toulon. His operations complemented the principal assault focused on positions controlling the harbor.
Houchard Tried after Northern Campaign
General Houchard faced prosecution despite the earlier French victory at Hondschoote. His failure to exploit the result was turned into a charge of military misconduct and disloyalty.
Aftermath Leaves Continuing Border Warfare
Despite the relief of Maubeuge the northern campaign did not end with Wattignies. Jourdan's soldiers still faced Coalition armies positioned across the nearby frontier.
Madame Roland Faces Revolutionary Prosecution
Madame Roland was tried in the aftermath of the fall of the Girondins, with whom she was closely associated. Her prosecution followed months of factional accusations and imprisonment.
Bailly prosecuted under the Terror: Former mayor sentenced
Bailly was condemned during the Terror after a trial that prominently revisited his conduct on 17 July 1791. The former constitutional leader became a victim of the revolutionary justice that followed his political eclipse.
Mission to Nantes
Carrier conducts harsh repression in Nantes during the struggle against counterrevolution in the west
Mission to Nantes
Carrier conducts harsh repression in Nantes during the struggle against counterrevolution in the west.
Mission to Lyon
Fouche helps impose revolutionary punishment in Lyon after the citys revolt against Paris
Mission to Lyon
Fouche helps impose revolutionary punishment in Lyon after the citys revolt against Paris.
Section Officers Confront Centralized Command
The National Guard's battalions retained local connections even as leaders sought more unified orders. This tension complicated the reliability of force during disputes between sections and national authorities.
Hebert Press Campaign Attacks Political Defendants
Hébert's newspaper portrayed several political opponents as threats who merited severe punishment. Such coverage helped create a climate in which legal defendants faced hostility before their hearings.
Mission to Rhine Army
Saint-Just and Le Bas were sent to the eastern armies to restore discipline and strengthen defence against Austrian pressure.
Representatives Demand Supplies for Rhine Troops
Saint Just pressed local authorities to provide food clothing and transport for the army. The intervention demonstrated the emergency government's willingness to requisition resources for national defense.
Rhine Mission Reviews Senior Officer Conduct
Le Bas helped scrutinize the reliability and performance of military commanders. Revolutionary oversight sought to prevent both operational failure and suspected disloyalty.
Bailly prosecuted under the Terror: Political reversals of the Revolution
Robespierre was by 1793 an influential revolutionary leader as the former Paris mayor faced execution. Bailly's fate demonstrated how the balance of power had shifted since the repression of radical petitioners.
Coalition Regroups beyond the Battlefield
The defeat required Coburg to reconsider the disposition of Allied troops and the prospects for further sieges. His coalition remained active although the immediate threat to Maubeuge had receded.
Foreign Fleet Supplies Besieged Royalist Forces
Hood's ships maintained communications and support for the defending garrison. Allied naval control helped prolong the city's resistance against republican land forces.
Battle of Maastricht
Distinguishes himself in battle when the French cross the Rhine
Capture of Maastricht
Receives Maastricht's surrender during the French revolutionary advance.
French Occupation of Maastricht
Brings the city under French control after the siege.
Battle of Prague
The rebel polish army is Massacred by the Russians
Treason
The leader of the London Corresponding Society is acquitted of treason
Trial
The leader of the London Corresponding Society is acquitted of treason
Habeus Corpus
Suspends Habeus Corpus because of fears of Jacobinism & the French revolution
Convention Orders Jacobin Club Closed
The Convention closed the Jacobin Club amid the Thermidorian reaction. The decision ended the leading Parisian society's central role in revolutionary political mobilization.
Jacobin Club closed - Longer-term significance
Jean-Lambert Tallien figured in events surrounding jacobin club closed at Paris. The decision sharply reduced the organizational influence of the radical Jacobin movement. It formed part of the unsettled transition that eventually produced the Constitution of Year III and the Directory.
Jacobin Club closed
The Convention closed the Paris Jacobin Club after confrontations involving opponents of its remaining militants. The decision sharply reduced the organizational influence of the radical Jacobin movement.
Closure
The National Convention orders the Jacobin Club in Paris closed during the Thermidorian reaction
Closure
The National Convention orders the Jacobin Club in Paris closed during the Thermidorian reaction.
Closure
The Jacobin Club is closed as the Thermidorian Reaction weakens radical political organisation
Closure
The Jacobin Club is closed as the Thermidorian Reaction weakens radical political organisation.
Treaty of Jays Treaty
Settles disputes between the United States & Britain
Birth of William Blake
Birth of William Blake
Under Secretary
Appointed Under Secretary at the Foreign Office
Occupation
Marches his forces into Warsaw having crushed the Kosciuszko revolt
Siege of Mannheim
Recaptures Mannheim from the French
Mannheim Fortress Falls to Coalition Forces
The loss of Mannheim undermined French attempts to sustain a foothold on the Rhine. It marked another setback in the unsuccessful campaign of 1795.
Battle of Loana
Fights at the Battle of Loana in Italy
Battle of Loano
Andre Massena fought in the French victory at Loano as the Army of Italy broke Austrian and Sardinian positions on the Ligurian coast.
Directory Inherits Fragmented Citizen Militia
The new executive emerged after successive clashes with armed Paris sections. Its leaders treated the political independence of citizen forces as a serious institutional danger.
Election to Directory
Carnot joined the five-member Executive Directory and took responsibility for major military affairs.
Military Affairs of Directory
Carnot assumed a leading role in directing military policy for the new Directory.
Election to Directory
La Revelliere-Lepeaux was elected to the Executive Directory with an overwhelming vote in the Council of Ancients.
Refusal of Directory Seat
Sieyes refused to become a member of the Executive Directory after the new constitutional government was established.
Refusal of Foreign Ministry
Sieyes declined the opportunity to direct the Ministry of Foreign Relations under the Directory.
Election to Directory
Barras was elected one of the five members of the new Executive Directory under the Constitution of Year III.
Luxembourg Palace
Barras took up residence at the Luxembourg Palace as the Executive Directory began operating under the new constitution.
Death of Catherine II the Great
Dies of apoplexy aged 67
Battle of Arcole
Fights at the Battle of Arcole in Italy
Battle of Arcole
Napoleon secured victory at Arcole after three days of fighting, forcing the Austrian army to withdraw from the Adige region.
Battle of Arcole
Massena fought at Arcole during the three-day battle that forced Austrian forces away from the Adige.
President of Council of Five Hundred
Sieyes became president of the Council of Five Hundred for a one-month term.
Congress of Rastadt
The Congress of Rastadt opened as France pursued a wider settlement after Campo Formio, with Napoleon associated with the negotiations.
Baron Nelson
Is created Baron Nelson after the Nile victory.
Capture of Rome
Mack captures Rome
Sieyes and Bonaparte coordinate - Military consequence
Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes figured in events surrounding sieyes and bonaparte coordinate at Paris. Their partnership joined constitutional design to military force despite their differing ambitions. The event illustrated how the availability of armed force could determine the outcome of a dispute among civilian leaders.
Sieyes and Bonaparte coordinate
Sieyes met Bonaparte as discussions about the planned change of government became more concrete. Their partnership joined constitutional design to military force despite their differing ambitions.
Marriage
Brunel marries Sophia Kingdom after the couple are reunited in London.
Meeting with Bonaparte
Fouche met Bonaparte shortly before Brumaire and positioned the police ministry to accommodate the coming change of government.
Fouche meets Bonaparte - Political consequence
Joseph Fouche figured in events surrounding fouche meets bonaparte at Paris. His conduct helped avoid a decisive police intervention against the conspirators. The action changed the balance between Bonaparte, the legislative councils and politicians seeking a stronger executive.
Fouche meets Bonaparte
Fouche conferred with Bonaparte shortly before the coup and assessed the likelihood of a change of regime. His conduct helped avoid a decisive police intervention against the conspirators.
Meeting with Fouche
Napoleon met Joseph Fouche during preparations for the political operation that became the coup of Brumaire.
Talleyrand cultivates Bonaparte - Change of government
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord figured in events surrounding talleyrand cultivates bonaparte at Paris. His political connections made him a valuable intermediary between the general and elite supporters of constitutional change. It was one step in dismantling the five-member Directory and establishing the provisional Consulate.
Talleyrand cultivates Bonaparte
Talleyrand met with Bonaparte as preparations for the coup advanced. His political connections made him a valuable intermediary between the general and elite supporters of constitutional change.
Last consultations before coup - Historical significance
Jean-Jacques Regis de Cambaceres figured in events surrounding last consultations before coup at Paris. The lawyer would become an important figure in the institutional order created after Brumaire. The episode contributed to the outcome in which Bonaparte emerged as France’s leading executive authority.
Last consultations before coup
Cambaceres met Bonaparte on the eve of the coup during a period of intense political negotiation. The lawyer would become an important figure in the institutional order created after Brumaire.
Consul
Appointed Consul, 1 of 3 in the Directory
Ancients invoked security alarm - Military consequence
Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes figured in events surrounding ancients invoked security alarm at Paris. Sieyes's plan used this legal-looking step to separate the assembly from political support in Paris. The event illustrated how the availability of armed force could determine the outcome of a dispute among civilian leaders.
Ancients invoked security alarm
The Council of Ancients was persuaded to relocate the legislative councils to Saint-Cloud on grounds of a supposed threat. Sieyes's plan used this legal-looking step to separate the assembly from political support in Paris.
Moulin resists directors resignation - Change of government
Jean-Francois Moulin figured in events surrounding moulin resists directors resignation at Paris. The refusal of remaining Directors to cooperate showed that the takeover was not consensual. It was one step in dismantling the five-member Directory and establishing the provisional Consulate.
Moulin resists directors resignation
Director Moulin did not voluntarily join the conspiracy and faced pressure as the executive collapsed. The refusal of remaining Directors to cooperate showed that the takeover was not consensual.
Gohier refuses to legitimize takeover - Historical significance
Louis-Jerome Gohier figured in events surrounding gohier refuses to legitimize takeover at Paris. His resistance complicated attempts to present the change as an orderly executive transition. The episode contributed to the outcome in which Bonaparte emerged as France’s leading executive authority.
Gohier refuses to legitimize takeover
Gohier remained loyal to the Directory and did not endorse the conspirators' desired collective resignation. His resistance complicated attempts to present the change as an orderly executive transition.
Barras resigns under pressure - Constitutional consequence
Paul Francois Barras figured in events surrounding barras resigns under pressure at Paris. The departure of the third Director left the executive unable to function as designed. This development weakened constitutional checks built into the Directory and prepared the replacement of its executive institutions.
Barras resigns under pressure
Barras surrendered his place in the Directory as Bonaparte's allies consolidated their operation. The departure of the third Director left the executive unable to function as designed.
Bonaparte receives troop command - Political consequence
Napoleon Bonaparte figured in events surrounding bonaparte receives troop command at Paris. This gave the general an official basis for positioning soldiers during the coup. The action changed the balance between Bonaparte, the legislative councils and politicians seeking a stronger executive.
Bonaparte receives troop command
The Council of Ancients entrusted Bonaparte with command of troops assigned to protect the legislature during its transfer. This gave the general an official basis for positioning soldiers during the coup.
Talleyrand intervenes in Barras departure - Military consequence
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord figured in events surrounding talleyrand intervenes in barras departure at Paris. Removing Barras was essential to disabling the existing executive before a replacement was assembled. The event illustrated how the availability of armed force could determine the outcome of a dispute among civilian leaders.
Talleyrand intervenes in Barras departure
Talleyrand helped manage the political pressure surrounding Barras's resignation from the Directory. Removing Barras was essential to disabling the existing executive before a replacement was assembled.
Lucien supports procedural maneuver - Constitutional consequence
Lucien Bonaparte figured in events surrounding lucien supports procedural maneuver at Paris. His position offered the conspirators an influential voice within the lower legislative chamber. This development weakened constitutional checks built into the Directory and prepared the replacement of its executive institutions.
Lucien supports procedural maneuver
Lucien Bonaparte occupied the presidency of the Council of Five Hundred at the time of the coup. His position offered the conspirators an influential voice within the lower legislative chamber.
Consul
Appointed Consul, 1 of 3 in the Directory
Consul
Appointed Consul, 1 of 3 in the Directory
Coup of 18 Brumaire
Napoleon joined Sieyes and allied politicians in the coup that began on 18 Brumaire and transferred the councils away from Paris.
Resignation after Brumaire
Barras resigned as the coup of Brumaire destroyed the Directory and ended his central role in revolutionary government.
Consul
Appointed Consul, 1 of 3 in the Directory
Five Hundred assemble at Saint-Cloud - Political consequence
Lucien Bonaparte figured in events surrounding five hundred assemble at saint-cloud at Saint-Cloud. Lucien Bonaparte's chairmanship placed him between angry deputies and his brother's military supporters. The action changed the balance between Bonaparte, the legislative councils and politicians seeking a stronger executive.
Five Hundred assemble at Saint-Cloud
The Council of Five Hundred met at Saint-Cloud amid suspicion of the extraordinary transfer. Lucien Bonaparte's chairmanship placed him between angry deputies and his brother's military supporters.
Lucien appeals to troops - Constitutional consequence
Lucien Bonaparte figured in events surrounding lucien appeals to troops at Saint-Cloud. He portrayed the assembly as endangered by hostile deputies, helping justify military action. This development weakened constitutional checks built into the Directory and prepared the replacement of its executive institutions.
Lucien appeals to troops
Lucien Bonaparte appealed to troops outside the council chamber after the confrontation with his brother. He portrayed the assembly as endangered by hostile deputies, helping justify military action.
Provisional executive announced - Change of government
Roger Ducos figured in events surrounding provisional executive announced at Saint-Cloud. The appointment marked the formal replacement of the Directory by a new executive arrangement. It was one step in dismantling the five-member Directory and establishing the provisional Consulate.
Provisional executive announced
Ducos became one of the three provisional consuls chosen after the legislative councils were neutralized. The appointment marked the formal replacement of the Directory by a new executive arrangement.
Moreau backs military operation - Political consequence
Jean Victor Marie Moreau figured in events surrounding moreau backs military operation at Saint-Cloud. His cooperation widened the military support available to the conspirators. The action changed the balance between Bonaparte, the legislative councils and politicians seeking a stronger executive.
Moreau backs military operation
Moreau supported Bonaparte's coup and was assigned a role in containing hostile members of the outgoing government. His cooperation widened the military support available to the conspirators.
Grenadiers clear chamber - Military consequence
Joachim Murat figured in events surrounding grenadiers clear chamber at Saint-Cloud. Armed intervention, rather than a regular majority vote, resolved the immediate legislative resistance. The event illustrated how the availability of armed force could determine the outcome of a dispute among civilian leaders.
Grenadiers clear chamber
Troops under senior officers including Murat cleared the Council of Five Hundred from its meeting room. Armed intervention, rather than a regular majority vote, resolved the immediate legislative resistance.
Bonaparte addresses Ancients - Change of government
Napoleon Bonaparte figured in events surrounding bonaparte addresses ancients at Saint-Cloud. The appearance exposed the limits of his ability to win parliamentary consent by persuasion. It was one step in dismantling the five-member Directory and establishing the provisional Consulate.
Bonaparte addresses Ancients
Bonaparte appeared before the Council of Ancients to justify the crisis measures but delivered a troubled speech. The appearance exposed the limits of his ability to win parliamentary consent by persuasion.
Confrontation in Five Hundred - Historical significance
Napoleon Bonaparte figured in events surrounding confrontation in five hundred at Saint-Cloud. The uproar made clear that the coup would not pass through the lower council without coercion. The episode contributed to the outcome in which Bonaparte emerged as France’s leading executive authority.
Confrontation in Five Hundred
When Bonaparte entered the Council of Five Hundred he met angry resistance from deputies hostile to military interference. The uproar made clear that the coup would not pass through the lower council without coercion.
Sieyes enters provisional Consulate - Historical significance
Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes figured in events surrounding sieyes enters provisional consulate at Saint-Cloud. Although he had helped devise the coup, the emerging arrangement increasingly favored Bonaparte. The episode contributed to the outcome in which Bonaparte emerged as France’s leading executive authority.
Sieyes enters provisional Consulate
Sieyes was designated provisional consul together with Bonaparte and Ducos. Although he had helped devise the coup, the emerging arrangement increasingly favored Bonaparte.
Constitution of France
Helps overthrow the Directory & replace it with the Consulate
Consulate
Helps overthrow the Directory & replace it with the Consulate
Coup
Helps overthrow the Directory & replace it with the Consulate
Directory
Helps overthrow the Directory & replace it with the Consulate
Provisional Consulate
The coup of Brumaire ended the Directory, and Napoleon became a provisional consul alongside Sieyes and Roger Ducos.
Consular authority proclaimed - Constitutional consequence
Napoleon Bonaparte figured in events surrounding consular authority proclaimed at Paris. A military-backed political reversal was presented as the beginning of constitutional reconstruction. This development weakened constitutional checks built into the Directory and prepared the replacement of its executive institutions.
Consular authority proclaimed
Bonaparte took up authority under the provisional Consulate in the aftermath of the Saint-Cloud events. A military-backed political reversal was presented as the beginning of constitutional reconstruction.
Fouche retained in new regime - Military consequence
Joseph Fouche figured in events surrounding fouche retained in new regime at Paris. Continuity in surveillance and public order helped the new government avoid an immediate counterstroke. The event illustrated how the availability of armed force could determine the outcome of a dispute among civilian leaders.
Fouche retained in new regime
Fouche remained a central police official as the Consulate consolidated its control of Paris. Continuity in surveillance and public order helped the new government avoid an immediate counterstroke.
Talleyrand returns to diplomacy - Political consequence
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord figured in events surrounding talleyrand returns to diplomacy at Paris. His appointment connected Bonaparte's administration to experienced diplomatic networks from the Directory. The action changed the balance between Bonaparte, the legislative councils and politicians seeking a stronger executive.
Talleyrand returns to diplomacy
Talleyrand returned to the foreign affairs portfolio under the new consular regime. His appointment connected Bonaparte's administration to experienced diplomatic networks from the Directory.
Return to Foreign Ministry
After Brumaire, Talleyrand returned to the Ministry of Foreign Relations and aligned himself closely with Bonaparte's new government.
Battle of Laswari
Scindia's army suffers a major defeat at Laswari, weakening Maratha resistance in northern India.
Transfer of Bayeux Tapestry
Napoleon's government requested the embroidery for an exhibition at the Napoleon Museum in Paris.
Constitution of Switzerland
The Federal constitution goes into effect
Battle of Argaon
Raghoji II Bhonsle's forces are defeated at Argaon during the East India Company's campaign in central India.
Alliance Frederick William III and third coalition
Prussia joins the third coalition against France by signing a secret Treaty at Potsdam
Trafalgar Dispatch
Brings Collingwood's Trafalgar dispatch to Britain in HMS Pickle.
News of Trafalgar
Receives news of the victory and Nelson's death.
Trafalgar Dispatch
Receives official news from Lapenotiere.
Public Mourning
Britain mourns Nelson while celebrating Trafalgar.
Decree
Orders the confiscation of British merchandise in French territory. Declares the British isles to be in a state of blockade
Siege of Warsaw
When the French arrived in Poland, the local people hailed them as liberators. The Russian general Bennigsen worried that French forces might cut him off from Buxhoevdens army, so he abandoned Warsaw and retreated to the right bank of the Vistula. French troops under Murat enter Warsaw
Capture of Warsaw
Captures Warsaw in pursuit of the Russians
Result of Surrender of Blücher at Lübeck
Blücher's force is removed from active operations after capitulating at Lübeck.
Surrender of Blücher at Lübeck
Forces Blucher to surrender at Lubeck
Member of Parliament
Elected for Horsham but was unseated in January 1807, when the Whig majority in the Commons voted for a petition to unseat him
Treaty of Tilsit, 2nd
Russia signs a Treaty with France breaking the Anglon alliance against France
Invasion of Portugal
Begins the invasion of Portugal
Continental System
after the refusal of the Prince Regent, John VI of Portugal, to join the Continental System, Napoleon sent an army into Spain under General Jean-Andoche Junot with the task of invading Portugal
Invasion of Portugal
after the refusal of the Prince Regent, John VI of Portugal, to join the Continental System, Napoleon sent an army into Spain under General Jean-Andoche Junot with the task of invading Portugal
Invasion of Spain
Napoleon sends an army into Spain under Jean-Andoche Junot to invade Portugal, after the refusal of Prince Regent John VI to join the Continental System
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander of the Army in Spain, assumes control
Battle of Valmaceda
Blake surprises his enemies again when, at Valmaceda, he suddenly turns about & attacks the French vanguard, inflicting a stinging defeat
Battle of Espinosa
A well-coordinated French attack shatters Blakes centre & drives his army from the field in a rout
Battle of Tudela
Takes command of the army in Spain & defeats the Spanish
Battle of Tudela
Retreats from the Iberian Peninsular after the Spanish are defeated by Napoleon
Chief Minister
Appointed Chief Minister of Prussia
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary
President of Spain
Appointed President of Spain, President of the Supreme Central Governing Junta
Supreme Central Governing Junta
Appointed President of Spain, President of the Supreme Central Governing Junta
Invasion of Spain
Napoleon reaches northern Spain
Invasion of Spain
Complains to his commissariat, "I have nothing, I am naked"
Battle of Tudela
Napoleon defeats a Spanish force
Invasion of Spain
Launches an invasion with 191,000 under his command
Invasion of Spain
Breaks through the Spanish defence of the Sierra de Guadarrama
Invasion of Spain
Drives the Spanish army of Galicia back on Leon
Declaration of War
Declares war on Russia
Declaration of War
Madison recommends war against Britain in Congress
Madison recommends war against Britain in Congress
Madison recommends war against Britain in Congress
Declaration of War
Madison recommends war against Britain in Congress
Battle of Tippecanoe Creek
Leads a campaign against the Indians culminating in the Battle of Tippecanoe Creek
Birth of John Bright
Birth of John Bright
Invasion of Russia
Napoleon retreats to Smolensk
Siege of Borisov
The Russians burn the Bridge at Borisov which cuts off Napoleon's retreat
Invasion of Russia
Persued by forces of 3 to 1. Discovers an unmapped ford only 100 yards wide & 6 feet deep
Invasion of Russia
Retreats over the Beresina River
Invasion of Russia
Crosses the Beresina but only 25,000 of his Grande Armee remain
Battle of Beresina
Rusian victory after failed attempt by the French to capture Moscow, 36,000 are killed
Battle of Beresina
Russian attack on the French while they are crossing the Beresina River. Partial Rusian victory after the failed attempt by the French to capture Moscow
Battle of Nivelle
Defeats Soult
Battle of Ayohuma
Royalists defeat Belgrano again, weakening patriot hopes in Upper Peru
Siege of Danzig
The French surrender the city of Danzig to Russians
Rule of Danzig
The French surrender the city of Danzig to Russians
Siege of Danzig
The French surrender the city of Danzig to Russians
Colonel
Appointed Colonel General of the Imperial Guard
Colonel
Appointed Colonel General of the Imperial Guard
Congress of Vienna
Opening day of the Congress of Vienna
Conference of Paris
As a representitive of the Swiss Confederation declares Switzerlands neutrality
Neutrality
As a representitive of the Swiss Confederation declares Switzerlands neutrality
Second Treaty of Paris
Russia joins the allied powers in imposing the second peace settlement on France after Waterloo.
Constitution of Poland
Grants the Kingdom of Poland a constitution providing a parliament and limited civil guarantees.
Discovery of Antarctica
Sights Antarctic land near the peninsula from the sloop Hero, becoming one of the first Americans to report the continent
Peace
Bolivar concludes an armistice with Pablo Morillo
Peace
Bolivar concludes an armistice with Pablo Morillo
Birth of Friedrich Engels
Birth of Friedrich Engels
Saint Petersburg Flood
Responds to the catastrophic Saint Petersburg flood, which causes widespread destruction and loss of life.
Battle of Mitylene
An Ottoman Army is defeated & nearly destroyed by the Greeks
Vice President
Appointed Vice President of the USA
Election
The electoral college ends with Jackson 99, Adams 81, Crawford 41 & Clay 37 votes
Election
The electoral college ends with Jackson 99, Adams 81, Crawford 41 & Clay 37 votes
Election
The electoral college ends with Jackson 99, Adams 81, Crawford 41 & Clay 37 votes. Non of the presidential candidates has an overall majority
Election
The electoral college ends with Jackson 99, Adams 81, Crawford 41 & Clay 37 votes
Rotherhithe Shaft
The sinking shaft is completed and Brunel's tunnelling shield is assembled beneath the Rotherhithe site.
Birth of Joseph Arch
Birth of Joseph Arch
Constitution of Bolivia
Bolivar's constitution establishing a powerful lifetime presidency is promulgated in Bolivia.
Tunnel Banquet
A banquet is held inside the Thames Tunnel to demonstrate confidence in the pioneering construction project.
President of Chile
Assumes acting presidential authority during the political crisis of 1829.
President of Chile
Returns to acting executive authority as the civil conflict intensifies.
Election to House of Representatives
Is elected to the House of Representatives after serving as president.
Prime Minister of France
Becomes head of government during the early July Monarchy.
Opposition to Parliamentary Reform
Declares strong opposition to parliamentary reform while speaking in the House of Lords.
Conference of London
Wellington opens the London Conference to discuss Belgian independence
President of Uruguay
Becomes the first constitutional President of Uruguay
Succession as King of the Two Sicilies
Succeeds his father Francis I as King of the Two Sicilies.
Death of Francis I
Dies in Naples and is succeeded by his son Ferdinand II.
Belgian National Congress
Presides over the National Congress convened to establish Belgium's political system.
Government Defeat
Loses a parliamentary vote that brings his ministry to an end.
Resignation of Arthur Wellesley
Resigns as Prime Minister of Great Britain
Vote for Belgian Independence
Presides as the National Congress confirms Belgium's independence.
Election to the French Academy
Cousin is elected to the Academie francaise.
Resignation as Home Secretary
Leaves the Home Office when Wellington's Tory government is replaced.
Resignation as Lord Chancellor
Leaves office as Lord Chancellor after the fall of Wellington's ministry.
Lord Privy Seal
Joins Earl Grey's cabinet as Lord Privy Seal.
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain and forms a Whig government.
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Becomes Chancellor of the Exchequer in Earl Grey's Whig government.
Colonial Secretary
Joins Lord Grey's government as Colonial Secretary.
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Secretary in Lord Grey's government.
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary in Lord Grey's government.
Exclusion of House of Orange
Presides when the National Congress excludes the House of Orange-Nassau from the Belgian throne.
November Uprising
Leads cadets in the opening attack of the Polish November Uprising.
November Uprising
Faces the outbreak of the Polish November Uprising against Russian rule.
Withdrawal from Warsaw
Withdraws Russian forces from Warsaw after the uprising begins.
Swing Riots Response
Uses magistrates, troops and prosecutions as agricultural disturbances spread.
Formation of Grey Ministry
Invites Earl Grey to form a government after Wellington's resignation.
Reballion of Rebels in Bengal
Killed by Government troops as the rising against Hindu rule is put down
Reballion of Rebels in Narkelberia
Titu Mir is killed when British forces storm his fortified bamboo stronghold at Narkelberia.
Convention
The South Carolina Convention passes an ordinance repealing the Tariff Acts of 28 & 32
Legislation
The South Carolina Convention passes an ordinance repealing the Tariff Acts of 28 & 32
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 2nd term, November-December. Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain
Dismissal
Dismissed by William IV for proposing further Church reform
Dismissal
Dismisses the Melbourne Cabinet, the last time a British monarch takes such an action
Demonstrations
The crowd is fired on & 20 people are killed. The Chartist leader is transported after a riot at Newport
Transportation
The Chartist leader is transported after a riot at Newport
Birth of Cixi
Birth of Cixi, daughter of Huizheng, an ordinary official from the Manchu Yehenara clan
Death of John Loudon McAdam
Death of John Loudon McAdam
Letter to Heinrich Marx
Marx writes a long letter to his father describing his intellectual development.
Peru-Bolivian Confederation
Santa Cruz compels the first Chilean expedition to accept the Treaty of Paucarpata.
Kun en Spillemand
Explores artistic ambition, social limitation and disappointed love.
Only a Fiddler
Publishes the novel Only a Fiddler in Copenhagen.
Battle of Saint-Denis
Leads Patriote defenders who repel British regular troops at Saint-Denis.
Patriote Victory at Saint-Denis
Wins the principal Patriote battlefield victory of the Lower Canada Rebellion.
Birth of Johannes Diderik van der Waals
Birth of Johannes Diderik van der Waals
Battle of Saint-Charles
Commands Patriote forces facing a stronger British column at Saint-Charles.
Defeat at Saint-Charles
Retreats after British troops overwhelm the poorly armed Patriote position.
Final Pickwick Instalment
Concludes the comic travels and legal troubles of Samuel Pickwick.
Pickwick Papers Completed
Completes serial publication of The Pickwick Papers.
Battle of Vera Cruz
The French bombard Vera Cruz using new explosive shells forcing the Mexicans to pay reparations
Birth of Edward VII
Birth of Edward VII, 2nd child & eldest son of Queen Victoria & Prince Albert
Birth of Edward VII
Birth of Edward VII, eldest son & 3rd child of Victoria & Albert
Battle of Ingavi
Ballivian leads Bolivia to victory over invading Peruvian forces at Ingavi.
Battle of Ingavi
Ballivian defeats Peruvian President Agustin Gamarra and preserves Bolivian independence
Battle of Ingavi
Gamarra is killed during Peru's invasion of Bolivia
Thames Tunnel
Excavation reaches the Wapping side and the main tunnelling work beneath the Thames is completed.
Communal Reform and the Kolnische Zeitung
Publishes an article on communal reform and the political position of the Kolnische Zeitung.
Failures of the Liberal Opposition in Hanover
Publishes an article criticizing weaknesses in the liberal opposition in Hanover.
Birth of John William Strutt
Birth of John William Strutt
Divorce Bill Editorial Note
Publishes an editorial note on the proposed Prussian divorce bill.
Cabinet Order on the Daily Press
Publishes an article criticizing a cabinet order affecting the daily press.
Kolnische Zeitung Versus Rheinische Zeitung
Publishes a response to criticism directed at the Rheinische Zeitung by a Kolnische Zeitung correspondent.
University of Chile
Establishes the University of Chile as a national institution of higher education.
Hanover Industrialists and Protective Tariffs
Publishes an article examining Hanover industrialists and the politics of protective tariffs.
Herwegh and Ruge on The Free
Publishes an article discussing the attitudes of Georg Herwegh and Arnold Ruge toward The Free.
Polemical Tactics of the Augsburg Newspaper
Publishes an article criticizing the polemical methods of the Augsburg newspaper.
Nelson Column Completed
Nelson's Column is completed in Trafalgar Square.
Nelson Statue
Nelson's statue is raised at the top of the column.
Birth of John Sparrow David Thompson
Birth of John Sparrow David Thompson
Death of James Walter Grimston
Death of James Walter Grimston
Colonization Law
Promulgates legislation encouraging settlement and agricultural development in southern Chile.
Capture of Tampico
Perry supports naval operations as American forces occupy Tampico
Capture of Tampico
Captures Tampico
Capture of Tampico
Edson's marine battalion participates in operations connected with the occupation of Tampico
Capture of Saltillo
Captures Saltillo
Capture of Saltillo
Taylor occupies Saltillo as American forces extend control in northern Mexico
Discovery of Anaesthetic
Carries out the 1sr succesful experiment to use chloroform as an anaesthetic
Health of James Young Simpson
Carries out the 1sr succesful experiment to use chloroform as an anaesthetic
Communist League Congress
The Communist League commissions Marx and Engels to prepare a political manifesto.
Minister President
Appointed Chief Minister President of Prussia
Death of William Lamb
Death of William Lamb, suffers a stroke
Birth of Surendranath Banerjee
Birth of Surendranath Banerjee
Constitution of Switzerland
The Federal constitution goes into effect
Birth of Maximilian von Prittwitz
Birth of Maximilian von Prittwitz
Risorgimento
Following the assassination of his Minister Pellegrino Rossi, Pius IX fled Rome
Risorgimento
Following the assassination of his Minister Pellegrino Rossi, Pius IX fled Rome
Wali of Egypt
Succeeds Ibrahim Pasha as hereditary ruler of Egypt.
Calls Pius IXs brief to establish a Catholic hierarchy in England &
Calls Pius IXs brief to establish a Catholic hierarchy in England & Wales "insolent"
Mobilization
The Prussian Army is mobilized
Mobilization
The Prussian army is mobilized
Mobilization
Shots are exchanged between Austrian & Prussian soldiers, the 1st since 1778
Mobilization
Shots are exchanged between Austrian & Prussian soldiers, the 1st since 1778
Mobilization
The French mobilize in Alsace & direct Prussian & Austrian aggression is diffused
Mobilization
The French mobilize in Alsace & direct Prussian & Austrian aggression is diffused
Poet Laureate
After William Wordsworths death in 1850, and Samuel Rogers refusal, Tennyson was appointed to the position of Poet Laureate, which he held until his own death in 1892, by far the longest tenure of any laureate
Meeting with To discuss peace terms
Schwarzenburg & Manteuffel meet to discuss peace terms
Peace
Schwarzenburg & Manteuffel meet to discuss peace terms
Agreement of Olomouc
Prussia gives up the Erfurt Union & returns to the old Confederation in Germany
Erfurt Union
Prussia gives up the Erfurt Union & returns to the old Confederation in Germany
Agreement of Olmutz
A treaty between Prussia and Austria by which Prussia abandoned the Erfurt Union and accepted the revival of the German Confederation under Austrian leadership
Agreement of Olmutz
Prussia submitted to Austria partly because Tsar Nicholas I of Russia had chosen the side of Austria in the Warsaw negotiations in October 1850
Agreement of Olmutz
Settles a conflict between Prussia and Austria about the leadership in the German Confederation. The confederation, dominated by Austria, had been dissolved in the Revolutions of 1848 and partially succeeded by the Frankfurt Assembly
Agreement of Olmutz
The treaty is the result of a conference held in Olmutz in the Austrian Margraviate of Moravia, also known as the "humiliation of Olmutz", seen by many as a capitulation of the Prussians to the Austrians
Conference of Olmutz
It is also known as the "humiliation of Olmutz", as the Treaty was seen by many as a capitulation of the Prussians to the Austrians. The reason for the Treaty was a conflict between Prussia and Austria about the leadership in the German Confederation.
Conference of Olmutz
The Treaty of Olmutz was the result of a conference held in Olmutz in the Austrian Margraviate of Moravia (now Olomouc, Czech Republic).
Conference of Olmutz
The confederation, dominated by Austria, had been dissolved in the Revolutions of 1848 and partially succeeded by the Frankfurt Assembly. After the Frankfurt Assembly failed, Prussia in early 1850 had taken the initiative of the Erfurt Union, a Prussia-led federation of most German states
Conference of Olmutz
The treaty is the result of a conference held in Olmutz in the Austrian Margraviate of Moravia, also known as the "humiliation of Olmutz", seen by many as a capitulation of the Prussians to the Austrians
Constitution of Germany
Attempts to establish the Erfurt Union, a union of German states excluding Austria, but abandons the idea in the face of Austrian resistance
Erfurt Union
Attempts to establish the Erfurt Union, a union of German states excluding Austria, but abandons the idea in the face of Austrian resistance
German Confederation
Attempts to establish the Erfurt Union, a union of German states excluding Austria, but abandons the idea in the face of Austrian resistance
German Confederation
Prussia and Austria. Prussia abandons the Erfurt Union and accepts the revival of the German Confederation under Austrian leadership
German Confederation
A treaty between Prussia and Austria by which Prussia abandoned the Erfurt Union and accepted the revival of the German Confederation under Austrian leadership
Unification
Attempts to establish the Erfurt Union, a union of German states excluding Austria, but abandons the idea by the Punctuation of Olmutz, in the face of Austrian resistance
Agreement of Olomouc
Prussia gives up the Erfurt Union & returns to the old Confederation in Germany
Rigoletto
"Rigoletto" is 1st performed at Venices Teatro La Fenice
Pauperism and Free Trade
Publishes a Tribune article linking pauperism, free trade and the approaching commercial crisis.
Political Consequences of Commercial Excitement
Publishes a Tribune article on the political effects of commercial expansion and instability.
Government
Forms a coaltion Government of Peelites, Whigs & Radicals
Press Gallery
The House of Commons Press Gallery opens for the 1st time
Burial
Buried at St Pauls Cathedral
Attempts to Form a New Opposition Party
Publishes a Tribune article analysing attempts to create a new opposition grouping in British politics.
Political Parties and Prospects
Publishes a Tribune article assessing British political parties and their immediate prospects.
Dissolution of Communist League
Marx supports dissolving the Communist League after the Cologne communist trial.
Battle of Oltenitza
Defeats the Russians in southern Romania, near the Danube.
Battle of Oltenitza
Wins an early Ottoman success near the Danube.
Battle of Akhaltsikhe
Leads a smaller Russian-Georgian force to victory over Selim Pasha near Akhaltsikhe.
Battle of Akhaltsikhe
Commands the larger Ottoman force defeated near Akhaltsikhe and withdraws toward Kars.
Battle of Bayindir
Engages the Ottoman Anatolian army near Bayindir before withdrawing from its strong artillery position.
Battle of Bayindir
Holds the Ottoman position at Bayindir after Russian troops test his army's defensive strength.
Battle of Sinope
Destroys an Ottoman squadron at Sinope.
Battle of Sinope
Attacks the Turkish Admiral Hussein Pasha, the Turkish flotilla is destroyed.
Battle of Sinope
The Russians destroy the Turkish Fleet at Sinope. Destruction of Turkish ships provide Great Britain and France a reason for declaring war against Russia.
Battle of Sinope
Attacked by Russia's Admiral Nakhimov, the Turkish flotilla is destroyed.
Battle of Sinope
Commands Ottoman ships destroyed by Nakhimov at Sinope.
Battle of Sinope
Destruction of Turkish ships provide Great Britain and France a reason for declaring war against Russia.
Battle of Sinope
The Sultan's armies attack the Russian army near the Danube, Nicholas responds by dispatching warships, which destroy a patrol squadron of Ottoman frigates and corvettes while they were anchored at the port of Sinope.
Scutari Hospital
Arrives at Scutari to improve nursing and hospital administration.
Battle of Inkerman
Commands French forces whose reinforcements help repel the Russian attack at Inkerman.
Battle of Inkerman
Brings French reinforcements that help the British defeat the Russian attack at Inkerman.
Battle of Inkerman
Helps repel the Russian attack at Inkerman.
Battle of Inkerman
Fights at Inkerman with the Guards and is severely wounded during the Russian assault.
Battle of Inkerman
Commands Guards and Highland troops during the battle of Inkerman.
Battle of Inkerman
Leads troops in the confused fighting at Inkerman and is killed during the battle.
Battle of Inkerman
Commands the Guards Brigade after Cathcart's death and is wounded during the battle.
Battle of Inkerman
Commands the Second Division and plays a central role in holding British positions at Inkerman.
Battle of Inkerman
Leads one of the principal Russian columns attacking British positions at Inkerman and is killed in the fighting.
Battle of Inkerman
Commands a Russian column attacking the Allied positions during the battle of Inkerman.
Battle of Inkerman
Menshikov attempts to break through the besieging troops. Loses 12,000 men compared to the British 3,300.
Battle of Inkerman
Fails to break the Allied siege lines at Inkerman.
Birth of Benedict XV
Birth of Benedict XV, Giacomo della Chiesa
Imperial Concubine Yi
Elevated to the fifth rank of consorts and given the title "Imperial Concubine Yi"
Canal Concession
Grants the first concession for construction of the Suez Canal.
Sovereignty of Canal Concession
Grants de Lesseps a concession that gives a foreign company rights to build and operate the future Suez Canal.
Canal Concession
Obtains Said Pasha's concession to form a company and construct the Suez Canal.
Siege of Sevastopol
While Totleben extended the fortifications around the Redan, the Flagstaff Bastion and the Malakoff, the British chief engineer John Burgoyne sought to take the Malakoff, which he saw as the key to Sevastopol.
Crimean Winter
Faces supply collapse during the first Crimean winter.
Battle of Ingur
Defeats Russian forces near the Ingur River during his Caucasus expedition.
British Command
Succeeds James Simpson as commander of the British army in Crimea after the fall of southern Sevastopol.
Discovery of Victoria Falls
Discovers the Victoria Falls
Surrender of Kars
Surrenders Kars after the garrison is exhausted by famine, disease and prolonged siege.
Surrender of Kars
Accepts the surrender of the starving Ottoman garrison after a prolonged siege.
Birth of Patrick O'Donnell
Patrick O'Donnell is born near Glenties in County Donegal and later becomes Bishop of Raphoe, Archbishop of Armagh and cardinal.
SS Great Eastern
The first attempt to launch SS Great Eastern sideways ends in failure and the death of a worker.
Second Charles Rogier Government
Begins the Second Charles Rogier Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.
Pieter de Decker Government
The Pieter de Decker Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.
Siege of Lucknow
Fights into the residency & rescues the occupants but leaves the city in rebel hands
Battle of Sikandar Bagh
Uda Devi fights British troops during the assault on Sikandar Bagh in Lucknow and is killed in the battle.
Portrait
Robert Howlett photographs Brunel standing before the launching chains of SS Great Eastern.
Siege of Lucknow
Slips through enemy lines & guides Campbells forces into the British residency. Goes through enemy lines & guides Campbells reinforcements into the British residency. Becomes the 1st civilian to be awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions at Lucknow
Siege of Lucknow
Leads a 5,000 reinforcements into the residency at Lucknow
Minister President
Appointed Chief Minister President of Prussia
Peace
Under the peace of Villafranca Parma & Lombardy are ceded to France
Rule of Lombardy
Under the peace of Villafranca Parma & Lombardy are ceded to France
Rule of Parma
Under the peace of Villafranca Parma & Lombardy are ceded to France
Peace
The Treaty of Zurich confirms the peace of Villafranca
Treaty of Zurich
The Treaty of Zurich confirms the peace of Villafranca
Peace
The Treaty of Zurich confirms the peace of Villafranca
Treaty of Zurich
The Treaty of Zurich confirms the peace of Villafranca
Peace
The peace of Villafranca is confirmed
Slave State Secession
Alabama becomes the fourth slave state to secede from the Union
Secession of Alabama
Alabama becomes the fourth state to secede from the Union
President of Argentina
Appointed provisional President of the Argentine Confederation
Vice President
Appointed Vice President of the USA
The Civil War in the United States
Publishes a further article analysing military and political developments in the American Civil War.
The Dismissal of Fremont
Publishes an article on the dismissal of Union General John C. Fremont.
Coup
In Rehe Province, while waiting for an astrologically favourable time to transport the emperor's coffin back to Beijing, Cixi conspired with court officials and imperial relatives to seize power
Political Support at Newcastle
Gladstone makes a speech in support of the independence of the Confederate States of America in the American Civil War, claiming that Jefferson Davis had "made a nation"
Death of Bahadur Shah II
Death of Bahadur Shah II, in exile
Constitution of Denmark
The November Constitution establishes a shared law of succession and a common Parliament for both Schleswig and Denmark
November Constitution
The November Constitution establishes a shared law of succession and a common Parliament for both Schleswig and Denmark
Rule of Schleswig
The November Constitution establishes a shared law of succession and a common Parliament for both Schleswig and Denmark
November Constitution
Christian IX signs the November Constitution
November Constitution
Conflict arose due to the passing of the November Constitution, which integrated the Duchy of Schleswig into the Danish kingdom in violation of the London Protocol
November Constitution
The November Constitution establishes a shared law of succession and a common Parliament for both Schleswig and Denmark
Battle of Chattanooga
Union troops capture Missionary Ridge during the Battle of Chattanooga
Alliance Otto Eduard Leopold Furst von Bismarck-Schonhausen and Austria
Allies with Austria after declaration of Danish union over Schleswig-Holstein
Constitution of Germany
The House of Deputies passes a resolution declaring that it could no longer come to terms with Bismarck, the King dissolves the Diet, accusing it of trying to obtain unconstitutional control over the ministry
Constitution of Germany
Allies with Austria after the Danish King declares unification with Schleswig-Holst
International Declaration
Allies with Austria after declaration of Danish union over Schleswig-Holstein
Rule of Schleswig-Holstein
Allies with Austria after declaration of Danish unity over Schleswig-Holstein
Marques de Olinda Capture
Orders the seizure of the Brazilian steamer Marques de Olinda.
Constitution of 1864 Promulgated
George I promulgates a constitution restoring popular sovereignty and a unicameral parliament.
Letter to Abraham Lincoln on Re-Election
Drafts an International Workingmen's Association address congratulating Abraham Lincoln on his re-election.
Terms of Admission to the International
Helps formulate a resolution governing admission of organisations to the International Workingmen's Association.
Birth of Warren Harding
Birth of Warren Harding
Second Bluhme Government
The Second Bluhme Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Council President of Denmark.
Frijs Government
Begins the Frijs Government in Copenhagen and serves as Council President of Denmark.
Assembly of Delegates
Convenes Egypt's first representative consultative assembly.
Constitution of Egypt
Establishes the consultative Assembly of Delegates, giving provincial representatives a limited role in government.
Battle of Mentana
Despite personal leadership by Garibaldi himself, French and Papal troops defeat Garibaldians
President of Ecuador
Appointed acting President of Ecuador
Birth of Marie Sklodowska Curie
Birth of Marie Sklodowska Curie in Warsaw.
Fenian Prisoners at Manchester
Drafts an International resolution concerning Fenian prisoners and events in Manchester.
Birth of Karl Eduard Wilhelm Groener
Birth of Karl Eduard Wilhelm Groener
Resignation of the Shogun
The shogun resigns which leads the way to the restoration of the Emperor
Battle of Tayezian
The Shoguns troops make their last stand in a Tokyo temple
Battle of Tayezian
The Shoguns troops make their last stand in a Tokyo temple
President of Venezuela
Appointed acting President of Venezuela
Opening of Suez Canal
Opens the completed Suez Canal to international navigation.
Sovereignty
Opens the canal under Egyptian sovereignty while operation remains in the hands of the Suez Canal Company.
Suez Canal
The Suez Canal is opened by Khedive Ismail Pasha of Egypt and Sudan
Suez Canal
The Suez Canal opens
Opening of Suez Canal
Celebrates the opening of the canal after a decade of construction across the Suez Isthmus.
Rupert Land Purchase
Arranges transfer of Rupert Land from the Hudson Bay Company.
Unification
Baden & Hesse join the Confederation of Germany
Unification
Germany is united under a single Confederation
Constitution
Oversees a liberal constitution after Paraguay's defeat in the war.
Battle of Beaunne-La-Rolande
9,000 Prussians successfully defend against 60,000 French during the Franco-Prussian War
Battle of Beaunne-La-Rolande
Defeats General Crouzat
Discovery of Nile
Meets Stanley on Lake Tanganyika who makes the statement, "Dr Livingstone I presume"
Discovery of Livingstone
Discovers Livingstone & makes the statement "Dr Livingstone I presume"
Discovery of Nile
Discovers Livingstone & makes the statement "Dr Livingstone I presume"
Interim Presidency
Frias assumes interim authority after President Morales is assassinated.
Pacific Scandal
Resigns after the Pacific Scandal damages his government.
First Liberal Government
Forms the first Liberal federal government.
Coronation
Crowned for a 2nd time
Birth of Johann Schober
Birth of Johann Schober
President of Paraguay
Takes office during the fragile postwar republican period.
Birth of Winston Churchill
Birth of Winston Churchill, Blenheim Palace, family estate near Woodstock, Oxfordshire
Birth of Friedrich-Werner Graf von der Schulenburg
Birth of Friedrich-Werner Graf von der Schulenburg
British Share Purchase
Completes the sale of Egypt's Suez Canal Company shares to the British government.
Sale of Suez Canal Shares
Sells Egypt's Suez Canal Company shares to the British government because of severe financial pressure.
Sale of Suez Canal Shares
Transfers Egypt's major Suez Canal shareholding to the British government through the completed sale.
Purchase of Suez Canal Shares
Rothschild arranges emergency financing enabling Disraeli's Government to purchase the Khedive's Suez Canal shares.
Purchase of Suez Canal Shares
Receives notice that Ismail Pasha's Suez Canal shares are available and moves quickly to secure them for Britain.
Purchase of Suez Canal Shares
Handles diplomatic arrangements after Disraeli decides to purchase the Egyptian shares in the Suez Canal Company.
Purchase of Suez Canal Shares
Manages Treasury implications of the emergency Suez Canal share purchase arranged before parliamentary approval.
Purchase of Suez Canal Shares
Completes the purchase of Egypt's Suez Canal Company shares for £4,000,000 with Rothschild financing.
Purchase of Suez Canal
Purchases 40% Suez canal Company shares from the Khedive with a 4 million pounds Rothschild bank loan
Suez Canal
Purchases 40% Suez canal Company shares from the Khedive with a 4 million pound Rothschild bank loan
Purchase of Suez Canal Shares
Approves Disraeli's rapid purchase of Suez Canal shares as a strategic imperial success.
Death of Jean Jacob Fazy
Death of Jean-Jacob Fazy
President of Paraguay
Becomes president amid continuing factional struggles after the war.
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of Venezuela
Birth of Leon Trotsky
Leon Trotsky is born Lev Davidovich Bronshtein in Yanovka, Kherson Province of the Russian Empire (todays Bobrynets Raion, Kirovohrad Oblast, Ukraine)
Death of John MacHale
MacHale dies in Tuam after decades of involvement in Catholic education, Irish-language advocacy and nationalist political causes.
Gambetta Ministry Begins
Forms a new French government and becomes prime minister.
Prime Minister of France
His ministry begins after Jules Ferry leaves office.
Garfield Assassination Trial
The proceedings focus heavily on his disputed insanity defense.
Guiteau Murder Trial Begins
His trial for President Garfield's murder begins in Washington.
Birth of Jacques Maritain
Jacques Maritain is born in Paris.
Battle of El Obeid
Defeat leads to withdrawal from the Sudan. British & allied troops are trapped by the Mahdi & massacred
Sagrada Familia Project Assumed
Takes over the Sagrada Familia project and transforms the original neo-Gothic concept.
Conference of Berlin
Convenes the Berlin Conference, where European powers discuss navigation and trade rules for the Congo basin.
Conference of Berlin
Britain participates in the Berlin Conference negotiations concerning trade and navigation in the Congo basin.
Birth of Harlow Shapley
Birth of Harlow Shapley
Canadian Pacific Railway
Oversees completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway.
Birth of George Smith Patton
Birth of George Smith Patton
Declaration of War
Milan invades Bulgaria hoping to unite Serbia. Demands territory to compensate for Bulgarias growth after union with eastern Rumelia
Birth of Albrecht Kesselring
Birth of Albrecht Kesselring, into a family of teachers, councillors & academics
Rule of Rumelia
Demands territory to compensate for Bulgarias union with eastern Rumelia
Declaration of War
Takes command of Bulgarian resistance after Serbia declares war.
Declaration of War
Declares war on Bulgaria and orders an advance toward Sofia.
Declaration of War
Declares war on Bulgaria after the union with Eastern Rumelia disrupts the regional balance created by the Treaty of Berlin.
Execution of Louis Riel
Refuses clemency before Louis Riel is executed.
Battle of Slivnitsa
Defeats the Serbs, Eastern Roumelia is Annexed to Bulgaria
Serbian Advance
Organizes Bulgarian troops to block the Serbian advance toward Sofia.
Battle of Slivnitsa Begins
Directs Bulgarian defenses during the opening fighting at Slivnitsa.
Battle of Slivnitsa Begins
Commits Serbian forces against Bulgarian positions around Slivnitsa.
Invasion of Bulgaria
Invades Bulgaria hoping to unite Serbia
Serbian Advance
Directs the Serbian advance across the Bulgarian frontier.
Battle of Slivnitsa
Coordinates reinforcements arriving to strengthen the Bulgarian line.
Battle of Slivnitsa
Continues attacks against the Bulgarian defensive line at Slivnitsa.
Bulgarian Victory at Slivnitsa
Secures a decisive Bulgarian victory over the invading Serbian army.
Battle of Slivnitsa
Bulgarians, led by Stefan Stambolov, repulse a larger Serbian invasion force at Slivnitsa
Battle of Slivnitsa
Defeated in battle, eastern Roumelia is annexed by Bulgaria
Bulgarian Victory at Slivnitsa
Orders a retreat after Serbian attacks fail at Slivnitsa.
Invasion of Bulgaria
Bulgarians, led by Stefan Stambolov, repulse a larger Serbian invasion force at Slivnitsa
Serbian Retreat
Pursues retreating Serbian forces westward from Slivnitsa.
Serbian Retreat
Withdraws Serbian formations toward the frontier after Slivnitsa.
Independence of Great Britain
Advises English constituencies to vote Conservative
Independence of Ireland
Advises English constituencies to vote Conservative
Battle of Dragoman
Presses Bulgarian attacks against Serbian rear guards near Dragoman.
Battle of Dragoman
Attempts to stabilize the Serbian retreat near Dragoman.
Election
Wins the election but dependent on Irish support
Government
Wins the election but dependent on Irish support
Battle of Tsaribrod
Advances through Tsaribrod as Bulgarian forces carry the war into Serbia.
Battle of Tsaribrod
Loses the frontier position at Tsaribrod during the Bulgarian counteroffensive.
Bulgarian Invasion of Serbia
Authorizes the advance into Serbia following victories along the frontier.
Bulgarian Invasion of Serbia
Concentrates Serbian defenses as Bulgarian forces approach Pirot.
Battle of Pirot
Battle of Pirot, see-saw Battle swirling about the village of Pirot, two days later, Franz Joseph forces an armistice in the Serbian War
Battle of Pirot
Franz Joseph forces an armistice in the Serbian War.
Battle of Pirot Begins
Leads Bulgarian formations attacking Serbian positions around Pirot.
Battle of Pirot Begins
Deploys Serbian troops to defend Pirot from the Bulgarian advance.
Battle of Pirot
26-27 November, Bulgarian victory, Austrian intervention saves the Serbs
Invasion of Serbia
Bulgaria moves into Serbia
Capture of Pirot
Enters Pirot after Bulgarian troops break the Serbian defense.
Capture of Pirot
Withdraws after Bulgarian forces capture Pirot.
Armistice
Battle of Pirot, see-saw Battle swirling about the village of Pirot, two days later, Franz Joseph forces an armistice in the Serbian War
Armistice
Franz Joseph intervenes & forces an armistice
Austrian Intervention
Stops the advance after Austria-Hungary threatens intervention.
Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery
The Prince of Wales opens Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery.
Austrian Intervention
Benefits from Austro-Hungarian intervention halting the Bulgarian advance.
Battle of Pirot
Franz Joseph forces an armistice in the Serbian War
Declaration of War
An international conference is convened and becames deadlocked, Serbia declares war
Naval Ordnance Directorate Assumed
Fisher becomes Director of Naval Ordnance and Torpedoes, overseeing important weapons and technical matters.
Death of Chester Alan Arthur
Death of Chester Alan Arthur
Prime Minister of South Africa
Appointed Prime Minister of the Cape Colony, 2nd term
Celtic Football Club Founded
Leads the charitable initiative that formally constitutes Celtic Football Club at St Mary's Church Hall.
Bloody Sunday
Deploys police against the prohibited demonstration.
Bloody Sunday
His government faces criticism after police violence in Trafalgar Square.
Bloody Sunday
Is arrested during the London protest.
Bloody Sunday
Is arrested after the Trafalgar Square confrontation.
Bloody Sunday
Speaks during the London protest crisis.
Bloody Sunday
Protests against police violence after the Trafalgar Square clash.
Bloody Sunday
Leads protesters during the Trafalgar Square confrontation.
Bloody Sunday
Leads unemployed and Irish nationalist demonstrators in London.
Bloody Sunday
Witnesses the protest and police confrontation.
Birth of Bernard Law Montgomery
Born at St Mark's Vicarage, Kennington, London.
Birth of Fritz Erich von Manstein
Birth of Fritz Erich von Manstein
Birth of Ernst Rohm
Birth of Ernst Rohm, son of a civil servant
Constitution of Brazil
A military coup led by Deodoro da Fonseca overthrows Emperor Pedro II and declares Brazil a republic
Coup
A military coup led by Deodoro da Fonseca overthrows Emperor Pedro II and declares Brazil a republic
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil
President of Brazil
Appointed provisional President of Brazil after the proclamation of the Republic
Coup
Planters & Liberals to unite & overthrow the monarchy. A military coup led by Deodoro da Fonseca overthrows Emperor Pedro II and declares Brazil a republic
Birth of Edwin Powell Hubble
Edwin Powell Hubble is born in Marshfield, Missouri.
Scandal
Ruined by the OShea divorce case
Birth of Charles Andre Marie Joseph de Gaulle
Birth of Charles Andre Marie Joseph de Gaulle
Birth of Helmuth Otto Ludwig Weidling
Birth of Helmuth Otto Ludwig Weidling
Birth of Erwin von Rommel
Birth of Erwin von Rommel, Heidenheim near Ulm in Wurttemberg
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil after the resignation of Deodoro da Fonseca
Sherman Act Repeal
Cleveland secures repeal of compulsory silver purchases to defend gold convertibility.
Sherman Silver Purchase Repeal
Cleveland secures repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act to reduce pressure on Treasury gold reserves and defend the dollar's gold value.
Vice President
Appointed Vice President of the USA
President of USA
Appointed President of the USA, 24th President
Durand Agreement
Abdur Rahman signs the Durand Agreement with Mortimer Durand, defining the frontier between Afghanistan and British India.
Pashtun Tribal Areas
The new boundary leaves several Pashtun tribal areas under British Indian administration, creating lasting Afghan opposition.
Five Civilized Tribes
Appointed first chairman of the commission later known as the Dawes Commission.
Death of Alexander III
Dies at Livadia in Crimea after thirteen years as emperor, leaving the throne to Nicholas II.
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil
Economy of USA
The US & Japan sign a commercial Treaty in Washington
Trade Treaty at Washington
The US & Japan sign a commercial Treaty in Washington
Treaty of Commercial
The US & Japan sign a commercial Treaty in Washington
Bioskop Projector
Emil and Max Skladanowsky demonstrate the Bioskop projector at the Wintergarten music hall.
Bioskop Projector
Max and Emil Skladanowsky demonstrate the Bioskop projector at the Wintergarten music hall.
Death of Alexander Dumas
Death of Alexander Dumas
League of Struggle
Helps build the Saint Petersburg Marxist workers' network.
League of Struggle
Works with Lenin in the League of Struggle before party formation.
League of Struggle
Supports underground organisation among workers and Marxist activists.
League of Struggle
Helps organise the League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class.
Diplomatic Plan
Russia disclosed a plan to seize Constantinople if Britain intervenes in Crete
Birth of Aneurin Bevan
Birth of Aneurin Bevan in Tredegar, Monmouthshire.
Government Assessor
Receives promotion to Regierungsassessor while serving in the Bavarian administration.
Resignation of Kasimierz Felix Graf von Badeni
Fails to place the Czeck language on a par with German in Bohemia & Moravia
Fashoda Incident
The French Government orders its forces to withdraw during the Fashoda Incident
Withdrawal Negotiations at Fashoda
The French Government orders its forces to withdraw during the Fashoda Incident
Fashoda Incident
The French Government orders its forces to withdraw during the Fashoda Incident
Withdrawal Negotiations at Fashoda
The French Government orders its forces to withdraw during the Fashoda Incident
Fashoda incident passes off peacefully when the French recall Marchand
The Fashoda incident passes off peacefully when the French recall Marchand
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil
Siege of Ladysmith
Takes part in operations around the siege and relief of Ladysmith.
Siege of Ladysmith
Takes part in operations around the siege and relief of Ladysmith.
Siege of Ladysmith
Takes part in operations around the siege and relief of Ladysmith.
Siege of Ladysmith
Is besieged in Ladysmith by Boer forces.
Evacuation from Ladysmith
French leaves Ladysmith by rail shortly before the Boer siege completely isolates the town.
Siege of Ladysmith
Directs Boer operations around Ladysmith.
Press Celebrations Music Premiere
Conducts the first performance of the Press Celebrations Music in Helsinki.
Surrender Demand Rejected
Kekewich rejects a Boer demand to surrender before the bombardment of Kimberley intensifies.
Siege of Kimberley
Takes part in operations leading to the relief of Kimberley.
Arrest of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
Leaves Escourt in a train commanded by Captain Haldane to explore Boer positions
Armoured Train Ambush
Haldane commands the troops aboard the armoured train ambushed and derailed near Chieveley.
Armoured Train Ambush
Is captured after an armoured train is derailed.
Siege Command at Mafeking
Snyman assumes command of the Boer forces maintaining the siege of Mafeking after Cronje departs.
Mafeking Command Transfer
Cronje leaves the Mafeking siege area, after which local command passes to General Snyman.
Battle of Willow Grange
Kitchener commands the British force that attacks Boer positions at Willow Grange and is forced to withdraw.
Battle of Belmont
Methuen defeats Boer positions at Belmont during the advance intended to relieve Kimberley.
Battle of Willow Grange
Joubert's Boer forces repel the British attack at Willow Grange before ending their advance into southern Natal.
Battle of Graspan
Methuen continues the Kimberley relief advance and defeats Boer forces at Graspan.
Battle of Modder River
Takes part in operations leading to the relief of Kimberley.
Siege of Kimberley
Takes part in operations leading to the relief of Kimberley.
Battle of Modder River
Fights through Boer resistance near the Modder River.
Battle of Modder River
Takes part in operations leading to the relief of Kimberley.
Siege of Kimberley
Takes part in operations leading to the relief of Kimberley.
Battle of Modder River
Takes part in operations leading to the relief of Kimberley.
Battle of Modder River
Delays Methuen's advance toward Kimberley.
Arrest of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
Arrested, asked to be released because he is a correspondent but refused
Battle of Leliefontein
Cockburn leads cavalrymen protecting the retreating guns at Leliefontein and later receives the Victoria Cross.
Battle of Leliefontein
Turner helps protect the Canadian rearguard during the withdrawal at Leliefontein and later receives the Victoria Cross.
Battle of Leliefontein
Holland keeps his Colt machine gun firing against the Boer advance and carries the weapon away when its carriage horse is shot.
Commander in Chief Appointment
Succeeds Roberts as commander in chief in South Africa.
South African Command
Directs the later counter-guerrilla phase of the war.
Commander in Chief
Succeeds Roberts as commander in chief in South Africa.
Battle of Rhenosterkop
Paget launches repeated attacks on the Boer position at Rhenosterkop but fails to break the defence.
Battle of Rhenosterkop
Viljoen's outnumbered force repels Paget's attacks at Rhenosterkop before withdrawing during the night.
Death of Oscar Wilde
Death of Oscar Wilde
Action at Geelhoutboom
Maygar rides into danger to help a dismounted soldier escape an attempted Boer encirclement and later receives the Victoria Cross.
Discovery Expedition
The Discovery arrives in New Zealand
Bavarian Interior Ministry
Returns to the Bavarian State Ministry of the Interior as a Regierungsrat, working particularly on folk art and monument preservation.
Discovery Expedition
Scott, Wilson and Shackleton left on 2 November 1902 with dogs and supporting parties. Their goal was "to get as far south in a straight line on the Barrier ice as we can, reach the Pole if possible, or find some new land"
Discovery Expedition
Scott, Wilson and Shackleton left on 2 November 1902 with dogs and supporting parties. Their goal was "to get as far south in a straight line on the Barrier ice as we can, reach the Pole if possible, or find some new land"
Discovery Expedition
Leaves with Scott and Shackleton on the southern sledging journey during the Discovery Expedition
Discovery Expedition
The first significant milestone was passed on 11 November, when a supporting party passed Borchgrevinks Farthest South record of 78 degrees 50 mins
Discovery Expedition
The Barne party passes the previous furthest south mark,set by Carsten Borchgrevink in 1900 at 78 degrees 50S, a record which they held briefly until the southern party itself passed it on its way to an eventual 82 degrees 17S
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil
Tour de France
All the major towns are begging for cycle races, and they are bound to go along with the idea."
Tour de France
Henri Desgrange then discussed it after lunch at what is now the TGI Friday bar in Montmartre in Paris.
Tour de France
Suggests "a several-day race, longer than anything now going on, something more on the order of a track six day race, only this time on the road.
Tour de France
The idea for a round stage race came from LAutos chief cycling journalist, 26-year-old George's Lefevre, he and the editor.
Tour de France
Desgrange is credited with founding the Tour de France in 1903 but the idea came from one of his journalists Geo Lefevre
Tour de France
The idea for a round stage race came from LAutos chief cycling journalist, 26-year-old Go Lefevre, he and the editor, Henri Desgrange then discussed it after lunch at what is now the TGI Friday bar in Montmartre in Paris.
Tour de France
who said he blurted out the idea because he felt under pressure to say something at a crisis meeting held at the newspapers headquarters at 10 rue faubourg Montmartre to resolve its poor circulation
Birth of Jacques Philippe Leclerc
Birth of Jacques Philippe Leclerc
Discovery Southern Journey
Shackleton joins Scott and Edward Wilson on a southern sledging journey that establishes a new furthest-south record before illness forces their return.
Discovery Expedition
While the Morning is refitted for another relief voyage, this time organised by the Admiralty rather than the Royal Geographical Society, she sails south again in November, in company with a second relief ship, Terra Nova.
Fleet Redistribution Begins
Fisher begins reorganising fleet deployment to concentrate stronger forces closer to the North Sea.
Home Fleet Modernisation Priority
Fisher gives priority to modern battleships, cruisers, destroyers and submarines in the Home Fleet structure.
Obsolete Warships Disposal Programme
Fisher accelerates disposal or reserve placement of obsolete ships to release crews and resources for modern forces.
Reballion of Rebels in Kronstadt
A rebellion breaks out among the sailors of the Kronstadt fortress
Kronstadt Rebellion
A rebellion breaks out among sailors at Kronstadt.
Kronstadt Rebellion
Helps restore authority after the Kronstadt naval unrest.
Bakhtiari Agreement Signed
The D'Arcy syndicate concludes an agreement with Bakhtiari chiefs to facilitate operations in southwestern Persia.
Succession
Succeeds as King of Norway. Accepts the offer of the crown after the dissolution of the Swedish-Norwegian union
Arrest of Georgy Khrustalev-Nosar
Is arrested as the government attacks the Soviet.
Arrest of Soviet Chairman
Is arrested as the government attacks the Soviet.
Soviet Chairmanship
Assumes leading authority after Khrustalev-Nosar's arrest.
Sinn Fein
Sinn Fein is founded when in the Rotunda, Dublin when the first annual Convention of the National Council is held
Duma Preparation
Works on arrangements for the promised State Duma.
Union of Russian People
Organises monarchist reaction against revolutionary movements.
Return to Russia
Returns from exile during the 1905 Revolution.
Bolshevik Centre
Helps organise Bolshevik activity during the revolution.
Return to Russia
Returns from exile during the revolutionary upheaval.
Saint Petersburg Soviet
Studies the Soviet as a new form of revolutionary organisation.
Bloody Sunday
Builds Bolshevik organisation during the upheaval after January.
Lugansk Soviet
Leads Bolshevik activity in the Lugansk Soviet.
Assassination Campaign
Supports Socialist Revolutionary terrorist activity against officials.
First Sorbonne Lecture
Gives her first lecture as Sorbonne professor.
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil
Discovery of North West Passage
Amundsens crew returned to Oslo in November 1906, after almost 3.5 years abroad
Duma
The 3rd Duma is opened by the Tsar & remains open until 1912
Duma
The 3rd Duma is opened by the Tsar & remains open until 1912
Director of Military Training at the War Office
Appointed Director of Military Training at the War Office
Birth of Vivien Fuchs
Birth of Vivien Fuchs
Prime Minister of Egypt
Becomes Prime Minister and leads a government closely associated with British authority.
Death of Cixi
Death of Cixi
Commons Budget Passage
Sends the controversial budget measure to the House of Lords.
Finance Bill Third Reading
Secures the Finance Bills third reading in the Commons.
Reform of Parliament
Finance Bill, the 3rd reading of the Finance Bill is passed in the House of Commons
Assault
Theresa Grant, a suffragette, attacks Winston Churchill at Bristol railway station
Assault
Theresa Grant, a suffragette, attacks Winston Churchill at Bristol railway station
Suffragette Attack
Theresa Grant attacks Churchill at Bristol railway station.
Budget Rejection
Leads Conservative peers during rejection of the Finance Bill.
Finance Bill Amendment
Moves that the Finance Bill be submitted to the electorate.
House of Lords Budget Challenge
Leads the Lords challenge to the Peoples Budget.
Lords Constitutional Crisis
Triggers a constitutional confrontation with the Liberal government.
Budget
The Lords reject the Budget by 350 votes to 75
Reform of Parliament
Finance Bill, The Finance Bill is rejected by the House of Lords, 350 votes to 75
Constitutional Crisis Intensifies
Prepares to seek an electoral mandate over the constitutional dispute.
Lords Rejection of Budget
Condemns the Lords refusal to pass the Finance Bill.
Budget
The Lords reject the Budget by 350 votes to 75
Condemnation of Lords Budget Rejection
Condemns the Lords for refusing to pass the Finance Bill.
Constitutional Election Mandate
Prepares to seek an electoral mandate over the constitutional crisis.
Lords Reject Finance Bill
The House of Lords rejects the Budget by 350 votes to 75.
Scandal
Loses confidence of Emperor William II in the Daily Telegraph affair
Constitutional Opposition Strategy
Argues that the electorate should judge the governments finance programme.
House of Lords Crisis
Backs the Lords during the escalating constitutional dispute.
Constitution of Great Britain
The 3rd reading of the Finance Bill is carried in the House of Commons
Constitution of Great Britain
The King secretly tells Asquith if the Liberals return he will create extra peers
Royal Peer Assurance
The King privately indicates willingness to create peers if the Liberals return.
Black Friday
Police have to use force & 115 demonstrators are arrested. A deputation of 300 women march on the Commons
Demonstrations
Police have to use force & 115 demonstrators are arrested. A deputation of 300 women march on the Commons
Black Friday Demonstration
Leads suffrage campaigners during the Black Friday confrontation.
Votes for Women Protest
Continues pressure for parliamentary action on women's voting rights.
Black Friday Protest
Participates in the suffrage demonstration outside Parliament.
Suffrage Demonstration
Joins militant campaigners confronting police during Black Friday.
Lyttelton Harbour Departure
Pennell handles Terra Nova during the ship's departure from Lyttelton for Port Chalmers.
Government Complex Construction
Construction advances on the new administrative seat of government.
Union Buildings Cornerstone
The cornerstone of Baker's Union Buildings complex is laid.
Election
Parliament is dissolved so that the Parliament Act can be taken to the electorate
November Parliament Dissolution
Parliament is dissolved so the Lords dispute can be taken to the electorate.
Parliament
Parliament is dissolved so that the Parliament Act can be taken to the electorate
Port Chalmers Final Departure
Wilson sails from Port Chalmers when Terra Nova begins the final leg toward Antarctica.
New Zealand Departure
Terra Nova leaves New Zealand for Antarctica.
Constitution of Great Britain
The Finance Bill is rejected in the Lords by 350 votes to 75. The Commons is prorogued & a general election campaign begins
Election
The Commons is prorogued & a general election campaign begins
Lyttelton Final Stores Preparation
Bowers oversees final preparation and restowage of supplies before Terra Nova's departure from New Zealand.
Colonial Office Leadership
Assumes responsibility for Britain's overseas colonial administration.
Colonial Secretary Appointment
Becomes Secretary of State for the Colonies.
Cambrian Combine Dispute
Acts during the escalating Cambrian Combine industrial dispute.
South Wales Mining Conflict
Supports negotiations concerning miners' wages and working conditions.
South Wales Miners Support
Supports South Wales miners during the industrial conflict.
Tonypandy Labour Campaign
Uses parliamentary influence to defend organized labour interests.
Pony Party Starts South
Oates leaves Cape Evans with the pony groups supporting Scott's southward march.
Main Southern Party Departure
Wilson leaves with the main southern expedition as the pony and dog groups begin their staged advance.
Pony Transport South
Travels south with responsibility for the expedition ponies.
Southern Journey Animal Management
Oates monitors the animals as conditions become increasingly difficult.
Southern Journey Pony Convoy
Oates travels south with the pony teams, taking responsibility for animal welfare as conditions become increasingly difficult.
Southern Journey Pony Management
Manages expedition ponies during the main march south.
Terra Nova Transport Support
Advises Scott on animal condition and transport limitations.
South Pole Expedition
Sets out from Cape Evans on the main southern journey toward the South Pole
South Pole March Starts
Motor, pony, dog and man-hauling groups support the advance.
Southern Journey Begins
The march south begins on 1 November 1911 with motor, dog and pony groups hauling loaded sledges at different rates along the planned route.
Southern Journey Begins
Begins the main journey toward the South Pole.
Southern Journey Begins
Begins the main southern journey toward the South Pole.
Southern Journey Support Plan
Scott's transport groups are arranged to provide staged support for the smaller party that will eventually continue toward the South Pole.
Main Southern Party Departure
Crean begins the southern journey with the pony-supported groups travelling across the Barrier.
Southern Journey Main Party
Crean leaves with the main southern party, contributing extensive sledging experience as the expedition advances toward the Beardmore Glacier.
Agadir Crisis
A 275 000 km territory, known as Neukamerun, becomes part of the German colony of Kamerun and part of German West Africa, which only lasts briefly until they are captured by the allies in World War I
Treaty of Fez
A 275 000 km territory, known as Neukamerun, becomes part of the German colony of Kamerun and part of German West Africa, which only lasts briefly until they are captured by the allies in World War I
French-German Convention
Obtains parts of French Equatorial Africa for German Kamerun.
Morocco-Congo Agreement
Concludes the November settlement by which Germany accepts France's Moroccan position in exchange for territory adjoining Cameroon.
Agadir Crisis Settlement
Recognizes French predominance in Morocco in exchange for African territory.
Morocco-Congo Agreement
Supports the Franco-German agreement transferring parts of French Equatorial Africa to German Cameroon.
Agadir Crisis
Under the Treaty of Fez Germany cedes France a small area of territory to the south-east of Fort Lamy, now part of Chad. A 275 000 km territory, known as Neukamerun, becomes part of the German colony of Kamerun and part of German West Africa, which only lasts briefly until they are captured by the allies in World War I
Rule of Cameroons
A 275 000 km territory, known as Neukamerun, becomes part of the German colony of Kamerun and part of German West Africa, which only lasts briefly until they are captured by the allies in World War I
Rule of Chad
Under the Treaty of Fez Germany cedes France a small area of territory to the south-east of Fort Lamy, now part of Chad
Rule of Fort Lamy
Under the Treaty of Fez Germany cedes France a small area of territory to the south-east of Fort Lamy, now part of Chad
Rule of German South West Africa
A 275 000 km territory, known as Neukamerun, becomes part of the German colony of Kamerun and part of German West Africa, which only lasts briefly until they are captured by the allies in World War I
Rule of Neukamerun
A 275 000 km territory, known as Neukamerun, becomes part of the German colony of Kamerun and part of German West Africa, which only lasts briefly until they are captured by the allies in World War I
Treaty of Fez
Under the Treaty of Fez Germany cedes France a small area of territory to the south-east of Fort Lamy, now part of Chad
Agadir Crisis Convention
Approves territorial gains for Kamerun while abandoning claims in Morocco.
Moroccan Settlement Accepted
Accepts the agreement ending the confrontation with France.
Southern Journey Dog Support
Girev drives dogs in support of the southern journey, helping move supplies and maintain communication along the route.
Reballion of Rebels in Chekiang
Participates in revolutionary action in Zhejiang during the 1911 Revolution.
Balfour Party Leadership
Ends nine years leading the Conservative opposition.
Conservative Leadership Resignation
Resigns as Conservative Party leader after mounting internal criticism.
Irish Home Rule
Resigns as Conservative Party leader over Irish Home Rule
Resignation of Arthur James Balfour
Resigns as Conservative Party leader over Irish Home Rule
Greater Birmingham Extension
Oversees major expansion of Birmingham's municipal boundaries.
Municipal Boundary Expansion
Incorporates Aston Manor, Erdington, Handsworth and surrounding districts.
Carlton Club Selection
Succeeds Arthur Balfour as leader of the parliamentary party.
Conservative Leadership Election
Is unanimously chosen Conservative leader at the Carlton Club.
Pony Condition at One Ton Depot
Oates assesses the ponies at One Ton Depot as the southern party prepares to continue.
One Ton Depot Reached on Southern Journey
Scott's southbound party reaches One Ton Depot and rests the ponies before continuing.
Birth of Josef Mengele
Birth of Josef Mengele
Launch
Launches the Centurion
Launch
Attends the launch of the HMS Centurion
South Pole
A second attempt with a team, consisting of Olav Bjaaland, Helmer Hanssen, Sverre Hassel, Oscar Wisting, and Amundsen himself, depart taking four sledges and 52 dogs
South Pole
A second attempt with a team, consisting of Olav Bjaaland, Helmer Hanssen, Sverre Hassel, Oscar Wisting, and Amundsen himself, depart taking four sledges and 52 dogs
South Pole
A second attempt with a team, consisting of Olav Bjaaland, Helmer Hanssen, Sverre Hassel, Oscar Wisting, and Amundsen himself, depart taking four sledges and 52 dogs
South Pole
A second attempt with a team, consisting of Olav Bjaaland, Helmer Hanssen, Sverre Hassel, Oscar Wisting, and Amundsen himself, depart taking four sledges and 52 dogs
South Pole
A second attempt with a team, consisting of Olav Bjaaland, Helmer Hanssen, Sverre Hassel, Oscar Wisting, and Amundsen himself, depart taking four sledges and 52 dogs
Motor Party Rejoined
The motor party maintains its pace after the breakdowns and reaches the rendezvous six days early, where the main party catches up on 21 November.
Rendezvous with Scott
Motor party meets Scott's main party ahead of schedule.
South Pole Expedition
The expedition arrives at the edge of the Polar Plateau
South Pole
Using a route along the previously unknown Axel Heiberg Glacier Amundsen arrives at the edge of the Polar Plateau after a four-day climb
Jehu Pony Put Down
Oates's transport group loses the weakened pony Jehu as the southward journey continues.
First Supporting Men Turn Back
Day is ordered back toward Cape Evans after the motor party has completed its supporting role.
Dog Team Support
Drives dog teams in support of Scott's southern journey.
Southern Journey Dog Transport
The dog parties transport supplies before returning north.
Motor Party Manhauling
After motor failures, Hooper continues south with the party by manhauling supplies across the Ross Ice Shelf.
Pony Management
Manages ponies during the early southern journey.
Pony Transport
Uses ponies to move supplies during the southern journey.
Dog Teams
Drives dog teams in support of the southern journey.
Cape Evans Meteorological Observations
Simpson recorded the temperature and wind observations at the base camp at Cape Evans.
Cape Evans Weather Station
Given the nickname Sunny Jim by the other expedition members, George Simpson constructed one of the continent's first weather stations, conducting balloon experiments to test the atmosphere and determine how altitude affects temperature.
Weather Station Command
Simpson is given command of the Cape Evans weather station for several months when Scott and the southern parties leave in November 1911.
Pony Support
Assists with expedition ponies during depot work.
Barrier Stage of Southern Journey
The opening stage of the southern journey requires roughly 400 miles of travel across the Barrier before the party reaches the Beardmore Glacier.
Southern Journey Participation
Crean joins Scott's southern party. The route crosses the Barrier, climbs the crevassed Beardmore Glacier to the Polar Plateau, then continues across the plateau toward the South Pole.
Battle of Prilep
Helps direct Serbian attacks against Ottoman positions near Prilep.
Battle of Prilep
Attempts to delay the Serbian advance toward Bitola.
Battle of Yenidje
Overwhelms the Turks and moves on to Salonika
Battle of Monastir
The remaining forces retreat to Ioannina. About 20,000 Turks are killed or captured
Northern Party Reaches Cape Evans
Priestley reaches Cape Evans with the Northern Party after the difficult coastal return journey.
Northern Party Reaches Cape Evans
Campbell brings the complete Northern Party safely back to Cape Evans after its unexpected second winter.
Northern Party Reaches Cape Evans
Campbell brings all six members of the Northern Party safely to Cape Evans after their second Antarctic winter and overland return.
Northern Party Return
Northern Party reaches Cape Evans after surviving winter.
Capture of Salonika
Accepts the surrender of Salonika.
Surrender of Salonika
Surrenders Salonika to the Greek army.
Capture of Salonika
The Turkish garrison of 20,000 surrenders and Constantine occupies the city
Serbian Advance to the Adriatic
Supports the campaign intended to secure Serbian access to the Adriatic.
Serbian Advance to the Adriatic
Leads Serbian troops westward from Kosovo toward the Adriatic coast.
Rule of Samos
Representitives in the Church of St Spyridon vote that Samos unite with Greece
Polar Party Tent Located
Wright is among the searchers who locate the final camp containing Scott, Wilson and Bowers on the Ross Ice Shelf.
Death of Robert Falcon Scott
Their final camp became their tomb; a high cairn of snow was erected over it, topped by a roughly fashioned cross. The bodies of Scott and his companions were discovered by a search party on 12 November 1912 and their records retrieved
Polar Party Search Discovery
The bodies of Scott and his companions were discovered by a search party on 12 November 1912 and their records retrieved.
Bodies of Scott Wilson and Bowers Found
The searchers recover records and build a snow cairn over the tent.
Polar Party Search
Joins the search party that finds the polar party's final tent.
Polar Tent Discovery
Hooper is among the search party that discovers the tent containing Scott, Wilson and Bowers.
Polar Tent Discovery
Atkinson's search party finds the final camp containing Scott, Wilson and Bowers and recovers their records.
Search Party
Joins the search party that finds Scott's last camp.
Polar Party Records Recovered
Atkinson's search party recovers diaries, letters and expedition records from the tent before building a cairn over the dead.
Search Cairn
Uses skis from the search party to mark the burial cairn.
Polar Party Found
Searchers find the tent containing Scott, Wilson and Bowers.
Search Party
Helps find the final camp of Scott's party.
Polar Party Cairn Cross
Gran's ski is used in the cross erected above the snow cairn covering the final camp of Scott, Wilson and Bowers.
Search for Lawrence Oates
Keohane participates in the search for Oates, whose body is not found, while the party identifies evidence near his final route.
Duma
The 4th & last Duma opens
Alliance Nicholas II and Austria
Austria denounces Serbian gains in the Balkans; Russia and France backed Serbia while Italy and Germany back Austria
Austria denounces Serbian gains in the Balkans
Austria denounces Serbian gains in the Balkans; Russia and France backed Serbia while Italy and Germany back Austria
Duma
The 4th & last Duma opens, 1912-1917
Battle of Monastir Begins
Commits the Serbian First Army against Ottoman defenses around Monastir.
Battle of Monastir Begins
Defends the final major Ottoman position in Macedonia.
Chatalja Line
Bulgarian forces fail to break the Chatalja line.
Chatalja Line
Defends the line protecting Constantinople.
Battle of Monastir
Wins the final Serbian victory in Macedonia.
Battle of Monastir
Directs operations leading to the defeat of Ottoman forces at Monastir.
Siege of Constantinople
The Bulgarian forces are driven back from Constantinople
Battle of Monastir
Loses Monastir after sustained Serbian attacks.
Battle of Monastir
The Ottoman Vardar Army is defeated near Monastir.
Alliance Austria and Serbia and Russia and France
Austria denounces Serbian gains in the Balkans; Russia and France backed Serbia while Italy and Germany backed Austria
Resignation of George Lansbury
Resigns from the Labour Party
Election
Loses the Bow by-election when standing as an independent womens suffrage supporter
Suffrage
Loses the Bow by-election when standing as an independent womens suffrage supporter
Serbian Arrival at Durres
Presses Serbia's claim for an Adriatic outlet during the campaign.
Serbian Arrival at Durres
Reaches the Adriatic coast with Serbian forces.
Polar Search Party Sledging
Hooper hauls with the search party sent south from Cape Evans to investigate the disappearance of the Polar Party.
Polar Party Search Expedition
Atkinson leads the search party south from Cape Evans to determine the fate of Scott's polar party.
Polar Search Party
Crean joins the search that discovers the fate of Scott and companions, months after he last saw the southbound party alive.
Polar Search Support
Girev supports the search expedition that finds the Polar Party's final camp and recovers its written records.
Fourth Duma
Leads the Bolshevik Duma group while secretly serving police interests.
Election
Roosevelt splits the Republicans by forming the Progressive Party. Elected President of the USA
Progressive Party
Roosevelt splits the Republicans by forming the Progressive Party
Kuomingtang
Outlaws the Kuomindang Party
High Commander
Appointed High Commander of the Turkish Army in Istanbul
Withdrawal Negotiations at Mexico City
The USA demands the withdrawal of Huerta from Mexico
Capture of Ciudad Juarez
Captures Ciudad Juarez
Siege of Mexico City
Panch Villa announces plans to march on Mexico City & besiege President Huerta
Siege of Mexico City
Rebel leader Panch Villa announces plans to march on Mexico City & besiege Huerta
Diplomatic Ultimatum at Washington
Gives President Huerta of Mexico an ultimatum to resign
Independence of China
Declaration by Russia & China of Outer Mongolian autonomy under Chinese suzerainty. China recognizes the autonomy of Outer Mongolia
Independence of Mongolia
Declaration by Russia & China of Outer Mongolian autonomy under Chinese suzerainty. China recognizes the autonomy of Outer Mongolia
Rule of Mongolia
Declaration by Russia & China of Outer Mongolian autonomy under Chinese suzerainty
Birth of Vivien Leigh
Vivien Leigh is born as Vivian Mary Hartley in Darjeeling.
British Actress Born
The future British stage and film actress is born in India.
Birth of Albert Camus
Albert Camus is born at Mondovi in French Algeria.
Birth of Lon Nol
Birth of Lon Nol in Prey Veng Province
Treaty of Athens
Settles peace terms with the Ottoman Empire.
Treaty of Athens
Concludes peace with Greece after the Balkan Wars.
Birth of Benjamin Britten
Birth of Benjamin Britten
Scott Journals Edited
Arranges the recovered notebooks into Scotts Last Expedition.
Scotts Last Expedition
Edits Scott's expedition journals for posthumous publication.
Arrest of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
Arrested & jailed in Natal, an act which provokes riots
Battle of Coronel
Defeats Craddock then sails around Cape Horn to scour the South Atlantic
Battle of Coronel
The British under Craddock fail to prevent German commerce raiding in the south Pacific. The British are outnumbered & defeated & lose 2 cruisers & 1,500 crew. Spees forces sink the HMS Good Hope & HMS Monmouth. British defeat by Admiral Spee including the Scharnhorst, Gneisenau & Nurnberg
Battle of Coronel
The British under Craddock fail to prevent German commerce raiding in the south Pacific. The British are outnumbered & defeated & lose 2 cruisers & 1,500 crew. British defeat by Admiral Spee including the Scharnhorst, Gneisenau & Nurnberg
Battle of Coronel
The Admiralty confronts a severe defeat after Admiral Cradock's squadron is destroyed by Admiral von Spee off Chile.
Dardanelles Demonstration Instructions Issued
Churchill instructs Admiral Carden to conduct a limited bombardment against the outer Dardanelles forts.
North Sea Military Area Declared
The Admiralty declares the North Sea a military area and issues controlled routes for neutral shipping.
Declaration of War
Russia declares war on Turkey
Declaration of War
Russia declares war on Turkey
Battle of Dardanelles
Churchill orders the first British attack on the Dardanelles following the opening of hostilities between Ottoman and Russian empires
HMS D5 Lost after Yarmouth Raid
The submarine HMS D5 strikes a British mine while responding to the German raid on Yarmouth.
Kum Kale Outer Fort Bombarded
British and French warships bombard Ottoman positions on the Asian side of the Dardanelles entrance.
Sedd el Bahr Magazine Destroyed
The Allied bombardment detonates an Ottoman ammunition magazine at Sedd el Bahr.
Yarmouth Raid Naval Response Reviewed
The Admiralty reviews German battlecruiser operations off Yarmouth and Britain's attempted interception.
Emergency 612-Vessel Programme Launched
Fisher presides over an emergency building programme totalling 612 vessels for expanded wartime naval operations.
Fifty Seagoing Patrol Boats Programme
The emergency programme includes fifty seagoing patrol boats for expanded coastal and anti-submarine patrol work.
Fifty-Six Destroyers Programme
The emergency programme authorises fifty-six destroyers for fleet screening, patrol and offensive duties.
Five Fast Battlecruisers Programme
Fisher's emergency programme calls for five fast, shallow-draught battlecruisers intended for offensive operations.
Five Flotilla Leaders Programme
Fisher's building programme includes five flotilla leaders to improve command of destroyer forces.
Fourteen-Inch Turrets Secured for Monitors
Fisher and Churchill seize the opportunity to use four American-built twin fourteen-inch turrets in new shallow-draught monitors.
Ninety Small Barges Programme
The emergency construction programme provides for ninety smaller barges alongside the larger motor-barge fleet.
Sixty-Four Submarines Programme
Fisher's emergency programme includes sixty-four submarines, reflecting his strong commitment to undersea warfare.
Submarine Construction Red Tape Waived
Fisher argues that normal paperwork and peacetime procedures must not delay urgent submarine production.
Thirty-Seven Monitors Programme
The emergency programme includes thirty-seven monitors for shallow-water and heavy coastal bombardment roles.
Thirty-Six Sloops Programme
Fisher's 612-vessel programme includes thirty-six sloops for patrol, escort and minesweeping-related duties.
Twenty-Four River Gunboats Programme
Fisher's programme includes twenty-four light river gunboats for operations in confined and shallow waters.
Twenty-Four Submarine Destroyers Programme
Fisher's emergency plan includes twenty-four specialised submarine-destroying vessels.
Two Hundred Motor Barges Programme
Fisher's programme includes two hundred oil-engined motor barges for amphibious and logistical operations.
Two Light Cruisers Programme
The emergency programme includes two light cruisers among the new wartime construction.
Urgent Submarine Expansion Memorandum
Fisher declares rapid acquisition of additional submarines an urgent national requirement and presses for immediate construction.
Commander of XVIII Corps
Appointed Commander of the Ninth Army
Commander of XVIII Corps
Appointed Commander of the Ninth Army
Abercrombie Monitor Design Work Begun
The Director of Naval Construction is instructed to develop shallow-draught monitors around the newly available fourteen-inch turrets.
Coronel Defeat Response Ordered
After news of Coronel, Fisher moves quickly to create an overwhelming force to hunt Admiral von Spee.
Invincible and Inflexible Detached for South Atlantic
Fisher orders battlecruisers Invincible and Inflexible detached from home forces for the hunt for von Spee.
Declaration of War
Great Britain & France declare war on Turkey
Capture of Cyprus
Britain captures Cyprus
Cyprus Taken by Britain
Britain takes control of Cyprus during the war.
Declaration of War
Great Britain & France declare war on Turkey
War Declared on Ottoman Empire
Great Britain and France declare war on Turkey.
Central Powers
Turkey joins the Central Powers; Britain and France declare war on her
Declaration of War
Turkey joins the Central Powers; Britain and France declare war on her. Britain & France declare war on Turkey
Turkey joins the Central Powers
Turkey joins the Central Powers; Britain and France declare war on her
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Belgium
Turkey severs diplomatic relations with Belgium
Capture of Tsingtao
The German colony of Tsingtao in China surrenders to the Japanese
Capture of Tsingtau
Tsingtau capitulates to Japanese forces
Emden Destruction Welcomed
The Admiralty welcomes the destruction of the German cruiser Emden by HMAS Sydney.
Speech
"Business carried on as usual during alterations on the map of Europe"
Twenty H-Class Submarines Contracted
A contract is signed with Bethlehem Steel for twenty H-type submarines as part of Fisher's rapid expansion programme.
Battle of Lodz
Hindenburg had intercepted Russian reports of the proposed invasion into Silesia, and sees an opportunity to repeat his crushing victory at the Battle of Tannenberg, by hitting the Russian flank at Lodz as it moves into Silesia.
Battle of Lodz
Hindenburg moves the German Ninth Army, under General August von Mackensen, to the Polish sector.
Battle of Lodz
Pressure on Lodz continues until December but the Germans are unable to break the Russian lines, short on ammunition, the Russians withdraw to form a new and stronger line closer to Warsaw.
Invasion of Silesia
Hindenburg had intercepted Russian reports of the proposed invasion into Silesia, and sees an opportunity to repeat his crushing victory at the Battle of Tannenberg, by hitting the Russian flank at Lodz as it moves into Silesia
Ninth Army
Hindenburg moves the German Ninth Army, under General August von Mackensen, to the Polish sector
Battle of Lodz
Although a Russian victory it causes the Russians to call off their offensive.
Battle of Lodz
August von Mackensen directs the successful German offensive at Lodz.
Battle of Lodz
Mackensen's Ninth Army strikes the one corps of Rennenkampfs First Army which was posted south of the Vistula and routed it, capturing 12,000 prisoners.
Battle of Lodz
The Battle of Lodz takes place from November 11 to December 6, 1914, near Lodz in Poland, fought between the German Ninth Army and the Russian First, Second, and 5th Armies, in appalling winter conditions.
First Army
Mackensens Ninth Army strikes the one corps of Rennenkampfs First Army which was posted south of the Vistula and routed it, capturing 12,000 prisoners
Ninth Army
The Battle of Lodz takes place from November 11 to December 6, 1914, near Lodz in Poland, fought between the German Ninth Army and the Russian First, Second, and 5th Armies, in appalling winter conditions. Mackensens Ninth Army strikes the one corps of Rennenkampfs First Army which was posted south of the Vistula and routed it, capturing 12,000 prisoners
South Atlantic Battlecruiser Dispatch
The Admiralty sends Invincible and Inflexible south under Admiral Sturdee to hunt Admiral von Spee after Coronel.
Battlecruiser Sailing Deadline Enforced
Fisher refuses to delay the South Atlantic force and requires the battlecruisers to sail even with workmen still aboard.
Falklands Hunting Force Departs
Invincible and Inflexible leave Devonport under Sturdee on the mission Fisher had organised after Coronel.
Wartime Address Debate Led
Leads the Government case during the parliamentary debate on the wartime Address.
Battle of Nonne Bosschen
British units resist the last German push at Ypres.
Battle of Lodz
Mackensens Ninth Army strikes the one corps of Rennenkampfs First Army which was posted south of the Vistula and routed it, capturing 12,000 prisoners
First Army
Mackensens Ninth Army strikes the one corps of Rennenkampfs First Army which was posted south of the Vistula and routed it, capturing 12,000 prisoners
Ninth Army
Mackensens Ninth Army strikes the one corps of Rennenkampfs First Army which was posted south of the Vistula and routed it, capturing 12,000 prisoners
Battle of Lodz
The Russian First Army is heavilly defeated & the Russian offensive is called off. The Battle of Lodz takes place from November 11 to December 6, 1914, near Lodz in Poland, fought between the German Ninth Army and the Russian First, Second, and 5th Armies, in appalling winter conditions
First Army
The Russian First Army is heavilly defeated & the Russian offensive is called off
Invasion of Silesia
The Russians had repulsed the Germans and saved Warsaw, which had been the objective of the original German offensive, the Germans, for their part, had caused the Russians to abandon their offensive into Silesia
Ninth Army
The Battle of Lodz takes place from November 11 to December 6, 1914, near Lodz in Poland, fought between the German Ninth Army and the Russian First, Second, and 5th Armies, in appalling winter conditions
Siege of Warsaw
The Russians had repulsed the Germans and saved Warsaw, which had been the objective of the original German offensive, the Germans, for their part, had caused the Russians to abandon their offensive into Silesia
Japanese Cabinet decide against despatch of troops or warships to Europe
Japanese Cabinet decide against despatch of troops or warships to Europe
Japanese Cabinet decide against despatch of troops or warships to Europe
Japanese Cabinet decide against despatch of troops or warships to Europe
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil
Canopus Position Explained to Commons
Churchill answers questions about HMS Canopus following the defeat of Admiral Cradock's squadron.
Naval Cadet Wartime Training Reviewed
Churchill answers Commons questions concerning the training and employment of naval cadets during wartime.
Second Wartime Vote of Credit Supported
Supports a further Vote of Credit as military expenditure rises during the first winter of the war.
Federal Reserve Banks Open
All twelve Federal Reserve Banks open for business on the same day, making the new Federal Reserve System operational and giving the United States a coordinated network of regional central banks.
Royal Naval Division Clothing Supply Defended
Churchill answers criticism concerning oilskins and equipment supplied to Royal Naval Division personnel.
Royal Naval Division Equipment
Answers Commons questions concerning equipment and oilskins for men of the Royal Naval Division.
Royal Naval Division Missing Reported
Churchill reports that roughly one thousand Royal Naval Division personnel remain listed as missing after Antwerp.
Royal Navy Losses Statement
Provides the House of Commons with figures for Royal Navy killed, wounded and missing since the war began.
Friedrichshafen Zeppelin Raid
Royal Naval Air Service aircraft raid the Zeppelin base and hydrogen facilities at Friedrichshafen.
First Ypres Line Stabilised
French's army holds Ypres as the mobile campaign in Flanders settles into trench warfare.
Army and Navy Commission Policy Reviewed
Churchill answers parliamentary questions concerning wartime commissions between the armed services.
Chilean Coast Defeat Explained to Commons
Churchill addresses questions concerning the destruction of Cradock's squadron off the Chilean coast.
Naval and Marine Brigades Statement
Answers Commons questions about the service and condition of Royal Naval and Marine brigades.
Goeben Escape Parliamentary Answer
Answers parliamentary questions concerning the escape of the German battlecruiser Goeben.
HMS Bulwark Explosion Reported
The Admiralty reports the destruction of HMS Bulwark after an internal explosion at Sheerness.
Royal Navy Confidence Defended
Churchill defends the Navy's discipline, power and efficiency during a Commons debate.
Iron Cross Second Class Award
Jodl receives the Iron Cross Second Class after his early wartime service and wounding.
Eastern Front Wounding
Manstein sustained a serious wound while serving on the Eastern Front in November 1914. The injury interrupted his frontline duties and was followed by a period of recovery.
German Offensive toward Ypres Continues
Rupprecht's forces continue pressure in Flanders as German armies seek to seize Ypres and the Channel approaches.
Dardanelles Outer Forts Reconnoitred
Carden conducts reconnaissance of the Ottoman forts and mine defences guarding the Dardanelles entrance.
Dardanelles Squadron Concentrated
Carden concentrates Allied naval forces outside the Dardanelles after the Ottoman Empire enters the war.
Dardanelles Diversion Discussed with War Council
Churchill argues that pressure at the Dardanelles could threaten Constantinople and relieve strategic pressure elsewhere.
Prewar Dardanelles Contingency Revived
Churchill revives consideration of attacking the Dardanelles as the Ottoman Empire moves closer to war.
Room 40 Codebreaking Section
The Admiralty develops the codebreaking organisation later known as Room 40 to exploit captured German naval signals material.
Dardanelles Naval Risk Questioned
Fisher warns that forcing the Dardanelles without adequate troops could expose the fleet to serious losses.
Devonport Battlecruiser Repairs Accelerated
Fisher insists repairs and preparation of Invincible and Inflexible be accelerated for immediate South Atlantic service.
Four Fourteen-Inch Monitors Ordered
Four large monitors are ordered to carry the American fourteen-inch twin turrets obtained during Fisher's emergency programme.
Monitor Anti-Torpedo Bulges Adopted
The new large monitors incorporate anti-torpedo bulges while being rushed from design to construction.
Princess Royal Sent toward West Indies
Fisher deploys Princess Royal toward the West Indies to guard against a possible German move through the Panama route.
Private Shipbuilding Capacity Mobilised
Fisher seeks to enlist the country's wider engineering and shipbuilding capacity for accelerated wartime construction.
Shallow-Draught Bombardment Concept Advanced
Fisher supports purpose-built shallow-draught ships able to bring heavy guns close to hostile coasts.
Sturdee South Atlantic Command Created
Fisher places Doveton Sturdee in command of the South Atlantic and Pacific force formed to destroy von Spee.
Submarine Delivery Speed Prioritised
Fisher directs that speed of submarine construction should take precedence over peacetime concerns about lowest cost.
War Council Reviews Gallipoli Option
Asquith's War Council considers but initially rejects a major landing on the Gallipoli Peninsula.
Gallipoli Landing Judged Premature
Kitchener judges that troops cannot yet be spared for a large Gallipoli landing.
Dardanelles Entrance Blockade Strengthened
Carden strengthens the watch on the Dardanelles entrance as Allied planners consider operations against Ottoman defences.
Ottoman Entry Alters Squadron Mission
Ottoman entry into the war turns Carden's squadron toward blockade, reconnaissance and possible operations against the Dardanelles.
New Army Equipment Procurement Accelerated
Accelerates procurement of rifles, uniforms, artillery and transport for newly raised formations.
Bolshevik Duma Arrest
Is arrested with other Bolshevik Duma deputies.
War and the International
Writes War and the International, opposing the world war and criticizing socialist parties that supported their national governments.
Carpathian Fighting
Fights in difficult mountain operations against Austro-Hungarian forces.
De Wet Forces Defeated
Helps break organized resistance during the Afrikaner rebellion.
Rebellion Suppression
Commands government forces against rebel commandos.
Maritz Rebellion
Leads rebels across the Kalahari toward German territory.
Invasion of Yemen
The Turkish forces in the Yemen are held although the Sultanate of Lahej is taken
November 4 Covariant Gravity Equations
Einstein presented new gravitational field equations to the Prussian Academy that restored much broader covariance and marked the first of his decisive November 1915 communications.
Restricted Covariance Equations
Presents revised gravitational field equations to the Prussian Academy during his final push toward general relativity.
November 11 Vacuum Field Equations
Einstein refined his field equations under a trace condition and showed how the revised framework could approach fully covariant gravitation in regions outside matter.
Resignation of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
Churchill resigns from the Government
February Revolution
Kerensky participates in february revolution during his political career.
Second November Field Equations
Presents improved gravitational equations to the Prussian Academy and moves substantially closer to the generally covariant form completed later that month.
Unimodular Gravitation Equations
Presents another formulation of gravitation using a restricted coordinate condition with unit determinant.
Anzac Position Inspected Personally
Kitchener visits ANZAC to inspect the front and assess the arguments for abandoning the campaign.
Consecrated Bishop
MacRory receives episcopal consecration and formally begins his ministry as Bishop of Down and Connor.
Resignation of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
Churchill makes his resignation speech in Parliament
Mercury Anomaly Reproduced without Adjustable Parameters
The relativistic Mercury calculation matched the anomalous perihelion advance using the gravitational theory itself rather than introducing an additional planet or an adjustable correction to Newtonian gravity.
November 18 Mercury Advance Calculation
Einstein used the emerging general theory to account for Mercury's unexplained perihelion advance, obtaining the observed residual shift that earlier gravitational models had failed to reproduce.
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
Arrives at Boulogne-sur-Mer to take up duties
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
Taken to General HQ at St Omer
Major
Crosses the Channel to join his pre-1914 regiment of the Oxfordshire Hussars
Mercury Perihelion
Explains Mercury's anomalous perihelion advance using the emerging general theory of relativity.
General Relativity
Hilbert submits a variational treatment of gravitational field equations during the final formulation of general relativity
Endurance Sinks
Endurance sinks beneath the Weddell Sea ice, leaving Shackleton and his men dependent on camps established on the drifting pack.
Endurance Sinks
Crean watches with the stranded expedition as Endurance finally sinks beneath the Weddell Sea after weeks of destructive ice pressure.
Anzac and Suvla Withdrawal Decision Implemented
Monro prepares to implement the British decision to abandon the ANZAC and Suvla sectors.
Capture of Germany
German, Austro-Hungarian and Bulgarian forces push the Serbian army into exile; Serbia falls
Birth of Augusto Jose Ramon Pinochet Ugarte
Birth of Augusto Jose Ramon Pinochet Ugarte
November 25 Matter-Coupled Field Equations
Einstein presented the final generally covariant field equations including their coupling to matter, completing the mathematical core of general relativity.
Final Generally Covariant Field Equations
Presents the final generally covariant gravitational field equations to the Prussian Academy, completing the mathematical core of general relativity.
General Relativity Field Equations
Presents the final generally covariant gravitational field equations to the Prussian Academy.
East Anglian Division Ordered to Re-Embark
The 54th East Anglian Division receives orders to prepare to leave Gallipoli and return to Mudros.
Marriage
Rommel marries Lucie Mollin
Winter Storm Hits ANZAC Positions
Birdwood's troops endure flooding, snow, frostbite and exposure as a severe winter storm strikes Gallipoli.
Suvla Winter Exposure Crisis
A severe snowstorm, frost and exposure strike the Suvla and Anzac positions, causing heavy non-battle casualties.
Revised Solar Deflection Reaches Full Relativistic Value
With the completed geometric treatment of gravity, Einstein obtained a solar light-deflection prediction approximately twice the value produced by his earlier equivalence-principle calculation.
Evacuation Casualty Risk Reassessed
Monro concludes that evacuation risks are lower than Hamilton had feared and presses for withdrawal.
Helles Position Inspected during Withdrawal Review
Kitchener inspects the remaining Allied positions while considering whether Cape Helles should also be abandoned.
Third E11 Marmara Patrol Conducted
Nasmith conducts a third patrol against Ottoman shipping before the Gallipoli campaign ends.
First Army Winter Reorganisation Begun
Haig reorganises First Army formations and staff arrangements after the Loos fighting.
Bolshevik Party
The Central Workers Group is formed
Central Workers
The Central Workers Group is formed
Revised Solar Light-Bending Value
Using the completed theory, obtains the full gravitational deflection predicted for starlight grazing the Sun, approximately twice his earlier 1911 estimate.
Manpower Policy Reviewed
Addresses the growing manpower problem and the balance between military service and essential industry.
Constitution of Germany
Proclaims the Polish Congress of State for military & economic resources for Germany
Rule of Poland
Proclaims the Polish Congress of State for military & economic resources for Germany
Constitution of Poland
The Central Powers establish Poland as a semi-autonomous client state
Independence of Poland
The Central Powers establish Poland as a semi-autonomous client state
Rule of Poland
The Central Powers establish Poland as a semi-autonomous client state
Vote of Confidence
A motion forwarded by Carson on ownership of property in Nigeria creates a crisis
Carson Confidence Crisis
An Edward Carson motion concerning Nigerian property creates a government crisis.
Vote of Confidence
A motion by Edward Carson on ownership of property in Nigeria creates a crisis
Succession
Accedes to the throne on the death of Franz Josef
Death of Franz Josef I
Death of Franz Josef I, at Schonnbrunn Palace
Battle of the Somme, 1st
Commands Fifth Army during the Battle of the Ancre, the final major phase of the Somme offensive.
Final Ancre Attack Approved
Haig approves the final major British attack of the Somme campaign along the Ancre.
Agreement of Calais
As the Battle of the Somme comes to a bitterly cold end, a meeting is held between the Allied generals at Chantilly just outside Paris, a decision is reached by Generals Haig and Joffre that on the Western Front things would recommence in February
Western Front
As the Battle of the Somme comes to a bitterly cold end, a meeting is held between the Allied generals at Chantilly just outside Paris, a decision is reached by Generals Haig and Joffre that on the Western Front things would recommence in February
Somme Offensive Formally Ended
Haig ends major Somme operations after months of attritional fighting and limited territorial gains.
Battle of Cambrai, 1st
Leads 380 tanks in the 1st large scale mobilization of the tank
Battle of Cambrai
In Britain news of the initial spectacular breakthrough served to greatly enhance Byngs reputation; and it resulted in the ringing of church bells in Britain for the first time during the war. During the battle casualties were high, the Germans suffered losses of approximately 50,000 and the British 45,000
Commission
The findings are published but Churchills evidence is not. Churchill has his account of the Antwerp expedition published in the Sunday Pictoral
Beatty Appointed Commander in Chief Grand Fleet
Beatty succeeds Jellicoe as Commander-in-Chief of the Grand Fleet after Jellicoe becomes First Sea Lord.
Battle of Argesul
German & Austrian victory which leads to the capture of Bucharest. Attacks the Romanians at the River Argesul who launch an operation to defend Bucharest
Battle of Argesul
German & Austrian victory which leads to the capture of Bucharest. Attacks the Romanians at the River Argesul who launch an operation to defend Bucharest
Western Front
The new French Commander in Chief, Robert Nivelle, believed that a concentrated attack by French forces on the Western Front in Spring 1917 could break the German front and lead to a quick victory
Acting Admiral Rank Accompanies Grand Fleet Command
Beatty receives acting admiral rank as he assumes command of the Grand Fleet.
Battle of Passchendaele
At a conference in Chantilly in November 1916, and a series of subsequent meetings, the Entente agreed on an offensive strategy where they would overwhelm the Central Powers by means of attacks on the Western, Eastern and Italian Fronts
Conference of Chantilly
Haig was ordered to co-operate with Nivelles planned attack, but secured Nivelles agreement that in the event the French offensive failed, the British would attack in the area of Flanders. At a conference in Chantilly in November 1916, and a series of subsequent meetings, the Entente agreed on an offensive strategy where they would overwhelm the Central Powers by means of attacks on the Western, Eastern and Italian Fronts
Somme Tactical Lessons Reviewed
Haig reviews artillery, infantry, tank and communications lessons from the completed Somme campaign.
Conference of Chantilly
At a conference in Chantilly in November 1916, and a series of subsequent meetings, the Entente agreed on an offensive strategy where they would overwhelm the Central Powers by means of attacks on the Western, Eastern and Italian Fronts
Conference of Chantilly
Lloyd George sought to find ways of avoiding a repeat of the British casualties involved in the Battle of the Somme, and proposed an alternative strategy at a conference in Rome, which would involve the offensive being focused on the Italian front.
Conference of Chantilly
The new French Commander in Chief, Robert Nivelle, believed that a concentrated attack by French forces on the Western Front in Spring 1917 could break the German front and lead to a quick victory.
Western Front
The new French Commander in Chief, Robert Nivelle, believed that a concentrated attack by French forces on the Western Front in Spring 1917 could break the German front and lead to a quick victory
Health of Mikhail Vasilevich Alexeiev
Has a heart attack & is forced into temporary reirement
Third Gaza Offensive
Begins the Third Battle of Gaza after the success at Beersheba.
Hiding after October
Goes into hiding after the failure of the counteroffensive.
Left SR Cooperation
Left SRs cooperate with Bolsheviks in Soviet institutions.
Declaration of Balfour
"The establishment in Palestine of a National home for the Jewish people". Sends the "Balfour Declaration" to Lord Rothschild of the British Zionist Federation
Supreme War Council
Opposes political interference in military command during council creation.
Bolshevik Victory in Moscow
Bolshevik forces gain control of Moscow after prolonged street fighting against forces loyal to the former government.
Bolshevik Party
The Bolsheviks gain Moscow
Bolshevik Revolution
The Bolsheviks gain Moscow
Moscow Fighting
Bolsheviks gain control of Moscow after heavy fighting.
Reballion of Rebels in Moscow
The Bolsheviks gain Moscow
Battle of Caporetto
The Italians are forced back as far as the River Piave
Battle of Caporetto
Austro-Hungarian and German forces advanced more than 100 km (62 mi) in the direction of Venice, but they were not able to cross the Piave River
Battle of Caporetto
Luigi Cadorna was forced to resign after the defeat. Italian losses were enormous, 11,000 were killed, 20,000 wounded and 265,000 taken prisoner, morale was so low among the Italian troops, mainly due to Cadornas harsh disciplinary regime, that most of these surrendered willingly.
Battle of Caporetto
The Piave serves as a natural barrier where the Italians could establish a new defensive line, held during the subsequent Battle of the Piave River and served as springboard for the Battle of Vittorio Veneto, where the Austro-Hungarian are defeated.
October Revolution
Zinoviev, Kamenev, Alexei Rykov, Vladimir Milyutin, and Victor Nogin resign from the Central Committee on November 4, 1917 (Julian calendar)
October Revolution
Zinoviev, Kamenev, Alexei Rykov, Vladimir Milyutin, and Victor Nogin resign from the Central Committee on November 4, 1917 (Julian calendar)
October Revolution
Zinoviev, Kamenev, Alexei Rykov, Vladimir Milyutin, and Victor Nogin resign from the Central Committee on November 4, 1917 (Julian calendar)
October Revolution
Zinoviev, Kamenev, Alexei Rykov, Vladimir Milyutin, and Victor Nogin resign from the Central Committee on November 4, 1917 (Julian calendar)
October Revolution
Lenin wrote a proclamation calling Zinoviev and Kamenev "deserters", he never forgot their behavior, eventually making an ambiguous reference to their "October episode" in his Testament
October Revolution
Lenin wrote a proclamation calling Zinoviev and Kamenev "deserters", he never forgot their behavior, eventually making an ambiguous reference to their "October episode" in his Testament
October Revolution
Lenin wrote a proclamation calling Zinoviev and Kamenev "deserters", he never forgot their behavior, eventually making an ambiguous reference to their "October episode" in his Testament
Battle of Passchendaele
Although inflicting irreplaceable casualties on the Germans, the Allies had captured a mere 5 miles (8 km) of new territory at a cost of 140,000 combat deaths.
Battle of Passchendaele
The Battle consisted of a series of Bite and Hold attacks to capture critical terrain and wear down the German army, lasting until the Canadian Corps took Passchendaele on 6 November 1917, ending the battle.
Battle of Passchendaele
a ratio of roughly 2 inches (5 cm) gained per dead soldier.
Passchendaele Village Secured by Canadian Corps
Currie's corps secures Passchendaele village and nearby ridge positions after a sequence of costly attacks.
Battle of Passchendaele
Although inflicting irreplaceable casualties on the Germans, the Allies had captured a mere 5 miles (8 km) of new territory at a cost of 140,000 combat deaths.
Battle of Passchendaele
The Battle consisted of a series of Bite and Hold attacks to capture critical terrain and wear down the German army, lasting until the Canadian Corps took Passchendaele on 6 November 1917, ending the battle.
Battle of Passchendaele
a ratio of roughly 2 inches (5 cm) gained per dead soldier.
Passchendaele Village Capture Consolidated
Haig orders consolidation after Canadian troops secure Passchendaele village and nearby high ground.
Mounted Pursuit after Gaza Withdrawal
Chauvel drives mounted formations forward after Ottoman forces abandon Gaza.
Supreme War Council
Participates in French diplomacy around the Rapallo agreement.
Supreme War Council
Accepts the council as a mechanism for closer Allied coordination.
Rapallo Allied Coordination Agreement
Supports a new permanent mechanism for coordinating Allied strategy after the Italian crisis.
Supreme War Council
Helps establish the Allied Supreme War Council after the Caporetto crisis.
Supreme War Council
Promotes creation of the Supreme War Council to coordinate Allied strategy.
Supreme War Council
Supports a permanent Allied body to coordinate operations on common fronts.
Capture of Gaza
Occupies Gaza
Gaza Entry
Enters Gaza after Ottoman forces abandon the position.
Supreme War Council
Becomes involved in the permanent machinery of Allied war coordination.
Supreme War Council
Represents Italian foreign policy in the Rapallo discussions.
Supreme War Council
Italian defeat at Caporetto helps force Allied leaders to create the council.
Supreme War Council
Supports formation of the council after Italy's defeat at Caporetto.
Independence of Russia
The Ukraine is proclaimed independent by the Central Rada
Independence of Ukraine
The Ukraine is proclaimed independent by the Central Rada
Capture of Petrograd
The Soviets sieze power in Petrograd
Coup
Overthrows the Kerensky Government
Nationalization
The Bolshevik land decree abolishes private landed property and transfers land to peasant use
Peace
Proposes just & democratic peace without annexations, indemnities & self-determination
Appointment as Commander in Chief
Krylenko is appointed commander in chief after Dukhonin refuses to seek an immediate armistice.
Refusal of Armistice Order
Dukhonin refuses the Soviet government's order to open armistice negotiations with the Central Powers.
Bolshevik Party
The Bolsheviks broadcast their conditions for peace
Peace
The Bolsheviks broadcast their conditions for peace
Battle of Passchendaele
The Canadian Corps launched a final action on 10 November to gain control of the remaining high ground north of the village, in the vicinity of Hill 52
Capture of Passchendaele
Canadian troops capture Passchendaele near Ypres.
Battle of Passchendaele
Armin commands German defence at Ypres.
Meeting
Convenes a General Staff Meeting to consider an offensive in the west
Offensive
Caught out by the Caporetto Offensive
Constituent Assembly Election
Chernov's Socialist Revolutionary Party emerges as the largest force in voting for the Constituent Assembly.
Battle of Passchendaele
The Canadians take Passchendaele Ridge, 15,654 casualties
Allied Unity Policy Defended in Commons
Explains to Parliament the agreement for closer Allied strategic coordination.
Decree on Workers Control
The Soviet government issues a decree establishing workers' control over production, accounting and enterprise administration.
Constituent Assembly Election
Elections return the Socialist Revolutionaries as the largest party.
Election
Elections to the Constituent Assembly, the Socialist Revolutionaries the largest party
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War
Prime Minister of France
Appointed Prime Minister of France, 2nd term
German Minesweeping Cover Challenged
British cruisers and battlecruisers attack German forces protecting minesweepers in the Heligoland Bight.
Grand Fleet Heavy Support Held Ready at Heligoland
Beatty keeps heavier units available while forward British forces engage German ships near Heligoland.
Second Heligoland Bight Operation Supported
Grand Fleet forces support the British operation against German minesweeping cover near Heligoland Bight.
Resignation of Aleksey Ivanovich Rykov
Resigns in protest against Lenins refusal to form a coalition Government
Armistice
The Bolsheviks call for an armistice on all fronts
Bolshevik Party
The Bolsheviks call for an armistice on all fronts
Jerusalem Operations Renewed
Renews operations toward Jerusalem after the Gaza-Beersheba victories.
Siege of Jerusalem
Resumes operations against Jerusalem
Maude and Primrose Tribute Delivered
Pays parliamentary tribute after the deaths of General Stanley Maude and Neil Primrose.
Unified Allied Strategy Defended
Argues that stronger coordination among the Allies is essential to the conduct of the war.
Release from Bykhov
Is released after the Bolshevik seizure of power.
Battle of Cambrai, 1st
A surprise British tank attack.
Battle of Cambrai, 1st
During the battle casualties were high, the Germans suffered losses of approximately 50,000 and the British 45,000.
Battle of Cambrai, 1st
Orders an immediate counter-attack only to discover that reserves could not be brought forward for a further two days, at one stage he even contemplates a general withdrawal from the Cambrai front.
Battle of Cambrai, 1st
Within hours the lightly defended Germans are forced back 6 km to Cambrai, the three trench systems of the Hindenburg Line pierced for the first time in the war.
Hindenburg Line
Within hours the lightly defended Germans are forced back 6 km to Cambrai, the three trench systems of the Hindenburg Line pierced for the first time in the war
Siege of Cambrai
Within hours the lightly defended Germans are forced back 6 km to Cambrai, the three trench systems of the Hindenburg Line pierced for the first time in the war
Battle of Cambrai, 1st
20 divisions are deployed during the German counter-attack, the so-called Hutier infiltration tactics (named after the German commander who had first deployed them, Oskar von Hutier), within a week virtually all lost ground had been reclaimed
Battle of Cambrai, 1st
During the battle casualties were high, the Germans suffered losses of approximately 50,000 and the British 45,000.
Battle of Cambrai, 1st
In pressing home wave after wave of German counterattacks, starting 20 November, he worked to recover all ground lost to the British. Facing the British attack is the German Second Army led by Georg von der Marwitz.
Battle of Cambrai, 1st
Within hours the lightly defended Germans are forced back 6 km to Cambrai, the three trench systems of the Hindenburg Line pierced for the first time in the war.
Hindenburg Line
Within hours the lightly defended Germans are forced back 6 km to Cambrai, the three trench systems of the Hindenburg Line pierced for the first time in the war
Second Army
Facing the British attack is the German Second Army led by Georg von der Marwitz
Deraa Reconnaissance
Conducts reconnaissance around Deraa during northern operations of the Arab Revolt.
Battle of Cambrai
Within hours the lightly defended Germans are forced back 6 km to Cambrai, the three trench systems of the Hindenburg Line pierced for the first time in the war. Lieutenant Colonel John Fuller recommended wide-scale use of tanks on the dry battlefield sited between the Canal du Nord and the St. Quentin Canal, the proposal is taken up by Julian Byng, Commander on the ground
Hindenburg Line
Within hours the lightly defended Germans are forced back 6 km to Cambrai, the three trench systems of the Hindenburg Line pierced for the first time in the war
Battle of Cambrai
German reinforcements stop the Allied advance to Cambrai & regain lost land by Nov 30. 6 KM are gained
Cambrai Mass-Tank Assault Opened
Haig supports the surprise Cambrai attack combining tanks, artillery, infantry and air power.
Battle of Cambrai
& 14 newly formed squadrons of the Royal Flying Corps.
Battle of Cambrai
A forerunner of the blitzkrieg tactics employed to great effect by the German army during the Second World War, the attack is not preceded by a preliminary bombardment, helping to ensure complete surprise
Battle of Cambrai
Demonstrates the potential of the tank. Commands the 3rd Army during the Cambrai Offensive.
Battle of Cambrai
Lieutenant Colonel John Fuller recommended wide-scale use of tanks on the dry battlefield sited between the Canal du Nord and the St.
Battle of Cambrai
Quentin Canal, the proposal is taken up by Julian Byng, Commander on the ground. launched at dawn with all available tanks advancing across a 10 km front, 476 tanks are accompanied by six infantry and two cavalry divisions (to exploit any breakthrough), plus 1,000 guns
Royal Flying Corps
launched at dawn with all available tanks advancing across a 10 km front, 476 tanks are accompanied by six infantry and two cavalry divisions (to exploit any breakthrough), plus 1,000 guns & 14 newly formed squadrons of the Royal Flying Corps
Third Army
Commands the 3rd Army during the Cambrai Offensive
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland, 1st term
Death of Nikolai Dukhonin
Dukhonin is killed by soldiers at army headquarters after Krylenko arrives to assume command.
Escape to Don
Moves south after release to avoid Bolshevik control.
Armistice
20 November-3 December, heads the Russian armistice negotiations
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief
Bolshevik Party
The Bolsheviks win 175 seats out of 707. In the Constituent Assembly elections the Bolsheviks win 9.8 of 41.7 million votes
Election
The Socialist Revolutionaries win 17.5 million votes. The Bolsheviks win 175 seats out of 707. In the Constituent Assembly elections the Bolsheviks win 9.8 of 41.7 million votes
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief
Referendum
The constitutional referendum approves the framework that will create a partly collegial executive
Armistice
Sends delegates across the German lines to request an armistice
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Bolshevik Party
Bolsheviks decree the creation of Workers Committee's at placres of work
Workers Committees
In all enterprises of "state importance" all matters should be deferred to the state. Bolsheviks decree the creation of Workers Committee's at placres of work
Armistice
The German high command agrees to armistice negotiations to begin on 2 Dec
Constituent Assembly
Remains associated with the democratic election promise.
Peace
The Allied Supreme Council rejects Lenins Decree on Peace
Health of George VI
Operated on for a duodenal ulcer
German Cambrai Counterattack Reviewed
Haig reviews the German counterattack that recovers much of the ground gained earlier at Cambrai.
Supreme Allied War Council
Appointed Member of Supreme Allied War Council
Supreme Allied War Council
Appointed Member of Supreme Allied War Council
Commander of Tigris Corps
Appointed Commander of the Tigris Corps
Death of Frederick Stanley Maude
Death of Frederick Stanley Maude, cholera
Commander of Tigris Corps
Appointed Commander of the Tigris Corps
Passchendaele Mud
Kiggell sees the devastated battlefield near Ypres.
Gaza Ottoman Retreat
Beersheba's capture forces Ottoman troops to retreat from the Gaza position.
Road to Jerusalem
The Gaza victory opens the road for the British advance toward Jerusalem.
Capture of Gaza
Captures Gaza
Dismissal
Dismissed after the Italian defeat at the Battle of Caporetto
People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs
Takes charge of Soviet foreign policy as People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs in the new Council of People's Commissars.
Civil War Defence
Helps defend Petrograd from Kerensky-Krasnov forces.
Opposition to Bolsheviks
Opposes Bolshevik domination of Soviet power.
Moderate Defeat
Moderate socialists lose influence after the Bolshevik seizure of power.
Journey to Don
Travels toward the Don to join anti-Bolshevik forces.
Battle of Valenciennes
The Battle of Valenciennes (1st November 1918) was an offensive carried out by the British 3rd Army to advance to the French-Belgian border and the city of Valenciennes. The city was re-captured by Canadian troops on 2nd November
Capture of Charleville
On 1st November the Allied offensive started up and the third German defensive line was breached. As the advance progressed northwards the towns of Mezieres, Charleville and Sedan were recaptured
Capture of Mezieres
On 1st November the Allied offensive started up and the third German defensive line was breached. As the advance progressed northwards the towns of Mezieres, Charleville and Sedan were recaptured
Capture of Sedan
On 1st November the Allied offensive started up and the third German defensive line was breached. As the advance progressed northwards the towns of Mezieres, Charleville and Sedan were recaptured
Capture of Valenciennes
The Battle of Valenciennes (1st November 1918) was an offensive carried out by the British 3rd Army to advance to the French-Belgian border and the city of Valenciennes. The city was re-captured by Canadian troops on 2nd November
Meuse-Argonne Offensive
On 1st November the Allied offensive started up and the third German defensive line was breached. As the advance progressed northwards the towns of Mezieres, Charleville and Sedan were recaptured
Third Army
The Battle of Valenciennes (1st November 1918) was an offensive carried out by the British 3rd Army to advance to the French-Belgian border and the city of Valenciennes. The city was re-captured by Canadian troops on 2nd November
Battle of Vittorio
A victory for the Allies, causes an Austrian collapse across the Italian front
Armistice
An Armistice is declared
Result of Surrender of Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary accepts an armistice and ends active hostilities against Italy.
Surrender of Austria-Hungary
Surrenders unconditionally to Italian C-in-C Armando Diaz. An Armistice is declared
Supreme War Council
Helps frame Allied military conditions before the armistice.
Result of Surrender of Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary exits the war under Allied armistice terms.
Surrender of Austria-Hungary
Austria surrenders to the Allies
Reballion of Rebels in Kiel
1st day of the Kiel Mutiny
Reballion of Rebels in Kiel
1st day of the Kiel Mutiny
Battle of Guise, 2nd
The Battle of the Sambre (4th November 1918) was a continuation of the Allied advance by Haigs Army Group (the First, 3rd and 4th Armies and the French First Army) coming from the direction of Valenciennes. The Allied troops were to advance from the Conde Canal on a thirty mile front towards Maubeuge-Mons. The offensive included the the Second Battle of Guise (4th - 5th November 1918)
Battle of Sambre
The Battle of the Sambre (4th November 1918) was a continuation of the Allied advance by Haigs Army Group (the First, 3rd and 4th Armies and the French First Army) coming from the direction of Valenciennes. The Allied troops were to advance from the Conde Canal on a thirty mile front towards Maubeuge-Mons. The offensive included the the Second Battle of Guise (4th - 5th November 1918)
First Army
The Battle of the Sambre (4th November 1918) was a continuation of the Allied advance by Haigs Army Group (the First, 3rd and 4th Armies and the French First Army) coming from the direction of Valenciennes. The Allied troops were to advance from the Conde Canal on a thirty mile front towards Maubeuge-Mons. The offensive included the the Second Battle of Guise (4th - 5th November 1918)
Fourth Army
The Battle of the Sambre (4th November 1918) was a continuation of the Allied advance by Haigs Army Group (the First, 3rd and 4th Armies and the French First Army) coming from the direction of Valenciennes. The Allied troops were to advance from the Conde Canal on a thirty mile front towards Maubeuge-Mons. The offensive included the the Second Battle of Guise (4th - 5th November 1918)
Third Army
The Battle of the Sambre (4th November 1918) was a continuation of the Allied advance by Haigs Army Group (the First, 3rd and 4th Armies and the French First Army) coming from the direction of Valenciennes. The Allied troops were to advance from the Conde Canal on a thirty mile front towards Maubeuge-Mons. The offensive included the the Second Battle of Guise (4th - 5th November 1918)
Le Quesnoy Assault Directed
Russell directs the New Zealand Division during the capture of Le Quesnoy.
Le Quesnoy Wall Scaled
Averill leads soldiers up a ladder and over the fortified wall during the capture of Le Quesnoy.
War and Navy Minister at Omsk
Kolchak enters the anti-Bolshevik government at Omsk as minister of war and navy.
Supreme War Council
Represents French diplomacy in late-war council discussions.
General Strike
The first day of the General Strike in Berlin
Strike
The first day of the General Strike in Berlin
Supreme War Council
The Allied Supreme War Council accepts Wilson's Fourteen Points as an armistice basis.
Austro-Hungarian Collapse Reviewed
Explains the military and political consequences of Austria-Hungary leaving the war.
Versailles Armistice Conference Reported
Reports to Parliament on Allied conferences dealing with Turkey, Austria-Hungary and Germany.
Supreme War Council
Participates in Allied political oversight as Germany seeks an armistice.
Supreme War Council
Represents Italian interests as the armistice terms are shaped.
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland
Supreme War Council
Helps present American views during armistice deliberations.
Reballion of Rebels in Munich
Addresses a demonstration of workers, peasants & soldiers
Abdication
supporter of the monarchy until the abdication of the Kaiser ("If the Kaiser abdicates, the social revolution is inevitable. But I do not want it, I hate it like sin", he says to Max von Baden
Constitution of Germany
supporter of the monarchy until the abdication of the Kaiser ("If the Kaiser abdicates, the social revolution is inevitable. But I do not want it, I hate it like sin", he says to Max von Baden
Bavarian Revolution
The Bavarian revolution shocks Kahr, a monarchist official, as royal government collapses in Munich.
Weimar Republic
The revolution had reaches Munich, causing King Ludwig III of Bavaria to flee
Constitution of Germany
In a legally questionable act, Reichskanzler Prince Max of Baden transfers his powers to Friedrich Ebert, leader of the MSPD, who, shattered by the monarchys fall, reluctantly accepts. Bavaria is declared a republic
Mobilization
The Demobilization office is setup
Reballion of Rebels in Berlin
The Red flag is raised over the Imperial Palace in Berlin. In a legally questionable act, Reichskanzler Prince Max of Baden transfers his powers to Friedrich Ebert, leader of the MSPD, who, shattered by the monarchys fall, reluctantly accepts
Reballion of Rebels in Cologne
Sailors capture Cologne
Weimar Republic
In a legally questionable act, Reichskanzler Prince Max of Baden transfers his powers to Friedrich Ebert, leader of the MSPD, who, shattered by the monarchys fall, reluctantly accepts
Abdication
The revolution reaches Munich, causing King Ludwig III of Bavaria to flee
Exile of Ludwig III
Leaves Munich on a day of mass demonstrations
Reballion of Rebels in Munich
The revolution reaches Munich, causing King Ludwig III of Bavaria to flee
Reballion of Rebels in Munich
The revolution had reaches Munich, causing King Ludwig III of Bavaria to flee
Reballion of Rebels in Berlin
The Red flag is raised over the Imperial Palace in Berlin
Reballion of Rebels in Cologne
Sailors capture Cologne
Reballion of Rebels in Munich
Suppresses the revolution in Munich
Reballion of Rebels in Munich
Addresses a demonstration of workers, peasants & soldiers
Abdication
Wilhelm II refuses to abdicate, Prince Max of Baden simply announces that he had done so and frantically attempts to establish a regency under another member of the House of Hohenzollern. "Majority Social Democrats" (MSPD, who support a Parliamentary system) put themselves at the front of the revolutionary movement & demand that Emperor Wilhelm II abdicate
Weimar Republic
"Majority Social Democrats" (MSPD, who support a Parliamentary system) put themselves at the front of the revolutionary movement & demand that Emperor Wilhelm II abdicate
Reballion of Rebels in Munich
Suppresses the revolution in Munich
Eastern Peoples Liberation Declaration
Declares Eastern Peoples liberation
Three Turkish Armies Destroyed
Allenby destroys 3 Turkish Armies & captures 75,000 prisoners
Prime Minister of Germany
Eisners Cabinet has 3 minority Socialists & 3 Majority Social Democrats. Appointed Prime Minister of Bavaria & responsible for foreign affairs
Abdication
Helps persuade the Kaiser to abdicate
Constitution of Germany
Proclaims the new "Free German Republic" without any Party or Government authorization
Free German Republic
Proclaims the new "Free German Republic" without any Party or Government authorization
Pact between Friedrich Ebert and Wilhelm Groener
The Ebert-Groener pact stipulates that the Government would not attempt to reform the Army so long as the army swore to protect the state
Alliance Ebert and General Wilhelm Groener
Ebert makes a pact over the phone with General Wilhelm Groener
Armistice
Begins preparations for drawing up an armistice with the Allies
Chancellor
Appointed Head of the Provisional Government. Appointed Chancellor of Germany, accepts Max von Badens offer
Constitution of Germany
From November 1918 through January 1919, Germany is governed dictatorially by the Council of Peoples Commissioners.
Constitution of Germany
The Ebert-Groener pact stipulates that the Government would not attempt to reform the Army so long as the army swore to protect the state.
Constitution of Germany
To ensure that his fledgling Government is able to maintain control over the country, Ebert makes an uneasy pact with the OHL, now led by Ludendorffs successor General Wilhelm Groener.
Constitution of Germany
Begins preparations for elections to the new National Constitutional Assembly
Council of Peoples Commissioners
From November 1918 through January 1919, Germany is governed dictatorially by the Council of Peoples Commissioners
Election
Begins preparations for elections to the new National Constitutional Assembly
Pact between Friedrich Ebert and Wilhelm Groener
The Ebert-Groener pact stipulates that the Government would not attempt to reform the Army so long as the army swore to protect the state
Provisional Government
Appointed Head of the Provisional Government
Constitution of Germany
The Weimar Republic is proclaimed by Philipp Scheidemann at the Reichstag building in Berlin, to the fury of the Reichskanzler, who still hoped to preserve the monarchy. Scheidemann, concerned in the face of a possible workers revolution in Berlin, proclaims the Republic from a balcony in the Reichstag building, without consulting any of his colleagues
Weimar Republic
The Weimar Republic is proclaimed by Philipp Scheidemann at the Reichstag building in Berlin, to the fury of the Reichskanzler, who still hoped to preserve the monarchy
Constitution of Germany
In a legally questionable act, Reichskanzler Prince Max of Baden transfers his powers to Friedrich Ebert, leader of the MSPD, who, shattered by the monarchys fall, reluctantly accepts. Ebert continues to serve as Head of Government during the three months between the end of the German Empire in November 1918 and the first gathering of the National Assembly in February 1919, but did not use the title of Chancellor
National Assembly
Ebert continues to serve as Head of Government during the three months between the end of the German Empire in November 1918 and the first gathering of the National Assembly in February 1919, but did not use the title of Chancellor
Weimar Republic
In a legally questionable act, Reichskanzler Prince Max of Baden transfers his powers to Friedrich Ebert, leader of the MSPD, who, shattered by the monarchys fall, reluctantly accepts
Abdication
Maximilian announces the abdication without the Kaisers consent.
Abdication
Maximilian, realizing that the Kaiser would not be able to retain his throne, urges him to abdicate in time to save the monarchy itself, but the Kaiser refuses to agree.
Abdication
The Kaiser abdicates.
Abdication
Wilhelm II refuses to abdicate, Prince Max of Baden simply announces that he had done so and frantically attempts to establish a regency under another member of the House of Hohenzollern.
Constitution of Germany
Resigns in favour of Ebert, followed by the proclamation of the German Republic
Reballion of Rebels in Berlin
Wilhelm II refuses to abdicate, Prince Max of Baden simply announces that he had done so and frantically attempts to establish a regency under another member of the House of Hohenzollern
Resignation of Maximilian of Baden
Resigns in favour of Ebert, followed by the proclamation of the German Republic
Weimar Republic
Wilhelm II refuses to abdicate, Prince Max of Baden simply announces that he had done so and frantically attempts to establish a regency under another member of the House of Hohenzollern
Constitution of Germany
Opposes Scheidemanns declaration of a republic, wants a constitutional monarchy
Constitution of Germany
A Soviet republic was proclaimed, at the Berliner Stadtschloss by a left-wing radical named Karl Liebknecht
Weimar Republic
A Soviet republic was proclaimed, at the Berliner Stadtschloss by a left-wing radical named Karl Liebknecht
Weimar Republic
The Weimar Republic is proclaimed by Philipp Scheidemann at the Reichstag building in Berlin, to the fury of the Reichskanzler, who still hoped to preserve the monarchy
Weimar Republic
In a legally questionable act, Reichskanzler Prince Max of Baden transfers his powers to Friedrich Ebert, leader of the MSPD, who, shattered by the monarchys fall, reluctantly accepts
Friedensturm
The Germans retreat across the Meuse
Armistice
The Allies demand evacuation of all occupied territories including Alsace Lorraine
Armistice
The Allies demand the demilitarization of the Rhineland & annulment Brest Litovsk
Abdication
Announces the abdication of Wilhelm II during the armistice
Abdication
Announces the Kaiser has abdicated
Dismissal
Dismisses Ludendorf during the armistice
Resignation of Max von Baden
Resigns in favor of Friedrich Ebert, the second Empire is at an end
Resignation of Max von Baden
Ebert, supported by the "Majority" Socialists, forces von Baden to resign. Asked by Hindenburg to arrange an armistice but saved the indignity
Birth of Spiro Agnew
Birth of Spiro Agnew
Constitution of Germany
Liebknechts proclamation ends the German Monarchy and an entirely Socialist provisional Government took power under Eberts leadership. Ebert favoured retaining the monarchy under a different ruler but Scheidemann proclaimes the German Republic, in response to the unrest in Berlin and in order to counter a declaration of the "Free Socialist Republic" by Karl Liebknecht. Calls for a National Constitutional Assembly
Government
Forms a provisional executive of mainstream SDP & Independent Socialists
Provisional Government
Liebknechts proclamation ends the German Monarchy and an entirely Socialist provisional Government took power under Eberts leadership
Ruling Council
Appointed Member of Ruling Council, Nov 1918 to Feb 1919
Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD)
Following the Januarstreik in January 1918, a strike demanding an end to the war and better food provisioning that was organized by revolutionaries affiliated with the USPD and officially supported by the party, the USPD quickly rose to about 120,000 members; despite harsh criticism of
Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD)
of people's deputies"), which was formed on November 10, 1918 and mutually led by Friedrich Ebert and Hugo Haase following the German Revolution
Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD)
the SPD for becoming part of the Government of the newly formed German republic during the Oktoberreform, the USPD reached a settlement with the SPD as the Novemberrevolution began, and even became part of the Government in the form of the Rat der Volksbeauftragten ("council
Council of Peoples Commissioners
A coalition Government called "Council of Peoples Commissioners" (Rat der Volksbeauftragten) was established, consisting of three MSPD and three USPD members, led by Ebert for the MSPD and Hugo Haase for the USPD
Constitution of Germany
A coalition Government called "Council of Peoples Commissioners" (Rat der Volksbeauftragten) was established, consisting of three MSPD and three USPD members, led by Ebert for the MSPD and Hugo Haase for the USPD
Council of Peoples Commissioners
A coalition Government called "Council of Peoples Commissioners" (Rat der Volksbeauftragten) was established, consisting of three MSPD and three USPD members, led by Ebert for the MSPD and Hugo Haase for the USPD
Council of Peoples Deputies
Following the Januarstreik in January 1918, a strike demanding an end to the war and better food provisioning that was organized by revolutionaries affiliated with the USPD and officially supported by the party, the USPD quickly rose to about 120,000 members; despite harsh criticism of
Council of Peoples Deputies
of people's deputies"), which was formed on November 10, 1918 and mutually led by Friedrich Ebert and Hugo Haase following the German Revolution
Council of Peoples Deputies
the SPD for becoming part of the Government of the newly formed German republic during the Oktoberreform, the USPD reached a settlement with the SPD as the Novemberrevolution began, and even became part of the Government in the form of the Rat der Volksbeauftragten ("council
Death of Viktor Adler
Death of Viktor Adler
Resignation of Heinrich Lammasch
Resigns because of his disagreement with Allied War objectives
Abdication
Abdicates the Austrian Kingdom
Result of Surrender of Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary leaves the war as imperial military resistance collapses.
Surrender of Austria-Hungary
World War I
Council of Peoples Commissioners
The new Government is confirmed by the Berlin worker and soldier council, it was opposed by the Spartacist League led by communists Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht
Spartacist League
The new Government is confirmed by the Berlin worker and soldier council, it was opposed by the Spartacist League led by communists Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht
Spartacist League
The new Government is confirmed by the Berlin worker and soldier council, it was opposed by the Spartacist League led by communists Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht
Armistice
The armistice is signed in a railway carriage at 5:00 AM. Germany agrees to the armistice & firing stops on the western front at 11 am
Armistice
German troops begin their withdrawal to the Rhine
Western Front
Germany agrees to the armistice & firing stops on the western front at 11 am
Peace Treaty
All surving U-boats are required to surrender
Offensive
Final day of the Allied "100 Days" offensives which lead to the Armistice
Armistice
Part of a commission which signs the armistice
Peace
Groener oversaw the retreat and demobilization of the defeated German army after World War I which ended with the armistice
Ceasefire
The Allied ceasfire with Germany comes into effect
Armistice Ends Grand Fleet Combat Operations
Beatty's Grand Fleet ceases wartime offensive operations after the armistice takes effect.
Battle of Flanders
The Allies reach a line running from Terneuzen, Ghent, Scheldt River, Ath & St Ghislan
German Armistice Announced to Commons
Announces the signed armistice terms and confirms that fighting will cease at eleven o'clock.
National Victory Statement Delivered
Addresses Parliament and the country as four years of war end with the German armistice.
Result of Surrender of Germany
German acceptance of Allied terms ends fighting on the Western Front.
Surrender of Germany
Germany surrenders to the Allies
Armistice Ends Western Front Service
Ends wartime staff service when the Armistice stops fighting on the Western Front.
Constitution of Germany
Proclaims the aims of the new German regime
Abdication
Abdicates the Hungarian Kingdom
Brest-Litovsk Treaty Annulled
The Soviet government annuls the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk after Germany's defeat in the First World War.
President of Czechoslovakia
Is elected first President of Czechoslovakia.
First Government
Becomes first prime minister of Czechoslovakia.
Kramar Government
Begins the Kramar Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil
President of Brazil
Appointed acting President of Brazil after Rodrigues Alves was unable to take office
Constitution of Hungary
Loses land to the Allies & is replaced by Bela Kun & the Hungarian Soviet Republic
Constitution of Hungary
Declares Hungary a Republic
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland
Dismissal
Relinqueshes Supreme Command
Resignation of Hans von Beseler
Resigns as the Military Governor of Poland
Omsk Coup
Kolchak takes supreme power after a coup removes the Ufa Directory's authority in Siberia.
Supreme Ruler Proclaimed
Kolchak accepts the title Supreme Ruler and assumes leadership of the principal eastern White government.
Health of Adolf Hitler
Leaves hospital & returns via Berlin to Munich
Siege of Charleroi
Enters Charleroi
Gerard Cooreman Government
The Gerard Cooreman Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.
Leon Delacroix Government
Begins the Leon Delacroix Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.
7th Company
Appointed Member of 7th Company, 1st Reserve Battalion, 2nd Infantry Regiment
German Flag Lowering Order Issued
Beatty orders the German flag lowered at sunset after the High Seas Fleet enters Allied custody.
Grand Fleet Meets German High Seas Fleet
Beatty's assembled Grand Fleet meets the German force and escorts it toward the Firth of Forth.
Surrender of German High Seas Fleet
As Grand Fleet commander, Beatty receives the German High Seas Fleet for internment in the Firth of Forth.
Capture of Brussels
Albert I re-enters Brussels
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Workers Committees
Issues a decree establishing Workers Committee's in enterprises with 5 or more workers
Abdication
The Commander of the Imperial army, Hindenburg, orders the Kaiser to abdicate
Exile of Wilhelm II
Wilhelm II is exiled to Doorn in Holland
Imperial Army
The Commander of the Imperial army, Hindenburg, orders the Kaiser to abdicate
Union of Bukovina
Bukovina votes union with Romania.
Council of Workers and Peasants Defence
Lenin chairs the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defence created to coordinate the Soviet war effort.
Flanders Advance Reaches Scheldt Approaches
Albert's army group pushes eastward as German forces retreat toward the Scheldt before the armistice.
Armistice
Heads the Allied armistice negotiations with the Germans
Peace
Heads the Allied armistice negotiations with the Germans
Chairman of Provisional Government
In the course of the German Revolution, along with the majority Social Democrats' leader Ebert, Haase is appointed joint chairman of the provisional Government
Constitution of Germany
Ebert leads the new Government for the next several months, notably using the army under support of Minister of Defence Gustav Noske to suppress the Spartacist uprising, commonly identified with Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht
Council of National Deputies
Appointed Member of Council of National Deputies
Bolshevik Party
Ebert agrees to suppress the Bolshevik-led revolution and maintain the defeated Armys role & Groener in turn agrees to throw the weight of the still-considerable Army behind the new Government
Ebert-Groener Pact
Ebert agrees to suppress the Bolshevik-led revolution and maintain the defeated Armys role & Groener in turn agrees to throw the weight of the still-considerable Army behind the new Government
Chairman of Provisional Government
In the course of the German Revolution, along with the majority Social Democrats' leader Ebert, Haase is appointed joint chairman of the provisional Government
Reballion of Communist Party of Germany
Uprising led by the Communist Party of Germany, KPD
Revolution of Germany
Member of Workers & Soldiers Council
Reballion of Rebels in Kiel
Puts down the rebellion
Reballion of Communist Party of Germany
Uprising led by the Communist Party of Germany, KPD
Chairman of Provisional Government
In the course of the German Revolution, along with the majority Social Democrats' leader Ebert, Haase is appointed joint chairman of the provisional Government
Council of the People's Deputies
Appointed on the Council of the People's Deputies, wants to avoid a dictatorship of the proletariat through soldiers' and workers' councils
Revolution of Germany
A soldiers council took charge of his regiment since the Bavarian Revolution
Novemberrevolution
Following the Januarstreik in January 1918, a strike demanding an end to the war and better food provisioning that was organized by revolutionaries affiliated with the USPD and officially supported by the party, the USPD quickly rose to about 120,000 members; despite harsh criticism of
Novemberrevolution
of people's deputies"), which was formed on November 10, 1918 and mutually led by Friedrich Ebert and Hugo Haase following the German Revolution
Novemberrevolution
the SPD for becoming part of the Government of the newly formed German republic during the Oktoberreform, the USPD reached a settlement with the SPD as the Novemberrevolution began, and even became part of the Government in the form of the Rat der Volksbeauftragten ("council
Reballion of Communist Party of Germany
Uprising led by the Communist Party of Germany, KPD
Arrest of August von Mackensen
Imprisoned by the French after the Armistice until December 1919
Abdication
Groener advises Kaiser Wilhelm II that he had lost the confidence of the armed forces and recommends abdication to the monarch
Bolshevik Party
Ebert agrees to suppress the Bolshevik-led revolution and maintain the defeated Armys role & Groener in turn agrees to throw the weight of the still-considerable Army behind the new Government
Ebert-Groener Pact
Ebert agrees to suppress the Bolshevik-led revolution and maintain the defeated Armys role & Groener in turn agrees to throw the weight of the still-considerable Army behind the new Government
Reballion of Rebels in Kiel
Retires after orders to march against the Kiel Mutiny are countermanded
Resignation of Ludwig von Schroder
Retires after orders to march against the Kiel Mutiny are countermanded
DSO
At the Armistice, is mentioned in dispatches and awarded the Distinguished Service Order
Death of Wilfred Owen
Killed a week before the armistice
German Naval Mutiny Ends Final Sortie Threat
Mutiny in the German fleet prevents the planned final operation against Allied naval forces.
Operation ZZ Arrangements Prepared
Beatty prepares the Grand Fleet to meet and escort German surface warships into Allied custody.
German Armistice Terms Presented to Cabinet
Reviews the final Allied military conditions to be imposed before hostilities can cease.
Commonwealth
The Republic is based upon the Polish Commonwealth dissolved in 1795
Constitution of Poland
The Republic of Poland is founded. The Republic is based upon the Polish Commonwealth dissolved in 1795
Independence of Poland
Polish independence is guaranteed by the signatories of the Treaty of Versailles
Republic
The Republic of Poland is founded. The Republic is based upon the Polish Commonwealth dissolved in 1795
Treaty of Versailles
Polish independence is guaranteed by the signatories of the Treaty of Versailles
Alliance Romania and the Allies
Rejoins the Allies on the brink of victory
Exile of Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich
Esacapes to Finland
First Sea Lord of the Admiralty
Appointed First Sea Lord
Relativity Eclipse Results Announced
Royal Society and Royal Astronomical Society report eclipse results supporting Einstein's general relativity.
Death of Phillip Scheidemann
Death of Phillip Scheidemann
Election
Clemanceaus coalition Government wins the election
League of Nations
The United States Senate refuses to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, making it invalid in the United States and effectively hamstringing the nascent League of Nations envisioned by Wilson
Treaty of Versailles
The Senate refuses to ratify Versailles, keeping the United States outside the League.
League of Nations
The US fails to ratify the Treaty of Versailles and join the League of Nations
Treaty of Versailles
The Senate refuses to ratify Versailles, keeping the United States outside the League.
Ratification Fight
Leads Senate opposition to Versailles and League membership.
Eastern Galicia Statute
The Supreme Council accepts a statute whose Galician demarcation joins the proposed Polish eastern line to the Czechoslovak frontier in the Carpathians.
Symphony No 5 Final Version
Conducts the first performance of the final version of Symphony No 5 in Helsinki.
Treaty of Neuilly
Concludes a peace Treaty with the Allies
The Times Relativity Explanation
Publishes an accessible explanation of relativity in The Times, describing the conceptual differences between the special and general theories for a broad audience.
Peace Conference
Advocates that the Rhine becomes France's eastern border
Public Meetings
At Hitler's instigation more public meetings are held, increasing to about 400
Strike
The Miners return to work
Birth of Roy Harris Jenkins
Birth of Roy Harris Jenkins, later Labour minister, SDP founder and Liberal Democrat peer.
Family
Roy Jenkins is born to Arthur Jenkins, a miners' leader and later Labour MP.
Family
Roy Jenkins is born to Hattie Harris Jenkins in a Welsh Labour household.
Family Background
Is born into a Welsh Labour family led by miners' representative Arthur Jenkins.
Election Defeat
Venizelos's Liberal Party loses the election following years of war and national division.
League Assembly
Serves as president of the first League Assembly.
First Assembly
Opens the first Assembly of the League in Geneva.
Birth of Adge Cutler
Birth of Adge Cutler, later associated with Bristol folk music.
Leon Delacroix Government
The Leon Delacroix Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.
Henri Carton de Wiart Government
Begins the Henri Carton de Wiart Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Bloody Sunday
Faces criticism over Crown forces in Ireland.
Bloody Sunday
Is among the officers killed in the morning attacks.
Bloody Sunday
Is killed during attacks on British intelligence personnel.
Bloody Sunday
Is killed in Dublin Castle custody.
Bloody Sunday
British command faces crisis after the day's violence.
Bloody Sunday
Is killed when Crown forces open fire at Croke Park.
Bloody Sunday
Supports IRA command during the Dublin operations.
Bloody Sunday
Is killed in custody at Dublin Castle that night.
Bloody Sunday
Is killed in Dublin Castle after the day's violence.
Bloody Sunday
Commands IRA men in the morning operations.
Bloody Sunday
Takes part in IRA operations against intelligence targets.
Bloody Sunday
Participates in attacks on British intelligence targets.
Bloody Sunday
IRA intelligence operations kill British intelligence officers in Dublin.
Bloody Sunday
The killings intensify the political crisis of the independence war.
Bloody Sunday
British administration is shaken by the Dublin violence.
Bloody Sunday
Crown forces enter the ground during the football match.
Bloody Sunday
Is killed when shots are fired at the match crowd.
Bloody Sunday
Is killed during the Croke Park shooting.
Bloody Sunday
Dies in the violence at Croke Park.
Bloody Sunday
Witnesses panic as the crowd flees the shooting.
Arrival in Maan
Abdullah reached Maan with an armed following on 21 November 1920, establishing a base from which he could engage with leaders in Transjordan.
Retirement
Retires from the Army
Nationalization
The Government issues a supplementary decree nationalizing most small scale industries
Capture of Hail
Brings Hail and the Rashidi emirate under Saudi control.
Capture of Hail
Participates in the final campaigns that incorporate Hail.
Birth of Charles Bronson
Birth of Charles Bronson, one of 15 children born to a Lithuanian immigrant father of Lipka Tatar ancestry and a Lithuanian mother
Economy of Germany
German currency begins to collapse
Assassination of Kei Hara
The Prime Minister of Japan is assassinated by a Korean
Death of Kei Hara
The Prime Minister of Japan is assassinated by a Korean
The Skeik
The release of The Skeik makes Valentino a cult figure
Birth of Doris Hilda Anderson
Birth of Doris Hilda Anderson
Conference of Washington
Opening day, the US wants peace in the Pacific
Birth of Earling Carothers Jim Garrison
Birth of Earling Carothers "Jim" Garrison
Anglo-Afghan Treaty
Britain and Afghanistan sign a treaty establishing normal diplomatic relations after independence.
Regency
Appointed Regent, due to fathers illnes
Birth of Alexander Dubcek
Birth of Alexander Dubcek
Constitution of Turkey
Following the deposition of his cousin the Sultanate is abolished
Sultanate
Following the deposition of his cousin the Sultanate is abolished
Birth of Yitzhak Rabin
Birth of Yitzhak Rabin
Nobel Award Announced for Photoelectric Law
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced Einstein as the recipient of the reserved 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics, emphasizing his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.
Phantom
Directs Phantom.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Formation Consultations
Conducts consultations during the coalition crisis that follows the SPD refusal to join a broader government with the DVP.
Grand Coalition Rejected
Leads an SPD opposed to enlarging the governing coalition by admitting the DVP, contributing to the collapse of Wirth's cabinet.
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil
BBC Station 5IT
Birmingham's 5IT station begins regular radio broadcasting.
Warwick and Leamington
Stands for Parliament in Warwick and Leamington during the general election
General Election
Wins Nelson and Colne for Labour and enters the House of Commons.
Election
The Conservatives win 38.5% of votes cast & 344 MPs. Leads the Conservatives to an overall victory of 75 in the general election
NSDAP Ban in Prussia
Orders the NSDAP banned throughout Prussia under republic-protection measures because of its anti-republican agitation and violent political activity.
Caliphate
The Crown Prince is elected Caliph by the Turkish National Assembly at Ankara
National Assembly
The Crown Prince is elected Caliph by the Turkish National Assembly at Ankara
Succession
The Crown Prince is elected Caliph by the Turkish National Assembly at Ankara
Resignation of Joseph Wirth
Leaves office after the coalition crisis and the formation of Wilhelm Cuno's minority government.
Chancellor of Germany
Becomes Chancellor and forms a bourgeois minority cabinet including DDP, DVP, Centre and BVP ministers.
Defence Ministry Continued
Remains Defence Minister under Cuno, preserving continuity in civilian oversight of the Reichswehr.
Economics Minister Appointment
Becomes Economics Minister in Cuno's minority government.
Finance Ministry Continued
Remains Finance Minister when Wilhelm Cuno forms his cabinet, maintaining continuity during the currency and reparations crisis.
Foreign Minister Appointment
Joins Cuno's cabinet as Foreign Minister, taking responsibility for diplomacy during the reparations crisis.
Interior Minister Appointment
Becomes Interior Minister in the new Cuno government.
Justice Minister Appointment
Becomes Justice Minister in Cuno's cabinet.
Labour Ministry Continued
Remains Labour Minister under Cuno, continuing one of the longest ministerial tenures of the Weimar Republic.
Postal Minister Appointment
Becomes Postal Minister in the Cuno cabinet.
Reich Chancellery State Secretary
Becomes State Secretary of the Reich Chancellery when Wilhelm Cuno forms his government.
Transport Ministry Continued
Remains Transport Minister when the Cuno government takes office.
Treasury Minister Appointment
Joins Cuno's government as Treasury Minister during the worsening fiscal crisis.
Government Statement
Presents his government's program and adopts the previous cabinet's reparations note as the basis of policy.
Reparations Moratorium Policy
Adopts the previous government's request for a three-to-four-year reparations moratorium while seeking foreign credit and currency stabilization.
Colorado River Compact
The Colorado River Compact for construction of the Hoover Dam splits the river basin into upper and lower halves with the states within each region deciding how the water would be divided
Hoover Dam
The Colorado River Compact for construction of the Hoover Dam splits the river basin into upper and lower halves with the states within each region deciding how the water would be divided
Food Minister Appointment
Enters the Cuno cabinet as Minister for Food and Agriculture.
First Recorded Hansard Contribution
Makes his first recorded contribution in Hansard shortly after entering Parliament.
Gold Parity Restored in Practice
Sweden restores the krona to its former gold parity in practice as part of the gradual postwar reconstruction of convertibility.
Birth of Tomas O'Fiaich
Tomás Ó Fiaich is born in County Armagh and later becomes an Irish-language scholar, Archbishop of Armagh and cardinal.
Sturmabteilung (SA)
Founds the SA
Beer Hall Putsch Begins
The Beer Hall Putsch begins in Munich.
Reballion of Rebels in Munich
Beer Hall Putsch in Munich
Munich Beer Hall Putsch
Hitler's armed supporters seize his meeting and coerce Kahr, Otto von Lossow and Hans von Seisser into declaring support for the putsch.
Political Meeting
Addresses a major political meeting at the Bürgerbräukeller shortly before Hitler interrupts the gathering and launches the Beer Hall Putsch.
Withdrawal from Beer Hall Putsch
After leaving the Bürgerbräukeller, withdraws the support extracted from him and joins efforts to resist Hitler's attempted coup.
Munich Beer Hall Putsch
Severely wounded after the police open fire, wounds which effect his future health
Plot
Siezes Bavarian Government ministers & holds them under arrest
Occupation
Sends in French troops to occupy the Ruhr. France and Belgium decide to send some engineers to the Ruhr area to speed up the German deliveries, 5 divisions with heavy weapons are sent with them for protection, the Occupation of the Rhineland
Reparations
France and Belgium decide to send some engineers to the Ruhr area to speed up the German deliveries, 5 divisions with heavy weapons are sent with them for protection, the Occupation of the Rhineland
Beer Hall Putsch Defeated
The Beer Hall Putsch is crushed in Munich.
Reballion of Rebels in Munich
Beer Hall Putsch is crushed
Suppression of Beer Hall Putsch
Bavarian police and Reichswehr forces acting under the established authorities defeat Hitler's putsch in Munich.
Munich Beer Hall Putsch
Proposes the march through Munich which gives the NAZIs their 1st martyrs, 14 killed. Arrives in the Burgerbraukeller in support of the putsch to take control of the Army
Munich Beer Hall Putsch
Bauriedis blood is spilt over the "Blutfahne", the relic NAZI standard
Munich Beer Hall Putsch
Carries the "Blutfahne" as the standard bearer
Munich Beer Hall Putsch
A failed attempt by Hitler to topple the Bavarian Government & march on Berlin
Stoatrupp
The Stoatrupp, along with the SA and several other NSDAP paramilitary units, take part in the abortive Beer Hall Putsch in Munich
Munich Beer Hall Putsch
Feder takes part in the party's Beer Hall Putsch
Munich Beer Hall Putsch
Marches alongside Ernst Rohm who the SS would later execute. Arrives to take over the War Ministry but cannot gain entrance
Munich Beer Hall Putsch
Marches through Munich in support of the Nazi Beer Hall Putsch
Thule Society
Marches through Munich in support of the Nazi Beer Hall Putsch
Plot
Promises NAZI support but follows orders from the High Command to crush the putsch
Arrest of Adolf Hitler
Hitler is imprisoned and the NSDAP and all associated formations, including the Stoatrupp, are officially disbanded
Arrest of Adolf Hitler
Held in Landsberg fortress
Arrest of Adolf Hitler
Arrested in Austria for part played in the Beer Hall Putsch
Reichswaehrungskommissar
Dr Hjalmar Horace Greeley Schacht is named Reichswaehrungskommissar
Currency Stabilisation
The Rentenmark is introduced at one trillion paper marks, stabilising the currency without gold convertibility.
Rentenmark
One Rentenmark equals one trillion paper marks and is valued at 4.2 Rentenmarks per United States dollar.
Economy of Germany
A new currency, the Rentenmark, is introduced at the rate of 1 trillion (1,000,000,000,000) Papiermark for 1 Rentenmark. At that time, 1 U.S. dollar was equal to 4.2 Rentenmark
Coalition Breakdown
Is forced to resign after the Social Democrats leave the coalition.
Resignation of Gustav Stressman
Forced to resign after the Social Democrats leave the coalition
Chancellorship Ends
Leaves the chancellorship at the end of November 1923.
Resignation of Gustav Stressman
Dr Stresemann leaves office
Post-Putsch Currency Reform
Currency reform follows only days after the Munich putsch.
Stoatrupp
Hitler is imprisoned and the NSDAP and all associated formations, including the Stoatrupp, are officially disbanded
Voelkischer Beobachter
With the prohibition of the NSDAP after the Beer Hall Putsch the Voelkischer Beobachter ceases publication
Editor
With the prohibition of the NSDAP after the Beer Hall Putsch the Voelkischer Beobachter ceases publication
Exile of Herman Goering
Escapes to Austria after the Munich Beer Hall Putsch then lives in Italy & Sweden
Demonstrations
Demonstratons & strikes break out because of high inflation, the PPS take over Krakow
Inflation
Demonstratons & strikes break out because of high inflation, the PPS take over Krakow
Portuguese Communist Party
The first congress of the party took place with Carlos Rates as leader
Economy of Great Britain
Promises "tranquility & prosperity in which to recuperate from the war"
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister Great Britain, 2nd term
Election
Elected Vice President on the Republican ticket with Calvin Coolidge.
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, although not a member of the Conservative Party
Waxworks
Directs the expressionist anthology film Waxworks.
Death of Edwin Samuel Montagu
Death of Edwin Samuel Montagu
Succeeds as Archbishop of Armagh
O'Donnell succeeds Michael Logue as Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland.
Death of Michael Logue
Logue dies at Ara Coeli in Armagh after thirty-seven years as archbishop and decades of leadership within the Irish church.
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 2nd term
Rule of Sudan
Faces a British ultimatum requiring Egyptian forces to withdraw from Sudan after Sir Lee Stack's assassination.
Secretary of State for Health
Appointed Minister of Health, 2nd term
British Government Retains Equity Stake
The British government decides to retain its large equity holding rather than privatize its Anglo-Persian interest.
Transjordan Mandate
The Hadda Agreement established important boundary arrangements between Transjordan and the neighboring territory of Nejd. It helped define the emirate’s eastern and southern relationships during the mandate period.
Asteroid Belgica
Discovers the asteroid later numbered and named 1052 Belgica.
Discovery of 1052 Belgica
Adds a Belgian-named object to the catalogue of minor planets.
Variety
Directs Variete, released in English as Variety.
Unemployment Benefit Disallowed
Challenges issues surrounding the disallowance of unemployment benefit.
Iron and Steel Industry
Contributes to Commons discussion of conditions in the iron and steel industry.
Reichstag Approval of Locarno Treaties
The Reichstag approves the Locarno treaties, allowing the German government to proceed toward ratification.
Copley Medal
Awarded the Royal Society's Copley Medal for relativity and contributions to quantum theory.
German Presidency Reviews Locarno Agreements
Hindenburg reviews the Locarno settlement as the government prepares the agreements for parliamentary approval.
Marriage
Marries Asrtrid, daughter of Prince Charles of Sweden
Marriage
Marries Leopold III of Belgium
Poor Law Relief November Debate
Returns to Poor Law relief as unemployment and hardship continue.
Electricity Supply Bill
Takes part in scrutiny of national electricity supply legislation.
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil
Housing Rural Workers Finance
Debates financial provisions for the Housing Rural Workers legislation.
Relief of Unemployment
Presses the government over measures for relieving unemployment.
Imperial Conference
Helps secure recognition of Dominion equality in the Balfour Declaration.
Strike
Last day of the Miners strike, forced back on the employers terms
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland
Death of Leon Trotsky
Releases Lenins Testsament to the Press
Declaration of Balfour
Defines Dominions as autonomous communities within the British Empire
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 4th term
Demonstrations
Stages street demonstrations on the 10th anniversarry of the October Revolution
Birth of Nguyen Khanh
Birth of Nguyen Khanh
Bolshevik Party
When the United Opposition tried to organize demonstrations commemorating the 10th anniversary of the Bolshevik seizure of power in November 1927, the demonstrators were dispersed by force and Trotsky and Zinoviev were expelled from the Communist Party
Purge
When the United Opposition tried to organize demonstrations commemorating the 10th anniversary of the Bolshevik seizure of power in November 1927, the demonstrators were dispersed by force and Trotsky and Zinoviev were expelled from the Communist Party. Trotsky is expelled from the Communist Party, leaving Stalin in undisputed control
Purge
Trotsky is expelled from the Communist Party, leaving Stalin in undisputed control
Arsenal FC
Makes debut for Arsenal
Russian Emigre Movement
Kerensky participates in russian emigre movement during his political career.
Purge
Dismissed by Stalin from the Central Committee
Reform of Cultural Policy
Adopts the Roman Alphabet for official use by Turkey
Election
Wins 444 electoral votes to 87 for Alfred Smith. Elected President of the USA, wins 58% of the popular vote
President of USA
Elected President of the USA, wins 58% of the popular vote
First Maniu Government
Maniu forms a National Peasant Party government after a decisive election victory.
Coronation
Officially enthroned at the Imperial Palace
Rally
Makes on open air speech in Berlin
Consolidated Petroleum Company Arrangement
Anglo-Persian and Shell interests create a joint distribution structure for markets across Africa and the Middle East.
Birth of Grace Patricia Kelly
Birth of Grace Patricia Kelly
Dismissal
Dismissed from the Politburo
Appointed Guardians
Answers Commons questions on payments and administration concerning appointed Poor Law guardians.
South Pole Flight
Makes the first flight over the South Pole with pilot Bernt Balchen and crew
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil
President of Brazil
Appointed provisional President of Brazil after the Revolution of 1930
Birth of Konrad Zacharias Lorenz
Birth of Konrad Zacharias Lorenz
ETH Zurich Honorary Doctorate
Receives an honorary Doctor of Science degree from ETH Zurich.
Conference of Round Table
A conference on India opens in London
Conference of Imperial
Concluding day, agrees on the nature of Dominion status
Assassination of Hamaguchi Osachi
Osachi is shot & injured because of the ratification of the 4 Power Navy Treaty. Death of Hamaguchi Osachi, assassinated
Death of Kijuro Shidehara
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, acts for Osachi
Birth of James Graham Ballard
Birth of James Graham Ballard
Election
The Government wins the elections
Banking Panics
A wave of bank failures intensifies contraction, deflation and public demand for currency.
Round Table Conference
Hosts a visit by Gandi in Buckingham Palace during the Round Table Conference on India
Independence of Great Britain
Hosts a visit by Gandi in Buckingham Palace during the Round Table Conference on India
Independence of India
Hosts a visit by Gandi in Buckingham Palace during the Round Table Conference on India
Birth of Mike Nichols (born Mikhail Igor Peschkowsky
Birth of Mike Nichols (born Mikhail Igor Peschkowsky)
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, 2nd term
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 2nd term
President of Chile
Takes office as elected president before the Socialist Republic movement removes him.
Kameradschaft
Directs Kameradschaft, a drama about Franco-German mine rescue.
Capture of Tsitsihar
Japanese forces occupy Tsitsihar during the expansion of the Manchurian campaign.
Trial
Alfonso XIII is condemned in absentia
Constitution of China
Russian influenced CP members proclaim a Chinese Republic to stop China joining Japan
Declaration of Republic
Russian influenced CP members proclaim a Chinese Republic to stop China joining Japan
Birth of Albert Reynolds
Birth of Albert Reynolds
Birth
Is born in Etterbeek, Belgium, into a Jewish family.
Chancellor
Elections yield 33.1% for the Nazis, dropping 2 million voters, Franz von Papen steps down, and is succeeded by General Kurt von Schleicher as Reichskanzler
Election
Elections yield 33.1% for the Nazis, dropping 2 million voters, Franz von Papen steps down, and is succeeded by General Kurt von Schleicher as Reichskanzler
Election
Elections yield 33.1% for the Nazis, dropping 2 million voters, Franz von Papen steps down, and is succeeded by General Kurt von Schleicher as Reichskanzler
Election
Unable to win a majority in the Reichstag
Resignation of Franz von Papen
Hindenburg urges Papens resignation
Election
Refuses to join a coalition. Elections yield 33.1% for the Nazis, dropping 2 million voters, Franz von Papen steps down, and is succeeded by General Kurt von Schleicher as Reichskanzler. Elections are held in which the NSDAP vote falls from 230 to 196 seats
Birth of Ron Saunders
Ron Saunders is born in Birkenhead and later establishes himself as a prolific centre-forward before pursuing a distinguished managerial career.
Election
Wins good majorities in the House & the Senate, unprecedented in US history. Wins 22 million votes
D'Arcy Concession Cancelled
Cancels the D'Arcy concession after prolonged disputes over royalties and the terms governing Anglo-Persian operations.
In Defense of October
Delivers In Defense of October in Copenhagen, presenting a public defense and historical interpretation of the Russian Revolution.
Election
The KPD wins 100 deputies
Election
Wins a right wing electoral victory
Birth of John Barry Prendergast
Birth of John Barry Prendergast
Demonstrations
Nazis cut off power where Dolffuss is speaking in Klagenfurt
Assassination of Mohammad Nadir Shah
A student assassinates Nadir Shah during a school ceremony in Kabul.
Succession
Mohammad Zahir Shah succeeds his assassinated father as king of Afghanistan.
Freikorps
Freikorps leaders symbolically gave their old Battle flags to Hitler's Sturmabteilung and Schutzstaffel in a huge ceremony
One Party Election
Holds a one-party Reichstag election and referendum after opposition parties have been destroyed or forced to dissolve.
Referendum
Directs propaganda for the referendum endorsing withdrawal from the League of Nations and the one-party Reichstag election.
Prime Minister of Romania
Duca forms a Liberal government and moves against the Iron Guard.
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain
Election
The Republican Action Party wins just 8 seats during a massive swing to the right
Prussian Police
Consolidates his control of the Prussian police apparatus after months of emergency arrests and political repression.
Reballion of Fujian
The Fujian Rebellion challenges Chiang’s government but collapses after Nationalist military pressure.
State Councillor
Appointed State Councillor
German Labour Front (DAF)
As a means of preventing labour disaffection, the DAF established Strength Through Joy (Kraft durch Freude, KdF), to provide a range of benefits and amenities to the German working class and their families.
German Labour Front (DAF)
Some of the world's first purpose built cruise-liners, the Wilhelm Gustloff and the Robert Ley, were built to take KdF members on Mediterranean cruises.
German Labour Front (DAF)
These included subsidised holidays both at resorts across Germany and in "safe" countries abroad (particularly Italy).
Kraft Durch Freude (KDF)
As a means of preventing labour disaffection, the DAF established Strength Through Joy (Kraft durch Freude, KdF), to provide a range of benefits and amenities to the German working class and their families.
Kraft Durch Freude (KDF)
Some of the world's first purpose built cruise-liners, the Wilhelm Gustloff and the Robert Ley, were built to take KdF members on Mediterranean cruises.
Kraft Durch Freude (KDF)
These included subsidised holidays both at resorts across Germany and in "safe" countries abroad (particularly Italy).
Strength Through Joy
As a means of preventing labour disaffection, the DAF established Strength Through Joy (Kraft durch Freude, KdF), to provide a range of benefits and amenities to the German working class and their families.
Strength Through Joy
Some of the world's first purpose built cruise-liners, the Wilhelm Gustloff and the Robert Ley, were built to take KdF members on Mediterranean cruises.
Strength Through Joy
These included subsidised holidays both at resorts across Germany and in "safe" countries abroad (particularly Italy).
Recognition of the USSR
The USSR is recognized by the USA, to counteract Japans rise in the Far East
Recognition of the USSR
The USSR is recognized by the USA, to counteract Japans rise in the Far East
Recognition of the USSR
The USSR is recognized by the USA, to counteract Japans rise in the Far East
Captain
1st match as captain of the England team during the infamous "Battle of Highbury" against Italy, who were reigning World Champions, England win 3-2
Battle of Highbury England Captain
Captains England as seven Arsenal players start the famous 3-2 victory over world champions Italy at Highbury.
Second de Broqueville Government
The Second de Broqueville Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Second Georges Theunis Government
Begins the Second Georges Theunis Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Reform of Government
Announces economic relief for depressed areas
Hereditary Titles
Bans hereditary titles
Villamontes Coup
Military commanders remove Salamanca while he visits the Chaco front.
Armament
Warns of growing German air strength
Major General
Appointed Major General
Monarchy Referendum
A controlled referendum declares overwhelming support for restoration of George II.
Third Malypetr Government
The Third Malypetr Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
First Hodza Government
Begins the First Hodza Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
General Election
Retains Wakefield for Labour in the general election.
Birth of Hussein I
Birth of Hussein I, son of Talal bin Abdullah & Zein al-Sharaf bint Jamil
Birth of Talal
Birth of Talal
Demonstrations
Requests 2,000 troops to control the Saarland
Referendum
Requests 2,000 troops to control the Saarland. Fears the Germans will use the strategy used in Austria when Dolfuss was assassinated
Deputy Leader of Labour Party
Is elected unopposed as Deputy Leader of the Labour Party after Clement Attlee wins the party leadership.
Long March
Leads the 1st Front Army on its Long March route
Election
Attlee is opposed by Herbert Morrison and Arthur Greenwood. With a general election looming, the Parliamentary Labour Party appoints Attlee as interim leader with a leadership election after the general election
Election
Attlee led Labour through the 1935 general election, which saw the party stage a partial recovery from its disastrous performance in 1931, gaining over one hundred seats
Election
In the post-election leadership contest held in November 1935, Attlee was opposed by Herbert Morrison and Arthur Greenwood
Invasion of Abyssinia
Commands Italian forces during the Abyssinian campaign.
Alliance Germany and partner not stated in source
Signs the agreement, effectively ending the Treaty of Versailles
Alliance Axis
Signs the Axis agreement in Berlin on behalf of Italy
Axis Agreement
Signs the Axis agreement in Berlin on behalf of Italy
Allliance
Signs the Axis agreement in Berlin on behalf of Italy
Alliance Axis
During a speech Mussolini publicly refers to an "Axis" without divulging its details
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
Creates the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation as a public broadcaster.
Election
Wins every state except for 2. Wins 60% of the vote during the Presidential elections, 27 million of the poll
Capital
The Republican Government is forced by the Nationalists to rereat to Valencia
Capital
The Government flees to Valencia
Siege of Madrid
Francos troops reach the western edge of Madrid
Siege of Madrid
Forced back by the Republicans, despite support from XI international Brigade
Abdication
Wallis Simpson & Edward VIII become the Duke & Duchess of Windsor. Informs Baldwin he wishes to marry Wallis Simpson
Civil War
Germany recognizes Francos Nationalist regime, the Junta at Burgos
Civil War
Italy recognizes Francos Nationalist regime
Recognition of Francos regime
Italy recognizes Francos regime. Germany recognizes Francos regime
Assassination of Jose Primo de Rivera
Seized by the Republicans & executed in Alicante
Death of Jose Primo de Rivera
seized by the Republicans & executed in Alicante
Germany & Japan argree to make common cause against Communism
Germany & Japan argree to make "common cause" against Communism
Alliance Joachim von Ribbentrop and Japan
Signs the Anti-Commintern Pact with Japan
Anti-Comintern Pact
The Anti-Comintern Pact was an anti-communist pact concluded between Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan (later to be joined by other, mainly fascist, Governments) on November 25, 1936 and was directed against the 3rd (Communist) International
Condor Legion
The Anti-Comintern Pact was an anti-communist pact concluded between Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan (later to be joined by other, mainly fascist, Governments) on November 25, 1936 and was directed against the 3rd (Communist) International
Anti-Comintern Pact
Signs the Anti-Comintern Pact on behalf of Japan
Alliance Japan and Germany
To "combat the subversive activities" of the Comintern. A Japanese-German Convention is signed in Berlin
Comintern
To "combat the subversive activities" of the Comintern
Memo
Records a secret meeting between Hitler & his generals planning expansion in the east. A document recorded by Hitler's Adjutant outling Hitler's plans to invade the east
Conference of Hosbach
Blomberg is shocked by Hitler's agressive plans for expansion. Attends the conference where Hitler makes known his plans to win lebensraum by force
Declaration of War
Declares to the service chiefs Germany must use force to win teritory in 1938 or 1939
Memo
Declares that Britain will be a neutral while Germany expands in the East
Neutrality
Declares that Britain will be a neutral while Germany expands in the East
Alliance Anti-Commintern Pact
Obtains Mussolinis signature for the Anti-Commintern Pact in Rome
Anti-Comintern Pact
Italy joins the Anti-Comintern Pact, thereby forming the group that would later be known as the Axis Powers
Axis Powers
Italy joins the Anti-Comintern Pact, thereby forming the group that would later be known as the Axis Powers
Alliance Italy and the Anti-Comintern Pact members
Italy joins the Anti-Commintern Pact, thereby forming the group that would later be known as the Axis Powers
Anti-Comintern Pact
Italy joins the Anti-Commintern Pact, thereby forming the group that would later be known as the Axis Powers
Anti-Commintern Pact
Italy joins the Anti-Commintern Pact, thereby forming the group that would later be known as the Axis Powers
Axis Powers
Italy joins the Anti-Commintern Pact, thereby forming the group that would later be known as the Axis Powers
Death of James Ramsey MacDonald
Death of James Ramsey MacDonald, aboard "Reina del Pacifico" crossing the Atlantic
San Francisco Bar
Sworn in as Member of San Francisco Bar
Memo
Shocked by the Hossbach Memorandum with Hitler's plan for war. Beck resigns 8 after the release of the Hossbach Memorandum
Resignation of Ludwig Beck
Beck resigns 8 after the release of the Hossbach Memorandum
Memo
Completes the Memorandum & shows it to General Beck who is devastated by the content
Blind Persons Bill
Takes part in debate on welfare provisions for blind people.
National Health Insurance for Young Persons
Debates insurance arrangements affecting juvenile contributors and young people.
Capture of Shanghai
Chinese forces withdraw from Shanghai after a prolonged battle, leaving the city under Japanese control.
Armament
Protests to Chamberlain about Halifax's visit to Germany
International Agreement at London
Italy & Britain make a "gentlemans agreement" not to upset the status quo in the Med
Civil War
Italy & Britain make a "gentlemans agreement" to keep the Mediterranean staus quo
Halifax Mission to Germany
Supports Lord Halifax's visit to Germany and direct discussions with Hitler as part of the government's search for a wider European settlement.
Coal Bill
Participates in Commons scrutiny of the Coal Bill.
Paul-Emile Janson Government
Begins the Paul-Emile Janson Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Paul van Zeeland Government
The Paul van Zeeland Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Blockade of Spanish Coast
A naval blockade of the Spanish coast is announced by Franco
Spanish Coast Naval Blockade Announced
Franco announces naval measures intended to restrict shipping reaching Republican-held ports along the Spanish coast.
Population Statistics Bill
Contributes to debate on legislation for improved population statistics.
International Agreement at Paris
Chamberlain assures Chautemps & Delbos Britain will not make an Anglo-German agreement
International Agreement at Paris
Chamberlain assures Chautemps & Delbos Britain will not make an Anglo-German agreement
Rule of Memel
Lithuania bows to German demands to end martial law in Memel - local Nazi party leaders Neumann, Bertuleit and Bottchner released from prison
Crisis
Retired after Hitler's purge of the high command after the Blomberg-Fritsch crisis
Retirement
Retired after Hitler's purge of the high command after the Blomberg-Fritsch crisis
Post-Munich Czechoslovakia Questions
Responds to parliamentary questions on Czechoslovakia as the territorial settlement is implemented.
International Situation Debate
Challenges the continuation of appeasement after Munich and calls for a stronger international approach to aggression.
Air Vice Marshal
Appointed Air Vice Marshal
Fighter Command
Appointed Air Vice Marshal
Assembly
Makes the opening speech in the Turkish Grand National Assembly on behalf of Ataturk
National Assembly
Makes the opening speech in the Turkish Grand National Assembly on behalf of Ataturk
Rule of Slovakia
Germany gives southern Slovakia to Hungary
Arbitration after Munich
Ribbentrop co-arbitrated the Vienna settlement after Munich, resulting in a transfer of Czechoslovak territory to Hungary.
Czechoslovak Territorial Arbitration
Ribbentrop joined the arbitration concerning Czechoslovak territory and helped determine the transfer of land to Hungary.
First Vienna Award Arbitration
During the First Vienna Award, Ribbentrop served as one of the arbitrators deciding a territorial transfer affecting Czechoslovakia and Hungary.
First Vienna Award
Ribbentrop took part in the First Vienna Award at Vienna, where territory was transferred from Czechoslovakia to Hungary.
Hungarian Territorial Transfer
Ribbentrop was involved in the Vienna decision under which Czechoslovak territory passed to Hungary.
Post-Munich Vienna Settlement
Ribbentrop co-arbitrated the post-Munich settlement in Vienna that altered Czechoslovakia's territory in Hungary's favour.
Territorial Award to Hungary
At Vienna, Ribbentrop participated in the award that transferred territory from Czechoslovakia to Hungary after Munich.
Treaty of Munich
Ribbentrop co-arbitrated the First Vienna Award transferring territory from Czechoslovakia to Hungary.
Vienna Arbitration
Ribbentrop acted as a co-arbitrator in Vienna during the settlement that reassigned Czechoslovak territory to Hungary.
Vienna Award Decision
Ribbentrop helped arbitrate the Vienna Award decision that changed the territorial relationship between Czechoslovakia and Hungary.
Vienna Territorial Settlement
Ribbentrop participated in the Vienna territorial settlement that reassigned parts of Czechoslovakia to Hungary.
Rule of Slovakia
Germany gives southern Slovakia to Hungary
Anglo-Italian Agreement after Munich
Challenges continued accommodation with Fascist Italy after the Munich settlement and the strengthening of the Axis powers.
Anglo-Italian Agreement after Munich
Churchill challenged continued accommodation with Fascist Italy after Munich and linked the issue to the strengthening of the Axis powers.
Axis Strength after Munich
Churchill argued that policies of accommodation after Munich had to be judged against the growing strength of the Axis powers.
Challenge to Accommodation with Italy
Churchill criticised continued accommodation with Fascist Italy in the political climate created by the Munich settlement.
Post-Munich Anglo-Italian Policy
Churchill questioned the wisdom of continuing accommodation with Fascist Italy after the Munich settlement.
First Vienna Award Territorial Settlement
Imredy's government received southern Slovak and Ruthenian territories under the territorial settlement agreed at the First Vienna Award.
First Vienna Award
Imredy's government gained southern Slovak and Ruthenian territories through the First Vienna Award in Vienna.
Hungarian Benefit from Vienna Award
Imredy's government was the territorial beneficiary of the First Vienna Award, which reassigned southern Slovak and Ruthenian lands to Hungary.
Hungarian Gains from Czechoslovakia
The First Vienna Award gave Imredy's government territorial gains at the expense of Czechoslovakia.
Post-Munich Territorial Settlement
Imredy's government obtained new territory in the post-Munich Vienna settlement, including southern Slovak and Ruthenian areas.
Rule of Slovakia
Germany gives southern Slovakia to Hungary
Ruthenian Territorial Gain
Imredy's government gained Ruthenian territory as part of the territorial settlement imposed through the First Vienna Award.
Southern Slovak Territorial Gain
The First Vienna Award brought southern Slovak territory under Imredy's government as part of Hungary's gains from Czechoslovakia.
Territorial Gains after Munich
After Munich, Imredy's government received territorial gains from Czechoslovakia through the First Vienna Award.
Treaty of Munich
Imredy's government gained southern Slovak and Ruthenian territories through the First Vienna Award after Munich.
Vienna Award Territorial Transfer
The Vienna Award transferred territory from Czechoslovakia to Hungary, enlarging the territory controlled by Imredy's government.
Vienna Territorial Award
At Vienna, Imredy's government benefited from the award that transferred southern Slovak and Ruthenian territories from Czechoslovakia to Hungary.
Arbitration after Munich
Following Munich, Ciano took part in the Vienna arbitration that resulted in further territorial losses for Czechoslovakia and gains for Hungary.
Czechoslovak Territorial Arbitration
Ciano took part in the arbitration that altered Czechoslovakia's territory through an award favouring Hungary.
First Vienna Award Arbitration
Ciano served with Ribbentrop in the arbitration of the First Vienna Award and took part in deciding the transfer to Hungary.
First Vienna Award
Ciano joined Ribbentrop in arbitrating the First Vienna Award, which transferred territory from Czechoslovakia to Hungary.
Hungarian Territorial Transfer
Ciano was one of the foreign ministers involved in the Vienna decision transferring Czechoslovak territory to Hungary.
Post-Munich Vienna Award
Ciano joined the post-Munich Vienna Award proceedings that produced further territorial changes affecting Czechoslovakia.
Territorial Award to Hungary
At Vienna, Ciano helped arbitrate the award under which Czechoslovak territory was transferred to Hungary.
Vienna Arbitration
Ciano participated in the Vienna arbitration alongside Ribbentrop as the territorial dispute affecting Czechoslovakia was decided.
Vienna Award Decision
Ciano joined Ribbentrop in reaching the Vienna Award decision that reassigned territory between Czechoslovakia and Hungary.
Vienna Territorial Settlement
Ciano participated in the Vienna territorial settlement that changed Czechoslovakia's borders in Hungary's favour.
Treaty of Munich
Ciano joined Ribbentrop in arbitrating the First Vienna Award affecting Czechoslovak territory.
Foreign Policy Statement at Berlin
At Weimar makes a speech denouncing Churchill, Eden & Cooper as warmongers
Assassination of Ernst von Rathenau
Used to spark of further pogroms in Germany. Secretary at the German legation in Paris, assassinated
Pogroms
Used to spark of further pogroms in Germany
Death of Ernst von Rathenau
Death of Ernst von Rathenau, assassinated
Assassination of Ernst vom Rath
Roths assassination as an excuse for Kristallnacht. Hershel Grynsxpan wants to assassinate the German Ambassador but shoots Ernst vom Rath
Death of Ernst vom Rath
Death of Ernst von Rath, assassinated
Kristallnacht
Roths assassination as an excuse for Kristallnacht. Raths assasination is used as an excuse for Kristallnacht
Arrest of Adolf Hitler
26,000 male Jews arrested
Assassination of Ernst vom Rath
The assassination of vom Rath in Paris is used to spark off "Kristallnacht"
Demonstrations
After the assassination of von Rath by a Jewish Pole Hitler provokes anti-Jewish riots
Kristallnacht
Synagogues are set on fire, cemeteries violated & Jewish buildings destroyed. 30,000 Jews are sent to concentration camps. 26,000 male Jews arrested
Kristallnacht
The assassination of vom Rath in Paris is used to spark off "Kristallnacht"
Kristallnacht
Instructs the police not to interfere
Kristallnacht
Advises party leaders anti-Jewish demonstrations should not be discouraged
Debate on the Address
Warns in the Commons that appeasement may demand a high price, prove temporary and encourage further expectations from Hitler.
Assassination of Ernst vom Rath
Tries to assassinate the German Ambassador in Paris but shoots Ernst vom Rath
Kristallnacht
Used by the Nazis as another excuse for Kristallnacht
Diplomatic Mission at Berlin
The US Ambassador is withdrawn from Berlin after the events of "crystal night"
Kristallnacht
Authorities arrested 22 Germans who tried to stop the violence.
Kristallnacht
German and Austrian Jews suffer 1 billion Marks of damage and forced to wear the Star of David.
Kristallnacht
Nazi leaders heard that a Jew had shot a German diplomat in Paris and ordered reprisals, Nazis kill 35 Jews, arrest thousands and destroy Jewish synagogues, homes and stores throughout Germany and Austria.
Kristallnacht
Nazis destroyed 7,600 Jewish businesses, and 236 people died.
Kristallnacht
The violence burned 191 synagogues and 177 Jewish apartments.
Kristallnacht
Reports to Goering that 74 Jews had been killed & 20,000 arrested. Reports to Goering 815 Jewish shops & 171 homes destroyed & 191 synagogues set fire
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of IV Corps
Death of Maustafa Kemal Ataturk
Death of Maustafa Kemal Ataturk, Dolmabahche Palace in Istanbul
Diplomatic Mission at Berlin
The US Ambassador is withdrawn from Berlin after "crystal night"
International Conference at Washington
Criticises the German Government at a press conference
President of Turkey
Appointed President of Turkey
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 2nd term
Rule of Madagascar
Hermann Goering announces he favors Madagascar as a Jewish homeland
Debate on the Address
Returns to the military and diplomatic consequences of appeasement in the post-Munich debate on the Address.
Debate on the Address and Rearmament
Churchill returned to the consequences of Munich and argued for stronger national defence and resistance to further aggression.
Debate on the Address and Rearmament
Returns to the consequences of Munich and argues for stronger national defence and resistance to further aggression.
National Defence after Munich
Churchill argued that the lessons of Munich required Britain to strengthen national defence and prepare to resist further aggression.
Rearmament after Munich
Churchill used the debate on the Address to press for stronger rearmament after the Munich settlement.
Resistance to Further Aggression
Churchill linked the consequences of Munich to the need for stronger defence and a firmer policy against additional aggression.
Capture of Danzig
Issues a directive to the Commanders in Chief of the Armed Forces to occupy Danzig
Invasion of Danzig
Issues a directive to the Commanders of the Armed Forces for the occupation of Danzig
Invasion of Poland
Issues a directive to the Commanders in Chief of the Armed Forces to occupy Danzig
Rule of Danzig
Issues a directive to the Commanders of the Armed Forces for the occupation of Danzig
Siege of Danzig
Issues a directive to the Commanders in Chief of the Armed Forces to occupy Danzig
Poland renews a non-aggression pact with the USSR to protect against a
Poland renews a non-aggression pact with the USSR to protect against a German invasion
Poland renews a non-aggression pact with the USSR to protect against a
Poland renews a non-aggression pact with the USSR to protect against a German invasion
Will
Ataturks will is opened
Parliament
Parliament is recalled after a 6 month recess
Arrest of 20,000 Jews
Orders the Gestapo to target wealthier Jews, more than 20,000 are taken into custody
Kristallnacht
Instructs the Gestapo to liaise with the police to ensure Jewish property is destroyed
Operation Transport Exercise
Hitler orders the Kriegsmarine to plan a sea-borne invasion of Memel under the codename "Transport Exercise Stettin"
Rule of Memel
Hitler orders the Kriegsmarine to plan a sea-borne invasion of Memel under the codename "Transport Exercise Stettin"
Pogrom
After the Reichsvertretung is disbanded during the November Pogrom, the Nazis reassemble the councils members under the Government controlled Reichsvereinigung
Reichsvereinigung
Leo Baeck heads this organisation as its president until his deportation in January 1943. After the Reichsvertretung is disbanded during the November Pogrom, the Nazis reassemble the councils members under the Government controlled Reichsvereinigung
Artillery Commander 44
Jodl leaves staff work temporarily to command Artillery Command 44 in the Linz area.
Colonel
Appointed Colonel (Oberst) of the 56th Artillery Regiment
International Agreement
Assures Chautemps & Delbos that Britain will not conclude an Anglo-German agreement
Education Leadership
Serves as president of Balliol College Junior Common Room while preparing for public life.
Oxford Union
Is elected President of the Oxford Union after campaigning against appeasement.
MI6
Appointed Head of MI6
Legislation
Signs an amendment to the Neutrality Act
Neutrality
Signs an amendment to the Neutrality Act
Armament
Arms can be shipped to belligerent powers if they pay cash & US ships transport them
Neutrality
Signs an amendment to the Neutrality Act
Signs an amendment to the Neutrality Act
Signs an amendment to the Neutrality Act
Plot
Halder & Beck plot to arrest Hitler if he launches a western offensive
Invasion of Netherlands, The
Oster warns the Dutch military attache about an invasion
Plot
Halder & Beck plot to arrest Hitler if he launches a western offensive
Visit to Paris
Visits the French Minister of Marine to discuss joint Anglo-French naval activity
In a speech, blames the war on capitalism
In a speech, blames the war on capitalism
Peace Mediation
Appeals for peace & offers to mediate
Deportation
Commencement of deportation Jews from western Poland
Invasion of West
The German attack of the West is postponed because of bad weather
Military Leadership Debate
Kerensky participates in military leadership debate during his political career.
Deportation
Hans Frank makes plans to deport 600,000 Jews & 400,000 Poles from Poland
Plot
A bomb explodes in the Burgerbraukeller killing 8 but Hitler left 20 mins prior
Deportation
Hans Frank makes plans to deport 600,000 Jews & 400,000 Poles from Poland
Rule of Poland
Takes up post as Governor of General
Africa Shell Sunk in Mozambique Channel
Graf Spee sinks the small British tanker Africa Shell in the Mozambique Channel after removing the crew.
Neutral Mapia Stopped and Released
Langsdorff stops the Dutch merchant Mapia but releases the neutral vessel after establishing that it cannot lawfully be taken.
Supreme War Council
Rejects plans that might provoke German air retaliation.
Supreme War Council
Meets French leaders as the Allies debate bombing the Ruhr.
President of Ecuador
Appointed acting President of Ecuador
Mobilization
The armed forces are ordered to be ready for the occupation of Danzig
Rule of Danzig
The armed forces are ordered to be ready for the occupation of Danzig
Second Tatarescu Government
Tatarescu returns as prime minister and attempts to preserve Romanian neutrality.
Birth of Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
Birth of Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
Birth of Laurent-Desire Kabila
Birth of Laurent-Desire Kabila
Treaty Negotiations
Russia cancels its 1932 non-aggreesion Treaty with Finland
Norwegian Waters Plan
Considers naval risks of mining Norwegian waters to interrupt ore shipments through Narvik.
Invasion of Finland
Russia launches an attack against Finland, fighting lasts throughout the winter. Russia attacks the Mannerheim Line to invade Finland
Mannerheim Line
Russia attacks the Mannerheim Line to invade Finland
Plot
Geor Elser plants a bomb which nearly kills Hitler
Arrest of Georg Elser
Arrested for trying to blow up Hitler, imprisoned in Dachau
Plot
Geor Elser plants a bomb which nearly kills Hitler
Netherlands Invasion Question Reviewed
Jodl works on plans as Hitler considers whether the western offensive should include the Netherlands.
Readmission to Labour
Is readmitted to the Parliamentary Labour Party.
Enigma Machine
Receives responsibility for the Enigma decryption teams and works alongside Turing and Welchman.
Battle of the Atlantic
Focuses on convoy protection as U-boat losses increase.
Battle of Elaia-Kalamas
During the Battle of Elaia-Kalamas the Italians fought their way across the Thyamis (Kalamas) river, but were then forced to a halt
Invasion of Greece
During the Battle of Elaia-Kalamas the Italians fought their way across the Thyamis (Kalamas) river, but were then forced to a halt
Battle of Greece
Hitler intervened on November 4, 1940, four days after the British took both Crete and Lemnos
Invasion of Greece
The Fuhrer orders his Army General Staff to prepare for an invasion of Northern Greece via Romania and Bulgaria. Hitler's plans for this campaign are incorporated into a master plan aimed at depriving the British of their Mediterranean bases. Hitler intervened on November 4, 1940, four days after the British took both Crete and Lemnos
Battle of Greece
Hitler intervened on November 4, 1940, four days after the British took both Crete and Lemnos
Invasion of Greece
Hitler intervened on November 4, 1940, four days after the British took both Crete and Lemnos
Birth of Jaime Roldos Aguilera
Birth of Jaime Roldos Aguilera
Election
Elected for a 3rd term, 27 million votes to Wilkies 22 million votes
Chilean Antarctic Territory
Defines the claimed boundaries of the Chilean Antarctic Territory by presidential decree.
Capture of Gallabat
Captures Gallabat from the Italians
Appointed Archbishop of Dublin
McQuaid is appointed Archbishop of Dublin and begins an episcopate marked by major expansion of parishes, schools and Catholic social services.
Capture of Gallabat
The Italians recapture Gallabat
Death of Neville Chamberlain
Death of Neville Chamberlain, age 71
Capture of Gallabat
The British recapture Gallabat from the Italians
Bombing of London
London is bombed by 170 aircraft
Battle of Taranto
The British Mediterranean Fleet attacks the Italian base
Taranto Raid
Welcomes the Fleet Air Arm attack on the Italian fleet at Taranto.
Eastern Campaign Preparations Continued
Jodl initials a directive ordering continuation of preparations for a future campaign against the Soviet Union.
Felix
Hitler issues directive 18 for Operation Felix, the invasion of Gibraltar
Invasion of Gibraltar
Hitler issues directive 18 for Operation Felix, the invasion of Gibraltar
Invasion of Greece
The German Armed Forces High Command issued Directive No. 18, in which they scheduled simultaneous operations against Gibraltar and Greece for the following January. Hitler issues directive 18 for Operation Marita, the invasion of Greece
Operation Marita
Hitler issues directive 18 for Operation Marita, the invasion of Greece
Molotov has discussions with the German High Command
Molotov has discussions with the German High Command
Bombing of Berlin
British bombers conduct a night raid on Berlin
Bombing of Berlin
British bombers conduct a night raid on Berlin
Bombing of Taranto
British bombers bomb the Italian naval base of Taranto
Battle of Britain
The Luftwaffe cannot gain permanent air control but sporadic night raids continue
Battle of Britain
Coventry is blitzed by 500 bombers & almost demolished
Luftwaffe
The Luftwaffe cannot gain permanent air control but sporadic night raids continue
Battle of Britain
Coventry is destroyed during a night raid
Bombing of Coventry
449 German planes bomb Coventry
Bombing of Coventry
449 German planes bomb Coventry, killing 380 people and injuring 865
Coventry Blitz
Responds to the severe German bombing of Coventry.
Bombing of Hamburg
The Royal Air Force bomb Hamburg
Bombing of Gelsenkirchen
British bombers conduct a raid on the Gelsenkirchen oil plant
Bombing of Southampton
150 German aitcraft bomb Southampton
Bombing of Gelsenkirchen
British bombers conduct a raid on the Gelsenkirchen oil plant
Bombing of Southampton
150 German aitcraft bomb Southampton
Airborne Radar
Airborne radar is successfully used by the Royal Air Force.
Birmingham Blitz
A major German air raid causes extensive deaths and destruction across Birmingham.
Alliance Adolf Hitler and Axis Powers
Hungary joins the Axis Powers
Pact between Germany, Italy, Japan and Hungary
Hungary joins the Tripartite Pact
Mediterranean Strategy
Reviews British commitments in Egypt Greece and the Mediterranean.
Alliance Teleki and Germany
Signs the Tripartite Pact with Germany
Pact between Germany, Italy, Japan and Hungary
Signs the Tripartite Pact with Germany
Signs the Tripartite Pact
Signs the Tripartite Pact with Germany
Execution
60 former aides of Carol II are exected
Execution
60 former aides of Carol II are exected
Alliance Adolf Hitler and Axis Powers
Romania joins the Axis Powers
Pact between Germany, Italy, Japan and Romania
Romania joins the Tripartite Pact
Alliance Adolf Hitler and Axis Powers
Slovakia joins the Axis Powers
Pact between Germany, Italy, Japan and Slovakia
Slovakia joins the Tripartite Pact
Bristol Blitz
German bombing causes severe damage across Bristol.
Government-in-Exile
In the wake of London Blitz, Benes, his wife, their nieces, and his household staff moved to The Abbey at Aston Abbotts near Aylesbury in Buckinghamshire
Operation Barbarossa
The XIX Corps is expanded for the invasion of Russia
Retirement
Air Chief Marshal Charles Portal removes Dowding from his post and replaces him with Sholto Douglas
Bombing of Coventry
Tours the ruins of Coventry for 5 hrs
Battle of Greece
Within weeks the Italians are driven out of Greece and Greek forces pushed on to occupy much of southern Albania
Invasion of Greece
Within weeks the Italians are driven out of Greece and Greek forces pushed on to occupy much of southern Albania
Alliance Tripartite Pact
Signs the Tripartite Pact
Pact between Germany, Italy, Japan and Romania
Signs the Tripartite Pact
Signs the Tripartite Pact
Signs the Tripartite Pact
Tripartite Pact
Signs the Tripartite Pact
MIT Radiation Laboratory
Directs major American radar research at MIT.
Execution
The first extermination camps were being built: first Belzec, then Sobibor, Treblinka, Chelmno, Majdanek, and finally Auschwitz-Birkenau, the mass execution of Jews begins in early 1942
Final Solution
The first extermination camps were being built: first Belzec, then Sobibor, Treblinka, Chelmno, Majdanek, and finally Auschwitz-Birkenau, the mass execution of Jews begins in early 1942
Invasion of Russia
Temperatures in Russia begin to drop below zero
Operation Barbarossa
Temperatures in Russia begin to drop below zero
Crusader
Postpones Operation Crusader 1 week to enable the South Africa Division more training
Felix
A plan to capture Gibraltar, the Canaries & Cape Verde. An operation to oust the British from the Meditteranean
Stalin calls for the creation of second front in Europe to relieve
Stalin calls for the creation of second front in Europe to relieve pressure on Russian forces battling German army at the gates of Moscow
Siege of Moscow
The deadline set by Bock in Sept for surrounding Moscow is reached
Invasion of Russia
Progress on Moscow is stopped due to the weather & Russian resistance
Operation Barbarossa
Progress on Moscow is stopped due to the weather & Russian resistance
Invasion of Russia
1st cases of frostbite are reported in the German Army
Operation Barbarossa
1st cases of frostbite are reported in the German Army
Communist Party Founded
Communist Party of Albania is founded and Hoxha emerges as party leader
First Secretary
Appointed First Secretary of the Communist Party of Albania
Siege of Moscow
Announces, "If they want a war of extermination they shall have one"
Siege of Moscow
Stages a symbollically important parade in Red Square
Invasion of Russia
Convinces Hitler that the Russian resistance is on the verge of collapse
Operation Barbarossa
Convinces Hitler that the Russian resistance is on the verge of collapse
Invasion of Africa
Advises Hitler the fight for Africa, "decisive importance for the outcome of the war". Advises Hitler that Italy's promise to invade Africa is meaningless
Siege of Moscow
The Germans begin their 2nd offensive against Moscow
Capture of Rostov
Commences the capture of Rostov by leading "Armoured Battlegroup Langkeit"
Invasion of Russia
Orders Red Army units to destroy all houses & farms 40 miles behind the German lines
Red Army
Orders Red Army units to destroy all houses & farms 40 miles behind the German lines
Crusader
Operation Crusader, to relieve, Tobruk is launched
Operation Crusader
Launches Operation Crusader to relieve Tobruk and push Axis forces back from the approaches to Egypt and Suez.
Fourth Hermann Jonasson Government
Begins the Fourth Hermann Jonasson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Third Hermann Jonasson Government
The Third Hermann Jonasson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Invasion of Russia
Kleists leading divisions begin to reach Rostov-on-Don
Operation Barbarossa
Kleists leading divisions begin to reach Rostov-on-Don
Anti-Jewish Army Order
Manstein issued an order that endorsed antisemitic and anti-Bolshevik policies during the German occupation of Soviet territory. The order formed part of the criminal framework within which German forces and killing units persecuted and murdered Jewish civilians.
Invasion of Russia
Kleists Panzers seize a bridge over the Don, the last barrier before the Caucasus. Crooses the Don but is forced back by Timoshenko
Operation Barbarossa
Kleists Panzers seize a bridge over the Don, the last barrier before the Caucasus. Crooses the Don but is forced back by Timoshenko
Invasion of Russia
Kleists Panzers seize a bridge over the Don but are forced back by Timoshenko
Operation Barbarossa
Kleists Panzers seize a bridge over the Don but are forced back by Timoshenko
Capture of Rostov
Leads the German capture of Rostov
Invasion of Russia
Reports to Hitler that the Russian weather has brought his forces to a standstill
Operation Barbarossa
Reports to Hitler that the Russian weather has brought his forces to a standstill
Assembly of Pearl Harbour Strike Force
Nagumo concentrates the six-carrier strike force at Hitokappu Bay before its secret advance toward Hawaii.
Capture of Skoping
Nehring personally leads the 18th Division in its capture of Skoping
Dash to the Wire
Reaches the frontier causing great confusion among the Allied Eighth Army. Breaks out from Tobruk to the Egyptiann border
Commander of Eighth Army
Appointed Commander of the Eighth Army by Auchinleck
Commander of Eighth Army
Appointed Commander of the Eighth Army by Auchinleck
President of Chile
Assumes acting presidential powers after Pedro Aguirre Cerda dies.
Siege of Moscow
Orders that "there be no further falling back". Orders Rokossovsky to hold the line at Kryukovo with the remants his Sixteenth Army
Siege of Moscow
Some German units advance into the southern suburbs of Moscow
Departure for Pearl Harbour
Nagumo leads the Japanese carrier strike force from Hitokappu Bay on its concealed northern route toward Hawaii.
Surrender of Gondar
The surrender of Gondar ends the principal organized Italian military resistance in East Africa.
Dismissal
Asks to be relieved of his command if there is no longer confidence in his leadership
Health of Walter von Brauchitsch
Brauchitsch has a heart attack which is later used as an excuse by Hitler to replace him
Siege of Moscow
Pushes across the Moskva-Volga canal
Siege of Moscow
Sends a force up the Minsk Chausee, where Napoleon had marched
Battle of Rostov
Relaunches the attack on Rostov
Battle of Rostov
The 1st defeat during the Russian invasion. Commands III Panzer Corps spearheading the attack on Rostov
Afrika Korps
Bernard Montgomery launches an attack on the Deutsches Afrika Korps at Kidney Ridge
Battle of Kidney Ridge
Bernard Montgomery launches an attack on the Deutsches Afrika Korps at Kidney Ridge
Battle of Tobruk
Rommel captures Tobruk. Bernard Montgomery launches an attack on the Deutsches Afrika Korps at Kidney Ridge
Capture of Tobruk
Rommel captures Tobruk
Siege of Tobruk
Rommel captures Tobruk. Bernard Montgomery launches an attack on the Deutsches Afrika Korps at Kidney Ridge
Command of XXXV Corps
Zingales takes command of the former CSIR formation, redesignated XXXV Corps, within Gariboldi's 8th Army.
Leaves XXXV Corps Command
Messe relinquishes command of the former CSIR and XXXV Corps after prolonged service on the Eastern Front.
Battle of Alamein, 2nd
Rommel begins withdrawing after Montgomery's forces break the Axis position at El Alamein.
Supercharge
After the success of the Allied operation Rommel decides to rereat to Fuka
Battle of Alamein, 2nd
Leese's XXX Corps supports the breakout during the closing phase of the Second Battle of El Alamein.
Battle of Alamein, 2nd
Coordinates air support and interdiction during the decisive armoured breakout at El Alamein.
Operation Supercharge
Launches Operation Supercharge to break through the Axis position west of El Alamein.
Battle of Alamein, 2nd
Commands X Corps armoured formations during Operation Supercharge at the Second Battle of El Alamein.
Battle of Alamein, 2nd
Leads 7th Armoured Division during the breakout phase of the Second Battle of El Alamein.
Battle of Alamein, 2nd
Montgomery's offensive forces Rommel's army into retreat during the Second Battle of El Alamein.
Supercharge
151st & 152nd brigades launch Operation Supercharge & reach their objectives
Axis Counterattack
Arena leads Ariete during the final large Axis armoured counterattack, which fails to restore the El Alamein front.
Siege of Tobruk
Rommell decides to withdraw from Tobruk, Hitler forces Rommel to stay
Battle of Tobruk
Rommell decides to withdraw from Tobruk, Hitler forces Rommel to stay. Bernard Montgomery launches an attack on the Deutsches Afrika Korps at Kidney Ridge
Siege of Tobruk
Rommell decides to withdraw from Tobruk, Hitler forces Rommel to stay
Stand-fast Order
Orders Rommel's army to stand fast despite the collapse of the Axis position at El Alamein.
Axis Armour Reduced before Breakout
Presses the offensive as Axis armoured strength falls to a fraction of its original level.
Battle of Alamein, 2nd
Montgomery's offensive reduces the Axis armoured reserve to a small number of serviceable tanks.
Battle of Alamein, 2nd
Mussolini supports Hitler's order that Axis troops hold their ground despite Rommel's request to retreat.
Closing the Breakthrough
Ariete moves north under Arena in an attempt to contain the widening British breakthrough.
Plutonium Neutron Impurity Warning
Seaborg warns that plutonium's alpha activity can make light-element impurities a serious unwanted neutron source.
Supercharge
The Axis troops are forced to rereat
Retreat from El Alamein
Begins the retreat from El Alamein after the Axis line is broken.
Battle of Alamein, 2nd
The Axis army is defeated at El Alamein and retreats westward across Libya.
Battle of Alamein, 2nd
Is captured during the Axis collapse at the Second Battle of El Alamein.
Alamein Breakthrough Achieved
Eighth Army breaks the Axis front and begins the pursuit westward across Egypt and Libya.
Battle of Alamein, 2nd
The British armoured formations break through the Axis front as the Second Battle of El Alamein nears its decision.
Folgore Withdrawal
Bignami receives orders to withdraw the battered Folgore formations after days of defensive fighting in the southern sector.
Last Message of Ariete
Arena reports that Ariete has been surrounded and its tanks are still fighting as British armour breaks through.
Destruction of Littorio
Littorio suffers catastrophic losses during the British breakthrough and ceases to function as an effective armoured division.
Fifth Atlantic War Patrol
Fecia di Cossato begins another long Atlantic patrol in Tazzoli, continuing operations against Allied merchant shipping.
Retreat from El Alamein
Brunetti's Brescia withdraws westward from El Alamein, much of the division moving on foot under pressure from British forces.
North African Crisis
Cavallero confronts the military crisis created by the collapse at El Alamein and the urgent need to preserve forces in North Africa.
General
Appoints Legentilhomme High Commissioner of Madagascar
Operation Ironclad
Agrees with Britain to appoint Legentilhomme High Commissioner of Madagascar
Invasion of France
Troops are alerted to the occupation of Vichy France
Pursuit after Alamein
Orders the pursuit westward after the Axis army abandons the El Alamein position.
Mersa Matruh Pursuit Maintained
Continues the pursuit as withdrawing Axis forces abandon positions around Mersa Matruh.
Operation Torch Consequences Assessed
Jodl evaluates the strategic effect of Allied landings in French North Africa on Axis positions in the Mediterranean.
Invasion of Africa
Plans the naval landings for British & American forces at Algiers, Oran & Casablance
Operation Torch
Allied forces land in Morocco and Algeria (Operation Torch)
Operation Torch Response
Mussolini faces a new strategic emergency when Anglo-American forces land in French North Africa during Operation Torch.
Operation Torch
1st day of Operation Torch
Operation Torch
Commands the Allied landings in French North Africa, indirectly securing the Mediterranean route to Egypt and the Suez Canal.
Operation Torch
Supports Operation Torch, which opens a western front in North Africa and eases pressure on Egypt and Suez.
Scavenius Government
Begins the Scavenius Government in Copenhagen and serves as Prime Minister of Denmark.
First Buhl Government
The First Buhl Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Speech
"it is not even the beginning of the end, but it is perhaps the end of the beginning"
Battle of Alamein, 2nd
Describes El Alamein as a turning point after news of the Axis retreat reaches Britain.
Political Support at Vichy Government
France fully supports the Allies after the German occupation of Vichy France
Capture of Vichy
Germany occupies the remainder of Vichy France
Invasion of France
German troops reach the Spanish border & Mediterranean
Siege of Toulon
German troops advance as far as Toulon
Battle of Bardia
The British recapture Bardia
Siege of Tunis
Commands the creation of a bridgehead at Tunis & defends it from advancing Allies
Operation Torch
American troops land at Casablanca, Oran & Algiers overcoming Vichy resistance
Vichy Government
American troops land at Casablanca, Oran & Algiers overcoming Vichy resistance
Battle of Stalingrad
Most of Stalingrad is captured but the 6th Armys flanks are exposed
Industrial Scale Production Decision
The Military Policy Committee decides to bypass pilot stages for major production methods and proceed directly toward industrial-scale plants.
Battle of Alamein, 2nd
The Axis loss of Tobruk follows the retreat from El Alamein and weakens Rommel's North African position.
Capture of Tobruk
British forces recapture Tobruk after the Axis retreat following the Second Battle of El Alamein.
Capture of Tobruk
Montgomerys forces enter Tobruk which was never again to fall under German control
Tobruk Reoccupied during Pursuit
Eighth Army re-enters Tobruk while the Axis retreat continues westward.
Battle of Midway
Abes "Tokyo Express" is stopped at Ironbottom Sound & Abe is removed from command
Battle of Midway
Leads the bomardment at Midway & Wake Island
Loss of Hiei
Abe withdraws after Hiei is crippled in the night battle and later lost to repeated American air attacks.
Naval Battle of Guadalcanal
Abe leads a battleship bombardment force into a confused night action against American cruisers and destroyers.
Guadalcanal Reinforcement Convoy
Tanaka escorts fast transports carrying reinforcements toward Guadalcanal during the naval battle for the island.
Capture of Tobruk
Orders Church bells to be rung throughout England after the capture of Tobruk
Capture of Derna
Helps capture Derna
Second Naval Battle of Guadalcanal
Kondo leads a renewed Japanese bombardment force that is defeated by American battleships near Guadalcanal.
Manhattan Project
Groves and Oppenheimer visit Los Alamos, New Mexico and designate it as the location for "Site Y
Site Y
Groves and Oppenheimer visit Los Alamos, New Mexico and designate it as the location for "Site Y
Manhattan Project
Groves and Oppenheimer visit Los Alamos, New Mexico and designate it as the location for "Site Y
Site Y
Groves and Oppenheimer visit Los Alamos, New Mexico and designate it as the location for "Site Y
Birth of Martin Scorsese
Birth of Martin Scorsese
Battle of Stalingrad
Crushes the Romanians & begins to entrap von Pauluss Army
Afrika Korps
OKW upgrades its presence in Africa by creating the XC Army Corps in Tunisia & creating a new 5th Panzer Army headquarters under the command of Colonel General Hans-Jurgen von Arnim
Fifth Panzer Army
OKW upgrades its presence in Africa by creating the XC Army Corps in Tunisia & creating a new 5th Panzer Army headquarters under the command of Colonel General Hans-Jurgen von Arnim
XC Army Corps
OKW upgrades its presence in Africa by creating the XC Army Corps in Tunisia & creating a new 5th Panzer Army headquarters under the command of Colonel General Hans-Jurgen von Arnim
Afrika Korps
OKW upgrades its presence in Africa by creating the XC Army Corps in Tunisia & creating a new 5th Panzer Army headquarters under the command of Colonel General Hans-Jurgen von Arnim
Battle of Stalingrad
3rd Romanian Army had been transferred from Caucasus on 10 September, to take over Italian positions on the Don, opposite the Soviet bridgeheads. The Romanians were understrength and had only around six modern anti-tank guns per division.
Battle of Stalingrad
3rd Romanian Army, on the Don River west of Stalingrad, and 4th Romanian Army, south-east of Stalingrad, had been under constant Soviet attack since September.
Battle of Stalingrad
Hitler ordered 6th Army to remain on the defensive, rather than try to break out. It was intended the army would be supplied by air, but the quantity of supplies necessary was far beyond the ability of the Luftwaffe to carry. 6th Armys strength diminished and the Soviets gained the upper hand inside the city. Hitler forbids any retreat or surrender, they are "liquidated" by 25 January 1943
Battle of Stalingrad
The Soviets launched Operation Uranus, a two-pronged counter-offensive against the flanks of 6th Army. With the battle for the city and the exhaustion of 4th Panzer Army, the flanks were mainly guarded by Romanian, Hungarian and Italian soldiers.
Battle of Stalingrad
The bulk of the German tank reserve, the 48th Panzer Corps, consisted of about 180 tanks, half being obsolete Panzer 35(t)s. The two Romanian armies were routed and 6th Army, with parts of 4th Panzer Army, were encircled in Stalingrad.
Fourth Panzer Army
3rd Romanian Army had been transferred from Caucasus on 10 September, to take over Italian positions on the Don, opposite the Soviet bridgeheads. The Romanians were understrength and had only around six modern anti-tank guns per division.
Fourth Panzer Army
3rd Romanian Army, on the Don River west of Stalingrad, and 4th Romanian Army, south-east of Stalingrad, had been under constant Soviet attack since September.
Fourth Panzer Army
The Soviets launched Operation Uranus, a two-pronged counter-offensive against the flanks of 6th Army. With the battle for the city and the exhaustion of 4th Panzer Army, the flanks were mainly guarded by Romanian, Hungarian and Italian soldiers.
Fourth Panzer Army
The bulk of the German tank reserve, the 48th Panzer Corps, consisted of about 180 tanks, half being obsolete Panzer 35(t)s. The two Romanian armies were routed and 6th Army, with parts of 4th Panzer Army, were encircled in Stalingrad
Invasion of Russia
The Soviet counter-offensive at Stalingrad compelled von Richthofen to once more withdraw his units north to the Volga and bring an end to the aerial offensive
Invasion of Russia
3rd Romanian Army had been transferred from Caucasus on 10 September, to take over Italian positions on the Don, opposite the Soviet bridgeheads. The Romanians were understrength and had only around six modern anti-tank guns per division.
Invasion of Russia
3rd Romanian Army, on the Don River west of Stalingrad, and 4th Romanian Army, south-east of Stalingrad, had been under constant Soviet attack since September.
Invasion of Russia
Hitler ordered 6th Army to remain on the defensive, rather than try to break out. It was intended the army would be supplied by air, but the quantity of supplies necessary was far beyond the ability of the Luftwaffe to carry. 6th Armys strength diminished and the Soviets gained the upper hand inside the city
Invasion of Russia
The Soviets launched Operation Uranus, a two-pronged counter-offensive against the flanks of 6th Army. With the battle for the city and the exhaustion of 4th Panzer Army, the flanks were mainly guarded by Romanian, Hungarian and Italian soldiers.
Invasion of Russia
The bulk of the German tank reserve, the 48th Panzer Corps, consisted of about 180 tanks, half being obsolete Panzer 35(t)s. The two Romanian armies were routed and 6th Army, with parts of 4th Panzer Army, were encircled in Stalingrad.
Operation Case Blue
The Soviet counter-offensive at Stalingrad compelled von Richthofen to once more withdraw his units north to the Volga and bring an end to the aerial offensive
Operation Case Blue
3rd Romanian Army had been transferred from Caucasus on 10 September, to take over Italian positions on the Don, opposite the Soviet bridgeheads. The Romanians were understrength and had only around six modern anti-tank guns per division.
Operation Case Blue
3rd Romanian Army, on the Don River west of Stalingrad, and 4th Romanian Army, south-east of Stalingrad, had been under constant Soviet attack since September.
Operation Case Blue
Hitler ordered 6th Army to remain on the defensive, rather than try to break out. It was intended the army would be supplied by air, but the quantity of supplies necessary was far beyond the ability of the Luftwaffe to carry. 6th Armys strength diminished and the Soviets gained the upper hand inside the city
Operation Case Blue
The Soviets launched Operation Uranus, a two-pronged counter-offensive against the flanks of 6th Army. With the battle for the city and the exhaustion of 4th Panzer Army, the flanks were mainly guarded by Romanian, Hungarian and Italian soldiers.
Operation Case Blue
The bulk of the German tank reserve, the 48th Panzer Corps, consisted of about 180 tanks, half being obsolete Panzer 35(t)s. The two Romanian armies were routed and 6th Army, with parts of 4th Panzer Army, were encircled in Stalingrad.
Operation Uranus
3rd Romanian Army had been transferred from Caucasus on 10 September, to take over Italian positions on the Don, opposite the Soviet bridgeheads. The Romanians were understrength and had only around six modern anti-tank guns per division.
Operation Uranus
3rd Romanian Army, on the Don River west of Stalingrad, and 4th Romanian Army, south-east of Stalingrad, had been under constant Soviet attack since September.
Operation Uranus
The Soviets launched Operation Uranus, a two-pronged counter-offensive against the flanks of 6th Army. With the battle for the city and the exhaustion of 4th Panzer Army, the flanks were mainly guarded by Romanian, Hungarian and Italian soldiers.
Operation Uranus
The bulk of the German tank reserve, the 48th Panzer Corps, consisted of about 180 tanks, half being obsolete Panzer 35(t)s. The two Romanian armies were routed and 6th Army, with parts of 4th Panzer Army, were encircled in Stalingrad
Sixth Army
3rd Romanian Army had been transferred from Caucasus on 10 September, to take over Italian positions on the Don, opposite the Soviet bridgeheads. The Romanians were understrength and had only around six modern anti-tank guns per division.
Sixth Army
3rd Romanian Army, on the Don River west of Stalingrad, and 4th Romanian Army, south-east of Stalingrad, had been under constant Soviet attack since September.
Sixth Army
Hitler ordered 6th Army to remain on the defensive, rather than try to break out. It was intended the army would be supplied by air, but the quantity of supplies necessary was far beyond the ability of the Luftwaffe to carry. 6th Armys strength diminished and the Soviets gained the upper hand inside the city
Sixth Army
The Soviets launched Operation Uranus, a two-pronged counter-offensive against the flanks of 6th Army. With the battle for the city and the exhaustion of 4th Panzer Army, the flanks were mainly guarded by Romanian, Hungarian and Italian soldiers.
Sixth Army
The bulk of the German tank reserve, the 48th Panzer Corps, consisted of about 180 tanks, half being obsolete Panzer 35(t)s. The two Romanian armies were routed and 6th Army, with parts of 4th Panzer Army, were encircled in Stalingrad.
Death of Tomitaro Horii
Horii dies while attempting to cross the flooded Kumusi River during the Japanese retreat in New Guinea.
Battle of Stalingrad
Leads the attack on the north & south flanks of the Germans
Battle of Stalingrad
The Red Army begins to encircle the German forces besieging Stalingrad
Red Army
The Red Army begins to encircle the German forces besieging Stalingrad
Benghazi Reoccupied during Pursuit
Eighth Army enters Benghazi as Montgomery sustains pressure on the retreating Axis army.
Capture of Benghazi
Commands the Eighth Army in the recapture of Benghazi
Eighth Army
Commands the Eighth Army in the recapture of Benghazi
Battle of Stalingrad
The 6th Army is completely encircled by the Red Army
Sixth Army
The 6th Army is completely encircled by the Red Army
Army Group A
Placed in command of Army Group A
Resignation of Stafford Cripps
Resigns as Leader of the House
Minister of Aircraft Production
Appointed Minister of Aircraft Production
War Cabinet
Appointed Member of War Cabinet
Battle of Stalingrad
Captures the supply bridge at Kalach
Capture of Kalach Bridge
Part of Operation Uranus, captures the only bridge over the Don. Cuts off the German 6th armys main communications
Battle of Stalingrad
The south west & Stalingrad fronts link up, 330,000 Germans are encircled. Hitler orders "Where the German Soldier sets his foot, there he remains"
Battle of Stalingrad
The Stalingrad fronts link up, 330,000 Germans are encircled. Hitler orders the 6th Army to hold their position
Sixth Army
Hitler orders the 6th Army to hold their position
El Agheila Position Reached
Eighth Army reaches the El Agheila region after the rapid advance across Cyrenaica.
Commander of Eighteenth Army
Appointed Commander of the 8th Army in New Guinea
Commander of Eighteenth Army
Appointed Commander of the 8th Army in New Guinea
Battle of Stalingrad
Zhukov begins attacking the German 5th Army & 4th Panzer Army in the rear. The 300,000 force of the German 6th Army is encircled
Sixth Army
The 300,000 force of the German 6th Army is encircled
Siege of Rhzev
The Russians lose 42,000 men. The 4th Battle for Rhzev begins
Unternehmen Blau
The 4th Battle for Rhzev begins
Invasion of Russia
The Case Blue offensive saw gains, with an advance into the Caucasus capturing large areas of land and several oil fields. However, the Red Army defeated the Germans at Stalingrad, following Operations Uranus and Little Saturn. This defeat forced the Axis to retreat from the Caucasus. Only the city of Kursk and the Kuban region remained tentatively occupied by Axis troops
Operation Case Blue
The Case Blue offensive saw gains, with an advance into the Caucasus capturing large areas of land and several oil fields. However, the Red Army defeated the Germans at Stalingrad, following Operations Uranus and Little Saturn. This defeat forced the Axis to retreat from the Caucasus. Only the city of Kursk and the Kuban region remained tentatively occupied by Axis troops
Operation Little Saturn
The Case Blue offensive saw gains, with an advance into the Caucasus capturing large areas of land and several oil fields. However, the Red Army defeated the Germans at Stalingrad, following Operations Uranus and Little Saturn. This defeat forced the Axis to retreat from the Caucasus. Only the city of Kursk and the Kuban region remained tentatively occupied by Axis troops
Operation Uranus
The Case Blue offensive saw gains, with an advance into the Caucasus capturing large areas of land and several oil fields. However, the Red Army defeated the Germans at Stalingrad, following Operations Uranus and Little Saturn. This defeat forced the Axis to retreat from the Caucasus. Only the city of Kursk and the Kuban region remained tentatively occupied by Axis troops
Red Army
The Case Blue offensive saw gains, with an advance into the Caucasus capturing large areas of land and several oil fields. However, the Red Army defeated the Germans at Stalingrad, following Operations Uranus and Little Saturn. This defeat forced the Axis to retreat from the Caucasus. Only the city of Kursk and the Kuban region remained tentatively occupied by Axis troops
Field Marshal
Has the task of supporting Paulus, given 1 Luftwaffe, 4 panzer & 6 infantry divisions
Luftwaffe
Has the task of supporting Paulus, given 1 Luftwaffe, 4 panzer & 6 infantry divisions
Field Marshal
Has the task of supporting Paulus, given 1 Luftwaffe, 4 panzer & 6 infantry divisions
Luftwaffe
Has the task of supporting Paulus, given 1 Luftwaffe, 4 panzer & 6 infantry divisions
Birth of Jimi Hendrix
Birth of Jimi Hendrix
Battle of Tassafaronga
Tanaka's destroyers launch an effective torpedo counterattack during the Battle of Tassafaronga.
Suez Canal
Welcomes Allied gains in North Africa as strengthening the Allied position in the Mediterranean and the approaches to Suez.
Commander of XXIV Panzer Corps
Appointed Commander of XXIV Panzer Corps
Lieutenant Colonel
Appointed Lieutenant Colonel
Tunisia Reinforcement Strategy Reviewed
Jodl participates in decisions concerning reinforcement of Axis forces in Tunisia after Operation Torch.
Invasion of Africa
The Allies invade Algeria & Tunisia
Invasion of Sicily
Moves HQ to Sicily for an Allied invasion
Commander of XXIV Panzer Corps
Appointed Commander of XXIV Panzer Corps
Army Group Don Command
Manstein took command of the newly established Army Group Don during the crisis following the Soviet encirclement of German Sixth Army. He was charged with coordinating forces on the southern Eastern Front and attempting to stabilise the German position.
Lieutenant Colonel
Appointed Lieutenant Colonel
Cabinet
Herbert Morrison replaces Sir Stafford Cripps
Air Marshal
Leigh-Mallory replaces Sholto Douglas as head of Fighter Command and is promoted to Air Marshal
Enigma Machine
Works on the specialised Abwehr-Enigma Bombe Funf, installed at Bletchley Park in November.
Air Marshal
Leigh-Mallory replaces Sholto Douglas as head of Fighter Command and is promoted to Air Marshal
Result of Surrender of Italy
Ciano's advice reflects growing Italian recognition that the war is becoming unsustainable.
Surrender of Italy
Claims that the war is lost & advises surrender to avoid useless slaughter
Retreat of X Corps
Nebbia commands the remnants of X Corps as surviving formations withdraw from the El Alamein front toward Fuka.
Tunisia Bridgehead
Cavallero directs the rapid commitment of Italian forces to Tunisia as the Axis seeks to establish a bridgehead after Operation Torch.
Retreat from Egypt
Bastico again has formal authority over Italian forces retreating from Egypt as the Axis withdraws across Libya.
Operation Torch
The Allies launch Operation Torch & jointly invade north Africa
Capture of Oran
Captures Oran during the North African landings
Directive 51 Western Defence Priority Supported
Jodl works within OKW as German planning gives renewed priority to strengthening the West against an Allied invasion.
Fuhrer Directive No. 51
Directive 51, reserves from the West will not be sent to the East or the Mediterranean
Invasion of Western Front
Hitler issues Directive No. 51, a plan to deter or prevent an Allied invasion on Germany's western front
Operation Overlord
Hitler issues Directive No. 51, a plan to deter or prevent an Allied invasion on Germany's western front
X-10 Graphite Reactor Criticality
Supervises startup as the X-10 Graphite Reactor reaches criticality at Clinton Laboratories.
Commander of Senior
Appointed Fuhrer Reserve senior Commander
Commander of Senior
Appointed Fuhrer Reserve senior Commander
Battle of Kiev
The Russians capture Kiev
Gauleiter Speech on Atlantic Wall Labour
Jodl tells Gauleiters that harsh measures are necessary to obtain labour for Atlantic Wall construction in occupied Western Europe.
Speech
Last speech to Nazi party, "we shall go on fighting past 12 oclock"
Capture of Sangro
The Eighth Army captures the heights on the Sangro, 100 miles east of Rome
Birth of Rafael Leonardo Callejas Romero
Birth of Rafael Leonardo Callejas Romero
Verona Political Programme
Accepts a programme combining republican Fascism, socialization proposals and continued alliance with Germany.
Verona Manifesto
Promotes the Verona Manifesto as the political programme of Republican Fascism.
Verona Party Congress
Leads the Republican Fascist Party congress at Verona.
Verona Manifesto
Backs the Verona Manifesto adopted by the Republican Fascist Party as the political programme of the Italian Social Republic.
AEAF HQ
The AEAF HQ takes control of the RAF Tactical Air Force & the Air Defence of Britain
Arctic Convoy
The 1st Arctic convoy since February sets sail
Invasion of Europe
An Allied Expeditionary force is formed for the invasion of Europe
Arrest of Oswald Mosley
Mosley is released for reasons of poor health
Bombing of Berlin
1st day of the "battle of Berlin", 700 tons dropped by the RAF
Bombing of Berlin
1st day of the "battle of Berlin", 700 tons dropped by the RAF
Bombing of Berlin
1st day of the "battle of Berlin", 700 tons dropped by the RAF
Conference of Cairo
Arrives in Cairo with Madame Chiang for meetings with Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Supreme Axis Commander in Italy
Commander in Chief
Appointed Supreme Axis Commander in Italy
Atlantic Wall
Takes over the defence of north France & the construction of the Atlantic Wall
Bombing of Berlin
Worst bombing of Berlin so far, 2,300 tons dropped
Bombing of Berlin
Worst bombing of Berlin so far, 2,300 tons dropped
Conference of Cairo
Opening day of Conference for Allied leaders in Cairo to discuss the war in Asia
Cairo Plenary Meeting
Meets Roosevelt and Churchill in a plenary session at Cairo to discuss Allied operations against Japan and postwar arrangements in Asia.
Bombing of Berlin
Berlin reported as "sea of flames", up to 10,000 dead
BBC Resignation
Resigns from the BBC.
Conference of Cairo
Confirms British committment to Overlord at the Cairo Conference
Conference of Cairo
Japan will lose Pacific Islands seized since the beginning of World War I
Conference of Cairo
Operation Buccaner is agreed at the Cairo Conference
Conference of Cairo
Stalin turns down the invitation to appear at the Cairo Conference
Invasion of Andaman Islands
An attack on the Andaman Islands to coincide with a Chinese attack on Burma is agreed
Invasion of Burma
An attack on the Andaman Islands to coincide with a Chinese attack on Burma is agreed
Operation Buccaneer
Operation Buccaner is agreed at the Cairo Conference. An attack on the Andaman Islands to coincide with a Chinese attack on Burma is agreed
Operation Overlord
Confirms British committment to Overlord at the Cairo Conference
Bombing of Berlin
Berlin reported as "sea of flames", up to 10,000 dead
Conference of Cairo
1st day of bi-lateral talks between Britain & the USA
Conference of Cairo
Japan will lose Pacific Islands seized since the beginning of World War I. It is agreed to restore all territory lost by the Republic of China. 1st day of bi-lateral talks between Britain & the USA
Tehran Strategic Assessment at Cairo
Deane reports Soviet attitudes and likely strategic aims to the United States Joint Chiefs before the Tehran meeting.
Conference of Cairo
British Chiefs of Staff propose guerilla war in Yugoslavia, Greece & Albania
Conference of Cairo
British Chiefs of Staff propose opening the Dardanelles to Russia
Conference of Cairo
British Chiefs of Staff propose pushing the offensive in Italy to the Pisa-Rimini line
Conference of Cairo
Efforts are made to bring Turkey into the war on the side of the Allies & discussions at Tehran with Russia
Tehran Preparations at Cairo
Churchill and the Anglo-American staffs review European strategy at Cairo before the forthcoming meeting with Stalin in Tehran.
Conference of Cairo
Concludes the Cairo Conference with Roosevelt and Churchill; the communiqué sets Allied objectives for the war against Japan and postwar territorial settlements.
British Soviet Preparatory Talks at Tehran
Clark Kerr joins Harriman and Molotov in preparatory talks about conference security and arrangements.
Arrival for Tehran Conference
Churchill arrives in Tehran with the British delegation for the first wartime meeting of the three principal Allied leaders.
Late Night Security Talks with Harriman and Clark Kerr
Molotov discusses security and Roosevelt's accommodation with Harriman and Clark Kerr before the formal conference begins.
Soviet Delegation Preparations at Tehran
Molotov participates in late-night preparatory discussions before the formal Tehran sessions open the following day.
Arrival of Stalin in Tehran
Stalin arrives in Tehran with the Soviet delegation before the conference formally opens on 28 November.
Leahy Joins Roosevelt Tehran Delegation
Leahy accompanies Roosevelt to Tehran as the President's senior military adviser.
Harriman Arrives with American Delegation
Harriman reaches Tehran with Roosevelt's party and prepares for discussions with Soviet and British representatives.
American Military Mission Joins Tehran Delegation
Deane joins the American military delegation bringing recent knowledge of Soviet strategic priorities from Moscow.
Roosevelt Arrives at Gale Morghe Airfield
Roosevelt lands at Gale Morghe airfield and proceeds to the American Legation under tight security.
Roosevelt Flies from Cairo to Tehran
Roosevelt flies from Cairo to Tehran to meet Churchill and Stalin for the first Big Three summit.
Hopkins Joins Roosevelt in Tehran
Hopkins accompanies Roosevelt to Tehran and participates in political and strategic discussions during the summit.
Eden Attends Opening Tehran Deliberations
Eden takes part in British diplomatic discussions during the opening day of the summit.
Eden Joins Roosevelt Hosted Dinner Talks
Eden joins Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin and senior diplomats for evening discussions after the opening plenary.
Churchill Defends Mediterranean Opportunities
Churchill argues that Mediterranean opportunities should not be discarded while the Allies prepare Overlord.
Churchill Joins First Big Three Plenary
Churchill joins Roosevelt and Stalin for their first formal three-power plenary meeting.
First Day Tehran Strategy Discussions Conclude
Churchill completes the first day of discussions with the central issue of future operations in Europe still under debate.
Opening Plenary of Tehran Conference
Churchill joins Roosevelt and Stalin at the first plenary meeting of the Tehran Conference.
Polish Frontier Discussion
Churchill tells Stalin he has no attachment to a precise Polish-Soviet frontier but regards Soviet security and a strong independent Poland as essential.
British Military Delegation at Tehran
Brooke attends the Tehran discussions as Chief of the Imperial General Staff and principal British military adviser.
Molotov Attends Opening Big Three Dinner
Molotov joins the leaders and senior diplomats at Roosevelt's dinner after the first plenary.
Molotov Meets Roosevelt before First Plenary
Molotov meets Roosevelt after Stalin's private discussion with the President and before the opening plenary.
First Roosevelt Stalin Meeting
Stalin meets Roosevelt privately for the first time before joining Churchill at the opening plenary session.
Stalin Calls on Roosevelt at Soviet Embassy
Stalin calls on Roosevelt shortly after the President moves into the Soviet Embassy compound.
Stalin Presses Need for Second Front
Stalin emphasises the importance of a major Anglo-American second front in Western Europe.
Stalin Security Warning over Tehran Travel
Stalin warns that travel between delegations could expose the Allied leaders to danger from Axis sympathisers.
Sword of Lenin
Stalin is handed the Stalingrad sword
Soviet Military Delegation at Tehran
Voroshilov joins the Soviet military delegation during the opening Tehran discussions on Allied operations against Germany.
King Joins Joint Chiefs Tehran Review
King participates in the American Joint Chiefs review before the first Tehran plenary.
Harriman Joins First Evening Conference Talks
Harriman joins the senior Allied leaders for evening talks at the Soviet Embassy.
Security Case for Roosevelt Embassy Move Presented
Harriman relays Soviet security concerns and helps persuade Roosevelt to move into the Soviet Embassy compound.
Marshall Reviews Overlord Position before Plenary
Marshall reviews American support for a cross-Channel invasion before the opening summit discussions.
Arnold Joins Air Strategy Review at Tehran
Arnold participates in American military planning concerning air power and the coming operations in Europe.
Bohlen Interprets Roosevelt Stalin Conversation
Bohlen provides interpretation during the first private meeting between Roosevelt and Stalin.
Roosevelt Interpreter at Tehran
Bohlen interprets for Roosevelt during high-level conversations with Stalin and other Soviet representatives.
Opening Plenary of Tehran Conference
Roosevelt joins Churchill and Stalin at the first plenary meeting of the Tehran Conference.
Roosevelt Meets US Joint Chiefs before Opening Session
Roosevelt meets the Joint Chiefs to review American strategic positions before the first plenary session.
Roosevelt Moves to Soviet Embassy Compound
Roosevelt moves into the Soviet Embassy compound after security concerns are raised about travel through Tehran.
Roosevelt Supports Cross Channel Priority
Roosevelt supports giving the cross-Channel invasion priority in Allied European strategy.
Hopkins Participates in Opening Conference Discussions
Hopkins joins Roosevelt in discussions that shape the political atmosphere of the opening summit.
Eden Joins Second Evening Political Discussions
Eden participates in late discussions covering political questions alongside military strategy.
Churchill Supports Southern France Operation in Principle
Churchill accepts a southern France operation provided available landing craft and wider strategy permit it.
Second Tehran Plenary Continues Strategic Debate
Churchill continues the strategic debate over Overlord, Mediterranean operations and supporting offensives.
Sword of Stalingrad Presented
Churchill presents Stalin with the Sword of Stalingrad on behalf of King George VI and the British people.
Brooke Attends Tripartite Military Meeting
Brooke represents British strategic views during the formal military discussions among the three powers.
Brooke Reviews Mediterranean Resource Demands
Brooke examines how Mediterranean commitments would affect forces and landing craft required for Overlord.
Molotov Joins Stalin Hosted Dinner Talks
Molotov joins Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill and senior advisers for evening discussions after the second plenary.
Mediterranean Diversion Debate
Stalin opposes Mediterranean operations that might weaken Overlord while supporting a complementary landing in southern France.
Overlord Command and Japan Commitment Discussed
Stalin presses for appointment of an Overlord commander and reiterates that the Soviet Union will fight Japan after Germany is defeated.
Second Private Roosevelt Stalin Discussion
Stalin meets Roosevelt privately before the second plenary to continue political and strategic discussions.
Soviet Offensive Timed with Overlord Proposed
Stalin offers to launch a major Soviet offensive around the time of Overlord to pin German forces in the east.
Stalin Calls for Overlord Supreme Commander
Stalin argues that Overlord needs a clearly appointed commander responsible for its execution.
Stalin Demands Firm Overlord Commitment
Stalin presses the Western Allies for a firm commitment to launch Overlord in 1944.
Sword of Stalingrad Accepted
Stalin accepts the Sword of Stalingrad and thanks Britain on behalf of the citizens of Stalingrad.
Voroshilov Represents Stavka in Military Talks
Voroshilov participates in military discussions linking Soviet operations with the Anglo-American invasion of Western Europe.
First Atomic B-29 Modifications
The first B-29 modification work begins at Wright Field to adapt the aircraft for carrying the new atomic weapons.
Harriman Attends Stalin Hosted Conference Dinner
Harriman joins the senior delegations for Stalin's dinner and the discussions that continue afterward.
Marshall Defends Cross Channel Strategy
Marshall supports concentrating Anglo-American strength on the cross-Channel invasion rather than dispersing resources.
Tripartite Military Meeting Opens
Marshall joins British and Soviet military representatives in a morning meeting on coordinated operations.
Bohlen Interprets Second Day Leader Discussions
Bohlen interprets during high-level American-Soviet conversations on the conference's second day.
Roosevelt Inspects Sword of Stalingrad
Roosevelt inspects the Sword of Stalingrad after Churchill formally presents it to Stalin.
Roosevelt Reviews Strategy with American Chiefs
Roosevelt meets the American Chiefs of Staff before the second plenary session.
Second Tehran Plenary Opens
Roosevelt joins Churchill and Stalin for the second full plenary meeting of the conference.
Atlantic Wall
Field Marshal Rommel begins inspection of Atlantic Wall, Germany's coastal defence system stretching from Norway to the Spanish frontier
Atlantic Wall
Field Marshal Rommel begins inspection of Atlantic Wall, Germany's coastal defence system stretching from Norway to the Spanish frontier
Invasion of Western Front
Field Marshal Rommel begins inspection of Atlantic Wall, Germany's coastal defence system stretching from Norway to the Spanish frontier
Operation Overlord
Field Marshal Rommel begins inspection of Atlantic Wall, Germany's coastal defence system stretching from Norway to the Spanish frontier
Churchill Joins Third Plenary
Churchill takes part in the third plenary as the leaders narrow their remaining strategic differences.
Churchill Meets Shah during Tehran Summit
Churchill receives Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi while the Allied leaders are gathered in Tehran.
Churchill Sixty Ninth Birthday Dinner
Churchill celebrates his sixty-ninth birthday at a dinner attended by Roosevelt, Stalin and senior Allied leaders.
Brooke Attends Churchill Birthday Conference Dinner
Brooke attends the dinner where military and political discussions continue among senior Allied leaders.
Molotov Attends Churchill Birthday Dinner
Molotov attends Churchill's birthday dinner with the principal Allied political and military representatives.
Stalin Joins Third Plenary
Stalin participates in the third plenary meeting as agreement on 1944 operations takes shape.
Stalin Meets Shah during Tehran Summit
Stalin meets the Shah of Iran while attending the summit in Tehran.
Stalin Praises American Lend Lease Production
At Churchill's birthday dinner, Stalin praises American industrial output and the importance of Lend-Lease to the Soviet war effort.
King Reviews Naval Requirements for European Operations
King contributes to discussion of naval resources and landing craft needed for forthcoming Allied operations.
Leahy Attends Combined Chiefs Meeting
Leahy joins senior American and British military leaders reviewing the remaining strategic questions.
Marshall Attends Combined Chiefs Review
Marshall participates in the Combined Chiefs review before the third Tehran plenary.
Arnold Reviews Air Support for 1944 Operations
Arnold reviews air requirements connected with the planned Allied offensives in Europe.
Roosevelt Hosts Big Three Luncheon
Roosevelt hosts Churchill and Stalin for luncheon before the third plenary session.
Roosevelt Meets Shah of Iran
Roosevelt meets Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi during the Tehran Conference and discusses relations with Iran.
Roosevelt Presents Churchill Birthday Gift
Roosevelt presents Churchill with a Kashan bowl during the Prime Minister's birthday dinner.
Third Tehran Plenary Opens
Roosevelt joins Churchill and Stalin for the third formal plenary meeting.
Resignation of Henri-Honore Giraud
Resigns because of differences with de Gaulle
Capture of Kiev
The German armies in the Ukraine are thrteatened with encirclement
Invasion of Russia
The German Armies are split at the Pripet Marshes
Invasion of Russia
Kiev is re-captured & German armies in the Ukraine are threatened with encirclement
Operation Adler
Indecisive anti-partisan operation on the north Dalmatian coast, between Karlobag and Zadar, German and Croatian units provide the Axis force
Operation Barbarossa
The German Armies are split at the Pripet Marshes
Siege of Kiev
The German armies in the Ukraine are thrteatened with encirclement. Kiev is re-captured by the Russians
British Mission to Manhattan Project
Chadwick helps lead the British scientific mission that travels to the United States to join Allied atomic-bomb work.
Invasion of France
Agreed to mount Overlord & send a diversionary force to the south of France in May 1944
Operation Overlord
Agrees to mount Overlord & send a diversionary force to the south of France in May 1944
Presents Stalin with a commemorative sword in honour of those
Presents Stalin with a commemorative sword in honour of those who defended Stalingrad
Siege of Stalingrad
Presents Stalin with a commemorative sword in honour of those who defended Stalingrad
Operation Overlord
Given command of the assault phase for Overlord on the ground
Military Reorganization
Begins reorganizing royal Italian forces for active operations alongside the Allies.
Chief of General Staff Appointment
Is appointed Chief of the General Staff of the royal Italian armed forces.
First Motorized Group
Takes command of the First Motorized Group, created for combat alongside Allied forces.
Chief of General Staff
Becomes Chief of the General Staff of the royal Italian armed forces during the co-belligerent phase of the war.
Royal Forces Reorganized
Directs reorganization of armed forces in the south for operations alongside Allied armies.
Declaration of Cairo
The Allies proclaim that Japan will be stripped of all land gained since 1914
Curzon Line Proposal Discussed
Stalin supports a postwar Polish eastern frontier broadly following the Curzon Line, with Poland compensated in the west.
Return to Liberated Kiev
Returns to Kiev after Soviet forces retake the Ukrainian capital from German occupation.
First Plutonium Metal Sample
The Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory produces the first sample of plutonium in metallic form by chemically reducing plutonium fluoride.
Navy Thermal Diffusion Pilot Approval
The Navy approves Abelson's plan for a liquid thermal-diffusion pilot plant to enrich uranium.
Operation Overlord
Agreed to mount Overlord & send a diversionary force to the south of France in May 1944
Resolution-Connally
The US Senate recognizes the need for an international peacekeeping organisation. Senate voting is 85-5 in favour
Proposes Piraeus Salonica or Constantinople
Offers Piraeus, Salonica or Constantinople as alternatives to the difficult Black Sea conference route.
The Woman in the Window
Directs The Woman in the Window.
Independence of Israel
Meets Churchill & agrees to the partition of Palestine & support a Jewish State
Jewish State
Meets Churchill & agrees to the partition of Palestine & support a Jewish State
Rule of Palestine
Meets Churchill & agrees to the partition of Palestine & support a Jewish State
Assassination of Moyne
A senior official in Palestine is gunned down by Jewish terrorists in Cairo
Death of Moyne
A senior official in Palestine is gunned down by Jewish terrorists in Cairo
Suggests Jerusalem or Alexandria
Suggests Jerusalem or Alexandria after raising objections to several other possible conference sites.
Election
Wins 21.9 million to Roosevelts 25.6 million votes & loses his own state of New York
Battle of Schmidt
The US 28th Div of V Corps is repulsed at Schmidt
Constitution of USA
Discusses a democratic post-war China & to reconcile the Communists & Kuomingtang
Peace Mediation at Yenan
Discusses a democratic post-war China & to reconcile the Communists & Kuomingtang
Death of Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg
Death of Friedrich-Werner Graf von der Schulenburg, hanged at Plotzensee Prison in Berlin
Death of Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg
Hanged after the failed assassination attempt of Hitler
Execution
Hanged at Plotzensee Prison in Berlin
President of France
Appointed President of the 4th Republic of France
Proposes Post-Inauguration Conference
Suggests postponing the Big Three meeting until after his January presidential inauguration.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Suggests Late January Conference
Proposes a late January or early February meeting while continuing to prefer a Mediterranean location.
Requests Soviet Port City Venue
Again asks that the conference be held in one of the Soviet Union's Black Sea port cities.
Resignation over Frontier Settlement
Mikolajczyk resigns after failing to win cabinet support for a territorial compromise with the Soviet Union involving the Curzon Line.
Capture of Strasburg
The Allies capture Strasburg
Bombing of Tokyo
Leads the 73rd Wing against the Musashimo engine plant at Tokyo
Questions Winter Black Sea Conditions
Warns Roosevelt that Black Sea ports may be unsuitable for a major conference during winter.
Free State
Partisans consolidate power after German withdrawal from Albania
Liberation
Partisan forces enter Tirana and complete liberation of Albania
Government Established
Hoxha's government takes control after liberation from German occupation
Health of Carl von Ecken
Operates on Hitler to remove a vocal chord. Discovers Hitler's eardrums were ruptured by the bomb blast of 20 July
Ardennes Offensive Planning Briefings
Jodl participates in high-level planning for Hitler's offensive through the Ardennes.
Army Reorganisation Committee
Serves on a headquarters committee considering the reorganisation of the Army in India as the war moves toward its final phase.
First Division Reinforcement
Kataoka commands the First Division after it is committed as a major reinforcement to the Japanese defence of Leyte.
Result of Surrender of Hungary
Hungary accepts an armistice with the Allies, weakening the remaining Axis position in eastern Europe.
Surrender of Hungary
Signs the Armistice with Hungary for the Allies
Suez Canal
Relies on secured Middle Eastern routes, including the Suez Canal, for Allied logistics and communications.
First Einar Gerhardsen Government
The First Einar Gerhardsen Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Second Einar Gerhardsen Government
Begins the Second Einar Gerhardsen Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Second Fierlinger Government
Begins the Second Fierlinger Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Nuclear Power
The USSR announces that it will make its own atomic bomb
Kristensen Government
Begins the Kristensen Government in Copenhagen and serves as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Second Buhl Government
The Second Buhl Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Death of August von Mackensen
Death of August von Mackensen
Birth of Neil Percival Young
Birth of Neil Percival Young, later singer songwriter, guitarist and major Canadian rock figure.
Election Election Outcome
General election outcome recorded for Josip Broz Tito: Secures an overwhelming Majority in the General Election
Election Government
Government context for this general election: Secures an overwhelming Majority in the General Election
Election
Secures an overwhelming Majority in the General Election
General Election - Election
Secures an overwhelming Majority in the General Election
Army Chief of Staff Designation
Designated Chief of Staff of the United States Army.
Coogan Certifies Evidence Handling Procedures
Coogan signs an affidavit describing how captured records were collected, screened, transported, translated, photographed and preserved for courtroom use.
Speer Appears as IMT Trial Opens
Speer appeared in the defendants' dock when the International Military Tribunal opened proceedings against the principal surviving leaders of Nazi Germany.
Ribbentrop Appears at Opening of IMT
Ribbentrop appeared in the defendants' dock when the International Military Tribunal opened proceedings against the principal surviving leaders of Nazi Germany.
Indictment Places Goering on All Four Counts
The indictment before the Tribunal charged Goering under all four counts: conspiracy, crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity.
International Military Tribunal Opens at Nuremberg
Lawrence presides as the trial of the major German war criminals formally opens in the Palace of Justice.
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
He entered a plea of not guilty before the International Military Tribunal.
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
He entered a plea of not guilty before the International Military Tribunal.
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
He entered a plea of not guilty before the International Military Tribunal.
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
He entered a plea of not guilty before the International Military Tribunal.
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
He entered a plea of not guilty before the International Military Tribunal.
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
He entered a plea of not guilty before the International Military Tribunal.
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
He entered a plea of not guilty before the International Military Tribunal.
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
He entered a plea of not guilty before the International Military Tribunal.
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
He entered a plea of not guilty before the International Military Tribunal.
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
He entered a plea of not guilty before the International Military Tribunal.
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
He entered a plea of not guilty before the International Military Tribunal.
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
He entered a plea of not guilty before the International Military Tribunal.
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
He entered a plea of not guilty before the International Military Tribunal.
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
He entered a plea of not guilty before the International Military Tribunal.
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
He entered a plea of not guilty before the International Military Tribunal.
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
He entered a plea of not guilty before the International Military Tribunal.
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
He entered a plea of not guilty before the International Military Tribunal.
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
He entered a plea of not guilty before the International Military Tribunal.
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
He entered a plea of not guilty before the International Military Tribunal.
Speer Pleads Not Guilty before IMT
When called upon individually by the Tribunal, Speer entered a plea of not guilty to the charges contained in the international indictment.
Ribbentrop Pleads Not Guilty before Tribunal
When called upon to answer the indictment, Ribbentrop entered a plea of not guilty to the charges brought against him before the International Military Tribunal.
Goering Enters Plea before International Military Tribunal
Goering appears with the other defendants as the Tribunal records pleas to the indictment at the beginning of the proceedings.
Goering Pleads Not Guilty before IMT
Goering entered a plea of not guilty when the defendants were individually called upon to answer the charges set out in the indictment.
Jackson Opening Places Goering among Principal Leaders
In the American opening case, Robert Jackson presented Goering as one of the central surviving leaders whose offices and authority connected him to the alleged Nazi conspiracy.
Truman appoints General Marshall special representitive to China
Truman appoints General Marshall special representitive to China
Jackson Delivers United States Opening Statement
Jackson delivers the principal American opening address, explaining the prosecution's documentary case against the Nazi leadership.
Trial Purpose Framed as Lawful Accountability
Jackson presents the prosecution as a legal process intended to punish proven crimes through evidence and judgment rather than summary retaliation.
Storey Explains Documentary Authentication
Storey explains how American investigators captured and authenticated German records before prosecutors introduced them as evidence.
Industrial Mobilization Evidence Links Goering to Rearmament
The prosecution connected Goering with meetings and administrative measures that mobilized industrial resources, finance and production for the expansion of German military power.
Prosecution Presents Four Year Plan Evidence against Goering
American prosecutors introduced evidence that Goering directed the Four Year Plan and exercised broad economic powers used to accelerate German rearmament and war preparation.
Death of Vidkun Quisling
Death of Vidkun Quisling, executed
Execution
Surrenders to the newly restored Norwegian Government then tried & executed
Lahousen Gives Early Prosecution Testimony
Lahousen becomes an important early witness, describing criminal orders and discussions within the German military intelligence leadership.
Alliance Chiang Kai-Shek and prevent immediate Communist occupation
US Marines deploy to northern Chinese ports to accept Japanese surrender and help prevent immediate Communist occupation before Nationalist troops arrive.
Death of Joseph Kramer
Death of Joseph Kramer, executed
Execution
Execution of Joseph Kramer
International Press Facilities Prepared
Courtroom alterations include a large press gallery so correspondents from many countries can report the unprecedented international proceeding.
Document Case Chosen as Core Prosecution Method
Jackson's team relies heavily on captured German records so the prosecution can demonstrate policy and command responsibility from the regime's own documentation.
Swearingen Serves as Alternate at Medical Tribunal Rules Session
Swearingen attended as alternate judge when the Medical Tribunal approved its rules and prepared the court for the first Subsequent Nuremberg proceeding.
Beals Adopts Medical Tribunal Rules
Beals presided when Military Tribunal I formally adopted procedural rules governing the Medical Case before the doctors' trial opened.
Sebring Signs Medical Tribunal Procedure Rules
Sebring joined the tribunal in approving rules that established how motions, evidence and courtroom procedure would be handled in the Medical Case.
Crawford Joins Medical Tribunal Rules Meeting
Crawford participated in the pre-trial meeting at which Military Tribunal I settled the procedural framework for the forthcoming prosecution of medical defendants.
President of Chile
Takes office as President of Chile after winning the 1946 election.
Constitution of Japan
The new constitution is promulgated
Chinese-US Treaty
Chinese-US Treaty of friendship & commerce
Election
The Republicans win 246 seats & win the Congressional elections
Treaty of Friendship
Chinese-US Treaty of friendship & commerce
Congress of Nixon
First lected to Congress, eightieth
National Health Service Act
The National Health Service Act receives Royal Assent.
National Health Service Act Royal Assent
The National Health Service Act receives Royal Assent, giving statutory authority for the new comprehensive health service in England and Wales.
National Health Service Act
Secures Royal Assent for the National Health Service Act.
Ceasefire Offer
Chiang orders a ceasefire and tells the United States he is willing to negotiate, but Communist leaders reject the offer
Peace Offer
Chiang announces a ceasefire offer as civil war fighting continues
Milch Trial Indictment
Milch was indicted on charges involving forced labour, medical experiments and crimes against humanity.
National Assembly Convenes
The National Assembly convenes in Nanjing to consider a new constitutional framework for the Republic of China.
National Assembly
Chiang convenes the National Assembly despite Communist and Democratic League opposition
National Assembly Boycott
Zhang Lan's Democratic League opposes the National Assembly held without full political agreement
United Nations Membership
Afghanistan is admitted to the United Nations.
United Nations Membership
Iceland becomes a member of the United Nations after presenting its instrument accepting the obligations of the UN Charter.
General Election - General Election
Groza's communist-led bloc claims victory in a heavily manipulated election.
General Election Election Outcome
General election outcome recorded for Petru Groza: Groza's communist-led bloc claims victory in a heavily manipulated election.
General Election Government
Government context for this general election: Groza's communist-led bloc claims victory in a heavily manipulated election.
General Election
Groza's communist-led bloc claims victory in a heavily manipulated election.
Bombing of Haiphong
Negotiations with the Vietminh break down at Fontainbleau & bombing resumes
Negotiations
Negotiations with the Vietminh break down & the bombing of Haiphong begins
Siege of Hai Phong
The French cruiser Suffren shells Hai Phong. General Valluy gives the Viet Minh a 2 hr ultimatum to leave Hai Phong which expires
Draft Constitution Presented
Presents a draft constitution to the National Assembly and supports moving the Republic of China toward constitutional government.
Lahousen Testifies on Abwehr Criminal Orders
Lahousen describes discussions and orders within German military intelligence concerning sabotage, executions and criminal methods used during the war.
Trial
Put on trial for War crimes in Manilla
Deputy Prime Minister
Appointed Deputy Prime Minister of the USSR
Allied Control Commission
Appointed Head of the Allied Control Commission in Hungary
Spruce Goose
Flies "The Spruce Bruce", a flying boat
Pohl Trial Judgment and Sentence
Pohl was convicted and sentenced to death in the WVHA trial.
Battle of Badgam
Major Somnath Sharma leads his company at Badgam and is killed while resisting an attack threatening Srinagar.
Rationing
Celebrates a "bonfire of controls" by making 200,000 permits & licences unnecessary
First Hedtoft Premiership
Begins the First Hedtoft Premiership in Copenhagen and serves as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Kristensen Government
The Kristensen Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Krupp Trial Arraignment
Krupp and the other defendants were arraigned before the United States military tribunal.
Strike
1st day of National strikes throughout the Winter of 1947-48
Ministries Trial Indictment
Weizsaecker and other senior officials were indicted in the Ministries Case.
Peerage
Created Duke of Edinburgh
Marriage
Acts as Prince Philips best man
Marriage
Gives Elizabeth away to the Duke of Edinburgh at Westminster Abbey
Peerage
Makes Philip the Duke of Edinburgh prior to his wedding to Elizabeth
Marriage
Marries Elizabeth II
Marriage
Marries Philip Mountbatten, Duke of Edinburgh, formerly Prince of Greece & Denmark
Birth of Joe Walsh
Birth of Joe Walsh, later Eagles guitarist after success with the James Gang and solo work.
Election
National Assembly elections begin under the new constitutional framework; the Communist Party does not participate.
Marriage
Philip is to be known as HRH Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
Flick Prosecution Closing Statement
The prosecution delivers its closing argument, summarising allegations of slave labour, plunder and support for criminal SS organisations.
Greifelt Begins RuSHA Defence Testimony
Ulrich Greifelt begins his own testimony and disputes prosecution claims about his responsibility for coercive resettlement policy.
Flick Defence Closing Arguments Begin
Defence counsel begins final argument for Flick and his co-defendants, challenging the legal and factual basis of the prosecution case.
Council of Foreign Minister's
1st day of the council to discuss the future of post-war Germany
Diels Testifies in IG Farben Case
Former Gestapo chief Rudolf Diels gives evidence during the IG Farben proceedings concerning political and economic relationships in the Nazi state.
High Command Trial Indictment
Leeb and other senior Wehrmacht commanders were indicted in the High Command Case.
High Command Case Examines Senior Military Responsibility
The High Command prosecution addresses the responsibility of senior commanders for unlawful orders, occupation practices and crimes committed by forces under their authority.
Flick Prosecution Rebuttal Delivered
The prosecution answers the defence closing submissions before the Tribunal withdraws to consider the industrialist case.
UN Partition Proposal
The United Nations adopted a plan to partition Palestine, confronting Abdullah with a proposed territorial settlement that shaped his subsequent diplomacy and military calculations.
Coup
Rama VIIIs death serves as a pretext for a coup which restores Phibul Songkram
Coup
Forced into exile during a coup
Operation Bison
K. S. Thimayya directs the armoured operation that breaks through at Zoji La and restores the route toward Ladakh.
President of USA
Appointed President of the USA, 33rd President, 2nd term
Battle of Huai-Hai
The Huaihai Campaign begins; catastrophic Nationalist defeats during the campaign destroy major armies and accelerate the collapse of Chiang’s mainland position.
Birth of Glenn Frey
Birth of Glenn Frey, later founding guitarist, vocalist and songwriter with Eagles.
Birth of Luiz Felipe Scolari
Birth of Luiz Felipe Scolari
Trial
Sentenced to death for war crimes
Birth of Charles
Birth of Charles, Elizabeth Is 1st son & heir
Birth of Charles
Birth of Charles, Elizabeth's 1st son & heir
Prime Minister of Canada
Becomes prime minister after Mackenzie King retires.
1st Sound Barrier
1st to break the sound barrier
Military Coup
The armed forces overthrew President Romulo Gallegos and installed a military junta.
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of the Military Junta of Venezuela after the overthrow of Romulo Gallegos
Battle of Huai-Hai
The Nationalist 7th & Second Army Groups are defeated along the Lung-Hai railway
Capture of Chungking
Chunking surrenders to the Communists
Second Army
The Nationalist 7th & Second Army Groups are defeated along the Lung-Hai railway
Pingjin Campaign
Nationalist forces suffer mounting pressure in the Pingjin Campaign as Communist armies isolate major cities across northern China.
Nineteen Eighty-Four Draft
Completes the manuscript of Nineteen Eighty-Four.
Purge
Lenigrad is purged
Franco-Khmer Treaty
Secures greater autonomy for Cambodia within the French Union
CIA Employment Begins
Hunt entered CIA service and began a career in covert operations and political action that continued until his retirement in 1970.
Death of Narayan Apte
Death of Narayan Apte, executed for the assassination of Gandhi
Execution
Godse & Apte are executed for the assassination of Gandhi
Death of Nathuram Godse
Death of Nathuram Godse, executed for the assassination of Gandhi
Execution
Godse & Apte are executed for the assassination of Gandhi
Constitution Adopted
The Constituent Assembly adopts the Constitution of India under the presidency of Rajendra Prasad.
Foreign Ministry Organisation
Builds the institutions and operating principles of the new People's Republic's diplomatic service.
Battle of Huai-Hai
Yu-Ming opens the invasion route to Nanking & Shanghai after victory at Huai-Hai. Decisive Battle of the war. Communist victory over the Nationalists
Siege of Nanking
Yu-Ming opens the invasion route to Nanking & Shanghai after victory at Huai-Hai
Siege of Shanghai
Yu-Ming opens the invasion route to Nanking & Shanghai after victory at Huai-Hai
Stalin condemns Tito
Stalin condemns Tito
Office of Policy Coordination Assignment
Hunt joined the Office of Policy Coordination, where his work focused on covert political action, influence, and psychological operations.
Invasion of Korea
Chinese troops overwhelm the 6th ROK Infantry Division
Death of George Bernard Shaw
Publication of "Death of George Bernard Shaw"
Mobilization
Reports the massing of Chinese troops in North Korea
Election
The Republicans gain thirty seats in the House of Representitives
Assumption of Temporal Power
Tenzin Gyatso assumes full political authority earlier than planned during the Chamdo crisis.
European Defence Community (EDC)
At the Council of Europe proposes the Pleven Plan for European Defence Community
Invasion of Korea
Flies to North Korea to supervise the drive to the River Yalu
Radio Emission Detected from Andromeda
Reports radio-frequency emission from M31 with Cyril Hazard, opening a new wavelength regime for studying the Andromeda Galaxy.
Invasion of Korea
Chinese troops enter the War & force the United Nations forces Southwards
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of the Government Junta of Venezuela after the assassination of Carlos Delgado Chalbaud
Huachipato Steel Plant
Inaugurates the Huachipato steel works, a major project of state-supported industrialization.
UN Security Council Delegation
Supports sending a Chinese delegation to the United Nations Security Council to present Beijing's positions.
Visit to Athens
Pays a royal state visit to Greece
United Nations
The US, France & Britain produce a disarmament plan to introduce to the United Nations Assembly
United Nations
The US, France & Britain produce a disarmament plan to introduce to the United Nations Assembly
United Nations
The US, France & Britain produce a disarmament plan to introduce to the United Nations Assembly
Senator
First elected member of the US Senate, ahead of Helen Douglas
United Nations
Vetoes the disarmament proposals forwarded to the United Nations by France, the US & Britain
Diplomatic Plan
Places a disarmament plan before the United Nations General Assembly, countrered by Russia
United Nations
Places a disarmament plan before the United Nations General Assembly, countrered by Russia
Foreign Policy Statement at London
France, Britain, USA & Turkey announce a security programme for the Near East
Peace
Peace negotiations take place at Panmunjon
Armistice
A 2nd round of peace negotiations begins
Prime Minister of Norway
Appointed Prime Minister of Norway
Egypt offers to let the future of Sudan be decided by plebiscite
Egypt offers to let the future of Sudan be decided by plebiscite under United Nations supervision
Second Einar Gerhardsen Government
The Second Einar Gerhardsen Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Oscar Torp Government
Begins the Oscar Torp Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Historical Analysis
Kerensky participates in historical analysis during his political career.
Prime Minister
Becomes Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Laos
Armistice
Both sides agree to a cease-fire along a demarcation line
Negotiations
The armistice negotiations reach an agreement over the "demarcation line"
Housing
Announces the design for the "Peoples House"
Meeting with President Truman in Washington
Meets President Truman in Washington
Morphogenesis Manuscript Submitted
Submits his major manuscript on the mathematical basis of biological pattern formation to the Royal Society.
Election
The Nairobi radicals attempt to take control of the national KAU at a countrywide conference, but are outmanoeuvred by Jomo Kenyatta, who secures the election for himself
Independence of Kenya
Pressure from the radicals forces the KAU to adopt a pro-independence position for the first time
KAU
The Nairobi radicals attempt to take control of the national KAU at a countrywide conference, but are outmanoeuvred by Jomo Kenyatta, who secures the election for himself. Pressure from the radicals forces the KAU to adopt a pro-independence position for the first time
Ivy Mike Thermonuclear Test
The United States detonates Ivy Mike, the first full-scale thermonuclear device.
President of Chile
Takes office for his second presidential administration.
Vice Presidency
Appointed Vice President of the USA
Presidential Election Victory
Wins the presidential election and becomes President-elect of the United States.
Privatization
The Bill for the denationalzation of steel is introduced into the House of Commons
Presidency of Israel Declined
Declines the offer to become president of Israel, citing lack of aptitude and experience for official duties.
Greek Rally Government Formed
Papagos forms a majority government after the Greek Rally wins the election.
Na San Battle
Attacks the French fortified camp at Na San
Arrest of Jomo Kenyatta
Arrested and indicted with six others on the charges of "managing and being a member" of the Mau Mau Society
Mau Mau
Arrested and indicted with six others on the charges of "managing and being a member" of the Mau Mau Society
Constituent Assembly Election
The government held a constituent assembly election whose disputed results preceded further military consolidation.
Election
All the seats are won by the National Unity Party
Prime Minister of Portugal
Appointed Prime Minister of Portugal
Independence of Kampuchea
Frances concedes Kampucheas independence
Succession of King Saud
Becomes crown prince following King Saud's accession.
Succession of King Saud
Succeeds King Abdulaziz as the second king of Saudi Arabia.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Big Brothers Referral
The court continued Lee's parole and directed his probation officer to contact the Big Brothers counseling service for possible assistance.
Commonwealth
Embarks on a tour of the Commonwealth with Prince Philip
Embarks on a tour of the Commonwealth with Prince Philip
Embarks on a tour of the Commonwealth with Prince Philip
Retirement
Last game for England was the 6-3 defeat by Hungary, in which he scores a penalty
Controlled Election
Holds an election without effective opposition.
Death of Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist
Death of Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist, in captivity in Vladimir Prison, the highest ranked German officer to die in Soviet captivity
Prime Minister of Egypt
Consolidates control of the government after President Naguib is removed and placed under house arrest.
Birth of Condoleezza Rice
Birth of Condoleezza Rice in Birmingham, Alabama.
Peace Negotiations
I participates in peace negotiations connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Battle of Dien Bien Phu
The French establish a garison in order to tempt the Viet Minh into battle
Death of Enrico Fermi
Enrico Fermi dies in Chicago on 28 November 1954 after a career that transformed quantum statistics, nuclear physics and reactor science.
Election
Feels he can lead another election but Woolton, the Party Chairman, disagrees. Churchill says he can lead another election but Woolton, the Party Chairman, disagrees
Prime Minister Appointment
Becomes prime minister following Daniel Malan's retirement.
Strijdom Government Begins
Leads a government committed to strengthening apartheid.
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
The United States proposed to the General Assembly the creation of an international agency to take control of fissile material, which could be used either for nuclear power or for nuclear weapons. This agency would establish a kind of "nuclear bank." It had become clear that the Soviet Union would reject any international custody of fissile material, but that a clearing house for nuclear transactions might be possible
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
The United States proposed to the General Assembly the creation of an international agency to take control of fissile material, which could be used either for nuclear power or for nuclear weapons. This agency would establish a kind of "nuclear bank." It had become clear that the Soviet Union would reject any international custody of fissile material, but that a clearing house for nuclear transactions might be possible
US closes its consulate
The US closes its consulate
President of Brazil
Appointed acting President of Brazil after Cafe Filho took medical leave
Tujague Messenger Employment
Lee began work as a messenger for Gerald F. Tujague, Inc., earning about $130 per month.
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil during the 1955 succession crisis
President of Argentina
Appointed de facto President of Argentina after Eduardo Lonardi
Liberal-Dem Party
The Liberal Party & the Japan Democratic Party form the Liberal-Democratic Party
Death of Helmuth Otto Ludwig Weidling
Death of Helmuth Otto Ludwig Weidling
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, 3rd term
RDS-37 Thermonuclear Test
The Soviet Union tests RDS-37, its first two-stage thermonuclear weapon design.
State of Emergency
Declares a state of emergency in Cyprus
Coup
An internal coup deposes Lonardi and places General Aramburu in the presidency
Revolucion Libertadora
An internal coup deposes Lonardi and places General Aramburu in the presidency
Coup
An internal coup deposes Lonardi and places General Aramburu in the presidency
President of Argentina
An internal coup deposes Lonardi and places General Aramburu in the presidency
Provisional Government
A new uprising, led by General Eduardo Lonardi, General Pedro E. Aramburu and Admiral Isaac Rojas, deposed Peron and established a provisional Government
Revolucion Libertadora
His conciliatory approach was deemed too soft by the liberal faction of the armed forces, who deposed him less than two months into his de-facto presidency and replaced him with hard-liner Pedro Aramburu. A new uprising, led by General Eduardo Lonardi, General Pedro E. Aramburu and Admiral Isaac Rojas, deposed Peron and established a provisional Government
Coup
An internal coup deposes Lonardi and places General Aramburu in the presidency
Revolucion Libertadora
An internal coup deposes Lonardi and places General Aramburu in the presidency
Coup
An internal coup deposes Lonardi and places General Aramburu in the presidency
India State Visit
Visits India with Nikolai Bulganin and promotes Soviet economic and diplomatic cooperation.
Sinai Forces Ordered to Withdraw West
Amer orders a general withdrawal from Sinai to preserve Egyptian forces from encirclement.
French Ground Assault Plan Finalised
Beaufre finalises French ground-force arrangements for the assault on Port Said.
Carrier Air Operations Coordinated
Durnford-Slater coordinates carrier-based air operations against Egyptian military targets.
Naval Advice
Advises against continuing the operation as diplomatic and political costs increase
Opposition to Suez
Attacks the Government in Parliament over the invasion of Egypt
Armoured Corps Leads Northern Advance
Laskov employs armour at the front of the northern advance, demonstrating the growing battlefield role of Israeli armoured forces.
El-Arish Approaches Reached
Laskov's 77th Division reaches the approaches to El-Arish after advancing along the northern axis.
Ras an-Naqb Captured
Yoffe's brigade captures Ras an-Naqb while advancing toward the Gulf of Aqaba.
Gaza Sector Assault Coordinated
Dayan coordinates operations aimed at defeating Egyptian forces in the Gaza Strip.
Gaza and Sinai Fronts Coordinated
Simhoni coordinates operations across both the Gaza and central Sinai fronts.
Sinai Victories Announced
Ben-Gurion reports major Israeli gains as forces advance across Sinai.
Emergency Force Concept Advanced at UN
Pearson advances the proposal for an international emergency force to supervise a ceasefire and separation.
UNEF
Proposes a United Nations Emergency Force to separate the opposing forces in the Suez crisis.
Canal Zone Defence Reorganised
Amer shifts attention to defending the canal zone as the Sinai withdrawal accelerates.
Withdrawal from Sinai
Egyptian forces retreat westward under heavy Israeli pressure in Sinai.
Closure of Canal
Orders obstruction of the Suez Canal by sinking ships to deny use of the waterway to the invaders.
Scuttling Programme Expanded
Nasser's government expands the sinking of vessels and obstructions to block canal navigation.
Death of Leo Baeck
Death of Leo Baeck
Capture of Gaza
Gaza falls to the British forces
Opposition to Suez
Warns Eden that the invasion should be stopped before troops land in the canal zone
Political Risks Repeated to Ministers
Mountbatten renews warnings about the political and strategic risks of continuing the operation.
Assault Date Confirmed
Keightley confirms final preparations for the airborne and amphibious assault on the canal zone.
Cabinet Management
Helps manage Commons business as the crisis produces deep political division
Cabinet Support
Supports the Government line as ministers defend the Suez operation in Parliament
UN Emergency Session
Faces growing United Nations opposition as emergency sessions condemn the invasion
Twenty-Seventh Armoured Brigade Advances West
Laskov's divisional forces include the 27th Armoured Brigade as Israeli armour advances toward the canal.
Armour Halted Fifteen Kilometres from Canal
Ben-Ari's 7th Armoured Brigade advances deep into Sinai and halts about fifteen kilometres from the Suez Canal.
Approach to Sharm el-Sheikh
Yoffe's brigade continues the southern advance toward Sharm el-Sheikh and the Straits of Tiran.
Egyptian Withdrawal Exploited
Dayan orders Israeli formations to exploit the general Egyptian withdrawal from Sinai.
El-Tor Link-Up with 890th Battalion
Gur's Nahal battalion links with soldiers of the 890th Battalion at El-Tor.
El-Tor Parachute Landing
Gur commands a Nahal battalion parachute landing at El-Tor during the southern phase of Operation Kadesh.
Nahal Battalion Secures El-Tor
Gur's battalion secures El-Tor after its airborne landing in southern Sinai.
890th Battalion Reaches El-Tor Link-Up
Elements of Eitan's 890th Battalion meet Gur's newly landed Nahal force at El-Tor.
Ceasefire
Supports General Assembly action calling for a ceasefire and withdrawal from Egypt.
Public Opposition
Explains his resignation as opposition grows to Britain's use of force
Sinai Occupation Consolidated
Ben-Gurion's government begins consolidating control over captured positions in Sinai and Gaza.
Broadcast
Makes a TV broadcast to the nation appealing for national unity
Demonstrations
Anti-Suez demonstrators advance from Trafalgar Square toward Downing Street.
Parachute Assault Orders Issued
Butler issues final orders for 16th Independent Parachute Brigade's assault on Port Said.
Suez Crisis
Acts as Government Chief Whip during the parliamentary crisis caused by the Suez intervention
Trafalgar Square Protest
Supports Labour opposition as anti-Suez demonstrations intensify.
Trafalgar Square Protest
Addresses opposition to the Suez intervention.
Three Para Prepares for El Gamil
Crook briefs 3 Para before its airborne assault on El Gamil airfield.
Anti-War Speech
Denounces the intervention before a mass anti-war crowd.
Trafalgar Square Protest
Addresses a large anti-war demonstration against Suez.
United Nations Emergency Force
The United Nations adopts a Canadian-backed resolution to create an emergency force while Britain and France abstain
Law Not War Rally
Speaks against the Suez intervention at Trafalgar Square.
Trafalgar Square Speech
Condemns the Suez intervention at a mass rally.
Suez Canal
The United Nations adopts a Canadian resolution to send a United Nations force, Britain & France abstain. Makes a TV broadcast to the nation appealing for national unity
Trafalgar Square Protest
Faces mass protest in London against the invasion of Egypt.
Reballion of Rebels in Budapest
The west does not intervene due to the Suez crisis at the same time. Soviet tanks supporting Kadar return to Budapest & shell insurgents. Soviet tanks shell Budapest, 200,000 escape to the west which is preoccupied with Suez
Suez Canal
The west does not intervene due to the Suez crisis at the same time. Soviet tanks shell Budapest, 200,000 escape to the west which is preoccupied with Suez
Reballion of Rebels in Budapest
The west does not intervene due to the Suez crisis at the same time. Soviet tanks shell Budapest, 200,000 escape to the west which is preoccupied with Suez
Suez Canal
The west does not intervene due to the Suez crisis at the same time. Soviet tanks shell Budapest, 200,000 escape to the west which is preoccupied with Suez
Southern Sinai Route Secured
Yoffe secures the southern route leading toward Sharm el-Sheikh.
Soviet Intervention in Hungary
Approves the Soviet military intervention that crushes the Hungarian Revolution.
UNEF Plan Prepared within Forty-Eight Hours
Hammarskjold prepares the organisational plan for the first United Nations Emergency Force.
United Nations
Backs the creation of an international emergency force as a way to separate the combatants.
UNEF Command Accepted
Burns is selected to command the newly created United Nations Emergency Force.
Port Said Resistance Ordered
Nasser calls on Egyptian forces and civilians to resist the Anglo-French assault on Port Said.
Resistance
Calls for resistance as British and French forces begin landings near Port Said.
French Naval Gunfire Supports Landing
Barjot's naval forces support French airborne and amphibious units around Port Said.
Operation Musketeer
Commands French naval forces participating in Operation Musketeer.
French Paratroop Assault Coordinated
Beaufre coordinates French airborne attacks supporting the seizure of the northern canal zone.
Operation Musketeer
Serves as senior French commander with the Anglo-French landing forces in Egypt.
El Raswa Bridge Advance Directed
Chateau-Jobert directs paratroopers toward the strategic El Raswa bridge after regrouping under Egyptian fire.
First 2e RPC Wave Parachuted South of Port Said
Chateau-Jobert leads the first 2e RPC airborne group dropped south of Port Said during Operation Musketeer.
Waterworks Command Post Established
Chateau-Jobert establishes a command post at the water-treatment works while directing the airborne attack.
Tenth Parachute Division Suez Force Directed
Massu commands the 10th Parachute Division elements committed to the French side of Operation Musketeer.
Port Fuad Airborne Objectives Secured
Fossey-Francois leads his paratroopers in securing their assigned Port Fuad objectives after landing.
Second 2e RPC Group Parachuted on Port Fuad
Fossey-Francois commands the second 2e RPC group dropped on Port Fuad during the afternoon airborne assault.
Siege of El Gamil Airfield
The 3rd Battalion of the Parachute Regiment drops at El Gamil Airfield, establishing a secure base for incoming support aircraft & reinforcement
Huddersfield Town Management Appointment
After coaching Huddersfield Town reserves, Shankly took control of the first team and worked to develop players and improve competitive performances.
Port Said Naval Gunfire Directed
Durnford-Slater directs naval gunfire supporting the assault on Port Said.
Royal Marines Embark for Port Said
Moulton prepares Royal Marine commandos for the amphibious phase of the assault.
16th Parachute Brigade
Commands 16th Independent Parachute Brigade during the airborne assault phase
Advance on Port Said
Directs paratroopers as they move from El Gamil toward Port Said
Airborne Bridgehead Expanded
Butler directs airborne troops expanding the bridgehead from El Gamil toward Port Said.
Ground Assault Phase Opened
Stockwell opens the ground phase of the Anglo-French assault after airborne forces establish initial positions.
Port Said Landing
Commands Anglo-French ground forces landing at Port Said
Suez Crisis
Goes on television and denounces Eden's conduct of the Suez crisis, calling for his resignation
El Gamil Airfield Secured
Crook's 3 Para secures El Gamil airfield and establishes a base for reinforcement.
El Gamil Airfield
Leads 3rd Battalion The Parachute Regiment in the assault on El Gamil Airfield
El Gamil Airfield
3rd Battalion The Parachute Regiment drops at El Gamil Airfield and secures a base for follow-on forces
Paratroop Landing
British paratroops land at El Gamil Airfield as the ground phase of the operation begins
Amphibious Fleet Positioned off Port Said
Durnford-Slater positions the naval assault force off Port Said before the seaborne landings.
Air Offensive Supports Port Said Assault
Barnett's air forces support the airborne and amphibious phases after attacks have reduced Egyptian air opposition.
Airborne Assault Force Launched from Cyprus
Butler sends British paratroopers from Cyprus for the assault on El Gamil and the approaches to Port Said.
Suez Canal
Paratroops land to recover the canal Eden says is vital if Britain is not to starve
Suez Canal
The 3rd Battalion of the Parachute Regiment drops at El Gamil Airfield, establishing a secure base for incoming support aircraft & reinforcement
Airborne Phase Released
Keightley authorises the airborne assault phase that places British and French paratroopers around Port Said and Port Fuad.
El Gamil Perimeter Defended
Crook's paratroopers defend the captured airfield perimeter while reorganising after the drop.
First Postwar British Battalion Parachute Assault
Crook leads 3 Para in Britain's first battalion-sized combat parachute assault since the Second World War.
Paratroopers Advance from El Gamil
Crook moves 3 Para from El Gamil toward Port Said after the airfield has been secured.
Sharm el-Sheikh Captured
Yoffe's forces capture Sharm el-Sheikh, ending Egyptian control of the Straits of Tiran approaches.
Rule of Sharm el-Sheikh
Israeli forces capture Sharm el-Sheikh, opening access to the Straits of Tiran.
Sharm el-Sheikh Final Assault Ordered
Dayan orders the final attack on Egyptian positions guarding Sharm el-Sheikh.
Sinai Campaign Objectives Achieved
Dayan reports that principal military objectives in Sinai have been reached.
Campaign Command Completed
Simhoni completes command of the rapid Sinai campaign after Israeli forces reach their principal objectives.
International Case for Sinai Campaign Presented
Meir argues that Israeli action is tied to border attacks and restrictions on navigation.
Straits of Tiran Access Restored
Ben-Gurion hails the capture of Sharm el-Sheikh as restoring Israeli access through the Straits of Tiran.
Suez Crisis Warning to Britain and France
Sends forceful warnings to Britain and France during the Suez Crisis and demands an end to their military intervention in Egypt.
Threatening Notes Sent to Invading Powers
Bulganin sends threatening messages to Britain, France and Israel demanding an end to the attack on Egypt.
Soviet Support for Egypt Reinforced
Khrushchev reinforces Soviet political backing for Egypt as pressure mounts on the invading powers.
Port Said Civil Resistance Praised
Nasser praises military and civilian resistance at Port Said as international pressure forces a ceasefire.
Port Fuad Sector Secured
Beaufre's French forces secure positions in and around Port Fuad during the final day of fighting.
Ceasefire
Accepts a ceasefire under intense American, Soviet, and United Nations pressure.
Military Advance Halted
Mollet accepts the halt to French military operations despite dissatisfaction with the early ceasefire.
French Amphibious Component Released for Port Fuad
Barjot directs the French naval contribution supporting the amphibious landing at Port Fuad.
Port Fuad Amphibious Landing Supervised
Massu is present as French 1st Foreign Parachute Regiment forces land and occupy Port Fuad.
French Port Fuad Occupation Organised
Beaufre directs French ground forces as they establish control in Port Fuad after the assault.
First Foreign Parachute Regiment Lands at Port Fuad
Brothier leads the 1er REP during the amphibious landing that reinforces French control of Port Fuad.
First REP Links with Second RPC
Brothier's amphibious force links with 2e RPC paratroopers already holding positions around Port Fuad.
First REP Deputy Command at Port Fuad
Jeanpierre serves as deputy commander of the 1er REP during the occupation of Port Fuad.
Sterling Crisis
Eden confronts severe pressure on sterling as American financial support is withheld during the Suez Crisis.
Air Support Continues over Canal Zone
Barnett keeps air support available as ground forces advance along the northern canal zone.
Helicopter Assault from Carriers
Moulton's Royal Marines use helicopters from carriers during the assault, a major innovation in amphibious warfare.
Royal Marines Landing
Commands Royal Marine Commando forces during the seaborne and helicopter-supported landing
Port Said Advance Continued
Butler directs paratroopers pushing deeper into Port Said before the ceasefire takes effect.
Financial Collapse Warning Intensified
Macmillan warns that continuing the operation risks a severe sterling and reserve crisis.
IMF Pressure
Warns that Britain cannot sustain the financial crisis without American support
Sterling Crisis
Warns Cabinet of the worsening sterling crisis and the financial consequences of American pressure
Commando Carrier
Supports helicopter-borne commando landings from the carrier force off Port Said
Commando Helicopter Lift Supported
Whitney supports the helicopter lift carrying Royal Marines from the carrier force to the landing area.
Advance Halted by Ceasefire
Keightley orders forces to stop advancing when political leaders accept the ceasefire.
Amphibious Assault Authorised
Keightley authorises the seaborne assault reinforcing forces already fighting around Port Said.
Ceasefire Order
Receives orders to halt the advance after international pressure forces a ceasefire
Forward Troops Halt South of Port Said
Stockwell halts forward units after the ceasefire order interrupts the planned advance down the canal.
Port Said Assault
Commands ground forces as amphibious landings reinforce the airborne troops at Port Said
Port Said Beachheads Consolidated
Stockwell consolidates Anglo-French beachheads after the amphibious landings.
Ceasefire Broadcast
Announces the decision to halt military operations under intense international pressure
Ceasefire
Agrees to a ceasefire after severe American, Soviet and United Nations pressure
Ground Operation Ended before Canal Seizure
Eden ends military operations before Anglo-French forces can seize the full canal zone.
Landing Craft and Carrier Support Coordinated
Durnford-Slater coordinates carriers, landing craft and naval gunfire during the amphibious phase.
Naval Support Reduced after Ceasefire
Durnford-Slater curtails offensive naval support after the political decision to halt operations.
Canal Bank Advance with Armour
Butler leads elements of the parachute brigade south along the canal bank with Royal Tank Regiment support.
Parachute Brigade Links with Seaborne Force
Butler's airborne troops link with units arriving by sea as the Allied position around Port Said expands.
Commando Armour Support Coordinated
Moulton coordinates Royal Marine operations with Centurion tanks landed to support fighting inside Port Said.
Commando Brigade Beach Assault Directed
Moulton directs the Royal Marine beach assault by 40 and 42 Commandos at Port Said.
Helicopter-Borne Commando Reinforcement Integrated
Moulton integrates 45 Commando after its helicopter landing into the continuing clearance of Port Said.
Supporting Fire Restricted to Identified Defences
Moulton restricts supporting fire to known Egyptian defences and positions actively engaging the assault.
B Troop Assaults from Amphibious Vehicles
Oakley leads his troop ashore during the opening Royal Marine assault under naval gunfire support.
Leading Buffalo Wave Reaches Port Said
Oakley commands B Troop in the leading wave of Buffalo amphibious vehicles approaching the Port Said beaches.
Warehouse Position Assaulted
Crossland joins an assault on an Egyptian-held warehouse during 40 Commando's fighting in Port Said.
Warehouse Position Held Alone
Crossland holds his position alone after casualties during the warehouse fight and continues engaging Egyptian defenders.
Ceasefire
Accepts a ceasefire under United States, United Nations and Soviet pressure
Allied Advance Stopped after Ceasefire Decision
Keightley implements political orders ending the offensive while Allied ground forces are still advancing south from Port Said.
Amphibious Phase Released
Keightley directs the transition from airborne operations to the main amphibious assault on the canal-zone cities.
Forty-Two Commando Buffalo Landing
Norcock commands 42 Commando as it lands at Port Said in amphibious Buffalo vehicles.
Forty-Two Commando Urban Advance
Norcock's commandos fight through the built-up area after landing on the Port Said waterfront.
Casino Pier Helicopter Landing
Tailyour's commandos are landed by helicopters near Casino Pier to reinforce forces already fighting in Port Said.
Central Port Said Clearance Assigned
Tailyour's 45 Commando clears the area between the axes of the two leading Royal Marine commandos.
First Operational Helicopter Commando Assault
Tailyour commands 45 Commando during the first operational helicopter assault conducted by the Royal Marines.
Football Stadium Landing under Egyptian Fire
Tailyour's reconnaissance helicopter mistakenly lands in an Egyptian-held stadium and escapes after coming under fire.
Helicopter Landing Zone Reconnaissance
Tailyour flies from HMS Ocean to reconnoitre the landing area before 45 Commando's helicopter assault.
Royal Marines and Armour Integrated for Landing
Stockwell's land plan combines Royal Marine commandos with Centurion tanks during the seaborne assault on Port Said.
Southward Canal Advance Organised
Stockwell directs forces beyond the captured beachhead toward objectives farther south along the canal.
Killed after Sinai Campaign
Simhoni dies in an aircraft crash shortly after the Sinai campaign ends.
Kadesh Lessons Review Begins
Bar-Lev leads the training department's post-battle study as the IDF begins extracting operational lessons from Operation Kadesh.
Ceasefire Terms Considered
Ben-Gurion considers international ceasefire demands while Israeli forces hold Sinai and Gaza.
UNEF Guiding Principles Submitted
Hammarskjold submits guiding principles governing the organisation and deployment of UNEF.
Vice Presidency
Re-elected for a 2nd term as Vice President
Second Presidential Election Victory
Wins reelection to a second term as President of the United States.
Financial Pressure
Refuses support for Britain until the Anglo-French operation is halted and withdrawal is accepted.
Soviet Military Threats Assessed
Eisenhower's administration assesses Soviet threats while pressing urgently for a ceasefire.
Sterling Support Withheld
Eisenhower withholds American financial support while Britain continues military operations.
Sterling Crisis
Uses American financial leverage as Britain faces a sterling crisis during the Suez intervention.
Ceasefire
Accepts a ceasefire after United Nations action and international pressure force an end to the invasion.
Political Survival after Invasion
Nasser emerges politically strengthened in Egypt after the invading powers accept a ceasefire.
French Forces Hold Port Fuad
Beaufre's forces remain in the Port Fuad sector under ceasefire conditions.
Naval Forces Shift to Ceasefire Posture
Durnford-Slater shifts naval forces from assault support to ceasefire and withdrawal duties.
Sterling Crisis
Seeks American financial support as sterling comes under severe pressure
Commons Discipline
Works to maintain Conservative support after the ceasefire announcement
Occupation Zone Stabilised
Keightley stabilises the limited Anglo-French occupation area while withdrawal terms are negotiated.
Ceasefire
Eden announces that military operations will cease and that United Nations forces will be used
Suez Canal
Sent to Washington to gain support for a collapsing £
Suez Canal
Eden announces in the Commons United Nations forces will be used & military operations cease. Cease-fire commences after the Russian threat of rockets. Britain says she will evacuate her troops from Suez on the arrival of the United Nations forces
Withdrawal
Continues pressure for British, French, and Israeli withdrawal after the ceasefire.
Comet Arend-Roland
Co-discovers the bright comet later known as Arend-Roland.
Discovery of C 1956 R1
Identifies a comet that becomes a prominent naked-eye object in 1957.
No Confidence Debate
Survives parliamentary attacks after the Suez ceasefire
No Confidence Motion
Leads parliamentary attacks on Eden's Government during the no-confidence debate
No Confidence Debate
Faces a no-confidence debate in the Commons after the military and financial crisis
Commons Attack
Attacks the Government over the financial and diplomatic consequences of the Suez adventure
Suez Canal
No confidence debate in the Commons
Hungarian Refugee Admission Offer
Offers to admit refugees fleeing the crushed Hungarian uprising.
Withdrawal Negotiations
Handles negotiations over withdrawal and replacement by United Nations forces
Peace Negotiations
Rifai participates in peace negotiations connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
UNEF Deployment Begins
Burns begins deploying UNEF contingents into Egypt to supervise the ceasefire and withdrawals.
United Nations Emergency Force
United Nations forces begin arriving in the Suez area to replace Anglo-French troops
Suez Canal
The United Nations forces arrive in Suez
Canal Clearance Authority Requested
Hammarskjold asks the General Assembly for authority to negotiate arrangements for clearing the canal.
UN Troops Move into Port Said
Burns supervises UNEF elements entering Port Said and taking positions between opposing forces.
UNEF Enters Port Said
Hammarskjold's emergency force begins moving into Port Said as withdrawal arrangements advance.
Jamaica Rest
Leaves for Jamaica as his health and authority deteriorate after Suez
Jamaica Rest
Leaves Britain for rest in Jamaica as his health and political position deteriorate
Granma Departure
Guevara sails from Tuxpan aboard the Granma as a member and physician of the expeditionary force led by Fidel Castro.
Granma Departure
Camilo Cienfuegos sails from Tuxpan aboard the Granma with the expeditionary force organized by Fidel Castro.
Granma Departure
Fidel Castro leads eighty-two expeditionaries aboard the yacht Granma as it leaves Tuxpan, Mexico, bound for eastern Cuba.
Granma Departure
Almeida sails from Tuxpan aboard the Granma with the 26th of July Movement expeditionary force.
Granma Departure
Raúl Castro sails from Tuxpan aboard the Granma with the expeditionary force organized to reopen armed struggle against Batista in Cuba.
Granma Expedition
Sails from Mexico aboard Granma with the rebel expedition.
Granma Expedition
Embarks with the Granma expedition.
Granma Expedition
Embarks aboard Granma for Cuba.
Suez Crisis
Proposes a United Nations peacekeeping force during the Suez crisis.
Visit to India
Returns to India for high-level talks on Asian affairs and bilateral relations.
Canal Clearance Damage Surveyed
Younis oversees Egyptian assessment of canal obstructions and damage after the fighting.
Anglo-French Withdrawal Demanded
Nasser insists that British and French forces must leave Egyptian territory completely.
Rule of Gaza
Israel captures Gaza and the Gaza Strip during the Suez crisis.
Rule of Sinai
Israel captures much of Sinai during the Suez crisis.
UNEF Presence Accepted on Egyptian Territory
Nasser accepts deployment of UNEF on Egyptian territory under arrangements preserving Egyptian sovereignty.
United Nations
Defends French policy during United Nations debate over the Suez intervention.
First Foreign Parachute Regiment Embarked for Suez
Brothier commands the 1er REP as it embarks with the French amphibious force for the Egyptian coast.
Suez Crisis Parliamentary Management
Helps manage Conservative parliamentary business during the Suez crisis period.
Conference of Sevres
The Allies agree Israel should invade & Britain & France would intervene & instruct the Israeli & Egyptian armies to withdraw 10 miles either side of the canal
Economy of Great Britain
The US will support Britain if it accepts the United Nations solution, the pound collapses
Musketeer
The Allies agree Israel should invade & Britain & France would intervene & instruct the Israeli & Egyptian armies to withdraw 10 miles either side of the canal
Birmingham Speech on Suez
Wilson condemns the Anglo-French intervention during a Labour meeting in Birmingham.
Opposition to Suez
Wilson finds strong support in Birmingham for Labour's opposition to the Suez intervention.
Operation Musketeer
Commands naval forces assigned to Operation Musketeer
Operation Musketeer
Commands air forces assigned to Operation Musketeer
Legal Advice
Provides legal support for the Government's position during the controversy over intervention
Leadership Position
Strengthens his claim to succeed Eden as the Suez crisis weakens the Prime Minister
Press Criticism
Criticises the moral and political consequences of the Suez intervention in British public debate
Opposition to Suez
Criticises the intervention and strengthens Liberal opposition to Eden's policy
Legal Defence
Defends the Government's legal position amid charges that the intervention violates the United Nations Charter
Sterling Crisis
The United States links support for sterling to British acceptance of a United Nations solution
Hungary and Suez
Argues that Eden's Suez policy damages Britain's standing as Soviet forces crush the Hungarian uprising
Canberra Bomber Force Sustains Air Offensive
Barnett employs Canberra squadrons from Malta and Cyprus throughout the six-day air offensive.
Suez Canal
The US will support Britain if it accepts the United Nations solution, the pound collapses. The Allies agree Israel should invade & Britain & France would intervene & instruct the Israeli & Egyptian armies to withdraw 10 miles either side of the canal
General
Appointed Head of the Hungary Socialist Workers Party
Reballion of troops suppresses the
With the help of Soviet troops suppresses the revolt
Eleventh Brigade Captures Gaza Strip
Simhoni's Southern Command uses the 11th Brigade to capture the Gaza Strip during Operation Kadesh.
Twelfth Brigade Supports Gaza Capture
Simhoni employs the 12th Brigade in support of the Israeli operation that captures the Gaza Strip.
Air Attacks Support Sinai Advance
Tolkowsky's air force attacks Egyptian forces while supporting the continuing Israeli advance across Sinai.
Kadesh Air Rescue Missions
Israeli aircraft under Tolkowsky carry out rescue missions during Operation Kadesh.
Armoured Landings Support Southern Axis
Tankus's naval forces help land armoured vehicles supporting the Israeli advance along the southern route.
Infantry Landings Support Southern Axis
Israeli naval forces under Tankus land infantry to assist the 9th Brigade's southern advance.
Israeli Coast Secured during Kadesh
Tankus directs naval forces protecting Israel's coast while the Sinai campaign is underway.
Maritime Resupply of Ninth Brigade
Tankus directs naval supply support for the 9th Brigade operating along the difficult southern Sinai axis.
Ninth Brigade Naval Support
Tankus's navy supports the 9th Brigade as it advances through southern Sinai.
Southern Coastal Advance Supported by Sea
Tankus coordinates naval support along the coast as Israeli forces move through southern Sinai.
United Nations
Defends Israel's position during United Nations debate over the Sinai Campaign.
Rule of Gaza
Israel captures Gaza and the Gaza Strip during the Sinai Campaign.
Siege of Gaza
Israeli forces move into Gaza as part of the Sinai Campaign during the Suez crisis.
Withdrawal
Faces American and United Nations pressure to withdraw Israeli forces from captured Egyptian territory.
Reballion of Hungary
Hungary rebels against Russian rule
Reballion of Hungary
Hungary rebels against Russian rule
Invasion of Egypt
Opposes the Anglo-French invasion of Egypt and backs United Nations action to end the crisis.
First Animal in Orbit
The achievement marks first animal in orbit as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Sputnik 2 Launch
Directs the launch of Sputnik 2 carrying the dog Laika.
Sputnik 2 and Laika
Sputnik 2 carries the dog Laika into orbit, demonstrating another Soviet space milestone.
Coalition Minister
Enters the coalition government under Souvanna Phouma
First Coalition Government
Forms a coalition including Pathet Lao ministers
Philippine Maneuvers Deployment
Five days after leaving the hospital, Lee's squadron embarked for military maneuvers in the Philippine Islands.
Treaty of Rome
Italy becomes the first signatory state to deposit its instrument of ratification with the Italian government.
Treaty of Rome
Zoli heads the Italian government when Italy deposits its instrument of ratification for the Rome Treaties.
Treaty of Rome
France deposits its instrument of ratification with the Italian government, moving the treaties toward entry into force.
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 5th term
Presidential Mild Stroke
Suffers a mild stroke but recovers and continues his presidential duties.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Debut
Makes his international debut in a victory against France, scoring twice in a 4-0 victory, goes on to win 20 caps
President of Chile
Is inaugurated as President of Chile after narrowly defeating Salvador Allende.
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of the Government Junta of Venezuela
Battle of Guisa
Fidel Castro's forces begin the Battle of Guisa, part of the late-1958 rebel offensive that expands control across the Cauto plains.
Government
"Colonialism...brought the great ideas which provided the great ideas for progress"
Berlin Ultimatum
Demands that Western powers end their occupation rights in West Berlin and proposes transforming it into a free city.
NATO and Berlin Confrontation
Challenges Western NATO powers over their occupation rights and military presence in Berlin.
Election
The National Party victory ends decades of Colorado dominance in national government
Revolutionary Unity Talks
Guevara negotiates working arrangements among several anti-Batista armed groups operating in the Escambray.
Crisis
Khrushchev issues an ultimatum giving the Western powers 6 months to agree to withdraw from Berlin and make it a free, demilitarized city
Visit to Vietnam at the invitation of Ngo Dinh
Visits Vietnam at the invitation of Ngo Dinh Diem
Citizenship Revocation Letter
Lee wrote the American Embassy requesting revocation of his citizenship after consular officials had delayed his attempted renunciation.
Birth of Bryan Adams
Birth of Bryan Adams
Nile Waters Agreement
Nasser's government signs the agreement allocating Nile waters and enabling reservoir construction.
Presidential Election
Habib Bourguiba won Tunisia's first presidential election under the republican constitution.
Aline Mosby Interview
United Press International reporter Aline Mosby interviewed Lee for about two hours regarding his decision to remain in the Soviet Union.
Birth of Paul McGann
Birth of Paul McGann
Quarrymen
The Quarrymen are renamed Johnny and the Moondogs and fail an audition for "talent-show" Carroll Levis at Manchester Hippodrome
Quarrymen
The Quarrymen are renamed Johnny and the Moondogs and fail an audition for "talent-show" Carroll Levis at Manchester Hippodrome
Quarrymen
The Quarrymen are renamed Johnny and the Moondogs and fail an audition for "talent-show" Carroll Levis at Manchester Hippodrome
Priscilla Johnson Interview
Journalist Priscilla Johnson interviewed Lee at the Metropole Hotel for roughly five hours about his politics, defection, and Soviet citizenship hopes.
European Free Trade Association (EFTA)
Takes Britain into EFTA
Emil Jonsson Government
The Emil Jonsson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Fifth Olafur Thors Government
Begins the Fifth Olafur Thors Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Birth of Charles Peter Kennedy
Birth of Charles Peter Kennedy
President of National Bank
Guevara assumes the presidency of Cuba's National Bank after Felipe Pazos leaves the post.
Constitution of Great Britain
Calls for the reform of Clause IV of after the loss of 3 elections in a row
Election
Calls for the reform of Clause IV of after the loss of 3 elections in a row
Reform of Labour Party Policy
Calls for the reform of Clause IV of after the loss of 3 elections in a row
European Free Trade Association
Supports creation of EFTA after Britain remains outside the Treaty of Rome framework.
Constitution of Great Britain
Gaitskell accepts Wilson's Clause IV reform of the Labour Party for "common ownership". Describes reforming Clause IV as "taking Genesis out of the Bible"
Constitution of Great Britain
Accepts Wilson's comprimise for Clause IV of the Labour Party for "common ownership"
Reform of Labour Party Policy
Accepts Wilson's comprimise for Clause IV of the Labour Party for "common ownership"
Leadership Election
His challenge reveals deep Labour divisions after the 1959 general election defeat.
Leadership Election
Receives support from Labour MPs critical of Gaitskell's stance on nuclear disarmament.
Leadership Election
Remains on the Labour front bench after Gaitskell is re-elected leader of the party.
Leadership Election
Stands as the left-wing challenger to Hugh Gaitskell in the Labour leadership ballot.
Leadership Election
Wins 81 votes in the only ballot but fails to remove Hugh Gaitskell as party leader.
Election
Defeats Richard Nixon by 49.9% to 49.6% of the popular vote
President of USA
Defeats Richard Nixon by 49.9% to 49.6% of the popular vote. Becomes the youngest ever President & the 1st Catholic. Appointed President of the USA, 35th President
Presidential Election Defeat
Defeated by John F Kennedy in the Presidential elections
Coup
Leads a failed attempt by paratroopers to besiege the Palace of President Diem
Polaris Patrol
USS George Washington begins the first Polaris deterrent patrol with nuclear armed submarine launched ballistic missiles
Death of Clark Gable
Death of Clark Gable
Ebbw Vale By-Election
Wins Bevan's former seat for Labour.
Arrival in Beijing
Guevara arrives in Beijing as head of a Cuban delegation during his tour of socialist countries.
Kennedy Briefed by CIA
Bissell joins Dulles in briefing President-elect Kennedy on the invasion concept.
President-Elect Briefing Led
Dulles leads the first detailed briefing of Kennedy on the Cuban project.
Briefing of President-Elect Kennedy
Dulles and Bissell brief President-elect Kennedy on the developing Cuban invasion plan.
First Detailed CIA Briefing
Kennedy receives his first detailed briefing on the planned Cuban exile operation.
Amnesty International
Benenson stumbles across an article in The Daily Telegraph about two Portuguese students imprisoned for a simple toast to freedom while riding the tube, Enraged at the injustice, Benenson begins an international organisation
Beatles, The
Harrison is deported from Hamburg for being under age
Escape from House Confinement
Lumumba leaves confinement and attempts to reach supporters in Stanleyville.
Amphibious Assault Concept Approved
Eisenhower approves continued development of the amphibious invasion concept.
Interagency Plan Review
Eisenhower reviews the invasion concept with senior intelligence, defence and diplomatic officials.
Project Urgency Meeting
Goodpaster joins the meeting where Eisenhower demands maximum urgency in preparations against Castro.
Election
Wins 166 votes to Harold Wilson's 81 to retain the leadership of the Labour Party
Election
Contests the party leadership, wins 81 votes to Gaitskell's 166
Leadership Election
Challenges Hugh Gaitskell for the Labour leadership and wins 81 votes against Gaitskell's 166.
Campaign Position on Cuba
Kennedy criticises Castro and supports stronger opposition to the Cuban government.
Presidential Campaign Debate over Cuba
Kennedy campaigns on a hard line toward Castro during the presidential election.
Campaign Position on Castro
Nixon argues for firm action against Castro during the presidential campaign.
Hard-Line Cuba Campaign Position
Nixon campaigns on a hard line toward Castro during the presidential election.
Beatles, The
Local record store manager Brian Epstein is introduced to the Beatles, he signs a contract to manage them
Beatles, The
Local record store manager Brian Epstein is introduced to the Beatles, he signs a contract to manage them
Commonwealth
The Government introduces a Bill to reduce Commonwealth Immigration. Commonwealth Immigrants must have a job to come or have useful qualifications
Reform of Immigration Law
The Government introduces a Bill to reduce Commonwealth Immigration. Commonwealth Immigrants must have a job to come or have useful qualifications
Colonial Affairs
Healey moves to a new shadow secretary role as Labour reorganises its front bench.
Shadow Cabinet
Healey continues as a Labour shadow secretary of state before taking the defence portfolio.
Operation Mongoose Development Authorised
Kennedy authorises development of a new covert programme against Castro.
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador after the removal of Jose Maria Velasco Ibarra
Beatles, The
Brian Epstein sees the Beatles at the Cavern for the first time
Beatles, The
Local record store manager Brian Epstein is introduced to the Beatles, he signs a contract to manage them
Cavern Club
Brian Epstein sees the Beatles at the Cavern for the first time
Cavern Club
Sees the Beatles perform at the Cavern Club for the first time.
Stalingrad Renamed Volgograd
Stalingrad is renamed Volgograd as de-Stalinization reshapes Soviet public symbols.
Birth of Frank Bruno
Birth of Frank Bruno
Final Premiership Begins
Begins his final term as Prime Minister while also head of state
DCI Swearing-In
Chief Justice Earl Warren administered McCone's oath as Director of Central Intelligence in the White House Cabinet Room.
Director of Central Intelligence
McCone was sworn in as Director of Central Intelligence and became the fourth Director of the Central Intelligence Agency.
Cuban Missile Crisis
President Kennedy authorized Operation Mongoose, a covert programme directed against Fidel Castro's government.
Umkhonto We Sizwe
Founds Umkhonto we Sizwe, "The Spear of the Nation". Founds the High Command of the Umkhonto we Sizwe
Gold Pool Reserve Coordination
Dillon coordinates United States participation in pooled official gold sales intended to defend the Bretton Woods dollar-gold price in the London market.
London Gold Pool
The United States joins seven European central banks in the London Gold Pool to keep the market gold price close to the official 35-dollar parity.
CIA Operations Leadership Departure
Bissell leaves senior CIA operational leadership after criticism of the planning and execution of the Bay of Pigs invasion.
CIA Leadership Departure after Bay of Pigs
Dulles leaves the CIA after the Bay of Pigs failure and the administration's subsequent review of Agency leadership.
CIA Leadership Reorganised after Invasion
Kennedy changes senior CIA leadership after the Bay of Pigs inquiry and reassessment of covert operations.
Post-Invasion Cuba Program Assigned
Lansdale is given a leading role in the new covert Cuba programme developed after the Bay of Pigs failure.
CIA Deputy Director Departure
Cabell leaves his CIA deputy-director post following the Bay of Pigs failure and the administration's leadership changes.
Adviser Expansion
Increases the number of US advisers sent to South Vietnam
Cuban Missile Crisis
Mikoyan arrived in Cuba to explain the Soviet-American settlement and negotiate its implementation with Fidel Castro.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Khrushchev continued correspondence with Kennedy about verification and the remaining questions surrounding Soviet military equipment in Cuba.
Cuban Missile Crisis
McCone reviewed reconnaissance showing dismantled missile equipment moving toward Cuban ports for shipment back to the Soviet Union.
Post-Crisis Courses of Action
McCone sent McGeorge Bundy a memorandum outlining courses of action to follow as the administration moved from immediate crisis management toward verification and settlement.
Elsbeth Street Apartment
Oswald rented an apartment at 604 Elsbeth Street in Dallas on November 3, 1962, and reunited there with Marina.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Castro resisted intrusive international inspection proposals while discussing implementation of the Soviet withdrawal with Mikoyan.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Mikoyan defended Moscow's decision to remove the strategic missiles despite Castro's anger over being excluded from the final agreement.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Mikoyan continued difficult negotiations with Cuban leaders over inspections, tactical weapons, and Soviet military equipment remaining on the island.
Five Year Sentence
Receives five years imprisonment after conviction.
Incitement and Passport Conviction
Is sentenced for incitement and leaving South Africa illegally.
Election
Kennedy is sworn in to the Senate
Death of Eleanor Roosevelt
Death of Eleanor Roosevelt
Cuban Missile Crisis
Khrushchev resisted American demands over Soviet IL-28 bombers while negotiations continued after the ballistic missiles were dismantled.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Mikoyan pressed for acceptance of Soviet decisions concerning withdrawal of weapons while seeking to preserve the alliance with Cuba.
Cuba Intelligence Handling Postmortem
McCone reviewed an Inspector General examination of how raw intelligence on the Soviet buildup had been handled before the missiles were photographed.
Cuba Photo Gap Review
McCone received a CIA review describing the reconnaissance gap over central Cuba and the caution that had limited U-2 coverage before 14 October.
Battle of Nuranang
Jaswant Singh Rawat fights in the defence of Nuranang during the Chinese offensive in the eastern sector.
Death
Dies in Copenhagen after a career that reshaped atomic theory, quantum interpretation, nuclear physics and international scientific cooperation.
Defence of Rezang La
Captain R. V. Jatar serves with 13 Kumaon during the defence of Rezang La in the Ladakh sector.
Battle of Rezang La
Major Shaitan Singh leads Charlie Company, 13 Kumaon, in the defence of Rezang La and is killed during the battle.
Resignation after Border War
General P. N. Thapar leaves office as Army chief after the severe reverses suffered during the border war.
Capture of Aksai Chin
Chinese forces consolidate control over Aksai Chin before announcing a unilateral ceasefire.
Army Command
J. N. Chaudhuri assumes leadership of the Indian Army during the final days of the 1962 conflict.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Mikoyan's negotiations helped manage the final stages of Soviet withdrawal as the United States prepared to end the quarantine.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Khrushchev accepted removal of the IL-28 bombers, clearing the principal remaining obstacle to ending the American quarantine.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy ordered the naval quarantine lifted after agreement on removal of the Soviet IL-28 bombers.
Cuban Missile Crisis
McNamara oversaw the military transition from quarantine operations after the remaining Soviet IL-28 bombers were scheduled for withdrawal.
Sino-Indian Ceasefire Policy
Participates in the Chinese government's decision to announce a unilateral ceasefire in the border war with India.
Chinese Ceasefire Declaration
China announces a unilateral ceasefire after the major phase of the Sino-Indian War.
Ceasefire
China announces a unilateral ceasefire after its major offensives against Indian positions.
Non-Invasion Pledge Warning
McCone urged McGeorge Bundy not to give Cuba an unconditional non-invasion pledge without satisfactory arrangements for inspection, verification, and protection against subversion.
Agrarian Reform Law
Promulgates Chile's first modern agrarian reform law.
Concorde
The British & French Governments agree to build what will become Concorde
Concorde
The British & French Governments agree to build what will become Concorde
Soviet Withdrawal ExComm Briefing
McCone briefed the Executive Committee on Soviet deployment, missile withdrawal, and intelligence concerning the continuing military situation in Cuba.
Tactics and Strategy of the Latin American Revolution
Guevara develops an argument on revolutionary tactics and strategy in Latin America after the missile crisis.
Comecon Common Planning Proposal
Calls for stronger supranational economic planning within Comecon, meeting resistance from several member states.
Comecon
Calls for "a common single planning organ", resisted by Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland, but most emphatically by increasingly nationalistic Romania, which strongly rejected the notion that they should specialize in agriculture
Economy of Russia
Calls for "a common single planning organ", resisted by Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland, but most emphatically by increasingly nationalistic Romania, which strongly rejected the notion that they should specialize in agriculture
Party Reorganization by Industry and Agriculture
Divides regional party organizations into separate industrial and agricultural structures in a controversial administrative reform.
Withdrawal of IL-28 Bombers from Cuba
Agrees to remove Soviet IL-28 bombers from Cuba as implementation of the missile-crisis settlement continues.
Sanctions
The United Nations General Assembly votes in favour of sanctions against South Africa
Trial
Acts of sabotage take place in Port Elizabet & Durban
Trial
Mandela represents himself & has Joe Slovo as a legal adviser
Trial
Mandela represents himself & has Joe Slovo as a legal adviser. Mandela is convicted of incitement & leaving the country illegally, given 5 yrs
United Nations
The United Nations General Assembly votes in favour of sanctions against South Africa
Thanksgiving Family Reunion
Lee and Marina traveled by bus to Fort Worth for Thanksgiving dinner with Robert Oswald and John Pic.
I Wanna Be Your Man
Releases I Wanna Be Your Man with the Rolling Stones as an early hit.
Membership of Seventh Senate
Al-Rifai joined the seventh Jordanian Senate when it was formed in November 1963. His continued presence in the upper chamber reflected a shift from cabinet leadership to parliamentary service.
Arecibo Observatory
Arecibo opens as a powerful radar and radio astronomy facility.
Contact Information Left With Paine
Hosty gave Ruth Paine his name and telephone number and asked her to contact him if she learned where Oswald was living in Dallas.
Hosty Contact Slip Passed to Oswald
Ruth Paine later gave Oswald the slip containing Hosty's name and telephone number, information that subsequently appeared in Oswald's address book.
Texas School Book Depository
Visits Ruth Paine & learns Oswalds address & job at the Texas School Book Depository
Depository Employment Given to FBI
Paine told the FBI that Oswald worked at the Texas School Book Depository and that he visited his family in Irving on weekends.
First Hosty Interview
FBI agent James Hosty interviewed Paine on November 1 about Oswald's activities after his return from the Soviet Union.
Assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem
Kennedy approves a coup by South Vietnamese Army officers & Diem is assassinated
Coup
Kennedy approves a coup by Vietnamese Army officers during which Diem is assassinated. Kennedy approves a coup by South Vietnamese Army officers & Diem is assassinated
Diem Coup
Represents US policy in Saigon during the coup against Diem
Diem Coup
Faces the consequences of the coup against Ngo Dinh Diem
Coup
Overthrown & killed by a coup, with tacit US approval
Coup
Joins General Duong Van Minh and the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) generals in a coup against President Ngo Dienh Diem which led to the Presidents death
Arrest of Nhu Diem
Nhu Diem is captured & burnt to death
Assassination of Nhu Diem
Captured & burnt to death
Assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem
Ngo Dinh is captured & burnt to death. Captured & burnt to death
Coup
Overthrown & killed by a coup, with tacit US approval
Death of Ngo Dinh Diem
Death of Ngo Dinh Diem, assassinated
Diem Coup
Leads the military coup that overthrows Ngo Dinh Diem
Overthrow
Overthrown and killed after US officials indicate opposition to his rule
Death of Ngo Dinh Diem
Death of Ngo Dinh Diem
Assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem
Marks the culmination of a successful CIA-backed coup led by General Duong Van Minh. Diem and his adviser, younger brother Ngo Dinh Nhu, are arrested after the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) had been successful in a bloody overnight siege on Gia Long Palace in Saigon
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Marks the culmination of a successful CIA-backed coup led by General Duong Van Minh
Coup
Marks the culmination of a successful CIA-backed coup led by General Duong Van Minh
Death of Ngo Dinh Diem
Killed after the coup that ends his presidency
Republic Declaration
Kerensky participates in republic declaration during his political career.
FBI
Requests the FBI Oswald file from New Orleans, established Oswald is living in Dallas
FBI
Requests the FBI Oswald file from New Orleans, established Oswald is living in Dallas
Royal Command Performance
The Beatles appear on the Royal Command Performance
Royal Command Performance
The Beatles appear on the Royal Command Performance
November 1 Contact Reported
The Dallas FBI office reported Hosty's November 1 contact with Ruth Paine in an airtel sent to FBI headquarters.
Hosty License Number Recorded
During Hosty's November 5 visit, Marina Oswald noted the license number of his FBI automobile and later gave it to her husband.
Dallas Address Not Supplied
During the early November FBI interviews, Paine did not provide Oswald's exact Dallas address, which she testified she did not then know.
Second Hosty Interview
Hosty interviewed Paine again on November 5 while continuing the FBI inquiry into Oswald.
Barney Baker Telephone Call
The HSCA confirmed that Ruby telephoned Hoffa associate Barney Baker on November 7, 1963, and Baker said Ruby was seeking assistance with a nightclub labor dispute.
Second Barney Baker Call
The HSCA established that Ruby made a second lengthy call to Barney Baker on November 8, 1963, despite Baker's later denial that the second conversation occurred.
Northern Songs
George Harrison signs a 5 year publishing deal with Northern Songs Ltd
US Aid Rejected
Rejects American economic and military aid and expels American diplomats
Mexico City Reference Discovered
The draft letter was the first information Paine encountered indicating that Oswald had visited Mexico City and contacted the Soviet diplomatic mission there.
Soviet Embassy Letter Draft
Paine discovered a draft of Oswald's letter to the Soviet Embassy on November 10 that referred to his recent visit to Mexico City.
Supports the Rolling Stones
Performs with Vance Arnold and the Avengers as a support act for the Rolling Stones at Sheffield City Hall.
Bjarni Benediktsson Government
Begins the Bjarni Benediktsson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Prime Minister of Iceland
Appointed Prime Minister of Iceland
Fifth Olafur Thors Government
The Fifth Olafur Thors Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
CIA Logging of FBI FPCC Submission
CIA counterintelligence liaison logged an FBI submission describing Oswald's New Orleans political activity and the Hidell identity used in FPCC material.
Marina Case Origin Transferred to Dallas
FBI correspondence transferred responsibility for the Marina Oswald case from New Orleans to Dallas, where Hosty was already handling related inquiries.
Soviet Embassy Communication Learned by FBI
The FBI learned that Oswald had recently communicated with the Soviet Embassy in Washington and routed the information through normal Bureau channels.
Lee Oswald Case Origin Transferred to Dallas
FBI correspondence changed the office of origin for the Lee Harvey Oswald investigation from New Orleans to Dallas.
Motorcade Route
The motorcade route is published is published in both Dallas newspapers. The motorcade route is described in both Dallas newspapers
AGVA Complaint
Ruby telephoned an American Guild of Variety Artists representative in Chicago on November 20 to complain about competitors' striptease contests and amateur performances.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Approves action against North Vietnam by CIA supported South Vietnamese forces
Plan 34A
Operation Plan 34A is announced at the Honolulu Conference. Approves action against North Vietnam by CIA supported South Vietnamese forces
Ninth Kuomintang National Congress
The Ninth Kuomintang National Congress renews his party leadership as Taiwan balances economic development with continuing security confrontation across the strait.
First Sounding Rocket
Under Vikram Sarabhai's leadership, India launches its first sounding rocket from Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station.
Vietnam Assessment Return
McCone returned from Vietnam more discouraged about the war and increasingly doubtful that South Vietnamese leadership could carry its share of the burden.
Rifle Bag in Texas School Book Depository
Oswald asked Buell Wesley Frazier, a co-worker, for a ride to Irving, saying he had to pick up some curtain rods, the next morning, after leaving $170 and his wedding ring, he returned to Dallas with Frazier, carrying a long paper bag with him
Presidential Limosine
Secret Service agent Clint Hill rides on the left front running board of the car behind the Presidential limousine, after the shot that hit the President in the back, Hill jumped off and to overtake the limousine
Rifle Bag in Texas School Book Depository
One Texas School Book Depository employee, Jack Dougherty, saw Oswald arrive inside the Texas School Book Depository, he claimed that Oswald had nothing in his hands
Texas School Book Depository
One Texas School Book Depository employee, Jack Dougherty, saw Oswald arrive inside the Texas School Book Depository, he claimed that Oswald had nothing in his hands
Bon Vivant Room
Around midnight after the evening of November 21, Ruby met Chicago businessman Lawrence Meyers and Meyers' relatives at the Bon Vivant Room of the Dallas Cabana.
Carousel Membership Cards
Ruby distributed Carousel Club membership cards on November 21 as part of his routine promotional activity before the assassination.
Carousel Rent Payment
On November 21, Ruby paid the rent for the Carousel Club premises while conducting routine business before President Kennedy arrived in Dallas.
Dinner with Ralph Paul
Ruby ate dinner with his friend and financial backer Ralph Paul between about 9:45 and 10:45 p.m. on November 21.
Federal Tax Attorney Consultation
Ruby consulted an attorney on November 21 about continuing problems with federal tax authorities and his nightclub tax liabilities.
Peace Bond Consultation
Ruby conferred about a peace bond on November 21 that resulted from a dispute and fight involving one of his striptease performers.
William Alexander Meeting
Ruby spoke with Dallas County Assistant District Attorney William F. Alexander on November 21 about insufficient-funds checks written by one of Ruby's friends.
Fort Worth Arrival
The President and Mrs. Kennedy arrived in Fort Worth on the evening of November 21 and stayed overnight at the Hotel Texas.
Houston Visit
Jacqueline Kennedy accompanied President Kennedy to Houston during the Texas trip and attended public events before the party continued to Fort Worth.
San Antonio Visit
Mrs. Kennedy joined the President during the first stop of the Texas trip in San Antonio on November 21.
Texas Political Trip Departure
Jacqueline Kennedy accompanied President Kennedy when he left Washington on November 21, 1963, for a two-day political trip through Texas.
No Active Inquiry After November 5
Hosty later testified that he conducted no active investigative work on the Oswald case between November 5 and the assassination.
Curtain Rod Story to Frazier
On November 21, 1963, Oswald asked Buell Wesley Frazier for a ride to Irving, saying that he wanted to collect curtain rods.
Final Evening at Paine Home
Oswald spent the evening of November 21 at the Paine home, attempted to reconcile with Marina, watched television, and retired around 9 p.m.
Rifle Bag in Texas School Book Depository
Linnie Mae Randle, Fraziers sister, sees Oswald at their house before their journey to the Texas School Book Depository
Texas School Book Depository
Linnie Mae Randle, Fraziers sister, sees Oswald at their house before their journey to the Texas School Book Depository
Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Nellie Connally, then the First Lady of Texas, turned around to Kennedy, who was sitting behind her, and commented, "Mr. President, you cant say Dallas doesnt love you"
Garage Block Painting
At about 9 p.m. on November 21, Paine went into the garage to paint children's blocks and noticed that the garage light was already on.
Garage Light Observation
Paine testified that she was certain she had not left the garage light on after dinner on the evening before the assassination.
Unexpected Thursday Visit
Oswald unexpectedly returned to the Paine home on Thursday, November 21, rather than making his customary Friday trip to Irving.
Autopsy
Dr. Burkley observes both the head wound and a wound to the back of the President, and determines the head wound was the cause of death
Death Certificate
Dr. Burkley signs President Kennedys death certificate
Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
At 1:00 p.m., CST (19:00 UTC), after all heart activity had ceased and after a priest administered the last rites, the President is pronounced dead
Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Kennedys death is officially announced by White House Acting Press Secretary Malcolm Kilduff at 1:33 p.m. CST (19:33 UTC)
CIA Contact on Assassination Day
Later CIA testimony states that an officer met Cubela in Paris on November 22 and discussed an assassination device for possible use against Castro.
With the Beatles
Produces With the Beatles as the group consolidates its early British popularity.
Kennedy Assassination Condolence
Sends condolences after President John F. Kennedy is assassinated and signals a desire to preserve improving relations.
Death of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Death of John Fitzgerald Kennedy, assassinated
Succession
Sworn in as 36th President of the United States after the assassination of John F. Kennedy.
Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Films the assassination of Kennedy, sells the original film and the publishing rights to Life Magazine for $150,000, he donates $25,000 of the proceeds to the widow of slain Dallas police officer J.D. Tippit
Zapruder Film
Zapbruder hands over a copy of his film to Forrest Sorrels of the Secret Service office in Dallas. Films the assassination of Kennedy, sells the original film and the publishing rights to Life Magazine for $150,000, he donates $25,000 of the proceeds to the widow of slain Dallas police officer J.D. Tippit
Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Soon after the shots were fired Tague was approached by a Dallas sheriff detective, Buddy Walthers, who had noticed that Tague had specks of blood on his right facial cheek. Detective Walthers asked Tague where he had been standing
Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Walthers tells Tague it looked like a bullet had been fired from one of the Houston and Elm Streets intersection buildings and had hit the curb.
Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
they discover on the upper part of the Main Street south curb a "very fresh scar" impact that looked like a bullet had struck there and taken a small chip out of the curb's concrete
Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Pushes Mrs. Kennedy back into her seat, and clings to the car as it exits Dealey Plaza and sped to Parkland Memorial Hospital
Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Secret Service agent Clint Hill was riding on the left front running board of the car immediately behind the Presidential limousine. Jumps onto the back of the limousine, pushes Mrs. Kennedy back into her seat, and clings to the car as it exits Dealey Plaza and speeds to Parkland Memorial Hospital
Parkland Memorial Hospital
Jumps onto the back of the limousine, pushes Mrs. Kennedy back into her seat, and clings to the car as it exits Dealey Plaza and speeds to Parkland Memorial Hospital
Marcello Court Proceedings
Ferrie stated that he was in a federal courtroom in New Orleans on the morning of November 22 while proceedings involving Carlos Marcello were underway.
Texas Trip
On the evening of November 22, Ferrie left New Orleans with two young companions and drove toward Houston, Texas.
Texas School Book Depository
A 6.5 x 52 mm Italian Carcano M91/38 bolt-action rifle is found on the 6th floor of the Texas Book Depository by Deputy Constable Seymour Weitzman and Deputy Sheriff Eugene Boone soon after the assassination
No Established Dallas Presence
Later official investigations did not establish that Sturgis was present in Dealey Plaza when President Kennedy was assassinated.
No Warren Commission Identification
The Warren Commission did not identify Sturgis as a participant in President Kennedy's assassination or as one of the men detained near Dealey Plaza.
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
Gonzalez was in President Kennedy's motorcade, he recalled rolling down the window as his car neared the Texas School Book Depository, then hearing three shots during the assassination.
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
Gonzalez's car proceeded to Parkland Memorial Hospital where upon seeing a blood-caked bouquet of roses in the rear of presidential limousine he initially believed Jackie Kennedy had been shot. There, he saw Lyndon Johnson, Lady Bird Johnson, Mrs.
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
Kennedy, and President Kennedy's sheet covered body. Gonzalez helped place Kennedy's casket in the hearse that transported Kennedy to Air Force One
Motorcade Route
Across the street from the Texas School Book Depository, notifies police that as he watched the motorcade go by, he heard a shot come from above, and looked up to see a man with a rifle make another shot from a corner window on the sixth floor
Motorcade Route
Arrives at about 12:23 p.m., and while waiting for the motorcade, he looked up and saw a man appear at an open window at the southeast corner of the sixth floor, 120 feet (37 m) from Brennan, and observed him leave the window "a couple
Motorcade Route
Brennan, a 44-year-old steamfitter, watches the presidential motorcade from a concrete retaining wall at the southwest corner of Elm and Houston streets in Dealey Plaza, where he had a clear view of the south side of the Depository Building.
Motorcade Route
Watches the presidential motorcade from a concrete retaining wall at the southwest corner of Elm and Houston streets in Dealey Plaza, where he had a clear view of the south side of the Depository Building.
Motorcade Route
of times".
Oswald Identification
Brennan saw Oswald on television then later the same evening Brennan identified Oswald as the person in a police lineup who most closely resembled the man in the window, but Brennan said he was unable to make a positive identification
Texas School Book Depository
Across the street from the Texas School Book Depository, notifies police that as he watched the motorcade go by, he heard a shot come from above, and looked up to see a man with a rifle make another shot from a corner window on the sixth floor
Bethesda Autopsy Assistance
Commander J. Thornton Boswell assisted Humes and Finck during President Kennedy's autopsy at Bethesda Naval Hospital.
Bethesda Chief of Pathology Role
Boswell was chief of pathology at Bethesda Naval Hospital when he participated in President Kennedy's autopsy.
Bethesda Posterior Neck Entrance Agreement
Boswell agreed with the other pathologists that the small posterior neck wound was a missile entrance wound.
Bethesda Posterior Skull Entry Conclusion
Boswell agreed that the bullet penetrated the rear of Kennedy's head before passing through the skull.
Bethesda Right-Side Skull Exit Conclusion
Boswell joined Humes in concluding that the head missile exited through the large defect on the right side of the skull.
Foreign Travel and Cuba Questions
Fritz questioned Oswald about recent foreign travel and political associations as Dallas investigators tried to reconstruct his contacts before the assassination.
Alex Gruber Telephone Call
At 2:37 p.m. on November 22, Ruby telephoned boyhood friend Alex Gruber in Los Angeles and became emotional while discussing the assassination.
Alice Nichols Telephone Call
Ruby spoke by telephone with former girlfriend Alice Nichols on November 22 and expressed shock over President Kennedy's assassination.
Carousel Night Receipts
After leaving the Dallas Cabana, Ruby returned to the Carousel Club, closed the establishment, and collected the night's receipts before visiting the Vegas Club.
Eileen Kaminsky Telephone Call
After learning of Kennedy's death, Ruby telephoned his sister Eileen Kaminsky in Chicago; she later described him as crying and completely unnerved.
Hyman Rubenstein Telephone Call
Shortly after 9 p.m., Ruby telephoned his brother Hyman and two sisters in Chicago and discussed his distress about events in Dallas.
Kosher Sandwich Purchase
At about 10:30 p.m., Ruby purchased eight kosher sandwiches and ten soft drinks after hearing that Dallas police officers were working overtime.
Ritz Delicatessen Purchase
Ruby bought a large quantity of cold cuts at the Ritz Delicatessen after his sister Eva Grant reminded him to obtain food for the weekend.
Weekend Closure Advertisement
Unable to cancel his newspaper advertisement, Ruby changed it to announce that the Carousel and Vegas clubs would remain closed for the weekend.
Weissman Advertisement Reaction
At the Dallas Morning News, Ruby criticized the black-bordered "Welcome Mr. Kennedy" advertisement and questioned the identity of its listed chairman, Bernard Weissman.
Air Force One Boarding
Jacqueline Kennedy boarded Air Force One at Love Field with the President's casket before the aircraft departed Dallas.
Andrews Air Force Base Arrival
Jacqueline Kennedy arrived at Andrews Air Force Base late on November 22 with President Kennedy's casket.
Bethesda Autopsy Hospital Selection
Jacqueline Kennedy chose the National Naval Medical Center at Bethesda for the autopsy because President Kennedy had served in the Navy.
Bethesda Naval Hospital Journey
Jacqueline Kennedy accompanied the President's remains to Bethesda Naval Hospital after returning from Dallas.
Bethesda Secret Service Protection
Secret Service agents guarded Jacqueline Kennedy in quarters assigned to her at Bethesda while the autopsy proceeded.
Bethesda Seventeenth Floor Vigil
Jacqueline Kennedy waited with members of the Kennedy family on the hospital's seventeenth floor while the autopsy was performed.
Bloodstained Clothing Retained
Jacqueline Kennedy remained in the clothing she had worn during the assassination while traveling back to Washington aboard Air Force One.
Casket Transfer at Andrews
Mrs. Kennedy remained with the presidential party as Kennedy's casket was removed from Air Force One at Andrews Air Force Base.
Cecil Stoughton Oath Photograph
Cecil Stoughton photographed Jacqueline Kennedy standing near Lyndon Johnson during the historic Air Force One oath ceremony.
Clint Hill Assistance
Clint Hill reached the presidential limousine, helped protect Mrs. Kennedy, and remained on the car as it accelerated toward Parkland Memorial Hospital.
Dallas Crowd Greeting
Jacqueline Kennedy greeted members of the crowd at Love Field before entering the presidential limousine for the Dallas motorcade.
Dealey Plaza Entry
Mrs. Kennedy was riding beside the President as the motorcade entered Dealey Plaza and turned from Houston Street onto Elm Street.
Flight from Dallas to Washington
Mrs. Kennedy accompanied her husband's casket throughout the Air Force One flight from Dallas to the Washington area.
Flight to Dallas
Jacqueline Kennedy flew with the President from Fort Worth to Dallas on the morning of November 22.
Fort Worth Breakfast Appearance
Mrs. Kennedy joined President Kennedy at the Fort Worth Chamber of Commerce breakfast before the presidential party departed for Dallas.
Governor Connally Reaction
Mrs. Kennedy recalled hearing Governor John Connally react as the shooting began, helping her recognize that something serious had happened.
Hotel Texas Stay
Jacqueline Kennedy spent the morning of November 22 at the Hotel Texas before joining the President for the day's public schedule.
Love Field Arrival
President and Mrs. Kennedy arrived at Dallas Love Field shortly before noon and were greeted by local officials and a large crowd.
Movement onto Limousine Trunk
After the fatal shot, Mrs. Kennedy moved onto the rear portion of the limousine as Secret Service agent Clint Hill climbed aboard.
Parkland Casket Departure
Jacqueline Kennedy accompanied President Kennedy's casket when it was taken from Parkland Memorial Hospital for the return to Love Field.
Parkland Hospital Arrival
Jacqueline Kennedy arrived at Parkland Memorial Hospital with the mortally wounded President shortly after the Dealey Plaza shooting.
Parkland Treatment Area
While doctors attempted to save the President, Mrs. Kennedy alternated between observing the medical efforts and waiting outside the treatment area.
Pink Suit in Dallas
Mrs. Kennedy wore the pink suit and matching pillbox hat that became permanently associated with the assassination and its immediate aftermath.
Presence at Johnson Oath
Mrs. Kennedy stood beside Lyndon B. Johnson during his presidential swearing-in aboard Air Force One at 2:38 p.m.
President Kennedy Head Wound
Jacqueline Kennedy was beside the President when the fatal shot struck his head during the motorcade through Dealey Plaza.
Presidential Limousine Rear Seat
Jacqueline Kennedy sat beside President Kennedy in the rear seat of the presidential limousine during the Dallas motorcade.
Reaction to First Shot
Jacqueline Kennedy testified that after the first noise she turned toward her husband and saw him raise his hands toward his throat.
Refusal to Leave Parkland
After President Kennedy was pronounced dead, Mrs. Kennedy initially refused efforts to persuade her to leave the hospital area.
Return to Love Field
Mrs. Kennedy traveled with the President's casket from Parkland Memorial Hospital back to Dallas Love Field.
Bethesda Chief Autopsy Surgeon
Commander James J. Humes served as chief autopsy surgeon during the examination of President Kennedy at Bethesda Naval Hospital.
Bethesda Downward Neck Trajectory
Humes and the other pathologists traced the neck missile along a slight downward path toward the front of Kennedy's throat.
Bethesda Head Exit Assessment
Humes concluded that the large defect on the upper right side of Kennedy's skull represented a wound of exit.
Bethesda Laboratory Director Role
At the time of the autopsy, Humes was senior pathologist and director of laboratories at Bethesda Naval Hospital.
Bethesda Lodged Bullet Theory Rejected
Further examination led Humes and the Bethesda team to reject the idea that a bullet had lodged in Kennedy's back and later fallen out.
Bethesda Neck Entrance Assessment
Humes agreed that the small, clean-edged wound near the back of Kennedy's neck had the characteristics of an entrance wound.
Bethesda Skull Beveling Assessment
Humes used the beveling of the skull wound to support the conclusion that the smaller posterior defect was an entrance wound.
Bethesda Soft Tissue Track Finding
Humes determined that the neck missile passed mainly through soft tissue rather than through bone as it crossed Kennedy's neck.
Oswald Report Routed to Counterintelligence
The FBI report on Oswald's New Orleans FPCC activity reached a CIA counterintelligence special-investigations office on the day Kennedy was assassinated.
Assassination Lead Review
Back at the FBI office, Hosty was instructed to review his files for possible investigative leads concerning the President's shooting.
Brian Cannot Confirm Capability Statement
Detective V. J. Brian later testified that he did not hear Hosty say Oswald was capable of assassination, although he missed part of the conversation.
Dallas Police Interrogation Observation
Hosty was sent to Dallas police headquarters and observed an interrogation of Oswald after the arrest.
Depository Employment Mentioned to Revill
During the basement exchange, Hosty said the FBI had known of Oswald's employment at the Texas School Book Depository.
FBI Knowledge of Oswald Disclosed
Hosty told Revill that the FBI had known about Oswald and knew he was living in Dallas before the assassination.
FBI
Receives the New Orleans FBI files & papers on Oswald
First Face-to-Face Contact With Oswald
Hosty's first direct encounter with Oswald occurred after the assassination when he attended the police interrogation.
Hosty Denies Prior Violence Intelligence
Hosty maintained that the FBI had possessed no pre-assassination information indicating that Oswald was likely to commit violence.
Kennedy Shooting Report Received
After learning that President Kennedy had been shot, Hosty returned toward the Dallas FBI office to await instructions.
No Secret Service Referral Explained
Hosty later explained that Oswald had not been referred to the Secret Service because the FBI file contained no presidential threat from him.
Oswald File Pulled
Hosty immediately retrieved the Dallas FBI file on Oswald after learning that Oswald had been arrested.
Oswald File Taken to Shanklin
Hosty took the Oswald file to Special Agent in Charge J. Gordon Shanklin as the Dallas FBI office organized its assassination investigation.
Oswald Identified as Suspect
After 2 p.m., Hosty learned that the suspect arrested in Oak Cliff had been identified as Lee Harvey Oswald.
Oswald Note Connection Recognized
Oswald's reaction to Hosty's presence during interrogation led Hosty to associate Oswald with the unsigned note previously delivered to the Dallas FBI office.
Parkland Assignment
Hosty was sent from the Dallas FBI office toward Parkland Hospital after the shooting, but he was soon directed back to the office.
Revill Basement Conversation
Hosty encountered Dallas police lieutenant Jack Revill in the basement and discussed the FBI's prior knowledge of Oswald.
Revill Memorandum Records Conversation
Lieutenant Revill promptly prepared a memorandum recording his disputed conversation with Hosty about the FBI's prior knowledge of Oswald.
Revill Violence Claim Disputed
Revill later reported that Hosty said the FBI knew Oswald was capable of the assassination; Hosty repeatedly denied making that statement.
Soviet Embassy Information Reaches Hosty
Hosty received FBI information that afternoon concerning Oswald's recent communication with the Soviet Embassy in Washington.
Tippit Shooting Information Received
At about 1:30 p.m., Hosty received word that Officer J. D. Tippit had been killed and that a suspect was surrounded at a theater.
Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Detective Walthers asked Tague where he had been standing, they discover on the upper part of the Main Street south curb a "very fresh scar" impact that looked like a bullet had struck there and taken a small chip out of the curbs concrete
Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Forensic tests by the FBI reveal that the chipped bullet mark impact location did not have any copper metal residue, such as those required by the 6.5 mm military jacketed copper encased bullets, allegedly, fired from the Texas Book Depository.
Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Soon after the shots were fired Tague was approached by a Dallas sheriff detective, Buddy Walthers, who had noticed that Tague had specks of blood on his right facial cheek.
Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Tague later testifies that the first shot he recalled hearing occurred after the Presidential limousine had already completed the 120-degree slow turn from Houston Street onto Elm Street and then straightened out.
Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Walthers tells Tague it looked like a bullet had been fired from one of the Houston and Elm Streets intersection buildings and had hit the curb.
FBI
Forensic tests by the FBI reveal that the chipped bullet mark impact location did not have any copper metal residue, such as those required by the 6.5 mm military jacketed copper encased bullets, allegedly, fired from the Texas Book Depository
Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Detective Walthers asked Tague where he had been standing, they discover on the upper part of the Main Street south curb a "very fresh scar" impact that looked like a bullet had struck there and taken a small chip out of the curbs concrete
Assassination Suspect Description
Tippit could hear the police-radio description of the assassination suspect, broadcast as a slender white male about 30 years old, approximately 5 feet 10 inches tall.
Available for Emergency
After Tippit's 12:54 p.m. location report, the dispatcher instructed him to remain available for any emergency arising in central Oak Cliff.
Barbara Jeanette Davis Witness
Barbara Jeanette Davis heard the gunfire and saw an armed man cross the lawn beside her residence while apparently emptying cartridge cases from his revolver.
Cartridge Case Recovery
Witnesses recovered cartridge cases discarded near the Tippit crime scene and turned them over to Dallas police officers.
Central Oak Cliff Order
At 12:45 p.m., the police dispatcher specifically ordered Tippit's unit to move into the central Oak Cliff area.
Discarded Jacket Evidence
Police recovered a light-colored zipper jacket beneath a car near Jefferson Boulevard along the route attributed to the gunman fleeing Tippit's shooting.
Domingo Benavides Witness
Domingo Benavides saw Tippit beside his patrol car, heard the shots, and watched the gunman discard cartridge cases while leaving the scene.
Downtown Emergency Broadcast
At about 12:44 p.m., Dallas police radio ordered downtown patrol units to report to Elm and Houston under emergency conditions after President Kennedy was shot.
East Tenth Street Patrol
At approximately 1:15 p.m., Tippit was driving slowly east along East 10th Street in Oak Cliff.
Exit from Patrol Car
Tippit opened the driver's door and began walking around the front of his patrol car after speaking with the pedestrian.
Eyewitness Lineup Identifications
Multiple witnesses to the shooting or the gunman's flight identified Oswald in Dallas police lineups conducted after his arrest.
Four Gunshot Wounds
Four bullets struck Tippit during the shooting on East 10th Street, killing him at the scene.
Gunman Description Broadcast
At approximately 1:22 p.m., Dallas police broadcast a description of the man wanted for Tippit's murder based on information from witnesses.
Helen Markham Witness
Helen Markham witnessed the encounter between Tippit and the gunman, saw the officer fall after the shots, and ran to Tippit's side.
Jefferson Boulevard Flight
Witness accounts placed the gunman moving westward along Jefferson Boulevard after leaving the area where Tippit had been shot.
Lancaster and Eighth Report
At 12:54 p.m., Tippit radioed that he was in central Oak Cliff at Lancaster Road and Eighth Street.
Oswald Arrest Connection
Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested in the Texas Theatre shortly after police began searching the area for the man suspected of killing Tippit.
Oswald Charged with Tippit Murder
At 7:10 p.m. on November 22, Dallas police formally advised Oswald that he had been charged with murdering Patrolman J. D. Tippit.
Passenger Window Conversation
The pedestrian approached the right side of Tippit's patrol car and apparently exchanged words with him through the front or vent window.
Patton Avenue Flight
Witnesses saw the gunman leave the Tippit shooting scene and move south along Patton Avenue toward Jefferson Boulevard.
Pedestrian Stop
About 100 feet east of Patton Avenue, Tippit stopped beside a man walking east whose general appearance resembled the police-radio description.
Police Radio Death Report
Benavides used Tippit's police radio to report the shooting to Dallas police headquarters at approximately 1:16 p.m.
Second Suspect Broadcast
Dallas police repeated the assassination suspect description over the radio at 12:48 p.m. while Tippit was moving through Oak Cliff.
Shooting at Tenth Street
As Tippit reached the left front wheel of his patrol car, the gunman drew a revolver and fired several shots at him.
Ted Callaway Witness
Used-car salesman Ted Callaway heard the shooting and saw the armed gunman pass nearby while fleeing toward Jefferson Boulevard.
Texas Theatre Search
Police searching for Tippit's killer converged on the Texas Theatre after receiving information that a suspicious man had entered without buying a ticket.
Third Suspect Broadcast
The assassination suspect description was broadcast again at about 12:55 p.m. while Tippit remained on patrol in central Oak Cliff.
Tippit Revolver at Scene
When Benavides reached Tippit after the shooting, the officer was lying on his own revolver, which was out of its holster.
Virginia Davis Witness
Virginia Davis heard the shots and saw the armed man cross the lawn near 10th and Patton while leaving the area.
William Scoggins Witness
Taxi driver William Scoggins heard the shots, saw Tippit fall, and then observed the armed gunman pass close to his cab while fleeing.
Bethesda Autopsy Completion
The autopsy of President Kennedy was concluded at approximately 11 p.m. at Bethesda Naval Hospital.
Bethesda Autopsy Photography
Photographs of President Kennedy were taken at Bethesda as part of the preliminary autopsy documentation.
Bethesda Burial Preparation Begins
After the autopsy ended, President Kennedy's body was prepared for burial at Bethesda Naval Hospital.
Bethesda Casket Arrival
President Kennedy's body arrived at Bethesda Naval Hospital for autopsy at approximately 7:35 p.m.
Bethesda Cranial Fragments Recovered
Two small irregular metallic fragments were recovered from Kennedy's head during the Bethesda autopsy and transferred to the FBI.
Bethesda Cranial Metal Fragment Pattern
X-rays showed numerous tiny metal fragments extending from the rear head wound toward the front of Kennedy's skull.
Bethesda Fragment Above Right Eye
The Bethesda X-rays showed a sizable metallic fragment positioned above President Kennedy's right eye.
Bethesda Intermuscular Bullet Track
The autopsy found that the neck bullet passed between two large muscles without leaving a permanent channel through either muscle.
Bethesda Neck Track Misses Bone
The Bethesda pathologists found that the bullet passing through Kennedy's neck did not strike any bone.
Bethesda Neck Wound Measurements
The posterior neck wound measured approximately seven by four millimeters and had clean, sharply defined edges.
Bethesda Pathological Cause of Death
The Bethesda autopsy report listed the pathological cause of President Kennedy's death as a gunshot wound to the head.
Bethesda Pathological Examination Begins
The pathological examination of President Kennedy began at Bethesda at about 8 p.m. on November 22.
Bethesda Physical Measurements
The autopsy report recorded Kennedy as 46 years old, 72.5 inches tall, approximately 170 pounds, with blue eyes and reddish-brown hair.
Bethesda Pleural Contusion
The neck bullet produced a contusion on the upper part of Kennedy's pleural cavity without penetrating that cavity.
Bethesda Posterior Neck Wound
The autopsy revealed another bullet wound near the base of Kennedy's neck, slightly to the right of his spine.
Bethesda Posterior Skull Entrance
The autopsy identified a small wound in the rear of Kennedy's skull as a bullet entrance wound.
Bethesda Preliminary X-Rays
Preliminary X-rays of President Kennedy were taken at Bethesda before the pathological examination began.
Bethesda Right Lung Apex Bruising
The Bethesda examination found bruising at the top portion of President Kennedy's right lung along the neck bullet's path.
Bethesda Right Skull Exit Defect
The pathologists identified the large defect on the upper right side of Kennedy's skull as the head bullet's exit area.
Bethesda Skull Fragment Reconstruction
Recovered skull fragments were fitted together during the Bethesda examination, accounting for much of the missing portion of Kennedy's skull.
Bethesda Tracheal Injury
The examining pathologists concluded that the neck bullet damaged Kennedy's trachea as it passed through his neck.
Bethesda Tracheotomy Obscures Exit
The front neck wound could not be directly examined because the Parkland tracheotomy incision had removed visible evidence of that wound.
Brown Paper Package
Linnie Mae Randle saw Oswald approaching Frazier's car on November 22 carrying a long brown paper package.
Dallas Police Interrogation Begins
Police began interrogating Oswald at about 2:30 p.m. on November 22, starting a series of questioning sessions lasting about twelve hours in total.
Departure from Paine Home
Oswald left the Paine residence at about 7:15 a.m. on November 22, 1963, before Marina or Ruth Paine saw him leave.
Depository Departure
The Warren Commission concluded that Oswald left the Texas School Book Depository at approximately 12:33 p.m., before police sealed the building.
Discarded Zipper Jacket
The Warren Commission concluded that Oswald discarded his light-colored zipper jacket while fleeing from the Tippit shooting scene.
Elm Street Bus Ride
The Warren Commission concluded that Oswald boarded a Dallas bus after leaving the Depository and rode for only several minutes before getting off.
Jefferson Boulevard Flight
Witnesses identified Oswald as the armed man who fled from the Tippit shooting area toward Jefferson Boulevard.
Kennedy Murder Charge
Later on November 22, Dallas authorities charged Oswald with murdering President John F. Kennedy.
Roominghouse Return
Oswald returned to his North Beckley roominghouse at about 1 p.m. on November 22 and left again a few minutes later.
Second Floor Baker Encounter
Shortly after the assassination, Officer Marrion Baker encountered Oswald near the second-floor lunchroom, and Roy Truly identified him as an employee.
Sixth Floor Givens Encounter
Charles Givens testified that he saw Oswald on the sixth floor around 11:55 a.m. on November 22, carrying a clipboard.
Texas Theatre Arrest
Dallas police arrested Oswald inside the Texas Theatre at approximately 1:50 p.m. on November 22, 1963.
Texas Theatre Entry
Oswald entered the Texas Theatre without purchasing a ticket while police searched the Oak Cliff area for Tippit's killer.
Tippit Killing Finding
The Warren Commission concluded that Oswald shot and killed Dallas Patrolman J. D. Tippit at about 1:16 p.m. on November 22.
Tippit Murder Charge
Dallas authorities charged Oswald with the murder of Patrolman J. D. Tippit on the evening of November 22, 1963.
Whaley Taxi Ride
After leaving the bus, Oswald took a taxicab driven by William Whaley toward Oak Cliff and got out near North Beckley Avenue.
Mannlicher-Carcano Gun
Attempts to heckle Kennedy with a reminder of the appeasement policies Prime Minister Chamberlain, with an umbrella
Air Force One Security
Public announcement of Kennedy's death was delayed until Johnson was safely aboard Air Force One at Love Field.
Air Force One Television
After boarding Air Force One, Johnson watched television coverage as officials prepared for the transfer of presidential authority.
Andrews Air Force Base Arrival
Johnson arrived at Andrews Air Force Base aboard Air Force One after the flight from Dallas following President Kennedy's assassination.
Catholic Missal
Johnson placed his hand on a Catholic missal found aboard Air Force One while taking the presidential oath.
Cecil Stoughton Photograph
White House photographer Cecil Stoughton photographed Johnson taking the presidential oath with Lady Bird Johnson and Jacqueline Kennedy beside him.
Dallas Motorcade
Johnson traveled in the Dallas presidential motorcade behind President Kennedy's limousine when shots were fired in Dealey Plaza.
Departure from Dallas
After Johnson completed the presidential oath, Air Force One departed Dallas carrying the new President, the Kennedy party, and President Kennedy's casket.
First Presidential Statement
Johnson made brief televised remarks at Andrews Air Force Base, asking for the public's help as he assumed the presidency after Kennedy's death.
Government Continuity
Johnson used his first presidential remarks to reassure Americans and foreign governments that United States authority and policy remained intact after the assassination.
Jacqueline Kennedy at Oath
Johnson asked Jacqueline Kennedy to be present for the presidential oath after she arrived aboard Air Force One with President Kennedy's casket.
Parkland Memorial Hospital
Johnson remained under Secret Service protection at Parkland Memorial Hospital while President Kennedy was treated after the shooting.
Presidential Oath Wording
Johnson instructed aide Jack Valenti to obtain the precise wording of the presidential oath while preparations for the ceremony continued aboard Air Force One.
Presidential Oath
Judge Sarah T. Hughes administered the presidential oath to Lyndon Baines Johnson aboard Air Force One at Love Field.
Presidential Succession
Following President Kennedy's death, Johnson became President under constitutional succession and prepared to take the presidential oath before leaving Dallas.
Robert Kennedy Telephone Call
Johnson telephoned Attorney General Robert Kennedy about the presidential oath and received guidance that a federal judge in Dallas could administer it.
Sarah T. Hughes
Johnson requested that federal judge Sarah T. Hughes be located to administer the presidential oath aboard Air Force One.
Secret Service Protection
Secret Service agents placed Johnson under close protection after the shooting and moved him from Parkland Memorial Hospital toward Love Field.
Texas Political Trip
Vice President Lyndon Baines Johnson joined President Kennedy in Dallas during a Texas political trip intended to build support and reduce divisions ahead of the 1964 election.
Vice Presidential Vacancy
Johnson's succession to the presidency left the vice presidency vacant, because existing law provided no mechanism for appointing a replacement vice president.
Death of Malcolm Kilduff
Kennedys death is officially announced by White House Acting Press Secretary Malcolm Kilduff at 1:33 p.m. CST (19:33 UTC)
Grassy Knoll
Stands on the same pedestal as Abraham Zapruder (steadying him), only yards from the alleged Grassy Knoll assassin
Badge Man
Badge Man is the name given to a photographic image that some President John F. Kennedy assassination researchers claim is a grassy knoll assassin seen within a Polaroid photograph that close witness Mary Moorman captured
Badge Man
In the Moorman Polaroid photo is seen all of the Presidential limousine occupants, several other witnesses (including Abraham Zapruder filming), two Dallas police motorcycle Presidential escorts, and much of the area comprising the grassy knoll.
Badge Man
The photo has been calculated to have been captured between the Zapruder film equivalent concurrent frames of Z-315 and 316 (less than one-sixth of a second after President Kennedys head first exploded at Z-313).
Grassy Knoll
Badge Man is the name given to a photographic image that some President John F. Kennedy assassination researchers claim is a grassy knoll assassin seen within a Polaroid photograph that close witness Mary Moorman captured.
Grassy Knoll
In the Moorman Polaroid photo is seen all of the Presidential limousine occupants, several other witnesses (including Abraham Zapruder filming), two Dallas police motorcycle Presidential escorts, and much of the area comprising the grassy knoll.
Grassy Knoll
Photographs the Grassy Knoll with a polaroid which is used to identify the "badge man"
Arrest of Lee Harvey Oswald
Oswald resists, attempting to shoot the arresting officer, Maurice N. McDonald, with a pistol, and is forcibly restrained by the police
Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
At Zapruder frame 313, when President Kennedy was shot in the head, Jean Hill was only 21 feet (6.4 m) away, leftward, and slightly behind President Kennedy.
Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Norma Jean Lollis Hill was present along with her friend Mary Moorman across from the grassy knoll, and was one of the very closest witnesses to President Kennedy when the shots were fired at him.
Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
The "Lady in Red" in Zapruders film, claims smoke was lingering near the grassy knoll picket fence corner.
Grassy Knoll
The "Lady in Red" in Zapruders film, claims smoke was lingering near the grassy knoll picket fence corner. Present along with her friend Mary Moorman across from the grassy knoll, and was one of the very closest witnesses to President Kennedy when the shots were fired at him
Lady In Red
The "Lady in Red" in Zapruders film, claims smoke was lingering near the grassy knoll picket fence corner
Last Rites
The Very Rev. Oscar L. Huber, the priest who administered the last rites to Kennedy told The New York Times that the President was already dead by the time he had arrived at the hospital
Parkland Memorial Hospital
The Very Rev. Oscar L. Huber, the priest who administered the last rites to Kennedy told The New York Times that the President was already dead by the time he had arrived at the hospital
Bethesda Four Hundred Case Comparison
Finck applied experience derived from more than 400 wound cases when evaluating the perforating missile damage to Kennedy's skull.
Bethesda Neck Entrance Conclusion
Finck concluded that the small clean-edged wound at the back of Kennedy's neck was a long-range entrance wound.
Bethesda Rear and Above Trajectory
Finck concluded from the cranial wound characteristics that Kennedy had been struck by a bullet fired from above and behind.
Bethesda Skull Beveling Analysis
Finck examined the skull's beveling pattern to distinguish the bullet's entrance from its exit.
Bethesda Wound Ballistics Consultation
Lieutenant Colonel Pierre A. Finck participated in the Bethesda autopsy as the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology's wound-ballistics specialist.
Bethesda Escort from Andrews
Attorney General Robert Kennedy accompanied his brother's body from Andrews Air Force Base to Bethesda Naval Hospital.
Bethesda Family Waiting Area
Robert Kennedy joined other members of the Kennedy family on the seventeenth floor while the autopsy was conducted.
Snipers Nest
Detective Studebaker failed to photograph the arrangement of cartons at the "scene of the crime," he failed also to photograph a long paper sack, said to have been found on the floor in the south-east corner, within which Lee Oswald purportedly carried a Mannlicher-Carcano rifle
Snipers Nest
It is possible that Studebakers failure to photograph the paper sack was not because of incompetence, but because it was not there
Snipers Nest
On the other hand, it is noteworthy that Tom Alyea has no recollection of the paper sack. If it had been there, he is certain that he would have recorded its presence on film.
Snipers Nest
into the TSBD.
Baker Confronts Oswald
When Baker challenged Oswald on the second floor, Truly identified Oswald as an employee of the Texas School Book Depository.
Building Layout Assistance
Truly's knowledge of the Depository's floors, elevators, stairways, and work areas helped police navigate the building during the immediate search.
Depository Employee Records
Truly assisted investigators with employment information concerning Oswald and other Texas School Book Depository workers.
Depository Entry with Baker
Immediately after the shooting, Truly entered the Texas School Book Depository with Dallas motorcycle officer Marrion Baker.
Employee Accountability Check
After the shooting, Truly began checking the whereabouts of Depository employees while police secured and searched the building.
Fifth Floor Passage
Truly and Baker passed through the upper part of the building while other Depository employees were still present on the fifth floor.
Freight Elevator Check
Truly and Baker reached the rear elevator area and found that the freight elevators were not available for their immediate ascent.
Morning Work Supervision
Truly was at work in the Texas School Book Depository on November 22 while Oswald and other employees performed their normal duties before the motorcade arrived.
Motorcade Viewing
Truly went outside the Texas School Book Depository to watch President Kennedy's motorcade pass through Dealey Plaza.
Oswald Absence Report
Truly reported Oswald's unexplained absence to Dallas police during the early investigation at the Texas School Book Depository.
Oswald Employee Identification
Truly told Baker that Oswald worked in the building, after which Baker allowed Oswald to remain and continued the search.
Oswald Identity to Police
Truly provided police with information identifying Oswald as the Depository employee who could not be accounted for after the shooting.
Oswald Missing from Building
Truly determined that Oswald was absent from the Depository after the assassination while most other employees remained or returned to the building.
Police Search Assistance
Because Truly knew the building, he guided Officer Baker through the Depository as they searched for a possible gunman.
Rear Stairway Ascent
Truly led Baker toward the rear stairway after the elevators were unavailable, and the two men continued upward through the building.
Search Continues Upstairs
After the encounter with Oswald, Truly and Baker continued toward the upper floors to search for the source of the gunfire.
Second Floor Arrival
Truly and Baker reached the second floor within a few minutes of the assassination while continuing their search of the Depository.
Second Floor Lunchroom Encounter
Truly was present when Officer Baker encountered Lee Harvey Oswald near the second-floor lunchroom shortly after the assassination.
Shots Heard in Dealey Plaza
Truly was outside the Depository when the shots were fired at President Kennedy and immediately reacted to the emergency.
Upper Floor Search
Truly assisted police as the search moved into the upper floors where officers soon found evidence connected with the shooting.
Assassination News to Marina
After learning that Kennedy had been shot, Paine told Marina that the shooting had occurred from the building where Lee Oswald worked.
Oswald Possessions Identified
Paine told investigators that most of the Oswald family's possessions were stored in her garage.
Police Arrival at Paine Home
Police officers arrived at Paine's Irving home at about 3 p.m. on November 22 to search for evidence connected with Oswald.
Rifle Question Translation
Paine translated an investigator's question asking Marina whether Oswald owned a rifle, after initially saying she herself knew of no rifle.
Texas School Book Depository
Officer who first sees Oswalds rifle behind some boxes on the 6th floor of the Texas School Book Depository
Snipers Nest
"The west end of the barricade was closed by a row of boxes that extended to the front wall.
Snipers Nest
Alyea ducked back into the sixth floor and witnessed the discovery of the "snipers nest".
Snipers Nest
Alyeas description of the arrangement of cartons around the southeast window on the sixth floor is significantly different from what is seen in photographs showing the late-afternoon "snipers nest" and the official "snipers nest." According to Alyea.
Snipers Nest
Detective Studebaker failed to photograph the arrangement of cartons at the "scene of the crime," he failed also to photograph a long paper sack, said to have been found on the floor in the south-east corner, within which Lee Oswald purportedly carried a Mannlicher-Carcano rifle into the TSBD.
Snipers Nest
It is possible that Studebakers failure to photograph the paper sack was not because of incompetence, but because it was not there.
Snipers Nest
On the other hand, it is noteworthy that Tom Alyea has no recollection of the paper sack. If it had been there, he is certain that he would have recorded its presence on film.
Snipers Nest
To the right of the double casement window."
Snipers Nest
Tom Alyea, newsreel photographer for WFAA-TV Dallas, was present in the TSBD during the search by the police. Although ordered by an officer in plain clothes to take no photographs and to return to the first floor, Mr.
Texas School Book Depository
Although ordered by an officer in plain clothes to take no photographs and to return to the first floor, Mr. Alyea ducked back into the sixth floor and witnessed the discovery of the "snipers nest".
Texas School Book Depository
Tom Alyea, newsreel photographer for WFAA-TV Dallas, was present in the TSBD during the search by the police.
Texas School Book Depository
WFAA-TV cameraman Tom Alyea is on the 6th floor of the Depository photographing the recovery Oswalds rifle.
Jenkins Resuscitation Report
Received Marion Jenkins's same-day written statement describing the resuscitative efforts for President Kennedy.
Parkland Administration
Served as administrator of Parkland Memorial Hospital during the emergency treatment of President Kennedy and Governor Connally.
Beckley Rooming House Investigation Ordered
Fritz directed officers to investigate Oswald's rooming house at 1026 North Beckley and report what they found about his residence and belongings.
Departure from Depository Questioned
Fritz asked why Oswald left work after the shooting; Oswald claimed he had spoken with foreman Bill Shelley before departing for home.
Depository Investigation Command
Fritz arrived shortly before 1:00 p.m. and took charge of the Dallas Police homicide investigation inside the Texas School Book Depository.
FBI Contact Complaint Examined
Fritz asked Oswald to explain his accusation that FBI agent James Hosty had mistreated or accosted Marina Oswald during earlier contacts.
Irving Residence Investigation Ordered
Fritz dispatched detectives to the Paine residence in Irving to investigate Oswald's family residence and search for information and property connected with him.
Kennedy Murder Complaint Signed
After reviewing the developing evidence with prosecutors, Fritz signed the complaint charging Oswald with murdering President Kennedy at 11:26 p.m.
Live Cartridge Ejected from Rifle
While Lieutenant J. C. Day held the recovered rifle by its stock, Fritz opened the bolt and ejected the live cartridge remaining in the weapon.
Mexico City Travel Questioned
During questioning attended by federal agents, Fritz's investigation addressed Oswald's foreign travel; Oswald denied having been in Mexico City.
Missing Depository Employee Report
Roy Truly told Fritz that warehouse employee Lee Harvey Oswald was missing and supplied his name, address, and general description.
O. H. Lee Registration Questioned
After officers reported the rooming-house registration, Fritz asked why Oswald was living there under the name O. H. Lee.
Oswald Assassination Alibi Questioned
Fritz asked Oswald to account for his location when the President was shot, beginning detailed questioning of his movements inside the Depository.
Political Affiliations Questioned
Fritz questioned Oswald about his political beliefs, Fair Play for Cuba Committee activity, and support for the Cuban Revolution.
Return to Police Headquarters
Fritz left the Depository after receiving Oswald's details and returned to headquarters so detectives could locate the missing employee.
Revolver Possession Questioned
Fritz asked Oswald why he had been carrying the revolver seized during his arrest at the Texas Theatre.
Revolver Purchase Account Questioned
Fritz questioned Oswald about the revolver's origin after Oswald claimed that he had bought the weapon in Fort Worth.
Rifle Identification Recorded
Fritz and Lieutenant Day examined the recovered weapon as its serial number C2766 and 6.5-millimeter Italian markings were recorded.
Rifle Scene Supervision
Fritz supervised the examination of the rifle after officers found it concealed among boxes on the sixth floor and waited for photographs before it was handled.
Right to Counsel Discussed
When Oswald asked about an attorney, Fritz told him he could obtain counsel and use the jail telephone to contact the lawyer he wanted.
Second-Floor Encounter Questioned
Fritz questioned Oswald about his movements after lunch, including his account of obtaining a Coca-Cola and encountering a police officer on the second floor.
Sniper's Nest Evidence Preservation
After cartridge cases were located near the southeast sixth-floor window, Fritz ordered that nothing be moved until crime-scene technicians photographed and examined the area.
Theatre Suspect Linked to Depository
At headquarters, Fritz learned that the man arrested at the Texas Theatre was the same Lee Harvey Oswald reported missing from the Depository.
Tippit Murder Complaint Signed
Fritz signed the complaint charging Oswald with the murder of Patrolman J. D. Tippit shortly before the 7:10 p.m. arraignment.
Parkland Standby Alert
Radioed that Parkland Hospital should stand by because the President appeared to have been hit.
Bus Passenger Lineup Identification
McWatters selected Oswald from a lineup as resembling a passenger from his bus, an identification he later acknowledged had been mistaken.
Rifle Discovery Confirmed
Weitzman was with Boone when the concealed rifle was discovered and left the weapon untouched while Dallas Police crime-scene personnel were summoned.
Rifle Located Among Cartons
Boone discovered the scoped bolt-action rifle between rows of boxes near the northwest stairway at approximately 1:22 p.m.
Sniper's Nest Guarded
After finding the cartridge cases, Mooney remained at the sixth-floor position to prevent the evidence from being disturbed before crime-scene technicians arrived.
Three Cartridge Cases Discovered
Mooney located three empty cartridge cases near the southeast sixth-floor window and recognized the surrounding cartons as a probable firing position.
Rooming House Register Examined
Senkel helped inspect the rooming-house register, where investigators found that Oswald had been staying under the name O. H. Lee.
Revolver Seized During Theatre Struggle
Carroll grabbed the revolver during the struggle with Oswald and secured the weapon in his belt while other officers completed the arrest.
Empty Rifle Blanket Examined
After Marina identified the storage place, detectives lifted the rolled blanket in the garage and found that the rifle was no longer inside.
Marina Asked About Rifle
With Ruth Paine translating, Rose asked Marina Oswald whether her husband owned a rifle, prompting Marina to indicate the blanket where it had been stored.
Paine Residence Search Begins
Rose joined Stovall and Adamcik in the investigation at Ruth Paine's residence after Fritz sent detectives to examine property associated with Oswald.
Oswald Identification Obtained During Transport
During the trip from the theatre to police headquarters, Bentley examined identification from Oswald's wallet after the prisoner initially refused to provide his name.
Oswald Property Collected in Irving
Stovall participated in collecting documents, film, correspondence, and other possessions from the Paine residence for examination by investigators.
Beckley Rooming House Checked
Potts went with other homicide officers to Oswald's rooming house and examined the registration records while interviewing the women who operated the residence.
O. H. Lee Alias Reported to Fritz
Potts reported the O. H. Lee registration back to Fritz, giving the interrogation team another identity detail to question Oswald about.
Beckley Residence Investigation
Cunningham joined Potts and Senkel in checking Oswald's Dallas lodging and gathering information about his occupancy and movements.
Arrest Revolver Marked
McDonald placed his identifying mark on the revolver taken during Oswald's arrest so the weapon could later be recognized as evidence.
Oswald Confronted in Theatre
McDonald approached Oswald's seat and ordered him to stand as officers closed in on the suspect identified by Brewer.
Struggle During Arrest
Oswald struck McDonald and a close struggle began as the patrolman and other officers attempted to control and disarm him.
Texas Theatre Rear Entry
McDonald entered the theatre from the rear with other officers after the radio call reported a suspicious man inside.
Theatre Patrons Checked
McDonald moved through the main-floor seating area checking patrons while officers searched both levels of the theatre.
Theatre Arrest Transport
Hill accompanied the police transport carrying Oswald from the Texas Theatre to headquarters after the Oak Cliff arrest.
Shipping Paper Sample Marked
Studebaker marked the paper and tape samples collected from the first-floor shipping department to preserve their source identification.
Sniper's Nest Photographic Record
Studebaker helped create the photographic record of the sixth-floor firing area, including the cartons and surrounding crime scene.
Cardioscope Connection
Helped connect the cardioscope used to monitor President Kennedy's cardiac activity.
Respiratory Assistance
Assisted with respiratory management while Kennedy was changed from an endotracheal tube to a tracheostomy tube.
Resuscitative Equipment Response
Was dispatched with Jackie Hunt and an anesthesia machine when the emergency alert was received.
Connally Wrist Debridement
Enlarged, cleansed, and closed the palm-side wrist wound while leaving the back wound partly open for drainage.
Connally Wrist Fracture
Set the fracture in Governor Connally's right wrist and applied a cast with traction.
Connally Wrist Operation
Operated on Governor Connally's right-wrist wounds during the afternoon of November 22.
Orthopedic Operation Timing
Performed the wrist operation from approximately 4:00 p.m. to 4:50 p.m.
Airway Management
Inserted a cuffed endotracheal tube past the neck injury and connected it to assisted ventilation.
Back Examination Priority
Explained that life-threatening airway and circulation problems prevented a full examination of Kennedy's back during resuscitation.
Emergency Notification
Was working in the emergency area when notified that President Kennedy was being brought to Parkland Hospital.
First Parkland Physician
Was the first physician to see President Kennedy at Parkland Hospital after the motorcade arrived.
Hydrocortisone Administration
Administered hydrocortisone because of President Kennedy's known adrenal insufficiency.
Initial Life Assessment
Concluded from the initial examination that President Kennedy was still alive when he arrived at Parkland Hospital.
Initial Vital Assessment
Observed Kennedy's ashen color, agonal respiration, dilated unreactive pupils, no palpable pulse, and faint chest sounds on arrival.
Neck and Head Wounds
Observed a small wound in the lower front of Kennedy's neck and an extensive wound to the head.
Right Leg Cutdown
Performed a cutdown on Kennedy's right leg so blood and fluids could be infused.
Chest Tube Procedure
Helped initiate chest-tube treatment after free air and blood were detected in Kennedy's chest cavity.
Connally Thigh Operation
Later assisted George Shires in treating Governor Connally's left-thigh gunshot wound.
Connally Wound Closure
Participated in cleansing and suturing Governor Connally's thigh wound while a small metallic fragment remained in the leg.
Trauma Room One Response
Arrived with Malcolm Perry and Robert McClelland during the emergency treatment of President Kennedy.
Oral Surgery Emergency Response
Responded to the Parkland emergency area as an oral surgeon after notice that President Kennedy was en route.
Anesthesiology Emergency Response
Was one of the anesthesiologists summoned to the Parkland emergency area before Kennedy arrived.
Respiratory Transition Assistance
Assisted with respiratory problems during the transition from the endotracheal tube to a tracheostomy tube.
Trauma Room Resuscitation
Participated in the respiratory component of the resuscitation effort in trauma room 1.
Connally Thigh Cleansing
Cleaned the puncture wound in Governor Connally's left thigh as part of the operative treatment.
Connally Thigh Closure
Closed Governor Connally's thigh wound with sutures.
Connally Thigh Operation
Led the treatment of Governor Connally's left-thigh gunshot wound while the wrist operation was in progress.
Retained Metallic Fragment
Treated the thigh wound while a small metallic fragment remained in Governor Connally's leg.
Anesthesia Equipment Response
Carried resuscitative and anesthesia equipment to the major surgical emergency area after the stat alarm.
Anesthesiology Team Response
Served as one of the anesthesiologists called to the Parkland emergency area for Kennedy's treatment.
Cardiac Monitoring
Helped connect the cardioscope used during President Kennedy's resuscitation.
Connally Wrist Surgery Assistance
Assisted Charles Gregory during the operation on Governor Connally's right wrist.
Chest Tube Request
After noting free air and blood in Kennedy's chest cavity, requested insertion of chest tubes.
Emergency Tracheotomy
Performed an emergency tracheotomy to establish an effective airway for President Kennedy.
Femoral Pulse Check
Checked for a femoral pulse and did not find one during the initial resuscitation.
Neck Wound Assessment
Described the small neck wound but stated that its appearance alone did not establish whether it was an entrance or exit wound.
Press Conference Qualification
Later explained that his Parkland press-conference comments about possible wound paths were speculative rather than a definitive professional conclusion.
Tracheotomy Duration
Estimated that the emergency tracheotomy took approximately three to five minutes.
Trauma Room Leadership
Assumed direction of President Kennedy's treatment shortly after arriving in trauma room 1.
Anesthesia Team Dispatch
Dispatched Adolph Giesecke and Jackie Hunt with an anesthesia machine and resuscitative equipment to the emergency area.
Cranial Injury Observation
Recorded extensive cranial and intracranial damage observed during the resuscitation.
Resuscitation Assessment
Concluded that resuscitative methods had been instituted rapidly and efficiently but that the cranial damage was irreversible.
Resuscitation Statement
Prepared a same-day written statement for Parkland administrator Charles Jack Price describing the resuscitative effort.
Stat Alarm Response
Responded immediately after receiving the stat alarm that President Kennedy was being brought to Parkland Hospital.
Ventilation Control
Changed Kennedy from intermittent positive-pressure breathing equipment to an anesthesia machine for better control of artificial ventilation.
Chest Drainage Treatment
Participated in the procedure intended to drain blood and air from Kennedy's chest cavity.
Emergency Urology Response
Responded to trauma room 1 as the urological surgeon among the Parkland emergency team.
Right Chest Tube Assistance
Assisted with insertion of a right chest tube during President Kennedy's resuscitation.
Connally Thigh Surgery Assistance
Assisted George Shires during treatment of Governor Connally's left-thigh wound.
Connally Emergency Treatment
Provided early emergency care for Connally before the thoracic surgical team assumed control.
Initial Connally Examination
Was one of the first physicians to examine Governor Connally after his arrival at Parkland Hospital.
Trauma Room Two Care
Remained with Governor Connally in trauma room 2 when Charles Carrico left to help treat President Kennedy.
Connally Thigh Surgery
Assisted George Shires in the operation on Governor Connally's left-thigh wound.
Dual Parkland Treatment Role
Participated in the emergency treatment of President Kennedy and later in operative treatment of Governor Connally at Parkland.
Tracheotomy Assistance
Entered trauma room 1 during resuscitation and assisted Malcolm Perry with President Kennedy's tracheotomy.
Connally Back Wound Repair
Treated the Governor's back wound by removing damaged tissue and suturing muscle and skin.
Connally Chest Operation
Began surgery on Governor Connally's chest at approximately 1:35 p.m.
Connally Trauma Room Arrival
Arrived in trauma room 2 at approximately 12:45 p.m. to take charge of Governor Connally's thoracic injuries.
Damaged Lung Repair
Sutured damaged lung tissue and lacerated muscles during Connally's chest operation.
Thoracic Operation Completion
Completed the principal chest and back operation on Governor Connally at approximately 3:20 p.m.
Thoracic Surgery Leadership
Took charge of Connally's care because the Governor's major chest wound fell within Shaw's thoracic-surgery specialty.
Circulatory Access
Helped establish vascular access used during the attempt to restore and maintain Kennedy's circulation.
Emergency Surgical Response
Was among the Parkland surgeons summoned to the emergency area before the presidential limousine arrived.
Left Arm Cutdown
Performed a cutdown on President Kennedy's left arm to permit infusion of blood and fluids.
Cardiotachyscope Activity
Observed some electrical activity on the cardiotachyscope while resuscitation was underway.
Closed Chest Cardiac Massage
Performed manual closed-chest cardiac compression during the effort to maintain President Kennedy's circulation.
Emergency Neurological Response
Responded to the Parkland emergency as the hospital's chief neurologist.
Fatal Injury Determination
Made the official death determination because the severe head injury, the ultimate cause of death, was within his neurological specialty.
Head Wound Observation
Observed a large gaping wound in the right rear of Kennedy's head with extensive brain injury and blood loss.
No Second Visible Head Hole
Reported that he did not see another distinct hole in Kennedy's head during Parkland treatment.
Pronouncement of Death
Pronounced President Kennedy dead at approximately 1:00 p.m. at Parkland Hospital.
Connally Wrist Surgery Assistance
Assisted Charles Gregory during the operation on Governor Connally's right wrist.
Parkland Memorial Hospital
Dr. Burkley observes both the head wound and a wound to the back of the President, and determines the head wound was the cause of death
Parkland Arrival With Governor
Arrived at Parkland Hospital supporting the wounded Governor Connally, who had been lying in her arms during the race from Dealey Plaza.
Parkland Arrival Consciousness
Regained consciousness when the presidential limousine stopped abruptly at Parkland's emergency entrance.
Trauma Room Two Transfer
Was lifted onto a stretcher and taken into Parkland trauma room 2 for treatment of his gunshot wounds.
Carton Prints Processed
Day's crime-scene work included processing cartons around the southeast sixth-floor window for latent fingerprints and palmprints.
Cartridge Cases Photographed
Day photographed the three cartridge cases in their original sixth-floor positions before investigators moved or collected them.
Paper Bag Examined
Day examined the long handmade paper bag found near the southeast sixth-floor window and preserved it as evidence from the suspected firing position.
Rifle Palmprint Developed
Day developed and lifted a palmprint from the underside of the rifle barrel during laboratory examination of the assassination weapon.
Rifle Photographed in Place
Day documented the rifle where it lay between cartons before officers lifted the weapon from its concealed position.
Rifle Surface Checked for Prints
Day examined the bolt knob and wooden stock for usable fingerprints before handling the rifle and determined that those surfaces yielded no identifiable prints.
Rifle Taken into Evidence
Day retained possession of the rifle after its removal from the Depository and transported it to Dallas Police headquarters for further examination.
Wrapping Paper Samples Collected
Day directed collection of paper and tape samples from the Depository shipping area so they could be compared with the long paper bag.
Fingerprints and Palmprints Taken
Dallas Police identification personnel took Oswald's fingerprints and palmprints during his first evening in custody for comparison with recovered evidence.
Paraffin Tests Administered
Dallas Police administered paraffin tests to Oswald's hands and right cheek in an attempt to detect residues associated with recently firing a weapon.
Pre-Lineup Pocket Search
Before the first identification lineup, police searched Oswald and removed five cartridges and additional personal property from his pockets.
Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
After Air Force One lands at Andrews Air Force Base, just outside Washington, D.C., Kennedys body is taken to Bethesda Naval Hospital for an immediate autopsy
Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
At 1:00 p.m., CST (19:00 UTC), after all heart activity had ceased and after a priest administered the last rites, the President is pronounced dead. Assassinated while on a Presidential campaign
Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
A few minutes after 2:00 p.m. CST (20:00 UTC), and after a confrontation between Dallas police and Secret Service agents, Kennedys body is placed in a casket and taken from Parkland Hospital and driven to Air Force One
Autopsy
After Air Force One lands at Andrews Air Force Base, just outside Washington, D.C., Kennedys body is taken to Bethesda Naval Hospital for an immediate autopsy
Autopsy
The body is removed before a forensic examination can be conducted by the Dallas County coroner, which violated Texas state law (the murder was a state crime, and occurred under Texas legal jurisdiction)
Badge Man
The Warren Commission later concludes that Lee Harvey Oswald is the lone assassin
Death of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
At 1:00 p.m., CST (19:00 UTC), after all heart activity had ceased and after a priest administered the last rites, the President is pronounced dead. A few minutes after 2:00 p.m. CST (20:00 UTC), and after a confrontation between Dallas police and Secret Service agents, Kennedys body is placed in a casket and taken from Parkland Hospital and driven to Air Force One
Lone Assassin
The Warren Commission later concludes that Lee Harvey Oswald is the lone assassin
Parkland Memorial Hospital
At 1:00 p.m., CST (19:00 UTC), after all heart activity had ceased and after a priest administered the last rites, the President is pronounced dead. A few minutes after 2:00 p.m.
Parkland Memorial Hospital
CST (20:00 UTC), and after a confrontation between Dallas police and Secret Service agents, Kennedys body is placed in a casket and taken from Parkland Hospital and driven to Air Force One
Parkland Memorial Hospital
The Very Rev. Oscar L. Huber, the priest who administered the last rites to Kennedy told The New York Times that the President was already dead by the time he had arrived at the hospital.
Warren Commission
The Warren Commission later concludes that Lee Harvey Oswald is the lone assassin
Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
At 2:38 p.m. Johnson takes the oath of office on board Air Force One just before it departed Love Field
Oath of Office
Johnson takes the oath of office on board Air Force One just before it departed Love Field
Oath
At 2:38 p.m. Johnson takes the oath of office on board Air Force One just before it departed Love Field
Jacqueline Kennedy Departure Request
Tried to persuade Jacqueline Kennedy to leave the Parkland treatment area after President Kennedy had been pronounced dead.
Johnson Departure Advice
Advised Vice President Johnson at Parkland Hospital to go to Love Field and return to Washington.
Vice President Parkland Security Room
Joined the group of officials and Secret Service agents protecting Vice President Johnson inside Parkland Hospital.
Parkland Family Visits
Left the protected Parkland room with Secret Service agents to see Jacqueline Kennedy and Nellie Connally.
Protective Cover at Parkland
Removed his suit jacket and covered Kennedy's head and upper chest at the Parkland emergency entrance to prevent photographs.
Kennedy Stretcher Transfer
Helped lift President Kennedy from the limousine onto a stretcher for movement into Parkland trauma room 1.
White House Notification From Parkland
Telephoned the head of the White House detail from Parkland Hospital to report the assassination.
Johnson Family Protection
Arranged through Secret Service headquarters for immediate protection of Vice President Johnson's daughters after the shooting.
Parkland Departure Protection
Accompanied Johnson's protected departure from Parkland and instructed him to remain below window level during the drive to Love Field.
Kennedy Stretcher Transfer
Helped lift President Kennedy from the presidential limousine onto the Parkland stretcher.
Kennedy Stretcher Transfer
Helped Roy Kellerman and William Greer lift President Kennedy onto a stretcher and move him into trauma room 1.
Parkland Emergency Entrance
Jumped from the lead car at Parkland Hospital and rushed into the emergency entrance as stretchers were brought out.
Parkland Perimeter Security
Made certain Dallas police kept the public and press away from the immediate Parkland Hospital area.
Oswald Pointed Out to Police
Brewer met the officers inside the theatre and identified the man he had followed from the nearby shoe store as the suspicious patron.
Texas Theatre Police Call
Postal telephoned police after learning that a man had entered the theatre without buying a ticket while patrol cars were searching the Oak Cliff area.
Tippit Lineup Identification
Markham viewed a Dallas Police lineup and identified Oswald as the man she had seen shoot Patrolman Tippit.
Gunman Flight Lineup Identification
Barbara Davis identified Oswald in a police lineup as the armed man she had seen crossing the lawn near the Tippit shooting scene.
Patton Gunman Lineup Identification
Guinyard selected Oswald from the lineup as the armed man he had observed running away from the Tippit shooting area.
Patton Avenue Lineup Identification
Callaway identified Oswald in a Dallas Police lineup as the man he had watched run south on Patton Avenue carrying a revolver.
Second Davis Lineup Identification
Virginia Davis separately selected Oswald in the lineup as the man she had seen fleeing while carrying and emptying a revolver.
Kennedy Death Notification at Parkland
Was informed at approximately 1:20 p.m. while at Parkland Hospital that President Kennedy was dead.
Death Announcement Delay
Agreed with Vice President Johnson at Parkland that public release of Kennedy's death would wait until Johnson had left the hospital.
Cartridge Cases Heard
Norman reports hearing sounds like spent cartridge cases striking the sixth-floor surface above his position.
Fifth-Floor Position
Norman watches the presidential motorcade from the southeast corner window on the fifth floor with James Jarman and Bonnie Ray Williams.
Post-Shooting Report
After leaving the fifth floor, Norman and James Jarman report their experience after seeing witness Howard Brennan speaking with a police officer outside the building.
Rifle Bolt Sound
Norman reports hearing the mechanical sound of a rifle bolt operating on the floor directly above him after the shots.
Claimed Encounter with Jack Ruby
Kantor states that Jack Ruby stops him briefly near the main entrance of Parkland Hospital shortly after the assassination.
Coattail Tug
Kantor recalls that Ruby attracts his attention by tugging at the back of his jacket as Kantor walks through the hospital entrance.
Entry into Parkland Hospital
After completing his telephone call, Kantor says he walks toward the main entrance of Parkland Hospital.
Parkland Telephone Call
Kantor makes a long-distance telephone call from Parkland Hospital to his Washington office between about 1:02 and 1:27 p.m.
Recognition of Jack Ruby
Kantor says he immediately recognizes Ruby because he had known him previously while working as a journalist in Dallas.
Ruby Conversation
Kantor recalls Ruby asking whether he should close his establishments for the next three nights following Kennedy's shooting.
Election
Flies to the family home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, to tell his stroke-afflicted father the news
Death of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Death of John F Kennedy
FBI
Receives the New Orleans FBI files & papers on Oswald
Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Detective Walthers asked Tague where he had been standing, they discover on the upper part of the Main Street south curb a "very fresh scar" impact that looked like a bullet had struck there and taken a small chip out of the curbs concrete
Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Forensic tests by the FBI reveal that the chipped bullet mark impact location did not have any copper metal residue, such as those required by the 6.5 mm military jacketed copper encased bullets, allegedly, fired from the Texas Book Depository.
Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Soon after the shots were fired Tague was approached by a Dallas sheriff detective, Buddy Walthers, who had noticed that Tague had specks of blood on his right facial cheek.
Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Tague later testifies that the first shot he recalled hearing occurred after the Presidential limousine had already completed the 120-degree slow turn from Houston Street onto Elm Street and then straightened out.
Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Walthers tells Tague it looked like a bullet had been fired from one of the Houston and Elm Streets intersection buildings and had hit the curb.
FBI
Forensic tests by the FBI reveal that the chipped bullet mark impact location did not have any copper metal residue, such as those required by the 6.5 mm military jacketed copper encased bullets, allegedly, fired from the Texas Book Depository
Assassination of Jefferson Davis Tippit
Acquilla Clemons lived on the north side of Tenth Street in Dallas, Clemons was sitting on the porch of her house when she saw Officer J. D. Tippit killed.
Assassination of Jefferson Davis Tippit
Testifies that the Tippit gunman was a "short guy and kind of heavy", the other man was tall and thin in khaki trousers and a white shirt.
Assassination of Jefferson Davis Tippit
the Dallas Police warned her not to repeat this story to others or "she might get hurt".
Assassination of Jefferson Davis Tippit
Barbara Jeanette Davis and her sister-in-law Virginia Davis heard the shots that killed Tippit and see the Oswald crossing their lawn and shaking a revolver as if he were emptying it of cartridge cases
Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Claims the 1st shot was when Kennedys car turned from Houston onto Elm
Texas School Book Depository
Claims to have heard three gunshots come from directly over their head in the Texas School Book Depository Building , and that plaster dust fell from the ceiling
Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Claims the 1st shot was when Kennedys car turned from Houston onto Elm
Galveston Visit
Ferrie and his companions traveled from Houston to Galveston on November 23 during the Texas trip that investigators later examined.
Jack Martin Allegation
Jack Martin told the New Orleans District Attorney's office that former Eastern Airlines pilot David Ferrie might have aided Lee Harvey Oswald in the assassination.
Assassination of Jefferson Davis Tippit
Witness to the assassination of Tippit by Lee Harvey Oswald
Assassination of Jefferson Davis Tippit
Frank Wright claims that Tippit was shot by two men
Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Claims the 1st shot was when Kennedys car turned from Houston onto Elm
Texas School Book Depository
Claims to have heard three gunshots come from directly over their head in the Texas School Book Depository Building , and that plaster dust fell from the ceiling
Assassination of Jefferson Davis Tippit
Markham identifies Lee Harvey Oswald as Tippits killer in a police lineup. Helen Markham at first describes Tippits killer as being short and somewhat on the heavy side, with slightly bushy hair". Although considered the star witness, her testimony was full of mistakes, she said Tippit was alive when the ambulance arrived, but the other witnesses say he died immediately
Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Police radio a description of Oswald based on Brennans description. Claims the 1st shot was when Kennedys car turned from Houston onto Elm. Brennan gives a description of the assassin which was broadcast to all Dallas police at 12:45 p.m., 12:48 p.m., and 12:55 p.m
Mexico and Cuba Questions
Fritz's interrogation covered Oswald's political associations and foreign travel as investigators examined his recent Mexico City contacts.
Dallas Times-Herald Visit
Around 4 a.m., Ruby visited the Dallas Times-Herald composing room, discussed seeing Oswald at the press conference, and spoke about closing his clubs.
David Johnston Introduction
Ruby introduced himself to Justice of the Peace David L. Johnston after the press conference and gave Johnston a Carousel Club business card.
Dealey Plaza Visit
Ruby said he visited Dealey Plaza on November 23, viewed memorial wreaths, and spoke with a police officer about the Texas School Book Depository.
Fair Play for Cuba Correction
During the Oswald press conference, Ruby joined reporters in correcting District Attorney Henry Wade when Wade mistakenly referred to the "Free Cuba Committee."
Free Cuba Committee Correction
At Oswald's press appearance, Ruby corrected District Attorney Henry Wade when Wade mistakenly referred to the Fair Play for Cuba Committee as the Free Cuba Committee.
Henry Wade Introduction
After the press conference, Ruby approached District Attorney Henry Wade, identified himself, and reminded Wade that he operated the Vegas Club.
Henry Wade Radio Interview
Ruby helped KLIF obtain a telephone interview with District Attorney Henry Wade by locating Wade at police headquarters and bringing him to the telephone.
Heroism Radio Script
After leaving KLIF, Ruby showed reporter Russ Knight a "Life Line" radio script titled "Heroism" and discussed political hostility toward President Kennedy in Dallas.
Kay Coleman and Harry Olsen
Early on November 23, Ruby spent about an hour talking with dancer Kay Helen Coleman and Dallas police officer Harry Olsen about the assassination.
Oswald Press Conference
Around midnight, Ruby attended the Dallas police press conference where Lee Harvey Oswald briefly appeared before reporters and television cameras.
Post Office Box Inquiry
Ruby visited a post office seeking the identity of the person renting a box listed on an "Impeach Earl Warren" billboard, but an employee refused to provide the information.
Sols Turf Bar
At Sol's Turf Bar, Ruby argued about Dallas and the assassination and displayed photographs of the "Impeach Earl Warren" billboard he had investigated.
East Room Lying in Repose
President Kennedy's casket lay in repose in the White House East Room while Jacqueline Kennedy and the family observed private mourning rites.
Funeral Arrangement Notes
Jacqueline Kennedy prepared handwritten notes on funeral arrangements that are preserved in the Kennedy Library's assassination collections.
Lincoln Funeral Precedent
Mrs. Kennedy looked to Abraham Lincoln's funeral for precedent when shaping the ceremonial arrangements for President Kennedy's state funeral.
Return to White House
After the overnight medical examination at Bethesda, Mrs. Kennedy returned to the White House as preparations for the state funeral continued.
State Funeral Planning
Jacqueline Kennedy took an active role in planning the state funeral, drawing on historical precedent and ceremonial traditions.
Bethesda Malcolm Perry Telephone Call
Early on November 23, Humes telephoned Dr. Malcolm Perry and learned that Perry had used the existing throat wound for the tracheotomy incision.
Bethesda Parkland Tracheotomy Inquiry
Humes sought confirmation from Parkland Hospital that a tracheotomy had been performed through the wound on the front of Kennedy's neck.
Bethesda Throat Exit Confirmation
Perry's information confirmed Humes's conclusion that the neck bullet had exited through the front of Kennedy's throat.
Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
James Tague, a spectator and witness to the assassination, recieves a minor wound to his right cheek while standing 270 feet (82 m) in front of where Kennedy is shot
Assassination of Jefferson Davis Tippit
As he reached the front wheel on the drivers side, Oswald drew a revolver and fired several shots in rapid succession, hitting Tippit three times in the chest. then walked up to Tippits body and shot him directly in the head, killing him instantly
Assassination of Jefferson Davis Tippit
At 12:45 p.m., 15 minutes after the assassination, Tippit received an order by radio to proceed to the central Oak Cliff area as part of a concentration of patrol car activity around the centre of the city.
Assassination of Jefferson Davis Tippit
At 1:11-1:14 p.m.Tippit was driving slowly in an easterly direction on East 10th Street in Oak Cliff. About 100 feet (30 m) past the intersection of 10th Street and Patton Avenue, Tippit pulled up alongside Oswald, who was walking in the same direction.
Assassination of Jefferson Davis Tippit
Police officer with the Dallas, Texas Police Department who, according to witnesses and Government investigations including the Warren Commission, was shot and killed by Lee Harvey Oswald after Tippit stopped Oswald following the Kennedy assassination.
Scoggins Lineup Identification
William Scoggins viewed a police lineup on November 23 and identified Oswald as the man he had seen near the Tippit shooting.
Bethesda Burial Preparation Completed
Preparation of President Kennedy's body for burial was completed at approximately 4 a.m. on November 23.
Bethesda Departure for White House
After the burial preparation was completed, President Kennedy's body left Bethesda for the White House East Room.
Grassy Knoll
At the moment of the assassination, Bowers was operating the Union Terminal Companys two-story interlocking tower, overlooking the parking lot just north of the grassy knoll and west of the Texas School Book Depository.
Grassy Knoll
Lee Bowers, a railroad switchman sitting in two-story tower has an unobstructed view of the rear of the stockade fence atop the grassy knoll during the shooting.
Grassy Knoll
has an unobstructed view of the rear of the concrete pergola and the stockade fence at the top of the grassy knoll.
Texas School Book Depository
At the moment of the assassination, Bowers was operating the Union Terminal Companys two-story interlocking tower, overlooking the parking lot just north of the grassy knoll and west of the Texas School Book Depository, has an unobstructed view of the rear of the concrete pergola and the stockade fence at the top of the grassy knoll
Triple Underpass
At the moment of the assassination Bowers was operating the Union Terminal Companys two-story interlocking tower overlooking the parking lot just north of the grassy knoll and west of the Texas School Book Depository
Triple Underpass
Sees four men between his tower and Elm Street a middle-aged man and a younger man standing 10 to 15 feet apart near the Triple Underpass who did not seem to know each other
Triple Underpass
and one or two uniformed parking lot attendants.
Triple Underpass
has an unobstructed view of the rear of the concrete pergola and the stockade fence at the top of the grassy knoll
John Abt Lawyer Request
While in custody, Oswald sought New York attorney John Abt to represent him and declined an immediate Dallas Bar Association offer of counsel.
Saturday Interrogations
Investigators questioned Oswald during three interrogation sessions on November 23, totaling about three hours.
Grassy Knoll
Ochus Campbell, the vicepresident of the Texas School Book Depository Company, was standing with Roy Truly on the north side of Elm Street, about 30 feet from the front entrance to the Texas School Book Depository. Campbell says he ran toward a grassy knoll to the west of the building, where he thought the sniper had hidden
Texas School Book Depository
Ochus Campbell, the vicepresident of the Texas School Book Depository Company, was standing with Roy Truly on the north side of Elm Street, about 30 feet from the front entrance to the Texas School Book Depository. Campbell says he ran toward a grassy knoll to the west of the building, where he thought the sniper had hidden
Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
It is decided that Kennedy and his party, including his wife, Jacqueline Kennedy, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, Governor John Connally and Ralph Yarborough, would travel in a procession of cars through the business district of Dallas
Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Claims the 1st shot was when Kennedys car turned from Houston onto Elm
Assassination of Jefferson Davis Tippit
Warren Reynolds did not see the Tippit shooting but saw the gunman running from the scene of the crime, he claimed that the man was not Oswald
Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Driver of Kennedys limousine
Assassination of Jefferson Davis Tippit
Witness to the assassination of Officer Tippit. Identifies Oswald at the lineup for killing Officer Tippit
Backyard Photograph Confrontation
Fritz showed Oswald a photograph recovered under search warrant depicting him holding a rifle and pistol; Oswald claimed the image had been altered.
Bus Journey Reconstructed
Fritz questioned Oswald about leaving downtown by bus and examined the bus transfer found among his possessions.
Curtain Rod Account Challenged
Fritz challenged Oswald about Buell Wesley Frazier's statement that Oswald had explained his unusual Thursday trip to Irving by mentioning curtain rods.
Long Package Account Challenged
Fritz questioned Oswald about the long package seen by Frazier and Linnie Mae Randle; Oswald denied carrying such a package to work.
Rifle Ownership Confrontation
Fritz confronted Oswald with information linking him to a rifle purchased under the Hidell name; Oswald continued denying ownership of the weapon.
Taxicab Journey Admitted
When Fritz asked about a taxi, Oswald acknowledged leaving the stalled bus, taking a cab toward Oak Cliff, and paying an eighty-five-cent fare.
Backyard Photographs Recovered
Rose and fellow officers recovered photographs showing Oswald holding a rifle and pistol among the effects examined under the search warrant.
Irving Property Inventory Prepared
Stovall's team documented property taken from the Paine garage, including photographs, film, correspondence, books, and other papers connected with Oswald.
Paine Garage Warrant Search
Stovall participated in the warrant search of Oswald's stored effects in the Paine garage as investigators sought additional physical and documentary evidence.
Paine Search Warrant Obtained
Moore joined Stovall and Rose in obtaining a search warrant for Oswald's effects stored at the Paine residence in Irving.
Fingernail and Hair Samples Collected
With Oswald's consent, Dallas Police identification personnel collected fingernail scrapings and hair specimens for possible forensic comparison.
Saturday Evening Interrogation Session
Police brought Oswald back to Fritz's office for an evening interrogation that included renewed questioning about the rifle photographs and related evidence.
FBI Impersonation Memorandum
An FBI memorandum raises the possibility that someone other than Oswald contacted the Soviet Embassy in Mexico City after agents question the identification.
Johnson Vietnam Policy Conference
At President Johnson's early Vietnam policy conference, McCone gave a less optimistic assessment than other officials and questioned favorable forecasts from Saigon.
Hammond Stay
Ferrie drove to Hammond, Louisiana, and spent the night with a friend before surrendering to the New Orleans District Attorney's office the next day.
Martin Allegation Notification
While returning toward New Orleans, Ferrie learned from attorney G. Wray Gill that Jack Martin had implicated him in the Kennedy assassination.
Return to Residence
After returning to New Orleans, Ferrie sent Alvin Beauboeuf into his residence, where authorities had detained Beauboeuf and Ferrie's roommate Layton Martens.
Marxist Beliefs and Cuba
Fritz questioned Oswald about communism and Marxism; Oswald described his political views and discussed his Fair Play for Cuba position.
Arrest of Jack Ruby
Arrested for the assassination of Lee Harvey Oswald
Assassination of Lee Harvey Oswald
When Ruby was arrested immediately after the shooting, he told several witnesses that he helped the city of Dallas "redeem" itself in the eyes of the public, and that Oswalds death would spare Jacqueline Kennedy the ordeal of appearing at Oswalds trial. Carlin phones Ruby for him to wire her $25, had she not phoned, Ruby would not have been in downtown Dallas. Assassinates Lee Harvey Oswald
Pago Club Visit
After midnight, Ruby visited the Pago Club, ordered a Coke, and questioned why the establishment remained open while the city mourned President Kennedy.
Capitol Procession
Mrs. Kennedy accompanied the Kennedy family during ceremonies transferring President Kennedy's casket from the White House to the United States Capitol.
Capitol Rotunda Ceremony
Jacqueline Kennedy attended the ceremony as President Kennedy's casket was placed in the Capitol Rotunda to lie in state.
Lying in State Departure
Mrs. Kennedy departed the Capitol with members of the Kennedy family after the formal lying-in-state ceremony.
Note Memorandum Destroyed
Hosty later stated that a memorandum concerning Oswald's note was destroyed along with the original note after Oswald's death.
Death of Lee Harvey Oswald
Lee Harvey Oswald was declared dead at Parkland Memorial Hospital at 1:07 p.m. on November 24, 1963, after being shot by Jack Ruby.
Police Basement Transfer
Dallas police brought Oswald into the basement on November 24 for his announced transfer to the county jail.
Shooting by Jack Ruby
Jack Ruby shot Oswald in the Dallas police basement at about 11:21 a.m. on November 24, 1963, during his transfer to the county jail.
Sunday Final Interrogation
Oswald underwent a final period of questioning on November 24 before his planned transfer from the city jail to the county jail.
Final Interrogation Extended
Fritz continued questioning beyond the planned transfer time because Oswald was still answering some questions and investigators hoped to obtain further information.
Hidell Identity Challenged
Fritz confronted Oswald again with the Alek J. Hidell identification card while investigators examined the relationship between the alias and weapons purchases.
Marxist Beliefs Questioned
Fritz asked whether Oswald was a Communist; Oswald described himself instead as a Marxist and discussed his Fair Play for Cuba views.
Photograph Location Questioned
During the final morning interrogation, Fritz repeatedly asked Oswald to identify where the backyard rifle photograph had been taken, but Oswald refused.
Sunday Final Custody Questioning
Oswald was brought from jail to Fritz's office for the final questioning session attended by Dallas detectives and federal investigators before the planned transfer.
Zapruder Film
Zapruder sells the original film and its print, television, and motion picture rights to Life magazine for $150,000, divided into six annual payments of $25,000. Zapruder donated his first $25,000 payment to Tippits widow
Arrest of David Ferrie
Ferrie surrendered to the New Orleans District Attorney's office and was arrested on suspicion of involvement in President Kennedy's assassination.
Arrest of David Ferrie
David Ferrie is turned him over to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), which interviewed Ferrie and Martin on November 25.
Arrest of David Ferrie
Nevertheless, the FBI interviewed Ferrie twice about Martins allegations.
Arrest of David Ferrie
The FBI also interviewed about twenty other persons in connection with the allegations, said that it was unable to develop a substantial case against Ferrie, and released him with an apology.
Arrest of Jack Martin
Jack Martin told the FBI that Ferrie might have hypnotized Oswald into assassinating Kennedy.
Arrest of Jack Martin
The FBI considered Martin unreliable.
Arlington Burial Ceremony
Jacqueline Kennedy attended the graveside military ceremony at Arlington National Cemetery as President Kennedy was laid to rest.
Eternal Flame Lighting
Jacqueline Kennedy lit the eternal flame at President Kennedy's grave at approximately 3:15 p.m. on November 25.
Funeral Day White House Departure
On November 25, Jacqueline Kennedy left the White House for the final funeral procession honoring President Kennedy.
Graveside Flag Presentation
At the Arlington burial ceremony, Mrs. Kennedy received the folded American flag associated with her husband's military funeral honors.
John Kennedy Jr Funeral Salute
Jacqueline Kennedy stood with her children during the funeral ceremonies when John F. Kennedy Jr. saluted his father's passing casket.
Post Funeral White House Reception
Following the burial, Mrs. Kennedy returned to the White House, where foreign leaders and dignitaries attended a post-funeral reception.
Procession to Arlington
Mrs. Kennedy accompanied the funeral procession from Washington to Arlington National Cemetery for President Kennedy's burial.
St Matthews Requiem Mass
Mrs. Kennedy attended the Requiem Mass for President Kennedy at St. Matthew's Cathedral with her children, family members, and international dignitaries.
Walking Funeral Procession
Jacqueline Kennedy walked in the funeral procession behind the caisson as it proceeded from the White House toward St. Matthew's Cathedral.
Kennedy Funeral Reception
Johnson received foreign leaders in Washington during diplomatic events and receptions associated with President Kennedy's funeral.
FBI
To combat speculation of a conspiracy, Katzenbach said that the results of the FBIs investigation should be made public, he wrote, in part: "The public must be satisfied that Oswald was the assassin; that he did not have confederates who are still at large"
Reaction to Oswald
An FBI electronic surveillance transcript recorded Sam Giancana commenting on November 25 that Oswald was a marksman who knew how to shoot after an associate described Oswald as a Marxist.
Katzenbach Memo
Sends a memorandum urging that the public be satisfied that Lee Harvey Oswald was the assassin and recommending a presidential commission to investigate the assassination.
Burial
Representatives from over 90 countries, including the Soviet Union, attend the funeral, after the service, the casket is taken by caisson to Arlington National Cemetery for burial
Katzenbach Memo
Receives Nicholas Katzenbach's memorandum recommending the creation of a presidential commission to investigate the assassination.
Hypnotism Allegation
Jack Martin told the FBI that Ferrie was an amateur hypnotist and suggested that he might have been capable of hypnotizing Lee Harvey Oswald.
Arrest of David Ferrie
David Ferrie is turned him over to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), which interviewed Ferrie and Martin on November 25.
Arrest of David Ferrie
Nevertheless, the FBI interviewed Ferrie twice about Martins allegations.
Arrest of David Ferrie
The FBI also interviewed about twenty other persons in connection with the allegations, said that it was unable to develop a substantial case against Ferrie, and released him with an apology.
Arrest of Jack Martin
Jack Martin told the FBI that Ferrie might have hypnotized Oswald into assassinating Kennedy.
Arrest of Jack Martin
The FBI considered Martin unreliable.
FBI
To combat speculation of a conspiracy, Katzenbach said that the results of the FBIs investigation should be made public, he wrote, in part: "The public must be satisfied that Oswald was the assassin; that he did not have confederates who are still at large"
Katzenbach Memo
Sends a memorandum urging that the public be satisfied that Lee Harvey Oswald was the assassin and recommending a presidential commission to investigate the assassination.
Indictment for Oswald Murder
The State of Texas indicted Jack Ruby on November 26, 1963, for the murder of Lee Harvey Oswald.
Civil Air Patrol Firearms Role
Ferrie told the FBI that his firearms-related role at Civil Air Patrol bivouacs had been limited to range-safety assistance.
FBI Interviews
The FBI interviewed Ferrie on November 26 and again on November 27 while investigating Jack Martin's allegations and Ferrie's possible association with Lee Harvey Oswald.
Jack Martin Dispute
Ferrie acknowledged knowing Jack Martin and said Martin resented him because Ferrie had forcibly removed Martin from G. Wray Gill's office earlier in 1963.
Marcello Case Work
Ferrie told investigators that he had been working intensively for attorney G. Wray Gill on the Carlos Marcello case during the days preceding November 22.
Martin Recantation Report
On November 26, the FBI informed the Secret Service that Jack Martin had described his information about Ferrie as a product of his imagination.
Stinson Aircraft Statement
Ferrie told the FBI that his Stinson single-engine aircraft had not been airworthy since its license expired in the spring of 1962.
Telescopic Sight Denial
Ferrie told the FBI that he had never owned a telescopic sight or a rifle equipped with one and did not know how to use such a sight.
Texas Flight Denial
Ferrie told the FBI that he had never flown Lee Harvey Oswald to Dallas or to any other Texas location.
Texas Trip Explanation
During questioning, Ferrie told investigators that his weekend trip to Texas had been undertaken for relaxation rather than for any role in the assassination.
NSAM 273
Launches operation NSAM 273
Address to Congress
Addresses a joint session of Congress and asks lawmakers to carry forward John F. Kennedy’s legislative programme.
Civil Rights Legislation
Johnson urged Congress to honor Kennedy's memory by securing the earliest possible passage of the civil rights bill Kennedy had championed.
Decisive Government Action
Johnson told Congress that the government must overcome uncertainty and delay after Kennedy's death and demonstrate its capacity for decisive action.
Foreign Policy Continuity
Johnson pledged that the United States would maintain its international commitments and continue seeking peace while preserving national strength.
Joint Session of Congress
Johnson addressed a joint session of Congress five days after Kennedy's assassination and asked legislators and the nation for their help.
Kennedy Legacy
Johnson told Congress that Kennedy's ideas and ideals should be translated into effective action rather than halted by the assassination.
Let Us Continue
Johnson used the phrase "let us continue" to frame his commitment to carry forward the national program begun under President Kennedy.
National Unity
Johnson appealed for national unity after the assassination and said Americans could derive strength rather than weakness from their differences.
Opposition to Extremism
Johnson urged Americans to reject political fanaticism, bitterness, bigotry, hatred, and violence in the aftermath of Kennedy's assassination.
Tax Bill
Johnson called for early passage of Kennedy's pending tax bill, arguing that continuing the measure would advance the late President's economic program.
Johnson Cuba Strategy Meeting
McCone discussed Cuba with President Johnson, who requested firm recommendations and more aggressive options while rejecting any repetition of the Bay of Pigs failure.
Commission Chairmanship
Warren became chairman of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy when the commission was established by Executive Order 11130.
Warren Commission Appointment
President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Chief Justice Earl Warren to chair the commission investigating President Kennedy's assassination.
Warren Commission Established
President Johnson created the commission chaired by Earl Warren to investigate Kennedy's assassination, including possible foreign or Cuban involvement.
Camelot Memory Framing
During her interview with Theodore White, Mrs. Kennedy used the musical Camelot to frame how she wanted her husband's presidency remembered.
Theodore White Interview
Jacqueline Kennedy gave journalist Theodore H. White an interview on November 29, 1963, one week after the assassination.
Earl Warren Appointment
Johnson appointed Chief Justice Earl Warren to chair the commission investigating President Kennedy's assassination.
Executive Order 11130
Johnson issued Executive Order 11130 establishing the presidential commission that became known as the Warren Commission.
Federal Agency Cooperation
Johnson's executive order directed federal departments and agencies to provide the Warren Commission with services, information, and assistance needed for its investigation.
Oswald Killing Investigation
Johnson directed the Warren Commission to examine both Kennedy's assassination and the subsequent killing of accused assassin Lee Harvey Oswald.
Warren Commission Membership
Johnson appointed seven members to the Warren Commission, including legislators from both parties, former CIA Director Allen Dulles, and diplomat John J. McCloy.
Warren Commission
Johnson created the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy to investigate the killing and report its conclusions to him.
Warren Commission
Appointed member of the Warren Commission by President Lyndon B. Johnson.
Commission
Appointed member of the Warren Commission by President Lyndon B. Johnson.
Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
The first official investigation of the Kennedy assassination is established by President Johnson, a week after the assassination
Commission Establishment
Establishes the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, known as the Warren Commission.
Warren Commission
Appointed member of the Warren Commission by President Lyndon B. Johnson.
Warren Commission
Appointed member of the Warren Commission by President Lyndon B. Johnson.
Warren Commission
Appointed member of the Warren Commission by President Lyndon B. Johnson.
Warren Commission
Appointed member of the Warren Commission by President Lyndon B. Johnson.
Chairman
Chairs the presidential commission investigating the assassination of John F. Kennedy.
Civil Air Patrol Allegation
Jack Martin alleged that Ferrie had known Oswald through the New Orleans Civil Air Patrol and might have trained him to use a rifle.
Getaway Pilot Allegation
Jack Martin alleged that Ferrie had traveled to Texas and was intended to act as a getaway pilot after the assassination; Ferrie denied involvement.
Anti-Castro Activity Before Assassination
Federal records place Sturgis in the anti-Castro milieu during the period immediately preceding President Kennedy's assassination.
New Orleans Civil Air Patrol
He claims that Ferrie knew Oswald from their days in the New Orleans Civil Air Patrol, and that Ferrie might have taught Oswald how to use a rifle with a telescopic sight.
New Orleans Civil Air Patrol
Jack Martin tells authorities and reporters that anti-Castro activist David Ferrie had been involved in the assassination.
New Orleans Civil Air Patrol
Martin also claimed that Ferrie drove to Texas on the day of Kennedys assassination, to serve as a getaway pilot for the assassins.
Twistboard Promotion
Ruby promoted his twistboard exercise device at the Texas Products Show during the first week of November 1963, using one of his dancers to demonstrate it.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Angleton's counterintelligence staff handles CIA liaison with assassination investigators.
Hosty Address Book Entry Examined
Investigators established that Oswald's personal address book contained identifying information for Hosty, including his office contact details.
Hosty Data Entered in Address Book
Oswald's address book came to contain Hosty's name, FBI office information, telephone number, and automobile license number.
Oswald Complaint Note Delivered
Approximately two or three weeks before the assassination, Oswald delivered a note addressed to Hosty at the Dallas FBI office.
Oswald Note Assessed as Complaint
Hosty later recalled the Oswald note as complaining in tone and said he did not regard it as evidence that Oswald was prone to violence.
Oswald Note Retained
Hosty later testified that the note remained in the Dallas FBI office after he received it rather than being treated as an immediate security threat.
Bullets Recovered from Tippit
Four bullets were recovered from Tippit's body and examined by firearms specialists during the investigation.
Firearms Cartridge Case Evidence
Firearms examination established that cartridge cases recovered near the Tippit crime scene had been fired from the revolver in Oswald's possession when arrested.
Five-Shot Possibility
The firearms evidence led the Warren Commission to conclude that five shots may have been fired even though four bullets were recovered from Tippit's body.
Oak Cliff Patrol Assignment
Patrolman J. D. Tippit was assigned to patrol district 78 in the Oak Cliff area of Dallas during the daylight shift.
Oswald Revolver Evidence
Investigators traced the revolver seized from Oswald at the Texas Theatre and established that it had been purchased by and belonged to him.
Patrol Car Number 10
Tippit patrolled alone in Dallas police car number 10, consistent with normal daytime assignments in residential districts.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Whitten initially handles CIA investigative work after Kennedy's assassination.
Presidential Aircrew Transition
After Kennedy's assassination, Johnson requested that his longtime pilot James Cross qualify to fly the Boeing 707 used as the main presidential aircraft.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Rocca acts as a CIA counterintelligence contact for assassination records.
Assassination Investigation Cooperation
Truly cooperated with federal and local investigators examining Oswald's employment, movements, and access within the Texas School Book Depository.
Daily Sixth Floor Trips
Truly later testified that Oswald had occasion to visit the sixth floor repeatedly during an ordinary working day.
Oswald Work Routine Statement
Truly described Oswald's normal work routine and his regular access to the sixth floor when investigators reconstructed events inside the Depository.
Second Floor Encounter Statement
Truly gave investigators an account of the second-floor encounter involving Baker and Oswald shortly after President Kennedy was shot.
CIA Evidence
Serves as a CIA contact point for information supplied to the Warren Commission about Oswald and related intelligence matters.
Missing Voice Recording Clarified
The FBI later establishes that Dallas agents never received or heard a recording of the Mexico City caller's voice, weakening an early basis for an impersonation claim.
Nuclear Power
China, North Vietnams neighbor and ally, successfully tests an atomic bomb
Succession of King Faisal
Succeeds King Saud and becomes the third king of Saudi Arabia.
Succession of King Faisal
Is designated crown prince after King Faisal's accession.
President of Chile
Takes office as President of Chile and begins the Revolution in Liberty programme.
Election
Wins the presidential election against Barry Goldwater in a landslide.
Soviet Union Visit
Guevara begins another official visit to the Soviet Union on behalf of the Cuban government.
President of Bolivia
Ovando begins his first period as co-president within the military junta.
President of Bolivia
Barrientos begins his first period as co-president within the military junta.
Strong Adds Versatility to Champions
Geoff Strong joined Liverpool from Arsenal in November 1964 and subsequently played several positions for Shankly’s team.
KADU
KADUs representatives join the ranks of KANU, forming a single party
Kenya African National Union (KANU)
KADUs representatives join the ranks of KANU, forming a single party
Budget
Announces increases in social benefits & the introduction of capital gains tax
Maiden Speech
Delivers his maiden speech in the House of Commons during debate on the Budget, discussing taxation, pensions and economic policy.
Ajax First-Team Debut
Makes his Ajax first-team debut against GVAV and scores in a 3-1 defeat.
Higgs Boson
Publishes with Gerald Guralnik and Tom Kibble an independent formulation of the gauge-symmetry-breaking mechanism.
Higgs Boson
Coauthors a third independent 1964 paper explaining spontaneous symmetry breaking in relativistic gauge theory and the generation of gauge-boson masses.
Higgs Boson
Coauthors Global Conservation Laws and Massless Particles, completing one of the independent 1964 formulations associated with the Higgs mechanism.
Zapruder Film
One of the largest individual gifts to the Tippit family is the $25,000 ($152,000 in 2006) that Abraham Zapruder donated after selling his film of the assassination
Medal
Posthumously awarded the Medal of Valor from the National Police Hall of Fame and also received the Police Medal of Honor, the Police Cross, and the Citizens Traffic Commission Award of Heroism
Zapruder Film
One of the largest individual gifts to the Tippit family is the $25,000 ($152,000 in 2006) that Abraham Zapruder donated after selling his film of the assassination
Warren Commission
All of the commission's records are transferred on November 23 to the National Archives. The unpublished portion of those records was initially sealed for 75 years (to 2039) under a general National Archives policy that applied to all federal investigations by the executive branch of Government, a period "intended to
Warren Commission
serve as protection for innocent persons who could otherwise be damaged because of their relationship with participants in the case
Orbital Decay Formula
Peters derives how gravitational-wave emission reduces the size and eccentricity of a binary orbit, creating formulas later used to predict inspiral times for compact binaries.
Military Coup
Ovando and Barrientos overthrow Paz Estenssoro and establish a military co-presidency.
Coup
Paz Estenssoro is overthrown by military commanders Barrientos and Ovando.
Military Coup
Barrientos joins Ovando in the coup that removes Paz Estenssoro.
Supports Stanleyville Counteroffensive
Directs Congolese army operations that accompany the Belgian-American hostage rescue at Stanleyville.
I Can't Explain Sessions
Produces The Who's recording of I Can't Explain.
Crisis
A sterling crisis
Arrest of Ruhollah Khomeini
Khomeini was re-arrested and sent into exile where he remained for 14 years until the revolution
Resignation of Hayato Ikeda
Diagnosed with cancer & resigns from office
Health of Hayato Ikeda
Diagnosed with cancer & resigns from office
Hearings and Exhibits Publication
Following completion of the report, the commission's testimony and documentary exhibits were published in 26 volumes to accompany the investigation's findings.
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
The HSCA Report in 1979 agrees with the Warren Report's conclusion that two bullets caused all of President Kennedy's and Governor Connally's injuries
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
and that both bullets were fired by Oswald from the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository
Lone Gunman Theory
Lone gunman theory, name given to the conclusion reached by the Warren Commission that President John F. Kennedy was assassinated by a single gunman named Lee Harvey Oswald who fired only three shots
National Archives
The unpublished portion of the Warren Commission records is initially sealed for 75 years (to 2039) under a general National Archives policy that applies to all federal investigations by the executive branch of Government
Texas School Book Depository
The HSCA Report in 1979 agrees with the Warren Report's conclusion that two bullets caused all of President Kennedy's and Governor Connallys injuries, and that both bullets were fired by Oswald from the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository
CIA Evidence
With Counterintelligence officer Ray Rocca as the main contact point, the CIA supplied the Warren Commission with information about Oswald and his wife Marina, their contacts in the Soviet Union, Oswald's trip to Mexico City, and more
National Archives
All of the Warren Commission's records are transferred to the National Archives
Warren Commission
Two months after the publication of its 888-page report, the Commission published twenty-six volumes of supporting documents, including the testimony or depositions of 552 witnesses and more than 3,100 exhibits. All of the Warren Commission's records are transferred to the National Archives
Warren Commission
In November 1964, two months after the publication of its 889-page report, the Commission published twenty-six volumes of supporting documents, including the testimony or depositions of 552 witnesses and more than 3,100 exhibits. 2 months after the publication of its 888-page report, the Commission publishes 26 volumes of supporting documents,
Warren Commission
Later investigations agree with the Warren Commission's conclusion that two shots struck JFK from the rear: the 1968 panel set by Attorney General Ramsey Clark, the 1975 Rockefeller Commission, and the 1978-79 House Select Committee on Assassinations.
Warren Commission
Lone gunman theory, name given to the conclusion reached by the Warren Commission that President John F. Kennedy was assassinated by a single gunman named Lee Harvey Oswald who fired only three shots.
Warren Commission
The HSCA Report in 1979 agrees with the Warren Report's conclusion that two bullets caused all of President Kennedy's and Governor Connally's injuries, and that both bullets were fired by Oswald from the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository.
Warren Commission
The unpublished portion of the Warren Commission records is initially sealed for 75 years (to 2039) under a general National Archives policy that applies to all federal investigations by the executive branch of Government.
Warren Commission
including the testimony or depositions of 552 witnesses and more than 3,100 exhibits
Prime Minister of Afghanistan
Maiwandwal becomes prime minister after the first parliamentary elections under the 1964 Constitution.
Death of Norman Morrison
Death of Norman Morrison, suicide
Suicide
Death of Norman Morrison, suicide. Burns himself to death in protest against the war within 40 feet of the Pentagon
Election
Announces he will present himself as a Presidential candidite in the elections
Reform of Capital Punishment
Abolition of capital punishment
Capital Punishment
Supports the parliamentary campaign that suspends capital punishment for murder.
Higher Education Act
Signs the Higher Education Act at Southwest Texas State College, expanding federal aid for colleges and students.
Operation Hump
Joel treats wounded soldiers under fire during Operation Hump
Hai Rui Dismissed from Office
Yao Wenyuan's criticism of Wu Han's play becomes a major opening attack in the Cultural Revolution
Criticism of Wu Han
Yao Wenyuan publishes the attack on Hai Rui Dismissed from Office that helps trigger the cultural campaign
Criticism of Wu Han
Zhang Chunqiao supports publication of Yao Wenyuan's attack on Wu Han
Bombing of Hebron
A land mine near Hebron kills 3 Israeli policemen, Israel retaliates with a strike against West Bank villagers and runs into Jordanian troops in Samu
Siege of West Bank
A land mine near Hebron kills 3 Israeli policemen, Israel retaliates with a strike against West Bank villagers and runs into Jordanian troops in Samu
Independence of Great Britain
Rhodesia declares Unilateral Declaration of Independence
Independence of Rhodesia
Rhodesia declares Unilateral Declaration of Independence
Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI)
Condemns Rhodesia's unilateral declaration of independence and refuses recognition of Ian Smith's illegal regime.
Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI)
Smith declares independence under white minority rule, prompting international sanctions.
Unilateral Declaration of Independence
Smith's government issues a unilateral declaration of independence from Britain.
Rhodesia Sanctions
Announces economic sanctions after Rhodesia's illegal declaration of independence.
United Nations
Britain supports Security Council Resolution 216 calling on states not to recognise the Rhodesian minority regime.
Venera 2 Launch
Venera 2 launches toward Venus carrying instruments intended to study the planet and interplanetary space.
Parliamentary Rejection
Parliament rejects Kimba's proposed government, deepening the institutional deadlock.
Battle of Drang
1st Battalion/7th Cavalry, approximately 450-men strong under Lieutenant Colonel Hal Moore, began operations in the Ia Drang Valley
Battle of Ia Drang
Commands US strategy during the Ia Drang campaign
Battle of Ia Drang
Commands US cavalry troops at Landing Zone X-Ray
Battle of Ia Drang
Commands the 1st Battalion 7th Cavalry at LZ X-Ray
Ia Drang Helicopter Support
Flies repeated helicopter missions supporting troops at LZ X-Ray
Ia Drang Helicopter Missions
Flies repeated helicopter missions under fire during the Battle of Ia Drang
Battle of Ia Drang
Serves with Hal Moore during the Battle of Ia Drang
Battle of Ia Drang
Moore leads the 1st Battalion, 7th Cavalry in the opening fight at LZ X-Ray
Battle of Ia Drang
Crandall flies repeated helicopter missions into LZ X-Ray during the battle
Battle of Ia Drang
Nguyen Huu An commands North Vietnamese forces in the Ia Drang fighting
Battle of Ia Drang
Chu Huy Man directs the B3 Front during the Central Highlands campaign
Battle of Ia Drang
North Vietnamese forces fight US airmobile troops in the first major battle between PAVN and the US Army
Battle of Ia Drang
Commands North Vietnamese forces during the Ia Drang campaign
Operation Arc Light
B-52s support US ground forces for the 1st time
LZ Albany Ambush
McDade's 2nd Battalion, 7th Cavalry is ambushed near LZ Albany during the Ia Drang campaign
Till the End of the Day
The Kinks release Till the End of the Day.
United Nations
Security Council Resolution 217 condemns Rhodesia's illegal authority and calls for no diplomatic or economic relations.
Departure from the Congo
Guevara leaves the Congo after concluding that the Cuban-backed guerrilla mission has failed.
Mobilization
Cables Washington requesting 200,000 more troops in 1966
Second Mobutu Coup
Mobutu removes Kasa-Vubu and assumes the presidency in a bloodless military coup.
The Kink Kontroversy
The Kinks release The Kink Kontroversy.
Mulamba Government
Mobutu appoints General Mulamba to head the first government of the new regime.
Birth of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
Churchill celebrates his 90th birthday
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary, 1st term
Operation Arc Light
82 B-52Ds are modified to carry 42 750-pound bombs
Birth of David Lawrence Schwimmer
Birth of David Lawrence Schwimmer
Arrival in Bolivia under False Identity
Guevara arrives in Bolivia in disguise using false identity documents before joining the guerrilla base.
Bolivian Diary Begins
Guevara reaches the Ñancahuazú base and begins the diary that records the Bolivian campaign.
Beatles, The
Yoko Ono and John Lennon meet at a preview of her art show, Exhibition #2, at Indica Gallery in London
Beatles, The
Yoko Ono and John Lennon meet at a preview of her art show, Exhibition #2, at Indica Gallery in London
Second EEC Application Announcement
The Labour Government announces its intention to make a second application to join the EEC
Taoiseach of Ireland
Succeeds Sean Lemass as Taoiseach.
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
Gemini XII
The last Gemini flight, Gemini XII, is launched on this date, during this mission, American astronauts Jim Lovell and Buzz Aldrin completed three EVAs and a docking with an Agena target vehicle
Gemini XII
The last Gemini flight, Gemini XII, is launched on this date, during this mission, American astronauts Jim Lovell and Buzz Aldrin completed three EVAs and a docking with an Agena target vehicle
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador by the Constituent Assembly
Dead End Street
The Kinks release Dead End Street.
Cultural Revolution
Jiang Qing promotes radical cultural politics and becomes a central Cultural Revolution figure
Garrison Investigation Resumed
Jim Garrison resumed his Kennedy assassination investigation in November 1966, eventually directing attention toward Clay Shaw.
Arrest of Jack Martin
In the autumn of 1966, Garrison began to re-examine the Kennedy assassination. Guy Banister had died of a heart attack in 1964, but Garrison re-interviewed Jack Martin, who told the district attorney that Banister and his associates were involved in stealing weapons and ammunition from armories and in gunrunning
Prime Minister of Afghanistan
Nur Ahmad Etemadi becomes prime minister after a period of cabinet instability.
Magical Mystery Tour
The "Blue Jay Way" sequence for the "Magical Mystery Tour" is filmed at Ringos place in Weybridge
Intercontinental Cup Playoff Winning Goal
Scores the decisive long-range goal as Racing Club defeat Celtic 1-0 in the Intercontinental Cup playoff.
Curie Birth Centenary
Centenary commemorations honour Marie Curie scientific legacy.
Public Broadcasting Act
Signs the Public Broadcasting Act, creating the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.
Devaluation
Describes devaluation as an "economic & political catastrophe"
Apollo 4
Oversees the first uncrewed Saturn V test flight.
Mayor
Appointed Mayor of Jerusalem
Rule of Jerusalem
Kollek is appointed Mayor of Jerusalem
Devaluation
Announces the devaluation of sterling, "the unhappiest day of my life"
Apples and Oranges
Pink Floyd release Apples and Oranges as a late Syd Barrett-era single
Sterling Devaluation
Callaghan announces devaluation of sterling from 2.80 to 2.40 United States dollars.
Sterling Devaluation
Britain devalues sterling from 2.80 to 2.40 dollars, intensifying pressure on confidence in the wider Bretton Woods fixed-rate and dollar-gold system.
Devaluation
The pound is devalued by 14 percent from $2.80 to $2.40
Devaluation
The pound sterling is devalued by 14 percent from $2.80 to $2.40
Devaluation
The official exchange rate is reduced from 2.80 dollars to 2.40 dollars for one pound sterling.
Economy of Great Britain
The pound is devalued from $2.80 to $2.40
Sterling Crisis
The Government devalues sterling after continuing pressure on reserves and a serious balance of payments crisis.
Broadcast
Wilson explains devaluation to the public and argues that the domestic value of money has not fallen by the same proportion.
Battle of Dak To
Blunts North Vietnam's penetration into the Southern Highlands
Battle of Dak To
Nov 19-Nov 23, The People's Army, PAVN, is defeated by the US
PAVN
Nov 19-Nov 23, The People's Army, PAVN, is defeated by the US
A Model of Leptons
Publishes A Model of Leptons, giving a compact electroweak gauge theory with spontaneous symmetry breaking and a scalar field.
Higgs Boson
Uses spontaneous symmetry breaking in A Model of Leptons to construct a unified electroweak theory incorporating a Higgs-type scalar field.
Air Quality Act
Signs the Air Quality Act of 1967, expanding federal air-pollution authority.
National Press Club Speech
Tells US audiences that progress is being made in Vietnam
Progress Speech
Tells US audiences that the war is showing progress
Wonderwall
George Harrison begins work on the "Wonderwall" album
Second British Membership Veto
De Gaulle again opposed British membership, delaying enlargement of the European Communities.
First Pulsar Signal
Identifies the first repeating radio signal later recognized as a pulsar and rotating neutron star.
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer
International Monetary Fund
International financial support of about 1.4 billion pounds is arranged after the devaluation of sterling.
Resignation Announced
Announces he will leave the Defense Department amid doubts about the war
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Is appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer following the devaluation of sterling.
Devaluation Aftermath
Becomes Chancellor after sterling devaluation and begins restoring confidence in the economy.
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Roy Jenkins becomes Chancellor of the Exchequer with responsibility for stabilising sterling at its new exchange rate.
Love Me Two Times
Releases Love Me Two Times from Strange Days.
Secretary of State for Social Services
Becomes the first Secretary of State for Social Services and takes charge of the new department.
Bombing of Vietnam
Calls a complete halt to the bombing of North Vietnam during diplomatic talks
Diplomatic Negotiations
Calls a complete halt to the bombing of North Vietnam during diplomatic talks
Operation Rolling Thunder
Brought to a halt, emphasis is placed on the trail network in Laos
Pink Floyd
"Point Me At The Sky" and "Careful With That Axe, Eugene" are recorded at Abbey Road Studios
Government
Appointed President of the USA, 37th President, 1st term
Vice Presidency
Defeats Vice President Hubert Humphrey & Governor George Wallace
Election
Defeated by Richard Nixon by 31.7 million to 31.2 million votes
President of Panama
Appointed President of Panama
Chairman of the Provisional Junta
Appointed Chairman of the Provisional Junta
Neil Young
Releases his self-titled debut solo album after leaving Buffalo Springfield.
First UK Number One Single
With a Little Help from My Friends reaches number one on the UK singles chart.
Independence of Great Britain
The Anglo-Rhodesian talks in Salisbury end in deadlock
Independence of Rhodesia
The Anglo-Rhodesian talks in Salisbury end in deadlock
Military Committee Government
Traore establishes the Military Committee for National Liberation as Mali's governing authority.
Military Coup against Modibo Keita
Traore leads the coup that removes President Modibo Keita from power.
White Album
Produces the Beatles' self-titled double album, often known as the White Album.
The Kinks Are the Village Green Preservation Society
Writes songs for The Kinks Are the Village Green Preservation Society.
Cotchford Farm
Jones purchases Cotchford Farm in East Sussex, formerly owned by Winnie-the-Pooh author A. A. Milne
Sterling Crisis
Renewed pressure on sterling leads to an additional fiscal package intended to remove about 250 million pounds from demand.
Limited Sovereignty Speech
Publicly articulates the principle of limited sovereignty later widely known as the Brezhnev Doctrine.
Withdrawal Negotiations at Washington
Withdraws from Vietnam without "defeat" by improving relations with China & Russia
An Old Raincoat Won't Ever Let You Down
Releases his debut solo album while moving toward work with Faces.
General Election - General Election
Tunisia held presidential and legislative elections under the single-party political system.
General Election Election Outcome
General election outcome recorded for Habib Bourguiba: Tunisia held presidential and legislative elections under the single-party political system.
General Election Government
Government context for this general election: Tunisia held presidential and legislative elections under the single-party political system.
General Election
Tunisia held presidential and legislative elections under the single-party political system.
Cairo Agreement
During Charles Helou's presidency, a Lebanese delegation and the Palestine Liberation Organization conclude the Cairo Agreement regulating Palestinian political and armed activity in Lebanon.
Cairo Agreement with Lebanon
Arafat signs the Cairo Agreement regulating the presence and activities of Palestinian armed organizations in Lebanon.
Silent Majority Speech
Appeals to the silent majority for support of Vietnamization
Silent Majority
Nixon makes a TV speech appealing for the silent majority support
Speech
Says US withdrawal would be a disaster for world peace. Appeals to the "silent majority"
Ummagumma
Pink Floyd release Ummagumma, combining live recordings with solo studio pieces
Prime Minister of Tunisia
Bahi Ladgham became Tunisia's first prime minister under the new office.
Creation of Prime Ministry
A decree created the office of prime minister and defined its responsibilities.
Death of Liu Shaoqi
Liu Shaoqi dies in custody after years of persecution
My Lai Story
Breaks the story of the My Lai massacre
Space Oddity
Releases the album later known as Space Oddity, expanding his folk, rock and theatrical songwriting style.
SCE to Auxiliary
Switches Signal Conditioning Equipment to auxiliary power, helping restore usable telemetry after Apollo 12 is struck by lightning.
Apollo 12 Launch
Commands Apollo 12, the second crewed lunar landing mission.
Apollo 12 Lightning Strike Response
Continues the mission after lightning strikes the Saturn V shortly after launch and disrupts spacecraft electrical readings.
Apollo 12 CSM-LM Docking
Pilots Yankee Clipper during docking with lunar module Intrepid after translunar injection.
Demonstrations
Moratorium demonstration of 500,000 in Washington DC
Demonstrations
Faces anti-war demonstrations following the revelation of the My Lai massacre
Massacre
Faces anti-war demonstrations following the revelation of the My Lai massacre
Election
Appointed prospective Member of Parliament for Epping
SALT Negotiations Begin
The Soviet Union and United States begin formal Strategic Arms Limitation Talks during his leadership.
Apollo 12 Lunar Orbit Photography
Conducts lunar photography and observations while preparing for the Apollo 12 landing.
Thousandth Goal Penalty at Maracanã
Pelé scored a penalty against Vasco da Gama that he and contemporary recordkeepers counted as the thousandth goal of his career.
Apollo 12 ALSEP Deployment
Helps deploy the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package during the first Apollo 12 EVA.
Apollo 12 First EVA
Explores the Ocean of Storms with Conrad during Apollo 12's first lunar surface excursion.
Apollo 12 Landing
Walks on the Moon during Apollo 12.
Apollo 12 Solar Wind Spectrometer Operations
Helps deploy the Apollo 12 surface experiment package containing the Solar Wind Spectrometer, which measures the energy, density and direction of arriving solar-wind particles.
Apollo 12 Television Camera Failure
Accidentally points the surface television camera toward the Sun, ending its useful transmission.
Apollo 12 ALSEP Deployment
Helps deploy the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package during the first Apollo 12 moonwalk.
Apollo 12 First Moonwalk
Begins Apollo 12's first lunar surface excursion after the pinpoint landing near Surveyor 3.
Apollo 12 Lunar Sampling
Collects lunar surface samples and photographs the landing area during the first EVA.
Apollo 12 Pinpoint Landing
Pilots Intrepid to a precise landing near the Surveyor 3 spacecraft in the Ocean of Storms.
Apollo 12 Solar Wind Composition Deployment
Deploys the Apollo 12 Solar Wind Composition foil on the lunar surface so particles in the solar wind can be collected for return to Earth.
Apollo 12 Command Module Solo Orbit
Pilots Yankee Clipper alone while Conrad and Bean explore the lunar surface.
Apollo 12 Lunar Orbit
Remains in lunar orbit during the Apollo 12 landing.
Apollo 12 Lunar Module Ascent
Leaves the Moon with Conrad aboard Intrepid's ascent stage after two surface excursions.
Surveyor 3 Component Recovery
Helps remove selected components from Surveyor 3 for return to Earth and laboratory study.
Surveyor 3 Visit
Reaches Surveyor 3 with Conrad during the second moonwalk and examines the robotic spacecraft.
Apollo 12 Lunar Module Ascent
Commands Intrepid's ascent stage as it leaves the Moon for rendezvous with Yankee Clipper.
Apollo 12 Second EVA
Leads the second lunar excursion, collecting samples and visiting Surveyor 3.
Surveyor 3 Visit
Visits Surveyor 3 during Apollo 12 surface operations.
Apollo 12 Intrepid Redocking
Pilots Yankee Clipper during rendezvous and docking with Intrepid after the lunar surface mission.
Apollo 12 Lunar Rendezvous
Pilots Yankee Clipper during rendezvous and docking with Intrepid after the surface mission.
Apollo 12 Multispectral Photography
Conducts a multispectral photographic survey of the lunar surface from Yankee Clipper.
Surveyor 3 Hardware Retrieval
Removes selected parts from Surveyor 3 for return to Earth and study of long-term lunar exposure.
Apollo 12 Trans-Earth Injection
Pilots the command module during the burn that sends Apollo 12 from lunar orbit toward Earth.
United States Ratifies NPT
Ratifies the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty for the United States.
Apollo 12 Splashdown
Returns to Earth with Conrad and Gordon after the second crewed lunar landing mission.
US Biological Weapons Renunciation
Renounces United States use of lethal biological agents and offensive biological warfare methods.
National Security Adviser
Appointed National Security Adviser
Burial
Cremated & thrown into a common grave under another name
Death of Liu Shaoqi
Dies of privation in jail at Kaifeng City, Henan province
Second Album Joe Cocker!
Releases the studio album Joe Cocker!, strengthening his international reputation.
Pink Floyd
"Ummagumma" is released
Morrison Hotel Songs
Records blues-oriented material for Morrison Hotel.
Presidential Election
Mobutu is confirmed as president in a single-candidate national election.
Kraftwerk Album
Contributes flute, electronics and experimental textures to the first Kraftwerk album.
Kraftwerk Album
Releases the debut Kraftwerk album during the group's early experimental period.
Prime Minister of Tunisia
Hedi Nouira became prime minister and led a long period of economic liberalization.
President of Chile
Takes office as President of Chile after congressional confirmation of the election result.
Presidential Inauguration
Begins his single constitutional term as President of Chile.
County Council Election
Wins election to New Castle County Council.
President of Austria
Appointed President of the National Council
The Man Who Sold the World
Releases The Man Who Sold the World in the United States, introducing a heavier rock sound with Mick Ronson.
Birth of Karis Jagger
Birth of Karis Jagger, Marsha Hunt, gives birth to Mick Jaggers daughter Karis Jagger
Birth of Karis Jagger
Birth of Karis Jagger, Marsha Hunt, gives birth to Mick Jagger's daughter Karis Jagger
The Man Who Sold the World
Produces The Man Who Sold the World and plays bass during Bowie's heavy rock period.
The Man Who Sold the World
Produces David Bowie's album The Man Who Sold the World
Death of Charles Andre Marie Joseph de Gaulle
Death of Charles Andre Marie Joseph de Gaulle, aged 79 at Colombey
Death of Charles Andre de Gaulle
Death of Charles de Gaulle
Toshack Adds Aerial Presence to Forward Line
John Toshack joined from Cardiff City in November 1970 and later formed a productive attacking partnership with Kevin Keegan.
My Lai Trial
Goes on trial for charges connected with the My Lai massacre
Barrett
Barrett releases his second solo album, produced with help from David Gilmour and Richard Wright
MPR Legislative Elections
Voters select National Assembly members from a single ruling-party list.
Loaded
Leaves the Velvet Underground before Loaded is released, ending his first period with the band.
First Remote Lunar Rover
The achievement marks first remote lunar rover as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Lunokhod 1 Deployment
Designs the mobility system used by Lunokhod 1 on the lunar surface.
Mouse Patent
Receives a patent for the X-Y position indicator for a display system
Plot
A man with a knife attempts to injure Pope Paul VI at Manila Airport
Son Tay Raid
Commands the ground assault force during the Son Tay raid
Son Tay Raid
Commands the ground assault force in the Son Tay prisoner rescue raid
Son Tay Raid
Commands the joint task force for the Son Tay raid
Son Tay Raid
US forces raid Son Tay prison camp in North Vietnam to rescue prisoners of war
Son Tay Raid
US forces raid Son Tay prison camp to rescue prisoners of war
My Sweet Lord
Releases the single, "My Sweet Lord"
Speech
Makes maiden speech on the 2nd reading of the Civil Aviation Bill
All Things Must Pass
Releases album, "All Things Must Pass" in the USA
Lola Versus Powerman
The Kinks release Lola Versus Powerman and the Moneygoround.
All Things Must Pass
Releases All Things Must Pass
See Me, Feel Me
The Who reach the U.S. charts with See Me, Feel Me from Tommy.
Tommy
The Who hit #12 in the US with See Me, Feel Me from Tommy
All Things Must Pass
Releases album, "All Things Must Pass" in Britain
Red Army Faction
Tried and convicted for bank robberies and for assisting Baaders prison escape
Trial
Tried and convicted for bank robberies and for assisting Baaders prison escape
Marriage
Yoko Ono and John Lennon celebrate their honeymoon by staging a "bed-in" for peace in Amsterdam
Barrett
Syd Barret releases his second solo album, "Barrett"
Marriage
Yoko Ono and John Lennon celebrate their honeymoon by staging a "bed-in" for peace in Amsterdam
Producer Departure
Leaves the L.A. Woman sessions after rejecting the material.
Governor System Begins
Montserrat gains a separate governor under the British monarch
Governor Appointed
Willoughby Harry Thompson becomes first Governor of Montserrat
Capture of Rockall
Britain annexes Rockall
Rule of Rockall
Britain annexes Rockall
Birth in Hondarribia
Unai Emery Etxegoien is born in Hondarribia in the Basque Country; his family's football background precedes his own playing and coaching careers.
President of Austria
Appointed President of the National Council
Political Intelligence Assignment
White House officials select Liddy to run a secret political intelligence operation for Nixon's reelection campaign instead of other candidates considered for the assignment.
Meddle
Pink Floyd release Meddle, featuring Echoes as a major long-form composition
Announces sales of $136 million in feed grain to the Soviets
Announces sales of $136 million in feed grain to the Soviets
Behind Blue Eyes
Release Behind Blue Eyes as a single.
Led Zeppelin IV
Releases the untitled fourth Led Zeppelin album.
Visit to Chile
Castro visits Chile
Nursery Cryme
Makes his Genesis studio debut on Nursery Cryme as drummer and backing vocalist.
Nursery Cryme
Makes his Genesis studio debut on Nursery Cryme, adding distinctive lead guitar textures.
George Jackson
Records and releases the protest single George Jackson.
Invasion of Vietnam
Sets Feb 1, 1972 as the deadline for the removal of another 45,000 American troops. Nixon proclaims the end of any offensive role in Vietnam
Coup
Comes to power following a bloodless coup
Constitution of Great Britain
Douglas-Home opend talks with Ian Smith
Diplomatic Negotiations at Salisbury
Douglas-Home opens talks with Ian Smith
Defence Ministry Ends
Ends his 2nd term as Minister of National Defence
Report
The Compton Report rejects allegations of brutality in internment camps
A Nod Is As Good As a Wink
Releases A Nod Is As Good As a Wink with Faces, including the hit Stay With Me.
East Pakistan War
Pakistan accuses Indian forces of direct intervention in East Pakistan.
Muswell Hillbillies
The Kinks release Muswell Hillbillies.
Constitution of Great Britain
Agreement is reached on the new Rhodesian constitution
Independence of Great Britain
Agreement is reached on the new Rhodesian constitution
Independence of Rhodesia
Agreement is reached on the new Rhodesian constitution
Constitution of Great Britain
Agreement is reached on the new Rhodesian constitution
Unification
Wilson proposes unification of Ireland within 15 years
Fragile
Makes his Yes studio debut on Fragile during the band's international breakthrough.
Mars 2 Landing
Mars 2 reaches Mars and its lander becomes the first human-made object to impact the planet.
Black September
Black September, which Israel claims is a Fatah front under Ali Hasan Salameh & Salah Khalaf
Assassination of Wasfi Tai
Assassination of Jordans Prime Minister, Wasfi Tel, in retaliation for the expulsion of the PLO from Jordan in 1970-71. Assassinated by the Black September in Cairo
Death of Wasfi Tai
Death of Wasfi Tai, assassinated
PLO
Assassination of Jordans Prime Minister, Wasfi Tel, in retaliation for the expulsion of the PLO from Jordan in 1970-71
Black September
The assassination of Prime Minister Wasfi Tal during an Arab gathering in Cairo shocked Jordan’s leadership. His killing by Black September gunmen demonstrated that the aftermath of the Jordanian civil war extended beyond the country’s borders.
Black September
The Black September Organization assassinated Jordanian prime minister Wasfi Tal in Cairo. The killing was presented as retaliation for Jordan’s campaign against Palestinian guerrilla forces and gave the organization international notoriety.
Election
Wins the presidential election as the Colorado Party candidate amid rising political violence
Uriah Heep
Joins Uriah Heep as the drummer, 1971-1979
T. Rex Wax Co
Leaves Fly Records after a dispute over Jeepster and joins EMI, gaining the T. Rex Wax Co label.
Pink Floyd
"Meddle" is released
Pink Floyd
"Meddle" is released
Trade and Consumer Affairs Appointment
Becomes Minister of State for Trade and Consumer Affairs after leaving the office of Solicitor General.
Strike
The TUC insist on repealing the Housing Finance & Industrial Relations Acts. Negotiations break down
Prices & Incomes
Cabinet agrees to introduce a statutory 90 day freeze of prices & incomes
Secretary of State for the Environment
Appointed Secretary of State for the Environment
Reform of Government
Asks of Heath "has the Right Honourable Gentleman taken leave of his senses?"
Economy of Great Britain
Announces a freeze on pay, prices & dividends for 90 days, Selsdon u-turn
Senate Election Victory
Defeats Senator J. Caleb Boggs in Delaware.
Watergate and Reelection
Wins reelection by a landslide while the Watergate prosecutions continue and the scandal has not yet become a dominant national crisis.
Transformer
Releases Transformer, produced by David Bowie and Mick Ronson during the glam rock period.
President of Panama
Appointed President of Panama
Peace
Announces US troop reduction to 45,000 in Vietnam
Homecoming
Produces Homecoming for America, beginning a successful collaboration with the folk-rock band.
Rolling Stones, The
Mick Jagger sings on Carly Simon's "You're so Vain"
Anniversary
Elizabeth II celebrates 25yrs of marriage to Prince Phillip in Westminster Abbey
Anniversary
Elizabeth II celebrates 25yrs of marriage to Prince Phillip in Westminster Abbey
War Planning
Provides military estimates that help convince President Sadat that Egypt can fight a limited war against Israel.
War Planning
Decides that Egypt must prepare for war if diplomacy cannot recover territory lost in 1967.
The Grand Wazoo
Releases The Grand Wazoo, extending his large-ensemble jazz-rock and orchestral approach.
Mind Games
Lennon releases "Mind Games", which is credited to "the Plastic U.F.Ono Band"
Special Prosecutor
At a nationally televised press conference, Nixon also announced that he was instructing Acting Attorney General Bork to appoint a new Special Prosecutor for the Watergate matter. On November 1, The Justice Department appointed Leon Jaworski its new special prosecutor
Special Prosecutor
At a nationally televised press conference, Nixon also announced that he was instructing Acting Attorney General Bork to appoint a new Special Prosecutor for the Watergate matter. On November 1, The Justice Department appointed Leon Jaworski its new special prosecutor.
Jaworski Appointment
Appoints Leon Jaworski to lead the Watergate Special Prosecution Force after the dismissal of Archibald Cox.
Special Prosecutor
At a nationally televised press conference, Nixon also announced that he was instructing Acting Attorney General Bork to appoint a new Special Prosecutor for the Watergate matter. On November 1, The Justice Department appointed Leon Jaworski its new special prosecutor.
Special Prosecutor
At a nationally televised press conference, Nixon also announced that he was instructing Acting Attorney General Bork to appoint a new Special Prosecutor for the Watergate matter. On November 1, The Justice Department appointed Leon Jaworski its new special prosecutor.
Special Prosecutor
Is appointed Watergate special prosecutor to succeed Archibald Cox, with greater assurances of independence following the Saturday Night Massacre.
Special Prosecutor
At a nationally televised press conference, Nixon also announced that he was instructing Acting Attorney General Bork to appoint a new Special Prosecutor for the Watergate matter. On November 1, The Justice Department appointed Leon Jaworski its new special prosecutor.
Campaign Practices November Hearing
Presides over a November Phase II session continuing the committee's examination of campaign practices and election-related political operations.
Mariner 10
Mariner 10 launches on a trajectory shaped by gravity-assist and resonance calculations that will allow repeated visits to Mercury.
Roma Senior Debut
Ranieri makes his Serie A debut for Roma against Genoa before moving on to a longer playing career elsewhere in Italy.
Campaign Practices Final Session
Participates in a later Phase II hearing as the committee completes additional public testimony concerning campaign practices and political activities.
Government
Wins a landslide victory over Senator George McGovern. Appointed President of the USA, 37th President, 2nd term
Campaign Financing Phase Opens
Leads the opening of Phase III hearings devoted to campaign financing, expanding the committee's public inquiry into fundraising and financial practices surrounding the 1972 election.
Constitution of USA
Congress overrides Nixon's veto of law limiting the Presidents right to wage war
War Powers Resolution
Congress overrides his veto of the War Powers Resolution after Vietnam and Cambodia controversies
War Powers Resolution
Co-sponsors the War Powers Resolution in the House
War Powers Resolution
Co-sponsors the War Powers Resolution limiting presidential war powers
Election
Wins the Govan Glasgow by-election for the Scottish National Party
Member of Parliament
Wins the Govan Glasgow by-election for the Scottish National Party
Campaign Financing Testimony
Participates in Phase III testimony examining campaign financing, contributions and financial practices associated with the 1972 presidential campaign.
Watergate Sentence Modified
Court records reflected a modification of Hunt's Watergate sentence while his imprisonment and related legal proceedings continued.
Watergate Sentence Modified
Court records reflected a modification of Hunt's Watergate sentence while his imprisonment and related legal proceedings continued.
Constitution of Great Britain
A power sharing executive is set up by Unionist, SDLP & Alliance Parties
Ceasefire
Israel and Egypt sign a ceasefire agreement after the main fighting has ended.
Quadrophenia
The Who release Quadrophenia.
Miners Overtime Ban
Faces a miners overtime ban that intensifies the energy and political crisis.
Miners Strike
Faces a miners overtime ban that intensifies the energy crisis and weakens the government.
Miners Strike
Handles negotiations and industrial relations policy as the miners dispute escalates.
Miners Strike
Works on emergency energy policy as coal shortages threaten electricity production.
Miners Strike
Leads the miners union during the overtime ban that increases pressure on Heath's government.
Campaign Finance Evidence Hearing
Presides over continued campaign-finance hearings as the committee examines contributions, fundraising arrangements and financial evidence developed during its investigation.
Marriage
Princess Anne marries Captain Mark Phillips in Westminster Abbey
Marriage
Princess Anne marries Captain Mark Phillips in Westminster Abbey
Campaign Contributions Inquiry
Takes part in further Phase III testimony concerning political contributions and financing practices connected with the 1972 presidential campaign.
Direct Grant Schools
Makes his final recorded Commons contribution during a debate on direct grant schools.
Prisoners of War
Egypt and Israel exchange prisoners of war after postwar negotiations.
Campaign Financing Public Hearings Continue
Leads another public session examining campaign financing and the committee's accumulated evidence about fundraising practices and political contributions.
Preservation Act 1
The Kinks release Preservation Act 1.
Skylab 4
Commands the final Skylab crew launched in Apollo hardware.
Speech
And I think, too, that I could say that in my years of public life, that I welcome this kind of examination, because people have got to know whether or not their President is a crook.
Speech
And in all of my years of public life, I have never obstructed justice.
Speech
At the end of a lengthy response to a question about his personal finances, the President famously said, "And so, that is where the money came from.
Speech
Let me just say this, and I want to say this to the television audience: I made my mistakes, but in all of my years of public life, I have never profited,
Speech
The President gave another televised press conference, this time from the Contemporary Hotel in Disney World, where the President was attending the Annual Convention of the Associated Press Managing Editors Association.
Speech
Well, I am not a crook. I have earned everything I have got."
Speech
never profited from public service--I have earned every cent.
Not a Crook Speech
At a televised press conference, declares that he is not a crook, has not profited from public service and has never obstructed justice.
Watergate
And I think, too, that I could say that in my years of public life, that I welcome this kind of examination, because people have got to know whether or not their President is a crook.
Watergate
And in all of my years of public life, I have never obstructed justice.
Watergate
At the end of a lengthy response to a question about his personal finances, the President famously said, "And so, that is where the money came from.
Watergate
Let me just say this, and I want to say this to the television audience: I made my mistakes, but in all of my years of public life, I have never profited,
Watergate
Nixon says he never profited from public service and states that he earned the money he possesses.
Watergate
Nixon tells the television audience that he made mistakes but denies profiting personally from his years in public service.
Watergate
The President gave another televised press conference, this time from the Contemporary Hotel in Disney World, where the President was attending the Annual Convention of the Associated Press Managing Editors Association.
Watergate
Well, I am not a crook. I have earned everything I have got."
Watergate
never profited from public service--I have earned every cent.
Cow Palace Collapse
Collapses during a concert at the Cow Palace.
Northern Ireland Assembly
Includes former Unionist PM Brian Faulkner as Chief Executive, SDLP leader Gerry Fitt as Deputy Chief Executive & SDLP leader John Hume as Minister for Commerce & alliance leader Oliver Napier
Northern Ireland Assembly
Includes former Unionist PM Brian Faulkner as Chief Executive, SDLP leader Gerry Fitt as Deputy Chief Executive & SDLP leader John Hume as Minister for Commerce & alliance leader Oliver Napier
Northern Ireland Assembly
Includes former Unionist PM Brian Faulkner as Chief Executive, SDLP leader Gerry Fitt as Deputy Chief Executive & SDLP leader John Hume as Minister for Commerce & alliance leader Oliver Napier
Northern Ireland Assembly
Includes former Unionist PM Brian Faulkner as Chief Executive, SDLP leader Gerry Fitt as Deputy Chief Executive & SDLP leader John Hume as Minister for Commerce & alliance leader Oliver Napier
White House Tapes
Haldeman's personal notes on the meeting indicate that the break-in was the subject under discussion. Nixon's secretary, Rose Mary Woods, in initial testimony about the tape, said, "The buttons said on and off, forward and backward.
White House Tapes
I caught on to that fairly fast.
White House Tapes
The White House reports missing subpoenaed recordings and an eighteen-and-a-half-minute gap in the June 20, 1972 Nixon-Haldeman conversation.
White House Tapes
The disputed June 20, 1972 recording concerns a conversation between President Nixon and White House Chief of Staff H. R. Haldeman.
White House Tapes
Woods demonstrates how she says she could have accidentally erased part of a presidential recording while operating transcription equipment and reaching for a telephone.
White House Tapes
Woods denies deliberately erasing the recording and says any accidental erasure she caused would account for only part of the eighteen-and-a-half-minute gap.
White House Tapes
Haldeman's personal notes on the meeting indicate that the break-in was the subject under discussion. Nixon's secretary, Rose Mary Woods, in initial testimony about the tape, said, "The buttons said on and off, forward and backward.
White House Tapes
I caught on to that fairly fast.
White House Tapes
The White House reports missing subpoenaed recordings and an eighteen-and-a-half-minute gap in the June 20, 1972 Nixon-Haldeman conversation.
White House Tapes
The disputed June 20, 1972 recording concerns a conversation between President Nixon and White House Chief of Staff H. R. Haldeman.
White House Tapes
Woods denies deliberately erasing the recording and says any accidental erasure she caused would account for only part of the eighteen-and-a-half-minute gap.
White House Tape Gap Disclosure
The White House discloses an eighteen-and-a-half-minute gap in the June 20, 1972 Nixon-Haldeman recording, a conversation made three days after the Watergate break-in.
White House Tapes
Haldeman's personal notes on the meeting indicate that the break-in was the subject under discussion. Nixon's secretary, Rose Mary Woods, in initial testimony about the tape, said, "The buttons said on and off, forward and backward.
White House Tapes
I caught on to that fairly fast.
White House Tapes
The White House reports missing subpoenaed recordings and an eighteen-and-a-half-minute gap in the June 20, 1972 Nixon-Haldeman conversation.
White House Tapes
The disputed June 20, 1972 recording concerns a conversation between President Nixon and White House Chief of Staff H. R. Haldeman.
White House Tapes
Woods demonstrates how she says she could have accidentally erased part of a presidential recording while operating transcription equipment and reaching for a telephone.
White House Tapes
Woods denies deliberately erasing the recording and says any accidental erasure she caused would account for only part of the eighteen-and-a-half-minute gap.
White House Tapes
The White House acknowledges missing subpoenaed recordings and an eighteen-and-a-half-minute gap in a June 20, 1972 conversation with H. R. Haldeman.
Rule of Northern Ireland
Britain announces a plan for moderate Protestants and Catholics to share power in Northern Ireland
Tape Erasure Demonstration
Demonstrates how she says part of a presidential tape could have been erased accidentally while she operated transcription equipment and reached for a telephone.
Tape Erasure Explanation
Explains that she accidentally erased part of a June 1972 presidential recording while transcribing it, though the full eighteen-and-a-half-minute gap remains unexplained.
Seven Watergate Tapes Received
Receives seven presidential recordings from Nixon's lawyers for judicial review in the continuing Watergate tapes dispute.
Pioneer 10 Bow Shock Crossing
Pioneer 10 crosses Jupiter's bow shock, beginning direct sampling of the Jovian magnetospheric boundary.
White House Tapes
Woods demonstrates how she says she could have accidentally erased part of a presidential recording while operating transcription equipment and reaching for a telephone.
Tape Erasure Demonstration
Demonstrates how she says part of a presidential tape could have been erased accidentally while she operated transcription equipment and reached for a telephone.
Zairianisation
The government transfers many foreign-owned businesses to Zairian citizens.
Kissinger November Visit
Holds another round of high-level talks with Kissinger as Sino-American contacts become more regular.
Postwar Diplomacy
Balances pressure from Arab allies and concern about another war on Jordanian territory.
Chief Minister Re-Elected
Continues as Chief Minister after the 1973 election
Saturday Night Massacre
Congress was infuriated about the Saturday Night Massacre. Numerous resolutions to impeach him were introduced in the House. Nixon, feeling the pressure, agreed to release some of the tapes to District Judge Sirica
Shuttle Diplomacy
Begins postwar shuttle diplomacy between Israel and Arab states.
The Enigma of Kaspar Hauser
Directs The Enigma of Kaspar Hauser.
Autobahn
Shapes Autobahn's electronic textures, vocoder effects and minimalist travel concept.
Autobahn
Releases Autobahn, the album that brings Kraftwerk major international attention.
Autobahn
Contributes electronic percussion to Autobahn during the band's breakthrough period.
Legislative Election
Tunisia held a legislative election under the Socialist Destourian Party government.
Watergate Conviction Appeal Decision
The United States Court of Appeals rejects Liddy's arguments and affirms his convictions arising from the Democratic National Committee burglary and wiretapping.
Political Repression
Banzer bans major party and union activity as his dictatorship hardens
Death of Holger Meins
Death of Holger Meins, dies of self-induced starvation
Red Army Faction
Death of Holger Meins, dies of self-induced starvation
Nuclear Power
A simulated missile attack accidentally fed into the American early warning system fools operators, during the six minutes it takes to discover that the attack is not authentic, fighters from bases in the United States and Canada take off
November Budget
Healey introduces a second Budget to address inflation, taxation and the deteriorating economic position.
Budget
Healey presents a second 1974 Budget after Labour wins a narrow majority in the October election.
Energy Conservation
The Budget package includes energy conservation measures after the oil shock and pressure on imports.
United Nations General Assembly Speech
Arafat addresses the United Nations General Assembly and presents the Palestinian national cause directly to the international community.
Election
New Democracy wins the first parliamentary election after the dictatorship.
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey
The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway
Plays bass and guitar on The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway during the Gabriel-era peak.
The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway
Leads the concept and story for The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway.
The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway
Adds guitar textures to The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway and its demanding stage presentation.
The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway
Contributes keyboards and composition to the ambitious double album The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway.
Birmingham Pub Bombings
Directs the Home Office response after the Birmingham pub bombings.
Birmingham Pub Bombings
Two bombs explode in Birmingham pubs, killing twenty-one people and injuring many others.
Government Response to Pub Bombings
Wilson condemns the Birmingham attacks and supports urgent counterterrorism legislation.
PLO Observer Status at United Nations
The United Nations grants the PLO observer status, strengthening Arafat's diplomatic standing and institutional access to international forums.
First Summit with Gerald Ford
Meets United States President Gerald Ford for the first time at Vladivostok.
SALT
President Gerald Ford and General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev sign the Vladivostok Accord, which establishes a framework for future Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT II) between the United States and the Soviet Union
Vladivostok Accord
President Gerald Ford and General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev sign the Vladivostok Accord, which establishes a framework for future Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT II) between the United States and the Soviet Union
Nuclear Power
President Gerald Ford and General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev sign the Vladivostok Accord, which establishes a framework for future Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT II) between the United States and the Soviet Union
Strategic Offensive Arms Joint Statement
Issues a joint statement with Gerald Ford setting prospective limits on strategic nuclear delivery systems.
Vladivostok SALT Framework
Agrees with Gerald Ford on a framework for a future SALT II treaty.
IRA - IRA
Government record concerning the IRA: The Irish Republican Army is outlawed in Britain following deaths of 21, IRA bombs in British pubs killed 28 and wounded over 200 in the last 2 months
IRA - IRA
Historical IRA record under Labour Party Government: The Irish Republican Army is outlawed in Britain following deaths of 21, IRA bombs in British pubs killed 28 and wounded over 200 in the last 2 months
IRA - IRA
IRA context for Harold Wilson: The Irish Republican Army is outlawed in Britain following deaths of 21, IRA bombs in British pubs killed 28 and wounded over 200 in the last 2 months
IRA
The Irish Republican Army is outlawed in Britain following deaths of 21, IRA bombs in British pubs killed 28 and wounded over 200 in the last 2 months
Resignation of Kakuei Tanaka
Resigns over the Lockheed scandal. Resigns as Prime Minister & Leader of the LDP but keeps his seat in the Diet
Final Live Performance
John Lennon performs three songs with Elton John at Madison Square Garden, it will turn out to be his last public performance
Relayer
Plays keyboards on Relayer, the only Yes studio album featuring him.
Kissinger Talks during Illness
Meets Henry Kissinger despite serious illness and continues discussions on Sino-American relations.
Concert
John Lennon makes his last ever concert appearance when he appears onstage at Madison Square Garden with Elton John, that night Lennon is reunited with Ono and, in his words, "the separation failed"
Postwar Frontier Stabilization
Regular international monitoring reduced the risk of immediate renewed fighting on the Golan front, although the competing claims to the territory remained unresolved.
J-Psi Discovery
Leads the team that discovers the J/psi particle using high-energy particle interactions.
Peoples Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA)
Castro orders the deployment of Cuban troops to Angola in order to aid the Marxist MPLA-ruled Government against the South African-backed UNITA opposition forces
UNITA
Castro orders the deployment of Cuban troops to Angola in order to aid the Marxist MPLA-ruled Government against the South African-backed UNITA opposition forces
Forties Oil Field
Presses a button in the Forties control room to make Britain self-sufficient by 1980
Soul Train
Appears on Soul Train, becoming one of the few white British rock artists to perform on the programme.
Saint Martins College
Plays bass at the band's first Sex Pistols performance at Saint Martins College of Art.
Sex Pistols
The band play their first gig as Sex Pistols at Saint Martins College
Saint Martins College
Fronts the Sex Pistols at their first gig, giving the band its confrontational vocal identity.
Sex Pistols
The band play their first gig as Sex Pistols at Saint Martins College
Saint Martins College
Drums at the first Sex Pistols gig, helping launch the band before a student audience.
Saint Martins College
Plays guitar at the first Sex Pistols gig after the group adopts its new name and image.
Zuma
Releases Zuma with Crazy Horse, introducing Cortez the Killer.
Independence of Angola
Agostinho Neto, the leader of the MPLA, declares the independence of the Peoples Republic of Angola, in accordance with the Alvor Accords
Alvor Accords
Agostinho Neto, the leader of the MPLA, declares the independence of the Peoples Republic of Angola, in accordance with the Alvor Accords
FLEC
UNITA and the FNLA also declare Angolan independence as the Social Democratic Republic of Angola based in Huambo and the Democratic Republic of Angola based in Ambriz
Independence of Angola
UNITA and the FNLA also declare Angolan independence as the Social Democratic Republic of Angola based in Huambo and the Democratic Republic of Angola based in Ambriz. Agostinho Neto, the leader of the MPLA, declares the independence of the Peoples Republic of Angola, in accordance with the Alvor Accords
National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA)
UNITA and the FNLA also declare Angolan independence as the Social Democratic Republic of Angola based in Huambo and the Democratic Republic of Angola based in Ambriz
Peoples Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA)
Agostinho Neto, the leader of the MPLA, declares the independence of the Peoples Republic of Angola, in accordance with the Alvor Accords
UNITA
UNITA and the FNLA also declare Angolan independence as the Social Democratic Republic of Angola based in Huambo and the Democratic Republic of Angola based in Ambriz
Advisory Conciliation and Arbitration Service
Establishes ACAS as a statutory body for conciliation, arbitration and improvement of industrial relations.
British National Oil Corporation
The Government creates a state oil corporation to increase public control over North Sea petroleum.
Employee Insolvency Protection
Provides protection for employees owed wages, holiday pay or pension contributions when employers become insolvent.
Industrial Relations
Creates machinery for promoting better industrial relations between employers, workers and trade unions.
Industrial Support
Industry Act 1975 extends selective financial assistance and public intervention powers in industry.
Industry Act
Industry Act 1975 receives Royal Assent, creating the National Enterprise Board and industrial support powers.
Maternity Pay
Introduces statutory maternity pay provisions within the Employment Protection Act.
Maternity Rights
Creates statutory maternity protections including rights connected with pregnancy and confinement.
National Enterprise Board (NEB)
The National Enterprise Board is set up to implement the Wilson Labour Government's objective of extending public ownership of industry. Legislation for National Enterprise Board & Planning Agreements is given Royal assent
National Enterprise Board
The National Enterprise Board is established to take public equity stakes and support industrial regeneration.
National Oil Account
The petroleum legislation creates a National Oil Account linked to public control of oil resources.
Petroleum and Submarine Pipe-lines Act
Petroleum and Submarine Pipe-lines Act 1975 receives Royal Assent, establishing the British National Oil Corporation.
Planning Agreements
Industry Act 1975 provides for planning agreements between government and major manufacturing companies.
Protective Awards
Allows complaints and protective awards where employers fail to consult trade unions over redundancies.
Redundancy Consultation
Places duties on employers to consult trade union representatives over proposed redundancies.
Safety Representatives
Amends workplace safety law to support the appointment of safety representatives through recognised trade unions.
Social Contract
Employment Protection Act 1975 receives Royal Assent as a major employment rights measure of the Social Contract period.
Social Contract
Sees the Employment Protection Act receive Royal Assent.
Unfair Dismissal
Strengthens employee protection against unfair dismissal through the employment tribunal system.
Social Contract
Delivers employment rights legislation promised through the Social Contract.
Prime Minister of Angola
Appointed Prime Minister of Angola
Schoolboys in Disgrace
The Kinks release Schoolboys in Disgrace.
Death of Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Franco-Bahamonde
Death of Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Franco
Death of Francisco Franco
Death of Francisco Franco
Independence of Angola
The FNLA and UNITA forge an alliance proclaiming their own coalition Government based in Huambo with Holden Roberto and Jonas Savimbi as co-presidents and Jose Ndele and Johnny Pinnock Eduardo as co-Prime Minister's
National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA)
The FNLA and UNITA forge an alliance proclaiming their own coalition Government based in Huambo with Holden Roberto and Jonas Savimbi as co-presidents and Jose Ndele and Johnny Pinnock Eduardo as co-Prime Minister's
UNITA
The FNLA and UNITA forge an alliance proclaiming their own coalition Government based in Huambo with Holden Roberto and Jonas Savimbi as co-presidents and Jose Ndele and Johnny Pinnock Eduardo as co-Prime Minister's
Independence of Angola
The FNLA and UNITA forge an alliance proclaiming their own coalition Government based in Huambo with Holden Roberto and Jonas Savimbi as co-presidents and Jose Ndele and Johnny Pinnock Eduardo as co-Prime Minister's
National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA)
The FNLA and UNITA forge an alliance proclaiming their own coalition Government based in Huambo with Holden Roberto and Jonas Savimbi as co-presidents and Jose Ndele and Johnny Pinnock Eduardo as co-Prime Minister's
UNITA
The FNLA and UNITA forge an alliance proclaiming their own coalition Government based in Huambo with Holden Roberto and Jonas Savimbi as co-presidents and Jose Ndele and Johnny Pinnock Eduardo as co-Prime Minister's
Independence of Angola
The FNLA and UNITA forge an alliance proclaiming their own coalition Government based in Huambo with Holden Roberto and Jonas Savimbi as co-presidents and Jose Ndele and Johnny Pinnock Eduardo as co-Prime Minister's
National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA)
The FNLA and UNITA forge an alliance proclaiming their own coalition Government based in Huambo with Holden Roberto and Jonas Savimbi as co-presidents and Jose Ndele and Johnny Pinnock Eduardo as co-Prime Minister's
UNITA
The FNLA and UNITA forge an alliance proclaiming their own coalition Government based in Huambo with Holden Roberto and Jonas Savimbi as co-presidents and Jose Ndele and Johnny Pinnock Eduardo as co-Prime Minister's
Independence of Angola
The FNLA and UNITA forge an alliance proclaiming their own coalition Government based in Huambo with Holden Roberto and Jonas Savimbi as co-presidents and Jose Ndele and Johnny Pinnock Eduardo as co-Prime Minister's
National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA)
The FNLA and UNITA forge an alliance proclaiming their own coalition Government based in Huambo with Holden Roberto and Jonas Savimbi as co-presidents and Jose Ndele and Johnny Pinnock Eduardo as co-Prime Minister's
UNITA
The FNLA and UNITA forge an alliance proclaiming their own coalition Government based in Huambo with Holden Roberto and Jonas Savimbi as co-presidents and Jose Ndele and Johnny Pinnock Eduardo as co-Prime Minister's
Arrest of Franco's political prisoners
Orders the release of 500 of Francos political prisoners
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
South African Defence Force
The South African Government tells Savimbi and Roberto that the South African Defence Force (SADF) will soon end operations in Angola despite the coalitions failure to capture Luanda and therefore secure international recognition
Plot
Visits Mao & accuses Zao of a plot, Mao says "The Premier does not plot"
Constitution of Spain
Promises the re-establshment of parlamentary Government for the 1st time since 1939
Election
Gerald Ford wins 48% of the popular vote & 247 electoral college votes
Election
Jimmy Carter wins 51% of the popular vote & 297 electoral college votes
Geneva Conference Stalemate
Smith returns home after delegates fail to agree a timetable for independence.
Visit to To Luxembourg
Begins a 5 day state visit to Luxembourg
Battle of Dead Road
400 years of Portuguese dominion end, Netu becomes the first president of Angola, his Government is officially recognized by the OAS
Independence of Angola
400 years of Portuguese dominion end, Netu becomes the first president of Angola, his Government is officially recognized by the OAS
Independence of Angola
The MPLA defeats the FNLA in the Battle of Dead Road and the FNLA retreated to Zaire
National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA)
The MPLA defeats the FNLA in the Battle of Dead Road and the FNLA retreated to Zaire
Reform of Government
The Government is defeated on amendments to the Dock Work Regulation Bill
Vote of Confidence
The Government is defeated on amendments to the Dock Work Regulation Bill
Second Strougal Government
The Second Strougal Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Third Strougal Government
Begins the Third Strougal Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Death of Jean Gabin
Death of Jean Gabin
Dockers
The dockers employment monopoly within 1/2 not 5 mile radius is kept
Reform of Monopolies
Higher unemployment & welfare benefits come into force. Accepts comprimise, dockers employment monopoly within 1/2 not 5 mile radius
Strike
Accepts comprimise, dockers employment monopoly within 1/2 not 5 mile radius
Pluto
Infrared photometry provides evidence that methane frost is a dominant reflective material on Pluto's surface.
Pluto
Methane-frost observations imply Pluto has a comparatively high albedo and a diameter smaller than earlier estimates.
Intercontinental Cup Home Leg Strike
Jupp Kapellmann adds Bayern’s second goal against Cruzeiro, giving the German champions a strong advantage before the return match in Brazil.
Intercontinental Cup Home Leg Goal
Gerd Muller scores in Bayern’s 2-0 home victory over Cruzeiro in the first leg of the Intercontinental Cup final.
Band
Appears at The Bands farewell concert
Anarchy in the UK
The band's first single, "Anarchy in the UK", is released
Anarchy in the UK
Co-writes and plays bass on Anarchy in the UK, one of the band's central early songs.
Anarchy in the UK
The band's first single, "Anarchy in the UK", is released
Anarchy in the UK
Delivers the vocal on Anarchy in the UK, making the single a notorious statement of punk revolt.
Anarchy in the UK
The band's first single, "Anarchy in the UK", is released
Anarchy in the UK
Drums on Anarchy in the UK, giving the first single its direct and forceful attack.
Anarchy in the UK
Plays guitar on Anarchy in the UK, the band's first single and a defining punk release.
Bryukhanov Unit One Second Turbine Connection
Directs the operating organization as Unit 1's second turbine generator is connected to the electrical grid.
Foot Loose and Fancy Free
Releases Foot Loose and Fancy Free, including You're in My Heart.
Never Mind the Bollocks Number One
Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols enters the UK albums chart and reaches number one.
Federal Reserve Reform Act
Carter signs the Federal Reserve Reform Act, adding explicit monetary-policy objectives and strengthening requirements for the Federal Reserve to report to Congress on its policy plans and performance.
Drama
The "Elephant Man," by Bernard Pomerance premieres in London
Visit to Jerusalem
Begins a historic visit to Jerusalem and addresses the Israeli parliament.
Address to Knesset
Addresses the Israeli parliament and calls for a comprehensive peace settlement.
Concorde
The 1st commercial flight of the Anglo-French Concorde jet is from London to Bahrain
Concorde
The 1st commercial flight of the Anglo-French Concorde jet is from London to Bahrain
Concorde
Regular passenger service between New York and Europe on the supersonic Concorde begins on a trial basis
Concorde
Regular passenger service between New York and Europe on the supersonic Concorde begins on a trial basis
Bollocks Trial
Successfully defends Virgin Records in the obscenity case over the album title Never Mind the Bollocks.
Invasion of Angola
The United Nations Security Council passes a motion for an arms embargo
UN Security Council
The United Nations Security Council passes a motion for an arms embargo
UN Security Council
The United Nations Security Council passes a motion for an arms embargo
United Nations
The United Nations Security Council passes a motion for an arms embargo
Soviet-Vietnamese Friendship Treaty
Hosts the signing of the Soviet-Vietnamese Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation and emphasizes its strategic importance.
Germ Free Adolescents Single
Germ Free Adolescents enters the Official Singles Chart and reaches number nineteen.
Prime Minister of Iran
Appointed Prime Minister of Iran
President of Panama
Appointed President of Panama
Bryukhanov Unit Two Physical Commissioning
Leads the plant when physical commissioning of Unit 2 begins with preparations for reactor startup and power operation.
An American Prayer
Releases music around Morrison poetry recordings.
An American Prayer
Helps assemble An American Prayer from Morrison poetry.
Military Government
Padilla removes Pereda and promises elections leading toward civilian rule.
Blondes Have More Fun
Releases Blondes Have More Fun, his most disco-influenced late-1970s album.
Homicide Chart Entry
Homicide enters the Official Singles Chart and reaches number forty.
Give 'Em Enough Rope Number Two
Give 'Em Enough Rope enters the UK albums chart and peaks at number two.
Secretary
Appointed Secretary for Agriculture of the CPSU Central Committee at its plenum
European Monetary System Debate
Takes part in House of Commons debate on proposals for the European Monetary System while serving as Shadow Chancellor.
Pay Policy
Accept a seventeen percent settlement that breaks the pay guideline.
Arrest of Indira Nehru Gandhi
Leads to a sympathetic upturn in her political fortunes. Imprisoned for 1 week for breach of Parliamentary privilege
Signs a deal with France for the development of a nuclear reactor
Signs a deal with France for the development of a nuclear reactor
Chief Minister Appointed
Becomes Chief Minister after the 1978 election
Natusch Coup
Natusch launches a coup against the interim constitutional government.
Siege of US Embassy
Students demand the Shah's return for trial after seizing the US Embassy in Tehran
Iran-US Relations
The embassy seizure turns Iran's revolutionary crisis into a major confrontation with the United States
Siege of US Embassy
Students following the Imam's Line seize the US Embassy and take American personnel hostage
Iran-US Relations
The seizure of the US Embassy breaks the revolutionary government's relationship with Washington
Siege of US Embassy
Iranian students seize the US Embassy and begin the hostage crisis involving 52 Americans
Legislative Election
Tunisia held a legislative election for the national assembly.
Iranians want the Shah returned to Iran on charges of torture, murder
Iranians want the Shah returned to Iran on charges of torture, murder & robbery
Siege of US Embassy
To get the US to return the Shah to Iran on charges of torture, murder & robbery. 500 Iranians sieze the US Embassy in Tehran take 90 hostages & burn the American flag
Siege of US Embassy
Iranian students sieze the US Embassy & hold 52 US hostages for 444 days. Ayatollah Khomeini, who assumed control of Iran in Feb, voiced support for the siege
Revolutionary Council Rule
Khomeini and the Revolutionary Council become the uncontested centre of power after Bazargan resigns
Islamic Revolutionary Council
The Revolutionary Council assumes greater governing authority after Bazargan's provisional cabinet resigns
Resignation of Mehdi Bazargan
Bazargan and his cabinet resign in protest after the seizure of the US Embassy
Resignation of Mehdi Bazargan
Bazargan resigns after the seizure of the US Embassy and the weakening of the provisional government
Islamic Revolutionary Council
The Revolutionary Council assumes more direct governing responsibility after Bazargan resigns
Resignation of Mehdi Bazargan
Bazargan resigns after the US Embassy is seized and the provisional government loses authority
Home Ownership Finance
Answers a parliamentary question concerning finance for home ownership.
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, 2nd term
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 4th term
Anthony Blunt
Exposed as a former Soviet spy and stripped of his knighthood.
President of Bolivia
Gueiler becomes Bolivia's first female president after the failure of the Natusch coup.
Pink Floyd
"Another Brick In The Wall Part II" is released, it goes straight to number one in the UK chart. It is the band's only number one
Pink Floyd
"Another Brick In The Wall Part II" is released, it goes straight to number one in the UK chart. It is the band's only number one
Hostage Releases
Iran begins releasing some women and African American hostages while most embassy captives remain detained
Grand Mosque Seizure
Supports government coordination during the operation to restore the mosque.
Grand Mosque Seizure
Directs the state response to the seizure of the Grand Mosque.
Siege of Islamabad
Ayatollah Khomeini says the US backed the occupation of the Great Mosque in Mecca
Siege of US Embassy
A mob in the Pakistani capital burns the US Embassy to the ground, killing a marine
Siege of Islamabad
Ayatollah Khomeini says the US backed the occupation of the Great Mosque in Mecca
Siege of US Embassy
A mob in the Pakistani capital burns the US Embassy to the ground, killing a marine
Home Thoughts from Abroad
Delivers the Dimbleby Lecture criticising Britain's two-party political system.
Radical Centre
Calls for a new radical centre capable of breaking established party alignments.
Alma
Israel returns the Alma oil field in A-Tour to Egypt
Israel returns the Alma oil field in A-Tour to Egypt
Israel returns the Alma oil field in A-Tour to Egypt
Dublin European Council
Hosts the European Council as leaders debate the United Kingdom's Community budget contribution.
Pink Floyd
"The Wall" is finally released
Pink Floyd
"The Wall" is finally released
The Wall
Pink Floyd release The Wall, dominated by Waters's narrative concept
Jam
"The Eton Rifles" breaks The Jam into the Top 10, hitting the No. 3 spot
International Caps
Full international debut against Bulgaria
Leader of Opposition
Becomes Leader of the Opposition after winning the Labour leadership.
Deputy Leadership
Healey becomes Deputy Leader of the Labour Party following Michael Foot’s leadership victory.
Deputy Party Leader
Healey serves as Deputy Leader after Michael Foot becomes Labour leader.
Crisis
Foreign Minister, Sadeq Qotbzadeh, condemned the rescue effort as "an act of war"
Siege of US Embassy
Foreign Minister, Sadeq Qotbzadeh, condemned the rescue effort as "an act of war". Extremists seize the US Embassy, take 66 hostages & demand the extradition of the Shah. A helicopter mission to rescue the hostages leads to political disaster
Government
Appointed President of the USA, 40th President, 1st term
KGB (Committee for State Security)
Informed at an NSC meeting that KGB agents had been identified in the US Embassy
Siege of US Embassy
Informed at an NSC meeting that KGB agents had been identified in the US Embassy
Death of Steve McQueen
Death of Steve McQueen
Capture of Khorramshahr
Iraq captures the Iranian port of Khorramshar
Voyager 1 Titan Flyby Trajectory
Mission design directs Voyager 1 close to Titan, a gravity assist that sends the spacecraft out of the planetary plane.
Titan Encounter
Voyager 1 studies Titan's thick atmosphere during the Saturn encounter.
Titan Nitrogen Atmosphere
Voyager 1 data establish that Titan possesses a dense atmosphere dominated by nitrogen.
Titan Surface Pressure
Voyager 1 measurements constrain Titan's atmospheric pressure and surface temperature despite its opaque haze.
Saturn Ring Imaging
Voyager 1 images Saturn's rings and reveals intricate ring structure.
Saturn Magnetic Field
Voyager 1 measures Saturn's magnetic field during the close flyby.
Voyager 1 Saturn Flyby
Voyager 1 flies past Saturn and studies the planet, rings and major moons.
Local Government Planning and Land Act
Sees the Local Government, Planning and Land Act 1980 receive Royal Assent.
Double Fantasy
John Lennon releases "Double Fantasy" with Yoko Ono
Peace
Olaf Palme begins a peace shuttle between Tehran & Baghdad
Foolish Behaviour
Releases Foolish Behaviour, continuing his late-1970s and early-1980s commercial run.
National Insurance
Howe announces higher National Insurance contributions as part of the Government's fiscal measures in November 1980.
North Sea Oil Tax
Howe announces additional taxation on North Sea oil interests in the November 1980 economic statement.
Budget
Pensions and social security rise below inflation; National Insurance and North Sea oil taxation rise.
Inflation
Pensions and social security will increase by 1% less than inflation
Public Expenditure
Backs further restraint in public expenditure during the autumn statement.
Taxation
A new tax is introduced on North Sea oil
Referendum
The electorate rejects the military regime's proposed constitutional reform
Churchill Memorial Lecture
Proposes a compromise approach to Britain's European Community budget dispute.
Labour Leadership Election
Healey challenges Michael Foot for the Labour leadership but narrowly loses on the second ballot.
Enceladus Surface Diversity
Voyager images show Enceladus has contrasting cratered and smoother terrains, implying differing geological ages.
Mimas Herschel Crater Imaging
Voyager 1 returns detailed images of Mimas dominated by the enormous Herschel impact crater.
Hyperion Irregular Shape
Voyager imagery establishes Hyperion's strongly irregular shape and heavily cratered appearance.
Iapetus Two-Tone Surface
Voyager observations emphasise the dramatic brightness contrast between Iapetus's hemispheres.
Atlas Discovery
Voyager science imagery identifies the small Saturnian moon later named Atlas.
Braided F Ring
Voyager 1 images reveal the complex braided appearance of Saturn's narrow F ring.
Shepherd Moon Pair
Voyager imaging shows small moons gravitationally confining material around Saturn's F ring.
Saturn Rotation Measurement
Voyager measurements refine Saturn's rotation period using radio and atmospheric observations.
Legislative Election
Tunisia held a legislative election allowing opposition lists to compete, although the ruling front won every seat.
Mob Rules
Sings on Mob Rules, the second studio album of the Dio-fronted Black Sabbath line-up.
Public Accounts Committee Service Ends
Ends his recorded membership of the House of Commons Public Accounts Committee after serving during the early years of the Conservative government.
Congratulates Reagan on his election victory & invites him to Britain for
Congratulates Reagan on his election victory & invites him to Britain for discussions
Election
Congratulates Reagan on his election victory & invites him to Britain for discussions
Genscher-Colombo Plan
Helps submit the German-Italian Draft European Act proposing stronger political cooperation and progress toward European Union.
Tonight I'm Yours
Releases Tonight I'm Yours as his sound moves toward early-1980s new wave pop.
International Agreement at London
Agrees with Garret FiitzGerald to establish an Anglo-Irish inter-Governmental Council
International Agreement at Dublin
Agrees with Margaret Thatcher to establish the Anglo-Irish inter-Governmental Council
Genscher-Colombo Initiative
Co-authors the German-Italian initiative calling for progress toward European Union.
Genscher-Colombo Initiative
Heads the Italian government as the Genscher-Colombo initiative proposes stronger European political cooperation.
First John Peel Session
Records Pulp's first John Peel session at BBC Maida Vale studios.
Presidency Ends
Ne Win steps down as President while retaining party dominance
President Takes Office
San Yu becomes President of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma
Government
Offers to cancel Cruise & Pershing in Europe if Russia removs missiles on Europe
London European Council
Represents Germany as leaders discuss the Community budget, agriculture and renewed European integration.
London European Council
Represents Greece at his first European Council after taking office as prime minister.
London European Council
Represents Ireland as leaders consider budget disputes and renewed European integration.
European Political Cooperation
Supports stronger European political cooperation during the London European Council.
Operation Tariq al-Quds
Sayad Shirazi supervises army planning for the Bostan offensive
Operation Tariq al-Quds
Khomeini supports the offensive that helps Iran retake Bostan from Iraqi forces
Operation Tariq al-Quds
Rezaei supervises Revolutionary Guard planning for Operation Tariq al-Quds
Operation Tariq al-Quds
Rashid is assigned an operational command role in the offensive to retake Bostan
Invasion of Iran
Iran launches a major offensive on the central front with Iraq
Death of Natalie Wood
Death of Natalie Wood
Bonn Missile and Arms Talks
Discusses nuclear missiles, European security and arms negotiations with Helmut Schmidt.
Bonn Visit with Schmidt
Travels to West Germany for discussions with Chancellor Helmut Schmidt during renewed East-West tensions.
Siege of Dezful
Iran attacks Dezful
Sovereignty Diplomacy
The United Nations General Assembly passes a resolution calling for a peaceful solution to the sovereignty dispute
UN General Assembly
Rejects pressure for sovereignty negotiations after the war.
Appointment as First State Commissioner
Mobutu appoints Kengo to direct the government as First State Commissioner.
Final Revolution Day Appearance
Makes one of his final public appearances during the Revolution Day ceremonies shortly before his death.
Constitution of Turkey
Evren installed himself as President of Republic of Turkey on with the 90% approval of the new constitution that was submitted to a public referendum
Election
Evren installed himself as President of Republic of Turkey on with the 90% approval of the new constitution that was submitted to a public referendum
Referendum
Evren installed himself as President of Republic of Turkey on with the 90% approval of the new constitution that was submitted to a public referendum
Inflation Forecast
States that inflation is expected to continue falling and forecasts a rate around 5 percent by the end of 1983.
Privatization
Lawson announces the terms of the Britoil share tender, with 51 percent of the former BNOC oil-producing business offered for sale and the issue underwritten at a minimum tender price.
Britoil Tender Announcement
Announces the terms of the Britoil share tender, including arrangements intended to allow small investors to participate in the privatisation.
Death of Leonid Brezhnev
Dies near Moscow at age seventy-five after eighteen years as Soviet Communist Party leader.
General
Appointed General Secretary of the Communist Party
Death of Leonid Brezhnev
Death of Leonid Brezhnev
Arrest of Lech Walesa
Walesa is released from prison
State Funeral of Leonid Brezhnev
Receives a state funeral in Moscow attended by Soviet officials and foreign leaders.
Captain
Robson captains England for the first time, leading the side to a 3-0 win over Greece in Salonika
Coda
Releases Coda, collecting unreleased Led Zeppelin studio material.
Chairman of Presidium
Appointed Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Assembly
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, 1st term
Uriah Heep
Rejoins Uriah Heep as the drummer
Admiral of the Fleet Promotion
Retires from active service later in 1982 after the Falklands victory and is promoted to Admiral of the Fleet.
Asian Games
New Delhi hosts the Asian Games, prompting major investment in sporting and urban infrastructure.
Arrest of Lech Walesa
Walesa is released from prison
Constitutional Referendum
Wins a white referendum on the proposed tricameral constitution.
Constitutional Referendum
Wins the white referendum on a new constitution.
Tricameral Constitution Approved
Secures approval for constitutional restructuring excluding Black voters.
Tricameral Constitution Approved
Secures approval for a tricameral parliamentary system.
90125
Returns as vocalist for 90125, the album that gives Yes its biggest pop success.
90125
Produces 90125 after previously serving as Yes vocalist on Drama.
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet, Head of State
Windows
Microsoft releases the Windows operating system
Cruise Missile Deployment Statement
Makes a Commons statement on preparations for operational deployment of cruise missiles at RAF Greenham Common.
Come Dancing
The Kinks release Come Dancing in Britain.
Conference of Geneva
Russia breaks off talks with the US on medium range missiles
Armament
Russia to increase sub missiles in response to US missiles in Europe
Bryukhanov Unit Four First Fuel Loading
Leads the plant as the first fuel assembly is loaded into the Unit 4 reactor during commissioning.
Battlefield Nuclear Weapons
Addresses Commons questions concerning battlefield nuclear weapons.
NATO Defence Policy
Addresses Commons questions concerning NATO defence policy.
Agreement on the deployment of US intermediate-range missiles in
Agrees to the deployment of US intermediate-range missiles in Britain & West Germany
GLC
The satirical journal Private Eye referred to Livingstone as "Ken Leninspart" after Vladimir Lenin, proceeding to wrongly claim that Livingstone received funding from the Libyan Jamahiriya; suing them for libel, in November 1983 the journal apologise, awarding Livingstone pounds 15,000 in damages in an out-of-court settlement
Private Eye
The satirical journal Private Eye referred to Livingstone as "Ken Leninspart" after Vladimir Lenin, proceeding to wrongly claim that Livingstone received funding from the Libyan Jamahiriya; suing them for libel, in November 1983 the journal apologise, awarding Livingstone pounds 15,000 in damages in an out-of-court settlement
Nuclear Power
Agrees to the deployment of US intermediate-range missiles in Britain & West Germany
Tripoli Siege
Arafat and loyal PLO forces are besieged in Tripoli by Syrian-backed Palestinian factions during a bitter internal struggle.
Exile of Svetlana Alliluyeva
Stalins daughter returns to Russia after an absence of 17 yrs
Burial
200,000 attend the rites for Jerzy Popieluszko
Strike
Union funds of $3 million seized in Dublin
Election
Elected President of Nicaragua
NUM Dublin Funds Seized
Legal efforts to control the unions assets extended to funds held in Dublin.
Declaration of Siege
Reimposes a state of siege amid expanding opposition protests.
Government
Defeats Mondale by winning 50 out of 51 states & 59% of the popular vote
Election
Mondale is defeated by Reagan who wins 50 out of 51 states
Shadow Minister
Appointed Junior Treasury spokesman
President of Panama
Appointed President of Panama
Peace Negotiations
Rifai participates in peace negotiations connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Strike
1,200 miners go back to work
NCB Return To Work
The Board saw growing numbers of miners resume work during the later months of the strike.
MacGregor Return To Work Appeals
Management benefited as more miners resumed work towards the end of 1984.
British Telecom Privatisation
The Government publishes the British Telecom share offer in November 1984 as part of the flotation that transfers a majority stake in the company to private ownership.
Privatization
British Telecom is floated on the stock exchange
Election
The Colorado Party wins the democratic election that precedes the restoration of civilian constitutional government
Beagle Dispute Settlement
Accepts a negotiated settlement defining the maritime boundary with Argentina.
Treaty of Peace and Friendship
Signs the Treaty of Peace and Friendship with Argentina after papal mediation of the Beagle dispute.
Real Live
Releases the live album Real Live.
Strike
A growing number of miners decide to return to work as Christmas looms
Prostate Surgery
Is admitted to hospital for prostate surgery.
Volks Hospital Admission
Returns to Pollsmoor later in November after treatment.
Uranus Observation Campaign Begins
Voyager 2 begins long-range scientific observations of Uranus before the January 1986 flyby.
First Successful Polish Heart Transplant
Leads Poland's first successful heart transplant operation.
Heart Transplantation Programme
Establishes a major national programme for advanced cardiac transplantation.
President of Poland
Appointed President of Poland
Eighth Amendment
The Eighth Amendment validates martial-law measures and expands presidential dissolution powers.
Resignation of Ian Reginald Edward Gow
Resigns from the Government after the signing of the Anglo-Irish Agreement
Anglo-Irish Agreement
Sets up an Inter-Government Conference of to give the Republic a say in North Ireland
Anglo-Irish Agreement
Signs an agreement in Belfast with Dr FitzGerald
Anglo-Irish Agreement
Signs power sharing agreement at Hillsborough with the Irish Government
Anglo-Irish Agreement
Catholics, Protestants & the Republic have a say in Ulster
Anglo-Irish Agreement
Tries to make the constitution more attractive to the Northern Irish Protestants. Signs an agreement in Belfast with Thatcher. Helps setup an Inter-Government Conference of ministers for a say in Northern Ireland
Constitution of Ireland
Tries to make the constitution more attractive to the Northern Irish Protestants
Anglo-Irish Agreement
Signs the Anglo-Irish Agreement, giving the Irish Government a formal consultative role regarding Northern Ireland.
Anglo-Irish Agreement
Ulster Unionist leaders announce that all 15 Unionist MPs at Westminster will resign
Death of Lon Nol
Death of Lon Nol in exile in California
Conference of Geneva
1st meets President Reagan, later describes him as a "political dinosaur"
Second Premiership Ends
Somare loses office after a successful no-confidence motion
Prime Minister Takes Office
Paias Wingti becomes Prime Minister after a parliamentary vote
Conference of Geneva
Russia & the US agree "nuclear war cannot be won". Russia & the US agree not to "achieve military superiority". Meets President Reagan to speed up arms control & renew cultural relations
Nuclear Power
Meets Reagan to discuss arms control
Nuclear Power
Russia & the USA agree "nuclear war cannot be won". Russia & the USA agree not to "achieve military superiority". Meets Reagan to discuss arms control
Nuclear Power
Russia & the USA agree "nuclear war cannot be won"
Anglo-Irish Agreement
The Agreement is approved in Parliament by 473 votes to 47
President Appointed
Succeeds Siaka Stevens as President of Sierra Leone
Manager
Appointed Manager of Manchester United
Government
Reagan signs a Bill authorizing penalties for employers who hire illegal aliens
Peace Negotiations
Arif participates in peace negotiations connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Electric Cafe
Co-creates Electric Cafe during Kraftwerk's mid-1980s digital transition.
Electric Cafe
Contributes to Electric Cafe before leaving Kraftwerk later in the decade.
Electric Cafe
Releases Electric Cafe after a long gap between studio albums.
Electric Cafe
Appears on Electric Cafe during his final years with Kraftwerk.
Live 1975-85
Releases Live 1975-85, a large concert box set documenting his stage career.
Pink Floyd
A press statement is issued stating that Pink Floyd intend to continue using the name without Roger Waters and are recording their next album
Pink Floyd
A press statement is issued stating that Pink Floyd intend to continue using the name without Roger Waters and are recording their next album
Government
Admits to the sales of arms to Iran
New Economic Mechanism
Announces market-oriented reforms at the fourth party congress
Think Visual
The Kinks release Think Visual.
Scandal
Initiates a review of the Iran Contra Affair on the orders of President Reagan
Crisis
Announces North diverted $30 Iran arms sales to Swiss accounts for Nicaraguan Contras
Scandal
Resigns after the discovery of the diversion of Iran arms sales funds to the Contras
King Fahd Causeway Opened
Supports regional cooperation represented by the new causeway.
King Fahd Causeway Opened
Opens the causeway linking Saudi Arabia and Bahrain.
Death of Cary Grant
Death of Cary Grant
Chernobyl Shelter Completion
Receives reports on completion of the initial shelter constructed over the destroyed Unit 4 reactor.
Reform of Private Enterprise
Legislation is passed allowing free enterprise
The Eternal Idol
Sings on The Eternal Idol, beginning his long association with Black Sabbath.
Anniversary
In the 70th Anniversary speech says Stalins crimes were "enormous & unforgiveable"
Prime Minister of Tunisia
Hedi Baccouche became prime minister following the presidential transition.
Change of President
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali assumed the presidency after Habib Bourguiba was declared medically unfit.
Removed as Moscow Party Chief
Is removed as First Secretary of the Moscow City Communist Party Committee after criticizing the pace of reform.
Life Peerage
Takes his seat in the House of Lords as Baron Jenkins of Hillhead.
IPKF Action
Ramaswamy Parameswaran is killed during an ambush in Sri Lanka after leading a counterattack against militants.
Constitution of Afghanistan
A new constitution establishes the Republic of Afghanistan and provides for an elected presidency.
Head of State
Najibullah assumes the constitutional presidency and continues his national reconciliation policy.
President of Afghanistan
The Loya Jirga elects Najibullah president under the new constitution.
First Deputy Chairman of Gosstroy
After his removal as Moscow party chief, becomes First Deputy Chairman of the USSR State Construction Committee.
Dismissal
Gorbachev dismisses Yeltsin as Moscow party chief
Elections
Leads Likud through elections overshadowed by the First Intifada and the future of the occupied territories.
Operation Cactus
India rapidly deploys military forces to the Maldives to help defeat an attempted coup.
UN General Assembly Resolution 43/21
Perez de Cuellar serves as Secretary-General as the General Assembly adopts Resolution 43/21 addressing the Palestinian uprising and conditions in the occupied territories.
Peace Negotiations
II participates in peace negotiations connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
National Pact
Political and social organizations signed a National Pact setting principles for public life.
Bagdad Cafe
Directs Bagdad Cafe, released in Germany as Out of Rosenheim.
Palestinian Declaration of Independence
Proclaims Palestinian independence and accepts a diplomatic course during the First Intifada.
Declaration of Independence
The independent state of Palestine is declared
Independence of Palestine
The independent state of Palestine is declared
Automatic Spaceplane Landing
The achievement marks automatic spaceplane landing as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Buran Orbital Flight
Leads the Energia-Buran programme during its only orbital flight.
General Election - General Election
Benazir Bhutto's Pakistan Peoples Party wins the largest bloc in the National Assembly.
General Election Election Outcome
General election outcome recorded for Benazir Bhutto: Benazir Bhutto's Pakistan Peoples Party wins the largest bloc in the National Assembly.
General Election Government
Government context for this general election: Benazir Bhutto's Pakistan Peoples Party wins the largest bloc in the National Assembly.
General Election
Benazir Bhutto's Pakistan Peoples Party wins the largest bloc in the National Assembly.
National Assembly Election
The 1988 election returns the Pakistan Peoples Party as the leading parliamentary party.
Election
In the first open election in more than a decade, Bhuttos PPP win the largest bloc of seats in the National Assembly
National Assembly
In the first open election in more than a decade, Bhuttos PPP win the largest bloc of seats in the National Assembly
Pink Floyd
Pink Floyd release "Delicate Sound Of Thunder"
Delicate Sound of Thunder
Pink Floyd release the live album Delicate Sound of Thunder
Return as First State Commissioner
Kengo returns to head the government during continuing economic austerity.
United States Visa Denied
The United States denies Arafat a visa to address the United Nations in New York, prompting the General Assembly debate to move to Geneva.
Death of John Carradine
Death of John Carradine
Congress of Peoples Deputies
The Supreme Soviet agrees to the foundation of the Congress of Peoples Deputies
Constitution of Russia
The Supreme Soviet agrees to the foundation of the Congress of Peoples Deputies. The Supreme Soviet abolishes itself. The Congress of Peoples Deputies will have 2,250 members. The Congress of Peoples Deputies will elect the Supreme Soviet. The Congress of Peoples Deputies will be elected except for 750 nominated by the CPSU
Constitution of Russia
The Congress of Peoples Deputies will elect the Supreme Soviet
Election
The Congress of Peoples Deputies will elect the Supreme Soviet
Supreme Soviet
The Supreme Soviet abolishes itself
Supreme Soviet
The Congress of Peoples Deputies will elect the Supreme Soviet
Closure-Shipyards
The Gdansk shipyards are closed down
Election of Rene Moawad
Parliament elects Rene Moawad as President of Lebanon shortly after approval of the Taif national reconciliation framework, restoring the presidency after more than a year of vacancy.
Leipzig November Demonstration
Large demonstrations continue in Leipzig immediately before the fall of the Berlin Wall.
Resignation of Li Xiannian
Resigns from power
Berlin Wall
Fall of the Berlin Wall
Velvet Revolution
The Berlin Wall falls and the citizens of Czechoslovakia can see the events every day on TV (both foreign and domestic)
Velvet Revolution
Fall of the Berlin Wall
Coming Out
Coming Out premieres in East Berlin on the night the Berlin Wall falls.
Berlin Wall
The Berlin Wall opens marking the fall of the East German regime
Unification
The German Democratic Republic collapses
Berlin Wall
The Berlin wall falls & demonstrations of German unity are held in the DDR
Unification
The Berlin wall falls & demonstrations of German unity are held in the DDR
President of Turkey
Appointed President of Turkey
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the Bulgarian Communist Party
President of Bulgaria
Appointed President of Bulgaria
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Council of Minister's for the GDR
Privileges Committee Chairmanship
Becomes chairman of the House of Commons Privileges Committee while serving in his final Cabinet post.
Demonstrations
Slovak high school and university students stage a peaceful demonstration
Velvet Revolution
On the eve of International Students Day, 50th anniversary of death of Jan Opletal murdered by Nazi occupiers during World War II, Slovak students demonstrate
Velvet Revolution
Beginning of the Velvet Revolution in Czech
Student Demonstration
Police suppression of a student march triggers mass protest.
Demonstrations
A peaceful student demonstration is severely beaten back by riot police
Velvet Revolution
The Socialist Union of Youth (SSM/SZM, proxy of Communist Party of Czechoslovakia) organize a mass demonstration to commemorate International Students Day
Velvet Revolution
a peaceful student demonstration is severely beaten back by riot police. A peaceful student demonstration in Prague is severely beaten back by the riot police
Velvet Revolution
At the initiative of students from the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague, the students in Prague began a strike, the strike is joined by university students throughout Czechoslovakia
COBE
Smoot leads the differential microwave radiometer team on the launched COBE mission
COBE
Mather leads COBE science as NASA launches the satellite to measure Big Bang relic radiation
Civic Forum
Helps found Civic Forum during the revolution.
Public Against Violence
Helps lead Slovakia's Velvet Revolution movement.
Storyteller
Releases the Storyteller anthology, summarising his first two decades of major recordings.
General
Milos Jakes is replaced by puppet politician Karel Urb nek as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
Velvet Revolution
Milos Jakes is replaced by puppet politician Karel Urb nek as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
Election
Announces intention to stand in the 2nd round of the Conservative Party leadership
Assassination of Rene Moawad
President Rene Moawad is killed by a powerful car bomb in Beirut after Independence Day ceremonies, ending his presidency only seventeen days after his election.
Minister of National Defence
Papoulias is appointed Alternate Minister for National Defence.
Election of Elias Hrawi
Parliament elects Elias Hrawi as President of Lebanon following the assassination of Rene Moawad, placing him at the centre of efforts to implement the Taif settlement and restore state institutions.
Velvet Revolution
The number of participants in the regular anti-Governmental demonstration in Prague reach 800,000 people
Pravda
The editorial staff of Slovakias Pravda, the central newspaper of the Communist Party of Slovakia, join the opposition
Velvet Revolution
The editorial staff of Slovakias Pravda, the central newspaper of the Communist Party of Slovakia, join the opposition
Election
Wins the presidential election as the National Party candidate
Strike
A general two-hour strike of the population
Velvet Revolution
A general two-hour strike of the population
Election
Heseltine & Hurd stand down from the party leadership contest. 2nd round leadership ballot, Major wins 185 votes, Heseltine 131 & Hurd 56
Constitution of Czechoslovakia
The Communist Party of Czech announces it will give up its monopoly of power
Party Monopoly
Communists announce the end of their monopoly of power.
Velvet Revolution
The Presidium of the Slovak Parliament (Slovak National Council) resigns, it is gradually replaced by non-Communists. The Communist Party of Czech announces it will give up its monopoly of power
Constitution of Czechoslovakia
Parliament, still dominated by the Communists, removes the article guaranteeing a leadership role to the Communist Party and Marxism as a state ideology from the Constitution
Constitution of Czech Rep
Parliament, still dominated by the Communists, removes the article guaranteeing a leadership role to the Communist Party and Marxism as a state ideology from the Constitution
Velvet Revolution
Parliament, still dominated by the Communists, removes the article guaranteeing a leadership role to the Communist Party and Marxism as a state ideology from the Constitution
Velvet Revolution
The federal Government decides barbed wire should be removed at the border with Austria (later also at the border with West Germany), and that Czechoslovak citizens do not need "exit visa permits". Czech citizens do not need "exit visa permits" anymore when travelling abroad
Aden-Sanaa Unity Negotiations
The accord accelerates preparation for a single republic.
Unification Agreement
Agrees with southern leaders on steps toward Yemeni unification.
Coup
Rebels launch a 5th major coup attempt against President Aquino
Shadow Minister
Appointed Member of Shadow Cabinet, Shadow Employment Secretary
Ninth General Election
The ninth general election ends Congress's majority and leads to the formation of a National Front government.
Berlin Wall
Fall of the Berlin Wall
Walesa Residence
3rd person in history after Churchill & Lafayette to address the US Congress
Independence of Lithuania
1st national movement, Sajudis, is formed in Lithuania
Independence of Russia
1st national movement, Sajudis, is formed in Lithuania
Visit to Vatican
The 1st Soviet leader to visit the Vatican
Return to Politics
Returns to public politics during the Velvet Revolution.
Al-Qaeda
Ali Mohamed, a former special forces Sergeant stationed at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, left military service and moved to Santa Clara, California & traveled to Afghanistan and Pakistan and became "deeply involved with bin Ladens plans
Resignation of Geoffrey Howe
Geoffrey Howe resigns from the Government on 1 November 1990 following major disagreements with Margaret Thatcher over European policy.
Peace Negotiations
al-Bakhit participates in peace negotiations connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
President Takes Office
Niyazov becomes President of the Turkmen SSR
Prime Minister of Norway
Appointed Prime Minister of Norway, 3rd term
Third Gro Harlem Brundtland Government
Begins the Third Gro Harlem Brundtland Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Jan P. Syse Government
The Jan P. Syse Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
President of Austria
Appointed President of the National Council
Assassination of Rabbi Meir Kahane
Convicted in connection to the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, and for the murder of Rabbi Meir Kahane on November 5, 1990
Prime Minister of Pakistan
Nawaz Sharif begins his first term as Prime Minister.
Plot
A gunman opens fire on Gorbachev during the Revolution Day parade
Resignation of Vishwanath Pratap Singh
V.P. Singh's government loses a confidence vote and he resigns as Prime Minister.
President of Ireland
Appointed President of Ireland, the first women President of Ireland
Privileges Committee Chairmanship Ends
Completes his period as chairman of the House of Commons Privileges Committee shortly after leaving the Government.
Bombing of New York
The FBI raid the New Jersey home of Ali Mohammeds associate El Sayyid Nosair, discovering a great deal of evidence of terrorist plots, including plans to blow up New York City skyscrapers
FBI
The FBI raid the New Jersey home of Ali Mohammeds associate El Sayyid Nosair, discovering a great deal of evidence of terrorist plots, including plans to blow up New York City skyscrapers
Al-Qaeda
The FBI raid the New Jersey home of Ali Mohammeds associate El Sayyid Nosair, discovering a great deal of evidence of terrorist plots, including plans to blow up New York City skyscrapers
Bombing of New York
The FBI raid the New Jersey home of Ali Mohammeds associate El Sayyid Nosair, discovering a great deal of evidence of terrorist plots, including plans to blow up New York City skyscrapers
FBI
The FBI raid the New Jersey home of Ali Mohammeds associate El Sayyid Nosair, discovering a great deal of evidence of terrorist plots, including plans to blow up New York City skyscrapers
Additional Forces Ordered
Orders a major increase in US forces deployed to the Gulf.
Offensive Coalition Buildup
The buildup creates an offensive capability to liberate Kuwait.
Prime Minister of India
Chandra Shekhar becomes Prime Minister with outside support from Congress.
Border
Germany & Poland sign a Treaty confirming their border at the Oder-Neisse line
Oder-Neisse Line
Germany & Poland sign a Treaty confirming their border at the Oder-Neisse line
Treaty Negotiations
Germany & Poland sign a Treaty confirming their border at the Oder-Neisse line
Border
Germany & Poland sign a Treaty confirming their border at the Oder-Neisse line
Treaty Negotiations
Germany & Poland sign a Treaty confirming their border at the Oder-Neisse line
Election
Howes resignation speech during the leadership election criticizes Thatcher
Resignation of Geoffrey Howe
Howes resignation speech during the leadership election criticizes Thatcher
Resignation Speech
On 13 November 1990, Howe delivers a resignation speech in the House of Commons criticising Margaret Thatcher's approach to Europe and intensifying pressure on her leadership.
Election
Announces his challenge for the leadership of the Conservative Party.
Dissolution
Dissolves the SDP
UN Negotiations
Khmer Rouge participate in UN-sponsored peace talks
State of Emergency
The State of Emergency is lifted
Election
In the first Conservative leadership ballot Thatcher receives 204 votes and Heseltine 152, forcing a second ballot under the party rules.
Election
Wins 204 votes to Michael Heseltine's 152 in the first leadership ballot but does not achieve the margin required to avoid a second ballot.
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Remains Prime Minister after the first ballot while the Conservative leadership contest proceeds to a second round.
Election
Wins a majority of the party, over 187, but 4 short of stopping a 2nd ballot. Wins 204 votes to Michael Heseltines 152 in the party leadership election. Conservative leadership 1st ballot, Thatcher 204, Heseltine 152 & 16 abstentions
Election
Anounces live on TV she will go forward to the 2nd ballot
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Wins 204 votes to Michael Heseltines 152 in the party leadership election
Election
Announces intention to stand in the 2nd round of the Party leadership ballot
Election
Announces she will not contest the 2nd ballot
Resignation of Margaret Hilda Thatcher
Announces her intention to resign
Britain at the European Core
Argues during the Conservative leadership contest that Britain should remain part of the core of European political and economic cooperation.
Resignation of Margaret Hilda Thatcher
Announces her resignation as Conservative leader and Prime Minister.
Treaty of Schengen
During the Schengen process, Eyskens welcomes Italy's entry into the Schengen arrangements at Paris. Belgium supports wider participation while preserving practical security cooperation.
Treaty of Schengen
Martens helps lead Belgium as Italy signs its agreement to accede to the Schengen Convention. Brussels also stresses coordinated policing and external-border safeguards.
Treaty of Schengen
During the Schengen process, Dumas welcomes Italy into the Schengen arrangements as the original group begins to expand. France supports mobility alongside common visa and security arrangements.
Treaty of Schengen
Rocard helps lead France as Italy signs its agreement to accede to the Schengen Convention. Paris also emphasises effective controls at the Schengen area's external frontier.
Treaty of Schengen
Kohl helps lead Germany as Italy signs its agreement to accede to the Schengen Convention. Bonn also backs intensive police cooperation between participating states.
Treaty of Schengen
During the Schengen process, Genscher backs Italy's Paris accession to the Schengen Convention. Germany supports freer travel alongside common security and visa rules.
Election
In the second leadership ballot Major receives 185 votes, Heseltine 131 and Hurd 56; Heseltine and Hurd then withdraw.
Election
In the second leadership ballot John Major receives 185 votes, Michael Heseltine 131 and Douglas Hurd 56; Heseltine and Hurd subsequently withdraw.
Election
Receives 185 votes in the second ballot; after Heseltine and Hurd withdraw, Major becomes Conservative Party leader.
Election
Wins the Party leadership election, Major 185 votes, Heseltine 131 & Hurd 56
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the Conservative Party
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 2nd term
Treaty of Schengen
During the Schengen process, van den Broek welcomes Italy's accession as Schengen begins expanding beyond the original five. The Netherlands links free movement with practical law-enforcement cooperation.
Treaty of Schengen
Lubbers helps lead Netherlands as Italy signs its agreement to accede to the Schengen Convention. The Hague also supports common visa rules and effective external controls.
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Conservative Party
Government
Asked by the Queen to form a Government
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 1st term
Appointment
Appointed Secretary of State for Environment for a second term.
Resignation of Margaret Hilda Thatcher
Resigns as Prime Minister
Prime Minister
Becomes Prime Minister after Margaret Thatcher resigns.
Force Authorization
Coalition states gain authority to enforce Kuwait's liberation.
Resolution 678 Session
Addresses the Security Council as force authorization is debated.
UN Resolution 678
Security Council authorizes all necessary means after the withdrawal deadline.
Withdrawal Deadline Diplomacy
Continues diplomatic efforts before the January withdrawal deadline.
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer
Chief Secretary
Appointed Chief Secretary to the Treasury
Chief Whip
Appointed Chief Whip
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Secretary
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary
Minister of Duchy of Lancastr
Appointed Minister of the Duchy of Lancaster
Minister of Education
Appointed Minister of Education & Science
Minister of Energy
Appointed Minister of Energy
Minister of Scotlaand
Appointed Minister for Scotland
Minister of Trade & Industry
Appointed Minister of Trade & Industry
Minister of Transport
Appointed Minister of Transport
Secretary of State for Wales
Appointed Minister for Wales
Secretary of State for Agriculture
Appointed Minister of Agriculture
Secretary of State for Defence
Appointed Minister of Defence
Secretary of State for Health
Appointed Minister of Health
Secretary of State for Northern Ireland
Appointed Minister for Northern Ireland
Thatcher Resignation Period
Observes another Conservative leadership crisis as Margaret Thatcher leaves office.
Death of Robert Maxwell
Found drowned off his luxury yacht in the Canary Islands
Death of Robert Maxwell
Death of Robert Maxwell
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan
Independence of Russia
The Ukraine signs the Soviet economic-union Treaty at the Kremlin
Independence of Ukraine
The Ukraine signs the Soviet economic-union Treaty at the Kremlin
CPSU Structures Banned in Russia
Signs a decree ending CPSU and Russian Communist Party organizational activity in Russia.
Kaiserslautern European Header
Scores a late header that keeps Barcelona's European Cup campaign alive against Kaiserslautern.
Death of Yves Montand
Death of Yves Montand
We Can't Dance
Plays keyboards on We Can't Dance, the last Genesis studio album with Phil Collins.
Local Government Finance Bill
Leads Commons proceedings on the Local Government Finance Bill providing for council tax.
Community Charge Abolition Date
Introduces legislation providing for abolition of the community charge from 1 April 1993 and its replacement by council tax.
Council Tax Benefit
Introduces legislation providing for council-tax benefit, including rebates of up to 100 percent for qualifying households.
James Bakers begins his trip to Japan, South Korea & Africa
James Bakers begins his trip to Japan, South Korea & Africa
Lockerbie Suspects Indicted
United States and British authorities indict two Libyan intelligence officers over Lockerbie.
Market Reform Decree Package
Signs a package of presidential decrees and government orders intended to move Russia toward a market economy.
Heads Russian Reform Government
Assumes leadership of the Russian government while launching the first post-Soviet market reform programme.
Fall of Vukovar
Leads Croatia as its defenders lose Vukovar.
British Waterways
Answers parliamentary questions concerning British Waterways.
Governor-General Takes Office
Wiwa Korowi becomes Governor-General of Papua New Guinea
Fall of Vukovar
Commands Yugoslav forces when Vukovar falls after a prolonged siege.
Constitution Adopted
The Constituent Assembly adopts Romania's democratic constitution.
East Thames Corridor
Answers a parliamentary question concerning development of the East Thames Corridor.
Appointment as Prime Minister
Mobutu appoints Nguza Karl-i-Bond to lead a transitional government.
Economic and Monetary Union Negotiations
Answers parliamentary scrutiny as Denmark prepares its position on economic and monetary union before the Maastricht summit.
European Union Parliamentary Debate
Answers parliamentary questions on the government's approach to the European Community's developing union plans before Maastricht.
Local Government Commission
Answers a parliamentary question concerning the Local Government Commission.
Russian Support for Soviet Budget
Russia agrees to provide emergency financial support to the Soviet central government during its final budget crisis.
Referendum
Bosnian Serbs hold a referendum which results in an overwhelming vote in favour of staying in a federal state with Serbia and Montenegro, as part of Yugoslavia
Chief Whip
Appointed Chief Whip in the House of Lords
Gaidar Appointed Economic Reform Deputy
Appoints Yegor Gaidar first deputy prime minister with responsibility for designing rapid market reforms.
Harvest Moon
Releases Harvest Moon, a warm acoustic sequel in spirit to Harvest.
Death of Harold Eugene Hal Roach
Death of Harold Eugene "Hal" Roach, Sr
Treaty of Maastricht
Heads Greece when its ratification notification is lodged with the depositary government.
Maastricht Ratification
Promulgates the law authorising Italian ratification of the Maastricht Treaty.
Maastricht Ratification Law
Heads the government when Italy enacts the law authorising ratification of the Maastricht Treaty.
Good as I Been to You
Releases the acoustic folk album Good as I Been to You.
Treaty of Maastricht
Serves as president when France notifies the Italian depositary that its Maastricht ratification is complete.
Treaty of Maastricht
Wins the Commons paving motion that allows the Government to continue the Maastricht ratification process.
GATT Uruguay Round
Addresses the Commons on the GATT Uruguay Round and British trade interests.
Treaty of Schengen
During the Schengen process, Claes welcomes Greece's Madrid accession to the Schengen agreements. Brussels also stresses coordinated policing and external-border safeguards.
Treaty of Schengen
Dehaene helps represent Belgium when Greece signs its Schengen accession instruments. Belgian policy links freer movement with close Benelux cooperation.
Treaty of Schengen
During the Schengen process, Dumas approves the Greek accession instruments signed in Madrid. Paris also emphasises effective controls at the Schengen area's external frontier.
Treaty of Schengen
Beregovoy helps represent France when Greece signs its Schengen accession instruments. French policy couples freer movement with stronger police coordination.
Treaty of Schengen
Kohl helps represent Germany when Greece signs its Schengen accession instruments. German policy links open internal borders with stronger external controls.
Treaty of Schengen
During the Schengen process, Kinkel backs Greece's Madrid accession to the Schengen arrangements. Bonn also backs intensive police cooperation between participating states.
Greek Accession to Schengen
Represents Greece as it signs accession instruments connected with the Schengen agreements.
Greek Accession to Schengen
Heads the Greek government when Greece signs agreements to accede to the Schengen framework.
Treaty of Schengen
During the Schengen process, van den Broek endorses Greece's accession to the Schengen agreements at Madrid. The Hague also supports common visa rules and effective external controls.
Treaty of Schengen
Lubbers helps represent Netherlands when Greece signs its Schengen accession instruments. Dutch policy stresses coordinated justice, policing and migration procedures.
Death of Alexander Dubcek
Death of Alexander Dubcek
Prime Minister Takes Office
Mile Akmadzic becomes Prime Minister during the Bosnian War
Pink Floyd
The "Shine On" box set is released
Pink Floyd
The "Shine On" box set is released
London Debt Rescheduling Appeal
Appeals for debt rescheduling and greater Western investment during a visit to Britain.
US POW-MIA Disclosure
Tells visiting US senators that archival evidence exists concerning Americans held in the Soviet Union after earlier wars.
Black Sabbath
Iommi, Butler, and Appice back Ozzy Osbourne as part of what is billed as the singer's final live appearance
Maastricht Economic Portfolio
Assumes responsibility for Denmark's economic policy during the negotiations seeking a Maastricht solution after Anders Fogh Rasmussen leaves government.
NGC 4261 Black Hole Disk
Hubble reveals a disk of material in the core of NGC 4261 that appears to feed a massive central black hole.
Prime Minister of Romania
Vacaroiu forms a government after the 1992 parliamentary election.
Death of Kaysone Phomvihane
Dies after leading Laos since the revolutionary era
Coup
Military dissidents try to overthrow President Perez
Treaty of Maastricht
Heads Ireland when its completed Maastricht ratification is formally notified to the Italian Government.
President of Laos
Becomes president following the death of Kaysone Phomvihane
Peace Negotiations
ibn Shaker participates in peace negotiations connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Second Military Coup Attempt
A second military rebellion attempted to remove President Carlos Andres Perez but failed.
Burial
Buried in Slovicie Udolie, in Bratislava, Slovakia
Election
Fianna Fail lose 9 seats but Reynolds is able to form form a coalition with Labour
Ajax First-Team Debut
Makes his Ajax first-team debut at the age of sixteen.
Treaty of Maastricht
Leads Belgium when Maastricht enters into force and the European Union formally begins.
Danish Maastricht Economic Arrangements Take Effect
Denmark's special Maastricht arrangements take effect as the Treaty on European Union enters into force.
European Union Membership Takes Effect
Oversees Danish foreign policy as the Maastricht Treaty enters into force and the European Union is established.
Treaty of Maastricht
Heads Denmark as the treaty becomes effective under the special arrangements secured after the Danish referendums.
Treaty on European Union Enters into Force
The Treaty on European Union enters into force with Denmark participating under the arrangements secured at Edinburgh.
Treaty of Maastricht
Serves as Foreign Minister when Maastricht enters into force and the European Union formally replaces the earlier Community framework.
European Union Comes into Force
Mitterrand saw the Maastricht settlement enter into force, formally creating the European Union.
Treaty of Maastricht
Serves as president when the Maastricht Treaty enters into force and formally establishes the European Union.
Treaty of Maastricht Enters into Force
Heads the German government when the Maastricht Treaty enters into force and the European Union is established.
Treaty of Maastricht
Leads Germany when the Maastricht Treaty takes legal effect and establishes the European Union.
Treaty of Maastricht
Serves as Foreign Secretary when Maastricht takes effect and Britain enters the new European Union framework.
Treaty of Maastricht
Leads Britain when the Maastricht Treaty enters into force and the European Union is established.
European Union Established
Serves as Foreign Minister when Greece becomes a member of the newly established European Union.
Treaty of Maastricht Enters into Force
Heads the Greek government when the Maastricht Treaty enters into force and the European Union is established.
Treaty of Maastricht
Returns as Greek prime minister shortly before Maastricht enters into force and the European Union is established.
Treaty of Maastricht Enters into Force
Heads the Irish government when the Maastricht Treaty enters into force and the European Union is established.
Treaty of Maastricht
Leads Ireland when the Treaty on European Union becomes effective on 1 November 1993.
Treaty of Maastricht Enters into Force
Heads the Italian government when the Maastricht Treaty enters into force and the European Union is established.
Treaty of Maastricht
Heads Italy as Maastricht takes effect and the European Union begins operating under the new treaty structure.
Treaty of Maastricht
Leads Luxembourg when the Treaty on European Union enters into force across the Twelve.
Treaty of Maastricht
Heads the Dutch government as Maastricht becomes effective and the European Union is formally established.
Treaty of Maastricht
Leads Portugal when the Maastricht Treaty enters into force and the European Union begins.
Treaty of Maastricht
Heads Spain as the Maastricht settlement becomes legally effective across the twelve member states.
EMU Third Stage Notification
The Danish government notifies the Council that Denmark does not intend to participate in the third stage of economic and monetary union.
Inauguration
Sworn in as Prime Minister of Canada
Prime Minister of Canada
Forms a Liberal majority government.
Railways Act
The Railways Act creates the legal framework for restructuring and privatising British Rail.
Election
The National Party retains office by narrowly winning the general election
Prime Minister of New Zealand
Appointed Prime Minister of New Zealand, 2nd term
United Nations Resolution 883 Sanctions
The Security Council tightens financial and aviation sanctions against Libya.
President of Pakistan
Farooq Ahmad Leghari becomes President of Pakistan.
Election
Abacha takes over power from the caretaker Government of Chief Ernest Shonekan, which was put into place by General Babangida after his annulment of the 12 June 1993 elections (won by Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola) causes massive unrest
Coup
Abacha takes over power from the caretaker Government of Chief Ernest Shonekan, which was put into place by General Babangida after his annulment of the 12 June 1993 elections (won by Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola) causes massive unrest
Election
Abacha takes over power from the caretaker Government of Chief Ernest Shonekan, which was put into place by General Babangida after his annulment of the 12 June 1993 elections (won by Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola) causes massive unrest
Constitution of Nigeria
Abacha brings civilian rule to an end in Nigeria
Coup
Abacha takes over power from the caretaker Government of Chief Ernest Shonekan, which was put into place by General Babangida after his annulment of the 12 June 1993 elections (won by Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola) causes massive unrest. Abacha brings civilian rule to an end in Nigeria
Election
Abacha takes over power from the caretaker Government of Chief Ernest Shonekan, which was put into place by General Babangida after his annulment of the 12 June 1993 elections (won by Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola) causes massive unrest
President of Nigeria
Appointed President of Nigeria. Abacha takes over power from the caretaker Government of Chief Ernest Shonekan, which was put into place by General Babangida after his annulment of the 12 June 1993 elections (won by Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola) causes massive unrest
President of Nigeria
Appointed military Head of State of Nigeria after the resignation of Ernest Shonekan
North American Free Trade Agreement
The Representatives apporoves North American Free Trade Agreement with Canada & Mexico
Louvre
The "Grande Louvre" is opened, 200 yrs after the Louvre is 1st opened to the public
Election
Elected President of Honduras
President of Honduras
Appointed President of Honduras
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer
Special Representative Appointment
Heads the political component of UNAMIR.
UNAMIR Political Leadership
Becomes the Secretary-General's Special Representative for Rwanda.
Lipgloss Single
Releases Lipgloss as Pulp begin their breakthrough period on Island Records.
Wind Solar Wind Mission Launch
Begins the Wind mission to measure the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic environment upstream of Earth as part of the International Solar-Terrestrial Physics programme.
New Northern Dark Spot
Hubble detects a new large dark storm forming in Neptune's northern hemisphere.
Post Office Privatization
The Government abandons plans for full Post Office privatization after Cabinet consideration.
Homegrown Album
Dodgy release Homegrown, which becomes a significantly stronger UK chart success than their debut.
World Champion
Oldest boxer to win a championship in any weight class by knocking out Michael Moorer. Defeats Moorer to become World Heavy Weight Champion, age 45
ICTR Establishment
Works within the UN as the Rwanda tribunal is established.
International Genocide Justice Framework
The ICTR receives jurisdiction over 1994 genocide crimes.
PNA
Israel & the PLO sign agreements to prop up the Palestinian National Authority
Government
The Republican Party wins majorities in both the Senate & the House of Representitives
Titan Surface Features
Hubble observations produce the first images resolving large-scale surface brightness features on Saturn's moon Titan.
ICTR Security Council Vote
Supports establishment of an international tribunal for Rwanda.
Rwanda Tribunal Established
The Security Council creates the ICTR by Resolution 955.
President of Sri Lanka
Appointed President of Sri Lanka, 1st woman to hold this post
Election
Wins a landslide victory in the Presidential election
United Nations
The USA unilaterally withdraws from the United Nations arms embargo against Bosnia
Referendum
Sweden votes in a referendum to join the EU
Swedish EU Membership Referendum
Sweden votes in a referendum to join the EU
Referendum
Sweden votes in a referendum to join the EU
Vote of Confidence
Major threatens to resign if the European Finance Bill is not passed by the Commons
Balzan Prize
Hoyle shared the Balzan Prize for pioneering contributions to the theory of stellar evolution.
Resignation of Albert Reynolds
The Government coalition breaks up after Reynolds decides to resign
Demonstrations
Arafats police fire on Islamic extremists prompting clashes in Gaza City, 14 dead
Demonstrations
Arafats police fire on Islamic extremists prompting clashes in Gaza City, 14 dead
Election
Chissanos party, the Frelimo Party, win the 1st mult-party elections in Mozambique
Peace
The Government signs a peace Treaty with UNITA aiming to end the 19 year civil war
UNITA
The Government signs a peace Treaty with UNITA aiming to end the 19 year civil war
Peace
Does not attend the signing of the peace
Peace
The Government signs a peace Treaty with UNITA aiming to end the 19 year civil war
UNITA
The Government signs a peace Treaty with UNITA aiming to end the 19 year civil war
Scandal
Informed he is being investigated for bribes made by his media firm Gruppo Fininvest
Budget
The European Finance Bill is passed
Election
Wins the presidential election and prepares to return for a 2nd term
Constitution of South Africa
The Interim constitution is completed
Norwegian EU Membership Referendum
A 2 day referendum rejects Norwegian membership of the EU
Referendum
A 2 day referendum rejects Norwegian membership of the EU
Referendum
A 2 day referendum rejects Norwegian membership of the EU
Budget
Presents the budget for 1995-96, proposes cutting spending but not reducing taxes
Chechnya Military Decision
Approves measures leading to the deployment of federal troops against the separatist government in Chechnya.
Capture of Kandahar Province
Mullah Omars movement captures the whole of the Kandahar Province
Rule of Abkhazia
Abkhazia declares independence from Georgia and sets up its own Government, no other country gives recognition
Maastricht Rebels
Conservative Eurosceptic rebellions continue after Maastricht ratification.
Pillars of Creation
Hester leads Hubble imaging of towering star-forming columns in the Eagle Nebula that become known as the Pillars of Creation.
RADARSAT-1
Canada launches RADARSAT-1 for radar Earth observation.
Death of Gilles Deleuze
Gilles Deleuze dies in Paris.
Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin
Rabin is sssassinated by a right-wing, 27 year old Israeli law student, Yigal Amir, at a Tel Aviv peace rally
Assassination of Rabin
Rabin is assassinated by an Israeli extremist opposed to the Oslo process
Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin
Rabin is sssassinated by a right-wing, 27 year old Israeli law student, Yigal Amir, at a Tel Aviv peace rally
Death of Yitzhak Rabin
Death of Yitzhak Rabin, assassinated
Death of Yitzhak Rabin
Death of Yitzhak Rabin
Assassination of Rabin
Amir assassinates Rabin after opposing the Oslo process and the transfer of territory
Competitiveness Policy
Addresses Commons questions concerning presentation and coordination of the Government's competitiveness policy.
Burial
Funeral services were held in Jerusalem for assassinated Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, President Clinton led the US delegation, Arab dignitaries also attended, including Jordans King Hussein and Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. Funeral of assassinated Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin
Social Chapter
Addresses Commons questions concerning the European Social Chapter and Government policy.
Execution
Nigerias military Government executes nine of its critics, prompting international protests, the dead include author-playwright Ken Saro-Wiwa, 54, who had campaigned for a more equitable distribution of the nations oil wealth. Nigeria hangs writer Ken Saro-Wiwa and eight other minority rights advocates. Abachas Government was accused of human rights abuses, especially after the hanging of Ogoni activist Ken Saro-Wiwa by the Auta tribunal
Politics
Abachas Government was accused of human rights abuses, especially after the hanging of Ogoni activist Ken Saro-Wiwa by the Auta tribunal
Politics
Abachas Government was accused of human rights abuses, especially after the hanging of Ogoni activist Ken Saro-Wiwa by the Auta tribunal
Trial
Abachas Government was accused of human rights abuses, especially after the hanging of Ogoni activist Ken Saro-Wiwa by the Auta tribunal
Commonwealth
Ken Saro-Wiwa is hanged by Abacha, resulting in the immediate suspension of Nigeria from the Commonwealth of Nations
Death of Sanni Abacha
Ken Saro-Wiwa is hanged by Abacha, resulting in the immediate suspension of Nigeria from the Commonwealth of Nations. Abachas Government was accused of human rights abuses, especially after the hanging of Ogoni activist Ken Saro-Wiwa by the Auta tribunal
Politics
Abachas Government was accused of human rights abuses, especially after the hanging of Ogoni activist Ken Saro-Wiwa by the Auta tribunal
Death of Ken Saro-Wiwa
Death of Ken Saro-Wiwa, executed
Execution
The Ogoni leader is executed
Different Class Number One
Pulp's Different Class enters the UK albums chart at number one, confirming the band's commercial breakthrough.
Prime Minister of Israel
Israels ruling Labor Party unanimously approves Shimon Peres as its new leader, replacing slain Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin. Appointed Prime Minister of Israel
Prime Minister of Israel
Israels ruling Labor Party unanimously approves Shimon Peres as its new leader, replacing slain Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin
Mir Docking Module Installation
Supports robotic operations that deliver the Russian docking module, giving later Space Shuttles improved clearance when attaching to Mir.
Economy of Algeria
General Liamine Zeroual wins reelection as President with 61 percent of the vote, but the nations 25 percent unemployment rate, 30 percent inflation rate, falling industrial production, and food shortages foreshadow future trouble
Election
General Liamine Zeroual wins reelection as President with 61 percent of the vote, but the nations 25 percent unemployment rate, 30 percent inflation rate, falling industrial production, and food shortages foreshadow future trouble. Defying threats from militant extremist groups who boycott the election, Algerians go to the polls and overwhelmingly reject Islamic fundamentalists
Inflation
General Liamine Zeroual wins reelection as President with 61 percent of the vote, but the nations 25 percent unemployment rate, 30 percent inflation rate, falling industrial production, and food shortages foreshadow future trouble
Election
Defying threats from militant extremist groups who boycott the election, Algerians go to the polls and overwhelmingly reject Islamic fundamentalists
Auta Tribunal
Abacha takes over power from the caretaker Government of Chief Ernest Shonekan, which was put into place by General Babangida after his annulment of the 12 June 1993 elections (won by Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola) causes massive unrest
Election
Former Polish communist apparatchik Aleksandr Kwasniewski wins the presidency having used slick western-style campaign tactics to gain a narrow victory over Lech Walesa
Election
Former Polish communist apparatchik Aleksandr Kwasniewski wins the presidency having used slick western-style campaign tactics to gain a narrow victory over Lech Walesa
Constitution of Bosnia
The political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina and its structure of Government are agreed upon as part the constitution that makes up Annex 4 of the General Framework Agreement concluded at Dayton
Dayton Conference
The main participants from the region are Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic (representing the Bosnian Serb interests due to absence of Karadzic), Croatian President Franjo Tudjman and Bosnian President Alija Izetbegovic
Independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina and its structure of Government are agreed upon as part the constitution that makes up Annex 4 of the General Framework Agreement concluded at Dayton
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
The NATO-led IFOR (Implementation Force) as responsible for implementing military aspects of the Dayton Accords and deployed on the Twentieth December 1995, taking over the forces of the UNPROFOR
UNPROFOR
The NATO-led IFOR (Implementation Force) as responsible for implementing military aspects of the Dayton Accords and deployed on the Twentieth December 1995, taking over the forces of the UNPROFOR
Dayton Agreement
Izetbegovic accepts the Dayton peace framework after years of war in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Dayton Agreement Initialled
Initials the agreement ending the Bosnian War.
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
The NATO-led IFOR (Implementation Force) as responsible for implementing military aspects of the Dayton Accords and deployed on the Twentieth December 1995, taking over the forces of the UNPROFOR
Dayton Conference
The main participants from the region are Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic (representing the Bosnian Serb interests due to absence of Karadzic), Croatian President Franjo Tudjman and Bosnian President Alija Izetbegovic
Dayton Conference
The peace conference is led by US Secretary of State Warren Christopher, and negotiator Richard Holbrooke with two Co-Chairmen in the form of EU Special Representative Carl Bildt and the First Deputy Foreign Minister of Russia Igor Ivanov
Conference of Daytona
The peace conference is led by US Secretary of State Warren Christopher, and negotiator Richard Holbrooke with two Co-Chairmen in the form of EU Special Representative Carl Bildt and the First Deputy Foreign Minister of Russia Igor Ivanov
Dayton Conference
The peace conference is led by US Secretary of State Warren Christopher, and negotiator Richard Holbrooke with two Co-Chairmen in the form of EU Special Representative Carl Bildt and the First Deputy Foreign Minister of Russia Igor Ivanov
Dayton Conference
Following NATO air strikes against Bosnian Serbs, Milosevic joins the Presidents of Bosnia and Croatia in a peace agreement at the US sponsored talks at Dayton, Ohio
Dayton Conference
Held in the shadow of the massacre in the Srebrenica safe zone, and the indictments against the main military and Government leaders of Bosnian Serbs before the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY).
Dayton Conference
The main participants from the region are Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic (representing the Bosnian Serb interests due to absence of Karadzic), Croatian President Franjo Tudjman, and Bosnian President Alija Izetbegovic with Bosnian Foreign Minis.
General Framework Agreement for Peace
The war is ended by the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, reached at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
The Dayton negotiations create the peace framework for Bosnia.
Dayton Agreement Initialled
Initials the peace agreement while representing Serbian and Bosnian Serb interests.
The Ghost of Tom Joad
Releases The Ghost of Tom Joad, returning to sparse storytelling about migration, poverty and displacement.
Conference of Dayton
The peace conference is led by US Secretary of State Warren Christopher, and negotiator Richard Holbrooke with two Co-Chairmen in the form of EU Special Representative Carl Bildt and the First Deputy Foreign Minister of Russia Igor Ivanov
Conference of Daytona
The peace conference is led by US Secretary of State Warren Christopher, and negotiator Richard Holbrooke with two Co-Chairmen in the form of EU Special Representative Carl Bildt and the First Deputy Foreign Minister of Russia Igor Ivanov
Dayton Conference
The peace conference is led by US Secretary of State Warren Christopher, and negotiator Richard Holbrooke with two Co-Chairmen in the form of EU Special Representative Carl Bildt and the First Deputy Foreign Minister of Russia Igor Ivanov
Dayton Conference
The peace conference is led by US Secretary of State Warren Christopher, and negotiator Richard Holbrooke with two Co-Chairmen in the form of EU Special Representative Carl Bildt and the First Deputy Foreign Minister of Russia Igor Ivanov
Dayton Agreement
Holbrooke brokers the Dayton negotiations that end the Bosnian War and create a new constitutional framework for Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Foreign Secretary of Israel
Acting Prime Minister Shimon Peres appoints Ehud Barak, a popular general, to the post of Foreign Minister
Foreign Secretary of Israel
Acting Prime Minister Shimon Peres appoints Ehud Barak, a popular general, to the post of Foreign Minister
Constitution of Ireland
Irish voters approve end to constitutional ban on divorce
Bombing of Israel
Lebanese guerrillas of the Hezbollah fire rockets into northern Israel, Israeli warplanes retaliated by hitting rebel strongholds
Hezbollah
Lebanese guerrillas of the Hezbollah fire rockets into northern Israel, Israeli warplanes retaliated by hitting rebel strongholds
Succession
Peres becomes Prime Minister after Rabin's assassination and continues the Oslo process
Rabin Assassination
Arafat condemns Rabin's assassination and continues dealing with the Israeli government
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 3rd term
Election
Elected President of Bulgaria
First Galileo Callisto Flyby
Galileo makes its first close pass of Callisto, mapping the moon's ancient cratered surface.
Dismissal of Bhutto Government
President Leghari dismisses Benazir Bhutto's second government.
Government Dismissal
Leghari dissolves the National Assembly and appoints a caretaker administration.
Constitutional Dismissal
Presidential powers under the Eighth Amendment end Bhutto's second government.
Dismissal
Benazir Bhutto leaves office after President Leghari dismisses her cabinet.
Coronary Bypass Surgery
Undergoes successful coronary artery bypass surgery in Moscow and later resumes presidential duties.
Temporary Transfer of Powers for Surgery
Temporarily transfers presidential powers to Viktor Chernomyrdin while undergoing heart surgery.
Death of Tommy Lawton
Death of Tommy Lawton
Caretaker Prime Minister
Malik Meraj Khalid leads the caretaker government before the 1997 election.
Resumes Presidential Powers after Surgery
Resumes presidential authority after the successful heart bypass operation.
Constitution of Belarus
Lukashenko calls a national referendum to obtain power to disband the legislature and extend his term of office from 5 to 7 years
Referendum
Lukashenko calls a national referendum to obtain power to disband the legislature and extend his term of office from 5 to 7 years
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan
Single Currency
Answers Commons questions on the potential impact of European monetary union on UK competitiveness.
Chief Minister Appointed
Bertrand Osborne becomes Chief Minister after the 1996 election
Romanian Presidential Election
Constantinescu defeats Ion Iliescu in the presidential election.
Presidential Election
Defeats Iliescu in a peaceful transfer of power.
Election
Elected President of Zambia
Windfall Tax
Leads a Commons motion opposing a proposed windfall tax on privatised utilities.
Death
Dies in Oxford after a career combining fundamental particle physics with advocacy for scientific development in poorer countries.
Abidjan Agreement
Foday Sankoh signs peace agreement with the Sierra Leone government
Abidjan Peace Accord
Government and RUF sign the Abidjan Peace Accord
Health of Michael DeBakey
Yelstin undergoes successful quintuple heart bypass surgery, performed by American heart surgeon Dr. Michael DeBakey
Reballion of they erupt in
When Mobutu issues an order forcing Tutsis to leave Zaire on penalty of death, they erupt in rebellion
Eastern Camps Collapse
Hundreds of thousands of refugees return toward Rwanda.
Rwandan Refugee Camps Attacked
Rwandan-backed forces attack refugee camps in eastern Zaire.
Diplomatic Expulsion
Iraq Expels US Weapons Inspectors, President Clinton denounces the action but refrains from military response
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
Iraq Expels US Weapons Inspectors, President Clinton denounces the action but refrains from military response
International Sanctions
The US imposes sanctions on Sudan, Clinton orders stricter prohibitions for alleged sponsorship of terrorism and human rights abuses
Politics
The US imposes sanctions on Sudan, Clinton orders stricter prohibitions for alleged sponsorship of terrorism and human rights abuses
Sanctions
The US imposes sanctions on Sudan, Clinton orders stricter prohibitions for alleged sponsorship of terrorism and human rights abuses
Scandal
Plan to exempt Formula I from tobacco advertising ban is reported
President of Panama
Organic Law organizes the Panama Canal Authority before the canal transfer
Europa November Flyby
Galileo returns to Europa for another close encounter near the end of the primary mission.
Border
China and Russia agree on a border, Presidents Yeltsin and Jiang reach accord in a Shanghai meeting on clear border stretching from Sea of Japan to Kazakhstan
International Accord at Shanghai
China and Russia agree on a border, Presidents Yeltsin and Jiang reach accord in a Shanghai meeting on clear border stretching from Sea of Japan to Kazakhstan
Russia-China Eastern Border Agreement
Reaches agreement with Jiang Zemin on demarcation of most of the long eastern Russia-China border.
Scandal
Blair apologises on TV for the handling of the Ecclestone affair. Bernie Ecclestone reveals 1 million pound donation to Labour
Economy of Iraq
The United Nations imposes sanctions on Iraq, the Security Council votes unanimously for moves including ban on foreign travel by Iraqi officials who do not cooperate with the United Nations disarmament commission
International Sanctions
The United Nations imposes sanctions on Iraq, the Security Council votes unanimously for moves including ban on foreign travel by Iraqi officials who do not cooperate with the United Nations disarmament commission
Sanctions
The United Nations imposes sanctions on Iraq, the Security Council votes unanimously for moves including ban on foreign travel by Iraqi officials who do not cooperate with the United Nations disarmament commission
Economy of Iraq
The United Nations imposes sanctions on Iraq, the Security Council votes unanimously for moves including ban on foreign travel by Iraqi officials who do not cooperate with the United Nations disarmament commission
International Sanctions
The United Nations imposes sanctions on Iraq, the Security Council votes unanimously for moves including ban on foreign travel by Iraqi officials who do not cooperate with the United Nations disarmament commission
Sanctions
The United Nations imposes sanctions on Iraq, the Security Council votes unanimously for moves including ban on foreign travel by Iraqi officials who do not cooperate with the United Nations disarmament commission
Diplomatic Expulsion
Iraq Expels US Weapons Inspectors, President Clinton denounces the action but refrains from military response
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
Iraq Expels US Weapons Inspectors, President Clinton denounces the action but refrains from military response
Government Reformers Reprimanded
Removes senior officials linked to a publishing-fee scandal while retaining Anatoly Chubais in government.
Clinton sends Carrier in Warning to Iraq, dispatches George Washington and four
Clinton sends Carrier in Warning to Iraq, dispatches George Washington and four other ships to join the Nimitz in Persian Gulf as further sign that the US is prepared to act to prevent Iraq from developing ability to use chemical or biological weopons
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
Clinton sends carrier warning to Iraq, dispatches George Washington and four other ships to join the Nimitz in Persian Gulf as further sign that the US is prepared to act to prevent Iraq from developing ability to use chemical or biological weapons
Clinton sends Carrier in Warning to Iraq, dispatches George Washington and four
Clinton sends Carrier in Warning to Iraq, dispatches George Washington and four other ships to join the Nimitz in Persian Gulf as further sign that the US is prepared to act to prevent Iraq from developing ability to use chemical or biological weopons
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
Clinton sends carrier warning to Iraq, dispatches George Washington and four other ships to join the Nimitz in Persian Gulf as further sign that the US is prepared to act to prevent Iraq from developing ability to use chemical or biological weapons
Black Friday Currency Collapse
The Zimbabwe dollar falls sharply after major unbudgeted government commitments.
SPDC Replaces SLORC
Military council is renamed State Peace and Development Council under Than Shwe
Clinton welcomes Saddam Husseins decision to back down and allow United Nations
Clinton welcomes Saddam Husseins decision to back down and allow United Nations inspectors to resume search for weapons of mass destruction
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
Clinton welcomes Saddam Hussein's decision to back down and allow United Nations inspectors to resume search for weapons of mass destruction
European Employment Summit
Juncker hosted the special European Council meeting on employment, which advanced a coordinated approach requiring member states to develop and review employment action plans.
Governor-General Takes Office
Silas Atopare becomes Governor-General of Papua New Guinea
Clinton welcomes Saddam Husseins decision to back down and allow United Nations
Clinton welcomes Saddam Husseins decision to back down and allow United Nations inspectors to resume search for weapons of mass destruction
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
Clinton welcomes Saddam Hussein's decision to back down and allow United Nations inspectors to resume search for weapons of mass destruction
Constitution of Great Britain
The Government of Wales Bill is introduced to the House of Commons
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
Iraq still bars inspectors from palaces, military bases, and intelligence centres
Help the Aged UK Top Ten
Pulp's Help the Aged reaches number eight on the UK singles chart.
Final IAEA Director General Term Ends
Concludes sixteen years as IAEA Director General after overseeing major changes in safeguards, nuclear safety and international verification.
John Lennon Anthology, a four-CD box
John Lennon Anthology, a four-CD box set of unreleased songs and performances, is released
Europa November Flyby
Galileo performs another Europa flyby during the Europa Mission extension.
Gaza International Airport Opening
Arafat presides over the opening of Gaza International Airport, presenting the facility as an important symbol of Palestinian self-government and mobility.
Economy of Belarus
Food rationing is imposed for milk, meat and other goods due to shortages
Vice Dean
Appointed Vice Dean of the College of Cardinals
Constitution of Great Britain
Acts of Parliament bring about Scottish and Welsh devolution, paving way for Scottish, Welsh elections
Election
Acts of Parliament bring about Scottish and Welsh devolution, paving way for Scottish, Welsh elections
Legislation
Acts of Parliament bring about Scottish and Welsh devolution, paving way for Scottish, Welsh elections
Euro Referendum Pledge
Promises Conservatives would oppose euro membership without a referendum.
Rule of Chechnya
Russia allows thousands of refugees to flee Chechnya and the crossing at the Sleptsovskaya border reaches 500 people per hour
Election
Shevardnadzes party wins Parliamentary elections
Death of Vivien Fuchs
Death of Vivien Fuchs
Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act
Clinton signs the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, allowing broader combinations of banking, securities, and insurance activities and assigning the Federal Reserve an important umbrella-supervision role for financial holding companies.
Election
Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey agreed to a US-backed plan for a Caspian oil pipeline from Baku to Ceyhan to be completed in 2004
Prime Minister of Tunisia
Mohamed Ghannouchi became prime minister of Tunisia.
Assassination of Jill Dando
Death of Jill Dando, assassinated
Death of Jill Dando
Death of Jill Dando, assassinated
Galileo Close Io Flyby
Galileo passes close to Io to investigate active volcanism and the moon's interaction with Jupiter.
Death of Ernie Wise
Death of Ernie Wise
MONUC Peacekeeping Mission Established
Oversees United Nations preparations after the Security Council establishes MONUC to support implementation of the Lusaka agreement.
Intercontinental Cup Win in Tokyo
Manchester United beat Palmeiras 1-0 in Tokyo to win the Intercontinental Cup, extending the club’s international success under Ferguson.
Capture of Herat
Mullah Omars movement captures Herat
Taliban
The United Nations imposes an air embargo and freezes Taliban assets in an attempt to force them to hand over bin Laden for trial
Trade Embargo
The United Nations imposes an air embargo and freezes Taliban assets in an attempt to force them to hand over bin Laden for trial
First Observed Exoplanet Transit
Leads observations detecting HD 209458 b crossing the face of its star.
Bombing of Yugoslavia
Blair sends troops to join NATO bombing campaign on Yugoslavia in a bid to halt suppression of ethnic Albanians
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Blair sends troops to join NATO bombing campaign on Yugoslavia in a bid to halt suppression of ethnic Albanians
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Blair sends troops to join NATO bombing campaign on Yugoslavia in a bid to halt suppression of ethnic Albanians
Disarmament Begins
Disarmament and demobilization efforts begin under international supervision
HD 209458 b Transit Confirmation
Contributes to the team confirming periodic transits of HD 209458 b.
Independent HD 209458 b Transit Detection
Independently detects the transit of HD 209458 b with automated photometry.
First Observed Exoplanet Transit
Co-leads photometric observations revealing transits of HD 209458 b.
Resignation of Francis Maude
Maude resigns from the Thatcherite No Turning Back group
Resignation of Michael Portillo
Portillo resigns from the Thatcherite No Turning Back group
Chhattisgarh State Created
The Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act takes effect, creating Chhattisgarh with Raipur as its capital.
Honorary President Appointment
Is approved as Real Madrid's honorary president in recognition of his historic contribution.
Election
The campaigns of Clinton and Lazio, along with Giulianis initial effort, spends a record combined $90 million, Clinton won the election with 55 percent of the vote to Lazios 43 percent. First time an American First Lady runs for public office, also the first female senator to represent New York
Pension Reform Package
Brown combines the pension increase with additional support for older households.
State Pension Increase
Brown announces a five-pound weekly increase in the basic state pension.
Uttarakhand State Created
Uttaranchal, later renamed Uttarakhand, becomes a separate state after being carved from Uttar Pradesh.
Election
Calls for a 2nd recount in Florida
Death of Adamantios Androutsopoulos
Adamantios Androutsopoulos dies in 2000.
Captain
Following Kevin Keegans resignation as England manager in October, Beckham is promoted to team captain by the caretaker manager Peter Taylor, and then keeps the role under new manager Sven-Goran Eriksson
Jharkhand State Created
The Bihar Reorganisation Act takes effect, establishing Jharkhand as a new state with Ranchi as its capital.
First International Appearance
Begins an international career spanning three major tournament victories.
Spain Senior Debut
Makes his senior Spain debut against the Netherlands.
Resignation of Gerald Corbett
Resigns after a 1 million pound pay off
Marriage
Michael Douglas & Catherine Zeta-Jones marry at the New York Plaza Hotel
Marriage
Michael Douglas & Catherine Zeta-Jones marry at the New York Plaza Hotel
Economy of Chad
It is reported that $4 million of a $25 million bonus payment from the new oil project was used by the Chad Government to buy weapons
European Court Property Judgment
The European Court of Human Rights finds that Greece violated property rights by transferring former royal property to the state without compensation.
Death of Malcolm Bradbury
Death of Malcolm Bradbury
Royal Albert Hall Shows
Perform benefit shows at the Royal Albert Hall.
Third Commissioners Session
Chairs the third session of the UNMOVIC College.
UNMOVIC College Review
Commissioners assess preparations while Iraq remains closed to inspections.
Intercontinental Cup Two Goals Against Real Madrid
Scores twice in the opening six minutes as Boca Juniors defeat Real Madrid 2-1 to win the Intercontinental Cup.
Initial Barrier Planning Approved
Barak approves planning and financing for a barrier section intended to restrict vehicle crossings from parts of the West Bank into Israel.
Demonstrations
Shevardnadze fired his Government as demonstrators took to the streets and demanded changes
Tenet Mission
Presents proposals intended to reduce clashes and improve communication between Israeli and Palestinian security services.
Foreign Policy Statement at Warsaw
Says Osama bin Laden is trying to get chemical, biological and nuclear weapons
Speech
Says Osama bin Laden is trying to get chemical, biological and nuclear weapons
Terrorism
Says Osama bin Laden is trying to get chemical, biological and nuclear weapons
Election
The campaigns of Clinton and Lazio, along with Giulianis initial effort, spends a record combined $90 million, Clinton won the election with 55 percent of the vote to Lazios 43 percent
United Nations
Tells the United Nations General Assembly the time has come to act against global terrorism
Capture of Kabul
Kabul falls to the US-backed Northern Alliance
Siege of Kabul
Kabul falls to the US-backed Northern Alliance
Capture of Herat
Taliban forces leave Kabul
Capture of Kabul
Taliban forces leave Kabul
Siege of Herat
Taliban forces leave Kabul
Siege of Kabul
Taliban forces leave Kabul
Taliban
Taliban forces leave Kabul
Death of Peggy Mount
Death of Peggy Mount
Siege of Konduz
The Taliban are forced back to their heartland in southeastern Afghanistan around Kandahar
Taliban
The Taliban are forced back to their heartland in southeastern Afghanistan around Kandahar
Election
Elected President of Bulgaria
Swing When You're Winning
Releases Swing When You're Winning, a standards album inspired by swing and big-band entertainment.
State of Emergency
Gyanendra declares state of emergency, Government declares Maoists "terrorist organisation"
Siege of Konduz
Taliban fighters holding out in Konduz finally surrender and are herded into the Qala-e-Jangi prison complex near Mazar-I-Sharif
Taliban
Taliban fighters holding out in Konduz finally surrender and are herded into the Qala-e-Jangi prison complex near Mazar-I-Sharif
Seventh Commissioners Session
Chairs the seventh session of the UNMOVIC College.
UNMOVIC College Meeting
Commissioners review the continuing Iraq disarmament mandate.
First Exoplanet Atmosphere Measurement
Hubble detects sodium in the atmosphere of HD 209458b, providing the first direct atmospheric measurement of an exoplanet.
Nyrup Rasmussen Premiership
The Nyrup Rasmussen Premiership ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Intercontinental Cup Victory Over Boca Juniors
Stefan Effenberg captains Bayern to a 1-0 extra-time victory over Boca Juniors in the Intercontinental Cup final.
Foreign Policy Statement at Moscow
Putin says Russia is ready for closer relationship with NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Putin says Russia is ready for closer relationship with NATO
START II Treaty
The START II Treaty is officially bypassed by the SORT Treaty, agreed to by Presidents George W. Bush and Vladimir Putin at their summit meeting in November 2001, and signed at Moscow Summit on May 24, 2002
START II
The START II Treaty is officially bypassed by the SORT Treaty, agreed to by Presidents George W. Bush and Vladimir Putin at their summit meeting in November 2001, and signed at Moscow Summit on May 24, 2002
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Putin says Russia is ready for closer relationship with NATO
SORT
The START II Treaty is officially bypassed by the SORT Treaty, agreed to by Presidents George W. Bush and Vladimir Putin at their summit meeting in November 2001, and signed at Moscow Summit on May 24, 2002
START II
The START II Treaty is officially bypassed by the SORT Treaty, agreed to by Presidents George W. Bush and Vladimir Putin at their summit meeting in November 2001, and signed at Moscow Summit on May 24, 2002
Disarmament Accelerates
Thousands of fighters surrender weapons under the disarmament programme
Trade Relations
Taiwan lifts a 50 yr ban on direct trade & investment with China
Balfour Beatty & Impreglio pull out of the Ilisu dam project
Balfour Beatty & Impreglio pull out of the Ilisu dam project
Premiership Ends
Boye leaves office after the Joola ferry disaster crisis
Prime Minister Takes Office
Idrissa Seck becomes Prime Minister under President Wade
Galileo Amalthea Flyby
Galileo makes its final satellite encounter, passing close to the small inner moon Amalthea.
Expanded Iraq Inspection Mandate
Iraq is given a final opportunity to meet disarmament obligations.
UN Resolution 1441
Receives the strengthened inspection mandate created by Resolution 1441.
UN Security Council
The United Nations Security Council passes United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441, offering Iraq "a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations"
United Nations
The United Nations Security Council passes United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441, offering Iraq "a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations". The resolution threatens "serious consequences"
European Union Association Agreement
Signs the association agreement linking Chile with the European Community and its member states.
Escapology
Releases Escapology, including Feel and Come Undone.
Arrival in Baghdad
Arrives in Baghdad with Mohamed ElBaradei and an advance team.
Inspection Headquarters Reopened
Preparations begin for the return of weapons inspectors.
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey
Commission
Bush creates a bipartisan, independent commission to investigate the Sept 11, 2001
Prime Minister of Pakistan
Zafarullah Khan Jamali becomes Prime Minister after the general election.
Inspections Resume
UNMOVIC inspections resume in Iraq after nearly four years.
UNMOVIC Returns to Iraqi Sites
Blix directs the renewed chemical, biological and missile verification effort.
Dean of College of Cardinals
Appointed Dean of the College of Cardinals
DYP
Tansu €iller resigns as party leader following the 2002 election defeat, eventually being replaced by Mehmet Agar
Election
Tansu €iller resigns as party leader following the 2002 election defeat, eventually being replaced by Mehmet Agar
Party Leader
Tansu €iller resigns as party leader following the 2002 election defeat, eventually being replaced by Mehmet Agar
DYP
The DYP secures 9.55% of the vote in the general election, slightly under the 10% election threshold to enter Parliament. Tansu €iller resigns as party leader following the 2002 election defeat, eventually being replaced by Mehmet Agar
Election
The DYP secures 9.55% of the vote in the general election, slightly under the 10% election threshold to enter Parliament. Tansu €iller resigns as party leader following the 2002 election defeat, eventually being replaced by Mehmet Agar
Resignation of Tansu Ciller
Tansu €iller resigns as party leader following the 2002 election defeat, eventually being replaced by Mehmet Agar
Election
The Islamist based Justice & Development party wins a landslide victory
Election
The Islamist based Justice & Development party wins a landslide victory
Invasion of Iraq
Visiting Europe for a NATO summit, Bush declares that, "should Iraqi President Saddam Hussein choose not to disarm, the United States will lead a coalition of the willing to disarm him". The Bush administration briefly used the term Coalition of the Willing to refer to the countries who supported, militarily or verbally, the military action in Iraq and subsequent military presence in post-invasion Iraq since 2003
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Visiting Europe for a NATO summit, Bush declares that, "should Iraqi President Saddam Hussein choose not to disarm, the United States will lead a coalition of the willing to disarm him"
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Visiting Europe for a NATO summit, Bush declares that, "should Iraqi President Saddam Hussein choose not to disarm, the United States will lead a coalition of the willing to disarm him"
UN Resolution 1441
Following the mandate of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441, The president of Iraq, Saddam Hussein, was forced to allow UN inspectors back to his country in November 2002.
UN Resolution 1441
UN Resolution 1441 was an actual enhancement of previous United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 and provided: "that Iraq shall provide UNMOVIC and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) immediate, unimpeded, unconditional, and unrestricted access to any and all, including underground, areas, facilities, buildings, equipment,
UN Resolution 1441
records, and means of transport which they wish to inspect, as well as immediate, unimpeded, unrestricted, and private access to all officials and other persons whom UNMOVIC or the IAEA wish to interview in the mode or location of UNMOVIC’s or the IAEA’s choice pursuant
UN Resolution 1441
to any aspect of their mandates"
UNMOVIC
Following the mandate of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441, The president of Iraq, Saddam Hussein, was forced to allow UN inspectors back to his country in November 2002.
UNMOVIC
UN Resolution 1441 was an actual enhancement of previous United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 and provided: "that Iraq shall provide UNMOVIC and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) immediate, unimpeded, unconditional, and unrestricted access to any and all, including underground, areas, facilities, buildings, equipment,
UNMOVIC
records, and means of transport which they wish to inspect, as well as immediate, unimpeded, unrestricted, and private access to all officials and other persons whom UNMOVIC or the IAEA wish to interview in the mode or location of UNMOVIC’s or the IAEA’s choice pursuant
UNMOVIC
to any aspect of their mandates"
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the Conservative Party
Party Leader
Becomes Leader of the Conservative Party after Iain Duncan Smith is removed.
Enrichment Suspension Notification
Iran informs the IAEA that it has decided to suspend enrichment-related and reprocessing activities.
Death of Canaan Banana
Former President Canaan Banana dies after a long illness.
International Atomic Energy Agency
The IAEA declares that there is no evidence that Iran is attempting to build an nuclear atomic bomb
Visit to London
Arrives in Britain for a state visit
UN Security Council Resolution 1515
Sees the Council endorse the Quartet Road Map for a two-state solution
Daily Mirror
Wins a High Court Injunction banning publication of photos of royal apartments
Acting Governor-General Takes Office
Bill Skate serves as acting Governor-General after Silas Atopare
Arrest of Michael Jackson
Gives himself up to police over allegations of child abuse
Defence Policy Board Advisery Committee
An article published in the Guardian alleged that Richard Perle, a senior member of the administrations Defence Policy Board Advisery Committee, conceded that the invasion was illegal but still justified
Invasion of Iraq
An article published in the Guardian alleged that Richard Perle, a senior member of the administrations Defence Policy Board Advisery Committee, conceded that the invasion was illegal but still justified
World Champion
Scores the winning drop goal against Australia in the last minute of extra-time
Arsenal Victory at Inter Milan
Wenger’s Arsenal side defeated Inter Milan 5-1 at San Siro in the Champions League, producing a notable away result during the group stage.
Two Goals in San Siro Victory
Scores twice as Arsenal defeat Inter Milan 5-1 in the Champions League at San Siro.
Parliament
Sate opening of Parliament
Line of Control Ceasefire
India and Pakistan begin a ceasefire along the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir.
Health and Social Care Community Health and Standards Act
Legislation creates the statutory basis for NHS foundation trusts and new systems of healthcare inspection, regulation and patient protection.
Vice Chairman
Appointed vice-chairman of the Conservative Party under Michael Howard.
Agreement on Suspend its uranium enrichment programmememememe and allow
Tehran agrees to suspend its uranium enrichment programmememememe and allow tougher UN inspections of its nuclear facilities
Uranium Enrichment
The IAEA presses Iran to suspend uranium work and submit to inspection.
Foreign Secretary of Hungary
Appointed Foreign Secretary
Governor
Appointed Governor of Bihar.
Minister of Interior
Appointed Minister of the Interior
Election
Bush wins 50.9% of the vote, 31 states & 286 electoral votes
Election
Kerry wins 48.1% od the vote, 19 states & 252 electoral votes
Prime Minister of Somalia
Appointed Prime Minister of Somalia
Secretary of State for Defence
Appointed Minister of Defence
Scottish Football Hall of Fame Induction
Shankly was named among the inaugural Scottish Football Hall of Fame inductees, recognising both his Scottish international playing career and managerial legacy.
Governor
Pratibha Patil becomes Governor of Rajasthan.
Manager
Appointed Manager of West Bromwich Albion
PLO
Serves as Chairman of the PLO Executive Committee, after Yasser Arafats death
PLO
Abbas becomes Chairman of the PLO Executive Committee after Arafat's death
Death of Yasser Arafat
Death of Yasser Arafat
Succession
After Arafat dies Abbas becomes a leading candidate to succeed him in Palestinian politics
Death of Yasser Arafat
Dies after years of siege and declining authority during the Second Intifada.
Intifada, 2nd
Arafat dies after years of confinement and pressure during the Second Intifada
Death of Yasser Arafat
Death of Yasser Arafat
Paris Agreement
Iran and the European three conclude the Paris Agreement, under which Iran continues a voluntary suspension of enrichment-related and reprocessing activities during negotiations.
Nuclear Power
A confidential United Nations report is leaked, the report states that all nuclear materials within Iran have been accounted for and there is no evidence of any military nuclear program
Secretary of State
Bush nominates Rice to be Secretary of State
Uranium Enrichment Talks
Iran declares that it will voluntarily suspend its uranium enrichment programmemememe to enter negotiations with the EU, Iran will review its decision in three months but the EU seeks to have the suspension made permanent
Uranium Enrichment
Iran declares that it will voluntarily suspend its uranium enrichment programmemememe to enter negotiations with the EU, Iran will review its decision in three months but the EU seeks to have the suspension made permanent
Uranium Enrichment Talks
Talks between Iran and three EU members, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany, result in a compromise.
Uranium Enrichment
Talks between Iran and three EU members, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany, result in a compromise.
Election
Abbas is endorsed by Fatahs Revolutionary Council as its preferred candidate for the Palestinian presidential election
House of Lords Economic Affairs Committee
Begins a term on the House of Lords Economic Affairs Committee and contributes to parliamentary examination of economic and financial policy.
IAEA Suspension Verification
The IAEA reports that surveillance measures are in place to verify Iran's declared suspension of enrichment-related activities.
Final Public Appearance
Makes a final public appearance at a St Pauls Cathedral event connected with Churchill.
Iran Enrichment Suspension Verification
The IAEA begins verification of Iran's suspension of enrichment-related activities under the Paris Agreement.
Choosing Health White Paper
Choosing Health sets a public-health programme focused on smoking, obesity, sexual health, healthier choices and reducing preventable disease.
Policy Coordination
Promoted to the shadow cabinet as head of policy coordination.
Reballion of Rebels in Kashmir
India begins a limited reduction of troop deployments in Jammu and Kashmir during a period of dialogue with Pakistan.
Fatah Leadership Succession
After Yasser Arafat's death, Abbas moved into the leading position within Fatah as the movement reorganised its senior leadership. The change consolidated his political authority alongside his new responsibilities in the PLO.
Resignation of Colin Powell
Resigns as Secretary of State
Democratic National Convention
Obama writes and delivers the keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention in Boston, Massachusetts
Election
Obama resigns from the Illinois Senate following his election to the US Senate. Obama receives 70% of the vote to Keyess 27%, the largest victory margin for a statewide race in Illinois history
National Convention
Obama writes and delivers the keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention in Boston, Massachusetts
Resignation of David Blunkett
Resign a 2nd time, following allegations misconduct over his directorship & shares
Scandal
Resign a 2nd time, following allegations misconduct over his directorship & shares
Prime Minister of Guinea
Appointed Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau
Demonstrations
Chirac calls for the arrest, trial and punishment of the rioters
Exile of Alberto Fujimori
Fujimori arrives in Santiago, Chile after being exiled in Japan since 2000
Arrest of Alberto Fujimori
Arrested in Chile whilst a Chilean judge considers a Peruvian extradition request
Demonstrations
Chirac declares a state of emergency on the 12th day of the civil unrest
State of Emergency
Chirac declares a state of emergency on the 12th day of the civil unrest
Government Report
Tony Blairs 1st Commons defeat, report stage of the Terrorism Bill
Reform of Parliament
Tony Blairs 1st Commons defeat, report stage of the Terrorism Bill. Loses a Commons vote on detaining terrorism suspects for 90-days without charge
Election
Amir Peretz defeats the Party Leader, Shimon Peres
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the Labour Party
Election
Amir Peretz defeats the Party Leader, Shimon Peres
Venus Express Launch
ESA's Venus Express launches to begin Europe's first dedicated mission to Venus.
Death Penalty Project Appointment
Starmer becomes a director of the organisation challenging capital punishment internationally.
1st Black President
1st elected female president of an African country
Election
Elected President of Liberia
President of Liberia
Appointed President of Liberia
Discovery of Vanth
Hubble images obtained by Brown reveal a moon orbiting the large trans-Neptunian object Orcus.
Chancellor
Merkel is elected Chancellor by the majority of delegates (397 to 217) in the newly assembled Bundestag
Chancellor
Angela Merkel becomes the first female Chancellor of Germany after working out a power-sharing agreement with outgoing Chancellor Gerhard Schroders Social Democratic Party
Election
The coalition deal is approved by both CDU/CSU and SPD parties at party conferences. Merkel is elected Chancellor by the majority of delegates (397 to 217) in the newly assembled Bundestag
Chief Minister
Sworn in as Chief Minister of Bihar
Merkels first foreign trMerkel travels to Paris for a meeting with the
Merkels first foreign trMerkel travels to Paris for a meeting with the French president, Jacques Chirac, In his speech, Chirac emphasized the importance of the Franco-German Companionship for Europe
Bernabeu Standing Ovation
Scores twice in a 3-0 Clasico victory and receives applause from sections of the Madrid crowd.
Government Report
The IAEA releasedsa report saying that Iran blocked nuclear inspectors from the United Nations from conducting a second visit to a site known as Parchin military complex
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
The IAEA releasedsa report saying that Iran blocked nuclear inspectors from the United Nations from conducting a second visit to a site known as Parchin military complex
Nuclear Power
The IAEA releasedsa report saying that Iran blocked nuclear inspectors from the United Nations from conducting a second visit to a site known as Parchin military complex
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
The IAEA releasedsa report saying that Iran blocked nuclear inspectors from the United Nations from conducting a second visit to a site known as Parchin military complex
United Nations
The IAEA releasedsa report saying that Iran blocked nuclear inspectors from the United Nations from conducting a second visit to a site known as Parchin military complex
Party Formation
Leaves Likud and forms Kadima after the Gaza disengagement controversy.
Foreign Secretary of Germany
Appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs
Minister of Interior
Appointed Minister of the Interior
Minister of Labour
Appointed Minister of Labour
Minister of Special Affairs
Appointed Minister for Special Affairs and Director of the Chancellors Office
Vice Chancellor
Appointed Vice Chancellor of Germany
Death of George Best
Death of George Best
Opposition Alleges Electoral Fraud
The MDC reports alleged ghost voters and other irregularities in the Senate poll.
Opposition Challenges Senate Poll
The MDC alleges serious irregularities in the Senate election process.
Senate Election Held
Zimbabwe holds elections for the restored upper chamber of Parliament.
Senate Election Result
ZANU-PF wins 43 of the 50 elected Senate seats.
Senate Election
ZANU-PF wins most elected seats in the restored Senate.
Ballon d'Or
Wins the Ballon d'Or after starring for Barcelona.
World Player Recognition
Receives recognition for creativity, goals and influential attacking performances.
Harry Potter Weird Sisters Songs
Writes and performs material for the fictional Weird Sisters band in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire.
LIGO Design Sensitivity
Initial LIGO reaches its planned design sensitivity and begins the long S5 science run, producing the observatory's most sensitive pre-Advanced-LIGO gravitational-wave data set.
Senate Reintroduced
A newly restored Senate begins operating after elections.
Election
The leader of the opposition MDC party says, "We are deeply disturbed by the fraudulent activities we have unearthed," and.
Election
The ruling Zanu-PF party wins an overwhelming majority of seats in a newly-created upper house of Parliament, the Senate, the opposition MDC splits over its leaders decision to boycott the poll.
Election
various human rights groups report hundreds of thousands of ghost voters had appeared on the electoral roll of 5.8 million.
Politics
The leader of the opposition MDC party says, "We are deeply disturbed by the fraudulent activities we have unearthed," and various human rights groups report hundreds of thousands of ghost voters had appeared on the electoral roll of 5.8 million
Uranium Enrichment
The Iranian Government approved a plan that allows foreign investors to participate in the work at the Natanz uranium enrichment plant
Trial
Barzan, along with his co-defendants Saddam and the former Chief Justice of the Iraqi Revolutionary Court Awad Hamed al-Bandar are sentenced to death by hanging
Trial
Barzan, along with his co-defendants Saddam and the former Chief Justice of the Iraqi Revolutionary Court Awad Hamed al-Bandar are sentenced to death by hanging
Trial
Saddam Husseins half-brother, head of the intelligence service charged with involvement in the Dujail killings found guilty and sentenced to death by hanging
Trial
Former chief Judge of Revolutionary Court charged with involvement in the Dujail killings found guilty and sentenced to death by hanging
Massacre
Saddam Hussein is found guilty of crimes against humanity for the killing of 148 Shias in Tigris river city of Dujail in 1982, sentenced to death by hanging
Trial
Saddam Hussein is found guilty of crimes against humanity for the killing of 148 Shias in Tigris river city of Dujail in 1982, sentenced to death by hanging
Trial
Iraqi vice-president until 2003, charged with involvement in the Dujail killings, found guilty and sentenced to life in prison
Presidency Member Takes Office
Haris Silajdzic becomes Bosniak member of the Presidency
Presidency Member Takes Office
Zeljko Komsic becomes Croat member of the Presidency
Presidency Member Takes Office
Nebojsa Radmanovic becomes Serb member of the Presidency
Dismissal
Bush dismisses Rumsfeld after losing the Senate & House of Representives elections
Election
Bush dismisses Rumsfeld after losing the Senate & House of Representives elections
Seoul WMD Report Programme
Begins two days of meetings in Seoul to present the Commission report to government officials and other Korean audiences.
Death of Jack Palance
Death of Jack Palance
Beijing WMD Report Presentation
Presents the Commission's recommendations to Chinese officials and institutions alongside Commissioner Pan Zhenqiang.
Visions for Europe Award
Receives the Visions for Europe Award for contributions to European integration and discusses future European governance.
Fudan University Disarmament Address
Discusses the Weapons of Terror report at Fudan University as part of the Commission's Asian outreach programme.
Nuclear Power
Ahmadinejad announces that "Today the Iranian nation possesses the full nuclear fuel cycle"
Tokyo WMD Policy Meetings
Presents the report to Japanese policy figures and research institutions while explaining the Commission's nuclear-disarmament recommendations.
Japan Institute of International Affairs Presentation
Joins Commissioner Masashi Nishihara in presenting the WMD Commission report at the Japan Institute of International Affairs.
Love
Works with Giles Martin on Love, remixing Beatles recordings for the Cirque du Soleil project.
British Institute Nuclear Weapons Address
Addresses a British Institute of International and Comparative Law event marking ten years since the International Court of Justice nuclear-weapons opinion.
Privileges and Conduct Committee
Joins the House of Lords Committee for Privileges and Conduct, participating in consideration of parliamentary privilege and standards matters.
Solo Album Jarvis
Releases his debut solo album Jarvis, which reaches number 37 on the UK albums chart.
Invasion of Iraq
Obama calls for a "phased redeployment of US troops from Iraq" and an opening of diplomatic dialogue with Syria and Iran
Obama calls for a phased redeployment of US troops from Iraq and
Obama calls for a "phased redeployment of US troops from Iraq" and an opening of diplomatic dialogue with Syria and Iran
State of Emergency
Emergency measures remove judges, restrict media and postpone constitutional proceedings.
State of Emergency
Musharraf declares emergency rule and suspends constitutional protections.
Comet Holmes Outburst
Hubble resolves fine structures in Comet 17P/Holmes after the comet suddenly brightens by nearly a millionfold.
Meeting with Pope Benedict XVI
Supports diplomatic preparation for the landmark Vatican meeting.
Meeting with Pope Benedict XVI
Becomes the first Saudi monarch to meet a pope.
Invasion of Iraq
Six American soldiers are killed in Iraq, bringing the total deaths in 2007 to 852, the highest annual total since the war began in 2003
Arrest of Benazir Bhutto
Bhutto is placed under house arrest just a few hours before she was due to lead and address a rally against the state of emergency
State of Emergency
Bhutto is placed under house arrest just a few hours before she was due to lead and address a rally against the state of emergency
House Arrest of Benazir Bhutto
Authorities briefly confine Benazir Bhutto before a planned protest rally.
Death of Norman Kingsley Mailer
Death of Norman Kingsley Mailer
Caretaker Prime Minister
Muhammad Mian Soomro heads the caretaker government before the 2008 election.
Credit Crunch
Freddie Mac announces largest quarterly loss to date as it unveils $4.8 billion bad debts and writedowns
Freddie Mac
Freddie Mac announces largest quarterly loss to date as it unveils $4.8 billion bad debts and writedowns
Death of Ian Smith
Former Rhodesian Prime Minister Ian Smith dies in South Africa.
Invasion of Iraq
A brigade of 5,000 U.S. troops starts to leave Diyala Province, the first significant pullback of troops. Once the withdrawal is complete, there will be 157,000 soldiers in Iraq, from a high of 162,000
Annapolis Peace Conference
Abbas represented the Palestinian side at the United States-sponsored Annapolis conference with Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert. The parties agreed to launch renewed bilateral negotiations and to pursue the obligations of the Road Map.
Army Command Resignation
Musharraf resigns as army chief before taking a civilian presidential oath.
Chief of Army Staff
Ashfaq Parvez Kayani succeeds Pervez Musharraf as Chief of Army Staff.
Visit to Pope Benedict XVI in the Apostolic Palace
King Abdullah visits Pope Benedict XVI in the Apostolic Palace, the first Saudi monarch to visit the Pope
Takes Office as Director of Public Prosecutions
Starmer begins serving as Director of Public Prosecutions and head of the CPS.
State of Emergency
Iajuddin Ahmed signs an order sending the army back to the barracks, drawing to an end the state of emergency that began Jan 11, 2007
Credit Crunch
The Government establishes UK Financial Investments to manage taxpayer shareholdings acquired through emergency support for major British banks.
Bombing of Israel
Six members of Hamas are killed, it considers this attack a "massive breach of the truce," and rocket attacks towards Israeli cities around Gaza increase sharply in November 2008, approaching the pre-truce levels
Hamas
Six members of Hamas are killed, it considers this attack a "massive breach of the truce," and rocket attacks towards Israeli cities around Gaza increase sharply in November 2008, approaching the pre-truce levels
Hamas
Contending that Israel had not lifted the Gaza Strip blockade and following an Israeli raid into the Gaza Strip on November 4, Hamas resumes its rocket and mortar attacks on Israel.
Hamas
Six members of Hamas are killed, it considers this attack a "massive breach of the truce," and rocket attacks towards Israeli cities around Gaza increase sharply in November 2008, approaching the pre-truce levels.
Hamas
The Israeli military raids a Hamas-dug tunnel between Gaza and Israel on the Gazan side of the border.
Invasion of Gaza
The Israeli military raids a Hamas-dug tunnel between Gaza and Israel on the Gazan side of the border. Six members of Hamas are killed, it considers this attack a "massive breach of the truce," and rocket attacks towards Israeli cities around Gaza increase sharply in November 2008, approaching the pre-truce levels
Siege of Gaza
Contending that Israel had not lifted the Gaza Strip blockade and following an Israeli raid into the Gaza Strip on November 4, Hamas resumes its rocket and mortar attacks on Israel
Death of John Michael Crichton
Death of John Michael Crichton
Proposition 8
California voters approve Proposition 8, restricting marriage to opposite-sex couples
1st Black President
Defeats John McCain in the general election with 365 electoral votes to McCain's 173 and becomes the first African American to be elected President of the United States
1st Black President
In his victory speech, delivered before a crowd of hundreds of thousands of his supporters in Chicago's Grant Park, Obama proclaimed that "change has come to America"
Election
Defeats John McCain in the general election with 365 electoral votes to McCain's 173 and becomes the first African American to be elected President of the United States. Barack Obama defeats John McCain to become the 44th President of the United States and the first African American President in US history
Election
Defeats John McCain to become president-elect of the United States
Vice President Elect
Is elected vice president on Barack Obama's ticket.
Election Defeat
Concedes the presidential election to Barack Obama after losing the Electoral College
Credit Crunch
Treasury and the Federal Reserve restructure AIG's rescue package, reducing the original loan and adding preferred-share support through TARP.
Fearless
Releases Fearless, a major country-pop crossover album
Fomalhaut Exoplanet Imaging
Kalas leads Hubble observations that reveal a visible-light point source moving around Fomalhaut within its debris system.
Iraq Status of Forces Agreement
The United States and Iraq sign an agreement setting a timetable for troop withdrawal
Credit Crunch
The International Monetary Fund approves a 2.1-billion-dollar Stand-By Arrangement for Iceland, supporting bank restructuring, currency stabilization and fiscal adjustment.
Election as President of State of Palestine
The PLO Central Council elected Abbas as President of the State of Palestine in a symbolic vote. The decision added a state-level title to his existing leadership of the Palestinian Authority and the PLO.
Citigroup Support Package
Federal authorities announce a support package for Citigroup in which the Federal Reserve stands ready to provide financing against a pool of assets after specified loss protections, seeking to preserve financial stability.
Citigroup Rescue
Citigroup receives federal capital support and protection against losses on selected assets.
Credit Crunch
The Government announces a rescue package for Citigroup combining capital support and protection against losses on a large pool of troubled assets.
Temporary VAT Reduction
The Government announces a temporary reduction in VAT to support demand during recession.
Credit Crunch
Darling announces a temporary cut in VAT to fifteen percent and additional fiscal measures intended to support demand during the worsening recession.
Agency Debt and Mortgage-Backed Securities Purchase Program
The Federal Reserve announces plans to purchase up to 100 billion dollars of government-sponsored enterprise debt and up to 500 billion dollars of agency mortgage-backed securities to reduce borrowing costs and support mortgage markets.
Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility
The Federal Reserve announces the Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility, designed to support new lending to households and businesses by financing investors in highly rated asset-backed securities.
Credit Crunch
The Federal Reserve announces TALF and plans large purchases of agency debt and mortgage-backed securities to support consumer and housing credit markets.
Economic Affairs Committee Term Ends
Completes his first recorded term on the House of Lords Economic Affairs Committee after four years of committee service.
Climate Change Act Royal Assent
Brown's government enacts the world's first statutory national emissions-reduction framework.
Climate Change Act
The Climate Change Act establishes legally binding emissions-reduction targets.
Counter-Terrorism Act
The Counter-Terrorism Act changes information, sentencing and investigative powers.
Mumbai Terror Attacks
Coordinated terrorist attacks begin across Mumbai, creating a major national security crisis.
Milk
Stars as Harvey Milk in the biographical drama Milk
Capital Controls Introduced
Authorities introduce capital controls to stabilize the krona and prevent disruptive capital flight following the collapse of Iceland's banking system.
Bobby Robson Foundation
By November 2008 the Foundation had raised 1 million pounds
Ethical Principles for Public Prosecutors
Starmer issues a statement defining fairness, independence and accountability for public prosecutors.
Treaty of Lisbon
Ratifies the European Union's Lisbon Treaty.
Arrest of Simon Mann
British mercenary Simon Mann, convicted of attempting to overthrow Equatorial Guinea President Teodoro Obiang Nguema in a failed coup in 2004, receives a presidential pardon and is released
Coup
British mercenary Simon Mann, convicted of attempting to overthrow Equatorial Guinea President Teodoro Obiang Nguema in a failed coup in 2004, receives a presidential pardon and is released
Quantitative Easing Expanded to 200 Billion Pounds
Mervyn King chairs the Monetary Policy Committee as it expands the Bank of England's asset-purchase programme to a total of two hundred billion pounds.
Election
Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas announces he will not seek re-election as president and intends to quit politics
Resignation of Mahmoud Abbas
Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas announces he will not seek re-election as president and intends to quit politics
Election
Abbas announces he does not intend to seek re election as president
Reality Killed the Video Star
Releases Reality Killed the Video Star after a break from studio albums.
Berlin Wall
Germany marks Twentieth anniversary of fall of Berlin Wall with spectacular ceremony attended by European leaders
Germany marks Twentieth anniversary of fall of Berlin Wall with spectacular ceremony
Germany marks Twentieth anniversary of fall of Berlin Wall with spectacular ceremony attended by European leaders
Barnett Formula Committee Service Ends
Completes his service on the House of Lords Barnett Formula Committee after participating in its examination of territorial public funding arrangements.
Death of Edward Woodwood
Death of Edward Woodward
Large Hadron Collider Restart
Sees proton beams circulate again in the Large Hadron Collider after repairs and consolidation following the 2008 incident.
Final Board Meeting as Director General
Addresses the Board of Governors during the final month of his twelve-year tenure as IAEA Director General.
Large Hadron Collider Beam Energy Record
Announces that the Large Hadron Collider has set a world record for particle-beam energy at 1.18 TeV per beam.
Second Large-Scale Treasury Purchase Program
The Federal Open Market Committee announces plans to purchase 600 billion dollars of longer-term Treasury securities by the end of the second quarter of 2011, a program widely known as the second round of quantitative easing.
Premiership Ends
Thein Sein leaves the prime ministership after the 2010 election period
Large Hadron Collider Lead Ions
Sees lead-ion beams introduced into the Large Hadron Collider, opening a programme studying extremely hot and dense strongly interacting matter.
Presidency Member Takes Office
Bakir Izetbegovic becomes Bosniak member of the Presidency
Progress
Rejoins Take That for Progress, the first album with the five-man line-up since 1995.
First International Appearance
Begins a long international career as Portugal goalkeeper.
Portugal Senior Debut
Makes his senior Portugal debut in a friendly against Spain.
Yeonpyeong Shelling
North Korea shells Yeonpyeong Island.
Death of Irvin Kershner
Death of Irvin Kershner
Completion of UNMIL Command
Sikander Afzal completes his tour as Force Commander of the United Nations Mission in Liberia.
Coalition Government Formed
Papademos forms a coalition government during the sovereign debt crisis.
Agni-IV Test
Tessy Thomas leads the Agni-IV project as the missile completes a successful developmental test flight.
Congressional Gold Medal
Receives the Congressional Gold Medal with other Apollo 11 astronauts.
Middle East Nuclear Free Zone Forum
The IAEA convenes a forum on experience relevant to creating a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East.
First Session of Constituent Assembly
The National Constituent Assembly held its first session after the October election.
Speaker of Constituent Assembly
The Constituent Assembly elected Mustapha Ben Jaafar as its speaker.
Saleh Transfer Agreement Backed
Backs the GCC initiative for a peaceful Yemeni transition.
Yemen Political Transition Support
Supports the negotiated transfer of power from Saleh.
GCC Transfer Agreement Signed
Signs the Gulf Cooperation Council transition agreement.
Presidential Powers Transferred
Agrees to transfer presidential powers to his deputy.
Acting Presidential Authority
Assumes presidential responsibilities under the GCC transition agreement.
Transition Powers Assumed
Prepares Yemen for a transitional presidential election.
Presidential Election
Kabila wins a disputed single-round presidential election.
Oh Boy
Directs Oh Boy, later released internationally as A Coffee in Berlin.
Take the Crown
Releases Take the Crown, restoring his run of solo number one albums.
Reelection
Is reelected vice president with Barack Obama.
I Am Malala Petition
Brown leads an international petition supporting Malala Yousafzai and universal education.
Fire It Up Album
Releases Fire It Up, his final studio album.
Capture of Goma
Commands M23 forces during their seizure of Goma, the capital of North Kivu.
Chelsea Interim Manager Appointment
Chelsea appoint Benítez as interim manager after Roberto Di Matteo's departure, beginning a contentious but trophy-winning spell.
Leveson Report
Receives the Leveson report into press culture and ethics.
UN Non Member Observer State Status
The United Nations General Assembly voted to accord Palestine non-member observer State status. Abbas addressed the Assembly in support of the initiative, which significantly strengthened Palestine's standing within the UN system.
Mercury Polar Ice
MESSENGER neutron measurements provide compelling evidence that Mercury's permanently shadowed north-polar craters contain abundant water ice.
EU Budget Restraint Campaign
Presses European partners for tighter long-term limits on European Union spending.
EU Budget Veto
Threatens to veto the EU budget without restraint in spending.
Mars Orbiter Mission
During K. Radhakrishnan's chairmanship, the Mars Orbiter Mission leaves Sriharikota on India's first interplanetary venture.
Six-Tailed Asteroid
Jewitt leads Hubble observations of asteroid P/2013 P5, which displays six comet-like dust tails.
Iran Framework for Cooperation
The IAEA and Iran sign a Framework for Cooperation aimed at resolving outstanding safeguards issues.
Swings Both Ways
Releases Swings Both Ways, returning to swing material with new songs and standards.
Joint Plan of Action
Iran and the P5+1 agree to the Joint Plan of Action, which places temporary limits on enrichment while negotiations continue toward a comprehensive settlement.
Winning Goal against Chelsea
Scores the late winning goal as Basel defeat Chelsea for a second time in their Champions League group.
Chief of Army Staff
Raheel Sharif becomes Chief of Army Staff, succeeding Ashfaq Parvez Kayani.
Government Declares M23 Defeated
Welcomes the military defeat of the first M23 rebellion after Congolese and United Nations operations.
The Endless River
Pink Floyd release The Endless River, built from sessions recorded for The Division Bell
The Imitation Game
The historical drama The Imitation Game, directed by Morten Tyldum and starring Benedict Cumberbatch as Turing and Keira Knightley as Joan Clarke, is released in the UK
The Imitation Game
The historical drama The Imitation Game, directed by Morten Tyldum and starring Benedict Cumberbatch as Turing and Keira Knightley as Joan Clarke, is released in the UK
The Imitation Game
The historical drama The Imitation Game, directed by Morten Tyldum and starring Benedict Cumberbatch as Turing and Keira Knightley as Joan Clarke, is released in the UK
100 Caps
Wins 100th England international cap, has scored 44 goals, making him Englands ninth most-capped player and joint third-highest goalscorer
Romanian Presidential Election
Iohannis wins the presidential election against Victor Ponta.
Presidential Election
Wins the presidential runoff against Victor Ponta.
Presidency Member Takes Office
Dragan Covic returns as Croat member of the Presidency
Presidency Member Takes Office
Mladen Ivanic becomes Serb member of the Presidency
Death of Mike Nichols
Death of Mike Nichols
Presidential Election, First Round
Tunisia held the first round of its first competitive direct presidential election after the revolution.
Joint Plan of Action Second Extension
The parties extend the Joint Plan of Action again and retain its temporary enrichment restrictions during continued negotiations.
EU Free Movement Reform
Argues for changes to European free movement rules and tighter controls on access to welfare.
First New Horizons JR1 Observations
New Horizons obtains its first distant spacecraft observations of Kuiper Belt object 1994 JR1.
Colectiv Protests
Faces mass protests after the Colectiv nightclub fire.
Pluto
The New Horizons team reports more than fifty Pluto-system discoveries four months after the flyby as stored data continue reaching Earth.
Pluto
Topographic analysis identifies Wright Mons and Piccard Mons as possible large cryovolcanoes formed by icy volcanic activity.
Pluto Moons
Analysis of the small moons shows rapid, non-synchronous rotation rather than the simple tidal locking seen in Pluto and Charon.
Death of Helmut Schmidt
Death of Helmut Schmidt
Chatham House EU Reform Speech
Sets out four objectives for renegotiating Britain's relationship with the European Union.
EU Reform Letter to European Council
Sends the European Council president Britain's formal objectives for European Union reform.
Paris Terror Attacks Statement
Expresses solidarity with France and reviews UK security after the Paris terrorist attacks.
Paris Attacks Commons Statement
Updates Parliament on the Paris attacks and discussions at the G20 summit in Turkey.
Large Hadron Collider Lead-Ion Collisions
Sees the Large Hadron Collider begin lead-ion collisions at roughly twice the energy achieved in its previous heavy-ion programme.
Vardy Eleven Consecutive League Matches Scored
Vardy scores against Manchester United to reach eleven consecutive Premier League games with a goal under Ranieri.
Commonwealth Malta Summit
Represents the United Kingdom at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Malta.
Strategic Defence Review 2015
Presents a new Strategic Defence and Security Review focused on terrorism, cyber threats and state-based risks.
Labour Leave
Helps organise Labour Leave during the referendum campaign.
Brexit
Wins the High Court case requiring parliamentary authorisation before Article 50.
The Heavy Entertainment Show
Releases The Heavy Entertainment Show, opening another period of arena-focused pop performance.
Death of Fidel Castro
Death of Fidel Castro
Chief of Army Staff
Qamar Javed Bajwa becomes Chief of Army Staff, succeeding General Raheel Sharif.
Seventh Fatah General Conference
Delegates to Fatah's seventh general conference re-elected Abbas by consensus as chairman of the movement. The conference reaffirmed his control of Fatah while also renewing the party's leadership bodies.
Military Intervention
Chiwenga's forces take control of key institutions during the leadership crisis.
Resignation from Presidency
Mugabe resigns after military intervention and the beginning of parliamentary impeachment proceedings.
In the Fade
Directs In the Fade.
Sworn In as President
Mnangagwa is sworn in after returning from exile.
Voyager 1 Backup Thrusters Reactivated
Engineers successfully fire Voyager 1 trajectory-correction thrusters for the first time in thirty-seven years.
Hat Trick Against West Ham
Wayne Rooney scores a hat-trick against West Ham United, including a long-range strike from his own half, as Everton win 4–0.
Hwasong 15 Test
North Korea tests the Hwasong-15 ICBM.
First Bjarni Benediktsson Government
The First Bjarni Benediktsson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
First Katrin Jakobsdottir Government
Begins the First Katrin Jakobsdottir Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
A Bed Every Night Launch
Burnham launches emergency accommodation for people sleeping rough across the city-region.
Paris Climate Exit Formalisation
Moves to formalise U.S. exit from the Paris climate accord.
Parker First Solar Perihelion
Leads the SWEAP investigation as Parker Solar Probe makes its first close solar pass and directly samples solar-wind electrons, protons and alpha particles nearer the Sun than previous missions.
Voyager 2 Heliopause Crossing
Leads interpretation of Voyager 2 observations as the spacecraft crosses the heliopause and measures the transition from solar-wind plasma to the interstellar environment.
Voyager 2 Interstellar Space
Voyager 2 becomes the second spacecraft to enter interstellar space.
Voyager 2 Heliopause Plasma Signature
Uses Voyager 2 plasma measurements to identify the sharp transition from the heliosphere into interstellar space.
Democrats Take House
Democrats win control of the House of Representatives in midterm elections.
Brexit
Cabinet backs the draft Withdrawal Agreement.
Withdrawal Agreement Draft
Cabinet backs the draft Withdrawal Agreement.
Brexit
Resigns as Brexit Secretary over the draft Withdrawal Agreement.
Brexit
Appointed Brexit Secretary after Dominic Raab resigns.
Presidency Member Takes Office
Sefik Dzaferovic becomes Bosniak member of the Presidency
Presidency Member Takes Office
Milorad Dodik becomes Serb member of the Presidency
Brexit
EU leaders endorse the Withdrawal Agreement and Political Declaration.
EU Withdrawal Agreement
EU leaders endorse the Withdrawal Agreement and Political Declaration.
Death of George Herbert Walker Bush
Death of George H W Bush
New South Polar Cyclone
Juno detects a new cyclone joining the geometric pattern of storms around Jupiter's south pole.
Riyadh Agreement Mediation
Supports Saudi mediation of the Riyadh Agreement.
Southern Yemen Accord Supported
The accord seeks to reduce fighting among anti-Houthi factions.
Government-STC Accord
Saudi mediation seeks to stabilize Aden and reunify anti-Houthi forces.
Riyadh Agreement
His government signs the Riyadh Agreement with southern separatists.
Kartarpur Corridor
Imran Khan inaugurates the Kartarpur Corridor for Sikh pilgrims.
Resignation of Juan Evo Morales Ayma
Morales resigns amid disputed election results, mass protests and military pressure.
General Election - Second General Election
Wins the second Spanish general election of 2019 without a majority.
Second General Election Election Outcome
General election outcome recorded for Pedro Sanchez: Wins the second Spanish general election of 2019 without a majority.
Second General Election Government
Government context for this general election: Wins the second Spanish general election of 2019 without a majority.
Second General Election
Wins the second Spanish general election of 2019 without a majority.
Interim Presidency
Anez assumes the interim presidency during the post-election political crisis.
Arrokoth Official Name
The Kuiper Belt object 2014 MU69 receives the official name Arrokoth following the New Horizons flyby.
FIFA Global Football Development Appointment
FIFA appointed Wenger Chief of Global Football Development, assigning him responsibility for technical initiatives, coaching education and the development of the game worldwide.
Prime Minister Takes Office
Ion Chicu becomes Prime Minister after Sandu's government falls
First International Appearance
Begins his international career as a versatile forward.
Portugal Senior Debut
Makes his senior Portugal debut during victory over Lithuania.
Agreement for Social Peace and New Constitution
Supports a political agreement establishing a process for drafting a new constitution.
Fuel Protests
Faces nationwide protests after fuel price rises.
First Top-Flight North London Derby Goal
Scores the opening goal as Arsenal defeat Tottenham Hotspur 2-0 in the first top-flight women's north London derby.
President of Sri Lanka
Inaugurated as President of Sri Lanka.
Premier Appointed
Easton Taylor-Farrell becomes Premier after the MCAP election victory
Tottenham Hotspur Appointment
Is appointed Tottenham Hotspur head coach following Mauricio Pochettino's departure.
The Christmas Present
Releases The Christmas Present, a seasonal album mixing original songs and festive standards.
Tottenham Managerial Debut
Begins his Tottenham tenure with a 3-2 Premier League victory at West Ham United.
Re-Election
Wins a second presidential term.
District Council Election Response
Lam acknowledges the record turnout in the District Council election and says the Government will reflect on the views expressed by voters.
Independent Review Proposal
Lam says the Government intends to examine the deeper social, economic and political causes behind the prolonged unrest through an independent review process.
Olympiacos Comeback Victory
Tottenham recover from two goals down to beat Olympiacos and qualify for the Champions League knockout stage.
Resignation of Adil Abdul Mahdi
Announces resignation after mass protests.
USMCA Signing
Signs the USMCA trade agreement with Canada and Mexico.
Election Day 2020
Faces Joe Biden in the 2020 presidential election.
Presidential Election Victory
Defeats Donald Trump in the presidential election.
Election
Elected Vice President of the United States on the Democratic ticket.
Tigray War
Orders military operations in Tigray after conflict with the regional authorities escalates.
Election Challenge
Refuses to concede after the presidential election and challenges results.
Post-Election Speech
Claims widespread fraud without evidence after election night.
COVID-19
Promises a national COVID-19 response after being projected president-elect.
President of Bolivia
Arce is inaugurated as President of Bolivia.
COVID-19
BioNTech and Pfizer announce strong efficacy results for their COVID-19 vaccine candidate.
Pfizer BioNTech Vaccine
BioNTech and Pfizer announce strong efficacy results for their COVID-19 vaccine candidate.
COVID-19
BioNTech and Pfizer announce strong efficacy results for their COVID-19 vaccine candidate.
Pfizer BioNTech Vaccine
BioNTech and Pfizer announce strong efficacy results for their COVID-19 vaccine candidate.
COVID-19
Names members of a COVID-19 advisory board.
Nagorno-Karabakh Ceasefire
Brokers a ceasefire ending major fighting in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war.
Post-Election Legal Challenges
Supports legal challenges to election results in multiple states.
Legislators Disqualified under NPCSC Decision
The Government announces the immediate disqualification of four Legislative Council members following a decision by the National People's Congress Standing Committee.
Most-Capped European International
Surpasses the previous European men's international appearance record.
Spain Appearance Record
Makes his one hundred seventy-seventh appearance for Spain.
Restoration of Civil and Security Coordination
The Palestinian Authority restored civil and security coordination with Israel after receiving assurances that existing agreements would continue to be observed. The decision reversed the suspension announced by Abbas in May and restored routine administrative contacts.
Booker Prize
Wins the Booker Prize for Shuggie Bain.
Four Goals Against Hertha Berlin
Haaland scored four times in Dortmund’s 5-2 Bundesliga victory away to Hertha Berlin, demonstrating his ability to finish from varied attacking positions.
G20 Riyadh Summit
Supports the Saudi G20 presidency and its economic agenda.
G20 Riyadh Summit
Chairs the G20 leaders' summit during Saudi Arabia's presidency.
Peace Negotiations
ibn Shaker participates in peace negotiations connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Lunar Sample Return
China launches Chang'e 5 to collect lunar samples.
Death of Diego Maradona
Death of Diego Maradona.
Policy Address 2020
Lam presents the 2020 Policy Address with proposals on economic recovery, integration with national development, housing and governance after a turbulent year.
Assassination of Mohsen Fakhrizadeh
Iranian nuclear scientist is assassinated amid enrichment tensions.
Resumption of Hostilities
Zia Ur Rehman leads MINURSO's military component as hostilities resume in Western Sahara.
Anti-Oligarch Law
Signs the law intended to limit excessive oligarchic influence on politics and public life.
Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act
Signs the bipartisan infrastructure law.
Rangers Manager Appointment
Returns to Rangers as manager after previously playing for the club.
First Katrin Jakobsdottir Government
The First Katrin Jakobsdottir Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Second Katrin Jakobsdottir Government
Begins the Second Katrin Jakobsdottir Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Second Shadow Cabinet Reshuffle
Starmer appoints a revised shadow team focused on economic credibility and public services.
Digne Free Kick Against Manchester United
Digne curls a free kick past David de Gea as Aston Villa build an early two-goal lead in Emery's first match in charge.
Bailey Scores Early for New Villa Coach
Bailey opens the scoring against Manchester United in Emery's first Aston Villa match, setting up a memorable 3–1 home victory.
England World Cup Squad Announced
Gareth Southgate names a 26-player England squad for the Qatar World Cup, combining established internationals with younger players including Jude Bellingham and Bukayo Saka.
Kherson Liberated
Ukrainian forces enter Kherson after Russian withdrawal.
Kherson Liberation
Welcomes the liberation of Kherson after Russian forces withdraw west of the Dnipro.
Kherson Visit
Visits Kherson days after its liberation and praises Ukrainian defenders.
G20 Peace Formula Address
Addresses the G20 summit and presents a ten-point Ukrainian Peace Formula.
Presidency Member Takes Office
Denis Becirovic becomes Bosniak member of the Presidency
Chairwoman Takes Office
Cvijanovic is chosen as first chairwoman of the 2022 Presidency convocation
Presidency Member Re-Elected
Zeljko Komsic begins another term as Croat member of the Presidency
Presidency Member Takes Office
Zeljka Cvijanovic becomes Serb member of the Presidency
Peace Negotiations
al-Rifai participates in peace negotiations connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Re-Elected President
Tokayev wins early presidential election for a seven-year term
Kane Leads England Into Qatar Tournament
Harry Kane captains England in their opening World Cup match against Iran, directing the attack as his team begins the competition with a 6-2 victory.
Shaw Creates Bellingham Header Against Iran
Luke Shaw sends the cross that Jude Bellingham heads into the net, providing the opening goal for England in the 6-2 defeat of Iran.
Saka Completes Opening Match Double
Bukayo Saka cuts inside from the right and scores again against Iran, completing a two-goal performance in his first appearance at a men’s World Cup.
Saka Opens World Cup Account Against Iran
Bukayo Saka scores his first World Cup goal with a forceful left-footed finish following a set-piece, helping England build a commanding first-half lead over Iran.
Wilson Sets Up Grealish Goal
Callum Wilson passes across the penalty area to Jack Grealish rather than shooting himself, creating England’s final goal against Iran.
Grealish Finishes England Sixth Goal
Jack Grealish finishes a pass from substitute Callum Wilson late in the match against Iran, completing England’s six-goal opening performance.
Rashford Scores Moments After Coming On
Marcus Rashford comes off the bench and scores with one of his first touches, adding a fifth England goal during the group-stage victory over Iran.
Sterling Converts Kane Cross Against Iran
Raheem Sterling meets Harry Kane’s delivery to score England’s third goal just before half-time in their opening match against Iran.
Bellingham First England World Cup Goal
Jude Bellingham heads in Luke Shaw’s cross against Iran to score his first senior England goal and open the scoring in England’s World Cup campaign.
World Cup Winning Goal Against Canada
Scores the only goal as Belgium defeat Canada in their opening World Cup match.
Winner Against Country of Birth
Breel Embolo scores the only goal against Cameroon, the country of his birth, and chooses not to celebrate as Switzerland begins its 2022 World Cup with a victory.
Maguire Repels United States Attacks
Harry Maguire makes important defensive interventions against the United States, helping England avoid conceding despite sustained pressure and set pieces.
Kane Late Header Goes Wide Against United States
Harry Kane heads wide from a late England free kick against the United States, leaving the Group B match without a goal for either side.
Pickford United States Clean Sheet
Jordan Pickford keeps England’s first clean sheet of the tournament as the United States frustrate Southgate’s side in a 0-0 draw at Al Bayt Stadium.
Southgate Retains Starting Eleven Against United States
Gareth Southgate selects the same starting eleven that beat Iran for England’s second group match against the United States, which finishes in a goalless draw.
World Cup Goal Against Mexico
Scores Argentina's opening goal in a crucial 2-0 World Cup group-stage victory over Mexico.
World Cup Goal Against Mexico
Scores Argentina's second goal against Mexico with a curling finish in the World Cup group stage.
Brazil Group-Stage Winner
Secures Brazil's qualification for the knockout stage.
World Cup Goal Against Switzerland
Scores the winning goal against Switzerland at the World Cup.
Kane Supplies Cross for Foden Against Wales
Harry Kane delivers a precise ball across goal for Phil Foden to convert, registering a decisive attacking contribution in England’s win over Wales.
Rashford Completes Double Against Wales
Marcus Rashford scores his second goal of the evening from open play as England beat Wales 3-0 and advance from Group B.
Rashford Free Kick Breaks Wales Deadlock
Marcus Rashford bends a free kick beyond the Wales goalkeeper early in the second half, giving England the lead in the final Group B match.
Foden Scores First England World Cup Goal
Phil Foden arrives at the far post to finish Harry Kane’s low cross against Wales, doubling England’s lead shortly after the opening goal.
Pickford Wales Shutout
Jordan Pickford records another clean sheet as England defeat Wales 3-0, securing first place in their World Cup group.
Southgate Secures Group B First Place
Gareth Southgate’s England finish top of Group B after beating Wales, earning a round-of-16 meeting with Senegal.
Chief of Army Staff
Syed Asim Munir takes command of the Pakistan Army as Chief of Army Staff.
Stalemate Assessment
Warns that the war has moved toward positional warfare and stalemate
Immobile Scores Champions League Winner Against Feyenoord
Ciro Immobile finishes from a narrow angle shortly before half-time as Lazio defeat Feyenoord 1–0 in a crucial Champions League group match.
Grindavik Emergency Evacuation
Authorities order the evacuation of Grindavik as intense seismic activity and magma movement raise the risk of a volcanic eruption on the Reykjanes Peninsula.
Return to Government
Returns to frontline government as Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs.
Voyager 1 Flight Data System Fault
Voyager 1 stops returning readable science and engineering data after a flight-data-system memory problem.
Xi Jinping Meeting
Meets Xi Jinping during the APEC summit.
LTT 1445Ac Size
Pass leads Hubble observations refining the radius of nearby transiting exoplanet LTT 1445Ac and confirming its Earth-like size.
Malligyong Satellite
North Korea launches a military reconnaissance satellite.
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador after the 2023 snap election
Fastest Fifty Premier League Goals
Haaland scored against Liverpool in his 48th Premier League appearance, becoming the fastest player to reach 50 goals in the competition.
Fastest Forty Champions League Goals
Haaland reached 40 Champions League goals during Manchester City’s comeback victory against RB Leipzig, achieving the milestone faster than any predecessor.
Euclid First Images Validate Survey Capability
Mellier oversees the Euclid science consortium as the mission's first public images demonstrate the image quality required for future dark-energy and weak-lensing measurements.
Foreign Secretary in House of Lords
Serves as Foreign Secretary from the House of Lords after receiving a life peerage.
Five Goals in Champions League Group Stage
Haaland scored five goals in five Champions League group appearances during the autumn campaign as Manchester City progressed with a perfect group record.
Vega Debris Disk
Wolff uses Hubble observations with Webb data to show that Vega's broad debris disk is unexpectedly smooth.
Re-Elected President
Sandu wins re-election and continues Moldova's pro-European presidential course
North Korean Troops in Kursk
Says North Korean troops are involved with Russian forces in the Kursk region
COP29 Climate Summit
Starmer presents expanded British emissions targets and support for international climate action.
Chairwoman Takes Office
Cvijanovic again takes the rotating chairmanship of the Presidency
Long-Range Strike Permission
Authorizes limited Ukrainian use of long-range U.S. weapons inside Russia.
DESI Full Shape Gravity Test
Zarrouk co-leads DESI's full-shape analysis testing general relativity on cosmic scales and limiting modified-gravity alternatives to dark energy.
Dismissal of Choguel Maiga
Goita dismisses Prime Minister Choguel Maiga after criticism of delayed elections.
Appointment as Transitional Prime Minister
Goita appoints Abdoulaye Maiga to lead the transitional government.
Oreshnik Missile Strike
Announces Russia used a new Oreshnik missile against Ukraine
Interim Presidential Succession Decree
Abbas issued a decree establishing that the chairman of the Palestinian National Council would serve as interim president if the presidency became vacant. The temporary successor would be limited to a period of up to ninety days while presidential elections were organised.
Prime Minister Takes Office
Alexandru Munteanu becomes Prime Minister after Recean leaves the premiership
World Series
Leads the Dodgers to the World Series title.
President of Bolivia
Paz is inaugurated as President of Bolivia during a severe economic crisis.
Presidential Inauguration
Takes office as President of Ireland at the formal inauguration ceremony in Dublin Castle.
President of Ireland
Is inaugurated as President of Ireland.
November Resident Doctor Strike
Resident doctors begin another five-day strike across NHS organisations in England.