Death of Germanicus
Dies at Antioch, provoking suspicion and popular grief.
Historical events in October
7,205 historical records across all years
Execution of Sejanus
Orders the removal of Sejanus from power.
Fall of Sejanus
Is arrested and executed after Tiberius turns against him.
Praetorian Acclamation
The Praetorian Guard acclaims Nero emperor after the death of Claudius.
Succession
Nero succeeds Claudius as Roman emperor on October 13, 54.
Death of Claudius
Claudius dies in Rome on October 13, 54; ancient sources commonly attribute his death to poisoning, though the details remain uncertain.
Battle of Bedriacum, 2nd
Defeats the Army of Vitellius
Battle of Bedriacum, 1st
Helps defeat the army of Vitellius
Battle of Bedriacum, 2nd
Antonius invades Italy & defeats Vitellius at Bedriacum
Invasion of Italy
Antonius invades Italy & defeats Vitellius at Bedriacum
Battle of Bedriacum, 1st
Otho commits suicide after defeat by Vitellius troops at Bedriacum
Suicide
Otho commits suicide after defeat by Vitellius troops at Bedriacum
Battle of Bedriacum, 2nd
Vitelius is forced to withdraw to Rome where he is killed in street fighting. Antonius invades Italy & defeats Vitellius at Bedriacum
Battle of Rigodulum
Defeats the Batavian auxiliaries
Reballion of Batavian auxiliaries in Gaul
Sent to crush the revolt of the Batavian auxiliaries in Gaul
Legate
Appointed Legate in Britain
Reballion of Brigantes
Appointed Legate in Britain to crush the rebellion of the Brigantes
Reballion of Brigantes & extends Roman influence in northern Britain
Crushes the rebellion of the Brigantes & extends Roman influence in northern Britain
Adoption of Trajan
Adopts Trajan to secure army support and succession.
Adoption of Trajan
Succeeds as Emperor of Rome. Nerva Marcus Cocceius names Trajan heir to placate the Praetorians and German legions
Adoption by Nerva
Emperor Nerva adopts Trajan and designates him as his imperial heir on October 27, 97.
Military Support for Trajan's Adoption
Nerva adopts Trajan amid pressure from the army after the Praetorian crisis, strengthening support for the succession.
Death of Antinous
Antinous dies during Hadrian journey in Egypt.
Created Caesar
Marcus Aurelius grants Commodus the title Caesar, formally marking him as an imperial heir.
Maxentius Revolt
Maxentius is proclaimed emperor at Rome, creating a direct challenge to Severus's authority in Italy.
Battle of Milvian Bridge
Constantine defeats Maxentius at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge and becomes the dominant ruler in the western Roman Empire.
Entry into Rome
Constantine enters Rome after defeating Maxentius and is welcomed as the victorious western emperor.
Battle of Cibalae
Constantine defeats Licinius at Cibalae during the first civil war between the two emperors.
Succession
Invests his son Romulus Augustulus with the purple
Death of Edwin
Death of Edwiin, killed in battle by Penda of Mercia & Cadwallon King of Gwynedd
Battle of Hatfield Chase
Defeated & killed by Cadwallon & Penda of Mercia
Battle of Hatfield Chase
Penda of Mercia & Cadwallon of north Wales defeat the Northumbria. After victory at Hatfield Chase Penda becomes King of Mercia
Battle of Hatfield Chase
The forces of Penda of Mercia & Cadwallon defeat the Nortumbrian Army & kill Edwin
Abdication
Deposed by Alhred who claims to be a descendant of Ida
Succession
Succeeds as King of Northumbria
Crowned King of the Franks
After Pepin the Short dies, Charlemagne is enthroned at Noyon as king of part of the Frankish realm.
Battle of Andernach
Charles II the Bald is defeated by Louis II in his attempt to capture Germany
Death of Charles II the Bald
Death of Charles II
Death of Alfred the Great
Alfred the Great dies after a reign remembered for resistance to Viking invasion, legal reform and learning.
Succession
Edward succeeded Alfred and continued the campaign to absorb the southern Danelaw.
Succession
Alfred prepares the succession that allows his son Edward the Elder to inherit the kingdom.
Royal Stay at Aachen
Louis visits Aachen during a brief western journey through Lotharingia in 902.
Danelaw
Athelstans empire, seemingly made safe by the victory of Brunanburh, collapsed in little more than a year from his death when Amlaib returned from Ireland and seized Northumbria and the Mercian Danelaw
Death of Athelstan
Death of Athelstan, "pillar of the dignity of the western world". Athelstans empire, seemingly made safe by the victory of Brunanburh, collapsed in little more than a year from his death when Amlaib returned from Ireland and seized Northumbria and the Mercian Danelaw
Death of King Athelstan
Athelstan died at Gloucester after a reign that had united England and extended royal supremacy across Britain.
Capture of Northumbria
Athelstans empire, seemingly made safe by the victory of Brunanburh, collapsed in little more than a year from his death when Amlaib returned from Ireland and seized Northumbria and the Mercian Danelaw
Danelaw
Athelstans empire, seemingly made safe by the victory of Brunanburh, collapsed in little more than a year from his death when Amlaib returned from Ireland and seized Northumbria and the Mercian Danelaw
Death of Athelstan
Athelstans empire, seemingly made safe by the victory of Brunanburh, collapsed in little more than a year from his death when Amlaib returned from Ireland and seized Northumbria and the Mercian Danelaw
Invasion of England
Athelstans empire, seemingly made safe by the victory of Brunanburh, collapsed in little more than a year from his death when Amlaib returned from Ireland and seized Northumbria and the Mercian Danelaw
Danelaw
Athelstans empire, seemingly made safe by the victory of Brunanburh, collapsed in little more than a year from his death when Amlaib returned from Ireland and seized Northumbria and the Mercian Danelaw
Invasion of England
Athelstans empire, seemingly made safe by the victory of Brunanburh, collapsed in little more than a year from his death when Amlaib returned from Ireland and seized Northumbria and the Mercian Danelaw
Battle of Ashingdon
Killed by the Danes at the English defeat of Ashingdon
Battle of Ashingdon
Killed by the Danes at the English defeat of Ashingdon
Battle of Ashingdon
Killed by the Danes at the English defeat of Ashingdon
Battle of Ashingdon
Killed by the Danes at the English defeat of Ashingdon
Battle of Ashingdon
Killed by the Danes at the English defeat of Ashingdon
Battle of Ashingdon
Leads to a Treaty granting Edmund II Wessex while Canute holds the rest of England
Battle of Ashingdon
Defeats Edmund Ironside. Canute & Edmund agree to jointly rule England after the Battle of Ashingdon
Peace
Wessex will be ruled by Edmund & London & the east will be ruled by Canute
Rule of London
Wessex will be ruled by Edmund & London & the east will be ruled by Canute
Rule of Wessex
Wessex will be ruled by Edmund & London & the east will be ruled by Canute
Battle of Ashingdon
Eadric & the Mercians desert the battle & Edmund faces defeat. Defeated by Canute who disputes Edmunds claim to the throne. Canute & Edmund agree to jointly rule England after the Battle of Ashingdon
Peace
Wessex will be ruled by Edmund & London & the east will be ruled by Canute
Death of Magnus I the Good
Death of Magnus I the Good, while dividing Norway with Harald Hardraade, the line of Olaf II ended with Magnus death
Battle of St-Aubin-sur-Scie
Forced to postone his invasion of Normandy after Enguerrands defeat
Battle of St-Aubin-sur-Scie
Invades Normandy but is killed in battle, his army takes heavy losses
Battle of England
Clashes with the army of the Earl of Herefordshire, Ralph the Timid, the Earl and his men eventually take flight, and Gruffydd and Elfgar pursue them, killing and wounding as they went, and enacting savage reprisals on Hereford
Invasion of England
Clashes with the army of the Earl of Herefordshire, Ralph the Timid, the Earl and his men eventually take flight, and Gruffydd and Elfgar pursue them, killing and wounding as they went, and enacting savage reprisals on Hereford
Siege of Hereford
Clashes with the army of the Earl of Herefordshire, Ralph the Timid, the Earl and his men eventually take flight, and Gruffydd and Elfgar pursue them, killing and wounding as they went, and enacting savage reprisals on Hereford
Death of Henry III the Black
Death of Henry III the Black
Council of York
200 senior thegns choose Morcar to become their new leader
Council of York
Northumbrian leaders reject Tostig and choose Morcar to replace him as earl.
Declaration of War
The standard of revolt is raised in Yorkshire. Morcar is declared the new Earl. A coalition of Yorkshire, Northumbria & Mercia against Tostig
Northumbrian Revolt
Northumbrian rebels move against Tostig's officials and declare that they will no longer accept his rule.
Acceptance of Morcar
Harold accepts Morcar's recognition as Earl of Northumbria as part of the peace settlement.
Acceptance of Tostig's Exile
Harold accepts the settlement that sends his brother Tostig into exile.
Recognition as Earl
The Oxford settlement legalizes Morcar's position as Earl of Northumbria.
Abdication
At a general Witen Tostigs laws are anulled & Tostig is deposed
Council of Oxford
At Oxford, Harold accepts the Northumbrian demands, Tostig remains outlawed, and Morcar is recognised as Earl of Northumbria.
Council of Oxford
Morcar, Harolds brother-in-law, became the new Earl of Northumbria. Harold yields to the rebels demands & banishes Tostig from the country. At a general Witen Tostigs laws are anulled & Cnuts reinstated
Deposition Confirmed
The settlement at Oxford confirms Tostig's removal and recognizes Morcar as the new earl.
Deposition
The October settlement accepts Tostig's deposition from Northumbria and confirms Morcar as the new earl.
Exile Settlement
The Oxford settlement leaves Tostig in exile and confirms Morcar as Earl of Northumbria.
Exile of Tostig
Morcar, Harolds brother-in-law, became the new Earl of Northumbria. Forced into exile in Norway
Acceptance of Tostig's Exile
Edward accepts Tostig's exile despite his earlier desire to restore him.
Recognition of Morcar
Edward's government recognizes Morcar as Earl of Northumbria after the Oxford negotiations.
Advice Against Civil War
Harold supports compromise rather than a royal military campaign that could trigger civil war.
Oxford Mediation
Harold continues negotiations at Oxford after failing to reconcile Tostig with the Northumbrians.
Presentation of Rebel Demands
Harold presents the rebels' demands to the royal government during the Oxford settlement.
Oxford Conference
Morcar's supporters insist at Oxford that his election must be recognized.
Reballion of Rebels in Oxford
Morcar is elected Earl & Tostig deposed. At a general Witen Tostigs laws are anulled & Cnuts reinstated
Reballion of Rebels in Oxford
Morcar's position as Earl of Northumbria is accepted during the settlement reached at Oxford.
Oxford Negotiations
Negotiations at Oxford end without restoring Tostig to Northumbria.
Oxford Settlement
Edward accepts a settlement recognizing Morcar and ending Tostig's rule in Northumbria.
Reballion of Rebels in Oxford
Edward accepts the settlement under which Morcar replaces Tostig as Earl of Northumbria.
Reballion of Rebels in Oxford
Morcar is elected Earl & Tostig deposed. At a general Witen Tostigs laws are anulled & Cnuts reinstated
Loss of Northumbria
Tostig loses effective control of Northumbria when the rebels choose Morcar in his place.
Outlawry of Tostig
The Northumbrian assembly outlaws Tostig and rejects his authority as earl.
Mediation Mission
Harold meets the rebel leaders at Northampton and attempts to negotiate a peaceful settlement.
Negotiated End of Revolt
Harold secures an agreement that prevents immediate fighting between the royal government and the northern coalition.
News of Northumbrian Revolt
Harold learns that the Northumbrians have rejected his brother Tostig and chosen Morcar.
Rebel Peace Terms
Harold receives demands for Tostig's outlawry and Morcar's recognition from the northern coalition.
Bernician Settlement
Morcar places authority beyond the Tyne in Oswulf's hands to secure support in northern Northumbria.
Derby Support
Men from Derby join the coalition backing Morcar against Tostig.
Election as Earl
Northumbrian rebels choose Morcar to replace Tostig as their earl.
Junction with Edwin
Morcar joins forces with his brother Edwin and Mercian supporters at Northampton.
Leadership of the Rebel Host
Morcar leads the rebel host south after his election as earl.
Lincoln Support
Men from Lincoln join Morcar's movement as the Northumbrian force advances south.
Mercian Reinforcement
Mercian and Welsh forces reinforce Morcar's position while negotiations with Harold develop.
Northumbrian Recognition
Morcar receives the support of the Northumbrian thegns after Tostig is rejected.
Nottingham Support
Supporters from Nottingham strengthen Morcar's army during its southward march.
Peace Proposals
Morcar considers peace proposals delivered during Harold's attempt to settle the revolt.
Appeal for Royal Restoration
Tostig seeks royal support for restoration to his earldom after the Northumbrian uprising.
Attack on Tostig's Household
Rebels attack Tostig's household in York and destroy the local machinery of his rule.
Killing of Tostig's Retainers
Northumbrian rebels kill members of Tostig's household and officials during the seizure of York.
Northampton Confrontation
The rebel host reaches Northampton, increasing pressure on Edward to abandon Tostig's restoration.
Northumbrian Rising
Northumbrian thegns rise against Tostig's government while he is away from York.
Rebel Advance into the Midlands
Tostig's opponents march south through the Midlands while demanding recognition of Morcar as earl.
Seizure of Tostig's Treasury
The rebels seize Tostig's treasure, weapons and property after taking control of York.
Tostig at Britford
Tostig remains with King Edward at Britford while news of the Northumbrian revolt reaches the royal court.
Demand for Tostig's Restoration
Edward initially favors restoring Tostig and suppressing resistance to royal authority.
Northumbrian Crisis
Edward faces a major political crisis when Northumbrian rebels reject his appointed earl Tostig.
Royal Authority Challenged
The southward march of the rebels demonstrates that Edward lacks support for a military restoration of Tostig.
Royal Council at Britford
Edward consults leading nobles at Britford as the Northumbrian revolt threatens wider conflict.
Invasion of England
Hears news of the Norman landing while at a banquet in York
Invasion of England
Marches south as soon as he hears of Williams landing
Invasion of England
Arrives in London from York in an attempt to head off the Norman invasion
Battle of Hastings
Marches from London with about 5,000 men in an effort to surprise the Norman invaders
Invasion of England
Gathers his forces & leaves for the Sussex Downs to cut William off from his ships
Battle of Hastings
Harold & his armies assemble near Battle after Harold has marched 58 miles from London. Arrives in battle after 58 mile march from London which had taken its toll in infantry
Battle of Hastings
Arrives in battle after marching 58 miles from London
Advance
Harold II advances into Sussex to confront Williams army near Hastings
Arrival before Hastings
Harold reaches the ridge near Battle and camps opposite William's army on the evening before the decisive engagement.
Death of Leofwine Godwinson
Killed alongside his brothers Harold and Gyrth in the Battle of Hastings
Battle of Hastings
The embroidery identifies Gyrth among Harold's brothers killed during the Battle of Hastings.
Battle of Hastings
The embroidery identifies Leofwine among Harold's brothers killed during the Battle of Hastings.
Death of Harold II
The final battle scenes portray Harold's death and the collapse of English resistance.
Death of Harold II
Death of Harold II, killed at the Battle of Hastings
Battle of Hastings
Fights with his brother Harold I at the Battle of Hastings, killed in battle
Death of Gyrth
Death of Gyrth, killed at the Battle of Hastings
Battle of Hastings
Killed alongside his brothers Harold and Gyrth in the Battle of Hastings
Army Deploys at Senlac
William deploys his army below the English position at Senlac with archers, infantry and cavalry arranged for a combined assault.
Death of Harold at Hastings
Harold is killed during the final fighting, and the English army loses the leadership needed to continue organized resistance.
Norman Feigned Retreats
Norman forces exploit English pursuit during retreats and counterattack troops drawn away from the defensive ridge.
Norman Victory at Hastings
William wins the Battle of Hastings, eliminating Harold's field army but not yet securing control of England.
William Rallies His Army
William raises his helmet and rides among his troops after a rumour spreads that he has been killed.
Battle of Hastings
The embroidery portrays William lifting his helmet to show his troops that he remained alive.
Norman Victory
The Bayeux Tapestry ends with English troops fleeing after William's victory at Hastings.
Death of Gyrth Godwinson
Gyrth Godwinson is killed during the Battle of Hastings
Death of Leofwine Godwinson
Leofwine Godwinson is killed during the Battle of Hastings
Shield Wall
The English housecarls hold a dense shield wall against repeated Norman attacks
Battle of Hastings
Victory goes to the Normans whose cavalry overcomes the Anglo Saxon foot soldiers. The Battle takes place just 3 days after the Battle of Stamford Bridge. Harold is killed in batlle
Battle of Hastings
Hears of Williams advance & forms a defensive position on Senlac ridge
Battle of Hastings
Harold loses his element of surprise & the Normans attack
Battle of Hastings
Marches from Hastings & reaches Telhan Hill 1 mile from Harold. Marches 7 miles from north of Hastings to confront Harold & catch him by surprise. Fields 4,000 Normans, 1,500 Flemings & 2,000 Bretons. Commands the Norman centre. Carries a mace & wears the relics upon which Harold had sworn his oath. Battle commences at 9 am when William orders his archers to fire at the English line
Battle of Hastings
Harold loses his element of surprise & the Normans attack
Death in Final Assault
Harold is killed during the final phase of the Battle of Hastings, leaving the English army without its king.
Death of Harold Godwinson
Harold II is killed and the English army collapses at Hastings
Deployment
Harold II deploys the English shield wall on the ridge above the battlefield
English Ridge Defence
Harold's troops hold their hilltop position through repeated Norman attacks during many hours of fighting.
Shield Wall Formed
Harold deploys his army on the ridge in a dense shield wall designed to resist Norman infantry and cavalry.
Defeat
The English army is defeated after a day of fighting near Hastings
Battle of Hastings
Commands some of William the Conquerors forces at the Battle of Hastings
Battle of Hastings
Commands some of William the Conquerors forces at the Battle of Hastings
Battle of Hastings
Assists his half-brother William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings
Battle of Hastings
Commands some of William the Conquerors forces at the Battle of Hastings
Army Rally at Hastings
Odo is depicted rallying Norman soldiers during the Battle of Hastings as the fighting becomes uncertain.
Battle
Odo of Bayeux takes part in the Norman victory at Hastings
Battlefield Leadership
Odo remains with William's army during the decisive engagement and is shown among the leaders encouraging the troops.
Victory alongside William
Odo survives the Battle of Hastings and shares in the victory that opens the road to William's coronation.
Battle
Eustace of Boulogne fights with the French and Norman forces at Hastings
Norman Coalition Victory
Eustace fights on William's side at Hastings and survives the battle that defeats Harold's English army.
Battle of Hastings
The Bayeux Tapestry depicts Odo rallying Norman soldiers with a club during the battle.
Archers Open the Battle
William sends archers forward at the opening of the battle before infantry and cavalry attack the English ridge.
Counterattack on Pursuers
William's cavalry turns on English soldiers who have left the protection of the shield wall during the pursuit.
Deployment
William deploys infantry archers and cavalry against the English position
English Line Breaks
William's army finally penetrates the weakened English position after prolonged fighting throughout the day.
Feigned Retreat
Norman cavalry tactics draw some English fighters away from the ridge
Final Combined Assault
William combines renewed archery with cavalry attacks during the final phase of the struggle against Harold's line.
First Assault Repulsed
William's first attacks fail to break the English shield wall defending the ridge above the battlefield.
Norman Centre Command
William personally commands the Norman centre while allied contingents occupy the flanks of his battle line.
Pursuit after Hastings
William's troops pursue fleeing English forces after Harold's death ends organised resistance on the battlefield.
Repeated Feigned Withdrawals
William's forces use further withdrawals to draw English fighters downhill and weaken the defensive shield wall.
Rumour of William's Death
A rumour that William has been killed spreads during a retreat and threatens the cohesion of the Norman army.
Three-Division Battle Plan
William divides his army into Breton, Norman, and Frankish-Flemish divisions before the Battle of Hastings.
Victory
William wins the Battle of Hastings and opens the way to the English throne
William Reveals His Face
William removes or raises his helmet so retreating troops can see that he remains alive and in command.
Battle of Hastings
Assists his half-brother William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings
Battle
Breton troops fight on Williams flank during the Battle of Hastings
Battle
William FitzOsbern serves among Williams leading commanders at Hastings
Casualties
The Norman army suffers losses but holds the field after the battle
Battle of Hastings
Commands some of William the Conquerors forces at the Battle of Hastings
Battle of Hastings
Identifies the remains of Harold II, she was his mistress
Burial
Harold an oath-breaker had lost claim for a decent burial & is buried on the sea-shore
Council
Stigand is among the English leaders facing the problem of succession after Hastings
Negotiation
Edwin of Mercia considers resistance and negotiation after the defeat at Hastings
Post-Hastings Support for Edgar
Edwin supports Edgar Atheling after Harold's death while English leaders consider continued resistance to William.
Edgar Atheling Supported
Morcar supports Edgar Atheling as a possible successor after Harold's death at Hastings.
Negotiation
Morcar of Northumbria joins English leaders assessing whether to oppose William
Post-Hastings Royal Candidate
Edgar becomes the leading surviving royal candidate considered by English leaders after Harold's death at Hastings.
Proclamation
Edgar Atheling is briefly recognised by some English leaders after Harolds death
Submission
Dover submits to William during his advance after Hastings
Succession
Following Harolds death at the Battle of Hastings against the invading Normans in October, the Witanagemot assembled in London and elected Edgar king
Submission
Canterbury comes under Norman pressure after the defeat of Harold II
Canterbury Submission
Canterbury submits as William advances through Kent after his victory at Hastings.
Dover Submission
Dover submits to William, giving the Normans control of a strategically important Channel port.
Advice
Gyrth Godwinson is associated with counsel about how to meet the Norman threat
Support
Leofwine Godwinson joins the English army preparing to face the Normans
Capture of Canterbury
After the Battle of Hastings Canterbury surrenders without a fight
Capture of Dover
After the Battle of Hastings Dover surrenders without a fight
Council
Harold II pauses in London to collect reinforcements before facing William
Forced March South
Harold leads the core of his army south from Yorkshire to confront William before the Normans can advance farther inland.
London Reinforcements Gathered
Harold pauses briefly in London to collect additional troops before continuing toward the Norman position near Hastings.
March
Harold II returns south from Yorkshire after defeating the Norwegian invasion
Mobilisation
Harold II gathers forces after learning of the Norman landing
News of Norman Landing
Harold receives news that William has landed in Sussex only days after the victory at Stamford Bridge.
Advance
William moves from Dover toward Canterbury to extend control in Kent
Advance
William advances toward Dover after the victory at Hastings
Battlefield Reconnaissance
William's forces study the ground around Hastings while awaiting the English army returning from the north.
Castle
Norman forces secure Dover as a key Channel stronghold
Castle
Norman forces build a temporary castle at Hastings to secure the landing area
Hastings Base Established
William establishes Hastings as the main fortified base for his army while waiting for Harold's approach.
Pressure on Harold
William's occupation and ravaging of the Hastings area puts political and military pressure on Harold to seek battle.
Sussex Foraging Operations
William allows troops to obtain supplies from the surrounding countryside while keeping the army close to its ships.
Succession
After the dispatch of Eudokia to a monastery, Michael VII is crowned again as senior Emperor
Coronation
After the dispatch of Eudokia to a monastery, Michael VII is crowned again as senior Emperor
Succession
After the dispatch of Eudokia to a monastery, Michael VII is crowned again as senior Emperor
Battle of Durazzo
Bohemund Bohemund & Robert Guiscard defeat Emperor Alexius. The Battle of Dyrrhachium (Durres in Albania) between the Byzantine Empire, led by the Emperor Alexius I Comnenus and the Normans of southern Italy under Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia and Calabria. Fought outside the city of Dyrrhachium (also known as Durazzo), Byzantine capital of Illyria, results in a Norman victory
Capture of Toledo
Captures the Visigoth capital of Spain & becomes "Emperor of Toledo"
Invasion of Anatolia
The Peasants Crusade is annihilated in Anatolia by the Turks
Peasants Crusade
The Peasants Crusade is annihilated in Anatolia by the Turks
Siege of Nicea
Nicea surrenders to Alexius III Angelus
Birth of William Clito
Birth of William Clito, son & heir of Robert III Duke of Normandy
Birth of William Clito
Birth of William Clito, son & heir of Robert III Duke of Normandy
Siege of Lisbon
After four months, the Moorish rulers agreed to surrender (October 21), because the Crusaders siege tower reached their wall (thus causing a one day standstill) and because of hunger within the city, which was sheltering populations displaced from Santarem as well as "the leading citizens of Sintra, Almada, and Palmela"
Siege of Lisbon
The city is entered by the Christian conquerors
Death of Robert of Gloucester
With his death Matildas hopes of winning the throne vanish
Death of Henry II
Death of Stephen
Death of Stephen
Death of Stephen, during a conference with the Count of Flanders
Diet
Receives the homage of the Burgundian noblemen
Holy Roman Empire
Receives the homage of the Burgundian noblemen
Council of Westminster
Claims power to punish criminal clerics after their conviction by Church orders
Council of Westminster
Leads the Bishops in opposition to the Councils rulings
Council of Woodstock
Thomas a Becket defeats Henry IIs attempts to raise a land tax
Council of Woodstock
Thomas a Becket defeats Henry IIs attempts to raise a land tax
Council of Northampton
Thomas Becket is accused of embezzlement & contempt of court
Exile of Henry II
Becket flees to Louis VII of France
Council of Northampton
Defends himself by use of the "benefit of clergy". Accused of embezzlement while Chancellor
Birth of Joan of England
Birth of Joan of England, 7th child of King Henry II of England and his Queen consort, Eleanor of Aquitaine
Battle of Fuji River
Defeated by a force raised by the Minamoto family
Capture of Messina
Richard I & Philip II take Messina from Tankred, King of Sicily. Captures Messina & secures the release of his sister Joanna
Invasion of Sicily
After the city had been looted and burned, Richard established his base there and decided to stay the winter.
Invasion of Sicily
In October the people of Messina revolted, demanding that the foreigners leave the island.
Invasion of Sicily
Richard responded by attacking Messina, which he captured on 4 October 1190.
Invasion of Sicily
Richard was joined in Sicily by the French crusading army, led by King Philip II.
Invasion of Sicily
The presence of two foreign armies soon caused unrest among the locals.
Siege of Messina
After the city had been looted and burned, Richard established his base there and decided to stay the winter
Peace
After concluding a truce Richard boards a ship at Acre & leaves the Holy Land
Rule of Palestine
After 16 months Richard withdraws from Palestine with Jerusalem in Moslem hands
Coronation
John & Isabel are crowned together at Westminster Abbey
Peace
Signs a 2 yr truce with John
Peace
Signs a 2 yar truce with Philip II. Preserves much of his mothrers inheritance in Aquitaine under the Peace of Thouars. John signs a 2 yr truce with Philip II
Birth of Henry III
Birth of Henry III, eldest son of King John and Isabella of Angouleme
Birth of Henry III
Birth of Henry III, eldest son of King John and Isabella of Angouleme
Coronation
Crowned Holy Roman Emperor
Death of Alfonso VIII
Death of Alfonso VIII
Charter
On return to England the Barons demand a charter of liberties
Invasion of France
Returns to England from France
Taxation
Faced by baronial resistance to the rate of scutage to pay for his campaign
Reballion of Rebels in London
The Barons resent the Justiciar appointed by John to rule during his absence
Reform of Taxation
Barons resent the costs to lift the Papal interdict. Barons resent a scutage on those who did not accompany John to Poitou
Death of Henry III
Death of John, Henry IIIs father
Assassination of John
Death of John, poisoned by his own supporters
Death of John
Death of John, poisoned by his own supporters. Death of John, at Newark Castle, succeeded by 9 yr old son Henry
Coronation
A simple golden band was placed on the young boys head, not by the Archbishop of Canterbury but by another clergyman-either Peter des Roches, Bishop of Winchester or Cardinal Guala Bicchieri, the Papal legate.
Coronation
Henry III is inducted for a 2nd time.
Coronation
Henry III swears an oath to defend the Church of God.
Coronation
Henry III swears an oath to protect the peace of clergy and people and to defend the law.
Coronation
Henry III was the first monarch to be crowned while still a minor.
Regency
Appointed Regent for Henry III
Health of John
Goes down with dysentry after crushing resistance in the north
Siege of Mountsorrel
Fights for Henry III at the Siege of Mountsorrel
Homage
Peter of Brittany receives the Earldom of Richmond. Peter of Brittany pays homage to Henry as King of France
Peerage
Peter of Brittany receives the Earldom of Richmond
Death of Henry de Beaumont
Death of Henry Beauchamp, 5th Earl of Warwick
Invasion of France
Finds there are insufficient ships to convey troops to France
Invasion of France
Visits Portsmouth to plan an invasion of France
Excommunication
Excommunicated by the Pope Gregory IX
Excommunication
Frederick II is excommunicated by the Pope Gregory IX
Death of Gilbert de Clare
Death of Gilbert de Clare, 4th Earl of Hertford, 5th Earl of Gloucester
Invasion of France
Returns to Portsmouth having waged an expenisive & pointless war in France
Marriage
Marries to protect Englands last possession in France, Gascony. Marries Eleanor of Castille, half sister of Alfonso X of Leon & Castille
Rule of Gascony
Succeeds as Duke of Gascony during his marriage to Eleanor. Marries to protect Englands last possession in France, Gascony
Succession
Succeeds as Duke of Gascony during his marriage to Eleanor
Rule of Naples
Innocent IV enters the city of Naples
Provisions-Westminster
The Provisions of Westminster embody the legal system proposed by the Barons
Reform of Legal System
The Provisions of Westminster embody the legal system proposed by the Barons. A Council of 15 is imposed on Henry III who cannot rule without its consent
Peace
Swears friendship with Simon de Montfort
Battle of Largs
Defeated by Alexander III for control of the Hebrides
Rule of Hebrides
Defeated by Alexander III at Largs for control of the Hebrides
Rule of Hebrides
Defeated by Alexander III for control of the Hebrides
Battle of Largs
Extends authority over the Western Isles by defeating King Haakon IV of Norway
Rule of Western Isles
Extends authority over the Western Isles by defeating King Haakon IV of Norway
Reballion of Rebels in London
All those who had taken arms against the King & Edward are disinherited
Disinheritence of Barons
All those who had taken arms against the King & Edward are disinherited
Dictum of Kenilworth
A dictum reverses the forfeiture of the defeated rebels if they pay a fine
Interregnum
Conradin was executed in Naples, ending the legitimate male Hohenstaufen line.
Burial
Edwards remains are moved from his tomb behind the high alter to a new shrine. Confessors Day
Interregnum
Louis the Strict cast the formal electoral declaration for Rudolf on behalf of the assembled princes.
Interregnum
The electors chose Rudolf of Habsburg, ending the era of rival and largely absent kings.
Interregnum
Rudolf was crowned King of the Romans at Aachen after his election.
Marriage
Marries Llywelyn, the Prince of Wales, after his surrender to Edward I
Arrest of Llywelyn ap Gruffydd
Arrests Llewellyn ap Gruffydd & beheads him
Execution
Arrests Llewellyn ap Gruffydd & beheads him
Execution
David I surrenders his own men, then is condemned & executed
Capture of London
David of Wales is surrendered by his own men, then condemned & executed
Interregnum
Fraser warned Edward I that rival claimants might bring civil war to Scotland.
Succession
Court accepts Balliols claim to follow the primogeniture laws of England & Scotland
Invasion of Gascony
An English force sails up the Gironde & disembarks at Rioms near Bordeaux
Reballion of Madog ap Llywelyn
Madog ap Llywelyn begins a rebellion in Wales & declares himself Prince of Wales
Reballion of Wales
Wales rebels after a call to arms to defend Gascony. Much of the French invasion force is diverted from Gascony to Wales
Siege of Rioms
An English force sails up the Gironde & disembarks at Rioms near Bordeaux
Reballion of Madog ap Llywelyn
Madog ap Llywelyn begins a rebellion in Wales
Invasion of Gascony
Edward s nephew leads the English invasion of Gascony
Invasion of Gascony
Lancaster leads an expedition into Gascony
Invasion of Scotland
Edward arranges a truce and returns to England
Arrest of Knights Templar
Has the Knights Templar arrested & confiscates their wealth
Burial
Buried in Westminster Abbey
Treaty with Norway
Robert concluded an agreement with Norway that confirmed earlier arrangements concerning the western islands and Scottish-Norwegian relations.
Royal Election
Elected King of the Romans by part of the electoral college.
Disputed Kingship
Claims the German crown against Louis IV of Bavaria.
Disputed Kingship
Claims the German crown against Frederick III.
Royal Election
Receives rival support from electors against Frederick III.
Rival Election of Louis IV
Louis of Bavaria was elected by a rival group of electors, creating competing claims to the German kingship.
Prisoner
Held prisoner by Louis IV after defeat at Muhldorf.
Succession
Succeeds as King of England
Treaty Talks with Scotland
His minority government opens negotiations with Robert I's envoys
Birth of Hongwu
Hongwu is born as Zhu Yuanzhang during the Yuan dynasty
Birth of Zhu Yuanzhang
Birth of Zhu Yuanzhang later the Hongwu Emperor
Accession of Tugh Temur
Tugh Temur is proclaimed emperor at Dadu during the War of the Two Capitals
Accession of Ragibagh
Ragibagh is proclaimed emperor during the Yuan succession crisis
War of the Two Capitals
Tugh Temur's faction fights for control of the Yuan throne
Earl of March Created
Mortimer is created Earl of March and reaches the height of his power
Nottingham Coup
Seizes Roger Mortimer and begins personal rule
Arrest of Roger Mortimer
Seized by Edward III in the Queen Mothers Chamber Nottingham Castle
Arrest of Roger Mortimer
Arrests Mortimer in the Queen Mothers Chamber Nottingham Castle
Parliament
Takes the Government into his own hands & sends out writs summoning a new Parliament
Arrest of Isabella
Keeps his mother, Isabella, imprisoned in Norfolk for the rest of her life
Succession
Succeeds as King of England. Assumes personal rule & keeps his mother, Isabella, imprisoned in Norfolk
Arrest of Isabella
Edward III arrests his mother & keeps her at Castle Rising for the rest of her life
Arrest of Isabella
Edward III arrests his mother & keeps her at Castle Rising for the rest of her life
Arrest of Roger Mortimer
Held in the Tower of London
Reballion of Edward III
Edward III leads a successful revolt against Roger de Mortimer
Trial
Tried before Parliament for usurping royal power & murdering Edward II. Accused of assuming royal power and of various other high misdemeanours, is was condemned without trial and ignominiously hanged
Reballion of Edward III
Edward III leads a successful revolt against Roger de Mortimer
Arrest of Roger Mortimer
Has Mortimer executed
Succession
Casts doubt on the legitamacy of Philip of France & claims the throne for himself
Homage
Edward III repudiates his homage to Philip VI
French Throne Claimed
Asserts his claim to the French crown against Philip VI
Succession
Proclaims himself King of England & France
Battle of Salado
Wins a victory against the Moors
Brittany Succession Supported
Supports John de Montfort in the Breton succession dispute
Brest Expedition
Sails to Brittany to support the Montfort cause
Regency
Appointed Regent after the Capture of David II by the English
Arrest of David II
Imprisoned in the Tower & ransomed for 10,000 pounds
Neville's Cross
Remains before Calais while northern England defeats David II at Neville's Cross
Battle of Nevilles Cross
David II is defeated & captured
Invasion of France
Invades southern France from a base in Bordeaux
Treaty of Berwick
Agrees terms for the release of David II for ransom
Arrest of David II
Released for 100,000 marks payable in 10 annual installments, never fully paid
Treaty of Berwick
A truce is agreed for 10 years
Reims Campaign
Edward III launched a major campaign into France and advanced toward Reims, where he hoped to reinforce his claim to the French crown.
Peace
Makes peace with France at the Peace of Calais
Marriage
Marries Joan, the "fair maid of Kent"
Marriage
Marries Edward the Black Prince
Death of Lionel of Antwerp
Lionel Duke of Clarence dies in Italy
Ulster Inheritance
Edmund's marriage brings the Ulster claim into the Mortimer line
Siege of Harfleur
John decides to strike Harfleur, the base of the French fleet on the Seine. Further reinforced by German mercenaries, they marched on Harfleur, but were delayed by French guerilla operations while the town prepared for a siege. John invested the town for four days in October, but he was losing so many men to dysentery and bubonic plague that he decided to abandon the siege and return to Calais
Succession
Ferdinands widow Leonora acts as Regent for his daughter Beatrix
Rule of Ireland
Promotes his favorite Robert de Vere from Marquis to Duke of Ireland
Death of John Neville
Death of John Neville
Coronation
With the agreement of Parliament becomes the 1st Lancastrian King of England. Founds the House of Lancaster, 1399-1461
Investiture
Invested as the Prince of Wales
Peerage
Created Earl of Chester
Peerage
Created Earl of Cornwall
Birth of Catherine of Valois
Birth of Catherine of Valois, daughter of Charles VI of France
Parliament
The 2nd Parliament of the year meets at Coventry, the "Unlearned Parliament"
Council of Constance
The Council of Constance was convened on 30 October 1413. During the third session, rival Pope Gregory XII authorized the council as well. The council resolved that all three popes should abdicate and a new Pope be elected
Western Schism
The Council of Constance was convened by Pisan Pope John XXIII in 1414 at Constance to resolve the Western Schism. This is endorsed by Gregory XII, Innocent VII's successor in Rome, thus ensuring the legitimacy of any election
Western Schism
The Council of Constance was convened on 30 October 1413. During the third session, rival Pope Gregory XII authorized the council as well. The council resolved that all three popes should abdicate and a new Pope be elected
Council of Constance
The Council of Constance was convened on 30 October 1413. During the third session, rival Pope Gregory XII authorized the council as well. The council resolved that all three popes should abdicate and a new Pope be elected
Western Schism
The Council of Constance was convened by Pisan Pope John XXIII in 1414 at Constance to resolve the Western Schism. This is endorsed by Gregory XII, Innocent VII's successor in Rome, thus ensuring the legitimacy of any election
Western Schism
The Council of Constance was convened on 30 October 1413. During the third session, rival Pope Gregory XII authorized the council as well. The council resolved that all three popes should abdicate and a new Pope be elected
Battle of Agincourt
Henry offers concesions in order to leave France but these are refused
Reballion of Burgundian-inspired Cabochien
Burgundian-inspired Cabochien Revolt in Paris
Battle of Agincourt
Distinguishes himself at the Battle of Agincourt
Battle of Agincourt
Results in the ascendancy of the Burgundians in France. Killed among the leaders of the Orleans-Armagnac faction
Regency
Appointed Regent for Henry VI
Death of Henry VI
Henry VI is declared King of France & John, Duke of Bedford, his Regent
Death of Charles VI
Death of Charles VI
Succession
The Dauphin is declared Charles VII
Siege of New Orleans
Commences operations by eliminating the fortified French bridgehead south of the Loire
Siege of New Orleans
Commences Defence of new Orleans, despite French numerical superiority morale is low
Siege of Orleans
Commences the Siege of Orleans by eliminating the Drench bridgehead south of the Loire
Siege of Orleans
The English begin the siege of Orleans
Siege of Orleans
Salisburys Army approaches the walls of Orleans & digs in for a siege
Siege of Orleans
Orleans is besieged by English troops
Siege of Orleans
The French garrison is forced to withdraw into the city of Orleans
Siege of Orleans
Killed by a canon shot from across the river Loire & replaced by the Earl of Suffolk
Siege of Orleans
Salisbury is accidentally injured while inspecting the Tourelles defenses
Birth of James II
Birth of James II
Death of John de Mowbray
Death of John Mowbray
Treaty of Arras
Philipe receives the Somme towns and is exempted from homage to the crown
Rule of Brie
Burgundy retains all land gained in alliance with England, except for Champagne & Brie
Rule of Champagne
Burgundy retains all land gained in alliance with England, except for Champagne & Brie
Treaty of Arras
Philipe receives the Somme towns and is exempted from homage to the crown. Philipe deserts his English allies and recognizes Charles as king of France. Burgundy retains all land gained in alliance with England, except for Champagne & Brie. Burgundy makes a peace Treaty with Charles VII
Death of Albert II
His death opens the way for Frederick's election as King of the Romans.
Death of Louis IV
Death of Louis IV, during a bear hunt near Munich, age 60
Capture of Rouen
The English surrender Rouen castle
Siege of Rouen
The English surrender Rouen castle
Birth of Richard III
Birth of Richard III, at the Northamptonshire Castle of Fotheringay
Capture of Bordeaux
The capital of Aquitaine is surrendered to the French, England is left with Calais
Capture of Bordeaux
Captures Bordeaux again from the English, thereafter the city remains French
Rule of Bordeaux
Captures Bordeaux again from the English, thereafter the city remains French
Battle of Ludford Bridge
Defects with Warwicks Calais troops & joins the Lancastrians
Siege of Ludlow
Deserts York & joins the Lancasrians
Battle of Ludford Bridge
Attacks the King's army but is defeated & forced into exile in Ireland
Exile of Richard
Attacks the King's army but is defeated & forced into exile in Ireland
Siege of Ludlow
Disperses his forces & seeks exile in Ireland
Battle of Ludford Bridge
Attacks the King's army but is defeated & forced into exile in Calais
Exile of Richard Neville "Kingmaker"
Attacks the King's army but is defeated & forced into exile in Calais
Siege of Ludlow
York disperses his forces & Warwick seeks refuge in Calais. York disperses his forces & Salisbury flees to Calais
Battle of Ludford Bridge
Lancastrian victory over the Yorkists
Siege of Ludlow
York disperses his forces & seekes refuge in Ireland
Reform of Royal Succession
Henry VI will retain the crown for his lifetime but then York & his heirs will succeed
Birth of Edmund Grey
Birth of Edmund Grey, 1st Earl of Kent, 4th Baron Grey de Ruthyn
Succession
Returns from Ireland & declares imself heir to the King
Second Peace of Thorn
Recognises the settlement ending war between the Teutonic Knights and Poland.
Second Peace of Thorn
Receives Royal Prussia from the Teutonic Order after the Thirteen Years War.
Arrest of Henry VI
Warwick & Clarence free Henry VI
Exile of Edward IV
Edward reaches the Hague after crossing Lincolnshire
Invasion of England
Leaves the south coast unprotected & Warwick & his rebels land at Dartmouth
Abdication
Edward IV is deposed
Invasion of England
Captures St Michaels Mount but only has a force of 80 men
Buckinghams Rebellion
A gale ended their dream, and in England, a premature uprising in Kent forewarned Richard that Buckingham had changed sides. Margaret secretly plotted with the Dowager Queen, Elizabeth Woodville, and was almost certainly involved in Buckinghams rebellion
Buckinghams Rebellion
Seven ships from Brittany carrying over 500 Bretton soldiers, Henry Tudor, and many of his supporters were to have simultaneously uprise against Richard III.
Buckinghams Rebellion
The plot revolved around Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, who had become disaffected from Richard III, and had backing from the exiled Henry Tudor (the future king Henry VII) & Margaret Beaufort.
Coronation Date Proclaimed
Henry announces that his coronation will take place at Westminster at the end of October, giving officials time to organise the new Tudor ceremony.
Peerage
Created Earl of Derby, 1st, for services at the Battle of Bosworth Field
Peerage
Created as the Earl of Derby, 1st
Royal Entry before Coronation
Henry enters London in formal state before travelling toward Westminster, presenting the victorious Tudor claimant as the accepted king.
Oxford Leads Coronation Escort
John de Vere takes a leading place in the royal escort, visibly linking one of Henry's principal supporters with the new regime.
Coronation Vigil at Westminster
Henry spends the eve of his crowning within the traditional Westminster ceremonial setting before entering the Abbey for the rite.
Coronation
At the coronation of Henry VII Shrewsbury bore the sword "curtana"
Royal Mother's Coronation Precedence
Margaret Beaufort receives exceptional precedence during her son's coronation celebrations, reflecting her central importance to the new dynasty.
Coronation Banquet at Westminster Hall
A ceremonial banquet follows the Abbey service, allowing nobles and officers to display allegiance to the new Tudor king.
Coronation Communion Received
Henry receives communion as part of the religious service that completes the spiritual dimension of the coronation.
Coronation Homage Received
Senior nobles render homage after the crowning, publicly acknowledging Henry's authority over the realm.
Coronation Oath Sworn
Henry takes the coronation oath, publicly accepting the religious and political obligations attached to kingship.
Coronation Recess from Abbey
The newly crowned king leaves the Abbey in state wearing royal regalia and proceeds toward the coronation feast.
Coronation Recognition Rite
The congregation formally recognises Henry as king before the sacred stages of anointing, investiture and crowning proceed.
Coronation
Crowned King of England, 1st Tudor monarch
Crowning with St Edward's Crown
Henry is crowned in Westminster Abbey, completing the formal inauguration of the first Tudor monarch.
Investiture with Coronation Regalia
Henry receives the traditional regalia of kingship, including the ceremonial symbols of temporal and spiritual authority.
Royal Anointing at Coronation
Henry is anointed during the sacred central rite that marks the monarch as consecrated before God.
Coronation
Crowns Henry VII
Post-Coronation Royal Council
Henry begins consolidating government immediately after the ceremony, using the completed coronation to reinforce the legitimacy of Tudor rule.
Invasion of France
Henry VII takes an army into northern France as pressure on Charles VIII before negotiating peace.
Discovery of America
Changes the direction of his fleet south west after sighting flight paths of birds
Discovery of San Salvador
Makes a sighting of San Salvador
Discovery of San Salvador
Land is sighted, thought to be Watling Island, now San Salvador Island
Discovery of Watling Island
Land is sighted, thought to be Watling Island, now San Salvador Island
Rule of San Salvador
Colombus lands on San Salvador & claims it for Spain
Discovery of Cuba
Sets sail for Cuba from San Salvador
French Expedition
Henry crosses to Calais with a large army and opens a campaign designed to pressure Charles VIII while France is committed to absorbing Brittany.
Siege of Boulogne
Henry's army besieges Boulogne during the English invasion of France, using military pressure to obtain a favourable diplomatic settlement.
Birth of Claude of Guise
Claude of Lorraine is born and later founds the ducal House of Guise
Surrender at Beaulieu
After his Cornish campaign collapses, Warbeck seeks sanctuary at Beaulieu and surrenders, bringing his armed challenge to Henry VII to an end.
Arrest of Perkin Warbeck
Surrenders to Henry at Taunton
Marriage
Sent as part of a tem to negotiate the marriage between James IV & Princess Margaret
Bishop
Rochester is the poorest diocese in England and is seen as a first step on an ecclesiastical career, but Fisher stayed there, presumably by his own choice, for the remaining 31 years of his life. By Papal Bull Fisher is appointed Bishop of Rochester at the personal insistence of Henry VII
Papal Bull
By Papal Bull Fisher is appointed Bishop of Rochester at the personal insistence of Henry VII
Alliance Ferdinand II and Holy Alliance
Joins the Holy Alliance against France, signed in Rome
Failed Aquitaine Campaign
Dorset's army abandons the planned advance into France after disease, supply failures and disputes with its Spanish allies undermine the invasion force.
Battle of La Motta
Fights for the Spanish against the Venetians
Invasion of France
Returns to England from Calais as the conqueror of both the French & the Scots
Invasion of France
Reunited with Queen Catherine at Richmond
Marriage
Agrees that his sister should marry Emperor Maximilian's grandson, Charles of Castille
Invasion of France
Signs a Treaty with Spain & the Hapsburgs to invade France in the summer of 1514
Treaty of Lille
Signs a Treaty with Spain & the Hapsburgs to invade France in the summer of 1514
Marriage
Sets sail from Dover for France
Marriage
Mary Tudor, younger sister of Henry VIII, marries Louis XII
Marriage
Meets her new husband Louis XII for the 1st time
Marriage
Mary Tudor, younger sister of Henry VIII, marries Louis XII
Marriage
Meets his new wife Princess Margaret for the 1st time
French Queen Coronation Preparations
Mary's French household prepares the ceremonial arrangements for her crowning after her marriage to Louis XII.
Birth of Margaret Douglas
Margaret Douglas is born to Margaret Tudor and Archibald Douglas, giving her a close dynastic connection to both the Tudor and Stuart royal houses.
Birth of Margaret Douglas
Birth of Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox, daughter of Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, and Margaret Tudor, Queen Dowager of Scotland
Battle of Yaunis Khan
Defeats a Marmeluke force near Gaza
95 Theses
Luther is said to have posted the 95 Theses on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany
Reformation, The
Luther is said to have posted the 95 Theses on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany
95 Theses
The 95 Theses which spread over most of Europe within 1 yr are provoked by the sale of Papal indulgences by the Archbishop of Mainz. Luther nails a list of 95 theses attacking use of indulgences on the Church door at Wittemberg. Disagrees with selling remissions for sins. Triggers off the Reformation
Plenitudo Potestatis
Disagrees with selling remissions for sins.
Plenitudo Potestatis
Luther expresses doubts over the legitimacy of indulgences and the Plenitudo Potestatis of the Pope.
Plenitudo Potestatis
Luther nails a list of 95 theses attacking use of indulgences on the Church door at Wittemberg.
Plenitudo Potestatis
Luther protests against the corruption in Rome & Germany.
Plenitudo Potestatis
The 95 Theses which spread over most of Europe within 1 yr are provoked by the sale of Papal indulgences by the Archbishop of Mainz.
Reformation, The
Disagrees with selling remissions for sins.
Reformation, The
Luther expresses doubts over the legitimacy of indulgences and the Plenitudo Potestatis of the Pope.
Reformation, The
Luther nails a list of 95 theses attacking use of indulgences on the Church door at Wittemberg.
Reformation, The
Luther protests against the corruption in Rome & Germany.
Reformation, The
The 95 Theses which spread over most of Europe within 1 yr are provoked by the sale of Papal indulgences by the Archbishop of Mainz.
Reformation, The
The 95 Theses which spread over most of Europe within 1 yr are provoked by the sale of Papal indulgences by the Archbishop of Mainz. Luther nails a list of 95 theses attacking use of indulgences on the Church door at Wittemberg. Disagrees with selling remissions for sins
Reformation, The
The 95 Theses which spread over most of Europe within 1 yr are provoked by the sale of Papal indulgences by the Archbishop of Mainz. Luther nails a list of 95 theses attacking use of indulgences on the Church door at Wittemberg. Disagrees with selling remissions for sins. Triggers off the Reformation
Indulgence Controversy
His territory becomes the setting for Luther's challenge to indulgences.
Anglo-French Negotiations
Takes part in the diplomacy that produces the Anglo-French Treaty of Universal Peace.
Collective Defence Clause
Constructs a treaty system requiring participating powers to assist a member attacked in breach of the European peace settlement.
Collective Defence Clause
Promotes provisions requiring signatories to assist any member attacked by another contracting power.
Collective Sanctions Mechanism
Builds enforcement provisions into the peace league so an aggressor can face coordinated diplomatic and military pressure from the other signatories.
Collective Security Clause
Secures provisions requiring the other signatories to oppose a state that attacks another member of the peace league.
Dauphin Marriage Alliance Draft
Negotiates a marriage understanding between Princess Mary and the French dauphin as a dynastic guarantee of the new Anglo-French peace.
Full Powers for Treaty
Receives authority from Henry VIII to negotiate and conclude the Anglo-French peace settlement in London.
Ratification Timetable
Includes deadlines intended to bring princes and other participating powers formally into the wider peace agreement.
Treaty Design
Designs the Treaty of Universal Peace and places England at the centre of a proposed European collective-security system.
Universal Peace Initiative
Designs the Treaty of Universal Peace as a defensive European league intended to discourage aggression between Christian powers.
Collective Aid Commitment
Accepts the principle that treaty members should combine against a power that breaks the universal peace.
Treaty of London
Approves the Anglo-French Treaty of Universal Peace, intended to form a wider European non-aggression and collective-security league.
Treaty of Universal Peace
Approves the Anglo-French treaty that becomes the foundation of Wolsey's wider European peace league.
Treaty of Universal Peace
Accepts the Anglo-French peace agreement and participates in the wider scheme for collective European security.
Battle of Brannkyrka
Involved in some of the revolts against the Danish king, at the Battle of Brannkyrka, among those captured and taken prisoner
Independence of Sweden
Involved in some of the revolts against the Danish king, at the Battle of Brannkyrka, among those captured and taken prisoner
Peace Oration
Delivers an oration praising peace during the public ceremonies celebrating the Treaty of London.
St Pauls Ceremony
Celebrates high mass as Henry VIII and the French ambassadors publicly swear to uphold the newly concluded peace.
Declaration of Peace
A "Treaty of Universal & Perpetual Peace" is signed by England, France & the Papacy
Oath to Treaty
Publicly swears to observe the Treaty of London during ceremonies at St Pauls Cathedral.
Treaty of Universal & Perpetual Peace
A "Treaty of Universal & Perpetual Peace" is signed by England, France & the Papacy
Peace Oration
Delivers a public Latin oration praising peace during the St Pauls celebration of the treaty.
Marriage Settlement
Approves the separate marriage agreement betrothing Princess Mary to the infant French Dauphin Francis.
Rule of Tournai
A related agreement provides for Tournai to be restored to France in return for substantial payments to Henry VIII.
Tournai Cession Agreement
Authorises arrangements for returning Tournai to France in exchange for financial compensation and a broader improvement in Anglo-French relations.
Tournai Settlement
Agrees to restore Tournai to France under separate arrangements closely connected with the London peace settlement.
Dauphin Betrothal
Is betrothed by treaty to the infant French Dauphin Francis as part of the wider Anglo-French settlement.
Recovery of Tournai
Secures the planned restoration of Tournai to France through financial and diplomatic arrangements with Henry VIII.
Political Support at London
Mary's proposed marriage to the French dauphin is used to support Anglo French peace
Marriage
Henry's 3 year old daughter Mary is betrothed to Francis the Dauphin of France
Betrothal
Is formally betrothed by proxy to Francis, Dauphin of France, as part of the Anglo-French settlement.
Betrothal
Princess Mary is formally betrothed by proxy to Francis, Dauphin of France, as part of the Anglo-French peace settlement.
Marriage
Henrys 2 year old daughter Mary is promised to Francis the Dauphin of France
Marriage Treaty
Two year old Mary is promised to Francis the Dauphin of France
Marriage Contract
Is represented in the marriage contract betrothing him to Henry VIII's young daughter Mary.
Meeting with Francis I
Agrees in principle to a future personal meeting with Francis I to reinforce the new Anglo-French friendship.
Augsburg Hearing
Questions Luther while Frederick resists handing him to Rome.
European Accession Campaign
Encourages other European rulers to accede to the Anglo-French agreement and transform it into a wider peace league.
Papal Peace Initiative
Adapts the papal call for a European truce into a broader diplomatic plan for lasting peace among Christian powers.
European Prestige
Uses the universal peace project to increase England's diplomatic influence between France, Spain, the Empire and the papacy.
Restoration of Tournai
Agrees terms for Tournai to return to French control in return for substantial financial payments.
Navarre Settlement
Benefits from an Anglo-French settlement that leaves Spain in possession of Navarre while France retains Milan.
Reform of Legal System
The powers of jurisdiction of the Council & tribunals are given to the Star Chamber. Delivers his policy for law enforcement before the Council
Coronation
Crowned Emperor in France
Award
Pope Leo X grants Henry VIII the title Fidei Defensor, Defender of the Faith.
Defender of the Faith
Pope Leo X grants Henry VIII the title Fidei Defensor, Defender of the Faith.
95 Theses
Pope Leo X wishes for Martin Luther to recant 41 of these theses, which Luther famously refused to do before the Diet of Worms in 1521, thus symbolically initiating the Protestant reformation
Diet of Worms
Pope Leo X wishes for Martin Luther to recant 41 of these theses, which Luther famously refused to do before the Diet of Worms in 1521, thus symbolically initiating the Protestant reformation
Reformation, The
Pope Leo X wishes for Martin Luther to recant 41 of these theses, which Luther famously refused to do before the Diet of Worms in 1521, thus symbolically initiating the Protestant reformation
Picardy Raids
Howard's expedition burns settlements and disrupts communications in Picardy, using destructive raids to pressure France without attempting a permanent occupation.
Great Enterprise
English forces advance deep into northern France but fail to take Paris or force a decisive settlement.
Advance through Picardy
Suffolk drives the English invasion through Picardy, capturing and burning towns as the army advances farther into France than Henry's previous raids.
Award
Henry VIII approves the election of Francis I to the Order of the Garter
Election
Henry VIII approves the election of Francis I to the Order of the Garter
Siege of Vienna
Helps force the Turks to withdraw from their siege of Vienna
Siege of Vienna
Helps force the Turks to withdraw from their siege of Vienna
Siege of Vienna
Forced to withdraw from Vienna
Dismissal
Fails to persuade Pope Clement VII to grant Henry a divorce from Catherine of Aragon. Charged with treason & dismissed, he dies before his trial
Treason
Charged with treason & dismissed, he dies before his trial
Lord Chancellor
Appointed Lord Chancellor
Reform of Government Offices
Replaces Thomas Wolsey as Lord Chancellor, 1st layman to hold this office
Chancellor
Henry VIII appoints Thomas More Chancellor to unite his Council
Battle of Kappel
The Protestants are defeated by the Catholics & Zwingli is killed
Death of Ulrich Zwingli
Death of Ulrich Zwingli, killed at the Battle of Kappel
Marriage
Henry VIII meets Francis I at Calais and seeks French support for his intended marriage to Anne Boleyn.
Master of Rolls
Appointed Master of the Rolls
Royal Army
English reinforcements are sent to Ireland to suppress the Kildare rebellion.
Imprisonment
Silken Thomas is sent as a prisoner to the Tower of London.
Imprisonment
Silken Thomas is sent to the Tower of London as a prisoner after his surrender.
Lincolnshire Rising
The Lincolnshire Rising begins at Louth in protest against religious change and royal commissioners.
Louth Rising Begins
Nicholas Melton helps lead parishioners and townspeople who seize church commissioners at Louth, beginning the Lincolnshire Rising.
Death of Henry VIII
Death of William Tyndale, executed in the Low Countries
Execution
William Tyndale is executed in the Low Countries
Lincolnshire Rebels Assemble
Thousands of rebels gather around Lincoln and present grievances concerning religious change, taxation, government officials and the dissolution programme.
Death of William Tyndale
Death of William Tyndale, executed in the Low Countries
Execution
William Tyndale is executed in the Low Countries
Reformation, The
William Tyndale is burnt at the stake for heresy. His final words are, "Lord! Open the King of England's eyes"
Reballion of Yorkshire
Yorkshire rebels who call themselves the "pilgrimage of grace". The rebels demand the restoration of the Popes authority
Lincolnshire Demands Rejected
Henry VIII rejects the rebels' demands and orders them to disperse, refusing to concede that armed subjects may dictate royal policy.
Lincolnshire Rising Disperses
The Lincolnshire rebels disperse after the king's uncompromising response and the approach of royal forces makes continued resistance untenable.
Pilgrimage of Grace
The Pilgrimage of Grace begins in Yorkshire under Robert Aske after the failure of the Lincolnshire Rising.
Pilgrimage of Grace
The Pilgrimage of Grace begins in Yorkshire under Robert Aske against religious change and royal policy.
Pilgrimage of Grace
Leads a band of nine thousand followers, who entered and occupied York, there he arranges for the expelled monks and nuns to return to their houses; the King's newly installed tenants are driven out and Catholic observance resumed
Pilgrimage of Grace
Robert Aske is chosen to lead the insurgents; he was a London barrister, a resident of the Inns of Court, and the youngest son of Sir Robert Aske of Aughton near Selby.
Pilgrimage of Grace
The success of the rising was so great that the royal leaders, Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk and George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury, opened negotiations with the insurgents at Doncaster, where Aske had assembled between thirty and forty thousand.
Execution
Many people in northern England had disliked the way in which Henry VIII had cast off Catherine of Aragon, although her successor, Anne Boleyn, had been unpopular as Catherines replacement her execution is undermines the monarchy
Pilgrimage of Grace
Many people in northern England had disliked the way in which Henry VIII had cast off Catherine of Aragon, although her successor, Anne Boleyn, had been unpopular as Catherine's replacement her execution undermines the monarchy
Pilgrimage of Grace
The Pilgrimage of Grace is a popular rising in York, Yorkshire during 1536, in protest against England's break with Rome and the Dissolution of the Monasteries, as well as other specific political, social and economic grievances.
Pilgrimage of Grace
The movement broke out on 13 October 1536, immediately following the failure of the Lincolnshire Rising, and at this point was the term Pilgrimage of Grace used.
Suppression
The Lincolnshire Rising collapses after Henry VIII orders the rebels to disperse or face royal force.
Pilgrimage of Grace
Robert Aske leads the rebels into York as the movement becomes the largest rising of Henry VIII's reign.
Aske Enters York
Aske enters York with the rebel movement in control of much of the region and restores traditional religious observances in the city.
Pontefract Castle Joins Rising
Lord Darcy yields Pontefract Castle to the rebels, giving the northern movement a major fortress, supplies and additional political prestige.
Doncaster Truce Negotiated
Norfolk negotiates a temporary truce and promises that the rebels' grievances will be considered, preventing an immediate clash with the northern army.
Doncaster Armies Confront Each Other
Aske's much larger rebel force faces the Duke of Norfolk's royal army near Doncaster, but both sides choose negotiation instead of immediate battle.
Privy Council
Cromwells success in Church politics was offset by the fact that his political influence had been weakened by the emergence of a privy council, a body of nobles and office-holders that first came together to suppress the Pilgrimage of Grace
Suffolk Advances on Lincolnshire Rebels
The Duke of Suffolk advances with royal troops as gentry leadership weakens and the Lincolnshire movement begins to disintegrate.
Execution
Leaders of the Lincolnshire Rising are executed after the royal government restores control.
Lincolnshire Rising
Rebels occupy Lincoln and demand an end to religious innovations, taxation and the dissolution of monasteries.
Pilgrimage of Grace
Rebels gather in the East Riding and the rising spreads beyond its first Yorkshire centres.
Pilgrimage of Grace
Pontefract Castle becomes a major centre of the northern rebellion against Henry VIII's religious policies.
Pilgrimage of Grace
Pontefract Castle becomes a major centre of the northern rebellion against the Crown.
Pilgrimage of Grace
Robert Aske leads the northern rebels into York as the movement gathers wider support.
Aske Takes Northern Leadership
Robert Aske becomes the leading organiser of the Yorkshire rising and frames the movement as a pilgrimage defending religion and the commonwealth.
Pilgrim Army Crosses the Humber
Aske's supporters cross the Humber and rapidly attract northern communities alarmed by religious policy and the dissolution of monasteries.
Louth Clergy Join Rising
Local clergy become involved as opposition to religious changes and fear of further church confiscations deepen the Lincolnshire protest.
Pilgrimage of Grace
Henry authorised Norfolk to promise a general pardon and a Parliament to be held at York within a year, as well as a reprieve for the abbeys until the Parliament had met
Pilgrimage of Grace
Although the grievances of the rebels were wide-ranging, the most significant was the suppression of the monasteries, blamed on the King's "evil counsellors", principally Cromwell and Cranmer, one of the leaders of the rebellion, Thomas Darcy, 1st Baron Darcy of Darcy, before his execution gave
Pilgrimage of Grace
Cromwell the prophetic warning "others that have been in such favour with King's as you now enjoy have come to the same fate you bring me to"
Pilgrimage of Grace
Cromwells success in Church politics was offset by the fact that his political influence had been weakened by the emergence of a privy council, a body of nobles and office-holders that first came together to suppress the Pilgrimage of Grace.
Pilgrimage of Grace
Henry authorised Norfolk to promise a general pardon and a Parliament to be held at York within a year, as well as a reprieve for the abbeys until the Parliament had met
Reballion of When the
When the rebellion in the north broke out, Pilgrimage of Grace, Shrewsbury promptly raised forces on his own authority, and his courage and fidelity on this occasion perhaps saved Henrys crown
Reballion of Robert Aske
Beginning of the rebellion led by Robert Aske, engulfs the north of England
Pregnancy
Jane Seymours labour pains begin & continue for 2 days
Birth of Edward VI
Edward, the son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, is born at Hampton Court Palace as the king's legitimate male heir.
Birth of Henry VIII's only legitimate
Jane Seymour gives birth to Prince Edward, Henry VIII's only legitimate son to survive infancy.
Birth of Prince Edward
Jane Seymour gives birth to Edward, providing Henry VIII with the surviving legitimate son who immediately becomes heir to the crown.
Birth of Edward VI
Birth of Edward VI, gives birth to Henry VIIIs only legitimate son
Christening
Carries Princess Elizabeth at the christening of his nephew, Prince Edward
Baptism of Edward VI
Prince Edward is christened in the Chapel Royal at Hampton Court, with his half-sister Mary serving as godmother.
Peerage
Created Earl of Herford, 1st
Death of Thomas Cromwell
Henry VIII is stricken with grief & Thomas Cromwell takes over the affairs of state
Death of Jane Seymour
Jane Seymour dies at Hampton Court twelve days after giving birth to Edward.
Death of Henry VIII
Death of Jane Seymour from postnatal complications after the birth of Prince Edward.
Death of Jane Seymour
Jane Seymour dies after Edward's birth, leaving Henry with one legitimate son but no possibility of further children from the queen who bore him.
Death of Jane Seymour
Death of Jane Seymour, from puerperal fever, after a caesarean section 12 days before during the childbirth of Edward VI
Burial
Lies in State for 3 weeks
Burial
Only wife of Henry VIII to be buried in St George's Chapel, Windsor
Marriage
Cromwell oversees the talks and a marriage Treaty to Anne of Cleves is signed
Death of Margaret
Death of Margaret Tudor
Birth of Akbar
Is born at Umarkot in Sindh while his father Humayun is displaced from the Mughal throne.
Scottish Border Campaign
Leads a large English army into southern Scotland; the campaign burns Roxburgh and Kelso before withdrawing as supplies become difficult.
Mission to Fishery Coast
Leaves Goa for the Pearl Fishery Coast of southern India and begins sustained missionary work among coastal communities.
Treaty of Greenwich
The Treaty of Greenwich is nullified by the Earl of Arran
Ottoman Fleet at Toulon
Brings the Ottoman fleet to Toulon for the winter of 1543-1544.
Wintering at Toulon
The French port serves as a temporary Ottoman naval base.
Siege of Boulogne
A French assault nearly retakes Boulogne but is repulsed by the English garrison.
Chief Gentleman
Appointed Chief Gentleman of the King's Privy Chamber
East Lothian Garrisons
Grey helps establish and command fortified English positions in East Lothian as occupation replaces short raids as the central strategy of the invasion.
Arrest of Duke of Somerset
The Privy Council arrests Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, ending his dominance of the minority government.
Arrest of Edward Seymour
Swept from power & imprisoned by a coalition led by Warwick
Somerset Arrested after Protectorate Collapse
Edward Seymour is arrested after fellow councillors unite against his government and remove him from the office of Lord Protector.
Somerset Government Crisis
Protector Somerset takes Edward to Windsor Castle as political opponents organise against his government.
Edmund Bonner Imprisoned after Deprivation
Edmund Bonner is imprisoned after losing the bishopric of London for resisting key Protestant religious directives under Edward VI.
Somerset Arrested by Council
Edward Seymour is arrested after losing control of the Privy Council, which accuses the former Protector of misgovernment and resisting lawful authority.
Council Move against Somerset
John Dudley emerges at the centre of the council coalition that removes Protector Somerset from power after military, political and economic crises weaken his position.
Battle of Sekigahara
Fights at the Battle of Sekigahara
Battle of Sekigahara
Victory helps Ieyasu to consolidate his rule over Honshu. Ieyasus 74,000 troops defeat a coalition force of 82,000. 40,000 confederates are killed
Duke of Northumberland
John Dudley is created Duke of Northumberland while continuing to dominate Edward VI's government.
Second Arrest of Somerset
The former Lord Protector, Edward Seymour, is arrested again after allegations of plotting against Northumberland and other councillors.
Arrest of Edward Seymour
Arrested for a 2nd time by thw Warwick led coalition
Somerset Conspiracy Allegation
Somerset is arrested again after allegations that he planned to seize or kill political rivals including Northumberland and Northampton during a council confrontation.
Black Rubric
A declaration later known as the Black Rubric is added to clarify that kneeling at communion does not imply adoration of the elements.
Invasion of France
Charles V tries to recapture Lorraine but is repulsed at Metz
Siege of Metz
Charles V tries to recapture Lorraine but is repulsed at Metz
Metz Defence Begins
Francis of Guise organizes the defence of Metz against imperial forces
Siege of Metz
Tries to recapture Lorraine but is repulsed at Metz
Gardiner Anoints Mary I
Gardiner anoints Mary with newly prepared holy oil during the sacred portion of the ceremony.
Coronation
Crowned Queen of England, the 2nd Queen since the Norman conquest
Coronation
Mary is crowned Queen of England at Westminster Abbey
Mary Carries Orb after Crowning
Mary carries the orb in the outward procession after the crowning, following her chosen adaptation of the traditional rite.
Mary Declines Edward's Coronation Chair
Mary avoids using the ancient chair in the same manner as Edward, reflecting concern that Protestant usage had compromised its ceremonial purity.
Mary I Crowned as Regnant Queen
Mary is crowned as queen regnant, confirming in ceremony that sovereign authority is vested in her personally.
Mary Receives Coronation Regalia
Mary receives the ceremonial insignia of monarchy before the act of crowning.
Mary's Coronation Banquet
A formal coronation feast follows the Abbey service and publicly celebrates Mary's successful accession.
Mary's Coronation Communion
Mary participates in the Eucharistic conclusion of the service after the main coronation rites.
Mary's Coronation Oath
Mary takes the coronation oath as England's reigning queen before proceeding to anointing and investiture.
Mary's Coronation Recognition
Before Gardiner proceeds to the sacred rites, Mary is presented publicly in the Abbey as England's lawful sovereign.
First Parliament Opens
Mary's first parliament opens after her coronation
First Parliament Opens
Maryโs first parliament opens and begins undoing Edwardian reforms.
Marriage
Parliament draws up a petitio asking Mary not to marry a Spaniard
Parliament
1st Parliament of Mary's reign, opens to dismantle the English Reformation
Reform of Parliament
The Book of Common Prayer suppressed. Repeals the Prayer Books & restores the old services. Protestant rites are made illegal. Parliament refuses to return the Church lands & acknowledge the Pope. England returns to Catholicism with Mary as head of the Church
Reformation, The
1st Parliament of Marys reig, opens to dismantle the English Reformation
Divorce
Parliament declares the divorce of Henry & Katherine of Aragon invalid
Reform of Monarchy
Mass is restored throughout England
Succession
The Commons reverse the divorce of Catherine of Aragon, Mary is no longer illegitimate
Catherine Restored
Mary restores the honour of Catherine of Aragon by parliamentary action
First Statute of Repeal Passed
Parliament repeals major Edwardian religious legislation and restores worship broadly to the position existing late in Henry VIII's reign.
Marian Treason Act Restores Older Definition
Parliament repeals several later Tudor treason extensions and restores much of the traditional statutory framework associated with the 1351 law.
Mary's First Parliament Confirms Royal Title
Mary's first Parliament reinforces the legitimacy of her accession and begins reversing measures that had undermined her parents' marriage and her own status.
Mass Restored
Mass is restored as Mary's government reverses Edwardian religious policy
Parents Marriage Restored
Parliament declares the marriage of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon valid
John Pollard Chosen Speaker under Mary
John Pollard becomes Speaker when Mary's first Parliament meets after her successful accession.
Catholic Bishops Restored
Catholic bishops regain influence in Maryโs religious government.
Edwardian Prayer Book Undermined
The Edwardian prayer book loses authority under Maryโs restoration.
First Act of Repeal
Parliament repeals Edwardian religious legislation from the previous reign.
Gardiner Opens Parliament
Gardiner steers Maryโs first parliament toward Catholic restoration.
Latin Services Revived
Latin services begin returning in churches loyal to Mary.
Marriage of Clergy Challenged
Married clergy face pressure as Catholic discipline is restored.
Religious Statutes Repealed
Parliament begins repealing Edwardian religious legislation.
Royal Supremacy Questioned
Maryโs government prepares to reverse royal supremacy over the church.
Religious Policy
Mary begins reversing Edwardian Protestant reforms after her accession
Degradation
Is degraded from clerical office before execution.
Degradation
Is prepared for execution after refusing to recant.
Latimer Burned
Hugh Latimer is burned alongside Ridley at Oxford.
Ridley Burned
Nicholas Ridley is burned for heresy at Oxford.
Cranmer Witnesses Execution
Thomas Cranmer watches Ridley and Latimer burned at Oxford.
Death of Nicholas Ridley
Death of Nicholas Ridley, burned at Oxford.
Execution with Latimer
Is executed beside Hugh Latimer outside Oxford city walls.
Execution
Ridley is burned at Oxford for Protestant doctrine.
Execution
Burned at the stake for Protestant doctrine.
Latimer Encouragement
Latimer encourages Ridley before their execution.
Martyrdom
Dies refusing to accept Catholic doctrine on the mass.
Oxford Martyrs
Is burned with Hugh Latimer as one of the Oxford Martyrs.
Burning at Oxford
Is burned at the stake for Protestant beliefs.
Candle Speech
Encourages Ridley with the famous candle speech.
Death of Hugh Latimer
Death of Hugh Latimer, burned at Oxford.
Death of Hugh Latimer
Dies during the Marian persecution of Protestants.
Execution
Latimer is burned with Nicholas Ridley at Oxford.
Execution
Burned at the stake with Nicholas Ridley.
Heresy
Executed for refusing to recant Protestant doctrine.
Martyrdom
His death becomes central to Protestant martyrology.
Oxford Martyrs
Dies with Nicholas Ridley as one of the Oxford Martyrs.
Execution
Nicholas Ridley is burned at Oxford for Protestant beliefs
Latimer Executed
Hugh Latimer is burned with Nicholas Ridley at Oxford
Rule of Netherlands, The
Philip II is given the Government of The Netherlands by his father Charles V
Elizabeth at Hatfield
Places Elizabeth under the more congenial guardianship of Thomas Pope at Hatfield
Elizabeth to Hatfield
Mary allows Elizabeth to move to Hatfield under Sir Thomas Pope's supervision
Hatfield Household
Elizabeth settles at Hatfield after release from stricter confinement
House Arrest
Placed under the guardianship of Thomas Pope at Hatfield
Moved to Hatfield
Elizabeth is moved to Hatfield under the custody of Thomas Pope
Elizabeth at Hatfield
Hosts Princess Elizabeth during her more relaxed house arrest at Hatfield
Guardian Appointed
Appointed guardian of Princess Elizabeth at Hatfield
House Arrest
Elizabeth is moved to Hatfield under the custody of Thomas Pope
John Pollard Returns as Speaker
John Pollard serves again as Speaker when Parliament meets during the consolidation of Mary's Catholic restoration.
Treaty Negotiations
In a letter dated 30 October 1557, Henry of France requested that the Scottish Parliament send commissioners to prepare for the wedding of Queen Mary to the Dauphin of France'gnine commissioners are appointed to negotiate the wedding Treaty
Treaty of Marriage
Commissioners are appointed to negotiate the wedding Treaty
Treaty of Marriage
In a letter Henry of France requests that the Scottish Parliament send commissioners to prepare for the wedding of Queen Mary to the Dauphin of France
Marriage
In a letter dated 30 October 1557, Henry of France requested that the Scottish Parliament send commissioners to prepare for the wedding of Queen Mary to the Dauphin of France'gnine commissioners are appointed to negotiate the wedding Treaty
Treaty Negotiations
In a letter dated 30 October 1557, Henry of France requested that the Scottish Parliament send commissioners to prepare for the wedding of Queen Mary to the Dauphin of France'gnine commissioners are appointed to negotiate the wedding Treaty
Calais Recovery Negotiating Position
Supports instructions requiring English negotiators to press France over Calais and defend English interests in the approaching peace conference.
Cateau Peace Instructions
Authorises detailed instructions for English commissioners negotiating peace with France while the loss of Calais remains a central issue.
Council Discusses Succession
Mary's councillors prepare for Elizabeth's succession as Mary's illness worsens
Health Declines
Mary's health worsens as councillors prepare for succession
Health of Mary I
Mary's health declines sharply in the final months of her reign
Defects to Congregation
Maitland joins opponents of Mary of Guise and supports the Protestant cause
Arrest of Conde
Louis Prince of Conde is arrested on suspicion of leading the Amboise conspiracy
Arrest of Louis I de Bourbon
Louis Prince of Conde is arrested on suspicion of leading the Amboise conspiracy
Trial
Sentenced to death for his part in the Conspiracy of Amboise
Smallpox Illness
Elizabeth falls dangerously ill with smallpox and the succession becomes urgent
Rouen Retaken
Royal forces recover Rouen during the first war of religion
Death of Huntly
Huntly dies after defeat and capture at Corrichie
Battle of Corrichie
Huntly is defeated by forces loyal to Mary
Battle of Corrichie
Defeats George Gordon Earl of Huntly at Corrichie near Aberdeen
Battle of Corrichie
Moray commands Mary's forces at Corrichie
Succession Emergency
Dudley is considered for emergency authority during Elizabeth's illness
Recovery from Smallpox
Elizabeth survives smallpox but the crisis exposes the unsettled succession
Succession Candidate
Katherine Grey is discussed by some councillors during Elizabeth's illness
Council Considers Heirs during Smallpox Crisis
Elizabeth's near-fatal smallpox prompts councillors to consider possible successors, exposing the danger created by the absence of a formally named heir.
English Occupation of Le Havre
Ambrose Dudley commands English forces holding Le Havre
Le Havre Expedition
Poynings serves in the English force sent to support the Huguenots
Occupation of Le Havre
Dudley leads English troops into Le Havre and takes command of the occupied port, which Elizabeth hopes to exchange for the restoration of Calais.
Capture of Rouen
Rouen is retaken from the Protestants by Guise after a months siege
Siege of Rouen
Rouen is retaken from the Protestants by Guise after a months siege
Siege of Rouen
Guise helps retake Rouen from Protestant control
Siege of Rouen
Guise helps recover Rouen from Protestant control
Siege of Rouen
Antoine is mortally wounded during operations at Rouen
Royal Army Assembled
Moray leads forces loyal to Mary against Huntly
Battle of Lepanto
A coalition of Christian naval powers ends the Turkish maritime threat
Battle of Lepanto
A coalition of Christian naval powers ends the Turkish maritime threat
Exile of Mary of Scots
The Earl of Moray escapes to England after his unsuccessful rebellion
Exile of James Stewart
Ends his rebellion against Mary Queen of Scots by fleeing to England. After Moray opposed Marys marriage to Lord Darnley he is declared an outlaw and takes refuge in England
Health of Mary of Scots
Mary nearly dies
Succession
Parliament discusses Elizabeth's succession
Succession
Declares in Parliament that Elizabeth I should settle the succession
Succession
The House of Lords decides to petition Elizabeth I for a marriage & successor. Parliament discusses linking the subsidy Bill to a declaration about the succession
Succession
Fails to persuade Parliament that Elizabeth I is commited to declaring a marriage
Succession
Privy Councillors & the Commons agree to petition Elizabeth I regarding her succession
Succession
Norfolk says Elizabeth should permit Parliament to discuss her marriage & succession
Siege of Chittor
Akbar begins the siege of Chittor, targeting a major fortress of Mewar during Mughal expansion into Rajputana.
Trial
Elizabeth is represented by the Duke of Norfolk, Earl of Sussex & Ralph Sadler
Trial
Elizabeths representitives try cases forwarded by Morays & Marys representitives. Elizabeth is represented by the Duke of Norfolk, Earl of Sussex & Ralph Sadler
Trial
Justifies his rebellion because Mary did not prosecute Bothwell for Darnleys murder
Trial
Says Bothwell was acqitted & her marriage to him was approved by the Scottish Lords. Mary refuses to acknowledge the authority of the court. Elizabeth's representitives try cases forwarded by Morays & Marys representitives
Battle of Jodoigne
Destroys the rear of Williams Army forcing him back to Germany
Trial
Norfolk plans to marry Mary & secure a Scottish alliance, the trial is moved to London
Trial
Norfolk plans to marry Mary, Elizabeth moves the trial to London
Battle of Montcountour
Commands a Huguenot Army & escapes after the Catholic victory
Arrest of George Talbot
Cecil and Mildmay visit Chatsworth in October, and agree Marys removal to Sheffield Castle (Shrewsburys principal seat)
Battle of Lepanto
The Holy League defeats the Ottomans, 1st major victory of the Christians against the Ottoman Empire
Battle of Lepanto
The Holy League defeats the Ottomans, 1st major victory of the Christians against the Ottoman Empire
Battle of Lepanto
Cervantes Saavedra fights at the Battle of Lepanto
Battle of Lepanto
Cervantes Saavedra fights at the Battle of Lepanto
Battle of Lepanto
Ouloudji Ali fights at the Battle of Lepanto
Battle of Lepanto
Unites Christendom & ends Turkish central & western Mediterranean domination. Turkish naval defeat, frees the Mediterranean from the corsairs. Marks the height of Islams 2nd major threat to Christian Europe. 1st major European victory over the Ottoman Empire
Turkish League
Pius V establishes an anti-Turkish Maritime League with Spain, Venice, Malta & Genoa
Battle of Lepanto
Ouloudji Ali fights at the Battle of Lepanto
Battle of Lepanto
Unites Christendom & ends Turkish central & western Mediterranean domination. Turkish naval defeat, frees the Mediterranean from the corsairs. Marks the height of Islams 2nd major threat to Christian Europe. 1st major European victory over the Ottoman Empire
Turkish League
Pius V establishes an anti-Turkish Maritime League with Spain, Venice, Malta & Genoa
Capture of Mons
Surrenders Mons to the Spanish but most of the Dutch towns are occupied by Calvinists
Battle of Navarino
Fights at the Battle of Navarino
Accepts an invitation to become god-mother to a daughter of Charles IX
Accepts an invitation to become god-mother to a daughter of Charles IX
Battle of Zuiderzee
A Dutch fleet defeats a Spanish squadron
Battle of Zuiderzee
A Spanish fleet on the Zuiderzee is defeated by the Watergeuzen
Battle of Zuiderzee
A Spanish fleet on the Zuiderzee is defeated by the Watergeuzen
Viceroy
Appointed Viceroy of the Spanish Netherlands
Resignation of Alba
Resigns as Viceroy of the Spanish Netherlands after several setbacks
Viceroy
Appointed Viceroy of the Spanish Netherlands
Marriage
Alencon arrives in England after Elizabeth has a marriage contract drawn up
Death of Teresa Sanchez de Cepeda
Dies at Alba de Tormes as Catholic lands are changing from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar
Death of Teresa of Avila
Attends Teresa of Avila at her death
Gregorian Calendar Adoption
Adopts the Gregorian calendar in Spain as the day after 4 October becomes 15 October
Battle of Chuvash Cape
Commands forces of the Khanate of Sibir against Yermak Cossacks
Battle of Chuvash Cape
Loses control near Qashliq after Yermak victory at Chuvash Cape
Battle of Chuvash Cape
Defeats the forces of the Khanate of Sibir near Qashliq
Whitgift Three Articles Imposed
Whitgift requires clergy to affirm royal supremacy, the prayer book and the doctrinal Articles as part of a stricter conformity campaign.
Somerville Arrested
Somerville is apprehended on his journey toward London and admits a plan to attack the queen, drawing his relatives and associates into a treason investigation.
Somerville Assassination Threat
John Somerville openly declares an intention to kill Elizabeth I and sets out toward London carrying weapons, prompting his arrest before he reaches the court.
Bond of Association Signed
Supporters swear to punish anyone who benefits from a plot against Elizabeth, directly linking the queen's personal safety to the future succession.
Mary Tried under Queen's Safety Act
Mary is tried before commissioners for involvement in the Babington Plot, converting the succession threat she represents into a capital legal case.
Trial
Put on trial for correspondence with anthony Babington during the Babington plot
Execution of Mary Queen of Scots
Sentenced to death by the court of star Chamber
Trial
Sentenced to death by the court of star Chamber
North West Passage
When Davis returns he learns that one ship, the North Star, had been lost with all hands in a gale near the coast of Ireland
Sinking of North Star - Loss with All Hands
North Star was lost with all hands in a gale near Ireland while returning from John Davis's second Arctic voyage.
Sinking of North Star
When Davis returns he learns that one ship, the North Star, had been lost with all hands in a gale near the coast of Ireland
Capture of Nijmegen
Captures Nijmegen
Hesketh Plot Reported
Ferdinando Stanley rejects Hesketh's proposal and delivers him to the authorities, preventing the succession scheme from developing into an organised rising.
Battle of Guirgevo
The Prince of Transylvania conquers Wallachia by defeating Pasha
Battle of Guirgevo
The Prince of Transylvania in alliance with the Habsburgs defeats Pasha
Second Spanish Armada
Padilla leads a new Spanish Armada intended for the British Isles, but severe Atlantic storms scatter the fleet before it can establish an invasion force.
Christopher Yelverton Chosen Speaker
Christopher Yelverton becomes Speaker as Parliament addresses war finance, poverty and social legislation during the later Elizabethan period.
Third Spanish Armada
Padilla commands another Spanish invasion fleet toward England, but storms again break up the expedition before its forces can achieve a coordinated landing.
Battle of Selimbar
Defeats Andrew Bathory and enters Transylvania.
Battle of Sekigahara
Defeats his opponents & becomes ruler of Japan
Capture of Transylvania
Begins to persecute the Catholic population. An Imperial army under George Basta occupies Transylvania
Imperial Army
An Imperial army under George Basta occupies Transylvania
Battle of Suceava
Defeated by Michael of Moldova
Spanish Landing at Kinsale
Aguila lands a Spanish expeditionary army at Kinsale to support Irish rebels, opening the most serious Spanish military intervention in Elizabethan Ireland.
John Croke Chosen Speaker
John Croke becomes Speaker of the final Parliament of Elizabeth I and the last Parliament of the Tudor dynasty.
Siege of Kinsale
Mountjoy surrounds the Spanish-held town of Kinsale and blocks its garrison while Irish forces attempt to assemble a relief army.
Gunpowder Treason Plot
The conspirators returned to London in October 1604, when Robert Keyes, a "desperate man, ruined and indebted" was admitted to the group. His responsibility was to take charge of Catesbys house in Lambeth, where the gunpowder and other supplies were to be stored, Keyess family had notable connections; his wifes employer was the Catholic Lord Mordaunt
Gunpowder Treason Plot
The conspirators returned to London in October 1604, when Robert Keyes, a "desperate man, ruined and indebted" was admitted to the group
Gunpowder Treason Plot
The King orders Sir Thomas Knyvet to conduct a search of the cellars underneath Parliament, which he did in the early hours of 5th November
Gunpowder Treason Plot
An anonymous letter warned Lord Monteagle to avoid the opening of Parliament. This letter was possibly sent by Monteagles brother-in-law, Francis Tresham
Gunpowder Treason Plot
The Monteagle letter betraying the plot is delivered to Baron Monteagle
Gunpowder Treason Plot
The plot was revealed to the authorities in an anonymous letter sent to William Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Monteagle received an anonymous letter while at his house in Hoxton, warning him to stay away from Parliament, uncertain of its meaning he delivered it to Salisbury, who before he received the letter was already aware of certain stirrings
Gunpowder Treason Plot
After deciphering the letter, Parker rushed to Whitehall and showed it to Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, who then showed it to the King
Gunpowder Treason Plot
An anonymous letter warned Lord Monteagle to avoid the opening of Parliament. This letter was possibly sent by Monteagles brother-in-law, Francis Tresham.
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Despite quickly becoming aware of the letter - informed by one of Monteagles servants - the conspirators resolved to continue with their plans, as it appeared that it "was clearly thought to be a hoax".
Gunpowder Treason Plot
On the evening of 26 October, Lord Monteagle received an anonymous letter warning him to stay away, and to "retyre youre self into yowre contee whence yow maye expect the event in safti for ... they shall receyve a terrible blowe this parleament".
Gunpowder Treason Plot
The Monteagle letter betraying the plot is delivered to Baron Monteagle.
Gunpowder Treason Plot
Fawkess final role in the plot was settled during a series of meetings in October, he was to light the fuse and then escape across the Thames, simultaneously, a revolt in the Midlands would help to ensure the capture of Princess Elizabeth
Gunpowder Treason Plot
By October Catesby had enlisted a total of 12 Catholic men, and the last remaining plot details were now being considered
Succession
Succeeds as King of Sweden
Birth of John Evelyn
John Evelyn is born at Wotton in Surrey.
Death of Jahangir
Death of Indiairth of Nuruddin Salim Jahangir
Capture of La Rochelle
The starving Hugenot city of La Rochelle surrenders to Richelieu
Death of Arabella Wentworth
Arabella Wentworth died, leaving Wentworth with their young children.
Summoned by the Inquisition
The Florentine Inquisitor orders Galileo to appear before the Holy Office in Rome over the Dialogue.
Marriage to Elizabeth Rhodes
Wentworth married Elizabeth Rhodes before beginning his Irish administration.
Birth of James II
Birth of James II, son of Charles I & Henrietta Maria
Battle of Wittstock
Helps the Swedish forces to victory over a combined Imperial Saxon army
Battle of Wittstock
Helps the Swedish forces to victory over a combined Imperial Saxon army
Battle of Wittstock
Helps the Swedish forces to victory over a combined Imperial Saxon army
Battle of Roststock
Commands the Swedish forces to victory over a combined Imperial Saxon army
Capture of Outer Defences
Henry Casimir captured outer works that exposed Breda's inner defences to further attack.
Request for Capitulation
Fourdin requested honourable surrender terms after the Dutch captured key outer positions.
Capitulation of Breda
Frederick Henry accepted Breda's capitulation and allowed the garrison an honourable withdrawal.
Spanish Withdrawal from Breda
Fourdin led the Spanish garrison out with flags and drums under the surrender terms.
Capture of Breda
Serves with Prince Frederick Henry of Orange, in George Moncks company
Arrest of Rupert of the Rhine
Imprisoned at Linz Castle, 1638-1641
Arrest of Rupert of the Rhine
Captured by the Imperial forces during Charles Louis invasion of the Palatinate
Invasion of Palatinate
Captured by the Imperial forces during Charles Louis invasion of the Palatinate
Battle of Downs
Can only watch while the Dutch destroy the Spanish fleet
Battle of Downs
Defeats the Spanish fleet under Antonio de Oquendo
Battle of Downs
The Spanish fleet off The Netherlands is defeated by the French. The seagoing route to the Rhine is closed off to Spain
Battle of Downs
The Spanish fleet off The Netherlands is defeated by the French. The seagoing route to the Rhine is closed off to Spain
English Peace Commissioner
Arundel serves among the English commissioners negotiating with the Covenanters.
Negotiations with Covenanters
Charles authorises negotiations with Scottish commissioners after the English military collapse.
Ripon Negotiations Open
English and Scottish commissioners begin formal negotiations at Ripon.
Negotiations with Covenanters
Charles authorises negotiations with Scottish commissioners after the English military collapse.
Ripon Negotiations Open
English and Scottish commissioners begin formal negotiations at Ripon.
Scottish Maintenance Payments Accepted
Charles accepts daily payments supporting the occupying Scottish army.
Scottish Maintenance Payments Accepted
Charles accepts daily payments supporting the occupying Scottish army.
Durham Retained by Scots
Scottish forces retain Durham as security until a final peace settlement.
Northumberland Retained by Scots
The treaty leaves Scottish forces occupying Northumberland while negotiations continue.
Ripon Settlement Ends Fighting
The treaty suspends the Second Bishops War and establishes temporary occupation arrangements.
Scottish Army Quartered in Durham
The Ripon settlement allows Scottish forces to remain quartered in County Durham.
Scottish Occupation of Durham
The Treaty of Ripon permits the Scottish army to remain in Durham pending settlement.
Scottish Occupation of Northumberland
The Ripon agreement recognises continued Scottish occupation of Northumberland.
Treaty of Ripon Signed
English and Scottish commissioners sign the treaty ending active hostilities.
Treaty of Ripon Terms
Charles agrees to pay the Scottish army eight hundred and fifty pounds daily.
Durham Retained by Scots
Scottish forces retain Durham as security until a final peace settlement.
Northumberland Retained by Scots
The treaty leaves Scottish forces occupying Northumberland while negotiations continue.
Ripon Settlement Ends Fighting
The treaty suspends the Second Bishops War and establishes temporary occupation arrangements.
Scottish Army Quartered in Durham
The Ripon settlement allows Scottish forces to remain quartered in County Durham.
Scottish Occupation of Durham
The Treaty of Ripon permits the Scottish army to remain in Durham pending settlement.
Scottish Occupation of Northumberland
The Ripon agreement recognises continued Scottish occupation of Northumberland.
Treaty of Ripon Signed
English and Scottish commissioners sign the treaty ending active hostilities.
Treaty of Ripon Terms
Charles agrees to pay the Scottish army eight hundred and fifty pounds daily.
Occupation of Durham
The Treaty of Ripon allows the Scots to keep control of Northumberland and Durham
Occupation of Northumberland
The Treaty of Ripon allows the Scots to keep control of Northumberland and Durham
Treaty of Ripon
The Treaty of Ripon allows the Scots to keep control of Northumberland and Durham. Ends the Second Bishops War between Charles I & the Scots
London Demonstrations for Parliament
Public demonstrations urge the King to summon another Parliament.
Writs for Long Parliament
Royal writs initiate elections for the Parliament scheduled to meet in November.
London Demonstrations for Parliament
Public demonstrations urge the King to summon another Parliament.
Writs for Long Parliament
Royal writs initiate elections for the Parliament scheduled to meet in November.
Treaty of Ripon Crisis
Strafford opposed concessions that would leave the Scottish army occupying northern counties at English expense.
Response to Irish Rebellion
Strode joins demands for safeguards over military appointments.
Response to Irish Rebellion
Hampden backs parliamentary measures responding to reports from Ireland.
Response to Irish Rebellion
Cromwell supports stronger parliamentary control during the Irish emergency.
Response to Irish Rebellion
Haselrig supports parliamentary authority over forces raised for Ireland.
Response to Irish Rebellion
Pym argues that Parliament must influence any army sent to Ireland.
News of Irish Rebellion
Charles receives reports of the Irish uprising while staying in Scotland.
Response to Irish Rebellion
The Irish rebellion creates an immediate crisis over raising and commanding an army.
News of Irish Rebellion
Charles receives reports of the Irish uprising while staying in Scotland.
Response to Irish Rebellion
The Irish rebellion creates an immediate crisis over raising and commanding an army.
Lord Mayor of London
Gurney enters office as Lord Mayor and supports the royalist interest.
Royalist Lord Mayor
Gurney uses the mayoralty to support royal authority during growing City opposition.
Mobilization
Charles reaches Edgecote while seeking the Parliamentarian army before Edgehill.
Mobilization
Charles reaches Edgecote while seeking the Parliamentarian army before Edgehill.
Royalist Army Located near Wormleighton
Essex receives reports locating the King's army before Edgehill.
Battle of Edgehill
Lindsey resigns command after disagreeing with the battle plan proposed by Lord Forth.
Council of War
The Royalist council plans to secure Banbury and Oxford before advancing farther.
Royalist Council at Edgecote
Charles and his commanders plan the approach to Banbury and Oxford.
Council of War
The Royalist council plans to secure Banbury and Oxford before advancing farther.
Royalist Council at Edgecote
Charles and his commanders plan the approach to Banbury and Oxford.
Battle of Edgehill
Advises Charles I to mobilize at Edgehill the next morning & challenge his enemy
Battle of Edgehill
Wilmot commands several Royalist cavalry regiments during the Battle of Edgehill.
Parliamentarian Cavalry at Edgehill
Balfour commands Parliamentarian horse in the reserve at Edgehill.
Royal Standard Seized at Edgehill
Balfour's Parliamentarian cavalry temporarily captures the Royal Standard during the battle.
Battle of Edgehill
Hampden reaches the battlefield late and reinforces Essex's Parliamentarian army.
Reinforcement Arrives at Edgehill
Hampden arrives late with Parliamentarian troops and joins the closing stages.
Battle of Edgehill
Heydon directs Parliamentarian artillery during the Battle of Edgehill.
Battle of Edgehill
Ramsay commands Parliamentarian dragoons during the Battle of Edgehill.
Battle of Edgehill
Verney carries the Royal Standard and is killed during the fighting at Edgehill.
Battle of Edgehill
Lucas commands a troop of Royalist horse during the Battle of Edgehill.
Battle of Edgehill
Bulstrode serves with a Royalist infantry regiment at Edgehill.
Battle of Edgehill
Cromwell commands a troop of Parliamentarian horse during the Edgehill campaign.
Battle of Edgehill
Essex fights Charles's army to an inconclusive result at Edgehill.
Parliamentarian Army Holds at Edgehill
Essex's infantry resists Royalist attacks and remains on the field after nightfall.
Parliamentarian Withdrawal to Warwick
Essex withdraws his army toward Warwick after the Battle of Edgehill.
Royalist Army
Essex receives reports locating the Royalist army before Edgehill.
Battle of Edgehill
Feilding commands a Royalist regiment during the Battle of Edgehill.
Battle of Edgehill
Lindsey leads his infantry at Edgehill and is mortally wounded in the fighting.
Death of Robert Bertie
Lindsey dies from wounds received while leading Royalist infantry at Edgehill.
Lindsey Mortally Wounded
Lindsey is mortally wounded while fighting beside his Royalist infantry.
Battle of Edgehill
Digby commands a Royalist regiment during the Battle of Edgehill.
Battle of Edgehill
Charles fights the inconclusive Battle of Edgehill and continues his advance toward London.
Royal Centre at Edgehill
Charles remains with the Royalist centre during the inconclusive battle.
Battle of Edgehill
Charles fights the inconclusive Battle of Edgehill and continues his advance toward London.
Royal Centre at Edgehill
Charles remains with the Royalist centre during the inconclusive battle.
Battle of Edgehill
Byron commands part of the Royalist cavalry reserve at Edgehill.
Battle of Edgehill
Astley commands the Royalist infantry during the Battle of Edgehill.
Prince of Wales at Edgehill
The young Prince Charles accompanies the Royalist army during the Edgehill campaign.
Royalist Infantry Counterattacked
Balfour leads reserve cavalry against the Royalist infantry and temporarily seizes the standard.
Death Defending Royal Standard
Verney is killed while defending the King's standard during the battle.
Battle of Edgehill
Defeats the Earl of Essex near Worcester
General
Appointed General in Chief for Charles I after the death of Lyndsey at Edgehill
General
Appointed General in Chief for Charles I
Banbury Secured for Royalists
Charles's army takes Banbury while advancing toward Oxford and London.
Capture of Banbury
The Royalist army secures Banbury during its march after Edgehill.
Banbury Secured for Royalists
Charles's army takes Banbury while advancing toward Oxford and London.
Capture of Banbury
The Royalist army secures Banbury during its march after Edgehill.
Oxford Becomes Royal Headquarters
Charles enters Oxford and develops the city as the principal Royalist headquarters.
Royal Headquarters Established at Oxford
Charles enters Oxford and begins establishing the city as his wartime headquarters.
Royalist Advance toward London
Charles prepares the Royalist army to advance from Oxford toward London.
Royalist Army Strengthened at Shrewsbury
Charles gathers recruits and cavalry support before marching toward the Midlands.
Oxford Becomes Royal Headquarters
Charles enters Oxford and develops the city as the principal Royalist headquarters.
Royal Headquarters Established at Oxford
Charles enters Oxford and begins establishing the city as his wartime headquarters.
Royalist Advance toward London
Charles prepares the Royalist army to advance from Oxford toward London.
Royalist Army Strengthened at Shrewsbury
Charles gathers recruits and cavalry support before marching toward the Midlands.
March toward London
The Royalist army begins moving toward the capital after Edgehill.
March toward London
The Royalist army begins moving toward the capital after Edgehill.
Capture of Newport Pagnell
Captures Newport Pagnell for the Royalists
Battle of Winceby
Combines with Cromwell & Manchester to check the Governor of Newark
Battle of Winceby
Defeats the Royalists under Sir John Henderson near Newark. Cromwell's cavalry proves very effective
Battle of Winceby
Defeated by Cromwell, Fairfax & Manchester, fails to relieve Bolingbroke Castle
Siege of Bolingbroke Castle
Defeated by Cromwell, Fairfax & Manchester, fails to relieve Bolingbroke Castle
Battle of Winceby
Cromwell helps lead Parliamentarian cavalry in the victory at Winceby, strengthening Parliament's control of Lincolnshire.
Battle of Winceby
Fairfax fights with Parliament's forces at Winceby, where the Royalist field army in Lincolnshire is defeated.
Battle of Winceby
Cromwell's cavalry helps defeat Royalist horse at Winceby during the struggle for Lincolnshire.
Battle of Winceby
Manchester commands Eastern Association forces during the Parliamentarian victory at Winceby.
Birth of Bahadur Shah I
Birth of Bahadur Shah I, second son of the emperor Aurangzeb through the daughter of Raja Raju
Capture of Newcastle
Helps capture Newcastle for the Parliamentarians
Siege of Newport
The Royalist hold on London is lost. Evacuates Newport Pagnell in the false belief that supplies are not coming from Oxford
Appointment as Lord Chief Justice
Charles appoints Heath Lord Chief Justice of King's Bench at Oxford.
Defence of Hull
Fairfax helps prevent Hull from falling during the Royalist siege, preserving an important Parliamentarian base in Yorkshire.
Alliance Scotland and Royalists
Charles I turns to Montrose for support who wins most of Scotland for the Royalists
Battle of Fehmarn
The Swedish Commander Wrangel defeats the Danish fleet under Pros Mund in the Baltic
Battle of Fehmarn
Wrangel defeats the Danish fleet under Pros Mund in the Baltic
Capture of Newcastle
Commander of "Ironsides" during Parliaments capture of Newcastle
Battle of Newbury, 2nd
Fights at the Battle of Newbury
Battle of Newbury, 2nd
Commander for the Royalists at the 2nd Battle of Newbury
Battle of Newbury
Fights an inconclusive Battle at Newbury
Second Battle of Newbury
Cromwell fights at Second Newbury and later urges a stronger pursuit of the withdrawing Royalist army.
Second Battle of Newbury
Skippon's infantry helps recover artillery lost earlier in Cornwall during Parliament's attack at Second Newbury.
Second Battle of Newbury
Waller shares command in the Parliamentarian attack at Second Newbury and later argues for stronger pursuit of the King.
Battle of Banbury
Fails to join forces with Waller. Charles I is able to retreat safely to Donnington Castle & to join Rupert in Oxford
Battle of Banbury
With 10,000 men faces Cromwell with 22,000. The Battle is inconclusive & Charles retreats to Oxford. Manages to avoid capture & defeat, returns to Donnington Castle
Second Battle of Newbury
Charles I escapes after the Second Battle of Newbury despite Parliamentarian attempts to trap his army.
Second Battle of Newbury
Cromwell criticises missed opportunities after the Parliamentarian attack fails to destroy the king's army.
Battle of Wittsock
The Imperial Saxon Army is forced to make peace. Jointly commands the Imperial Saxon Army which is defeated by Sweden
Battle of Wittsock
Jointly commands the Imperial Saxon Army which is defeated by Sweden
Battle of Basingstoke
Secures the last major obstacle between London & the West Country. Defeats the Marquise of Winchester
Storming of Basing House
Cromwell takes part in the storming of Basing House, removing a major Royalist stronghold controlling routes west of London.
Storming of Basing House
Cromwell storms Basing House and ends one of the strongest Royalist garrisons in southern England.
Fall of Basing House
Winchester's Royalist stronghold falls after Cromwell's assault on Basing House.
Petition
A petition signed by more than 2,000 London citizens helps secure Lilburne's release after his imprisonment for denouncing comfortable Members of Parliament while common soldiers suffered
An Arrow Against All Tyrants and Tyranny
Overton publishes "An Arrow Against All Tyrants and Tyranny", a major Leveller statement against arbitrary government and imprisonment
An Arrow Against All Tyrants
Overton publishes "An Arrow Against All Tyrants and Tyranny", a major Leveller statement against arbitrary government and imprisonment
Manifesto
Wildman is associated with the radical soldiers who present "The Case of the Army Truly Stated", pressing the Army leadership for constitutional reform
Case of the Army Truly Stated
Wildman helps Army radicals prepare a written constitutional challenge to the senior officers before the Putney discussions begin.
Constitution of England
The Levelllers demand a dissolution of Parliament within a year and substantial changes to the constitution of future Parliaments, which were to be regulated by an unalterable "law paramount"
Dissolution of Parliament
The Levelllers demand a dissolution of Parliament within a year and substantial changes to the constitution of future Parliaments, which were to be regulated by an unalterable "law paramount"
Levellers
The Levellers demand a dissolution of Parliament within a year and substantial changes to the constitution of future Parliaments, to be regulated by an unalterable law paramount. At least five regiments of cavalry elect new unofficial agitators and produce "The Case of the Army Truly Stated", which is presented to Sir Thomas Fairfax
Putney Debates
Ireton argues against immediate manhood suffrage and defends property-based political rights.
Putney Debates
Cromwell attends Army Council debates over political settlement, representation and the army's demands.
Putney Debates
The Agitators are assisted by some civilians, notably John Wildman and Maximillian Petty, who had been connected to the Army as civilian advisers
Putney Debates
The Agitators are assisted by some civilians, notably John Wildman and Maximillian Petty, who had been connected to the Army as civilian advisers
Agreement of the People
Sexby explains that soldiers and their civilian advisers have come to the Army Council to press the Agreement of the People because the Army's sacrifices require a secure public settlement
Levellers
Sexby represents the Army radical side of the Leveller cause, arguing that the soldiers' sacrifices in the war require a settlement based on liberty, indemnity and political security
Putney Debates
Sexby says the Army and kingdom require speedy relief, making soldiers' arrears, indemnity and constitutional security part of the reason the debates take place
Putney Debates
Sexby takes part for the Army radicals, explaining that soldiers and their advisers have come to present their constitutional demands to the General Council of the Army
Agreement of the People
Wildman and other radical representatives press the Agreement of the People before the Army Council during the Putney Debates
Agreement of the People
Allen takes part among the soldiers' representatives supporting the Agreement of the People, seeking constitutional guarantees before the Army accepts any settlement with Parliament or the King
Putney Debates
Allen takes part as one of the Agitators, helping represent soldiers who believed the Army's sacrifices entitled them to a voice in the political settlement
Presentation of Agreement
Wildman helps present the Agreement of the People to the Army Council as an alternative constitutional settlement.
Agitators
Wildman assists the Agitators and New Agents by presenting radical arguments for the Agreement of the People against the Grandees' more moderate settlement
Agreement of the People
Wildman and other radical representatives press the Agreement of the People before the General Council of the Army during the Putney Debates
Agreement of the People
Wildman helps present the Agreement of the People before the General Council of the Army, arguing that England's settlement should rest on the people's consent rather than on King, Lords and Commons alone
Army Council
Wildman takes part before the Army Council as radical soldiers and civilian Leveller advisers press the Agreement of the People against the more moderate Heads of the Proposals
Levellers
Wildman assists the Army radicals and New Agents at Putney, helping press the Leveller Agreement of the People against the Grandees' more moderate constitutional settlement
Putney Debates
The Agitators are assisted by civilians including John Wildman and Maximilian Petty, who had been connected to Army affairs as civilian advisers
Putney Debates
Wildman takes part as a civilian adviser to the Army radicals, helping press the Agreement of the People as an alternative to settlement by King, Lords and Commons
Agreement of the People
Petty supports the Agreement of the People as a written constitutional settlement, pressing the case that political authority should be founded on the birthright and consent of the people
Putney Debates
Petty takes part as a civilian adviser connected with the Army radicals, supporting proposals for a written constitutional settlement based on popular consent
Putney Debates
The Agitators are assisted by civilians including John Wildman and Maximilian Petty, who had been connected to Army affairs as civilian advisers
Putney Debates
Whalley's regiment is represented through the soldier known as the Bedfordshire Man, showing that regimental agents helped force the constitutional dispute onto the Army Council's agenda
Putney Debates
Rainsborough takes part as the highest-ranking officer sympathetic to the Leveller position and challenges continued negotiation with the King
Putney Debates
Ireton explains that The Case of the Army had been referred to a committee, creating the immediate reason for inviting the New Agents to state their principles at Putney
Putney Debates
Ireton supports committee examination of The Case of the Army, because the Grandees want the New Agents' demands tested before the Army accepts any radical settlement
Grandees
Cromwell chairs the Army Council at Putney for the Grandees, attempting to preserve Army unity while allowing Agitators and Leveller advisers to present their constitutional demands
Putney Debates
Cromwell argues that the meeting should receive the radicals' proposals in orderly fashion so that the Army can judge their intentions and preserve unity
Putney Debates
Cromwell chairs the opening session because Fairfax is absent and invites officers, soldiers and civilian advisers to speak on the public settlement after the First Civil War
Putney Debates
Fairfax is absent through illness, but the debates take place under the authority of the Army command that sought to prevent division between officers and rank-and-file soldiers
Levellers
Senior officers in the Army, nicknamed the Grandees, are angered by The Case of the Armie Truly Stated and invite the New Agents and their civilian supporters to debate their proposals before the General Council of the Army at the Putney Debates
Putney Debates
Senior officers in the Army, nicknamed the Grandees, are angered by The Case of the Armie Truly Stated and invite the New Agents and their civilian supporters to explain their principles before the General Council of the Army at the Putney Debates
Agitators
Weale is associated with the New Agents who help carry the soldiers' demands into the Putney Debates, where the Army Council is forced to examine the Agreement of the People
Putney Debates
Weale, probably the Bedfordshire Man from Whalley's regiment, is associated with the New Agents who brought the soldiers' constitutional case before the General Council
Agitators
Everard, known as Buff Coat, speaks for the radical soldier representatives as the Agitators and New Agents bring their constitutional demands before the General Council of the Army
Agreement of the People
Everard, known as Buff Coat, represents the New Agents who bring the Agreement of the People into the Army Council as the soldiers' alternative to the Grandees' Heads of the Proposals
Levellers
Everard, known as Buff Coat, presents the Agreement of the People to the General Council of the Army and helps bring Leveller constitutional demands into the Army debates
Putney Debates
Everard, identified in the record as Buff Coat, presents the soldiers' request for advice on the Agreement of the People and joins the debate over the Army's political programme
Putney Debates
Clarke records the proceedings for the General Council, preserving the arguments of the officers, Agitators and civilian advisers who took part
Levellers
Senior officers in the Army, nicknamed the Grandees, are angered by "The Case of the Army Truly Stated" and order the unofficial Agitators to explain their principles before the General Council of the Army at the Putney Debates
Putney Debates
Senior officers in the Army (nicknamed "Grandees") were incensed by the "Case of the Army" and ordered the unofficial Agitators to give an account of their principles before the General Council of the Army, known as the Putney Debates
Putney Debates
Sexby speaks for rank-and-file soldiers pressing for a broader political settlement.
Putney Debates
Captain Bishop says the Council has met to seek a way to preserve the kingdom from destruction, showing the debates' purpose as both military and constitutional
Putney Debates
John Clarke speaks after prayer, framing the debates as a search for divine guidance before the Council continues its political deliberations
Putney Debates
Wildman criticises the Heads of the Proposals, arguing that restoring the King's personal rights before securing the people's liberties would betray the Army's cause
Agitators
Petty supports the Agitators' case for a wider franchise, arguing that political voice should rest on birthright rather than property alone
Levellers
Petty argues for a broad male franchise during the Putney Debates, supporting the Leveller claim that political voice should rest on birthright rather than property alone
Putney Debates
Petty states that all inhabitants who have not lost their birthright should have an equal voice in elections, putting the radical franchise case plainly before the Council
Grandees
Rich supports the Grandees' concern that a broad franchise might allow men without property to vote against property, reinforcing the officer case against the Leveller Agreement
Putney Debates
Rich warns that giving equal voting power to masters and servants might allow men without property to choose representatives hostile to property
Agitators
Rainsborough supports the Agitators' radical position by arguing that the poorest man in England should have a voice in choosing the government he must obey
Agreement of the People
Rainsborough defends the broad franchise implied by the Agreement of the People, arguing that the poorest man in England should have a voice in choosing the government he must obey
Army Council
Rainsborough argues before the Army Council that political consent should not be limited to property holders, making the franchise dispute central to the Army's constitutional debate
Heads of the Proposals
Rainsborough challenges the moderate settlement represented by the Heads of the Proposals, arguing that the Army should secure broader political rights rather than settle mainly with King and Parliament
Levellers
Rainsborough becomes the leading senior officer sympathetic to the Levellers, arguing that the poorest man in England should have a voice in choosing the government he must obey
Putney Debates
Rainsborough argues at the Putney Debates that political rights should not be limited to men of property
Putney Debates
Rainsborough argues that even the poorest man in England has a life to live and should not be bound by a government to which he has not consented
Agitators
Ireton opposes the Agitators' demand for a broad male franchise, warning that giving political power to men without property could endanger civil order and property rights
Agreement of the People
Ireton opposes the Agreement of the People's broad franchise, warning that political power without a fixed interest in the kingdom could threaten property and civil order
Grandees
Ireton becomes the leading spokesman for the Grandees at Putney, opposing universal or near-universal male suffrage and arguing that political power should rest with those who have a fixed interest in the kingdom
Heads of the Proposals
Ireton defends the Heads of the Proposals during the Army debates at Putney, presenting them as a lawful and balanced alternative to the Leveller Agreement of the People
Levellers
Ireton opposes the Leveller demand for a broad franchise, warning that political power without a fixed interest in the kingdom could threaten property and civil order
Putney Debates
Ireton opposes the Leveller demand for a broad male franchise, arguing that political power should rest with those who have a fixed interest in the kingdom
Putney Debates
Ireton replies that voting rights should belong to those with a permanent fixed interest in the kingdom, because otherwise property and civil order might be endangered
Putney Debates
Cowling contributes to the religious and political discussion, reflecting the belief that the Army's constitutional choices should follow providential guidance
Agreement of the People
Cromwell seeks to manage the dispute over the Agreement of the People, allowing the radicals to speak while trying to preserve Army unity and prevent a break with constitutional order
Putney Debates
William Rainsborough supports a broader franchise by arguing that government must preserve persons as well as estates
Putney Debates
William Rainsborough urges the Council to examine the rights and freedoms of the people before settling lesser questions of Army discipline and negotiation
Putney Debates
Peter intervenes during the franchise dispute, suggesting that a smaller group might work toward compromise after prolonged argument
Putney Debates
Saltmarsh's writing is requested for reading to the General Council, reflecting the religious language and providential arguments surrounding the Putney proceedings
Army Radical Leadership
Rainsborough emerges as the most prominent senior officer supporting the Army radicals' demand for a wider political settlement.
Peace of Westphalia
Represents imperial interests in negotiations with France.
Peace of Westphalia
Serves the imperial delegation in the Munster negotiations.
Peace of Westphalia
Represents imperial interests in negotiations with Sweden.
Peace of Westphalia
Heads the imperial delegation during decisive phases of negotiation.
Peace of Westphalia
Begins reign as the Westphalian settlement changes north German politics.
Peace of Westphalia
Begins ruling Denmark as the Westphalian settlement alters north German politics.
Peace of Westphalia
Secures French gains while continuing the separate war against Spain.
Treaty of Westphalia
Mazarin continues the separate Franco Spanish war after the German peace.
Treaty of Westphalia
Mazarin presents the peace as a favourable settlement for France and a justification for stronger royal authority.
Treaty of Westphalia
Mazarin secures French gains while continuing war against Spain.
Peace of Westphalia
Works for French recognition of territorial rights in Alsace.
Treaty of Westphalia
Works for French recognition of territorial gains in Alsace.
Peace of Westphalia
Negotiates French interests during the peace congress at Munster.
Treaty of Westphalia
Helps negotiate French terms in the Westphalian peace congress.
Treaty of Westphalia
Represents French interests during the negotiations at Munster.
Peace of Westphalia
Leads the French delegation during the Westphalian negotiations.
Peace of Westphalia
France gains influence in Alsace and along the Rhine.
Treaty of Westphalia
France receives important Habsburg rights and influence in Alsace.
Treaty of Westphalia
France gains control of Breisach and strengthens its Rhine frontier.
Treaty of Westphalia
French possession of Metz is confirmed in the settlement.
Treaty of Westphalia
France receives garrison rights at Philippsburg on the Rhine.
Treaty of Westphalia
French possession of Toul is confirmed under the peace terms.
Treaty of Westphalia
French possession of Verdun is confirmed as part of the Three Bishoprics.
Treaty of Westphalia
France emerges from the settlement with increased influence on the Rhine.
Peace of Westphalia
The regency gains prestige from a favourable peace settlement.
Treaty of Westphalia
France receives Habsburg rights in Alsace under the Treaty of Westphalia.
Treaty of Westphalia
France confirms the Three Bishoprics while Lorraine remains a contested frontier region.
Treaty of Westphalia
France and Sweden guarantee the peace while France gains rights in Alsace.
Treaty of Westphalia
Munster hosts negotiations involving France, the Empire, Spain and the Dutch Republic.
Peace of Westphalia
Represents Mainz among Catholic estates willing to compromise.
Peace of Westphalia
Works on imperial legal terms at Osnabruck.
Peace of Westphalia
Receives restoration while Sweden gains nearby imperial territory.
Treaty of Westphalia
Mecklenburg receives compensation while Sweden gains nearby imperial lands.
Treaty of Westphalia
Mecklenburg's rights are restored after years of imperial and Swedish pressure.
Peace of Westphalia
Restores Wurttemberg lands after years of imperial and wartime losses.
Treaty of Westphalia
Wurttemberg recovers lands lost during the imperial occupation.
Peace of Westphalia
Recovers the Lower Palatinate and receives a restored electoral title.
Treaty of Westphalia
Charles Louis recovers the Lower Palatinate under the peace settlement.
Treaty of Westphalia
Charles Louis receives a restored Lower Palatinate and a new electorate.
Peace of Westphalia
His heirs regain part of the Palatinate after the war begun by his Bohemian claim.
Treaty of Westphalia
His heirs regain part of the Palatinate after the war that began with his rebellion.
Peace of Westphalia
Keeps the electoral dignity gained during the war.
Peace of Westphalia
Retains the Upper Palatinate in the peace settlement.
Treaty of Westphalia
Maximilian keeps the electoral dignity gained during the war.
Treaty of Westphalia
Bavaria keeps the Upper Palatinate gained during the war.
Peace of Westphalia
Receives Farther Pomerania after compromise with Sweden.
Peace of Westphalia
Receives Halberstadt as compensation for lost Pomeranian claims.
Peace of Westphalia
Receives Minden as part of postwar compensation.
Peace of Westphalia
Gains compensation that strengthens Brandenburg after the war.
Treaty of Westphalia
Receives Cammin as part of the settlement over Pomeranian claims.
Treaty of Westphalia
Receives Farther Pomerania after compromise with Sweden.
Treaty of Westphalia
Receives Halberstadt as compensation in the Westphalian settlement.
Treaty of Westphalia
Receives a future claim to Magdeburg after the administrator's death.
Treaty of Westphalia
Receives Minden and expands Brandenburg's north German holdings.
Treaty of Westphalia
Brandenburg gains Farther Pomerania and compensation in northern German bishoprics.
Treaty of Westphalia
Brandenburg gains Farther Pomerania and strengthens its position inside the Empire.
Peace of Westphalia
Maintains the Catholic ecclesiastical electorate within the settlement.
Treaty of Westphalia
The ecclesiastical electorate retains its Catholic position in the settlement.
Peace of Westphalia
Supports compromise intended to stabilise the Empire after the war.
Treaty of Westphalia
Schonborn supports a settlement designed to stabilise the Empire.
Peace of Westphalia
Saxony's possessions are confirmed but Brandenburg gains influence.
Treaty of Westphalia
Saxony's position is confirmed but its wider German leadership declines.
Treaty of Westphalia
Saxony's possessions and peace with Sweden are confirmed, though Brandenburg gains influence.
Peace of Westphalia
Trier's position is confirmed after years of French and imperial pressure.
Treaty of Westphalia
Trier's position is confirmed after years of French and imperial pressure.
Peace of Westphalia
Receives compensation after sustained Protestant warfare.
Peace of Westphalia
Gains Hersfeld as part of Hesse-Kassel's compensation.
Peace of Westphalia
Gains parts of Schaumburg in the postwar settlement.
Treaty of Westphalia
Hesse-Kassel receives territorial compensation after sustained Protestant warfare.
Treaty of Westphalia
Hesse-Kassel receives Hersfeld as part of its compensation.
Treaty of Westphalia
Hesse-Kassel gains parts of Schaumburg in the postwar settlement.
Treaty of Westphalia
Munster hosts major negotiations that form part of the peace settlement.
Peace of Westphalia
Represents hardline Catholic interests during the negotiations.
Peace of Westphalia
Habsburg control in Bohemia remains intact after the settlement.
Treaty of Westphalia
Habsburg control in Bohemia remains intact after the peace settlement.
Peace of Westphalia
Accepts the settlement that ends the Thirty Years War and reshapes imperial authority.
Peace
Signs the peace Treaty which ends the Thirty Years War
Treaty of Westphalia
Spain remains at war with France despite the wider Westphalian settlement.
Treaty of Westphalia
Helps secure Swedish terms during the Westphalian negotiations.
Treaty of Westphalia
Represents Sweden in negotiations with the Empire at Osnabruck.
Peace of Westphalia
Commands Swedish forces as the German war reaches settlement.
Treaty of Westphalia
Wrangel commands Swedish forces as the settlement ends the imperial war.
Peace of Westphalia
Helps secure Swedish compensation and imperial rights.
Peace of Westphalia
Leads Sweden's delegation in negotiations with the Empire.
Peace of Westphalia
His wartime policy is rewarded by Swedish territorial gains.
Treaty of Westphalia
Oxenstierna's diplomacy secures Swedish rewards for wartime intervention.
Treaty of Westphalia
Sweden gains Western Pomerania, Wismar, Bremen and Verden.
Peace of Westphalia
Sweden is recognised as a guarantor of the settlement.
Treaty of Westphalia
Sweden receives the secularised archbishopric of Bremen.
Treaty of Westphalia
Sweden receives Verden and expands its north German influence.
Treaty of Westphalia
Sweden receives Western Pomerania and gains a foothold in the Empire.
Treaty of Westphalia
Sweden is recognised as a guarantor of the Westphalian peace.
Treaty of Westphalia
Sweden receives Wismar as part of its Baltic and imperial settlement.
Peace of Westphalia
Helps secure recognition of Swiss independence from imperial jurisdiction.
Death at Doncaster
Royalist raiders kill Rainsborough at Doncaster while he is serving with Parliament's northern forces.
Levellers
Rainsborough is killed at Doncaster after becoming identified with the Leveller cause, and his funeral later becomes a large Leveller demonstration in London
Levellers
Thomas Rainsborough is killed in Doncaster; he was a Member of Parliament and Leveller sympathiser who had spoken at the Putney Debates, and his funeral later becomes a large Leveller-led demonstration in London
Command Ordered to Pontefract
Rainsborough is ordered north to take command around the Royalist stronghold of Pontefract during renewed resistance.
Rule of Bremen
Sweden gains the Bishopric of Bremen
Rule of Pomerania
Sweden gains west Pomerania
Rule of Verden
Sweden gains the Bishopric of Verden
Rule of Wismar
Sweden gains Wismar
Reballion of Rebels in Wexford
Cromwell arrives outside Wexford with 7,000 foot & 2,000 horse
Reballion of Rebels in Wexford
Requests Wexford to surrender but Sinnott refuses & waits for reinforcements
Sack of Wexford
Cromwell's forces capture Wexford after negotiations collapse and Parliamentarian troops enter the town.
Reballion of Rebels in Wexford
Stafford surrenders Wexford Castle to Cromwell. Cromwell occupies Wexford Castle & 1,500 in Wexford are massacred
Fall of Wexford
Sinnott commands Wexford during the crisis that ends with Parliamentarian capture of the town.
Acquittal for High Treason
A London jury acquits Lilburne of high treason after a celebrated trial arising from his attacks on the Commonwealth government.
Reballion of Rebels in Drogheda
Set aside as a day of thanksgiving for the surrender of Drogheda
Reballion of Rebels in Wexford
Orders the massacre of Wexford
Reform of Trade
Anti-Dutch legislation forbids importation by by Dutch shipping
Death of James Stanley
Death of James Stanley, executed after being captured at the Battle of Worcester
Death of James Stanley
James Stanley is executed at Bolton after his capture and court-martial following the Worcester campaign.
Interregnum
Charles escaped into exile after evading Commonwealth forces for six weeks.
Exile of Charles II
On the run for 6 weeks after the Battle of Worcester. Leaves England on a hired boat, The Surprise, from Shoreham
Exile of Charles II
After six weeks in hiding, Charles II leaves England secretly from near Shoreham aboard the vessel later remembered as the Surprise.
Exile of Charles II
Lands at Fecamp near Rouen
Interregnum
The Commonwealth enacted a Navigation Ordinance during Cromwell's military ascendancy.
Escape Attempt
Stanley attempts to escape from Chester Castle after his conviction but is recaptured before his sentence is carried out.
Petition for Clemency
Stanley petitions for mercy after his conviction, but Parliament refuses to overturn the death sentence despite Cromwell's support.
Return to Paris
Returns to Paris after royal authority recovers.
Legitimacy
The Commons reverse the divorce of Catherine of Aragon, Mary is no longer illegitimate
Unification
The Zemski Sobor votes to incorporate the Ukraine into Russia
Marriage
Marries Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp
Occupation of Krakow
Helps secure Krakow for Sweden after the city's surrender
Entry into Krakow
Swedish forces enter Krakow during the invasion of the Commonwealth
Union of Kedainiai
Lithuanian magnates break with Poland and accept Swedish protection
Swedish Alliance
Aligns with Sweden through the Union of Kedainiai
Swedish-Lithuanian Union
Accepts Lithuania's submission under the Union of Kedainiai
Union of Kedainiai
Lithuanian magnates accept Swedish protection and break the Union of Lublin
Commercial Treaty with France
Agrees a commercial treaty with France after worsening relations with Spain
Commercial Treaty with England
Agrees a commercial treaty with England and removes some royalist exiles from French support
Death of Pierre Gassendi
Pierre Gassendi dies in Paris.
War with Spain
Moves into open conflict with Spain after the seizure of Jamaica
Exile of John II Casimir
Leaves the Commonwealth as Swedish forces overrun much of Poland
Exile with the Court
Accompanies the royal court in exile during the Swedish invasion
Result of Surrender of Danish Forces at Frederiksodde
Frederiksodde falls to Swedish forces, removing a major Danish strongpoint.
Siege of Frederiksodde
Leads the siege of Frederiksodde & forces the Danish surrender under Marshal Bilde
Surrender of Danish Forces at Frederiksodde
Leads the siege of Frederiksodde & forces the Danish surrender under Marshal Bilde
Burial
Lying-in-State with an effigy, imitating the tradition of Kings. Lying-in-State from 18 October to 10 November at Somerset House
Siege of Copenhagen
A Dutch-English fleet relieves the Swedish siege of Copenhagen
Committee of Safety
Lambert expells the Rump Parliament & institutes military rule through a Committee of Safety
Constitution of England
Lambert expells the Rump Parliament & institutes military rule through a Committee of Safety
Parliament
Lambert expells the Rump Parliament & institutes military rule through a Committee of Safety
Interregnum
Lambert expelled the restored Rump Parliament and supported a military Committee of Safety.
Committee of Safety
Lambert expells the Rump Parliament & institutes military rule through a Committee of Safety
Constitution of England
Lambert expells the Rump Parliament & institutes military rule through a Committee of Safety
Parliament
Lambert expells the Rump Parliament & institutes military rule through a Committee of Safety
Education at Leiden
William III of Orange begins a period of formal education connected with Leiden, where tutors supervise his preparation for public life.
Execution
Executed as one of the regicides after the Restoration.
Execution
Executed for his role in the trial and death of Charles I.
Execution
Cook is executed for prosecuting Charles I before the High Court of Justice.
Execution
Executed after the Restoration for supporting the regicide cause.
Execution
Scrope is executed for signing the death warrant of Charles I.
Execution
Jones is executed as one of the regicides after the Restoration.
Absolute Monarchy
Uses political crisis to establish hereditary absolute monarchy.
Posthumous Attainder
Ireton is attainted after death as one of the leading figures of the regicide regime.
Posthumous Attainder
Cromwell is attainted after death for his central role in the Commonwealth and regicide settlement.
Posthumous Attainder
Bradshaw is attainted after death for presiding over the trial of Charles I.
Secretary of State
Bennet is appointed Secretary of State during Charles II's Restoration government.
Southern Department
Bennet becomes Secretary of State and rises within the Restoration administration.
Transfer of Dunkirk
Transfers Dunkirk to France after agreeing the sale of the port to Louis XIV.
Rule of Dunkirk
Sells Dunkirk to France for a large cash payment to relieve royal finances.
Sale of Dunkirk
Sells Dunkirk to France for a large cash payment to relieve royal finances.
Purchase of Dunkirk
Purchases Dunkirk from Charles II of England.
Purchase of Dunkirk
Purchases Dunkirk from Charles II as France expands control on the Channel coast.
Purchase of Dunkirk
Purchases Dunkirk from England as Charles II sells the port to France.
Retirement
Nicholas leaves office as Secretary of State during the reorganisation of Charles II's ministry.
Capture of New Amstel
Leads English action against New Amstel after the main surrender of New Netherland.
Capture of Kormantine
Recaptures Dutch West African posts after English attacks on the Guinea coast.
Recapture of Dutch Posts
Recaptures Dutch West India Company posts taken by English forces.
Death of Govaert Wendelen
Death of Godefroy Wendelin
Recapture of Guwahati
Lachit Borphukan leads Ahom forces that recover Guwahati from Mughal control and rebuild defensive positions along the Brahmaputra.
Meeting with Charles II
Charles II receives William III of Orange at Whitehall during the prince's visit to England.
Visit to England
William III of Orange travels to England to meet his Stuart relatives and strengthen his personal and political connections there.
Death of Thomas Clifford
Death of Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford of Chudleigh
Battle of Enzheim
Serves with the English regiment at the Battle of Entzheim.
March into Scania
Charles leads a weakened Swedish army south to confront the Danish field army.
March into Scania
Charles leads a weakened Swedish army south to confront the Danish field army.
Birth of John Campbell
Birth of John Campbell
Military Allotment Act
The Riksdag approves the reorganisation associated with the later allotment system.
Military Allotment Act
The Riksdag approves the reorganisation associated with the later allotment system.
Marriage to Maintenon
Secretly marries Francoise d'Aubigne, Madame de Maintenon.
Birth of Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin
Birth of Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin
Edict of Fontainebleau
Louis XIV, the grandson of Henry IV, renounces the Edict of Nantes and declares Protestantism illegal with the Edict of Fontainebleau
Edict of Fontainebleau
Revokes the Edict of Nantes and outlaws Protestant worship.
Edict of Nantes
Revokes the edict in an effort to force all his subjects to practice Catholicism. Louis XIV, the grandson of Henry IV, renounces the Edict of Nantes and declares Protestantism illegal with the Edict of Fontainebleau
Edict of Fontainebleau
Louis XIV claims that out of a Huguenot population of 800,000 to 900,000, only 1,000 to 1,500 had remained in France
Edict of Fontainebleau
Louis XIV orders the destruction of Huguenot churches, as well as the closing of Protestant schools
Edict of Fontainebleau
Makes official persecution enforced since the dragonnades created in 1681 by the King in order to intimidate Huguenots into converting to Catholicism
Edict of Fontainebleau
The Edict of Fontainebleau is issued by Louis XIV, also known as the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
The Edict of Fontainebleau is issued by Louis XIV, also known as the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
Edict of Potsdam
Upon the revocation of the edict of Nantes, Frederick Wilhelm issues the Edict of Potsdam, which encourages Protestants to come to Brandenburg
Edict of Potsdam
The Edict of Potsdam gives French Huguenots tax-free status for ten years and allows them to hold French-language church services. Issued as a response to the revocation of the Edict of Nantes by the Edict of Fontainebleau, the Edict of Potsdam gives French Huguenots safe passage to Brandenburg-Prussia
Huguenots
The Edict of Potsdam gives French Huguenots tax-free status for ten years and allows them to hold French-language church services. Issued as a response to the revocation of the Edict of Nantes by the Edict of Fontainebleau, the Edict of Potsdam gives French Huguenots safe passage to Brandenburg-Prussia
Magdeburg Agreement
Frederick III joins the north German agreement at Magdeburg to mobilize forces against the French advance.
Magdeburg Agreement
Ernest Augustus supports the coalition of north German princes mobilizing against the French Rhineland campaign.
Magdeburg Agreement
John George III joins the German princes coordinating military resistance to France at Magdeburg.
States General Support
The States General formally supports the expedition of William III of Orange, presenting the intervention as necessary for Dutch security and Protestant interests.
Capture of Philippsburg
The Grand Dauphin's army receives the capitulation of Philippsburg after a month-long siege.
Defence of Philippsburg
Starhemberg conducts a determined defence of Philippsburg before the outnumbered Imperial garrison capitulates.
Declaration of Reasons
William III of Orange publishes a declaration explaining his intervention as a defence of Protestant religion, English liberties and a free Parliament.
Papal Election
Elected pope as Alexander VIII
Surrender of Bonn
Severely wounded and short of supplies, d'Asfeld surrenders Bonn to the Allied besiegers.
Siege of Bonn
Frederick III commands the Brandenburg-led Allied operation that ends with the capture of Bonn.
Grand Vizier
Appointed grand vizier during the Great Turkish War
Capture of Belgrade
Recaptures Belgrade
Return to House after Ireland
Returns to the House of Lords after completing his successful expedition to southern Ireland.
Rule of Ireland
The Treaty of Limerick ends the Williamite war in Ireland between the Jacobites and the supporters of William of Orange
Siege of Limerick
Concludes the siege of Limerick
Treaty of Limerick
The Treaty of Limerick ends the Williamite war in Ireland between the Jacobites and the supporters of William of Orange
Battle of Marsaglia
Catinat defeats Victor Amadeus II's Allied army at Marsaglia near Turin.
Battle of Marsaglia
Victor Amadeus II commands the Allied army defeated by Catinat at Marsaglia.
Capture of Charleroi
Villeroi completes the siege and takes Charleroi for France.
Birth of Lord George Murray
Birth of Lord George Murray
Death of George Murray
Death of Lord George Murray
Greenwich Hospital Charter
William III of Orange and Mary establish the Royal Hospital for Seamen by royal charter to support disabled sailors and naval families.
Hospital Charter
William III of Orange grants the royal charter establishing the Royal Hospital for Seamen at Greenwich in accordance with plans strongly promoted by Mary II.
Treaty of Partition
Leopold I is not consulted before the First Partition Treaty assigns Milan to Archduke Charles.
Treaty of Partition
Archduke Charles is assigned the Duchy of Milan under the First Partition Treaty.
Treaty of Partition
William III of Orange agrees the First Partition Treaty with France and the Dutch Republic in an attempt to settle the Spanish succession peacefully.
Treaty of Partition
Portland signs for William III during the First Partition Treaty negotiations at The Hague.
Treaty of Partition
Pomponne is associated with French negotiations over the First Partition Treaty before his death.
Treaty of Partition
Tallard signs for Louis XIV as France accepts the First Partition Treaty settlement.
Treaty of Partition
The First Partition Treaty allocates Naples, Sicily and other Italian territories to the French Dauphin.
Treaty of Partition
Maximilian Emanuel's son Joseph Ferdinand is selected as the compromise heir to most of the Spanish Empire.
Treaty of Partition
Joseph Ferdinand is named heir to the Spanish throne under the First Partition Treaty.
Treaty of Partition
Heinsius helps bring the Dutch Republic into the First Partition Treaty with England and France.
Treaty of Partition
Charles II and the Spanish court are not consulted by France, England and the Dutch Republic over the proposed partition of the Spanish Empire.
Treaty of Partition
Charles II's final will rejects partition by naming Philip of Anjou heir to the undivided monarchy.
Will
Charles II signs a final will naming Philip of Anjou as heir to the Spanish monarchy.
Succession
Charles II signs his final will naming Philip of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV, as heir to the Spanish monarchy.
Invasion of Livonia
Charles XII lands in Livonia and begins the campaign to relieve Narva.
Livonian Campaign
Moves east to relieve Swedish positions threatened by Russia.
Invasion of Livonia
Charles XII invades Livonia
Logistics
Russian forces struggle to maintain supply lines while besieging Narva.
Siege of Narva
Peter I's army begins the siege of the Swedish fortress of Narva.
Siege of Narva
Peter the Greats army of 40,000 besiege Narva
Birth of Anders Celsius
Birth of Anders Celsius
Collegiate School Rector
Pierson becomes the first rector of Connecticut's new Collegiate School.
Collegiate School Foundation
Pierpont helps organise the ministers who establish Connecticut's Collegiate School.
Capture of Stevensweert
Stevensweert surrenders to Allied forces during Marlborough's Meuse campaign.
Capture of Roermond
Roermond is taken by the Allies during Marlborough's Meuse campaign.
Capture of Noteborg
Peter captures Noteborg after a thirteen-hour assault under the Russian calendar.
Vigo Bay Squadron
Shovell commands part of the Allied fleet during the attack at Vigo.
Vigo Bay Service
Byng serves with the English fleet during the victory at Vigo.
Breaking the Vigo Boom
Hopsonn's ship Torbay breaks the defensive boom protecting the inner harbour.
Battle of Vigo Bay
Rooke commands the Anglo-Dutch attack that destroys or captures the anchored fleet.
Assault on Vigo Forts
Ormonde's troops assault the shore forts supporting the harbour defences.
Battle of Bay of Vigo
Assists George Rooke of the Allied fleet in destroying the Spanish treasure fleet
Surrender of Liรจge
Liรจge surrenders to the Allies during Marlborough's Meuse campaign.
Battle of Friedlingen
Villars defeats the Imperial army near Friedlingen and strengthens French morale on the Rhine.
Battle of Friedlingen
Villars defeats the Imperial army near Friedlingen.
Battle of Vigo Bay
Shovell serves in the Allied naval victory at Vigo Bay.
Battle of Vigo Bay
Rooke commands Allied naval forces in the victory over the Franco-Spanish fleet at Vigo Bay.
Grand Alliance
Rooke commands Allied naval forces in the Grand Alliance victory at Vigo Bay.
Battle of Vigo Bay
Helps force the boom during the Allied attack at Vigo Bay.
Battle of Vigo Bay
Serves in the naval victory at Vigo Bay.
Capture of Liรจge Citadel
Allied troops capture the citadel of Liรจge after the city has already surrendered.
Capture of the Chartreuse
The fortified Chartreuse at Liรจge surrenders, completing the Allied reduction of the position.
Spanish Treasure Fleet Intelligence
Rooke learns that the Spanish treasure fleet has taken shelter in Vigo Bay.
Destruction of French Escort
Chateaurenault loses the French escort fleet during the Allied breakthrough.
Vigo Bay Defence
Chateaurenault positions the French escort behind a defensive boom at Vigo.
Marshalate
Villars is rewarded with promotion to Marshal of France after the victory at Friedlingen.
Marshal of France
Louis XIV promotes Villars to Marshal of France after Friedlingen.
Rhine Crossing
Villars crosses the Rhine to support France's Bavarian ally.
Defeat at Friedlingen
Louis William withdraws after the hard-fought battle of Friedlingen.
Dutch Fleet at Vigo
Almonde commands the Dutch contingent participating in the Vigo Bay victory.
Dutch Attack at Vigo
Scheltinga participates in the Dutch naval attack inside Vigo Bay.
Assault on Noteborg
Golitsyn leads Russian guards during the prolonged assault on the fortress.
Siege of Noteborg
Menshikov accompanies Peter during the difficult siege of Noteborg.
Renaming of Shlisselburg
Peter renames captured Noteborg Shlisselburg, meaning key fortress.
Loss of Treasure Fleet
Velasco's fleet is captured, burnt, or sunk after the harbour defences collapse.
Treasure Fleet at Vigo
Velasco commands the Spanish treasure fleet sheltered inside Vigo Bay.
Fortress Consecration
Peter marks the consecration of the new fortress and raises the naval flag.
Capture of Thorn
Charles captures Thorn after the garrison capitulates.
Capture of Thorn
Takes Thorn after a prolonged siege.
Campaign Review
Marlborough reviews a campaign marked by fortress captures but strategic frustration.
Orleans Succession Diplomacy
Dubois promotes recognition of the Orleans family's possible Spanish succession rights.
Succession Claim
Philip V recognises Philippe II of Orleans's dynastic rights during the Spanish succession crisis.
Council of Castile Decision
Philip receives Castilian recognition of Orleans succession rights under specified conditions.
Council of Castille
The Council of Castille recognizes the Duke of Orleans claim to the Spanish throne
Succession
The Council of Castille recognizes the Duke of Orleans claim to the Spanish throne. England is concerned about a Frenchman having Spanish & French crowns
Death of John Locke
John Locke dies at High Laver in Essex.
Siege of Gibraltar
Tesse helps direct Bourbon attempts to recover Gibraltar after its capture by the Grand Alliance.
Siege of Gibraltar
Villadarias commands Spanish forces attempting to recapture Gibraltar after its Allied seizure.
Capture of Barcelona
Helps take Barcelona for Archduke Charles.
Capture of Barcelona
Peterborough helps capture Barcelona for the Habsburg claimant Charles.
Barcelona Support
Supports the Allied capture of Barcelona from the sea.
Siege of Viborg
Peter I led an army of 20,000 men in an attempt to take the Swedish town and fortress of Viborg. Unfortunately, bad roads proved impassable to his heavy siege guns. The troops, who arrived on 12 October, therefore had to abandon the siege after only a few days
Altranstadt Headquarters
Uses Saxony as a base while preparing for the Russian campaign.
Capture of Lleida
Lleida falls to Bourbon forces during the campaign led by Philippe II of Orleans.
Siege of Lleida
Philippe II of Orleans helps direct Bourbon operations against Lleida after Almansa.
Capture of Lleida
Bourbon forces assault Lleida during the campaign following Almansa.
Siege of Lleida
The siege of Lleida begins its decisive assault as Bourbon forces press into Catalonia.
Death of Cloudesley Shovell
Shovell dies when his fleet is wrecked off the Isles of Scilly after returning from the Mediterranean.
Scilly Naval Disaster
Dies when ships are wrecked after returning from operations.
Evacuation from Ingria
Lybecker's army is evacuated by sea after the failed Ingria operation, losing many horses and supplies.
Ingria Campaign
Lybecker's campaign ends with evacuation near the Gulf of Finland after failing to threaten Saint Petersburg.
Linkup at Rukova
Lewenhaupt reaches the main Swedish army with only part of his force and without the full wagon train.
Battle of Poltava
Breaks with Peter I and seeks Swedish support before the Poltava campaign.
St Pauls
The final stone is laid on St Pauls
Alliance with Mazepa
Seeks support from Ivan Mazepa and Cossack forces.
Surrender of Mons
Mons capitulates after the Allied siege following Malplaquet.
Battle of Poltava
Re-enters the war against Sweden after the Swedish defeat at Poltava.
Succession
The treaty names Ypres among barrier towns intended for Dutch garrisons.
Treaty of The Hague
The treaty names Ypres among barrier towns intended for Dutch garrisons.
Continental Travel Pass
Receives an official pass permitting him to travel abroad as political pressure encourages his withdrawal from Britain.
Recapture of Bouchain
Villars recaptures Bouchain and reverses Marlborough's earlier gain.
Recapture of Le Quesnoy
Villars recaptures Le Quesnoy as French fortunes recover after Denain.
Birth of Denis Diderot
Denis Diderot is born in Langres to master cutler Didier Diderot.
Master-General of Ordnance
Restored as Master-General of the Ordnance under George I.
Coronation
Crowned King of Great Britain
Return from Bender
Leaves Ottoman territory after years of exile.
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer
Death of Nicolas Malebranche
Nicolas Malebranche dies in Paris, aged seventy-seven.
Succession
Proclaims King James VIII at Kelso
Birth of Victor-Francois de Broglie
Birth of Victor-Francois de Broglie
Final Campaign
Leads the last campaign of his reign against Norway.
Second Invasion of Norway
Launches a second campaign against Denmark-Norway.
Comunero Government
Exercises power in Asuncion during a period of conflict with Spanish authority.
Reform of Government
Suspended due to fears of a Jacobite uprising
Coronation
Crowned at Westminster Abbey
Birth of James Cook
Birth of James Cook
Declaration of War
France declares war on the Holy Roman Empire
Treaty of Vienna
The Treaty of Vienna ends the War of the Polish succession. The Elector of Saxony will rule Poland as Augustus III
Rule of Naples
Under the Treaty of Viena Austria cedes Naples & Sicily to the Spanish Bourbons
Rule of Parma
Undert the Treary of Vienna Spain cedes Parma to Austria
Rule of Piacenza
Undert the Treary of Vienna Spain cedes Piacenza to Austria
Rule of Sicily
Under the Treaty of Viena Austria cedes Naples & Sicily to the Spanish Bourbons
Treaty of Vienna
Under the Treaty of Viena Austria cedes Naples & Sicily to the Spanish Bourbons
Birth of John Adams
Birth of John Adams
Exile of George II
Exiles the Prince of Wales from Court in anger with his collaboration with opposition
Declaration of War
Declares war on Spain for breaches of the Pravdo Convention
Death of Charles VI
Death of Charles VI
Death of Charles VI
Death of Charles VI, the last male Habsburg
Holy Roman Empire
Maria Theresa inherits the Habsburg Empire
Succession
Maria Theresa inherits the Habsburg Empire
Succession
Maria Theresas succession is disputed by Charles Albert, Philip V & Augustus III
Succession
Maria Theresas succession is disputed by Charles Albert, Philip V & Augustus III. Maria Theresa inherits the Habsburg Empire
Succession
Maria Theresas succession is disputed by Charles Albert, Philip V & Augustus III
Succession
Maria Theresas succession is disputed by Charles Albert, Philip V & Augustus III. Maria Maria Theresa inherits the Habsburg Empire
Succession
Maria Theresas succession is disputed by Charles Albert, Philip V & Augustus III. Maria Theresa inherits the Habsburg Empire
Convention of Klein Schnellendorf
Neipperg agreed to withdraw after a staged surrender of Neisse under the secret convention.
Convention of Klein Schnellendorf
Frederick II concluded a secret convention with Austria allowing Prussia to retain its Silesian gains temporarily.
Withdrawal to Moravia
Neipperg withdrew his army toward Moravia after the Klein Schnellendorf agreement released it for operations elsewhere.
Invasion of Bohemia
The French & Bavarians invade Bohemia hoping to be joined by the Prussians in Prague
Armistice
Prussia is allowed to capture Neisse. Neipperg is allowed to counterattack the French & Bavarian invaders along the Danube. Frederick II the Great agrees a secret armistice with Neipperg
Return to Kamchatka
Chirikov returned to Kamchatka with a depleted crew after exploring the Alaskan coast.
Death of John Campbell
Death of John Campbell
Invasion of Great Britain
The French commissioned four privateers to give the Jacobites pounds 5,000 in gold, 2,500 muskets, six light field pieces, and twelve French artillerymen under the supervision of James Grant, a Franco-Scottish lieutenant-colonel, these arrive at Montrose and Peterhead between 9 and 19 October"
Invasion of Great Britain
The French commissioned four privateers to give the Jacobites pounds 5,000 in gold, 2,500 muskets, six light field pieces, and twelve French artillerymen under the supervision of James Grant, a Franco-Scottish lieutenant-colonel, these arrive at Montrose and Peterhead between 9 and 19 October"
Rule of Scotland
Charles issues a proclamation in response to King George's summoning of Parliament, in which he forbade any of Jamess Scottish subjects from attending Charles unlawful "assembly", if they ignored this proclamation they would be "proceeded against as Traitors and Rebels to their King and Country...the pretended Union of these Kingdoms being now at an End"
Battle of Prestonpans
After the Jacobite victory at Prestonpans Cumberland has returned to England
Austrian Troops Join Allied Battle
Austrian formations served under Charles of Lorraine as part of the combined allied force.
French Win Battle of Rocourt
Maurice de Saxe defeated the allied army near Liรจge on 11 October 1746.
Battle Confirms French Battlefield Strength
Saxeโs army demonstrated the effectiveness of its coordinated assault on allied positions.
Capture of Madras
Captures Madras on behalf of the French
Battle of Ushant
Commands of the battleship Eagle 60, and in this ship takes part in Hawkes victory off Ushant over the French fleet
Birth of Charles XIII
Birth of Charles XIII, 2nd son of King Adolf Frederick of Sweden & Louisa Ulrika
Pragmatic Sanction, The
Under the terms of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle The Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 is upheld
Rule of Genoa
Under the terms of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle Maria Theresa returns to conquered Duchy of Modena and the Republic of Genoa
Rule of Guastalla
Under the terms of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle Maria Theresa cedes the Duchy of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla in present-day Italy to Philip of Bourbon
Rule of Modena
Under the terms of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle Maria Theresa returns to conquered Duchy of Modena and the Republic of Genoa
Rule of Parma
Under the terms of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle Maria Theresa cedes the Duchy of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla in present-day Italy to Philip of Bourbon
Rule of Piacenza
Under the terms of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle Maria Theresa cedes the Duchy of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla in present-day Italy to Philip of Bourbon
Rule of Silesia
Under the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle Silesia is ceded to Frederick II the Great
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends the Austrian War of Succession
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle is signed by Great Britain, France, and the Dutch Republic
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
The monarchy, led by Maria Theresa's foreign affairs Chancellor Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg, survives a disastrous crisis that could have brought its destruction and Habsburg pre-eminence is confirmed in Germany
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Under the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle Maria Theresa's succession to the Habsburg lands is confirmed
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Under the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle Silesia is ceded to Frederick II the Great
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Under the terms of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle Maria Theresa cedes the Duchy of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla in present-day Italy to Philip of Bourbon
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Under the terms of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle Maria Theresa returns to conquered Duchy of Modena and the Republic of Genoa
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Under the terms of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle The Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 is upheld
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
The monarchy, led by Maria Theresa's foreign affairs Chancellor Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg, survives a disastrous crisis that could have brought its destruction and Habsburg pre-eminence is confirmed in Germany
Rule of Madras
Under the Treaty of Aix-la-chapelle France cedes Madras to Britain
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Under the Treaty of Aix-la-chapelle France cedes Madras to Britain. France repudiates Charles Stewart & recognizes the Hanoverian succession. Ends the War of Austrian Succession. Confirms Maria Theresas succession to the Habsburg lands
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Prussia retains Silesia & Glatz. Maria Theresas Hapsburg succession is confirmed. France repudiates Charles Stuart & recognizes the Hanoverian succession
Rule of Madras
Under the Treaty of Aix-la-chapelle France cedes Madras to Britain
Succession
Under the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle France recognizes the Hanoverian succession
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends the war of Austrian Succession. France repudiates Charles Stuart & recognizes the Hanoverian succession. Britain gains Madras
Governor
Appointed Governor and Commander-in-chief of Newfoundland, with the rank of Commodore, it being usual at that time to appoint a naval officer, chiefly on account of the fishery interests
Commander in Chief
Appointed Governor and Commander-in-chief of Newfoundland, with the rank of Commodore, it being usual at that time to appoint a naval officer, chiefly on account of the fishery interests
Battle of Lobositz
Frederick the Great defeats an Austrian force under Marshal von Browne. After the Battle of Lobositz Prussia captures Saxony
Capture of Saxony
After the Battle of Lobositz Prussia captures Saxony
Battle of Lobositz
Frederick the Great defeats an Austrian force under Marshal von Browne. A Prussian victory but too late to decide the war
Capture of Saxony
Incorporates the Saxons into the Prussian Army. Captures Saxony after the Battle of Lobositz
Siege of Calcutta
Embarks on the relief of Calcutta
Battle of Pirna
Ends hopes of a quick war but the Saxons capitulate. Encounters stronger resistance than expected at Pirna
Siege of Berlin
An Allied force plunders Berlin
Battle of Hochkirk
Frefericks Army is forced to escape via a route opened up by von Ziethenss cavalry
Battle of Hochkirk
Frefericks Army is forced to escape via a route opened up by von Ziethenss cavalry. Austria wins the Battle of Hochkirk & Frederick keeps Saxony & Silesia
Siege of Berlin
A Russian army burns Berlin but retreats when Frederick the Great relieves it
Death of George II
Death of George II, at Kensington Palace
Capture of Manila
Takes part in the capture of Manila
Birth of Ferdinand
Birth of Ferdinand, son of Charles IV & Maria Luisa
Birth of Ferdinand
Birth of Ferdinand, son of Charles IV & Maria Luisa
Birth of Isac Brock
Birth of Isac Brock
Ascanio in Alba
Ascanio in Alba premieres in Milan.
Birth of Abrantes Junot
Birth of Abrantes Junot
Death of Ahmad Shah Durrani
Ahmad Shah dies near Kandahar after ruling Afghanistan for twenty-five years.
Constitution of USA
The Declaration of Rights & Grievances is adopted by the Continental Congress
Declaration of Rights
The Declaration of Rights & Grievances is adopted by the Continental Congress
Birth of Bahadur Shah II
Birth of Bahadur Shah II
Navy
The US navy is founded
Battle of White Plains
The British forces inflict heavy casualties on Washingtons army
Battle of Saratoga, 2nd
The US forces defeat the British
Convention
Surrenders his entire force to the Americans
Commander of Southern Forces
Appointed Commander of the Southern forces by Washington as his "right hand man"
Commander of Southern Forces
Appointed Commander of the Southern forces by Washington as his "right hand man"
Battle of King's Mount
Defeated & killed by American forces led by Shelby & Campbell. Defeat causes Cornwallis to postpone his invasion of Carolina
Reform of Royal Succession
Allows monasteries to re-open but weakens their links with Rome
Patent of Toleration
Issues toleration reforms affecting Bohemian lands.
Battle of Yorktown
Surrenders 7,000 soldiers ending the American Revolution & the War of Independence
Result of Surrender of Cornwallis's Army at Yorktown
Cornwallis's army is removed from the field, effectively ending major fighting in the American War of Independence.
Surrender of Cornwallis's Army at Yorktown
Surrenders 7,000 soldiers ending the American Revolution & the War of Independence
Result of Surrender of Cornwallis's Army at Yorktown
The capitulation at Yorktown ends major combat and confirms the collapse of Britain's southern campaign.
Surrender of Cornwallis's Army at Yorktown
Lord Cornwallis surrenders with 7,000 men marking the end of fighting in the war
Treaty of Commercial
The Treaty of Commerce & Friendship is signed with Holland, negotiated by John Adams
Great Mass in C minor
The Great Mass in C minor receives an incomplete Salzburg performance.
Birth of Henry John Temple
Birth of Henry John Temple
Education
Attends the Ecole Militaire, awarded a free place by Louis XVI as a "gentleman cadet"
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Holland when 2 Austrian boats are fired
Breaks off relations with Holland when 2 Austrian boats are fired on in the Sheldt
Battle of Kinburn
Assists Suvarov by commanding the Desna in a victory against the Turks
Battle of Kinburn
Prevents Turkey from recapturing the Crimea after the Battle of Kinburn
Battle of Ochakov
His ship is sunk & he & his crew are taken prisoner by the Turks
Mutiny of Bounty
The HMS Bounty sets sail from Deptford
Reballion of Rebels in Deptford
The HMS Bounty sets sail from Deptford
Lieutenant
Joins his regiment at Douai
Don Giovanni
Don Giovanni premieres at the Estates Theatre in Prague.
Don Giovanni
Writes the libretto for Mozart's Don Giovanni.
John Soane Appointed Bank Architect
John Soane is appointed architect to the Bank of England and begins a long programme of expansion and rebuilding at Threadneedle Street.
Royal banquet inflames Parisian opinion
A banquet honoring troops at Versailles prompted reports that royalist symbols had been celebrated disrespectfully toward the revolutionary cockade. Public indignation sharpened suspicion of Marie Antoinette and the court before the October march.
Versailles Banquet Provokes Patriotic Anger
Reports of a banquet attended by royal guards and officers of the Flanders Regiment aroused anger in Paris. Rumors about mistreatment of the national cockade fueled suspicion of the court.
Demonstrations
The National cockade is said to have been trampled. Holds a party in Versailles to welcome the Flanders regiment
Demonstrations
The National cockade is said to have been trampled. Holds a party in Versailles to welcome the Flanders regiment.
Arrest of Louis XVI
The National Guard arrive to restore order. Louis agrees to be escorted back to the Tuilereies
August Decrees
Crowds of women appear in front of the King who then accepts the August decrees
Decree
Crowds of women appear in front of the King who then accepts the August decrees
Demonstrations
Armed women invade the Nat Assembly to punish those who trampled the National Cockade
National Assembly
Armed women invade the National Assembly calling for bread
Reballion of Rebels in Paris
Armed women invade the National Assembly calling for bread
Marie Antoinette becomes target of crowd anger
The queen faced hostility as crowds gathered around Versailles amid rumours about royal resistance. This development concerning bread march reaches royal residence exposed the limits of the old regime's political arrangements.
Women march from Paris to Versailles
Thousands of market women and other Parisians marched to Versailles demanding bread and political accountability. Marie Antoinette became a prominent target of the crowd's anger toward the royal household.
October Procession Forces Emergency Municipal Decisions
As crowds marched toward Versailles demanding bread Bailly's administration confronted the consequences for public safety and provisioning. The crisis showed how the city government's authority was constrained by popular mobilization.
King confronts market women's petitions
Louis XVI met the crisis as crowds arrived demanding bread and recognition of revolutionary decrees. The bread march reaches royal residence made Versailles a focal point in the struggle over royal and representative authority.
Bailly manages municipal responses to October march
As crowds marched from Paris to Versailles seeking bread and royal concessions, Bailly's city administration confronted a widening political emergency. The capital's provisioning crisis had become a direct challenge to the court.
Lafayette leads guards toward Versailles
Lafayette accompanied armed Parisian forces to the palace in an attempt to preserve order. The consequences of bread march reaches royal residence reached well beyond the palace and its neighbouring legislative chambers.
Demonstrations
Armed women invade the Nat Assembly to punish those who trampled the National Cockade.
Louis XVI Accepts Declaration under October Pressure
Louis XVI accepts the Declaration of Rights after pressure from the Assembly and crowds gathered at Versailles.
National Assembly
Armed women invade the National Assembly calling for bread.
October Days Crisis
Louis XVI faced the arrival of large Parisian crowds at Versailles demanding bread and political concessions.
Petition
Procession by the market women of Paris to petition the King in Versailles
Petition
Procession by the market women of Paris to petition the King in Versailles.
Ratification of Constitutional Articles
Louis XVI accepted constitutional provisions presented by the Assembly while crowds gathered at Versailles.
Royal acceptance follows October march
Under pressure from the October demonstrations, Louis XVI accepted the principles of the August reforms and the rights declaration. The court's constrained assent underlined the influence of popular mobilization.
March to Versailles
Lafayette led National Guard units to Versailles during the October Days and worked to protect the royal family.
Guards arrive at Versailles overnight
Lafayette's troops reached Versailles during the October Days and attempted to stabilize the palace's security. The force had to balance protection of the monarchy with demands from armed Parisian citizens.
National Guard faces October march on Versailles
A large crowd set out from Paris toward Versailles demanding bread and political concessions. Lafayette eventually led National Guard troops after the demonstrators as the situation threatened the royal palace.
Marie Antoinette leaves Versailles under guard
The queen departed the palace with her family, ending Versailles's role as their effective permanent court. This development concerning royal family compelled to leave palace exposed the limits of the old regime's political arrangements.
Forced royal relocation to the Tuileries
Marie Antoinette traveled from Versailles to Paris under pressure from the crowds and National Guard. Residence in the Tuileries placed the monarchy under continual scrutiny from the capital.
Night attack on the palace apartments
Demonstrators penetrated the palace at dawn, and guards near the queen's apartments were killed. Marie Antoinette escaped to the king's rooms as the royal family's physical security collapsed.
Queen appears before the Versailles crowd
Marie Antoinette appeared on the palace balcony during the October crisis while the crowd demanded to see her. The tense encounter preceded the decision that the royal family would travel to Paris.
Louis XVI departs Versailles for Paris
The king agreed to move to the Tuileries after crowd pressure made continued residence at Versailles untenable. The royal family compelled to leave palace made Versailles a focal point in the struggle over royal and representative authority.
Bailly prepares for royal household in capital
The forced relocation of the royal family to Paris altered the responsibilities of city government. Bailly's administration now had to operate near the monarchy and a national legislature soon transferred from Versailles.
Lafayette escorts court toward capital
Lafayette's guards helped accompany the royal family during the difficult return to Paris. The consequences of royal family compelled to leave palace reached well beyond the palace and its neighbouring legislative chambers.
Arrest of Louis XVI
The National Guard arrive to restore order. Louis agrees to be escorted back to the Tuilereies.
August Decrees
Crowds of women appear in front of the King who then accepts the August decrees.
Departure from Versailles
Louis XVI left Versailles with the royal family under pressure from the Parisian crowd and National Guard.
Transfer to Tuileries Palace
Louis XVI was transferred to the Tuileries Palace, placing the monarchy close to the Assembly and under Parisian surveillance.
Guard Units Manage October Palace Crowds
Lafayette's citizen soldiers attempted to secure entrances and passageways during the October crisis at Versailles. Their intervention could not prevent every violent confrontation around the royal apartments.
Palace guards confronted during dawn violence
Violence broke out at the palace before Lafayette's men helped restore control around the royal family. The episode exposed the limits of the National Guard's ability to contain revolutionary crowds.
Royal family escorted from Versailles
National Guards accompanied Louis XVI and his family on their compelled return to Paris. The event placed the court under closer municipal and popular surveillance.
Defence of Royal Family
Barras spoke in favour of the king and queen during the October crisis at Versailles.
Proposal to nationalize church property
Bishop Talleyrand proposed placing Church property at the nation's disposal to address public finances. The initiative followed the destruction of tithe revenue and widened the Revolution's transformation of ecclesiastical property.
King of the French Title
The evolving constitutional settlement recast Louis XVI as King of the French rather than ruler solely by dynastic right.
Church Property Proposal
Talleyrand proposed placing church property at the disposal of the nation to address the state's financial crisis.
Reform of Civil Liberties
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord Benevente proposed to issue assignats to be payed for by the confiscation of Church property.
Reform of Civil Liberties
Proposes to issue assignats to be payed for by the confiscation of Church property
Bailly receives political weight of transferred Assembly
The National Assembly's move to Paris concentrated representative and municipal authority in the capital. Bailly was required to coordinate city affairs in the presence of the legislature and the royal court.
Jacobin Club
The name "Jacobins", given in France to the Dominicans (because their first house in Paris was in the Rue St Jacques), was first applied to the club in ridicule by its enemies. After the March on Versailles in October 1789, the club, still entirely composed of deputies, followed the National Constituent Assembly to Paris, where it rented the refectory of the monastery of the Jacobins in the Rue Saint-Honorโ
National Constituent Assembly
After the March on Versailles in October 1789, the club, still entirely composed of deputies, followed the National Constituent Assembly to Paris, where it rented the refectory of the monastery of the Jacobins in the Rue Saint-Honorโ
October Days reshape politics of the capital
Brissot observed the transfer of the monarchy from Versailles to Paris after the October Days. The move intensified scrutiny of the court and changed the political role of the revolutionary press.
Civic Guard Adjusts to Royal Residence
The king's move to Paris expanded the municipal force's obligations around the Tuileries. Guard duty now involved protecting a monarch whose position depended upon revolutionary institutions.
National Guard helps secure royal Tuileries residence
National Guard units helped maintain order after the royal household was installed at the Tuileries. Mayor Bailly worked within a new relationship between municipal security and the confined monarchy.
Friends of the Constitution
After the royal family is brought to Paris the Breton network begins meeting near the Jacobin convent in Paris
Friends of the Constitution
After the royal family is brought to Paris the Breton network begins meeting near the Jacobin convent in Paris.
Bailly confronted by rising political clubs
The growing prominence of Jacobin and Cordeliers activists created new channels of criticism outside municipal institutions. Bailly's moderate conception of lawful government increasingly conflicted with radical street politics.
Reform of Revolutionary Currency
Assignats become legal tender
Reform of Revolutionary Currency
Assignats become legal tender.
President of National Assembly
The Assembly chose Barnave to chair its proceedings for a term beginning in late October 1790.
Guard Officers Enforce Civic Discipline
Lafayette sought drill, regular attendance and obedience from a force composed partly of civilian volunteers. Maintaining discipline was necessary if the militia was to act independently of volatile crowds.
Legislative Assembly
Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud took his seat in the Legislative Assembly.
Legislative Assembly
Takes his seat in the Legislative Assembly
Legislative Assembly
Armand Gensonne took his seat in the Legislative Assembly.
Legislative Assembly
Takes his seat in the Legislative Assembly
Legislative Assembly
Maximin Isnard took his seat in the Legislative Assembly.
Legislative Assembly
Takes his seat in the Legislative Assembly
Opening of Legislative Assembly
Louis XVI began relations with the new Legislative Assembly created by the Constitution of 1791.
Royal Titles Debate
Vergniaud argued that parliamentary language should abandon the royal forms of address 'Sire' and 'Majesty'.
Resignation from National Guard
Lafayette resigned command of the Paris National Guard after completion of the Constitution and withdrew from Paris politics.
National Guard commander resigns
Lafayette relinquished command of the Paris National Guard after the constitutional settlement was completed. His departure marked the end of the force's first highly personalized leadership phase.
Vice-President of Legislative Assembly
Vergniaud was elected vice-president of the Legislative Assembly as his influence among the left increased.
Death of Grigory Potemkin
Dies while travelling near Jassy during the Russo-Turkish War
Death during War
Dies before the final peace with the Ottoman Empire
Vermont Senate Election
Chosen as one of Vermont's first US senators
Vermont Senate Election
Chosen as one of Vermont's first US senators
President of Legislative Assembly
Vergniaud became president of the Legislative Assembly during disputes over emigres and royal authority.
Clarinet Concerto
Receives Mozart's Clarinet Concerto, written for his instrument and style.
Clarinet Concerto
Completes the Clarinet Concerto for Anton Stadler.
Lafayette resigns Paris command: Radical municipal alternative grows
Petion emerged as a prominent alternative to established moderate leaders in Paris. Public anger after the Champ de Mars affair strengthened the political appeal of more democratic municipal leadership.
War party enters Legislative Assembly: Deputies coordinate against court
Guadet joined deputies increasingly suspicious of the royal ministry and emigrant threats. Their collaboration predated the later application of a single Girondin label.
War party enters Legislative Assembly: Bordeaux deputy gains prominence
Vergniaud took his seat in the Legislative Assembly as delegates from the Gironde became important parliamentary orators. His speeches gave a powerful public voice to advocates of a more assertive revolutionary policy.
Emigre armies treated as foreign-policy threat
Brissot warned that armed รฉmigrรฉs gathering beyond France's borders endangered constitutional government. He supported stronger measures against rulers sheltering counterrevolutionary forces.
Foreign Affairs Committee influence expands
Brissot became prominent in the Legislative Assembly's foreign-policy discussions. He argued that the Revolution's survival was linked to how France confronted hostile European monarchies.
War party enters Legislative Assembly: Aggressive foreign policy advocated
Brissot argued that the Revolution should confront hostile European powers rather than remain vulnerable to their threats. His influence helped create the loosely allied group later called Girondins.
Lafayette resigns Paris command: Mayor loses popular standing
Bailly remained associated with the violence of July as opposition to constitutional moderates grew. The damage contributed to the rapid erosion of his political authority in the capital.
Citadel Demolition Proposal
Carnot proposed demolishing internal citadels, arguing that fortresses could become instruments of tyranny against a free people.
Guard Command Ends with Constitutional Settlement
Lafayette relinquished his Paris command as the constitutional arrangements of 1791 took effect. His withdrawal ended the first phase of leadership dominated by a single prominent general.
Lafayette resigns Paris command: Retirement from the Guard
Lafayette resigned his command of the Paris National Guard after the constitutional settlement was completed. His departure occurred amid controversy over his record as protector of the monarchy.
Custine Captures Mainz without Major Battle
French forces entered Mainz after its defenders were unable to mount an effective resistance. The city became a focal point for arguments about exporting the Revolution to German lands.
Girondin-Mountain division deepens
Brissot's allies disputed the influence of the Paris Commune and radical deputies on national politics. Their opponents in the Mountain accused them of weakening the revolutionary cause.
National Convention
Saint-Just enters national politics and becomes associated with the radical Jacobin Mountain
National Convention
Saint-Just enters national politics and becomes associated with the radical Jacobin Mountain.
French Army Occupies Frankfurt
Custine's soldiers occupied Frankfurt as the French eastern offensive expanded. Holding the commercial city proved difficult when Coalition troops began counteroperations.
Bailly summoned in Marie Antoinette proceedings
Bailly was called to give evidence during proceedings concerning Marie-Antoinette. His testimony did not satisfy the hostile expectations of the revolutionary authorities.
Convention orders former queen brought to trial
The National Convention accelerated proceedings against Marie Antoinette as revolutionary repression intensified. Her prosecution became a highly symbolic confrontation between the republic and the deposed monarchy.
Republican Calendar Adopted
Romme's calendar commission helps replace the Gregorian system with a republican era intended to mark a complete break with monarchy.
Revolutionary Government Report
Saint-Just reported for suspending the 1793 Constitution and maintaining revolutionary government until peace.
Revolutionary Government Until Peace
Saint-Just reports to the Convention that government must remain revolutionary until peace, formalizing exceptional wartime administration.
Revolutionary government until peace: Committee authority defended
Couthon sided with colleagues seeking disciplined central action against counter-revolution. The decree established a governing principle that shaped the next phase of the Terror.
Revolutionary government until peace: Constitutional rule postponed
Saint-Just reported that government must remain revolutionary until peace. The declaration subordinated the recently adopted constitution to a wartime regime of exceptional powers.
Revolutionary government until peace: Wartime political discipline consolidated
Robespierre defended emergency government as necessary to preserve the Republic during simultaneous crises. Citizens consequently faced a widening gap between formal constitutional rights and actual political practice.
Pretrial questioning at Conciergerie
Marie Antoinette underwent formal interrogation before appearing in open court. The questioning centered on alleged political treachery and her role in the former royal government.
Revolutionary Tribunal trial opens
Marie Antoinette appeared before the Revolutionary Tribunal as prosecutors portrayed her as an enemy of the nation. Witness testimony combined political allegations with damaging rumors about her personal life.
Former Queen Appears Before Revolutionary Judges
Marie Antoinette was tried before the Revolutionary Tribunal after months of imprisonment. Prosecutors invoked charges of political conspiracy and betrayal of French interests.
Defence lawyers argue queen's case
Claude-Francois Chauveau-Lagarde and Guillaume-Alexandre Troncon-Ducoudray defended Marie Antoinette despite limited preparation time. The trial proceeded rapidly amid strong political pressure for a verdict.
Former queen rebuts allegation about her son
During her trial, Marie Antoinette rejected a particularly shocking accusation involving her son and appealed to the mothers in the courtroom. The exchange became one of the most widely remembered moments of the proceedings.
Clerfayt Reinforces Threatened Central Defences
The Coalition commander used reserves to contain attacks against his principal positions. The defensive success on the first day temporarily frustrated Jourdan's wider offensive.
Carnot Consults Commanders after Initial Setbacks
Carnot remained with the army while senior officers reviewed the first day's disappointing results. French leaders prepared to mass strength against the position around Wattignies.
Balland Assaults the Coalition Centre
Balland's troops attacked the central enemy line during the first day's engagements. Coalition reserves helped prevent a French breakthrough despite determined pressure.
Central Fighting Holds Coalition Reinforcements
Balland's unsuccessful attack nonetheless required the enemy to commit strength to defending the center. That effort formed part of the wider struggle to find a vulnerable point in the covering line.
Duquesnoy Advances on French Right Wing
General Duquesnoy pushed French forces toward the eastern approaches of the battlefield. Difficult terrain and stubborn defenders limited the immediate effect of his movement.
Eastern Assault Meets Difficult Ground
The attack led by Duquesnoy encountered terrain and resistance that reduced its momentum. These difficulties contributed to the decision to concentrate a stronger force on the following day.
Fromentin Attacks the Coalition Leftward Sector
Fromentin led French troops in the western portion of the first day's battle. His advance created opportunities but also exposed his formations to counterattack as they moved away from support.
Western Advance Draws Coalition Cavalry Response
Fromentin's movement toward Berlaimont endangered the coherence of the French left. Enemy mounted troops exploited the exposed situation and checked further progress.
First Day Attack Fails to Break Centre
French units fighting near the central positions met strong resistance on 15 October. Jourdan needed to alter the plan rather than repeat an unsuccessful frontal attack unchanged.
Jourdan Chooses Broad Initial Attack
The French commander planned attacks against multiple parts of the Coalition position on 15 October. This deployment attempted to stretch enemy reserves before concentrating on a decisive sector.
Coalition Command Evaluates French Flank Attacks
Coburg's headquarters assessed an assault distributed across a long front. The French effort remained dangerous even though its first day did not break the covering line.
Battle of Wattignies
Defeated by the French
Former Queen Condemned by Tribunal
The Revolutionary Tribunal returned a guilty verdict against Marie Antoinette after a highly politicized hearing. Her execution followed on 16 October as the Republic prosecuted symbols of the former monarchy.
Execution at Place de la Revolution
Marie Antoinette was taken from the Conciergerie to the Place de la Revolution and executed by guillotine. Her death marked the elimination of the former queen as a living emblem of Bourbon monarchy.
Revolutionary Tribunal condemns Marie Antoinette
The tribunal found Marie Antoinette guilty of charges associated with conspiracy against the republic. Her death sentence followed an overnight conclusion to the trial.
Clerfayt Withdraws after Wattignies Defeat
Clerfayt's troops retreated when the French attack made their line untenable. The withdrawal cleared the way for the siege of Maubeuge to be lifted.
Coalition Covering Force Faces Renewed Offensive
Clerfayt's men defended against a larger French concentration on 16 October. The renewed assault threatened the line protecting the Maubeuge siege operations.
Wattignies Victory Relieves Maubeuge
Jourdan's army defeated coalition troops around Wattignies and helped lift the siege of Maubeuge. The result strengthened republican defenses in northern France.
Marie Antoinette Receives Death Sentence
The tribunal condemned Marie Antoinette to death after its politically charged trial. She was executed the same day in Paris.
Carnot Encourages Renewed Attack on Village
Carnot accompanied the army during the renewed fighting and pressed for an energetic offensive. His presence embodied direct civilian oversight of operational decisions in the revolutionary war.
Right Wing Soldiers Assault Wattignies Heights
French formations operating on the right joined the effort to secure the strategically important ground. Control of the heights would make the Coalition covering position harder to maintain.
French Troops Capture Wattignies Village
Republican soldiers broke through to take the village during the decisive second day. The advance compromised the Coalition position and forced reassessment of its siege operations.
Jourdan Opens Route toward Besieged Maubeuge
Victory at Wattignies removed the immediate obstacle between the French field army and Maubeuge. The republican garrison could expect relief instead of continued isolation.
Second Day Plan Concentrates French Strength
Jourdan redirected the main weight of the French attack toward the village and heights of Wattignies. Concentration offered better prospects than scattering forces along the entire enemy line.
Death of Marie-Antoinette
The execution of Marie-Antoinette by the Guillotine. Death of Marie-Antoinette, executed by the guillotine
Death of Marie-Antoinette
The execution of Marie-Antoinette by the Guillotine. Death of Marie-Antoinette, executed by the guillotine.
Execution
Marie-Antoinette was executed by guillotine.
Execution
The execution of Marie-Antoinette by the Guillotine
Battle of Wattignies
Drives back Prince Saxe-Coburg & forces the Austrians to abandon the siege of Maubeuge
Battle of Wattignies
The French raide the siege at Maubeuge as orderred by Carnot
Siege of Maubeuge
The French raide the siege at Maubeuge as orderred by Carnot
Coburg Orders Withdrawal of Covering Troops
The French success forced the Coalition command to abandon its forward covering position. Continued operations against Maubeuge had become too dangerous without that protection.
Battle of Wattignies
Driven back by the French under Jourdan
Chef de Bataillon
Appointed Chef de Bataillon at the siege of Toulon
Chef de Bataillon
Napoleon I was appointed Chef de Bataillon at the siege of Toulon.
Siege of Toulon
Appointed Chef de Bataillon at the siege of Toulon
Major
Appointed Major
Major
Napoleon I was appointed major.
Major
Appointed Major
Capture of Lyon
Captures Lyon from the Royalists
Girondin Group Trial Opens before Tribunal
Brissot appeared with other Girondin defendants in a collective political prosecution. Their alleged conspiracy was contested in proceedings conducted amid intense pressure for a rapid judgment.
Girondin defendants tried by Revolutionary Tribunal
Brissot and other Girondins faced a politically charged trial before the Revolutionary Tribunal. Proceedings drew upon accusations of conspiracy and opposition to the revolutionary government.
Republican Calendar Nomenclature
Fabre d'Eglantine presents the new names for republican months and days, and the Convention adopts the revised calendar nomenclature.
Tribunal Convicts Girondin Parliamentary Leaders
Vergniaud was among leading Girondins condemned after the collective trial. Their conviction destroyed a major group of opponents of the Mountain.
Girondin Defendants Guillotined After Verdict
Brissot was executed with other condemned Girondin deputies. The executions marked the transformation of factional conflict into lethal judicial repression.
Brissot executed with Girondin colleagues
Brissot was guillotined in Paris with other condemned Girondins. His death marked the destruction of one of the republic's most prominent early advocates of revolutionary war.
Execution of Jacques Pierre Brissot
The Revolutionary Tribunal condemned Brissot with fellow Girondins, and he went to the guillotine in Paris.
Marie Antoinette Questioned about Royal Politics
The former queen faced a Revolutionary Tribunal prosecution concerning her alleged opposition to the Revolution and foreign contacts. The proceedings combined political allegations with attacks on her personal reputation.
Clerfayt Prepares Coalition Covering Positions
Count Clerfayt commanded much of the force deployed to oppose Jourdan's advance. His troops occupied a broad line south of Maubeuge guarding the forces conducting the siege.
Coalition Command Preserves Retreating Formations
After defeat the enemy commanders withdrew remaining units rather than risk destruction near Maubeuge. The retreat preserved troops for future campaigns despite the loss of operational initiative.
Artillery Plan Targets Little Gibraltar Heights
Bonaparte advocated capturing positions controlling the entrance to the harbor. These heights included the strongpoint later known as Fort Mulgrave or Little Gibraltar.
Carnot Inspects Maubeuge Operational Situation
Carnot travelled to the northern front as a representative of the revolutionary government. He examined the threat to Maubeuge and encouraged preparations for an offensive against the besiegers.
Committee Reviews Northern Campaign Outcome
The revolutionary government treated the relief of Maubeuge as evidence that the Republic could recover from earlier defeats. Carnot's reports helped shape decisions about subsequent army operations.
French Victory Raises Carnot Reputation
Carnot's participation in the relief campaign reinforced his standing as an organizer of military resistance. The success came during a year of acute danger for the Republic.
Representatives Examine Artillery and Supply Shortages
Carnot pressed officers to organize the available men and matรฉriel for a demanding offensive. Revolutionary enthusiasm alone could not replace ammunition transport and coordination on the battlefield.
Wattignies Victory Supports Mass Mobilization Policy
The battle supplied a prominent example of republican forces turning manpower into battlefield success. Carnot continued advocating the organization of large armies with reliable supply and command.
Right Wing Success Strengthens French Position
Duquesnoy's troops contributed to the decisive pressure against the enemy's flank. Their fighting helped turn the strategic heights into a weakness in the opposing defensive line.
First Day Flank Failure Shapes Later Tactics
The difficulties of Fromentin's advance illustrated the dangers of attacks unsupported by adjacent units. French commanders subsequently emphasized a more concentrated blow.
Pichegru Commands Forces along Upper Rhine
Pichegru directed troops on the eastern frontier during a critical stage of the war. His operations formed part of the effort to restore French positions in Alsace.
Hoche Takes Command during Eastern Crisis
Hoche became an important commander as French troops struggled to defend Alsace. His leadership contributed to the late year counteroffensive against Coalition forces.
French Army Concentrates toward Wattignies Sector
Jourdan assembled troops for a coordinated advance across several points of the Coalition line. The objective was to force the enemy covering army back and free Maubeuge from immediate danger.
Jourdan Later Seeks to Reverse Northern Losses
Jourdan assumed command while the Republic remained threatened by Coalition positions gained earlier in the year. His subsequent Wattignies victory helped end the immediate danger to Maubeuge though Valenciennes stayed occupied.
Maubeuge Siege Lifted after French Victory
The Coalition withdrew from its siege after the failure of the covering force. Maubeuge remained in French hands, preserving an important fortress on the road toward Paris.
Northern Army Regroups after Heavy Fighting
Jourdan faced the task of restoring unit cohesion following two costly days of combat. Winning the battle did not eliminate shortages or the need for further training.
Republican Morale Improves on Northern Frontier
The victory gave soldiers and civilians relief after repeated threats to fortified towns. Jourdan's army demonstrated that an organized attack could defeat experienced Coalition troops.
Wattignies Becomes Symbol of Republican Recovery
Jourdan's victory was celebrated as proof that France could defend itself during the emergency of 1793. It strengthened confidence in troops raised and reorganized by the revolutionary state.
Wattignies Reverses Sequence of Fortress Losses
Earlier Coalition successes at Valenciennes and other northern fortresses had placed the Republic under severe pressure. Jourdan's success demonstrated that the enemy advance could be checked in open battle.
Girondin leaders sentenced and executed: Convention colleague dies after trial
Gensonnรฉ was executed in the same October purge of Girondin prisoners. The trials revealed the lethal consequences of political defeat under the emergency revolutionary regime.
Vergniaud Faces Collective Conspiracy Charge
Vergniaud and his fellow Girondin deputies were charged as members of a supposedly coordinated faction. The trial treated parliamentary opposition as evidence of danger to the revolutionary state.
Girondin leaders sentenced and executed: Orator executed with fellow deputies
Vergniaud was condemned by the Revolutionary Tribunal and guillotined with other Girondins. His death symbolized the destruction of the parliamentary opposition to the Mountain.
Girondin deputies face accelerated prosecution
The Revolutionary Tribunal was empowered to move rapidly against Brissot and other Girondin prisoners. Exceptional judicial procedures left the defendants few opportunities to challenge the political accusations against them.
Girondin leaders sentenced and executed: Revolutionary journalist executed
Brissot was executed in Paris following his conviction with other Girondin leaders. The prosecution marked the downfall of a major early advocate of the revolutionary war.
Mission to Lyon
Collot dHerbois becomes associated with severe repression after the federalist revolt in Lyon
Mission to Lyon
Collot dHerbois becomes associated with severe repression after the federalist revolt in Lyon.
Prosecutor Seeks Faster Girondin Verdict
Fouquier Tinville pressed the Revolutionary Tribunal to bring the Girondin proceedings to a conclusion. Exceptional procedures reduced the opportunity for prolonged defence and witness examination.
Saint Just Reaches Strasbourg on Mission
Saint Just was dispatched to Alsace to strengthen the revolutionary army's effectiveness. He worked with local commanders and officials while seeking adequate supplies and stricter discipline.
Le Bas Joins Rhine Army Supervision
Philippe Le Bas worked alongside Saint Just as a representative on mission. Their inspections sought to align military conduct with demands imposed by the revolutionary government.
Toulon Artillery Plan
Napoleon developed an artillery plan aimed at positions controlling the harbour during the siege of Toulon.
Coalition Offensive Loses Northern Momentum
The failure at Wattignies disrupted Coburg's plans to advance farther into France. The battlefield result weakened the strategic value of earlier Coalition gains on the frontier.
Coburg Maintains Pressure on Maubeuge Fortress
Prince Josias of Saxe Coburg directed Coalition operations intended to secure the northern frontier. His field army relied on a covering force to block French attempts to relieve Maubeuge.
Maubeuge Remains Outside Coalition Control
The loss of the covering battle deprived Coburg of the opportunity to capture Maubeuge at that time. The fortress continued to anchor French defenses on the northern border.
Allies Strengthen Fort Mulgrave Perimeter
Coalition soldiers improved the fortifications guarding the key heights above Toulon's anchorage. The redoubt became a major obstacle to the republican plan for retaking the city.
Symphony No 99
1st performance of, "Symphony No 99" at London's Hanover Square Rooms
Carrier faces Nantes accusations - Balance of power
Jean-Baptiste Carrier figured in events surrounding carrier faces nantes accusations at Paris. Investigation of his conduct became a prominent means of judging excesses committed under revolutionary emergency rule. Its importance lay in the transfer of effective authority away from the political networks that had dominated during the Terror.
Carrier faces Nantes accusations
Carrier faced mounting allegations concerning executions and drownings during his mission at Nantes. Investigation of his conduct became a prominent means of judging excesses committed under revolutionary emergency rule.
Arrest of Tadeusz Kosciuszko
Suvorov crushes the Polish rebel army & takes the leader, Kosciuszko, prisoner
Battle of Maciejowice
Suvorov crushes the Polish rebel army & takes the leader, Kosciuszko, prisoner
Arrest of Tadeusz Kosciuszko
Arrests the rebel Polish leader, Kosciuszko, at the Battle of Maciejowice
Battle of Maciejowice
Crushes the Polish rebel army. Arrests the rebel Polish leader, Kosciuszko, at the Battle of Maciejowice
Cuts finances to the Prussian military, blames them for defeat to France
Cuts finances to the Prussian military, blames them for defeat to France in Germany
Capture of Koblenz
Captures Koblenz
Defence of Convention
The Convention appointed Barras commander in chief to organise its defence against the approaching royalist insurrection.
Artillery deployed against Vendemiaire insurgents
Bonaparte directed artillery during the defeat of the royalist attack in Paris. The episode demonstrated the growing influence of regular military force over citizen-militia politics.
Regular Artillery Outmatches Royalist Section Forces
Bonaparte's guns proved decisive against royalist insurgents during Vendรฉmiaire. The confrontation highlighted the growing superiority of disciplined army units over politically divided civic formations.
National Guard role in Vendemiaire suppression
Barras supervised forces confronting a royalist uprising against the Convention in Paris. The clash showed the instability of armed civic politics as the Revolution moved toward the Directory.
Suppression of Royalist Insurrection
Bonaparte deploys artillery to defend the Convention and helps defeat the royalist insurrection of 13 Vendemiaire in central Paris.
Defense of Convention in Vendemiaire
Barras receives command of forces defending the Convention when royalist sections launch an armed uprising against the republican government.
13 Vendemiaire
Napoleon helped suppress the royalist uprising against the Convention after Barras called on him to support the defence of Paris.
Reballion of Rebels in Paris
Defends the Convention & fires on the people, commanded by Barras
Reballion of Rebels in Paris
Uses a "whiff of grapeshot" on the "day of the sections" to drive out the Parisian mob
Reballion of Royalist
Suppresses a Royalist uprising in Paris
Suppression of 13 Vendemiaire
Barras directed the Convention's defence during the Vendemiaire uprising and employed Napoleon Bonaparte in the military response.
General
Appointed General of the Division, provisional
General
Appointed General of the Division, provisional
Commander of Army of Interior
Appointed Commander of the Army of the Interior, for saving the Tuileries Palace
Commander of Army of Interior
Appointed Commander of the Army of the Interior
Partition
Poland is partitioned by Russia, Prussia & Austria & resigns the throne
Partition
Russia, Austria and Prussia hold a convention in Petersburg to finalize the 3rd division of the Polishn Republic
Rule of Poland
Russia, Austria and Prussia hold a convention in Petersburg to finalize the 3rd division of the Polishn Republic
National Convention Closes
Daunou sees the constitutional framework he helped draft take effect as the National Convention closes and the institutions of the Directory begin operating.
Commander of Army of the Interior
Napoleon became commander in chief of the Army of the Interior after his role in defeating the Vendemiaire uprising.
Election to Council of Five Hundred
Tallien was elected to the Council of Five Hundred by several departments and continued his legislative career under the Directory.
Commission after Vendemiaire
After the Vendemiaire uprising, Tallien joined a five-member commission charged with proposing additional measures for public security.
Election to Council of Ancients
Carnot was elected to the Council of Ancients as the new constitutional system replaced the National Convention.
Election to Council of Ancients
La Revelliere-Lepeaux was elected to the Council of Ancients as the constitutional institutions of the Directory replaced the Convention.
Austrian Response Forces Eastern Retreat
Counterattacks by experienced Austrian commanders threatened Jourdan's lines east of the river. His forces eventually withdrew as the offensive lost momentum.
Institute of France
Carnot became a member of the newly organised Institut de France, reflecting his standing as both a scientist and revolutionary administrator.
Election to Council of Five Hundred
Nineteen departments elected Sieyes to the Council of Five Hundred, and he chose to represent Sarthe.
Appointment of Bonaparte
After Vendemiaire, Barras supported Bonaparte's appointment as commander of the Army of the Interior.
Cispadine Rep
Creates the Cispadine Republic
French Forces Recross Rhine after Retreat
Moreau's army regained the west bank after a long withdrawal under enemy pressure. The retreat ended the attempt to force an immediate decision deep inside Germany.
Battle of Camperdown
Attacked by the British fleet who captures their flagship in a Battle of attrition
Birth of James Thomas Brudenell
Birth of James Thomas Brudenell
Rule of Venice
Under the Treaty of Campo Formio Venice is awarded to Austria
Treaty of Campo Formio
Replaces the Treaty of Leoben, Venice is awarded to Austria
Treaty of Campo Formio
Austria receives Venice, Dalmatia & Istria
Treaty of Campo Formio
Austria recognizes the Cisalpine Republic & cedes the left bank of the Rhine to France
Treaty of Campo Formio
France gains Belgian provinces
Treaty of Campo Formio
Napoleon concluded the Treaty of Campo Formio with Austria, ending the War of the First Coalition between France and Austria.
Cairo Revolt
A major uprising erupted in Cairo against French rule, and Napoleon's forces suppressed the revolt after intense fighting.
Ambassador to Milan
Fouche received a diplomatic appointment to Milan after sending Barras a detailed political memorandum.
Return from Egypt - Constitutional consequence
Napoleon Bonaparte figured in events surrounding return from egypt at Frejus. His return introduced a popular military commander into the Directory's deepening political crisis. This development weakened constitutional checks built into the Directory and prepared the replacement of its executive institutions.
Return from Egypt
Bonaparte landed in France after leaving his army in Egypt and began traveling toward Paris. His return introduced a popular military commander into the Directory's deepening political crisis.
Return to France
Napoleon landed in France after leaving Egypt and began the journey back to Paris.
Bonaparte arrives in capital - Military consequence
Napoleon Bonaparte figured in events surrounding bonaparte arrives in capital at Paris. His presence gave constitutional conspirators a figure with military prestige but also ambitions of his own. The event illustrated how the availability of armed force could determine the outcome of a dispute among civilian leaders.
Bonaparte arrives in capital
Bonaparte reached Paris amid enthusiasm for his earlier victories in Italy. His presence gave constitutional conspirators a figure with military prestige but also ambitions of his own.
Arrival in Paris
Napoleon arrived in Paris as the Directory faced military, political and financial instability.
Sieyes seeks stronger executive - Political consequence
Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes figured in events surrounding sieyes seeks stronger executive at Paris. He explored an extra-constitutional change that would replace the existing Directory. The action changed the balance between Bonaparte, the legislative councils and politicians seeking a stronger executive.
Sieyes seeks stronger executive
Sieyes believed that the constitutional system of Year III could not provide stable government. He explored an extra-constitutional change that would replace the existing Directory.
Ducos aligns with Sieyes - Change of government
Roger Ducos figured in events surrounding ducos aligns with sieyes at Paris. Their alignment meant that two sitting Directors were willing to help overturn the institution they served. It was one step in dismantling the five-member Directory and establishing the provisional Consulate.
Ducos aligns with Sieyes
Director Roger Ducos supported Sieyes in planning a transition away from the five-man executive. Their alignment meant that two sitting Directors were willing to help overturn the institution they served.
Meeting with Sieyes and Ducos
Napoleon met Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes and Pierre Roger Ducos as political discussions intensified over replacing the Directory.
Police ministry weighs neutrality - Historical significance
Joseph Fouche figured in events surrounding police ministry weighs neutrality at Paris. The conspirators depended on the absence of effective police resistance in the capital. The episode contributed to the outcome in which Bonaparte emerged as Franceโs leading executive authority.
Police ministry weighs neutrality
Fouche monitored the political maneuvering surrounding Bonaparte while holding the police portfolio. The conspirators depended on the absence of effective police resistance in the capital.
Barras political isolation grows - Constitutional consequence
Paul Francois Barras figured in events surrounding barras political isolation grows at Paris. His eventual exclusion was important because he had long been a leading figure of the regime. This development weakened constitutional checks built into the Directory and prepared the replacement of its executive institutions.
Barras political isolation grows
Barras became increasingly vulnerable as allies around Sieyes looked for a replacement for the Directory. His eventual exclusion was important because he had long been a leading figure of the regime.
Dinner with Bonaparte
Barras hosted Bonaparte for dinner as political manoeuvring intensified shortly before the coup of Brumaire.
Birth of Constantin Siegwart-Muller
Birth of Constantin Siegwart-Muller
Sinking of USS Philadelphia - Tripoli Capture
USS Philadelphia grounded off Tripoli on 31 October 1803 and was captured; the frigate was later burned by Decatur's raiding party in February 1804.
Sinking of USS Philadelphia
The crew is imprisoned by the Pasha, released after a ransom payment
Sinking of USS Philadelphia - Decatur Raid
Decatur entered Tripoli harbour aboard Intrepid and burned USS Philadelphia on 16 February 1804 to deny her to Tripolitan forces.
Sinking of USS Philadelphia
Stops the Philadelphia from becoming a pirate ship. Destroys the Philadelphia in Tripoli harbour after capture by Pasha Yusuf
Battle of Jena
Fights at the Battle of Jena
Siege of Delhi
Yashwantrao Holkar attacks Delhi but fails to capture the city from East India Company forces.
Battle of Ulm
Commands a division at Ulm
Battle of Ulm
Defeats Austria after their invasion of Bavaria & cuts them off from the Russians
Trafalgar Memorandum
Issues tactical instructions for breaking the enemy line.
Nelson Memorandum
Sets out his battle plan in the Trafalgar Memorandum.
Battle of Haslach
Occupies Haslach & is attacked by 25,000 Austrians, withdraws with 4,000 prisoners
Siege of Haslach
Occupies Haslach & is attacked by 25,000 Austrians. Holds out & withdraws with 4,000 prisoners
Battle of Elchingen
Wins a French victory & is created a Duke
Battle of Ulm
Surrenders to Bonaparte near Stuttgart
Invasion of Bavaria
The Austrians ally with Britain & invaded Bavaria
Surrender near Stuttgart
Surrenders to Bonaparte near Stuttgart
Cadiz Departure
Sails from Cadiz with the combined fleet.
Cadiz Departure
Leaves Cadiz with Spanish ships in the combined fleet.
Cape Trafalgar
Attempts to regain Cadiz before Nelson forces battle.
Battle of Trafalgar
British forces capture or destroy many allied ships without losing a ship.
Battle of Trafalgar
Commands the combined fleet defeated at Trafalgar.
Bucentaure
Commands from the flagship Bucentaure.
Capture of Villeneuve
Is captured after Bucentaure surrenders.
Invasion of Great Britain
His defeat ends Napoleon's practical invasion threat against Britain.
Invasion of Great Britain
Leaves Cadiz and is defeated by Nelson off Cape Trafalgar.
French Resistance
French ships fight through Nelson's attack.
Battle of Trafalgar
Commands the combined Franco-Spanish fleet defeated at Trafalgar.
Algesiras
Is killed while commanding the French rear division.
Escape from Trafalgar
Escapes with part of the French van.
Fatal Wound
Is fatally wounded by a marksman during the battle.
HMS Victory
Commands HMS Victory during the battle.
HMS Victory
Serves as Victory's captain beside Nelson during Trafalgar.
HMS Britannia
Commands HMS Britannia in the lee column.
HMS Tonnant
Commands HMS Tonnant and is wounded in battle.
HMS Agamemnon
Commands HMS Agamemnon at Trafalgar.
HMS Orion
Commands HMS Orion in the weather column.
HMS Royal Sovereign
Captains Collingwood's flagship at Trafalgar.
HMS Temeraire
Commands HMS Temeraire in support of Victory.
HMS Spartiate
Commands HMS Spartiate at Trafalgar.
HMS Mars
Is killed while commanding HMS Mars.
HMS Euryalus
Commands the frigate Euryalus during the battle.
HMS Conqueror
Commands HMS Conqueror and receives Villeneuve's surrender.
HMS Colossus
Commands HMS Colossus in the fighting.
HMS Bellerophon
Is killed while commanding HMS Bellerophon at Trafalgar.
HMS Prince
Commands HMS Prince during the battle.
HMS Revenge
Commands HMS Revenge during the battle.
HMS Neptune
Commands HMS Neptune in Nelson's column.
HMS Canopus
Misses Trafalgar after being detached for supplies.
HMS Belleisle
Commands the battered HMS Belleisle at Trafalgar.
England Expects
Raises Nelson's signal from HMS Victory.
Body Preserved
Preserves Nelson's body for return to Britain.
Death of Nelson
Attends Nelson after he is fatally wounded.
Battle of Trafalgar
Leads the lee column and takes command after Nelson is wounded.
Command After Nelson
Assumes command after Nelson is mortally wounded.
Royal Sovereign
Breaks the enemy line in HMS Royal Sovereign.
Battle of Trafalgar
Many French and Spanish ships surrender without any British ship being lost.
Battle of Trafalgar
Nelson is killed but the British fleet wins a decisive victory.
Battle of Trafalgar
The victory helps protect Britain from French invasion plans.
Battle of Trafalgar
Traps Villeneuve outside Cadiz and forces battle off Cape Trafalgar.
Battle of Trafalgar
Villeneuve leaves Cadiz and Nelson brings the combined fleet to battle.
Body Preserved
Nelson's body is preserved for the voyage home after Trafalgar.
Death of Horatio Nelson
Dies aboard HMS Victory after learning the battle is won.
Death of Nelson
Dies after learning that victory is secured.
England Expects
Orders the famous signal before battle begins.
Invasion of England
Nelson is killed but the battle helps end immediate invasion fears.
Invasion of Great Britain
Villeneuve leaves Cadiz but is defeated by Nelson off Trafalgar.
England Expects
Signals that England expects every man will do his duty.
HMS Victory
Commands the British fleet from HMS Victory at Trafalgar.
Principe de Asturias
Commands from Principe de Asturias and is badly wounded.
San Juan Nepomuceno
Is killed while commanding San Juan Nepomuceno.
Bahama
Is killed while commanding the Spanish ship Bahama.
Neptuno
Commands Neptuno and is wounded during the action.
Santissima Trinidad
Commands Santissima Trinidad after earlier officers are disabled.
Spanish Staff
Serves as senior Spanish staff officer under Gravina.
Battle of Trafalgar
Commands Spanish forces in the combined fleet at Trafalgar.
Battle of Trafalgar
Spain loses heavily in the combined fleet defeat.
Counterattack
Attempts to recover prizes after the battle.
Battle of Caldiero
Defeats the French under Massena
Alliance Attempts to and Russians
Attempts to join forces with the Russians but is prevented from doing so by Napolean
Battle of Jena
Heads the pursuit of the Prussians
Battle of Jena
Distimguishes himself at the Battle of Jena
Battle of Jena
Commands a division at Jena
Battle of Jena
Fights at the Battle of Jena
Battle of Jena
Defeats the Prussians before the arrival of the Russians
Battle of Auerstadt
Defeats the forces of Frederick William III
Battle of Jena
Commands a Prussian army which is defeated by Napoleon
Battle of Auerstadt
Prussia loses 25,000 killed & wounded & 25,000 taken prisoner. Prussia is forced to concede land west of the Elbe
Battle of Jena
Prussia is defeated at Jena by the French
Battle of Jena
Captured by Napoleon
Capture of Erfurt
Captures Erfurt after the Battle of Jena
Capture of Prentzlau
Captures Prentzlau after the Battle of Jena
Chief Minister
Appointed Chief Minister of Prussia
Grande Armee
Orders the Grande Armee to be broken up
Battle of Pancorbo
Marshal Lefebvres IV Corps fall upon Blakes 19,000 men at Pancorbo, turning back the hesitant Spanish advance. Blake retreats swiftly and in good order, preventing Napoleon's planned envelopment & annihilation of the Spanish flank
Invasion of Spain
Leads an Allied invasion of Spain
Congress of Erfurt
Meets Napoleon at Erfurt, but the apparent Franco-Russian partnership conceals growing mistrust.
Government
Calls for a Government of National unity
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain
Treaty of Schonbrunn
The 4th French war with Austria is ended by the Treaty of Schonbrunn
Treaty of Schonbrunn
The 4th French war with Austria is ended by the Treaty of Schonbrunn. Francis I cedes lands in Poland & along the Adriatic
Treaty of Schonbrunn
The 4th French war with Austria is ended by the Treaty of Schonbrunn
Divorce
Decides to divorce Josephine after she fails bear him a son
Birth of Franz Liszt
Birth of Franz Liszt
Alliance Agreement with Prussia
Napoleon states the terms of a proposed alliance with Prussia
Alliance Napoleon I and Prussia
Napoleon states the terms of a proposed alliance with Prussia
Siege of Berlin
Napoleon threatens to invade Berlin if Prussia makes an alliance with Russia
Siege of Berlin
Napoleon threatens to invade Berlin if Prussia makes an alliance with Russia
Battle of Queenston
Killed during the battle. Defeats Van Rensselaer during an American invasion of Canada
Death of Isaac Brock
Death of Isaac Brock, killed during the Battle of Queenston
Siege of Moscow
Murat loses 2,500 troops when they are attacked by Kutuzov
Siege of Moscow
After a 35 day stay & no negotiations with the Russians the Grande Armee leaves Moscow
Siege of Burgos
Rereats from Burgos
Constitutional Regulation of 1812
Promulgates a constitutional regulation asserting that no foreign decree has authority within Chile.
Battle of Vilcapugio
Belgrano's Army of the North is defeated by royalist forces in Upper Peru
Siege of Torgau
1st day of the 2nd siege of Torgau
Invasion of France
Crosses into France
Battle of Wartenberg
Blucher defeats Bertrand
Treaty of Ried
Bavaria leaves the Rhine Confederation & joins the Alliance against France
Consulate
Becomes one of Paraguay's two consuls under the new republican system.
Consulate
Shares consular authority before becoming dominant ruler.
Territorial Settlement in the Caucasus
The Treaty of Gulistan confirms major Russian territorial gains in the South Caucasus after war with Persia.
Treaty of Gulistan
The Treaty of Gulistan ends the Russo-Persian War and confirms extensive Russian gains in the South Caucasus.
Coalition Western Operations
Commands Austrian forces operating west of Leipzig against Napoleon's communications.
Coalition Supreme Command
Commands the main Coalition army at the opening of the Battle of Leipzig.
Battle of Leipzig
In total, the French have around 190,000 soldiers and the Allies almost 330,000 with both sides having significant artillery, there were over two and a half thousand pieces of ordnance on the field.
Battle of Leipzig
The Battle beginswith an attack by 78,000 Allied troops from the south and 54,000 from the north, with Napoleon using the bulk of his army in the south.
Battle of Leipzig
The allied offensives achieve little and are soon forced back, but Napoleon's outnumbered forces are unable to break the allied lines, resulting in a hard fought stalemate.
French Counterattack
Orders a powerful counterattack after the first Coalition assaults fail to break his centre.
Napoleon Headquarters at Leipzig
Directs French operations from positions near Leipzig as the Coalition offensive begins.
Imperial Guard Artillery
Directs artillery of the Imperial Guard during the Battle of Leipzig.
Guard Cavalry
Commands Imperial Guard cavalry during the battle.
French IV Corps
Commands IV Corps and helps secure Napoleon's western line of retreat.
Mockern Defence
Commands French VI Corps during heavy fighting at Mockern.
French II Corps
Commands II Corps in the main French battle line south of Leipzig.
French XI Corps
Commands XI Corps during Napoleon's operations south and east of Leipzig.
French Cavalry Command
Directs major French cavalry operations during the first day's fighting.
Northern French Command
Commands French forces facing the Coalition north of Leipzig.
Battle of Leipzig
To the North, the unexpected arrival of Bluchers Army of Silesia ties down French reserves badly needed for the French main effort. Leads the Prussian forces at the Battle of Leipzig
Mockern Fighting
Directs the Army of Silesia in fierce fighting north of Leipzig.
Marshal of France
Is made a Marshal of France during the Battle of Leipzig.
Army of Silesia Corps
Commands a Russian corps in Blucher's Army of Silesia during the battle.
Northern Coalition Attack
Commands Russian corps fighting with Blucher's Army of Silesia north of Leipzig.
Coalition Southern Army
Commands major Russian forces in the Allied attacks south of Leipzig.
Battle of Leipzig
Russia joins Prussia, Austria and other allies in defeating Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig.
Coalition Headquarters
Joins senior Allied leaders directing the campaign against Napoleon at Leipzig.
Leipzig Armistice Offer
Attempts diplomatic contact during the pause between the main battle days.
Final Coalition Assault
Coordinates the large Coalition assault that forces Napoleon's army back toward Leipzig.
Battle of Leipzig
Blucher gains ground in the North but is stopped short of blocking the French retreat route, a number of Saxon and Wurttemberger units defect to the Coalition
Battle of Leipzig
The 6th Coalition is arranged with Field Marshal Blucher (Prussian) & Crown Prince Carl Johan of Sweden to the north, Generals Barclay De Tolly, Bennigsen (Russian) & Prince von Hessen-Homburg (Austrian) to the south & Gyulay (Austrian) to the north
Battle of Leipzig
The Allies launch a huge assault from all sides, in over nine hours of fighting, in which both sides suffer heavy casualties, the French troops prevent a breakthrough but are slowly forced back towards Leipzig
Declaration of War
Bavaria joins the Allies
Declaration of War
Saxony joins the Allies
Withdrawal Decision
Decides to withdraw after Coalition reinforcements make continued defence increasingly untenable.
French III Corps
Commands III Corps during the final major fighting around Leipzig.
French IX Corps
Commands IX Corps as Napoleon reinforces threatened positions around Leipzig.
Paunsdorf Fighting
Leads Prussian troops attacking French positions around Paunsdorf.
Saxon Defection Context
Represents the wider shift of Saxon military allegiance away from Napoleon during the 1813 campaign.
Saxon Position at Leipzig
Remains in Leipzig as Saxon troops begin defecting from Napoleon's army to the Coalition.
Battle of Leipzig
The 6th Coalition is arranged with Field Marshal Blucher (Prussian) & Crown Prince Carl Johan of Sweden to the north, Generals Barclay De Tolly, Bennigsen (Russian) & Prince von Hessen-Homburg (Austrian) to the south & Gyulay (Austrian) to the north
Arrival of Army of Poland
Brings additional Coalition forces into the battle during the renewed Allied assault.
Army of the North
Brings the Army of the North into the decisive phase of the Battle of Leipzig.
Paunsdorf Advance
Coordinates northern Coalition pressure as Allied troops advance toward Paunsdorf and Leipzig.
Battle of Leipzig
Helps defeat Napoleon
Battle of Nations Victory
Emerges as the senior Coalition commander after the decisive Allied victory at Leipzig.
Battle of Leipzig
During the fighting, 5,400 Saxons of Jean Reyniers VII Corps defect to the Allies, Napoleon sees that the battle is a lost cause and on the night of the 18th-19th he begins to withdraw the majority of his army across the river Elster
Battle of Leipzig
During the fighting, 5,400 Saxons of Jean Reyniers VII Corps defect to the Allies, Napoleon sees that the battle is a lost cause and on the night of the 18th-19th he begins to withdraw the majority of his army across the river Elster
Retreat from Leipzig
Withdraws westward while French rearguards defend routes through the city.
Battle of Leipzig
Commands Russian army on the right wing
Battle of Leipzig
Helps defeat the Napoleonic forces
Battle of Leipzig
French retreat is underway with most of the armys trains and cavalry & infantry corps cross the Lindeneau bridge & march to safety
Allied Entry into Leipzig
His Army of Silesia presses into Leipzig as French forces retreat.
Battle of Leipzig
Witnesses what he regards as the horror of war at Leipzig, "It haunts one night & day"
Death of Poniatowski
Drowns in the White Elster while attempting to escape during the French retreat.
Leipzig Rearguard
Commands rearguard forces covering Napoleon's withdrawal from Leipzig.
Allied Entry into Leipzig
Enters Leipzig after the French withdrawal and Coalition victory.
Battle of Hanau
Retreats from Leipzig & battles through an Austrian-Bavarian force
Battle of Leipzig
Napoleon arranges his army around Leipzig, but concentrates his force from Taucha through Stโtteritz (where Napoleon placed his command), The Prussians advance from Wartenberg, the Austrians & Russians from Dresden & the Swedish force from the north. Defeated by the 4th Coalition
Congress of Vienna
Represents Russia at the Congress of Vienna and presses for a Russian-backed Kingdom of Poland.
Dictatorship
Is named supreme dictator and centralises political authority.
Birth of Otto Furst von Bismarck
Birth of Otto Furst von Bismarck
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief of the Allied army
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief of the Allied army
Birth of Henry Laurens Dawes
Born in Cummington, Massachusetts; later serves in the House and Senate.
Constitution of 1818
Promulgates a provisional constitution organizing executive and legislative authority.
Congress of Troppau
Attends the Congress of Troppau as the eastern monarchies debate intervention against revolutionary governments.
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant
Capture of Tripolitsa
The Greeks under Theodoros Kolokotronis capture Tripolitsa
The Lancet
1st publication of The Lancet
Constitution of 1822
Promulgates a new constitution that strengthens the office of Supreme Director.
Declaration of Republic
A Republican leader of a revolution which leads to the declaration of the Republic
Constitution of Mexico
A Republican leader of a revolution which leads to the declaration of the Republic
Coup
A Republican leader of a revolution which leads to the declaration of the Republic
Declaration of Republic
A Republican leader of a revolution which leads to the declaration of the Republic
Death of Edmund Cartwright
Death of Edmund Cartwright
Battle of Mitylene
The Greeks nearly annihilate an Ottoman Army
Battle of Sarandi
Helps defeat Brazilian forces at Sarandi during the campaign for Uruguayan independence
Invasion of Peloponnese
The Governments of all three powers were under intense pressure from their public opinion to help the Greeks, especially after the invasion of the Peloponnese in 1825 by Ottoman vassal Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt and the atrocities committed by his forces
Opening of Erie Canal
The Erie Canal opens, reducing transport costs between the Great Lakes and Atlantic markets.
Capture of Erivan
The Russians defeat Persia & capture Erivan
Battle of Navarino
Loses much of the Egyptian fleet when Allied warships destroy the Ottoman-Egyptian force at Navarino.
Battle of Navarino
The Governments of all three powers were under intense pressure from their public opinion to help the Greeks.
Battle of Navarino
The naval Battle happens more by accident than by design as a result of a manoeuvre by the Allied Commander in Chief Admiral Codrington aimed at coercing Ibrahim to obey Allied instructions.
Battle of Navarino
especially after the invasion of the Peloponnese in 1825 by Ottoman vassal Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt and the atrocities committed by his forces.
Battle of Navarino
De Rigny commands the French squadron at Navarino
Battle of Navarino
Commands the French squadron in the Allied fleet that destroys the Ottoman-Egyptian fleet at Navarino.
Battle of Navarino
Commands French warships in the Allied victory that follows efforts to enforce the London mediation.
Treaty Enforcement
Commands the French naval contingent cooperating with Britain and Russia in support of the London settlement.
Battle of Navarino
The naval Battle happens more by accident than by design as a result of a manoeuvre by the Allied Commander in Chief Admiral Codrington aimed at coercing Ibrahim to obey Allied instructions. Destroys the Turkish and Egyptian fleet at the Battle of Navarino while in command of a combined British, French and Russian fleet. A fleet seeks out Turkish & Egyptian fleets sinking 50 & destroying the Turkish fleet
Battle of Navarino
Leads the combined Allied fleet at Navarino after Ottoman-Egyptian forces refuse to comply with Allied demands.
Battle of Navarino
Leads the Allied fleet in the battle that destroys the Ottoman-Egyptian fleet and transforms the diplomatic balance over Greece.
Treaty Enforcement
Commands the British contingent of the Allied fleet enforcing pressure for an armistice after Ottoman rejection of mediation.
Navarino Policy
Receives news of the Allied naval victory at Navarino while his government continues the policy created by Canning.
Battle of Navarino
Heyden commands the Russian squadron at Navarino
Treaty Enforcement
Commands the Russian squadron operating with the British and French fleets at Navarino.
Battle of Navarino
After the Ottoman government rejects Allied mediation, the Ottoman-Egyptian fleet is destroyed at Navarino by British, French and Russian squadrons.
Independence of Greece
Turkish defeat at Navarino leads to Greek independence
Independence of Turkey
Turkish defeat at Navarino leads to Greek independence
Navarino Consequence
Loses much of the Ottoman-Egyptian fleet at Navarino after rejecting the Allied diplomatic settlement.
Armistice Pressure
Faces Allied naval pressure intended to prevent further Ottoman-Egyptian operations against the Greeks.
Battle of Navarino
British & French fleets destroy the Turkish navy, the turning point in the war
Birth of Chester Alan Arthur
Birth of Chester Alan Arthur, Vermont, son of a Baptist Minister
Stephenson's Rocket
Stephenson's Rocket wins the Rainhill Trials for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway.
Rainhill Trials
Stephenson's Rocket wins the Rainhill Trials near Liverpool.
Stephenson's Rocket
Designs the locomotive that wins the Rainhill Trials.
Rainhill Trials
Helps promote Rocket's technical design during the Rainhill Trials.
Rocket
Stephensonโs Rocket wins the Rainhill Trials for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway.
Declaration of Belgian Independence
Helps lead the provisional authorities when Belgian independence is declared.
Declaration of Belgian Independence
Participates as the Provisional Government declares Belgium independent.
Birth of Isabella II
Isabella II is born in Madrid, daughter of Ferdinand VII and Maria Christina.
Bombardment of Antwerp
Orders the Dutch citadel to bombard Antwerp after revolutionary forces take control of the city.
Mission to Native Americans
Joins a missionary journey westward after converting to the new church.
Reform of Parliament
William IV asks Grey not to resign but refuses to pass the Bill by creating new peers. The 2nd Reform Bill is defeated by the Lords by 41 votes. 1st Reform Bill is defeated by the Lords
Assassination of Ioannis Kapodistrias
Kapodistrias is assassinated outside Saint Spyridon Church in Nafplion.
Birth of Frederick III
Birth of Frederick III, son of William I of Prussia.
Invasion of Syria
Orders Ibrahim Pasha to invade Ottoman Syria after disputes with Sultan Mahmud II.
Bristol Reform Riot
Wetherell's arrival sparks major Reform Bill disorder in Bristol.
Legislation
When people heard the news of the Lords Reform Act veto, Reform Riots take place in several British towns; the most serious of these being in Bristol
Reform Riots
Grey's Reform Bill crisis triggers severe riots in Bristol.
Reform of Parliament
When people heard the news of the Lords Reform Act veto, Reform Riots take place in several British towns; the most serious of these being in Bristol
Clifton Suspension Bridge
Construction is halted after the Bristol riots damage confidence and stop subscriptions to the bridge company.
Succession after Assassination
Augustinos Kapodistrias joins the authority formed after his brother's assassination.
Albert Goblet d'Alviella Government
Begins the Albert Goblet d'Alviella Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.
Appointment as Prime Minister
Alexandros Mavrokordatos begins his first premiership under King Otto.
Birmingham Town Hall
Birmingham Town Hall opens as a major venue for civic meetings and music.
University of Bonn
Marx enrols at the University of Bonn to study law.
Great Western Steamship Company
The Great Western Steamship Company is formed to develop Brunel's transatlantic steamship plan.
Texan Republic
Sworn in as President of Texas, the newly created Texan Republic
Peru-Bolivian Confederation
Santa Cruz creates the Peru-Bolivian Confederation and becomes its Supreme Protector.
Rule of Peru
Santa Cruz formally organises Bolivia, North Peru and South Peru within the confederation.
Exile of Louis Phillipe
Exiles Louis Napoleon to America for leading a garrison to against the Government
Pardon
Pardons Prince Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
University of Berlin
Marx transfers to the University of Berlin and studies law and philosophy.
Assault on Constantine
Directs siege operations before being killed during the final assault.
Second Siege of Constantine
Commands the French expedition beginning the second siege of Constantine.
Capture of Constantine
Assumes command and completes the successful assault on Constantine.
French Occupation of Constantine
Leads French forces into the city after breaching its defenses.
Patriote Mass Meeting
Helps intensify political mobilization before armed rebellion begins.
Six Counties Assembly
Addresses a large Patriote gathering opposing the Russell Resolutions.
Capture of Osceola
Orders Osceola seized while the Seminole leader approaches under a truce flag.
Flag of Truce Seizure
Faces criticism for imprisoning negotiators during the Second Seminole War.
First Russian Passenger Railway
Introduces regular passenger railway service in the Russian Empire.
Tsarskoye Selo Railway Opening
Opens the railway linking Saint Petersburg with Tsarskoye Selo.
Manifesto
The manifesto states that in order to ensure the welfare of India, the British must have a trustworthy ally on Indias western frontier. The Governor of General of India Lord Auckland issues the Simla Manifesto in October 1838, setting forth the necessary reasons for British intervention in Afghanistan. Lord Auckland decided on war, and on 1 October 1838 in Simla published a manifesto dethroning Dost Mahommed Khan
Simla Manifesto
The manifesto states that in order to ensure the welfare of India, the British must have a trustworthy ally on Indias western frontier. The Governor of General of India Lord Auckland issues the Simla Manifesto in October 1838, setting forth the necessary reasons for British intervention in Afghanistan. Lord Auckland decided on war, and on 1 October 1838 in Simla published a manifesto dethroning Dost Mahommed Khan
Issues a second neutrality proclamation directed toward Canada
Issues a second neutrality proclamation directed toward Canada
Neutrality
Issues a second neutrality proclamation directed toward Canada
Proclamation of Neutrality
Issues a second neutrality proclamation directed toward Canada
Resignation of Manuel Ceferino Oribe
Resigns the presidency amid political and military pressure from Rivera's supporters
Birmingham Borough
Birmingham receives a charter of incorporation, creating its municipal borough.
Constitution of Bolivia
Velasco promulgates a constitution following the end of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation.
Invasion of Afghanistan
The official British position that their troops were merely supporting Shah Shujas small army in retaking what was once his throne was generally seen (at the time, as well as now) as pretext for incorporating Afghanistan into the British empire
Birth of Michael Logue
Michael Logue is born in County Donegal and later becomes the first Archbishop of Armagh to enter the College of Cardinals.
Screw Propulsion Report Submitted
Brunel submits a detailed report recommending screw propulsion instead of paddle wheels for the new Great Britain.
Communism and Augsburg Allgemeine Zeitung
Publishes an article responding to attacks on communism in the Augsburg Allgemeine Zeitung.
Sixth Rhine Province Assembly Proceedings
Begins publishing a series on debates in the Sixth Rhine Province Assembly.
Editor of Rheinische Zeitung
Marx becomes editor of the Rheinische Zeitung and sharpens its criticism of government policy.
Move to Paris
Marx moves to Paris with Jenny and enters a community of radical intellectuals.
Birth of Alfred
Birth of Alfred, 4th child of Queen Vicroria & Prince Albert
Birth of Karl Lueger
Birth of Karl Lueger
Discovery of Triton
Lassell discovers Triton, Neptune's largest moon, only seventeen days after Neptune itself is identified as a planet.
Bank Charter Act Suspension
During a severe financial panic, the government authorises temporary suspension of the Bank Charter Act's note limits while maintaining the commitment to gold convertibility.
Bank Charter Suspension
The Government authorises temporary suspension of the note-issue limit during a financial panic.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
United States Senate approves ratification of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo with amendments
Prime Minister of Greece
Kanaris returns to office for a second premiership.
Chancellor
Appointed Prime Minister of Austria
Demonstrations
The Court id forced to flee from Vienna again. Ordering troops from Vienna to Hungary provkes further demonstrations
Invasion of Austria
The Hungarians cross the Austrian border
Execution
Convicted of high treason (being disloyal to the Emperor of Austria, who was also the King of Hungary), after the Hungarian Revolution of 1848-49 had failed
Treason
Convicted of high treason (being disloyal to the Emperor of Austria, who was also the King of Hungary), after the Hungarian Revolution of 1848-49 had failed
Death of Lajos Batthyany de
Death of Count Lajos Batthyย ny de Nโmetpounds jvย r, executed
Death of Edgar Allen Poe
Death of Edgar Allen Poe, age of 40
President of Ecuador
Appointed acting President of Ecuador
Death of Frederic Chopin
Death of Frederic Chopin, consumption at the age of 38
Battle of Schwechat
The invading Hungarians are confronted by Windisch-Gratz & turned back
Battle of Schwechat
The invading Hungarians are confronted by Windisch-Gratz & turned back
Northwest Passage Connection Identified
McClure establishes that the waters ahead connect with Melville Sound and realizes that his expedition has identified a Northwest Passage route.
Conference of Warsaw
The Conference of Warsaw results in Russian support for Austria as well as the restoration of the German Confederation
Conference of Warsaw
The Warsaw Conference is attended by the Kingdom of Prussia, the Austrian Empire and the Russian Empire
Conference of Warsaw
The aims of the conference are to re-establish order in the German states following the revolutions of 1848 and to prevent war between Austria and Prussia over the Hessian Question
German Confederation
The Conference of Warsaw results in Russian support for Austria as well as the restoration of the German Confederation
Conference of Warsaw
Russia supports Austria's efforts to crush the revolutions of 1848
Birth of Ferdinand Foch
Birth of Ferdinand Foch
Result of Surrender of Oribe's Forces at Montevideo
The siege of Montevideo ends and the Guerra Grande settlement closes the long civil conflict.
Surrender of Oribe's Forces at Montevideo
Accepts the end of the siege of Montevideo and the settlement that closes the Guerra Grande
Snow Hill Station
The Great Western Railway opens its Birmingham station at Snow Hill.
Privy Council
Appointed Privy Counsellor
Movements of Mazzini and Kossuth
Publishes a Tribune article discussing Mazzini, Kossuth, Louis Napoleon and European revolutionary politics.
Peerage
Created Baron Raglan
First Charles Rogier Government
The First Charles Rogier Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.
Henri de Brouckere Government
Begins the Henri de Brouckere Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.
Declaration of War
Turkey declares war on Russia and crosses the Danube under Omar Pasha.
Declaration of War
Turkey declares war on Russia and crosses the Danube under Omar Pasha.
Declaration of War
Crosses the Danube and declares war on Russia.
Declaration of War
Leads Ottoman forces after Turkey declares war on Russia.
Calafat Bridgehead
Supports the Ottoman advance across the Danube that establishes the fortified Calafat bridgehead.
Occupation of Calafat
Crosses the Danube from Vidin and establishes an Ottoman bridgehead at Calafat.
Death of Vladimir Kornilov
Is mortally wounded during the first major Allied bombardment of Sevastopol.
Siege of Sevastopol
The French sets up a base at Kamiesch.
Siege of Sevastopol
Begins to bombard Sevastopol.
Battle of Balaclava
Observes the Light Brigade and comments on its costly courage.
Battle of Balaclava
Commands French cavalry during the battle in which the Chasseurs d'Afrique help cover the Light Brigade's withdrawal.
Charge of Light Brigade
Carries the disputed order before being killed during the charge.
Thin Red Line
Commands Highlanders during the Thin Red Line.
Charge of Heavy Brigade
Leads the Heavy Brigade charge at Balaclava.
Battle of Balaclava
Commands the Highland Brigade.
Battle of Balaclava
Leads the Light Brigade after receiving Lucan's order during the Battle of Balaclava.
Charge of Light Brigade
Leads the Light Brigade into the Russian gun positions during the famous charge at Balaclava.
Battle of Balaclava
Transmits Raglan's cavalry order to Cardigan.
Charge of Light Brigade
Leads the Light Brigade charge against Russian guns.
Balaclava Orders
Drafts the written cavalry order that contributes to the confused sequence leading to the Charge of the Light Brigade.
Battle of Balaclava
Directs Russian forces that seize Ottoman redoubts and threaten the British supply base at Balaclava.
Battle of Balaclava
Russian forces fail to break the Allied position linking Balaclava and Sevastopol.
Battle of Balaclava
Serves with Ottoman troops defending Allied redoubts during the Russian attack at Balaclava.
Balaclava Base
Uses Balaclava as the British supply base.
Siege of Sevastopol
At the start of October, French and British engineers, moving from their base at Balaclava, began to direct the building of siege lines along the Chersonese uplands to the south of Sevastopol.
Siege of Sevastopol
Develops rifle pits and fieldworks that strengthen the Russian defence of Sevastopol.
Siege of Sevastopol
Extends fortifications around the Redan, Flagstaff Bastion and Malakoff during the siege.
Siege of Sevastopol
Constructs the Russian fortifications to defend Sevastopol.
Sevastopol Fortifications
Strengthens fieldworks around Sevastopol.
Bang Council Presidency
Begins the Bang Council Presidency in Copenhagen and serves as Council President of Denmark.
Bang Premiership
The Bang Premiership ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Battle of Kinburn
Uses armored floating batteries during the attack on Kinburn.
Armoured Batteries
Oversees French armoured floating batteries whose heavy fire demonstrates the value of protected steam warships.
Battle of Kinburn
Helps command French naval forces during the attack on the Russian fortress at Kinburn.
Battle of Kinburn
Supports Allied naval operations at Kinburn.
Defence of Kinburn
Commands the Russian garrison at Kinburn during the Allied naval and amphibious attack.
Kars Famine
Maintains discipline as food shortages, cold and disease steadily weaken the besieged garrison.
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
Andrรฆ Government
Begins the Andrรฆ Government in Copenhagen and serves as Council President of Denmark.
Bang Council Presidency
The Bang Council Presidency ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Council President of Denmark.
Chicago Speech
Lincoln answers Douglas and defends the Republican position in Chicago
Birth of Theodore Roosevelt
Birth of Theodore Roosevelt
Capture of Harpers Ferry
The abolitionist, John Brown, captures the Government arsenal at Harpers Ferry
Birth of Henri Bergson
Henri Bergson is born in Paris to a Polish father and an English mother.
Rule of Manchuria
Undder the Treaty of Peking parts of Outer Manchuria are ceded to the Russian Empire
Siege of Summer Palace
The Treaty of Peking is signed as a result of the Second Opium War under military and diplomatic pressure of British and French troops (who were burning the Old Summer Palace at the time)
Treaty of Peking
Also known as the First Convention of Peking, a Treaty between the Government of the Qing-Dynasty of China and each of the three European powers, the United Kingdom, France, and Russia
Treaty of Peking
Russia is granted the right to the Ussuri krai, a part of the modern day Primorye, the territory that corresponded with the ancient Manchu province of East Tartary.
Treaty of Peking
The Treaty of Peking is signed as a result of the Second Opium War under military and diplomatic pressure of British and French troops (who were burning the Old Summer Palace at the time)
Treaty of Peking
The Treaty of Peking is signed as a result of the Second Opium War under military and diplomatic pressure of British and French troops (who were burning the Old Summer Palace at the time). The peace Treaty is signed by Prince Gong & Lord Elgin.
Treaty of Peking
Under the treat of Peking 11 ports are opened & part of Kowloon is ceded to Britain. Undder the Treaty of Peking parts of Outer Manchuria are ceded to the Russian Empire.
Slave State Secession
Florida becomes the third slave state to secede from the Union
Secession of Florida
Florida becomes the third state to secede from the Union
The American Question in England
Publishes an article examining British political attitudes toward the developing American Civil War.
The North American Civil War
Publishes an analysis of the causes and political character of the American Civil War.
Death of James Robert George Graham
Death of James Robert George Graham
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina after national reunification
King Otto Deposed
A provisional government assumes authority after the overthrow of King Otto.
Prime Minister of Romania
Kogalniceanu becomes prime minister and leads a major reform programme.
Arrival in Greece
George I arrives in Athens to begin his reign.
Election
The House makes repeated calls to the King to dismiss Bismarck, but the King supports him as he feared that if he dismissed him, a liberal ministry would follow. Bismarck's supporters do poorly in the elections in which a liberal coalition (whose primary member was the Progress Party) win over two-thirds of the seats in the House
General in Chief
Lincoln assigns Ulysses S Grant to command the armies of the United States
Quebec Conference
Defends provincial powers during the Quebec Conference.
Quebec Conference
Helps draft the Quebec Resolutions for Confederation.
Rule of Holstein
In the Treaty of Vienna Denmark cedes Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg to Prussia and Austria
Rule of Lauenburg
In the Treaty of Vienna Denmark cedes Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg to Prussia and Austria
Rule of Schleswig
In the Treaty of Vienna Denmark cedes Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg to Prussia and Austria
Treaty of Vienna
In the Treaty of Vienna Denmark cedes Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg to Prussia and Austria
Rule of Holstein
In the Treaty of Vienna Denmark cedes Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg to Prussia and Austria
Rule of Lauenburg
In the Treaty of Vienna Denmark cedes Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg to Prussia and Austria
Rule of Schleswig
In the Treaty of Vienna Denmark cedes Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg to Prussia and Austria
Treaty of Vienna
As a result of the peace settlement, the land area of the Danish monarchy decreased by 40% and the total population reduced from 2.6 million to 1.6 million (about 38.5%). The Danish frontier had retreated about 250 km as measured from the furthest corner of the Duchy of Lauenburg to the new frontier on the Kongea river
Treaty of Vienna
In the Treaty of Vienna Denmark cedes Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg to Prussia and Austria
Rule of Holstein
In the Treaty of Vienna Denmark cedes Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg to Prussia and Austria
Rule of Holstein
The war ends with the Treaty of Vienna and Denmark's cession of the Duchies of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg to Prussia and Austria
Rule of Lauenburg
In the Treaty of Vienna Denmark cedes Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg to Prussia and Austria
Rule of Lauenburg
The war ends with the Treaty of Vienna and Denmark's cession of the Duchies of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg to Prussia and Austria
Rule of Schleswig
In the Treaty of Vienna Denmark cedes Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg to Prussia and Austria
Rule of Schleswig
The war ends with the Treaty of Vienna and Denmark's cession of the Duchies of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg to Prussia and Austria
Treaty of Vienna
In the Treaty of Vienna Denmark cedes Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg to Prussia and Austria
Treaty of Vienna
The war ends with the Treaty of Vienna and Denmark's cession of the Duchies of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg to Prussia and Austria
Inaugural Address of the First International
Marx drafts the association's inaugural address linking political organisation with workers' emancipation.
Provisional Rules of the First International
Marx prepares organisational rules for the International Workingmen's Association.
Leaves Biarritz believing France might remain neutral
Leaves Biarritz believing France might remain neutral, although Napoleon gives no binding territorial commitment.
Meeting with Napoleon III at Biarritz to test whether
Meets Napoleon III at Biarritz to test whether France would remain neutral in a Prussian-Austrian conflict.
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Sits in the Lords while Gladstone leads the Government in the Commons
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 2nd term
Cession of Venetia
Franz Joseph accepts the cession of Venetia through France under the Treaty of Vienna.
Treaty of Vienna
The Treaty of Vienna transfers Venetia from Austria through France to Italy.
Treaty of Vienna
Victor Emmanuel's kingdom receives Venetia following the peace settlement with Austria.
Recognition of the succession of Carol I in Romania
The Sultan of Turkey recognizes the succession of Carol I in Romania
Recognition of the succession of Carol I in Romania
The Sultan of Turkey recognizes the succession of Carol I in Romania
Succession
The Sultan of Turkey recognizes the succession of Carol I in Romania
Succession
Succeeds as King of Thailand
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina
Birth of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
Birth of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, son of a Prime Minister of a princely state
Death of Edward Stanley
Death of Earl Stanley of Derby
Arrest of Jose Perez
Arrested and incarcerated in the national jail, following an accusation of treason and bribery from the Spanish Government
Treason
Arrested and incarcerated in the national jail, following an accusation of treason and bribery from the Spanish Government
Siege of Paris
Moves the Royal HQ from Ferrieres to the Royal Palace until the following Jan
Result of Surrender of Bazaine's Army at Metz
The loss of Bazaine's army at Metz removes a huge French force and further weakens hopes of restoring Napoleon III.
Siege of Metz
The fortress of Metz capitulates. Surrenders 180,000 men denying hope of a Napoleonic restoration
Siege of Paris
After victory at Metz the German forces move on Paris
Surrender of Bazaine's Army at Metz
Surrenders 180,000 men denying hope of a Napoleonic restoration
Battle of Metz
Forces Bazaine to surrender
Capture of Metz
Made Field Marshal after the capture of Metz
Birth of Emily Wilding Davison
Birth of Emily Wilding Davison
Birth of Karl Schwarzschild
Birth of Karl Schwarzschild
Alliance Agreement
An alliance of the Emperors of Germany, Russia & Austria
Alliance Emperors of Germany, Russia and Austria
An alliance of the Emperors of Germany, Russia & Austria
Alliance Agreement
An alliance of the Emperors of Germany, Russia & Austria
Alliance Emperors of Germany, Russia and Austria
An alliance of the Emperors of Germany, Russia & Austria
Constitution of Germany
The office of Minister President of Prussia is temporarily separated from that of Chancellor, when Albrecht von Roon is appointed to the former office, but by the end of the year, Roon resigned due to ill health, and Bismarck becomes PM
Alliance Russia, Germany and Austria
Joins the diplomatic understanding between the emperors of Russia, Germany, and Austria.
Participates in the Three Emperors' diplomatic understanding with Germany and Austria
Participates in the Three Emperors' diplomatic understanding with Germany and Austria.
Arrest of Harry von Arnim
Count Arnim is arrested after the discovery of a plot to replace Bismarck by him
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina
Birth of Henri Guisan
Birth of Henri Guisan
Capture of Great Britain
Britain captures the Fiji Islands
Birth of Michael Barne
Birth of Michael Barne
Mason Science College
Mason Science College opens, becoming a foundation of the University of Birmingham.
Alliance Austria and Germany, similar to the Holy Alliance
Agrees a dual alliance between Austria & Germany, similar to the Holy Alliance
Neutrality
Austria & Germany agree neutrality if either is at war, except against Russia
Treaty of Alliance
The Austrian alliance is used to prevent & Crimean coaliton & avoid another war. Austria & Germany agree to support each other in any war with Russia. Austria & Germany agree neutrality if either is at war, except against Russia. A Treaty of alliance is signed between Austria & Germany, despite William Is opposition
Abdication
Yaqub Khan abdicates after the killing of the British envoy and renewed war.
Irish National Land League
Elected president of Davitts newly founded Irish National Land League, signing a militant Land League address campaigning for land reform
Christian Selmer Government
Begins the Christian Selmer Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Constitution of Bolivia
Campero promulgates the constitution that anchors Bolivia's later oligarchic republic.
Birth of Edward Ratcliffe Garth Russell Evans
Birth of Edward Ratcliffe Garth Russell Evans
Patience at the Savoy Theatre
Patience transfers to the newly opened Savoy Theatre.
Savoy Opera Transfer
Sullivan's opera helps inaugurate D'Oyly Carte's new electric-lit theatre.
Arrest of Charles Stewart Parnell
Convicted on charge of obstructing the operation of the new land act. Campaigns for Irish tenants not to pay rent, retaliation for outlawing the Land League
Arrest of Charles Stewart Parnell
Arrested for treasonable practices and sent to Kilmainham Gaol; issued No Rent Manifesto
Manifesto
Arrested for treasonable practices and sent to Kilmainham Gaol; issued No Rent Manifesto
Jiyuto Organised
Becomes leader of the new party advocating representative government.
Liberal Party Founded
Helps found Japan's Liberal Party, the Jiyuto.
Arrest of Charles Stewart Parnell
Kilmainham Treaty between Parnell & the Government, Parnell is released
Home Rule
Parnell seeks to use his experience and huge support to advance his pursuit of Home Rule and resurrect the suppressed Land League as the Irish National League (INL). Combines moderate agrarianism, a Home Rule programme with electoral functions, is hierarchical and autocratic in structure with Parnell wielding immense authority and direct Parliamentary control
Irish National League
Combines moderate agrarianism, a Home Rule programme with electoral functions, is hierarchical and autocratic in structure with Parnell wielding immense authority and direct Parliamentary control
Irish National League
Parnell leaves the day-to-day running of the INL in the hands of his lieutenants Timothy Harrington as Secretary, William OBrien editor of its newspaper United Ireland and Timothy Healy.
Irish National League
Parnell seeks to use his experience and huge support to advance his pursuit of Home Rule and resurrect the suppressed Land League as the Irish National League (INL).
Irish National League
The informal alliance between the new, tightly disciplined INL and the Catholic Church is one of the main factors for the revitalisation of the national Home Rule.
Land League
Parnell seeks to use his experience and huge support to advance his pursuit of Home Rule and resurrect the suppressed Land League as the Irish National League (INL)
Irish National League
Parnell leaves the day-to-day running of the INL in the hands of his lieutenants Timothy Harrington as Secretary, William OBrien editor of its newspaper United Ireland and Timothy Healy
Irish National League
Parnell leaves the day-to-day running of the INL in the hands of his lieutenants Timothy Harrington as Secretary, William OBrien editor of its newspaper United Ireland and Timothy Healy
Irish National League
Parnell leaves the day-to-day running of the INL in the hands of his lieutenants Timothy Harrington as Secretary, William OBrien editor of its newspaper United Ireland and Timothy Healy
Irish National League Founded
Helps establish the Irish National League.
Nationalist Organisation Rebuilt
The new organization combines Home Rule politics with moderate agrarianism.
Birth of Guenther Hans von Kluge
Birth of Guenther Hans von Kluge
Orient Express
Launches the international train service later known as the Orient Express.
Paris-Constantinople Luxury Train
Connects major European cities through coordinated luxury sleeping-car travel.
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain
President of Ecuador
Appointed interim President of Ecuador after the fall of Ignacio de Veintemilla
Treaty of Ancon
Concludes peace with Peru through the Treaty of Ancon.
Secret Alliance
Bratianu's government enters a secret defensive alliance with Austria-Hungary and Germany.
Siege of Chi-lung
The French bombard Chi-lung
August Beernaert Government
Begins the August Beernaert Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.
Second Jules Malou Government
The Second Jules Malou Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.
Birth
Niels Henrik David Bohr is born in Copenhagen, later becoming a central architect of atomic theory and twentieth-century quantum physics.
Death of James Hamilton
Death of James Hamilton
Serbian Mobilization
Prepares Bulgarian forces as relations with Serbia deteriorate.
Serbian Mobilization
Orders Serbian forces mobilized during the crisis over Eastern Rumelia.
Speech
Promises wide-ranging reforms
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina
Palau Guell Construction Begins
Construction begins on Palau Guell after Barcelona City Council approves Gaudi's project.
First Ministers Conference
Hosts provincial leaders to discuss provincial autonomy.
Birth of Lothar Rendulic
Born in Wiener Neustadt
Birth of Chiang Kai-Shek to a prosperous rural family Chekiang
Birth of Chiang Kai-Shek to a prosperous rural family Chekiang
Birth of Friedrich Fromm
Birth of Friedrich Fromm
Convention of Constantinople
Accepts the international convention guaranteeing free navigation through the Suez Canal.
Convention of Constantinople
Supports the convention guaranteeing freedom of navigation through the Suez Canal in peace and war.
Convention of Constantinople
Accepts the Convention of Constantinople governing international use of the Suez Canal.
Borki Train Disaster
Survives the derailment of the imperial train near Borki with his immediate family.
Birth of Michael John (Mick) Collins
Birth of Michael John ("Mick") Collins
Constitution of Great Britain
In the Newcastle Program proposes a policy of home rule, triennial Parliaments & reform of the House of Lords
Franchise
Proposes abolition of the double franchise
Home Rule
In the Newcastle Program proposes a policy of home rule, triennial Parliaments & reform of the House of Lords
Newcastle Program
Proposes Welsh disestablishment. Proposes a local right to veto sales of liquor. Proposes abolition of the double franchise. In the Newcastle Program proposes a policy of home rule, triennial Parliaments & reform of the House of Lords
Burial
Burial of Charles Stewart Parnell
Disaster
An earthquake in Yokohama kills 6,500
Death of Alfred Tennyson
Death of Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson
Legalist Revolution
Joaquin Crespo entered Caracas after the Legalist Revolution and assumed national authority.
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of Venezuela, 2nd term
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina
Death of Marie Edme Patrice Maurice de MacMahon
Death of Marie Edme Patrice Maurice de MacMahon
Russian Squadron at Toulon
Supports the Russian naval visit to Toulon that publicly demonstrates the growing rapprochement with France.
Interior Ministry Service
Is called into the Bavarian State Ministry of the Interior, beginning a period of ministerial administrative work.
Second Emil Stang Government
The Second Emil Stang Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
First Francis Hagerup Government
Begins the First Francis Hagerup Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Drama
The first night of The Seagull at the Alexandrinsky Theatre in Petersburg was a fiasco, booed by the audience, and stung Chekhov into renouncing the theatre
Battle of Adowa
The Treaty of Addis Ababa is completed several months after the decisive Battle of Adowa in March of the same year, which was convincingly won by the Ethiopian forces commanded by Menelek II
Independence of Ethiopia
Under the Treaty of Addis Ababa Italy recognizes Abyssinian independence
Independence of Italy
Under the Treaty of Addis Ababa Italy recognizes Abyssinian independence
Treaty of Addis Ababa
The Treaty of Addis Ababa abrogates the Treaty of Wuchale and formally ends the First Italo-Abyssinian War on terms favorable to Ethiopia.
Treaty of Addis Ababa
The Treaty of Addis Ababa is completed several months after the decisive Battle of Adowa in March of the same year, which was convincingly won by the Ethiopian forces commanded by Menelek II.
Treaty of Addis Ababa
Under the Treaty of Addis Ababa Italy recognizes Abyssinian independence and delineates borders with Italian-controlled Eritrea.
Gold Standard
Japan implements the gold standard and defines the yen by a fixed gold content.
During the Fashoda Incident Delcasse wants Britains friendship in a future conflict
During the Fashoda Incident Delcasse wants Britains friendship in a future conflict with Germany & sees no advantage in a colonial war. Brings Britain & France to the verge of war but ends in a diplomatic victory for Britain
Fashoda Incident
During the Fashoda Incident Delcasse wants Britains friendship in a future conflict with Germany & sees no advantage in a colonial war. Brings Britain & France to the verge of war but ends in a diplomatic victory for Britain
Crisis
Rejects talks with France until the French troops are withdrawn from Fashoda
Fashoda Incident
Rejects talks with France until the French troops are withdrawn from Fashoda. Brings Britain & France to the verge of war but ends in a diplomatic victory for Britain
Deputy Assistant Adjutant-General for Intelligence
Appointed Deputy Assistant Adjutant-General for Intelligence
Ultimatum Crisis
Rejects Boer demands before war begins.
Deputy Assistant Adjutant-General for Intelligence
Appointed Deputy Assistant Adjutant-General for Intelligence
Boer Ultimatum
Issues an ultimatum demanding withdrawal of British troops.
Declaration of War
The Boers resent the policy of Chamberlain which deprives Transvaal of independence
Independence of South Africa
The Boers resent the policy of Chamberlain which deprives Transvaal of independence
Independence of Transvaal
The Boers resent the policy of Chamberlain which deprives Transvaal of independence
Declaration of War
The Boer republics declare war after Britain rejects their ultimatum.
Declaration of War
Joins the Transvaal in war against Britain.
Battle of Laings Nek
Forced back by a Boer force led by Transvaal General Joubert
Siege of Mafeking
Defends Mafeking during the Boer siege.
Siege of Mafeking
Mafeking is besieged until British relief arrives in May 1900.
Siege of Mafeking
Begins the siege of Mafeking.
Commander in Chief
Sets sail in the Dunnotar Castle for South Africa
War Correspondent
Leaves on the Dunnotar Castle for South Africa as a War Correspondent for the Daily Mail
Siege of Mafeking
Mafeking is besieged until British relief arrives in May 1900.
Armoured Train Relief Sortie
FitzClarence leads a successful sortie from Mafeking to assist an armoured train attacked by Boer forces.
Commander in Chief
Sets sail in the Dunnotar Castle for South Africa
Siege of Kimberley
Rhodes remains inside Kimberley during the siege and uses De Beers resources to assist the town's defence.
Siege of Kimberley
Kekewich commands the garrison as Boer forces cut Kimberley off from the surrounding territory.
Battle of Talana Hill
Forced back by a Boer force led by Transvaal General Joubert
Battle of Talana Hill
British forces win tactically but withdraw toward Ladysmith.
Battle of Talana Hill
Symons leads the British attack at Talana Hill and is mortally wounded during the fighting.
Battle of Talana Hill
Commands Boer forces at Talana Hill.
Battle of Elandslaagte
Forced back by a Boer force led by Transvaal General Joubert
Battle of Elandslaagte
Fights at the Battle of Elandslaagte
Battle of Elandslaagte
Helps defeat Boer forces at Elandslaagte.
Battle of Elandslaagte
French wins cavalry reputation before becoming Earl of Ypres.
Battle of Elandslaagte
Hamilton helps direct the British infantry attack that defeats the Boer force at Elandslaagte.
Battle of Elandslaagte
Is mortally wounded after defeat at Elandslaagte.
Withdrawal from Dundee
Yule assumes command after Symons is wounded and begins withdrawing the Dundee force toward Ladysmith.
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of Venezuela after the Liberal Restoration Revolution
Death from Talana Hill Wounds
Symons dies from wounds received while commanding British forces at the Battle of Talana Hill.
Restorative Liberal Revolution
Cipriano Castro entered Caracas after the Restorative Liberal Revolution and took control of the government.
Battle of Rietfontein
White attacks Boer positions at Rietfontein to protect Yule's withdrawing column from Dundee.
Battle of Rietfontein
De Wet serves with the Free State forces opposing White's British column during the fighting at Rietfontein.
Night Attack on Boer Positions
FitzClarence leads a night attack against Boer positions outside Mafeking and drives the action at close range.
South African War
Approves Canadian volunteers for the South African War.
Battle of Nicholsons Nek
Forced back by a Boer force led by Transvaal General Joubert
Battle of Nicholson's Nek
Suffers a serious reverse outside Ladysmith.
Battle of Ladysmith
White directs British forces in the unsuccessful fighting around Ladysmith before the siege closes in.
Battle of Nicholson's Nek
Takes part in the Boer victory near Ladysmith.
Conversion Law
Law 3871 restores gold conversion through the Caja de Conversion at a new parity of 2.2727 paper pesos for one gold peso.
Boer War Service Begins
Enters active campaigning despite having opposed the war.
Vryheid Commando Service
Joins the Vryheid commando when war begins.
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain
Denied an audience by Wilhelm II of Germany
Denied an audience by Wilhelm II of Germany
Birth of Heinrich Himmler
Birth of Heinrich Himmler, near Munich, son of a Schoolmaster
Birth of Alastair Sim
Birth of Alastair Sim
Exile of Paulus Kruger
Leaves for Europe
Lieutenant Colonel
Appointed Lieutenant Colonel
Punitive Expeditions
Directs punitive expeditions in northern China.
Election
During the "Khaki election" the new Labour Party has only ยฃ33 expenses and wins just 62,698 votes
Labour Representation Committee (LRC)
During the "Khaki election" the new Labour Party has only ยฃ33 expenses and wins just 62,698 votes
Punitive Expeditions
British forces join operations after the relief of Beijing.
Election
Wins the presidential election for the 2nd time
Death of Abdur Rahman Khan
Abdur Rahman dies after creating a highly centralized Afghan state.
Succession
Habibullah Khan succeeds his father without a major succession war.
Battle of Bakenlaagte
Botha defeats a British force
Battle of Bakenlaagte
Is mortally wounded during Botha's victory.
Battle of Bakenlaagte
Brits participates in the coordinated Boer assault that overwhelms part of Benson's column at Bakenlaagte.
Battle of Bakenlaagte
Opperman takes part in Botha's attack at Bakenlaagte and is killed during the Boer victory.
Battle of Bakenlaagte
Grobler commands Boer fighters in the attack on Benson's rearguard at Bakenlaagte.
Battle of Bakenlaagte
Defeats a British column at Bakenlaagte.
Battle of Bakenlaagte
Viljoen leads one of the Boer groups involved in the successful attack on the British rearguard at Bakenlaagte.
Battle of Bakenlaagte
Defeats a British force at Bakenlaagte.
British Column Defeated
Achieves a major late-war tactical success in eastern Transvaal.
Anthracite Coal Strike
Roosevelt convenes miners and operators to resolve the prolonged anthracite coal strike.
HMS Magnificent Command Assumed
Carden is appointed captain of HMS Magnificent, flagship of the Channel Squadron's second-in-command.
Discovery Expedition
Crean accompanies Lieutenant Michael Barne on three sledging trips across the Ross Ice Shelf, then known as the "Great Ice Barrier" including the 12-man party led by Barne which set out on 30 October 1902 to lay depots in support of the main southern journey undertaken by Scott, Shackleton and Edward Wilson
Discovery Expedition
Crean accompanies Lieutenant Michael Barne on three sledging trips across the Ross Ice Shelf, then known as the "Great Ice Barrier" including the 12-man party led by Barne which set out on 30 October 1902 to lay depots in support of the main southern journey undertaken by Scott, Shackleton and Edward Wilson
Magnificent Visits Gibraltar
Soon after taking command, Carden takes HMS Magnificent to Gibraltar during a Channel Squadron cruise.
Magnificent Visits Tetuan
Carden takes HMS Magnificent to Tetuan during the same early command cruise that includes Gibraltar.
Second Lord Admiralty
Appointed 2nd Lord of the Admiralty
Marriage
Prince Andrew marries Her Serene Highness Princess Alice of Battenberg in a civil wedding
WPSU
Helps found the Womens Political & Social Union, daughter of Emily Pankhurst
WPSU
Founds the Womens Political & Social Union to campaign for female emancipation
Second Francis Hagerup Government
Begins the Second Francis Hagerup Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
First Otto Blehr Government
The First Otto Blehr Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Mobilization
Take up personal command of the Russian forces
Mobilization
Orders the Baltic Fleet of 45 ships 18,000 miles to fight Japan
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina
Mobilization
Sails the Russian Baltic Fleet from Liepaja & Tallin to turn the war
Treaty of Peace and Friendship
Montes signs the treaty formally settling the War of the Pacific with Chile.
Treaty of Peace and Friendship with Bolivia
Signs the treaty formally ending the state of war with Bolivia.
First Sea Lord Appointment
Fisher becomes First Sea Lord and professional head of the Royal Navy.
Mobilization
Sets sail with the Baltic Fleet of 45 ships 18,000 miles to fight Japan
Mobilization
British cruisers escort the Russian Fleet out of Biscay Bay
Mobilization
Fires on a British fishing fleet believing to be under Japanese torpedoe attack
Mobilization
The Russian Baltic Fleet leaves Libau to turn the war
HMS Dreadnought Laid Down
HMS Dreadnought is laid down at Portsmouth under the naval construction programme associated with Fisher's reforms.
General Strike
Is called upon as the general strike paralyses the empire.
General Strike
The general strike forces Nicholas II to seek Witte's advice.
Memorandum to Tsar
Argues that only constitutional concessions can restore order.
Kadets Founded
Helps found the Constitutional Democratic Party.
Saint Petersburg Soviet
Helps lead the workers' Soviet created during the 1905 Revolution.
Saint Petersburg Soviet
Chairs the Saint Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies.
October Manifesto Draft
Drafts concessions intended to end the general strike.
October Manifesto Draft
Drafts the manifesto promising liberties and representation.
October Manifesto Draft
Submits draft concessions to end the strike and save the monarchy.
October Manifesto
Nicholas II issues the October Manifesto, promising civil rights and a Duma.
October Manifesto
Nicholas II signs the October Manifesto under Witte's influence.
October Manifesto
Persuades Nicholas II to accept concessions during the revolutionary crisis.
October Manifesto
The manifesto promises basic rights and an elected legislature.
October Manifesto
Witte argues that concessions are needed to end the general strike.
October Manifesto
Witte's advice shapes Nicholas II's constitutional concessions.
October Manifesto
Issues the October Manifesto promising civil liberties and a Duma.
Grand Duke Nicholas Warning
Military dictatorship is rejected as constitutional concessions are accepted.
October Manifesto
Helps secure the manifesto during the revolutionary strike wave.
October Manifesto
Nicholas II issues the October Manifesto, promising civil rights and a Duma.
October Manifesto
Nicholas II signs the October Manifesto under Witte's influence.
October Manifesto
Persuades Nicholas II to accept concessions during the revolutionary crisis.
October Manifesto
The manifesto promises freedom of conscience speech meeting and association.
October Manifesto
Witte persuades Nicholas II to avoid a military dictatorship.
October Manifesto
Witte's programme offers constitutional concessions to calm the empire.
Reform of Revolutionary Government
Signs the "October Manifesto", establishing the State Duma as the elected legislature
Death of Bauman
His death becomes a rallying point for Moscow workers.
Constitution of Russia
Begins organising government after the October Manifesto.
Council of Ministers
Forms the new government after the October Manifesto.
Prime Minister of Russia
Becomes chairman of the Council of Ministers.
Prime Minister of Russia
Appointed Russia's first chairman of the Council of Ministers.
Prime Minister of Russia
Heads the new Council of Ministers after the manifesto.
Trafalgar Centenary
Trafalgar centenary events commemorate Nelson and the victory.
Trafalgar Centenary
Uses naval commemoration while reforming the Royal Navy.
Constitution of Russia
Warns Nicholas II that Russia is close to revolution.
Saint Petersburg Soviet
Emerges as a leading figure in the workers' Soviet.
Soviet of Saint Petersburg
Helps found the Saint Petersburg Soviet, 50 such Soviets are soon founded all over Russia
Saint Petersburg Soviet
Becomes a central organiser and speaker in the Soviet.
Saint Petersburg Soviet
Becomes a major speaker and organiser in the 1905 Soviet.
Constitution of Russia
Issues a manifesto granting the right of Labour to organize. Issues a manifesto granting freedom of speech, conscience and Assembly. Issues a manifesto granting a suffrage law for elections to the Duma
Election
Issues a manifesto granting a suffrage law for elections to the Duma
Suffrage
Issues a manifesto granting a suffrage law for elections to the Duma
Cabinet Government
Attempts to create a more coordinated ministerial government.
Civil Liberties
Tries to manage promises of civil liberties amid unrest.
October Manifesto Support
Welcomes limited constitutional reform after the manifesto.
Saint Petersburg Soviet
Is appointed chairman of the workers' Soviet during the 1905 Revolution.
Bloody Sunday
Interprets the new Soviet movement as a revolutionary opportunity.
Saint Petersburg Soviet
Influences Trotsky and Soviet revolutionary strategy.
Saint Petersburg Soviet
Influences socialist strategy around the workers' Soviet.
Saint Petersburg Soviet
Supports socialist activity around the workers' Soviet.
Bloody Sunday
Later leads the Soviet born from the revolutionary wave.
General Strike
Railway strikes paralyse the Russian rail network.
Strike
Railworkers go on strike and paralyze the whole Russian rail network
Abdication
Abdicates from the Norwegian throne after Norway declares independence from Sweden
Surface Tension Prize Essay Submitted
Submits an experimental study of water-jet surface tension to the Royal Danish Academy competition after conducting measurements in his father's laboratory.
Christian Michelsen Government
The Christian Michelsen Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Jรธrgen Lรธvland Government
Begins the Jรธrgen Lรธvland Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Panic of 1907
Morgan coordinates private support for banks and trusts during the financial panic.
Demonstrations
A demonstration in Cernova against Hungarian rule in Slovakia, turns into a massacre
Demonstrations
A leader of a demonstration against Hungarian rule in Slovakia, turns into a massacre
Massacre
Helps lead a demonstration against Hungarian rule in Slovakia, turns into a massacre
Rule of Slovakia
Helps lead a demonstration against Hungarian rule in Slovakia, turns into a massacre
Nore Submarine Flotilla Established
A dedicated Nore submarine flotilla is formed as submarine forces expand in home waters during Fisher's administration.
Panic Gold Reserve Defence
During the Panic of 1907, Treasury measures and large gold imports help preserve bank liquidity and maintain confidence in dollar convertibility.
Model T
Ford introduces the Model T as a durable automobile intended for mass ownership.
Independence of Bulgaria
Delclares the indpendence of Bulgaria
Christensen Government
The Christensen Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Council President of Denmark.
First Neergaard Government
Begins the First Neergaard Government in Copenhagen and serves as Council President of Denmark.
Constitution of South Africa
The constitutional convention represents 4 colonies, natives of South Africa excluded. Submits his scheme for a South African Union to the National Convention. Smuts calls for a constitutional convention. 1st day of the convention which determines the Government & constitition of South Africa
Convention
The convention represents the 4 colonies but natives of South Africa are excluded
Convention
Smuts calls for a constitutional convention
Great Southern Journey Begins
Shackleton leaves Cape Royds with Jameson Adams, Eric Marshall and Frank Wild on the expedition's main journey toward the South Pole.
Claims continental powers discussed exploiting Britain's Boer War difficulties
Claims continental powers discussed exploiting Britain's Boer War difficulties.
National Convention
Participates prominently in the National Convention on South African union.
Union Constitution Negotiations
Advocates political unification of the four self-governing colonies.
Election
Dissolves Parliament, the election war-cry is "The Peers versus the People"
October Parliament Dissolution
Dissolves Parliament during the campaign against the House of Lords.
Parliament
Dissolves Parliament, the election war-cry is "The Peers versus the People"
Assassination of Ito
Assassinated by a Korean Nationalist
Death of Ito
Assassinated by a Korean Nationalist
First Zahle Government
Begins the First Zahle Government in Copenhagen and serves as Council President of Denmark.
Holstein-Ledreborg Government
The Holstein-Ledreborg Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Council President of Denmark.
Militant Suffrage Prison Response
Faces criticism over treatment of imprisoned suffragette campaigners.
Suffragette Imprisonment Policy
Oversees prison policy during escalating militant suffrage protests.
Minimum Wage Boards
Creates statutory machinery for fixing minimum rates in sweated industries.
Trade Boards Act
Secures legislation establishing wage boards in selected low-paid trades.
Birth of Barbara Castle
Birth of Barbara Castle
First Venizelos Government
Venizelos forms his first national government after entering Greek politics.
Prime Minister of Greece
Eleftherios Venizelos is appointed Prime Minister for the first time.
Melbourne Arrival
Reaches Melbourne and learns of Amundsen's southern plans.
Death of Rama V
Death of Rama V, commemorated as a national holiday
Gordon Bennett Aviation Trophy
Wins the Gordon Bennett international aviation race.
International Air Race Victory
Sets a major British success in competitive flying.
Amundsen Challenge Revealed
Scott did not know that he would be in a race until he received Amundsens telegram in Melbourne.
Amundsen Telegram Received
Scott receives Amundsen's telegram in Melbourne and learns that the Norwegian expedition is also attempting the South Pole.
Amundsen Telegram Received
Scott receives Amundsen's telegram announcing Fram is bound for Antarctica.
South Pole Race Revealed
The message reveals that Amundsen will also attempt the South Pole.
Prime Minister of Canada
Forms a Conservative government after the reciprocity election.
Abdication
A Kuomingtang revolt under Sun Yat-Sen overthrows the last Emperor of the Manchu Dynasty
Coup
A Kuomingtang revolt under Sun Yat-Sen overthrows the last Emperor of the Manchu Dynasty
Reballion of Kuomingtang
A Kuomingtang revolt under Sun Yat-Sen overthrows the last Emperor of the Manchu Dynasty
Reballion of Rebels in Wuhan
A rebellion begins in Wuhan against the Manchu Dynasty
South Pole Expedition
A second attempt, with a team made up of Olav Bjaaland, Helmer Hanssen, Sverre Hassel, Oscar Wisting, and Amundsen, depart base camp. They took four sledges and 52 dogs
South Pole Expedition
A second attempt, with a team made up of Olav Bjaaland, Helmer Hanssen, Sverre Hassel, Oscar Wisting, and Amundsen, depart base camp. They took four sledges and 52 dogs
South Pole Expedition
A second attempt, with a team made up of Olav Bjaaland, Helmer Hanssen, Sverre Hassel, Oscar Wisting, and Amundsen, depart base camp. They took four sledges and 52 dogs
South Pole Expedition
A second attempt, with a team made up of Olav Bjaaland, Helmer Hanssen, Sverre Hassel, Oscar Wisting, and Amundsen, depart base camp. They took four sledges and 52 dogs
South Pole Expedition
Sets out from Framheim with Bjaaland, Hanssen, Hassel and Wisting for the successful South Pole journey
Motor Party Departure
Day departs with the experimental motor sledges as part of the advance southern transport party.
Motor Party Mechanical Support
Day accompanies the Motor Party to operate and repair the motor sledges during their first sustained field use.
Motor Party Departure
Hooper joins the advance motor party carrying supplies for the following southern groups.
Motor Party Departure
Lashly travels south with the motor party and takes responsibility for one of the tracked machines.
Motor Party Departure
Evans leads the advance motor party onto the Barrier ahead of the main southern expedition.
Motor Party Departure
Evans leads the Motor Party south ahead of the main expedition to move supplies toward the polar route.
Motor Party Departure
Leaves first with motor sledges and supplies.
Motor Party Departs
Leads the motor party south from Cape Evans.
Southern Motor Sledge Journey Begins
Motor sledges carry supplies ahead of the main polar party.
Motor Party Sledge Support
Lashly travels with the Motor Party, helping manage the experimental tractors and the supply loads intended for later parties.
First Lord of Admiralty
Appointed First Sea Lord of the Admiralty
Admiralty Appointment
Becomes First Lord of the Admiralty in Asquith's government.
First Lord of the Admiralty
Assumes political responsibility for British naval administration.
Cabinet Office Transfer
Assumes responsibility for policing, prisons and domestic administration.
Home Secretary Appointment
Becomes Home Secretary when Churchill moves to the Admiralty.
Naval War Staff
Completes a memorandum advocating the creation of a Naval War Staff
First Solvay Conference
Participates in the Solvay meeting devoted to radiation and quanta.
Radiation and Quanta Conference
Engages in international debate on quantum and thermodynamic problems.
Experimental Radiation Physics
Contributes expertise from precision measurements of infrared radiation.
First Solvay Conference
Attends the first Solvay Conference as an experimental physicist.
First Solvay Conference
Attends the first Solvay Conference on radiation theory.
Quantum Physics Discussions
Contributes to discussions concerning emerging quantum concepts.
First Solvay Conference
Participates in the first Solvay Conference on radiation and quanta.
Quantum Theory Conference
Discusses quantum theory with leading European physicists in Brussels.
First Motor Abandoned
Day's motor suffers a major mechanical failure and is abandoned on the Barrier.
First Tractor Breaks Down
The first motor tractor fails permanently on the Ross Ice Shelf.
Motor Sledge Failure
Works on the expedition's motor sledges during the southern journey.
First Motor Sledge Failure
The motor sledges prove unreliable, often refusing to start until heated or stopping after short distances. The first machine fails permanently on 30 October.
Motor Sledge Failure
Works with motor sledges as mechanical failures mount.
Motor Sledge Hauling
Helps continue hauling after motor sledge failures.
Second Motor Abandoned
The second motor sledge fails, forcing Lashly and his companions to continue by man-hauling.
Second Motor Sledge Failure
The second motor sledge fails the following day. The four men reorganise their loads and continue south, pulling a single sledge carrying about 740 pounds of supplies.
Constitution of China
The Emperors sole power will be to appoint a Prime Minister. The Emperor agrees to a constitution as demanded by the republican National Assembly. Parliament will control treaties & budgets
National Assembly
The Emperor agrees to a constitution as demanded by the republican National Assembly
Narrative Poem Published
Portrays a violent man's religious conversion through vigorous narrative verse.
The Everlasting Mercy
Publishes The Everlasting Mercy after magazine serialization.
Solvay Conference
Attends the first Solvay Conference on radiation and quanta.
Ministerial Director
Becomes Staatsrat and Ministerialdirektor, serving as a senior official and deputy to the Bavarian Interior Minister.
ETH Zurich Professorship
Begins work as professor of theoretical physics at ETH Zurich.
Balkan League
The first state to declare war is Montenegro, starting the First Balkan War. After issuing an ultimatum to the Porte on October 13, Bulgaria declares war on Turkey on October 17
Declaration of War
After issuing an ultimatum to the Porte on October 13, Bulgaria declares war on Turkey on October 17
Balkan League
The first state to declare war is Montenegro, starting the First Balkan War
Montenegro Declares War
Declares war on the Ottoman Empire, opening the First Balkan War.
Declaration of War
Declares war on the Ottoman Empire.
Balkan League
The first state to declare war is Montenegro, starting the First Balkan War
Montenegro Declares War
Prepares Serbia to join Montenegro and the other Balkan allies.
Declaration of War
Montenegro declares war on Turkey
Declaration of War
Faces Montenegro's declaration of war.
Search Party
Leads the search for Scott's missing polar party.
Rule of Dodecanese
In the Treaty of Ouchy Turkey cedes the Dodecanese to Italy
Rule of Rhodes
In the Treaty of Ouchy Turkey cedes Rhodes to Italy
Treaty of Ouchy
A thtreat of war in the Balkans causes Turkey to conclude a peace
Treaty of Ouchy
Turkey recognizes Italy's conquests in the Treaty of Ouchy
Balkan League
After issuing an ultimatum to the Porte on October 13, Greece declares war on Turkey on October 17
Declaration of War
After issuing an ultimatum to the Porte on October 13, Greece declares war on Turkey on October 17
Declaration of War
Bulgaria, Greece and Serbia declare war on Turkey
Serbia Declares War
Leads the Serbian government as it declares war on the Ottoman Empire.
Serbia Declares War
Faces declarations of war from Serbia and its Balkan allies.
Declaration of War
Following an ultimatum to the Ottomans, the remaining members of the Balkan alliance enter the conflict
Thrace Offensive
Leads Bulgarian armies into Eastern Thrace.
First Army Advance
Commands Bulgaria's First Army in Thrace.
First Army Advance
Leads the Serbian First Army south toward Kumanovo.
First Army Advance
Concentrates the Ottoman Vardar Army to oppose the Serbian advance.
Capture of Lemnos
Occupies Lemnos as a base near the Dardanelles.
Battle of Sarantaporo
Breaks through Ottoman defences in Thessaly.
Capture of Pristina
Leads the Serbian Third Army into Pristina.
Battle of Sarantaporo
Retreats after Greek victory at Sarantaporo.
Capture of Pristina
Withdraws Ottoman formations as Serbian forces enter Kosovo.
Battle of Elasson
Defeats the Turks in the Vardarrr Valley
Battle of Kumanovo Begins
Commands the Serbian First Army during the opening battle at Kumanovo.
Battle of Kumanovo Begins
Launches Ottoman attacks against the Serbian army near Kumanovo.
Battle of Kumanovo
Defeats a Turkish covering force
Battle of Kumanovo
Commands Serbia's First Army at Kumanovo.
Battle of Kumanovo
Defeats Ottoman forces in Macedonia.
Battle of Kumanovo
Directs Serbian operations that defeat the Ottoman Vardar Army.
Battle of Kumanovo
Orders withdrawal after the Ottoman defeat at Kumanovo.
Battle of Kirk Kilisse
Is defeated by Bulgarian forces in Thrace.
Battle of Kumanovo
Commands Ottoman forces defeated by Serbia.
Battle of Kirk Kilissa
Defeated by the 2nd and 3rd Bulgarian Armies
Battle of Seliolu
Defeated by the 2nd and 3rd Bulgarian Armies
Invasion of Thessaloniki
After the liberation of Thessaloniki, the Greek army links up with the Serb army north and they turns west
Capture of Skopje
Serbian forces occupy Skopje after Kumanovo.
Capture of Skopje
Orders the Serbian advance into Skopje after victory at Kumanovo.
Capture of Skopje
Abandons Skopje as the Vardar Army retreats southward.
Invasion of Thessaloniki
Greece captures Thessaloniki
Rule of Thessaloniki
Greece captures Thessaloniki
Promotion to Lieutenant
Jodl is commissioned as a lieutenant in the Bavarian artillery.
Siege of Scutari
Montenegrin forces besiege Scutari.
Defence of Scutari
Organises Ottoman resistance at Scutari.
Siege of Adrianople
Begins operations against Adrianople.
Northern Party Food Cache Found
Priestley and his companions find a previously laid food cache, improving the party's prospects during the final stage of their return.
Battle of Lule Burgas
Helps win a major First Balkan War battle.
Battle of Lule Burgas
Forced by the Bulgarians to retreat behind the Chatalja Line to protect Constantinople
Battle of Lule Burgas
Retreats after defeat at Lule Burgas.
Casa Mila Completion
Certifies completion of Casa Mila, also known as La Pedrera, his final major civil building.
Balkan League
The First Balkan War breaks out following an impossible ultimatum given to the Porte
Olympic Safety Refit Programme
Oversees Harland and Wolff as Olympic returns to Belfast for extensive safety modifications following the Titanic disaster.
Polar Party Search Begins
Atkinson leads the spring search south to determine the fate of Scott and the missing Polar Party.
Northern Party Recovery
Browning's condition improves after the returning party reaches cached food that provides a welcome change from its winter diet.
Invasion of Ottoman Territory
Members of the Balkan League attack Turkey and win quick victories
Invasion of Shkodra
Montenegro invades Shkodra, with secondary operations in the Novi Pazar area
Falstaff Premiere
Falstaff receives its first performance at the Leeds Festival.
Leeds Festival Performance
Elgar conducts the premiere of his symphonic study.
Underwood Tariff
The Underwood Tariff reduces import duties and introduces a federal income-tax schedule.
Federal Income Tax
The federal government begins collecting income tax under the newly ratified Sixteenth Amendment.
Legislation
The Underwood Tariff Act reduces duties where US goods control the market. The Underwood Tariff Act reduces duties on commodities
President of China
Appointed President of all China after the resignation of Sun Yat-Sen in the South
President of China
Appointed President of the Republic of China
Moving Assembly Line
Ford introduces a moving assembly line that sharply reduces automobile production time.
Gamboa Dike Explosion
Wilson sends the telegraph signal detonating Gamboa Dike and joining the canal waters.
Bedford Land Speech
Uses a major Bedford speech to promote rural social reform.
Land Campaign
Launches a campaign advocating reform of land ownership and taxation.
Pygmalion World Premiere
Pygmalion receives its world premiere in a German translation.
Vienna Theatre Production
Introduces Shaw's drama concerning language, class and Eliza Doolittle.
HMS Queen Elizabeth Launch
Oversees the naval programme as HMS Queen Elizabeth is launched.
Super-Dreadnought Programme
Advances construction of a new oil-fired battleship class.
Prussian War Academy
Manstein began advanced officer education at the Prussian War Academy in Berlin. The outbreak of the First World War interrupted the course before he could complete the full programme.
Attorney General Appointment
Becomes Attorney General in the Liberal government.
Senior Government Law Officer
Assumes responsibility as the government's senior legal adviser.
Panama Canal
Completes the management of the construction of the Panama Canal
Panama Canal
President Wilson opens the Panama Canal
Fort Wavre-Sainte-Catherine Falls
Following days of intense shelling, Fort Wavre-Sainte-Catherine becomes untenable. Its loss weakens the outer fortress line and increases pressure on adjacent Belgian positions.
British Naval Assistance to Antwerp Considered
Winston Churchill and Admiralty officials consider how naval personnel could help sustain the Belgian defence of Antwerp. The city remains a strategically important obstacle on Germanyโs northern flank.
Battle of Belgium, 1st
Termonde (Belgium) taken by German forces
Capture of Termonde
Termonde (Belgium) taken by German forces
Invasion of Belgium
Termonde (Belgium) taken by German forces
German Pressure Mounts at Fort Koningshooikt
Sustained German siege fire damages Fort Koningshooikt and helps open gaps in Antwerpโs outer ring. The defenders struggle to maintain a continuous position between the forts.
Mining of North Sea
The Admiralty decides to mine the North Sea
Mining of North Sea
The Admiralty decides to mine the North Sea
North Sea Mine Decision
The Admiralty decides to mine the North Sea.
Battle of Antwerp
The Belgians plan to evacuate Antwerp, Churchill visits it & rallies its defence
Churchill Arrives in Antwerp
Churchill reaches Antwerp to inspect the worsening military situation and confer with Belgian leaders. He advocates prolonging the defence while British reinforcements are arranged.
Commander of Army Group North
Appointed Commander of the Army Group North
Commander of Army Group North
Appointed Commander of the Army Group North, during the "Race to the Sea"
Fort Kessel Bombarded
German heavy siege batteries bombard Fort Kessel as they seek to dismantle remaining strongpoints on Antwerpโs southeastern front. The fire further destabilizes the outer defensive ring.
German Assault Presses toward River Nete
German infantry and artillery push toward Belgian lines along the River Nete. A crossing in this sector would expose the inner approaches to Antwerp.
Antwerp Defence Conference Held
Churchill discusses the city's defence with Belgian and British authorities after arriving at Antwerp.
Royal Marines Occupy Nete Positions
Royal Marine troops sent to support Antwerp take positions near the River Nete alongside Belgian defenders. Their presence provides limited reinforcement against superior German siege artillery.
Naval Volunteers Arrive from Dunkirk
British naval volunteers travel through the Channel ports and onward to the Antwerp front. Many have received hurried training and lack the full equipment of established field formations.
German Troops Force Nete Crossing
German forces establish themselves across the River Nete after overcoming Belgian resistance. Their advance threatens the remaining approaches to Antwerpโs inner defences.
British Naval Units Hold Antwerp Trenches
Royal Naval Division detachments occupy defensive trenches as the German assault intensifies. Their task is to support Belgian formations and delay a collapse of the inner approaches.
Belgian Command Orders Field Army Evacuation
As German heavy guns breach Antwerpโs defensive system, Belgian leaders begin extracting the field army westward. Preserving these troops takes priority over continued resistance within the fortress.
Birth of Sarah Churchill
Birth of Sarah Churchill, Churcills 3rd child
Capture of Yap Island
Japanese naval forces occupy Yap Island
Belgian Army Escapes Antwerp Envelopment
The main Belgian field army moves beyond Antwerp toward Ghent while rearguards delay German pursuit. Its escape permits Belgium to maintain an organized force for subsequent fighting in Flanders.
German Guns Shell Antwerp Urban Area
German artillery fire reaches the city as the siege closes in. Civilian conditions deteriorate and fires become difficult to control amid damage to urban infrastructure.
Antwerp Withdrawal Coordinated
The Admiralty helps coordinate withdrawal as the Belgian position becomes untenable.
British Retreat Orders Reach Antwerp Defenders
British commanders issue withdrawal instructions as the fortress position becomes unsustainable. Confused communications leave some naval detachments exposed during the retreat.
Dusseldorf Zeppelin Raid
Royal Naval Air Service aircraft destroy a German Zeppelin in its shed during a successful raid on Dusseldorf.
Capture of Antwerp
Germany captures Antwerp
Battle of Vistula River
Mackensen reaches the Vistula River by October 9 and is only 12 miles away from Warsaw
Siege of Warsaw
Mackensen reaches the Vistula River by October 9 and is only 12 miles away from Warsaw
Battle of Vistula River
General Nikolai Ruzsky, commander of the Russian Northwest Front, brings up significant reinforcement against the Ninth Army, att this time Hindenburg learned of a planned Russian offensive into Silesia from a captured Russian soldier
Ninth Army
General Nikolai Ruzsky, commander of the Russian Northwest Front, brings up significant reinforcement against the Ninth Army, att this time Hindenburg learned of a planned Russian offensive into Silesia from a captured Russian soldier
Capture of Antwerp
Commands the capture of Antwerp by the First Army
German Troops Enter Antwerp
German units occupy Antwerp after the remaining defenders cease organized resistance. The Belgian field army has largely escaped westward, leaving the fortress and much of its equipment behind.
Siege of Antwerp
Commands the capture of Antwerp by the First Army
Battle of Masurian Lakes
Hindenburg reaches the Vistula
Capture of Antwerp
Antwerp surrenders to the Germans
Cavalry Corps Appointment
Receives command of the British Expeditionary Force Cavalry Corps.
Royal Naval Division Retreat from Antwerp
Naval Division units withdraw toward the coast as German forces complete the siege of Antwerp.
Cavalry Corps Formation
Takes command of the newly formed BEF Cavalry Corps.
Battle of Vistula River
General Nikolai Ruzsky, commander of the Russian Northwest Front, brings up significant reinforcement against the Ninth Army, att this time Hindenburg learned of a planned Russian offensive into Silesia from a captured Russian soldier
Ninth Army
General Nikolai Ruzsky, commander of the Russian Northwest Front, brings up significant reinforcement against the Ninth Army, att this time Hindenburg learned of a planned Russian offensive into Silesia from a captured Russian soldier
Maritz Rebellion
Defects near the German border and proclaims rebellion.
Battle of Marne, 1st
Defeated by Joffre, Germany is retreats from Paris to the Soissons-Rheims line
Siege of Paris
Defeated by Joffre, Germany is retreats from Paris to the Soissons-Rheims line
British Naval Survivors Move toward Coast
Royal Naval Division survivors move westward after withdrawing from Antwerp, while other detachments have crossed into neutral Dutch territory. The dispersal illustrates the difficulties of an improvised expedition under pressure.
Death of Carol I
Carol I dies after a reign that established Romania's independence and monarchy.
Succession of Ferdinand I
Ferdinand succeeds his uncle Carol I as king.
War Policy Debate
Debates Russia's response to the outbreak of war.
Siege of Warsaw
The Germans advance on Warsaw but retreat a week later
Health of Bernard Law Montgomery
Shot through the right lung by a sniper at Meteren and severely wounded.
Capture of Ypres
The British occupy Ypres
Ypres Occupied
British forces occupy Ypres.
Meteren Action before Wounding
Leads men forward near Meteren before being shot through the lung by a sniper.
Capture of Ostend
The Germans capture Ostend
Mobilization
The Canadian Expeditionary Force of 32,000 lands at Plymouth
Maritz Rebellion
Helps organise loyalist forces against the rebels.
Maritz Rebellion
Faces an Afrikaner revolt against the invasion of German South West Africa.
Capital
The Belgian capital is moved from Antwerp to Le Havre, France
Clayton Antitrust Act
The Clayton Act targets anticompetitive practices and exempts legitimate labour activity from antitrust prosecution.
Yser Defensive Line Maintained
Albert's army holds the Yser sector while German pressure threatens the last unoccupied part of Belgium.
Yser Front
Belgian resistance north of Ypres stabilises the front.
Belgian Coast Naval Bombardment
Royal Navy vessels bombard German forces on the Belgian coast while supporting the Allied flank.
Sinking of Takachiho
Japanese light cruiser "Takachiho" sunk by German destroyer off Tsingtau
Battle of Ypres, 1st
Foch coordinates French support around Ypres.
Battle of Ypres, 1st
Albrecht commands German forces at Ypres.
Battle of Ypres, 1st
Falkenhayn seeks decision in Flanders around Ypres.
Race to the Sea
German operations extend north toward Ypres.
First Ypres Defence Directed
French directs BEF operations as German attacks intensify around Ypres during the First Battle of Flanders.
Battle of Ypres, 1st
French directs the BEF during the First Battle of Ypres.
Battle of Ypres, 1st
Allenby leads cavalry during the fighting around Ypres.
Battle of Ypres, 1st
Haig commands I Corps in the Ypres salient.
Battle of Ypres, 1st
Smith-Dorrien holds part of the line near Ypres.
Battle of Ypres, 1st
Rawlinson helps hold the line during First Ypres.
Battle of Langemarck
German reserve corps attack near Ypres.
Commander of XXXIII Corps
Appointed Commander of the XXXIII Corps
Suppression of Rebellion
Commands loyalist forces against rebel commandos.
HMS Audacious Loss Secrecy
Keeps the loss of HMS Audacious from immediate publication after the battleship strikes a mine off the Irish coast.
Prince Louis Resignation
Accepts Prince Louis of Battenberg's resignation as First Sea Lord amid intense public hostility to his German background.
Battle of Ypres, 1st
French forces support the Allied line at Ypres.
Battle of Ypres, 1st
Fabeck commands a German attack toward Ypres.
Lord Fisher First Sea Lord
Appoints Admiral Lord Fisher as First Sea Lord following Prince Louis of Battenberg's resignation.
First Sea Lord Wartime Recall
Fisher returns to the Admiralty as First Sea Lord after Prince Louis of Battenberg leaves office.
Battle of Ypres, 1st
Byng commands cavalry at Ypres.
Battle of Ypres, 1st
Commands the 3rd Cavalry Division at Ypres
Battle of Vistula River
The Germans were unfamiliar with the land and unable to bring sufficient reinforcements to the Ninth Army, allowing Ruzsky to concentrate his front against Mackensen. On October 17, Hindenburg orders a retreat, and by the 31st the battle is over
Ninth Army
The Germans were unfamiliar with the land and unable to bring sufficient reinforcements to the Ninth Army, allowing Ruzsky to concentrate his front against Mackensen. On October 17, Hindenburg orders a retreat, and by the 31st the battle is over
Siege of Warsaw
The Germans were unfamiliar with the land and unable to bring sufficient reinforcements to the Ninth Army, allowing Ruzsky to concentrate his front against Mackensen. On October 17, Hindenburg orders a retreat, and by the 31st the battle is over
HMS Hermes Sinking
The loss of HMS Hermes to a German submarine highlights the danger facing ships supporting naval aviation operations.
Battle of Gheluvelt
FitzClarence helps restore the line near Ypres.
German Breakthrough at Gheluvelt Contained
French's BEF survives a major crisis around Gheluvelt as reserves restore the line east of Ypres.
Battle of Ypres, 1st
Gough commands cavalry near Ypres.
Battle of Gheluvelt
Bulfin sends reinforcements during the crisis at Ypres.
Battle of Vistula River
The Germans were unfamiliar with the land and unable to bring sufficient reinforcements to the Ninth Army, allowing Ruzsky to concentrate his front against Mackensen. On October 17, Hindenburg orders a retreat, and by the 31st the battle is over. Nikolai Ruzsky defeats the Germans first attempt at capturing Warsaw at the Battle of the Vistula River
Ninth Army
The Germans were unfamiliar with the land and unable to bring sufficient reinforcements to the Ninth Army, allowing Ruzsky to concentrate his front against Mackensen. On October 17, Hindenburg orders a retreat, and by the 31st the battle is over
Race to the Sea
Leads the 4th Army north to Flanders in the "race to the sea"
Belgian Army Withdraws toward Flanders
Albert directs the Belgian Army toward the Yser after Antwerp falls and the northern front contracts.
German Occupation
German forces occupy Bruges during the invasion of Belgium.
Yser Flooding Defence Supported
Belgian forces use controlled flooding to hinder German movement across the Yser plain in Flanders.
Allied Line around Ypres Reinforced
Foch coordinates French reinforcements to help stabilise the Allied position around Ypres.
French Northern Armies Coordinated in Flanders
Foch coordinates French support for Belgian and British forces during the fighting in Flanders.
Capture of Antwerp
Takes part in the German capture of Antwerp
Marine Infantry Supports Antwerp Encirclement
German marine infantry contributes to operations in the Antwerp theatre as army formations narrow the remaining routes out of the fortress. Its role helps free other troops for offensive duties.
German Fourth Army Advances into Flanders
Albrecht's Fourth Army advances toward the Yser and Ypres during the final phase of the Race to the Sea.
Yser Attacks Intensified by Fourth Army
Albrecht intensifies attacks against Belgian and French positions along the Yser in Flanders.
German Sixth Army Supports Flanders Offensive
Rupprecht's forces support German attempts to break the Allied northern flank during the Flanders fighting.
Awake Young Men of England
Publishes an early patriotic poem in a local newspaper.
First Lord of Admiralty
Appointed First Lord of the Admiralty, 2nd term
Dunkirk Seaplane Base
The Admiralty establishes a seaplane base at Dunkirk to support coastal operations and anti-submarine patrols.
North Sea Offensive Priority Restored
Fisher makes offensive preparations in northern waters a central element of his renewed wartime naval strategy.
BEF Moves North during Race to the Sea
French shifts the BEF northward as both sides attempt to outflank each other toward Flanders.
Canadian Contingent Deployment Supported
Integrates the arriving Canadian contingent into Britain's expanding imperial war effort.
New Army Ammunition Requirements Raised
Expands ammunition requirements as Britain builds forces far larger than the prewar army.
New Army Artillery Requirements Expanded
Orders increased provision of guns and artillery units for the growing volunteer formations.
Territorial Force Overseas Use Expanded
Supports wider overseas employment of Territorial Force units as regular army demands increase.
Third New Army Formation Expanded
Continues raising additional divisions as recruiting remains strong through the autumn.
First Ypres Cavalry Corps
Leads the Cavalry Corps during the First Battle of Ypres.
Loyalist Military Coordination
Supports Botha in suppressing the Afrikaner wartime rebellion.
Maritz Rebellion Suppression
Coordinates government military operations against rebel commandos.
Maritz Rebellion
Faces armed rebellion from antiwar Afrikaner commandos.
Union Government Rebellion Crisis
Chooses to suppress the revolt with loyal Union forces.
Maritz Rebellion
Joins the rebellion against the Union government.
Declaration of War
The Dardanelles & Bosprous are closed to Allied shipping
Battle of Champagne, 2nd
A final French attempt to attack the Germans is halted
Resignation of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
Threatens to resign from the cabient if Kitchener is not dismissed, Asquith refuses
Battle of Dardanelles
Proposes to the Dardanelles Committee Lloyd George replace Kitchener at the War Office. Proposes to the Dardanelles Committee French & Kitchener swap roles in Turkey & France
Committee of Dardanelles
Proposes to the Dardanelles Committee French & Kitchener swap roles in Turkey & France
Dismissal of Venizelos
Constantine dismisses Venizelos after renewed disagreement over Allied military operations.
Resignation of Paul Karlovitch Rennenkampf
Rennenkampf submits his resignation
Invasion of Serbia
Begins an Axis assault on Serbia
Capture of Belgrade
Captures Belgrade
Capture of Belgrade
Commands the Eleventh Army which helps capture Belgrade
Evacuation Estimate Opposed
Hamilton argues that withdrawing from Gallipoli could cause catastrophic casualties and damage British prestige.
Battle of Dardanelles
The Dardanelles Committee decides to recall Hamilton
Battle of Dardanelles
The Dardanelles Committee decides to recall Hamilton, his last generals command
Hamilton Relieved after Campaign Failure
Hamilton is relieved of command as the British government reassesses the failed Gallipoli strategy.
Dismissal
Dismissed after the Dardanelles campaign, never given another command
Declaration of War
Russia and Italy declare war on Bulgaria
Resignation of Edward Carson
Resigns over the war in the Balkans, which had left two British and one French division in Salonica instead of being dispatched to support the Serbs who were being attacked by from the north and Bulgaria from the east. Carson becomes the leader of those Unionists who were not members of the Government, effectively Leader of the Opposition in the Commons
Declaration of War
Russia and Italy declare war on Bulgaria
Declaration of War
Russia and Italy declare war on Bulgaria
Resignation of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
Writes to Asquith threatning to resign if Kitchener is not removed from the War Office
Prime Minister of Australia
Appointed Prime Minister of Australia, 1st term
Endurance Expedition
Watches Endurance crushed by ice and helps organize the party's survival on the drifting floes
Endurance Abandoned
Shackleton orders the expedition to abandon Endurance after crushing pack ice damages the ship beyond any realistic possibility of recovery.
Endurance Abandoned
Crean leaves Endurance with the expedition after crushing ice damages the vessel so severely that Shackleton orders the crew onto the pack.
Resignation of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
Threatens to resign if Asquith carries out his announcement to reduce the War Council
Dismissal
Reduces the size of the War Council
War Council Reduced
Reduces the size of the War Council.
Mediterranean Expeditionary Force Command Assumed
Monro arrives to take command and immediately reviews whether the peninsula should be evacuated.
Third Army Command
Is appointed to command the British Third Army.
Dismissal
Dismissed from his command after the failure of the Galliploi Campaign
Dardanelles Committee Reviews Campaign Failure
Asquith's government reviews the deteriorating campaign and competing demands for troops in the Balkans.
Loos Offensive Casualties Reviewed
Haig reviews severe First Army losses after the offensive fails to achieve a strategic breakthrough.
Derby Recruiting Scheme Supported
Supports the Derby Scheme as the government tests whether voluntary enlistment can meet remaining manpower needs.
Dismissal
Replaces French as Commander of the Expeditionary Force in France with Haig
Haig Replaces French
Replaces Sir John French with Douglas Haig as commander in France.
Third Army Appointment
Takes command of the British Third Army in October 1915.
Ancre Heights Operations Continued
Haig continues pressure on the heights north of the Somme as autumn weather worsens.
Le Transloy Offensive Continued
Haig sustains attacks toward Le Transloy despite mud, rain and increasingly difficult supply conditions.
New Zealand Division Withdrawn from Somme
Russell's division leaves the Somme after weeks of costly offensive operations.
Health of Adolf Hitler
Injured by a grenade splinter & returns to Germany for the 1st time in 2 yrs
Battle of the Somme, 1st
Wounded in the thigh by a shell splinter near Bapaume and evacuated to hospital in Germany.
Autumn War Statement Delivered
Gives Parliament a statement on the war and the Governmentโs conduct of national affairs.
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina, 1st term
ANZAC
The First Battle of Passchendaele, on 12 October 1917 began with a further Allied attempt by 5 British and 3 ANZAC divisions (the New Zealand Division and the Australian 3rd and 4th Divisions) to gain ground around Poelcappelle
Battle of Passchendaele
The First Battle of Passchendaele, on 12 October 1917 began with a further Allied attempt by 5 British and 3 ANZAC divisions (the New Zealand Division and the Australian 3rd and 4th Divisions) to gain ground around Poelcappelle. The Allied troops were fought-out, and morale was suffering, against the well-prepared German defences, the gains were minimal and there were 13,000 Allied casualties
Assassination of Karl von Sturgkh
Assassination of Karl von Sturgkh
Death of Karl von Sturgkh
Death of Karl von Sturgkh, assassinated
Capture of Constanta
Captures the key Black Sea port of Constanta from Romania
Meeting with Faisal
Meets Emir Faisal and identifies him as an effective Arab Revolt commander.
Battle of Ypres, 3rd
The four divisions of the Canadian Corps were transferred to the Ypres Salient and to make additional advances on Passchendaele
Health of Adolf Hitler
Convalesces in Beelitz
Arab Revolt
Is sent to the Hejaz to assess the Arab Revolt against Ottoman rule.
Somme Weather Constraints Reviewed
Haig reviews deteriorating battlefield conditions as rain and mud sharply reduce operational mobility.
Battle of Carso, 2nd
Resumes his attack & gains some ground but is stopped by bad winter weather
War Revenue Act
The War Revenue Act raises income, corporate and excess-profits taxes to fund mobilisation.
Third Division Advances at Broodseinde
Monash's 3rd Australian Division advances with other ANZAC formations during the Broodseinde attack.
Broodseinde ANZAC Operations Directed
Godley directs II ANZAC Corps during the successful Broodseinde phase of the Ypres offensive.
Broodseinde Ridge Attack Conducted
Plumer's forces gain important ground at Broodseinde during the strongest phase of the Flanders offensive.
Broodseinde Ridge Assault Supported
Haig supports the successful attack at Broodseinde during a drier period of the Ypres campaign.
Fourth New Zealand Brigade Attacks Gravenstafel
Hart's 4th New Zealand Brigade attacks successfully during the capture of Gravenstafel Spur.
Gravenstafel Spur Captured
Russell's division captures Gravenstafel Spur during the Third Battle of Ypres.
Battle of Broodseinde
New Zealand troops fight on the Ypres ridges.
Battle of Passchendaele
Haig decides to capture Passchendaele
Provisional Council
Supports the Provisional Council as a bridge to elections.
Return from Finland
Lenin secretly returns to Petrograd to press the Bolshevik leadership toward an immediate armed seizure of power.
Pre-Parliament
Tries to offset Soviet pressure through the Pre-Parliament.
Sultan of Egypt
Succeeds Hussein Kamel as Sultan of Egypt.
Battle of Passchendaele
Orders the Canadian Corps to capure the Pascendale Ridge
Poelcappelle Attack Continued
Haig continues offensive operations around Poelcappelle despite worsening mud and weather.
Battle of Poelcappelle
Jacob commands II Corps in the Ypres fighting.
October Revolution
Lenin and Stalin attend a meeting of the Party Central Committee where Lenins resolution on armed insurrection is approved and a 7 man Political Bureau of the CC headed by Lenin and Stalin is setup to direct the uprising
Central Committee Insurrection Vote
Lenin persuades the Bolshevik Central Committee to approve preparations for an armed insurrection.
Coup
The Central Committee votes 10 to 2 for armed insurrection
October Revolution
Lenin and Stalin attend a meeting of the Party Central Committee where Lenins resolution on armed insurrection is approved and a 7 man Political Bureau of the CC headed by Lenin and Stalin is setup to direct the uprising
October Revolution
On October 10, 1917 (Julian calendar), he and Lev Kamenev were the only two Central Committee members to vote against an armed revolt
Bolshevik Party
Circulates a letter to Bolshevik organisations arguing against "armed insurrection"
Coup
Circulates a letter to Bolshevik organisations arguing against "armed insurrection"
Bolshevik Party
The Bolshevik Congress summons a 2nd Congress of Soviets
Bolshevik Party
The Bolshevik Congress of Soviets of the Northern region opens. The Bolshevik Congress forms a "Northern Regional Committee"
Congress of Soviets
The Bolshevik Congress summons a 2nd Congress of Soviets
Congress of Soviets
The Bolshevik Congress of Soviets of the Northern region opens
Northern Regional Committee
The Bolshevik Congress forms a "Northern Regional Committee"
Union Government
Forms a wartime Union government with pro-conscription Liberals.
Battle of Ypres, 3rd
The four divisions of the Canadian Corps were transferred to the Ypres Salient and to make additional advances on Passchendaele
Battle of Passchendaele
1st day of the Passchendaele Offensive
First Passchendaele Attack Approved
Haig approves the first major assault toward Passchendaele after previous attacks fail to secure the ridge.
Bellevue Spur Attack Directed
Russell directs the New Zealand Division during the disastrous attack on Bellevue Spur.
Military Revolutionary Committee
The Petrograd Soviet supports creation of the Military Revolutionary Committee under Bolshevik leadership.
Military Revolutionary Committee
Becomes active in the committee's military preparations.
Military Revolutionary Committee
Represents Baltic sailors in revolutionary military planning.
Military Revolutionary Committee
Works with the committee preparing armed action.
Military Revolutionary Committee
Helps create the committee under Petrograd Soviet authority.
Bolshevik Party
Lenin and Stalin direct an enlarged meeting of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party Stalin sharply criticizes the speeches of the traitors Kamenev and Zinoviev on the question of armed insurrection
October Revolution
Lenin and Stalin direct an enlarged meeting of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party Stalin sharply criticizes the speeches of the traitors Kamenev and Zinoviev on the question of armed insurrection. A Party Centre, headed by Stalin, is elected to direct the uprising
Military Revolutionary Committee
Serves in the committee as Bolshevik plans advance.
MRC
Approves the creation of the Military Revolutionary Committee
President of Russia
Appointed President of the Military Revolutionary Committee
President of Russia
Appointed President of the Military Revolutionary Committee
ANZAC
The Canadian Corps relieved II ANZAC Corps on 18 October from their positions along the valley between Gravenstafel Ridge and the heights at Passchendaele
Battle of Passchendaele
The Canadian Corps relieved II ANZAC Corps on 18 October from their positions along the valley between Gravenstafel Ridge and the heights at Passchendaele
Military Revolutionary Committee
Works with Bolshevik revolutionary structures linked to the Soviet.
Military Revolutionary Committee
Attends the first meeting of the committee.
Petrograd Soviet Activity
Stalin participates in Bolshevik organisation connected with the Petrograd Soviet.
Petrograd Soviet
Supports Bolshevik work inside the Petrograd Soviet before the uprising.
Revolutionary Military Committee
Takes part in the first meeting of the Petrograd Soviet's Military Revolutionary Committee.
Resignation of Lev Borisovich Kamenev
Kamenev & Zinoviev resign from the Central Committee. An injunction is issued against Kamenev reventing further pronouncements
Garrison Commissars Appointed
Podvoisky helps extend Military Revolutionary Committee authority by placing commissars with key Petrograd military units.
Garrison Control
The Soviet claims authority over the Petrograd garrison during the crisis.
Garrison Order
Claims authority over Petrograd garrison orders through the Soviet.
Petrograd Garrison
Attempts to assert authority over the radicalised garrison.
Negotiations
Declares military staff to be "Counter revolutionary"
Garrison Crisis
Tries to move unreliable troops away from Petrograd.
Negotiations
23-24 October, negotiates with the military staff
Insurrection Preparation
The Soviet provides organisational support for preparations before the uprising.
Insurrection Preparation
Uses Soviet authority to shield Bolshevik preparations.
Battle of Caporetto
Erwin Rommel, who, as a junior officer, won the Pour le Merite for his exploits in the battle
Battle of Caporetto
Austro-Hungarian forces, reinforced by German units, were able to break into the Italian front line and rout the Italian army, which had practically no mobile reserves.
Battle of Caporetto
The Austro-German 14th Army, under General der Infanterie Otto von Below, achieved a significant victory against the Italian Army at the Battle of Caporetto.
Battle of Caporetto
The Battle was a demonstration of the effectiveness of the use of stormtroopers and the infiltration tactics developed in part by Oskar von Hutier.
Battle of Caporetto
The use of poison gas by the Germans played a key role in the collapse of the Italian Second Army. The Battle was a demonstration of the effectiveness of the use of stormtroopers and the infiltration tactics developed in part by Oskar von Hutier
Battle of Caporetto
The Germans under von Bulow break through Italian lines at Isonzo & head for Caporetto
Siege of Isonzo
The Germans under von Bulow break through Italian lines at Isonzo & head for Caporetto
Battle of Passchendaele
The Passchandale Offensive ceases after only advancing half a mile in 12 days
Caporetto Crisis Response Ordered
Moves to reinforce Italy after the Austro-German breakthrough at Caporetto.
Battle of Caporetto
The Germans under von Bulow break through west of Isonzo & head for Caporetto
October Revolution
Lenin and Stalin direct the October armed uprising
Return to Petrograd
Returns secretly as the Soviet-backed uprising begins.
Bolshevik Party
The Government occupies Petrograd & closes down Bolshevik newspapers
Capture of Petrograd
The Government occupies Petrograd & closes down Bolshevik newspapers
October Revolution
Lenin and Stalin direct the October armed uprising
October Revolution
Orders action against Bolshevik newspapers and the Military Revolutionary Committee.
Battle of Caporetto
The Germann Army captures Caporetto
Second Congress of Soviets
The Second Congress confirms the Bolshevik takeover of government power.
Second Congress of Soviets
Presides over Congress as the uprising succeeds.
Second Congress of Soviets
Presides over the Second Congress as Bolsheviks seize power.
October Revolution Defeat
His government is overthrown during the Bolshevik October Revolution, forcing Kerensky to flee Petrograd and begin political exile.
Menshevik Opposition
Criticizes the Bolshevik insurrection from the perspective of socialist democracy
Menshevik Opposition
Condemns the Bolshevik seizure of power and calls for socialist pluralism
Congress of Soviets
Lenin and Stalin direct the Second Alln Congress of Soviets of Workers and Soldiers Deputies
October Revolution
Lenin and Stalin direct the Second Alln Congress of Soviets of Workers and Soldiers Deputies
Winter Palace Assault
Leads forces acting under the Military Revolutionary Committee.
Capture of Moscow
Completes the occupation of Moscow
Capture of Petrograd
Declares the triumph of the workers & peasants revolution in Petrograd
Congress of Soviets
The 2nd alln Congress of Soviets proclaims transfer of power to the Soviets
Constitution of Russia
The 2nd alln Congress of Soviets proclaims transfer of power to the Soviets
Coup
The 2nd alln Congress of Soviets proclaims transfer of power to the Soviets. Declares the Provisional Government deposed
October Revolution
Lenin and Stalin direct the Second Alln Congress of Soviets of Workers and Soldiers Deputies
Provisional Government Declared Overthrown
Lenin announces that the Provisional Government has been overthrown as the Bolsheviks consolidate control of Petrograd.
Provisional Government
Declares the Provisional Government deposed
October Revolution
Announces that the Provisional Government has been overthrown.
October Revolution
Trotsky uses the Petrograd Soviet as a base for revolutionary action.
Second Congress of Soviets
Trotsky presides as Soviet delegates approve the transfer of power.
Coup
Escapes from the Winter Palace dressed up as a female nurse
Flight from Petrograd
Escapes the capital as the Winter Palace is threatened.
Mobilization
Calls for support from the Russian Front
October Revolution
Escapes from the Winter Palace dressed up as a female nurse
October Revolution
Leaves Petrograd to seek loyal troops as Bolsheviks seize power.
October Revolution
Remains imprisoned when Bolsheviks seize power in Petrograd.
Battle of Passchendaele
Currie prepares Canadian attacks near Ypres.
Battle of Caporetto
The Germann Army captures Caporetto
Second Passchendaele Offensive Opened
Haig continues the campaign with Canadian-led attacks toward the village and ridge.
Council of People's Commissars
Becomes head of the new Soviet government.
Decree on Peace
Presents early Soviet decrees after the Bolshevik victory.
Second Congress of Soviets
Presents decrees on peace and land to the Second Congress
Menshevik Opposition
Opposes one-party Bolshevik rule after the October uprising
Capture of Winter Palace
Podvoisky helps direct forces surrounding the Winter Palace as the remaining Provisional Government ministers are arrested.
Bolshevik Party
The Bolsheviks open the 2nd Congress of Soviets
Capture of Kremlin
The Military Revolutionary Council troops seize the Kremlin
Capture of Saint Petersburg
The military revolutionary Council troops seize the Winter Palace
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Council of Peoples Commissars
Congress of Soviets
The Bolsheviks open the 2nd Congress of Soviets
Constitution of Russia
Congress approves the Council of Peoples Commissars
Council of People's Commissars Formed
Lenin becomes chairman of the Council of People's Commissars created by the Second Congress of Soviets.
Decree on Land
Lenin presents the Decree on Land abolishing private landed estates and transferring land for local redistribution.
Decree on Peace
Lenin presents the Decree on Peace calling for immediate negotiations toward a democratic peace without annexations or indemnities.
Appointment as Education Commissar
Lunacharsky becomes People's Commissar for Education in the first Soviet government.
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Council of Peoples Commissars
Decree on Peace
Declares, "The workers movement will triumph and will pave the way to peace and socialism".
Decree on Peace
The Decree on Peace, written by Vladimir Lenin, is passed by the Second Congress of the Soviet of Workers, Soldiers, and Peasants Deputies following the success of the October Revolution.
Decree on Peace
The workers and peasants Government, created by the Revolution of October 24-25 based on the Soviet of Workers, Soldiers and Peasants Deputies, calls upon all belligerent peoples and their Government to start negotiations for a democratic peace.
Peace
The Decree on Peace, written by Vladimir Lenin, is passed by the Second Congress of the Soviet of Workers, Soldiers, and Peasants Deputies following the success of the October Revolution
Battle of Beersheba
An attack against Gaza diverts Turkey away from Allenbys planned attack on Beersheba
Invasion of Gaza
An attack against Gaza diverts Turkey away from Allenbys planned attack on Beersheba
Death of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov Lenin
The Death Penalty abolished
Post-Revolution Soviet
The Petrograd Soviet becomes a foundation of the new revolutionary government.
Post-Revolution Soviet
Uses the Soviet as a base for new Bolshevik authority.
Death Penalty Abolished
The Death Penalty is abolished
Kerensky-Krasnov Rising
Kerensky leaves Petrograd with Krasnov's support in an effort to regain control from the Bolsheviks.
Krasnov March
Joins General Krasnov in an attempt to retake Petrograd.
Decree on Peace
The Decree on Peace is published in the Izvestiya newspaper, proposes an immediate withdrawal of Russia from World War I
Peace
The Decree on Peace is published in the Izvestiya newspaper, proposes an immediate withdrawal of Russia from World War I
Military Revolutionary Committee
The committee helps defend the new regime.
Kerensky-Krasnov Rising
Krasnov's Cossack detachment advances toward Gatchina during the unsuccessful attempt to restore the Provisional Government.
Kerensky-Krasnov Rising
Krasnov gathers Cossack forces south of Petrograd after agreeing to support Kerensky's attempt to challenge Bolshevik power.
Kerensky-Krasnov Rising
Kerensky joins Krasnov's headquarters while seeking military support for a counter-revolutionary campaign.
Kerensky-Krasnov Advance
Krasnov leads Cossack troops supporting Kerensky in an attempt to retake Petrograd from the Bolsheviks.
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor of Germany
Kerensky-Krasnov Rising
Bolshevik organisers support defence measures as Krasnov's forces threaten Petrograd.
Kerensky-Krasnov Rising
Lenin's government faces an armed challenge from Kerensky and Krasnov during the early consolidation of Bolshevik power.
Kerensky-Krasnov Rising
Trotsky helps organise Soviet resistance against the advance of Krasnov's Cossack forces.
Kerensky-Krasnov Rising
Krasnov's forces encounter Soviet defenders at Pulkovo during the fighting outside Petrograd.
Battle of Pulkovo
His forces are repulsed outside Petrograd.
Kerensky-Krasnov Rising
His counterattack fails against Soviet-backed forces.
Kerensky-Krasnov Rising
Kerensky's forces are defeated near Petrograd, ending his immediate attempt to reverse the Bolshevik takeover.
Beersheba Mounted Attack Ordered
Chauvel orders mounted forces to secure Beersheba before darkness threatens the water supply.
Fourth Light Horse Brigade Charges Beersheba
Grant leads the 4th Light Horse Brigade in the mounted charge that breaks into Beersheba.
Australian Light Horse Charge
The Australian Light Horse charge helps secure Beersheba during Allenby's offensive.
Beersheba Breakthrough
The capture of Beersheba breaks the Gaza deadlock and turns the Ottoman flank.
Beersheba Desert Manoeuvre
Uses a wide desert manoeuvre to outflank the heavily defended Gaza position.
Beersheba Main Attack
Launches the main offensive against Beersheba after misleading Ottoman defenders near Gaza.
Beersheba Mounted Assault
Employs British Empire mounted forces effectively in the attack on Beersheba.
Battle of Beersheba
Attacks the Turks, Beersheba is captured & 2,000 Turkish troops taken prisoner
Capture of Beersheba
Attacks the Turks, Beersheba is captured & 2,000 Turkish troops taken prisoner
Tel el Saba Captured before Beersheba Charge
Chaytor's division captures Tel el Saba, helping open the eastern approach to Beersheba.
Kerensky-Krasnov Rising
The Petrograd Soviet strengthens its military organisation after the failure of the Kerensky-Krasnov advance.
Kerensky-Krasnov Rising
The attempted counterattack collapses after Cossack support fails.
Battle of Passchendaele
Commander of Canadian Corps ordered by Haig to take Passchendaele Ridge
Canadian Corps Assigned to Passchendaele
Currie's Canadian Corps is committed to the final stages of the Passchendaele fighting.
Canadian Preparations for Passchendaele Completed
Currie demands careful road, artillery and supply preparations before Canadian attacks on the ridge.
Battle of Caporetto
Made adviser to the Italian Government after the Italian disaster at Caporetto
Dismissal
Calls for the dismissal of the Chancellor, Georg Michaelis
Royal Navy Retirement
Carden retires from the Royal Navy in October 1917 after forty-seven years of service.
Battle of Passchendaele
Wins the Victoria Cross at the Battle of Passchendaele
Norway Convoy Surface Threat Reviewed
Beatty reviews the danger from German surface raiders after attacks on Scandinavian convoy traffic.
Canadian Passchendaele Preparations Supported
Haig supports Canadian Corps preparations for renewed attacks on the Passchendaele ridge.
Passchendaele Ridge Objective Retained
Haig keeps Passchendaele Ridge as an objective despite mud, casualties and worsening weather.
British Divisions Sent to Italy
Approves transfer of British formations to help stabilise the Italian front.
French and British Aid to Italy Coordinated
Coordinates emergency Allied military support for Italy following the Caporetto defeat.
Passchendaele Losses Reviewed
Reviews the mounting casualties and limited gains produced by the Flanders campaign.
Gaza Strategic Feint
Plans a feint toward Gaza while preparing the main attack against Beersheba.
Passchendaele Staff Service
Serves as a staff officer during the Passchendaele campaign and studies the problems of artillery and infantry coordination.
Menshevik Party
Advocates a socialist coalition but fails & forms an opposition Menshevik Party
Bolshevik Party
The Bolsheviks overthrow the Provisional Government on the eve of the meeting of Second All Congress of Soviets
Congress of Soviets
The Bolsheviks overthrow the Provisional Government on the eve of the meeting of Second All Congress of Soviets. Power is given to the 2nd Congress of Soviets but withdrawn after Lenins opposition
Coup
The Bolsheviks overthrow the Provisional Government on the eve of the meeting of Second All Congress of Soviets
Provisional Government
The Bolsheviks overthrow the Provisional Government on the eve of the meeting of Second All Congress of Soviets
Bolshevik Party
Opposes the Bolshevik armed uprising
Coup
Opposes the Bolshevik armed uprising
Arrest of Paul Karlovitch Rennenkampf
Set free after October Revolution and moved to the city of Taganrog on Azov Sea coast, where he lived illegally under the fake name of Greek citizen Mandusakis
Damascus Pursuit Directed
Chauvel directs the rapid mounted pursuit that reaches Damascus during the final Allied advance.
Result of Surrender of German High Command Peace Position
The German military leadership presses the civilian government to seek an immediate peace settlement.
Surrender of German High Command Peace Position
Ludendorf cables the Government to transmit a peace offer wihout further delay
Capture of Damascus
Enters Damascus after Arab and Allied forces take the city from the Ottoman Empire.
Battle of Flanders
The Allies have advanced 8 miles & all the German defenses taken
Damascus Captured
Forces under his command capture Damascus during the rapid pursuit.
International Revolution
Lenin writes to Sverdlov & Trotsky saying that international revolution is imminent & urges preparations for a 3 million man Army
Suffrage
Senate rejects womens suffrage for a 3rd time
Womens Suffrage
Senate rejects womens suffrage for a 3rd time
Liberation of Flanders
Belgian forces advance from the Ypres sector.
German Retreat from Ypres
German forces withdraw from positions near Ypres.
Arab Government
Helps Faisal's supporters organise provisional Arab administration after Damascus falls.
Capture of Beirut
Beirut falls to the British
Armistice Negotiations
Appointed Chancellor of Germany in October 1918 in order to negotiate an armistice with the allies in the last days of the war
Chancellor
Appoints a Government that for the first time included representatives of the Social Democrats, Friedrich Ebert and Philipp Scheidemann. Appointed Chancellor of Germany in October 1918 in order to negotiate an armistice with the allies in the last days of the war
Foreign Secretary of Germany
Appointed Foreign Minister
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor of Germany
Peace
Germany requests an armistice
Government
Forms a new Government
Beaurevoir Line Assault Supported
Haig continues pressure beyond the Hindenburg Line as British forces attack the Beaurevoir defences.
Damascus Command Meeting
Meets Emir Feisal in Damascus after the city's capture.
Meeting with Feisal in Damascus
Meets Feisal in Damascus
Battle of Blanc Mont
Begins a succesful assault on Blanc Mont on the heights of the Meuse
Peace
Germany requests an armistice
Ceasefire
The German Government formally asks US President Wilson for a ceasfire
German Armistice Request Considered
Considers Germany's request for an armistice and negotiations based on President Wilson's principles.
Army Group of Flanders (GAF)
By this time the Army Group of Flanders (GAF) comprised a total of 28 divisions from the Belgian, British and French Armies under the command of King Albert I of Belgium.
Army Group of Flanders (GAF)
The Battle of Courtrai, also known as the Battle of Roulers or the Second Battle of Belgium (14th - 19th October 1918) followed on after a pause of a couple of weeks from the end of the Allied Flanders Advance.
Army Group of Flanders (GAF)
The successful advance recaptured a number of Belgian towns including Menin, Courtrai, Roulers (Flemish name: Roeselare), Ostend, Bruges, Zeebrugge, and the French towns of Lille and Douai. Units of the advance reached the Dutch border by 19th October
Battle of Belgium, 2nd
By this time the Army Group of Flanders (GAF) comprised a total of 28 divisions from the Belgian, British and French Armies under the command of King Albert I of Belgium.
Battle of Belgium, 2nd
The Battle of Courtrai, also known as the Battle of Roulers or the Second Battle of Belgium (14th - 19th October 1918) followed on after a pause of a couple of weeks from the end of the Allied Flanders Advance.
Battle of Belgium, 2nd
The successful advance recaptured a number of Belgian towns including Menin, Courtrai, Roulers (Flemish name: Roeselare), Ostend, Bruges, Zeebrugge, and the French towns of Lille and Douai. Units of the advance reached the Dutch border by 19th October
Battle of Cambrai, 2nd
The Second Battle of Cambrai (8th October - 10th October 1918) was a successful offensive by the British First, 3rd and 4th Armies with the support of tanks. The advance crossed three German lines of defence which were lightly manned, took Cambrai within two days and suffered very light casualties
Battle of Courtrai
By this time the Army Group of Flanders (GAF) comprised a total of 28 divisions from the Belgian, British and French Armies under the command of King Albert I of Belgium.
Battle of Courtrai
The Battle of Courtrai, also known as the Battle of Roulers or the Second Battle of Belgium (14th - 19th October 1918) followed on after a pause of a couple of weeks from the end of the Allied Flanders Advance.
Battle of Courtrai
The successful advance recaptured a number of Belgian towns including Menin, Courtrai, Roulers (Flemish name: Roeselare), Ostend, Bruges, Zeebrugge, and the French towns of Lille and Douai. Units of the advance reached the Dutch border by 19th October
Battle of Roulers
By this time the Army Group of Flanders (GAF) comprised a total of 28 divisions from the Belgian, British and French Armies under the command of King Albert I of Belgium.
Battle of Roulers
The Battle of Courtrai, also known as the Battle of Roulers or the Second Battle of Belgium (14th - 19th October 1918) followed on after a pause of a couple of weeks from the end of the Allied Flanders Advance.
Battle of Roulers
The successful advance recaptured a number of Belgian towns including Menin, Courtrai, Roulers (Flemish name: Roeselare), Ostend, Bruges, Zeebrugge, and the French towns of Lille and Douai. Units of the advance reached the Dutch border by 19th October
Capture of Cambrai, 2nd
The Second Battle of Cambrai (8th October - 10th October 1918) was a successful offensive by the British First, 3rd and 4th Armies with the support of tanks. The advance crossed three German lines of defence which were lightly manned, took Cambrai within two days and suffered very light casualties
Economy of Russia
All domestic trade is nationalized
Nationalization
Shops are closed & their inventory used for barter with the peasants. All domestic trade is nationalized
Death of Mikhail Vasilevich Alexeiev
Death of Mikhail Vasilevich Alexeiev, heart attack
Battle of Flanders
The 2nd Allied attack of the Battle of Flanders commences
Peoples Manifesto
Publication of "Peoples Manifesto"
Homs Captured
Allied forces capture Homs as the pursuit continues through Syria.
Battle of Flanders
Ostend is liberated by the Allies during the Battle of Flanders
Capture of Ostend
Ostend is liberated by the Allies during the Battle of Flanders
Battle of Flanders
Ostend is liberated by the Allies during the Battle of Flanders
Battle of the Selle
The Battle of the Selle (17th - 26th October 1918) took place as the Allies continued the advance after the Second Battle of Cambrai, recapturing French villages one by one as the German forces reatreated to the north-east
Capture of Ostend
Ostend is liberated by the Allies during the Battle of Flanders
Washington Declaration
Issues the Czechoslovak declaration of independence.
Birth of Everette Howard Hunt
Birth of Everette Howard Hunt
Battle of Flanders
Bruges is liberated by the Allies during the Battle of Flanders
Capture of Bruges
Bruges is liberated by the Allies during the Battle of Flanders
Liberation of Bruges
Allied advances liberate Bruges near the end of the war.
Battle of Flanders
Bruges is liberated by the Allies during the Battle of Flanders
Capture of Bruges
Bruges is liberated by the Allies during the Battle of Flanders
Battle of Flanders
The Allies reach the Dutch border
Dismissal
Advocates the dismissal of Pershing
Resignation of William Maxwell Aitken
Resigns as Minister of Information due to ill health
Registration Directorate
The predecessr of the GRU is created under the sponsorship of Leon Trotsky, who was then the civilian leader of the Red Army; it was originally known as the Registration Directorate. Given the task of handling all military intelligence, particularly the collection of intelligence of military or political significance from sources outside the Soviet Union
Registration Directorate
Appointed as the first Head of the Registration Directorate, later to be known as the Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU)
Reform of Electoral System
The Reichstag votes for equal suffrage
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland
Peace
Woodrow Wilson says military rulers & autocratic monarchs are an obstacle to peace
Peace
Says that military rulers & autocratic monarchs in German are an obstacle to peace
Battle of Vittorio
1st day of the Battle of Vittorio
Coanda Government
Coanda forms a government and prepares Romania's return to the war.
Minister President
Appointed Minister of President of Austria
Reballion of Rebels in Jutland
Recalls U-boats to take part in a final sortie but naval mutinies end all such plans
Aleppo Captured
The Allied advance reaches and captures Aleppo late in October.
Mid-European Union
Speaking from the steps of Independence Hall in Philadelphia as head of the Mid-European Union, Masaryk calls for the independence of the Czechoslovaks and other oppressed peoples of Central Europe
Independence of Czech Republic
Speaking from the steps of Independence Hall in Philadelphia as head of the Mid-European Union, Masaryk calls for the independence of the Czechoslovaks and other oppressed peoples of Central Europe
Independence of Czechoslovakia
Speaking from the steps of Independence Hall in Philadelphia as head of the Mid-European Union, Masaryk calls for the independence of the Czechoslovaks and other oppressed peoples of Central Europe
Conference of Gas
Chairs the Gas Conference
Czechoslovak Independence
Helps proclaim Czechoslovak independence in Prague.
Constitution of Germany
The Kaiser signs amended constitution
Armistice
Asks Diaz for an Armistice
Constitution of Germany
Rebellion breaks out when the military command, without consultation with the Government, orders the German High Seas Fleet to sortie
Weimar Republic
The crews of two ships in Wilhelmshaven mutiny, when the military arrest about 1,000 seamen and have them transported to Kiel, the Wilhelmshaven mutiny turns into a general rebellion that quickly swept over most of Germany
Reballion of Rebels in Kiel
Suppresses the mutiny of the Kiel Fleet
Result of Surrender of Austro-Hungarian Fleet and Flotilla
The imperial fleet and flotilla pass to successor-state control as Habsburg authority disintegrates.
Surrender of Austro-Hungarian Fleet and Flotilla
Surrenders the Fleet to the Yugoslavs & the Flotilla to the Hungarians
General
Appointed Commander in Chief
General
Appointed Commander in Chief
Declines Knighthood
Declines a proposed knighthood after the war.
Result of Surrender of Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire ends hostilities with the Allies.
Surrender of Ottoman Empire
Turkey surrenders to the Allies
Ottoman Armistice
The Ottoman Empire signs an armistice five days after Aleppo falls.
Ottoman Capitulation after Damascus
Turkey capitulates after Allenbys Damascus Campaign
Prime Minister of Hungary
Appointed Prime Minister of Hungary by Emperor-King Charles
Czechoslovak Independence
Supports Slovak participation in new Czechoslovakia.
Martin Declaration
Backs Slovak declaration joining the Czechoslovak state.
Armistice
Turkey signs an armistice. The Dardanelles & Bosporus are opened to all & the Army is demobilized
Armistice
Istanbul & parts of Anatolia are occupied causing Mustafa Kemal to lead a revolt
Peace
The exhausted Turkish Empire ceases fighting
Constitution of Austria
Adler helps form a new National Assembly to establish a republican Austria
National Assembly
Adler helps form a new National Assembly to establish a republican Austria
Ottoman Armistice Consequences Reviewed
Reviews the strategic consequences of the Ottoman withdrawal from the war.
Minister Without Portfolio
Appointed Minister Without Portfolio
Minister Without Portfolio
Appointed Minister Without Portfolio
Minister Without Portfolio
When the Social Democrats are included in the cabinet for the first time in Prince Max of Badens Government Scheidemann enters the Government as a minister without portfolio
NSDAP
Helps founds the Political Workers Circle, forerunner of the Nazi Party
NSDAP
Helps founds the Political Workers Circle, forerunner of the Nazi Party
NSDAP
Helps founds the Political Workers Circle, forerunner of the Nazi Party
Political Workers Circle
Helps founds the Political Workers Circle, forerunner of the Nazi Party
Government
When it became clear that the war was lost, a new Government was formed by Prince Maximilian of Baden which included Ebert and other members of the SPD in October 1918
Reballion of Rebels in Kiel
A suicidal mission to attack the British fleet triggers off the Kiel mutiny
Health of Adolf Hitler
Convalesces in hospital in Pasewalk, recovers from temporary blindness
Reballion of Rebels in Kiel
A suicidal mission to attack the British fleet triggers off the Kiel mutiny
Resignation of Erich von Ludendorf
Badens Government is strong enough to force Ludendorffs resignation
Reballion of Rebels in Kiel
A suicidal mission to attack the British fleet triggers off the Kiel mutiny
Courtai Offensive
Driven east with the 4th Army during the Allied Courtai Offensive
Fourth Army
Driven east with the 4th Army during the Allied Courtai Offensive
Resignation of Erich von Ludendorf
Badens Government is strong enough to force Ludendorffs resignation
Peace
Appointed Chancellor of Germany in October 1918 in order to negotiate an armistice with the allies in the last days of the war
Resignation of William Maxwell Aitken
Resigns after a dispute over jurisdiction with the Foreign Office
British Second Army Advances in Final Flanders Offensive
Plumer's Second Army advances with Belgian and French forces as German positions across Flanders collapse.
German Final Fleet Sortie Threat Monitored
Beatty maintains readiness as German naval leaders contemplate a final major sortie near the end of the war.
Armistice Conditions with Germany Coordinated
Works with Allied leaders to establish military conditions for ending hostilities with Germany.
Return to Britain
Returns to Britain after the Arab campaign and the capture of Damascus.
Beirut Advance
British Empire forces advance into Beirut during the pursuit north.
Acceptance into Reichswehr
After leading a Volkswehr battery in Augsburg, Jodl is accepted into the postwar Reichswehr.
Prime Minister of Bulgaria
Appointed Prime Minister of Bulgaria
Birth of Tommy Lawton
Birth of Tommy Lawton
1st Public Address
Hitler speaks for the 1st time in public & raises 300 Marks for the party funds
NSDAP
111 people attend a public NSDAP meeting at the Hofbraukeller
Birth of Doris Lessing
Birth of Doris Lessing, in Iran
Birth of Mohammed Rezah Shah Pahlavi
Birth of Mohammed Rezah Shah Pahlavi, eldest son of Reza Shah
Education
Enters Cambridge as a freshman, Trinity College
Defence of Petrograd
Helps organise Red defence against Yudenich.
Defence of Petrograd
Threatens Petrograd before the Red Army counterattack.
Birth of Walter Matthau
Birth of Walter Matthau
Riga Preliminary Peace
The Polish-Soviet preliminary peace agreement adopts a frontier substantially east of the Curzon proposal, reducing its immediate role as a settlement line.
Treaty of Tartu
Ends the Russo-Finnish war over Karelia, Finland makes a small territorial gain
Strike
Miners walk out & make a claim for 2 shillings more per week
Leiden Special Professorship
Begins official duties as special professor at Leiden University.
The Golem
Co-directs The Golem: How He Came into the World.
The Golem
Co-directs and stars in The Golem: How He Came into the World.
Constitution of Austria
The Republic of Austria is formed
5th Infantry Regiment
Manstein assumed command of a company in the 5th Infantry Regiment at Angermรผnde. This posting returned him to troop leadership after several years devoted mainly to staff work.
Commander of First Cavalry Army
Appointed Commander of the 1st Cavalry Army
League of Nations
The League of Nations rejects Russia's membership
Destiny
Directs Der mude Tod, released in English as Destiny.
Peace
Collins takes up quarters at 15 Cadogan Gardens. His personal staff included Liam Tobin, Ned Broy and Joe McGrath
Peace
Collins takes up quarters at 15 Cadogan Gardens. His personal staff included Liam Tobin, Ned Broy and Joe McGrath
Peace
Irish Treaty delegates Arthur Griffith (leader) and Robert Barton (with Robert Erskine Childers as Secretary General to the delegation) set up headquarters at 22 Hans Place in Knightsbridge and reside there until conclusion of the Treaty in December. Collins takes up quarters at 15 Cadogan Gardens. His personal staff included Liam Tobin, Ned Broy and Joe McGrath
Peace
Collins takes up quarters at 15 Cadogan Gardens. His personal staff included Liam Tobin, Ned Broy and Joe McGrath
Peace
Irish Treaty delegates Arthur Griffith (leader) and Robert Barton (with Robert Erskine Childers as Secretary General to the delegation) set up headquarters at 22 Hans Place in Knightsbridge and reside there until conclusion of the Treaty in December
Peace
Irish Treaty delegates Arthur Griffith (leader) and Robert Barton (with Robert Erskine Childers as Secretary General to the delegation) set up headquarters at 22 Hans Place in Knightsbridge and reside there until conclusion of the Treaty in December
Independence of Crimea
Crimea is granted its independence
Independence of Russia
Crimea is granted its independence
Assassination of Antonio Granjo
Antonio Granjo is assassinated
Upper Silesia
Germany loses part of Upper Silesia after League arbitration.
Upper Silesia
Accepts a partition settlement in Upper Silesia.
Peace
Anglo-Irish peace talks begin
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor of Germany, 2nd term, Joseph Wirth (Center) forms 2nd cabinet
Arrest of Charles I
Arrested after trying to regain the Austrian throne
Birth of John Jock Stein
Birth of John "Jock" Stein
First Svehla Government
Begins the First Svehla Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Benes Government
The Benes Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Alchohol
A supreme court decision to ban alcohol at sea is approved by President Harding
Legislation
A supreme court decision to ban alcohol at sea is approved by President Harding
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina
Coronation at Alba Iulia
Ferdinand is crowned king of Greater Romania at Alba Iulia.
Reballion of plan for
The fascist leadership agrees on a plan for insurrection
Carlton Club
Among the Conservatives who decide to leave the coaltion Government by 188 to 85 votes
Election
The Conservative Party decides to contest the election independently of the coaltion
Election
The Conservatives decide to contest the election independently of the coalition
Resignation of David Lloyd George
Resigns as Prime Minister
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain
March on Rome
Demands a fascist Government or threatens to march on Rome
Reballion of fascist plan for
The fascist plan for insurrection is made known at a mass meeting. Demands a fascist Government or threatens to march on Rome
Reballion of fascist plan for
The fascist plan for insurrection is made known at a mass meeting
Presidential Election Postponed
Supports extending Friedrich Ebert's presidential term until June 1925 rather than holding a divisive election amid political instability.
Presidential Term Extension
His presidential term is extended until June 1925, postponing a direct presidential election during a period of political tension.
Reballion of Rebels in Rome
Rejects a request by the Army Commander, General Pugliese, to impose martial law
Declaration of Measures Safety
Signed by the Facta Cabinet, orders Royal guards & Carabinieri to prevent disturbances
Resignation of Luigi Facta
Fails to get Victor Emmanuel to agree to martial law & resigns
Committee of Action
The Committee of Action is formed in Milan which becomes the fascist HQ
Coup
The PNF is the main agent of an attempted coup, the March on Rome
March on Rome
The PNF is the main agent of an attempted coup, the March on Rome
PNF
The PNF is the main agent of an attempted coup, the March on Rome
Reballion of Believes fascist
Believes fascist revolt can ended in a few hours but the King refuses to use the Army
Reballion of put down the
Advises the King to use the Army to put down the rebellion but the King refuses
Martial Law
Agrees to declare a state of emergency & use the army to impose martial law
State of Emergency
Agrees to declare a state of emergency & use the army to impose martial law
Reballion of Believes the fascist
Believes the fascist revolt can be put down but the King refuses to use the Army
Dictatorship
Makes himself a dictator after the murder of Matteotti
Siege of Rome
The "black shirt" army enters Rome without any opposition
Prime Minister of Italy
Appointed Prime Minister of Italy by Victor Emmanuel
Indian Imperial Police
Joins the Indian Imperial Police in Burma.
Election
Labour come 2nd with 138 seats
Conference of Imperial
The Imperial Conference allows Dominions to make treaties with foreign states
Birth of Charlton Heston
Birth of Charlton Heston
Chancellor
Dr Gustav Stresemann (Peoples) forms 2nd cabinet
October Cabinet
Creates a new cabinet on 6 October 1923.
Second Cabinet Formation
Forms his second cabinet in October 1923.
Andromeda V1 Plate
Photographs M31 with the 100-inch Hooker telescope and records the star later recognized as Cepheid variable V1 on the famous VAR photographic plate.
Reichswehr Command Dispute
Places Reichswehr units stationed in Bavaria under his authority during the escalating constitutional dispute with Berlin.
Vรถlkischer Beobachter Dispute
Refuses Reich Defence Minister Otto Geรler's order to ban the Vรถlkischer Beobachter for attacks on the Reich government.
Reballion of Rebels in Saxony
General Alfred Mueller marches on Saxony to prevent a communist takeover
Saxony Military Intervention
General Alfred Mueller marches on Saxony to prevent a communist takeover.
Reballion of Rebels in Saxony
General Alfred Mueller marches on Saxony to prevent a communist takeover
Reballion of Rebels in Bavaria
General Otto von Lossow in Bavaria is relieved of command by Berlin; he refuses
British Rhineland Objection
British disapproval contributes to the failure of the Rhineland separatist plan.
Constitution of Germany
A Rhineland Republic supported by Belgium & France is declared at Aachen
French Separatist Support
French backing assists separatists seeking an independent Rhine Republic.
Occupation
With French support, separatists try to declare an independent "Rhine Republic" in Aachen, the plan fails due to resistance by the population and the British disapproval
Rhine Republic
With French support, separatists try to declare an independent "Rhine Republic" in Aachen, the plan fails due to resistance by the population and the British disapproval
Rhineland Popular Resistance
Popular resistance helps defeat the separatist Rhineland project.
Rhineland Republic Declaration
A separatist Rhineland Republic is declared at Aachen with French and Belgian support.
Rule of Ruhr
With French support, separatists try to declare an independent "Rhine Republic" in Aachen, the plan fails due to resistance by the population and the British disapproval
Birth of Bert Trautman
Birth of Bert Trautman
Rule of Turkey
The Allies terminate their occupation of Turkey
Rule of Turkey
The Allies terminate their occupation of Turkey
Hamburg Communist Takeover
Communists seize control in Hamburg during the October unrest.
Reballion of Rebels in Hamburg
Communist takeover of Hamburg
Autonomous Pfalz Attempt
Separatists attempt to establish an autonomous Pfalz at Speyer.
Pfalz Separatist Backing
French support assists the attempted separatist administration in the Pfalz.
Rule of Pfalz
With French support, separatists try to declare an independet "Autonomous Pfalz" in Speyer
Birth of Robin Day
Birth of Robin Day
Birth of Robin Day
Birth of Robin Day
Hamburg Uprising Suppressed
The Hamburg uprising is suppressed.
Reballion of Hamburg
Hamburg uprising suppressed
Prime Minister of Iran
Appointed Prime Minister of Persia
Reballion of Rebels in Saxony
The Socialist/Communist Government is suppressed in Saxony
Saxony Government Suppressed
The Socialist-Communist government in Saxony is suppressed.
Constitution of Turkey
The Republic of Turkey is officially recognized. Proclaims the Republic of Turkey with Ankara as its capital. Kemal is made executice President & Turkey has one political party
Election
Appointed President of Turkey, 2nd term
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 1st term
Bavarian Reichswehr Control
The Bavarian government takes direct control of local Reichswehr units.
Dollar Exchange Collapse
Inflation reaches a point where one US dollar costs 40 billion marks.
Economy of Germany
War bonds (which are rated by Reichsmark, not Goldmark like the reparations) can be paid back without problems, savings on banks (or in war bonds) are lost, leading to widespread poverty. Inflation reaches an all time high, 1 US-Dollar costs 40 Billion Marks
Hamburg Street Fighting
Bloody street fighting breaks out between communists and police in Hamburg.
Inflation
Inflation reaches an all time high, 1 US-Dollar costs 40 Billion Marks
Poverty from Inflation
The destruction of savings contributes to widespread poverty during hyperinflation.
Reballion of Rebels in Bavaria
The Bavarian Government takes direct control over the local parts of the Reichswehr
Reballion of Rebels in Hamburg
Bloody street riots in Hamburg between communists and the police
Reballion of Rebels in Saxony
In Saxony and Thuringia the coalition-Governments of KPD and SPD protest against the prohibition of the communist and socialist press, the Reichwehr forces these Governments to resign
Savings Destruction
Bank savings lose their value during the inflationary collapse.
War Bond Losses
War bonds denominated in Reichsmarks become effectively worthless during hyperinflation.
War Bond Repayment
War bonds can be repaid in depreciated Reichsmarks rather than Goldmarks.
Berlin University and Staff Studies
Jodl begins a year of university study in Berlin as part of his continuing staff education.
Parliament
Baldwin asks the King for a dissolution
Birth of Jimmy Carter
Birth of Jimmy Carter, Plains, Georgia
Geneva Protocol
Supports the Geneva Protocol for arbitration and security.
Geneva Protocol
Backs arbitration proposals linked to League security.
Constitution of Great Britain
Elected Member of Parliament for Epping, "Constitutional anti-Socialist"
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for Epping, "Constitutional anti-Socialist"
General Election
Retains Nelson and Colne for Labour after the fall of the first Labour government.
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 1st term
Correspondence Principle Absorption Analysis
Publishes an extension of the correspondence principle relating quantum absorption and dispersion to the behaviour expected from classical multiply periodic orbits.
RMC-Budenny
Appointed Member of Revolutionary Military Council
Entry into Mecca
Enters Mecca peacefully as the Hejaz campaign advances.
Entry into Mecca
Supports the political and military consolidation of Mecca.
Resignation from Presidency
Resigns before completing the restored presidential term.
President of Chile
Appointed acting President of Chile after the resignation of Arturo Alessandri.
German Delegation Arrives in Locarno
Luther arrives with Stresemann and the German delegation for the security conference in Locarno.
Belgian Delegation Seeks Western Frontier Security
Vandervelde represents Belgium in negotiations intended to secure its frontier against renewed German aggression.
Opening of Locarno Conference
Briand represents France as the Locarno Conference opens to negotiate a European security settlement.
German Delegation Opens Locarno Conference
Luther leads the German government delegation with Stresemann as the Locarno Conference opens.
First Day German Security Position Presented
Stresemann presents Germany's security priorities as the conference begins formal negotiations.
German Delegation at Locarno
Germany's security proposals culminate in the Locarno treaties.
Locarno Conference Opens for Germany
Germany's security pact proposals result in the Locarno treaties.
Locarno Negotiations
Seven agreements are negotiated at Locarno during October 1925.
Scialoja Represents Italy in Locarno Negotiations
Scialoja represents Italy during the Locarno negotiations before Mussolini joins the conference.
Luther Consults Briand at Ascona
Luther holds an informal discussion with Briand at nearby Ascona during the Locarno negotiations.
Birth of Margaret Thatcher
Birth of Margaret Thatcher, daughter of a grocer
Article Four Breach Referral to League Council
Article Four requires an alleged violation of the pact or Rhineland clauses to be brought before the League Council.
Article Two Belgian-German Non-Aggression
Article Two places the same non-aggression obligation on Belgium and Germany.
Belgian Acceptance of Rhineland Pact
Vandervelde accepts the Rhineland Pact guaranteeing Belgium's frontier with Germany.
Belgian Frontier Included in British Italian Guarantee
Vandervelde secures British and Italian guarantees of the Belgian-German frontier.
Belgian German Arbitration Convention Approved
Vandervelde approves the bilateral arbitration convention governing disputes between Belgium and Germany.
Belgian German Non-Aggression Undertaking Approved
Belgium accepts the mutual undertaking with Germany not to attack, invade or resort to war except under specified exceptions.
Vandervelde Initials Final Protocol
Vandervelde initials the final protocol on behalf of Belgium.
Beneลก Initials Locarno Final Protocol
Beneลก endorses the conference protocol that incorporates Czechoslovakia's separate agreement with Germany.
Czechoslovak Eastern Frontier Outside Western Guarantee
Beneลก accepts that Czechoslovakia's German border is handled through arbitration rather than the five-power Rhineland guarantee.
Czechoslovak German Arbitration Treaty Approved
Beneลก accepts a treaty requiring structured conciliation or adjudication when normal diplomacy cannot resolve a dispute with Germany.
French Czechoslovak Security Relationship Preserved
Beneลก retains French backing for Czechoslovak security while accepting arbitration as the principal Locarno mechanism with Germany.
Article Two Franco-German Non-Aggression
Article Two commits France and Germany not to attack, invade or resort to war against each other except under stated exceptions.
Briand Accepts Arbitration with Germany
France accepts a separate arbitration convention requiring peaceful procedures for disputes with Germany.
Briand Approves Five-Power Guarantee
Briand approves the five-power guarantee linking Germany, Belgium, France, Great Britain and Italy.
French Alliance with Czechoslovakia Preserved
France keeps its separate commitment to assist Czechoslovakia while joining the western Locarno framework.
French Alliance with Poland Preserved
Briand ensures that the western pact does not cancel France's security commitments toward Poland.
Briand Supports League Council Enforcement Role
Briand accepts a central League Council role in determining and responding to breaches of the western guarantee.
French Support for Locarno Disarmament Commitment
Briand joins the final protocol's commitment to cooperate with League efforts toward a general disarmament agreement.
League Decision Exception Preserved
The pact allows action resulting from specified decisions of the League Assembly or Council.
Locarno Final Protocol
Briand joins the other delegates in approving the final protocol and interdependent Locarno agreements.
Luther Initials Locarno Final Protocol
Luther joins the other delegates in initialling the final protocol that links the Locarno agreements together.
Article One Western Territorial Status Quo
Article One guarantees the territorial status quo on Germany's frontiers with France and Belgium.
Article Three Peaceful Settlement Requirement
Article Three requires unresolved German disputes with France and Belgium to be settled through peaceful procedures.
Articles Forty Two and Forty Three Protected
The main pact guarantees observance of Versailles Articles 42 and 43 governing the demilitarized Rhineland.
German Acceptance of Franco-Belgian Western Borders
Stresemann accepts a treaty guaranteeing Germany's existing western boundaries with France and Belgium.
German Acceptance of Rhineland Demilitarization Guarantee
Germany accepts that the Locarno guarantee also covers the Versailles provisions governing the demilitarized Rhineland.
German Approval of Czechoslovak Arbitration Treaty
Stresemann agrees to a separate Czechoslovak dispute procedure based on conciliation and adjudication without guaranteeing the eastern frontier.
German Approval of Peaceful Dispute Settlement
Stresemann accepts compulsory peaceful procedures for disputes with France and Belgium that diplomacy cannot settle.
German Approval of Polish Arbitration Treaty
The German delegation accepts a bilateral mechanism sending unresolved Polish-German legal disputes to arbitration or judicial settlement.
Judicial Decision for Legal Disputes
Disputes involving conflicting claims of legal rights are to be submitted for judicial decision.
Legitimate Defence Exception Defined
The pact permits legitimate defence against aggression or an immediately dangerous flagrant breach of the Rhineland demilitarization clauses.
Stresemann Initials Locarno Final Protocol
Stresemann initials the final protocol and accepts the package of western guarantees and arbitration agreements.
Locarno Opens Germany's League Path
Locarno helps clear the diplomatic path for Germany's eventual admission to the League of Nations.
Birth of Angela Brigid Lansbury
Birth of Angela Brigid Lansbury
Article Eight Treaty Duration Procedure
Article Eight establishes a League Council procedure governing any eventual termination of the pact.
Britain Accepts Immediate Aid after Flagrant Breach
Britain agrees that an unmistakable act of aggression in the demilitarized zone can trigger assistance before a final League ruling.
British Guarantee of Rhineland Pact
Chamberlain commits Britain to guarantee the western frontier settlement negotiated between Germany, France and Belgium.
Chamberlain Initials Final Protocol
Chamberlain initials the final protocol linking the seven Locarno agreements into a single diplomatic settlement.
Chamberlain Supports Arbitration Package
Chamberlain supports the arbitration conventions and treaties that accompany the main Rhineland Pact.
Dominions and India Opt-In Clause
Article Nine states that British dominions and India are not bound unless their governments accept the treaty.
British Support for League Breach Determination
Chamberlain accepts the League Council's role in determining whether a treaty breach has occurred.
British Support for Locarno Settlement
Chamberlain supports the Locarno settlement as a means of strengthening European security and League diplomacy.
British Support for Peaceful Settlement Procedures
Chamberlain supports judicial, conciliation and League procedures for disputes not resolved by ordinary diplomacy.
Conciliation Commission Procedure Established
Other disputes can be submitted to conciliation, with unresolved questions then going to the League Council.
League Article Sixteen Exception Preserved
The pact preserves action taken under Article 16 of the League Covenant as an exception to the non-aggression undertaking.
Italian Guarantee of Belgian-German Frontier
Italy also becomes a guarantor of Belgium's security against a prohibited German attack across their common border.
Italian Guarantee of Franco-German Frontier
Mussolini accepts an Italian obligation to support the settlement fixing the western boundary between France and Germany.
Article Four Guarantor Assistance Obligation
The guarantor powers agree to assist the victim after the League Council determines that a covered violation has occurred.
Italian Approval of Immediate Assistance Clause
Italy accepts emergency action when a clear treaty violation creates an immediate military danger to another signatory.
Italian Approval of League Breach Mechanism
Scialoja accepts the procedures giving the League Council a central role in determining treaty breaches.
Italian Signature of Rhineland Pact
Scialoja signs the Rhineland Pact for Italy, which joins Britain as an external guarantor of the western settlement.
Scialoja Initials Locarno Final Protocol
Scialoja initials the final protocol for Italy at the conclusion of the conference.
French Polish Security Relationship Preserved at Locarno
Skrzyลski leaves Locarno with Poland's bilateral ties to France intact despite the absence of an eastern territorial guarantee.
Polish Eastern Frontier Left Outside Rhineland Guarantee
Skrzyลski fails to obtain the same territorial guarantee for Poland that France and Belgium receive in the west.
Polish German Arbitration Treaty Approved
Skrzyลski approves the arbitration treaty establishing peaceful procedures for Polish-German disputes.
Skrzyลski Initials Locarno Final Protocol
Skrzyลski approves the conference protocol recording Poland's arbitration settlement and related security arrangements.
Petrich Incident
Bulgaria appeals to the League during the border crisis.
Petrich Incident
Greek troops enter Bulgaria after a border clash.
Death of Adolf Wild von
Death of Adolf Wild von Hohenborn
Coup
Succeeds as Shah of Iran, overthrows the Kajar Dynasty & is proclaimed Shah
Succession
Succeeds as Shah of Iran, overthrows the Kajar Dynasty & is proclaimed Shah
Treaty of Ankara
Turkey & Greece agree territorial staus quo. Turkey & Greece agree naval parity in the eastern Mediterranean
Kuomingtang
Sun dies of cancer and leadership of the Kuomingtang passes to Chiang Kaishek/Jiang Jieshi
Czechoslovak Delegation Joins Locarno Discussions
Beneลก takes part in sessions concerning Czechoslovakia while the principal western powers negotiate the Rhineland Pact.
Briand Accepts British and Italian Guarantors
Briand accepts Britain and Italy as guarantors of the western settlement between France, Belgium and Germany.
French Insistence on Demilitarized Rhineland
Briand insists that the settlement preserve the Versailles restrictions on military forces in the Rhineland.
Doumergue Supports Briand's Western Settlement
Doumergue supports the French government's move toward a negotiated western security settlement.
French Presidency during Locarno Settlement
Doumergue is President while the French government supports Briand's negotiations for the Locarno security settlement.
French Approval of Western Security Pact
The French government supports the five-power western security arrangement negotiated at Locarno.
French Cabinet Supports Locarno Negotiations
Painlevรฉ's government supports Briand's negotiations for guarantees of France's western security.
French Government Backs Mutual Guarantee
Painlevรฉ's cabinet supports the proposed Treaty of Mutual Guarantee covering Germany's western frontiers.
French Support for Rhineland Guarantee
Painlevรฉ's government backs a guarantee of the Franco-German frontier and the Rhineland demilitarized zone.
Painlevรฉ Cabinet Reviews Locarno Compromise
Painlevรฉ's cabinet reviews the compromise balancing French security demands with German reintegration.
Luther Defends Germany's League Position
Luther supports linking the settlement with terms acceptable to Germany as a future League member.
Stresemann Meets Briand on Franco-German Security
Stresemann and Briand negotiate the balance between French security and Germany's return to diplomatic equality.
Stresemann Meets Chamberlain on Guarantee Terms
Stresemann discusses with Chamberlain how Britain can guarantee the western settlement without guaranteeing Germany's eastern borders.
British Guarantee Excludes Eastern Frontiers
Chamberlain avoids extending Britain's automatic guarantee to Germany's eastern borders with Poland and Czechoslovakia.
British Mediation between France and Germany
Chamberlain mediates between French demands for security and German demands for restored diplomatic equality.
British Western Guarantee Principle Accepted
Chamberlain accepts that Britain should guarantee the Franco-German and Belgian-German frontier settlement.
Chamberlain Mediation at Locarno
Chamberlain mediates between French security demands and German revisionist aims during the Locarno negotiations.
Locarno Diplomacy and Nobel Recognition
Chamberlain's mediation at Locarno becomes a major reason for his award of the 1925 Nobel Peace Prize.
London Chosen for Formal Locarno Signing
The delegates choose London for the formal signing, reflecting Chamberlain's central mediating role.
Baldwin Government Approves Locarno Guarantee
Baldwin's government approves Britain's role as guarantor of the western security pact.
Petrich Settlement
Supports League mediation in the Greek-Bulgarian conflict.
Abdication
Has Parliament depose Ahmad Shah Qajar
Abdication
Appointed Regent
Mussolini Joins Final Locarno Negotiations
Mussolini joins the final stage of the Locarno Conference as Italy prepares to become a guarantor power.
Polish Delegation Joins Limited Locarno Sessions
Skrzyลski attends only those conference discussions directly affecting Poland rather than the full western guarantee negotiations.
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland, 1st term
Marriage
Marries Irene Curie and later adopts the Joliot-Curie name.
Marriage
Marries Frederic Joliot and forms a new scientific partnership.
Political Parties
All political opposition to Fascism is banned
Third Svehla Government
Begins the Third Svehla Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Second Cerny Government
The Second Cerny Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Faust
Directs Faust, one of the last major German silent fantasy films.
Birth of Michel Foucault
Michel Foucault is born in Poitiers into a family of physicians.
Anti-Bolshevik Activity
Kerensky continues political activity connected with anti-bolshevik activity.
Dismissal
Has Zinoviev ousted from the Politburo. Has Trotsky ousted from the Politburo
Dismissal
Dismissed from the Politburo during Stalins purge of the Opposition
Dismissal
Dismissed from the Politburo after calling Stalin "the gravedigger of the Revolution"
Capture of Wuchang
Nationalist forces capture Wuchang during the Northern Expedition and consolidate control around Wuhan.
Conference of Imperial
Seeks clarification of the Union of South Africa as a Dominion. Returns claiming he has brought back independence & sovereign status for South Africa. Attends the Imperial Conference where the Balfour Declaration recognizes independence
Constitution of South Africa
Questions the Union of South Africa as a Dominion at the Imperial Conference
Plenum of Central Committee
Forces a discussion of Lenins Testament at the Plenum. Criticizes Stalin at the Plenum. Claims the Politburo has betrayed the Revolution
Plenum of Central Committee
Decides to break the truce with the internal Communist Party opposition
Conference of Communist Party
The opposition is not allowed to speak. Describes the opposition as a "combination of castrated forces"
Solvay Quantum Theory Discussions
Takes part in the fifth Solvay Conference, where leading physicists debate the interpretation and foundations of the newly developed quantum mechanics.
Einstein-Bohr Solvay Debate
Debates Albert Einstein at the Solvay Conference over the meaning and completeness of quantum mechanics, defending the role of experimental context in measurement.
Purge
Trotsky and Zinoviev are expelled from the Central Committee
Economy of Russia
Breaks with the New Economic Policy & introduces 5 yr plans
Economy of Russia
From 1928 to 1991 the entire course of the economy was guided by a series of Five-Year Plans
Five Year Plan
The "Plan Era" of 5 year economic plans lasts from 1928-1939. Replaces the New Economic Policy with the 1st 5 Year Plan, the market is eliminated. Peasants are forced to join collectives or state farms. From 1928 to 1991 the entire course of the economy was guided by a series of Five-Year Plans. Detailed plans for food production are laid down by Gosplan
Election
The Conservative Party wins the most seats, 73
Government
Forms a Conservative Government
Referendum
A referendum to stop the construction of new battleships is defeated
Armament
A referendum to stop the construction of new battleships is defeated
Referendum
A referendum to stop the construction of new battleships is defeated
Chairman of National Government
Becomes chairman of the Nationalist Government following the successful Northern Expedition.
Northern Expedition Victory Review
Reviews Nationalist troops in Nanjing during celebrations marking the successful completion of the Northern Expedition.
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina, 2nd term
World-Record Transfer to Arsenal
Joins Arsenal from Bolton Wanderers for a then world-record transfer fee of ยฃ10,890.
Instructor
Appointed Instructor to the Infantry School in Dresden
Passfield White Paper
The Passfield White Paper limits official Jewish immigration into Palestine. Issues the Passfield White Paper revising the Governments policy in Palestine, previously set by the Churchill White Paper of 1922
Passfield White Paper
The Passfield White Paper states that the British intend to fulfill their mandate obligations to both Arabs and Jews, and they would resolve any conflicts that might surface as a result of their respective needs.
Passfield White Paper
The Passfield White Paper states that the development of a Jewish National Home in Palestine is a consideration, which would enjoy continued support, but it was not central to mandate governance.
Rule of Palestine
Issues the Passfield White Paper revising the Governments policy in Palestine, previously set by the Churchill White Paper of 1922.
Rule of Palestine
The Passfield White Paper states that the British intend to fulfill their mandate obligations to both Arabs and Jews, and they would resolve any conflicts that might surface as a result of their respective needs.
Rule of Palestine
The Passfield White Paper states that the development of a Jewish National Home in Palestine is a consideration, which would enjoy continued support, but it was not central to mandate governance.
Death of Gustav Stressman
Death of Gustav Stressman
Death of Stresemann
Dies in Berlin on 3 October 1929.
Britain & Russia resume diplomatic relations
Britain & Russia resume diplomatic relations
Britain & Russia resume diplomatic relations
Britain & Russia resume diplomatic relations
Capture of Kabul
Nadir Khan's forces capture Kabul and overthrow Habibullah Kalakani.
King of Afghanistan
A tribal assembly proclaims Mohammad Nadir Shah king of Afghanistan.
Woman in the Moon
Directs Frau im Mond, an influential German science fiction film.
Diary of a Lost Girl
Directs Diary of a Lost Girl starring Louise Brooks.
Birth of Ronald William George Barker
Birth of Ronald William George Barker
Black Friday
Black Friday on the stock exchance of New York starts the world economic crisis
Black Thursday
The decline then accelerates into the so-called "Black Thursday", October 24, 1929. A record number of 12.9 million shares were traded on that day
Economy of USA
Black Friday on the stock exchance of New York starts the world economic crisis
Wall Street Crash
The October 1929 crash came during a period of declining real estate values in the United States (which peaked in 1925) near the beginning of a chain of events that led to the Great Depression, a period of economic decline in the industrialized nations. The decline then accelerates into the so-called "Black Thursday", October 24, 1929. A record number of 12.9 million shares were traded on that day
Federal Reserve Response to Stock Market Crash
During the severe stock-market break, the Federal Reserve System works to preserve financial liquidity as the New York Reserve Bank uses open-market operations and the discount window to meet extraordinary demands for funds.
Black Monday
The first "Black Monday", more investors decide to get out of the market, and the slide continues with a record loss in the Dow for the day of 13%
Wall Street Crash
The first "Black Monday", more investors decide to get out of the market, and the slide continues with a record loss in the Dow for the day of 13%
Black Tuesday
Share prices collapse amid record selling during the Wall Street crash.
Black Tuesday
The market loses $14 billion in one day, bringing the loss for the week to $30 billion, ten times more than the annual budget of the federal Government, far more than the U.S. had spent in all of World War I. "Black Tuesday", about 16 million shares are traded, he volume on stocks traded is a record that was not to be broken for nearly 40 years
Economy of USA
The market loses $14 billion in one day, bringing the loss for the week to $30 billion, ten times more than the annual budget of the federal Government, far more than the U.S. had spent in all of World War I. The market bottoms out at 41.22 on July 8 1932, concluding a shattering 89% decline from the peak
Wall Street Crash
"Black Tuesday", about 16 million shares are traded, he volume on stocks traded is a record that was not to be broken for nearly 40 years.
Wall Street Crash
Had spent in all of World War I.
Wall Street Crash
The market bottoms out at 41.22 on July 8 1932, concluding a shattering 89% decline from the peak.
Wall Street Crash
The market loses $14 billion in one day, bringing the loss for the week to $30 billion, ten times more than the annual budget of the federal Government, far more than the U.S.
Dollar Gold Parity Maintained
After the stock-market crash, the United States continues redeeming dollars at the statutory gold price despite growing domestic and international financial strain.
Britain returns the leased territory of Weihaiwei to Nationalist China
Britain returns the leased territory of Weihaiwei to Nationalist China.
Conference of London
The Irish demand independence
Conference of London
The Irish demand independence
Independence of Ireland
The Irish demand independence at the London Conference
Conference of Imperial
Opening day of the Imperial Conference
Birth of Sese Seko Mobutu
Birth of Sese Seko Mobutu
Independence of Great Britain
Recommends an end to Jewish immigration into Palestine in the Passfield White Paper
Independence of Palestine
Recommends an end to Jewish immigration into Palestine in the Passfield White Paper
Passfield White Paper
Recommends an end to Jewish immigration into Palestine in the Passfield White Paper
Constitution of 1930
Introduces a constitution strengthening royal power and limiting parliamentary representation.
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil
Military Junta of Brazil
Appointed member of the military junta exercising presidential power after the overthrow of Washington Luis
Military Junta of Brazil
Appointed member of the military junta exercising presidential power after the overthrow of Washington Luis
Military Junta of Brazil
Appointed member of the military junta exercising presidential power after the overthrow of Washington Luis
Treaty Ratification
Secures Japanese ratification of the London Naval Treaty despite strong domestic opposition.
London Naval Treaty Ratification
His government completes Japanese participation in the London Naval Treaty, whose ratification is deposited with Britain on 27 October.
Second Solvay Debate with Einstein
Again confronts Einstein's thought experiments at the Solvay Conference, using detailed measurement arguments to defend quantum mechanics against challenges to its consistency.
Independence of Great Britain
Supports the idea of "Dominion Status" for India
Independence of India
Supports the idea of "Dominion Status" for India
Ambassador
Appointed Ambassador of Colombia & Switzerland
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor of Germany
Foreign Secretary of Germany
Appointed Foreign Minister
Minister of Interior
Appointed Minister of the Interior by Chancellor Bruening
Birth of Avul Pakir Jainul Abdul Kalam
A.P.J. Abdul Kalam is born at Rameswaram in Tamil Nadu.
Purge
In a BBC radio broadcast calls Labours policies "Bolshevism run mad"
Election
Conservative 470, Labour 52, Liberals 33 & others 5 seats. A victory for the National Government. 554 seats for the national Government, 470 Tories & 52 Labour
General Election Defeat
Loses Nelson and Colne in Labourโs heavy general-election defeat.
Labour Defeat
Keeps Ebbw Vale as Labour suffers national defeat.
Alliance Maustafa Kemal Ataturk and Russia
A 5 yr extension of the alliance with Russia
Constitution of Afghanistan
Nadir Shah promulgates a constitution combining royal authority with a national council.
Gold Standard Abandoned
Finland leaves the gold standard as international reserve losses spread through northern Europe after sterling's suspension.
Enigma Machine
Receives German Enigma documents obtained through French intelligence and makes them available to allied cryptanalytic partners.
Enigma Machine
Acts as the French intelligence contact for Hans-Thilo Schmidt, whose documents become crucial to early attacks on military Enigma.
Enigma Machine
Begins supplying French intelligence with secret German Enigma operating instructions and key material.
Hop-Picking
Writes about hop-picking and casual labour in Kent.
Kings College Matriculation
Matriculates at Kings College, Cambridge, to read Mathematics.
Invasion of Manchuria
The League calls for Japan to withdraw from Mukden & Manchuria, ignored
Invasion of Mukden
The League calls for Japan to withdraw from Mukden & Manchuria, ignored
Commission
The League of Nations sends a commission under Lord Lytton to investigate
Invasion of Manchuria
The League of Nations sends a commission under Lord Lytton to investigate. The League of Nations confines itself to "moral censure". The League calls for Japan to withdraw from Mukden and Manchuria, ignored
Invasion of Mukden
The League calls for Japan to withdraw from Mukden and Manchuria, ignored
League of Nations
The League calls for Japan to withdraw from Mukden and Manchuria, ignored
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary
President of Chile
Assumes acting presidential authority and organizes the return to constitutional elections.
Lytton Report
The report rejects Japanese claims to Manchuria.
Constitution of Iraq
The monarchy achieves full independence & heads the constitution of Iraq
Independence of Iraq
The monarchy achieves full independence & heads the constitution of Iraq. Britains mandate over Iraq comes to an end. As a condition for independence from British control, Iraq has to allow an RAF presence, give Britain land and resources, and coordinate foreign policy for 25 years
Prime Minister of Hungary
Appointed Prime Minister of Hungary
Second de Broqueville Government
Begins the Second de Broqueville Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Jules Renkin Government
The Jules Renkin Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Prime Minister of Iran
Appointed Prime Minister of Persia
Second Udrzal Government
The Second Udrzal Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
First Malypetr Government
Begins the First Malypetr Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Presidential Election
Organizes the election that restores stable constitutional government.
Enigma Machine
Is assigned to the Polish Cipher Bureau's Enigma problem and applies mathematical permutation theory to the machine.
Adjutant
Appointed Adjutant General
SDP
Founds & leads new German Nationalist political Party in Czech
Promotion to Lieutenant Colonel
Jodl is promoted to Lieutenant Colonel while serving in the Truppenamt.
Major
Transferred into the air force, at that time a defensive force
Plot
Dertil attemps to assassinate Chancellor Dollfuss as he leaves the Parliament building
Arrest of Rudolf Dertil
Arrested & imprisoned for 5 years for attempting to assassinate Chancellor Dollfuss
Plot
Dertil attemps to assassinate Chancellor Dollfuss as he leaves the Parliament building
League of Nations
Handles the diplomatic consequences as Germany leaves the League of Nations and the disarmament negotiations.
League of Nations
Advises Hitler to withdraw from the League of Nations
League of Nations
Announces Germany's withdrawal from the League of Nations and the Geneva Disarmament Conference.
League of Nations
Germany leaves the League of Nations, because it cannot fully rearm
Disarmament Conference
Withdraws Germany from disarmament talks and the League.
President of Ecuador
Appointed acting President of Ecuador
Birth of Garrinca
Birth of Garrinca
Major
Appointed Major
Government
Includes 3 CEDA ministers in the Government
Reballion of left & centre-left breaks out to prevent a fascist takeover
A rebellion of the left & centre-left breaks out to prevent a fascist takeover
Reballion of Francisco Largo Caballero
Leads a socialist revolt in Madrid
Reballion of left & centre-left breaks out to prevent a fascist takeover
A rebellion of the left & centre-left breaks out to prevent a fascist takeover
Reballion of Rebels in Madrid is suppressed
A rebellion in Madrid is suppressed
Reballion of Rebels in Madrid is suppressed
A rebellion in Madrid is suppressed
Assassination of Louis Barthou
Assassinated with Alexander I of Yugoslavia while greeting his arrival
Death of Louis Barthou
Death of Louis Barthou
Long March Departure
Leaves the Jiangxi base with the Red Army as the Long March begins.
Long March
The Ruijing base is abandoned & the Long March begins. 80,000 communists troops are pursued by 400,000 strong army of nationalists
Long March
Begins a withdrawal after defeats by the Nationalists to the province of Shensi
Long March
Mao begins a 12 month long march to establish a new base in northern China at Yennan
Long March
Commander in Chief of the Communist forces
Birth of John Norman Johnny Haynes
Birth of John Norman "Johnny" Haynes
Conference of London
The Naval Disarmament Conference opens in London
Diplomatic Negotiations at London
Proposes naval equality with Britain & the USA. Negotiations begin to change the Washington & London naval treaties
Diplomatic Negotiations at London
Negotiations begin to change the Washington & London naval treaties
Deutsche Arbeits Front
Issues a decree compelling all workers have to join the Deutsche Arbeits Front
Labour Movement
The Nazi labour movement is formed
Resignation of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
Gandhi resigns from the Indian Congress Party
Burmese Days
Burmese Days is first published in the United States.
Jiangxi Soviet Pressure
Nationalist encirclement pressure helps force the Communist leadership to abandon the Jiangxi Soviet and begin the Long March.
Booklovers' Corner
Works in a Hampstead bookshop.
Slow Neutron Experiments
Contributes to the Rome experiments establishing the unusually high effectiveness of slow neutrons.
Slow Neutron Experiments
Participates in the Rome group discovery that slowed neutrons produce much stronger activation effects.
Slow Neutron Experiments
Participates in experiments showing that moderation strongly increases neutron-induced radioactivity.
Slow Neutron Enhancement
Discovers with his Rome group that slowing neutrons with hydrogen-rich material such as paraffin greatly increases their effectiveness in producing nuclear reactions.
Slow Neutron Experiments
Works with Fermi group on experiments revealing the enhanced action of slow neutrons.
Reballion of Rebels in Asturias
A rebelllion breaks out of 50,000 workers, mainly miners, becomes a regional civil war
Resignation of Ricardo Samper
Resigns as Prime Minister of Spain
Reballion of Rebels in Asturias
Orders units of the Spanish Foreign Legion & Moorish regulars to Asturias
Reballion of Rebels in Asturias
Shoots political prisoners
Capture of Oviedo
Rebels capture Oviedo
Reballion of Rebels in Asturias
A rebelllion breaks out of 50,000 workers, mainly miners, becomes a regional civil war
Invasion of Ethiopia
Italy invades Ethiopia without declaring war
Invasion of Abyssinia
Appeals to the League after Italy invades Ethiopia.
Invasion of Ethiopia
Italy invades Ethiopia without declaring war
Invasion of Abyssinia
Begins Italian operations against Ethiopia.
Abyssinia Crisis
Launches the invasion of Ethiopia despite League obligations.
Reform of Government
Jews are issued with new passports identified with the letter J
Legislation
Orders abortion if either partner suffers from hereditary disease
Reform of Abortion Law
Orders abortion if either partner suffers from hereditary disease
Death of Julius Gombos
Death of Julius Gombos
Radium Research Gift
Receives funds raised for half a gram of radium on his fiftieth birthday, strengthening experimental nuclear and radioactive research at his institute.
Birth of Henry Paul Guinness Channon
Birth of Henry Paul Guinness Channon
Sanctions
France joins League sanctions while seeking compromise with Italy.
Sanctions
Britain supports League sanctions against Italy.
Sanctions
The League of Nations votes by 50 nations to 1 to impose sanctions against Italy
Second Republic Overthrown
Kondylis removes the republican government and prepares restoration of the monarchy.
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland
Invasion of Abyssinia
Britain supports the League of Nations sanctions against Italy for invading Abyssinia
Sanctions
Britain supports the League of Nations sanctions against Italy for invading Abyssinia
Prime Minister of Canada
Returns to office as Liberal prime minister.
Exile of Adolf Hitler
17,000 Polish Jews are expelled
Coup
Lerroux resigns, Zamora refuses to call up Gil Robles & military plotting ensues
Resignation of Lerroux
Lerroux resigns, Zamora refuses to call up Gil Robles & military plotting ensues
Long March
Mao reaches the north Shensi Soviet area supervised by Kao Kang
Long March
The end of the Long March for the 1st Front Army. Mao reaches the north Shensi Soviet area supervised by Kao Kang
Anti-Comintern Pact
The idea of anti-Communist alliance with the Kuomintang, Japan and Germany is considered. This appeals to General Oshima Hiroshi who hopes to gain Japanese control over China
Instructor
Appointed Instructor at the War College in Potsdam
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Minister
Education
Enters Balliol College Oxford to study philosophy politics and economics.
Education
Wins an organ scholarship and continues his strong interest in music at university.
Anti-Comintern Pact
In October 1935, the idea was mooted that an anti-Communist alliance might be able to tie in the Kuomintang regime, Japan and Germany. In particular, this idea appealed to Joachim von Ribbentrop, the Special Ambassador at Large and head of the Dienststelle Ribbentrop and the Japanese Military Attache in Berlin, General Oshima Hiroshi, who hoped that such an alliance might lead to Chinas subordination to Japan
Conscription
Austria introduces conscription
Treaty of St Germain
Austria introduces conscription, breaking the Treaty of St Germain
Constitution of Spain
A military Junta in Salamanca proclaims Franco Generalisimo of "Nationalist" Spain
General
Appointed Generalisimo of "Nationalist" Spain
Birth of Vaclev Havel
Birth of Vaclev Havel
Reform of Anti-Jewish Laws
All Jewish passports must be stamped with the letter "J"
Alliance Russia and Republicans and Spain
Russia decides to supply the Republicans in Spain
Russia warns it will only be bound to the same degree as
Russia warns it will only be bound to the same degree as Italy & Germany. Russia decides to supply the Republicans in Spain
Russia supplies the Republicans
Russia supplies the Republicans
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Signs a secret protocol with Ciano outlining a common policy for Germany
Signs a secret protocol with Ciano outlining a common policy for Germany & Italy
Anti-Comintern Pact
The draft of the Anti-Comintern Pact is drawn up
Birth of Bill Wyman
Birth of Bill Wyman, later bassist of the Rolling Stones.
Alliance Chang Hsueh-Liang and Chou En-Lai
Chang Hsueh-Liang signs a secret non-aggression pact with Chou En-Lai
Long March
Joins forces with the north Shensi 1st Front Army
Alliance Chang Hsueh-Liang and Chou En-Lai
Chang Hsueh-Liang signs a secret non-aggression pact with Chou En-Lai
Anti-Appeasement Speech
Speaks against appeasement and criticises concessions to Nazi Germany during student debates.
Princeton Cryptography Ideas
Writes from Princeton about his interest in constructing unusual cipher systems, showing that cryptography was already part of his technical thinking.
Lira Devaluation
Italy devalues the lira after the collapse of the Gold Bloc, formally ending the parity created by the 1927 return to gold.
Neutrality
Roosevelt renounces the neutrality policy towards Japan
Roosevelt renounces the neutrality policy towards Japan
Roosevelt renounces the neutrality policy towards Japan
Neutrality
Roosevelt renounces the neutrality policy towards Japan
Roosevelt renounces the neutrality policy towards Japan
Roosevelt renounces the neutrality policy towards Japan
President of Ecuador
Appointed Supreme Chief exercising presidential authority in Ecuador
Meeting with Hitler
The Duke & Duchess of Windsor begin their visit to Germany & meet Hitler
Jewish Emigration Assessment
Studies Zionist organizations and potential emigration routes.
Palestine Inspection Tour
Travels to the Middle East to assess Jewish emigration possibilities.
Invited by the German Hunting Association, hopes to inprove Anglo-German relations
Invited by the German Hunting Association, hopes to inprove Anglo-German relations
Conservative Student Politics
Chairs the national Federation of University Conservative Associations during his Oxford years.
German Occupation
German troops march into the Sudetenland, the promised plebiscite is never held. Czech loses 11,000 square miles of territory
Occupation of Sudetenland
German troops march into the Sudetenland, the promised plebiscite is never held
Resignation of Eduard Benes
Signs the Munich Treaty and resigns
Treaty of Munich
Henlein accompanied the transfer of Sudeten territory and became a leading Nazi administrator in the annexed region.
First Day of Sudetenland Occupation
The first day of German occupation saw troops enter the Sudetenland under the terms created by the Munich settlement.
German Entry into Ceded Sudeten Territory
German forces entered the ceded Sudeten areas as the territorial terms of the Munich settlement began to take effect.
German March into Sudetenland
German troops marched into the Sudetenland on 1 October as the post-Munich occupation began.
German Troops Enter Sudetenland
The German army began entering the Sudetenland on the day after the Munich Agreement was signed by Hitler.
Invasion of Czech
German troops march into the Sudetenland, the promised plebiscite is never held. Czech loses 11,000 sqr miles of territory
Invasion of Sudetenland, The
German troops entered the Sudetenland one day after Hitler signed the Munich Agreement, and the promised plebiscite was not held.
Invasion of Sudetenland, The
Troops enter the Sudetenland, the day after Hitler has signed the Munich Agreement. German troops march into the Sudetenland, the promised plebiscite is never held
Munich Agreement Followed by Occupation
Hitler's signature of the Munich Agreement was followed the next day by the entry of German troops into the Sudetenland.
Munich Agreement
Troops enter the Sudetenland, the day after Hitler has signed the Munich Agreement. German troops enter the Sudetenland, the day after the Munich Agreement
Occupation after Munich Agreement
The day after the Munich Agreement, German troops entered the Sudetenland and began occupying the ceded territory.
Plebiscite Not Held in Sudetenland
German troops occupied the Sudetenland after Munich, but the plebiscite promised in connection with the transfer was never held.
Post-Munich Entry into Sudetenland
German forces entered the Sudetenland immediately after the Munich settlement transferred the territory to German control.
Sudetenland Military Entry
German troops moved into the Sudetenland after Hitler had signed the Munich Agreement the previous day.
Sudetenland Occupation Begins
Occupation of the Sudetenland began as German troops crossed into the territory following the Munich Agreement.
Sudetenland Occupation without Plebiscite
German occupation of the Sudetenland began after Munich, while the promised plebiscite mentioned in the source record did not take place.
Sudetenland Occupied after Agreement
Hitler's forces entered the Sudetenland after the agreement had authorised the transfer of the territory to Germany.
Sudetenland Taken after Munich
Germany began taking control of the Sudetenland when troops entered the territory the day after Hitler signed the agreement.
Sudetenland Transfer Enforced
The territorial transfer agreed at Munich was enforced as German troops marched into the Sudetenland.
Treaty of Munich
German troops enter the Sudetenland, the day after the Munich Agreement
Commander of Luftflotte 1
Appointed Commander Luftflotte 1, based in Berlin
Treaty of Munich
Brauchitsch supervised the German Army's entry into the first occupation zones of the Sudetenland.
Cabinet Resignation over Munich
Duff Cooper resigned from Chamberlain's Cabinet because he opposed the Munich settlement and the policy that had produced it.
Invasion of Sudetenland, The
Returns having failed to satisy Hitler who will invade the Sudetenland 1st Oct
Returns having failed to satisy Hitler
Returns having failed to satisy Hitler who will invade the Sudetenland 1st Oct
Munich Agreement
The most public critic of Neville Chamberlains appeasement policy inside the Cabinet, resigns over the Munich Agreement
Resignation of Alfred Duff Cooper
The most public critic of Neville Chamberlains appeasement policy inside the Cabinet, resigns over the Munich Agreement
Treaty of Munich
Duff Cooper resigned from the Cabinet because he opposed the Munich settlement and Chamberlain's policy.
Treaty of Munich
The most public critic of Neville Chamberlains appeasement policy inside the Cabinet, resigns over the Munich Agreement
Occupation after Teschen Ultimatum
Following acceptance of the Polish ultimatum, the Teschen district was occupied by Poland.
Polish Control of Teschen
Polish control was established in Teschen after the Czechoslovak government accepted Poland's ultimatum.
Polish Entry into Teschen
Polish forces entered and occupied the Teschen district once Czechoslovakia accepted the Polish ultimatum.
Polish Occupation of Teschen
Poland occupied the Teschen district after Czechoslovakia accepted the Polish ultimatum issued during the post-Munich crisis.
Post-Ultimatum Occupation of Teschen
After Czechoslovakia accepted Poland's ultimatum, the Teschen district was occupied and brought under Polish control.
Teschen District Occupied
The Teschen district came under Polish occupation after Czechoslovakia yielded to Poland's ultimatum.
Teschen Occupation Following Munich
In the immediate aftermath of Munich, Poland occupied Teschen after its ultimatum had been accepted by Czechoslovakia.
Teschen Taken by Poland
Poland took control of the Teschen district after the ultimatum to Czechoslovakia was accepted.
Teschen Ultimatum Accepted
Czechoslovakia accepted a Polish ultimatum over Teschen, after which Poland occupied the district.
Transfer of Teschen to Poland
Teschen passed into Polish control after Czechoslovakia accepted the ultimatum and Polish forces occupied the district.
Treaty of Munich
Poland occupied the Teschen district after Czechoslovakia accepted a Polish ultimatum.
Treaty of Munich
Hitler toured newly occupied Sudeten territory and received orchestrated public welcomes.
Anti-Munich Group Discussion
Churchill discussed the creation of a group opposed to Chamberlain's Munich policy, although support remained limited.
Calls for Opposition Group
Churchill called for a group to oppose Chamberlain over Munich but found comparatively few supporters willing to join him.
Cross-Party Munich Critics
Churchill brought together critics from across party lines to discuss opposition to the Munich settlement and possible electoral consequences.
Cross-Party Opposition Meeting
Churchill held a cross-party meeting in London with opponents of the Munich settlement to discuss how they should respond politically.
Election Strategy after Munich
Churchill met other critics of Munich to consider what course they should take if the dispute developed into an election issue.
Election
Holds cross party meeting of those opposed to Munich & what to do in an election
Limited Support for Anti-Munich Group
Churchill attempted to rally opposition to Chamberlain's policy after Munich, but the effort attracted only limited backing.
Munich Critics Consider Election
Churchill and other opponents of Munich considered how their position might be presented if the controversy became part of an election campaign.
Opposition to Chamberlain after Munich
Churchill sought organised resistance to Chamberlain's Munich policy and discovered that few colleagues were prepared to support the effort.
Opposition to Munich Organised
Churchill gathered politicians opposed to Munich in an attempt to organise a broader response to Chamberlain's policy.
Political Response to Munich
Churchill used a London meeting to explore how opponents of the agreement might coordinate their political response.
Treaty of Munich
Holds cross party meeting of those opposed to Munich & what to do in an election
Treaty of Munich
Calls for a group to oppose Chamberlain but finds few supporters
Commons Debate on the Munich Agreement
Chamberlain opened the Commons debate on the Munich Agreement by defending the settlement as an alternative to immediate war.
Conservative Opposition after Munich
As the Commons debate began, Conservative critics including Churchill and Eden challenged Chamberlain's policy and the consequences of the Munich settlement.
Defence of Munich in Commons
Chamberlain defended the Munich settlement in the House of Commons as an orderly alternative to immediate war while maintaining that British rearmament should continue.
Defence of Munich in Commons
Defends the Munich settlement in the House of Commons as an orderly alternative to immediate war while insisting that rearmament continue.
Munich Agreement
The Commons debate on the Munich Agreement begins
Treaty of Munich
Chamberlain opened the Commons debate by defending the agreement as an alternative to immediate war.
Treaty of Munich
The Commons debate on the Munich Agreement begins
Munich Debate
Takes part in the first Commons debate after Munich as a Conservative critic of Chamberlain's foreign policy.
Munich Agreement Response
Calls the Munich settlement a humiliation and argues that Czechoslovakia has been forced to yield to threats of force.
Treaty of Munich
Attlee criticized the government's policy and the sacrifice of Czechoslovakia during the Commons debate.
First Syrovy Government
The First Syrovy Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Second Syrovy Government
Begins the Second Syrovy Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
European Situation after Munich
Criticises the Munich settlement and the weakening of Czechoslovakia in the Commons.
European Situation Debate after Munich
Continues Labour's criticism of the Munich settlement and warns that the underlying European danger remains.
Resignation of Eduard Benes
Eduard Benes resigned as President of Czechoslovakia after the Munich Agreement had produced major territorial and political consequences.
Resignation of Eduard Benes
Resigns after the Munich Agreement.
Munich Agreement
With Sudetenland gone to Germany, Czecho-Slovakia lost its defensible border with Germany and its fortifications
Munich Agreement
Pressured into resignation by Hitler after the Munich agreement
Munich Crisis Ends Benes Presidency
The political consequences of the Munich Agreement culminated in Benes resigning the Czechoslovak presidency in Prague.
Pressure Leading to Benes Resignation
Benes was pressured into resignation after the Munich Agreement and left the presidency during the political crisis in Prague.
Resignation of Eduard Benes
With Sudetenland gone to Germany, Czecho-Slovakia lost its defensible border with Germany and its fortifications
Resignation of Eduard Benes
Pressured into resignation by Hitler after the Munich agreement
Presidential Resignation after Munich
Benes resigned the presidency after the territorial losses and political collapse that followed the Munich settlement.
Treaty of Munich
Benes resigned the presidency after the territorial losses and political collapse caused by the Munich settlement.
Britain and France Defeated at Munich
Churchill argued that Britain and France had suffered a complete political defeat in accepting the Munich settlement.
Complete and Unmitigated Defeat
Churchill condemned the settlement as a complete and unmitigated defeat for Britain and France.
Condemnation of Munich Agreement
Churchill publicly condemned the Munich Agreement and argued that the settlement represented a major political and strategic failure.
Criticism of Chamberlain's Munich Policy
Churchill used the Munich debate to criticise Chamberlain's policy and to present the agreement as a grave defeat.
Disaster of the First Magnitude Speech
Churchill described the Munich Agreement as a disaster of the first magnitude in a speech attacking the settlement.
Munich Agreement Rejected
Churchill rejected the Munich Agreement as an acceptable settlement and warned that its consequences were profoundly damaging.
Munich Agreement
Makes a speech describing the Munich Agreement as "a disaster of the first magnitude"
Munich Described as Major Disaster
Churchill characterised the Munich Agreement as a major disaster and rejected the optimistic interpretation promoted by its supporters.
Munich Settlement Attacked
Churchill argued that the Munich settlement had seriously weakened the position of Britain and France.
Public Attack on Munich
Churchill made a forceful public attack on the agreement, describing its consequences in exceptionally severe terms.
Speech against the Munich Settlement
Churchill delivered a speech attacking the Munich settlement and rejecting the claim that it represented a satisfactory outcome.
Treaty of Munich
Churchill condemned the agreement as a complete and unmitigated defeat for Britain and France.
Treaty of Munich
Makes a speech describing the Munich Agreement as "a disaster of the first magnitude"
Czechoslovakia Questions after Munich
Answers detailed Commons questions on the implementation and consequences of the Munich settlement.
Government Policy Debate
Criticises the strategic consequences of the Munich settlement during the extended Commons debate.
Commons Warning after Munich
Churchill used the Commons debate to warn that the consequences of Munich reached far beyond the immediate crisis.
Condemnation of the Munich Settlement
Churchill condemned the Munich settlement in the Commons and argued that Czechoslovakia had been gravely weakened.
Condemnation of the Munich Settlement
Condemns the Munich settlement in the Commons and argues that Czechoslovakia and the European balance of power have been gravely weakened.
Czechoslovakia Weakened by Munich
Churchill maintained that Munich had left Czechoslovakia gravely weakened and had damaged the European balance of power.
European Balance after Munich
Churchill argued that the Munich settlement had weakened both Czechoslovakia and the wider European balance of power.
Strategic Consequences of Munich
Churchill warned in the Commons that the agreement had serious strategic consequences beyond the immediate territorial settlement.
Munich Agreement Debate
Replies for Labour in the Commons debate, criticising the policy that led to Munich and the further concessions imposed on Czechoslovakia.
Government Policy Debate on Munich
Opposes the claim that Munich has created a durable peace and stresses the strategic cost of the settlement.
Treaty of Munich
Eden abstained in the Commons division rather than endorse the Munich settlement.
Czechoslovakia Questions
Continues answering questions on Czechoslovakia immediately after the Munich debate.
Conscription and National Service Debate
Presses for stronger national service and defence preparations immediately after Munich.
Coalition Negotiations
Kerensky continues political activity connected with coalition negotiations.
Zilina Agreement
Slovak politicians demand autonomy after the Munich Agreement.
Autonomous Government
Becomes head of the autonomous Slovak government.
Armament
Announces the strengthening of Germany's western fortifications
Completion of Territorial Withdrawal
Syrovy's administration completed its withdrawal from the territories that the Munich Agreement had assigned to Germany.
Evacuation of German-Assigned Territories
Syrovy's government completed the evacuation of territories assigned to German occupation under the Munich Agreement.
Evacuation under Munich Agreement
The government in Prague completed the evacuation required by the Munich settlement from areas assigned to German occupation.
Territorial Evacuation Completed
By 10 October, the Syrovy government had completed evacuation from the territories designated for German occupation.
Treaty of Munich
Syrovy's government completed evacuation of the territories assigned to German occupation under the agreement.
Treaty of Munich
Hitler's government completed occupation of the Sudeten territories according to the Munich timetable.
Treaty of Munich
Keitel oversaw military arrangements as German occupation of the designated Sudeten zones was completed.
Capital
The Nationalist government continues operating from Chongqing as the Japanese offensive drives deeper into central China.
Eighth Infantry Division Palestine Command
Takes command of 8th Infantry Division in Palestine after promotion to major-general.
Health of Maustafa Kemal Ataturk
Ataturk 1st goes into a coma
Communist Party
Czechoslovakia, complying with Nazi policy, outlaws the Communist Party and begins persecuting Jews
German Occupation
Czechoslovakia, complying with Nazi policy, outlaws the Communist Party and begins persecuting Jews
Capture of Canton
Japanese forces capture Guangzhou, threatening Chinaโs remaining coastal supply routes.
Capture of Canton
Japanese troops occupy Canton
Invasion of China
Japanese troops occupy Canton
Diplomatic Mission at Berlin
Hosts the Polish Ambassador, Jozef Lipski & demands the return of Danzig
Rule of Danzig
Hosts the Polish Ambassador, Jozef Lipski & demands the return of Danzig
Capture of Wuchang
Japanese forces capture Wuhan after months of fighting, while the Nationalist government continues resistance from Chongqing.
Capture of Hankow
Hankow, current capital of China, falls to the Japanese
Invasion of China
Hankow, current capital of China, falls to the Japanese
Siege of Hankow
Hankow, current capital of China, falls to the Japanese
Neutrality
Belgium declares its neutrality
International Brigade
Farewell parade of the International Brigade
Munich Conference
The future of the Sudetenland is discussed by Hitler, Chamberlain, Daladier and Mussolini. The Czechs are not invited but Benes attends and is abused by Hitler
Constitution of Bolivia
Busch promulgates a constitution influenced by social reform and Chaco War nationalism.
Siege of Wuhan
Wuhan falls to Japanese forces, reinforcing the Nationalist governmentโs decision to continue the war from Chongqing.
Munich Agreement
Signs the Munich Treaty and resigns
Alliance Germany, Italy and Japan
Visits Mussolini to sign the pact with Italy. Draws up the terms of a pact between Germany, Italy & Japan
International Agreement at Berlin
Agrees German-Italian arbitration to settle a frontier between Hungary & Slovakia
Political Support at Berlin
Assures the Slovak leader, Durcansky, that Germany will support Slovak independence
Commons Division on Munich
Churchill abstained when the Commons division on the Munich Agreement was taken.
Munich Agreement
Abstains when the vote on the Munich Agreement is taken in the Commons
Munich Vote Abstention
During the Commons vote on Munich, Churchill abstained rather than give the settlement his approval.
Parliamentary Abstention over Munich
Churchill used abstention in the Commons to avoid supporting the Munich Agreement.
Treaty of Munich
Abstains when the vote on the Munich Agreement is taken in the Commons
Munich Agreement
Abstains in the Commons on the Munich Agreement vote
Treaty of Munich
Abstains in the Commons on the Munich Agreement vote
Armament
The rearmament programme is stepped up with an emphasis on heavy bombers
Diplomatic Negotiations
Talks are held with the Fench, Chamberlain keeps his "limited liabilty" war policy
International Agreement
Hitler agrees German-Italian frontier arbitration between Hungary & Slovakia
Enigma Machine
Designs perforated sheets that can identify Enigma settings despite increasingly complex plugboard connections.
Enigma Machine
Designs the Polish bomba kryptologiczna to automate part of the search for Enigma daily settings.
Invasion of Poland
Germany and the Soviet Union completely overrun Poland, although the Polish Government never surrendered
Broadcast
Churchill makes his 1st wartime broadcast, after the defeat of Poland
Invasion of Poland
Many of the exiles subsequently join the recreated Polish Army in allied France, French-mandated Syria, and the United Kingdom. Germany and the Soviet Union completely overrun Poland, although the Polish Government never surrendered
Invasion of Poland
Germany and the Soviet Union completely overrun Poland, although the Polish Government never surrendered
Newton Beech Captured as Prize
Graf Spee captures the British merchant Newton Beech and temporarily uses the vessel to hold prisoners and a German prize crew.
Treaty Negotiations
A mutual assistance Treaty is signed between Russia & Latvia
Treaty of Latvia
A mutual assistance Treaty is signed between Russia & Latvia
Treaty Negotiations
A mutual assistance Treaty is signed between Russia & Latvia
Treaty of Latvia
A mutual assistance Treaty is signed between Russia & Latvia
In a French TV broadcast Daladier dismisses Hitler's offer of peace
In a French TV broadcast Daladier dismisses Hitler's offer of peace
Foreign Policy Statement at Berlin
Makes a speech in the Reichstag appealing to the west for peace
Hitler's offers of peace to France & Britain are rejected
Hitler's offers of peace to France & Britain are rejected
Invasion of Poland
Resistance in Poland comes to an end
Operation Fall Gelb
Hitler orders a conquest of the Low Countries to forestall the French and prevent Allied air power from threatening the vital German Ruhr Area
Hitler's offers of peace to France & Britain are rejected
Hitler's offers of peace to France & Britain are rejected
Invasion of Poland
Resistance in Poland comes to an end
Ashlea Sunk after Crew Removal
Langsdorff sinks the British merchant Ashlea after removing her crew, who are transferred to the captured Newton Beech.
Birth of Paul Hogan
Birth of Paul Hogan
Invasion of Poland
The last organized Polish troops surrender
Operation Fall Gelb
Hitler issues a new "Fuhrer-Directive Number 6"
Operation Fall Gelb
No mention in the Fuhrer-Directive of any immediate attack to conquer the whole of France, although the directive reads that as much as possible of the border areas in northern France should be occupied
Huntsman Captured during Commerce Raid
Graf Spee captures the British merchant Huntsman and uses the larger ship as a temporary prisoner vessel.
Operation Fall Gelb
Britain refuses Hitler's offer of peace
Treaty of Lithuania
A mutual assistance Treaty is signed between Russia & Lithuania
Treaty Negotiations
A mutual assistance Treaty is signed between Russia & Lithuania
Treaty of Lithuania
A mutual assistance Treaty is signed between Russia & Lithuania
Capture of Estonia
Forced to accept a "mutual assistance" pact with Moscow
Capture of Latvia
Forced to accept a "mutual assistance" pact with Moscow
Capture of Lithuania
Forced to accept a "mutual assistance" pact with Moscow
Rule of Vilna
Vilna is restored to Lithuania while Russia gets sea & air bases
In a French TV broadcast Daladier dismisses Hitler's offer of peace
In a French TV broadcast Daladier dismisses Hitler's offer of peace
Birth of Robert Bobby Charlton
Birth of Robert "Bobby" Charlton
Einstein-Szilard Letter
Economist Alexander Sachs meets with President Roosevelt and delivers the Einstein-Szilard letter
Manhattan Project
Economist Alexander Sachs meets with President Roosevelt and delivers the Einstein-Szilard letter
Einstein-Szilard Letter
Delivers the uranium warning letter to Roosevelt.
Advisory Committee on Uranium
Authorises creation of the Advisory Committee on Uranium.
Advisory Committee on Uranium
Roosevelt authorizes the creation of the Advisory Committee on Uranium
Manhattan Project
Roosevelt authorizes the creation of the Advisory Committee on Uranium. Economist Alexander Sachs meets with President Roosevelt and delivers the Einstein-Szilard letter
Chamberlain dismisses Hitler's offer of peace
Chamberlain dismisses Hitler's offer of peace
Operation Fall Gelb
France refuses Hitler's offer of peace
Chamberlain dismisses Hitler's offer of peace
Chamberlain dismisses Hitler's offer of peace
Diplomatic Negotiations
Negotiations between Russia & Finland take place for an exchange of territory
Diplomatic Negotiations
Negotiations between Russia & Finland take place for an exchange of territory
Battle of Scapa Flow
Commands the U-47 which penetrates the British anchorage & sinks the Royal Oak
Sinking of HMS Royal Oak - U-47 Torpedo Salvo
U-47's second torpedo salvo struck Royal Oak shortly after 01:00 on 14 October, causing explosions that sank the battleship within minutes.
Sinking of HMS Royal Oak
Commands the U-47 which penetrates the British anchorage & sinks the Royal Oak
Sinking of HMS Royal Oak - Scapa Defence Shock
Royal Oak's loss inside Scapa Flow exposed weaknesses in the anchorage defences and prompted rapid strengthening of the naval base.
Sinking of HMS Royal Oak
The Royal Oak is sunk in Scapa Flow
Sinking of HMS Royal Oak - Heavy Casualties
Royal Oak lost 835 officers and men after U-47 penetrated Scapa Flow and torpedoed the battleship during the night.
Sinking of HMS Royal Oak
A U-47 penetrates the British anchorage & sinks the Royal Oak
Offers Finland land
Offers Finland land but the strategic loss causes the Fins to refuse
A Treaty
A Treaty with Estonia provides for the transfer of Estonians of German origin
Treaty of Estonia
A Treaty with Estonia provides for the transfer of Estonians of German origin
Altmark Rendezvous Transfers Supplies
Graf Spee meets supply ship Altmark to receive fuel and stores while continuing the Atlantic raiding cruise.
Bombing of Firth of Forth
1st air attack on British territory
Bombing of Firth of Forth
1st air attack on British territory
Huntsman Scuttled after Prisoner Transfer
After Huntsman's prisoners are transferred to Altmark, Langsdorff has the captured merchant ship scuttled.
Birth of Lee Harvey Oswald
Lee Harvey Oswald was born in New Orleans on October 18, 1939, two months after the death of his father.
Pact between Turkey, France and Great Britain
A pact of mutual assistance is signed between Turkey, France & Britain
Invasion of France
Franz Halder, the Chief of Staff of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW), the German Army High Command, presents the first plan for Fall Gelb ("Case Yellow")
Operation Fall Gelb
Franz Halder, the Chief of Staff of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW), the German Army High Command, presents the first plan for Fall Gelb ("Case Yellow")
Wehrmacht
Franz Halder, the Chief of Staff of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW), the German Army High Command, presents the first plan for Fall Gelb ("Case Yellow")
Invasion of France
Franz Halder, the Chief of Staff of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW), the German Army High Command, presents the first plan for Fall Gelb ("Case Yellow")
Operation Fall Gelb
Franz Halder, the Chief of Staff of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW), the German Army High Command, presents the first plan for Fall Gelb ("Case Yellow")
Wehrmacht
Franz Halder, the Chief of Staff of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW), the German Army High Command, presents the first plan for Fall Gelb ("Case Yellow")
Invasion of Memel
Gives the armed forces orders for the invasion of Memel
Mobilization
Gives the armed forces orders for the defence of Germany
Invasion of Czech
Gives the armed forces orders for the liquidation of Czech
Advisory Committee on Uranium
First meeting of the Uranium Committee, headed by Lyman Briggs of the National Bureau of Standards, 6000 dollars is budgeted for neutron experiments
Manhattan Project
First meeting of the Uranium Committee, headed by Lyman Briggs of the National Bureau of Standards, 6000 dollars is budgeted for neutron experiments
Uranium Committee
First meeting of the Uranium Committee, headed by Lyman Briggs of the National Bureau of Standards, 6000 dollars is budgeted for neutron experiments
Uranium Committee
Chairs the first Uranium Committee meeting.
Advisory Committee on Uranium
First meeting of the Uranium Committee, headed by Lyman Briggs of the National Bureau of Standards, 6000 dollars is budgeted for neutron experiments
Uranium Committee
First meeting of the Uranium Committee, headed by Lyman Briggs of the National Bureau of Standards, 6000 dollars is budgeted for neutron experiments
Exile of Eduard Benes
Benes goes into exile in Putney, London
Commander in Chief
Commands the army of occupation in Poland with his HQ in Spala
Commander in Chief
Commands the army of occupation in Poland with his HQ in Spala
Trevanion Destroyed during South Atlantic Raid
Graf Spee sinks the British merchant Trevanion after the ship attempts to transmit a distress report.
Governor General of Poland
Appointed Governor General of Poland, of the annexed Polish territories
Governor
Appointed Governor General of Poland, of the annexed Polish territories
Governor General of Poland
Appointed Governor General of Poland, of the annexed Polish territories
Rule of Poland
Appointed Governor General of Poland, of the annexed Polish territories
Pact between Turkey, France and Great Britain
A pact of mutual assistance is signed between Turkey, France & Britain
President of Slovakia
Tiso is elected President of Slovakia.
Neutrality
Belgium declares its neutrality
Altmark Refuelling near Tristan da Cunha
Graf Spee meets Altmark near Tristan da Cunha for another refuelling before turning toward the Indian Ocean.
Indian Ocean Diversion Begins
Langsdorff turns Graf Spee toward the Indian Ocean to widen the search for merchant targets and complicate British tracking.
Invasion of Netherlands, The
Halder presens Aufmarschanweisung Nยฐ2, Fall Gelb, a secondary attack on The Netherlands
Operation Fall Gelb
Halder presens Aufmarschanweisung Nยฐ2, Fall Gelb, a secondary attack on The Netherlands
Treaty Negotiations
Treaty with Latvia for the evacuation of Germans from the Baltic
Treaty of Latvia
Treaty with Latvia for the evacuation of Germans from the Baltic
Invasion of Poland
Russia formally annexes its occupied Polish territories
Rule of Poland
Russia formally annexes its occupied Polish territories
Rule of Poland
Russia formally annexes its occupied Polish territories
Berlin Deportation Administration
Coordinates forced emigration and emerging deportation policy.
Reich Emigration Office Leadership
Takes leadership of the Reich Central Office for Jewish Emigration.
First Mass Deportation Experiment
The failed project becomes an early mass-deportation experiment.
Nisko Deportations
Organizes deportations from Vienna and Moravia toward Nisko.
First Battle of Changsha
Nationalist forces repel a major Japanese offensive around Changsha, providing an important defensive success during the war.
Western Offensive Planning Begins
Jodl participates in planning for a German offensive through the Low Countries and France.
Enlistment in Royal Warwickshire Regiment
Enlists as a private in the Royal Warwickshire Regiment after returning from Australia following the outbreak of the Second World War.
Treaty Negotiations
Turkey signs a Treaty of mutual assistance with Britain & France
Cabinet War Rooms
Uses underground war rooms as the Blitz makes central London dangerous.
United States Citizenship
Becomes a United States citizen while retaining Swiss citizenship.
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Churchill appoints Ernest Bevin as Minister of Labour
Meeting with On the Brenner Pass
Ciano, Mussolini & Htler meet on the Brenner Pass
Bombing of London
Former Leader of the London County Council, useful during the blitz
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary
Operation Sea Lion
Visits Hitler, notes in his diary there was no talk about Operation Sea Lion
Battle of Britain
Dies after becoming one of the battle's highest-scoring Allied pilots.
Battle of Britain
Is killed when his Hurricane crashes near Ewell after a patrol.
Birth of John Lennon
Birth of John Lennon in Liverpool
Birth of John Lennon
Birth of John Lennon during wartime Liverpool.
Constitution of 1940
Becomes constitutional president under the 1940 constitution.
Invasion of Great Britain
Hitler calls off the invasion until the Spring
Operation Sea Lion
The British invasion forces are released. After pressure from the Army & the Navy calls off Operation Sea Lion until the Spring
Operation Sea Lion
Adolf Hitler postpones Operation Sea Lion
Promotion to Wartime Lieutenant
Advances to wartime lieutenant while serving in military intelligence.
GSO3 Intelligence Appointment
Serves as a temporary captain and General Staff Officer Grade Three in an intelligence role with an armoured formation.
International Agreement
Britain and France agree not to sign a separate peace with Germany
Invasion of Greece
Mussolini and his closest advisers finalise their decision to invade Greece
Baden and Saarpfalz Deportations
Organizes deportation of Jews from Baden and Saarpfalz.
Jews Deported to Unoccupied France
Nearly seven thousand people are sent to unoccupied France.
Collaboration
Laval meets Hitler & offers to collaborate
Invasion of France
Laval meets Hitler & offers to collaborate
Invasion of Greece
Mussolini decides to proceed with the planned invasion of Greece despite German reservations about widening the Balkan war.
Birth of Pelรฉ in Trรชs Coraรงรตes
Pelรฉ was born on 23 October and grew up in a footballing family before becoming one of the sport's most celebrated players.
Meeting with Hitler at Hendaye
Franco meets Hitler at Hendaye but Franco declines to enter the war
Meeting with Hitler at Hendaye
Franco meets Hitler at Hendaye but declines to enter the war
Commander of 18th Panzer Division
Appointed Commander of the 18th Panzer Division
Commander of 18th Panzer Division
Appointed Commander of the 18th Panzer Division
Neutrality
Belgium declares its neutrality
Advisery War Council
Founds the Advisery War Council
Greek War
Promises support after Italy attacks Greece.
Italian Ultimatum Rejected
Metaxas rejects Italy's ultimatum and Greece enters the Second World War.
Battle of Greece
The Battle of Greece becomes a continuation of the Greco-Italian War
Invasion of Greece
The Battle of Greece becomes a continuation of the Greco-Italian War
Battle of Greece
The Battle of Greece becomes a continuation of the Greco-Italian War
Invasion of Greece
The Battle of Greece becomes a continuation of the Greco-Italian War
Invasion of Greece
Metaxas rejected the ultimatum (the refusal is commemorated as Ohi Day, a national holiday in Greece), but even before its expiration, Italian troops had invaded Greece through Albania. Italian Ambassador Emmanuel Grazzi presents Metaxas with a three-hour ultimatum, in which he demands free passage for troops to occupy unspecified "strategic sites" within Greek territory
Battle of Greece
The Battle of Greece becomes a continuation of the Greco-Italian War
Invasion of Greece
Metaxas rejects the Italian ultimatum (commemorated as Ohi Day, a national holiday in Greece)
Invasion of Greece
The failed invasion attempt diverts German divisions from the Russian front
Battle of Britain
Commands Fighter Command through the official final day of the Battle of Britain.
Battle of Britain
The Luftwaffe has failed to gain the air superiority required for invasion.
Invasion Threat Reduced
Continues invasion precautions as the immediate German landing threat declines.
Vice Prime Minister
Appointed Vice Prime Minister in the Vichy Government of Marshal Philippe Petain
Vichy Government
Appointed Vice Prime Minister in the Vichy Government of Marshal Philippe Petain
Vice Prime Minister
Appointed Vice Prime Minister in the Vichy Government of Marshal Philippe Petain
Vichy Government
Appointed Vice Prime Minister in the Vichy Government of Marshal Philippe Petain
Vice Prime Minister
Appointed Vice Prime Minister in the Vichy Government of Marshal Philippe Petain
Vichy Government
Appointed Vice Prime Minister in the Vichy Government of Marshal Philippe Petain
Invasion of Switzerland
The plan plan to invade Switzerland continued to undergo revision until October, when Twelfth Army submitted its fourth draft, now called "Operation Tannenbaum". Although the Wehrmacht feigned moves toward Switzerland in its offensives, it never attempted to invade. After D-Day, the operation was put on hold and Switzerland remained neutral for the duration of the war
Neutrality
Although the Wehrmacht feigned moves toward Switzerland in its offensives, it never attempted to invade. After D-Day, the operation was put on hold and Switzerland remained neutral for the duration of the war
Operation Tannenbaum
The plan plan to invade Switzerland continued to undergo revision until October, when Twelfth Army submitted its fourth draft, now called "Operation Tannenbaum"
Twelfth Army
The plan plan to invade Switzerland continued to undergo revision until October, when Twelfth Army submitted its fourth draft, now called "Operation Tannenbaum"
Wehrmacht
Although the Wehrmacht feigned moves toward Switzerland in its offensives, it never attempted to invade. After D-Day, the operation was put on hold and Switzerland remained neutral for the duration of the war
Operation Sea Lion
Preparations are deferred to the Spring but only to keep pressure on the British. Operation Sea Lion is called off
Fifth Corps Command Assumed
Takes command of V Corps and continues intensive preparations against a possible invasion.
Censorship
Political parties are banned
Constitution of Japan
Political parties are banned
IRAA
Appointed Head of the The Imperial Rule Assistance Association
MIT Radiation Laboratory
Helps establish the laboratory that develops wartime microwave radar.
Operation Taifun
The operation "Taifun" to take Moscow commences
Siege of Moscow
The operation "Taifun" to take Moscow commences
Invasion of Russia
Stalin calls an emergency session of the State Defence Committee
Siege of Bryansk
Encircles Bryansk
Siege of Moscow
Encircles Bryansk
Siege of Moscow
Encircles Vyazma
Siege of Moscow
Ordered by Stalin from Leningrad to create a new western front to defend Moscow
Western Front
Ordered by Stalin from Leningrad to create a new western front to defend Moscow
Resignation of Arthur William Fadden
Resigns as PM of Australia
Leningrad Destruction Policy Transmitted
The order signed by Jodl calls for Leningrad to be destroyed rather than occupied after surrender.
Moscow Destruction Policy Transmitted
The same order extends a destructive policy to Moscow rather than accepting a capitulation.
Moscow and Leningrad Surrender Rejection Order
Jodl signs an order stating that surrender offers from Moscow or Leningrad should not be accepted.
Manhattan Project
Bush takes MAUD report to Roosevelt who approves project to confirm MAUD's findings
Manhattan Project
Bush takes MAUD report to Roosevelt who approves project to confirm MAUD's findings
Death of Walter von Reichenau
Orders, "..just retribution that must be meted out to the subhuman species of Jewry"
Execution
Orders, "..just retribution that must be meted out to the subhuman species of Jewry"
Massacre
Orders the 6th Army to create a command structure for atrocities in the Ukraine
Sixth Army
Orders the 6th Army to create a command structure for atrocities in the Ukraine
Birth of Paul Simon
Birth of Paul Simon
Capture of Kalinin
Captures Kalinin severing the Leningrad-Moscow railway line
Siege of Moscow
The 10th Panzer Division & SS Das Reich reach Borodino, 70 miles from Moscow
Siege of Moscow
1st Panzer Division captures Kalinin 100 niles outside Moscow
Siege of Moscow
Reaches Tula & threatens Moscow from the south
Deportations from Greater German Reich
Coordinates deportations from the Greater German Reich eastward.
Eastern Deportation Coordination
Tens of thousands are sent to ghettos and killing sites.
Siege of Moscow
Prepares to evacuate his HQ from Moscow
Birth of Simon Ward
Birth of Simon Ward
Siege of Moscow
Beria brings in several regiments of the NKVD in to preserve order. A state of siege is declared
Capture of Kharkov
Kharkov is captured by the Germans during the invasion of Russia
Prime Minister of Australia
Appointed Prime Minister of Australia, 1st term
Commander of Panzer Corps 41
Appointed Commander of XXXXI Panzer Corps
Commander of Panzer Corps 41
Appointed Commander of XXXXI Panzer Corps
Enigma Machine
Churchill then wrote a memo to General Ismay which read: "ACTION THIS DAY.
Enigma Machine
Make sure they have all they want on extreme priority and report to me that this has been done.", more than two hundred bombes were in operation by the end of the war.
Enigma Machine
Writes directly to Churchill spelling out his difficulties emphasising how small the need is compared with the vast expenditure of men and money by the forces and compared with the level of assistance they could offer.
Enigma Machine
Orders urgent priority for Bletchley Park resources after receiving the codebreakers' appeal for more support.
Axis Nationals
The government removes many German and Italian nationals after British and Soviet pressure.
Resignation of Arthur William Fadden
Forced to resign after his budget is rejected
Promotion to Lieutenant Colonel
Is promoted to SS-Obersturmbannfuehrer.
SS Rank of Obersturmbannfuehrer
The rank corresponds approximately to lieutenant colonel.
Annihilation Policy Coordination
His transport office becomes central to implementation.
Final Solution Planning Discussions
Participates in discussions concerning the planned annihilation of European Jews.
Posting to Cairo
Is posted to Cairo and works in senior intelligence duties in the Middle East theatre.
Resignation of Konoe Fumimaro
Resigns due to the Armys unwillingness to make concessions demanded by US diplomacy
Resigns due to the Armys unwillingness to make concessions demanded by US
Resigns due to the Armys unwillingness to make concessions demanded by US diplomacy. Resigns due to the Armys unwillingness to make concessions demanded by the US
V2 Rocket
1st successful test launching of of thew V2, liquid fuelled rocket
V2 Rocket
1st successful test launching of of thew V2, liquid fuelled rocket
Command of Ravenna
Dupont assumes command of the Ravenna Division while it is deployed on the Don.
Met Lab Engineering Deadline
During a visit to the Metallurgical Laboratory, Groves orders long-delayed engineering decisions for plutonium production to be settled within five days.
Battle of Alamein, 2nd
Montgomery issues final plans for the Eighth Army's offensive before the Second Battle of El Alamein.
Battle of Cape Esperance
Goto leads a Japanese cruiser force into the Battle of Cape Esperance and is mortally wounded.
Death of Alessandro Predieri
Predieri is killed while commanding the Brescia Division on the El Alamein front.
Bombing of Grozny
As a result, on 10 October 1942, Luftflotte Fours Fliegerkorps IV was ordered to send every available bomber against the oilfields at Grozny.
Bombing of Grozny
He was now down to 232, of which only 129 were combat ready.
Bombing of Grozny
Hitler called for the air offensive to be carried out no later than 14 October, as he required air assets for a major effort at Stalingrad.
Bombing of Grozny
The air fleet was in poor shape by this time.
Bombing of Grozny
Von Richthofen had begun Case Blue with 323 serviceable bombers out of a total of 480.
Manhattan Project
Leslie Richard Groves appoints Robert Oppenheimer to coordinate the scientific research of the project at the "Site Y" laboratory
Site Y
Leslie Richard Groves appoints Robert Oppenheimer to coordinate the scientific research of the project at the "Site Y" laboratory
Manhattan Project
Leslie Richard Groves appoints Robert Oppenheimer to coordinate the scientific research of the project at the "Site Y" laboratory
Site Y
Leslie Richard Groves appoints Robert Oppenheimer to coordinate the scientific research of the project at the "Site Y" laboratory
Commando Order Covering Memorandum Signed
Jodl signs the covering memorandum transmitting Hitler's criminal Commando Order.
Commando Order
Hitler issued a Kommandobefehl (Commando Order) that proscribed any Allied personnel captured in commando raids would be executed
Death of Federico Ferrari Orsi
Ferrari Orsi is killed by a mine while inspecting forward positions shortly before the Second Battle of El Alamein.
Commando Order Supplement Transmitted
Jodl's staff transmits a restricted explanation concerning implementation of the Commando Order.
Command of Folgore
Bignami assumes acting command of Folgore after Frattini leaves the division.
Command of Brescia
Brunetti assumes command of Brescia during the final days before the British offensive at El Alamein.
Relinquishes Folgore Command
Frattini leaves command of the Folgore Division shortly before the main British offensive at El Alamein.
Battle of Yenangyaung
The Japanese capture the Yenangyaung oilfields & Magwe
Revenue Act of 1942
The Act greatly expands the number of Americans subject to federal income tax.
Battle of Alamein, 2nd
Maintains Egypt's wartime government during the Allied offensive at El Alamein.
Battle of Alamein, 2nd
Remains Egypt's monarch as the Second Battle of El Alamein is fought in the Western Desert.
Battle of Alamein, 2nd
Commands Axis forces at El Alamein and fails to break through to the Nile Delta and the Suez Canal.
Battle of Alamein, 2nd
The British Eighth Army opens the offensive at El Alamein while Georg Stumme commands Axis forces in Rommel's absence.
Battle of Alamein, 2nd
Helps manage Panzer Army Africa staff work during the Second Battle of El Alamein.
Battle of Alamein, 2nd
Commands 90th Light Africa Division on the Axis line at El Alamein.
Battle of Alamein, 2nd
Commands Axis forces at the start of the Second Battle of El Alamein while Rommel is absent.
Battle of Alamein, 2nd
Leese's XXX Corps leads the infantry assault in the northern sector at the opening of the Second Battle of El Alamein.
Battle of Alamein, 2nd
Directs Desert Air Force support for Montgomery's offensive at El Alamein, helping secure the canal route.
Operation Lightfoot
Begins Operation Lightfoot, the infantry and artillery opening phase of the Second Battle of El Alamein.
Battle of Alamein, 2nd
Commands XIII Corps in the southern diversion during the opening of the Second Battle of El Alamein.
Battle of Alamein, 2nd
Launches an attack at El Alamein to stop the Axis advance toward the Suez Canal.
Battle of Alamein, 2nd
Launches the El Alamein offensive that turns back the Axis threat to Egypt and the Suez Canal.
Battle of Alamein, 2nd
Montgomery launches a diversionary attack in the southern sector on the opening night of the battle.
Battle of Alamein, 2nd
Montgomery launches the Second Battle of El Alamein with coordinated attacks by XXX Corps and XIII Corps.
Lightfoot
Operation Lightfoot is launched to recapture north Africa
Northern Alamein Break-In Ordered
Orders the principal infantry assault in the north to open routes through Axis defensive belts.
Southern Alamein Diversion Maintained
Maintains pressure in the south to hold Axis formations away from the decisive northern sector.
Defence of Southern El Alamein
Bignami's Folgore defends the southern sector against repeated British attacks during the opening of the El Alamein offensive.
Battle of Alamein, 2nd
Commands the Folgore paratroopers holding the southern sector during the Second Battle of El Alamein.
Second Battle of El Alamein
Arena commands Ariete, initially held in the southern armoured reserve during the Second Battle of El Alamein.
Second Battle of El Alamein
Bitossi commands Littorio when the British offensive begins at El Alamein.
Second Battle of El Alamein
La Ferla leads Trieste as the British Eighth Army opens the Second Battle of El Alamein.
North Africa Campaign
Monitors the North African crisis from Comando Supremo during the Second Battle of El Alamein.
Battle of Alamein, 2nd
Holds senior Italian command responsibility in Libya as Italian and German forces fight at El Alamein.
Birth of John Michael Crichton
Birth of John Michael Crichton
British Attack on Brescia
Brunetti's Brescia sector comes under heavy British attack during the Second Battle of El Alamein.
October Offensive on Henderson Field
Maruyama's division begins a difficult jungle assault against the southern defenses of Henderson Field.
Battle of Alamein, 2nd
Returns from Germany to command Panzer Army Africa during the Second Battle of El Alamein.
Battle of Alamein, 2nd
Montgomery confirms that the breakout effort must continue despite stubborn Axis resistance.
North Africa Campaign
Oversees Axis air and supply efforts while the El Alamein battle strains North African logistics.
Film
Birth of Robert William "Bob" Hoskins, Jr
Battle of Alamein, 2nd
Axis tankers Proserpina and Tergeste are sunk, worsening fuel shortages during the battle.
Battle of Alamein, 2nd
The loss of Axis supply tankers deprives Panzer Army Africa of fuel during the battle.
Armoured Counter-Move
Arena moves Ariete north toward Deyr el-Murra for an Axis armoured counter-move during the El Alamein battle.
Battle of Santa Cruz
Leads his ships as the vanguard group at the carrier battles of Santa Cruz
Battle of Alamein, 2nd
The Afrika Korps is reduced to 114 tanks but Hitler orders that they must hold its ground
Battle of Alamein, 2nd
Rommel's armour is badly reduced during the Second Battle of El Alamein while Hitler forbids withdrawal.
Battle of Alamein, 2nd
The Afrika Korps is reduced to 114 tanks but Hitler orders that they must hold its ground
Battle of Alamein, 2nd
Commands 15th Panzer Division as Axis armoured strength declines during the battle.
Alamein Attrition Phase Continued
Continues the battle despite slow progress, using artillery and infantry to wear down Axis reserves.
Supercharge Breakthrough Sector Chosen
Chooses a more northerly sector for the final breakout operation against the weakened Axis line.
Supercharge
Decides to launch the break-out Supercharge as far north as possible
Enigma Machine
Enters U-559 with Fasson and helps recover documents vital to renewed attacks on four-rotor Naval Enigma.
Enigma Machine
Boards sinking U-559 and retrieves Enigma key material before drowning when the submarine founders.
Enigma Machine
Carries captured U-559 codebooks and Enigma material from the sinking submarine to the British boarding party.
Battle of Britain
Germany bombs Canterbury in the biggest daylight raid since the Battle of Britain
Invasion of Russia
Hitler came to recognise that the capture of the Caucasus oil fields was unlikely before the Russian Winter forced the German forces to take up winter positions. Unable to capture them, he was determined to deny them to the enemy and ordered the Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (OKL) to inflict as much damage as possible
Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (OKL)
Hitler came to recognise that the capture of the Caucasus oil fields was unlikely before the Russian Winter forced the German forces to take up winter positions. Unable to capture them, he was determined to deny them to the enemy and ordered the Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (OKL) to inflict as much damage as possible
Operation Case Blue
Hitler came to recognise that the capture of the Caucasus oil fields was unlikely before the Russian Winter forced the German forces to take up winter positions. Unable to capture them, he was determined to deny them to the enemy and ordered the Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (OKL) to inflict as much damage as possible
Commander in Chief
Appointed SOE Commander of the Independent French
Enigma Machine
Joins Birch in Washington negotiations that strengthen British-American cooperation against Naval Enigma.
Enigma Machine
Travels to Washington and helps negotiate full collaboration with the U.S. Navy on communications intelligence.
Commander in Chief
Appointed SOE Commander of the Independent French
El Alamein Intelligence Planning
Contributes intelligence assessment and planning to British operations culminating in the Second Battle of El Alamein.
Broadcast
Churchill broadcasts to Italy appealing to them to oust their leaders
Suez Canal
Commands Mediterranean naval forces while the El Alamein campaign protects Alexandria and the Suez Canal.
Alamein Artillery Concentration Prepared
Masses artillery to support infantry corridors through the Axis minefields at the start of the offensive.
Operation Bertram Deception Supported
Supports deception measures intended to disguise the timing and main direction of the coming Alamein offensive.
Deployment at Podgornoje
Reverberi's Tridentina is shifted to the left of the Alpine Corps in the Podgornoje area.
Los Alamos Laboratory
Is selected to direct bomb-design work at Los Alamos.
Centrifuge Separation Abandoned
The centrifuge method for uranium isotope separation is abandoned after persistent technical difficulties.
British Information Exchange Restriction
Conant recommends sharply restricting atomic information exchange with Britain; Bush forwards the recommendation to Roosevelt.
DuPont Plutonium Assignment
Groves places DuPont in charge of engineering and construction for the plutonium-production project.
Invasion of France
Reports the Rhone Valley, Toulon & Marsaille are tempting areas for Allied invasion
Capture of Naples
The Allies capture Naples
Invasion of Italy
Hitler orders the defence of Italy south of Rome
Capture of Naples
British forces enter Naples
Siege of Naples
Leads the Eighth Army into Naples
Allied Entry into Naples
Leads the southern government as Allied forces enter Naples after the German withdrawal and local uprising.
Siege of Naples
Leads the 5th Army into Naples
Bombing of Munich
The RAF launch a 25 minute bombing raid on Munich
Bombing of Munich
The RAF launch a 25 minute bombing raid on Munich
First Sea Lord of the Admiralty
Appointed First Sea Lord
First Sea Lord of the Admiralty
Appointed First Sea Lord
Manhattan Project
Construction begins for the first reactor at the Hanford Site
Commander General of XLI Panzer Corps
Appointed Commanding General of the XLI Panzer Corps
Commander General of XLI Panzer Corps
Appointed Commanding General of the XLI Panzer Corps
Capture of Naples
The Allies capture Naples
Conference of Posen
In Heinrich Himmlers speech at the Posen Conference Himmler, for the first time, clearly elucidated to all assembled leaders of the Reich, in frank and brutal terms, what the "Final Solution" referred to
Final Solution
In Heinrich Himmlers speech at the Posen Conference Himmler, for the first time, clearly elucidated to all assembled leaders of the Reich, in frank and brutal terms, what the "Final Solution" referred to
Bombing of Stuttgart
The RAF bomb Stuttgart
Bombing of Stuttgart
The RAF bomb Stuttgart
Battle of Stalingrad
The disaster at Stalingrad was the end of Case Blue and the territorial gains had been reversed by the end of 1943, except for the Kuban bridgehead on the Taman peninsula, retained for a possible second offensive to the Caucasus, which was held until 9 October 1943
Capture of Crimea
The Axis complete the evacuation of the Crimea
Invasion of Russia
The disaster at Stalingrad was the end of Case Blue and the territorial gains had been reversed by the end of 1943, except for the Kuban bridgehead on the Taman peninsula, retained for a possible second offensive to the Caucasus, which was held until 9 October 1943
Operation Case Blue
The disaster at Stalingrad was the end of Case Blue and the territorial gains had been reversed by the end of 1943, except for the Kuban bridgehead on the Taman peninsula, retained for a possible second offensive to the Caucasus, which was held until 9 October 1943
Capture of Crimea
The Axis complete the evacuation of the Crimea
Capture of Kuban Peninsula
The Russians capture the Kuban Peninsula on the Black Sea
Declaration of War
Italy declares war on Germany
Co-belligerent Policy
Commits the royal government to active military cooperation with the Allies against Germany.
Co-belligerent Italy
Remains head of state as the royal government becomes a recognized co-belligerent against Germany.
Declaration of War on Germany
Announces Italy's declaration of war on Germany, establishing the royal government as an Allied co-belligerent.
Italy Becomes Co-belligerent
Secures Allied acceptance of active Italian cooperation against Germany after declaring war.
Declaration of War on Germany
Authorizes the royal Italian government's declaration of war on Germany.
Invasion of Italy
Defends the Gustav line from Minturno to Cassino
Invasion of Italy
Forced to withdraw 15 miles north of the Volturno Line
Offensive
Launches an offensive to cut off the 1st Panzer Army in the Dnieper Rive
Siege of Kiev
Vatutin launches a 4 day breakout from the Burkin bridgehead south of Kiev
Viceroy
Appointed Viceroy of India, officially installed
United Nations
Allied agreement to set up United Nations Commission on War Crimes
Operation Rankin
Operation Rankin could win the war ahead of Operation Overlord
Trial
Allied agreement to set up United Nations Commission on War Crimes
Siege of Kiev
Vatutins attacks from the Burkin bridgehead are repulsed
Operation Rankin
Operation Rankin could win the war ahead of Operation Overlord
Operation Overlord
The HQ for the 1st US Army opens in England
Government
Subhas Chandra Bose proclaims the Provisional Government of Free India in Singapore on 21 October 1943.
Provisional Government
Bose establishes the Provisional Government of Free India as the political authority aligned with the Indian National Army.
K-25 First Concrete
The first concrete is poured for the K-25 gaseous-diffusion plant building at Oak Ridge.
Plot
Italian plans to kidnap Hitler are published by the Germans
Declaration of War
The Provisional Government led by Subhas Chandra Bose declares war on Britain and the United States.
Capture of Dnepropetrovsk
Malinowsky captures Dnepropetrovsk
Siege of Rome
Cables the Combined Chiefs of Staff calling for extra manpower & landing craft
Atlantic Wall
Completes a report highlighting the deficiences of the Atlantic Wall
Diplomatic Plan
Announces a plan for the post-war rehabilitation & reconstruction of Russia
Capture of Kotor
Partisans capture Kotor in Yugoslavia
Invasion of Italy
Offerred 60 Landing Ship Tanks until 15 Dec
Health of Guenther Hans von Kluge
Invalided from command after a car crash
Strike
Miners go on strike
Four-Nation Declaration
China joins the United States, Britain and Soviet Union in the Four-Nation Declaration supporting a postwar international security organization.
Conference of Moscow
Agrees to the European Advisery Commission to divide Germany into military zones
Declaration of Four Powers
Declaration to create an international organisation for peace & security. Annexation imposed on Austria by Germany on March 15, 1938, is null and void
European Advisery Commission
Agrees to form the European Advisery Commission to divide Germany into military zones
German Military Zones
Agrees to form the European Advisery Commission to divide Germany into military zones
Rule of Germany
Agrees to the European Advisery Commission to divide Germany into military zones
Transfer to Finance Economy and Justice
A cabinet reallocation transferred al-Rifai from interior and education to the ministries of finance, economy and justice. The change placed him in charge of fiscal and judicial portfolios within the same government.
Conference of Moscow
It is agreed after Germany is defeated Austria should regain independence. Agreed to form the European Advisery Commission to divide Germany into military zones
Declaration of Four Powers
Establishes the principle of an international organisation to for international peace
Declaration of Four Powers
Signed by the USA, Russia, China & Britain
Establishes the principle of an international organisation to keep international peace
Establishes the principle of an international organisation to keep international peace
International Peace
Establishes the principle of an international organisation to for international peace
Aage Bohr Wartime Escape
Leaves occupied Denmark with his family through Sweden, interrupting his university studies and beginning several years of wartime scientific work abroad.
Escape from Occupied Denmark
Escapes German-occupied Denmark and reaches Sweden after the worsening danger to Danish Jews makes continued work in Copenhagen untenable.
Battle of Orel
Orel falls to the Russians
Alliance Great Britain and Russia
Meets the Russians & confirms the Allied decision at Quebec to launch Overlord
Invasion of Dodecanese
The British attempt to capture the Dodecanese after the surrender of Italy. The British are driven out of the Dodecanese & lose 5,000
Republican Police Administration
Directs police administration for the Italian Social Republic during the consolidation of the new regime.
Government Headquarters
Conducts much of his government work from Gargnano on Lake Garda under close German supervision.
Interior Administration
Develops the Interior Ministry apparatus used by the Italian Social Republic across German-occupied territory.
Party Organization
Builds local Republican Fascist Party organizations across territory controlled by the Italian Social Republic.
Armed Forces Reconstruction
Begins efforts to recruit and organize armed forces for the Italian Social Republic.
Naval Armistice Administration
Coordinates the reduced Italian Navy's operations and obligations under the armistice.
Government Administration in the South
Reorganizes ministries and administration in southern Italy under Allied supervision.
Opposition to the Monarchy
Argues that responsibility for Fascism and the war requires a political break with Victor Emmanuel III.
RSI Military Recruitment
Promotes recruitment and reconstruction of armed units for the Italian Social Republic.
Republican Fascist Mobilization
Uses the Republican Fascist Party to mobilize political support for the Italian Social Republic.
Salรฒ Government Administration
Oversees a dispersed government whose ministries are based around Salรฒ and other towns near Lake Garda.
RSI Internal Security
Directs the Interior Ministry as the Fascist republic expands its internal-security apparatus.
Italian Cooperation with Allies
Begins providing military and logistical cooperation to Allied forces operating in Italy.
RSI Armed Forces
Works with German authorities to create military formations for Mussolini's new regime.
Alliance Agreement at Moscow
Supports the alliance of Turkey with the Allies during a meeting with the Allies
Alliance Turkey with the Allies
Supports the alliance of Turkey with the Allies during a meeting with the Allies. Meets the Allies to back the invasion of north France
Invasion of France
Supports the use of Swedish airbases to invade north France at a meeting with the Allies
Invasion of Italy
Complains the Allies in Italy cannot prevent Germans moving Divisions to the Eastern Front
Manhattan Project
Project W-47, later called Project Alberta set up to plan delivery of the bomb
Project Alberta
Project W-47, later called Project Alberta set up to plan delivery of the bomb
Project W-47
Project W-47, later called Project Alberta set up to plan delivery of the bomb
Manhattan Project
Project W-47, later called Project Alberta set up to plan delivery of the bomb
Alliance United States and Russia
Meets the Russians & confirms the Allied decision at Quebec to launch Overlord
Operation Overlord
Meets Russian representives & confirms the decision at Quebec to launch Overlord
Operation Overlord
Arrives in England to take command of the First Army
Project Alberta
Project W-47, later called Project Alberta set up to plan delivery of the bomb
Siege of Metz
Closes in on Metz
Battle of Aachen
Joins up with Hodges First Army
Dukla Pass Operation
Soviet and Czechoslovak forces cross the Dukla Pass into Slovakia.
Prime Minister of Egypt
Is appointed Prime Minister of Egypt after Nahas Pasha's dismissal.
Prime Minister of Egypt
Forms a government after King Farouk dismisses Mostafa el-Nahas.
Stilwell Recall Request
Formally insists that President Roosevelt replace General Joseph Stilwell after their command relationship deteriorates beyond repair.
Birth of John Entwistle
Birth of Who bassist John Entwistle.
Birth of John Alec Entwistle
Birth of John Alec Entwistle
Assumption of Fourteenth Area Army Command
Yamashita assumes command of the Fourteenth Area Army and responsibility for the defence of the Philippines.
Battle of Aachen
The US First Army enters the outskirts of Aachen
First Army
The US First Army enters the outskirts of Aachen
Links Curzon Line to Western Gains
Churchill links acceptance of the Curzon Line to Allied support for Polish territorial gains in East Prussia and toward the Oder.
Supports Curzon Settlement
Churchill unequivocally supports using the Curzon Line as the basis of the Polish-Soviet territorial settlement during talks with Stalin and Mikolajczyk.
Opposes Curzon Cession
Mikolajczyk refuses authority to cede eastern territories on the Curzon basis and argues that any territorial concession must be decided by the Polish people.
Claims Allied Support at Tehran
Molotov claims the Curzon Line had support from all three major Allies at Tehran, prompting concern about Roosevelt's actual position.
Curzon Line as Settlement Condition
Stalin tells Mikolajczyk that acceptance of the Curzon Line as the Soviet-Polish boundary is essential before a broader political settlement can proceed.
Minor Curzon Line Adjustments
Stalin says the Curzon Line must remain the basis of settlement but allows that final demarcation could shift seven or eight kilometres in places.
Assassination of Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel
The Gestapo give Rommel the choice of a trial or suicide disguised as a heart attack. Rommel decides to poison himself
Death of Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel
Death of Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel, forced to take poison
Suicide
The Gestapo give Rommel the choice of a trial or suicide disguised as a heart attack
Supports Polish Western Claims
Churchill confirms with Stalin that they will support Polish claims to compensating territory in the north and west if the eastern frontier follows the Curzon basis.
End of Pre-Premiership Finance Portfolio
Al-Rifai completed his term overseeing finance, economy and justice under Abu al-Huda. The following day he would take office as head of a new government.
Accepts Curzon Line
Bierut accepts the Curzon Line as the proper basis for the Soviet-Polish frontier and seeks Allied support for Polish gains in the west.
Formation of First Rifai Government
Al-Rifai formed his first government in the Emirate of Transjordan and became prime minister. He concurrently held the foreign affairs and defense portfolios during a period when the region was approaching the end of the Second World War.
Rejects Major Lwow Adjustment
Stalin tells Churchill that final demarcation may allow small local changes but not a major alteration transferring Lwow west of the Curzon-based frontier.
Capture of Woensdrecht
The German 15th army is encircled in the Beveland peninsula. Liberated by the Canadian 2nd Division
Siege of Beveland
Seals the German 15th army in the Beveland Peninsula
Questions Tehran Curzon Claim
Mikolajczyk protests Molotov's assertion that Roosevelt had accepted the Curzon Line at Tehran and seeks clarification of the American position.
Government Returns to Athens
Papandreou and the national government return after German withdrawal.
Activation of Sho-1
Toyoda activates the Sho-1 plan as Japanese naval forces prepare to contest the Allied landing at Leyte.
Invasion of Czech
Soviet troops invade Czechoslovakia during World War II
Special Attack Planning
Inoguchi serves on Onishi's staff during the organization of the first naval special-attack units in the Philippines.
Formation of Special Attack Unit
Tamai helps organize the first special-attack unit at Mabalacat and selects Seki to lead the Shikishima squadron.
Suggests Black Sea Conference Area
Suggests that the next Big Three meeting take place in the Black Sea area.
Southern Force Recommendation
Kusaka recommends detaching part of Kurita's force to approach Leyte Gulf through Surigao Strait.
Leyte Landings
Krueger commands the Sixth Army as American ground forces land on Leyte and begin the campaign to retake the central Philippines.
Return to Leyte
MacArthur lands on Leyte after the initial assault and publicly marks the return of Allied forces to the Philippines.
Stilwell Recalled
Secures the recall of General Joseph Stilwell from his China commands after prolonged disputes over strategy, authority and military reform.
Deposed in Coup
Menendez is overthrown by Osmรญn Aguirre y Salinas
Provisional President Takes Office
Osmรญn Aguirre becomes provisional President after removing Menendez
Battle of Aachen
Attempts to hold the German line to the Swiss border
Capture of Aachen
The Allies liberate Aachen
Bjorn Thordarson Government
The Bjorn Thordarson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Second Olafur Thors Government
Begins the Second Olafur Thors Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Battle of Aachen
Hodges First Army captures Aachen, the 1st breach of the Siegfried Line
First Army
Hodges First Army captures Aachen, the 1st breach of the Siegfried Line
Capture of Aachen
The US 1st & 30th divisions of infantry capture Aachen
Prime Minister of Albania
Appointed Prime Minister of Albania
Prime Minister Appointed
Communist-led provisional government appoints Hoxha Prime Minister
Provisional Government
Communist partisans establish a provisional government under Hoxha
Accepts Black Sea Meeting Proposal
Agrees with Roosevelt that Stalin's proposed Black Sea area can serve as the conference location.
Second Striking Force Departure
Shima leads the Second Striking Force from the Pescadores toward the southern approaches to Leyte Gulf.
Departure for Leyte Gulf
Kurita leads the Center Force from Brunei toward the central Philippines and Leyte Gulf.
Trial
The Volksgerichtshof ("Peoples Court") sentences him to death
Battle of the Palawan Passage
American submarines attack Kurita's Center Force, sinking Atago and Maya and badly damaging Takao.
Battle of Phillipines
1st day of the Battle of the Phillipines
Loss of Atago
Kurita survives the sinking of his flagship Atago by an American submarine while approaching the Philippines.
Invasion of Hungary
The Soviet army invades Hungary
USS Dace Attack
Claggett commands USS Dace when the submarine torpedoes and sinks the Japanese heavy cruiser Maya.
USS Darter Attack
McClintock commands USS Darter when the submarine sinks Atago and severely damages Takao in the Palawan Passage.
Battle of the Sibuyan Sea
Carrier aircraft repeatedly attack the Center Force and sink Musashi while Toyoda continues the Sho-1 operation.
Battle of Leyte Gulf
Koiso's government treats the struggle for the Philippines as strategically decisive, but Japan suffers a major naval defeat at Leyte Gulf.
Yamato in the Sibuyan Sea
Morishita commands Yamato as the battleship survives American carrier strikes against Kurita's Center Force.
Loss of Musashi
Inoguchi commands Musashi through repeated bomb and torpedo attacks and goes down with the battleship after ordering the crew to abandon ship.
Northern Decoy Force
Ozawa leads the carrier force intended to draw the American Third Fleet north and away from Leyte Gulf.
Air Support for Sho-1
Fukudome directs Second Air Fleet operations intended to support the Japanese Sho-1 naval counteroffensive.
Approach to Surigao Strait
Nishimura continues toward Surigao Strait after American carrier aircraft attack his Southern Force in the Sulu Sea.
Battle of the Sibuyan Sea
Kurita leads the Center Force through repeated American carrier attacks in the Sibuyan Sea, where Musashi is sunk.
Battle of the Sibuyan Sea
Kurita's Center Force endures repeated American carrier strikes while attempting to reach San Bernardino Strait.
Air Strikes off Luzon
Onishi sends land-based naval aircraft against American carriers operating east of Luzon during the Leyte operations.
Sho-1 Operations
Hirohito receives reports as Imperial General Headquarters commits major Japanese naval forces to the Sho-1 operation around Leyte.
Offers Mediterranean Conference Alternatives
Suggests Malta, Athens or Cyprus as alternatives to a meeting on the Soviet Black Sea coast.
Third Fleet Moves North
Halsey takes the Third Fleet north toward Ozawa's carrier force, leaving San Bernardino Strait uncovered.
Birth of John Roy Anderson
Birth of John Roy Anderson, later Yes vocalist, lyricist and founding member.
Loss of Chiyoda
Jyo commands the light carrier Chiyoda, which is crippled by air attack and later sunk by American surface ships.
Oyodo at Cape Engano
Mutaguchi commands the light cruiser Oyodo as it operates with Ozawa's Northern Force off Cape Engano.
Destroyer Division Four at Surigao
Takahashi commands Destroyer Division Four within Nishimura's Southern Force during the advance through Surigao Strait.
Loss of Zuiho
Sugiura commands the light carrier Zuiho when she is sunk by American carrier aircraft during the battle off Cape Engano.
Destroyer Division Sixty-One
Amano commands Destroyer Division Sixty-One in the screen of Ozawa's Northern Force during the Cape Engano battle.
Loss of Chitose
Kishi commands the light carrier Chitose when American carrier aircraft sink her off Cape Engano.
Battle of Phillipines
Defeated by superior US naval forces
Last Fight of Hatsuzuki
Hashimoto commands Hatsuzuki during her final action against American surface ships while covering the retreat of Ozawa's force.
Loss of Akizuki
Ogata commands Akizuki when the destroyer is sunk during American attacks on Ozawa's Northern Force.
Kamikaze Attack off Samar
Seki leads a special-attack flight against American escort carriers and is killed during the mission.
Carrier Division Four at Cape Engano
Matsuda commands Carrier Division Four, built around the hybrid battleships Ise and Hyuga, in Ozawa's decoy force.
Northern Force Screen
Edo commands the screening force protecting elements of Ozawa's Northern Force during the battle off Cape Engano.
Destroyer Squadron One at Surigao
Kimura commands Destroyer Squadron One within Shima's Second Striking Force during the Surigao operation.
Destroyer Squadron Two at Samar
Hayakawa commands Destroyer Squadron Two during the Center Force action against American escort carriers off Samar.
Ise at Cape Engano
Nakase commands the hybrid battleship Ise, which survives repeated American air attacks during the Cape Engano action.
Yamato off Samar
Morishita commands Yamato when the battleship engages American escort-carrier forces during the Battle off Samar.
Destroyer Squadron Ten Attack
Kimura commands Destroyer Squadron Ten during the late Japanese destroyer attack against Taffy 3 off Samar.
Loss of Zuikaku
Kaizuka commands the carrier Zuikaku when American carrier aircraft sink her during the battle off Cape Engano.
Battle off Cape Engano
Ozawa's carrier force functions as the decoy and suffers severe losses to American carrier aircraft off Cape Engano.
Loss of Zuikaku
Ozawa loses his flagship Zuikaku and other carriers to American air attacks off Cape Engano.
Cruiser Division Seven at Samar
Shiraishi commands Cruiser Division Seven as its cruisers engage American forces off Samar.
Entry into Surigao Strait
Shima enters Surigao Strait after Nishimura's force has already been shattered and soon orders a withdrawal.
Entry into Surigao Strait
Shima enters Surigao Strait behind Nishimura, encounters wreckage and resistance, and withdraws his surviving force.
Battleship Division One at Samar
Ugaki commands Battleship Division One, including Yamato and Nagato, during the Battle off Samar.
Cruiser Division Five at Samar
Hashimoto commands Cruiser Division Five, including Haguro, during the Center Force attack off Samar.
Battle of Surigao Strait
Nishimura leads the Southern Force through Surigao Strait, where most of his ships are destroyed by the American Seventh Fleet.
Battle of Surigao Strait
Nishimura presses into Surigao Strait, where his force is shattered by the waiting Allied battle line.
Death of Shoji Nishimura
Nishimura is killed during the destruction of his force in the Battle of Surigao Strait.
Battle off Samar
Kurita's Center Force attacks American escort carriers off Samar before he orders the force to withdraw.
Battle off Samar
Kurita's battleships and cruisers surprise American escort carriers off Samar after passing through San Bernardino Strait.
Withdrawal from Samar
Kurita breaks off the attack off Samar and withdraws instead of continuing toward the Leyte transport anchorage.
First Organized Kamikaze Attacks
Onishi's special-attack units carry out the first successful organized kamikaze strikes against American naval forces during the Leyte campaign.
Battleship Division Three at Samar
Suzuki commands Battleship Division Three, including Kongo and Haruna, during the Battle off Samar.
Kikusui Special Attack Mission
Miyagawa flies with a special-attack unit during the opening wave of organized kamikaze operations in the Philippines.
Shikishima Special Attack
Seki leads the Shikishima unit in the first successful organized kamikaze attack against American escort carriers.
Battle off Cape Engano
Halsey's Third Fleet attacks Ozawa's Northern Force and destroys all four Japanese carriers in the decoy force.
USS Johnston Torpedo Attack
Evans takes USS Johnston into a torpedo attack against the Japanese Center Force and continues fighting until the destroyer is sunk.
USS Samuel B. Roberts at Samar
Copeland commands USS Samuel B. Roberts in a close-range attack on Japanese cruisers before the destroyer escort is sunk.
Taffy One at Samar
Sprague commands Taffy 1, one of the Seventh Fleet escort-carrier groups supporting the Leyte operation.
Taffy Two at Samar
Stump commands Taffy 2, whose aircraft repeatedly attack Kurita's Center Force during the Battle off Samar.
Battle off Samar
Sprague commands Taffy 3 as its escort carriers and screen resist Kurita's much stronger Center Force.
Battle of Surigao Strait
Oldendorf deploys the Seventh Fleet battle line that crosses Nishimura's advance and destroys most of the Japanese Southern Force.
Seventh Fleet at Leyte Gulf
Kinkaid commands the Seventh Fleet as its forces fight at Surigao Strait and off Samar while protecting the Leyte landings.
Task Force Thirty-Eight at Cape Engano
Mitscher directs Task Force Thirty-Eight's carrier attacks against Ozawa's Northern Force off Cape Engano.
International Conference at Paris
At a press conference criticizes the Allies for failing to supply France with arms
Second Air Fleet Special Attacks
Fukudome's Second Air Fleet joins the expanding special-attack effort after the opening kamikaze operations around Leyte.
Appeals to Roosevelt on Curzon Line
Mikolajczyk appeals to Roosevelt as pressure grows for the Polish Government to accept the Curzon Line without reservations before the war ends.
Trinity Test Site Approval
Oppenheimer approves plans to conduct the first full-scale bomb test in the Jornada del Muerto area of the Alamogordo Bombing Range.
Wedemeyer Appointment
Appoints Albert Wedemeyer as chief of staff for the China Theater after the United States reorganizes the former China-Burma-India command.
Northern Norway Evacuation Order Transmitted
Jodl transmits an order for evacuation and destruction in northern Norway as German forces withdraw.
Scorched Earth Measures in Northern Norway Ordered
The order transmitted by Jodl directs destruction intended to deny shelter and resources to advancing Soviet forces.
Invasion of Germany
Orders destruction of German forces west of the Rhine to establish bridgeheads
November Offensive
Orders destruction of German forces west of the Rhine to establish bridgeheads
Offensive
Orders the November Offensive which destroys all German forces west of the River Rhine
Hatsuzakura Special Attack Mission
Nonami leads the Hatsuzakura squadron on a special-attack mission from the Manila area during the continuing Leyte campaign.
Insists on Soviet Black Sea Site
States that a location on the Soviet Black Sea coast would be the most suitable conference site.
Liberation
Reoccupies all the Albanian towns after the German withdrawal
Disagrees with Churchill about de Gaulles policy for avoiding creating a western
Disagrees with Churchill about de Gaulles policy for avoiding creating a western bloc
Rule of Rhineland, The
Despite appeals from Churchill the Rhine becomes a French sphre of interest
Battle of Arnhem
Although the Germans counterattacked in October they were repulsed and subsequently the front line in The Netherlands would not move until after the winter
Battle of Arnhem
Although the Germans counterattacked in October they were repulsed and subsequently the front line in The Netherlands would not move until after the winter
Leyte Defensive Preparations
Makino prepares the Sixteenth Division's defensive positions on Leyte before the American landings.
Defence of Leyte
Suzuki directs the Thirty-Fifth Army's effort to reinforce and defend Leyte after the American landings.
Thirty-Fifth Army Staff Operations
Tomochika serves as chief of staff while the Thirty-Fifth Army organizes the defence and reinforcement of Leyte.
President of Philippines
Takes office on the death of Quezon
Exile of Sergio Osmenia
Returns from Washington where he had served under Quezon in the Government in exile
President of Philippines
Takes office on the death of Quezon
Invasion of Ruthenia
Leads the Russian movement into Ruthenia
Insurgent Command
Takes command of the insurgent army.
Air Support for Leyte
Kenney directs Fifth Air Force operations supporting the Allied return to the Philippines and the ground campaign on Leyte.
Capture of Belgrade
Belgrade is liberated
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for Smethwick in a by-election after Labour's Alfred Dobbs was killed in a car accident one day after winning the seat at the 1945 general election
Birth of Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva
Birth of Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva
Treason
The Prime Minister of France is sentenced to death for high treason
Trial
The Prime Minister of France is sentenced to death for high treason
Double Tenth Agreement
The Nationalists and Communists conclude the Double Tenth Agreement after negotiations between Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong in Chongqing.
Double Tenth Agreement
Participates in negotiations culminating in the Double Tenth Agreement between Communist and Nationalist representatives.
National Insurance Industrial Injuries Bill
Speaks during debate on the National Insurance Industrial Injuries Bill in the new Labour Parliament.
Peace
Leaves the peace talks saying "difficulties remained which could be overcome"
Lao Issara Government
Leads the Lao Issara movement declaring Lao independence
Lao Issara Movement
Joins the Lao Issara movement after returning from Vietnam
Lao Issara Cabinet
Joins the Lao Issara government after the declaration of independence
Death of Joseph MacRory
MacRory dies in Armagh after seventeen years as primate and is buried in St Patrick's Cathedral Cemetery.
Death of Pierre Laval
Death of Pierre Laval, executed
Execution
Shot by a firing squad for high treason
Treason
Shot by a firing squad for high treason
Manhattan Project
Oppenheimer resigns as director of Los Alamos, and is succeeded by Norris Bradbury
Manhattan Project
Oppenheimer resigns as director of Los Alamos, and is succeeded by Norris Bradbury
Manhattan Project
Oppenheimer resigns as director of Los Alamos, and is succeeded by Norris Bradbury
Manhattan Project
Oppenheimer resigns as director of Los Alamos, and is succeeded by Norris Bradbury
Maiden Parliamentary Contributions
Begins contributing to Commons debates, including discussion of British policy toward Greece.
Berlin Session Formally Receives Indictment
The Tribunal holds its first official session in Berlin, where the Allied prosecutors formally present the indictment before proceedings shift to Nuremberg.
IMT Indictment Presented against Major War Criminals
Jackson joins the Allied chief prosecutors in presenting the indictment against leading Nazi officials on four categories of international crimes.
October Revolution
A military and civilian alliance overthrew President Isaias Medina Angarita during the October Revolution.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Goering Served with IMT Indictment
Goering was personally served in German with the IMT indictment, the Tribunal Charter, procedural notice and information concerning his right to legal counsel.
You and the Atomic Bomb
Publishes You and the Atomic Bomb.
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of the Revolutionary Government Junta of Venezuela
Revolutionary Government Junta
Romulo Betancourt became chairman of the Revolutionary Government Junta after the October Revolution.
Deposition by Lao Issara
Deposed by Lao Issara nationalists after refusing to endorse their full program
National Assembly
Unanimously confirmed as the president of the republic by the National Assembly
President of Czechoslovakia
Unanimously confirmed as the president of the republic by the National Assembly
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil
President of Brazil
Appointed provisional President of Brazil after the deposition of Getulio Vargas
Benbrook First Grade Admission
Lee entered first grade in the Benbrook Common School on October 31, 1945, with school records showing an incorrect birth date.
Exile of Syngman Rhee
Returns to Korea after 33 yrs in exile
Commander of 15th Army
Appointed Commander of the 15th Army
Commander of 15th Army
Appointed Commander of the 15th Army
Simultaneous Interpretation System Prepared
Technical teams equip the courtroom for simultaneous English, French, German and Russian interpretation so participants can follow proceedings in real time.
IMT Verdict for Arthur Seyss-Inquart
Seyss-Inquart is convicted and sentenced to death for occupation policies, deportations and other crimes in the Netherlands and elsewhere.
IMT Verdict for Ernst Kaltenbrunner
Kaltenbrunner is convicted and sentenced to death for war crimes and crimes against humanity connected with the security apparatus.
IMT Verdict for Albert Speer
Speer is convicted and receives twenty years imprisonment for forced-labour exploitation and his senior role in the German war economy.
IMT Verdict for Hans Fritzsche
Fritzsche is acquitted after the Tribunal finds that his propaganda activities do not meet the criminal threshold of the indictment.
IMT Verdict for Rudolf Hess
Hess is convicted and receives life imprisonment for conspiracy and crimes against peace.
IMT Verdict for Franz von Papen
Von Papen is acquitted because the Tribunal does not find the evidence sufficient to establish guilt under the charged international crimes.
IMT Verdict for Hjalmar Schacht
Schacht is acquitted after the Tribunal concludes that the charges proved against him do not establish criminal responsibility under the indictment.
IMT Verdict for Wilhelm Keitel
Keitel is found guilty on all four counts and receives a death sentence for his role in criminal military orders and aggressive war.
IMT Verdict for Joachim von Ribbentrop
Ribbentrop is convicted and sentenced to death for his central diplomatic role in aggression and related crimes.
IMT Verdict for Konstantin von Neurath
Von Neurath is convicted and sentenced to fifteen years for participation in aggression and occupation policies, including his rule in Bohemia and Moravia.
IMT Verdict for Baldur von Schirach
Schirach is convicted of crimes against humanity for deportations from Vienna and is sentenced to twenty years imprisonment.
IMT Verdict for Alfred Jodl
Jodl is convicted and condemned to death for his participation in aggressive planning and criminal military operations.
IMT Verdict for Hans Frank
Frank receives a death sentence after conviction for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in occupied Poland.
IMT Verdict for Erich Raeder
Raeder is convicted and given life imprisonment for his role in naval planning and participation in aggressive war.
IMT Verdict for Karl Doenitz
Doenitz is convicted on selected counts and sentenced to ten years imprisonment for his wartime leadership and participation in aggressive war.
IMT Verdict for Fritz Sauckel
Sauckel is sentenced to death after conviction for the mass deportation and exploitation of forced labourers.
IMT Verdict for Martin Bormann
Bormann is convicted in absentia and sentenced to death for his role in persecution and the Nazi Party leadership.
IMT Verdict for Julius Streicher
Streicher is convicted of crimes against humanity and sentenced to death for sustained incitement to anti-Jewish persecution.
IMT Verdict for Alfred Rosenberg
Rosenberg is convicted and condemned to death for his role in Nazi ideology, occupation policy and persecution.
IMT Verdict for Wilhelm Frick
Frick is convicted and sentenced to death for his part in Nazi state policy, occupation administration and persecution.
IMT Verdict for Walter Funk
Funk is convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for his economic role in the Nazi regime and exploitation of occupied Europe.
IMT Verdict for Hermann Wilhelm Goering
The Tribunal convicts Goering and sentences him to death for his leading role in aggressive war and other crimes.
General Staff and High Command Not Declared Criminal
The Tribunal refuses to designate the General Staff and High Command as a criminal organization, while leaving individual responsibility unaffected.
Gestapo Declared Criminal Organization
The Tribunal declares the Gestapo criminal within the limits stated in its judgment, enabling later proceedings against qualifying members.
Nazi Leadership Corps Declared Criminal
The Tribunal finds specified levels of the Nazi Party Leadership Corps to constitute a criminal organization.
SA Not Declared Criminal Organization
The Tribunal declines to declare the SA criminal as an organization under the Charter.
SS and SD Declared Criminal Organizations
The Tribunal declares the SS, including the SD, criminal subject to the qualifications set out in the judgment.
The Murderers Are Among Us
Directs Die Morder sind unter uns, one of the first post-war German films.
Execution of Goering
At about 22:45 on 15 October 1946, Goering bit a concealed potassium-cyanide capsule in his Nuremberg Prison cell and died before his scheduled hanging; guards and medical staff found him moments later.
Goering Dies by Suicide before Execution
Goering kills himself with cyanide on the night before the scheduled executions, avoiding the death sentence by hanging.
Execution of Seyss-Inquart
At 02:45 on 16 October 1946, Seyss-Inquart became the last of the ten men hanged, after making a final statement expressing hope that the execution would close the war's tragedy.
Seyss-Inquart Executed at Nuremberg Prison
Seyss-Inquart is executed by hanging after conviction for aggression, occupation crimes and persecution.
Execution of Kaltenbrunner
At 01:39 on 16 October 1946, Kaltenbrunner was hanged after giving a final statement; contemporary reporting records the trap being sprung while Keitel remained on the adjacent gallows.
Kaltenbrunner Executed after Judgment
Kaltenbrunner is hanged following conviction for war crimes and crimes against humanity connected with the Nazi security apparatus.
Death of Hans Frank
Death of Hans Frank, executed for war crimes
Execution
Death of Hans Frank, executed for war crimes
Trial
Found guilty of 3 war crimes & 4 crimes against humanity
Execution of Keitel
At about 01:20 on 16 October 1946, Keitel was hanged in the Nuremberg Prison gymnasium shortly after von Ribbentrop, having delivered a final statement before the trap was released.
Keitel Executed at Nuremberg Prison
Keitel is executed by hanging for the crimes on which the International Military Tribunal convicted him.
Execution of von Ribbentrop
At 01:16 on 16 October 1946, von Ribbentrop was hanged in the prison gymnasium by U.S. Army executioner John C. Woods after identifying himself and making a final statement.
Ribbentrop Executed after IMT Sentence
Ribbentrop is hanged after the Tribunal's death sentence becomes final and clemency petitions fail.
Execution of Jodl
At 02:34 on 16 October 1946, Jodl was hanged after giving a brief final greeting to Germany; he remained on the gallows while the last condemned prisoner was brought in.
Jodl Executed following IMT Death Sentence
Jodl is hanged after conviction for crimes connected with aggressive war and criminal military operations.
Execution of Frank
At about 01:58 on 16 October 1946, Frank was hanged after quietly thanking his captors for their treatment and asking God for mercy before the trap was released.
Frank Executed following IMT Conviction
Frank is hanged after receiving a death sentence for crimes committed under his rule in occupied Poland.
Execution of Sauckel
At 02:26 on 16 October 1946, Sauckel was hanged after declaring his innocence and speaking about Germany and his family; the trap was released while Streicher's execution was still being completed.
Sauckel Executed for Forced Labour Crimes
Sauckel is hanged at Nuremberg Prison after the judgment fixes personal responsibility for directing the wartime forced-labour programme.
Execution of Streicher
At 02:14 on 16 October 1946, Streicher was hanged after shouting from the scaffold and addressing his wife; eyewitnesses reported movement and groaning after the trap opened.
Streicher Executed after Crimes against Humanity Conviction
Streicher is hanged after the Tribunal finds him guilty of crimes against humanity arising from sustained incitement to persecution.
Execution of Rosenberg
At 01:49 on 16 October 1946, Rosenberg was hanged at Nuremberg Prison; he declined to make a final statement before the hood and noose were placed and the trap released.
Rosenberg Executed at Nuremberg
Rosenberg is put to death by hanging after the Tribunal condemns his role in Nazi occupation policy and persecution.
Execution of Frick
At 02:08 on 16 October 1946, Frick was hanged in the prison gymnasium after stating 'Long live eternal Germany'; contemporary accounts record him being pronounced dead at about 02:20.
Frick Executed at Nuremberg Prison
Frick is executed by hanging after conviction for his participation in Nazi state policy, aggression and persecution.
President of Chile
Serves briefly as acting president before Gabriel Gonzalez Videla is inaugurated.
Military Government Ordinance Seven Establishes Tribunals
Ordinance No. 7 provides procedures for United States military tribunals conducting the subsequent Nuremberg proceedings.
First Visit to Taiwan
Visits Taiwan for the first time and attends events marking the anniversary of the islandโs transfer from Japanese administration.
Reform of Land Ownership
Second Land Reform Act
General Order 301 Supports Subsequent Trial Programme
United States Forces issue General Order 301 as part of the administrative authority supporting the later Nuremberg military tribunals.
Constituent Assembly Election
Voters elected a constituent assembly by universal, direct, and secret suffrage.
Xinhua Hong Kong Preparations
Gong Peng arrives in Hong Kong with Qiao Guanhua to prepare Communist external press and liaison work
Speer Begins Twenty-Year Sentence
Speer begins the twenty-year prison term imposed for his responsibility in forced-labour exploitation and the German war economy.
Hess Begins Life Imprisonment after IMT
Hess begins serving the life sentence imposed for conspiracy and crimes against peace after completion of the Nuremberg proceedings.
Raeder Begins Life Imprisonment
Raeder begins serving the Tribunal's life sentence for his participation in naval planning and aggressive war.
Funk Begins Life Sentence after Nuremberg
Funk enters post-trial imprisonment under the life sentence imposed for his economic role in the Nazi regime.
Taylor Assigned Leadership of Subsequent U.S. Trials
Taylor assumes responsibility for the American programme of subsequent Nuremberg prosecutions against professional and institutional groups beyond the principal Nazi leaders.
Schmidt Testifies in IG Farben Case
Paul Otto Schmidt appears as a witness while prosecutors explore diplomatic and governmental aspects of German economic expansion.
Marriage in the Shadows
Directs Ehe im Schatten, an early post-war DEFA film.
Einsatzgruppen Trial Testimony
Ohlendorf testified in his own defence during the Einsatzgruppen Trial.
Rothaug Final Defence Arguments Heard
Defence counsel presents final arguments for Rothaug as the Justice Case approaches the end of its evidentiary and argument phase.
Nu Attlee Treaty
Signs the treaty establishing Burmese independence from Britain
Independence of Myanmar
Signs the Treaty establishing Burmese independence
Justice Trial Final Statements
The Justice Case concluded its evidentiary phase with final statements from the defendants.
RuSHA Trial Opens
The RuSHA Case opened against officials involved in Nazi racial and resettlement policies.
Wyatt Presides as RuSHA Trial Opens
Wyatt presided when the RuSHA Case opened against SS officials charged in connection with racial policies, population transfers, kidnapping and persecution.
O'Connell Takes Seat on RuSHA Tribunal
O'Connell took his place on the RuSHA Tribunal and began hearing evidence concerning SS racial administration and forced population policies.
Crawford Joins RuSHA Tribunal
Crawford joined the RuSHA judicial panel as prosecutors opened a case centred on racial resettlement programmes and the removal of children from occupied populations.
Wirsich Testifies in RuSHA Case
Kuno Wirsich testifies as prosecutors present evidence about forced resettlement, Germanization and SS racial policy.
Birth of Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi
Birth of Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi
Bach-Zelewski Testifies in RuSHA Case
Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski gives evidence concerning SS structures and policies connected with population transfers and racial persecution.
Birth of Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton
Birth of Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton
Roegner Testifies in RuSHA Case
Adolf Roegner appears as a prosecution witness during evidence on resettlement operations and treatment of occupied populations.
Hitzfeld Testifies in RuSHA Case
Ernst Hitzfeld testifies while the Tribunal examines the machinery used to classify and displace populations in occupied territories.
Heinze-Wisswede Testifies in RuSHA Case
Maria Heinze-Wisswede gives testimony relating to racial selection, family policy and the administration of SS resettlement programmes.
Ehlich Testifies in RuSHA Case
Hans Ehlich gives evidence concerning SS population policy and the institutions responsible for resettlement and Germanization.
Pancke Testifies for RuSHA Defence
Guenther Pancke appears for the defence and addresses the organisation and authority of the SS Race and Settlement Main Office.
Bureau of Narcotics Interview
Federal narcotics agents interviewed Jack and Hyman Rubenstein after Paul Roland Jones was arrested; both brothers acknowledged knowing Jones but denied knowing about his narcotics activity.
RuSHA Trial Testimony
Dolezalova, a child abducted after the destruction of Lidice, was sworn as a prosecution witness.
Hanfova Testifies about Nazi Racial Policies
Maria Hanfova gives evidence as the prosecution documents the human effects of racial selection and occupation policy.
Independence of Pakistan
Jinnah asserts in a speech that the League had accepted partition because "the consequences of any other alternative would have been too disastrous to imagine"
Independence of Pakistan
Jinnah asserts in a speech that the League had accepted partition because "the consequences of any other alternative would have been too disastrous to imagine"
Birth of Timothy B
Birth of Timothy B. Schmit, later bassist and vocalist with Poco and Eagles.
Parliamentary Selection
Builds his Conservative candidacy for the Bexley parliamentary seat.
Operation Lea Resistance
Resists French Operation Lea against the Viet Bac base area
Battle of Tithwal
Karam Singh holds a forward position at Tithwal under repeated attacks and later receives the Param Vir Chakra.
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, 2nd term
Young Presides over High Command Judgment
Young presided as the tribunal began delivering judgment in the High Command Case, assessing the individual responsibility of senior German commanders.
High Command Trial Sentence
Leeb was sentenced to three years imprisonment, effectively time served, in the High Command Case.
Hale Participates in Final High Command Judgment Session
Hale participated as the High Command Tribunal completed its judgment and resolved the remaining findings against the military defendants.
Capture of Manchuria
300,000 Nationalist troops surrender & the Communists gain power over Manchuria
Visit to Japan at the invitation of General Douglas
Visits Japan at the invitation of General Douglas MacArthur
Constitution of China
Stands at the Forbidden City & proclaims, "The Chinese people have stood up". Proclaims the establishment of the Peoples Republic of China in Tiananmen Square
Independence of China
Russia gives immediate recognition to the Peoples Republic of China
Peace Mediation at Beijing
Russia gives immediate recognition to the Peoples Republic of China
Appointment as Foreign Minister
Takes responsibility for the new government's foreign ministry while also serving as premier.
Appointment as Premier
Becomes the first premier of the People's Republic of China when the new central government is established.
Declaration of Republic
Mao Zedong proclaims the Peopleโs Republic of China in Beijing while Chiangโs Nationalist government continues retreating south.
Treaty of Friendship
When the Cominform campaign against Yugoslavia severed the Yugoslav Communist party leadership, the government of the People's Republic of Bulgaria deleted the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance of Bled with all agreements, except the decision of pardon of war damages
Head of State
Appointed Head of State for the GDR, 1st term
Head of State
Appointed Head of State for the GDR
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Council of Minister's for the GDR
Marriage to Sonia Brownell
Marries Sonia Brownell in hospital.
Civil War Declared Ended
The government announces the end of major organised communist resistance.
Death of John Robert Clynes
Death of John Robert Clynes
Battle of Kuningtou
Nationalist forces defeat a Communist landing attempt at Kuningtou on Kinmen, preserving ROC control of the offshore island.
Minister of Finance
Appointed Minister of Finance
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant, 1st, on board the HMS Chequers
Invasion of Korea
Chou En-Lai says China will not countenance an imperialist invasion of north Korea
Capture of Pyongyang
1 October-24 November, the North Koreans are driven North as far as the Yalu River
Invasion of Korea
MacArthur asks the north Korean Commander in Chief to surrender, he refuses
Invasion of North Korea
South Korean & United Nations troops move North across the 38th parallel into North Korea
Mobilization
South Korean & United Nations troops move North across the 38th parallel into North Korea
Invasion of North Korea
US forces cross the North Korean border
Birth of Michael John Cloete Crawford Rutherford
Birth of Michael John Cloete Crawford Rutherford, later Genesis bassist, guitarist and founding member.
Reform of Legal Aid
Legal Aid comes into force
Cao Bang Evacuation
French forces evacuate Cao Bang during the Border Campaign
Chamdo Campaign Begins
People's Liberation Army units begin the campaign against Tibetan forces in Chamdo.
Capture of Lhasa
A Chinese Army occupies Lhasa as Mao "reunites" national territory
Capture of Wonsan
The ROK 3rd Division captures the North Korean port of Wonsan
Conference of Wake Island
The 1st & last meeting between Truman & MacArthur, fails to produce agreement. President Truman & General MacArthur confer at Wake Island on the course of the war. MacArthur underplays the dangers of Russian & Chinese involvement in the war
Conference of Wake Island
Truman tells MacArthur the Chinese & Russians must not be involved in the war. The 1st & last meeting between Truman & MacArthur, fails to produce agreement. President Truman & General MacArthur confer at Wake Island on the course of the war
Mobilization
16-26 October, the United Nations forces at Inchon are moved to the east coast as far as Wonsan
Revolution Studies
Kerensky continues political activity connected with revolution studies.
Border Campaign Victory
Border Campaign opens supply routes to China and weakens French positions
Capture of Chamdo
Chinese forces capture Chamdo and take Tibetan governor Ngabo Ngawang Jigme prisoner.
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer
Resignation of Stafford Cripps
Resigns as Chancellor of the Exchequer due to ill health
Capture of Pyongyang
Pyongyang is captured by the ROK & US 187th Regimental Combat Team. Captures Pyongyang for the UN
Chairs a Soviet Bloc meeting in Prague to discuss the future of
Chairs a Soviet Bloc meeting in Prague to discuss the future of Germany
Pleven Plan
Pleven proposed a European Defence Community intended to place participating forces within a common European structure.
European Military Community
The European Military Community is founded as part of the Pleven Plan. Announces to the National Assembly the creation of a European Military Community
National Assembly
Announces to the National Assembly the creation of a European Military Community
Pleven Plan
The European Military Community is founded as part of the Pleven Plan
European Military Community
The European Military Community is founded as part of the Pleven Plan
Prime Minister of Denmark
Appointed Prime Minister of Denmark, forms a coalition Government
Diplomatic Protest
Nehru's government formally protests China's military advance into Tibet.
Battle of Sudong
The ROK 26th Division encounter strong Chinese resistance at Sudong
Capture of Wonsan
US Marines secure the port of Wonsan
Siege of Yalu River
The ROK reach the Yalu River & discover a Chinese force ready to invade South Korea
Eriksen Government
Begins the Eriksen Government in Copenhagen and serves as Prime Minister of Denmark.
First Hedtoft Premiership
The First Hedtoft Premiership ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Korean War Policy Deliberations
Participates in senior Chinese decision-making as Beijing prepares to intervene in the Korean War.
Lieutenant
Appointed Commander of the Magpie, based in Malta
Birth of Gordon Matthew Sting Sumner
Birth of Gordon Matthew "Sting" Sumner
Appropriation Bill
The House of Reps approves $56.9 billion for the armed forces Appropriation Bill
Budget
The House of Reps approves $56.9 billion for the armed forces Appropriation Bill
Assassination of Henry Gurney
Assassinated in Malaya by a Communist
Death of Henry Gurney
Assassinated in Malaya by a Communist
Visit to To Canada
Sets off for a 6 week state visit to Canada
Constitution of Kingdom of Libya
Libyan representatives adopt a federal constitution establishing a hereditary constitutional monarchy.
Treaty Abrogation
Announces abrogation of the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty and demands British evacuation from the Canal Zone.
Crisis
Ends 8 months of ministerial crisis by forming a coalition Government
Government
Ends 8 months of ministerial crisis by forming a coalition Government
Britain's oil dispute with Iran is placed
Britain's oil dispute with Iran is placed before the United Nations Security Council
Assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan
Liaquat Ali Khan is assassinated while addressing a public meeting in Rawalpindi.
Assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan
The assassination ends Liaquat Ali Khan's four-year premiership.
Death of Liaquat Ali Khan
Liaquat Ali Khan dies from gunshot wounds after the Rawalpindi attack.
Death of Liaquat Ali Khan
Pakistan mourns Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan after his assassination.
Governor-General Resignation
Nazimuddin leaves the Governor-General's office to become Prime Minister.
Governor-General of Pakistan
Malik Ghulam Muhammad becomes Governor-General after Nazimuddin changes office.
Prime Minister of Pakistan
Nazimuddin begins his premiership after leaving the Governor-General's office.
Succession
Khwaja Nazimuddin succeeds Liaquat Ali Khan as Prime Minister.
Birth of Claudio Ranieri
Claudio Ranieri is born in Rome and later builds a career as a defender and an internationally experienced football manager.
National Party
Malans Herenigde National Party & Havengas Afrikaner Party merge
National Party
Malans Herenigde National Party & Havengas Afrikaner Party merge
President of Bolivia
Urriolagoitia begins serving as President of Bolivia after Hertzog's resignation.
Implementation of Seventeen Point Agreement
Mao receives a telegram accepting implementation of the Seventeen Point Agreement in Tibet.
Election
The Conservatives win 321 seats, Labour 295, Liberals 6 & United Ireland 3
General Election
Retains Plymouth Devonport for Labour at the 1951 general election.
Election
The Labour Party wins 48.8% of votes cast and 295 MPs
Election
Returns as Prime Minister after the Conservative election victory.
General Election
Retains Birmingham Stechford for Labour at the general election.
General Election
Retains Coventry East despite Labour losing the general election.
General Election
Retains Wakefield for Labour in his final general election.
Government
Churchill accepts George VIs commission to form a Government
Government
Churchill accepts George VIs commission to form a Government
Conservative Government Return
Serves as a Conservative backbencher after Winston Churchill returns to office.
Resignation of Clement Richard Attlee
Attlee hands in his resignation as Prime Minister to George VI
Resignation of Clement Richard Attlee
Attlee hands in his resignation as Prime Minister to George VI
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary
Alliance Agreement with Britain & the 1899 Sudan agreement
Egypt breaks off the 1936 Treaty of alliance with Britain & the 1899 Sudan agreement
Alliance Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill and Britain and the 1899 Sudan agreement
Egypt breaks off the 1936 Treaty of alliance with Britain & the 1899 Sudan agreement
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 3rd term
Treaty of Alliance
Egypt breaks off the 1936 Treaty of alliance & the 1899 agreement over Sudan
Secretary of State for Defence
Appointed Minister of Defence
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Minister
Foreign Secretary
Returns to the Foreign Office after Churchill's Conservatives win the election
Parliament
Calls for dissolution after Labour's introduction of prescription charges
First General Election
India begins its first general election, conducted over multiple phases from 1951 into 1952.
Creation of COMIBOL
Paz Estenssoro creates COMIBOL to administer state mining operations.
1st Nuclear Explosion
The 1st British nuclear bomb is exploded
Nuclear Power
The first British nuclear bomb is exploded
Nuclear Power
Britain explodes its first atomic bomb off Australia and becomes the third member of the nuclear club
Operation Hurricane
Great Britain conducts Operation Hurricane, becoming the third state to test a nuclear weapon.
Russia demands Kennan be recalled for comments about icy cold western diplomats
Russia demands Kennan be recalled for comments about "icy cold" western diplomats
Birth of Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin
Birth of Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin
Northwest Campaign
Begins the Northwest Campaign against French posts
Nghia Lo Captured
Viet Minh capture Nghia Lo during the Northwest Campaign
Arrest of Jomo Kenyatta and other leaders
On the same day as the Emergency is declared, troops and police arrest nearly 100 leaders, including Jomo Kenyatta, in an operation named Jock Scott
Independence of Kenya
On the same day as the Emergency is declared, troops and police arrest nearly 100 leaders, including Jomo Kenyatta, in an operation named Jock Scott
State of Emergency
On the same day as the Emergency is declared, troops and police arrest nearly 100 leaders, including Jomo Kenyatta, in an operation named Jock Scott
Break in Diplomatic Relations with The UK
Iran breaks off relations with the UK after failing to agree the future of Irans oil
Treaty of Britain
Iran revokes the Treaty of friendship mad with Britain in 1857
Claerwen Dam
Opens the Claerwen Dam
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, 4th term
Tin Mine Nationalization
The MNR government nationalises the major tin mines and creates COMIBOL
Nationalization of Mines
Paz Estenssoro nationalises the major tin-mining groups and transfers them to state control.
China Youth Anti-Communist National Salvation Corps
Becomes chairman of the newly established China Youth Anti-Communist National Salvation Corps.
Hurricane
Britain tests its atom bomb in the Monte Bello Islands off nth-west Australia
Bevanite Criticism
Labour conference criticises the Bevanite group as a party within a party.
Nineteenth Party Congress Promotion
Advances into the senior Soviet party leadership after the Nineteenth Communist Party Congress.
Nineteenth Party Congress
Attends the Nineteenth Party Congress and remains among the senior figures of the enlarged party Presidium.
Congress of Communist Party, 19th
19th Party Congress of the Communist Party
Apartheid Education System
The system imposes racially segregated schooling under apartheid.
Bantu Education Act
Promotes legislation transferring African education to state control.
Bogra Formula
Bogra proposes a constitutional formula balancing representation between Pakistan's two wings.
Moncada Trial Defence
During proceedings after the Moncada attack, Fidel Castro conducts his own defence and sets out political arguments later associated with the revolutionary movement.
Trial
Delivers his History Will Absolve Me defence speech at trial.
History Will Absolve Me
Delivers his defence speech after the Moncada attack.
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor
Independence of Laos
Laos obtains full independence from France while retaining association with the French Union
New Look National Security Strategy
Approves the NSC 162/2 framework associated with the New Look strategy, emphasizing deterrence and a strong nuclear posture.
Moncada Prison Sentence
Fidel Castro receives a fifteen-year prison sentence for his role in organizing and leading the attack on the Moncada Barracks.
Moncada Prison Sentence
Almeida receives a ten-year prison sentence for his participation in the Moncada attack and is sent to the Presidio Modelo.
Moncada Prison Sentence
Raรบl Castro receives a thirteen-year prison sentence for his participation in the July 26 attack on the Moncada Barracks.
Presidio Modelo
Is imprisoned after the Moncada trial.
Arrest of Constantin Freiher von Neurath
Released from Spandau prison
Secretary of State for Defence
Appointed Minister of Defence
Anglo-Egyptian Agreement
Signs an agreement requiring British evacuation from the Suez Canal base under specified conditions.
British Evacuation
Signs terms requiring British forces to evacuate the Suez Canal base within twenty months.
British Evacuation Agreement
Signs an agreement establishing a timetable for British withdrawal from the Canal Zone.
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary
Anglo-Egyptian Agreement
Accepts a timetable for British withdrawal from the Suez Canal base while preserving emergency access arrangements.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Constituent Assembly Dissolution
Ghulam Muhammad dissolves the first Constituent Assembly.
Minister of Defence
Army chief Muhammad Ayub Khan joins the federal cabinet as Defence Minister.
First Televised Cabinet Meeting
Participates in the first televised meeting of a United States Cabinet.
Visit to Of Haile Selassie
Visit of Haile Selassie
Beauregard Achievement Tests
Achievement testing showed Lee performing well in reading and vocabulary but poorly in mathematics during ninth grade.
Prime Minister of Romania
Stoica becomes prime minister under Gheorghiu-Dej's party leadership.
First Karamanlis Premiership
Karamanlis succeeds Papagos and forms a new government.
Resignation of Ghulam Muhammad
Ghulam Muhammad resigns as Governor-General because of ill health.
Governor-General of Pakistan
Iskander Mirza succeeds Ghulam Muhammad as Governor-General.
Forged School Withdrawal Note
Lee presented Warren Easton High School with a withdrawal note he had written himself and signed using his mother's name.
Birth of Stephen Michael James Steve Ovett
Birth of Stephen Michael James "Steve" Ovett
One Unit Scheme
The government combines western provinces into the single province of West Pakistan.
Martyrdom Anniversary
Protestant commemorations mark four hundred years since Latimer's execution.
Dismissal
Bao Dai dismisses Prime Minister Diem but Diem refuses to resign
Constitution of Vietnam
Diem proclaims a South Vietnamese Republic. A constitution was written by a rubber stamp legislature which gave Diem the power to create laws by decree and arbitrarily give himself emergency powers
Referendum
Diem proclaims a South Vietnamese Republic. A referendum gives PM Diem an overwhelming majority over Bao Dai
US-Backed Referendum
Consolidates power in South Vietnam with US support
Constitution of Vietnam
Diem declares himself President & a Republic is declared
President of Vietnam
Appointed President of Southern Vietnam, Emperor Annam is rejected
Big Four Foreign Ministers Meeting
A meeting of the foreign ministers of the four major powers opens in Geneva following the summer summit.
Marriage
Decides not to marry Peter Townsend
Action Committee for Europe
Monnet founded the Action Committee for the United States of Europe to mobilise political support for deeper integration.
Action Committee for United States of Europe
Launches political pressure for renewed European integration after the defence community failure.
Visited by the President of Portugal
Visited by the President of Portugal
First Marine Enlistment Attempt
Soon after his sixteenth birthday, Oswald tried unsuccessfully to enlist in the Marines using a false age affidavit.
Constitution of Vietnam
Diem scheduled a referendum for October 1955 on whether South Vietnam should become a republic, Diem wins the referendum, which was rigged by his brother Nhu, and proclaimed himself the President of the newly created Republic of Vietnam. Diem refuses to hold the reunification elections, pointing out that the State of Vietnam had not signed the Geneva Accords
Election
Diem refuses to hold the reunification elections, pointing out that the State of Vietnam had not signed the Geneva Accords
Independence of Vietnam
Diem scheduled a referendum for October 1955 on whether South Vietnam should become a republic, Diem wins the referendum, which was rigged by his brother Nhu, and proclaimed himself the President of the newly created Republic of Vietnam
President of Vietnam
Diem scheduled a referendum for October 1955 on whether South Vietnam should become a republic, Diem wins the referendum, which was rigged by his brother Nhu, and proclaimed himself the President of the newly created Republic of Vietnam
Referendum
Diem scheduled a referendum for October 1955 on whether South Vietnam should become a republic, Diem wins the referendum, which was rigged by his brother Nhu, and proclaimed himself the President of the newly created Republic of Vietnam
Republic of Vietnam
Diem scheduled a referendum for October 1955 on whether South Vietnam should become a republic, Diem wins the referendum, which was rigged by his brother Nhu, and proclaimed himself the President of the newly created Republic of Vietnam
Socialist Party Information Request
Oswald wrote to the Socialist Party of America on October 3, 1956, describing himself as a Marxist and requesting information about its youth league.
Six Principles Enter Negotiations
Nasser's government enters negotiations framed by six principles adopted through Security Council diplomacy.
Six Principles Negotiated at UN
Lloyd accepts six Security Council principles as a basis for negotiations on canal operation.
Six Principles
Accepts the Security Council's six principles for a negotiated canal settlement
Chequers Meeting
Meets senior ministers as British policy moves closer to coordinated action with France and Israel
September Premiership Ends
Ends his September to October prime ministerial term
Calder Hall
Opens Calder Hall, promoted as the world's first full-scale nuclear power station
Calder Hall
Calder Hall opens as a British nuclear power station.
Calder Hall
Opens Calder Hall nuclear power station
Nuclear Power
Opens Calder Hall nuclear power station
Polish October Negotiations
Travels to Warsaw during the Polish October crisis and accepts Wladyslaw Gomulka's return to power.
Sevres Delegation Authorised
Ben-Gurion authorises senior Israeli participation in secret talks with Britain and France at Sevres.
Arrest of Dedan Kimathi
The last Mau Mau leader, Dedan Kimath is captured by Kikuyu Tribal Police in Nyeri with 13 remaining guerrillas, and is subsequently hanged in early 1957, having been sentenced to death by a court presided over by the British Chief Consul
Mau Mau
The last Mau Mau leader, Dedan Kimath is captured by Kikuyu Tribal Police in Nyeri with 13 remaining guerrillas, and is subsequently hanged in early 1957, having been sentenced to death by a court presided over by the British Chief Consul
Coup
Meets Ben-Gurion to discuss the invasion of Egypt in order to overthrow Nasser
Meeting with Ben-Gurion to discuss the invasion of Egypt
Meets Ben-Gurion to discuss the invasion of Egypt in order to overthrow Nasser
Israeli Trigger Proposal Supported
Challe supports the concept that an Israeli attack should provide the trigger for Anglo-French intervention.
Protocol of Sevres
Attends the Sevres talks as a senior French military planner in the Anglo-French-Israeli operation.
Protocol of Sevres
Takes part in the secret Sevres negotiations with Britain and Israel over joint action against Egypt.
Protocol of Sevres
Participates in secret Sevres discussions before Patrick Dean signs the final protocol for Britain
Sevres Mission
Travels to secret talks with French and Israeli representatives at Sevres
Invasion of Egypt
Meets the French Prime Minister to discuss the invasion of Egypt to oust Nasser
Meeting with The French Prime Minister to discuss the
Meets the French Prime Minister to discuss the invasion of Egypt to oust Nasser
Sevres Military Plan Presented
Dayan presents Israel's proposed military timetable and Sinai objectives during the secret Sevres discussions.
Sevres Terms Reported to Eden
Lloyd reports the developing secret agreement with France and Israel to Eden.
Protocol of Sevres
Signs the secret Protocol of Sevres with Israeli and British representatives.
Secret Protocol Signed for France
Pineau signs the Sevres protocol on behalf of France.
Protocol of Sevres
Signs the secret Protocol of Sevres for Britain with Israeli and French representatives
Secret Protocol Signed for Britain
Dean signs the written Sevres protocol setting the sequence for Israeli attack and Anglo-French intervention.
Sevres Protocol Copy
Returns from Sevres with the British copy of the secret protocol
Suez Collusion
Britain, France and Israel secretly agree the sequence of Israeli invasion, ultimatum and Anglo-French intervention
Sevres Collusion
Secretly agrees with France and Israel on the sequence leading to intervention in Egypt
Protocol of Sevres
Signs the secret Protocol of Sevres setting out the coordinated Israeli, British, and French plan against Egypt.
Secret Protocol Signed for Israel
Ben-Gurion signs the Sevres protocol committing Israel to begin the Sinai operation.
Western Gulf of Aqaba Objective Agreed
Ben-Gurion accepts the secret plan giving Israel military objectives along Sinai and the Gulf of Aqaba.
Hungarian Revolution
Sends reports to the Kremlin from Budapest, and escorting visiting Soviet Presidium leaders Anastas Mikoyan and Mikhail Suslov via an armoured personnel carrier into Budapest on 24 October, because there was too much shooting in the streets
Marine Corps Enlistment
Oswald enlisted in the United States Marine Corps on October 24, 1956, six days after his seventeenth birthday.
Sevres Arrangement Approved
Eden approves implementation of the secret arrangement reached with France and Israel.
Marine Recruit Depot Arrival
Oswald reported to the Marine Corps Recruit Depot in San Diego on October 26, 1956, for basic training.
Birth of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
Birth of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
Sinai Mobilisation Ordered
Dayan orders final mobilisation and deployment for Operation Kadesh.
Operation Tarnegol Air Command
Tolkowsky commands the Israeli Air Force as it intercepts an Egyptian aircraft carrying senior military officers on the eve of Kadesh.
Operation Kadesh Political Approval
Ben-Gurion gives final political approval for the Sinai offensive.
Israeli Mobilisation Warning Sent
Eisenhower warns Israel against widening the Middle East crisis as mobilisation becomes evident.
Israeli Intentions Assessed before Attack
Dulles receives reports indicating that Israeli military action against Egypt may be imminent.
Military Command
Commands Egypt's armed forces as the Israeli invasion of Sinai begins.
Invasion of Sinai
Israel invades Sinai under Operation Kadesh; Nasser's government faces a rapid Israeli advance.
Mobilisation
Egyptian forces mobilise as the Israeli invasion of Sinai begins.
Suez Canal
Egyptian forces mobilise during the Suez-Sinai Campaign as Israel begins its advance across Sinai.
Israeli Invasion
Uses Israel's invasion of Sinai as the trigger for the planned Anglo-French ultimatum
Invasion of Gaza
Israel invades the Gaza Strip & the Sinai Peninsula & make rapid progress towards the Suez Canal Zone
Invasion of Sinai
Israel invades the Gaza Strip & the Sinai Peninsula & make rapid progress towards the Suez Canal Zone
Suez Canal
Israel invades the Gaza Strip & the Sinai Peninsula & make rapid progress towards the Suez Canal Zone
Ground Link-Up Column Started
Sharon leads the ground element of the 202nd Paratroop Brigade toward the isolated force near Mitla Pass.
Kuntilla Captured for Link-Up Route
Sharon's brigade captures Kuntilla while opening the overland route toward the airborne battalion.
Canal Threat Created by Airborne Landing
Dayan uses the Mitla airborne landing to create an Israeli threat toward the Suez Canal under the Kadesh plan.
Operation Kadesh
Directs Operation Kadesh, the Israeli invasion of Sinai.
Opening Ground Axes Coordinated
Simhoni coordinates Southern Command formations as Israeli ground forces enter Sinai on several axes.
Southern Command Offensive Directed
Simhoni directs Israeli Southern Command during the opening of Operation Kadesh.
Egyptian Communications Network Struck
Tolkowsky directs air operations that attack Egyptian communications facilities as Operation Kadesh opens.
Mitla Paratroop Airlift Coordinated
Tolkowsky's air force carries the 890th Battalion to the Mitla area for the opening airborne assault.
202nd Paratroop Brigade Advances into Sinai
Sharon leads the 202nd Paratroop Brigade overland toward the isolated battalion near Mitla Pass.
Mitla Pass
Commands the paratroop force dropped near Mitla Pass at the opening of Operation Kadesh.
890th Battalion Established Mitla Position
Eitan's paratroopers establish positions near the eastern approaches to Mitla Pass after landing in Sinai.
First Israeli Combat Parachute Landing
Eitan commands the 890th Battalion in the first combat parachute landing conducted by the Israel Defense Forces.
Mitla Approach Parachute Drop
Eitan leads the paratroop battalion dropped near the eastern approaches to Mitla Pass.
Declaration of War
Authorises the Israeli attack on Egypt, framing it as a campaign to end fedayeen attacks and open navigation.
Invasion of Sinai
Israel launches Operation Kadesh, invading the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula and advancing toward the Suez Canal Zone.
Ultimatum
Rejects the Anglo-French ultimatum demanding withdrawal from the canal zone.
Anglo-French Ultimatum
Presents the ultimatum demanding withdrawal from the canal zone and acceptance of Anglo-French occupation
United Nations
Defends Britain's ultimatum during international debate over the crisis
Operation Musketeer Revise
Prepares to execute the revised Anglo-French operation centred on Port Said
Ultimatum
Issues an ultimatum with France demanding that Israel and Egypt withdraw from the canal zone
Ultimatum
Israel accepts the Anglo-French ultimatum while Egypt rejects the demand for withdrawal from the canal zone
Anglo-French Ultimatum
Issues an Anglo-French ultimatum to Egypt and Israel after Israel's invasion of Sinai
Suez Canal
Israel accepts the Anglo-French ultimatum to withdraw 10 miles from Suez. Egypt turns down the Anglo-French ultimatum for a cease-fire
202nd Brigade Rejoined Airborne Force
Sharon's overland column links with the paratroopers dropped near Mitla Pass the previous day.
38th Division Central Axis Opened
Wallach directs the 38th Division's infantry and armoured formations on the central Sinai axis.
Central Sinai Strongpoints Reduced
Wallach's divisional group reduces key Egyptian positions while the Israeli central axis moves deeper into Sinai.
Abu Ageila Route Opened
Ben-Ari's armoured brigade helps open the route through the Abu Ageila defensive area.
Dyka Pass Captured
Ben-Ari's 7th Armoured Brigade captures the Dyka Pass during the central Sinai breakthrough.
Seventh Brigade Committed Ahead of Schedule
Ben-Ari brings the 7th Armoured Brigade into the battle earlier than the original General Staff timetable.
Seventh Armoured Brigade Enters Sinai
Ben-Ari leads the 7th Armoured Brigade into Sinai to reinforce the main Israeli advance.
Abu Ageila Objective Prioritised
Dayan directs forces toward the key Abu Ageila road junction and defensive complex.
Early Armoured Commitment Challenged
Dayan's original timetable is overtaken when the 7th Armoured Brigade enters combat a day earlier than planned.
Sinai Campaign
Coordinates Israeli armour and paratroop columns as they advance across Sinai.
Abu Ageila Operations Coordinated
Simhoni coordinates the converging Israeli formations attacking Egyptian positions around Abu Ageila.
Quseima Strongpoint Captured
Simhoni's Southern Command forces capture the Quseima strongpoint as the central advance develops.
890th Battalion Reunited with Brigade
Eitan's isolated 890th Battalion is reunited with the advancing 202nd Paratroop Brigade.
Marine Recruit Aptitude Testing
Marine aptitude testing found Lee above average in reading and vocabulary but below average in arithmetic and pattern analysis.
United Nations
Brings the crisis before the United Nations after the Israeli invasion of Sinai.
Bombing of Egypt
Faces British and French air attacks during Operation Musketeer after the Israeli invasion of Sinai.
Emergency Measures
Declares emergency measures during the British, French and Israeli attack on Egypt.
Operation Musketeer
Orders resistance to the Anglo-French assault and blocks the canal during Operation Musketeer.
Air Attack
Egypt comes under British and French air attack after rejecting the ultimatum.
Suez Canal
Britain and France bomb Egypt after Nasser rejects their ultimatum; Egyptian forces block the canal by sinking ships.
Combined Naval Task Force Coordinated
Barjot coordinates French naval elements with British forces supporting Operation Musketeer.
French Forces Integrated into Allied Command
Barjot coordinates French participation within the combined command structure for the assault on Egypt.
Bombing of Egypt
The UK & France bomb Egypt to force the reopening of the canal with Operation Musketeer, Egypt blocks the canal with scuttled ships in the canal & closes it until 1957
Operation Musketeer
The UK & France bomb Egypt to force the reopening of the canal with Operation Musketeer, Egypt blocks the canal with scuttled ships in the canal & closes it until 1957
Naval Bombardment
Coordinates naval support and carrier forces for the Anglo-French operation
Air Offensive
Directs air operations aimed at neutralising Egyptian airfields
Egyptian Airfields Suppression Campaign
Barnett directs the opening air campaign intended to destroy Egyptian air power before the landings.
HMS Newfoundland
HMS Newfoundland engages and sinks the Egyptian frigate Domiat during the naval phase
Landing Force
Commands the landing force assembled to seize Port Said and the northern canal zone
Operation Musketeer
Commands Operation Musketeer, the Anglo-French military operation against Egypt
Resignation of Anthony Nutting
Resigns from the Foreign Office in protest over the Suez intervention
Air Attack
Orders air attacks on Egypt after Nasser rejects the Anglo-French ultimatum
Operation Musketeer
British and French aircraft bomb Egyptian airfields as Operation Musketeer begins
RAF Bomber Offensive Opens from Malta and Cyprus
Barnett directs the RAF bomber offensive launched from Malta and Cyprus against Egyptian military airfields.
Valiant Bombers Committed to Combat
Barnett's air command commits Valiant bombers to operational attacks during their only use in combat.
Operation Musketeer
Authorises the bombing phase of Operation Musketeer against Egyptian targets
Suez Canal
The UK & France bomb Egypt to force the reopening of the canal with Operation Musketeer, Egypt blocks the canal with scuttled ships in the canal & closes it until 1957. British & French planes bomb Egyptian airfields
Allied Headquarters Directs Port Said Operation
Keightley directs the combined Anglo-French headquarters as the air phase against Egypt begins.
Tenth Brigade Attack at Umm Qatef
Wallach directs the 10th Brigade in an unsuccessful assault against Egyptian positions at Umm Qatef.
Thirty-Seventh Brigade Attack at Umm Qatef
Wallach commits the 37th Brigade against Umm Qatef, where Egyptian defences stop the attack.
Umm Qatef Assault Stalled
Wallach's forces encounter strong Egyptian resistance and attacks against Umm Qatef are halted.
77th Division Activated on Northern Axis
Laskov's 77th Division begins its offensive on the northern Sinai axis during the night.
Rafah El-Arish El-Qantara Axis Command
Laskov commands the divisional drive along the Rafah, El-Arish and El-Qantara axis.
Bir Hasna Reached
Ben-Ari's brigade advances through central Sinai and reaches the Bir Hasna area.
Bir al-Hamma Reached
Ben-Ari's armoured column reaches Bir al-Hamma as the Israeli advance continues westward.
Jebel Libni Captured
Ben-Ari's armoured forces capture Jebel Libni after breaking through the central Sinai defensive system.
Ruafa Dam Captured
Ben-Ari's 7th Armoured Brigade captures Ruafa Dam during its westward advance.
Abu Ageila Armour Breakthrough
Ben-Ari's armoured forces help break through Egyptian positions in the Abu Ageila sector.
Ninth Brigade Southern Advance
Yoffe leads the 9th Brigade on a rapid southward advance through difficult Sinai terrain.
Sinai Armoured Advance Accelerated
Dayan presses Israeli columns westward as Egyptian resistance weakens in several sectors.
Air Liaison Missions Support Kadesh
Israeli aircraft under Tolkowsky perform liaison missions between widely separated forces during Operation Kadesh.
Casualty Evacuation Flights from Sinai
Tolkowsky's air force evacuates casualties from forward areas while the ground campaign continues.
Sinai Air Reconnaissance Missions
Tolkowsky's air force conducts reconnaissance missions supporting Israeli commanders during the rapid Sinai advance.
Sinai Ground Support Missions Expanded
Tolkowsky's air force expands close support for Israeli ground formations advancing across Sinai.
Battle of Mitla Pass
Fights Egyptian forces around Mitla Pass during the Sinai Campaign.
Mitla Pass Entry Ordered
Sharon orders forces into Mitla Pass, where intense fighting develops with Egyptian troops.
Mitla Pass Defensive Fighting
Eitan's paratroopers fight Egyptian forces around the Mitla approaches.
Decision to Intervene in Hungary
Joins the Soviet leadership decision to reverse course and use military force against the Hungarian uprising.
Anglo-French Invasion Publicly Opposed
Eisenhower publicly opposes the Anglo-French use of force and supports United Nations action.
Ceasefire
Condemns the widening crisis and supports a United Nations ceasefire rather than Anglo-French intervention.
Operation Musketeer
Helps prepare French military participation in Operation Musketeer against Egypt.
Israeli Coordination Intensified
Mollet's government deepens secret military coordination with Israel as diplomatic settlement appears increasingly unlikely.
Force A Ground Command Established
Beaufre commands Force A, the French ground contingent allocated to the Suez expedition.
Treaty of Rome
Von Brentano coordinates Federal German foreign policy as ministers review unresolved questions from the Brussels negotiations.
Cabinet Opposition
Expresses serious reservations inside government about the resort to force over Suez
Suez Crisis
Opposes the British and French intervention in Egypt.
French Alliance
Strengthens Israeli-French defence cooperation before the Sinai Campaign.
French Arms Cooperation Expanded
Peres expands French-Israeli defence cooperation as planning for a Sinai operation accelerates.
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
The Statute outlines the three pillars of the Agency's work - nuclear verification and security, safety and technology transfer. The Agency's genesis was Eisenhower's "Atoms for Peace" address to the General Assembly of the United Nations 1953. these ideas help shape the IAEA Statute, which 81 nations unanimously approve in October 1956
Political Support at Washington
Opposes the Anglo-French-Israeli use of force and supports a diplomatic settlement through the United Nations.
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
The Agencys genesis was Eisenhowers "Atoms for Peace" address to the General Assembly of the United Nations 1953. these ideas help shape the IAEA Statute, which 81 nations unanimously approve in October 1956
Neutron EDM Result Published
Publishes the early neutron EDM limit obtained from magnetic-resonance measurements.
Neutron EDM Result Published
Publishes the neutron electric-dipole-moment limit measured with Purcell and Ramsey.
Neutron EDM Result Published
Publishes the first-generation experimental limit on the neutron electric dipole moment.
First IAEA General Conference
Leads the new Agency during its first General Conference, held in Vienna from 1 to 23 October.
Nuclear Power
Makes a speech at the United Nations proposing a nuclear free zone in central Europe
Brighton Conference
Rejects unilateral nuclear disarmament at Labour conference.
Naked Conference Chamber
Warns against going naked into the conference chamber.
Beginning of the Space Age
The achievement marks beginning of the space age as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Sputnik 1 Launch
Directs the launch of Sputnik 1, the first artificial Earth satellite.
Sputnik 1 Launch
The Soviet Union launches Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, during Khruschev's leadership.
Sputnik Crisis Response
The Soviet launch of Sputnik intensifies Eisenhower administration efforts in science, missiles and space technology.
Vienna Chosen as Permanent Headquarters
The General Conference approves Vienna as the permanent headquarters of the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Eighth Kuomintang National Congress
The Eighth Kuomintang National Congress retains Chiang as Director-General, reinforcing his control of the ruling party during Taiwanโs early Cold War period.
Prime Minister of Pakistan
Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar begins a brief premiership.
Death of Dedan Kimathi
The last Mau Mau leader, Dedan Kimath is captured by Kikuyu Tribal Police in Nyeri with 13 remaining guerrillas, and is subsequently hanged in early 1957, having been sentenced to death by a court presided over by the British Chief Consul
Execution
The last Mau Mau leader, Dedan Kimath is captured by Kikuyu Tribal Police in Nyeri with 13 remaining guerrillas, and is subsequently hanged in early 1957, having been sentenced to death by a court presided over by the British Chief Consul
Zhukov Removed from Defense Ministry
Removes Marshal Georgy Zhukov from the defense ministry and party Presidium after fearing his political independence.
Birth of Glenn Hoddle
Birth of Glenn Hoddle
Accidental Pistol Wound
A privately owned .22-caliber pistol discharged from Oswald's locker on October 27, 1957, wounding him in the left elbow.
El Cubano Libre Publication
Guevara helps establish and edit the rebel newspaper El Cubano Libre at the El Hombrito base.
El Hombrito Supply Base
Guevara establishes a permanent rebel base at El Hombrito to support operations in the Sierra Maestra.
Declaration of Common Purpose with the USA
Signs a "Declaration of Common Purpose" with the USA
Visit to Virginia
Pays a state visit to the United States for the 350th anniversary of Virginia
Sputnik
Sputnik is launched
Sputnik Programme Oversight
Holds senior party responsibility for defense industries during the period of the first Sputnik launch.
NASA Begins Operations
NASA begins operations, absorbing the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics and becoming the civilian space agency.
Chief Martial Law Administrator
Ayub Khan becomes Chief Martial Law Administrator after martial law is proclaimed.
Martial Law
Ayub Khan administers the martial-law regime established by President Iskander Mirza.
Martial Law
Ayub Khan enforces martial law under President Iskander Mirza.
Constitution Abrogation
Iskander Mirza abrogates the 1956 Constitution and dissolves national institutions.
Government Dismissal
Martial law ends Feroz Khan Noon's premiership.
First Pacemaker Implant Device
Creates a compact electronic device supporting an abnormally slow heartbeat.
Implantable Pacemaker
Designs the first implantable cardiac pacemaker used in a patient.
Arrival in the Escambray
Guevara's column reaches the Escambray mountains and begins a new phase of operations in Las Villas.
Dulles Joint Communique
Issues a joint communiquรฉ with US Secretary of State John Foster Dulles emphasizing political principles rather than force as the principal means of mainland recovery.
Lebanon Forces Withdraw
The final United States forces leave Lebanon after the political crisis stabilizes.
Birth of Simon John Charles Le Bon
Birth of Simon John Charles Le Bon
Exile of Iskander Mirza
Ayub Khan removes Iskander Mirza and sends him into exile.
Removal from Presidency
Iskander Mirza's presidency ends when Ayub Khan assumes full power.
Coup
Ayub Khan removes Iskander Mirza and assumes the presidency.
Political Parties
Ayub Khan consolidates military rule and restricts organized political activity.
President of Pakistan
Muhammad Ayub Khan begins his presidency after removing Iskander Mirza.
Wir Wunderkinder
Directs Wir Wunderkinder, a satire of post-war West Germany.
Caretaker PM Takes Office
Ne Win becomes caretaker Prime Minister to restore order before elections
Second Premiership Ends
Hands power to Ne Win's caretaker administration
United States Nuclear Test Suspension
As AEC chairman, McCone oversaw Commission responsibilities when the United States suspended nuclear weapons testing as Geneva negotiations opened.
Puntofijo Pact
Democratic Action, COPEI, and the Democratic Republican Union signed the Puntofijo Pact supporting constitutional government.
Caballete de Casa Headquarters
Guevara establishes a headquarters at Caballete de Casa while coordinating rebel forces in Las Villas.
Oriente Campaign
By October 1958, after being reinforced by Fidel, the two brothers had about 2,000 fighters and they were operating freely throughout Oriente province
Oriente Campaign
Expands rebel control in eastern Cuba.
Signs for Celtic
Signs for Celtic and begins a long association with the club.
Withdrawal of United States Forces
United States forces complete their withdrawal from Lebanon after Fuad Chehab has assumed the presidency and security conditions have improved sufficiently for the emergency deployment to end.
Deputy Minister Appointment
Is appointed deputy minister of internal affairs by Verwoerd.
Internal Affairs Portfolio
Joins the executive government after a decade in Parliament.
United States Nuclear Test Moratorium
The United States joins a voluntary nuclear testing moratorium while negotiations for a comprehensive test ban continue.
ANC
Kaunda breaks from the ANC and forms the Zambian African National Congress (ZANC)
Zambian African National Congress
Kaunda breaks from the ANC and forms the Zambian African National Congress (ZANC)
Visit to Beijing
Visits China for the 10th anniversary of the revolution
Visit to To the US
Criticised in the press for a visit to the US
Luna 3 Mission
Leads the spacecraft programme returning the first images of the Moon's far side.
Photography of Lunar Far Side
The achievement marks photography of lunar far side as an important Russian scientific milestone.
INRA Industrialization Department
Guevara is appointed to direct the Industrialization Department of the National Institute of Agrarian Reform.
Luna 3 Far Side Images
Luna 3 photographs the far side of the Moon for the first time.
Election
Almost doubles his majority to 8,633
Election
1st elected Member of Parliament for Finchley during the election, has a constituency majority of 16,260
Member of Parliament
1st elected Member of Parliament for Finchley during the election, has a constituency majority of 16,260
Election
The Conservatives win 49.4% of votes cast, 365 seats, Labour win 258 seats
Aberavon General Election
Again contests Aberavon for the Conservative Party at the 1959 general election but is not elected.
General Election
Retains Birmingham Stechford for Labour during another Conservative general election victory.
General Election
Retains Coventry East at the 1959 general election.
Le Havre Arrival
Oswald disembarked at Le Havre on October 8, 1959, and continued his journey toward northern Europe.
Helsinki Arrival
Oswald flew to Helsinki on October 9, 1959, after telling British customs officials that he planned to remain in Britain for a week.
Southampton Customs Declaration
Lee told British customs officials that he planned a week in Britain before attending school in Switzerland, then flew to Helsinki that day.
Independence of Cuba
Cuba celebrates October 10th as the first declaration of independence after the day Castro and his army enter Havana, January 1, 1959, as "the triumph of the revolution"
Shadow Cabinet Appointment
Healey enters Labourโs Shadow Cabinet and works on foreign affairs.
Shadow Cabinet
Healey begins a period as a Labour front-bench shadow secretary of state.
Fatah
Creation of Fatah
Soviet Visa Application
Lee probably applied for his Soviet entry visa at the Russian consulate in Helsinki on October 12, the first business day after arrival.
Death of Errol Flynn
Death of Errol Flynn
Soviet Visa Issued
The Soviet consulate issued Oswald a visa on October 14, 1959, permitting a single visit of no more than six days.
Vainikkala Border Crossing
Lee traveled by train from Helsinki and crossed the Finnish-Soviet border at Vainikkala on October 15.
Moscow Arrival
Oswald arrived in Moscow on October 16, 1959, and registered at the Hotel Berlin as a student.
Rima Shirokova Intourist Assignment
Intourist assigned Rima Shirokova as Lee's Moscow guide shortly after his arrival, and she assisted him with Soviet authorities.
Supreme Soviet Citizenship Letter
With assistance from his Intourist guide, Lee mailed a letter to the Supreme Soviet requesting Soviet citizenship.
Botkinskaya Psychiatric Ward
Following his wrist injury, Lee spent three days in Botkinskaya Hospital's psychiatric ward before doctors transferred him to another department.
Moscow Self Harm Incident
After being told to leave Moscow, Oswald cut his left wrist and was taken unconscious to Botkinskaya Hospital.
Soviet Visa Expiration Order
On October 21, 1959, Soviet officials informed Oswald that his visa had expired and ordered him to leave Moscow within two hours.
The Bridge
Directs Die Brucke, known in English as The Bridge.
Presidential Palace Speech
Guevara addresses a mass rally at the Presidential Palace during a period of political tension.
Basic Democracies Order
Ayub Khan establishes the Basic Democracies system of local electoral councils.
Metropole Hotel Registration
After leaving the hospital, Lee checked out of the Hotel Berlin and registered at Moscow's Metropole Hotel.
Accession
Succeeds Sisavang Vong as King of Laos
Death of Sisavang Vong
Dies after ruling Luang Prabang and Laos through the colonial and independence eras
Embassy Citizenship Renunciation Attempt
Lee appeared at the American Embassy and declared that he wanted to renounce his United States citizenship.
Election
During the election coins the phrase, "you have never had it so good"
Minister of Labour
Enters Cabinet as Minister of Labour after the Conservative election victory.
Soviet Citizenship Request
Soon after reaching Moscow, Oswald told his Intourist guide that he wanted to leave the United States and become a Soviet citizen.
ANC
While Kaunda is in prison, Mainza Chona and other nationalists break away from the ANC and, in October 1959, Chona becomes the first President of the United National Independence Party (UNIP), the successor to ZANC
President of Zambia
While Kaunda is in prison, Mainza Chona and other nationalists break away from the ANC and, in October 1959, Chona becomes the first President of the United National Independence Party (UNIP), the successor to ZANC
United National Independence Party
While Kaunda is in prison, Mainza Chona and other nationalists break away from the ANC and, in October 1959, Chona becomes the first President of the United National Independence Party (UNIP), the successor to ZANC
ANC
While Kaunda is in prison, Mainza Chona and other nationalists break away from the ANC and, in October 1959, Chona becomes the first President of the United National Independence Party (UNIP), the successor to ZANC
Arrest of Kenneth David Kuanda
While Kaunda is in prison, Mainza Chona and other nationalists break away from the ANC and, in October 1959, Chona becomes the first President of the United National Independence Party (UNIP), the successor to ZANC
United National Independence Party
While Kaunda is in prison, Mainza Chona and other nationalists break away from the ANC and, in October 1959, Chona becomes the first President of the United National Independence Party (UNIP), the successor to ZANC
China-Burma Boundary Agreement
Helps conclude a boundary settlement with Burma as part of China's effort to resolve frontier disputes by negotiation.
Constitutional Transition
Remains Crown representative while voters approve a future republic.
Republic Referendum Period
Serves as governor-general during the republic referendum.
Commonwealth
Wins a small majority of white referendum votes to South Africa out of the Commonwealth
Constitution of South Africa
90.5% of whites vote, 850,458 in favour of a republic & 775,878 against
Referendum
Wins a small majority of white referendum votes to South Africa out of the Commonwealth. 90.5% of whites vote, 850,458 in favour of a republic & 775,878 against
Republic Referendum Victory
Wins a narrow majority for creating a South African republic.
White Electorate Approves Republic
Uses the referendum result to advance republican constitutional change.
Chairman of Labour Party
Becomes chairman of the Labour Party's National Executive Committee for the 1960-1961 political year.
Notes on the Ideology of the Cuban Revolution
Guevara publishes reflections on the ideology and social development of the Cuban Revolution.
Lei Chen Case Meeting
Calls a meeting to discuss the case of Lei Chen and the Free China journal amid a wider crackdown on political dissent.
Parliamentary Secretary
Appointed Parliamentary Secretary at the Ministry of Pensions & National Insurance
Birth of Steve Cram
Birth of Steve Cram
Socialist Bloc Tour Begins
Guevara leaves Cuba for an extended economic and diplomatic tour of socialist countries.
Junta Takes Power
Junta of Government takes power after the fall of Lemus
Deposed in Coup
Lemus is overthrown by a military and civilian coup
Bombing of Algiers
The OAS explode 70 bombs in Algiers
Strike Force Concept Developed
Bissell shifts planning from small infiltrations toward a large amphibious assault.
Shift to Amphibious Assault Plan
Failed infiltrations lead planners to develop a larger amphibious assault by Cuban exiles.
Governor
Appointed Governor of General of Nigeria
UN Confrontation over Colonialism
Takes part in heated United Nations debates during an extended visit to New York.
Prime Minister of Ireland
Appointed Prime Minister of Ireland, forms a minority Fianna Fail Government
Labour Party Conference
Addresses the Labour Party conference while serving as National Executive Committee chairman.
Aid to Vietnam
Kennedy authorizes fighter bomber trainers to the Bien Hoa Air Base
Aid to Vietnam
Kennedy sends General Taylor & advisers to discuss troop support for Diem
Mobilization
Kennedy sends General Taylor & advisers to discuss troop support for Diem
Intelligence Community Consultant
McCone began serving as a consultant so he could familiarize himself with CIA and the wider Intelligence Community before formally taking office.
Nationalization
The revolutionary government nationalizes most remaining large private businesses
Constitution of Russia
The Central Committee plenum adopts a new Party programme replacing that of 1919
Party of the Whole People Doctrine
The new party programme describes the CPSU as the party of the whole people rather than solely the proletariat.
Reform of Government
Defined as a party of the whole people rather than a dictatorship of the proletariat
Congress of Communist Party, 21st
By 1980 "distribution according to need" should be in place
Congress of Communist Party, 22nd
Proposes a 20 year plan to usher in a communist society
Twenty-Second Party Congress Opens
Opens the Twenty-Second Party Congress and renews public criticism of Stalin-era repression.
Twenty-Year Communist Programme
Presents a new party programme promising to build the material foundations of communism within twenty years.
First Crude Oil Export
Libya exports its first commercial shipment of crude oil.
Beatles, The
Brian Epstein learns of the existence of The Beatles
Tsar Bomba Test
The Soviet Union detonates the Tsar Bomba, the most powerful nuclear device ever tested.
Tsar Bomba Test
The Soviet Union detonates Tsar Bomba, the most powerful nuclear explosive ever tested.
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, acting
Burial
Stalins body is removed from the Kremlin
New CPSU Programme Adopted
The Twenty-Second Party Congress adopts a new Communist Party programme replacing the 1919 programme.
Stalin Removed from Lenin Mausoleum
Stalin's body is removed from Lenin's Mausoleum following renewed condemnation at the Twenty-Second Party Congress.
Burial
Stalins body is removed from Lenins side in the Mausoleum on Red Square
Congress of Communist Party, 22nd
Congress votes to remove Stalins body from the mausoleum on Red Sqr
Election
The National Party wins 105 seats & the United Party wins 53 seats
Columbia Records
John Hammond signs Dylan to Columbia Records
Columbia Records
Signs Bob Dylan to Columbia Records.
Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front
The Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front was absorbed by the Cuban Revolutionary Council, and Arcacha moved the office to 544 Camp Street for several months
Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front
The Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front was absorbed by the Cuban Revolutionary Council, and Arcacha moved the office to 544 Camp Street for several months
Cuban Revolutionary Council (CRC)
The Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front was absorbed by the Cuban Revolutionary Council, and Arcacha moved the office to 544 Camp Street for several months
Farm Gate
B-26s & SC-47s are redesignated as "reconnaissance bombers"
Requests a defense pact with the United States
Requests a defense pact with the United States after attacks by the Vietcong
Constituent Assembly Plans
Kerensky continues political activity connected with constituent assembly plans.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy signed legislation authorizing measures to prevent Cuban aggression and Soviet military expansion in the hemisphere.
Orbit
Wally Schirra flies six orbits in the Mercury spacecraft Sigma 7
Cuban Missile Crisis
McCone questioned restrictions on U-2 coverage of Cuba and pressed for broader reconnaissance as evidence of the Soviet military buildup accumulated.
Beatles, The
"Love Me Do" is released featuring Lennon on harmonica and McCartney singing solo on the chorus line
Beatles, The
"Love Me Do" is released featuring Lennon on harmonica and McCartney singing solo on the chorus line
Beatles, The
"Love Me Do" is released featuring Lennon on harmonica and McCartney singing solo on the chorus line
Love Me Do
Produces Love Me Do, the Beatles' first single for Parlophone.
Agreement of Geneva
Following the Geneva Agreement military advisers & technicians are withdrawn from Laos
Government
Following the Geneva Agreement military advisers & technicians are withdrawn from Laos
Occupation
Following the Geneva Agreement military advisers & technicians are withdrawn from Laos
Trial
Opening day of the Nelson Mandela trial, the Rivonia Trial, de Wet is presiding Judge
Trial
Opening day of the Nelson Mandela trial, the Rivonia Trial, State Prosecutor
Dallas Employment Commission Registration
Oswald registered with the Texas Employment Commission in Dallas on October 9, 1962, while seeking new work.
Leslie Welding Departure
Lee stopped reporting to Leslie Welding and moved to Dallas, later asking the company to forward wages owed to his post office box.
Post Office Box 2915
Lee rented post office box 2915 at Dallas's main post office while separating temporarily from Marina and seeking employment.
Scandal
Der Spiegel publishes an article critical of West Germany's defence policy
Press
Publishes an article in Der Spiegel questioning the West German Defence policy. Publishes a Der Spiegel article questioning West German Defence policy
Declaration of War
Heavy fighting develops along the eastern frontier as the border dispute escalates toward full-scale war.
A Congressional resolution affirms the rights of western nations in Berlin
A Congressional resolution affirms the rights of western nations in Berlin
Government
A Congressional resolution affirms the rights of western nations in Berlin
Trade Expansion Act
The Act grants authority to negotiate substantial reciprocal tariff reductions.
Jaggars Chiles Stovall Referral
The Texas Employment Commission referred Oswald to Jaggars-Chiles-Stovall on October 11, 1962, for a photoprint trainee position.
Jaggars Photoprint Employment Begins
Lee began work as a photoprint trainee at Jaggars-Chiles-Stovall, producing advertising prints after being selected from several applicants.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Heyser flew a U-2 mission that obtained 928 photographs during a six-minute pass over western Cuba.
Nuclear Power
A U-2 spy photographs the secret site where Russian missiles will be located in Cuba
Trial
Opening day of the Nelson Mandela trial, legal adviser to Mandela
Cuban Missile Crisis
Bundy learned that photographic evidence confirmed Soviet offensive missile installations in Cuba.
Dallas YMCA Residence
Lee moved into the Dallas YMCA on October 15 and stayed there for several nights while beginning work at Jaggars-Chiles-Stovall.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Photographic analysts identified missile transporters, erectors, and launch-site construction in the U-2 imagery.
Death of Gaston Bachelard
Gaston Bachelard dies in Paris.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Robert Kennedy joined the first crisis discussions and questioned the political and moral consequences of a surprise attack on Cuba.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Robert Kennedy participated in the secret advisory meetings that later became known as ExComm.
Return for Missile Crisis
After learning that U-2 photography confirmed Soviet offensive missiles in Cuba, McCone returned to Washington and remained there through the crisis.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Bundy informed Kennedy at 8:45 a.m. that a major international crisis had developed.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy convened his principal advisers at 11:45 a.m. to examine the missile evidence and possible responses.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy ordered continued secrecy while advisers studied the risks of surprise attack, quarantine, and invasion.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy ordered that the discovery of Soviet missiles remain secret while his advisers evaluated military and diplomatic options.
Cuban Missile Crisis
McNamara discussed military options including surveillance, quarantine, air strikes, and invasion.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Rusk joined discussions of diplomatic, political, and military responses to the Soviet deployment.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Dillon joined the crisis deliberations and supported careful evaluation of the economic and political consequences of military action.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Ball joined the first senior discussions and examined diplomatic consequences of attacking Soviet missile installations in Cuba.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Taylor and the Joint Chiefs developed plans for attacks against missile sites and other military targets.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Lundahl briefed Kennedy directly on the U-2 photographs and explained how analysts identified the Soviet missile equipment.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Gilpatric helped assess air-strike and quarantine options while the Defense Department prepared forces for possible action.
Crisis Warning and Deadline Proposal
McCone recommended warning Moscow and Havana, demanding prompt dismantlement, and reserving a large military strike if the offensive missile deployment remained in place.
Cuban Missile Crisis
McCone briefed senior officials on expanding photographic evidence and the estimated readiness of Soviet offensive missile sites in Cuba.
Eisenhower Missile Briefing
At Kennedy's request, McCone briefed former President Eisenhower on the Soviet buildup and showed him U-2 photographs of developing medium-range missile sites.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Bundy coordinated meetings and intelligence distribution as advisers compared military and political responses to the missile deployment.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy continued reviewing air-strike, invasion, quarantine, and diplomatic alternatives with his advisers.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Stevenson urged consideration of a diplomatic settlement alongside military pressure.
Cuban Missile Crisis
McNamara asked military planners to refine blockade, air-strike, and invasion options while the President considered how to respond.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Rusk examined diplomatic consequences of air strikes, invasion, and quarantine while the missile discovery remained secret.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Gromyko assured Kennedy that Soviet assistance to Cuba was defensive while the President already possessed evidence of offensive missile sites.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Gromyko told Kennedy that Soviet assistance to Cuba was defensive and denied an offensive deployment.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Thompson used his experience with Khrushchev to advise that Soviet intentions and domestic pressures should be interpreted cautiously.
Cuban Missile Crisis
McCone reviewed new intelligence as reconnaissance identified additional missile activity and bomber-related installations in Cuba.
ExComm Military Options Review
McCone joined Kennedy and senior advisers in reviewing blockade, air-strike, invasion, diplomatic, and warning options during the first days of the missile crisis.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy told Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko that the United States would not tolerate offensive missiles in Cuba; Gromyko denied that offensive Soviet weapons were being deployed.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy met Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko while withholding knowledge of the photographed missile sites.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy restated his public warning to Gromyko without revealing that the missile sites had been photographed.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Stevenson proposed exploring a negotiated settlement that could remove the Soviet missiles while avoiding a direct military confrontation.
Cuban Missile Crisis
McNamara worked on a quarantine plan designed to halt additional offensive weapons without immediately attacking existing missile sites.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Rusk participated in preparations for the Gromyko meeting and supported maintaining secrecy about the photographic evidence.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Taylor presented military assessments emphasizing that an air strike might have to be followed by a larger invasion of Cuba.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Lundahl's analysts continued comparing new imagery to Soviet missile systems and locating additional offensive installations.
Stevenson Arrives from Rangers
Willie Stevenson signed for Liverpool from Rangers in October 1962 and developed into a regular presence in the clubโs left-sided midfield.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Robert Kennedy argued that an unannounced air strike could resemble the attack on Pearl Harbor.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy maintained scheduled campaign appearances while secret crisis deliberations continued in Washington.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy left Washington for campaign appearances while advisers continued secret deliberations about Cuba.
To Be a Young Communist Speech
Guevara addresses young communists on political commitment, study, work and personal conduct.
Declaration of War
20th October-21st November, a border war between India & China
Invasion of India
Chinese forces launch major attacks on Indian positions on 20 October 1962, opening the principal phase of the border war.
Battle of Namka Chu
Brigadier John Dalvi commands 7 Infantry Brigade during the Chinese assault on Indian positions along the Namka Chu.
Defence of Sirijap
Major Dhan Singh Thapa commands an isolated Ladakh post that resists repeated Chinese attacks before being overrun.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Robert Kennedy supported the quarantine option as a measured response that preserved room for further diplomatic pressure.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Bundy helped organize the decision process that produced Kennedy's choice of a naval quarantine.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy returned to Washington and presided over a National Security Council meeting on the response.
Cuban Missile Crisis
The White House announced that Kennedy had a cold as he cancelled remaining campaign appearances.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy selected a naval quarantine as the initial response while retaining stronger military options.
Cuban Missile Crisis
McNamara organized the naval interception plan and continued preparations for air strikes and invasion.
Cuban Missile Crisis
McNamara briefed Kennedy on naval interception procedures and the military preparations supporting the proposed quarantine.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Rusk supported the quarantine decision while the State Department prepared allied consultations and diplomatic notifications.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Sorensen helped draft language explaining the quarantine and the administration's demand for removal of Soviet offensive weapons.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Taylor supervised continued planning for air strikes and invasion after Kennedy selected the quarantine as the first step.
Cuban Missile Crisis
McCone assessed the growing operational capability of the Soviet missile deployment while the administration refined its response.
Second Eisenhower Crisis Briefing
McCone again briefed Eisenhower, this time explaining the administration's decision to combine a naval quarantine with demands for removal of the Soviet missiles.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy reviewed the quarantine proclamation, military rules, and the planned address to the nation.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Sorensen refined Kennedy's television address so that the missile evidence, quarantine, and warning to Moscow were presented clearly.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Sweeney advised Kennedy that air strikes could not guarantee destruction of every operational missile.
Missile Crisis Command in Pinar del Rio
During the missile crisis, Guevara is assigned to command forces in Pinar del Rรญo against a possible U.S. invasion.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Raul Castro placed Cuban armed forces on wartime readiness as the United States announced its quarantine and increased regional military preparations.
Cuban Missile Crisis
The US announce its discovery of missile sites, and implements a quarantine around Cuba that woul intercept and search vessels heading for Cuba.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Castro mobilized Cuban forces after Kennedy announced the quarantine and demanded removal of the Soviet offensive missiles.
Cuban Missile Crisis
De Gaulle received an allied briefing and supported the United States assessment of the missile evidence.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Dobrynin received formal American communications after Kennedy publicly announced the missile evidence and naval quarantine.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Gromyko helped manage the Soviet diplomatic response after Kennedy revealed the missiles and announced the naval quarantine.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Malinovsky placed Soviet military commands on heightened alert after Kennedy announced the quarantine and demanded missile removal.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Pliyev placed Soviet forces in Cuba on increased readiness after Kennedy announced the quarantine and demanded missile withdrawal.
Quarantine Announcement Intelligence Support
McCone supplied intelligence judgments and photographic evidence supporting Kennedy's public disclosure of the Soviet missile deployment and the decision to impose a quarantine.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Bundy coordinated White House preparations for the President's address and the formal establishment of ExComm.
Blockade of Cuba
Orders a weapons blockade of Cuba because of its Soviet missile sites
Cuba Weapons Quarantine Ordered
Kennedy orders naval interception of offensive weapons shipments to Cuba during the missile crisis.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy informs the world that the Soviet Union was building secret missile bases in Cuba, a mere 90 miles off the shores of Florida.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy orders Khrushchev to remove all the missile bases and their deadly contents. Kennedy orders a naval quarantine of Cuba in order to prevent Russian ships from bringing additional missiles and construction materials.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy addressed the nation and revealed the Soviet offensive missile deployment in Cuba.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy announced a naval quarantine intended to prevent further deliveries of offensive military equipment.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy briefed congressional leaders before publicly announcing the crisis.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy demanded dismantlement of the missile sites and removal of the offensive weapons from Cuba.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy warned that a nuclear missile launched from Cuba would require retaliation against the Soviet Union.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy formally established the Executive Committee of the National Security Council.
Government
Orders a weapons blockade of Cuba because of its Soviet missile sites
Cuban Missile Crisis
Stevenson prepared the United States diplomatic case for presentation before the United Nations Security Council.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Sorensen assisted with final revisions to the President's address before Kennedy disclosed the crisis to the public.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Ball helped coordinate diplomatic communications with allies and international organizations as the quarantine was announced.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Castro rejected the legality of the quarantine and prepared Cuba for the possibility of American air strikes or invasion.
Battle of Bum La
Subedar Joginder Singh leads Sikh troops against repeated Chinese attacks near Bum La and is mortally wounded.
Kennedy Quarantine Response
Rejects the American naval quarantine of Cuba and warns Kennedy against escalating the crisis.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Zorin challenged the American quarantine at the Security Council and rejected United States accusations about offensive Soviet weapons.
Cuban Missile Crisis
McCone reported intelligence indicating that Soviet personnel controlled the offensive missile installations in Cuba.
Cuban Missile Crisis
The Organisation of American States unanimously supports the US decision to quarantine Cuba and , by the end of the day, all naval vessels are in place. Reconnaissance photos reveal that Soviet missiles are poised for launch.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy approved instructions for naval forces enforcing the quarantine while seeking to avoid an unnecessary clash with Soviet ships.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy signed the proclamation establishing interdiction of offensive weapons shipments to Cuba.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy approved continued invasion preparations while excluding food and medicine from the initial quarantine.
Organisation of American States
The Organisation of American States unanimously supports the US decision to quarantine Cuba &, by the end of the day, all naval vessels are in place
Cuban Missile Crisis
Stevenson defended the quarantine before the Security Council and challenged Soviet claims about the nature of the Cuban deployment.
Cuban Missile Crisis
McNamara reviewed rules governing interception, inspection, and possible seizure of vessels carrying prohibited military equipment.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Taylor maintained military readiness while the quarantine was implemented and reconnaissance missions increased over Cuba.
Cuban Crisis Letter of October 24
Tells Kennedy that the American quarantine is unlawful and insists Soviet-Cuban relations concern sovereign states.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Khrushchev rejected the legality of the American quarantine but ordered Soviet shipping movements handled cautiously as the confrontation intensified.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Thompson argued that Khrushchev should be given a path to retreat without appearing to accept an American ultimatum.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Robert Kennedy followed quarantine developments while officials debated how much force naval commanders should use against Soviet vessels.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Gilpatric assisted in coordinating military readiness and civilian control as naval quarantine operations began.
Cuban Missile Crisis
McCone reviewed intelligence on Soviet shipping movements and continuing activity at Cuban missile sites as the quarantine took effect.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy reported that several Soviet ships had altered course as the quarantine took effect. Strategic Air Command was ordered to DEFCON 2, the highest readiness level it had yet reached.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy monitored the first day of quarantine operations as several Soviet vessels slowed, stopped, or changed course.
Cuban Missile Crisis
McNamara closely supervised naval operations as the quarantine line became active in the Atlantic approaches to Cuba.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Rusk assessed Soviet responses to the quarantine and encouraged continued diplomatic contact while military forces remained ready.
Congressional Missile Intelligence Briefing
McCone briefed congressional leaders on the missile evidence, Soviet activity in Cuba, and the intelligence basis for the administration's quarantine policy.
Manager
Is appointed England manager and predicts that England will win the 1966 World Cup.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Khrushchev exchanged messages with Kennedy as both governments searched for a way to prevent the naval confrontation from escalating.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Zorin faced Stevenson's presentation of aerial photographs after declining to confirm that Soviet missiles had been installed in Cuba.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Zorin refused to answer Stevenson's demand for an immediate admission that Soviet missiles were present in Cuba.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy replied to U Thant and affirmed his desire for a peaceful and verifiable settlement.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy wrote Khrushchev that Soviet assurances had been contradicted by clear evidence of offensive missile bases in Cuba.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Stevenson confronted Valerian Zorin at the Security Council and presented reconnaissance photographs demonstrating Soviet missile installations.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Castro warned Khrushchev that American military action appeared imminent and urged the Soviet Union to resist an invasion decisively.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Castro warned Khrushchev that an invasion appeared imminent and urged a decisive Soviet response.
National Emergency
President Radhakrishnan proclaims a national emergency as the border war with China intensifies.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Dobrynin maintained urgent contact with Moscow while unofficial channels explored possible terms for ending the confrontation.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Khruschev sends a letter to Kennedy suggesting that the sites would be dismantled if the United States gave its reassurance that it would not invade Cuba.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Khrushchev sent Kennedy a lengthy private message proposing missile withdrawal in return for a pledge that Cuba would not be invaded.
First Cuban Missile Crisis Settlement Letter
Offers to remove Soviet missiles from Cuba if the United States pledges not to invade the island.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Feklisov relayed John Scali's interest in a possible settlement through Soviet channels while official negotiations remained uncertain.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Feklisov, using the name Aleksandr Fomin, discussed a possible settlement with journalist John Scali.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Scali reported a Soviet back-channel proposal linking missile removal to a United States pledge not to invade Cuba.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Thompson interpreted Khrushchev's first letter as a serious opening for a negotiated settlement.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Robert Kennedy supported giving diplomacy more time after Khrushchev sent a message offering missile removal for a non-invasion pledge.
Cuban Missile Crisis
McCone reviewed estimates showing that work continued at several missile installations while diplomatic exchanges intensified.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Khrushchev sends a letter to Kennedy suggesting that the sites would be dismantled if the United States gave its reassurance that it would not invade Cuba.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy delayed military action to allow additional time for diplomacy after receiving Khrushchev's proposal.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Stevenson worked with U Thant on proposals intended to reduce the risk of a naval or military clash.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Rusk reviewed Khrushchev's first settlement proposal and supported exploring the possibility of a non-invasion assurance.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Castro urges Khrushchev to launch a nuclear first strike against the United States if Cuba is invaded, but Khrushchev rejected any first strike response.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Dobrynin heard Robert Kennedy privately indicate that the obsolete Jupiter missiles in Turkey would be removed after the Cuban crisis.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Dobrynin received an urgent warning that the United States would soon act if the Cuban missiles remained.
Cuban Crisis Letter of October 27
Proposes linking missile withdrawal from Cuba to removal of American Jupiter missiles from Turkey.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Khrushchev publicly added removal of American Jupiter missiles from Turkey to the terms he sought for resolving the crisis.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Feklisov continued informal contact with Scali as Washington and Moscow searched for a formula that could end the crisis.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Savitsky considered using a nuclear torpedo after United States forces used signalling depth charges near submarine B-59.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Arkhipov opposed launching B-59's nuclear torpedo and helped persuade the submarine commander to surface.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Pliyev's command faced intense pressure as American reconnaissance continued and a Soviet surface-to-air unit shot down Anderson's U-2.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Thompson urged Kennedy to answer Khrushchev's first message and avoid becoming trapped by the later public demand concerning Turkey.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Robert Kennedy told Dobrynin that the President could not publicly trade the Turkish Jupiter missiles for Soviet missiles in Cuba.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Robert Kennedy warned Dobrynin that events could soon escape political control if the Soviet missiles were not withdrawn.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Robert Kennedy met secretly with Soviet ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin at the Justice Department.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Bundy participated in the intense ExComm deliberations over the U-2 loss and Khrushchev's changing settlement terms.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy answered Khrushchev's first proposal and offered a non-invasion assurance after verified missile removal.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy authorized Robert Kennedy to tell Dobrynin privately that American Jupiter missiles in Turkey would later be removed.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy chose to answer Khrushchev's earlier, more conciliatory proposal while leaving the public demand concerning Turkey unanswered.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy postponed retaliation for the U-2 loss while advisers pursued a diplomatic solution.
Cuban Missile Crisis
McNamara argued against automatic retaliation after the loss of Rudolf Anderson's U-2, helping preserve time for negotiation.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Rusk participated in the decision to respond to Khrushchev's earlier letter rather than accept the public Turkey-for-Cuba trade.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Dillon joined the ExComm debate on how to answer Khrushchev while avoiding immediate escalation on the crisis's most dangerous day.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Sorensen helped draft the response accepting the essential terms of Khrushchev's first proposal while avoiding a public missile trade.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Ball took part in discussions over the competing Soviet proposals and the risks of linking Cuba publicly to Jupiter missiles in Turkey.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Taylor advised on military responses after Anderson's U-2 was destroyed by a surface-to-air missile over Cuba.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Maultsby's U-2 accidentally entered Soviet airspace during a mission over the Arctic and escaped interception.
Cuban Missile Crisis
A Soviet surface-to-air missile shot down Anderson's unarmed U-2 over Cuba, killing him.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Raul Castro helped manage Cuban military readiness after Moscow announced that the strategic missiles would be withdrawn.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Khrushchev agrees to remove the Soviet missiles from Cuba. Castro demands that the USA evacuate Cuba's Guantanamo naval base.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Castro issued five demands for a broader settlement and rejected foreign inspection on Cuban territory.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Castro learned that Khrushchev had agreed to remove the missiles without first securing Cuban approval of the settlement.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Dobrynin reported American reactions to Moscow as the Soviet government announced acceptance of the missile-withdrawal settlement.
Cuban Crisis Resolution Broadcast
Publicly accepts a settlement based on Soviet missile withdrawal and an American pledge not to invade Cuba.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Khrushchev agrees to remove the Soviet missiles from Cuba. Khruschev removes the missiles but on the understanding the USA does not invade Cuba.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Khrushchev ordered the offensive missiles dismantled and returned to the Soviet Union under the emerging settlement.
Order to Dismantle Cuban Missiles
Orders Soviet offensive missiles in Cuba dismantled and returned to the Soviet Union.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Gromyko participated in implementing the diplomatic settlement after Khrushchev agreed to withdraw the offensive missiles.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Malinovsky transmitted orders connected with dismantling and returning the offensive missile systems after the political settlement.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Biryuzov's missile forces received orders to dismantle the Cuban launch sites and prepare the strategic missiles for return shipment.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Thompson helped assess Khrushchev's acceptance message and advised continued attention to Soviet implementation.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Robert Kennedy participated in discussions on implementing the agreement while maintaining secrecy around the private Turkish missile understanding.
Cuban Missile Crisis
McCone emphasized continued reconnaissance and verification after Khrushchev agreed to dismantle and remove the offensive missiles.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Bundy helped coordinate immediate follow-up after the Soviet decision to dismantle and remove the offensive missiles.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy directed officials to continue verification and quarantine measures until Soviet offensive weapons were actually removed.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy welcomed Khrushchev's decision as an important contribution to peace.
Government
Welcomes Krushchevs offer to remove missiles from Cuba. Khruschev removes the missiles but on the understanding the USA does not invade Cuba
Cuban Missile Crisis
McNamara directed the military to maintain pressure and surveillance while Soviet forces began preparing the missiles for removal.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Rusk directed diplomatic work on verification and implementation after Moscow announced that the missiles would be removed.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Sorensen assisted with Kennedy's public response welcoming the Soviet decision to remove the missiles from Cuba.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Taylor kept United States forces at high readiness while officials awaited evidence that Soviet dismantling had begun.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Castro reiterated demands concerning Guantanamo, reconnaissance flights, economic pressure, and support for exile attacks against Cuba.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Khrushchev defended the settlement to Soviet leaders while implementation shifted toward dismantling, shipment, and verification.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Robert Kennedy urged continued caution as the administration moved from immediate confrontation toward verification and settlement.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy instructed his advisers to handle the settlement cautiously while reconnaissance monitored dismantling at Cuban missile sites.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Stevenson continued United Nations negotiations concerning verification, withdrawal, and arrangements for ending the quarantine.
Brussels Negotiations
Leads detailed British negotiations with the European Economic Community in Brussels.
Sino-Indian War
Armed conflict breaks out between India and China along disputed Himalayan border sectors.
IV Corps Operations
B. M. Kaul commands IV Corps during the difficult opening phase of the war in the eastern sector.
Checkpoint Charlie Tank Withdrawal
American and Soviet tanks withdraw from their confrontation at Checkpoint Charlie, easing the immediate Berlin crisis.
Conference of ANC
The Conference links the ANC with the MK, the Umkhonto military wing. The ANC holds its 1st annual conference since 1959, in Bechuanaland
Meeting
Mohrenschildt meets Lee Harvey Oswald & introduces him to the Russian Dallas community
Conference of Labour Party
Advocates policy of supporting science & technology for the future of Britain
President of Nigeria
Appointed President of Nigeria, 1st Republic
Hotel Bill Paid
Oswald pays his Hotel del Comercio account through the night of October 1 before departing the following morning.
Border Officials Complaint
A fellow passenger hears Oswald complain about Mexican immigration officials after he is allowed to return to the bus.
Bus 340 Manifest Rejected
The Commission determines that Oswald did not travel on Transportes Frontera bus 340 despite a later-added Oswld entry on its manifest.
Customs Banana Incident
A passenger recalls Oswald hurriedly eating a banana near customs, apparently believing he could not carry the fruit into the United States.
Departure from Mexico City
Oswald left Mexico City by bus on October 2, 1963, beginning his return journey to the United States.
Early Taxi to Bus Station
The hotel night watchman recalls helping Oswald obtain a taxi at about 6:30 or 7 a.m. for his departure.
Mexican Border Document Check
Mexican officials temporarily remove Oswald from the bus at the border because of an alleged irregularity in his tourist papers.
Monterrey Relief Bus Transfer
At Monterrey, Oswald and other passengers transfer to relief bus 373 for the continuing journey toward Laredo.
Northbound Bus Departure
Transportes del Norte bus 332 leaves Mexico City at about 8:30 a.m. with Oswald aboard.
Overhead Reading Light
A fellow passenger remembers Oswald keeping his overhead light on to read during the late-night return bus journey.
Dallas Bus Arrival
Oswald arrives in Dallas at about 2:20 p.m. after returning from Mexico by bus.
Greyhound Bus 1265
Oswald boards Greyhound bus 1265 from Laredo to Dallas at about 3 a.m.
International Bridge Return
Oswald crosses the International Bridge into Texas at about 1:35 a.m. on October 3.
Post-Mexico Unemployment Claim
After reaching Dallas, Oswald visits the employment commission and files another unemployment compensation claim.
Return From Mexico
Oswald returned to the Dallas area after failing to obtain the Cuban and Soviet visas he had sought in Mexico City.
Return Route via San Antonio
Oswald's Greyhound journey to Dallas passes through San Antonio and substantially follows the Interstate 35 corridor.
YMCA Registration
Oswald spends the night at the YMCA and registers as a serviceman to avoid paying the membership fee.
Mexico Trip Disappointment
Marina later testifies that Oswald returned disappointed and discouraged because his effort to reach Cuba had failed.
Padgett Printing Application
The day after returning from Mexico, Oswald applies for work as a typesetter trainee at Padgett Printing.
Oswald Returns from Mexico
When Oswald appeared at the Paine home on October 4, he told Paine that he had been unsuccessful in finding work elsewhere.
Limited Test Ban Treaty Ratified
Signs the United States instrument of ratification for the Limited Test Ban Treaty.
Arrest of Albertina Sisulu
Held under the Ninety-Day Detention Act
Arrest of Caroline Motsoaledi
Held under the Ninety-Day Detention Act
Trial
Opening day of the Nelson Mandela trial, the Rivonia Trial. Mandela is indicted with sabotage & conspiracy
Rivonia Trial Court Appearance
Appears with other defendants in the developing Rivonia Trial.
Sabotage Prosecution Begins
Faces sabotage charges carrying the possibility of a death sentence.
Resignation of Maurice Harold MacMillan
Resigns as Prime Minister during the Conservative Party Conference in Blackpool
Limited Test Ban Treaty Enters into Force
The Limited Test Ban Treaty enters into force after ratification by the three original parties.
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina
Oswald Residence
Roberts rents a room to Lee Harvey Oswald
North Beckley Room Rental
Oswald rented a room at 1026 North Beckley Avenue on October 14, 1963, registering under the name O. H. Lee.
Ruth Paine Telephone Call
Ruth Paine telephoned the Texas School Book Depository on October 14 and spoke with Roy Truly about possible employment for Lee Harvey Oswald.
Linnie Mae Randle Job Suggestion
Linnie Mae Randle told Paine that the Texas School Book Depository might need additional order fillers because Randle's brother had recently been hired there.
Neighbor Coffee Conversation
During coffee with neighbors on October 14, Paine discussed Oswald's unemployment while Marina Oswald was present.
Oswald Told of Job Interview
When Oswald telephoned that evening, Paine told him that Roy Truly had agreed to interview him at the Texas School Book Depository.
Telephone Call to Roy Truly
Paine telephoned the Texas School Book Depository and spoke with superintendent Roy Truly about possible employment for Oswald.
Visa Decision from Havana
Cuban authorities reply that Oswald may receive a Cuban visa only after he first obtains Soviet permission for onward travel.
French Evacuation of Bizerte
The final French forces withdrew from Bizerte, ending France's military presence in Tunisia.
Depository Job Interview
Roy Truly interviewed Oswald at the Texas School Book Depository on October 15, 1963, and hired him as a temporary order filler.
Order Filler Hiring
Truly hired Oswald as an order filler after interviewing him at the Texas School Book Depository.
Oswald Employment Interview
Truly interviewed Lee Harvey Oswald at the Texas School Book Depository on October 15 after Ruth Paine had telephoned about possible work.
Texas School Book Depository
Oswald is hired by Roy Truly at Texas School Book Depository
Depository Employment Begins
Oswald began work at the Texas School Book Depository on October 16, 1963, filling customer book orders for $1.25 an hour.
Texas School Book Depository
Through Ruth Paine Oswald found a job filling book orders at the Texas School Book Depository, where he started work on October 16
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Hosty receives reporting about Oswald's Mexico City contacts.
Soviet Embassy
Hosty receives reporting about Oswald's Mexico City contacts.
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain
Prime Minister
Becomes Prime Minister after Harold Macmillan resigns.
Marina Second Daughter Birth
Marina continued living with Paine through the birth of her second daughter on October 20 and remained there afterward.
Foreign Missile and Space Analysis Center
McCone directed creation of the Foreign Missile and Space Analysis Center to strengthen independent CIA assessment of foreign missile and space capabilities.
Rest of World Goal Against England
Law scored for a FIFA Rest of the World XI against England during the Football Association's centenary match at Wembley.
Demonstrations
US Ambassador of the United Nations Adlai Stevenson is jeered, jostled, struck by a protest sign, and spat upon during a visit to Dallas
South Vietnam Coup Policy Meeting
McCone joined Kennedy, McNamara, Robert Kennedy, and Bundy in reviewing the rapidly developing coup situation and American responsibilities in South Vietnam.
FPCC Activity Monitoring
DeBruey's report stated that Cuban sources would be monitored for signs of renewed FPCC activity following Oswald's departure from New Orleans.
Fair Play for Cuba Report
DeBruey authored an FBI report on the Fair Play for Cuba Committee's New Orleans activity after Oswald had left the city.
Irwin Weiner Telephone Call
The HSCA found that Ruby called Chicago bondsman Irwin Weiner on October 26, 1963, and was not satisfied with Weiner's later explanation that the call concerned only Ruby's labor dispute.
Harriman Vietnam Coordination Discussion
McCone told Averell Harriman that CIA had not coordinated or endorsed the August policy cable on South Vietnam as Harriman had been led to believe.
Air Strike Planning Report
An archival report dated October 30, 1963, described Frank Fiorini as an American pilot involved in planning air strikes against Cuba.
Nofio Pecora Telephone Call
The HSCA found that Ruby called a New Orleans trailer park office associated with Marcello lieutenant Nofio Pecora on October 30, 1963, although Pecora denied speaking with Ruby.
Dallas Airtel on Irving Inquiry
Hosty reported the results of his Irving pretext inquiry in an FBI airtel describing Marina's residence and Oswald's visiting arrangement.
Irving Pretext Inquiry
Hosty conducted a pretext inquiry near 2515 West Fifth Street in Irving to establish where Marina and Lee Harvey Oswald were staying.
Marina Residence Confirmed
Hosty's October 30 inquiry established that Marina Oswald was living with Ruth Paine in Irving.
Oswald Visiting Arrangement Identified
Hosty learned that Lee Harvey Oswald visited Marina at the Paine residence but was not living there during the working week.
Birth of Carlos Caetano Bledorn Verri
Birth of Carlos Caetano Bledorn Verri, Dunga
FBI
FBI agent James Hosty visits Paines home to discover where Oswald is living, speaks to both Paine and Marina Oswald
FBI
FBI agent James Hosty visits Paines home to discover where Oswald is living, speaks to both Paine and Marina Oswald
FBI
FBI agent James Hosty visits Paines home to discover where Oswald is living, speaks to both Paine and Marina Oswald
FBI
FBI agent James Hosty visits Paines home to discover where Oswald is living, speaks to both Paine and Marina Oswald
Board of Trade
Becomes President of the Board of Trade under Alec Douglas-Home.
Conference of Labour Party
Speech about the "white heat" of scientific revolution
President of Nigeria
Appointed President of Nigeria
Captain
After independence Milton Obote, Ugandas first Prime Minister, rewards Idi Amin for his loyalty by promoting him to Captain
Castro Contact Discussions
McCone participated in administration discussions about exploratory contacts with Fidel Castro but regarded the diplomatic initiative skeptically while covert pressure continued.
How Hollywood Makes Movies
Ruby assisted the producers of the carnival show "How Hollywood Makes Movies" when it appeared at the Texas State Fair in October 1963.
First Floor Work Access
Truly's description of Oswald's duties established that Oswald regularly worked on the first floor of the Texas School Book Depository.
Order Filler Duties
Truly stated that Oswald's work involved gathering books listed on orders and taking them to the first-floor shipping area.
Sixth Floor Work Access
Truly stated that Oswald went to the sixth floor many times each day to obtain books required for customer orders.
Beckley Telephone Number Knowledge
Paine learned Oswald's Dallas telephone number after he rented a room on North Beckley Avenue, although she did not initially know his exact address.
Marina Residence at Fifth Street
Marina Oswald and her children lived at Paine's home on West Fifth Street while Lee Oswald rented rooms in Dallas.
Oswald Weekend Visits
Lee Oswald spent weekends with Marina and the children at Paine's Irving home while living near his job in Dallas during the week.
CIA Mexico City Photograph Question
A CIA surveillance photograph initially associated with Oswald actually depicts an unidentified man who is clearly not Lee Harvey Oswald.
CIA Photograph Timing Error
Later investigation establishes that the unidentified CIA photograph was not taken when Oswald was reported to be visiting the Soviet Embassy.
Incorrect Physical Description from CIA Photograph
A CIA report circulates a physical description derived from the unidentified photographed man, creating an early inconsistency with Oswald's known appearance.
Russian Language Anomaly
Investigators note reports that a caller identifying himself as Oswald spoke poor Russian, despite evidence that Oswald had developed substantial Russian-language ability.
Constitution of Afghanistan
Zahir Shah promulgates a constitution establishing a constitutional monarchy, elected parliament, and expanded civil rights.
Joint FAO IAEA Division Established
The Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Atomic Energy in Food and Agriculture is established.
Kinks Album
The Kinks release their debut album Kinks.
Election
The Conservatives win 43.4% of votes cast & 304 MPs
First Multi-Crew Spaceflight
The achievement marks first multi-crew spaceflight as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Voskhod 1
Commands Voskhod 1, the first spacecraft carrying more than one crew member.
Central Committee Plenum Challenge
Is summoned back to Moscow as party leaders prepare a coordinated challenge to his leadership.
Khrushchev Removal
Helps organize the party leadership move that removes Nikita Khrushchev from power.
First Secretary of CPSU
Succeeds Nikita Khrushchev as First Secretary of the Communist Party.
Dismissal
Dismissed as First Party Secretary by a Central Committee plenum
Removal from Soviet Leadership
Is removed as Communist Party First Secretary by the Central Committee and replaced by Leonid Brezhnev.
Prime Minister of Russia
Appointed Prime Minister of Russia
Nobel Prize
The youngest recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, which is awarded to him for leading non-violent resistance to end racial prejudice in the United States
Election
Stands unsuccesfully for the leadership of the Conservative Party, wins 15 votes
Member of Parliament
Geoffrey Howe is elected Member of Parliament for Bebington on 15 October 1964.
Opposition Return
Returns to opposition after Labour wins the 1964 general election.
General Election
Retains Birmingham Stechford as Labour returns to government under Harold Wilson.
General Election
Retains Coventry East as Labour returns to government.
Election
The Labour Party wins the general election by 4 seats. The Labour Party wins 44.1 percent of votes cast & 317 MPs
Election
Is re-elected as Member of Parliament for Huyton while leading Labour to national victory.
Election
Defeats Alec Douglas-Home's Conservatives and ends thirteen years of Conservative government.
Election
Leads Labour to 317 Commons seats against 304 for the Conservatives and 9 for the Liberals.
Election
Leads Labour to a narrow general election victory.
Election
Contests Finchley against Margaret Thatcher but loses by 9,000 votes
Election
The Liberals win 2 seats from the Conservatives in Scotland. The Liberals win 11% of the vote & return 9 Members of Parliament
Retirement from Premiership
Leaves the chairmanship of the Council of Ministers after his removal from party leadership.
Nuclear Power
China successfully tests its own atomic bomb, becomes the world's 5th nuclear power
Chinese Atomic Bomb
China tests its first atomic bomb using uranium programme infrastructure.
China First Nuclear Test
China conducts its first nuclear test at Lop Nur and becomes the fifth nuclear-weapon state.
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Minister
Minister of Housing and Local Government
Appointed Minister of Housing and Local Government in Harold Wilson's first government.
Prime Minister of United Kingdom
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, first term
Cabinet
Healey enters Harold Wilson's cabinet as Secretary of State for Defence.
Defence Secretary Appointment
Healey joins Harold Wilsonโs Cabinet as Secretary of State for Defence.
Polaris Programme
Wilson enters office and reviews inherited nuclear policy including Polaris
Chinese Nuclear Test Intelligence
After China conducted its first atomic test, McCone emphasized the importance of technical collection and strategic estimates for tracking the emerging Chinese nuclear capability.
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary
Ministerial Appointment
Joins Harold Wilson's government as Minister of State at the Ministry of Aviation.
Higgs Boson
Publishes Broken Symmetries and the Masses of Gauge Bosons, explicitly identifying the massive scalar excitation later called the Higgs boson.
Higgs Boson
Shows that spontaneous symmetry breaking in a gauge theory can avoid an unwanted massless particle while leaving a massive scalar particle in the theory.
Death of Herbert Clark Hoover
Death of Herbert Hoover
Refusal of Nobel Prize
Sartre declines the Nobel Prize in Literature to preserve his independence from institutions.
All Day and All of the Night
The Kinks release All Day and All of the Night.
Constitution of Zambia
The first President of independent Zambia
Independence of Zambia
The first President of independent Zambia
President of Zambia
The first President of independent Zambia
Independence of Zambia
Becomes an independent republic within the Commonealth under the name of Zambia
Ed Sullivan Show
Appears with the Rolling Stones on The Ed Sullivan Show.
Shadow Minister
Appointed shadow spokesman on pensions
Department of Economic Affairs (DEA)
Brown was appointed to the newly created Department of Economic Affairs and Deputy Prime Minister in October 1964 hoping to institute long-term economic planning and remove some of the power of the Treasury
Devaluation
Brown was told that the budget deficit for the coming year was forecast at pounds 800 million, double what the Labour Party had predicted as the worst possible figure before the election, leading economic ministers were presented with three options, including devaluation of the pound sterling, to meet the crisis, they decide on a temporary surcharge on imported goods
Economy of Great Britain
Brown was appointed to the newly created Department of Economic Affairs and Deputy Prime Minister in October 1964 hoping to institute long-term economic planning and remove some of the power of the Treasury
Economy of Great Britain
Brown was told that the budget deficit for the coming year was forecast at pounds 800 million, double what the Labour Party had predicted as the worst possible figure before the election, leading economic ministers were presented with three options,
Economy of Great Britain
including devaluation of the pound sterling, to meet the crisis, they decide on a temporary surcharge on imported goods.
Arrest of Saddam Hussein
Arrested for conspiring against President Aref. Arrested for a 2nd time
Collective Leadership Established
Forms a collective leadership with Alexei Kosygin and Nikolai Podgorny after Khrushchev's removal.
Agricultural Policy Criticism before Removal
Faces mounting criticism from senior party colleagues over agricultural failures, administrative reorganizations and an increasingly personal style of rule.
Retirement at State Dacha
Withdraws from public political life and lives under close state supervision outside Moscow.
Deputy Commander
Appointed Deputy Commander of the Army
Memo
Issues a memorandum, a "challenge to the assumptions of our current Vietnam policy"
Immigration and Nationality Act
The Act replaces national-origin quotas with family and employment-based immigration priorities.
Immigration and Nationality Act
Signs the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 at Liberty Island, ending the national origins quota system.
Shadow Minister
Appointed shadow spokesman on housing & land
Death of Former Prime Minister
Samir al-Rifai died in Amman at the age of 64. He had served six terms as prime minister and held multiple cabinet and Senate posts across several decades of Jordanian political history.
Fourth Einar Gerhardsen Government
The Fourth Einar Gerhardsen Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Per Borten Government
Begins the Per Borten Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Prime Minister of Norway
Appointed Prime Minister of Norway
Dismissal of Moise Tshombe
Kasa-Vubu dismisses Tshombe despite his alliance's electoral strength.
Conservative Conference Defence Speech
Uses his Conservative Party conference speech to argue for a defence policy centred on Britain's European and NATO commitments.
Demonstrations
Anti-war rallies occur in 40 U.S. cities and in international cities including London & Rome
Appointment as Prime Minister
Kasa-Vubu appoints Kimba to form a government after dismissing Tshombe.
Battle of Ia Drang
1st major battle of the Vietnam War between the United States Army and the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN)
Battle of Ia Drang
North Vietnamese Army troops attack the U.S. Special Forces camp at Plei Me in a prelude to the Battle of Ia Ia Drang. 1st major battle of the Vietnam War between the United States Army and the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN)
Siege of Plei Me
North Vietnamese Army troops attack the U.S. Special Forces camp at Plei Me in a prelude to the Battle of Ia Ia Drang
Siege of Plei Me
Vinh Loc commands South Vietnamese II Corps during the siege of Plei Me
Siege of Plei Me
Chu Huy Man commands communist forces in the Central Highlands campaign
Siege of Plei Me
Beckwith is involved with US Special Forces support during the Plei Me siege
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 1st term
Pope Paul VI issues a decree absolving Jews of collective guilt for
Pope Paul VI issues a decree absolving Jews of collective guilt for the crucifixion of Jesus Christ
My Generation Single
Release My Generation as a defining mod-era single.
Independence of Great Britain
In a broadcast rules out military intervention if Rhodesia declares UDI
Independence of Rhodesia
In a broadcast rules out military intervention if Rhodesia declares UDI
Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI)
In a broadcast rules out military intervention if Rhodesia declares UDI
Destroy Four Olds
Lin Biao praises Mao's line and attacks old culture, customs and habits
Wall Signs from Wrexham
Liverpool brought in Peter Wall from Wrexham in October 1966, offering the young player a chance to develop at a First Division club.
Mason Transfer Adds Defensive Competition
Stuart Mason joined Liverpool from Wrexham in October 1966, strengthening the pool of available defenders during Shanklyโs tenure.
Birth of David William Donald Cameron
Birth of David William Donald Cameron.
Child Nutrition Act
Signs the Child Nutrition Act, expanding federal support for school meals and child nutrition programmes.
General Secretary
Becomes general secretary of the Workers Party.
Department of Transportation Act
Signs the Department of Transportation Act, creating the U.S. Department of Transportation.
National Historic Preservation Act
Signs the National Historic Preservation Act, creating a national framework for protecting historic places.
Caspian Sea Monster
The achievement marks caspian sea monster as an important Russian scientific milestone.
KM Ekranoplan First Flight
Directs the first flight of the large KM ground-effect vehicle.
Mellow Yellow
Epic releases the single "Mellow Yellow", arranged by John Paul Jones and purportedly featuring Paul McCartney on backing vocals
Nuclear Power
China tests its first nuclear missile
Face to Face
The Kinks release Face to Face.
Pink Floyd
Pink Floyd sign a management contract with Peter Jenner and Andrew King
Pink Floyd
Pink Floyd sign a management contract with Peter Jenner and Andrew King
Blackhill Enterprises
King signs a management agreement with Pink Floyd alongside Peter Jenner
Blackhill Enterprises
Jenner signs a management agreement with Pink Floyd through the Blackhill organisation
Pink Floyd
Pink Floyd sign a management contract with Peter Jenner and Andrew King
Strike
Strikes against redundancies close all British Motor Corporation factories
Little Red Book
Lin Biao promotes Quotations from Chairman Mao as a central symbol of loyalty
Cultural Revolution
Tao Zhu rises briefly before being attacked by Cultural Revolution radicals
Abolition of Prime Minister Office
Mobutu abolishes the prime ministership and concentrates executive authority in the presidency.
Coup
Deposed in a coup led by Ibo officers
Coup
Deposed in a coup led by Ibo officers
Coup
Deposed in a coup led by Ibo officers
Rule of Namibia
The OAU votes in favour of supporting United Nations control over South West Africa
Independence of Lesotho and Botswana
Lesotho is granted independence. Botswana is granted independence
Independence of South Africa
Lesotho is granted independence. Botswana is granted independence
Death of Robert Allen Zimmerman
Woody Guthrie died on October 3, 1967, and Dylan makes his first live appearance in twenty months at a Guthrie memorial concert held at Carnegie Hall on January 20, 1968
Final Bolivian Diary Entry
Guevara writes the final entry in his Bolivian diary one day before the battle in which he is captured.
Capture of Che Guevara
Prado's unit captures Che Guevara in the Bolivian guerrilla campaign
Death of Clement Richard Attlee
Death of Clement Richard Attlee
Death of Clement Richard Attlee
Death of Clement Attlee
Execution of Che Guevara
Bolivian soldiers execute captured guerrilla leader Che Guevara at La Higuera.
Guerrilla Campaign
Barrientos's government defeats Che Guevara's guerrilla force after his capture and execution.
Execution of Che Guevara
Teran carries out the execution of Che Guevara after his capture
Outer Space Treaty Enters Force
The Outer Space Treaty enters into force, creating binding restrictions on nuclear weapons in outer space.
I Can See for Miles
Release I Can See for Miles.
Jimi Hendrix Experience
Korner interviews the Jimi Hendrix Experience for the BBC radio showTop Gear. Some of these tracks, including audio of Korner himself, appear on the Hendrix double-CD BBC Sessions, including Korner playing slide guitar on "(Im Your) Hoochie Coochie Man"
First Direct Venus Measurements
The achievement marks first direct venus measurements as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Venera 4 Atmospheric Probe
Leads spacecraft design for the first probe returning direct measurements from Venus.
Mariner 5 Venus Flyby
Mariner 5 passes close to Venus and performs radio-occultation and plasma measurements of the planet's environment.
Venus Bow Shock
Mariner 5 observations show that Venus's ionosphere creates a bow shock that deflects the solar wind despite the lack of a strong magnetic field.
March on the Pentagon
Helps organize the antiwar March on the Pentagon
March on the Pentagon
Participates in the March on the Pentagon and later writes about it
Abortion Bill
The Abortion Bill is passed by Parliament
Legislation
The Abortion Bill is passed by Parliament
Reform of Parliament
The Abortion Bill is passed by Parliament
Appointment as Prime Minister
Al-Bakkoush forms a government after the regional crisis following the Arab-Israeli war.
Abortion Act
Supports parliamentary time for abortion law reform during his Home Office tenure.
Succession
Succeeds as the Sultan of Brunei
Guthrie Memorial Concert
Woody Guthrie died on October 3, 1967, and Dylan makes his first live appearance in twenty months at a Guthrie memorial concert held at Carnegie Hall on January 20, 1968
German Occupation
Czech leaders visit Moscow and agree to dismantle reforms
Something
The Beatles release George Harrisons "Something" as a single in the USA, Harrisons only composition on a Beatles "A" side
Independence of Great Britain
Holds talks with Ian Smith about Rhodesia on board HMS Fearless at Gibraltar
Independence of Rhodesia
Holds talks with Ian Smith about Rhodesia on board HMS Fearless at Gibraltar
Baath Party declares that iy has smashed a Zionist spy ring
The Baath Party declares that iy has smashed a Zionist spy ring
Plot
The Baath Party declares that iy has smashed a Zionist spy ring
Baath Party declares that iy has smashed a Zionist spy ring
The Baath Party declares that iy has smashed a Zionist spy ring
Plot
The Baath Party declares that iy has smashed a Zionist spy ring
Nationalization
The military government seizes International Petroleum Company facilities at Talara
Apollo 7
Serves as command module pilot on the first crewed Apollo mission.
Apollo 7
Commands Apollo 7, the first crewed Apollo spacecraft mission.
First Crewed Apollo CSM Operations
Commands the first crewed test of the redesigned Apollo command and service module.
Apollo 7
Serves as lunar module pilot on Apollo 7.
Saturn IB
Flies aboard the Saturn IB launch vehicle during Apollo 7.
Apollo 7
Works as a flight director during Apollo 7.
Apollo 7
Serves among the Apollo 7 flight directors.
Apollo 7
Helps direct the first crewed Apollo mission from Mission Control.
Peace
Preconditions to cease bombing are made informal, they are still rejected
Apollo 7 SPS First Burn
Helps conduct the first Service Propulsion System burn of Apollo 7 during rendezvous preparations.
S-IVB Rendezvous
Participates in rendezvous operations with the spent S-IVB stage to test techniques needed for later Apollo missions.
Trial
Baader, Ensslin, Sohnlein, and Proll are convicted of Arson, they each get three years. Baader and his girlfriend Gudrun Ensslin are convicted of the arson bombing of a department store in Frankfurt am Main
Trial
Baader, Ensslin, Sohnlein, and Proll are convicted of Arson, they each get three years
Trial
Baader, Ensslin, Sohnlein, and Proll are convicted of Arson, they each get three years
Apollo 7 First Live Television
Leads the first live television broadcast from an American crewed spacecraft.
German Occupation
Russia and Czech sign a Treaty on the withdrawal of Warsaw Pact forces from Czech
Treaty of Warsaw Pact
Russia and Czech sign a Treaty on the withdrawal of Warsaw Pact forces from Czech
Warsaw Pact
Russia and Czech sign a Treaty on the withdrawal of Warsaw Pact forces from Czech
Apollo 7 Minimum-Impulse SPS Burn
Controls a brief Service Propulsion System firing to test minimum-impulse performance.
Apollo 7 Long SPS Burn
Manually assists a long Service Propulsion System burn that verifies engine performance and propellant monitoring.
Cream
Creams farewell album, Goodbye, features live performances recorded live at The Forum, Los Angeles, October 19, 1968, and it is released shortly after Cream disbanded in 1968
Gun Control Act
Signs the Gun Control Act of 1968 after the assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy.
Apollo 7 Splashdown
Returns with the Apollo 7 crew after the first successful crewed test of Apollo spacecraft systems.
Department of Health and Social Security
Explains the merger creating the Department of Health and Social Security to the House of Commons.
Government
Will restore the National Security Council to its preeminent role in national security
Nationalization
The Transport Act receives Royal Assent, reorganising state transport bodies and extending public control of transport services.
Demonstrations
Anti War demonstrations are held in London
Federation Law
Supports federalisation creating Czech and Slovak republics.
Purge
Expelled from the CCP
Trial
Found guilty at a trial conducted by the Plenium of the Eighth Party Congress
Dismissal
Liu Shaoqi is removed from all posts and expelled from the party during the Cultural Revolution
Expulsion from Party
Liu Shaoqi is expelled from the Communist Party as the main capitalist-roader target
Trial
Presides over a trial which finds Shaoqi guilty & expels him from the Party
Something
The Beatles release George Harrisons "Something" as a single in Britain, Harrisons only composition on a Beatles "A" side
Bombing of Vietnam
Announces negotiations will begin, 5 days before the presidential election. Announces bombing in North Vietnam will stop
Election
Announces negotiations will begin, 5 days before the presidential election
Peace
Announces negotiations will begin, 5 days before the presidential election
Bombing of Vietnam
The Vietcong do not agree to negotiation conditions. The US announces a cessation of bombing & that negotiations will begin
With a Little Help from My Friends Released
Releases his radical arrangement of the Beatles song With a Little Help from My Friends.
Conservative Policy Review
Shapes Conservative policy on Europe economic reform and industrial relations.
Apollo 7 Navigation Tests
Performs navigation and spacecraft systems checks during the eleven-day Apollo 7 engineering mission.
Apollo 7 Cabin Systems Test
Tests life-support, electrical and crew systems in the redesigned Apollo command module.
Apollo 7 Television Tour
Appears in later Apollo 7 television broadcasts showing the spacecraft interior and crew operations.
Birth of Prince Nikolaos
Prince Nikolaos, the second son of Constantine II and Anne-Marie, is born in Rome during the royal family's exile.
Rule of Namibia
South Africa ignores the United Nations mandate to relinquish its control over South West Africa
Comedy
The television series, broadcast by the BBC from 1969 to 1974, is conceived, written and performed by Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin. Collective name of the six creators of Monty Pythons Flying Circus, a British television comedy sketch show that is first aired on the BBC
Comedy
The television series, broadcast by the BBC from 1969 to 1974, is conceived, written and performed by Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin. Collective name of the six creators of Monty Pythons Flying Circus, a British television comedy sketch show that is first aired on the BBC
Comedy
The television series, broadcast by the BBC from 1969 to 1974, is conceived, written and performed by Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin. Collective name of the six creators of Monty Pythons Flying Circus, a British television comedy sketch show that is first aired on the BBC
Comedy
The television series, broadcast by the BBC from 1969 to 1974, is conceived, written and performed by Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin. Collective name of the six creators of Monty Pythons Flying Circus, a British television comedy sketch show that is first aired on the BBC
Comedy
The television series, broadcast by the BBC from 1969 to 1974, is conceived, written and performed by Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin. Collective name of the six creators of Monty Pythons Flying Circus, a British television comedy sketch show that is first aired on the BBC
Comedy
The television series, broadcast by the BBC from 1969 to 1974, is conceived, written and performed by Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin. Collective name of the six creators of Monty Pythons Flying Circus, a British television comedy sketch show that is first aired on the BBC
Arthur Album
The Kinks release Arthur or the Decline and Fall of the British Empire.
Demonstrations
The Vietnam Moratorium Committee lead a march of 250,000 in Washington DC
Demonstrations
Faces massive anti war demonstrations in Washington
Gulf Oil Nationalization
Ovando nationalises Gulf Oil's Bolivian holdings
Diplomatic Negotiations
Talks begin between Russia & China at Beijing to resolve border disputes
Tacnazo
Confronts a military protest led by General Roberto Viaux at the Tacna Regiment.
Bombing of Eliat
The Israeli destroyer "Eilat" is targeted by an Egyptian surface-to-surface missile, 47 Israeli sailors are killed. Israel retaliates by shelling Egyptian refineries along the Suez Canal, the "War of Attrition," which lasts until August 1970
Bombing of Suez Canal
Israel retaliates by shelling Egyptian refineries along the Suez Canal, the "War of Attrition," which lasts until August 1970
Suez Canal
Israel retaliates by shelling Egyptian refineries along the Suez Canal, the "War of Attrition," which lasts until August 1970
Death of Jack Kerouac
Death of Jack Kerouac
Led Zeppelin II
Releases Led Zeppelin II during intensive touring.
Divorce Reform Act
Serves in the government that passes divorce law reform.
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil
Selsdon Policy Direction
Moves Conservative policy toward market reform before the next election.
Classified Document Reproduction
Russo helps reproduce Pentagon Papers documents that Ellsberg intends to circulate beyond authorized government channels.
Pentagon Papers Copying Assistance
Russo assists Ellsberg with reproduction of classified Pentagon Papers material during the copying operation.
Copying of Pentagon Papers Begins
Ellsberg begins secretly reproducing portions of the classified Pentagon Papers while associated with RAND.
RAND Document Reproduction
Ellsberg reproduces classified study materials outside normal government channels as he prepares copies for possible disclosure.
Operation Arc Light
The monthly sortie rate is reduced to 1,400
Burial
Buried at Greenwood Cemetery in Renton, Washington
Pearl Sessions
Records material for Pearl shortly before her death
Intel 1103 DRAM
Contributes to development and commercialization of the Intel 1103 DRAM chip
Intel 1103 DRAM
Leads Intel as the 1103 memory chip becomes a major product
Atom Heart Mother
Pink Floyd release Atom Heart Mother in the United Kingdom
Marriage
Marries Norma Johnson
Death of Janis Joplin
Dies of a heroin overdose in Los Angeles
Led Zeppelin III
Releases Led Zeppelin III, broadening the band's acoustic side.
Torres Government
Torres takes power and begins a left-nationalist phase of military government.
Expulsion of Italian Settlers
The government orders remaining Italian settlers to leave and confiscates their property.
Five Point Peace Plan
Proposes a standstill ceasefire and a five point peace plan for Indochina
Arrest of Brigitte Asdonk
Acting on a tip, police stake out a Berlin apartment where they have been told that Baader, Ensslin, and Mahler will be meeting. Baader and Ensslin never show, but Mahler, Monika Berberich, Brigitte Asdonk and Irene Goergens are all captured
Arrest of Horst Mahler
Acting on a tip, police stake out a Berlin apartment where they have been told that Baader, Ensslin, and Mahler will be meeting. Baader and Ensslin never show, but Mahler, Monika Berberich, Brigitte Asdonk and Irene Goergens are all captured
Red Army Faction
Upon his return from Jordan, Mahler is arrested with fellow RAF members Ingrid Schubert, Brigitte Asdonk, and Irene Goergens
Red Army Faction
Upon his return from Jordan, Mahler is arrested with fellow RAF members Ingrid Schubert, Brigitte Asdonk, and Irene Goergens
Arrest of Irene Goergens
Upon his return from Jordan, Mahler is arrested with fellow RAF members Ingrid Schubert, Brigitte Asdonk, and Irene Goergens
Red Army Faction
Upon his return from Jordan, Mahler is arrested with fellow RAF members Ingrid Schubert, Brigitte Asdonk, and Irene Goergens. Acting on a tip, police stake out a Berlin apartment where they have been told that Baader, Ensslin, and Mahler will be meeting. Baader and Ensslin never show, but Mahler, Monika Berberich, Brigitte Asdonk and Irene Goergens are all captured
Arrest of Monika Berberich
Acting on a tip, police stake out a Berlin apartment where they have been told that Baader, Ensslin, and Mahler will be meeting. Baader and Ensslin never show, but Mahler, Monika Berberich, Brigitte Asdonk and Irene Goergens are all captured
The American Soldier
Directs The American Soldier.
Republic Proclaimed
Proclaims the Khmer Republic and abolishes the monarchy
Acting Prime Minister of Tunisia
Hedi Nouira began serving as acting prime minister.
Red Army Faction
The surviving groups members meet up, and with Mahler under arrest, there is little doubt that Baader is in control
Red Army Faction
The surviving groups members meet up, and with Mahler under arrest, there is little doubt that Baader is in control
Pink Floyd
"Atom Heart Mother" is released
Pink Floyd
"Atom Heart Mother" is released
Arrest of Angela Davis
Arrested in New York on charges connected with the Marin County courthouse case
President of Egypt
Becomes President of Egypt after Nasser's death and confirmation by referendum.
All Things Must Pass
George Harrison & Phil Spector begin work on the final mixing of the album, "All Things Must Pass"
All Things Must Pass Mixing
Begins final mixing work with George Harrison on All Things Must Pass
Organized Crime Control Act
Sponsors organized-crime legislation that includes RICO provisions
Organized Crime Control Act
Signs the Organized Crime Control Act, including RICO provisions
October Crisis
Invokes the War Measures Act during the October Crisis.
Bombing of Swissair
The PFLP-GC plant a time bomb on a Swissair jet that blows up on a flight from Zurich to Tel Aviv, all 47 aboard are killed
New Morning
Releases New Morning.
Nuclear Power
Chinas first underground atomic explosion takes place
Trespass
Plays guitar on Trespass, his final Genesis studio album.
Trespass
Drums on Trespass, Genesis's first album for the Charisma label.
Chunga's Revenge
Releases Chunga's Revenge, linking late Mothers material with the musical direction of his early 1970s bands.
Congressional Confirmation
Is confirmed as President-elect by the full Congress after winning a plurality.
Congressional Election of President
Wins confirmation by the full Congress after obtaining a plurality in the popular election.
Bank Secrecy Act
Heads Treasury as the Bank Secrecy Act becomes law
Bank Secrecy Act
Signs the Bank Secrecy Act
Defeat to Ali
Stopped by Muhammad Ali after three rounds because of a cut
Boxing License Restored
Returns to boxing after receiving a license in Georgia
Victory over Quarry
Defeats Jerry Quarry in his first fight after exile
Davignon Report
Supports adoption of the Davignon Report establishing a framework for European Political Cooperation among the member states.
Budget
Cuts income tax, reduces subsidies, replaces industrial grants with tax incentives. Cuts income tax by 2 1/2 pence
Income Tax
Cuts income tax, reduces subsidies, replaces industrial grants with tax incentives. Cuts income tax by 2 1/2 pence
Rail Passenger Service Act
Administers transportation policy as Congress creates Amtrak
Rail Passenger Service Act
Signs the Rail Passenger Service Act creating Amtrak
Red Army Faction
Jan-Carl Raspe and his girlfriend Marianne Herzog join, as does Ali Jansen
Exile of Horst Mahler
Escapes to Jordan and trains in guerrilla tactics with the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
PLO
Escapes to Jordan and trains in guerrilla tactics with the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
Red Army Faction
Escapes to Jordan and trains in guerrilla tactics with the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
Red Army Faction
Jan-Carl Raspe and his girlfriend Marianne Herzog join, as does Ali Jansen
Red Army Faction
Jan-Carl Raspe and his girlfriend Marianne Herzog join, as does Ali Jansen
Negotiations
Britain begisns negotiating, Geoffrey Rippon reports back to the Cabinet
Black September
Jordanian officials sought to restore government control over roads and neighborhoods after the September fighting. The uneasy security arrangements revealed that the ceasefire had not settled the conflict between the state and Palestinian guerrilla formations.
Black September
After the September ceasefire, Palestinian armed groups and the Jordanian authorities continued to dispute control of weapons and territory. Yasser Arafatโs organization faced growing restrictions despite efforts to implement agreements reached through Arab mediation.
National Day Cancelled
National Day celebrations are cancelled after the Lin Biao incident shocks the leadership
Calls for the seating of People's Republic of China in the UN
Calls for the seating of People's Republic of China in the UN
South Vietnamese Election
Wins re-election after opposition candidates withdraw or are excluded
Multiculturalism Policy
Announces multiculturalism as official federal policy.
White House Tape 587-003
John Mitchell appears with Richard Nixon and John Ehrlichman in the 9-minute White House recording numbered 587-003; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 587-003
John Ehrlichman appears with Richard Nixon and John Mitchell in the 9-minute White House recording numbered 587-003; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 587-003
Richard Nixon appears with John Mitchell and John Ehrlichman in the 9-minute White House recording numbered 587-003; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
The Merchant of Four Seasons
Directs The Merchant of Four Seasons.
Baunsgaard Government
The Baunsgaard Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Second Krag Premiership
Begins the Second Krag Premiership in Copenhagen and serves as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Additional Ellsberg Material Supplied
Hunt transmitted additional material connected with the White House request for analysis concerning Daniel Ellsberg after CIA technical support to Hunt had ended.
Visit to To Moscow
Announces a visit to Moscow
Other Voices
Releases Other Voices without Morrison.
Birth of Jade Jagger
Birth of Jade Jagger, Bianca Jagger, gives birth to Mick Jaggers daughter Jade Jagger
Birth of Jade Jagger
Birth of Jade Jagger, Bianca Jagger, gives birth to Mick Jagger's daughter Jade Jagger
China Takes UN Seat
Welcomes the United Nations vote transferring China's seat to the People's Republic of China.
United Nations
The United States does not use its veto power to block mainland Chinas United Nations admission, the change in the US position comes about as the result of a gradual thaw in US- Chinese relations. Communist China Joins the UN, replacing Taiwan, the United Nations approves the membership of Communist China, thereby replacing Taiwan
Loss of United Nations Seat
UN General Assembly Resolution 2758 transfers Chinaโs United Nations representation to the Peopleโs Republic of China, ending ROC membership.
Official Visit to France
Begins an official visit to France, strengthening Soviet engagement with Western Europe.
United States does not use its veto power to block mainland
The United States does not use its veto power to block mainland China's United Nations admission, the change in the US position comes about as the result of a gradual thaw in US- Chinese relations
White House Tape 601-033
Alexander Butterfield appears with Richard Nixon and John Ehrlichman in the 26-minute White House recording numbered 601-033; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 601-033
John Ehrlichman appears with Richard Nixon and Alexander Butterfield in the 26-minute White House recording numbered 601-033; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 601-033
Richard Nixon appears with John Ehrlichman and Alexander Butterfield in the 26-minute White House recording numbered 601-033; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
Country Renamed Zaire
Mobutu changes the country's name from Democratic Republic of the Congo to Zaire.
European Community Entry Vote
Votes for European Community entry and helps rally pro-European Labour Members of Parliament.
Labour Rebellion on Europe
Defies Labour's official position during the decisive Commons vote on European entry.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Agriculture Department Succession
Reviews candidates and timing for a possible successor to Agriculture Secretary Clifford Hardin.
Cabinet Personnel Review
Participates in discussion of Cabinet personnel, including possible changes involving Agriculture and other administration posts.
Haldeman Schedule
Reviews his own schedule and possible meetings as Nixon considers personnel announcements and administration business.
Hardin Departure Planning
Discusses the timing of Clifford Hardin's possible departure and related personnel decisions affecting the Agriculture Department.
State Arrival Ceremonies
Discusses arrangements and impressions concerning state arrival ceremonies and the presentation of visiting foreign leaders.
State Dinner Entertainment
Discusses White House entertainment, music and social arrangements associated with state dinners and official events.
Tito State Dinner Review
Discusses the previous state dinner for Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito, including ceremonial arrangements, entertainment and White House social planning.
Yugoslavia Discussion
Reviews Yugoslavia, its internal regional divisions and its international position during a meeting with Nixon following Tito's visit.
Franco-Soviet Cooperation Principles
Signs principles of Soviet-French cooperation with Georges Pompidou at the end of his French visit.
Second Kissinger Visit
Receives Kissinger again for detailed negotiations and planning for Nixon's forthcoming visit.
Shanghai Communique Drafting
Negotiates preliminary language with Kissinger for the joint communiquรฉ planned for Nixon's visit.
Congo River Renamed Zaire
Renames the Congo River as the Zaire River as part of the authenticity campaign.
Vice Chairman of the Housing Committee
Labour members vote Livingstone Vice Chairman of the Housing Committee on the Lambeth London Borough Council, his first job in local Government
Pompidou Talks
Holds talks with French President Georges Pompidou on European security, economic relations and international crises.
200 Motels Film and Soundtrack
Releases the 200 Motels film and soundtrack, combining orchestral writing, rock performance, satire and surreal filmmaking.
French Leak Case Material Received
CIA arranged to provide Hunt unclassified material concerning a 1954 French government-document leak for research connected with his White House work.
Kennedy made his first speech about The Troubles in Northern Ireland: he
Kennedy made his first speech about The Troubles in Northern Ireland: he said that "Ulster is becoming Britains Vietnam", demanded that British troops leave the northern counties, called for a united Ireland
ABM Treaty Enters into Force
The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty enters into force after ratification by the Soviet Union and United States.
First Jรธrgensen Premiership
Begins the First Jรธrgensen Premiership in Copenhagen and serves as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Second Krag Premiership
The Second Krag Premiership ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Foxtrot
Plays keyboards on Foxtrot, one of Genesis's defining progressive rock albums.
Bugging Memos Distribution
Bernstein and Woodward report that memoranda summarizing wiretapped Democratic conversations were sent to White House and Nixon reelection campaign officials.
Corporate Campaign Contribution
Bernstein and Woodward trace a $100,000 contribution connected with the Watergate investigation to a Texas corporation and Nixon's reelection financing network.
Bugging Memos Distribution
Woodward and Bernstein report that memoranda summarizing wiretapped Democratic conversations were distributed to White House and Nixon campaign officials.
Corporate Campaign Contribution
Woodward and Bernstein trace a $100,000 Nixon campaign contribution to a Texas corporation during the broader Watergate financial investigation.
Prime Minister of Norway
Appointed Prime Minister of Norway
Truck Owners Strike
Forms a military-civilian cabinet while confronting a prolonged national transport strike.
Watergate Campaign Link
The FBI reported that the break-in at the Watergate was part of a massive campaign of political spying and sabotage on behalf of the officials and heads of the Nixon re-election campaign
Watergate Campaign Link
The FBI reported that the break-in at the Watergate was part of a massive campaign of political spying and sabotage on behalf of the officials and heads of the Nixon reelection campaign.
Watergate Burglars
FBI agents establish that the Watergate break-in stems from a massive campaign of political spying and sabotage conducted on behalf of the Nixon reelection effort, The Post reports
Watergate Burglars
FBI agents establish that the Watergate break-in stems from a massive campaign of political spying and sabotage conducted on behalf of the Nixon reelection effort, The Post reports.
Watergate Burglars
FBI agents establish that the Watergate break-in stems from a massive campaign of political spying and sabotage conducted on behalf of the Nixon reelection effort, The Post reports.
Political Spying and Sabotage
Bernstein and Woodward report that FBI evidence links Watergate to a broader campaign of political spying and sabotage conducted for Nixon's reelection effort.
Political Spying and Sabotage
Woodward and Bernstein report that FBI evidence links Watergate to a wider campaign of political spying and sabotage directed against Democratic candidates.
CREEP (Committee to Re-elect the President)
The FBI reported that the break-in at the Watergate was part of a massive campaign of political spying and sabotage on behalf of the officials and heads of the Nixon reelection campaign.
Watergate Campaign Link
The FBI reported that the break-in at the Watergate was part of a massive campaign of political spying and sabotage on behalf of the officials and heads of the Nixon reelection campaign.
Watergate Campaign Link
FBI findings link the Watergate break-in to a broader campaign of political spying and sabotage conducted on behalf of Nixon's reelection effort.
Watergate
FBI agents establish that the Watergate break-in stems from a massive campaign of political spying and sabotage conducted on behalf of the Nixon reelection effort, The Post reports.
Paris Negotiations
Negotiates with Henry Kissinger on a draft peace settlement
Chapin Sabotage Contact
Bernstein and Woodward report that presidential appointments secretary Dwight Chapin was identified as a contact in a political spying and sabotage operation against Democrats.
Chapin Sabotage Contact
Woodward and Bernstein report that presidential appointments secretary Dwight Chapin was identified as a contact in a political spying and sabotage operation.
Nixon Lawyer Spy Fund
Bernstein and Woodward report that President Nixon's personal lawyer Herbert Kalmbach was connected with funds used for political intelligence and sabotage activities.
Kalmbach Spy Fund
Woodward and Bernstein report that Nixon's personal lawyer Herbert Kalmbach was connected to funds used for political intelligence and sabotage activities.
European Communities Act
Secures legislation giving domestic effect to European Community obligations.
European Communities Act
Supports the legislation enabling Britain to join the European Communities.
Treaty of Accession
Heads Denmark when ratification of the accession treaty is formally notified.
Treaty of Accession
Leads Britain when its formal ratification notification for the accession treaty is completed.
Lars Korvald Government
Begins the Lars Korvald Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
First Trygve Bratteli Government
The First Trygve Bratteli Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Paris Summit European Union Goal
Pompidou hosted Community leaders as they set broader ambitions for economic, monetary and political cooperation.
Paris European Summit
Represents Germany as the Paris summit begins discussions on economic, monetary and political development of the Communities.
Paris European Summit
Represents Italy as the Paris summit begins discussions on economic, monetary and political development.
Paris Summit Political Cooperation
Supports stronger political cooperation as the Paris summit sets new objectives for European integration.
Paris European Summit
Supports the summit conclusions setting new objectives for European integration.
Death of Harlow Shapley
Death of Harlow Shapley
Credit Cards
Access credit cards are introduced in Great Britain
Economy of Great Britain
Access credit cards are introduced in Great Britain
Linebacker I
Nixon orders bombing to be halted north of 20 degrees latitude
Testimony Links Nixon Aide
Bernstein and Woodward report testimony linking a senior Nixon aide to the secret campaign fund used for political intelligence operations.
Testimony Links Nixon Aide
Woodward and Bernstein report testimony connecting a senior Nixon aide to a secret campaign fund used for political intelligence operations.
Negotiations
Kissinger flies to Saigon to secure President Thieus signature to a peace agreement. Kissinger claims "peace was at hand"
Peace Is at Hand
Says peace is at hand after progress in negotiations with North Vietnam
Bombing of Vietnam
Nixon halts bombing north of the Twentieth Parallel in anticipation of a truce
Ralf und Florian
Co-creates Ralf und Florian, blending pastoral melodies with studio electronics.
Ralf und Florian
Releases Ralf und Florian, moving closer to Kraftwerk's later melodic electronic style.
Economy of Great Britain
Healey develops a programme of higher taxation on the largest incomes before Labour returns to office.
Labour Party Conference
Healey warns the Labour conference that wealthy taxpayers will face sharply increased marginal rates.
Tax Policy
Healey warns that high earners will face sharply increased marginal taxation under a Labour government.
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Council of Minister's for the GDR
Head of State
Appointed Head of State for the GDR
Soviet advisers and dependants begin leaving Egypt, a move later read by
Soviet advisers and dependants begin leaving Egypt, a move later read by foreign observers as a warning sign.
Campaign Practices Inquiry
Participates in Phase II hearings examining campaign practices associated with the 1972 presidential election and evidence gathered by the committee's investigators.
5:15
Release 5:15 from Quadrophenia.
Egyptian-Syrian Alliance
Coordinates with Syrian President Hafez al-Assad for a joint attack to recover occupied territory.
Launches coordinated Egyptian and Syrian military operations against Israeli forces
Launches coordinated Egyptian and Syrian military operations against Israeli forces.
October War
Orders Egyptian forces to cross the Suez Canal and attack Israeli positions in Sinai.
Declaration of War
Begins the October war, 6-24 October
Air Strike
Commands the Egyptian Air Force during the opening strikes of the war.
Operation Badr
Helps plan and direct the Egyptian canal crossing under the protection of missile defenses.
Third Army
Commands the Egyptian Third Army during the southern Suez Canal crossing.
Operations Room
Serves in the Egyptian operations command during the opening of Operation Badr.
Air Defence
Commands Egyptian air defenses that protect the canal crossing from Israeli air attack.
Second Army
Commands the Egyptian Second Army during the crossing of the northern Suez Canal sector.
Crossing of Suez Canal
Egyptian forces begin the canal crossing during Operation Badr at the opening of the war.
Suez Canal
Egyptian commandos and assault troops cross the Suez Canal as the Egyptian offensive begins.
Operation Badr
Authorizes the attack across the Suez Canal that opens the war.
Death of Dennis Price
Death of Dennis Price
Monitors the outbreak of war as Britain seeks to avoid direct involvement
Monitors the outbreak of war as Britain seeks to avoid direct involvement.
Nuclear Power
During the Yom Kippur War, Israel goes on nuclear alert for the first time, but succeeds using only conventional forces
Valley of Tears
Commands the 7th Armored Brigade in the defensive battle in the northern Golan Heights.
Air Force
Commands the Israeli Air Force during the opening attacks on the Egyptian and Syrian fronts.
Mobilization
Orders the mobilization of Israeli forces after the Egyptian and Syrian attack begins.
Sinai Front
Commands the Israeli Southern Command as Egyptian forces cross the Suez Canal.
Emergency Northern Command Response
Northern Command confronted a large Syrian surprise assault with limited immediately available forces and began organizing a defensive response while reserves mobilized.
Golan Heights
Commands Northern Command during the Syrian offensive on the Golan Heights.
Mobilization
Joins emergency consultations as Israel mobilizes after the Egyptian and Syrian attack.
Emergency Cabinet Consultations
Prime Minister Golda Meir convened crisis deliberations as Syria attacked the Golan Heights and Egypt simultaneously assaulted Israeli positions along the Suez Canal.
Invasion of Israel
Israel is taken by surprise as Egypt attacks across the Suez Canal and Syria attacks on the Golan Heights.
Mobilization of Reserve Forces
The Israeli government ordered wide military mobilization in response to the coordinated Arab offensive, with reservists rushed toward both principal fronts.
Surprise Attack
Egypt and Syria attack Israel on Yom Kippur, beginning the October War.
War Cabinet
Convenes emergency meetings after the surprise Egyptian-Syrian attack begins.
Arab Support
Expresses support for Syria after the war begins while Lebanon avoids direct entry into the conflict.
Arab Support
Promises Lebanese political support for the Arab war effort without opening a main front.
Air Force
Commands Syrian air operations during the opening attack on Israel.
Valley of Tears
Commands Syrian armored forces in the northern Golan sector during the Valley of Tears battle.
Southern Golan
Commands Syrian forces attacking the southern Golan Heights.
Golan Heights
Serves as Syrian chief of staff during the offensive on the Golan Heights.
Mobilization
Oversees Syrian military operations as the attack on the Golan Heights begins.
Assault on Mount Hermon
Syrian commandos seized an Israeli observation post on Mount Hermon during the initial offensive, depriving Israel of a valuable intelligence position.
Capture of Mount Hermon
Syrian commandos capture the Israeli observation post on Mount Hermon.
Invasion of Israel
Syria launches air, artillery, and armored attacks on the Golan Heights.
Syrian Air Support
The Syrian air force participated in the opening offensive, operating alongside ground and artillery formations in the attempt to overcome Israeli defenses on the plateau.
Syrian Armored Breakthrough
Syrian armored formations penetrated Israeli defenses in the southern Golan during the opening hours of the October war, creating an immediate threat to Israeli rear areas.
Syrian Artillery Barrage
Syrian artillery opened intense fire against Israeli positions at the start of the October war, supporting a coordinated offensive intended to retake territory lost in 1967.
War Cabinet
Directs the Syrian war effort from Damascus during the opening offensive.
Seventh Brigade Holds Northern Sector
The Israeli Seventh Armored Brigade defended key approaches in the northern Golan against repeated Syrian tank attacks despite heavy losses and intense pressure.
Operation Tagar
Directs air operations against Egyptian air defenses during the first days of the war.
Battle of Golan Heights
Commands Israeli forces fighting Syrian armor on the Golan Heights.
Reserve Reinforcement of Golan
Israeli reserve formations reached the northern front and entered battle as commanders worked to stabilize a rapidly deteriorating defensive situation.
Assessment of Northern Emergency
Defense Minister Moshe Dayan confronted reports of severe Israeli losses and Syrian advances while Israel mobilized reserves to reinforce the Golan front.
Golan Heights
Warns that the Golan front is under severe pressure during the opening phase of the war.
Manages Lebanese diplomacy as the October War spreads tension across the Levant
Manages Lebanese diplomacy as the October War spreads tension across the Levant.
Battle for Nafah Approaches
Syrian forces moved toward the important Nafah junction and Israeli command facilities, while Israeli units tried to contain the advance and prevent a deeper breakthrough.
Battle of Amadiye
Syrian forces on the Golan front are checked by Israeli armored units during the opening battles.
Northern Armored Offensive
Syrian armored attacks pressed Israeli defensive formations in the northern Golan, where the fighting developed into a series of costly tank engagements.
Counterattack
Leads a counterattack on the Sinai front that is initially repulsed with heavy losses.
Counterattack
Leads a counterattack against Egyptian forces on the Sinai front.
Armored Defense Near Valley of Tears
Israeli tank crews continued a prolonged defense in the Valley of Tears, using positions on the ridgeline to resist Syrian attempts to break through.
Reserve Divisions Counterattack
Israeli reserve commanders coordinated counterattacks against Syrian penetrations, helping shift the battle from emergency defense to recovery of lost positions.
Counterattack
Directs Israeli counterattacks in Sinai that suffer heavy losses against Egyptian anti-tank defenses.
Defense of Central Plateau
Israeli forces fought to keep the central Golan road network from falling to Syrian armor, allowing additional reinforcements to reach threatened sectors.
Southern Front Supply Effort
As armored clashes continued, Syrian commanders sought to maintain fuel, ammunition, and reinforcement flows to formations operating across the contested plateau.
Northern Syrian Assault Repelled
The failure of major Syrian attacks in the northern sector marked a turning point in the armored battle and helped restore Israeli control of the approaches.
Operation Nickel Grass
Appeals to Washington for urgent resupply as Israeli losses mount.
Reinforcement
Attempts to reinforce Syrian units under pressure in the Golan Heights.
Political Intelligence Hearing
Presides over campaign-practices testimony concerning political intelligence, campaign conduct and activities investigated as part of the broader Watergate inquiry.
Sinai Front
Is recalled to assist on the southern front after the crisis in Sinai deepens.
War Planning
Advises on armored operations as Israel reorganizes its response on the Sinai front.
Recovery of Southern Golan
Israeli operations regained territory in the southern Golan that had been seized during the initial Syrian assault, reducing the danger to Israeli rear positions.
Northern Front
Assists Israeli command on the northern front as the counteroffensive develops.
Northern Front War Planning
Israeli defense leaders weighed the military and political consequences of carrying the counteroffensive into Syrian territory after securing much of the plateau.
Retreat Toward the Purple Line
Israeli counterattacks forced Syrian formations back from much of the ground captured earlier in the war, changing the initiative on the Golan front.
Resignation of Spiro Agnew
Resigns as Vice President after evidence of tax evasion & allegedly accepting $29,500 in bribes during his tenure as governor of Maryland
Scandal
Resigns as Vice President after evidence of tax evasion & allegedly accepting $29,500 in bribes during his tenure as governor of Maryland
Watergate
Agnew blames Nixon for releasing the accusations of bribes & tax evasion in order to divert attention from the growing Watergate scandal
Watergate
Agnew blames Nixon for releasing the accusations of bribes & tax evasion in order to divert attention from the growing Watergate scandal.
Vice President
Appointed Vice President following the resignation of Spiro Agnew
Watergate
Agnew blames Nixon for releasing the accusations of bribes & tax evasion in order to divert attention from the growing Watergate scandal.
Campaign Conduct Testimony
Takes part in another Phase II hearing as the committee examines testimony about campaign conduct, political operations and election-related practices.
Sinai Offensive
Orders preparation for an eastward Sinai offensive intended to relieve pressure on Syria and draw Israeli air power.
Golan Counteroffensive
Leads reserve armored forces in the Israeli push toward the Syrian salient.
Advance Beyond Prewar Line
After pushing Syrian forces back, Israeli formations crossed the prewar ceasefire line into Syrian-held territory as the northern campaign expanded.
Defense of Syrian Approaches
After Israeli forces pushed beyond the prewar ceasefire line, Syria organized defenses on approaches toward Damascus to check the advance.
Campaign Practices Evidence Review
Leads continued Phase II testimony as the committee reviews evidence about campaign practices and political operations connected with the 1972 election.
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina, 3rd term
Selling England by the Pound
Plays on Selling England by the Pound as Genesis refine a distinctly English progressive sound.
Counteroffensive
Israeli forces begin a counteroffensive on the Syrian front in the Golan Heights.
Counteroffensive
Faces an Israeli counteroffensive pushing Syrian forces back toward Damascus.
Appeals Court Tape Victory
Wins an appellate ruling requiring Nixon to provide subpoenaed recordings to Judge Sirica while the court encourages an out-of-court accommodation.
Damascus Front
Organizes defenses as Israeli forces advance beyond the pre-war ceasefire line.
Operation Nickel Grass
Works to secure urgent American resupply for Israel.
Sinai Front
Opposes the eastward armored offensive that moves beyond Egyptian missile cover.
Sinai Front
Commands Egyptian armored forces during the failed eastward offensive in Sinai.
Sinai Offensive
The Egyptian eastward offensive in Sinai is repulsed with heavy tank losses.
Sinai Front
Egyptian armored forces move eastward in Sinai before being repulsed by Israeli defenses.
Prime Minister of Norway
Appointed Prime Minister of Norway, 2nd term
Operation Nickel Grass
Authorizes a major American airlift of military supplies to Israel.
Time Fades Away
Releases Time Fades Away, a live album documenting a difficult post-Harvest tour.
Resignation of Brian Clough
Clough and Taylor both resign from Derby County
Battle of Chinese Farm
His division attacks through the Chinese Farm area to open the way to the canal crossing.
Second Army
Takes command responsibilities on the Second Army front during the Israeli crossing crisis.
Ceasefire Negotiations
Receives Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin during ceasefire diplomacy.
Suez Bridgehead
Establishes a bridgehead near Deversoir across the Suez Canal.
Suez Canal Crossing
Israeli tanks under Sharon cross the Suez Canal and begin to threaten the rear of Egyptian forces.
Suez Canal
His forces cross the Suez Canal during the Israeli counteroffensive.
Suez Canal
Helps coordinate the Israeli crossing operation on the Suez Canal front.
Suez Canal Crossing
Israeli forces cross the Suez Canal and begin threatening Egyptian rear areas.
Suez Canal
Israeli tanks cross the Suez Canal during the counteroffensive against Egypt.
Lars Korvald Government
The Lars Korvald Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Second Trygve Bratteli Government
Begins the Second Trygve Bratteli Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Ceasefire Negotiations
Visits Cairo to press for a ceasefire after Israel gains the initiative.
Ceasefire
Tries to persuade Egypt to accept a ceasefire as Israeli forces prepare to cross the Suez Canal.
Nobel Peace Prize
Named co-recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize for Vietnam negotiations
Nobel Peace Prize Refusal
Refuses the Nobel Peace Prize awarded for Vietnam negotiations
Poland World Cup Qualifier
Misses England's 1-1 draw with Poland at Wembley that ends qualification hopes for the 1974 World Cup.
World Cup Qualification Failure
England draw 1-1 with Poland at Wembley and fail to qualify for the 1974 World Cup.
Embargo
Arab oil embargo
Wembley Qualification Stand
Jan Tomaszewski makes a series of crucial saves against England at Wembley as Poland earns a 1-1 draw and qualifies for the 1974 World Cup.
Historic Wembley Equalizer
Jan Domarski scores Polandโs goal in the 1-1 World Cup qualifying draw with England, securing the result that sends his country to the 1974 tournament.
Arab Oil Embargo
Implements Saudi petroleum policy during the 1973 oil embargo.
Arab Oil Embargo
Supports restrictions on oil supplies during the October Arab-Israeli war.
Oil Embargo
The Arab oil embargo intensifies inflation, energy shortages and economic disruption.
Battle of Chinese Farm
Helps widen the Israeli bridgehead near the Suez Canal after fierce fighting around Chinese Farm.
Suez Canal Crossing
Leads armored forces across the Suez Canal as Israel expands its west-bank bridgehead.
Suez Canal
Helps form and protect the Israeli bridgehead across the Suez Canal.
Stennis Compromise Rejected
Rejects the administration's third-party tape proposal because it would leave Nixon controlling which evidence reached the special prosecutor.
Pin Ups
Releases Pin Ups, an album of cover versions paying tribute to songs from his 1960s influences.
Military Aid Agreement
The USA sends $2.2 billion in military aid to Israel to counter Soviet arms shipments to Egypt
Military Aid
The USA sends $2.2 billion in military aid to Israel to counter Soviet arms shipments to Egypt
Stennis Compromise
Cox refused the compromise.
Stennis Compromise
Nixon, looking toward a solution to the tape dispute, offered what later came to known as the Stennis Compromise. U.S. Senator John C. Stennis (D-MS) would independently review the tapes and summarize them for the special prosecutor's office.
Stennis Compromise
Cox refused the compromise.
Stennis Compromise
Nixon, looking toward a solution to the tape dispute, offered what later came to known as the Stennis Compromise. U.S. Senator John C. Stennis (D-MS) would independently review the tapes and summarize them for the special prosecutor's office.
Stennis Compromise
Nixon, looking toward a solution to the tape dispute, offered what later came to known as the Stennis Compromise. U.S. Senator John C. Stennis (D-MS) would independently review the tapes and summarize them for the special prosecutor's office.
Stennis Compromise
Proposes that Senator John Stennis review Watergate tapes and authenticate presidential summaries instead of giving the recordings directly to Special Prosecutor Cox.
Stennis Compromise
Is proposed as the independent reviewer who would authenticate presidential summaries of subpoenaed Watergate tapes under Nixon's proposed compromise.
Command Dispute
Disagrees with Sadat and Ismail Ali over the response to the Israeli crossing west of the canal.
Ceasefire Negotiations
Participates in Soviet consultations with Henry Kissinger on a ceasefire.
Jaworski Appointment
Appoints Leon Jaworski to lead the Watergate Special Prosecution Force after the dismissal of Archibald Cox.
Saturday Night Massacre
Nixon contacted the Solicitor General, Robert Bork, and ordered him, as acting head of the Justice Department in the wake of the previous resignations, to fire Cox. Bork reluctantly complied.
Saturday Night Massacre
The firing of Special Prosecutor Cox, and the flurry of high-profile Justice Department resignations over the weekend caused the press to dub this event, the "Saturday Night Massacre."
Saturday Night Massacre Resignation
Resigns as attorney general rather than carry out Nixon's order to dismiss Watergate special prosecutor Archibald Cox.
Saturday Night Massacre Refusal
Refuses to dismiss Archibald Cox after Richardson's resignation and leaves the Justice Department rather than execute Nixon's order.
Cox Dismissal
As acting attorney general, carries out Nixon's order and dismisses Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox after two senior Justice Department officials refuse.
Saturday Night Massacre
Nixon contacted the Solicitor General, Robert Bork, and ordered him, as acting head of the Justice Department in the wake of the previous resignations, to fire Cox. Bork reluctantly complied.
Saturday Night Massacre
The firing of Special Prosecutor Cox, and the flurry of high-profile Justice Department resignations over the weekend caused the press to dub this event, the "Saturday Night Massacre."
Saturday Night Massacre
Is dismissed as Watergate special prosecutor by Acting Attorney General Robert Bork after refusing Nixon's proposed compromise over the White House tapes.
Saturday Night Massacre
Congress was infuriated about the Saturday Night Massacre. Numerous resolutions to impeach him were introduced in the House. Nixon, feeling the pressure, agreed to release some of the tapes to District Judge Sirica.
Saturday Night Massacre
Nixon contacted the Solicitor General, Robert Bork, and ordered him, as acting head of the Justice Department in the wake of the previous resignations, to fire Cox. Bork reluctantly complied.
Saturday Night Massacre
The firing of Special Prosecutor Cox, and the flurry of high-profile Justice Department resignations over the weekend caused the press to dub this event, the "Saturday Night Massacre."
Saturday Night Massacre
After Richardson and Ruckelshaus refuse to dismiss Archibald Cox, directs Solicitor General Robert Bork to remove the special prosecutor.
Moscow Talks
Flies to Moscow for ceasefire talks with Soviet leaders.
Peace Conference
Considers the US-Soviet ceasefire proposal later embodied in Resolution 338.
Saturday Night Massacre
Nixon contacted the Solicitor General, Robert Bork, and ordered him, as acting head of the Justice Department in the wake of the previous resignations, to fire Cox. Bork reluctantly complied.
Saturday Night Massacre
The firing of Special Prosecutor Cox, and the flurry of high-profile Justice Department resignations over the weekend caused the press to dub this event, the "Saturday Night Massacre."
Saturday Night Massacre
Nixon contacted the Solicitor General, Robert Bork, and ordered him, as acting head of the Justice Department in the wake of the previous resignations, to fire Cox. Bork reluctantly complied.
Saturday Night Massacre
The firing of Special Prosecutor Cox, and the flurry of high-profile Justice Department resignations over the weekend caused the press to dub this event, the "Saturday Night Massacre."
Saturday Night Massacre
Nixon contacted the Solicitor General, Robert Bork, and ordered him, as acting head of the Justice Department in the wake of the previous resignations, to fire Cox. Bork reluctantly complied.
Saturday Night Massacre
The firing of Special Prosecutor Cox, and the flurry of high-profile Justice Department resignations over the weekend caused the press to dub this event, the "Saturday Night Massacre."
Ceasefire
Negotiates ceasefire terms with Leonid Brezhnev that lead to United Nations Security Council Resolution 338.
Ceasefire
Accepts the United Nations ceasefire resolution after the Israeli canal crossing changes the battlefield.
UN Security Council
Supports ceasefire diplomacy as Resolution 338 is adopted.
UN Security Council
Adoption of United Nations Security Council Resolution 338
United Nations
Adoption of United Nations Security Council Resolution 338
Suez-Cairo Road
Cuts the Suez-Cairo road northeast of Suez during the Israeli encirclement of the Egyptian Third Army.
Suez Bridgehead
Consolidates the Israeli bridgehead near Deversoir after the crossing of the Suez Canal.
Suez Bridgehead
His division holds the canal bridgehead and helps divide the Egyptian Second and Third Armies.
Ceasefire
Directs Israeli military operations as the United Nations ceasefire resolution is accepted.
Recapture of Mount Hermon
Israeli troops regained the Mount Hermon observation post from Syrian forces near the end of the October war, restoring control of a strategically important summit position.
Capture of Mount Hermon
Oversees operations as Israeli troops recapture the Mount Hermon outpost.
International Ceasefire Efforts
Israel evaluated emerging ceasefire proposals under mounting international pressure as fighting continued on the northern and southern fronts.
UN Security Council
Agrees to halt fighting after United Nations Security Council Resolution 338 calls for a ceasefire.
UN Security Council
United Nations Security Council Resolution 338 calls for a ceasefire in the war.
Ceasefire
Supports ceasefire diplomacy after United Nations Security Council Resolution 338.
United Nations
Supports Arab diplomatic positions as the United Nations debates a ceasefire.
Ceasefire Negotiations
Handles Syrian diplomatic response to the ceasefire resolution.
Ceasefire
Responds cautiously to the United Nations ceasefire call as fighting continues on the Syrian front.
Mount Hermon
Loses the Mount Hermon outpost after Israeli forces recapture it late in the war.
October Ceasefire Diplomacy
United Nations Security Council Resolution 338 called for a ceasefire and negotiations during the October war, setting the framework for subsequent disengagement diplomacy.
UN Security Council
Supports Resolution 338 calling for a ceasefire and peace negotiations.
Battle of Suez
His division is involved in the Israeli attempt to take Suez despite the ceasefire.
Battle of Suez
His forces take part in the attempted Israeli capture of Suez, which is repulsed after heavy fighting.
Battle of Suez
His forces support the Israeli attempt to take Suez, which is repulsed.
Post-Massacre Tape Decision
Following intense political backlash, agrees that subpoenaed presidential recordings will be submitted through the judicial process.
Tape Compliance Decision
Agrees after the Saturday Night Massacre backlash to comply with the court process for subpoenaed Watergate recordings.
Third Army
Commands Third Army forces during the Israeli encirclement near Suez.
Third Army
Attempts to manage the crisis created by the Israeli encirclement of Third Army.
Ceasefire
Accepts a renewed ceasefire as fighting continues around the Egyptian Third Army.
Third Army
Faces crisis as the Egyptian Third Army becomes surrounded east of Suez.
Rolling Stones, The
Fined 205 pounds for possession of cannabis and possessing an unlicensed firearm
Trial
Fined 205 pounds for possession of cannabis and possessing an unlicensed firearm
Third Army Encirclement
Completes positions that help encircle Egypts Third Army near Suez.
Ceasefire
Welcomes a ceasefire while warning that Lebanon remains exposed to the conflict fallout.
Ceasefire Negotiations
Serves as a principal Soviet channel to Washington during the ceasefire crisis.
Ceasefire Line
Supervises Syrian positions near the ceasefire line after major fighting subsides.
Ceasefire
Deals with American officials as the US moves to a heightened alert posture.
Nuclear Alert
The United States raises its alert level during the Soviet-American crisis over the ceasefire.
Quadrophenia Album
Release Quadrophenia as a double album.
Kilometre 101
Meets Israeli officers at Kilometre 101 to discuss implementation of the ceasefire.
Barcelona Competitive Debut
Makes an immediate impact in his league debut for Barcelona against Granada, scoring twice in a 4-0 victory as supporters welcome their new star.
Late Campaign Practices Hearing
Participates as the committee resumes Phase II hearings and continues examining campaign practices, political operations and related evidence from the 1972 election.
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Israel
Breaks diplomatic relations with Israel during the wider African response to the October Middle East war.
Economy of Great Britain
Pay increases will be limited to 2.25 pounds or 7% per week with a maximum of 350 pounds pa. Pay increases will be limited to 2.25 pounds or 7% per week & a maximum increase of 350 pounds pa
Oil Shock Response
Responds to the oil shock and worsening inflation after the Middle East war.
Election
Livingstone wins the Norwood GLC election to the GLC with 11,622 votes, a firm lead over his Conservative rival
GLC
Livingstone wins the Norwood GLC election to the GLC with 11,622 votes, a firm lead over his Conservative rival
Oil Crisis
Faces worsening economic pressure as the war contributes to the oil crisis.
Military Bases
Faces American pressure over use of British-controlled facilities during the resupply crisis.
Handles British diplomatic contacts during the October War
Handles British diplomatic contacts during the October War.
Arms Embargo
Maintains restrictions on arms supplies to belligerents during the conflict.
European Diplomacy
Coordinates British policy with European partners during the Arab-Israeli war.
Oil Crisis
Deals with the oil-market shock triggered by the Middle East war.
Alliance Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr and Syria on the Golan front
Sends Iraqi forces to support Syria on the Golan front during the Yom Kippur War.
Likuud Party
Helps found the Likuud Party
Likuud Party
Conservative parties, Gahal, Free Centre, State Party, and the Eretz Yisrael movement form Likud, Menachim Begin becomes its first leader
Party Leader
Conservative parties, Gahal, Free Centre, State Party, and the Eretz Yisrael movement form Likud, Menachim Begin becomes its first leader
Armored Brigade
Jordanian armored forces move to the Syrian front during the war.
Alliance Hussein bin Talal and Syria rather than open the West Bank front
Decides to send a Jordanian armored brigade to support Syria rather than open the West Bank front.
Golan Heights
Jordanian forces operate on the Syrian front without launching a direct attack from the West Bank.
Border Security
Keeps the Lebanese Army on alert as the Syrian and Israeli fronts escalate.
Border Security
Faces pressure from Palestinian armed activity and Israeli retaliation along the southern border.
Radar Installations
Lebanese radar installations at Barouk become part of the regional crisis.
Refugees
Deals with regional pressures and population movements linked to the October War.
October Middle East Crisis Message
Exchanges urgent messages with Richard Nixon as the Yom Kippur War creates a superpower confrontation.
Military Aid
Supervises Soviet military resupply to Arab allies during the war.
Iraqi Alliance
Coordinates with allied Arab forces sent to reinforce the Syrian front.
Iraqi Alliance
Receives Iraqi military support as the Syrian front comes under Israeli counterattack.
Iraqi Reinforcements Arrive
Iraqi armored forces entered the fighting on the Syrian front and helped resist Israeli advances beyond the Golan Heights during the October war.
Jordanian Armored Support
Jordanian armored units also joined operations on the Syrian front, adding allied forces to efforts to prevent further Israeli advances.
Soviet Support
Requests Soviet military resupply after heavy Syrian losses on the Golan Heights.
Military Aid
Oversees Defense Department participation in the airlift to Israel.
Diplomatic Negotiations at Washington
Negotiates between the United States, Soviet Union, Israel, and Arab states during the October War crisis.
Oil Embargo
Faces the Arab oil embargo imposed after American support for Israel.
Economy of Great Britain
Healey promises to squeeze property speculators until the pips squeak and attacks profits made from rapidly appreciating agricultural land.
Smiler
Releases Smiler, his final Mercury-era studio album of the early 1970s.
Odds and Sods
Release the outtakes collection Odds and Sods.
Social Contract
Wins the October election while relying on continued union cooperation.
Blaby Re-election October 1974
Wins re-election as Conservative Member of Parliament for Blaby at the second general election held in 1974.
Election
Leads the Conservatives in the October election but Labour gains a small majority.
PLO Invited to United Nations
The United Nations invites the PLO to participate in debate on the Palestine question, giving Arafat an unprecedented international diplomatic platform.
Vorster declares in the Senate South Africa will not interfere in other
Vorster declares in the Senate South Africa will not interfere in other African nations. Declares in the Senate South Africa is prepared to enter into non-aggression pacts
Speaker of House of Commons
Appointed Speaker of the House of Commons
Parliament
Opens Parliament
Rumble in the Jungle Hosted
Uses the Ali-Foreman heavyweight championship in Kinshasa to promote Zaire internationally.
Rumble In The Jungle
Ali regains his title by defeating champion George Foreman in their bizarre bout in Kinshasa, Zaire, hyped as "The Rumble In The Jungle"
Victory-Ali
Ali regains his title by defeating champion George Foreman in their bizarre bout in Kinshasa, Zaire, hyped as "The Rumble In The Jungle"
World Champion
Ali regains his title by defeating champion George Foreman in their bizarre bout in Kinshasa, Zaire, hyped as "The Rumble In The Jungle"
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Healey continues as Chancellor of the Exchequer after Labour wins the October 1974 general election.
Prime Minister of United Kingdom
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 4th term
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for South Down
Radio-Activity
Uses electronics and voice processing on Radio-Activity.
Radio-Activity
Appears on Radio-Activity soon after joining the group.
Radio-Activity
Releases Radio-Activity, linking radio transmission, nuclear imagery and electronic pop.
Radio-Activity
Adds electronic percussion to Radio-Activity during the classic line-up's early phase.
The Who by Numbers Album
Release The Who by Numbers.
Green Card
The US Court of Appeal overturns the order to deport John and he is granted residency status, the authorities announce, "Lennons four year Battle to remain in our country is testimony to his faith in this American dream."
Birth of John Winston Lennon
Sean Taro Ono Lennon is born at New York Hospital on father John Lennons 35th birthday
Birth of Yoko Ono
Sean Taro Ono Lennon is born at New York Hospital on father John Lennons 35th birthday
Peace
13-27 Oct, the French pull out of Chad, ending a 78 year military presence
Iceland moves its boundary for fishing rights from 50 to 200 miles
Iceland moves its boundary for fishing rights from 50 to 200 miles
Territorial Waters
Iceland moves its boundary for fishing rights from 50 to 200 miles
Squeeze Box Single
Release Squeeze Box as a single.
First Images from Venus
The achievement marks first images from venus as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Venera 9 Landing
Supports the planetary programme that lands Venera 9 on Venus.
Venera 10 Landing
Venera 10 lands successfully on Venus and returns measurements from the hostile surface environment.
Venera 10 Surface Images
Venera 10 returns panoramic black-and-white images from Venus, extending the first photographic survey of the planet's surface.
Time Magazine
Appears on the covers of Time and Newsweek in the same week during the Born to Run breakthrough.
Constitution of Spain
Assumes sovereign powers "provisionally" 3 weeks before Francos death
Coronation
Crowned King of Spain
Succession
Succeeds as King of Spain
Rolling Thunder Revue
Joins Dylan's Rolling Thunder Revue.
Rolling Thunder Revue
Begins the Rolling Thunder Revue tour.
Election
The MPLA, FNLA & UNITA agree to hold the first assembly elections in October 1975. The free elections the agreement had provided for by October 31, 1975 were finally held in 1992, UNITA, in 2nd place, did not accept the outcome and the civil war continued for another 10 years, only to end in 2002, when UNITA leader Savimbi got killed
National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA)
The MPLA, FNLA & UNITA agree to hold the first assembly elections in October 1975
UNITA
The MPLA, FNLA & UNITA agree to hold the first assembly elections in October 1975. The free elections the agreement had provided for by October 31, 1975 were finally held in 1992, UNITA, in 2nd place, did not accept the outcome and the civil war continued for another 10 years, only to end in 2002, when UNITA leader Savimbi got killed
Agreement of Alvor
The MPLA, FNLA & UNITA agree to hold the first assembly elections in October 1975. The free elections the agreement had provided for by October 31, 1975 were finally held in 1992, UNITA, in 2nd place, did not accept the outcome and the civil war continued for another 10 years, only to end in 2002, when UNITA leader Savimbi got killed
Election
The MPLA, FNLA & UNITA agree to hold the first assembly elections in October 1975. The free elections the agreement had provided for by October 31, 1975 were finally held in 1992, UNITA, in 2nd place, did not accept the outcome and the civil war continued for another 10 years, only to end in 2002, when UNITA leader Savimbi got killed
National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA)
The MPLA, FNLA & UNITA agree to hold the first assembly elections in October 1975
UNITA
The MPLA, FNLA & UNITA agree to hold the first assembly elections in October 1975. The free elections the agreement had provided for by October 31, 1975 were finally held in 1992, UNITA, in 2nd place, did not accept the outcome and the civil war continued for another 10 years, only to end in 2002, when UNITA leader Savimbi got killed
Election
The MPLA, FNLA & UNITA agree to hold the first assembly elections in October 1975. The free elections the agreement had provided for by October 31, 1975 were finally held in 1992, UNITA, in 2nd place, did not accept the outcome and the civil war continued for another 10 years, only to end in 2002, when UNITA leader Savimbi got killed
National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA)
The MPLA, FNLA & UNITA agree to hold the first assembly elections in October 1975
Education
Begins 1 yr Bar course at Lincolns Inn
Angolan Intervention
Supports South African military intervention during the Angolan civil war.
Operation Savannah
Advocates a stronger campaign against Soviet-backed forces in Angola.
Short-Term Premiership
Acting premiership continues under the Khmer Rouge state structure
Election
Helmut Schmidts coalition Government is returned with a reduced majority
Arrest of Gang of Four
Hua Guofeng orders the arrest of the Gang of Four, including Mao's widow Jiang Qing
Arrest of Jiang Qing, Wang Hongwen, Yao Wenyuan and Zhang Chunqiao
Hua Guofeng orders the arrest of the Gang of Four, including Mao's widow Jiang Qing
Arrest of Gang of Four
Jiang Qing is arrested with other Gang of Four leaders
Arrest of Jiang Qing
Jiang Qing is arrested with other Gang of Four leaders
Arrest of Gang of Four
Wang Hongwen is arrested with the Gang of Four after Mao's death
Arrest of Wang Hongwen
Wang Hongwen is arrested with the Gang of Four after Mao's death
Arrest of Gang of Four
Yao Wenyuan is arrested as part of the Gang of Four
Arrest of Yao Wenyuan
Yao Wenyuan is arrested as part of the Gang of Four
Arrest of Gang of Four
Zhang Chunqiao is arrested as the new leadership moves against the Cultural Revolution radicals
Arrest of Zhang Chunqiao
Zhang Chunqiao is arrested as the new leadership moves against the Cultural Revolution radicals
Conference of Conservatives
Addresses Conservative Party Conference for the 1st time since Thatchers leadership
Coup
Assumes power in Thailand
Demonstrations
Martial law is imposed after riots result in 30 deaths
Coup
Overthrown in a military coup
Coup
Assumes power in Thailand
Coup
Overthrown in a military coup
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Central Committee
Economy of Great Britain
Healey secures Commons support for the governmentโs economic strategy during the sterling crisis.
Vote of Confidence
The government wins a confidence vote by a majority of 13 on its economic policy.
Economy of Great Britain
The Government wins a majority of 13 in support its economic policy
Vote of Confidence
The Government wins a majority of 13 in support its economic policy
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party
Arrest of Chiang Ching
Maos widow is arrested
Commonwealth
Regains the European, British & Commonwealth heavy weight title
European Championship
Regains the European, British & Commonwealth heavy weight title
Economy of Great Britain
Announces in the Commons that the Governments inflation policy has been abandoned
Inflation
Announces in the Commons that the Governments inflation policy has been abandoned
Economy of Great Britain
Britains trade deficit in September is reported to be 365 million pounds
Acting PM Period
Nuon Chea remains acting head of government for Democratic Kampuchea
The Song Remains the Same
Releases the concert film The Song Remains the Same.
Broadcast
Calls for a Government of national unity on television
Deputy Party Leader
Appointed Deputy Leader of the Labour Party
Election
Defeats Shirley Williams by 166 votes to 128 for the Labour Party Deputy Leadership
Election
Michael Foot defeats Shiley Williams by 166 votes to 128 for the Deputy Leadership
The Song Remains the Same
Appears on the soundtrack album for The Song Remains the Same.
World Champion
Becomes the world formular I motor racing champion
Devaluation
The pound falls to $1.59.
National Theatre
Opens the National Theatre
Acting PM Ends
Nuon Chea's acting premiership ends after a brief temporary term
Devaluation
The pound falls to $1.57.
Public Spending
The Party's National Executive vote to protest to Parliament about Government cuts.
NEC
The National Executive of the Labour Party vote to protest to Parliament about cuts
Nuclear Export Policy
Restricts reprocessing and sensitive nuclear exports.
Geneva Conference Opens
Smith attends negotiations on an interim authority and the transfer to majority rule.
Geneva Conference Opens
Smith attends the opening of the Geneva Conference on Rhodesia's political future.
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Council of Minister's for the GDR, 2nd term
Head of State
Appointed Head of State for the GDR
Backbench Politics
Remains a prominent Conservative backbencher after losing the party leadership.
Arab Deterrent Force
Arab summit decisions establish an Arab Deterrent Force in Lebanon, and President Elias Sarkis works with the new security arrangement as outside troops are deployed to separate combatants.
Cosmos and Santos Farewell Exhibition
Pelรฉ played one half for the Cosmos and one for Santos in an emotional farewell match marking the end of his playing career.
Developed Socialism Constitution
Promulgates the new constitution presenting the Soviet Union as a developed socialist society.
Complete Control Chart Entry
Complete Control enters the Official Singles Chart and becomes another early Clash Top Forty hit.
Community Reinvestment Act
Carter signs the Community Reinvestment Act, requiring federal banking regulators including the Federal Reserve to assess how regulated institutions help meet the credit needs of the communities they serve.
Arrest of RAF prisoners
Four terrorists hijack Lufthansa Flight 181 on a flight from Palma de Mallorca to Frankfurt, their leader demanding the release of the eleven RAF prisoners detained at Stammheim
Hijack
Four terrorists hijack Lufthansa Flight 181 on a flight from Palma de Mallorca to Frankfurt, their leader demanding the release of the eleven RAF prisoners detained at Stammheim
Heroes
Co-produces Heroes, using Berlin studio atmosphere and distinctive recording techniques.
Seconds Out
Appears as lead vocalist on Seconds Out, documenting the post-Gabriel live band.
Holidays in the Sun
Sings Holidays in the Sun, drawing on the band's experience of Berlin and Cold War imagery.
Holidays in the Sun
Plays guitar on Holidays in the Sun, the final single released before the album.
Conference of Conservatives
Tells Callaghan to, "keep taking the tablets", after Peter Jay compares him to Moses
Speech
Tells Callaghan to, "keep taking the tablets", after Peter Jay compares him to Moses
Charged Lepton Emission
Calculates Hawking emission of electrons and muons from a nonrotating black hole and analyzes fluctuations in the hole's electric charge.
Legislative Elections
The regime holds legislative elections within the single-party political system.
Death of Andraes Baader
Raspe learns of GSG 9s success on a smuggled transistor radio, and spent the next few hours talking to Baader, Ensslin, and Muller, who agreed to a suicide pact
GSG 9
The passengers of the Boeing 737 are freed in an assault carried out by German GSG 9 special forces in the early hours of 18 October 1977 which saw the death of three of the terrorists. Raspe learns of GSG 9s success on a smuggled transistor radio, and spent the next few hours talking to Baader, Ensslin, and Muller, who agreed to a suicide pact
Hijack
The passengers of the Boeing 737 are freed in an assault carried out by German GSG 9 special forces in the early hours of 18 October 1977 which saw the death of three of the terrorists
Suicide
Raspe learns of GSG 9s success on a smuggled transistor radio, and spent the next few hours talking to Baader, Ensslin, and Muller, who agreed to a suicide pact
Death of Gudrun Ensslin
Raspe learns of GSG 9s success on a smuggled transistor radio, and spent the next few hours talking to Baader, Ensslin, and Muller, who agreed to a suicide pact
Suicide
Raspe learns of GSG 9s success on a smuggled transistor radio, and spent the next few hours talking to Baader, Ensslin, and Muller, who agreed to a suicide pact
Death of Irmgard Muller
Raspe learns of GSG 9s success on a smuggled transistor radio, and spent the next few hours talking to Baader, Ensslin, and Muller, who agreed to a suicide pact. RAF member Irmgard Muller is found with four stab wounds to her chest, but survives
Suicide
Raspe learns of GSG 9s success on a smuggled transistor radio, and spent the next few hours talking to Baader, Ensslin, and Muller, who agreed to a suicide pact
Death of Jan-Carl Raspe
Raspe learns of GSG 9s success on a smuggled transistor radio, and spent the next few hours talking to Baader, Ensslin, and Muller, who agreed to a suicide pact
Suicide
Raspe learns of GSG 9s success on a smuggled transistor radio, and spent the next few hours talking to Baader, Ensslin, and Muller, who agreed to a suicide pact
Death of Andraes Baader
Andreas Baader and Jan-Carl Raspe are found dead in their cells, having died from gunshot wounds, while Gudrun Ensslin is found hanging from a noose made from speaker wire
Death of Andraes Baader
Death of Andreas Baader, suicide in gaol
Suicide
Suicide, after failure of the Schleyer kidnapping & Mogadisu rescue attempt. Death of Andreas Baader, suicide in gaol
Death of Gudrun Ensslin
Andreas Baader and Jan-Carl Raspe are found dead in their cells, having died from gunshot wounds, while Gudrun Ensslin is found hanging from a noose made from speaker wire
Death of Gudrun Esslin
Death of Gudrun Esslin, commits suicide in Stammheim jail
Suicide
Death of Gudrun Esslin, commits suicide in Stammheim jail
Death of Jan-Carl Raspe
Andreas Baader and Jan-Carl Raspe are found dead in their cells, having died from gunshot wounds, while Gudrun Ensslin is found hanging from a noose made from speaker wire
Florence Speech
Presents a major public case for European monetary union in Florence.
Monetary Union Initiative
Calls for a substantial advance toward European economic and monetary union.
Never Mind the Bollocks
Engineers Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols during sessions at Wessex Studios.
Never Mind the Bollocks
Provides the hard, direct drumming throughout Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols.
Never Mind the Bollocks
Records most of the guitar work and some bass parts on the Sex Pistols' only studio album.
Never Mind the Bollocks
Produces Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols with engineer Bill Price.
Election
The BDP wins a majority, Khama is re-elected as President
President of Botswana
The BDP wins a majority, Khama is re-elected as President
Sex Pistols
The band release their album Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols
Demonstrations
The first militant anti-Shah demonstrations, after the death of Khomeinis son Mostafa
Comes a Time
Releases Comes a Time, returning to a polished country folk sound.
In Vitro Fertilization
Subhas Mukhopadhyay and his team achieve the birth of India's first child conceived through in vitro fertilization.
Exile of Ruhollah Khomeini
Leaves for Paris and took up residence in the suburb of Neauphle-le-Chฦteau
Love Bites Album
Buzzcocks' second album Love Bites enters the UK albums chart and peaks at number thirteen.
Pay Policy
Agrees to negotiate despite the government's wage restraint policy.
Death of Sid Vicious
Spungen was found dead in the Chelsea Hotel room she was sharing with Vicious, with stab wounds to her stomach and dressed only in her underwear
Election
Elected by the College of Cardinals, in the Eighth round
Inauguration
Inaugurated Pope
Pope
Appointed Pope, the 1st non-Italian pontiff since 1523. Appointed Pope, at 58 the youngest Pope in 132 yrs
Marriage Reform Decree
The government issues a decree regulating marriage payments and setting minimum marriage ages.
Leo Tindemans Government
The Leo Tindemans Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Second Vanden Boeynants Government
Begins the Second Vanden Boeynants Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Peace Negotiations at Washington
Negotiators for Egypt and Israel announce in Washington they had reached tentative agreement on the main points of a peace Treaty
Airline Deregulation Act
The Act phases out federal control of airline routes and fares.
Camp David Agreement
Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin are named winners of the Nobel Peace Prize for their progress toward achieving a Middle East accord
Nobel Prize
Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin are named winners of the Nobel Peace Prize for their progress toward achieving a Middle East accord
Humphrey-Hawkins Act
Carter signs the Humphrey-Hawkins Act, formalising employment and price-stability objectives and requiring regular Federal Reserve testimony to Congress about monetary policy and economic conditions.
Moving Targets Album
Moving Targets enters the UK albums chart and reaches number twenty-two.
Prime Minister of Iran
A military Government headed by General Gholam Reza Azhari replaced conciliatory Prime Minister Sharif Emami
Economy of Iran
A general strike in October resulted in the paralysis of the economy, with vital industries being shut down,"sealing the Shahs fate"
General Strike
A general strike in October resulted in the paralysis of the economy, with vital industries being shut down,"sealing the Shahs fate"
Strike
A general strike in October resulted in the paralysis of the economy, with vital industries being shut down,"sealing the Shahs fate"
Constitution of Iran
A military Government headed by General Gholam Reza Azhari replaced conciliatory Prime Minister Sharif Emami
Constitution of Iran
A military Government headed by General Gholam Reza Azhari replaced conciliatory Prime Minister Sharif Emami
Economy of Iran
A general strike in October resulted in the paralysis of the economy, with vital industries being shut down,"sealing the Shahs fate"
General Strike
A general strike in October resulted in the paralysis of the economy, with vital industries being shut down,"sealing the Shahs fate"
Strike
A general strike in October resulted in the paralysis of the economy, with vital industries being shut down,"sealing the Shahs fate"
Economy of Japan
Suffers a 2nd "oil shock" as oil prices increase dramatically
Foreign Minister Appointment
Is appointed Sweden's Minister for Foreign Affairs.
Swedish Foreign Ministry Leadership
Takes Cabinet responsibility for Swedish foreign policy.
President of Nigeria
Appointed President of Nigeria, 2nd Republic
Bryukhanov First Stage Full Output
Leads the plant as the first stage reaches a combined rated capacity of two million kilowatts.
A Different Kind of Tension
Buzzcocks' third album A Different Kind of Tension enters the UK albums chart.
Coming Up for Air
Coming Up for Air enters the UK albums chart and reaches number thirty-six.
New Operating Procedures Against Inflation
After an unscheduled meeting, Volcker announces a shift toward controlling bank reserves rather than closely targeting the federal funds rate, a major anti-inflation change that permits interest rates to move much more widely.
Arrest of Nur Muhammad Taraki
Officially dies under arrest for trying to assassinate Prime Minister Hafizullah Amin
Assassination of Nur Muhammad Taraki
The Kabul Times announces Tarakis death. Officially dies under arrest for trying to assassinate Prime Minister Hafizullah Amin
Death of Nur Muhammad Taraki
The Kabul Times announces Tarakis death. Officially diesunder arrest for trying to assassinate Prime Minister Hafizullah Amin. Death of Nur Taraki, assassinated
Typical Girls Chart Entry
Typical Girls and I Heard It Through the Grapevine enter the Official Singles Chart as a double-sided release.
Velayat-e Faqih
Beheshti helps secure approval of constitutional provisions giving ultimate authority to a religious jurist
Deposed in Coup
Romero is overthrown by reformist military officers
Revolutionary Junta Takes Power
Majano becomes a leading military member of the Revolutionary Government Junta
Civilian Junta Member
Ungo joins the first Revolutionary Government Junta as a civilian member
Revolutionary Junta Member
Gutierrez joins the Revolutionary Government Junta after the October coup
Benedikt Grondal Government
Begins the Benedikt Grondal Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Prime Minister of Iceland
Appointed Prime Minister of Iceland
Second Olafur Johannesson Government
The Second Olafur Johannesson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
GLC
Calls a meeting of Labour leftists entitled "Taking over the GLC", beginning publication of a monthly newsletter the London Labour Briefing
London Labour Briefing
Calls a meeting of Labour leftists entitled "Taking over the GLC", beginning publication of a monthly newsletter the London Labour Briefing
Smash It Up Chart Entry
Smash It Up enters the Official Singles Chart during the successful Machine Gun Etiquette period.
Moshe Dayan, Israeli Foreign Secretary, submits his resignation
Moshe Dayan, Israeli Foreign Secretary, submits his resignation
Resignation of Moshe Dayan
Moshe Dayan, Israeli Foreign Secretary, submits his resignation
Moshe Dayan, Israeli Foreign Secretary, submits his resignation
Moshe Dayan, Israeli Foreign Secretary, submits his resignation
Resignation of Moshe Dayan
Moshe Dayan, Israeli Foreign Secretary, submits his resignation
US Medical Treatment
The Shah enters the United States for medical treatment, intensifying revolutionary anger in Iran
US Medical Treatment
The former Shah enters the United States for medical treatment, intensifying revolutionary anger in Iran
Health of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
The former Shah receives medical treatment in the United States for advanced cancer
Peace Treaty
Negotiators for Egypt and Israel announce in Washington they had reached tentative agreement on the main points of a peace Treaty
Exchange Controls Abolished
Howe abolishes the remaining exchange controls on the movement of capital on 23 October 1979.
Reform of Trade
Exchange controls are removed
Death of Park Chung Hee
Death of Park Chung Hee
Physical Protection Convention Adopted
The Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material is adopted under IAEA auspices.
Found Out Too Late
Found Out Too Late enters the Official Singles Chart during 999's continuing late-1970s punk activity.
International Accord
Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin are named winners of the Nobel Peace Prize for their progress toward achieving a Middle East accord
Peace Treaty
Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin are named winners of the Nobel Peace Prize for their progress toward achieving a Middle East accord
Election
Defeated by the National Party
Leeds United AFC
Appointed manager of Leeds United
Manager
Appointed manager of Leeds United
World Champion
Ali challenges Larry Holmes for the WBCs version of the world Heavyweight title looking to set another record as the first boxer to win the Heavyweight title four times, Ali lost by technical knockout in round eleven
Master Blaster (Jammin)
Wonders tribute to Bob Marley, the reggaefied "Master Blaster (Jammin)," enters the charts, tops the R&B charts for 7 weeks
Defence Ministry Tenure
Remains prime minister while Magnus Malan becomes defence minister.
Defence Portfolio Relinquished
Relinquishes the defence portfolio after fourteen years.
Assad Moscow Talks
Discusses Middle Eastern security and Soviet-Syrian cooperation with Hafez al-Assad.
Soviet-Syrian Friendship Treaty
Signs a Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with Syrian President Hafez al-Assad.
Conservative Conference
Rejects calls to change course at Conservative conference.
Conservative Conference
Uses the Brighton conference speech to reject a change of economic course.
Speech
Tells Conservative conference that the lady's not for turning.
Lady Not for Turning
Writes the phrase used in Thatcher's conference speech.
Sixth Party Congress
Gains senior party posts at the Sixth Party Congress.
The River
Releases The River, a double album mixing party songs, working-class stories and darker adult themes.
Death of Vulko Velev Chervenkov
Death of Vulko Velev Chervenkov
Bryukhanov 750 Kilovolt Grid Link
Supervises plant operations when the 750-kilovolt transmission line is energized, strengthening the station's connection to the wider power system.
(Just Like) Starting Over
John Lennons first new single in more than five years, "(Just Like) Starting Over," is released
Prime Minister of Russia
Appointed Prime Minister of Russia
Capture of Khorramshahr
Iraqi forces capture Khorramshahr
Death of Steve Peregrin Took
Death of Steve Peregrin Took
H-Block Protest
Faces the beginning of the first H-Block hunger strike.
H-Block Hunger Strike
Begins the first republican hunger strike at Long Kesh.
Transfer
Signs for Manchester Utd, for a British record transfer fee of ล1.5 million
Presidential Election
Khamenei wins the presidential election following the assassination of Mohammad Ali Rajai
Assassination of Anwar Sadat
Is assassinated by Islamist army officers during a military parade in Cairo.
Death of Anwar Sadat
Dies after being shot during the annual military parade commemorating the October War.
Death of Anwar Sadat
Death of Anwar Sadat
Assassination of Anwar Sadat
Assassinated by extremist Muslim soldiers
Death of Anwar Sadat
Assassinated by extremist Muslim soldiers
Demo Given to John Peel
Gives Pulp's demo tape to John Peel at a Sheffield Polytechnic roadshow.
Jerusalem Policy
Al-Khasawneh participates in jerusalem policy connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Presidential Referendum
Wins confirmation as President in a national referendum after Sadat's assassination.
Khamenei Presidency
Khomeini installs Khamenei as President of Iran after the October election
President of Iran
Khamenei takes office as president during wartime and internal political repression
President of Egypt
Assumes the presidency after a national referendum following Sadat's assassination.
Presidential Succession
Becomes acting President after Sadat's assassination and is confirmed by referendum.
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the National Democratic Party (NDP)
First Gro Harlem Brundtland Government
The First Gro Harlem Brundtland Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Prime Minister of Norway
Appointed Prime Minister of Norway
Kรฅre Willoch Government
Begins the Kรฅre Willoch Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Death of Moshe Dayan
Death of Moshe Dayan
PASOK Election Victory
PASOK wins the election and prepares Greece's first socialist-led government.
Privatization
Lawson announces plans to transfer BNOC's oil-producing business to the private sector and to dispose of selected British Gas Corporation oil interests as part of wider energy-market reform.
Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs
Karolos Papoulias is appointed Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs.
Prime Minister of Greece
Andreas Papandreou is sworn in as Prime Minister after PASOK's election victory.
Under Pressure
Releases Under Pressure with Queen, creating a major collaboration built around a memorable bass line.
Duchy Chancellorship
Completes his tenure as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster after combining the office with wider cabinet and parliamentary responsibilities during 1981.
Resignation of Urho Kaleva Kekkonen
Resigns due to ill health
Majles Approval
Majles approves Mousavi as prime minister after Khomeini accepts him as a compromise candidate
Metallica
Metallica is formed by guitarist and vocalist James Hetfield and Danish-born drummer Lars Ulrich, after both had placed classified advertisements in the publication The Recycler about forming a band
Metallica
Metallica is formed by guitarist and vocalist James Hetfield and Danish-born drummer Lars Ulrich, after both had placed classified advertisements in the publication The Recycler about forming a band
Khamenei Government
Mousavi becomes Prime Minister of Iran under President Ali Khamenei
Prime Minister of Iran
Appointed Prime Minister of Iran after Majles approval and Khomeini's backing
Prime Minister of Iran
Mousavi becomes Prime Minister of Iran and begins a wartime premiership lasting until 1989
Khamenei Government
Mousavi becomes prime minister within the Islamic Republic's clerical political order
Prime Minister of Iran
Mousavi begins his premiership under President Ali Khamenei during the Iran-Iraq War
Economic Policy Criticism
Criticises aspects of monetarist economic policy and the direction of Thatcherism.
Prime Minister Nomination
Khamenei nominates Ali Akbar Velayati for prime minister, but the Majles does not approve him
Majles Rejection
Velayati fails to secure a parliamentary vote of confidence as Khamenei searches for a prime minister
NCRI
Banisadr helps establish the National Council of Resistance of Iran in exile
NCRI
Rajavi helps establish the National Council of Resistance of Iran as an exile opposition coalition
Return to Democracy
Siles Zuazo takes office and restores civilian democratic rule.
Shea Stadium Concerts
Play farewell-tour concerts at Shea Stadium.
Victory Parade
Takes part in the London victory parade.
Victory Parade
Victory Parade in London
European Parliament Integration Speech
Defends the German-Italian initiative for stronger European political cooperation before the European Parliament.
Garn-St Germain Act
The Act expands powers of savings institutions and accelerates financial deregulation.
Garn-St Germain Depository Institutions Act
Reagan signs the Garn-St Germain Depository Institutions Act, substantially changing the regulatory environment for banks and thrift institutions during a period of financial stress and deregulation.
Britoil Privatisation Statement
Announces to the House of Commons that the Government intends to offer 51 percent of Britoil shares for sale as part of the transfer of BNOC's oil-producing business to the private sector.
Vote of Confidence
Helmut Schmidt is defeated in a vote of no confidence & replaced by Helmut Kohl
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the Labour Party
Genesis
Sings on the self-titled Genesis album, including Mama and That's All.
Jerusalem Policy
Tai participates in jerusalem policy connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Death of Ralph David Richardson
Death of Ralph David Richardson
Venera 15 Radar Mapping
Venera 15 enters Venus orbit and begins high-resolution radar mapping of the planet's northern hemisphere.
Trial
Sentenced to 4 yrs in prison & a 500 million Yen fine. Convicted of accepting bribes from Lockheed while Prime Minister
Venera 16 Radar Mapping
Venera 16 joins Venera 15 in radar mapping northern Venus through its permanently opaque cloud cover.
Coup
Overthrown by a military pro-Soviet coup, Bishop is shot dead
Coup
A pro-Soviet military coup overthrows the Marxist Government in Grenada
Government
A pro-Soviet military coup overthrows the Marxist Government in Grenada
Government
The East Caribbean Heads of Government as the US to restore order in Grenada
Conference of NUM
The NUM Delegate Conference votes for an overtime ban
NCB Pay Offer Rejected
The miners union rejected the Coal Board wage proposal while opposing closures and reductions in manpower.
NUM Closure Policy
The union reaffirmed opposition to colliery closures except where coal reserves were exhausted.
Invasion of Grenada
Agrees that HMS Antrim should set sail from Colombia to the area of Grenada
Government
The USS Independence is diverted from the Mediterranean to the Caribbean
Beirut Barracks Bombings
Suicide bombers attack the United States Marine and French military barracks in Beirut, killing hundreds of peacekeeping personnel and severely weakening the multinational presence supporting stability in Lebanon.
Government
A suicide bomber bombs the HQ of the US Marines in Beirut, 242 Americans are killed
Suicide
A suicide bomber bombs the HQ of the US Marines in Beirut, 242 Americans are killed
Invasion of Grenada
Receives a message from Reagan saying America is considerrng invasion, advises against
Government
Decides to invade Granada
Infidels
Releases Infidels.
Pipes of Peace
Produces Pipes of Peace, continuing his renewed collaboration with Paul McCartney.
Intermediate Nuclear Forces
Leads for the Government in Commons debate on intermediate nuclear forces and NATO policy.
Coal Overtime Ban
Arthur Scargill supported an overtime ban as the NUM contested the Coal Board's pay offer and closure plans.
NCB Overtime Dispute
The union overtime ban curtailed working practices as the Coal Board and miners clashed over policy.
NUM Overtime Embargo
The union imposed an overtime ban in protest at pay and threatened job losses.
NCB Overtime Conflict
An NUM overtime embargo increased pressure on MacGregor's management over pay and closure policy.
Resignation of Cecil Parkinson
Resigns because of affair with Sara Keays, stays in the political wilderness for 4 yrs
Commonwealth
Attends the Commonwealth Heads of Government meeting
Conference of New Delhi
The main subject is Americas invasion of Grenada. Attends the Commonwealth Heads of Government meeting
Invasion of Iraq
Iran moves troops into northern Iraq, threatening the Kirkuk pipeline
Kirkuk Pipeline
Iran moves troops into northern Iraq, threatening the Kirkuk pipeline
Siege of Kirkuk
Iran moves troops into northern Iraq, threatening the Kirkuk pipeline
Trial
Appeals & s released on bail, refuses to give up seat in Diet
Strike
Union fined $200,000 for contempt of court
NUM Contempt Fine
The National Union of Mineworkers faced a substantial contempt fine after failing to obey court orders.
Bombing of Brighton
Tebbits wife is paralysed. Injured by an IRA bomb at the Grand Hotel during the Conservative Party Conference
IRA - Bombing of Brighton
Government record concerning the IRA: Tebbits wife is paralysed. Injured by an IRA bomb at the Grand Hotel during the Conservative Party Conference
IRA - Bombing of Brighton
Historical IRA record under Conservative Party Government: Tebbits wife is paralysed. Injured by an IRA bomb at the Grand Hotel during the Conservative Party Conference
IRA - Bombing of Brighton
IRA context for Norman Tebbit: Tebbits wife is paralysed. Injured by an IRA bomb at the Grand Hotel during the Conservative Party Conference
IRA
Injured by an IRA bomb at the Grand Hotel during the Conservative Party Conference
Bombing of Brighton
An IRA bomb explodes at the Grand Hotel during the Conservative Party conference. 4 are killed but the conference continues
IRA - Bombing of Brighton
Government record concerning the IRA: An IRA bomb explodes at the Grand Hotel during the Conservative Party conference. 4 are killed but the conference continues
IRA - Bombing of Brighton
Historical IRA record under Conservative Party Government: An IRA bomb explodes at the Grand Hotel during the Conservative Party conference. 4 are killed but the conference continues
IRA - Bombing of Brighton
IRA context for Margaret Hilda Thatcher: An IRA bomb explodes at the Grand Hotel during the Conservative Party conference. 4 are killed but the conference continues
IRA
An IRA bomb explodes at the Grand Hotel during the Conservative Party conference
Strike
Pit supervisors vote to strike
Nottinghamshire Supervisors Threat
The threatened national pit supervisors stoppage brought another potential source of disruption to Nottinghamshire collieries.
Assassination of Jerzy Popieluszko
Security police assassinate Jerzy Popieluszko
Death of Jerzy Popieluszko
Death of Jerzy Popieluszko, assassinated
Economy of China
Urban workers pay & bonuses will be linked to job performance
Strike
Pit supervisors call off their strike
NCB Supervisors Dispute
A threatened stoppage by pit supervisors added pressure before an agreement averted the action.
MacGregor And Supervisors
A threatened supervisors strike challenged coal operations before being called off following negotiations.
Strike
The High Court orders seizure of union funds
Government
US marines land in Grenada
NUM Funds Sequestration
A High Court order authorised steps to seize union funds in the continuing dispute.
Strike
The Sunday Times discloses the miners asked Libya for money
Anti-Sikh Pogrom
Anti-Sikh violence erupts in Delhi and other cities after Indira Gandhi's assassination.
Assassination of Indira Nehru Gandhi
Prime Minister Indira Gandhi is assassinated in New Delhi by two of her Sikh bodyguards.
Prime Minister of India
Rajiv Gandhi becomes Prime Minister following the assassination of Indira Gandhi.
Death of Indira Gandhi
Death of Indira Gandhi
Lord Commissioner
Appointed Lord Commissioner
Whip
Appointed Treasury Whip
Assassination of Jerzy Popieluszko
Popieluszkos body is found in the Vistula River
Israeli Airstrike on Tunis Headquarters
Arafat survives an Israeli airstrike against the PLO headquarters near Tunis that kills numerous Palestinians and Tunisians.
Death of Rock Hudson
Death of Rock Hudson
Jerusalem Policy
I participates in jerusalem policy connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Nuclear Power
Conservative delegates vote to support the Trident Programme at their Conference
Trident Programme
Conservative delegates vote to support the Trident programme at their party conference
Death of Yul Brynner
Death of Yul Brynner
Death of George Orson Welles
Death of George Orson Welles
Conference of Conservatives
Ends the conference with a speech offering the Police more men & equipment
Manager
Appointed manager of Leeds United
Manager
Appointed manager of Leeds United
Commonwealth
Opposes sanctions on South Africa at the Nassau Commonwealth Conference. 16-23 October, attends the Commonwealth Prime Minister's conference
Conference of Commonwealth
Opposes sanctions on South Africa at the Nassau Commonwealth Conference. 16-23 October, attends the Commonwealth Prime Minister's conference
Nassau Commonwealth Conference
Opposes sanctions on South Africa at the Nassau Commonwealth Conference
Birth of Wayne Rooney
Birth of Wayne Rooney
Commonwealth Eminent Persons Initiative
Supports the Commonwealth initiative establishing an Eminent Persons Group to encourage negotiations aimed at ending apartheid in South Africa.
ISIS Neutron Source Formal Opening
Formally opens the ISIS pulsed neutron source after it produced its first neutrons in December 1984.
BSPP Mandate
San Yu continues as President after the 1985 one-party election
Tarakanov Roof Cleanup Completion
Oversees completion of the main roof-debris removal operation so work on enclosing the destroyed reactor can continue.
Discovery of Cruithne
Cruithne is discovered by Duncan Waldron on a photographic plate taken with the UK Schmidt Telescope at Siding Spring Observatory, Coonabarabran, Australia. Cruithne and Earth appear to "follow" each other in their paths around the Sun, this is why Cruithne is sometimes called "Earths second moon", however, it does not orbit the Earth and is not a moon
Double O Charity
Dave Gilmour appears on The Tube to help promote Pete Townshends Double O Charity
Reykjavik Summit
Iceland hosts the Reagan-Gorbachev summit, providing the venue for major discussions on nuclear arms reductions during the late Cold War.
Visit to Beijing
Begins 7 day Royal visit to China at Peking
Death of Samora Machel
Death of Samora Machel
Tax Reform Act
The Act lowers rates, broadens the tax base and removes numerous preferences.
Big Bang
London securities markets implement the Big Bang reforms on 27 October 1986, abolishing fixed commissions and changing traditional Stock Exchange ownership and dealing practices.
Metallica
Jason Newsted, formerly of Arizonas Flotsam and Jetsam is asked to join, Newsted officially joins Metallica three weeks after Burtons funeral
South Africa Policy Report
Reports that his Pretoria mission had conveyed positions supported by the European Community, Commonwealth and United States on political reform in South Africa.
Acting President
Becomes acting president after Souphanouvong leaves active office
Kostin Chernobyl Cleanup Archive
Builds an extensive photographic record of decontamination, military operations and the human cost of the disaster.
Tarakanov Cleanup Debrief
Reviews the roof-cleaning operation after thousands of servicemen have taken part in removing highly radioactive debris.
Chernobyl Safety Programme
Uses the Chernobyl experience to reinforce IAEA programmes dealing with reactor safety, emergency preparedness and radiological protection.
Jerusalem Policy
al-Fayez participates in jerusalem policy connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Prime Minister of Tunisia
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali became prime minister of Tunisia.
Election
Wins a second presidential term through an uncontested national referendum.
Presidential Referendum
Receives referendum approval for a second six-year presidential term.
Snow Hill Station Reopening
Birmingham Snow Hill reopens after fifteen years without passenger services.
Tunnel of Love
Releases Tunnel of Love, an introspective album focused on love, doubt and marriage.
Black Monday
The DJIA dropped 95.46 points (a then record) to 2412.70, and fell another 58 points the next day, down over 12% from the August 25 all-time high
Economy of USA
The DJIA dropped 95.46 points (a then record) to 2412.70, and fell another 58 points the next day, down over 12% from the August 25 all-time high
Stock Market Crash
Dramatic falls in the stock market following "black monday" in Wall St
Economy of USA
US Congressman Edward J. Markey, who had been warning about the possibility of a crash, stated that "Program trading was the principal cause"
Black Monday
"Black Monday", the Dow Jones index falls by 22.6% a volume of 604.33 million shares.
Black Monday
A record stock market fall from a record high of 2722 in Aug to 1738 points, the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) dropped by 508 points to 1738.74 (22.61%).
Black Monday
The crash began in Far Eastern markets the morning of October 19,later that morning.
Black Monday
Two US warships shelled an Iranian oil platform in the Persian Gulf in response to Irans Silkworm missile attack on the US flagged ship MV Sea Isle City.
Economy of USA
"Black Monday", the Dow Jones index falls by 22. 6% a volume of 604. 33 million shares. A record stock market fall from a record high of 2722 in Aug to 1738 points, the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) dropped by 508 points to 1738.
Economy of USA
74 (22. 61%)
Economy of USA
The crash began in Far Eastern markets the morning of October 19,later that morning, two US warships shelled an Iranian oil platform in the Persian Gulf in response to Irans Silkworm missile attack on the US flagged ship MV Sea Isle City.
Economy of USA
US Congressman Edward J. Markey, who had been warning about the possibility of a crash, stated that "Program trading was the principal cause".
Iran-Contra Affair
A record stock market fall from a record high of 2722 in Aug to 1738 points
Black Monday Response
The Federal Reserve pledges liquidity after the largest one-day percentage stock-market fall.
Arms Control Negotiations
Reports encouraging progress toward a United States-Soviet intermediate nuclear forces agreement while stressing the importance of effective verification.
October Central Committee Plenum Speech
Criticizes party conservatism and the emerging personality cult around Mikhail Gorbachev at a Central Committee plenum.
Intifada
Start of the first intifada, under Rantissis leadership the organisation becomes known as Hamas, formed later in the year, "Intifada" is the Arabic word for "uprising". 4 children of the Jabalya refugee camp in the Gaza Strip are run over by an Israeli truck, Rantissi, Sheikh Ahmad Yassin, Abdel Fattah Dukhan, Mohammed Shama, ,Ibrahim al-Yazour, Issa al-Najjar, & Salah Shehadeh begin the intifada
Privatization
On 29 October 1987 Lawson announces in the House of Commons that the BP share offer will proceed despite the recent stock-market crash.
IRA - Libyan Arms for IRA
Government record concerning the IRA: The Eksund seizure exposes extensive Libyan supply of weapons and explosives to the IRA.
IRA - Libyan Arms for IRA
Historical IRA record under Government of Libya: The Eksund seizure exposes extensive Libyan supply of weapons and explosives to the IRA.
IRA - Libyan Arms for IRA
IRA context for Muammar Gaddafi: The Eksund seizure exposes extensive Libyan supply of weapons and explosives to the IRA.
IRA - MV Eksund Intercepted
Government record concerning the IRA: French authorities intercept the Eksund carrying a major Libyan arms shipment for the IRA.
IRA - MV Eksund Intercepted
Historical IRA record under Government of Libya: French authorities intercept the Eksund carrying a major Libyan arms shipment for the IRA.
IRA - MV Eksund Intercepted
IRA context for Muammar Gaddafi: French authorities intercept the Eksund carrying a major Libyan arms shipment for the IRA.
Libyan Arms for IRA
The Eksund seizure exposes extensive Libyan supply of weapons and explosives to the IRA.
MV Eksund Intercepted
French authorities intercept the Eksund carrying a major Libyan arms shipment for the IRA.
Speech
Quoted in the press saying, "there is no such thing as society"
Resignation of Yeltsin
Holds a news conference & confirms Yeltsin had threatened to resign from the Politburo
Operation Pawan
Harkirat Singh commands Indian forces during the opening phase of Operation Pawan against the LTTE in northern Sri Lanka.
Strike
The strike collapses after military repression. 5000 are killed during the opening months of the regime
No Plebiscite Victory
Loses the plebiscite proposing that he remain president for another eight years.
Referendum
Loses the national plebiscite seeking an additional presidential term.
Referendum
Publicly accepts the plebiscite result after the No campaign wins.
Manager
Appointed manager of Leeds United
Adamec Government
Begins the Adamec Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Sixth Strougal Government
The Sixth Strougal Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Opel
A collection of out-takes and unheard tracks by Syd is released under the title, "Opel"
Traveling Wilburys Vol 1
Records Traveling Wilburys Vol 1 with Dylan and others.
Traveling Wilburys Vol 1
Releases Traveling Wilburys Vol 1 with the supergroup.
Constitution of Russia
Glasnost leads to the USSR Supreme Soviet dissenting with the Politburo & Central Comm
Freedom
Releases Freedom, restoring his commercial and critical momentum at the end of the 1980s.
Bush Issues a National Security Directive to resume normal relations with Iraq
Bush Issues a National Security Directive to resume normal relations with Iraq
Bush Issues a National Security Directive to resume normal relations with Iraq
Bush Issues a National Security Directive to resume normal relations with Iraq
National Security Directive
Bush Issues a National Security Directive to resume normal relations with Iraq
Nobel Peace Prize Announced
The Norwegian Nobel Committee announces the Peace Prize for the 14th Dalai Lama.
Economy of Great Britain
Official interest rates rise to 15 percent in October 1989 as the Government attempts to restrain inflationary pressure.
Economy of Great Britain
Interest rates rise to 15%
Death of Bette Davis
Death of Bette Davis
Appeal for Non-Violence
Joins prominent Leipzig citizens in appealing for calm and non-violence before the mass demonstration.
Leipzig Mass Demonstration
Around seventy thousand people demonstrate peacefully in Leipzig despite fears of a crackdown.
Leipzig Six Appeal
Participates in the local appeal urging peaceful dialogue during the Leipzig crisis.
Leipzig Six Appeal
Joins the appeal for non-violence and dialogue before the 9 October demonstration.
Arrest of Nelson Mandela
de Klerk announces the release of Mandela
Arrest of Nelson Mandela
de Klerk announces the release of Mandela
Arrest of Walter Sisulu
de Klerk announces the release of Sisulu
Voyager 2 Wide-Angle Camera Shutdown
Voyager 2's wide-angle imaging camera is switched off after completion of its planetary photography.
Second Gro Harlem Brundtland Government
The Second Gro Harlem Brundtland Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Jan P. Syse Government
Begins the Jan P. Syse Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Prime Minister of Norway
Appointed Prime Minister of Norway
General
Appointed General Secretary of the SED, Socialist Unity Party
General
Appointed General Secretary of the SED, Socialist Unity Party
Galileo Launch
NASA launches Galileo, the first mission designed to orbit Jupiter.
Diplomatic Relations
Britain and Argentina agree at Madrid in October 1989 on steps toward restoring normal relations, including arrangements for consular and diplomatic contacts.
Conference of CHOGM
Drafts Britains opposition to sanctions against South Africa
Conference of CHOGM
Drafts a statement outlining the British oppostion to sanctions against South Africa
Commonwealth
Thatcher refuses to join Commonwealth sanctions against South Africa
Sanctions
Thatcher refuses to join Commonwealth sanctions against South Africa
Leipzig Demonstration After Honecker
Faces continuing mass protests in Leipzig after replacing Honecker as SED leader.
Head of State
Appointed Head of State for the GDR
Jerusalem Policy
Kabariti participates in jerusalem policy connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Resignation of Alan Arthur Walters
Resigns as personal Adviser to Maragaret Thatcher
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer
Resignation of Nigel Lawson
Nigel Lawson resigns as Chancellor of the Exchequer in October 1989 after more than six years in the post.
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Minister
Resignation of Nigel Lawson
Thatcher informs Major in private that Lawson is going to resign
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary
Resignation of Alan Arthur Walters
Resigns as personal Adviser to Maragaret Thatcher
Resignation of Nigel Lawson
Lawson resigns as Chabcellor
Conference of CHOGM
Thatcher delivers her Commons statement on the Kuala Lumpur conference
Resignation of Nigel Lawson
Thatcher informs Major in private that Lawson is going to resign
Leipzig Calls for Reform
Leipzig demonstrations continue as protesters demand political reform and free elections.
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, acting
Reballion of Rebels in East Germany
Replaced as leader of the Socialist Unity Party by Egon Krenz
Reballion of Rebels in East Germany
Replaced as leader of the Socialist Unity Party by Egon Krenz
Economy of Great Britain
Major & Hurd convince the Cabinet to sign Britain up to the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) effectively guaranteeing that the British Government would follow a policy preventing the pound and other member currencies from fluctuating by more than 6%
Economy of Great Britain
Major & Hurd convince the Cabinet to sign Britain up to the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) effectively guaranteeing that the British Government would follow a policy preventing the pound and other member currencies from fluctuating by more than 6%
European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)
Major & Hurd convince the Cabinet to sign Britain up to the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) effectively guaranteeing that the British Government would follow a policy preventing the pound and other member currencies from fluctuating by more than 6%
Economy of Great Britain
Major & Hurd convince the Cabinet to sign Britain up to the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) effectively guaranteeing that the British Government would follow a policy preventing the pound and other member currencies from fluctuating by more than 6%
European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)
Major & Hurd convince the Cabinet to sign Britain up to the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) effectively guaranteeing that the British Government would follow a policy preventing the pound and other member currencies from fluctuating by more than 6%
Commonwealth
Attends the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, opposes South African sanctions
Conference of CHOGM
Attends the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, opposes South African sanctions
Sanctions
Opposes sanctions against South Africa
Economy of Great Britain
Major and Hurd convince the Cabinet to sign Britain up to the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) effectively guaranteeing that the British Government would follow a policy preventing the pound and other member currencies from fluctuating by more than 6%.
Economy of Great Britain
With UK inflation at three times the rate of Germany's, interest rates at 15% and the "Lawson Boom" about to bust, the conditions for joining the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) were not favourable at that time.
European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)
Major and Hurd convince the Cabinet to sign Britain up to the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) effectively guaranteeing that the British Government would follow a policy preventing the pound and other member currencies from fluctuating by more than 6%.
European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)
With UK inflation at three times the rate of Germany's, interest rates at 15% and the "Lawson Boom" about to bust, the conditions for joining the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) were not favourable at that time.
Inflation
With UK inflation at three times the rate of Germany's, interest rates at 15% and the "Lawson Boom" about to bust, the conditions for joining the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) were not favourable at that time
Commonwealth
The Commonwealth supports sanctions against South Africa, only Britain is opposed
Conference of CHOGM
The Commonwealth supports sanctions against South Africa, only Britain is opposed
Beit Sahour Solidarity Campaign
Husseini publicly supports Beit Sahour's tax resistance and presents the campaign as an example of organized nonviolent opposition to occupation.
Commonwealth
The Commonwealth supports sanctions against South Africa, ossinly Britain is opposed. The Commonwealth supports sanctions against South Africa, only Britain is opposed
Conference of CHOGM
The Commonwealth supports sanctions against South Africa, only Britain is opposed
Sanctions
The Commonwealth supports sanctions against South Africa, ossinly Britain is opposed
Dyatlov Early Release
Is released early on health grounds on 1 October 1990 after serving part of his ten-year sentence.
RPF Invasion of Rwanda
Leads the RPF invasion from Uganda into Rwanda.
Rwandan Civil War Begins
The attack begins the Rwandan civil war.
First Hubble Science Paper
Lauer submits the first science paper based on Hubble observations, studying the core of galaxy NGC 7457.
Constitution of Germany
The German Democratic Republic ceases to exist at midnight
German Democratic Republic
The German Democratic Republic ceases to exist at midnight
Unification
The German Democratic Republic ceases to exist at midnight
Death of Fred Rwigyema
Is killed shortly after the RPF invasion begins.
RPF Commander Killed
His death creates an immediate leadership crisis in the RPF.
German Unification and Community Law
The former East Germany entered the European Community framework through German reunification during Delors's Commission presidency.
Ulysses Launch
Begins the Ulysses mission to explore the heliosphere outside the ecliptic and map the solar wind over a wide range of solar latitudes.
Temple Mount Killings
Faces intensified unrest after Israeli police kill Palestinians at the Temple Mount Haram al Sharif.
Intifada, 1st
The Temple Mount Haram al Sharif killings intensify anger during the First Intifada
Temple Mount Killings
Condemns the Temple Mount Haram al Sharif killings as the uprising intensifies.
Death of John Winston Lennon
On what would have been John Lennons 50th birthday, "Imagine" is broadcast simultaneously in 130 countries
Economy of Great Britain
Inflation rises to 10.9%
Inflation
Inflation rises to 10.9%
UN Security Council Resolution 672
Receives Council condemnation after the Temple Mount Haram al Sharif killings.
UN Security Council Resolution 672
Perez de Cuellar is asked to examine the Jerusalem violence after Resolution 672 condemns acts that caused Palestinian deaths and injuries.
End of Michel Aoun Military Challenge
Lebanese and Syrian forces move against General Michel Aoun's rival administration, forcing him from the presidential palace and removing the principal armed challenge to President Elias Hrawi's government.
Remasters
Oversees the Led Zeppelin boxed set remastering project.
Kagame Returns to Lead RPF
Reorganizes rebel forces after Rwigyema's death.
RPF Command Assumed
Returns from military studies abroad to lead the RPF.
Apartheid
The South African National Party opens its membership to all races
General Election - General Election Defeat
The Pakistan Peoples Party loses the 1990 election to the Islamic Democratic Alliance.
General Election Defeat Election Outcome
General election outcome recorded for Benazir Bhutto: The Pakistan Peoples Party loses the 1990 election to the Islamic Democratic Alliance.
General Election Defeat Government
Government context for this general election: The Pakistan Peoples Party loses the 1990 election to the Islamic Democratic Alliance.
General Election Defeat
The Pakistan Peoples Party loses the 1990 election to the Islamic Democratic Alliance.
General Election - General Election
Nawaz Sharif's alliance wins the general election.
General Election Election Outcome
General election outcome recorded for Nawaz Sharif: Nawaz Sharif's alliance wins the general election.
General Election Government
Government context for this general election: Nawaz Sharif's alliance wins the general election.
General Election
Nawaz Sharif's alliance wins the general election.
UN Security Council Resolution 673
Reports as the Council deplores Israel's refusal to receive a UN mission.
UN Security Council Resolution 673
Perez de Cuellar continues efforts to investigate conditions after Resolution 673 deplores Israel's refusal to receive the Secretary-General's mission.
Rome European Council on EMU
Represents Germany as leaders advance preparations for the second stage of economic and monetary union.
Rome European Council on EMU
Mitsotakis joins the Rome summit as governments design the institutions and timetable for the next monetary-union phase.
Rome Special European Council
Hosts the special European Council that advances plans for political union and monetary union.
Rome EMU Timetable
Supports work on the timetable and institutional design for economic and monetary union.
Rome Monetary Union Discussions
Represents Greek economic policy during negotiations on the institutional design of monetary union.
European Political Union
Supports the Rome conclusions favouring gradual transformation of the Community into a political union.
European Monetary Union
Supports the Rome conclusions advancing the second stage of economic and monetary union.
Election
Non Communist Parties triumph in elections in Georgia & call for independence
Independence of Georgia
Non Communist Parties triumph in elections in Georgia & call for independence
Independence of Russia
Non Communist Parties triumph in elections in Georgia & call for independence
Government
Forms a minority socialist Government
No No No Speech
Rejects proposals for deeper European political union in the House of Commons.
Minister of State for Agriculture
Nitish Kumar serves as Union Minister of State for Agriculture.
Treaty of Re-Unification
East & West Germany sign the re-unification Treaty
Unification
East & West Germany sign the re-unification Treaty
Secretary-General Jerusalem Report
Perez de Cuellar reports to the Security Council on conditions following the October killings at Haram al-Sharif and related unrest.
Pucca Qila Violence
Violence at Pucca Qila deepens ethnic conflict in Sindh.
Presidential Mandate
Presidency is confirmed through a Soviet-era presidential vote
Government Reorganized
Continues as Prime Minister as the presidency is introduced in Turkmenistan
Siege of Dubrovnik Begins
Leads Croatia as Yugoslav forces attack the Dubrovnik region.
First Appointment as Prime Minister
The opposition leader becomes prime minister during negotiations over democratic transition.
Siege of Dubrovnik Begins
Directs the Yugoslav military during operations around Dubrovnik.
National Indoor Arena
The National Indoor Arena opens for sport, concerts and large public events.
Soyuz TM-13 Docking
Arrives aboard Mir and joins Sergei Krikalev, forming the station's next long-duration resident crew during a period of political change.
Soviet Reciprocal Nuclear Initiatives
Announces reciprocal Soviet reductions and changes to tactical nuclear forces following the United States initiative.
Nuclear Power
Major says Britain will keep Trident
Trident
Major says Britain will keep Trident as its independent nuclear deterrent
Nuclear Power
Announces nuclear cuts
Chief Minister Appointed
Reuben Meade becomes Chief Minister after the 1991 election
Clarence Thomas Hearings
Chairs Supreme Court confirmation hearings for Clarence Thomas.
Independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The Bosnian Parliament votes for national sovereignty
Prime Minister Takes Office
Sergey Tereshchenko becomes Prime Minister during the independence transition
Prime Minister of Romania
Stolojan forms a government following Petre Roman's resignation.
Madrid Conference Invitations
Baker helps finalize invitations to the Madrid Peace Conference after months of diplomacy with Israeli, Palestinian and Arab representatives.
Harare Declaration Adopted
Commonwealth leaders adopt the Harare Declaration during a summit hosted by Zimbabwe.
Harare Declaration
Mugabe hosts the Commonwealth summit that adopts the Harare Declaration.
Dismissal as Prime Minister
Mobutu dismisses Tshisekedi after a brief confrontation over executive authority.
JFK
Garrisons investigation again received widespread attention through Oliver Stones 1991 film, JFK, which was largely based on Garrisons book On the Trail of the Assassins as well as Jim Marrs Crossfire: The Plot That Killed Kennedy
Weld
Releases Weld, a live album capturing his noisy early-1990s tour with Crazy Horse.
Appointment as Prime Minister
Mobutu appoints Mungul Diaka after removing Tshisekedi.
Paris Peace Accords
Khmer Rouge refuse to fully comply with the Paris Peace Accords
Paris Accords Government
Hun Sen remains Prime Minister during the Paris Peace Accords settlement
Serb Assembly
A separate Serb Assembly is founded in Banja Luka to exclusively represent the Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Serb Assembly
A separate Serb Assembly is founded in order to exclusively represent the Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Galileo Gaspra Flyby
Galileo becomes the first spacecraft to make a close encounter with an asteroid when it passes Gaspra.
Gaspra Surface Imaging
Galileo images Gaspra as an irregular, heavily cratered asteroid with a surface layer of loose material.
Intifada, 1st
Israel attends the Madrid Conference as the First Intifada helps force renewed peace diplomacy
Madrid Conference
Leads Israel to the Madrid Conference, opening direct talks after years of Intifada violence.
Madrid Conference
Serves as a leading voice for the Palestinian delegation at Madrid.
Madrid Conference
Participates in the Madrid process as Palestinian diplomacy enters direct talks.
Madrid Conference
Co-sponsors the Madrid Peace Conference with the Soviet Union.
Palestinian Delegation Address at Madrid
Ashrawi speaks for the Palestinian delegation at Madrid and presents its case for ending occupation through direct political negotiations.
Commonwealth
The Commonwealth Conference makes the Harare Declaration on good Government. Attends the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting
Conference of Commonwealth
Attends the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting
Declaration of Harare
The Commonwealth Conference makes the Harare Declaration on good Government
Palestinian Madrid Delegation Authorized
Arafat authorizes Palestinian representatives to participate in the Madrid peace process despite his own exclusion from the formal delegation.
Minister of Finance
Appointed Minister of Finance, Deputy
Minister of State
Appointed Minister of State Security
Election
Elected to Parliament
Shuttle Diplomacy
Uses shuttle diplomacy to bring Israeli, Arab and Palestinian representatives to Madrid.
President of Estonia
Appointed President of Estonia
Death of Willy Brandt
Death of Willy Brandt
Treaty of Maastricht
Publishes an article in The European opposing British ratification of the Maastricht Treaty.
Maastricht Treaty Support
Publicly defends ratification of the Maastricht Treaty and challenges Conservative Eurosceptic arguments against European integration.
President of Ghana
Appointed President of Ghana
Sanctions
The United Nations United Nations General Assembly has condemned the embargo as a violation of international law every year since 1992
Sanctions-Cuba
The United Nations United Nations General Assembly has condemned the embargo as a violation of international law every year since 1992
Prime Minister of Estonia
Appointed Prime Minister of Estonia, 1st term
Birmingham European Council
Represents Denmark as European leaders address public confidence, subsidiarity and the continuing Maastricht ratification problem.
Coal Industry
Makes a major Commons statement on contraction and proposed closures in the coal industry.
Pit Closures Review
Faces Commons debate on proposed pit closures and the Government review of the coal industry.
Death of Earling Carothers Jim Garrison
Death of Earling Carothers "Jim" Garrison
Charlottetown Accord
Sees the Charlottetown Accord rejected in a national referendum.
Danish EMU Reservation Proposal
Supports the Danish demand for a special arrangement concerning participation in the third stage of economic and monetary union.
Danish Opt-Out Negotiating Mandate
Uses Denmark in Europe as the negotiating basis for securing special arrangements from the other member states.
Justice and Home Affairs Safeguard Proposal
Supports constitutional safeguards for Danish participation in future justice and home-affairs cooperation under the Maastricht framework.
Denmark in Europe
The government submits Denmark in Europe, identifying defence, monetary union, citizenship and justice issues requiring special arrangements.
Anniversary
Attends the 50th anniversary of the Battle of El Alamein.
Conference of Conservatives
Annual Conservative Party Conference, Thatcher & Tebbit oppose the Maastricht Treaty
Conservative Conference Intervention
Encourages Conservative resistance to further European political integration.
Opposition to Maastricht
Publicly opposes the Maastricht settlement during the Conservative conference.
Election
Elected Member of National Executive Council
NEC
Appointmed Member of National Executive Council
Labour NEC Election
Brown is elected to Labour's National Executive Committee.
Minister of Finance
Appointed Minister of Finance
Assassination of Lee Harvey Oswald
Carlin informs Gary Shaw that there was a conspiracy to kill Oswald & Ruby asked her to phone him to give him an alibi
Assassination of Lee Harvey Oswald
Carlin mentions 2 names to Gary Shaw, Carlos Marcello and Santos Trafficante, Jr. in the plot to kill Oswald. Carlin informs Gary Shaw that there was a conspiracy to kill Oswald & Ruby asked her to phone him to give him an alibi
Emergency Rule during October Crisis
Declares emergency measures in Moscow as armed clashes escalate between the presidency and parliamentary opponents.
Ostankino Crisis Response
Orders security forces to defend key government and broadcasting facilities during armed attacks in Moscow.
Election
Wins a third presidential term through an uncontested referendum.
Presidential Referendum
Receives referendum approval for another six-year presidential term.
October Parliamentary Crisis Ends
Government forces regain control after armed clashes with parliamentary opponents in Moscow.
Al-Qaeda
Members of a Somali militia shoot down two Black Hawk helicopters, the US believes that Al-Qaeda fighters helped train those responsible for the incident in which 18 American servicemen were killed
Indigenous Law
Promulgates legislation recognizing indigenous peoples and creating the national indigenous development corporation.
International Accord at Cairo
Yitzhak Rabin and PLO chief Yasser Arafat hold their first official meeting in Cairo, Egypt, to begin work on realizing terms of the Israeli-PLO accord
PLO
Yitzhak Rabin and PLO chief Yasser Arafat hold their first official meeting in Cairo, Egypt, to begin work on realizing terms of the Israeli-PLO accord
General Election
Fresh elections follow the constitutional crisis and the resignations of the President and Prime Minister.
General Election - General Election
The Pakistan Peoples Party emerges as the largest party in the 1993 election.
General Election Election Outcome
General election outcome recorded for Benazir Bhutto: The Pakistan Peoples Party emerges as the largest party in the 1993 election.
General Election Government
Government context for this general election: The Pakistan Peoples Party emerges as the largest party in the 1993 election.
General Election
The Pakistan Peoples Party emerges as the largest party in the 1993 election.
National Human Rights Commission
The National Human Rights Commission is established under the Protection of Human Rights Act.
Treaty of Maastricht
Leads Germany when it submits its Maastricht ratification notification to the Italian depositary.
Foreign Secretary of Greece
Papoulias returns as Minister for Foreign Affairs.
Nobel Prize for Binary Pulsar
Taylor shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for work on the binary pulsar that enabled precise measurements consistent with orbital energy loss through gravitational waves.
Nobel Prize for Binary Pulsar
Hulse shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering the binary pulsar whose orbital behaviour opened a new experimental route to studying gravitation and gravitational radiation.
Black Hole Complementarity
With Leonard Susskind and John Uglum, develops the stretched-horizon formulation of black hole complementarity.
Black Hole Complementarity
With Larus Thorlacius and John Uglum, develops black hole complementarity using a stretched-horizon description.
Prime Minister of Pakistan
Benazir Bhutto begins her second term as Prime Minister.
Currency Reform
Birindwa's government introduces the new zaire during severe monetary instability.
Prime Minister Takes Office
Haris Silajdzic becomes Prime Minister of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
World Gone Wrong
Releases World Gone Wrong.
Death of River Phoenix
Death of River Phoenix
Assassination of Edwin Walker
Death of Edwin Walker
Assassination of Melchior Ndadaye
Assassinated during a coup
Coup
Assassinated during a coup
Peacekeeping Mission Leadership
Begins supervising implementation of the Arusha peace agreement.
UNAMIR Command
Takes command of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda.
Conference of Conservatives
Launches "Back to Basics" policy
Parliamentary Bust
Receives unusual parliamentary recognition through a commissioned bust during his lifetime.
Communist Activity Restricted after October Crisis
Temporarily restricts organizations implicated in the armed confrontation surrounding the Russian parliament.
Post-Crisis Constitutional Referendum Scheduled
Moves ahead with plans for a December constitutional referendum after the parliamentary confrontation ends.
Communist Party
Yeltsin temporarily bans the party again for its role in the Supreme Soviets just-concluded attempt to overthrow his administration
Coup
Yeltsin temporarily bans the party again for its role in the Supreme Soviets just-concluded attempt to overthrow his administration
Constitution of Great Britain
1st conference speech as leader calling on the party to drop clause IV
Long-Duration Female Residency Begins
Arrives aboard Soyuz TM-20 and begins the first long-duration spaceflight by a woman while serving on Mir's resident crew.
Israel and Jordan open the first road link between the two countries
Israel and Jordan open the first road link between the two countries
No Quarter
Reunites with Page for No Quarter and reworked Led Zeppelin material.
Premiership Ends
Tereshchenko leaves the prime ministership
Prime Minister Takes Office
Akezhan Kazhegeldin becomes Prime Minister under Nazarbayev
Magellan Mission End
Magellan is deliberately lowered into Venus's atmosphere, ending a mission that mapped almost the entire planet by radar.
Peace Treaty
Leaders of Israel and Jordan initial a draft peace Treaty
Bombing of Tel Aviv
A Palestinian suicide bomber kills 22 Israelis and wounds 48 in a bus explosion in Tel Aviv, Hamas take responsibility
Hamas
A Palestinian suicide bomber kills 22 Israelis and wounds 48 in a bus explosion in Tel Aviv, Hamas take responsibility
Suicide
A Palestinian suicide bomber kills 22 Israelis and wounds 48 in a bus explosion in Tel Aviv, Hamas take responsibility
US North Korea Agreed Framework
The United States and North Korea conclude the Agreed Framework addressing North Korea's nuclear programme.
Connection UK Chart
Connection enters the UK singles chart and becomes one of Elastica's best-known Britpop-era songs.
Hamas
Violence breaks out in the Gaza Strip, a day after Israeli undercover soldiers kill Imad Akel, the head of the military wing of Hamas
Assassination of Imad Akel
Violence breaks out in the Gaza Strip, a day after Israeli undercover soldiers kill Imad Akel, the head of the military wing of Hamas
Death of Imad Akel
Violence breaks out in the Gaza Strip, a day after Israeli undercover soldiers kill Imad Akel, the head of the military wing of Hamas
Hamas
Violence breaks out in the Gaza Strip, a day after Israeli undercover soldiers kill Imad Akel, the head of the military wing of Hamas
Peace Treaty
Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin of Israel and Prime Minister Abdel Salam Majali of Jordan sign a peace Treaty in a ceremony attended by President Clinton
Prime Minister of Estonia
Appointed Prime Minister of Estonia
Babies Reissue Breakthrough
Pulp's reissued single Babies reaches the UK top twenty during the band's commercial breakthrough.
National Lottery
Launches the National Lottery
Post-Genocide UN Mediation
Shaharyar M. Khan leads UN political efforts supporting post-genocide stabilization in Rwanda.
Refugee Repatriation Diplomacy
Shaharyar M. Khan works with Rwandan authorities and international agencies on refugee return and reconciliation.
Economy of South Africa
The Reconstruction & Development Programme is launched
United Nations
South Africa returns to the United Nations
Trial
Is convicted in the United States of conspiring to conduct bombings and assassinations.
Trial
A federal jury at New York finds Sheik Omar Abdel Rahman and nine other militant Muslims guilty of conspiring to carry out a campaign of terrorist bombings and assassinations aimed at forcing Washington to abandon its support of Israel
Liverpool Comeback Penalty
Cantona returned from suspension against Liverpool and scored from the penalty spot in a 2-2 draw at Old Trafford.
Political Support
A federal jury at New York finds Sheik Omar Abdel Rahman and nine other militant Muslims guilty of conspiring to carry out a campaign of terrorist bombings and assassinations aimed at forcing Washington to abandon its support of Israel
Political Support
A federal jury at New York finds Sheik Omar Abdel Rahman and nine other militant Muslims guilty of conspiring to carry out a campaign of terrorist bombings and assassinations aimed at forcing Washington to abandon its support of Israel
Visit to The US on a whirlwind tour
Pope John Paul II visits the US on a whirlwind tour
Oslo II
Supports Knesset approval of the Interim Agreement after fierce debate over the future of the West Bank.
Oslo II
Opposes the Interim Agreement during the Knesset debate, warning that the territorial withdrawals endanger Israeli security.
Defection
Tory Member of Parliament and former minister Alan Howarth resigns from the Tories and crosses the floor
Arrest of Two women convicted of anti-Israeli violence
Israel releases 900 Palestinian prisoners but President Ezer Weissman has held up the pardon of two women arrested for antii violence, contravening a core provision of a pact signed in September
Rule of West Bank
Israel begins a West Bank pullback and freed hundreds of Palestinian prisoners
Ceasefire
A new cease-fire takes effect, electricity is restored in Sarajevo, the three major participants (Slobodan Milosevic of Serbia, Alija Izetbegovic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Franjo Tudjman of Croatia) initial a US ceasefire
Siege of Sarajevo
The Dayton negotiations create the peace framework for Bosnia.
Bluetonic Top Twenty
Bluetonic reaches the UK Top Twenty as The Bluetones build momentum before their debut album.
Government Departmental Priorities
Answers Commons questions concerning coordination of departmental priorities.
Extension of Elias Hrawi Presidency
Parliament amends the constitution to extend President Elias Hrawi's term by three years, allowing him to remain in office until November 1998.
Lieutenant General
Pervez Musharraf is promoted to lieutenant general.
Bosnia Discussions at Hyde Park
Discusses Bosnia peace implementation and possible Russian participation alongside NATO forces with Bill Clinton.
Hyde Park Summit with Clinton
Meets Bill Clinton at Hyde Park for talks on Bosnia, NATO, arms control and Chechnya.
United Nations celebrates its 50th anniversary at New York with a
The United Nations celebrates its 50th anniversary at New York with a gathering of more than 140 heads of state (the largest such gathering in world history)
United Nations
The United Nations celebrates its 50th anniversary at New York with a gathering of more than 140 heads of state (the largest such gathering in world history)
United Nations celebrates its 50th anniversary at New York with a
The United Nations celebrates its 50th anniversary at New York with a gathering of more than 140 heads of state (the largest such gathering in world history)
Quebec Referendum
Campaigns for federal unity in Quebec second sovereignty referendum.
Rule of Quebec
Quebec votes to remain part of Canada, but provincial separatists lose only by a narrow margin (50.6 percent to 49.4) and vow to continue their efforts
Different Class Album Release
Releases Different Class with Pulp at the height of the Britpop era.
Death of Alexander Frederick Douglas-Home
Death of Alec Douglas-Home, age of 93
Oslo II
Begins preparing security coordination arrangements connected to Palestinian self-rule in West Bank areas.
Beilin Abu Mazen Framework
Abbas and Israeli politician Yossi Beilin worked on an unofficial framework addressing issues that would arise in a permanent-status settlement. The document became known as the Beilin-Abu Mazen understanding and illustrated Abbas's preference for negotiated final-status arrangements.
Discovery of 51 Pegasi b
Co-discovers 51 Pegasi b through precise radial-velocity measurements.
Discovery of 51 Pegasi b
Announces the first confirmed exoplanet orbiting a Sun-like star with Didier Queloz.
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 2nd term
Confirmation of 51 Pegasi b
Independently confirms the short-period radial-velocity signal produced by 51 Pegasi b.
Confirmation of 51 Pegasi b
Helps independently confirm 51 Pegasi b with precision radial-velocity observations.
Arsenal Managerial Appointment
Wenger formally began his Arsenal managerial tenure in October 1996, becoming the clubโs first manager recruited from outside Britain.
Washington Emergency Peace Summit
Arafat joins Clinton, Netanyahu and King Hussein in Washington after deadly clashes threaten the peace process following the Western Wall tunnel crisis.
Health of Lance Armstrong
Has an orchiectomy to remove the diseased testicle, asked in an interview what Armstrongs chances are, Dr. Reeves, the surgeon, says "Almost none. We told Lance initially 20 to 50% chance, mainly to give him hope. But with the kind of cancer he had, with the x-rays, the blood tests, almost no hope."
Dayton Presidency Begins
Alija Izetbegovic begins the post-Dayton collective Presidency as chairman
Presidency Member Takes Office
Kresimir Zubak becomes Croat member of the collective Presidency
Presidency Member Takes Office
Momcilo Krajisnik becomes Serb member of the collective Presidency
Compostela Solo Goal
Scores a celebrated solo goal after running from inside his own half against Compostela.
First Arsenal Match at Blackburn
Wenger opened his Arsenal managerial career with a 2-0 Premier League victory away to Blackburn Rovers, providing an immediate winning start.
Movement Weakens
Remaining forces fragment into rival factions
INRA Law
The government enacts the INRA Law governing land reform and property regularisation.
ADFL Rebellion
Leads the ADFL rebellion against Mobutu.
Rwandan-Backed Advance
Rwanda and Uganda provide major military support.
Convention on Nuclear Safety Enters Force
The Convention on Nuclear Safety enters into force, strengthening the international nuclear safety framework.
Third Gro Harlem Brundtland Government
The Third Gro Harlem Brundtland Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Prime Minister of Norway
Appointed Prime Minister of Norway
Thorbjรธrn Jagland Government
Begins the Thorbjรธrn Jagland Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Keys to Ascension
Rejoins Yes for the Keys to Ascension concert and studio project.
Government Response to Eastern Rebellion
Mobutu's government mobilises against the expanding Alliance of Democratic Forces for Liberation.
Alliance of Democratic Forces Formed
Becomes political leader of the AFDL coalition challenging Mobutu's rule in eastern Zaire.
Financial Stability Review Launched
Edward George serves as Governor when the Bank of England launches the Financial Stability Review to examine risks affecting the financial system.
Manifesto
The manifesto entitled New Labour is endorsed by Conference
New Labour
The manifesto entitled New Labour is endorsed by Conference
Election
Sharif returns to power in February 1997 with such a huge majority that the result is immediately questioned by Bhuttos Pakistan Peoples Party, Sharif won by obtaining 90 percent of the national votes cast. Serves as leader of the opposition while Nawaz Sharif becomes Prime Minister for the next three years. After being dismissed by the then-president of Pakistan on charges of corruption, Bhuttos party loses the October elections
Dismissal
Yeltsin dismisses Lebed as Secretary of the Security Council, because he had used it as a platform to attempt to become Russias strongman
Alexander Lebed Dismissed
Dismisses Security Council Secretary Alexander Lebed after growing rivalry inside the presidential administration.
Cross-Border Militia Threat
Rwanda increasingly views the refugee camps as a security threat.
Refugee Camp Security Policy
Confronts armed ex-FAR and militia based in eastern Zaire.
Banyamulenge Crisis
Faces rebellion in eastern Zaire involving Banyamulenge forces.
Eastern Zaire Rebellion Begins
Rwanda and Uganda increasingly support anti-Mobutu forces.
Treaty of Schengen
Derycke backs the shift from separate Schengen machinery to cooperation through EU institutions. Belgian policy links freer movement with close Benelux cooperation.
Treaty of Schengen
In Belgium, Vande Lanotte supports uninterrupted border, police and justice cooperation during the move into EU law. Brussels also stresses coordinated policing and external-border safeguards.
Treaty of Schengen
During the Schengen process, Dehaene supports Amsterdam's decision to bring the Schengen acquis inside the European Union framework. Belgian officials favour gradual implementation backed by shared security measures.
Treaty of Schengen
Vedrine accepts moving Schengen rules from intergovernmental cooperation into the Union's legal order. French policy couples freer movement with stronger police coordination.
Treaty of Schengen
In France, Chevenement works to preserve practical border, police and justice cooperation during the transition into EU law. Paris also emphasises effective controls at the Schengen area's external frontier.
Amsterdam Treaty Signature
Jospin represented France's government as the Amsterdam Treaty was signed to reform the European Union.
Treaty of Schengen
During the Schengen process, Jospin endorses Amsterdam's Schengen Protocol, which brings the acquis inside the European Union treaty system. The French approach stresses both free movement and compensating security measures.
Treaty of Amsterdam Signature
Kinkel signs Germany's instrument at Amsterdam, accepting reforms to Union institutions, employment policy and justice cooperation.
Treaty of Amsterdam
Greater citizenship and rights of individuals, more democracy & increased powers for the European Parliament, a new title on employment & an EU Community area of freedom, security and justice
Treaty of Amsterdam
The Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty of the European Union, the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts, commonly known as the Amsterdam Treaty.
Treaty of Amsterdam
The beginnings of a common foreign EU and security policy (CFSP) and the reform of the institutions in the run-up to enlargement. Substantial changes to the Treaty on European Union, EU, which had been signed at Maastricht in 1992.
Treaty of Schengen
During the Schengen process, Kohl backs Amsterdam's decision to place the Schengen acquis within the institutions of the European Union. The German approach combines mobility with coordinated frontier safeguards.
Treaty of Schengen
Kinkel supports giving existing Schengen rules formal standing inside the EU treaty structure. German policy links open internal borders with stronger external controls.
Treaty of Schengen
In Germany, Kanther backs continued operational cooperation while Schengen moves from an intergovernmental system into EU law. Bonn also backs intensive police cooperation between participating states.
Treaty of Amsterdam
Pangalos signs Amsterdam's reform treaty, committing Greece to changes in institutions, employment policy and justice cooperation.
Treaty of Amsterdam
Dini signs Italy's instrument at Amsterdam, accepting reforms to Union institutions, employment policy and justice cooperation.
Treaty of Schengen
van Mierlo backs replacing the separate Schengen structure with cooperation conducted through EU institutions. Dutch policy stresses coordinated justice, policing and migration procedures.
Treaty of Schengen
In Netherlands, Sorgdrager helps maintain practical policing and justice links while Schengen is folded into the European Union. The Hague also supports common visa rules and effective external controls.
Treaty of Schengen
During the Schengen process, Kok supports Amsterdam's protocol for absorbing the Schengen acquis into the Union's legal machinery. The Dutch approach combines mobility with common security safeguards.
General Secretary
Becomes general secretary of the Workers Party.
Reform of Government
Pledges to reduce the maximum length of the working week from 39 to 35 hrs by 2000
Premiership Ends
Kazhegeldin resigns as Prime Minister
Prime Minister Takes Office
Nurlan Balgimbayev becomes Prime Minister
Urban Hymns Number One
Urban Hymns enters the UK albums chart at number one and becomes The Verve's defining commercial success.
Constitution of Poland
A new constitution comes into effect
First Kjell Magne Bondevik Government
Begins the First Kjell Magne Bondevik Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Prime Minister of Norway
Appointed Prime Minister of Norway, 1st term
Thorbjรธrn Jagland Government
The Thorbjรธrn Jagland Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Single Currency Position
Brown says Britain will not join the single currency during that Parliament.
Genesis Mission Selection
Leads the Genesis proposal selected by NASA to collect solar-wind atoms in space and return the material to Earth for precise laboratory analysis.
EMU Entry Assessment
Brown concludes that the five economic tests for early euro entry are not met.
Five Tests Statement
Brown tells Parliament that euro membership depends on five economic assessments.
Five Economic Tests
Brown sets five economic tests governing any decision to join the European single currency.
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland, 1st term
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
The nation is named the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan and is recognized by Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates
Save the Pound
Launches Conservative opposition to joining the euro.
Return to Power after Civil War
Returns to power after his forces, backed by Angolan troops, defeat Pascal Lissouba's government.
Manager
Appointed manager of Leeds United
Chief of Army Staff
Pervez Musharraf is appointed Chief of Army Staff.
Presidency Member Re-Elected
Alija Izetbegovic continues as Bosniak member of the Presidency
Presidency Member Takes Office
Ante Jelavic becomes Croat member of the Presidency
Presidency Member Takes Office
Zivko Radisic becomes Serb member of the Presidency
Election of Emile Lahoud
Parliament elects army commander Emile Lahoud as President of Lebanon, preparing the transfer of office from Elias Hrawi the following month.
Europa Induced Magnetic Field
Galileo magnetic data support the presence of an electrically conducting layer, consistent with a salty subsurface ocean.
Wye River Memorandum
Signs the Wye River Memorandum after US mediation with Yasser Arafat.
Wye River Memorandum
Signs the Wye River Memorandum with Netanyahu.
Wye River Memorandum
Mediates the Wye River Memorandum between Netanyahu and Arafat.
Accords of Oslo
Clinton hosts Netanyahu and Arafat at Wye River to revive Oslo implementation
I've Been Expecting You
Releases I've Been Expecting You, consolidating his solo success after Life Thru a Lens.
Alternative Vote Plus
Recommends the Alternative Vote Plus system for elections to the House of Commons.
Jenkins Commission Report
Publishes the commission report proposing an Alternative Vote Plus electoral system.
Democratic Turn
Forms a reform government after Meciar's defeat.
Iraq Liberation Act
Signs Iraq Liberation Act, it becomes US Policy to support "regime change" in Iraq
Legislation
Congress made findings of past Iraqi military actions in violation of International Law and that Iraq had denied entry of United Nations Special Commission on Iraq (UNSCOM) inspectors into its country.
Legislation
Signs Iraq Liberation Act, it becomes US Policy to support "regime change" in Iraq.
Legislation
The Act anticipates the future need for War Crimes Tribunals in Iraq.
Legislation
The stated purpose is: "to establish a program to support a transition to democracy in Iraq".
Legislation
Congress made findings of past Iraqi military actions in violation of International Law and that Iraq had denied entry of United Nations Special Commission on Iraq (UNSCOM) inspectors into its country
United Nations
Congress made findings of past Iraqi military actions in violation of International Law and that Iraq had denied entry of United Nations Special Commission on Iraq (UNSCOM) inspectors into its country
Black Sabbath
Two-CD set "Reunion" is released, featuring all four of Black Sabbath's original members (Iommi, Osbourne, Butler, Ward)
Ive Been Expecting You
The 2nd solo Album, "Ive Been Expecting You", continues the James Bond theme & tops the UK charts
Memoirs
Publishes memoirs reflecting on his political career and premiership.
Invasion of Iraq
In October 1998, removing the Hussein regime became official US foreign policy with enactment of the "Iraq Liberation Act"
Iraq Liberation Act
In October 1998, removing the Hussein regime became official US foreign policy with enactment of the "Iraq Liberation Act"
Death of Lena Zavaroni
Death of Lena Zavaroni
Premiership Ends
Balgimbayev leaves office as Prime Minister
Prime Minister Takes Office
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev becomes Prime Minister
Rule of Chechnya
Putin cuts ties with the elected Government of Chechnya
Hours
Releases Hours, an album connected to music written for the video game Omikron: The Nomad Soul.
Death of David Pieter de Villiers Graaff
Death of David Pieter de Villiers Graaff
Working Families Tax Credit
Brown introduces a tax credit intended to make employment pay for lower-income families.
Government
Reshuffles the Cabinet, forms a coaliton with the Liberal Party & the New Komeito
Reballion of Rebels in Chechnya
Putin plans to resettle thousands of Chechens in areas under Russian control, an indication that Moscow plans to split Chechnya in two
Rule of Chechnya
Putin plans to resettle thousands of Chechens in areas under Russian control, an indication that Moscow plans to split Chechnya in two
Debut
Makes internationaal debut for England, in a 21 friendly win over Belgium
Galileo October Io Flyby
Galileo passes roughly 611 kilometres above Io, beginning exceptionally close extended-mission studies of the volcanic moon.
Chief Executive of Pakistan
Musharraf governs as Chief Executive while President Rafiq Tarar remains formal head of state.
Constitutional Suspension
Musharraf suspends constitutional government after the military takeover.
Military Coup
The armed forces remove Nawaz Sharif and install Pervez Musharraf as Chief Executive.
Removal by Coup
A military coup removes Nawaz Sharif from office.
Coup
Pervez Musharraf becomes Pakistan's Chief Executive after the military removes Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.
New NDA Government
Vajpayee begins a new term as Prime Minister at the head of a National Democratic Alliance coalition.
Chandra Observes Andromeda Core
NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory obtains a deep view of the M31 nucleus and surrounding X-ray sources, including emission near the central black hole position.
Provisional Constitutional Order
Musharraf issues a provisional order governing the post-coup constitutional system.
Death of Julius Kambarage Nyerere
Death of Julius Nyerere
Death of Julius Kambarage Nyerere
Death of Julius Kambarage Nyerere
Election
Botswana election results show the ruling Botswana Democratic Party of Pres. Festus Mogae winning 30 of 40 seats in the National Assembly
National Assembly
Botswana election results show the ruling Botswana Democratic Party of Pres. Festus Mogae winning 30 of 40 seats in the National Assembly
Election
Botswana election results show the ruling Botswana Democratic Party of Pres. Festus Mogae winning 30 of 40 seats in the National Assembly
National Assembly
Botswana election results show the ruling Botswana Democratic Party of Pres. Festus Mogae winning 30 of 40 seats in the National Assembly
UNAMSIL Established
UN Security Council establishes UNAMSIL peacekeeping mission in Sierra Leone
Legislative Election
Tunisia held legislative elections alongside the presidential election.
Presidential Election
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali won a presidential election contested by more than one candidate.
UNTAET Established
UN Transitional Administration in East Timor is created
Election
Equal 2nd with the OVP, 27% of the vote
Disaster
A super cyclone devastates Odisha, killing thousands and causing extensive destruction.
Resignation of Joseph Kevin Keegan
Keegan resigned as England coach after England lost to a Dietmar Hamann goal for Germany in their first World Cup qualifier in the last game to be played at Wembley Stadium before its demolition and reconstruction.
October 2000 Protests
Barak faces major protests among Palestinian citizens of Israel as police and demonstrators clash during the opening days of the uprising.
UN Security Council Resolution 1322
Receives Council condemnation of violence after the Temple Mount Haram al Sharif crisis
Death of Donald Dewar
Death of Donald Dewar
Ramallah Lynching Crisis
Barak orders a military response after two Israeli reservists are killed by a Palestinian crowd at a Ramallah police station.
Al-Qaeda
Two suicide attackers ram a boat carrying explosives into the USS Cole in Aden port killing 17 American sailors
Bombing of USS Cole
Two suicide attackers ram a boat carrying explosives into the USS Cole in Aden port killing 17 American sailors
Suicide
Two suicide attackers ram a boat carrying explosives into the USS Cole in Aden port killing 17 American sailors
Aden Terrorism Investigation
Yemeni authorities cooperate with international investigators.
USS Cole Attack Response
Government responds after the USS Cole is bombed in Aden.
Presidency Member Takes Office
Jozo Krizanovic becomes Croat member of the Presidency
Biarritz Charter Agreement
Chirac hosted European leaders as they endorsed the draft Charter of Fundamental Rights.
Sharm el-Sheikh Fact-Finding Process
Annan joins summit diplomacy that establishes an international fact-finding process intended to examine the violence and recommend confidence-building measures.
Disaster
Hatfield train crash, leads to very restrictive speed limits
Sharm el-Sheikh Emergency Summit
Arafat attends an emergency summit with regional and international leaders seeking to halt the rapidly escalating Israeli-Palestinian violence.
Chairman Takes Office
Martin Raguz becomes Chairman of the Council of Ministers
Economy of Chad
The World Bank endorses a $3.5 billion oil project with 80% of the revenues to go to development
Retirement
Announces retirement from the House of Commons, 50 unbroken years as Member of Parliament for Bexley
Intifada, 2nd
Becomes a prominent Fatah figure during the Second Intifada.
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland, member of Solidarity
Solidarity
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland, member of Solidarity
Tenet Mission
Discusses local security arrangements connected to the wider Israeli-Palestinian ceasefire initiative.
Bombing of Afghanistan
Start of US airstrikes in revenge for the bombings across the US on 9th Sept
Bombing of Kabul
American and British forces begin an aerial bombing campaign targeting Taliban forces and al-Qaeda, strikes were reported in the capital, Kabul
Bombing of al-Qaeda
American and British forces begin an aerial bombing campaign targeting Taliban forces and al-Qaeda, strikes were reported in the capital, Kabul
Taliban
American and British forces begin an aerial bombing campaign targeting Taliban forces and al-Qaeda, strikes were reported in the capital, Kabul
Bombing of al-Qaeda
American and British forces begin an aerial bombing campaign targeting Taliban forces and al-Qaeda, strikes were reported in the capital, Kabul
Taliban
American and British forces begin an aerial bombing campaign targeting Taliban forces and al-Qaeda, strikes were reported in the capital, Kabul
Bombing of Kabul
American and British forces begin an aerial bombing campaign targeting Taliban forces and al-Qaeda, strikes were reported in the capital, Kabul
Bombing of al-Qaeda
American and British forces begin an aerial bombing campaign targeting Taliban forces and al-Qaeda, strikes were reported in the capital, Kabul
Taliban
American and British forces begin an aerial bombing campaign targeting Taliban forces and al-Qaeda, strikes were reported in the capital, Kabul
President of Estonia
Appointed President of Estonia, 2nd term
Chandra Maps X-Ray Sources in Andromeda
Chandra results reveal numerous X-ray binaries in the central region of M31 and isolate an X-ray source consistent with the position of its supermassive black hole.
Galileo October Io Flyby
Galileo passes about 184 kilometres above Io during a late-mission encounter focused on volcanic and plasma activity.
Assassination of Rehavam Ze'evi
Sharon's government responds after PFLP gunmen assassinate Tourism Minister Rehavam Ze'evi in retaliation for the killing of Abu Ali Mustafa.
First Jens Stoltenberg Government
The First Jens Stoltenberg Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Prime Minister of Norway
Appointed Prime Minister of Norway, 2nd term
Second Kjell Magne Bondevik Government
Begins the Second Kjell Magne Bondevik Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Death of Chang Hsueh-Liang
Death of Chang Hsueh-Liang
We Love Life Album
Releases We Love Life with Pulp, the band's final studio album before a long recording hiatus.
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Strategic Rail Authority
Railways
Forces Railtrack into administration
Rule of Kashmir
India fires on Pakistani military posts.
Government
Forms a new coalition of the Democratic Left Alliance & the Peasants Party
Al-Qaeda
The officially-stated purpose of the invasion is to target al-Qaeda members, and to punish the Taliban Government in Afghanistan which had provided support and haven to al-Qaeda
Invasion of Afghanistan
The officially-stated purpose of the invasion is to target al-Qaeda members, and to punish the Taliban Government in Afghanistan which had provided support and haven to al-Qaeda
Taliban
The officially-stated purpose of the invasion is to target al-Qaeda members, and to punish the Taliban Government in Afghanistan which had provided support and haven to al-Qaeda
Al-Qaeda
The officially-stated purpose of the invasion is to target al-Qaeda members, and to punish the Taliban Government in Afghanistan which had provided support and haven to al-Qaeda. Begins in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks on the US, marking the beginning of its War on Terrorism campaign, seeking to oust the Taliban and find al-Qaeda mastermind Osama bin Laden
Enduring Freedom
The US military name of the conflict is Operation Enduring Freedom
Invasion of Afghanistan
Begins in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks on the US, marking the beginning of its War on Terrorism campaign, seeking to oust the Taliban and find al-Qaeda mastermind Osama bin Laden.
Invasion of Afghanistan
The US military name of the conflict is Operation Enduring Freedom.
Invasion of Afghanistan
The officially-stated purpose of the invasion is to target al-Qaeda members, and to punish the Taliban Government in Afghanistan which had provided support and haven to al-Qaeda.
Taliban
The officially-stated purpose of the invasion is to target al-Qaeda members, and to punish the Taliban Government in Afghanistan which had provided support and haven to al-Qaeda. Begins in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks on the US, marking the beginning of its War on Terrorism campaign, seeking to oust the Taliban and find al-Qaeda mastermind Osama bin Laden
War on Terror
Begins in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks on the US, marking the beginning of its War on Terrorism campaign, seeking to oust the Taliban and find al-Qaeda mastermind Osama bin Laden
Invasion of Afghanistan
Chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff
Demonstrations
The day President George W. Bush and Congress agree on the joint resolution authorizing the Iraq War, Obama addresses the first high-profile Chicago anti War rally in Federal Plaza, speaking out against the war
Invasion of Iraq
The day President George W. Bush and Congress agree on the joint resolution authorizing the Iraq War, Obama addresses the first high-profile Chicago anti War rally in Federal Plaza, speaking out against the war
Network Rail
Network Rail assumes ownership and management of the national rail infrastructure.
General Election - General Election
General elections produce a plurality for the pro-Musharraf Pakistan Muslim League-Quaid.
General Election Election Outcome
General election outcome recorded for Pervez Musharraf: General elections produce a plurality for the pro-Musharraf Pakistan Muslim League-Quaid.
General Election Government
Government context for this general election: General elections produce a plurality for the pro-Musharraf Pakistan Muslim League-Quaid.
General Election
General elections produce a plurality for the pro-Musharraf Pakistan Muslim League-Quaid.
Mobilization
The United States Congress passed the "Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002". NATO member Turkey refuses to allow the US army across its territory into northern Iraq
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
NATO member Turkey refuses to allow the US army across its territory into northern Iraq
Invasion of Iraq
The United States Congress passed the "Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002". Authority to attack Iraq if Iraqi President Saddam Hussein does not give up his weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) and abide by previous United Nations resolutions on human rights, POWs, and terrorism
Politics
Authority to attack Iraq if Iraqi President Saddam Hussein does not give up his weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) and abide by previous United Nations resolutions on human rights, POWs, and terrorism
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
Authority to attack Iraq if Iraqi President Saddam Hussein does not give up his weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) and abide by previous United Nations resolutions on human rights, POWs, and terrorism
Iraq War Authorization Vote
Votes for the Iraq war authorization.
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
NATO member Turkey refuses to allow the US army across its territory into northern Iraq
Iraq Inspection Preparations
The meeting focuses on rapidly changing preparations for Iraq inspections.
Special Commissioners Session
Chairs a special UNMOVIC Commissioners session.
Second Nice Treaty Referendum
Irish voters reverse the earlier Nice rejection and approve the treaty by 62.89 percent.
Second Nice Treaty Referendum
Irish voters approve Nice at the second referendum, allowing Ahern's government to complete ratification.
It Had to Be You
Begins the Great American Songbook series with It Had to Be You.
Death of Richard Harris
Death of Richard Harris
Presidency Member Takes Office
Sulejman Tihic becomes Bosniak member of the Presidency
Presidency Member Takes Office
Dragan Covic becomes Croat member of the Presidency
Presidency Member Takes Office
Mirko Sarovic becomes Serb member of the Presidency
Barcelona First-Team Debut
Makes his Barcelona first-team debut against Club Brugge.
Senior Competitive Appearance
Begins a distinguished senior career in central midfield.
Constitution of Great Britain
Northern Ireland returns to direct rule from London after the suspension of the local assembly following allegations of Irish Republican Army spying
Reform of Government
Network Rail, a non profit company, replaces Railtrack
Rule of Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland returns to direct rule from London after the suspension of the local assembly following allegations of Irish Republican Army spying
Second Nice Treaty Referendum Campaign
Campaigns for approval of the Nice Treaty after European assurances concerning Irish neutrality.
Prime Minister of Nepal
Staunch royalist Lokendra Bahadur Chand is named Prime Minister
Pakistan Muslim League-Quaid
The Pakistan Muslim League-Quaid becomes the largest party in the elected National Assembly.
Election
The Bhutto-led PPP secures the highest number of votes (28.42%) and eighty seats (23.16%) in the national assembly in the October 2002 general elections. Candidates of PPP form a faction of their own, calling it PPP-Patriots, led by Makhdoom Faisal Saleh Hayat, former leader of Bhutto-led PPP who later form a coalition Government with Musharrafs party, PML-Q
National Assembly
The Bhutto-led PPP secures the highest number of votes (28.42%) and eighty seats (23.16%) in the national assembly in the October 2002 general elections
Reballion of Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin
Rebels sieze a theatre & hold 800 hostage, 120 are killed
Invasion of Iraq
NATO member Turkey refuses to allow the US army across its territory into northern Iraq
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
NATO member Turkey refuses to allow the US army across its territory into northern Iraq
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
NATO member Turkey refuses to allow the US army across its territory into northern Iraq
Invasion of Iraq
Bush to "strictly enforce through the U.N.
Invasion of Iraq
Security Council all relevant Security Council resolutions regarding Iraq" and "obtain prompt and decisive action by the Security Council to ensure that Iraq abandons its strategy of delay, evasion, and noncompliance and promptly and strictly complies with all relevant Security Council resolutions regarding Iraq".
Invasion of Iraq
The US Congresss "Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq" authorized President Bush to use the Armed Forces of the United States "as he determines to be necessary and appropriate" in order to "defend the national security of the United States against the continuing
Invasion of Iraq
US Congress passes a "Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq". The US Congresss "Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq" "supported" and "encouraged" diplomatic efforts by President George W.
Invasion of Iraq
threat posed by Iraq; and enforce all relevant United Nations Security Council Resolutions regarding Iraq"
Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq
Bush to "strictly enforce through the U.N.
Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq
Security Council all relevant Security Council resolutions regarding Iraq" and "obtain prompt and decisive action by the Security Council to ensure that Iraq abandons its strategy of delay, evasion, and noncompliance and promptly and strictly complies with all relevant Security Council resolutions regarding Iraq".
Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq
The US Congresss "Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq" authorized President Bush to use the Armed Forces of the United States "as he determines to be necessary and appropriate" in order to "defend the national security of the United States against the continuing
Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq
US Congress passes a "Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq". The US Congresss "Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq" "supported" and "encouraged" diplomatic efforts by President George W.
Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq
threat posed by Iraq; and enforce all relevant United Nations Security Council Resolutions regarding Iraq"
Death of Ronald William George Barker
Death of Ronald William George Barker
European Constitution Intergovernmental Conference
Represents Germany as the intergovernmental conference opens negotiations on a constitutional treaty for Europe.
European Constitution Intergovernmental Conference
Hosts the opening of the intergovernmental conference negotiating a constitutional treaty for Europe.
Emergency Government Formed
Qurei heads an emergency Palestinian cabinet created after Abbas's resignation and renewed violence undermines the Road Map process.
Liverpool Captain
Is appointed Liverpool captain by manager Gerard Houllier.
President of Bolivia
Mesa Gisbert assumes the presidency after Sanchez de Lozada resigns.
Gas War
Sanchez de Lozada resigns after deadly protests over natural-gas policy.
Resignation of Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada
Sanchez de Lozada resigns after mass protests over gas exports and state violence
Constitutional Revision Referendum
A two-day referendum approves extensive revisions to the Constitution.
Health of Anthony Charles Lynton Blair
Blair given electric shocks to regulate heart palpitations in the first health scare of his premiership
Tehran Agreement
Iran and the foreign ministers of Britain, France and Germany reach the Tehran understanding on enhanced transparency and voluntary suspension of enrichment-related activities.
Youngest Arsenal First-Team Player
Becomes Arsenal's youngest first-team player in a League Cup match against Rotherham United.
Check Clearing for the 21st Century Act
Bush signs the Check Clearing for the 21st Century Act, creating a legal framework for substitute checks and helping the Federal Reserve and banking industry accelerate the transition toward electronic check processing.
Janata Dal (United) Party
Janata Dal (United) is from mainly Bihar and Karnataka is led by Ntish Kumar & reconstituted by the merger of the Janata Dal (United) with the Samata Party
International Atomic Energy Agency
The IAEA declares that Iran has submitted a "comprehensive" declaration of its nuclear program
Leadership Succession Speculation
Speculation grows that Blair may eventually support Brown as his successor.
Reported Succession Discussions
Brown's allies claim new discussions concern the timing of Tony Blair's eventual departure.
Health Reform
At the Labour Party Conference Tony Blair suffers 2 defeats on foundation hospitals
Labour Party Conference
At the Labour Party Conference Tony Blair suffers 2 defeats on foundation hospitals
Reform of Government
Network Rail announces it is taking over track maintenance. At the Labour Party Conference Tony Blair suffers 2 defeats on foundation hospitals
Resignation of Mahmoud Abbas
Resigns citing lack of support from Israel and the United States as well as "internal incitement" against his Government
Health of Anthony Charles Lynton Blair
Blair in hospital to correct heart palpitations
Chronicles Volume One
Publishes Chronicles Volume One.
Presidential Election
Afghanistan holds its first direct presidential election, with Karzai receiving a majority.
Death of Christopher Reeve
Death of Christopher Reeve
Greatest Hits
Releases Greatest Hits, summarising the first phase of his solo career.
Removed as Prime Minister
Khin Nyunt is dismissed and placed under arrest
Honours
Bert Trautman is awarded the OBE by Queen Elizabeth II, for promoting British-German understanding through football
Prime Minister Takes Office
Soe Win becomes Prime Minister after Khin Nyunt's removal
Death of Bill Nicholson
Death of Bill Nicholson
Uranium Enrichment Talks
The EU makes a proposal to provide civilian nuclear technology to Iran in exchange for Iran terminating its uranium enrichment programmemememe permanently, Iran rejects this outright saying it will not renounce its right to en
Uranium Enrichment
The EU makes a proposal to provide civilian nuclear technology to Iran in exchange for Iran terminating its uranium enrichment programmemememe permanently, Iran rejects this outright saying it will not renounce its right to en
Legislative Election
Tunisia held legislative elections in which the governing party retained a large majority.
Presidential Election
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali won another presidential term.
Illegal for US Citizens to have transactions (spend money or receive gifts)
Illegal for US Citizens to have transactions (spend money or receive gifts) in Cuba under most circumstances without a US Government Office of Foreign Assets Control issued license
Sanctions
Illegal for US Citizens to have transactions (spend money or receive gifts) in Cuba under most circumstances without a US Government Office of Foreign Assets Control issued license
Knesset Approves Disengagement Plan
Sharon secures parliamentary approval for his plan to remove Israeli settlements and permanent military positions from the Gaza Strip.
Constitution of France
The Constitution, having been agreed by heads of Government from the 25 Member States, is signed at a ceremony in Rome
Constitution of France
The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe was signed in Rome by the governments of the European Union member states.
European Convention
The Constitution, having been agreed by heads of Government from the 25 Member States, is signed at a ceremony in Rome
Constitutional Treaty Signature
Chirac joined European leaders in signing the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe.
European Constitutional Treaty Signature
Signs the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe for Germany.
European Constitutional Treaty Signature
Signs the European Constitutional Treaty alongside Chancellor Gerhard Schroder.
European Constitutional Treaty
Signs the European Constitutional Treaty alongside Prime Minister Kostas Karamanlis.
European Constitutional Treaty
Signs the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe on behalf of Greece.
European Constitutional Treaty
Signs the European Constitutional Treaty for Ireland as Minister for Foreign Affairs.
European Constitutional Treaty
Signs the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe on behalf of Ireland.
European Constitutional Treaty Ceremony
Hosts the Rome ceremony at which the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe is signed.
Health of Yasser Arafat
Flown to hospital for testing & treatment
Arsenal Unbeaten Run Reaches Forty Nine
Wengerโs Arsenal side extended its unbeaten Premier League sequence to 49 matches before Manchester United ended the run in October 2004.
Gaza Operations
Authorizes major Israeli operations in Gaza during continuing Second Intifada violence.
Arrest of Morgan Tsvangirai
Opposition leader Morgan Tsvangirai is acquitted of treason charges relating to an alleged plot to kill President Mugabe, he still faces a separate treason charge
Treason
Opposition leader Morgan Tsvangirai is acquitted of treason charges relating to an alleged plot to kill President Mugabe, he still faces a separate treason charge
Trial
Opposition leader Morgan Tsvangirai is acquitted of treason charges relating to an alleged plot to kill President Mugabe, he still faces a separate treason charge
Disaster
A magnitude 7.6 earthquake devastates the Kashmir region, killing tens of thousands and prompting cross-border relief cooperation.
Spitzer Reveals Off-Centre Star Formation Ring
Spitzer infrared imaging shows an asymmetric ring of star formation and a gap in Andromeda's disk, suggesting past interactions with satellite galaxies.
Second Jens Stoltenberg Government
Begins the Second Jens Stoltenberg Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Second Kjell Magne Bondevik Government
The Second Kjell Magne Bondevik Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Arsenal All-Time Goalscoring Record
Scores twice against Sparta Prague to become Arsenal's all-time leading goalscorer.
Party Leader
In the first ballot of Conservative MPs Cameron came second, with 56 votes, slightly more than expected; David Davis had fewer than predicted at 62 votes; Liam Fox came third with 42 votes and Kenneth Clarke was eliminated with 38 votes
Party Leader
In the first ballot of Conservative MPs Cameron came second, with 56 votes, slightly more than expected; David Davis had fewer than predicted at 62 votes; Liam Fox came third with 42 votes and Kenneth Clarke was eliminated with 38 votes
Party Leader
In the first ballot of Conservative MPs Cameron came second, with 56 votes, slightly more than expected; David Davis had fewer than predicted at 62 votes; Liam Fox came third with 42 votes and Kenneth Clarke was eliminated with 38 votes
Leadership Ballot
Comes second in the first ballot of Conservative MPs during the leadership contest.
Death of John Norman Johnny Haynes
Death of John Norman "Johnny" Haynes
Iraqi Special Tribunal
The first trial began before the Iraqi Special Tribunal on 19 October 2005
Trial
Particular attention was paid during the trial to activities in violent campaigns against the Kurds in the north during the Iran mins Iraq War, against the Shiites in the south in 1991 and 1999 to put down revolts, and in Dujail after a failed assassination
Trial
Saddam asserted in his defense that he had been unlawfully overthrown, and was still the president of Iraq. 1st day of the trial
Trial
The first trial began before the Iraqi Special Tribunal on 19 October 2005. Remained in custody by United States forces at Camp Cropper in Baghdad, along with eleven senior Baathist officials.
Trial
attempt on 8 July 1982, during the Iran mins Iraq War.
Trial
He added, "Neither do I recognize the body that has designated and authorized you, nor the aggression because all that has been built on false basis is false."
Trial
He rejected the tribunal's legitimacy and independence from the control of the foreign occupation. "I do not respond to this so-called court, with all due respect to its people, and I retain my constitutional right as the president of Iraq", Saddam declared.
Trial
Iraqi authorities put Saddam and seven other former Iraqi officials on trial on 19 October 2005, four days after the 15 October 2005 referendum on the new Iraq constitution.
Trial
The tribunal specifically charged the defendants with the killing of 148 Shiites from Dujail, in retaliation for the failed assassination attempt of 8 July 1982. As in his pre-trial appearance, at the opening of the 19 October Trial Saddam appeared defiant.
Party Leader
In the second ballot Cameron comes first with 90 votes; David Davis was second, with 57, and Liam Fox is eliminated with 51 votes
Party Leader
In the second ballot Cameron comes first with 90 votes; David Davis was second, with 57, and Liam Fox is eliminated with 51 votes
Leadership Ballot
Comes first in the second ballot of Conservative MPs during the leadership contest.
Trafalgar Bicentenary
Bicentenary events commemorate the battle and Nelson.
Beatification
First canonizations when he canonized Josef Bilczewski, Alberto Hurtado SJ, Zygmunt Gorazdowski, Gaetano Catanoso and Felice da Nicosia. The canonizations were part of a Mass that marked the conclusion of the General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops and the Year of the Eucharist
Intensive Care
Releases Intensive Care, written largely with Stephen Duffy.
Federal Reserve
President Bush nominates economist Ben Bernanke to succeed Alan Greenspan as chairman of the Federal Reserve Board when his term expires on January 31, 2006. The legendary Greenspan had served as the Feds chairman for 18 years
Federal Reserve
President Bush nominates economist Ben Bernanke to succeed Alan Greenspan as chairman of the Federal Reserve Board when his term expires on January 31, 2006. The legendary Greenspan had served as the Feds chairman for 18 years
Federal Reserve
President Bush nominates economist Ben Bernanke to succeed Alan Greenspan as chairman of the Federal Reserve Board when his term expires on January 31, 2006. The legendary Greenspan had served as the Feds chairman for 18 years
Death of Rosa Parks
American civil rights pioneer Rosa Parks dies age 92 years old, 50 years earlier, Parks had famously refused to give up her seat to a white man on a Montgomery, Alabama, bus and in doing so catalyzed the American civil rights movement
Reform of Civil Rights
American civil rights pioneer Rosa Parks dies age 92 years old, 50 years earlier, Parks had famously refused to give up her seat to a white man on a Montgomery, Alabama, bus and in doing so catalyzed the American civil rights movement
Demonstrations
Disaffected youths, primarily of French Muslim descent, began 20 nights of civil unrest in the suburbs of Paris
Demonstrations
The riots are triggered when two teenagers were electrocuted in a poor area of a suburb east of Paris after allegedly climbing a fence to hide in an electric substation from a routine police-identification check.
Demonstrations
The riots which began in Clichy-sous-Bois quickly spread to more than 274 communes or towns one person is killed and 126 police and fire personnel are injured in the unrest
Demonstrations
in which nearly 9,000 cars and at least two buildings are set ablaze.
Demonstrations
Disaffected youths, primarily of French Muslim descent, began 20 nights of civil unrest in the suburbs of Paris
Pluto Moons
NASA publicly announces Hubble's discovery of two possible additional moons orbiting Pluto.
Big Bang
Asked on the British daytime chat show Richard & Judy, to explain his assertion that the question "What came before the Big Bang?" was meaningless, he compared it to asking "What lies north of the North Pole?"
Ahmadinejad refers to Israel as a disgraceful stain on the Islamic world
Ahmadinejad refers to Israel as a "disgraceful stain on the Islamic world" that would be eliminated.
Independence of Iran
Ahmadinejad refers to Israel as a "disgraceful stain on the Islamic world" that would be eliminated
Independence
Ahmadinejad refers to Israel as a "disgraceful stain on the Islamic world" that would be eliminated
Irans new president repeats a remark from a former Ayatollah that Israel
Irans new president repeats a remark from a former Ayatollah that Israel should be "wiped out from the map," insisting that a new series of attacks will destroy the Jewish state.
Jewish State
Irans new president repeats a remark from a former Ayatollah that Israel should be "wiped out from the map," insisting that a new series of attacks will destroy the Jewish state
Quoted as saying, God willing, with the force of God behind it
Quoted as saying, "God willing, with the force of God behind it, we shall soon experience a world without the United States and Zionism".
Ahmadinejad refers to Israel as a disgraceful stain on the Islamic world
Ahmadinejad refers to Israel as a "disgraceful stain on the Islamic world" that would be eliminated
Independence of Iran
Ahmadinejad refers to Israel as a "disgraceful stain on the Islamic world" that would be eliminated
Independence
Ahmadinejad refers to Israel as a "disgraceful stain on the Islamic world" that would be eliminated
Strategic Health Authority and PCT Reorganisation
The NHS reduces the number of strategic health authorities and primary care trusts, creating larger commissioning organisations and seeking lower administrative costs.
GALEX and Spitzer Multiwavelength Andromeda View
A combined ultraviolet and infrared view separates hot young stellar populations from cool dusty star-forming regions across M31.
Economy of Russia
Anna Politkovskaya, a journalist who exposed corruption in the Russian army and its conduct in Chechnya, was shot in the lobby of her apartment building, the death of Politkovskaya triggered an outcry in Western media, with accusations that Putin had failed to protect the countrys new independent media
First Nuclear Test
North Korea conducts its first nuclear test.
North Korea First Nuclear Test
North Korea announces its first nuclear test explosion, which is detected by international monitoring stations.
Sanctions
The US announces the creation of a task force made up of officials from several US agencies that will pursue more aggressively violators of the US trade embargo against Cuba, with severe penalties
Still the Same
Releases Still the Same, interpreting classic rock songs from earlier decades.
Sanctions
The US announces the creation of a task force made up of officials from several US agencies that will pursue more aggressively violators of the US trade embargo against Cuba, with severe penalties
Death of Ferenc Puskas Biro
Death of Ferenc Puskas Biro
One Hundred Champions League Appearances
Becomes the first English player to reach one hundred Champions League appearances.
Inner Dust Ring Linked to M32 Collision
Spitzer observations reveal an inner dust ring whose geometry supports a past near head-on passage of the companion galaxy M32 through Andromeda's disk.
Allegiance Council Established
Later chairs the royal body established to manage succession decisions.
Allegiance Council Established
Creates the Allegiance Council to formalize future royal succession.
Rudebox
Releases Rudebox, moving into dance, electronic and hip hop-influenced pop.
Manager
Appointed manager of Leeds United
Manager
Appointed manager of Leeds United
MESSENGER Venus Flyby
MESSENGER completes its first Venus gravity assist, reducing orbital energy on the long route toward Mercury.
STEREO Launch for Heliospheric Imaging
Begins STEREO observations designed to image solar eruptions and large-scale structures as they propagate outward through the solar wind.
Wins Presidential Runoff
Wins the second presidential round against Jean-Pierre Bemba and secures an elected mandate under the new constitution.
Endless Wire Album
Release Endless Wire, their first album since 1982.
Stern Review
Brown presents the Stern Review's economic case for early action on climate change.
Hubble Servicing Mission 4 Reinstated
Griffin reinstates Hubble Servicing Mission 4 after NASA develops additional shuttle safety and risk-mitigation measures.
International Day of Non-Violence
The United Nations General Assembly unanimously adopts a resolution declares October 2 to be the "International Day of Non-Violence"
Army Succession
Musharraf designates Ashfaq Parvez Kayani to succeed him as army chief.
National Reconciliation Ordinance
Musharraf issues an amnesty ordinance covering many pending political corruption cases.
National Reconciliation Ordinance
The ordinance facilitates Benazir Bhutto's return to Pakistan from exile.
Exile of Benazir Bhutto
Musharraf signs the National Reconciliation Ordinance, giving amnesty to Bhutto and other political leaders-except exiled former premier Nawaz Sharif-in all court cases against them, including all corruption charges
UN Military Adviser
The United Nations appoints Ahmad Shuja Pasha as Military Adviser in the Department of Peacekeeping Operations.
Presidential Election
Musharraf wins the presidential vote conducted by the outgoing assemblies.
Presidential Election
The electoral college re-elects Musharraf while courts consider his eligibility.
Basra Troop Reduction
Brown says British troop numbers in Basra will fall further by spring 2008.
Iraq Troop Reduction Review
Brown announces plans for a substantial reduction of British forces in southern Iraq.
Iraq Troop Reduction Statement
Brown announces a staged reduction in British troop numbers in Iraq.
Army Succession
Musharraf appoints Ashfaq Parvez Kayani Vice Chief of Army Staff before transferring command.
Credit Crunch
The Treasury extends its Northern Rock guarantee to new retail deposits, aiming to restore depositor confidence while the bank remains dependent on official support.
Death in Office
Soe Win dies while serving as Prime Minister
Prime Minister Takes Office
Thein Sein becomes Prime Minister under the SPDC
Invasion of USA
Ricardo Sanchez, the former commander of US forces in Iraq, criticizes the Bush administration for its "catastrophically flawed, unrealistically optimistic war plan"
Invasion of Iraq
Lt. Gen. Ricardo Sanchez, the former Commander of US forces in Iraq, criticizes the Bush administration for its "catastrophically flawed, unrealistically optimistic war plan"
Death of Deborah Kerr
Death of Deborah Kerr
Invasion of Iraq
Turkeys Parliament votes, 507 to 19, to allow the deployment of troops into northern Iraq to deal with attacks on Turkey by Kurdish rebels in Iraq
Election
After eight years in exile in Dubai and London, Bhutto returns to Karachi to prepare for the 2008 national elections
Exile of Benazir Bhutto
After eight years in exile in Dubai and London, Bhutto returns to Karachi to prepare for the 2008 national elections
Exile of Benazir Bhutto
Bhutto later claimed that she had warned the Pakistani Government that suicide bomb squads would target her upon her return to Pakistan and that the Government had failed to act.
Exile of Benazir Bhutto
En route to a rally in Karachi two explosions occur shortly after Bhutto had landed and left Jinnah International Airport, she was not injured but the explosions, later found to be a suicide-bomb attack, killed 136 people.
Exile of Benazir Bhutto
The dead include at least 50 of the security guards from her PPP who had formed a human chain around her truck to keep potential bombers away, as well as 6 police officers.
Suicide
En route to a rally in Karachi two explosions occur shortly after Bhutto had landed and left Jinnah International Airport, she was not injured but the explosions, later found to be a suicide-bomb attack, killed 136 people. Bhutto later claimed that she had warned the Pakistani Government that suicide bomb squads would target her upon her return to Pakistan and that the Government had failed to act
Treaty of Lisbon
At the European Council meeting on 18 and 19 October 2007 in Lisbon, a few last-minute concessions were made to ensure the signing of the Treaty
Death of Everette Howard Hunt
Death of Everette Howard Hunt
Legal Services Act
The Legal Services Act reforms regulation and creates the Legal Services Board.
UK Borders Act
The UK Borders Act changes immigration enforcement, biometric registration and border powers.
Visit to To the United Kingdom
during a state visit to the United Kingdom, Abdullah was greeted by protesters accusing him of being a "murderer" and a "torturer", concerns esed in the UK about the treatment of women and homosexuals by the Saudi kingdom
Long Road Out of Eden
Releases Long Road Out of Eden with Eagles, the band's first full studio album since 1979.
Credit Crunch
Merrill Lynchs Stan ONeal is ousted after the bank reveals an $8.4 billion quarterly loss
Merrill Lynch
Merrill Lynchs Stan ONeal is ousted after the bank reveals an $8.4 billion quarterly loss
Autumn Election Speculation
Brown decides against calling an early general election after weeks of speculation.
Exile of Benazir Bhutto
Minister Sheikh Rashid Ahmed states that officials agreed to grant Benazir Bhutto amnesty versus pending corruption charges
Scandal
Minister Sheikh Rashid Ahmed states that officials agreed to grant Benazir Bhutto amnesty versus pending corruption charges
Charter of Fundamental Rights
The Treaty of Lisbon makes the Union's bill of rights, the Charter of Fundamental Rights, legally binding
Reform Treaty
At the meeting of the European Council Portugal insists that the Treaty (the Reform Treaty) be signed in Lisbon
Reform Treaty
Prominent changes included the move from unanimity to qualified majority voting in at least 45 policy areas in the Council of Minister's, a change in calculating such a majority to a new double majority.
Reform Treaty
a more powerful European Parliament forming a bicameral legislature alongside the Council of Minister's under the ordinary legislative procedure, a consolidated legal personality for the EU and.
Reform Treaty
the creation of a long-term President of the European Council and a High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy.
Reform Treaty
At the meeting of the European Council in October 2007, Portugal insisted that the Treaty (then called the 'Reform Treaty') be signed in Lisbon, the Portuguese capital. This request was granted, and the Treaty was thus to be called the Treaty of Lisbon, in line with the tradition of European Union treaties. The Portuguese presidency was appointed to the job of organising the programme for a signing ceremony
Treaty of Lisbon
At the meeting of the European Council Portugal insists that the Treaty (the Reform Treaty) be signed in Lisbon
Treaty of Lisbon
At the meeting of the European Council in October 2007, Portugal insisted that the Treaty (then called the 'Reform Treaty') be signed in Lisbon, the Portuguese capital. This request was granted, and the Treaty was thus to be called the Treaty of Lisbon, in line with the tradition of European Union treaties. The Portuguese presidency was appointed to the job of organising the programme for a signing ceremony
Treaty of Lisbon
The October European Council, led by Jose Socrates consists of legal experts from all member states scrutinising the final drafts of the Treaty
Treaty of Lisbon
The Treaty of Lisbon makes the Union's bill of rights, the Charter of Fundamental Rights, legally binding
Treaty of Lisbon
The stated aim of the treaty was to "complete the process started by the Treaty of Amsterdam 1997 and by the Treaty of Nice 2001 with a view to enhancing the efficiency and democratic legitimacy of the Union and to improving the coherence of it's action"
Ibrahim Prize
Festus Gontebanye Mogae, who led Botswana from 1998 to 2008, is chosen as the winner of the 2008 Ibrahim Prize for Achievement in African Leadership
Vice Presidential Debate
Debates Sarah Palin during the campaign.
Wachovia Takeover
Wells Fargo announces an agreement to acquire Wachovia without direct federal assistance.
Credit Crunch
Bush signs the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act, authorizing the seven-hundred-billion-dollar Troubled Asset Relief Program to stabilize the financial system.
Emergency Economic Stabilization Act
Signs the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act authorizing the Troubled Asset Relief Program
Small Business Finance Proposal
Brown proposes additional European financing support for small businesses.
Credit Crunch
Iceland announces part of a plan to hammer out a financial package to shore up its troubled banking sector, the countrys largest banks agree to sell off some of their foreign assets and bring them home.
Credit Crunch
Icelands Prime Minister Geir Haarde has admits he is in a race against time to negotiate a rescue deal for the countrys ailing financial system that could include a merger of some of the nations banks.
Credit Crunch
Iceland's parliament passes emergency legislation giving regulators broad powers to intervene in failing financial institutions and protect domestic banking operations.
Economy of Iceland
Iceland announces part of a plan to hammer out a financial package to shore up its troubled banking sector, the countrys largest banks agree to sell off some of their foreign assets and bring them home
Credit Crunch
The Federal Reserve announces that it will begin paying interest on depository institutions' reserve balances under authority accelerated by emergency legislation.
Second Mercury Flyby
MESSENGER completes a second close flyby of Mercury and adjusts its solar orbit for eventual capture by the planet.
Credit Crunch
The Icelandic Government takes control of Landsbanki, the countrys second largest bank, which owns Icesave in the UK
Economy of Iceland
The Icelandic Government takes control of Landsbanki, the countrys second largest bank, which owns Icesave in the UK
Landsbanki
The Icelandic Government takes control of Landsbanki, the countrys second largest bank, which owns Icesave in the UK
Commercial Paper Funding Facility
The Federal Reserve creates the Commercial Paper Funding Facility to purchase eligible commercial paper through a special-purpose vehicle and restore credit flows in a market heavily used for short-term business financing.
Emergency Banking Plan
Brown unveils capital injections, debt guarantees and expanded liquidity support.
Bank Recapitalisation
Darling announces capital support, liquidity assistance and guarantees for the banking system.
Credit Crunch
Darling announces a major banking rescue combining capital injections, expanded central-bank liquidity and government guarantees for new bank debt.
Credit Crunch
Brown's Government promises protection for eligible British depositors in failed Icelandic banks as the collapse of Landsbanki and Kaupthing threatens UK savers.
Bank Rescue Framework
Brown outlines capital, liquidity and guarantee measures supporting the banking system.
Credit Guarantee Measures
The rescue plan includes guarantees intended to reopen medium-term bank funding.
Emergency Bank Rescue
Brown announces an emergency programme to recapitalise banks and guarantee funding.
Credit Crunch
Icelandic regulators take control of Glitnir under the emergency banking legislation as the country's financial system undergoes rapid restructuring.
Single Ladies
Releases Single Ladies, one of her defining pop singles
Coordinated Interest Rate Cut
The Federal Reserve joins other central banks in a coordinated reduction of policy rates.
Credit Crunch
The Federal Reserve joins other major central banks in a coordinated interest-rate reduction intended to counter extreme disruption in global financial markets.
Criticism of Financial Risk-Taking
Brown condemns bankers whose excessive risks threaten households and the wider economy.
Credit Crunch
Icelandic regulators take control of Kaupthing, completing the collapse into state-managed resolution of the country's three largest commercial banks.
Appointment as Prime Minister
Kabila appoints Muzito to lead a new governing cabinet.
Cheltenham Literature Festival
Brown appears as a surprise guest at the Times Cheltenham Literature Festival.
European Financial Crisis Coordination
Sarkozy hosted euro-area leaders in Paris to coordinate measures responding to the financial crisis.
Bank Recapitalisation Programme
The Government announces detailed capital support for major British banking groups.
European Bank Support Agreement
Brown joins European leaders coordinating bank recapitalisation and medium-term funding measures.
Paris Financial Crisis Talks
Brown promotes coordinated European action to restore bank lending and confidence.
Credit Crunch
The Bank of England provides a short-term secured loan of up to 100 million pounds to stricken Icelandic bank Landsbanki "to help maximise the returns to UK creditors". The 37-billion-pound nationallization announcement is the first implementation of a rescue package for banks that was unveiled last week, which made available 50 billion pounds to inject cash into financial institutions in return for shares
Nationalization
The 37-billion-pound nationalization announcement is the first implementation of a rescue package for banks that was unveiled last week, which made available 50 billion pounds to inject cash into financial institutions in return for shares
Bank Capital Injection
The Government commits up to thirty-seven billion pounds to strengthen major banks.
Bank Recapitalisation Allocations
The Government announces capital support for RBS, HBOS and Lloyds TSB.
Bank Rescue Public Statement
Brown presents state intervention as necessary to protect savings, businesses and employment.
Financial Stability Address
Brown explains the Government's intervention to stabilise banks and protect the economy.
Implementation of Bank Rescue
The Government begins implementing its bank recapitalisation package.
Public Stakes in Banks
Treasury support creates large public stakes in RBS and the Lloyds-HBOS group.
RBS and Lloyds Ownership Stakes
The recapitalisation plan gives taxpayers substantial ownership interests in rescued banks.
Rock of Stability Statement
Brown says the Government will provide stability during severe financial turbulence.
Capital Purchase Program
Paulson uses TARP authority to purchase preferred shares in major financial institutions.
Credit Crunch
Paulson announces the Capital Purchase Program, committing Treasury funds to purchase preferred shares in major banks and strengthen their capital positions.
Fulham FC
A statue of Johnny Haynes is unveiled at Craven Cottage before the Premier League match against Sunderland
Statue
A statue of Johnny Haynes is unveiled at Craven Cottage before the Premier League match against Sunderland
IBEX Launch
Begins the Interstellar Boundary Explorer mission to map energetic neutral atoms created where the outward-flowing solar wind interacts with the surrounding interstellar medium.
Large Hadron Collider Inauguration
Participates in the official inauguration of the Large Hadron Collider following the successful circulation of its first beam.
Money Market Investor Funding Facility
The Federal Reserve announces the Money Market Investor Funding Facility to support a private-sector initiative designed to provide liquidity to money market investors and reduce pressure on short-term credit markets.
Credit Crunch
The Federal Reserve announces the Money Market Investor Funding Facility to provide liquidity support for money-market instruments during persistent market stress.
Chandrayaan-1
Mylswamy Annadurai serves as project director when Chandrayaan-1 launches on India's first mission to the Moon.
Credit Crunch
Iceland reaches a staff-level agreement with the International Monetary Fund on a two-year stabilization program supported by about 2.1 billion dollars.
Corruption Conviction
Is convicted in a federal corruption case shortly before the election
Credit Crunch
Iceland's central bank raises its policy interest rate to eighteen percent as authorities attempt to stabilize the currency and restore financial confidence.
Credit Crunch
The Federal Reserve cuts the federal funds target to one percent as economic activity contracts and financial conditions remain severely impaired.
World Series
Leads the Philadelphia Phillies to a World Series championship
CENTCOM
Takes command of United States Central Command
European Banking Crisis Coordination
Amid the international financial crisis, Juncker participated in national and euro-area discussions over bank stability, depositor confidence and coordination of emergency financial measures.
Lisbon Referendum Approval
Receives public approval to complete Ireland's Lisbon Treaty ratification process.
Second Lisbon Treaty Referendum
Cowen welcomes a 67.1 percent yes vote, clearing the constitutional obstacle to Irish Lisbon ratification.
Second Lisbon Treaty Referendum
Cowen welcomes the second Lisbon vote, which clears the constitutional route for Irish ratification.
PASOK Government Formed
Papandreou becomes Prime Minister after PASOK wins the general election.
Barack Obama named winner of 2009 Nobel Peace Prize for his extraordinary
Barack Obama named winner of 2009 Nobel Peace Prize "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples," Norwegian Nobel Committee says
Nobel Prize
Receives the Nobel Peace Prize for efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples.
Barack Obama named winner of 2009 Nobel Peace Prize for his extraordinary
Barack Obama named winner of 2009 Nobel Peace Prize "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples," Norwegian Nobel Committee says
First Belgian Space Station Commander
Becomes the first Belgian and first ESA astronaut to command the station.
ISS Expedition Commander
Assumes command of the International Space Station during Expedition 21.
Additional Afghanistan Forces
Brown announces additional British troops subject to allied and equipment commitments.
Bent Scores Dramatic Beach-Ball Goal
Bent's shot deflects off a beach ball and enters the Liverpool goal; the unusual incident proves decisive in a 1โ0 Sunderland victory.
Speaker's Conference Evidence
Gives evidence to the Speaker's Conference as Conservative leader on parliamentary representation.
Manager
Returns as head coach of the South Africa national football team
UNMIL Force Command
The United Nations appoints Sikander Afzal of Pakistan as Force Commander of the mission in Liberia.
Al-Qaeda
The Islamic State of Iraq al-Qaeda claims responsibility for the attack
Bombing of Baghdad
The Islamic State of Iraq al-Qaeda claims responsibility for the attack
Al-Qaeda
Two suicide bombings in Baghdad kill at least 155 people and wound 700 others, the deadliest attacks in the country since 2007, and they raise the question of the safety of Iraq, despite Prime Minister Nuri Kamal al-Malikis recent assurances. The Islamic State of Iraq al-Qaeda claims responsibility for the attack
Bombing of Baghdad
Two suicide bombings in Baghdad kill at least 155 people and wound 700 others, the deadliest attacks in the country since 2007, and they raise the question of the safety of Iraq, despite Prime Minister Nuri Kamal al-Malikis recent assurances. The Islamic State of Iraq al-Qaeda claims responsibility for the attack
Suicide
Two suicide bombings in Baghdad kill at least 155 people and wound 700 others, the deadliest attacks in the country since 2007, and they raise the question of the safety of Iraq, despite Prime Minister Nuri Kamal al-Malikis recent assurances
Legislative Election
Tunisia held legislative elections alongside the presidential vote.
Presidential Election
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali won a fifth presidential term.
Election
Tunisian President Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali, 73, elected to a fifth term with almost 90 per cent of the vote
President of Tunisia
Tunisian President Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali, 73, elected to a fifth term with almost 90 per cent of the vote
Swine Flu Vaccination Programme
The NHS begins vaccination against pandemic H1N1 influenza, prioritising people at greater clinical risk and frontline health workers during the national response.
Operation Rah-e-Nijat
Kayani oversees the South Waziristan offensive against Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan strongholds.
Commonwealth Games
New Delhi opens the Commonwealth Games after extensive preparations and controversy over costs and administration.
Shadow Education Appointment
Burnham becomes Shadow Education Secretary and Labour's election coordinator.
Rescue of Thirty-Three Miners
Oversees the rescue of thirty-three miners trapped underground for sixty-nine days.
Large Hadron Collider Luminosity
Sees the Large Hadron Collider reach its 2010 luminosity target ahead of schedule during the first year of 7 TeV proton physics.
UNMIL Force Command
The United Nations appoints Muhammad Khalid as Force Commander of the United Nations Mission in Liberia.
National Security Strategy
Publishes a national security strategy setting out threats and strategic priorities for the United Kingdom.
Strategic Defence Review
Presents the Strategic Defence and Security Review to Parliament.
Spending Review
Announces the coalition spending review and programme of austerity.
Venus Ozone Layer
Venus Express detects an ozone layer high in the atmosphere by analysing starlight passing through the planet's limb.
Return as Shadow Health Secretary
Burnham returns to the shadow health portfolio.
Death of Muammar Gaddafi
Gaddafi is captured and killed as transitional forces take his final stronghold.
Death of Muammar Gaddafi
Death of Muammar Gaddafi
Liberation of Libya Declared
Jalil declares Libya liberated and announces the beginning of a political transition.
Constituent Assembly Election
Tunisia held its first national election after the revolution to choose a Constituent Assembly.
Brexit
Conservative Eurosceptic MPs rebel in favour of a referendum on EU membership.
Referendum Motion
Moves a Commons motion calling for an EU membership referendum.
Libya Liberation Statement
Reports to Parliament after Libya's National Transitional Council declares the country's liberation.
Election as Interim Prime Minister
The National Transitional Council elects el-Keib to head the interim government.
UNESCO Membership Admission
Palestine was admitted as a full member of UNESCO during Abbas's wider campaign for international recognition. The vote demonstrated that the Palestinian leadership could gain membership in a United Nations specialised agency even while full UN membership remained unresolved.
Lulu
Releases Lulu, a collaborative album with Metallica based on writings by Frank Wedekind.
European Stability Mechanism Inauguration
Juncker chaired the inaugural meeting of the European Stability Mechanismโs Board of Governors, marking the formal launch of the euro areaโs permanent financial rescue institution.
Vice Presidential Debate
Debates Paul Ryan during the 2012 campaign.
Election as Prime Minister
The General National Congress elects Zeidan to form a new government.
Edinburgh Agreement
Signs the agreement giving the Scottish Parliament power to hold an independence referendum.
Constitutional Advisory Referendum
Voters participate in a consultative referendum on proposals for constitutional reform, including whether the Constitutional Council draft should guide a new constitution.
European Competitiveness Statement
Reports to Parliament on European Council discussions about competitiveness, the eurozone and the EU budget.
Hillsborough Commons Debate
Burnham calls for coordinated and properly resourced investigations following the panel's findings.
Psychedelic Pill
Releases Psychedelic Pill with Crazy Horse, featuring long-form electric guitar performances.
Death of Vo Nguyen Giap
Death of Vo Nguyen Giap in Hanoi at age one hundred and two
Syria Chemical Weapons Destruction Begins
Syrian personnel begin destroying or disabling chemical weapons equipment under OPCW and United Nations supervision.
Nobel Recognition
Is explicitly acknowledged in the Nobel announcement as Englert's deceased collaborator in the 1964 development of the mass-generating mechanism.
Kidnapping of Prime Minister
Armed men briefly abduct Zeidan from a Tripoli hotel before his release.
OPCW Nobel Peace Prize
The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for chemical disarmament work.
Chemical Weapons Convention Enters Force for Syria
The Chemical Weapons Convention enters into force for Syria, making it a State Party to the treaty.
Erna Solberg Government
Begins the Erna Solberg Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Second Jens Stoltenberg Government
The Second Jens Stoltenberg Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Gauge-Gravity Black Hole Interior
With Joseph Polchinski, argues that typical black holes in gauge-gravity duality may possess firewalls at the horizon.
Gauge-Gravity Black Hole Interior
With Donald Marolf, develops a gauge-gravity argument supporting firewalls in typical black hole states.
Syria Submits Initial Chemical Declaration
Syria submits its initial declaration and general destruction plan covering its declared chemical weapons programme.
Borini Scores Tyne Wear Derby Winner
Borini comes off the bench to strike Sunderland's late winning goal against Newcastle United, producing a 2โ1 derby victory.
Death of Lou Reed
Dies in East Hampton, New York, after a career spanning the Velvet Underground and five decades of solo work.
Departure from Crown Prosecution Service
Starmer completes his five-year term as Director of Public Prosecutions.
Swachh Bharat Mission
Modi launches the Swachh Bharat Mission as a national sanitation and cleanliness campaign.
Brexit
Wins the Clacton by-election after defecting from the Conservatives to UKIP.
Clacton By-election
Wins Clacton for UKIP after defecting from the Conservatives.
Presidential Election
Morales wins election to another presidential term with a legislative majority.
European Ebola Response
Presses European leaders to increase financial and medical support for the international response to Ebola.
The Who Hits 50
Release The Who Hits 50 compilation.
Legislative Election
Tunisia elected the first Assembly of the People's Representatives under the 2014 Constitution.
Afghanistan Combat Mission Ends
Reports to Parliament as British forces conclude their combat mission in Afghanistan.
Quantitative Easing Purchases Conclude
The Federal Open Market Committee ends the additional asset purchases begun during the financial crisis and weak recovery, while continuing to reinvest principal payments and maintain a large Federal Reserve balance sheet.
Death of Denis Winston Healey
Denis Healey dies.
Pluto Moons
New Horizons observations reveal that Pluto's small moons are irregular bodies with unexpectedly complex rotational behaviour.
Liverpool Manager
Is appointed Liverpool manager, replacing Brendan Rodgers.
Brexit
Vote Leave is launched to campaign for the United Kingdom to leave the European Union.
Pluto Atmosphere
Color observations show that Pluto's high-altitude atmospheric haze appears blue when viewed in scattered sunlight.
Pluto
New Horizons compositional mapping identifies numerous exposed regions of water ice on Pluto's surface.
Death of Geoffrey Howe
Dies on 9 October 2015 after a public career spanning law, Parliament, the Treasury, the Foreign Office and the House of Lords.
Nobel Peace Prize
The Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet received the Nobel Peace Prize for supporting a peaceful democratic transition.
JCPOA Adoption Day
JCPOA Adoption Day occurs as the parties begin formal preparations to implement the agreement's nuclear and sanctions commitments.
2016 Race Declined
Announces he will not run for president in 2016.
Acting Prime Minister Takes Office
Gheorghe Brega becomes acting Prime Minister after Strelet's dismissal
Vote Leave Funding
Supports Vote Leave during the referendum campaign.
Leave Campaign Support
Supports Leave campaigning before the referendum organisations are designated.
Brexit Means Brexit Speech
May tells the Conservative Party conference that Brexit means Brexit.
Great Repeal Bill
May announces plans for legislation transferring European Union law into domestic law.
Departure from Shadow Cabinet
Burnham leaves the shadow home portfolio while preparing for the mayoral campaign.
Shadow Brexit Secretary Appointment
Starmer becomes Labour's Shadow Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Witney By-election
Wins the Witney by-election for the Conservatives after Cameron's resignation.
New Horizons
The final stored data from the 2015 Pluto encounter finish downloading to Earth after more than fifteen months.
Parliamentary Election of 2016
Iceland holds an early parliamentary election after the Panama Papers crisis reshapes party support and destabilizes the previous coalition.
Election of Michel Aoun
Parliament elects Michel Aoun as President of Lebanon with 83 votes in the decisive ballot, ending a presidential vacancy that had lasted for more than two years.
Nobel Prize for LIGO
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves from sources including merging black holes.
Nobel Prize for LIGO
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for decisive contributions to LIGO and gravitational-wave astronomy, inaugurated by the detection of a binary black hole merger.
Nobel Prize for LIGO
Thorne shares the Nobel Prize in Physics with Rainer Weiss and Barry Barish for decisive contributions to LIGO and the direct observation of gravitational waves.
Nobel Prize for LIGO
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for decisive contributions to LIGO and the observation of gravitational waves, first detected from a binary black hole merger.
Acting Mayor of Amsterdam
Takes office as Acting Mayor of Amsterdam.
Mayoral Term
Leaves office as Mayor of Amsterdam.
Haumea Ring Discovery
Ortiz and colleagues use a stellar occultation to discover a ring around the trans-Neptunian dwarf planet Haumea.
GW170817 Kilonova
Tanvir leads Hubble observations of the optical counterpart to the neutron-star merger GW170817, linking gravitational waves with a kilonova.
Jerusalem Policy
Kabariti participates in jerusalem policy connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Meaningful Vote Urgent Question
Starmer demands a binding parliamentary vote on the final withdrawal agreement.
Acting Mayor of Amsterdam
Takes office as Acting Mayor of Amsterdam.
Acting Mayoral Term
Leaves office as Acting Mayor of Amsterdam.
Parliamentary Election of 2017
Iceland holds a snap parliamentary election after the collapse of Bjarni Benediktsson's coalition government.
Nobel Prize
Barish receives the Nobel Prize for leadership and decisive contributions to LIGO
Nobel Prize
Thorne receives the Nobel Prize for decisive contributions to LIGO and gravitational wave observation
Nobel Prize
Weiss receives the Nobel Prize for decisive contributions to LIGO and gravitational wave observation
Never Look Away
Directs Never Look Away.
Kepler-1625b Exomoon Evidence
Teachey uses Hubble data with Kepler observations to report evidence for a possible large moon orbiting exoplanet Kepler-1625b.
Kavanaugh Confirmation
Brett Kavanaugh is confirmed to the Supreme Court.
BepiColombo Launch
BepiColombo launches on an Ariane 5 to begin a multi-year journey toward Mercury.
Backstop Dispute
Faces dispute over the Irish backstop in the Withdrawal Agreement.
National Day Parade
Marks the seventieth anniversary of the People's Republic of China.
Four Goals Away at Tottenham
Serge Gnabry scores four goals as Bayern defeat Tottenham Hotspur 7-2 in the Champions League group stage.
A Bed Every Night Phase Two
Burnham expands winter accommodation, specialist support and provision across the city-region.
Goal at Anfield Against Liverpool
Haaland scored for Salzburg at Anfield during a dramatic Champions League group match that Liverpool eventually won 4-3.
Anti-Mask Regulation Introduced
Lam invokes emergency powers to introduce a regulation banning face coverings at specified public assemblies, citing escalating violence and threats to public order.
Legislative Election
Tunisia elected a new Assembly of the People's Representatives, with no party winning a majority.
Operation Peace Spring
Launches a Turkish military operation in northern Syria.
Treasury Bill Purchases for Reserve Management
The Federal Reserve announces purchases of Treasury bills and continued repo operations to maintain ample reserve balances and improve control of the federal funds rate after volatility in short-term funding markets.
Presidential Election, Second Round
Kais Saied won the second round of the presidential election.
Booker Prize
Shares the Booker Prize for The Testaments.
Booker Prize
Shares the Booker Prize for Girl, Woman, Other.
Policy Address 2019
Lam delivers the 2019 Policy Address by video and outlines measures on housing, livelihoods, economic support and restoring social stability.
Revised Withdrawal Agreement
Agrees a revised Withdrawal Agreement with the European Union.
October Protest Movement
Nationwide demonstrations begin over proposed taxes and rapidly broaden into protests against corruption, economic mismanagement and the political establishment during President Michel Aoun's term.
All-Female Spacewalk
Performs the first all-female spacewalk with Jessica Meir.
All-Female Spacewalk
Performs the first all-female spacewalk with Christina Koch.
Letwin Amendment
The Commons passes the Letwin amendment delaying approval of the Brexit deal.
Jerusalem Policy
bin Abdullah participates in jerusalem policy connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
General Election - General Election
Wins a 2nd term as Prime Minister with a Liberal minority government.
General Election Election Outcome
General election outcome recorded for Justin Trudeau: Wins a 2nd term as Prime Minister with a Liberal minority government.
General Election Government
Government context for this general election: Wins a 2nd term as Prime Minister with a Liberal minority government.
General Election
Wins a 2nd term as Prime Minister with a Liberal minority government.
Withdrawal Bill Second Reading
The Withdrawal Agreement Bill passes second reading but the timetable motion fails.
Sochi Summit
Meets Recep Tayyip Erdogan to agree arrangements for northern Syria.
President of Tunisia
Inaugurated as President of Tunisia.
Southampton Away Hat Trick
Perez scores three times as Leicester City defeats Southampton 9-0, matching the record margin for a Premier League victory.
Baghdadi Raid Announcement
Announces death of ISIS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi in U.S. raid.
Article 50 Extension
The European Union grants a Brexit extension to 31 January 2020.
Xayaburi Dam Opening
Marks commercial operation of the Xayaburi hydropower project.
Goals Against Napoli in Europe
Haaland continued his prolific European campaign by scoring twice away to Napoli, although Salzburg lost the closely contested Champions League match.
COVID-19
Is admitted to Walter Reed after testing positive for COVID-19.
COVID-19
Announces he and Melania Trump have tested positive for COVID-19.
COVID-19 Positive Test
Announces that he and First Lady Melania Trump tested positive for COVID-19.
Walter Reed Hospitalisation
Is admitted to Walter Reed National Military Medical Center after COVID-19 diagnosis.
Six-One Victory at Manchester United
Tottenham defeat Manchester United 6-1 at Old Trafford in the Premier League.
Nobel Prize
Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of hepatitis C virus.
Nobel Prize
Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of hepatitis C virus.
Nobel Prize
Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of hepatitis C virus.
Nobel Prize for Galactic Centre Black Hole
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering a supermassive compact object at the centre of the Milky Way.
Nobel Prize
Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for showing that black hole formation is a robust prediction of general relativity.
Death of Eddie Van Halen
Death of guitarist Eddie Van Halen.
Nobel Prize for Galactic Centre Black Hole
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering a supermassive compact object at the centre of the Milky Way.
Nobel Prize
Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for work on the supermassive compact object at the centre of the Milky Way.
Nobel Prize
Awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for development of genome editing with CRISPR-Cas9.
Nobel Prize
Awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for development of genome editing with CRISPR-Cas9.
End SARS Protests
Announces the disbanding of SARS after nationwide protests.
Pluto
Climate modelling shows that bright deposits on Pluto's mountains are methane ice formed by atmospheric processes unlike terrestrial snowcaps.
BepiColombo Venus Flyby
BepiColombo completes its first Venus gravity assist while travelling toward Mercury.
Pre-Election Rallies
Holds large campaign rallies ahead of the 2020 election.
Pro-Democracy Protests
Declares emergency measures during pro-democracy protests.
Presidential Election
Arce wins the presidential election as the Movement Toward Socialism candidate.
COVID-19
Announces a firebreak lockdown in Wales.
Tier Three Funding Dispute
Burnham challenges the Government's financial offer during negotiations over stricter coronavirus restrictions.
Crimea Platform Initiative
Places the proposed Crimea Platform on the international agenda as a mechanism for deoccupation diplomacy.
Second Presidential Debate
Debates Donald Trump in the final presidential debate.
Permanent Ceasefire Agreement
Libyan military delegations sign a complete and permanent nationwide ceasefire.
Letter to You
Releases Letter to You, recorded live in the studio with the E Street Band.
Constitutional Referendum
Holds a referendum in which voters approve drafting a new constitution.
Nationwide Presidential Poll
Initiates a five-question nationwide public poll held alongside local elections.
Supreme Court Confirmation
Confirmed as Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court.
Amy Coney Barrett Confirmation
Amy Coney Barrett is confirmed to the Supreme Court.
Supreme Court Ceremony for Barrett
Holds ceremony marking Barrettโs appointment.
Response to Equality Commission Report
Starmer accepts the findings of the investigation into antisemitism within the Labour Party.
Suspension of Jeremy Corbyn
Labour suspends Jeremy Corbyn following his response to the equality investigation.
Death of Sean Connery
Death of actor Sean Connery.
COVID-19
Announces a second national lockdown for England.
Second Lockdown
Announces a second national lockdown for England.
BepiColombo Mercury Flyby
BepiColombo completes its first Mercury flyby, beginning a sequence of six Mercury gravity assists before orbital arrival.
Northern Metropolis Plan Unveiled
Lam unveils the Northern Metropolis development strategy in her Policy Address, proposing major housing, infrastructure and economic expansion in the New Territories.
Government Formation
The Najla Bouden government took office under the exceptional constitutional arrangements.
EU-Ukraine Summit
Hosts European Union leaders at the twenty-third EU-Ukraine summit in Kyiv.
Bryukhanov Death
Dies in Kyiv on 13 October 2021 after a career defined by the construction, operation and aftermath of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant.
Erna Solberg Government
The Erna Solberg Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Jerusalem Policy
Razzaz participates in jerusalem policy connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Hat-Trick at Old Trafford
Scores a hat-trick as Liverpool defeat Manchester United 5-0, becoming the first visiting player to score a Premier League hat-trick at Old Trafford.
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Is posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame with Kraftwerk.
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Is inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame with Kraftwerk.
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Is inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame with Kraftwerk for musical influence.
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Is inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame with Kraftwerk
Chansons d'Ennui Tip-Top
Releases Chansons d'Ennui Tip-Top, an album of French-language cover versions.
Great Red Spot Depth Measurement
Juno data show the Great Red Spot extends hundreds of kilometres below Jupiter's cloud tops.
Lyman Liberated
Ukrainian forces liberate Lyman in Donetsk Oblast.
Manchester Derby Hat-Trick
Haaland scored three goals and supplied assists in Manchester Cityโs 6-3 victory over Manchester United at the Etihad Stadium.
Theatre Commander
Appointed commander of Russian forces in Ukraine
Kerch Bridge Explosion
Explosion damages the bridge linking Russia and occupied Crimea.
Missile Campaign
Russia begins large strikes on Ukrainian energy infrastructure.
Kerch Bridge Explosion Response
Blames Ukraine for the Kerch bridge explosion and launches mass strikes against Ukrainian cities
Fastest Champions League Hat-Trick
Scores three goals after coming off the bench against Rangers, recording the fastest hat-trick in Champions League history.
Managerial Appointment
Aston Villa appoints Emery as head coach after his departure from Villarreal.
Lebanon-Israel Maritime Boundary Agreement
President Michel Aoun signs Lebanon's letter approving the United States-mediated maritime boundary agreement with Israel, completing the Lebanese side of a deal intended to settle the offshore demarcation dispute.
UN Police Adviser
The United Nations appoints Faisal Shahkar of Pakistan as Police Adviser in the Department of Peace Operations.
Record Start to Premier League Scoring
Haaland became the first Premier League player to score hat-tricks in three consecutive home appearances, underlining his extraordinary start in England.
Israel Support After Hamas Attack
Pledges support for Israel after the Hamas attack.
First Barcelona League Goal
Scores against Granada to become Barcelona's youngest league goalscorer.
Labour Conference Leadership Speech
Starmer argues that Labour is ready to govern and rebuild national infrastructure.
Jerusalem Policy
Al-Khasawneh participates in jerusalem policy connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Rangers Manager Appointment
Is appointed Rangers manager following the departure of Michael Beale.
ATACMS Use Confirmed
Confirms that Ukraine has used United States-supplied ATACMS missiles.
Israel Wartime Visit
Visits Israel after the Hamas attack.
Supplemental Security Request
Requests security funding for Ukraine and Israel.
Gaganyaan TV-D1
The TV-D1 mission tests the Gaganyaan crew escape system in flight during S. Somanath's chairmanship.
Fourth Fico Government
Returns as prime minister after Smer wins elections.
Artificial Intelligence Executive Order
Signs an executive order on artificial intelligence safety.
Death of Ken Mattingly
Death of Apollo 16 astronaut and Apollo 13 support figure Ken Mattingly.
Chagos Islands Political Agreement
Starmer's Government announces an agreement concerning sovereignty and the Diego Garcia base.
Presidential Election
Tunisia held a presidential election in which Kais Saied sought a second term.
Presidential Election Result
The election authority confirmed Kais Saied's re-election with 90.69 percent of the vote.
International Investment Summit
Starmer hosts business leaders and promotes investment in British infrastructure and industry.
Europa Clipper Launch
NASA launches Europa Clipper toward the Jovian system.
Europa Clipper Launch
NASA launches Europa Clipper toward Jupiter to investigate whether Europa has conditions suitable for life.
Inflation
ONS reports annual CPI inflation of 1.7 percent for September 2024.
Victory Plan
Presents a five-point Victory Plan to the Verkhovna Rada.
Troop Deployment Reports
Reports emerge of North Korean troops supporting Russia.
North Korean Military Support
Western officials report North Korean troops supporting Russia.
North Korean Troop Warning
Warns partners about North Korean support for Russia.
Change NHS National Conversation
The government launches Change NHS, inviting patients, staff and organisations to contribute ideas and priorities for the development of a new ten-year health plan.
Change NHS Consultation
The Government launches a national consultation to shape the NHS ten-year plan.
Premier Appointed Under Crown
Reuben Meade is appointed Premier under the Crown's constitutional framework
Premier Appointed
Reuben Meade returns as Premier after the United Alliance wins the 2024 election
United Alliance Government Formed
Forms a new United Alliance government after the general election
First Labour Budget Support
Starmer supports the Government's first Budget and its programme of taxation and investment.
Hwasong 19 Test
North Korea tests the Hwasong-19 intercontinental missile.
Presidential Runoff
Paz wins Bolivia's first presidential runoff and ends the MAS government's long tenure.
Post-Sixteen Education and Skills White Paper
The Government publishes reforms covering technical education, higher education and workforce skills.
Prime Minister of Japan
Becomes Japan's first female prime minister.
Irish Presidential Election
Wins the Irish presidential election.
Presidential Election
Wins the presidential election and secures a seven-year mandate as Ireland's next President.