Battle of Teutoburg Forest
Loses three legions under Varus in Germania.
Historical events in September
6,699 historical records across all years
Battle of Teutoburg Forest
Commands the legions destroyed by Arminius.
Succession
Is confirmed as princeps after Augustus dies.
Death of Drusus
Dies, removing Tiberiusโs adult son from succession.
Execution of Lentulus Gaetlicus
Orders the execution of the Lentulus Gaetlicus, Governor of Germania Superior
Invasion of Germany
Leads an invasion of Germany at the head of the Praetorian Guard
Birth of Trajan
Trajan is born at Italica in Hispania Baetica on September 18, 53.
Death of Galba
Forces Nero to commit suicide
Suicide
Forces Nero to commit suicide
Invasion of Italy
Cerialis invades Italy in support of Vespasians claim to the throne
Death of Titus Flavius
Death of Titus Flavius, killed by the plague
Birth of Antoninus Pius
Birth of Antoninus Pius at Lanuvium.
Succession
Is proclaimed emperor by the Senate after Domitian is killed.
Succession
The Senate proclaims Nerva emperor after Domitian is killed.
Assassination of Domitian Titus Flavius
Assassinated by his wife Domitia & 2 praetorian prefects after 3 yrs of terror
Death of Domitian Titus Flavius
Death of Domitian Titus Flavius, assassinated
Battle of Verona
The victorious Decius Traianus claims the throne. Death of Philip I, at the Battle of Verona
Battle of Verona
The victorious Decius Traianus claims the throne, undisputed master of the empir. Decius Traianus defeats the legions of Philip I & Philip II
Persecution
Arrests & executes Christian leaders
Death of Cyprian
Martyred for his faith
Execution of Cyprian
Martyred for his faith
Battle of Naissus
Gallienus defeats the Goth invasion. After the Battle of Naissus Gallienus is murdered
Death of Severus II
Severus is killed in September 307 while held by Maxentius's regime; ancient sources differ about the precise manner of his death.
Battle of Chrysopolis
Constantine defeats Licinius at Chrysopolis, ending the final major military challenge to his sole rule.
Consecration
The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem is dedicated during celebrations connected with Constantine's thirtieth regnal year.
Ceasar
Appointed Ceasar, nephew of Constantine the Great
Acclaimed Augustus
The army acclaims Constantine II, Constantius II and Constans as Augusti after the Constantinian succession settlement.
Succession
Constantius II & his 2 brothers are acclaimed as Augusti
Assassination of Delmatius
Constantius IIs brother Delmatius is assassinated. Assassinated alongside other members of his familly after the death of Constantine
Assassination of Julius
Constantius IIs brother Julius Constantius is assassinated
Edict of Religious Freedom
Issues an edict of toleration & restores full rights to Christians in the Empire
Death of Boniface I
Death of Boniface I
Pope
Appointed Pope
Battle of Chalons
Killed in battle, thrown by his horse & trampled by his own men. A combined Roman & Visigoth Army defeat the Huns
Battle of Chalons
Visigoth General during defeat of the Hun
Battle of Chalons
The Huns attack Gaul but are defeated by a combined Roman & Visigoth Army
Battle of Chalons
Commander of a combined Roman & Visigoth Army which defeats the Huns. between the allied forces & foederati led by General Flavius Aetius & the Visigoth king Theodoric against the Huns
Battle of Chalons
A combined Roman & Visigoth Army defeat the Huns
Abdication
Odoacer enters Ravenna & has Romulus deposed
Abdication
With the deposition of Romulus by Odoacer the Western Roman Empire ceases to exist
Retirement
Romulus is allowed to live & retire with a pension to Campania
Battle of Ad Decimum
Ten miles from Carthage, the forces of Gelimer and Belisarius meet at the Battle of Ad Decimum, Gelimer had chosen his position well and had some success, Gelimer became distraught upon learning of the death of his brother in battle so Belisarius a chance to regroup, win the battle and capture Carthage
Capture of Carthage
Ten miles from Carthage, the forces of Gelimer and Belisarius meet at the Battle of Ad Decimum, Gelimer had chosen his position well and had some success, Gelimer became distraught upon learning of the death of his brother in battle so Belisarius a chance to regroup, win the battle and capture Carthage
Siege of Carthage
Ten miles from Carthage, the forces of Gelimer and Belisarius meet at the Battle of Ad Decimum, Gelimer had chosen his position well and had some success, Gelimer became distraught upon learning of the death of his brother in battle so Belisarius a chance to regroup, win the battle and capture Carthage
Battle of Ad Decimum
Belisarius with a fleet of 92 dromons escorting 500 transports, landed at Caput Vada (modern Ras Kaboudia) in modern Tunisia with an army of about 15,000 men, as well as a number of barbarian troops, they defeated the Vandals, who were caught completely off-guard, at Ad Decimum on 14 September 533 and Tricamarum in December
Assassination of Aelfwald I
Killed & buried in Hexham Church
Death of Aelfwald I
Death of Aelwald I
Burial
Buried in Hexham Church
Death of Osred II
Executed for trying to regain the throne
Execution
Executed for trying to regain the throne
Kusuko Removed from Office
Emperor Saga removes Fujiwara no Kusuko from her court office as the confrontation with Heizei's faction reaches its crisis.
Louis Crowned Co-Emperor
Charlemagne has his surviving son Louis crown himself co-emperor at Aachen, formally associating him with the imperial government.
Coronation
Crowned King of Mercia & Kent
Death of Lothair I
The Kingdom is divided, Louis II receives Italy & becomes Emperor. The Kingdom is divided, Lothair II claims the North, Lotharingia. The Kingdom is divided, Charles claims Burgundy & Provence. Lothar I dies & his Kingdom is divided between his three sons
Battle of the Brenta
Magyar forces defeat the army of Berengar I near the Brenta River during their Italian campaign.
Royal Stay at Metz
Louis spends a short period at Metz during one of his limited visits to Lotharingia after 900.
Death of Louis the Child
Louis the Child dies unmarried, ending the East Frankish line of the Carolingian dynasty.
Death of Conrad I
The question of Conrads succession is left open until the follwing year
Coronation
Crowned at Kingston-on-Thames by Archbishop Wulfstan
Coronation at Kingston
Athelstan was crowned at Kingston upon Thames in a ceremony led by Archbishop Athelm.
Buckingham Charter Witness
Constantine II witnesses a charter at Buckingham after the 934 campaign and is described there by the Latin term subregulus.
Subregulus Description
The Buckingham charter uniquely describes Constantine II as subregulus, although historians dispute what this wording proves about his political status.
Death of Wenceslaus
Is killed by supporters of his brother Boleslav.
Battle of Svolder
Sweyn I Forkbeard of Denmark defeats Olaf Tryggvason to become ruler of Norway. Outside Helsingborg & a final ambush at Svolder. Death of Olaf Tryggvason, killed at the Battle of Svolder
Battle of Svolder
Sweyn I Forkbeard of Denmark defeats Olaf Tryggvason to become ruler of Norway. Outside Helsingborg & a final ambush at Svolder
Rule of Norway
Sweyn defeats Olaf Tryggvason to become the de facto ruler of Norway
Exile of Godwin of Wessex
Exiled for refusing to punish Dover for a clash with Eustace II
Siege of Dover
Exiled for refusing to punish Dover for a clash with Eustace II
Exile of Godwin of Wessex
Returns with an armed force, compelling Edward to restore his Earldom
Birth of Godfrey of Bouillion
Birth of Godfrey of Bouillion, the second son of Eustace II, Count of Boulogne-sur-Mer, and Ida, daughter of the Lotharingian Duke Godfrey the Bearded by his first wife, Doda
Invasion of England
Forced to disband his army & order his fleet back to London
Scarborough Raid
Harald's invading force attacks Scarborough while moving down the north-eastern coast toward Yorkshire.
River Ouse Advance
Harald sails up the River Ouse and establishes his fleet base at Riccall before advancing toward York.
Battle of Fulford
King Harald III of Norway Hardrada and Tostig Godwinson, his English ally, fought and defeated the Northern Earls Edwin and Morcar
Battle of Fulford
Tostig & Hardrada defeat Morcars army at Gate Fulford
Battle of Fulford
Hadraada & Tostig defeat Edwin & Morcar then capture York
Defence
Edwin of Mercia joins Morcar in resisting the Norwegian advance near Fulford
Retreat from Fulford
Edwin survives the defeat at Fulford and withdraws as the Norwegian victory places York under immediate pressure.
Defence
Morcar of Northumbria commands English forces against Harald Hardrada at Fulford
Fulford Line Command
Morcar helps command the English line at Fulford against the combined forces of Harald Hardrada and Tostig.
Survival after Fulford
Morcar survives the defeat at Fulford as York faces the consequences of the Norwegian victory.
Battle
Tostig fights beside Harald Hardrada against the northern earls at Fulford
Battle
Harald Hardrada defeats the northern English army at the Battle of Fulford
Northern Earls Defeated
Harald defeats the forces of Edwin and Morcar at Fulford, opening the way to the submission of York.
Battle of Fulford
With Tostig defeats Edwin, Earl of Mercia, & Morcar, Earl of Northumbria. Wins the Battle of Fulford & occupies York
Capture of York
Wins the Battle of Fulford & occupies York
Siege of York
Occupies York after success at the Battle of Fulford
Capture of York
Tostig & Hardrada defeat Morcar & capture York
Siege of York
Tostig & Hardrada defeat Morcar & capture York
Arrival at Tadcaster
Harold's army reaches Tadcaster after a rapid march of roughly two hundred miles toward the Norwegian forces.
Battle of Stamford Bridge
Tostig & Hardrada are killed in battle by Harold
Death of Tostig
Death of Tostig, killed at the Battle of Stamford Bridge
Battle of Stamford Bridge
Defeats Hardrada & his brother Tostig, near York, Hardrada & Tostig are killed
Death of Tostig Godwinson
Tostig Godwinson is killed fighting beside Harald Hardrada
Refusal to Abandon Hardrada
Tostig remains with Harald Hardrada during the final battle and is killed after the Norwegian position collapses.
Approach to Stamford Bridge
Harold advances rapidly from York and catches the Norwegian army by surprise near Stamford Bridge.
Norwegian Army Routed
Harold's forces break the Norwegian army after fierce fighting and destroy Hardrada's attempt to seize the English throne.
Surprise
Harold II surprises the Norwegian army near Stamford Bridge
Victory
Harold II defeats the Norwegian invasion at Stamford Bridge
Death of Harald III Hardrada
Killed in battle at Stamford Bridge by forces commanded by Harold Godwinson
Death of Harald Hardrada
Harald Hardrada is killed during the Battle of Stamford Bridge
Final Stand
Harald fights in the Norwegian line until he is killed and the invasion loses its principal commander.
Hostage Rendezvous
Harald moves to Stamford Bridge expecting hostages and supplies from York instead of an immediate English attack.
Surprised without Full Armour
Harald's army is surprised by Harold II while many Norwegian troops are away from the fleet without their full armour.
Retreat
Olaf Haraldsson survives and helps lead remnants of the Norwegian fleet home
Losses
The Norwegian army suffers heavy losses and its English campaign collapses
Battle of Stamford Bridge
Believing that King Harold was prepared to surrender and the English to accept his claim to the throne, Harald took about two thirds of his army to collect tribute from the local people, carrying light weapons and wearing only light armour
Battle of Stamford Bridge
Both Harald and Earl Tostig are killed & Haralds army was so heavily beaten that only 24 of the 300 longboats used to transport his forces to England were used to carry the survivors back to Norway.
Battle of Stamford Bridge
Godwinsons forces surprised Haralds as they collected the tribute from the locals, Godwinsons forces are heavily armed and armoured, and greatly outnumbered Haralds.
Battle of Stamford Bridge
Invited by Tostig Godwinson to capture England from Harold II. Harald sails with 300 ships but is defeated at the Battle of Stamford Bridge.
Norwegian Threat Ended
Harold emerges from the northern campaign with the principal Norwegian claimant dead and the invasion decisively defeated.
Aftermath
Harold II restores English control in York after the Norwegian defeat
Channel Wind Changes
A favourable wind finally allows William's invasion fleet to leave Saint-Valery-sur-Somme for England.
Mora Leads Invasion Fleet
William sails aboard the Mora, which leads the invasion fleet across the Channel during the night.
Crossing of English Channel
The Bayeux Tapestry depicts William's fleet crossing the Channel toward England.
Invasion of England
The invasion force sets sail, William leads the fleet out of the harbour in the Mora
Channel Departure
William's fleet leaves Normandy after the wind changes, beginning the invasion crossing toward the English coast.
Mora Leads the Fleet
William sails aboard the Mora as the ducal ship leads the invasion fleet across the Channel at night.
Night Channel Crossing
William's fleet crosses the Channel during the night without interception by an English naval force.
Landing at Pevensey
William lands unopposed at Pevensey with his army and begins establishing a secure base on the Sussex coast.
Landing at Pevensey
The embroidery shows Norman troops, horses, weapons, and supplies landing on the English coast.
Invasion of England
During the morning the invaders are off Beachy Head
Invasion of England
Lands at the old Roman castle & harbour at Pevensey. Lands at Pevensey, Sussex without any opposition, he commands a force of about 10,000
Landing
William lands at Pevensey after crossing the Channel from Normandy
Occupation
The Norman army occupies the old Roman fortification at Pevensey
Pevensey Defensive Ditch
William's troops strengthen the landing position by adapting the Roman fortifications and cutting defensive earthworks.
Pevensey Fortification
William establishes a temporary fortified position within the Roman defences at Pevensey immediately after landing.
Advance to Hastings
William moves his army from Pevensey toward Hastings and secures a stronger operating base.
Invasion of England
The invasion force heads off for Hastings where there is an unguarded road to London
Advance
William moves his army from Pevensey toward Hastings
March from Pevensey
William moves his army east from Pevensey toward Hastings after securing the initial landing area.
Result of Surrender of York
York passes under the control of the victors after the northern earls are defeated at Fulford.
Surrender of York
York submits after the defeat of the northern earls at Fulford
Death of Morcar
Death of Morcar, killed during the siege of York
Invasion of Mercia
Tostig invades Mercia, after mounting raids further south, but is repulsed by Edwin and Morcar and fled to Scotland
Fleet Moves to Saint-Valery
William transfers the invasion fleet to Saint-Valery-sur-Somme after prolonged delays caused by unfavourable winds.
Hastings Fortification
William establishes defensive works at Hastings while awaiting Harold's approach from the north.
Battle of Hastings
After the death of Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings, Edwin and Morcar threw their support behind the Edgar the Atheling, who was proclaimed king, but they failed to muster an effective military response to the invading forces of William
Siege of York
Tostig & Harald Hardrada defeat Morcar who had replaced Tostig as Earl of Northumbria
Invasion of England
Tostig makes an alliance with Hardrada & they launch an invasion with 300 ships
Siege of Scarborough
Tostig & Hardrada burn Scarborough
Fleet Returns to London
Harold orders the English fleet back toward London as the long summer coastal watch comes to an end.
Fyrd Stood Down
Harold releases much of the seasonal army after prolonged mobilisation exhausts supplies and the expected Norman landing is delayed.
News of Norwegian Landing
Harold learns that Harald Hardrada and Tostig have entered northern England and redirects his attention from the Channel coast.
News
Harold II receives news that William has landed in the south
Northern Army Concentration
Edwin joins Morcar in assembling regional forces to block Harald Hardrada's advance toward York.
Northumbrian Defence Mobilised
Morcar mobilises Northumbrian forces with Edwin of Mercia as the Norwegian invasion moves toward York.
Norwegian Forces Joined
Tostig joins Harald Hardrada's expedition and contributes English knowledge and political support to the Norwegian campaign.
Raid
Tostig supports northern raids intended to weaken Harold IIs position
York Submission Campaign
Tostig participates in the pressure on York after the allied victory over Edwin and Morcar at Fulford.
Forced March North
Harold leads a rapid march north to confront the Norwegian invasion before it can consolidate control around York.
March
Harold II moves rapidly north to confront the Norwegian army
Embarkation
The Norman fleet waits at Saint Valery before crossing the Channel
Fleet Transfer to Saint-Valery
William shifts his invasion fleet to Saint-Valery-sur-Somme while waiting for winds suitable for the Channel crossing.
Waiting for a Favourable Wind
William keeps the invasion force concentrated at Saint-Valery while persistent contrary winds delay departure.
Advance
The Norwegian army advances inland as York becomes the main northern objective
Alliance Norway and Great Britain
Harald Hardrada gathers allies in the northern seas before landing in England
Hostages
Harald Hardrada demands hostages from York after the Norwegian victory
Landing
Norwegian forces appear off the north east coast and move toward Yorkshire
Occupation
Haralds fleet anchors at Riccall while the army advances toward York
Sailing
The Norwegian invasion fleet sails across the North Sea toward northern England
York Capitulation
Harald secures York's submission after Fulford and requires hostages and support for his campaign.
Expedition
Olaf Haraldsson accompanies the Norwegian fleet during the invasion campaign
Invasion of England
Harald III Hardrada arrives with an invasion fleet of 300 ships
Siege of York
Hadrada & Tostig capture York after victory at the Battle of Fulford
Invasion of England
Sails north with 60 ships & enters the Humber before being driven away by Morcar
Capture of York
A Danish-backed force supporting Edgar Atheling and northern rebels captures York from the Normans.
Rebels Take York
Danish-backed rebels seize York and destroy Norman positions, creating the most dangerous northern challenge to William.
Siege of York
The citizens of York put its castles defenders to the sword
Danish Fleet Enters Humber
A Danish fleet enters the Humber and joins northern English rebels opposing William's rule.
Siege of Dol
William besieges Dol in Brittany while pursuing Ralph de Gael, one of the leaders of the English revolt.
Anglo-Norman Realm Divided
William's death separates Normandy from the English crown, with different sons positioned to inherit the two realms.
Death of William I the Conqueror
Death of William I the Conqueror
Duchy of Normandy
The Duchy of Normandy is left to Robert & England is left to William Rufus
Succession
Williams sons Robert, William & Henry outlive him
Will
The Duchy of Normandy is left to Robert & England is left to William Rufus
Succession
Succeeds as King of England
Coronation
Crowned King of England
Burial
Buried at the Abbey of St Stephen, Caen
Henry Receives Silver Bequest
William leaves his youngest son Henry a large monetary inheritance rather than a territorial principality.
Prisoners Released Before Death
Before his death, William orders the release of several prisoners, including his half-brother Odo of Bayeux.
Robert Confirmed as Heir to Normandy
William confirms that his eldest son Robert Curthose is to inherit the Duchy of Normandy.
William Rufus Sent Toward England
William allows his son William Rufus to seek the English crown as the king's final illness worsens.
Succession
Robert gains the support of the French King to challenge William for the throne
Arrest of Robert III Curthose
Captures Robert Curthose at the Battle of Tinchebrai
Battle of Tinchebrai
Captures Robert Curthose at the Battle of Tinchebrai. After the Battle of Tinchebray Normandy is ruled by England for 100 years. After the Battle of Tinchebray Normandy & England are ruled by a single ruler
Rule of Normandy
After the Battle of Tinchebray Normandy is ruled by England for 100 years
Arrest of Robert III Curthose
Robert is captured at the Battle of Tinchebray & held at Devizes Castle for 20 yrs then moved to Cardiff where he dies in 1134
Battle of Tinchebrai
Robert is captured at the Battle of Tinchebray & held at Devizes Castle for 20 yrs. Henry I captures Normandy from his brother Robert Curthose. After the Battle of Tinchebray Normandy & England are ruled by a single ruler
Rule of Normandy
After the Battle of Tinchebray Normandy & England are ruled by a single ruler
Siege of Outremer
Defeats 3 Crusader armies marching to the relief of Outremer
Concordat of Worms
Both the Vatican & the Emperor have a say in the selection of a Pope. Agrees the Concordat with Calixtus II.
Concordat of Worms
The King was recognised as having the right to invest bishops with secular authority ("by the lance") in the territories they governed but not with sacred authority ("by ring and staff")
Concordat of Worms
the result was that bishops owed allegiance in worldly matters both to the pope and to the king for they were obligated to affirm the right of the sovereign to call upon them for military support
Concordat of Worms
under his oath of fealty
Diet of Wurzburg
By the terms of the agreement, the election of bishops and abbots in Germany was to take place in the emperor's presence as judge between potentially disputing parties, free of bribes.
Diet of Wurzburg
Following efforts by Lamberto Scannabecchi (later Pope Honorius II) and the Diet of Wurzburg (1121) in 1122, Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V entered into an agreement that effectively ended the Investiture Controversy.
Diet of Wurzburg
thus retaining to the emperor a crucial role in choosing these great territorial magnates of the Empire.
Concordat of Worms
Both the Emperor & the Vatican will select the Pope. A truce is made between the Empire & the Pope.
Concordat of Worms
The King was recognised as having the right to invest bishops with secular authority ("by the lance") in the territories they governed, but not with sacred authority ("by ring and staff");
Concordat of Worms
the result was that bishops owed allegiance in worldly matters both to the pope and to the king, for they were obligated to affirm the right of the sovereign to call upon them for military support,
Concordat of Worms
under his oath of fealty
Diet of Wurzburg
By the terms of the agreement, the election of bishops and abbots in Germany was to take place in the emperor's presence as judge between potentially disputing parties, free of bribes.
Diet of Wurzburg
Following efforts by Lamberto Scannabecchi (later Pope Honorius II) and the Diet of Wurzburg (1121) in 1122, Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V entered into an agreement that effectively ended the Investiture Controversy.
Diet of Wurzburg
thus retaining to the emperor a crucial role in choosing these great territorial magnates of the Empire.
Pactum Calixtinum
The King was recognised as having the right to invest bishops with secular authority ("by the lance") in the territories they governed, but not with sacred authority ("by ring and staff")
Pactum Calixtinum
The Pactum Calixtinum or Concordat of Worms. Both the Emperor and the Vatican will select the Pope. A truce is made between the Empire and the Pope.
Pactum Calixtinum
the result was that bishops owed allegiance in worldly matters both to the pope and to the king for they were obligated to affirm the right of the sovereign to call upon them for military support
Pactum Calixtinum
under his oath of fealty
Concordat of Worms
Bishops therefore owed worldly allegiance to both pope and king and had to affirm the sovereign's right to demand military support under their oath of fealty.
Concordat of Worms
Innocent II drafts the Concordat of Worms.
Concordat of Worms
The king could not invest bishops with sacred authority, symbolized by the ring and staff.
Concordat of Worms
The king retained the right to invest bishops with secular authority, symbolized by the lance, in the territories they governed.
Capture of Northumberland
David I captures Northumberland
Invasion of Northumberland
David I captures Northumberland
Siege of Oxford
King Stephen takes Oxford & besieges Matilda in Oxford castle
Siege of Oxford
King Stephen takes Oxford & besieges the empress in Oxford castle
Death of Louis VII
Death of Louis VII, age 59
Succession
Succeeds as King of France
Coronation
Will spend 6 months of his reign in England. Crowned King of England, 1st time
Massacre
During Richards coronation many of the Jews in York are massacred
Battle of Arsuf
Routes the Turks at Arsuf & captures Joppa. Richard is ambushed by Saladin at Arsouf en route to Ascalon. Defeats Salladin in battle en Route to Jaffa
Capture of Joppa
Routes the Turks at Arsuf & captures Joppa
Battle of Arsuf
Richard the Lionheart defeats Salladin in battle en Route to Jaffa. Richard I the Lionheart is ambushed by Saladin at Arsouf en route to Ascalon
Death of Joan of England
Death of Joan of England, dies in childbirth & is veiled a nun on her deathbed
Burial
Buried at Fontevrault Abbey, 50 yrs later her son Raymond VII will be buried next to her
Golden Bull of Sicily
Secures hereditary royal status for Bohemia.
Battle of Muret
Defeats & kills Peter II of Aragon
Battle of Muret
Defeated during the Albigensian Crusade
Battle of Muret
Killed fighting the Crusaders under Simon de Montfort
Peace
John & Philip make a truce by the peace of Chinon
Peace
John & Philip make a truce by the peace of Chinon
Homage
Alexender pays homage to Louis Capet for the north counties of England
Invasion of England
Alexender pays homage to Louis Capet for the north counties of England
Treaty of Lambeth
Helps secure the throne for Henry III after the Battle of Lincoln
Treaty of Lambeth
Helps secure the throne for Henry III after victory at the Battle of Lincoln
Absolution
Absolved by the papal legate, Gaulo, for having taken up arms against Henry III
Succession
Succeeds as King of Castille
Siege of Paris
Louis VIII returns his English fortifications & secures the release of his supporters
Magna Carta
Without Williams presence England may not have survived the disastrous reign of John; where the French and the rebels would not trust the English King's word, they would trust William. After the peace of 1217 William reissues Magna Carta, in which he is a signatory as one of the witnessing barons
Siege of London
Preparing to besiege Louis in London when the war is terminated by the naval victory of Hubert de Burgh in the straits of Dover
Mobilization
Embarks on a new Crusade to the Holy Land but his army is stricken with fever
Mobilization
Lands at Otranto
Capture of Valencia
Captures Valencia from the Arabs
Birth of Alexander III
Birth of Alexander III, son of Alexander II of Scotland by his 2nd wife Marie de Coucy
Arrest of Gruffydd ap Rhys
Captures Gruffydd ap Rhys & imprisons him in Cardiff
Peace
Agrees a peace with Edward I which is signed at Shrewsbury
Interregnum
Werner of Mainz introduced Rudolf of Habsburg as a candidate for the German kingship.
Interregnum
Ottokar II opposed the electoral arrangement that favoured Rudolf of Habsburg.
Death of Edward I
Edward is consulted by Scottish magnates to abjudicate over the Scottish succession. Death of Margaret, Edward's great-niece, en-route to England. Causes a dispute over the Scottish succession, Edward II can no longer marry her
Interregnum
Margarets death is followed by a 2 yr interregnum in Scotland
Death of Margaret Maid of Norway
Margarets death prevents England & Scotland being united by a common crown. Margarets death is followed by a 2 yr interregnum in Scotland
Death of Margaret Maid of Norway
Dies after reaching Orkney from Norway to marry Edward's son, Edward of Caernarvon. Death of Margaret Maid of Norway
Unification
Margarets death prevents England & Scotland being united by a common crown
Interregnum
Margaret died in Orkney, triggering a disputed succession among several claimants.
Interregnum
Margaret sailed from Norway toward Scotland to assume her inheritance.
Battle of Stirling Bridge
Routed by William Wallace
Battle of Stirling Bridge
Surrey retreats to York with a fraction of his army intact. Routes the troops of the Earl of Surrey
Marriage
Marries Margaret of France, Philip IVs sister
Marriage
Philip IVs sister marries Edward I
Rule of Gascony
Gascony is restored after Edward I marries Margaret of France. Edward's marriage to Margaret of France, Philip IVs sister, restores Gascony
Marriage to Joan de Geneville
Roger Mortimer married Joan de Geneville on 20 September 1301, creating a dynastic alliance that later brought him extensive lands in the Welsh Marches and Ireland.
Death of John de Warenne
Death of John de Warenne
Constitution of England
Guided by Wishart, Edward frames his Ordinances for the establishment of the Land of Scotland, proposing a Government of twenty Englishmen and ten elected representatives of Scottish estates
Rule of Scotland
Guided by Wishart, Edward frames his Ordinances for the establishment of the Land of Scotland, proposing a Government of twenty Englishmen and ten elected representatives of Scottish estates
Death of Thomas Le Boys
Death of Thomas Le Boys, executed
Execution
Beheaded for supporting the Scots
Death of Herbert Morham
Death of Herbert Morham, executed
Execution
Beheaded for supporting the Scots
Death of Simon Fraser
Death of Simon Fraser, executeed
Execution
Hanged, drawn & quartered, head displayed on London Bridge alongside William Wallace
Siege of Kildrummy Castle
English forces captured Kildrummy Castle after Robert's family and attendants had used it as a refuge during his first campaign as king.
Constitution of England
The Ordinances of 1311 are put into effect, with Thomas replacing the King's ministers and sheriffs with his own nominees
Dissolution of Parliament
When Parliament meets, Edward finds himself entirely in the hands of the Lords Ordainers and surrenders the Government to his cousin Thomas
Lords Ordainers
When Parliament meets, Edward finds himself entirely in the hands of the Lords Ordainers and surrenders the Government to his cousin Thomas. The Ordinances of 1311 are put into effect, with Thomas replacing the King's ministers and sheriffs with his own nominees
Ordinance
The Ordinances of 1311 are put into effect, with Thomas replacing the King's ministers and sheriffs with his own nominees
Papal Coronation
John XXII was crowned at Lyon after his election to the papacy.
Battle of Muhldorf
Fights on Frederick's side and is captured after the defeat.
Arrest of Frederick III
Captured by Louis IV after defeat at Muhldorf.
Battle of Muhldorf
Defeated by Louis IV of Bavaria and John of Bohemia.
Rule of Lusatia
Rewarded with Upper Lusatia & the Ascanian inheritance by after victory at Muhldorf
Battle of Muhldorf
Supports Louis IV and helps defeat Frederick III at Muhldorf.
Battle of Muhldorf
Defeats and captures Frederick III during the German civil war.
Reconciliation
Acknowledges Louis IV and agrees to a shared kingship arrangement.
Reconciliation
Reaches settlement with Frederick III after years of civil war.
Invasion of England
Lands at Orwell in Suffolk with Isabella's invasion force before becoming Edward III.
Invasion of England
Lands at Orwell in Suffolk with Roger Mortimer and Prince Edward.
Landing at Orwell
Mortimer landed at Orwell with Queen Isabella and their invasion force, beginning the successful campaign against Edward II.
Invasion of England
Edward III sails with Isabellas invasion fleet
Assassination of Edward II
Murdered on Roger de Mortimers orders at Berkley Castle
Death of Edward II
Death of Edward II, murdered on Roger de Mortimers orders at Berkley Castle
Marriage
A Papal dispensation is sent sent from Pope John XXII
Birth of Joan of Kent
Birth of Joan of Kent later Princess of Wales
Yuan Coup Politics
El Temur backs Tugh Temur in the Yuan succession struggle
Coronation
Crowned King of Scotland. Balliols grip on the throne is so weak that he wears armour throughout his coronation
Succession
Claims the throne during the minority of David II after the Battle of Dupplin Muir
Alliance with Louis IV
Secures support from the Holy Roman Emperor during the opening war phase
Imperial Vicar Appointed
Receives imperial vicariate authority in the Low Countries
Cambrai Campaign
Invades northern France with allied forces during the Cambrai campaign
Truce of Esplechin
Agrees a truce with Philip VI after the Tournai campaign
Battle of Morlaix
Commands an English force to victory against a much bigger French force at the Battle of Morlaix
Siege of Morlaix
From Brest, Northampton moved inland and there are few details of what happened during this journey but eventually he reached Morlaix, one of Charles de Blois strongholds. His initial attack on the town was unsuccessful and having been repulsed with slight losses he settled into a siege
Battle of Nevilles Cross
Participates in the victory at Nevilles Cross
Arrest of David II
David II is taken prisoner at the Battle of Nevilles Cross
Battle of Nevilles Cross
Edwards forces are in Calais
Battle of Nevilles Cross
The Scots attack but are defeated by the Archbishop of York, de la Zouche. David II is taken prisoner
Siege of Calais Begins
Begins the long siege of Calais after the victory at Crecy
Siege of Calais
Begins the siege of Calais following victory at the Battle of Crecy
Battle of Nevilles Cross
One of the securities for the payment of David IIs ransom following the Battle of Nevilles Cross, and in consequence of the royal misappropriation of some moneys raised for this purpose. Commands a division of Scots, David II is captured
Siege of Calais
Present at the siege of Calais
Peace
Signs a truce with Philip IV
Peace
Signs a truce with Edward III
Black Prince Sent to Gascony
Appoints Edward of Woodstock as lieutenant in Gascony
Lieutenant
Edward the Black Prince is appointed Lieutenant in Gascony, he departs for Gascony to take up duties
Lieutenant
Edward the Black Prince is appointed Lieutenant in Gascony, he departs for Gascony to take up duties
Lieutenant
Edward the Black Prince is appointed Lieutenant in Gascony, he departs for Gascony to take up duties
Siege of Tours
Edward the Black Prince plunders Tours
Battle of Poitiers
Present at the Battle of Poitiers, commands the left wing
Arrest of John II
Edward the Black Prince defeats the French & captures King John II at the Battle of Poitiers & takes him back to England
Battle of Poitiers
After Edward's victory John II agrees to return possessions to England.
Battle of Poitiers
After the Battle of Poitiers Edward holds the King's of England & Scotland & the Duke of Brittany under captivity.
Battle of Poitiers
Edward the Black Prince defeats the French & captures King John II at the Battle of Poitiers & takes him back to England.
Battle of Poitiers
Edward the Black Prince defeats the French & captures King John II at the Battle of Poitiers.
Battle of Poitiers
John II is taken to England & joins King David of Scotland in captivity.
Battle of Poitiers
The Black Prince defeats the French. The Black Prince captures John who is taken to England & joins David of Scotland. John II agrees to return all former English possessions to England
Battle of Poitiers
Chargny, bearer of the sacred "Oriflamme" of France is killled in battle
Battle of Poitiers
Wounded at Poitiers where Scottish troops supported the French as part of the Auld Alliance
Battle of Poitiers
Edward III's son Edward of Woodstock won a major English victory at Poitiers, reinforcing England's military position in the Hundred Years War.
Capture of John II of France
The English victory at Poitiers resulted in the capture of King John II of France, giving Edward III substantial leverage in later peace negotiations.
Death of Blanche
Blanche of Lancaster dies during John of Gaunt's absence overseas
Blanche Dies
Blanche of Lancaster dies leaving John of Gaunt with Lancastrian inheritance interests
Shuntian Prefecture Established
The Ming establish Shuntian Prefecture around the former Yuan capital
Dadu Renamed Beiping
The former Yuan capital is renamed Beiping after Ming occupation
Northern Frontier Planned
Hongwu begins turning the former Yuan capital region into a northern defence zone
Yuan Palaces Destroyed
Ming forces destroy Yuan palace buildings after taking Dadu
Northern Yuan Retreat
Toghon Temur retreats to Shangdu and continues Yuan rule in the north
Battle before Dadu
Ming forces defeat Yuan defenders outside Dadu
Capture of Dadu
Xu Da captures the Yuan capital Dadu
Flight from Dadu
The Yuan emperor flees north as Ming armies capture Dadu
Lancastrian Estates Secured
John of Gaunt's position is strengthened by Blanche's inheritance
Siege of Limoges
After this event, the Black Prince surrendered his lordship of Aquitaine and sailed for England, leaving John in charge.
Siege of Limoges
He took charge of the siege operations and at one point engaging in hand-to-hand fighting in the undermining tunnels.
Siege of Limoges
In the summer of 1370, John was sent with a small army to Aquitaine to reinforce his ailing elder brother, the Black Prince, and his younger brother Edmund of Langley, Earl of Cambridge.
Siege of Limoges
With them, he participated in the Siege of Limoges (September 1370).
Battle of Cernomen
The Turks invade the Balkans & Uglesa & Volkasin are killed
Battle of Cernomen
The Turks invade the Balkans & Uglesa & Volkasin are killed
Battle of Cernomen
Turkish victory over the Serbs at Cernomen leads to the capture of Macedonia. The Turks invade the Balkans & Uglesa & Volkasin are killed
Battle of River Maritza
Turkish victory over the Serbs
Peace
Anglo-French talks resume in Calais
Battle of Kulikovo
Defeats the Mongols & defeats the myth of Mongol invincibility
Marriage
Sir Davids Hammers daughter, Margaret, and establishes himself as the Squire of Sycharth and Glyndyfrdwy
Siege of Lisbon
The siege ends in a disaster for Castille. A plague outbreak together with the constant attacks by Portuguese forces led by Nuno Alvares Pereira causes huge casualties among the Castilian ranks, who are forced to retreat four months after the start of the siege
Siege of Lisbon
The siege ends in a disaster for Castille. A plague outbreak together with the constant attacks by Portuguese forces led by Nuno Alvares Pereira causes huge casualties among the Castilian ranks, who are forced to retreat four months after the start of the siege
Invasion of Portugal
The Castilian forces abandon Santarem, Torres Vedras, Torres Novas, many other towns are delivered to John I by Portuguese nobles from the Castilian side and the stability of the Portuguese throne is permanently secured
Rule of Portugal
The Castilian forces abandon Santarem, Torres Vedras, Torres Novas, many other towns are delivered to John I by Portuguese nobles from the Castilian side and the stability of the Portuguese throne is permanently secured
Unification
The Castilian forces abandon Santarem, Torres Vedras, Torres Novas, many other towns are delivered to John I by Portuguese nobles from the Castilian side and the stability of the Portuguese throne is permanently secured
Birth of Henry V
Birth of Henry V, son of Henry v & Mary Bohun
Assassination of Murad I
Assassinated by the Serbian Prince Lazar, a Serbian nobleman posing as a deserter
Marriage
Marries Margaret Holland, daughter of Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent
Exile of Henry IV
Exiled by his cousin Richard II to France for 10 years. Accused of treason while trying to warn Richard of Lord Mowbrays treasonable remarks
Treason
Accused of treason while trying to warn Richard of Lord Mowbrays treasonable remarks
Exile of Richard II
Orders Bolingbroke & Mowbray to fight a duel at Coventry then intercedes. Exiles Bolingbroke & Mowbray as his regime becomes more despotic
Exile of Richard II
Henry IV, Bolingbroke, son of John of Gaunt, is banished by Richard II
Abdication
Richard II abidicates, Henry IV becomes the 1st Lancastrian monarch
Abdication
Forced to abdicate by the Earl of Hereford, son of John of Gaunt, who claims the crown. Abdicates under pressure from the nobles in the Tower of London
Succession
Succeeds as King of England, chosen by Parliament to succeed Richard II
Abdication
Parliament accepts Richards abdication & declares Bolingbroke Henry IV
Succession
The last independent Prince of Wales, proclaimed by the Welsh landowners. Succeeds as Prince of Wales
Reballion of Glendower
Glendower rebels against Lord Grey of Ruthin, joined by cousins Gwilym & Rhys Ap Tudor
Reballion of Glendower
Glendower rebels against Lord Grey of Ruthin, joined by cousins Gwilym & Rhys Ap Tudor
Reballion of Glendower
Glendower rebels against Lord Grey of Ruthin, joined by cousins Gwilym & Rhys Ap Tudor
Battle of Welshpool
Defeated by the English
Reballion of Wales
Owain Glyn Dwr is declared Prince as Wales rebels against English rule
Reballion of Wales
Owain Glyn Dwr is declared Prince as Wales rebels against English rule
Battle of Halidon Hill
Northern nobles under Lord Percy repulse a Scottish army under the Earl of Douglas
Battle of Halidon Hill
Captured by the English as the Battle of Halidon Hill
Battle of Halidon Hill
Taken prisoner at Homildon Hill
Arrest of Archibald Douglas
Defeated & taken prisoner by the Earl of March
Battle of Halidon Hill
Defeated & taken prisoner by the Earl of March
Alliance Henry "Hotspur" Percy Northumberland ,1st and Owen Glendower and Earl Douglas
Allies with Owen Glendower & Earl Douglas because he is owed 20,000 pounds by Henry IV
Birth of John Mowbray
Birth of John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk
Birth
Born in Innsbruck as a member of the Habsburg inner Austrian line.
Siege of Harfleur
Ends the siege of Harfleur
Siege of Harfleur
Takes Harfleur after a 6 week siege then marches north to Calais
Capture of Caen
Captures Caen after a three week siege
Capture of Pontoise
Captures Pontoise
Invasion of Normandy
Henry V uses Harfleur for the eventual capture of Normandy
Siege of Harfleur
Henry V uses Harfleur for the eventual capture of Normandy. Henry takes Harfleur after a 5 week siege
Capture of Harfleur
The port of Harfleur surrenders to the English
Invasion of Normandy
The port of Harfleur surrenders to the English
Assassination of John the Fearless
Assassinated whilst in the company of the Dauphin Charles
Death of John the Fearless
Death of John the Fearless, assassinated
Alliance Burgundy and Great Britain
As a result of the assassination the Burgundians ally with the English
Assassination of John the Fearless
As a result of the assassination the Burgundians ally with the English
Alliance Philipe the Good Burgundy, 2nd and England
Makes an alliance with England after the assassination of John the Fearless
Assassination of John the Fearless
Makes an alliance with England after the assassination of John the Fearless
Death of Robert Stewart
Death of Robert Stewart, in Stirling Castle and lies buried in Dunfermline Abbey in Fife
Coronation
Coronation of Henry VI
Succession
Charles VI died a couple of months after Henry V, making the young Henry VI king of England and English-occupied northern France
Siege of Paris
Leads an attack on the Porte Sainte-Honore where she is injured by a crossbow wound. Joan of Arcs army launches an assault against Paris, Joan is shot by an arrow while trying to find a place for her troops to cross the citys moat & the troops are withdrawn against her wishes
Siege of Porte Sainte-Honore
Leads an attack on the Porte Sainte-Honore where she is injured by a crossbow wound
Siege of Paris
Joan of Arcs army launches an assault against Paris, Joan is shot by an arrow while trying to find a place for her troops to cross the citys moat & the troops are withdrawn against her wishes
Siege of Paris
After being ordered to march back to Gien-sur-Loire, Joan of Arcs army is disbanded
Congress of Arras
The English withdraw from the Congres after refusing to renounce the French throne
Death of John of Bedford
Death of John of Bedford
Death of John of Bedford
Death of John of Bedford
Treaty of Arras
Philipe receives the Somme towns and is exempted from homage to the French crown. Philipe deserts his English allies and recognizes Charles as king of France
Treaty of Arras
Philipe receives the Somme towns and is exempted from homage to the French crown. Philipe deserts his English allies and recognizes Charles as king of France
Treaty of Arras
Philipe deserts his English allies and recognizes Charles as King of France. Burgundy retains all land gained in alliance with England, except for Champagne & Brie. Burgundy makes a peace Treaty with Charles VII
Treaty of Arras
The Duke of Burgundy makes a peace Treaty with Charles VII. Philipe receives the Somme towns and is exempted from homage to the crown. Philipe deserts his English allies and recognizes Charles as king of France. Burgundy retains all land gained in alliance with England, except for Champagne & Brie
Burial
Buried at Rouen Cathedral
Alliance Great Britain and France
Philipe the Good breaks his oath to Henry IV & returns to his French allegiance
Peace
The Duke of Burgundy makes a separate peace with the French
Alliance Philipe the Good Burgundy, 2nd and Henry IV
Philipe the Good breaks his oath to Henry IV & returns to his French allegiance
Congress of Arras
Breaks the Treaty of Troyes & makes a separate peace with the French
Peace
Breaks the Treaty of Troyes & makes a separate peace with the French
Birth of Gonzalo Fernendez de Cordoba
Birth of Gonzalo Fernendez de Cordoba, 2nd son of Don Pedro Fernandez de Cordoba, count of Aguilar
Birth of Henry Stafford
Birth of Henry Stafford, son of Humphrey, Earl Stafford
Battle of Blore Heath
Captured at the Battle of Blore Heath
Battle of Blore Heath
Fights for the Yorkists
Battle of Blore Heath
Leads the Yorkists to victory on his way to joining up with the Duke of York. Helps lead the Yokists to victory ovrer the Lancastrians
Siege of Ludlow
Salisbuy defeats Lord Audley who is on his way to besiege Yorks castle at Ludlow
League of Public Weald
Anti-Royalist alliance of Brittany, Bourbon, Armagnac & Burgundy. Allies with the League of the Public Weald
Arrest of Edward IV
Escapes from the captivity of Archbishop George Neville of York
Invasion of England
Warwick & Clarence land at Dartmouth & declare Henry VI the rightful King
Invasion of England
Lands with an invasion force in Devon to recapture the throne for Henry IV
Treaty of Arras
Anjou, Maine & Provence are united with the crown.
Treaty of Arras
Louis XIs successor will marry Maximilians daughter bring Artois to France.
Treaty of Arras
Louis XIs successor will marry Maximilians daughter bring Burgundy to France.
Treaty of Arras
Mary of Burgundy cedes Burgundian lands to Louis XI.
Treaty of Arras
Mary of Burgundys daughter Margaret is pledged to the Dauphin.
Treaty of Arras
Signed between Louis XI & Maximilian of Austria.
Treaty of Arras
Signed by Louis XI & The Netherlands following Mary of Burgundys death.
Treaty of Arras
Signed between Louis XI & Maximilian of Austria. Louis XIs successor will marry Maximilians daughter bringing Burgundy to France. Louis XIs successor will marry Maximilians daughter bringing Artois to France
Treaty of Arras
Burgundys daughter Margaret is pledged to the Dauphin
Treaty of Arras
The acquisition of Burgundy by France is recognized by Maximilian I. Marys widower, Archduke Maximilian of Austria, accepts the Treaty of Arras
Coronation
Innocent VIII is crowned pope in Rome after his election.
Marriage
Richard's niece Anne de la Pole marries James III's son. A 3-year truce is agreed
Peace
A 3-year truce follows the marriage of Richard's niece Anne de la Pole & James III's son
Peace
A 3-year truce follows the marriage of Richard's niece Anne de la Pole & James III's son
Treaty of Friendship
Avoids war on 2 fronts with Scotland & the Lancastrian invasion force of Henry Tudor
Marriage Treaty
Anne de la Pole's planned marriage into the Scottish royal family supports a temporary Anglo-Scottish settlement.
Truce with England
James III accepts a truce with England connected to marriage negotiations involving Anne de la Pole.
Birth of Arthur
Birth of Arthur, eldest son of Henry VII
Birth of Prince Arthur
Prince Arthur, Henry VII's eldest son and heir, is born at Winchester.
Birth of Arthur of Brittany
Birth of Arthur of Brittany, eldest son of Henry VII
Birth of Prince Arthur
Elizabeth of York gives birth to Arthur, providing Henry VII with a male heir less than a year after the royal marriage.
Woking Alliance Confirmation
Confirms England's political and military obligations to Spain while preserving the planned marriage between Arthur and Catherine.
Woking Ratification of Medina
Ratifies the Medina del Campo settlement after further negotiation, bringing the Anglo-Spanish marriage and alliance provisions formally into force.
Invasion of Brittany
2nd expedition to Brittany, amity between Henry VII, Spain and Maximilian against France
Invasion of Brittany
Anne of Brittany gives in & marries Charles VIII
Discovery of America
Sets sail from the Canary Islands across the Atlantic after the Pinta is repaired
Discovery of Magnetic Pole
Discovers compasses are inaccurate due to the earths magnetic variation
Discovery of America
Mistakenly believes that he has sighted land
Discovery of America
Ferdinand backs a 2nd expedition with 17 ships which departs from Cadiz
Discovery of America
Ferdinand backs a 2nd expedition led by Colombus with 17 ships to depart from Cadiz
Death of Princess Elizabeth
Princess Elizabeth, young daughter of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York, dies at Eltham.
Death of Elizabeth
Death of Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VII
Warbeck Invasion of Northumberland
James IV crosses into northern England with Perkin Warbeck and a Scottish army, attempting to turn the pretender's claim into an armed invasion of Henry VII's kingdom.
Cornwall Landing
Warbeck lands in Cornwall with a small force, exploiting recent unrest in an attempt to revive his claim and overthrow Henry VII by invasion.
Warbeck Lands in Cornwall
Perkin Warbeck lands in Cornwall and seeks to exploit continuing resentment after the June tax rebellion by renewing his challenge to Henry VII.
Reballion of Rebels in Deal
Lands with a small invasion force in Cornwall
Warbeck Lands at Whitesand Bay
Perkin Warbeck lands in Cornwall with a small force and tries to exploit recent hostility toward Henry's taxation.
Succession
Proclaimed Richard IV while in Bodmin
Warbeck Assault on Exeter Fails
Warbeck's forces fail to capture Exeter after attacking the city's gates, weakening the rebellion before royal troops arrive in strength.
Warbeck Attacks Exeter
Warbeck's Cornish force attacks Exeter but fails to secure the city as royal forces approach.
Ayton Peace Mediation
Helps mediate the Anglo-Scottish truce, encouraging Henry VII and James IV to replace military confrontation with negotiated border peace.
Ayton Border Truce
Concludes a truce with Scotland that reduces border warfare and creates a diplomatic foundation for a more permanent Anglo-Scottish settlement.
Peace
Henry VII concludes a truce with Scotland by the Peace of Ayton
Cornish Pretender Rising
Warbeck lands in Cornwall and raises supporters as Richard IV, exploiting recent Cornish discontent in a final attempt to displace Henry VII.
Warbeck Proclaimed Richard IV
Cornish supporters proclaim Warbeck as Richard IV, allowing the Yorkist pretender to assemble several thousand men for a renewed western rising.
Invasion of England
Lands with an invasion force in Cornwall
Arrest of Perkin Warbeck
Arrested & taken to the Tower after the siege of Exeter
Siege of Exeter
Fails to capture Exeter. Arrested & taken to the Tower after the siege of Exeter
Discovery of India
Completes the voyage to India around Africa, the 1st do so
Departure
Departs from the Basque coast to Spain
Death of Philip I
Death of Philip I
Invasion of Gascony
The English army under Dorset returns home
Battle of Alnwick
Joins forces with his father & commands the rear of the English Army
Battle of Alnwick
Surrey joins up with his son Thomas Howard, the Lord Admiral
Siege of Etall Castle
Etall Castle surrenders to the Scots
Battle of Flodden
Howard commands the English army that defeats the invading Scots at Flodden, where James IV and many leading Scottish nobles are killed.
Battle of Flodden
Helps his father, the 1st Earl of Surrey, defeat the Scots. Commands the right of the English Army at the victory over the Scots. Commands a division of Cheshire men
Battle of Flodden
Despatch by Earl Surrey to inform Henry VIII of the English victory over the Scots
Battle of Flodden
Commands the Bishop of Elys men
Battle of Flodden
Commands the Abbot of Whitbys servants
Battle of Flodden
Commands men from the Bishopric of Durham
Battle of Flodden
Commands about 3,000 archers & billmen
Battle of Flodden
Commands the Lancashire Levies
Battle of Flodden
Commands about 500 citizens from York
Battle of Flodden
Commands the Cheshire Levies
Battle of Flodden
Chaplain at the Battle of Flodden
Battle of Flodden
Commands a party of bowmen & billmen
Battle of Flodden
Leads the vanguard of the English during their victory against the Scots
Battle of Flodden
Helps win victory at the Battle of Flodden. Helps defeat the Scots. Defeats the Scots who lose 10,000 dead
Battle of Flodden
Provides naval support to his father in defeating the Scots at Flodden
Battle of Flodden
Commands the Lancashire Levies
Battle of Flodden
Rewarded by the restoration of the Norfolk Dukedom
Battle of Flodden
The Scottish king is killed & 1/3 of Scotlands Army destroyed. Peace descends on the northern border for most of Henry VIIIs reign. After Flodden Henry receives the boostained surcoat of the dead James IV
Battle of Flodden
James V succeeeds to the Scots throne & peace is restored
Coronation
Crowned King of Scotland in Stirling, age 1
Battle of Flodden
Carries the standard of St Andrew
Battle of Flodden
The only person who can identify the body of James IV. Scots standard bearer at the Battle of Flodden
Battle of Flodden
Commands the Campbell followers & Highlanders
Battle of Flodden
The Earl of Surrey defeats the Scots, James IV, 11 Earls & 10,000 Scots are slain. Leads the Scots 3rd Division, men from Stirling, Linlithgow & the Lothians. Accepts the Earl of Surreys offer to do battle
Catherine Gives Birth to Short-Lived Son
Catherine gives birth to another son who dies shortly afterwards, prolonging Henry VIII's concern over the absence of a surviving male heir.
Capture of Tournai
Tournai submits to Henry VIII, allowing an English occupation and marking the second major territorial success of the 1513 French invasion.
Capture of Tournai
Captures Tournai, the richest city in north east France
Northern Defence Mobilisation
Catherine, acting as regent while Henry campaigns in France, helps organise the kingdom's response to the Scottish invasion and the mobilisation that culminates at Flodden.
Siege of Tournai
Henry advances to Tournai and places the city under siege as the English campaign continues deeper into French-held territory.
Marriage
Leaves London to join her new husband Louis XII in France
Sanctuary
Takes sanctuary from the Council in Stirling Castle
Capture of Tabriz
Selim I captures Tabriz without any resistance but is unable to hold it
Capture of Tabriz
Selim I captures Tabriz without any resistance but is unable to hold it
Battle of Marignano
Claude serves under Francis I during the French victory at Marignano
Battle of Marignano
Pope Clement VII forms an alliance with the victor of Marignano. Francis I, King of France, in alliance with the Venetians, achieves a hard-fought victory over the Swiss cantons
Birth of Anne of Cleves
Birth of Anne of Cleves, daughter of John, Duke of Cleves
Election
Elected Cardinal, "Saint Cecilia beyond Tiber of the Holy Church of Rome"
Royal College
Grants a Charter to establish the Royal College of Physicians
French Embassy
Leads a prestigious French embassy sent to England to conclude the peace and marriage agreements.
Birth of William Cecil
Birth of William Cecil
Birth of William Cecil
William Cecil is born at Bourne and later becomes Elizabeth I's principal secretary and Lord Burghley, dominating much of her civil administration.
Succession
Succeeds as Sultan of Turkey
Excommunication
Luther is excommunicated by the Pope
Excommunication
Luther is excommunicated by the Pope
Death of Selim I the Grim
Death of Selim I the Grim, while preparing for an expedition agasinst Rhodes
Invasion of Rhodes
Death of Selim I the Grim, while preparing for an expedition agasinst Rhodes
Lutheran Church
Issues a decree suppressing Lutheranism in The Netherlands
Great Enterprise
Henry VIII accepts plans for a major war with France in alliance with Charles V.
Great Enterprise
Surrey's raid tests English military pressure on France but achieves limited results.
Invasion of France
The Earl of Surrey leads an English expedition into Picardy as a preliminary campaign against France.
Picardy Expedition
Howard leads English troops from Calais into Picardy, raiding French territory as Henry VIII renews continental war in alliance with Emperor Charles V.
Invasion of France
The Duke of Suffolk leads an English army through Picardy during the campaign against France.
Suffolk French Expedition
Brandon takes command of a large English army at Calais and begins an ambitious advance through northern France intended to threaten Paris.
Invasion of Peru
The first of three expeditions left from Panama for the conquest of Peru with about 80 men and 40 horses while Diego de Almagro was left behind because he was to recruit men, gather additional supplies, and join Pizarro later
Invasion of Peru
The first of three expeditions left from Panama for the conquest of Peru with about 80 men and 40 horses while Diego de Almagro was left behind because he was to recruit men, gather additional supplies, and join Pizarro later
Invasion of Peru
The first of three expeditions left from Panama for the conquest of Peru with about 80 men and 40 horses while Diego de Almagro was left behind because he was to recruit men, gather additional supplies, and join Pizarro later
Capture of Buda
After the Battle of Mohacs the Turks capture Buda
Rule of Hungary
Decides to make Hungary a tributary Kingdom under John Zapolya rather than capture it
Anglo-French Perpetual Peace
Concludes a formal treaty of perpetual peace with France that consolidates the diplomatic partnership developed since 1525.
Marriage
Cardinal Campeggio is sent by the Pope to hear Henry's case for annulment
Alliance Prepares to invade Hungary and and France
Prepares to invade Hungary & makes a secret alliance with France against the Hapsburgs
Invasion of Hungary
Prepares to invade Hungary & makes a secret alliance with France against the Hapsburgs
Capture of Turkey
Establishes John Zapolyai as his puppet King of Hungary
Siege of Vienna
Heads a garrison of 17,000 defending Vienna from the Turks
Invasion of Austria
Begins an invasion of Austria up the River Danube
Siege of Vienna
Skirmishing between Austrian & Turkish patrols
Siege of Vienna
The Turks cut off the lines of communication to Bavaria & Bohemia
Rule of Cervia
Clement absolves the participants of the sack of Rome and promises to crown Charles, in return, he receives Ravenna and Cervia; cities which the Republic of Venice are forced to surrender
Rule of Ravenna
Clement absolves the participants of the sack of Rome and promises to crown Charles, in return, he receives Ravenna and Cervia; cities which the Republic of Venice are forced to surrender
Siege of Rome
Clement absolves the participants of the sack of Rome and promises to crown Charles, in return, he receives Ravenna and Cervia; cities which the Republic of Venice are forced to surrender
Battle of Gavinana
A Florentine army under Francesco Ferruccio engages the Imperials at the Battle of Gavinana, but although Orange is killed, the Imperials win a decisive victory, and the Florentine Republic surrenders
Rule of Florentine Republic
A Florentine army under Francesco Ferruccio engages the Imperials at the Battle of Gavinana, but although Orange is killed, the Imperials win a decisive victory, and the Florentine Republic surrenders
Rule of Florentine Republic
Alessandro de Medici is installed as Duke of Florence
Kings Council
By the autumn of 1531, Cromwell had taken control of the supervision of the King's legal and Parliamentary affairs, working closely with Thomas Audley and had joined the inner circle of the Council
Peerage
Anne Boleyn is created Marquess of Pembroke.
Anne Created Marquess of Pembroke
Anne Boleyn is created Marquess of Pembroke in her own right, raising her status immediately before the marriage intended to produce new Tudor heirs.
Peerage
Given the title of Marquise of Pembroke by Henry VIII plus an annual income of 1,000 pounds
Battle of Guns
Turned back at Guns after his invasion of Austro. Forced to withdraw from Austro along the Drava River
Invasion of Peru
Envoy invites the Spaniards to meet Atahualpa at his camp near Caxamala
Arranges a meeting between Henry VIII & Francis I at Boulogne-sur-Mer
Arranges a meeting between Henry VIII & Francis I at Boulogne-sur-Mer
Treaty of Westminster
Concludes the Treaty of Westminster
Birth of Robert Dudley
Birth of Robert Dudley, same date as Elizabeth I
Birth of Henry VIII
Anne Boleyn gives birth at Greenwich to the future Elizabeth I.
Succession
Anne Boleyn gives birth in Greenwich to the future Elizabeth I
Succession
Anne Boleyn gives birth to Princess Elizabeth, Henry VIII's daughter and future queen.
Birth of Elizabeth I
Birth of Elizabeth I, daughter of Henry VIII & Anne Boleyn, in Greenwich Palace
Succession
Mary is no longer heir presumptive after the birth of Elizabeth
Birth of Elizabeth I
Birth of Elizabeth I, daughter of Henry VIII & Anne Boleyn, in Greenwich Palace
Elizabeth's Birth
Gives birth to Elizabeth at Greenwich Palace.
Reformation, The
Anne gives birth to Elizabeth and Cranmer baptises her immediately afterwards and acts as one of her godparents
Baptism of Elizabeth I
Elizabeth is christened at Greenwich in the friars church.
Christening
Christened & confirmed in a single ceremony at Greenwich in the Friars Church
Christening
Henry VIII is so disappointed that he has a girl that he cannot attend the christening
Declared Illegitimate
Mary's status is reduced after Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine is declared invalid
Roman Catholic Church
Death of Clement VII
Courtship
Henry VIII visits John Seymour & meets his daughter Jane
Courtship
Henry VIII visits John Seymour & meets his daughter Jane
Exile of John Calvin
Due to military manoeuvres of imperial and French forces, Calvin is forced to make a detour to to Geneva
Pilgrimage of Grace
Cromwell circulates an injunctions for the enforcement of the Ten Articles, provoking opposition in September and October in Lincolnshire and then throughout the six northern counties provoking widespread popular and clerical uprisings, which found support among the gentry and even the nobility, collectively known as the Pilgrimage of Grace
Ten Articles
Cromwell circulates an injunctions for the enforcement of the Ten Articles, provoking opposition in September and October in Lincolnshire and then throughout the six northern counties provoking widespread popular and clerical uprisings, which found support among the gentry and even the nobility, collectively known as the Pilgrimage of Grace
English Bible
Cromwell completes a new set of vicegerential injunctions declaring open war on "pilgrimages, feigned relics or images, or any such superstitions" commanding that "one book of the whole Bible in English" be set up in every church
Idolatry
Cromwell completes a new set of vicegerential injunctions declaring open war on "pilgrimages, feigned relics or images, or any such superstitions" commanding that "one book of the whole Bible in English" be set up in every church.
Idolatry
Cromwell pursues an extensive campaign against "idolatry" by the followers of the new religion, statues, roodscreens and images are attacked, culminating in September with the dismantling of the shrine of St Thomas Becket at Canterbury.
Shrine of St Thomas Becket
Cromwell pursues an extensive campaign against "idolatry" by the followers of the new religion, statues, roodscreens and images are attacked, culminating in September with the dismantling of the shrine of St Thomas Becket at Canterbury
Reform of Government
Royal injunctions are issued ordering the cessation of superstitious worship & rituals. Destruction of shrines
Parish English Bibles Ordered
Cromwell orders an English Bible to be placed where parishioners can read it, making vernacular scripture a visible feature of parish churches.
Second Royal Injunctions Issued
New injunctions require every parish to obtain an English Bible and direct clergy to discourage pilgrimages, relic cults and disputed devotional practices.
Royal Injunctions
Royal injunctions order an English Bible to be placed in every parish church.
Shrine of Thomas Becket Destroyed
Royal agents dismantle the shrine of Thomas Becket at Canterbury as the regime attacks a cult associated with resistance to royal authority.
Reform of Church Governance
Instructs the clergy detail weddings, baptisms & burials in Parish Registars
Birth of Walter Devereux
Birth of Walter Devereux
Great Bible
The king asks his Archbishop to write a new preface for the Great Bible, an English translation of the Bible
Reformation, The
The king asks his Archbishop to write a new preface for the Great Bible, an English translation of the Bible. Henry becomes displeased with the results of the Six Articlles Act and its promulgators; the ever-loyal Cranmer and Cromwell are back in favour
Six Articles, The
Henry becomes displeased with the results of the Six Articlles Act and its promulgators; the ever-loyal Cranmer and Cromwell are back in favour
Reformation, The
Henry becomes displeased with the results of the Six Articlles Act and its promulgators; the ever-loyal Cranmer and Cromwell are back in favour
Six Articles, The
Henry becomes displeased with the results of the Six Articlles Act and its promulgators; the ever-loyal Cranmer and Cromwell are back in favour
Reformation, The
Henry becomes displeased with the results of the Six Articlles Act and its promulgators; the ever-loyal Cranmer and Cromwell are back in favour
Six Articles, The
Henry becomes displeased with the results of the Six Articlles Act and its promulgators; the ever-loyal Cranmer and Cromwell are back in favour
Birth of Walter Devereux
Walter Devereux is born and later becomes Earl of Essex, military commander in Ireland and father of Elizabeth I's later favourite Robert Devereux.
Capture of Szekesfehervar
Captures Szekesfehervar after an Ottoman siege.
Ottoman Capture of Stuhlweissenburg
The former Hungarian coronation city falls to Suleyman's army.
Invasion of Scotland
Mary, Queen of Scots, is crowned at Stirling as Scottish leaders seek to protect her from English pressure.
Coronation
Is crowned Queen of Scots at Stirling Castle.
Mary Crowned at Stirling
Receives the Scottish crown at about nine months old.
Accusations against Cranmer
Opponents attempt to discredit his evangelical leadership in Canterbury.
Prebendaries Plot
Faces accusations from conservative clergy and gentry in the Prebendaries Plot.
Treaty of Greenwich
Opposition to the treaty increases among Scots who fear domination by Henry VIII.
Pro-French Policy
Aligns increasingly with the Catholic and pro-French faction.
Return to Catholic Policy
Moves away from his earlier pro-English religious and diplomatic policy.
Siege of Boulogne
The French garrison agrees to surrender after English mining and bombardment breach the defences.
Capture of Boulogne
Boulogne falls to Henry VIII and becomes an English possession on the French coast.
Capture of Hardelot
Involved in negotiating the surrender of the French town of Hardelot
Siege of Hardelot
Involved in negotiating the surrender of the French town of Hardelot
Capture of Boulogne-sur-Mer
Clinton helps Henry VIII capture Boulogne-sur-Mer
Siege of Boulogne-sur-Mer
Clinton helps Henry VIII capture Boulogne-sur-Mer
Capture of Boulogne-sur-Mer
English forces capture Boulogne-sur-Mer during Henry VIII's war with France.
Capture of Boulogne-sur-Mer
Henry VIII besieges & takes Boulogne-sur-Mer, his only success in the French campaign
Invasion of France
Henry VIII besieges & takes Boulogne-sur-Mer, his only success in the French campaign
Siege of Boulogne-sur-Mer
Henry VIII besieges & takes Boulogne-sur-Mer, his only success in the French campaign
Capture of Boulogne
Boulogne surrenders after siege operations directed by Henry VIII, giving England a costly continental possession that must then be defended against France.
Siege of Paris
Charles V is joined by English troops in his assault on Paris
Treaty of Crepy
Charles V makes separate peace with France, leaving Henry VIII isolated in the war.
Holy Roman Empire
Francis I promises help against the Protestant Estates of the Empire & gives up Naples
Peace
Francis I promises help against the Protestant Estates of the Empire & gives up Naples. Charles V returns Burgundy
Rule of Burgundy
Under the Treaty of Crespy Charles V renounces his claim to Burgundy
Rule of Milan
Keeps Under the terms of the Peace of Crespy Charles V keeps Milan
Rule of Naples
Under the Peace of Crespy Francis I gives up Naples
Treaty of Crepy-en-Valois
Ends The Treaty of Crespy ends the Schmalkaldic wars. Charles V renounces his claim to Burgundy but keeps Milan
Return from France
Henry VIII leaves France after ordering Boulogne to be held against French counter-attack.
Peace
France is defeated & Francis is forced to send a representitive to a council
Parliament
Mary's third parliament opens at Linlithgow during the continuing crisis of the Rough Wooing.
Invasion of Scotland
The Earl of Hertford leads renewed English operations on the Scottish Borders during the Rough Wooing.
Autumn Invasion of Scotland
Seymour returns with another large English force and conducts a renewed destructive campaign through the Borders after the setback at Ancrum Moor.
Invasion of Scotland
Leads a force of 2,000 light horse across the border into Scotland
Battle of Pinkie Cleugh
Defeats the Scots at the Battle of Pinkie
Battle of Pinkie Cleugh
Helps defeat the Scots
Battle of Pinkie Cleugh
Provides fire support for the English
Assassination of Farnese
The assassination of Pauls son Pier Luige Farnese widens the rift with Charles V
Death of Farnese
Death of Pier Luige Farnese, the Popes son is assassinated
Assassination of Pier Luige Farnese
The assassination of Pauls son Pier Luige Farnese widens the rift with Charles V
Death of Paul III
Death of Pier Luige Farnese, the Popes son is assassinated
Battle of Pinkie
Somerset defeats the Scottish army at Pinkie in the largest battle of the campaign, using coordinated infantry, cavalry, artillery and naval gunfire.
Battle of Pinkie Cleugh
The last Battle fought between England & Scotland as independent kingdoms. The English win & occupy Edinburgh. Launches an attack on the English under Somerset. 16,000 under Somerset invade Scotland, met by 23,000 under Arran at the Esk
Battle of Pinkie Cleugh
Clinton provides naval artillery support against the Scots at the Battle of Pinkie
Crossing of the Scottish Border
Somerset marches the main English army from Berwick into Scotland, renewing the Tudor attempt to force a dynastic settlement by direct invasion.
Occupation of Leith
After Pinkie, Somerset's forces occupy Leith and use the port while consolidating the coastal route supporting the English invasion.
Capture of Broughty Castle
Dudley secures Broughty Castle for England, creating a fortified position on the Tay that extends the Tudor occupation far beyond the eastern Borders.
Capture of Edinburgh
After their victory at Pinkie Cleugh the English occupy Edinburgh
Siege of Edinburgh
After their victory at Pinkie Cleugh the English occupy Edinburgh
Burial
Buried in Sudeley Castle
Death of Parr
Death of Catherine Parr, dies in childbirth
Evacuation of Haddington
English forces abandon Haddington as the costly Scottish campaign becomes increasingly difficult to sustain.
Withdrawal from Haddington
The English evacuate Haddington as domestic rebellion, financial strain and Franco-Scottish resistance make Somerset's occupation strategy increasingly unsustainable.
Second Book of Common Prayer Published
The revised prayer book removes further traditional ceremonies and expresses a more explicitly Protestant theology of worship and communion.
Arrest of Hugh Latimer
Is arrested under Mary's Catholic restoration.
Elizabeth Joins Mary's Coronation Retinue
Elizabeth takes part in the ceremonial retinue despite the religious and political tensions surrounding Mary's accession.
Mary's Coronation Eve Procession
Mary travels through London in state before the coronation, allowing the city to demonstrate public loyalty to the restored queen.
Anne of Cleves Joins Coronation Retinue
Anne of Cleves joins the royal ceremonial party and later follows Mary during the Abbey procession.
Thomas Cranmer Arrested for Treason and Heresy
Thomas Cranmer is arrested after defending Edward VI's religious settlement and supporting the succession arrangement that placed Jane Grey before Mary.
Gardiner Chosen to Crown Mary
Stephen Gardiner is selected to conduct the coronation because Archbishop Thomas Cranmer is imprisoned and unavailable to preside.
John Hooper Arrested under Marian Restoration
John Hooper is arrested as Mary's government moves against prominent Protestant clergy who refuse to accept the restoration of Catholic doctrine.
Hugh Latimer Arrested under Mary I
Hugh Latimer is arrested after Mary's accession because of his prominent Protestant preaching and opposition to the restored Catholic settlement.
New Coronation Oil Obtained
Mary obtains fresh consecrated oil because she regards the oil used under Edward VI's Protestant regime as unsuitable for her ceremony.
Cranmer Summoned
Thomas Cranmer is summoned as Mary reverses Edwardian religion.
Mass Restored at Court
The Mass is restored at court during Maryโs first months.
Royal Injunctions Suspended
Edwardian religious injunctions are suspended as Catholic worship returns.
Summons to London
Is summoned after Mary begins reversing Edwardian religion.
Tower Imprisonment
Is imprisoned with other Protestant leaders.
Deprivation
Is deprived of the bishopric of London under Mary I.
Trial for Heresy
Faces formal heresy proceedings before execution.
Final Examination
Faces renewed examination before execution.
Latimer Trial
Hugh Latimer is tried for heresy under the Catholic restoration.
Ridley Trial
Nicholas Ridley is tried for heresy under Maryโs restored Catholic order.
Death of Charles V
Charles V dies in retirement at the monastery of Yuste
Death of Charles V
Death of Charles V in retirement at Yuste
Coronation
Francis is crowned King of France
Audiencia of Charcas Created
Philip II creates the Royal Audiencia of Charcas for Upper Peru
Audiencia of Charcas
Creates the Royal Audiencia of Charcas to govern Upper Peru
Returns to Spain
Philip II returns to Spain after leaving the Netherlands
Death of Amy Robsart
Dudley's wife Amy Robsart dies after falling down stairs
Death of Robert Dudley
Dudleys wife dies under suspicious circumstances
Scandal
An inquest says Dudleys wifes death was accidental
Suicide
An inquest says Dudleys wifes death was accidental
Death of Elizabeth I
Announces the death of Dudleys wife
Suicide
Possible suicide caused by Dudleys advances to Elizabeth
Death of Francis Talbot
Death of Francis Talbot, 5th Earl of Shrewsbury
Accession
Erik XIV succeeds Gustav I as King of Sweden
Death of Gustav I
Gustav I dies after founding the hereditary Vasa monarchy
Inquest into Amy Robsart
Inquest finds Amy Robsart's death accidental
Dudley Becomes Free to Remarry
Amy Dudley's death leaves Robert Dudley free to marry, intensifying discussion of whether Elizabeth might choose him and produce a direct heir.
Dudley Scandal
Amy Robsart's death damages prospects for any marriage between Elizabeth and Dudley
Entry into Edinburgh
Mary makes her formal entry into Edinburgh after returning from France
Colloquy of Poissy Opens
Catherine opens talks seeking reconciliation between Catholics and Protestants
Colloquy of Poissy
Beza presents Calvinist arguments at the Colloquy of Poissy
Colloquy of Poissy
Cardinal of Lorraine represents Catholic interests in debate with Protestants
Colloquy of Poissy
Religious conference is held under the authority of young Charles IX
Fourth Battle of Kawanakajima
Shingen survives the major clash with Uesugi Kenshin at Kawanakajima
Fourth Battle of Kawanakajima
Kenshin clashes with Takeda Shingen in the fiercest Kawanakajima battle
Death at Kawanakajima
Kansuke dies during the Fourth Battle of Kawanakajima
Birth of Edward Seymour
Birth of Edward Seymour Lord Beauchamp son of Hertford and Katherine Grey
Birth of Edward Seymour Beauchamp
Catherine gives birth to Edward Seymour while imprisoned, creating a male descendant of Mary Tudor with a potentially important future claim.
Death of Bayezid
Bayezid is killed after losing the Ottoman succession struggle
Bayezid Executed
Prince Bayezid is executed after Safavid extradition to Ottoman agents
Colloquy of Poissy
Supports attempts to achieve a Protestant Catholic compromise at Poissy
Bayezid Handed Over
Tahmasp hands the fugitive Ottoman prince Bayezid to Suleyman's agents
Privy Council Formed
Mary forms a council balancing Protestant nobles and royal authority
First Interview with Mary
Knox meets Mary and defends Protestant preaching against royal criticism
Treaty of Hampton Court
Elizabeth agrees to occupy Le Havre in return for supporting the Huguenots
Huguenots
Signs a Treaty with the Huguenot Louis de Bourbon. A Treaty allows English occupation in return for support of the Huguenots
Treaty of Le Havre
Signs a Treaty with the Huguenot Louis de Bourbon. A Treaty allows English occupation in return for support of the Huguenots
Huguenots
Signs a Treaty allowing English occupation of le Havre for supporting the Huguenots
Rule of Le Havre
Signs a Treaty allowing English occupation of le Havre for supporting the Huguenots
Treaty of Hampton Court
Elizabeth agrees to support French Huguenots and accepts control of Le Havre, creating a new English military foothold on the French coast.
Treaty of Hampton Court
Conde accepts English support and offers Le Havre as security
Le Havre Security Clause
Supports treaty arrangements placing Le Havre in English hands as security while Elizabeth aids the Huguenot cause in France.
Calais Recovery Objective
Uses intervention in France partly to seek compensation for the earlier loss of Calais while publicly supporting the Huguenot alliance.
Hampton Court Huguenot Alliance
Concludes an agreement with the French Huguenot leadership that commits England to military and financial support during the French Wars of Religion.
Huguenot Troop Commitment
Promises several thousand English troops to assist the Protestant forces and secure the Channel ports covered by the agreement.
Huguenot Negotiations
Elizabeth negotiates with French Huguenots during the first war of religion
Siege of Bourges
The siege of Bourges is the opening episode, the French Wars of Religion
Defense of Orleans
Coligny supports the Huguenot defence of Orleans
King of Bohemia
Maximilian is recognized as King of Bohemia before becoming emperor
Huntly Rebellion
Mary moves against Huntly's northern power base
Capture of Alvsborg
Danish forces capture the strategic fortress of Alvsborg
Loss of Alvsborg
Sweden loses Alvsborg to Danish forces early in the war
King of Hungary Crowned
Maximilian is crowned King of Hungary at Pressburg
Return from First Slaving Voyage
Hawkins returns from his first Atlantic slaving voyage
Hungarian Succession Secured
Ferdinand secures Maximilian's succession in Hungary
Invasion of Malta
Turkish defeat ends Moslem expansion in the Mediterranean. Suleyman I the Magnificent orders the embarkation of Turkish survivors. Suleyman I the Magnificent calls off the invasion
Siege of Valetta
Turkish defeat ends Moslem expansion in the Mediterranean
Invasion of Malta
Turkish defeat ends Moslem expansion in the Mediterranean. Suleyman I the Magnificent orders the embarkation of Turkish survivors. Suleyman I the Magnificent calls off the invasion
Siege of Valetta
Turkish defeat ends Moslem expansion in the Mediterranean
Invasion of Malta
The last Turkish galley leaves Malta
Invasion of Malta
The last Turkish galley leaves Malta
Political Support
Learns France will not support her against Murray
Death of Suleyman I the Magnificent
Death of Suleyman I the Magnificent, during the capture of Szigeth
Parliament
Opening day of Parliament
Richard Onslow Chosen Speaker
Richard Onslow becomes Speaker when the Commons resumes amid intense pressure on Elizabeth concerning marriage and the succession.
Battle of Lepanto
Spanish and Venetian ships of the Christian League in the naval Battle of Lepanto in the Mediterranean Sea under Don John of Austria gain complete victory over a Turish fleet with 117 Turkish ships sunk
Christian League
Spanish and Venetian ships of the Christian League in the naval Battle of Lepanto in the Mediterranean Sea under Don John of Austria gain complete victory over a Turish fleet with 117 Turkish ships sunk
Ridolfi Plot
Howard is arrested for his involvement in the Ridolfi Plot
Plot
Marys supporter Norfolk is Arrested
Plot
Marys envoy, Leslie, is arrested & makes damaging confessions
Massacre
The massacre disrupts negotiations to marry the Duke of Alencon. The French Ambassador reveals a Hugenot plot to kill the French King & his family
Arrest of Duke of Alencon
The Duke of Alencon is arrested in France for plotting against his brother Charles IX
Marriage
The Duke of Alencon is arrested in France for plotting against his brother Charles IX
death of Charles IX throws Anglo-French relations into confusion
The death of Charles IX throws Anglo-French relations into confusion
Treaty of Blois
Henry III sends an Envoy to England to confirm the Treaty of Blois
Death of Walter Devereux
Death of Walter Devereux
Burial
Burial of Walter Devereux, Carmarthen Castle, Wales
Death of John of Austria
Don John of Austria dies of fever, hi was succeeded as Governor of The Netherlands by Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma
University of Pisa Enrollment
Galileo enrolls in the Faculty of Arts at the University of Pisa.
Yermak Expedition
Supports Yermak campaign against the Khanate of Sibir
Yermak Expedition
Supports the Cossack expedition of Yermak into Siberia
Reconciliation
Reconciled with James VI during the political realignment after the Raid of Ruthven
Return from Exile
Returns to Scotland after the Raid of Ruthven and is reconciled to James VI
Ruthven Regime Support
Supports the Ruthven faction after returning from exile
Birth of Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von Wallenstein
Birth of Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von Wallenstein, Bohemia
Whitgift Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury
John Whitgift becomes Archbishop of Canterbury and begins a firmer campaign for conformity within the established Church.
Capture of Ghent
Brings Ghent back under Spanish control
Babington Plot Trial
Babington and fellow conspirators are tried for treason after Walsingham's network exposes their correspondence, and the court condemns them to death.
Death of Anthony Babington
Death of Anthony Babington, assassinated
Execution of Babington
Babington & his 5 associates are executed
Plot
Plans to free Mary & rally Catholic support for Spanish invasion. Plans to assassinate Elizabeth
Execution of Anthony Babington
Anthony Babington is executed for the conspiracy against Elizabeth, bringing the principal English organiser of the plot to a public and severe end.
Birth of Marin Mersenne
Marin Mersenne is born near Oize in the French province of Maine.
Spanish Armada, 1st
It was reported that, when Philip II learned of the result of the expedition, he declared, "I sent the Armada against men, not God's winds and waves."
Spanish Armada, 1st
Many more died in Spain, or on hospital ships in Spanish harbours, from diseases contracted during the voyage.
Spanish Armada, 1st
Many survivors were near death from disease because the ships were cramped and had exhausted their food and water.
Spanish Armada, 1st
Only 67 ships and fewer than 10,000 men survived.
Invasion of France
Intervenes in the French civil war against the Protestant Henry IV
Capture of Hulst
Captures Hulst
Death of Michel de Montaigne
Michel de Montaigne dies at his estate, aged fifty-nine.
Mathematics Chair at Padua
The Venetian Senate appoints Galileo professor of mathematics at the University of Padua.
Hesketh Approaches Earl of Derby
Richard Hesketh urges Ferdinando Stanley to assert a claim to the English succession, promising foreign support for a challenge to Elizabeth I.
Death of Philip II
Dies at the Escorial Palace leaving Spain in financial straits. Death of Philip II
Succession
Succeeds as King of Spain, leaves direction of his Government to the Duke of Lerma
Essex-O'Neill Truce
Essex negotiates a personal truce with O'Neill after an expensive campaign fails to achieve the decisive victory expected by Elizabeth I.
Reballion of Rebels in Arklow
Defeated by the Earl of Tyrone at Arklow
Arrest of Robert Devereux
London refuses to rise up against Elizabeth I, Essex & Southampton are arrested
Essex Rebellion
Intrigues with James VI & Lord Mountjoy
Essex Rebellion
London refuses to rise up against Elizabeth I, Essex & Southampton are arrested
Spanish Force Lands at Kinsale
A Spanish expedition lands at Kinsale to support the Irish rebellion, forcing crown commanders to concentrate major forces in southern Ireland.
Trial
Sentenced to death at his trial in Winchester
Capture of Ostend
Ambrogio Spinola, who had succeeded Archduke Albert as commander in the field, eventually captures Ostend, but only at the price of accepting the loss of Sluis
Siege of Ostend
Ambrogio Spinola, who had succeeded Archduke Albert as commander in the field, eventually captures Ostend, but only at the price of accepting the loss of Sluis
Capture of Ostend
Ambrogio Spinola, who had succeeded Archduke Albert as commander in the field, eventually captures Ostend, but only at the price of accepting the loss of Sluis
Siege of Ostend
Ambrogio Spinola, who had succeeded Archduke Albert as commander in the field, eventually captures Ostend, but only at the price of accepting the loss of Sluis
Battle of Kircholm
Annhilates a Swedish army 3 times larger than his own. After defeat at Kircholm Sweden is forced to leave the siege of Riga
Siege of Riga
After defeat at Kircholm Sweden is forced to leave the siege of Riga
Siege of Pilsen
Mansfelds army reaches the outskirts of the city, defenders block two city gates and the third one was reinforced with additional guards, the Protestant army was too weak to start an all-out assault on the castle, so Mansfeld decided to starve the city
Election
Frederick accepts the Boemian crown
Rule of Bohemia
Urges the Palatine elector to refuse the Bohemian crown offered by Prague Protestants
Discovery of America
Sets sail for America from Plymouth in the Mayflower
Capture of Riga
Captures Riga
Invasion of Estonia
Invades Estonia & captures Riga
Capture of Riga
Captures Riga
Invasion of Estonia
Invades Estonia & captures Riga
Capture of Heidelberg
Captures the city of Heidelberg following an eleven-week siege
Siege of Heidelberg
Captures the city of Heidelberg following an eleven-week siege
Capture of Madrid
The Dutch capture the New Spain silver fleet off Matanzas, Cuba
Lord President of the North
Wentworth became lord president of the Council of the North and governed northern England.
Capital
Makes Boston the Capital of Massachusetts
Battle of Breitenfeld, 1st
Troops are routed while fighting for the Protestant alliance
Battle of Breitenfeld, 1st
The Swedes defeat the Imperial forces under Tilly. Emperor Ferdinand is forced to recall Wallenstein
Battle of Breitenfeld, 1st
Defeated by the Army of Gustavus Adolphus who then captures Magdeburg
Battle of Breitenfeld, 1st
Commands the right wing Swedish forces
Alliance Gustavus II Adolphus and Tilly and the elector of Saxony
Concludes an alliance with Tilly & the elector of Saxony
Battle of Breitenfeld, 1st
Gustavus joins up with Saxoy & confronts Tilly at Breitenfeld. Ferdinands Imperial army commanded by Tilly is defeated & Gustav takes Leipzig
Capture of Breitenfeld
After victory at Breitenfeld Gustavus captures Leipzig
Imperial Army
Ferdinands Imperial army commanded by Tilly is defeated & Gustav takes Leipzig
Siege of Magdeburg
Tillys troops sack Magdeburg. Gustavus joins up with Saxoy & confronts Tilly at Breitenfeld
Siege of Magdeburg
Tillys troops sack Magdeburg. Gustavus joins up with Saxoy & confronts Tilly at Breitenfeld
Reballion of Lannguedoc
The Lannguedoc rebels are defeated
Reballion of Lannguedoc
The Lannguedoc rebels are defeated
Death of Ferdinand II
With General Tilly dead, Ferdinand II turned to the aid of Wallenstein and his large army
Invasion of Poland
Russia invades Poland
Invasion of Poland
Russia invades Poland
Battle of Nordlingen
Ends Swedish influence in Southern Germany. Defeats the Swedes & other Protestant forces near the Bavarian town of Nordlingen
Battle of Nordlingen
Sweden is defeated by an Austro-Spanish force. Richelieu is forced into war for the Heilbronn League
Heilbronn League
Richelieu is forced into war for the Heilbronn League
Battle of Nordlingen
Defeats the Swedes & is able to resume neutrality
Neutrality
Defeats the Swedes & is able to resume neutrality
Battle of Nordlingen
Defeats the Swedish forces & resumes a policy of neutrality towards Protestants
Neutrality
Defeats the Swedish forces & resumes a policy of neutrality towards Protestants
Battle of Nordlingen
Defeats the Swedes
Battle of Nordlingen
Leads the Imperial armies to victory over the Swedes
Battle of Nordlingen
Protestant forces are defeated
Assault on Breda Hornwork
Monck fought in the attack that captured an important hornwork outside Breda.
Defence of Siege Works
Monck helped repel Spanish attempts to disrupt Dutch mining and approach works.
Birth of Louis XIV
Birth of Louis XIV, by Anne of Austria
Birth of Louis XIV the Sun King
Birth of Louis XIV the Sun King, son of Louis XIII and Anne of Austria
Birth of Louis XIV
Birth of Louis XIV, son of Louis XIII and Anne of Austria.
Opposition to Berwick Settlement
Wentworth urged Charles to renew preparations rather than accept the Berwick settlement as final.
Advice to Summon Parliament
Wentworth advised Charles to summon an English Parliament to finance another campaign against Scotland.
Scottish Army Enters Durham
Scottish troops extend their occupation southward into County Durham.
Scottish Army Enters Durham
Scottish troops extend their occupation southward into County Durham.
Catalan Revolt
Leads Catalan resistance to Spanish royal authority
Diet
Wants peace without concessions based on the Peace of Prague
Capture of Edinburgh
The Covenanters capture Edinburgh
Covenanter Campaign
The Covenanters capture Edinburgh
Long Parliament Announced
Charles announces that a new Parliament will meet in November.
Peers Recommend Parliament
The Great Council advises Charles to summon Parliament and continue peace negotiations.
Long Parliament Announced
Charles announces that a new Parliament will meet in November.
Peers Recommend Parliament
The Great Council advises Charles to summon Parliament and continue peace negotiations.
Great Council of Peers
Vane advises Charles during the emergency meeting of peers at York.
Peace Negotiations Recommended
Vane participates in discussions recommending negotiation with the Scottish army.
Great Council of Peers
Charles convenes a Great Council of Peers after military defeat in the north.
Great Council of Peers
Charles convenes a Great Council of Peers after military defeat in the north.
Council of Peers at York
Strafford attended the Great Council of Peers convened to address the military and financial emergency.
Great Council at York
Charles asks assembled peers for advice following the Scottish invasion.
Great Council at York
Charles asks assembled peers for advice following the Scottish invasion.
Scottish Advance to Durham
The Scottish army advances beyond Newcastle and occupies parts of Durham.
Scottish Advance to Durham
The Scottish army advances beyond Newcastle and occupies parts of Durham.
Death of Francine Descartes
Descartes's daughter Francine dies during childhood, causing him profound personal grief.
Ordination as Priest
Arnauld is ordained a priest while beginning the period that establishes his intellectual reputation.
Royal Standard Re-Erected
The Royal Standard is raised again after the original standard collapses in bad weather.
Royal Standard Re-Erected
The Royal Standard is raised again after the original standard collapses in bad weather.
Portsmouth Surrendered
Goring surrenders Portsmouth after Parliament blockades and bombards the port.
Capture of Portsmouth
Waller receives the surrender of Portsmouth after Parliamentarian land and naval pressure.
Capture of Portsmouth
Goring surrenders the Royalist garrison of Portsmouth to Parliamentarian forces.
Parliamentarian Entry into Portsmouth
Meldrum enters Portsmouth with Waller after the Royalist surrender.
Dismissal as Tower Lieutenant
Parliament removes Byron from the lieutenancy of the Tower of London.
Appointment as Tower Lieutenant
Parliament appoints Sir John Conyers Lieutenant of the Tower of London.
Death of Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu
Louis has Cinq Mars executed, 2 months before Richelius death
Execution
Louis has Cinq Mars executed, 2 months before Richelius death
Battle of Breitenfeld, 1st
Wins a victory at the Battle of Breitenfeld
Capture of Perpignan
The French capture Perpignan & complete their grip on Rousillon
Battle of Powick Bridge
Browne's Parliamentarian cavalry is routed by Prince Rupert at Powick Bridge.
Parliamentarian Defeat at Powick Bridge
Browne's cavalry is surprised and driven from the field by Prince Rupert.
Battle of Powick Bridge
Crane is knighted after service with the victorious Royalist cavalry at Powick Bridge.
Royalist Charge at Powick Bridge
Crane serves in the Royalist cavalry that routs Parliament's advance guard.
Battle of Powick Bridge
Charles's Royalist cavalry defeats Parliament's advance guard at Powick Bridge.
Battle of Powick Bridge
Charles's Royalist cavalry defeats Parliament's advance guard at Powick Bridge.
Battle of Powick Bridge
Digby supports Prince Rupert's cavalry during the Royalist victory at Powick Bridge.
Battle of Powick Bridge
Wins the 1st skirmish of the civil war defeating the Earl of Essex near Worcester. Leads a detachment of 1,000 horse & dragoons & routes a Parliamentary force. Fires on the advanced guard of Parliamentarians who are heading towards Worcester
Battle of Powick Bridge
Rupert's Royalist cavalry routs Parliament's advance guard near Powick Bridge while covering the Oxford treasure convoy.
Battle of Worcester
Rupert of the Rhine does not have enough forces to defend Worcester & camps at Powick Bridge
Protection of Oxford Treasure Convoy
Rupert covers Sir John Byron's withdrawal from Worcester, allowing the Oxford treasure convoy to continue safely toward the King's army.
Siege of Worcester
Rupert of the Rhine does not have enough forces to defend Worcester & camps at Powick Bridge
Occupation of Worcester
Essex's Parliamentarian army occupies Worcester the day after the action at Powick Bridge.
Occupation of Worcester
Essex occupies Worcester after the Royalist cavalry withdraws from the area.
Battle of Worcester
Ordered by Charles I to make Worcester secure & preserve his forces for battle
Siege of Worcester
Ordered by Charles I to make Worcester secure & preserve his forces for battle
Parliamentarian Occupation of Worcester
Essex occupies Worcester while the Royalist army gathers in the west.
Naval Blockade of Portsmouth
Warwick's ships prevent relief or escape while Parliament's army besieges Portsmouth.
Mobilization
Parliament directs Holland to help secure Hull against Royalist pressure.
Mobilization
Parliament directs Holland to help secure the Tower of London.
Mobilization
Charles establishes a recruiting centre at Shrewsbury and draws support from Wales.
Parliamentarian Occupation of Oxford
Parliamentarian forces briefly occupy Oxford before the Royalist field army returns.
Royalist Recruitment at Shrewsbury
Charles gathers recruits, money and equipment before marching eastward.
Mobilization
Charles establishes a recruiting centre at Shrewsbury and draws support from Wales.
Parliamentarian Occupation of Oxford
Parliamentarian forces briefly occupy Oxford before the Royalist field army returns.
Royalist Recruitment at Shrewsbury
Charles gathers recruits, money and equipment before marching eastward.
Oxford Surrendered to Parliament
Byron abandons Oxford, allowing Parliamentarian forces to enter the city.
Siege of Portsmouth
Waller directs Parliamentarian forces besieging the Royalist garrison.
Battle of Worcester
Essex occupis Worcester as Charles I is unable to send reinforcements to Prince Rupert
Siege of Stafford
Rupert of the Rhine rejoins Charles I at Stafford
Siege of Worcester
Essex occupis Worcester as Charles I is unable to send reinforcements to Prince Rupert
General
Appointed Commander of the Cavalry
General
Appointed Commander of the Cavalry
Battle of Stow
Rupert of the Rhine attacks Essexs Army
Siege of Stow
Rupert of the Rhine attacks Essexs Army
Relief of Gloucester
Massey holds Gloucester until the approach of Essex's relief army forces the Royalists to abandon the siege.
Siege of Gloucester
Fails to capture Gloucester
Expulsion from Commons
The House of Commons expels Hotham and sends him to the Tower while his conduct at Hull is investigated.
Peace
Agrees a truce with the Confederate Irish on behalf of the King
Reballion of Irish
Signs a truce with the Irish rebels to free his troops for service in England
Covenanters
The Covenanter Army gathers at Leith Links
Battle of Newbury
Devereux defeats a Royalist force at Newburn & is able to move on to Reading. Defeats a Royalist force & is able to move on to Reading
Siege of Reading
Devereux defeats a Royalist force at Newburn & is able to move on to Reading
First Battle of Newbury
Charles fights Essex's army at the inconclusive First Battle of Newbury.
First Battle of Newbury
Charles fights Essex's army at the inconclusive First Battle of Newbury.
Battle of Newbury, 1st
Fights for the defeated Royalists
Battle of Newbury
Rupert of the Rhine is defeated by Parliament
Capture of Berwick
The Covenanters capture Berwick
Covenanters
The Covenanters capture Berwick
Siege of Berwick
The Covenanters capture Berwick
Alliance Oliver Cromwell and Scottish Presbyterianism
Parliament promises to protect Scottish Presbyterianism
Covenanters
The price of the alliance is a National Covenant & Solemn League signed by Pym
National Covenant
The price of the alliance is a National Covenant & Solemn League signed by Pym
Solemn League
The price of the alliance is a National Covenant & Solemn League signed by Pym
Treaty of Covenanters
The price of the alliance is a National Covenant & Solemn League signed by Pym
Solemn League Negotiations
Pym helps secure the parliamentary alliance with Scotland that brings the Solemn League and Covenant into English war policy.
Battle of Tippermuir
Routs Lord Elchos Army
Siege of Tippermuir
Routs Lord Elchos Army
Battle of Lostwithiel
Defeated by Royalists 30 miles west of Plymouth. Charles I marches westwards from Oxford & intercepts Devereux. Charles I captures 8,000 of Devereuxs infantry
Battle of Lostwithiel
Defeated by Royalists 30 miles west of Plymouth, saves most of the cavalry
Battle of Lostwithiel
The Royalists defeat Essex & capture 8,000 infantry. After their victory the Royalists are in a position to march on London
Siege of London
After victory at Lostwithiel the Royalists are in a position to march on London
Battle of Aberdeen
Wins a small Battle at the head of a Royalist Army invading Scotland
Invasion of Scotland
Wins a small Battle at the head of a Royalist Army invading Scotland
Royalist Army
Wins a small Battle at the head of a Royalist Army invading Scotland
Siege of Aberdeen
Wins a small Battle at the head of a Royalist Army invading Scotland
Mobilization
Fills the gap left by William Waller who is supporting Essex in Cornwall
Battle of Bristol
Prince Rupert is forced to return to Oxford, his forces intact. Defeats Prince Rupert & captures Bristol
Capture of Bristol
Defeats Prince Rupert & captures Bristol
Siege of Bristol
Defeats Prince Rupert & captures Bristol
Storming of Bristol
Ireton returns to active service after Naseby and takes part in the New Model Army's successful assault on Bristol.
Capture of Bristol
Fairfax captures Bristol for Parliament.
Capture of Bristol
Prince Rupert surrenders Bristol to Parliament under Fairfax
Assault on Bristol
Cromwell helps command Parliamentarian assaults on Bristol's defences.
Siege of Bristol
Commands part of the Parliamentarian assault around Prior's Hill fort during the storming of Bristol.
Capture of Bristol
Forced to surrender Bristol to a Parliamentary force under Fairfax
Siege of Bristol
Forced to surrender Bristol to a Parliamentary force under Fairfax
Surrender of Bristol
Rupert surrenders Bristol to Fairfax after Parliamentarian attacks.
Civil War
Defeats the Royalist Army of Montrose
Royalist Army
Defeats the Royalist Army of Montrose
Civil War
Captured in battle during the defeat of the Royalists
Battle of Philipaugh
Montroses Army is destroyed, he spends the following winter building it up again. Defeated trying to join Charles I after his defeat at Naseby, flees to the Highlands. Defeated by David Leslie while trying to join Charles I after his defeat at Naseby, flees to the Highlands. Defeated by David Leslie
Civil War
Montroses Army is destroyed, he spends the following winter building it up again
Battle of Devizes
Cromwell captures Devizes
Battle of Winchester
Cromwell captures Winchester
Siege of Bristol
Present at Stapleton near Fairfax's headquarters during Parliament's siege of Bristol.
Siege of Bristol
Present near Keynsham during Parliament's siege operations against Bristol.
Siege of Oxford
Oxford capitulates following the final siege of Oxford, and by the end of September 1646 Charles had neither army nor garrison in England, following the surrender of Thomas Blagge at Wallingford Castle after a siege conducted by Fairfax
Siege of Wallingford Castle
Oxford capitulates following the final siege of Oxford, and by the end of September 1646 Charles had neither army nor garrison in England, following the surrender of Thomas Blagge at Wallingford Castle after a siege conducted by Fairfax
Civil War
Sails for Norway
Exile of James Graham
Sails for Norway
Heads of the Proposals
Charles I expresses preference for the Army's Heads of the Proposals over Parliament's Newcastle terms, hoping to use the Army settlement to gain more favourable conditions
Levellers
Prince becomes associated with the London Leveller organisation, helping support the movement's petitions, publications and links with soldiers opposed to settlement without constitutional guarantees
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant General for Scotland, 2nd term, by Charles II
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant General for Scotland, 2nd term, by Charles II
Death of Marin Mersenne
Marin Mersenne dies in Paris after decades as a central correspondent in European intellectual life.
Levellers
Walwyn is associated with the London Leveller leadership as supporters present a major petition to Parliament demanding political and legal reforms grounded in popular liberties
Petition
Leveller supporters present a large London petition to Parliament demanding reforms associated with the Agreement of the People
Atmospheric Pressure Variation
Demonstrates that atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude.
Puy de Dome Experiment
Arranges pressure measurements at different elevations on Puy de Dome.
Constitution of France
Worried her son will be a "cardboard King". Signs a declaration granting further reform
Death of Robert Dudley
Death of Robert Dudley
Reballion of Rebels in Drogheda
Aston refuses to surrender, Cromwell says he is not responsible for the bloodshed
Reballion of Rebels in Drogheda
"Unanimous in their resolution to perish rather than to deliver up the place". Refuses to surrender Drogheda
Reballion of Rebels in Drogheda
Aston refuses to surrender, Cromwell says he will not be held responsible
Storming of Drogheda
Cromwell storms Drogheda after refusing surrender terms and captures the Royalist garrison.
Reballion of Rebels in Drogheda
Orders a massacre of 1,500, including English Royalists, civilians & Catholic priests. More that 3,500 defenders of Drogheda are killed, including 1,000 civilians. Launches a policy of terror to prevent the "effusion of blood". 1st day of the assault on Drogheda but Cromwell is forced to make a temporary retreat
Reballion of Rebels in Drogheda
Killed during the first days assault on Drogheda
Death of Arthur Aston
Aston is killed after Parliamentarian troops storm Drogheda.
Battle of Pilawce
A Polish force of 36,000 is defeated by the Cossacks
Siege of Dunbar
Offers the Scots battle, they refuse & Cromwell falls back to Dunbar
Civil War
Persues Cromwell & that evening posts the Scots at Doon Hill about 2 miles from Dunbar
Battle of Dunbar
Convinces the Council of War that the Scots are vulnerable at Dunbar
Battle of Dunbar
Writes that lying outside Dunbar is consuming the army as sickness spreads before battle.
Council of War
Monck advises Cromwell before the Parliamentarian attack on the Scottish army at Dunbar.
Interregnum
Cromwell defeated the Scottish army supporting Charles II at Dunbar.
Battle of Dunbar
Commands a brigade of Foot
Battle of Dunbar
Overton commands a brigade of Foot at the Battle of Dunbar
Battle of Dunbar
Helps Cromwell defeat the Scottish Army
Battle of Dunbar
Leads a cavalry charge leaving the Scots with 3,000 killed to the Roundheads 30
Battle of Dunbar
Defeats David Leslie's Scottish army at Dunbar and opens the route to Edinburgh.
Battle of Dunbar
Commands infantry during Cromwell's victory over the Scottish Covenanter army at Dunbar.
Battle of Dunbar
Lambert helps command Parliamentarian forces during the victory at Dunbar.
Battle of Dunbar
Commands the Scottish Army which is defeated by Oliver Cromwell
Civil War
Defeated despite having a force of 22,000, a 2:1 advantage
Battle of Dunbar
Leslie commands the Scottish Covenanter army defeated by Cromwell at Dunbar.
Dunbar Pursuit
Joins the pursuit after the Scottish army collapses following Cromwell's victory at Dunbar.
Siege of Edinburgh
Begins operations around Edinburgh after victory at Dunbar weakens Scottish resistance in the south.
Leith Occupation
Helps secure Leith as Parliamentarian forces consolidate around Edinburgh.
Rejoins Charles II
Stanley reaches Worcester after surviving Wigan Lane and rejoins Charles II shortly before the decisive battle.
Interregnum
Charles suffered defeat at Worcester during his attempt to recover the English throne.
Battle of Worcester
Fleetwood directs Parliamentarian troops across the Teme and presses the Scottish defenders back toward Worcester.
Battle of Worcester
Leads a Parliamentary force across the River Teme prior to the Battle of Worcester. Forces Charles IIs Scottish allies back into the confines of Worcester
Battle of Worcester
Commands a Parliamentary regiment in a victory over the Royalists
Battle of Worcester
Pride takes part in Cromwell's Parliamentarian victory at Worcester after previously commanding a brigade during the Scottish campaign.
Battle of Worcester
Leads a Parliamentary force up the River Severn prior to the Battle of Worcester
Battle of Worcester
Helps defeats the Scots & Royalists
Battle of Worcester
Cromwell leads a Parliamentarian army of about thirty thousand against Charles II's smaller Royalist and Scottish force at Worcester.
Battle of Worcester
Leads about 28,000 Parliamentarian troops to victory over Charles II at Worcester.
Bombardment from Fort Royal
Cromwell's forces turn captured guns at Fort Royal against Worcester as Royalist resistance disintegrates.
Capture of Fort Royal
Parliamentarian troops seize Fort Royal during Cromwell's final assault, breaking a major part of Worcester's south-eastern defence.
Crossing of the Severn
Cromwell personally leads three brigades across the Severn pontoon to reinforce the Parliamentarian attack west of the river.
Flanking Attack
Cromwell's brigades strike the Scottish flank while Fleetwood presses from the front, forcing the defenders away from the Teme.
Reinforcement of Perry Wood
Cromwell reinforces the eastern fighting after Charles II's counterattack threatens Parliamentarian positions around Perry Wood.
Escape from Worcester
Villiers escapes from Worcester with Charles II after Parliamentarian forces overwhelm the Royalist army.
Battle of Worcester
Captured during the Battle of Worcester supporting Charles I
Battle of Worcester
Stanley fights for Charles II at Worcester, escapes the battlefield and is captured later near Nantwich.
Guides Charles II from Worcester
Stanley helps guide Charles II away from Worcester toward the Royalist refuges around Boscobel after the battle.
Battle of Worcester
Leads a force of 16,000 against Cromwell's force of 30,000. Charles is forced to go into hiding then escape from England. Attempts a "break out" from Worcester against Cromwell but is forced back
Battle of Worcester
Charles II leads the Royalist army defeated by Cromwell at Worcester before escaping into exile.
Battle of Worcester
Charles II leads the Royalist army, counterattacks east of the Severn and escapes after Cromwell's forces break into Worcester.
Counterattack at Red Hill
Charles II personally rallies Royalist troops for a counterattack against the weakened Parliamentarian positions east of Worcester.
Escape from Worcester
Charles II abandons the defeated Royalist army and escapes north from Worcester with a small group of companions.
Observation from Worcester Cathedral
Charles II watches the developing battle from Worcester Cathedral tower before leaving to rally troops east of the Severn.
Royalist Sortie through Sidbury Gate
Charles II moves through Sidbury Gate toward Fort Royal and Perry Wood while rallying troops for the eastern counterattack.
Battle of Worcester
Fleetwood commands Parliamentarian troops during the final battle of the Civil War at Worcester.
Escape from Worcester
Wilmot escapes the Royalist defeat at Worcester and remains among the small group assisting Charles II's flight.
Advance on the Teme
Fleetwood advances along the west bank of the Severn toward the Teme crossings as the Parliamentarian attack begins.
Pontoon Crossing
Fleetwood's advance guard crosses the floating bridge over the Teme but meets determined resistance from Pitscottie's Highlanders.
Battle of Worcester
Lambert helps force the Teme crossings and drives Scottish defenders back during Parliament's attack on Worcester.
Pontoon Crossing
Lambert supports the Parliamentarian effort to secure the Teme crossing and push the Scottish defenders back toward Worcester.
Assault on Powick Bridge
Deane attacks Powick Bridge with Parliamentarian troops, fixing Scottish defenders while Fleetwood seeks another crossing of the Teme.
Battle of Worcester
Deane attacks Powick Bridge and finally forces a crossing after Scottish defenders begin retreating toward Worcester.
Crossing of Powick Bridge
Deane finally carries Powick Bridge after the Scottish position begins collapsing under pressure from the flanking attack.
Battle of Worcester
Captured in battle while supporting Charles II at Worcester
Capture at Powick Bridge
Keith is captured after his defenders lose their position at Powick Bridge and Parliamentarian troops force a crossing.
Defence of Powick Bridge
Keith holds Powick Bridge against Deane's repeated efforts to force a Parliamentarian crossing.
Defence of Teme Crossing
Pitscottie's Highlanders defend the Teme crossing near the river confluence against Fleetwood's advancing Parliamentarian troops.
Repulse of Parliamentarian Advance
Pitscottie's Highlanders initially drive back Parliamentarian troops after they cross the pontoon over the Teme.
Retreat to Worcester
Pitscottie's Highlanders retreat toward Worcester after being attacked from the front and flank near the Teme crossings.
Capture at Worcester
Dalyell is captured after fighting for Charles II at Worcester and is later imprisoned in the Tower of London.
Battle of Worcester
Drummond commands a Royalist brigade at Worcester, is captured and later escapes from imprisonment.
Charge at Perry Wood
Hamilton leads Royalist and Scottish troops in a determined charge against Parliamentarian positions around Perry Wood.
Wounding at Perry Wood
Hamilton is mortally wounded during the Royalist counterattack at Perry Wood and is carried back into Worcester.
Arrest of Maitland
Captured at the Battle of Worcester, fights for the Royalists
Battle of Worcester
Captured at the Battle of Worcester, fights for the Royalists
Capture at Worcester
Leslie, Earl of Rothes, is captured with other senior Scottish officers after the Royalist army collapses at Worcester.
Capture after Worcester
John Maitland, Earl of Lauderdale, is captured among the senior Scottish Royalists after Worcester.
Battle of Worcester
David Leslie commands the Scottish cavalry during Charles II's defeat at Worcester.
Scottish Cavalry at Pitchcroft
Leslie commands Scottish cavalry positioned around Pitchcroft while the decisive fighting develops south and east of Worcester.
Reserve at Wickfield
Dalziel holds a Scottish reserve on higher ground between Powick and Worcester while the fighting develops along the Teme.
Retreat to Worcester
Dalziel's reserve falls back toward Worcester as the Scottish defensive line south of the city collapses.
Defence of Powick Hams
Montgomery commands Scottish troops defending the meadows north of the Teme and coordinates resistance around Powick Bridge.
Wounding at Worcester
Montgomery is badly wounded as Parliamentarian forces gain control of the north bank of the Teme.
Arrest of William Drummond
Arrested at the Battle of Worcester but escapes & returns to the Highlands
Battle of Worcester
Arrested at the Battle of Worcester but escapes & returns to the Highlands. A Royalist Commander at the Battle of Worcester
Battle Report
Cromwell reports the total defeat of the Royalist army and describes the victory at Worcester as a crowning mercy.
Demobilization after Worcester
Cromwell releases newly raised local forces after the victory, reducing the military burden on counties that had answered Parliament's call.
Dismantling Worcester Defences
Cromwell orders Worcester's walls pulled down and its defensive ditches filled after the Parliamentarian victory.
Prisoners at Worcester Cathedral
Thousands of Royalist prisoners are gathered at Worcester Cathedral while Cromwell's army secures the city after the battle.
Refuge at White Ladies
Charles II reaches White Ladies after riding through the night and disguises himself as a countryman to avoid Parliamentarian search parties.
Capture of Royalist Fugitives
Harrison reports that pursuing Parliamentarian forces have captured about fourteen hundred Royalist horse and foot after Worcester.
Pursuit of Royalists
Harrison leads thousands of Parliamentarian troops in pursuit of Royalist fugitives fleeing north from Worcester.
Escape toward Madeley
Penderel guides the disguised Charles II toward the Severn, but guarded crossings prevent their planned escape into Wales.
Royal Oak Concealment
Careless joins Charles II in the Royal Oak and helps conceal the fugitive king from Parliamentarian search parties.
Royal Oak Concealment
Charles II hides with William Careless in an oak near Boscobel while Parliamentarian soldiers search the surrounding area.
Exile of Charles II
Leaves France, which resumes relations with England, for Aachen. Joined in Aachen by his sister, the recently widowed Princess Mary
Refuge at Moseley Old Hall
Whitgreave shelters Charles II at Moseley Old Hall while Parliamentarian soldiers continue searching for the defeated Royalist leader.
Refuge at Moseley Old Hall
Charles II remains concealed at Moseley Old Hall before moving to Bentley Hall and continuing his escape under disguise.
Dissolution of Parliament
Dissolution of the "Rump Parliament" is debated by a committe set up for the purpose
Exile of Charles II
Flees to France in a State of destitution
Trial of James Stanley
A court-martial at Chester convicts Stanley of treason for supporting Charles II's invasion and sentences him to death.
Escape with Charles II
Lane provides Charles II with cover as her servant, enabling the fugitive king to continue his journey toward Bristol.
Pontoon Bridge Preparations
Cromwell prepares floating bridges across the Severn and Teme so his separated wings can support one another during the assault.
Capture near Nantwich
Stanley is captured near Nantwich after separating from Charles II during the flight from Worcester.
Refuge at Trent Manor
Charles II takes refuge at Trent Manor during the prolonged search for a vessel that can carry him safely to France.
Succession
Declared of age
Imprisonment after Worcester
Drummond is taken to Windsor after his capture at Worcester but later escapes and returns to Royalist service.
Death from Worcester Wounds
Hamilton dies from wounds received during the Royalist counterattack at Perry Wood several days after the battle.
Battle of Kentish Knock
Fights with distinction under Cornelis de Wit
First Protectorate Parliament
The first Protectorate Parliament meets for the first time
Protectorate Parliament Opening
Addresses the first Protectorate Parliament at its inaugural meeting
First Protectorate Parliament
Serves as Speaker when the First Protectorate Parliament assembles
Interregnum
Cromwell opened the First Protectorate Parliament under the new constitutional system.
Constitution of England
Tells Parliament that sovereignty is not a mere feather in the hat
Recognition of the Protectorate
Supports the Protectorate regime during parliamentary conflict over recognition
Instrument of Government Debate
Defends the constitutional settlement connected with the Instrument of Government
Capture of Smolensk
Loses Smolensk to Tsar Alexis after a siege
Capture of Smolensk
Captures Smolensk after a lengthy siege
Parliamentary Counsel
Advises within the Protectorate political settlement during the Parliament
Parliamentary Management
Supports Cromwellian interests during the Protectorate Parliament
Parliamentary Opposition
Opposes Cromwellian constitutional arrangements in the Protectorate Parliament
Protectorate Parliament Membership
Sits in the first Protectorate Parliament during debates over the regime
Protectorate Parliament Membership
Supports the Protectorate cause in the first Parliament
Parliamentary Opposition
Joins critics of the Protectorate settlement in Parliament
Parliamentary Opposition
Challenges the Protectorate's constitutional basis
Battle of Borisov
Faces Russian advances after a Polish-Lithuanian force is defeated near Borisov
Capture of Kiev
Loses effective control as Russian and Cossack forces secure Kiev
Russian Advance into Lithuania
Faces the Russian offensive into Lithuania
Advance to the Berezina
Advances as far as the River Berezina
Battle of Borisov
Defeats a Polish-Lithuanian force near Borisov
Capture of Kiev
Russian forces secure Kiev during the opening campaign
Capture of Lithuania
Advances into Lithuania after Russian successes
Pripet Marshes Campaign
Leads a Cossack force that devastates areas near the Pripet Marshes
Capture of Warsaw
Loses Warsaw to Charles X Gustav during the Swedish Deluge
Capture of Warsaw
Leads Swedish forces that enter Warsaw during the Deluge
Capture of Warsaw
Captures Warsaw during the Swedish invasion of Poland
Retreat from Warsaw
Continues resistance after the Swedish capture of Warsaw
Commonwealth Defense
Works to organize Polish resistance during the Swedish Deluge
Parliament
The 2nd Proctorate Parliament opens
Interregnum
Cromwell opened the Second Protectorate Parliament.
Serious Illness
Shah Jahan becomes seriously ill, triggering uncertainty over the Mughal succession and rivalry among his sons.
Death of Oliver Cromwell
Keeps the army in Scotland calm after Oliver Cromwell dies.
Death of Oliver Cromwell
Death of Oliver Cromwell, during a bout of malarial fever
Death of Oliver Cromwell
Death of Oliver Cromwell
Lord Protector
Appointed Lord Protector, 3 hrs after the death of his father Oliver Cromwell
Interregnum
Oliver Cromwell died, destabilising the Protectorate settlement.
Death of Charles II
Hears of the death of Cromwell while in exile in The Netherlands. Death of Cromwell, it is certain the monarchy will be restored
Interregnum
Richard Cromwell succeeded his father without possessing comparable military authority.
Siege of Kronerg
International interest grows & prevents Charles from controlling the Sound
Marriage
James II marries Anne Hyde, daughter of Edward Hyde
Marriage
James II Marries Anne Hyde, daughter of Edward Hyde
Marriage
James II marries Anne Hyde, daughter of Edward Hyde
Marriage
James II Marries Anne Hyde, daughter of Edward Hyde
State Supervision of Education
The States of Holland take a direct role in supervising the education of William III of Orange as his political future remains unsettled.
Battle of Kutyszcze
Fights with Wilczkowski in the Polish victory at Kutyszcze
Battle of Kutyszcze
Leads a small Polish force in a successful action at Kutyszcze during the Chudnov campaign
Arrest of Nicolas Fouquet
Is arrested after losing Louis XIV's confidence.
Siege of Neuhausel
Captures Neuhausel after a major siege in Habsburg Hungary.
De Ruyter Orders
Approves sending De Ruyter from the Mediterranean to recover Dutch posts in West Africa.
West Africa Expedition
Receives orders at Malaga to sail to West Africa against English seizures.
Governor of New York
Becomes English governor after the surrender of New Amsterdam.
Capture of New Amsterdam
Receives the surrender of New Amsterdam and begins English rule over New Netherland.
Capture of Fort Amsterdam
Takes Fort Amsterdam as the Dutch colony passes to English control.
Articles of Surrender
Represents Dutch civic authority during the surrender negotiations with the English.
Surrender of New Amsterdam
Surrenders New Amsterdam to Richard Nicolls after English ships enter the harbour.
Spanish Succession Interest
Philip IV's death renews French succession claims.
Spanish Succession Interest
Philip IV's death renews French interest in Spanish inheritance claims through Maria Theresa.
Regency Council
Rules with a council during the minority of Charles II after Philip IV's death.
Minority Rule
Begins his reign as a child king under his mother's regency.
Succession
Succeeds as King of Spain after the death of Philip IV.
Death of Philip IV
Dies in Madrid and is succeeded by his son Charles II.
Death of Philip IV
Philip IV dies, leaving the Spanish throne to his young son Charles II.
Guardian of Charles II
Acts as guardian and regent for the young Charles II.
Regency
Becomes regent for her young son Charles II after Philip IV's death.
Plague Proclamation
Issues government orders from Oxford while plague disrupts London and Westminster.
Escort to Texel
Escorts the Bergen convoy safely toward the Dutch Republic.
Fire of London
1st day of the Great Fire of London, started in a bakers shop in Pudding Lane
Great Fire Administration
Assists efforts to restore order after the Great Fire devastates London.
Ensign
Commissioned ensign in the 1st Foot Guards.
First Noble of Zeeland
William III of Orange takes his place as First Noble of Zeeland, strengthening his political position within the province.
Treaty of Austria
Signs a secret Treaty with France for the partition of Spanish territories
Marriage
Marries Mary of Medina, a Catholic, 15 yr old called "daughter of the Pope"
Marriage
James II marries Mary of Modena, a Catholic
Marriage
Marries James II
Coronation of Charles XI
Charles is crowned King of Sweden in Uppsala Cathedral.
Coronation of Charles XI
Charles is crowned King of Sweden in Uppsala Cathedral.
Succession
Assured by the Mayor of London that if the King dies he will succeed
Treaty of Fontainebleau
France and Denmark conclude terms restoring Denmark's wartime conquests to Sweden.
Treaty of Fontainebleau
France and Denmark conclude terms restoring Denmark's wartime conquests to Sweden.
Post-War Alliance with Denmark
Sweden and Denmark begin a closer relationship after concluding peace.
Post-War Alliance with Denmark
Sweden and Denmark begin a closer relationship after concluding peace.
Peace of Lund
The Peace of Lund ends the Scanian War between Sweden and Denmark-Norway.
Peace of Lund
The Peace of Lund ends the Scanian War between Sweden and Denmark-Norway.
Annexation of Strasbourg
Takes Strasbourg during the Reunions policy.
Siege of Vienna
John Sobieski III rescues Vienna from the Turks & Hungarians
Siege of Vienna
Junior officer in the Allied army which comes to the relief of Vienna from the Turks
Siege of Vienna
Junior officer in the Allied army which comes to the relief of Vienna from the Turks
Siege of Vienna
Junior officer in the Allied army which comes to the relief of Vienna from the Turks
Council of War
Handed the marshalls baton by the Herman of Baden during the Turkish siege of Vienna
Siege of Vienna
Raises the siege of Vienna. Handed the Marshalls baton by the Herman of Baden during the Turkish siege of Vienna
Marshal
Appointed Marshal
Marshal
Appointed Marshal
Birth of Farrukhsiyar
Birth of Farrukhsiyar, second son of Azim ush Shan, a son of former emperor Bahadur Shah I
Invasion of Austria
John comes to the Austrians defence after the Turks reach Vienna
Siege of Vienna
Helps defeat a Turkish Army as part of an Allied army going to the relief of Vienna
Siege of Vienna
Comes to the assistance of the Austrians against theTurks, forces the Turks to rereat. Attacks the Turks & wins the battle after leading an attack on Kara Mustafas HQ
Invasion of Germany
Louis XIV invades Germany to weaken the German states before they join the Grand Alliance
Invasion of Palatinate
French forces open the Rhineland campaign by investing Philippsburg, beginning the war that expands into the Nine Years War.
Philippsburg Siege Engineering
Vauban directs the siege engineering that enables the French army to reduce the fortress of Philippsburg.
Siege of Philippsburg Begins
The Grand Dauphin holds nominal command of the French army that begins the siege of Philippsburg.
Siege of Cologne
The French lay siege to Cologne
Philippsburg Field Command
Duras serves as a principal French field commander during the operation against Philippsburg.
Surrender of Mainz
Huxelles capitulates after a costly defence and the surviving French garrison receives terms for withdrawal.
Siege of Mainz
Charles V of Lorraine commands the Imperial army that forces the French garrison of Mainz to capitulate.
Defence of Bonn
D'Asfeld commands the French-backed garrison during the formal Allied siege of Bonn.
Formal Siege of Bonn
Frederick III directs the Brandenburg-led siege after months of blockade and bombardment around Bonn.
Battle of Nis
Commands Ottoman forces defeated at Nis
Return from Ireland
William III of Orange returns to England after the principal phase of his personal Irish campaign, leaving commanders to continue the war.
Battle of Leuze
Luxembourg launches a rapid cavalry attack that defeats a much larger Allied force near Leuze.
Defeat at Leuze
Waldeck's withdrawing Allied cavalry is caught and defeated by Luxembourg near Leuze.
Siege of Charleroi Begins
Villeroi begins the French siege of Charleroi during the final phase of the 1693 campaign.
Four Articles-Repudiation
Repudiates the 1682 declaration in an attempt to improve relations with the Pope
Gallican Retraction
Softens conflict with the papacy over Gallican claims.
Charleroi Siege Engineering
Vauban directs the siege works used to reduce the fortified city of Charleroi.
Capture of Huy
William III of Orange's Allied army captures Huy, improving the position for a future attack on Namur.
Namur Recaptured
William III of Orange completes the successful recapture of Namur after a major Allied siege, his most important battlefield success of the Nine Years' War.
Defence of Namur Citadel
Boufflers commands the determined French defence of Namur's citadel before negotiating capitulation.
Battle of Senta
The Austrians inflict a heavy defeat on the Turks near Belgrade
Treaty of Ryswick
The Peace of Ryswick ends the Nine Years' War, and Louis XIV recognizes William III of Orange as the legitimate King of England.
Treaty of Ryswick Signed
Representatives conclude the Treaty of Ryswick, ending the Nine Years' War and securing international recognition of William III of Orange's English kingship.
Peace of Ryswick
Louis XIV accepts the peace settlement at Ryswick, ending the Nine Years War with England, Spain and the Dutch Republic.
Death of Charles Berkeley
Death of Charles Berkeley, 2nd Earl of Berkeley.
Invasion of Ingria
Peter I sends Russian forces into Swedish Ingria at the opening of the Great Northern War.
Defence of Chiari
Eugene defeats Villeroy's assault from a prepared defensive position.
Battle of Chiari
Villeroy attacks Eugene of Savoy at Chiari and suffers a costly French defeat.
Battle of Chiari
Villeroy attacks Eugene's fortified position and suffers heavy losses.
Governor of the Realm
Portocarrero becomes Governor of the Realm during Philip V's early reign.
Battle of Rauge
Schlippenbach defeats a larger Russian force during fighting in Livonia.
Grand Alliance
Leopold I joins the alliance to defend Habsburg claims and resist Bourbon expansion.
Grand Alliance
William III of Orange joins England with the Dutch Republic and the Habsburg monarchy in the Grand Alliance formed at The Hague.
Grand Alliance
Supports the Grand Alliance against Bourbon control of Spain.
Treaty of The Hague
Heinsius joins England and the Emperor in concluding the Grand Alliance.
Dutch Barrier Objective
Heinsius secures alliance commitments intended to restore a protective Dutch barrier.
Grand Alliance
Heinsius supports the Dutch Republic entering the alliance against France and Bourbon Spain.
Grand Alliance
The United Provinces join the treaty to restore the Dutch barrier in the Spanish Netherlands.
Marriage by Proxy
Philip marries Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy by proxy.
Death of James II
James II dies in exile after suffering a cerebral haemorrhage.
Death of James II
Death of James II, cerebral haemorrhage
Succession
Succeeded as the Pretender to the English throne by James Edward, "the Old Pretender"
Jacobite Claim
James assumes his father's claim to the English and Scottish crowns.
Recognition by France
Louis XIV recognises James as James III of England and VIII of Scotland.
Recognition of James Stuart
Recognises James Francis Edward Stuart as claimant to Britain.
Recognition of James Stuart
Louis XIV recognises James Francis Edward Stuart as heir to the English and Scottish crowns.
Recognition of Old Pretender
Louis recognises James Francis Edward Stuart as the rightful British monarch.
Response to Stuart Recognition
William III of Orange condemns Louis XIV's recognition of James Francis Edward Stuart as the rightful English king.
Livonian Campaign
Sheremetev conducts raids and field operations against Swedish Livonia.
Capture of Venlo
Venlo capitulates after the Allied siege during Marlborough's opening campaign.
Withdrawal from Cadiz
Rooke withdraws the Allied expedition after the attempt on Cadiz fails.
Assault at Venlo
Cutts leads troops during the Allied assaults associated with Venlo's capture.
Alliance with France
Maximilian Emanuel joins France and Spain in the succession war.
Capture of Ulm
Maximilian Emanuel seizes Ulm and opens Bavaria to French cooperation.
Capture of Landau
Louis William secures Landau after a prolonged siege.
Siege Engineering at Venlo
Coehoorn applies Dutch siege expertise during the operations against Venlo.
Siege of Noteborg
Peter begins the siege of the Swedish fortress controlling the Neva outlet.
Siege of Venlo
John Dalrymple serves under Marlborough at the Siege of Venlo during the opening campaign in the Low Countries.
Siege of Limburg Begins
The Allied army begins the siege of Limbourg.
Battle of Hochstadt
Villars defeats an Imperial force at Hochstadt while campaigning with Bavaria.
Battle of Hochstadt
Villars defeats an Imperial army at the first battle of Hochstadt.
Battle of Hochstadt
Maximilian Emanuel fights beside Villars at Hochstadt.
Capture of Limburg
Limbourg surrenders after the Allied siege.
Defeat at Hochstadt
Limburg-Styrum's Imperial force is defeated at Hochstadt.
Disarming Savoyard Troops
Vendome moves to disarm Savoyard units before the alliance change becomes public.
Capture of Tokaj
Rakoczi's forces secure Tokaj during their rapid expansion.
Transfer of Court to Istanbul
Ahmed III restores the main seat of government to Istanbul.
Abdication
By the Treaty of Altranstadt, Augustus abdicates the Polish throne and recognises Charless candidate for the Polish throne
Treaty of Altranstadt
Under the Treaty of Altranstadt renounces the Polish crown in favour of Stanislaus I. Treaty between Augustus II of Poland and Saxony and Charles XII of Sweden, Charles had driven Augustus out of Poland, and eventually, by occupying Saxony, forced him out of the war. By the Treaty of Altranstadt, Augustus abdicates the Polish throne and recognises Charless candidate for the Polish throne
Abdication
By the Treaty of Altranstadt, Augustus abdicates the Polish throne and recognises Charless candidate for the Polish throne
Treaty of Altranstadt
Treaty between Augustus II of Poland and Saxony and Charles XII of Sweden, Charles had driven Augustus out of Poland, and eventually, by occupying Saxony, forced him out of the war. By the Treaty of Altranstadt, Augustus abdicates the Polish throne and recognises Charless candidate for the Polish throne. Augustus II sues for peace with Charles XII
Blenheim Thanksgiving
Queen Anne celebrates Marlborough's victory at Blenheim with public thanksgiving.
Lwow Campaign
Campaigns in southern Poland to consolidate Swedish influence.
Capture of Montjuic
Captures Montjuic during operations against Barcelona.
Capture of Montjuic
Peterborough captures Montjuic, opening the way for the Allied attack on Barcelona.
Siege of Barcelona
Peterborough begins operations against Barcelona in support of Archduke Charles.
Capture of Dendermonde
Marlborough captures Dendermonde during the Allied advance through the Spanish Netherlands.
Battle of Turin
Philippe II of Orleans commands French forces during the failed campaign that ends at Turin.
Battle of Turin
Philippe II of Orleans commands French forces during the failed siege and battle of Turin.
Death of Ferdinand Marsin
Marsin is mortally wounded and captured after the French defeat at Turin.
Treaty of Altranstadt
The treaty confirms Stanislaw Leszczynski as the Swedish-backed king of Poland.
Treaty of Altranstadt
Piper helps manage Swedish diplomacy as Augustus II accepts Charles XII's peace terms.
Treaty of Altranstadt
Rehnskiold's victories help place Sweden in the strong position that forces Augustus II to negotiate.
Saxony Neutralised
Removes Saxony from the war and isolates Russia.
Treaty of Altranstadt
Augustus II accepts Swedish terms, recognises Stanislaw Leszczynski and makes peace with Sweden.
Treaty of Altranstadt
Charles XII forces Augustus II to make peace and renounce the Polish crown.
Treaty of Altranstadt
Charles XII uses the treaty to remove Saxony from the war and isolate Russia as Sweden's main enemy.
Treaty of Altranstadt
Forces Augustus II to renounce the Polish crown.
Siege of Turin
La Feuillade conducts the siege of Turin before the French army is defeated by Eugene.
Siege of Leipzig
Charles XII captures Leipzig & Augustus sues for peace
Altranstadt Terms
Charles XII compels Augustus II to abandon his Polish claims and end his alliance with Russia.
Battle of Wijnendale
Protects a supply convoy during the siege of Lille.
Battle of Lesnaya
Peter the Great captures Swedish supplies prior to Charles XIIs defeat at Pultava
Battle of Poltava
Calls the victory at Lesnaya the mother of the Poltava victory.
Battle of Lesnaya
Lewenhaupt's supply army is defeated by Russian forces, depriving Charles XII of vital reinforcements.
Battle of Poltava
His supply column is badly damaged before joining Charles XII.
Aftermath of Lesnaya
The defeat of Lewenhaupt's supply army at Lesnaya damages Charles XII's Russian campaign.
Battle of Lesnaya
Loses vital supplies when Lewenhaupt's convoy is defeated.
Battle of Lesnaya
The loss of Lewenhaupt's convoy at Lesnaya leaves Charles XII without the supplies needed for the Moscow campaign.
Invasion of Russia
Charles XII's campaign is weakened after Russian forces destroy Lewenhaupt's supply column at Lesnaya.
Second Army
The second Swedish army carrying supplies and reinforcements is routed at Lesnaya.
Supply Convoy Loss
The loss of the supply convoy at Lesnaya leaves Charles XII short of provisions before the Ukrainian campaign.
Capture of Minorca
Byng supports the capture of Minorca, giving Britain a major Mediterranean base.
Capture of Minorca
Leake supports the expedition that captures Minorca for the British war effort.
Capture of Minorca
Supports the capture of Minorca for the British war effort.
Capture of Minorca
Commands land forces in the capture of Minorca.
Turn toward Ukraine
Turns south after supply problems and scorched earth tactics.
Surrender of Tournai Citadel
The citadel of Tournai surrenders after a prolonged Allied siege.
Battle of Malplaquet
Commands troops during the Allied victory at Malplaquet.
Battle of Malplaquet
Serves in the Allied command during the costly battle.
Battle of Malplaquet
Boufflers supports Villars and helps organise French resistance at Malplaquet.
Retreat from Malplaquet
Boufflers conducts an orderly French withdrawal after the costly battle at Malplaquet.
Battle of Malplaquet
Villars commands the French army at Malplaquet and inflicts heavy losses despite retreating.
Wounding
Villars is wounded during the Battle of Malplaquet and command passes to Boufflers.
Battle of Malplaquet
Inflicts heavy Allied losses despite French defeat.
Battle of Malplaquet
Serves in the Duke of Malboroughs HQ, "the greatest day of my life"
Battle of Malplaquet
Marlborough and Eugene drive the French from Malplaquet in a costly Allied victory.
Malplaquet Assault
Wins a costly victory beside Prince Eugene.
Battle of Malplaquet
John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll, fights at the Battle of Malplaquet.
Battle of Malplaquet
George Hamilton leads infantry in the costly Allied assault against French entrenchments at Malplaquet.
Battle of Malplaquet
At the desperate Battle of Malplaquet, Lord Orkneys battalions lead the charge toward the French entrenchments, suffering serious losses
Siege of Mons Begins
The Allied investment of Mons begins after the victory at Malplaquet.
Trenches Opened at Mons
Allied siege trenches are opened at Mons after the Battle of Malplaquet.
Tournai Captured by Allied Forces
Allied forces secure Tournai after a prolonged siege, opening another route through Flanders.
Siege of Aire Begins
Begins the Allied siege of Aire, a major fortified position that resists until November.
Siege of Saint-Venant Begins
Opens Allied operations against Saint-Venant while the wider army also undertakes the siege of Aire.
Dissolution of Parliament
Dissolves Parliament
Capture of Madrid
Enters Madrid with Allied forces supporting Archduke Charles.
Capture of Saint-Venant
Saint-Venant is taken during the Allied sieges of September 1710.
Capture of Bouchain
Marlborough captures Bouchain in his last major victory of the war.
Bouchain Garrison Leaves
Sees the defeated French garrison march out as prisoners after the surrender of Bouchain.
Bouchain Campaign Concludes Marlborough Operations
The capture of Bouchain crowns Marlborough's final active campaign in the Flanders theatre.
Recapture of Douai
Villars recaptures Douai after the victory at Denain.
Treaty of Baden
Louis XIV concludes the Treaty of Baden, confirming the settlement reached with the Empire after Rastatt.
Treaty of Baden
Concludes peace with the Empire after the War of the Spanish Succession.
Treaty of Utrecht
Concludes peace with the Empire after the War of the Spanish Succession.
Siege of Barcelona
Berwick leads the final Bourbon assault that captures Barcelona and ends Catalan resistance.
Meeting with George I
Meets George I at Greenwich shortly after the new king arrives in Britain and receives a warm personal greeting.
Landing at Greenwich
Arrives at Greenwich on entering Britain as king.
Landing-Greenwich
Lands in Greenwich accompanied by his son Prince George Augustus, the future George II
Investiture
Created Prince of Wales. Created Earl Chester
Colonel of 1st Foot Guards
Restored as colonel of the 1st Foot Guards under George I.
Birth of Etienne Bonnot de Condillac
Etienne Bonnot de Condillac is born in Grenoble.
Succession
Succeeds as King of France, the grandson of Louis XIV. Comes to the throne age 5 under the regency of the Duke of Orleans
Death of Louis XIV
Dies age 76 at St Saint-Saint-Germain-en-Laye after reigning for 72 years
Death of Louis XIV
Dies at Versailles after a reign of seventy-two years.
Succession
Succeeds Louis XIV as a five-year-old king.
Regency
Takes power as regent after Louis XIV's death.
Succession
Succeeds as Regent of France
Restoration Standard
Raises the "Restoration Standard" at Braemar
Constitution of France
The right of remonstrance is restored to the parlement of Paris
Siege of Braemar
1st Jacobite rebellion breaks out in Braemar
Capture of Perth
Captures Perth for the Jacobites
Capture of River Tay
Leads a Jacobite force which captures the north of Scotland & the Tay
Siege of Edinburgh
Attempts a failed siege of Edinburgh Castle
Invasion of Sardinia
Spanish troops fight the House of Hanover & regain Dutch possessions
Conseil de Conscience
The conseil de conscience is abolished
Council of Religion
Abolishes councils for religion, war, foreign affairs & the interior
Secretary of State
Appointed Secretary of State for War
Constitution of France
Abolishes councils for religion, war, foreign affairs & the interior
Secretary of State for War & Foreign Affairs
Appointed Secretary of State for War & Foreign Affairs
Birth of Francois-Joseph De Grasse
Birth of Francois-Joseph De Grasse
Arrest of Francis Atterbury
Sent to the Tower of London for alleged contacts with the young pretender
Treaty of Charlottenburg
Provides for Anglo-Prussian alliance & dynastic links
Treaty of Hanover
Allies Britain, Prussia & France against Austria & Spain
Birth of Matthew Boulton
Birth of Matthew Boulton, later central to Birminghamโs industrial growth.
Hungarian Diet
Maria Theresa appealed to the Hungarian Diet for military and financial support against her enemies.
Loss of Linz
Maria Theresaโs administration lost Linz when Bavarian and French forces occupied Upper Austria.
Occupation of Linz
Charles Albert entered Linz with Bavarian and allied French forces during the invasion of Upper Austria.
Hungarian Military Support
The Hungarian estates pledged troops and support to defend Maria Theresaโs hereditary territories.
Capture of Passau
Charles Albert captures Passau & joins up with the French army
Siege of Prague
Marches from Glatz, meets the King's army under the walls of Prague, and in the siege and capture of that place he plays a distinguished part
Capture of Prague
Frederick II the Great captures Prague
Siege of Prague
Frederick II the Great marches into Prague
Capture of Perth
Captures Perth
Siege of Edinburgh
The Jacobite forces reach Edinburgh
Siege of Edinburgh
Brigadier Thomas Fowke had recently arrived at Edinburgh to take charge of the cavalry and some reinforcements.
Siege of Edinburgh
He decided that the two regiments of dragoons he took over were in no state to face the Jacobite army and ordered a further retreat, which was marked by unnecessary panics and alarms.
Siege of Edinburgh
Some of Prince Charles's army capture the city with little or no fighting, though Edinburgh Castle was still defended for the Government by Lieutenant General Joshua Guest.
Siege of Edinburgh
This also left Edinburgh unprotected.
Siege of Edinburgh
Brigadier Thomas Fowke had recently arrived at Edinburgh to take charge of the cavalry and some reinforcements.
Siege of Edinburgh
He decided that the two regiments of dragoons he took over were in no state to face the Jacobite army and ordered a further retreat, which was marked by unnecessary panics and alarms.
Siege of Edinburgh
Some of Prince Charles's army capture the city with little or no fighting, though Edinburgh Castle was still defended for the Government by Lieutenant General Joshua Guest.
Siege of Edinburgh
This also left Edinburgh unprotected.
Capture of Edinburgh
Proclaimed as James VIII but Edinburgh Castle is held by General Joshua Guest. Occupies Edinburgh & Holyrood Palace
Siege of Edinburgh
After negotiations had failed, the gates of the city are left open and the Jacobites enter, Charles is met by a cheering crowd of 20,000, however, Edinburgh Castle holds out against his forces
Succession
Proclaims himself James VIII
Succession
King James VIII is proclaimed as king of Scotland, and Charles as his Regent
Battle of Prestonpans
Defeated by Charles Edward Stuart during the Jacobite Rebellion
Battle of Prestonpans
Defeats General Copes dragoons
Battle of Prestonpans
The first significant conflict in the Jacobite rising of 1745. The Jacobite army loyal to James Francis Edward Stuart and led by his son Charles Edward Stuart defeated the Government army loyal to the Hanoverian George II led by Sir John Cope
Battle of Prestonpans
The Battle of Prestonpans sees the rout of John Copes (commander of the British Army in Scotland) forces by the Jacobites in a Battle that lasted no longer than fifteen minutes
Battle of Prestonpans
The news of this Jacobite victory reaches London bringing with it shockwaves, Charles Yorke is amazed that Charles, despite landing almost alone in a remote corner of Scotland, could have accomplished so much in so short a space of time
Battle of Soor
Frederick II the Great defeats Charles of Lorraines Austrian Army
Battle of Soor
Frederick II the Great defeats Charles of Lorraines Austrian Army
Prussian Units Form For Battle
Prussian infantry and cavalry formed fighting lines in response to the Austrian deployment.
Battle Spreads Beyond Camp
The fighting expanded around the heights overlooking the Prussian encampment.
Prussian Forces Hold Battlefield
Frederick II retained the field after the Austrian withdrawal.
Prussians Win Battle of Soor
Frederick II defeated Charles of Lorraine near Soor on 30 September 1745.
Trial
Court Martialled after defeat at Prestonpans but later acquitted
Siege of Edinburgh
Against long odds, and aided by the early support of Donald Cameron of Lochiel, XIX chief of Clan Cameron, his party of ten raised an army which eventually numbered over 2,000 Scots as they marched to Glenfinnan and then to Edinburgh
Siege of Edinburgh
He mounted a campaign to take Scotland and England with an eye towards reclaiming what he considered to be his father's two kingdoms (Great Britain, formally united in 1707, and Ireland).
Siege of Edinburgh
With only 6,000 British troops left in England, and with the majority of those on the continent having been recently defeated, Charles Edward Stuart saw an opportunity to re-open the Jacobite Rising.
Siege of Glenfinnan
Against long odds, and aided by the early support of Donald Cameron of Lochiel, XIX chief of Clan Cameron, his party of ten raised an army which eventually numbered over 2,000 Scots as they marched to Glenfinnan and then to Edinburgh
Siege of Glenfinnan
He mounted a campaign to take Scotland and England with an eye towards reclaiming what he considered to be his father's two kingdoms (Great Britain, formally united in 1707, and Ireland).
Siege of Glenfinnan
With only 6,000 British troops left in England, and with the majority of those on the continent having been recently defeated, Charles Edward Stuart saw an opportunity to re-open the Jacobite Rising.
Exile of Charles Edward Stewart
After the defeat at Culloden Moor escapes into exile in France
Capture of Bergen
The French consolidate their occupation of Austrian Flanders
Rule of Austria
The French consolidate their occupation of Austrian Flanders
Battle of Arcot
Captures the city of Arcot to divert the French from the siege of Trichinopoly
Siege of Trichinopoly
Captures the city of Arcot to divert the French from the siege of Trichinopoly
Battle of Arcot
Clive defeats the French & sees the French ousted from their supremacy in India
Reform of Parliament
The 14th Sept follows the 2nd Sept. Britain & its colonies adopt the Gregorian calendar by decree of Parliament
Capture of Dresden
Captures Dresden
Battle of Moys
The Battle of Moys
Convention
The Convention of Kloster-Zeven
Dismissal
Abercromby is recalled from Canada
Family
Edmund Nelson is father of Horatio Nelson and rector of Burnham Thorpe.
Family
Catherine Suckling Nelson is mother of Horatio Nelson.
Birth of Horatio Nelson
Birth of Horatio Nelson, son of Reverend Edmund Nelson and Catherine Suckling.
Battle of Pondicherry
Takes part in the Battle of Pondicherry
Siege of Quebec
A path leading to Quebec is discovered, Howe scales it & establishes a foothold
Battle of Plains of Abraham
Opens the attack on 4,100 British with 4,500 men but has no artillery & is routed
Battle of Plains of Abraham
Saunders warships maintain a steady bombardment
Battle of Plains of Abraham
French Canada falls after Wolfes assent above Quebec & forcing Montcalm into Battle. Dies during the battle with the knowledge that his forces will capture Quebec
Death of James Wolfe
Death of James Wolfe, during the Battle of the Plains of Abraham
Siege of Quebec
Leads 4,800 men up to a position overlooking Quebec
Battle of Plains of Abraham
Dies saying "I am happy that I shall not live to see the surrender of Quebec"
Siege of Quebec
Quebec surrenders to the British, French resistance in Canada is broken
Rule of Canada
Vaudreuil capitulates to the British, ending French dominion of Canada
Rule of Canada
Capitulates to the British, ending French dominion of Canada
Marriage
Marries Charlotte, daughter of Charles Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Succession
Succeeds as King of Great Britain, Succeeds his grandfather George II
Birth of Charles of Austria
Birth of Charles of Austria, 3rd son of Emperor Leopold II
Birmingham Canal
The Birmingham Canal opens under James Brindley, linking the town to wider canal traffic.
Death of James Brindley
Death of James Brindley
Siege of Hirsov
Defeats a Turkish assault on Hirsov
Powder Alarm
Although it proved to be a false alarm, the Powder Alarm caused all concerned to proceed more carefully in the days ahead, and essentially provided a "dress rehearsal" for the Battle of Lexington and Concord seven months later.
Powder Alarm
British soldiers confiscate gunpowder and other military supplies in a surprise raid near Boston.
Powder Alarm
In response to the raid, amid rumors that blood had been shed, alarm spread through the countryside, and American Patriots sprang into action, fearing that war was at hand.
Constitution of USA
The Suffolk Resolves proclaim the Coercive Acts to be unconstitutional and void and officials charged with the enforcement of these illegal acts are called upon to resign
Free State
The Suffolk Resolves urge Massachusetts to establish a separate free state until the Coercive Acts were repealed
Independence of United States of America
The Suffolk Resolves announce that subjects no longer owe loyalty to a King who violates their rights
Suffolk Resolves
The Suffolk Resolves urge Massachusetts to establish a separate free state until the Coercive Acts were repealed
Suffolk Resolves
Representatives from Boston and Suffolk County towns respond to the Coercive Acts, Warren captures the mood of his fellow delegates in a series of resolutions.
Suffolk Resolves
The Suffolk Resolves announce that subjects no longer owe loyalty to a King who violates their rights.
Suffolk Resolves
The Suffolk Resolves are passed by a unanimous vote of the Suffolk County towns.
Suffolk Resolves
The Suffolk Resolves proclaim the Coercive Acts to be unconstitutional and void and officials charged with the enforcement of these illegal acts are called upon to resign.
Suffolk Resolves
Paul Revere carries a copy to the Suffolk Resolves to the Continental Congress, which is in session in Philadelphia
Declaration of Suffolk Resolves
The Resolves are drawn up by Dr Warren & adopted by Suffolk County, Massachusett
Suffolk Resolves
The Suffolk Resolves are passed by the Continental Congress protesting against British coercive legislation
Suffolk Resolves
The Suffolk Resolves are passed by the Continental Congress protesting against British coercive legislation
Death of Allen Bathurst
Death of Allen Bathurst
Peerage
Created 2nd Earl Bathurst of Bathurst, Sussex
Peerage
Created 2nd Baron Bathurst of Battlesden, co. Bedford
Birth of James Walter Grimston
Birth of James Walter Grimston
Corporal
Appointed Corporal
Peace Conference
Meets John Adams & Benjamin Franklin at a peace conference at Staten Island
Peace
Meets John Adams & Benjamin Franklin at a peace conference at Staten Island. Demands revocation of the Declaration of Independence
Capture of New York
The British occupy New York
Diplomatic Commissioner
Appointed Diplomatic Commissioner to negotiate treaties with the European Nations
Diplomatic Negotiations
Appointed Diplomatic Commissioner to negotiate treaties with the European Nations
Independence of United States of America
Appointed Diplomatic Commissioner to negotiate treaties with the European Nations
Diplomatic Commissioner
Appointed Diplomatic Commissioner to negotiate treaties with the European Nations
Diplomatic Negotiations
Appointed Diplomatic Commissioner to negotiate treaties with the European Nations
Battle of Brandywine Creek
Howe forces George Washington back towards Philadelphia
Battle of Brandywine Creek
Howe forces George Washington back towards Philadelphia
Battle of Saratoga, 1st
Major General of the Continental Army
Continental Army
Major General of the Continental Army
Battle of Saratoga, 1st
Surrenders outside New York, he is unable to link up with General Howe
Battle of Paoli
Washington is left with dictatorial powers. British victory forcing the evacuation of Philadelphia. A British victory which forces Congress to move from Philadelphia to York
Siege of Philadelphia
British victory forcing the evacuation of Philadelphia
Salzburg Resignation
Leaves Salzburg service to seek employment elsewhere.
Ambassador
Appointed Diplomatic Representative to France
Appointed Diplomatic Representative to France
Appointed Diplomatic Representative to France
Ambassador
Appointed Ambassador of France
Battle of Pollilur
Tipu's forces inflict a major defeat on an East India Company detachment at Pollilur.
Battle of Pollilur
Haidar Ali's army supports the crushing Mysorean victory over an East India Company detachment at Pollilur.
Battle of Flanborough
Defeats the British ship Serapis on the Bonhomme
Arrest of John Andrew
Captured near Tarrytown carrying plans for Benedict Arnolds surrender of West Point
Rear Admiral
Appointed Rear-Admiral, and sent to the West Indies to act as second in command under Rodney, who knew him personally
Rear Admiral
Appointed Rear-Admiral, and sent to the West Indies to act as second in command under Rodney, who knew him personally
Election
Elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Kingston upon Hull, while still a student at Cambridge
Leaves Bristol Seat
Burke withdraws from the Bristol election after losing local support.
Birth of Eugene de Beauharnais
Birth of Eugene de Beauharnais
Battle of Chesapeake Bay
A major defeat for the British, since it prevented the Royal Navy from reinforcing or evacuating the blockaded forces of General Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia, as a result, Cornwallis surrendered his army after the Siege of Yorktown
Battle of Chesapeake Bay
Crucial naval Battle near the mouth of Chesapeake Bay between a British fleet led by Rear Admiral Sir Thomas Graves and a French fleet led by Rear Admiral Francois Joseph Paul, the Comte de Grasse.
Battle of Chesapeake Bay
On 13 September de Grasse broke away from the British and returned to the Chesapeake, where de Barras had arrived, Graves returned to New York to organize a larger relief effort; this did not sail until 19 October, two days after Cornwallis surrendered.
Battle of Chesapeake Bay
A major defeat for the British, since it prevented the Royal Navy from reinforcing or evacuating the blockaded forces of General Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia, as a result, Cornwallis surrendered his army after the Siege of Yorktown
Battle of Chesapeake Bay
Crucial naval Battle near the mouth of Chesapeake Bay between a British fleet led by Rear Admiral Sir Thomas Graves and a French fleet led by Rear Admiral Francois Joseph Paul, the Comte de Grasse.
Battle of Chesapeake Bay
Graves arrived at the mouth of the Chesapeake early on 5 September to see de Grasses fleet at anchor in the bay.
Battle of Chesapeake
Hood joins Admiral Thomas Graves in the unsuccessful effort to relieve the army at Yorktown, when the British fleet is driven off by the French Admiral, the Comte de Grasse, at the Battle of the Chesapeake
Battle of Dunes
The British leave the sea near Chesapeake to the French & Graves returns to New York
Battle of Dunes
The British leave the sea near Chesapeake to the French & Graves returns to New York
Battle of Chesapeake Bay
On 13 September de Grasse broke away from the British and returned to the Chesapeake, where de Barras had arrived, Graves returned to New York to organize a larger relief effort; this did not sail until 19 October, two days after Cornwallis surrendered
Battle of Chesapeake Bay
Defeats the British fleet in the Battle of the Chesapeake, draws away the British forces and blockades the coast until Lord Cornwallis surrenders, ensuring the independence of the United States of America
Rule of Florida
Under the Treaty of Paris Britain cedes Florida to Spain
Treaty of Paris
The Treaty of Paris is signed by Britain & the US, formally ending the war. Britain signs a Peace Pact with France & Spain at Versailles, ceding Florida to Spain
Peace of Paris
Faces peacetime uncertainty after the American War ends.
Quartermaster
Appointed Adjutant NCO
Discovery of Cepheid Stars
Edward Pigott detects the variability of Eta Aquilae, the first known representative of the class of Classical Cepheid variables
Haydn Quartets
Receives Mozart's dedication of the six Haydn Quartets.
Haydn Quartets
Publishes six string quartets dedicated to Joseph Haydn.
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant en second of a Battalion in an artillery regiment
Lieutenant
Joins his regiment in Lyons
Invasion of Netherlands, The
Prussia invades the Dutch Republic
Constitution of USA
The Federal Confederation produces the Constitution of the USA. The Federal Confederation must be endorsed by at least 9 of the 13 States
Siege of Choczim
Present at the successful siege of Choczim
Restoration of Paris Parlement
Louis XVI restored the Parlement of Paris after the failure of the crown's attempt to impose judicial restructuring.
Bailly faces tension between sections and mayoralty
Activists in Parisian districts claimed the right to participate directly in local decisions. Bailly's administration faced a continuing conflict between such neighbourhood activism and centralized municipal authority.
Barnave supports constitutional compromise
Barnave participated in debates balancing legislative power against a continuing royal executive. The consequences of deputies choose suspensive royal veto reached well beyond the palace and its neighbouring legislative chambers.
Mounier loses stronger executive safeguards
Mounier advocated arrangements that would more substantially check a single legislative chamber. This development concerning deputies choose suspensive royal veto exposed the limits of the old regime's political arrangements.
King denied unconditional legislative veto
The Assembly preferred a suspensive veto rather than preserving the monarch's unrestricted capacity to stop laws. The deputies choose suspensive royal veto made Versailles a focal point in the struggle over royal and representative authority.
Suspensive Veto Settlement
The Constituent Assembly granted Louis XVI only a suspensive veto, limiting the king's ability to block ordinary legislation.
Constitution of France
Made suspensive by a vote of the National Assembly carried by 673 votes to 352
Constitution of France
Made suspensive by a vote of the National Assembly carried by 673 votes to 352.
National Assembly
Made suspensive by a vote of the National Assembly carried by 673 votes to 352
Reballion of Rebels in Corsica
Engages in revolutionary movements in Corsica
Reballion of Rebels in Corsica
Napoleon I engaged in revolutionary movements in Corsica.
Reballion of Napoleon I
Joins the Corsican revolutionary movements. Engages in revolutionary movements in Corsica
Reballion of Rebels in Corsica
Engages in revolutionary movements in Corsica
Discovery of Mimas
Herschel discovers a new moon of Saturn, Mimas, only 250 miles in diameter
Battle of River Rymnik
Defeats Yusuf Pahas main army
Revolutions de France et de Brabant
Desmoulins launched his political periodical Revolutions de France et de Brabant to attack aristocracy, clergy and monarchy.
Royal veto powers debated: Legislative authority asserted
Barnave helped shape arguments for a political order limiting monarchical obstruction. The eventual suspensive veto represented a compromise rather than unchecked royal control.
Royal veto powers debated: Bicameral constitutional model
Mounier favored a constitutional arrangement with safeguards against an overpowering single chamber. His proposals lost ground to deputies seeking stronger legislative predominance.
Royal Title Proposal
Petion proposed describing Louis XVI as king of the French by consent of the nation rather than by divine grace.
King delays unconditional approval of decrees
Louis XVI hesitated over the Assembly's far-reaching August measures and their implications for traditional institutions. His reservations intensified disagreement about how laws would gain royal sanction.
Royal veto powers debated: Absolute veto denied
Louis XVI faced deputies unwilling to preserve his unrestricted power to block national legislation. The settlement allowed delay on ordinary laws but weakened the crown's old legislative supremacy.
Birth of Ludwig Friedrich Leopold von Gerlach
Birth of Ludwig Friedrich Leopold von Gerlach
Municipal Police Relies on Citizen Companies
Bailly's administration used National Guard companies to respond to disturbances that ordinary policing could not contain. This arrangement increased the political responsibility carried by armed local volunteers.
Bailly contends with growing loss of legitimacy
The mayor's standing weakened as critics linked him to the suppression of the July demonstration. Political divisions made municipal governance more contentious even after the immediate street crisis receded.
Declaration Incorporated into Constitution of 1791
The 1789 Declaration is placed at the head of the Constitution of 1791 as its statement of fundamental principles.
Constitution of 1791
Participates in the constitutional settlement that establishes a limited monarchy
Constitution of 1791
Participates in the constitutional settlement that establishes a limited monarchy.
Constitution Presented to King
The completed Constitution established the framework within which Louis XVI could resume authority as a constitutional monarch.
Constitutional Monarchy
The completed Constitution of 1791 is presented as France's new constitutional settlement
Constitutional Monarchy
The completed Constitution of 1791 is presented as France's new constitutional settlement.
La clemenza di Tito
La clemenza di Tito premieres in Prague during Leopold II's coronation festivities.
Bohemian Coronation
Crowned King of Bohemia at Prague
Election to Legislative Assembly
Brissot was elected a Paris deputy to the Legislative Assembly and joined its diplomatic debates.
Acceptance of Constitution
Louis XVI formally accepted the Constitution, enabling the restoration of his constitutional executive functions.
Constitutional monarchy formally begins
Louis XVI accepted the Constitution of 1791 and publicly committed himself to the new constitutional framework. Marie Antoinette remained skeptical of arrangements that severely constrained royal authority.
Constitution of France
Louis XVI accepts the new Constitution
Constitution of France
Louis XVI accepts the new Constitution.
Constitutional Oath
Louis XVI swore fidelity to the Constitution and accepted the limited powers of the new constitutional monarchy.
Restoration of Executive Functions
Louis XVI resumed constitutional executive functions after accepting and swearing fidelity to the Constitution.
Acceptance of Constitution
Accepts the Constitution of 1791
Acceptance of Constitution
Louis Charles Bourbon accepted the Constitution of 1791.
Acceptance of Constitution
Louis XVI accepted the Constitution of 1791.
Birth of Michael Faraday
Birth of Michael Faraday
Birth of Johann Franz Encke
Birth of Johann Franz Encke
Die Zauberflote
Composes Die Zauberflote, known in English as The Magic Flute.
The Magic Flute
Die Zauberflote premieres at the Theater auf der Wieden.
The Magic Flute
Conducts the first performance of Die Zauberflote.
The Magic Flute Premiere
Writes the libretto and performs Papageno at the premiere of Die Zauberflote
Constituent Assembly Ovation
Crowds acclaimed Robespierre at the close of the Constituent Assembly, reflecting his growing popular reputation.
Constituent Assembly Ovation
At the Constituent Assembly's close, crowds singled out Petion and Robespierre for a public ovation.
Constitution promulgated and assembly ends: Constitutional mission concludes
Barnave ended his constituent service as the Assembly completed a written framework for the monarchy. The regime's durability depended on a degree of trust that the Varennes crisis had already undermined.
Election to Legislative Assembly
Brissot was elected a deputy for Paris to the Legislative Assembly. His position allowed him to turn arguments previously advanced in print into parliamentary initiatives.
Constitution completes amid divisions: Rights language versus repression
Robespierre continued to emphasize the principles of liberty and accountability in a constitution born from revolutionary mobilization. The Champ de Mars became a reminder of the danger of limiting popular sovereignty by force.
Constitution promulgated and assembly ends: Deputies excluded from successor chamber
Robespierre had argued that members of the Constituent Assembly should not enter the next legislature. This self-denying ordinance profoundly shaped the personnel of the Legislative Assembly.
Constitution reaffirms equal civil status
The Constitution of 1791 consolidated a legal order built on citizenship rather than hereditary estates. Sieyes's constitutional ideas had helped articulate national sovereignty behind that transformation.
Constitution completes amid divisions: Royal acceptance without reconciliation
Louis XVI accepted the Constitution of 1791, but the memory of the Champ de Mars shootings made public unity fragile. Formal royal agreement did not undo fears that the monarchy and its defenders resisted popular scrutiny.
Constitution promulgated and assembly ends: King accepts written limits
Louis XVI accepted the Constitution of 1791, formally becoming a constitutional sovereign rather than an absolute monarch. The settlement placed executive authority within a legislative framework.
Constitution completes amid divisions: Guard protects new settlement
Lafayette regarded the constitutional settlement as a framework worth maintaining through disciplined public order. The massacre had already demonstrated the political cost of using soldiers against petitioners.
Adjutant
Andre Massena Essling was appointed Adjutant-Major of the 2nd battalion of volunteers of the Var.
Adjutant
Appointed Adjutant-Major of the 2nd battalion of volunteers of the Var
Public Education Plan
Talleyrand presented a national public education plan during the final phase of the Constituent Assembly.
Declaration of the Rights of Woman
Olympe de Gouges addresses the Declaration of the Rights of Woman to her
Declaration of the Rights of Woman
Olympe de Gouges addresses the Declaration of the Rights of Woman to her.
Rights of Woman Challenges Limits of 1789 Declaration
Olympe de Gouges answers the male-centered political order with a Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen.
Marat's radical language becomes divisive
Marat's agitation contributed to fierce disputes over how revolutionary leaders related to the Paris crowd. The controversy surrounding massacre and political responsibility debated influenced the changing balance among revolutionary factions.
Danton faces security crisis during prison killings
Danton served in the emergency government as prisoners were massacred amid fears of invasion and conspiracy. The episode concerned massacre and political responsibility debated and affected the relationship between club activists and public authority.
National Defence Speech
Danton urged bold national resistance as enemy armies advanced and Paris faced an acute military crisis.
Desmoulins faces implications of violent popular justice
Desmoulins's radical circle operated in a republic where revolutionary security and legal protection increasingly conflicted. This aspect of massacre and political responsibility debated illustrates how press campaigns, popular sections and government decisions became connected.
Election to National Convention
Barere was elected to the National Convention and generally aligned with the Plain before joining emergency government.
Election to National Convention
Robespierre was elected to the National Convention and took his place among the Montagnards.
Election to Convention
Eure-et-Loir chose Brissot for the Convention, where he became one of the best-known Girondin leaders.
Election to National Convention
Gironde electors returned Vergniaud to national office, sending the prominent orator to the new Convention.
Camp of Chalons Mission
Carnot was sent to the camp at Chalons to help form a new army for national defence.
Election to National Convention
Danton was elected to the National Convention for Paris after serving as justice minister.
Election to National Convention
Carnot was elected to the National Convention for Pas-de-Calais while engaged in military organization.
Election to National Convention
Billaud-Varenne was elected to the National Convention for Paris and sat with the Mountain.
Election to National Convention
Barras was elected to the National Convention as a deputy for the Var.
Election to National Convention
Paris voters sent Desmoulins to the Convention, where he took his seat with the Montagnards.
Reballion of Rebels in Corsica
Returns to Corsica to rejoin the revolutionary movements
Reballion of Rebels in Corsica
Returns to Corsica to rejoin the revolutionary movements.
First Session of National Convention
Petion presides as the newly elected National Convention begins its first session and replaces the Legislative Assembly.
Battle of Valmy
The Prussians are forced to retreat back across their border. Leads 50,000 & halts the Prussian advance on Paris under the Duke of Brunswick
Siege of Paris
Leads 50,000 & halts the Prussian advance on Paris under the Duke of Brunswick
Battle of Valmy
Withdraws Allied forces back into Germany
Battle of Valmy
Defeated by General Dumouriez & forced back across the Prussian border
Republic proclaimed during royal imprisonment
The National Convention abolished the monarchy and established the republic while Marie Antoinette remained confined. Her status shifted from reigning queen to prisoner of a regime rejecting dynastic government.
Jacobin Club
Renamed to the Societe des Jacobins, amis de la liberte et de legalite
Monarchy abolished by Convention - Historical significance
Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud figured in events surrounding monarchy abolished by convention at Paris. The earlier suspension of Louis XVI thereby became a definitive change in the French state. This development formed part of the chain that led to the Republic being proclaimed after the National Convention assembled.
Monarchy abolished by Convention
The newly assembled National Convention formally abolished the monarchy in September following the August insurrection. The earlier suspension of Louis XVI thereby became a definitive change in the French state.
Abolition of Monarchy
At the National Convention argues successfully for immediate abolition of the monarchy
National Convention
The National Convention abolishes monarchy and Jacobin deputies become central to republican politics
National Convention
The National Convention abolishes monarchy and Jacobin deputies become central to republican politics.
Abolition of Monarchy
Collot d'Herbois moves to abolish the monarchy, and the Convention unanimously ends kingship in France.
Citizen Louis Capet
After abolition of the monarchy, revolutionary authorities increasingly referred to the former Louis XVI as Louis Capet.
Abolition of Monarchy
The 1st session of the National Convention abolishes the monarchy.
Republic
The new French Republic creates a political setting in which the Jacobin Club becomes more openly republican
Republic
The new French Republic creates a political setting in which the Jacobin Club becomes more openly republican.
Republic One and Indivisible
Danton argues against federal division as the Convention affirms the unity and indivisibility of the French Republic.
National Convention
1st session of the National Convention abolishes the monarchy
National Convention
1st session of the National Convention abolishes the monarchy.
French Forces Occupy Speyer
Custine's army captured Speyer during its advance along the Rhine. The occupation demonstrated the vulnerability of German ecclesiastical territories to a mobile French offensive.
September Massacres increase royal fears
Mass killings in Parisian prisons created an atmosphere of terror around the royal prisoners. Marie Antoinette learned that members of the former court were among those endangered by revolutionary violence.
Army of the North
Appointed Commander of the Army of the North
Army of the North
Charles-Francois du Perier Dumouriez was appointed Commander of the Army of the North.
Commander of Army of the North
Appointed Commander of the Army of the North
August legislation faces republican revision
The fall of the monarchy reopened legislative debates about payments owed to former seigneurial lords. Convention deputies considered whether earlier compensation requirements contradicted republican liberty.
Monarchy abolished by Convention: August insurrection reshapes power
Danton's involvement in the upheaval of August 1792 helped bring about the Convention's republican regime. Military danger made the settlement far more unstable than a simple constitutional reform.
Mountain emerges in Convention: New republic brings factional choices
Danton entered the Convention after helping the overthrow of the monarchy. He navigated alliances among radical deputies without belonging to a rigidly organized modern political party.
Girondin deputies enter Convention: Parliamentary network reassembles
Guadet also entered the Convention as regional allies acquired prominent positions in the new national legislature. Disagreements with Paris radicals soon dominated its proceedings.
Girondin deputies enter Convention: Gironde sends celebrated speaker
Vergniaud won election to the Convention from the Gironde department. His oratory helped the group contest leadership with the deputies of the Mountain.
September Massacres fracture republican coalition: Prison violence alarms ministers
Roland served as interior minister when crowds killed prisoners during the September Massacres. The killings intensified tensions between national officials and militant Parisian activists.
National Convention election for Eure-et-Loir
Brissot was elected to the National Convention for Eure-et-Loir. He became one of the leading voices of the loose group subsequently known as the Girondins.
Paris September Massacres become factional issue
The prison killings sharpened the hostility of Girondin figures toward radical crowd politics. Brissot's camp regarded the bloodshed as evidence that unchecked popular violence threatened representative government.
Republican unity debated after monarchy's fall
Brissot supported national representative institutions but distrusted claims that Paris alone should determine the Revolution's course. His stance contributed to accusations of federalism from opponents.
Girondin deputies enter Convention: Eure-et-Loir sends political leader
Brissot secured election to the National Convention and became one of the most recognizable members of the Girondin circle. His faction remained an informal grouping rather than a unified party.
September Massacres fracture republican coalition: Girondin suspicion of Commune grows
Brissot's political allies distrusted the Paris Commune and radical spokesmen after the September bloodshed. Arguments about security and popular sovereignty became inseparable from mutual accusations.
Convention
Appointed Member of National Convention
Convention
Lazare Nicholas Marguerite Carnot became a member of the National Convention.
National Convention
Appointed Member of National Convention
Pyrenees Defence Mission
Carnot was sent to organize defence on the Spanish frontier and developed plans for the Pyrenean region.
Monarchy abolished by Convention: Young republicans reject kingship
Saint-Just entered a political world in which national representation had replaced hereditary sovereignty. His uncompromising view of republican legitimacy soon shaped the king's trial.
Citizen troops support emergency mobilization
As coalition armies approached, Parisian citizen units supported security and recruitment measures. Santerre operated in a capital fearing invasion and counterrevolution.
Guard Detachments Secure Temple Prison
After the monarchy fell, armed units helped enforce the detention of the royal household. The security arrangements made citizen soldiers participants in the Republic's treatment of its former rulers.
Guard Patrols Respond to Invasion Anxiety
Parisian units faced a nervous city during news of Coalition advances and fears of internal treachery. Their security duties brought together military readiness and highly politicized neighborhood policing.
September Massacres fracture republican coalition: Political writers condemn mob coercion
Madame Roland regarded the prison massacres as a warning that uncontrolled violence threatened representative politics. Her circle became increasingly hostile to leaders perceived as tolerant of the killings.
Monarchy abolished by Convention: Republican sovereignty defended
Robespierre supported the new republic after the Convention abolished the monarchy. He argued that political authority must rest with the people and not with a deposed dynasty.
Mountain emerges in Convention: Parisian radical deputies assemble
Robespierre joined the National Convention as a Paris deputy and became associated with the high benches occupied by the Mountain. These legislators increasingly disputed the Girondins' claims to guide the Republic.
Custine Advances toward German Rhine Cities
Custine led French forces into the Rhineland as republican armies sought to challenge hostile German states. The expedition brought revolutionary authority into territories beyond France's eastern border.
Massacre
Suspected "traitors" of the Revolution are massacred
Massacre
Suspected "traitors" of the Revolution are massacred.
Girondin Alignment
Olympe de Gouges aligned herself with moderate Girondin politics after the fall of the monarchy.
Army of the North
Appointed Commander of the Army of the North
Commander of Army of the North
Appointed Commander of the Army of the North
Deputy
Appointed Member of National Convention
National Convention
Appointed Member of National Convention
Capture of Verdun
Verdun is captured by the Austrians
Mountain emerges in Convention: Popular press gains parliamentary voice
Marat won election to the Convention and sat among the Montagnards. His prominence connected radical newspaper agitation with political combat inside the national legislature.
Bailly drawn into inquiry over former court
Revolutionary authorities renewed their scrutiny of individuals linked to the former constitutional monarchy. Bailly's former official position left him exposed to political charges as the Terror intensified.
Support for Revolutionary Army
Danton supported stronger economic and military emergency measures, including a revolutionary army, during the Republic's crisis.
Chaumette supports intervention against scarcity
Chaumette associated revolutionary legitimacy with supplying the poor and combating hoarding. This aspect of calls for revolutionary army and controls illustrates how press campaigns, popular sections and government decisions became connected.
Revolutionary Army Proposal
Billaud-Varenne supported creation of a revolutionary army during the emergency measures of September 1793.
Hebert demands sterner emergency policy
Hรฉbertist agitation helped push the Convention toward stronger measures against suspected enemies and economic disorder. The episode concerned calls for revolutionary army and controls and affected the relationship between club activists and public authority.
Reign of Terror
Popular pressure places terror on the order of the day as Jacobin dominated government confronts war and revolt
Reign of Terror
Popular pressure places terror on the order of the day as Jacobin dominated government confronts war and revolt.
President of National Convention
The Convention elected Billaud-Varenne to preside during the September expansion of emergency revolutionary measures.
Vincent represents the militant administrative wing
Vincent belonged to the circle that sought more radical enforcement of wartime mobilization. The controversy surrounding calls for revolutionary army and controls influenced the changing balance among revolutionary factions.
French Offensive Relieves Dunkirk
Houchard's army defeated coalition forces at Hondschoote and relieved the siege of Dunkirk. The battle saved a strategically important French Channel port.
Battle of Hondschoote
Defeats an Anglo-Hanoverian army under the Duke of York
Siege of Dunkirk
Helps generals Houchard & Jourdan relieve Dunkirk
Battle of Hondschoote
Fights at the Battle of Hondschoote
Battle of Menin
Routes the Prince of Orange
Siege of Toulon
Given command of the artillery
Law of Suspects
The Law of Suspects expands arrests of those considered enemies of the Revolution during Jacobin rule
Law of Suspects
The Law of Suspects expands arrests of those considered enemies of the Revolution during Jacobin rule.
Law of Suspects
Merlin de Douai presents the legislation defining categories of suspects who could be arrested during the revolutionary emergency.
Capitol Hill
Lays the foundation stone of the seat of US Government
Battle of Tournai
A Battle between 50,000 Allies & 45,000 French, both sides retreat
Revolutionary Tribunal Naming
Billaud-Varenne supported formally naming the extraordinary criminal court the Revolutionary Tribunal.
Bridge Riot
Crowds protest Bristol Bridge tolls and proposed street changes.
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant Colonel
Prison officials question alleged escape links
The discovery of the Carnation Plot triggered fresh questioning of Marie Antoinette and those suspected of assisting her. Officials treated the incident as evidence of continuing royalist efforts to reach the prisoner.
Bonaparte Replaces Wounded Artillery Officer
The young artillery officer assumed increasing responsibility after the commander of guns was wounded. He soon began reorganizing the besiegers' artillery positions around the port.
Bonaparte Surveys Allied Harbour Defences
Bonaparte studied the positions from which cannon could threaten enemy shipping. He concluded that control of the heights commanding the inner anchorage was vital.
Terror becomes political watchword: Security pressure intensifies
Billaud-Varenne argued for stronger measures against enemies as war and economic unrest continued. Radical pressure helped produce a system of extensive political surveillance.
Terror becomes political watchword: Committees face multiple threats
Barรจre reported on the combined challenges of foreign armies, rebellion and supply shortages. These pressures encouraged the Convention to authorize increasingly exceptional measures.
Carteaux Advances Republican Forces toward Toulon
General Carteaux led French troops advancing against the rebellious port. His army had to overcome fortified approaches protected by royalists and foreign soldiers.
French Siege Batteries Increase Pressure
Carteaux's troops established positions around Toulon while artillery officers tried to improve their effect. The slow progress revealed the difficulty of besieging a well defended coastal base.
Jourdan Assumes Command before Maubeuge Relief
Jourdan took charge of the northern field army while Coalition forces threatened the French fortress of Maubeuge. Restoring the initiative required an attack against the troops covering the siege.
Representatives Approve Intensified Siege Preparations
Commissioners attached to the republican army encouraged the accumulation of artillery and manpower. Their intervention connected the siege's conduct to the Convention's political priorities.
Terror becomes political watchword: Virtue linked with emergency rule
Robespierre defended revolutionary government as a temporary response to dangers threatening the Republic. Opponents later challenged the breadth of powers exercised in its name.
Mission to Army of Italy
Barras was sent on mission to the Army of Italy and became involved in Republican operations around Toulon.
Adjutant
Appointed Adjutant General after the Battle of Hondschoote
Adjutant
Appointed Adjutant General after the Battle of Hondschoote
Rule of Corsica
The island is for a short time added to the dominions of George III, chiefly by the exertions of the fleet and the co-operation of Pascal Paoli, who ruled the Kingdom of Corsica
Siege of Corsica
The island is for a short time added to the dominions of George III, chiefly by the exertions of the fleet and the co-operation of Pascal Paoli, who ruled the Kingdom of Corsica. Hood then turns to the occupation of Corsica, which he had been invited to take in the name of the King of Britain by Paoli
Allied Command Secures Toulon Outer Anchorage
Hood's ships relied on coastal fortifications to protect the fleet. Control of the harbor approaches was therefore central to the survival of the foreign occupation.
French Siege Operations
Applies sustained pressure to the fortress before its November surrender.
Siege of Maastricht
Directs operations against Maastricht during the revolutionary campaign in the Low Countries.
State church subsidies withdrawn - Public response
Henri-Baptiste Gregoire figured in events surrounding state church subsidies withdrawn at Paris. The measure helped reshape church-state relations after the coercive religious policies of the Terror. The episode altered the political climate in Paris as former supporters of the Terror confronted a hostile new majority.
State church subsidies withdrawn
The Convention decided that the Republic would no longer fund religious ministers from the public treasury. The measure helped reshape church-state relations after the coercive religious policies of the Terror.
Battle of Tournai
A drawn Battle with the Allies
French Advances Threaten German Frontier Positions
Operations along the Rhine challenged Coalition security beyond French territory. The shifting front raised questions about occupation and the political future of neighboring German lands.
Thermidorian Deputies Challenge Tribunal Officers
After Thermidor the Convention investigated figures associated with exceptional prosecutions. Fouquier Tinville faced mounting scrutiny of the institution in which he had exercised prosecutorial authority.
French Army Crosses Rhine near Dusseldorf
Jourdan's troops crossed the river in September and advanced onto its eastern bank. The operation threatened Austrian communications and forced a redistribution of Coalition forces.
Crossing of Rhine
Jourdan led a successful crossing of the Rhine during operations by the Army of Sambre-et-Meuse.
Dismissal
Dismissed from list of Generals for not joining Hoches Army at Brest
Pichegru Offensive Faces Coordination Problems
French campaigns on the Rhine required coordination between separate field armies. Differences in pace and command decisions limited their ability to exploit early advances.
Battle of Wurzburg
Defeats the French under Jourdan & Moreau
Battle of Bassano
Defeated by Bonaparte
Battle of Bassano
Napoleon defeated Austrian forces at Bassano and continued the campaign to prevent relief of Mantua.
Battle of Bassano
Massena fought at Bassano as Bonaparte pursued Austrian forces during the campaign around Mantua.
Battle of Bassano
Defeats the Austrians in Mantua
Invasion of Germany
Charles of Austria drives the French out of Germany
Moreau Conducts Fighting Retreat toward Rhine
Moreau organized a withdrawal through southern Germany when Austrian successes threatened his rear. The difficult retreat preserved much of his army for future operations.
Jourdan Retreats after Austrian Counteroffensive
Austrian commanders struck Jourdan's exposed army as it advanced into Germany. The reversal made the neighboring French offensive increasingly difficult to sustain.
Return to France
Talleyrand returned to Paris after years abroad and began rebuilding his political position under the Directory.
Birth of Francis Crozier
Francis Crozier is born in Banbridge, County Down, and later becomes an experienced Royal Navy officer in both Arctic and Antarctic exploration.
Committee of Public Safety
Removed from the Committee of Public Safety
Dismissal
Removed from the Committee of Public Safety
Fructidor Moderation
After the coup of Fructidor, Tallien attempted to moderate the treatment of some politicians targeted by the victorious Directory.
Proscription of Carnot
The coup of 18 Fructidor included Carnot in the proscription because he had opposed the action taken by Barras and allied Directors.
Support for Fructidor Coup
La Revelliere-Lepeaux helped drive the anti-royalist coup of 18 Fructidor after electoral gains threatened the republican Directory.
Escape from Paris
Carnot escaped arrest during the Fructidor coup and went into hiding before leaving France.
Support for Fructidor Coup
Sieyes supported the victorious anti-royalist side during the coup of 18 Fructidor.
Coup
Carries through the coup of 18 Fructidor, putting into place the Directory
Coup
Royalist movements are banished & many deputies move to Cayenne
Coup
Supports the Coup of 18th Fructidor
Support for Coup of Fructidor
Napoleon sent General Augereau to support the Directory during the anti-royalist coup of 18 Fructidor.
Arrest of Royalist Deputies
During the Fructidor coup, forces supporting Barras arrested leading royalist deputies and Director Barthelemy.
Coup of 18 Fructidor
Barras backed the coup of 18 Fructidor and used troops under Augereau to remove royalist opponents from political power.
Exile in Switzerland
Carnot reached Switzerland after escaping the Fructidor proscription and continued living outside France.
Loss of Public Offices
After Fructidor, Carnot was stripped of his Directorial office, legislative status and place in the Institut de France.
Fructidor Proscription Decree
After the Fructidor coup, Sieyes helped draft the decree that proscribed dozens of deputies associated with the defeated opposition.
Fructidor Diplomatic Circular
Talleyrand issued diplomatic arguments defending the coup of Fructidor after the Directory defeated its royalist opponents.
Lille Negotiations
After the Fructidor coup, Barras helped end the peace negotiations with Britain that had been taking place at Lille.
Jourdan-Delbrel Law
The legislature adopted the Jourdan-Delbrel law establishing conscription and compulsory military service as a permanent basis for army recruitment.
Second Battle of Zurich
Massena defeated Russian and Austrian forces at Zurich, helping force Suvorov's army into a difficult retreat through Switzerland.
Ney Assumes Greater Command on Rhine Frontier
Ney's military career advanced amid renewed warfare with the Second Coalition. His forces helped maintain pressure along France's eastern approaches during the campaign.
Capture of Malta
French occupation troops on Malta surrender to the British
Treaty of Mortefontaine
Ends the alliance with France signed in 1778
Capture of Alexandria
The Battle of Alexandria is fought between the French army under General Menou and the British expeditionary corps under Sir Ralph Abercrombie, where the British troops had advanced towards Alexandria. Abercromby defeats the French but dies during the battle. The British advance and capture Alexandria 2nd Sept 1801
Rule of Egypt
The Battle of Alexandria is fought between the French army under General Menou and the British expeditionary corps under Sir Ralph Abercrombie, where the British troops had advanced towards Alexandria. Abercromby defeats the French but dies during the battle. The British advance and capture Alexandria 2nd Sept 1801
Siege of Alexandria
The Battle of Alexandria is fought between the French army under General Menou and the British expeditionary corps under Sir Ralph Abercrombie, where the British troops had advanced towards Alexandria. Abercromby defeats the French but dies during the battle. The British advance and capture Alexandria 2nd Sept 1801
Coronation
Is crowned Emperor of Russia in Moscow several months after succeeding Paul I.
Battle of Delhi
Daulat Rao Scindia's forces are defeated near Delhi during the East India Company's northern campaign.
Battle of Assaye
Wins his first military victory
Battle of Assaye
Defeated at Assaye.
Knighthood
Given a Knighthood
Final Departure
Sails from Portsmouth to take command off Cadiz.
Final Departure
Leaves Portsmouth to take command before Trafalgar.
Arrival off Cadiz
Joins the fleet and assumes command before Trafalgar.
Cadiz Blockade
Joins the fleet off Cadiz before the Trafalgar campaign.
Command Replacement
Is ordered to replace Villeneuve before Trafalgar.
Cadiz Blockade
Maintains blockade pressure before Nelson arrives.
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Minister
Invasion of Denmark
Wellington informs his superiors he has cleared Zealand of resistance
Battle of Copenhagen
The Danes capitulate rather then endure further damage to Copenhagen
Invasion of Denmark
The Danes capitulate rather then endure further damage to Copenhagen
Portsmouth Block Mills
The block-making plant is judged capable of meeting the Royal Navy's full requirement for pulley blocks.
Battle of Copenhagen
Claims his rockets have caused 1 million pounds worth of damage
President of Spain
Appointed President of Spain, President of the Supreme Central Governing Junta
Supreme Central Governing Junta
Appointed President of Spain, President of the Supreme Central Governing Junta
President of Spain
Appointed President of Spain, President of the Supreme Central Governing Junta
Supreme Central Governing Junta
Appointed President of Spain, President of the Supreme Central Governing Junta
Constitution of Spain
The Supreme Central Governing Junta is established, ruling in the name of Ferdinand VII
Supreme Central Governing Junta
The Supreme Central Governing Junta is established, ruling in the name of Ferdinand VII
Peerage
Created Viscount Wellington of Talavera
Peerage
Created Viscount Wellington of Talavera
Treaty of Fredrikshamn
The treaty ends the Finnish War, with Sweden ceding Finland to the Russian Empire.
First Government Junta
Presides over the first national governing junta established in Santiago.
Battle of Busaco
Defeats Marshal Massena
Siege of Moscow
Arrives 72 miles south east of Moscow
Battle of Borodino
Murat fights at the Battle of Borodino
Battle of Borodino
Napoleon loses 30,000 to the Russian 44,000. Napoleon Loses 12 generals as the Russians retreat intact & burn Moscow. Napoleon just manages to occupy Moscow. Napoleon I is just able to continue his advance on Moscow atter losing 28,000. Napoleon I advances as far as Borodino on the River Koloc 70 miles west of Moscow
Battle of Borodino
Commands the Russian centre at Borodino
Battle of Borodino
The Russians are defeated but manage to retreat to Moscow
Siege of Moscow
The French forces burn Moscow
Siege of Moscow
3 months after entering Russia the Grande Armee marches into the outskirts of Moscow
Siege of Moscow
Murat enters Moscow
Siege of Moscow
Enters Moscow but Moscovites are ordered to leave the city, 15,000 remain
Invasion of Russia
1,000 armed Russian convicts with fuses & bombs are burn Moscow to the ground
Siege of Moscow
Takes up residence in the Kremlin
Siege of Burgos
Unsuccessful at the siege of Burgos
Siege of Moscow
Occupies part of Moscow & writes to Tsar Alexander in Saint Petersburg offering peace
Invasion of Russia
Enters Moscow with the "Grande Armee" which was reduced to a force of just 1,000 men
Siege of Burgos
Wellington lays siege to Burgos
Invasion of Silesia
Advances into Silesia to engage Blucher but Blucher retreats
Battle of Dennewitz
Attempts to capture Berlin but is defeated
Battle of Dennewitz
Defeats Ney at Dennewitz during his march on Berlin. Bulow comes to Bernadottes relief & drives Ney back. Bulow assumes overall Allied command of the battle from Bernadotte. Bavaria withdraws from the war & German states waver in their support of the French
Siege of Berlin
Defeats Ney at Dennewitz during his march on Berlin
Battle of Lake Champla
Marches on New York from Montreal but is turned back at Lake Champlan
Siege of New York
Marches on New York from Montreal but is turned back at Lake Champlan
Siege of Berlin
Bavaria withdraws from the war & German states waver in their support of the French
Exile of Napoleon I
A prisoner of war at the Island of St Helena where he stays until his death in 1821
Alliance Agreement
Alexander uses the Holy Alliance to promote cooperation among Russia, Austria and Prussia after the Napoleonic Wars.
Alliance Holy Alliance
Russia, Austria and Prussia form the Holy Alliance, reflecting Alexander's religious vision for postwar European cooperation.
Holy Alliance
Signs the Holy Alliance with Austria and Prussia, invoking Christian principles in relations between the monarchies.
Capture of Diriyah
Receives news that Ibrahim Pasha has captured Diriyah and ended the first Saudi state.
Invasion of Peru
San Martins forces land at Pisci
Royal Navy Service Ends
Bransfield is paid off from Royal Navy service and later returns to merchant shipping after his pioneering Antarctic survey work.
Independence of Argentina
Proclaims the independence of Peru
Independence of Peru
Proclaims the independence of Peru
Capture of Tripolitsa
Kolokotronis commands Greek forces that capture Tripolitsa
Monastery of Secu
Olympios continues resistance in Moldavia before dying at Secu Monastery
Moldavian Resistance Ends
Pharmakis is captured after the last resistance in Moldavia collapses
Tripolitsa Falls
Ottoman authority in the Peloponnese collapses after Tripolitsa falls
Independence of Brazil
Brazil becomes independent
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Minister, 2nd term
Congress of Peru
Resigns because he does not have Bolivars support to hold Perus central highlands
Resignation of Jose de San Martin
Resigns because he does not have Bolivars support to hold Perus central highlands. Does not have support from Simon Bolivar to hold Perus central highlands
Birth of Hardinge Stanley Giffard
Birth of Hardinge Stanley Giffard
Invasion of Peru
The Nationalist forces arrive in Lima to raise a new army to invade the Peruvian Andes
Death of Louis XVIII
Death of Louis XVIII, age 68, succeeded by his brother Charles X
Succession
Death of Louis XVIII, age 68, succeeded by his brother Charles X
Stockton and Darlington Railway
Stephenson's locomotive hauls the opening train on the Stockton and Darlington Railway.
Invention of Train
Builds the 1st public railway to carry steam trains which opens, Stockton-Darlington
Stockton-Darlington Railway
The Stockton and Darlington Railway opens driven by Stephenson, Locomotion hauled an 80-ton load of coal and flour nine miles in two hours, reaching a speed of 24 miles per hour also the first purpose-built passenger car, Experiment, was attached and carried dignitaries on the opening journey, the first time passenger traffic had been run on a steam locomotive railway
President of Chile
Assumes executive authority after Manuel Blanco Encalada resigns from the presidency.
Battle of Ganja
The Persians under Mirza are routed despite the Persians 30,000 to Russias 15,000
Battle of Ganja
Defeats Persian attempts to invade the Transcaucasian territories
Battle of Ganja
The Persians under Mirza are routed despite the Persians 30,000 to Russias 15,000
Capture of Tirvan
Lays siege to Tirvan after the Battle of Ganja
Siege of Erivan
Lays siege to Erivan after the Battle of Ganja
Plot
Escapes assassination at the hands of liberal conspirators in Gran Colombia
Treaty of Turkom
Lays siege to Tirvan after the Battle of Ganja
Battle of Petra
Ypsilantis wins the final major battle of the war at Petra
Invasion of Turkey
The Sultan has no other choice but to sue for peace, which was concluded in Edirne
Invasion of Turkey
The Sultan has no other choice but to sue for peace, which was concluded in Edirne
Invasion of Turkey
The Sultan has no other choice but to sue for peace, which was concluded in Edirne
Slavery
Abolishes slavery but Texas is later exempted from the anti-slavery decree
Ulster Temperence Society
Founds the Ulster Temperence Society
Police
The first "Peelers" go on the beat
Rule of Armenia
Under the Treaty of Adrianople Turkey recognizes Russian sovereignty over Georgia and parts of present-day Armenia
Rule of Georgia
Under the Treaty of Adrianople Turkey recognizes Russian sovereignty over Georgia and parts of present-day Armenia
Rule of Moldova
Under the Treaty of Adrianople Serbia achieves autonomy and Russia is allowed to occupy Moldova and Walachia (guaranteeing their prosperity, and full "liberty of trade" for them) until Turkey had paid a large indemnity
Rule of Serbia
Under the Treaty of Adrianople Serbia achieves autonomy and Russia is allowed to occupy Moldova and Walachia (guaranteeing their prosperity, and full "liberty of trade" for them) until Turkey had paid a large indemnity
Rule of Walachia
Under the Treaty of Adrianople Serbia achieves autonomy and Russia is allowed to occupy Moldova and Walachia (guaranteeing their prosperity, and full "liberty of trade" for them) until Turkey had paid a large indemnity
Treaty of Adrianople
The Treaty of Adrianople gives Russia most of the eastern shore of the Black Sea and the mouth of the Danube.
Treaty of Adrianople
Under the Treaty of Adrianople Serbia achieves autonomy and Russia is allowed to occupy Moldova and Walachia (guaranteeing their prosperity, and full "liberty of trade" for them) until Turkey had paid a large indemnity.
Treaty of Adrianople
Under the Treaty of Adrianople Turkey recognizes Russian sovereignty over Georgia and parts of present-day Armenia.
Rule of Armenia
Under the Treaty of Adrianople Turkey recognizes Russian sovereignty over Georgia and parts of present-day Armenia
Rule of Georgia
Under the Treaty of Adrianople Turkey recognizes Russian sovereignty over Georgia and parts of present-day Armenia
Treaty of Adrianople
Forced to sign the Treaty granting Grece its independence.
Treaty of Adrianople
The Treaty of Adrianople gives Russia most of the eastern shore of the Black Sea and the mouth of the Danube.
Treaty of Adrianople
Under the Treaty of Adrianople Serbia achieves autonomy and Russia is allowed to occupy Moldova and Walachia (guaranteeing their prosperity, and full "liberty of trade" for them) until Turkey had paid a large indemnity.
Treaty of Adrianople
Under the Treaty of Adrianople Turkey recognizes Russian sovereignty over Georgia and parts of present-day Armenia.
Death of William Huskisson
Is fatally injured by Stephenson's Rocket during the Liverpool and Manchester Railway opening.
Railway Opening
Attends the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway.
Liverpool and Manchester Railway
Opens the Liverpool and Manchester Railway with a public procession.
Liverpool and Manchester Railway
Assists engineering work on the world's first inter-city passenger railway.
Death of William Hazlitt
William Hazlitt dies in London after a career as an essayist and critic.
Constitution of Venezuela
Leads Venezuela when the Constitution of 1830 establishes the institutions of the independent republic.
Brussels Expedition
Leads Dutch troops into Brussels in an attempt to suppress the revolution.
Provisional Government
Serves in the Belgian Provisional Government created during the revolt.
Provisional Government
Joins the Belgian Provisional Government after the fighting in Brussels.
Provisional Government
Joins the Belgian Provisional Government formed during the revolution.
Provisional Government
Serves in the Belgian Provisional Government formed after Dutch troops withdraw.
Withdrawal from Brussels
Withdraws Dutch forces after several days of heavy street fighting.
Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek
Signs the treaty that cedes Choctaw lands east of the Mississippi.
Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek
Signs the removal treaty on behalf of a section of the Choctaw leadership.
Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek
Signs the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek for the United States.
Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek
Signs the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek as a United States commissioner.
Vice President of Ecuador
Serves as the first Vice President of the new Republic of Ecuador.
Military Response to Belgian Revolt
Orders military efforts to restore royal authority in the rebellious southern provinces.
Coronation
Crowned King of Great Britan
Peerage
Created the Duke of St Andrews
Conservative Republic
Begins the conservative political order that dominates Chile for three decades.
President of Chile
Takes office as President of Chile and begins the conservative presidential era.
Reform of Parliament
The 2nd Reform Bill passes through the Commons
Legislation
The House of Commons passes the Reform Bill, the Tories still dominated the House of Lords, and after a long debate the bill was defeated
Reformation, The
The House of Commons passes the Reform Bill, the Tories still dominated the House of Lords, and after a long debate the bill was defeated
Felix de Muelenaere Government
The Felix de Muelenaere Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.
Removal of Federal Deposits
Taney begins transferring federal deposits from the Second Bank to selected state banks.
Reform of Local Government
Reforms English Borough Government to reflect the shift of population into the cities
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
Birth of Heinrich Gotthard von Treitschke
Birth of Heinrich Gotthard von Treitschke
Athens Declared Capital
The royal government designates Athens as the capital of Greece.
Reballion of Samiots
The Samiots rise in revolt under the leadership of Themistoklis Sofoulis
Reballion of Samiots
The Samiots rise in revolt under the leadership of Themistoklis Sofoulis
Reform of Local Government
Establishes elected local Councils
School Graduation
Marx completes his secondary education and receives his school-leaving certificate.
Presidential Re-election
Begins a second presidential term after re-election under the constitutional order established in 1833.
Panic of 1837 Response
Proposes separating federal funds from unstable private banks.
Special Session of Congress
Convenes a special congressional session to address the financial crisis.
Succession
Succeeds as Emperor of India
Death of Bahadur Shah II
Death of Akbar Shah II, Bahadur Shah IIs father
Promotion to Lieutenant
McClure is promoted to lieutenant after returning from the Arctic expedition in HMS Terror.
Curzon Street Railway
The London and Birmingham Railway opens its Curzon Street terminus.
Ross Expedition
Sails with HMS Erebus and HMS Terror on the British Antarctic expedition that will explore the Ross Sea region
Swindon Railway Works
Daniel Gooch proposes locomotive works at Swindon and Brunel supports creation of a major railway centre there.
Death of Jose Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia
Dies after ruling Paraguay for decades as supreme dictator.
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary
Election
The Conservatives win their highest gains in the English Counties. The Conservatives win a majority for the 1st time, winning by 80 seats
Free Trade
Stanley resigns over Peels Free Trade Policy, Peels only casualty. Campaigns on the issue of Free Trade to become Prime Minister. Believes without free trade there could be civil disorder
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime MInister of Great Britain
Resignation of Edward Stanley
Stanley resigns over Peels Free Trade Policy, Peels only casualty
President of Chile
Takes office as President of Chile and begins a decade of national consolidation.
Birth of Abdulhamid II
Birth of Abdulhamid II
Constitution Promised
Otto agrees to summon a National Assembly following the September uprising.
September Revolution
A military and popular uprising compels King Otto to accept constitutional government.
Fort Bulnes
Establishes a Chilean settlement to assert sovereignty over the Strait of Magellan.
Battle of Resaca de la Palma
United States forces defeat Mexican forces at Resaca de la Palma
Siege of Fort Texas
Fort Texas is secured by United States forces and later renamed Fort Brown in honor of Major Jacob Brown
Siege of Fort Texas
Mexican forces lift the siege after United States victory at Resaca de la Palma
Assault on Fort Teneria
Commands a successful charge at Monterey winning a victory in the assault on Fort Teneria
Battle of Monterrey
Davis and the Mississippi Rifles serve under Taylor during the Monterrey campaign
Battle of Monterrey
Commands a successful charge at Monterey winning a victory in the assault on Fort Teneria
Battle of Monterrey
Taylor begins the assault on Monterrey during the northern Mexico campaign
Battle of Monterrey
Worth leads American troops in the attack on the western approaches to Monterrey
SS Great Britain
SS Great Britain runs aground in Dundrum Bay during a transatlantic voyage.
Discovery of Neptune
Observes Neptune near Le Verrier's predicted position.
Battle of Monterrey
Ampudia surrenders Monterrey after hard urban fighting against Taylor's army
Prediction of Neptune
Independently calculates a possible planet disturbing Uranus's orbit.
Battle of La Mesa
United States forces defeat Californio forces near Los Angeles
Siege of Veracruz
United States forces begin the amphibious siege of Veracruz
Battle of Molino del Rey
Defeated by General Scott
Battle of Molino del Rey
Santa Anna's troops are defeated at Molino del Rey outside Mexico City
Battle of Molino del Rey
Defeats Santa Anna
Battle of Molino del Rey
Worth leads the American attack at Molino del Rey before the assault on Chapultepec
Atmospheric Railway
Brunel's atmospheric railway opens to Teignmouth using stationary engines and vacuum pipes for propulsion.
Public Atmospheric Service to Teignmouth
Regular passenger services begin using atmospheric propulsion between Exeter and Teignmouth.
Battle of Chapultepec
Overcomes the fortress of Chapultepec the last obstacle before Mexico City
Battle of Chapultepec
Scott's army captures Chapultepec, the last major obstacle before Mexico City
Capture of Mexico City
Scott's army enters Mexico City after the battles of Molino del Rey and Chapultepec
Capture of Mexico City
Cuts down the Mexican colors & raises the Stars and Stripes
Capture of Mexico City
Nicholson cuts down the Mexican colors and helps raise the Stars and Stripes in Mexico City
Capture of Mexico City
Breaks up a counterattack by the Mexican lancers before Mexico City is taken
Capture of Mexico City
Terrett helps break up a Mexican lancer counterattack before the occupation of Mexico City
Atmospheric Railway
The atmospheric railway closes after persistent leakage and high maintenance costs make it impractical.
Atmospheric Working Abandoned
Persistent leakage, unreliable equipment and high operating costs lead to abandonment of atmospheric traction on the South Devon Railway.
Minister President
Appointed Chief Minister President of Prussia
Sikh Rebellion
Sher Singh Attariwalla joins the widening Sikh rebellion, transforming the Multan rising into a larger war.
Meeting with Frederick William & offers joint administration of
Meets Frederick William & offers joint administration of the German Confederation
Constitution of Austria
Prussia accepts Franzs offer to help administer the German Confederation
Investigator Trapped in Ice
Investigator becomes locked in Arctic ice near Banks Island, forcing McClure to continue reconnaissance by sledge and on foot.
Foreign Secretary of Germany
Appointed Foreign Minister
Foreign Secretary of Germany
Appointed Foreign Minister
Erfurt Parliament
After a dispute over Hesse Prussia is humiliated and forced to back down by Austria in the so-called Punctation of Olmutz
Hesse Cris
After a dispute over Hesse Prussia is humiliated and forced to back down by Austria in the so-called Punctation of Olmutz
Hesses Crisis
After a dispute over Hesse Prussia is humiliated and forced to back down by Austria in the so-called Punctation of Olmutz
Unification
A plan for the unification of Germany under Prussian leadership proposed by Prussia's Minister President Radowitz is abandoned
Communist League Split
Marx's faction separates from members advocating an immediate new revolutionary uprising.
President of Chile
Takes office after a disputed election and confronts the Revolution of 1851.
Editor
1st Editor of the New York Times
Press
Appointed Editor of the New York Times
Investigator Trapped at Mercy Bay
Investigator becomes permanently trapped at Mercy Bay, where McClure and his crew endure two additional Arctic winters.
Corruption at Elections
Publishes a Tribune article on corruption and bribery in British elections.
Result of the Elections
Publishes a Tribune analysis of the results and political consequences of the British election.
Death of Arthur Wellesley
Death of Arthr Wellesley
Invention of Airballoon
Giffard makes the first powered and controlled flight traveling 27 km from Paris to Trappes
Birth of John Denton Pinkstone French
Birth of John Denton Pinkstone French
Birth of John French
Birth of John French, later Earl of Ypres.
Birth of Rama V
Birth of Rama V
Blockade of Istanbul
The British Fleet is ordered to Istanbul.
Istanbul Fleet Deployment Supports Ottoman Defence
The British fleet moves toward Istanbul as Britain and France increase naval support for the Ottoman Empire.
Strikes and the Value of Labor
Writes an article analysing strikes, wage demands and the changing industrial situation in Britain.
Balmoral Castle
Orders the renovation & enlargement of Balmoral Castle
Defence of Petropavlovsk
Repels the final Allied landing assault and preserves the Russian Pacific port.
Mobilization
The Allied force departs to the Crimean Peninsula in a convoy of 150 warships.
Invasion of Crimea
Lands French troops with the Allied expedition in Crimea.
Invasion of Crimea
Lands British troops on the Crimean coast.
Invasion of Crimea
Fails to oppose the Allied landing in Crimea.
Mobilization
The Allied force lands at Old Fort on an open beach 30 miles North of Sevastopol.
Siege of Sevastopol
The French forces within the Allied expeditionary force advance toward Sevastopol.
Battle of Alma
Leads French troops during the Allied victory at Alma.
Battle of Alma
Leads French troops up the heights near the coast, helping turn the Russian flank at the Alma.
Battle of Alma
Commands the Highland Brigade to victory over Russia during the march on Sevastopol.
Battle of Alma
Commands the Second Division during victory over Russia on the march to Sevastopol.
Battle of Alma
Commands the Light Division during victory over Russia during the march on Sevastopol.
Battle of Alma
Commands the Third Division during the Allied victory at the Alma.
Battle of Alma
Commands the Second Division at Alma.
Battle of Alma
Commands the Light Division during the Alma advance.
Battle of Alma
Helps win the first major Allied battle in Crimea.
Battle of Alma
Leads the Guards and Highland brigades of the First Division as the Allies force Russian troops from the heights above the Alma.
Battle of Alma
Commands the Fourth Division during the Allied advance and fighting at the Battle of the Alma.
Battle of Alma
Defeated by the Allied forces of France and Great Britain who cross the River Alma. Chooses to fight the French and British on the River Alma on their march to Sevastopol.
Battle of Alma
Is defeated by Allied forces on the River Alma.
Siege of Sevastopol
Directs Russian forces while naval ships are scuttled and their guns and crews are used in Sevastopol's defence.
Siege of Sevastopol
Leaves Sevastopol and marches to Bakhchisarai to join up with Russian reinforcements.
Siege of Sevastopol
Oversees the Russian war effort as Sevastopol's defenders use naval guns and crews to strengthen the fortress.
Siege of Petropavlovsk
Commands HMS Virago in the Allied squadron attacking Petropavlovsk.
Invasion of Crimea
Allied troops (British, French and Ottoman) landed in the Crimea and besieged the city of Sevastopol, home of the Tsar's Black Sea Fleet which threatened the Mediterranean.
Siege of Sevastopol
Allied troops (British, French and Ottoman) landed in the Crimea and besieged the city of Sevastopol, home of the Tsar's Black Sea Fleet which threatened the Mediterranean.
Northwest Passage Expedition Returns
McClure and his surviving crew return to Britain after completing the Northwest Passage through a combination of ship voyages and overland travel.
Scuttling of Fleet
Supports sinking ships to block Sevastopol harbour.
Invasion of Crimea
The Allies land in the Crimea without any opposition from the Russian Commander.
Battle of Malakoff
Commands the French assault that captures the Malakoff, making the Russian position in southern Sevastopol untenable.
Battle of Malakoff
Captures the Malakoff Redoubt during the final assault.
Battle of Malakoff
Commands French troops during the successful assault on the Malakoff.
Battle of Sevastopol
Storms the Malakoff Redoubt.
Capture of Sevastopol
French victory at the Battle of Malakoff brings about the capture of Sevastopol, and closes the Crimean War.
Siege of Sevastopol
The French capture of the Malakoff forces Russia to evacuate the southern side of Sevastopol.
Battle of Malakoff
Leads French troops during the final assault period around the Malakoff and adjacent Russian defences.
Battle of Malakoff
Commands French formations during the final operations that result in the capture of the Malakoff.
Great Redan
Directs British attacks against the Great Redan.
Great Redan
Commands the British Light Division during the final assault on the Great Redan.
Great Redan
Leads troops during the British assault on the Great Redan and gains prominence for his conduct.
Great Redan
Commands the Second Division involved in the final British assault on the Great Redan.
Battle of Malakoff
Commands Russian troops during the final Allied assault period around the Malakoff.
Fall of Sevastopol
Receives news of the fall of southern Sevastopol.
Evacuation of Sevastopol
Continues defensive work before Russia abandons the south side.
Evacuation of Sevastopol
Withdraws Russian forces to the north side of Sevastopol.
Battle of Kars
Distinguishes himself in the defence of Kars during the major Russian assault.
Battle of Kars
Helps direct the Ottoman defence during the major Russian assault on Kars.
Battle of Kars
Directs the defence that repels a major Russian assault on Kars.
Battle of Kars
Helps repel the major Russian assault on Kars from the Tahmasp defensive sector.
Battle of Kars
Launches a major assault on the defences of Kars but suffers heavy losses.
Battle of Kars
Takes part in the Ottoman command that repels the large Russian assault on Kars.
Battle of Kars
Commands Ottoman troops during the successful defence against the major Russian assault on Kars.
Siege of Sevastopol
Serves with the Naval Brigade and helps operate heavy guns during the siege of Sevastopol.
Kars Hospital
Treats soldiers and civilians as famine, wounds and disease intensify during the siege of Kars.
First Royal Albert Truss Floated
The first great main-span truss is floated into position on barges before being raised above the river.
First Tamar Truss Turned into Alignment
Tugs, naval vessels and hundreds of workers manoeuvre the first main truss through the river into alignment with its piers.
Death of Auguste Comte
Auguste Comte dies in Paris, aged fifty-nine.
Birth of Georg Michaelis
Birth of Georg Michaelis
Military Coup
Linares overthrows Cordova and establishes a centralising government.
Birth of William Howard Taft
Birth of William Howard Taft
Siege of Delhi
British forces recapture Delhi after prolonged fighting, ending Bahadur Shah II's effective leadership of the rebellion.
Arrest of Bahadur Shah II
Bahadur Shah II is arrested near Humayun's Tomb after the fall of Delhi.
Exile of Bahadur Shah II
Bahadur Shah II is captured near Humayun's Tomb after British forces retake Delhi.
Siege of Lucknow
Fights through enemy lines & enters the Residency
Adjutant
Military secretary and adjutant-general to Sir James Outram, whose forces took part in the actions leading to the first relief of Lucknow
Siege of Lucknow
Takes charge of Lucknows defence until the second relief, when he was badly wounded while crossing an exposed space with Outram and Sir Henry Havelock to meet with Sir Colin Campbell. Military secretary and adjutant-general to Sir James Outram, whose forces took part in the actions leading to the first relief of Lucknow
Stroke
Brunel suffers a severe stroke shortly before the first sea trials of SS Great Eastern.
Nationalverein
Opening of a German National Union formed by Bennigsen
Unification
The Nationalverein unites a "Little Germany" under Prussian leadership
Death of Isambard Kingdom Brunel
Isambard Kingdom Brunel dies at the age of fifty-three after a career transforming railways, bridges, tunnels and ships.
Decatur Convention
Illinois Republicans promote Lincoln as the Rail Candidate
Illinois Republican Convention
Illinois Republicans endorse Lincoln for the presidency at Decatur
Rail Candidate
Lincoln supporters use the rail splitter image to strengthen his popular appeal
Slave State Secession
Mississippi becomes the second slave state to secede from the Union
Secession of Mississippi
Mississippi becomes the second state to secede from the Union
President of Venezuela
Appointed Supreme Chief exercising presidential authority in Venezuela
Post Office Savings Bank
The Post Office Savings Bank opens, extending secure savings facilities to ordinary households.
President of Chile
Is formally inaugurated as President of Chile for the 1861-1871 term.
Death of Carlos Antonio Lopez
Dies after ruling Paraguay and expanding state power.
President of Paraguay
Succeeds his father as president of Paraguay.
Constitution of Germany
Sends a telegram to Bismarck to solve the Constitutional Crisis in Prussia
Telegram
Sends a telegram to Bismarck to solve the Constitutional Crisis in Prussia
Battle of Antietam
Unionist General at the Battle of Antietam
Battle of Antietam
Unionist General at the Battle of Antietam
Battle of Antietam
The Unionists lose 2,100 dead & 9,500 wounded. Blocks the Confederates under General Lee on Maryland & Washington DC
Battle of Antietam
Robert Lees plan to convert Maryland to the Confederate cause is defeated
Battle of Antietam
The Confederates lose 2,700 dead & 9,000 wounded. The Battle paves the way for Lincolns Proclamation of Emancipation. Robert Lees plan to convert Maryland to the Confederate cause is defeated. A tactical stalemate but strategically very important for the Unionists
Reform of Armed Forces
The Landtag refuses to carry out reforms of the Army
Election
Elected to the United States House of Representatives
Abdication
Promises to manage Parliament & put through reforms in defiance of Parliament. Persuades William not to abdicate & ends the Constitutional Crisis
Budget
Saves the King from the Liberals in the House of Deputies over army expansion
Constitution of Germany
Persuades William not to abdicate & ends the Constitutional Crisis
Government
Promises to form a Government & put through reforms in defiance of Parliament
Minister President
Appointed Minister President of Prussia
Parliament
Promises to manage Parliament & put through reforms in defiance of Parliament
Birth of Louis Botha
Louis Botha is born near Greytown in Natal.
Louis Botha Born
The future Boer general and South African prime minister is born.
Iron and Blood
Bismarck makes a famous speech to the Budget Committee of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies in which he expounds on the use of "iron and blood" to achieve Prussia's goals
Budget
Says great issues of the day will be decided by "iron & blood". Asks the Landtag to increase the Army Budget
Capture of Atlanta
Marches the Unionists through Georgia & takes Atlanta 1 Sept & Savannah 22 Dec
Siege of Atlanta
Marches the Unionists through Georgia & takes Atlanta 1 Sept & Savannah 22 Dec
Charlottetown Conference
Represents Canada East during Confederation discussions at Charlottetown.
Charlottetown Conference
Argues for federal union at the Charlottetown Conference.
Charlottetown Conference
Attends the Charlottetown Conference where Confederation is discussed.
Birth of Roger Casement
Birth of Roger Casement
Battle of Opequon Creek
Removes the Shenandoah Valley from the remainder of the war. Defeated by Confederates under General Philip Sheridan near Winchester, Virginia
Battle of Opequon Creek
Removes the Shenandoah Valley from the remainder of the war. Leads Union victory over General Early in Virginia
First International
Marx participates in founding the International Workingmen's Association.
Treasury Appointment
Lincoln appoints Hugh McCulloch as Secretary of the Treasury
Surrender at Appomattox
Robert E Lee surrenders to Ulysses S Grant at Appomattox Court House
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
Convocation of General Congress in 1866
Drafts a resolution calling for a general congress of the International Workingmen's Association in 1866.
London Conference of the International
Participates in the London Conference of the International and its organisational deliberations.
Rule of Crete
Crete rebels against Turkey & decrees union with Greece
Unification
Crete rebels against Turkey & decrees union with Greece
Reballion of Crete
Crete rebels against Turkey & decrees union with Greece
Rule of Crete
Crete rebels against Turkey & decrees union with Greece
Unification
Crete rebels against Turkey & decrees union with Greece
Second Presidential Term
Begins his second presidential term during the transition toward more liberal constitutional politics.
Deposition of George V
George V loses his throne when Prussia formally annexes the Kingdom of Hanover.
Annexation Law
Wilhelm promulgates the law incorporating Prussia's defeated northern German opponents.
Annexation of Frankfurt
Prussian annexation legislation incorporates the Kingdom of Hanover.
Annexation of Frankfurt
The annexation law incorporates Hanover as a province of the Prussian monarchy.
Annexation of Hanover
Prussian annexation legislation incorporates the Electorate of Hesse-Kassel.
Annexation of Hanover
The annexation law incorporates Hesse-Kassel into the Prussian state.
Annexation of Hesse-Kassel
The Peace of Prague confirms Prussian possession of Holstein before its provincial incorporation.
Annexation of Hesse-Kassel
The annexation law incorporates Nassau and expands Prussia's western territory.
Annexation of Nassau
The Peace of Prague confirms Prussian possession of Schleswig before its provincial incorporation.
Annexation of Nassau
The peace leaves Austrian Silesia unchanged and rejects any territorial transfer to Prussia.
Prussian Annexations
Bismarck directs legislation annexing Hanover, Hesse-Kassel, Nassau, Frankfurt, and other territories.
Battle of Curupayty
Helps deliver a major defensive victory against Allied forces.
Geneva Congress
Marx is elected to the International's General Council while absent from its Geneva congress.
Capital Volume One
Marx publishes the first volume of Capital, analysing capitalist production and exploitation.
First Election
Wins the first federal election after Confederation.
Fourth Annual Report of the General Council
Prepares the Fourth Annual Report of the General Council of the International.
Battle of Sedan
Wimpfen surrenders to the Germans who then take Paris. The French who lose 17,000 & 104,000 taken prisoner. The French lose 17,000 plus 104,000 taken prisoner. Forced to surrender to the Germans who move on to take Paris
Battle of Sedan
Defeated by the Germans
Battle of Sedan
French defeat followed by the fall of Paris. Deputed by William to accept the surrender of the French. Commands a hill top over the Meuse valley looking into Sedan 2 miles away. Arrives with 150,000 , travelling 50 miles in 3 days through the Argonne Forest
Battle of Sedan
Participates in the victory that captures Napoleon III.
Battle of Sedan
Commands, with Moltke his right hand man, a victory which leads to the fall of Paris
Siege of Paris
Commands, with Moltke his right hand man, a victory which leads to the fall of Paris
Battle of Sedan
Commands the Third Army during the decisive campaign against France.
Battle of Sedan
Present in battle as a Major General, victory leads to the German fall of Paris
Battle of Sedan
Defeat at the Battle of Sedan is followed by the establishment of the third Republic
Battle of Sedan
Forced to surrender
Battle of Sedan
Surrenders to Bismarck at Donchery, later held at Wihelmshohe near Cassel
Battle of Sedan
Joins the Army but is capture in battle & held as a prisoner near Kassel in Germany
Constitution of France
Heads the new Provisional Government
Head of State
Appointed Head of the Provisional Government. Appointed Head of State for France
Provisional Government
Heads the new Provisional Government
Provisional Government
Appointed Head of the Provisional Government
Coup
After a popular uprising in Paris the Empire is toppled
Government
Gambetta leads the new provisional Government
Provisional Government
Gambetta leads the new provisional Government
Commander of Paris
Appointed Commander of Paris
President of France
Appointed President of the Government of National Defence
Exile of Eugenie
Flees the Tuileries, fearful of the Paris mob after the French defeat at Sedan
Commander of Paris
Appointed Commander of Paris
President of France
Appointed President of the Government of National Defence
Second Address on the Franco-Prussian War
Drafts the International's second address after the fall of Napoleon III and proclamation of the French Republic.
Battle of Metz
Begins to besiege Bazaine at Metz
Siege of Paris
Requests honourable peace from Bismarck who demands Alsace, Metz, Strasburg & a port
Peace
Favre requests an honourable peace from Bismarck who demands Alsace, Metz & Strasburg
Siege of Paris
Favre requests an honourable peace from Bismarck who demands Alsace, Metz & Strasburg
Siege of Paris
Organizes the "francs-tireurs", French resistance fighters
Siege of Paris
Paris is surrounded, Moltke believes it can be starved out in 6 weeks
Siege of Paris
Moltke & the Crown Prince join forces at St-Germain-en-Laye
Reballion of Rebels in Paris
Escapes in a balloon and organizes "the war of the people" with armed civilians
Reballion of Rebels in Paris
Escapes in a balloon and organizes "the war of the people" with armed civilians
Capture of Paris
Surrenders to the Germans at Sedan who then capture Paris
Reballion of Rebels in Paris
Escapes in a balloon and organizes "the war of the people" with armed civilians
Battle of Sedan
The French retreat into the fortress of Sedan where they are are bombarded. Faces a German force of 200,000 under Moltke
President of Chile
Takes office as President of Chile and continues the liberal political period.
Birth of Ottokar Czernin
Birth of Ottokar Czernin
Hague Congress
Marx participates in the International's Hague Congress during conflict with the anarchist faction.
Invasion of France
Germany completes its evacuation of France
Government
Forms a ministry after the break-up of Lanzas Government
Constitution of Spain
Restores otder under a centralise republic
Coup
During the Carlist risings Emilio Castelar is made ruler of Spain
Coup
During the Carlist risings Emilio Castelar is made ruler of Spain
Coup
During the Carlist risings Emilio Castelar is made ruler of Spain
Economy of USA
Financial panic is caused by over-production & withdrawal of foreign capital
Panic of 1873
Jay Cooke and Company suspends payments, accelerating a nationwide financial panic.
Prime Minister of Spain
Apppointed Prime Minister of Spain
President of Ecuador
Appointed acting President of Ecuador
Birth of Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb
Birth of Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb,
President of Chile
Takes office as President of Chile before the outbreak of the War of the Pacific.
Battle of Shirogawa
The Imperial Army under Prince Taruhito defeats & kills the rebel Takamori Saigo
Imperial Army
The Imperial Army under Prince Taruhito defeats & kills the rebel Takamori Saigo
Battle of Shirogawa
The Imperial Army under Prince Taruhito defeats & kills the rebel Takamori Saigo
Imperial Army
The Imperial Army under Prince Taruhito defeats & kills the rebel Takamori Saigo
Death of Urbain Le Verrier
Death of Urbain Le Verrier
Birth of Werner von Blomberg
Birth of Werner von Blomberg
Birth of George Clarke Simpson
Birth of George Clarke Simpson
National Policy
Returns to power advocating tariffs, railways and western settlement.
Birth of Shigeru Yoshida
Born into the samurai family of the Tosa Clan
William I & Alexander II try to put right some misunderstandings
William I & Alexander II try to put right some misunderstandings
Arctic Islands
Accepts transfer of British Arctic territories to Canada.
President of Paraguay
Takes power and later becomes a central figure in Colorado Party politics.
Birth of Henry Maitland Wilson
Birth of Henry Maitland Wilson, 1st Baron Wilson
Garfield Moved to New Jersey
Is moved to the New Jersey coast in hopes of recovery.
Presidential Convalescence at Elberon
Continues treatment at Elberon while his condition deteriorates.
Urabi Movement
Leads an army demonstration demanding dismissal of the cabinet and constitutional government.
New Chilean Administration
Begins his presidency during the continuing War of the Pacific.
Presidency of Domingo Santa Maria
Takes office as President of Chile.
President of Chile
Takes office as President of Chile during the War of the Pacific settlement period.
Death of James Abram Garfield
Death of James Abram Garfield, dies from gunshot wounds fired by Charles Guiteau
Death of James Garfield
Dies after lingering for weeks following Guiteau's shooting.
Garfield Dies from Wounds
His death elevates Chester Arthur to the presidency.
Arthur Sworn In
Becomes the twenty-first President of the United States.
Oath
Takes the oath the day after Garfields death
Presidential Oath
Takes the presidential oath after Garfield's death.
Formal Presidential Swearing-In
Participates in a formal presidential swearing-in ceremony in Washington.
Second Oath Ceremony
Begins organizing the new administration after Garfield's death.
Garfield Funeral
Garfield's funeral ceremonies culminate in Cleveland.
President Buried in Cleveland
The late president is buried after a national period of mourning.
Kassassin Victory
The victory clears the way for the advance toward Tel el-Kebir.
Second Battle of Kassassin
British forces defeat another Egyptian attack at Kassassin.
Battle of Tel el-Kebir
Defeats Urabi's army in a surprise dawn attack.
Egyptian Defences Broken
The decisive victory breaks organized Egyptian resistance.
British Occupation
Returns to Cairo under British protection after the defeat of Urabi's forces.
Khedive Returns to Cairo
Returns to Cairo after the defeat of Urabi's forces.
Tewfik Restored under British Protection
British victory restores Tewfik's authority under military protection.
Organised Urabi Resistance
His surrender effectively ends organized military resistance.
Urabi Surrenders
Surrenders after British forces enter Cairo.
British Occupation of Egypt
His government establishes effective British control after the military victory.
Postwar Control of Egypt
Britain remains in Egypt after restoring Khedive Tewfik's authority.
British Forces Enter Cairo
The occupation completes the rapid defeat of Urabi's army.
Occupation of Cairo
British forces enter Cairo after victory at Tel el-Kebir.
Birth of Wilhelm Keitel
Birth of Wilhelm Keitel
Birth of Hans Geiger
Hans Geiger is born in Neustadt an der Haardt.
Hans Geiger Born
The future developer of radiation counters is born in Germany.
Occupation of Egypt
Authorises military occupation of Egypt, giving Britain effective control over the canal zone while Egypt remains formally Ottoman.
Birth of Grigory Yevseevich Zinoviev
Birth of Grigory Yevseevich Zinoviev
Emancipation of Labour
Works with Plekhanov and Zasulich in the first Russian Marxist group.
Emancipation of Labour
Joins the Emancipation of Labour group in exile.
Emancipation of Labour
Helps found the Emancipation of Labour group, predecessor of Russian Marxism.
President of Bolivia
Pacheco begins a constitutional presidency supported by the Conservative Party.
Siege of Khartoum
Public opinion leads to 300,000 pounds raised by the British Government. A relief force under Wolseley is despatched but too late
Union of Eastern Rumelia
Accepts the union of Eastern Rumelia with Bulgaria despite international opposition.
Coup
A coup in Eastern Rumelia leads directly to a war between Serbia and Bulgaria
Declaration of War
A coup in Eastern Rumelia leads directly to a war between Serbia and Bulgaria
Eastern Rumelia Crisis
Faces a Balkan crisis after Eastern Rumelia unites with Bulgaria, overturning part of the territorial arrangement created at Berlin.
Union of Eastern Rumelia
Regards the union of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia as a threat to Serbia.
Death of John Charles Molteno
Death of John Charles Molteno
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of Venezuela, 3rd term
President of Chile
Is inaugurated for the constitutional presidential term ending in 1891.
Colorado Party Foundation
Helps found the National Republican Association known as the Colorado Party.
Purchase of Alaska
Alaska is purchased from Russia for $7.2m
Rule of Alaska
Alaska is purchased from Russia for $7.2m
Birth of Courtney Hicks Hodges
The Germans are able to hold the region until they launched their final major, last-ditch offensive on the Western Front, into the Ardennes
Western Front
The Germans are able to hold the region until they launched their final major, last-ditch offensive on the Western Front, into the Ardennes
First League Match
Villa begins its Football League history with a draw against Wolverhampton Wanderers.
Annexation of Rapa Nui
Accepts the agreement incorporating Rapa Nui under Chilean sovereignty.
Birth of Stefan Mazurkiewicz
Birth of Stefan Mazurkiewicz
Birth of Martin Heidegger
Martin Heidegger, existentialist philosopher and writer, is born in Germany
Result of Surrender of Balmaceda's Warships
Balmaceda loses the remaining effective naval support for his government.
Surrender of Balmaceda's Warships
Balmacedas las warships surrender
Dardanelles
Explains the opening of the Dardanelles to the satisfaction of the British Ambassador
Demonstrations
Lohengrin is performed at the Paris Opera House, followed by anti-German demonstration
Performance
Lohengrin is performed at the Paris Opera House, followed by anti-German demonstration
Birth of Karl Doenitz
Birth of Karl Doenitz
Performance
Lohengrin is performed at the Paris Opera House for a 2nd time, followed by arrests
Death of Jose Manuel Balmaceda
Death of Jose Manuel Balmaceda, commits suicide after defeat in the civil war
Suicide
Death of Jose Manuel Balmaceda, commits suicide after defeat in the civil war. Commits suicide after defeat in the civil war
Discovery of Amalthea
Discovers Amalthea, the fifth known moon of Jupiter and the last satellite found visually.
Home Rule
Irish Home Rule Bill, approved by the House of Commons
Irish Home Rule
Irish Home Rule Bill, approved by the House of Commons
Reform of Parliament
Irish Home Rule Bill, approved by the House of Commons
Home Rule
Irish Home Rule Bill, rejected by the House of Lords
Irish Home Rule
Irish Home Rule Bill, rejected by the House of Lords
Reform of Parliament
Irish Home Rule Bill, rejected by the House of Lords
Battle of Pyongyang
Defeats a Chinese force defending Pyongyang
Battle of Pyongyang
The Chinese withdraw to the Yalu where they are supported by Admiral Ting Ju-Chang
Battle of Yalu
A Japanese naval victory
Battle of Yalu
A Japanese naval victory
Theft of FA Cup Trophy
Villa's FA Cup trophy is stolen while displayed in a Birmingham shop window.
Assumption of Political Authority
Thubten Gyatso assumes full spiritual and political authority in Tibet.
President of Chile
Takes office as President of Chile during the parliamentary republic.
Battle of Dongola
Captures Dongola
Dongola Province Occupied
Consolidates British and Egyptian control of the Dongola region after the campaign's first major advance.
Birth of Irene Joliot-Curie
Birth of Irene Curie, daughter of Marie and Pierre Curie.
Birth of Irene Curie
Becomes father of Irene Curie.
Birth of Irene Curie
Gives birth to her daughter Irene Curie.
Berber Occupation Consolidated
Consolidates control of Berber and prepares the army for operations against the Atbara position.
Kerreri Position Selected
Forms a defensive position near Kerreri before the Khalifa's army launches its main attack.
Battle of Omdurman
Results in British control of the Upper Nile. Counter-attacks the Dervishes & marches into Omdurman. Attacked by Abdullah at Egeiga 4 miles from Omdurman
Capture of Omdurman
Results in British control of the Upper Nile
Khalifa Army Pursued after Omdurman
Orders pursuit after the Mahdist army collapses during the Battle of Omdurman.
Mahdist Capital Occupied
Occupies the Mahdist capital after defeating the Khalifa's main army outside the city.
Mahdist Main Assault Repulsed
Directs concentrated rifle, machine-gun and artillery fire that breaks the principal Mahdist assault.
Trial
Zola convinces the public that papers used in Dreyfusss trial were forged. The Minister for War resigns after the Dreyfuss trial is reopened. The Cabinet decides to retry Dreyfuss
Gordon Memorial Service Held
Participates in a memorial ceremony for General Gordon after the capture of Khartoum.
Capture of Khartoum
Enters Khartoum
Fashoda Incident
A flotilla of British gunboats arrives at the isolated Fashoda fort, led by Lord Kitchener
Reaches Fashoda where Colonel Marchand is claiming the region for France
Reaches Fashoda where Colonel Marchand is claiming the region for France
Armament
In a speech says that Germany's future "lay on the water"
Anglo-Egyptian Administration Prepared
Begins arrangements for military and civil administration after the reconquest of Khartoum and Omdurman.
Fashoda Negotiations Conducted
Conducts formal discussions with Marchand while both sides avoid an armed confrontation at Fashoda.
Sudan Reconquest Declared Successful
Reports effective Anglo-Egyptian control of the Nile valley after the Omdurman victory.
Statue
A statue in honour of Cromwell is unveiled opposite the Houses of Parliament
Trial
Found guilty for a 2nd time, the court martial is commuted to 10 yrs imprisonment
Pardon
The Council of Minister's give Dreyfuss a full pardon
Action at Warm Bad
Wylly rescues a wounded comrade under close Boer fire at Warm Bad and later receives the Victoria Cross.
Action at Warm Bad
Bisdee rides back under fire at Warm Bad to assist wounded men and later receives the Victoria Cross.
Capture of Transvaal
Roberts formally proclaims the annexation of the Transvaal
Capture of Transvaal
Captures the Boer Republic
Annexation of Transvaal
Proclaims the annexation of the Transvaal.
Capture of Transvaal
Roberts formally proclaims the annexation of the Transvaal
Hejaz Railway
Announces a new railway between Damascus to the Holy Places in Arabia
Capture of Transvaal
Annexation of the Transvaal is announced
Death of Danie Theron
Theron is killed in action while operating against British forces in the Gatsrand area.
Birth of Vulko Velev Chervenkov
Birth of Vulko Velev Chervenkov
Boxer Protocol
China is fined war reparations of 450,000,000 taels of fine silver (1 tael = 1.2 troy ounces) for the loss that it caused
Boxer Protocol
China paid 668,661,220 taels of silver from 1901 to 1939, equivalent in 2010 to ~US$61 billion on a purchasing power parity basis.
Boxer Protocol
The Boxer Protocol of 7 September 1901 ended the uprising and provided for severe punishments, including an indemnity of 67 million pounds (450 million taels of silver), more than the Governments annual tax revenue.
Boxer Protocol
The protocol orders the execution of 10 high-ranking officials linked to the outbreak and other officials who were found guilty for the slaughter of Westerners in China.
Boxer Protocol
The reparation would be paid within 39 years, and would be 982,238,150 taels with interests (4 percent per year) included.
Boxer Protocol
The Boxer Protocol of 7 September 1901 provided for the execution of Government officials who had supported the Boxers, provisions for foreign troops to be stationed in Beijing, and 450 million taels of silverรขโฌโmore than the Government's annual tax revenueรขโฌโto be paid as indemnity over the course of the next thirty-nine years to the eight nations involved
Execution
The Boxer Protocol orders the execution of 10 high-ranking officials linked to the outbreak and other officials who were found guilty for the slaughter of Westerners in China
Siege of Peking
The Boxer Protocol of 7 September 1901 ended the uprising and provided for severe punishments, including an indemnity of 67 million pounds (450 million taels of silver), more than the Governments annual tax revenue
The Boxers
The Boxer Protocol of 7 September 1901 provided for the execution of Government officials who had supported the Boxers, provisions for foreign troops to be stationed in Beijing, and 450 million taels of silverรขโฌโmore than the Government's annual tax revenueรขโฌโto be paid as indemnity over the course of the next thirty-nine years to the eight nations involved
Exile of Paulus Kruger
Goes into Portuguese South-East Africa
Arrival in China
Arrives after Beijing has already been relieved.
League of Gaels
Founds the League of Gaels
Punitive Edicts
Issues edicts blaming selected officials for the disaster.
Capture of Peking
The siege was raised when the Eight-Nation Alliance brought 20,000 armed troops to China, defeated the Imperial Army, and captured Beijing
Imperial Army
The siege was raised when the Eight-Nation Alliance brought 20,000 armed troops to China, defeated the Imperial Army, and captured Beijing
Siege of Peking
The siege was raised when the Eight-Nation Alliance brought 20,000 armed troops to China, defeated the Imperial Army, and captured Beijing
China Policy
Supports French participation in the allied settlement.
China Policy
Backs British participation in the allied intervention.
Occupation of Beijing
Japanese troops remain in Beijing after the siege.
Occupation of Beijing
American troops occupy parts of Beijing after relief.
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador, 1st term
Cape Colony Invasion
Smuts crosses the Orange River with his commando and begins a difficult campaign deep inside Cape Colony.
Assassination of William McKinley
An anarchist who assassinates President William McKinley in New York at the Buffalo Pan-American Exposition
Assassination of William McKinley
Assassinated in Buffalo, New York
Peace
The Peace of Beijing ends the Boxer Rebellion. China is forced to pay ineminities to the world powers
Boxer Protocol
Signs the Boxer Protocol while Britain is still fighting in South Africa.
Execution
The protocol orders the execution of 10 high-ranking officials linked to the outbreak and other officials who were found guilty for the slaughter of Westerners in China
Birth of Hendrik Verwoerd
Birth of Hendrik Verwoerd
Peace
Raids on Peking bring the Chinese to the peace table
Death of William McKinley
Death of William McKinley, of gangrene after assassination attempt
Battle of Modderfontein
Sandeman rallies C Squadron of the 17th Lancers as Smuts's commando attacks their exposed camp from several directions.
Battle of Modderfontein
Reitz fights in the close attack on the 17th Lancers and obtains British equipment after the camp is overrun.
Battle of Modderfontein
Bouwer leads Boer scouts and fighters into the attack that overwhelms the 17th Lancers at Modderfontein.
Battle of Modderfontein
Van Deventer leads part of Smuts's commando around the British position during the attack at Modderfontein.
Battle of Modderfontein
Smuts attacks a camp of the 17th Lancers at Modderfontein and secures horses, weapons and supplies for his commando.
President of Chile
Takes office as President of Chile and governs during the parliamentary republic.
Birth of Enrico Fermi
Enrico Fermi is born in Rome on 29 September 1901 and later becomes one of the leading physicists of the twentieth century.
Battle of Moedwil
Kekewich directs the defence of his camp at Moedwil and is wounded during the Boer attack.
Battle of Moedwil
Kemp leads the main Boer assault against the British bivouac at Moedwil.
Battle of Moedwil
De la Rey orders an attack on Kekewich's column near the Selons River at Moedwil.
Cape Colony Raid
Leads a commando raid into Cape Colony.
Provisional Government
Bulgarians cross into Macedonia & declare a provisional Government
Discovery Expedition
On its return to Britain the expeditions reception was initially muted. Markham was present to meet the ship in Portsmouth when Discovery docked there on 10 September 1904, but no dignitaries greeted the party when it arrived in London a few days later
Death of Aparicio Saravia
Dies after being wounded at Masoller, ending the last major Blanco armed rising
Relativity, Theory of
Poincare states a principle of relativity in a lecture on the future of mathematical physics
Captain
Scott was quickly promoted to Captain, and invited to Balmoral Castle to meet King Edward VII, who invested him as a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO)
Discovery Expedition
Scott was quickly promoted to Captain, and invited to Balmoral Castle to meet King Edward VII, who invested him as a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO)
Discovery of Ross Island
During the Discovery Expedition it was established that Ross Island is an Island
Discovery Expedition
The Discovery Expedition reports King Edward VII Land, the Polar Plateau, the Dry Valleys, Cape Crozier's emperor penguin colony and extensive coastal and mountain surveys
Discovery of Gondwana
Publishes Discovery Expedition results including fossil evidence that helps link Antarctica with the Gondwana super-continent
Discovery of Gondwana
During the Discovery Expedition a leaf fossil discovered by Ferrar helps establish Antarctica's relation to the Gondwana super-continent
Bolshevik Party
Trotsky left the Mensheviks in September 1904 over their insistence on an alliance with Russian liberals and their opposition to a reconciliation with Lenin and the Bolsheviks. During these years Trotsky began developing his theory of permanent revolution, which led to a close working relationship with Alexander Parvus in 1904-1907
Menshevik Party
Trotsky left the Mensheviks in September 1904 over their insistence on an alliance with Russian liberals and their opposition to a reconciliation with Lenin and the Bolsheviks
Permanent Revolution
During these years Trotsky began developing his theory of permanent revolution, which led to a close working relationship with Alexander Parvus in 1904-1907
RSDLP
Trotsky left the Mensheviks in September 1904 over their insistence on an alliance with Russian liberals and their opposition to a reconciliation with Lenin and the Bolsheviks. During these years Trotsky began developing his theory of permanent revolution, which led to a close working relationship with Alexander Parvus in 1904-1907
Alberta and Saskatchewan
Creates Alberta and Saskatchewan as new provinces.
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
Treaty of Portsmouth
Negotiates the peace settlement ending the Russo-Japanese War.
Treaty of Portsmouth
Nicholas II recalls Witte to negotiate peace with Japan.
Treaty of Portsmouth
Secures peace terms less severe than expected.
Treaty of Portsmouth
Accepts peace after military defeats and domestic unrest.
Rule of Korea
Under the Treaty of Portsmouth Korea is recognized as Japans sphere of influence
Rule of Manchuria
Russia agrees to evacuate Manchuria in the Treaty of Portsmouth
Rule of Port Arthur
Russia surrenders Port Arthur to Japan in the Treaty of Portsmouth
Rule of Sakhalin
Russia surrenders half of Sakhalin to Japan in the Treaty of Portsmouth
Treaty of Portsmouth
Russia surrenders Port Arthur, half of Sakhalin & evacuates Manchuria. Russia & Japan make peace. Korea is recognized as Japans sphere of influence
Mass-Energy Equivalence
Submits the paper deriving the relation between mass and energy from special relativity.
Count Title
Receives the title count after the Portsmouth negotiations.
Death of Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann
Death of Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann
Natal Indian Congress Party
Calls on his fellow Indians to defy the new law and suffer the punishments for doing so, rather than resist through violent means
Natal Indian Congress Party
Start of a seven-year struggle in which thousands of Indians were jailed (including Gandhi), flogged, or even shot, for striking, refusing to register, burning their registration cards, or engaging in other forms of non-violent resistance.
Natal Indian Congress Party
The Transvaal Government promulgates a new Act compelling registration of the colonys Indian population, at a mass protest meeting Gandhi adopts his evolving methodology of satyagraha (devotion to the truth), or non-violent protest.
SatyagrahaIndia
Calls on his fellow Indians to defy the new law and suffer the punishments for doing so, rather than resist through violent means
SatyagrahaIndia
Start of a seven-year struggle in which thousands of Indians were jailed (including Gandhi), flogged, or even shot, for striking, refusing to register, burning their registration cards, or engaging in other forms of non-violent resistance.
SatyagrahaIndia
The Transvaal Government promulgates a new Act compelling registration of the colonys Indian population, at a mass protest meeting Gandhi adopts his evolving methodology of satyagraha (devotion to the truth), or non-violent protest.
President of Chile
Takes office as President of Chile before dying during an overseas medical journey.
Marriage
Marries Clementine Hozier
Marriage
Signs the registar for Churchills marriage to Clementine Hozier
Spacetime
Minkowski presents spacetime geometry and recasts special relativity in four dimensional form
Birth of Edris Albert Eddie Hapgood
Birth of Edris Albert "Eddie" Hapgood
Buchlau Bargain
Hosts a secret meeting between Count Lexa von Aehrenthal and the Russian Foreign Minister Izvolsky at his estate at Buchlau in Moravia. This meeting produced the so-called Buchlau bargain and led to the Austro-Hungarian annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Hosts a secret meeting between Count Lexa von Aehrenthal and the Russian
Hosts a secret meeting between Count Lexa von Aehrenthal and the Russian Foreign Minister Izvolsky at his estate at Buchlau in Moravia. This meeting produced the so-called Buchlau bargain and led to the Austro-Hungarian annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Rule of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Hosts a secret meeting between Count Lexa von Aehrenthal and the Russian Foreign Minister Izvolsky at his estate at Buchlau in Moravia. This meeting produced the so-called Buchlau bargain and led to the Austro-Hungarian annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Marriage
Marries Winston Churchill
Budget
Speaks against the Lords rejection of the Budget, refers to dangers of class warfare
Speech
Speaks against the Lords plan to vote against the Budget
Shakes hands with the Kaiser
Shakes hands with the Kaiser. A guest at military manoevres in Germany
South Africa Act
Welcomes enactment of the South Africa Act by Britain.
Union Constitution Approved
Sees the constitutional framework for the Union receive royal assent.
Second Antarctic Expedition Prospectus
Promotes scientific research alongside an attempt on the South Pole.
Terra Nova Expedition Planning
Develops plans for a new British Antarctic expedition.
Cape Town Departure
Terra Nova departs Cape Town for Australia and New Zealand.
Scott Joins Terra Nova
Scott joins Terra Nova before the expedition continues from Cape Town.
Birth of Anthony Celebrezze
Birth of Anthony Celebrezze
President of Chile
Becomes acting president after Elias Fernandez Albano dies during the succession.
Capture of Japan
Japan captures Korea
Fram Expedition
Reveals to his crew that the Fram expedition is bound for Antarctica and not the Arctic Ocean
Birth of Jack Hawkins
Jack Hawkins is born in London.
British Actor Born
The future British stage and film actor is born.
First Union General Election Election Outcome
General election outcome recorded for Louis Botha: Leads his supporters to victory in the first Union election.
First Union General Election Government
Government context for this general election: Leads his supporters to victory in the first Union election.
First Union General Election
Leads his supporters to victory in the first Union election.
General Election - First Union General Election
Leads his supporters to victory in the first Union election.
South African Party Victory
Continues as prime minister after the September general election.
Astronomer Royal Appointment
Becomes Astronomer Royal and director at Greenwich.
Greenwich Observatory Leadership
Takes national leadership of British positional astronomy.
South Pole Expedition
At Madeira, tells his men that Fram will proceed to Antarctica and sends Scott the telegram: BEG TO INFORM YOU FRAM PROCEEDING ANTARCTIC--AMUNDSEN
South Pole
Announces the southern objective of the Fram expedition at Madeira and turns openly toward the race for the South Pole
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
Assassination of Nicholas II
Shot at the opera in Kiev in front of Tsar Nicholas II
Assassination of Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin
Dies in hospital after being shot 4 days previously
South Pole Attempt
Begins an early start for the Pole but turns back after severe cold shows that the attempt is premature
South Pole Expedition
A small group, including Hjalmar Johansen, Kristian Prestrud and Jรธrgen Stubberud, set out on 8 September 1911, but had to abandon their trek due to extreme temperatures
Jena Party Congress
Leads the Social Democratic Party congress in Jena.
SPD Congress Leadership
Guides debates on electoral reform, organization and political strategy.
Jena Party Congress
Participates in the SPD congress as a national executive member.
SPD Organization
Supports the party's organizational work before the coming Reichstag election.
Southern Journey Plans Completed
Scott completes detailed plans for the southern journey after checking transport and provisioning arrangements.
Southern Journey Calculations Checked
Bowers checks Scott's detailed figures for rations, transport and supporting-party arrangements.
Birth of Euilogio Cantillo
Birth of Euilogio Cantillo
Assassination of Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin
Shot at the opera in Kiev in front of Tsar Nicholas II
Death of Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin
Death of Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin, in hospital after being shot 4 days previously
Olympic Hawke Collision
Commands Olympic when the liner collides with the Royal Navy cruiser HMS Hawke in the Solent.
Olympic Returns after Hawke Collision
Returns Olympic toward Southampton after the collision with HMS Hawke leaves the liner seriously damaged.
Declaration of War
Italy declares war on Turkey to conquer Libya & gain a foothold in north Africa
Declaration of War
Italy declares war on Turkey
Party Leadership Election
Joins the national leadership of Germany's largest socialist organization.
SPD Chairmanship
Is elected chairman of the Social Democratic Party.
National Party Leadership
Takes a senior role within the national SPD organization.
SPD Executive Appointment
Is elected to the Social Democratic Party executive.
Southern Journey Preparation
Prepares sledges, ponies, dogs and depots for the southern march.
Motor Party Command
After wintering at Cape Evans, Evans is given command of the Motor Party, which is scheduled to leave before the main southern expedition.
Motor Party Preparation
The Motor Party takes four men and two tracked motor sledges south onto the Barrier carrying supplies for the following dog and pony groups.
Prime Minister of Russia
Appointed Prime Minister of Russia, after the assassination of Stolypin
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador, 2nd term
British Composer Dies
Leaves an influential body of choral, orchestral and chamber music.
Death of Samuel Coleridge-Taylor
Dies in Croydon at the age of thirty-seven.
Birth of Ian Kinloch MacGregor
Birth of Ian Kinloch MacGregor
First Radial Velocity of Andromeda
Measures the Doppler shift of M31 and finds a very large approach velocity, the first radial-velocity measurement made for a spiral nebula.
Solemn League and Covenant
Leads mass Unionist resistance to the proposed Dublin parliament.
Ulster Covenant
Signs the Ulster Covenant opposing Irish Home Rule.
Northern Party Return March Begins
Priestley leaves Inexpressible Island with the Northern Party for the long sledge journey back to Cape Evans.
Northern Party Return March Begins
Campbell leads the Northern Party away from its winter cave and south toward Cape Evans.
Northern Party March Begins
Campbell leads the weakened Northern Party away from Inexpressible Island on the long journey back toward Cape Evans.
Order of Teutons
Founder member of the Order of Teutons
Order of Teutons
A founder member of the Order of Teutons
Order of Teutons
A founder member of the Order of Teutons
Serbo-Montenegrin Cooperation
Agrees military cooperation with Serbia as the Balkan crisis intensifies.
Bolshevik Party
Leaves Vienna bound for Switzerland in an Austrian military mail train
Exile of Grigory Yevseyevich Zinoviev
Leaves Vienna bound for Switzerland in an Austrian military mail train
Serbo-Montenegrin Cooperation
Coordinates Serbian policy with Montenegro before war with the Ottoman Empire.
Capture of Nangking
Yuans forces capture Nangking from the Nationalist Kuomingtang
Birth of William Shankly
William Shankly was born in the Ayrshire mining village of Glenbuck, where football was an important part of community life and would later shape his understanding of teamwork.
Capture of Nanjing
Captures Nanjing
First Highbury Winning Goal
Scores the winning goal as Arsenal open Highbury with a 2-1 victory over Leicester Fosse.
First Highbury Goal
Scores Arsenal's first goal at Highbury in the 2-1 victory over Leicester Fosse.
Birth of Jacobo Arbenz Guzman
Birth of Jacobo Arbenz Guzman
Reparations
Japan sends a flotilla to the Yangtzi because China fails to honour reparations
1st Mediterranean Flight
Completes the first flight over the Mediterranean
Treaty of Constantinople
Recognizes Ottoman recovery of Adrianople and eastern Thrace.
Treaty of Constantinople
Recognises Ottoman recovery of Eastern Thrace.
Treaty of Constantinople
Confirms Ottoman recovery of Adrianople from Bulgaria.
Treaty of Constantinople
Regains Adrianople and eastern Thrace under the Ottoman-Bulgarian settlement.
Habilitation
Completes his habilitation and obtains the qualification required to teach independently at university level.
Invasion of France
Joffre orders a retreat to the Seine-Aube-Ornain line
Siege of Paris
Orders the 6th French Army to defend Paris
Invasion of France
Kluck reaches Crepy-en-Valois, 30 miles from Paris
Invasion of France
Kluck crosses the Oise
Invasion of France
Kluck reaches Villers-Cotterets, 30 miles from Paris
Battle of Zamosc-Komarow
The Austrian 4th Army pushes back the Russian 4th Army
Siege of Paris
Ordes retreat to the Rivers Seine & Aube south east of Paris & 60 km south of the Marne
Invasion of France
Kluck crosses the Marne
Western Front Artillery Reinforcement Proposed
Churchill urges Kitchener to release additional trained artillery for the armies fighting in France.
Leaves Albania
Prince William leaves Albania during revolt and the outbreak of World War One
Battle of Galicia
The Russians counter-attack & Austrian gains are lost
Battle of Galicia
Hotzrndorf is forced to retreat to the River San
Capture of Lemberg
The Russians capture Lemberg, Lwow, capital of Austrian Galicia
Capital
The capital of France is moved to Bordeaux
Siege of Paris
Paris is placed in a state of siege
First Army
Advances the First Army to within 50 km east of Paris
Invasion of France
Advances the First Army to within 50 km east of Paris
Capture of Lemberg
The Russians capture Lemberg
Capture of Lemberg
The Russians capture Lemberg, Lwow, capital of Austrian Galicia
Battle of Marne, 1st
Fights at the Battle of the Marne
Battle of Marne, 1st
Ordes the 6th Army to advance east from Paris & attack the German First Armys flank
Sixth Army
Ordes the 6th Army to advance east from Paris & attack the German First Armys flank
Dendermonde Bridges Demolished
Following the German seizure of Dendermonde, bridges north of the town are destroyed. The demolition complicates movements along the western approaches to Antwerp.
German Attack Opens toward Dendermonde
German forces attack toward Dendermonde along the Scheldt approaches, seeking to constrain Belgian movement west of Antwerp. The operation threatens crossings essential to Belgian communication routes.
Battle of Marne, 1st
Murray had an important meeting with Gallieni (Military governor of Paris) and Maunoury (commander, French 6th Army) to discuss the planned Allied counterattack which would become the First Battle of the Marne
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Murray had an important meeting with Gallieni (Military governor of Paris) and Maunoury (commander, French 6th Army) to discuss the planned Allied counterattack which would become the First Battle of the Marne
Battle of Marne, 1st
Forms the 6th & 9th Armies in preparation for the German counter-attack
Battle of Marne, 1st
Orders the 1st & 2nd French Armies to hold the Germans around Verdun & Nancy
Battle of Marne, 1st
Moves against the exposed flank of von Klucks First Army & halted its southward drive
First Army
Moves against the exposed flank of von Klucks First Army & halted its southward drive
Battle of Marne, 1st
Begins when the French 6th Army & German IV Reserve Corps clash in the Meaux hills
Invasion of France
Follows orders to withdraw his troops & join up with the Second Army
Sixth Army
Begins when the French 6th Army & German IV Reserve Corps clash in the Meaux hills
HMS Pathfinder Loss Reviewed
The Admiralty reviews the first loss of a warship to a submarine-fired torpedo.
Battle of Masurian Lakes
Attacked by the German VIII Army after its victory at Tannenberg
Battle of Marne, 1st
Stops further French retreat & orders an attack at the Marne
Battle of Marne, 1st
The French 6th Army attacks German First Armys flank. A decisive German breakthrough results in a general retreat
Sixth Army
The French 6th Army attacks German First Armys flank
Battle of Marne, 1st
Joins in the battle linking the BEF with the French 5th and 6th Armies
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Joins in the battle linking the BEF with the French 5th and 6th Armies
Battle of Drina
Battle of the Drina begins
Invasion of Serbia
Austrian forces begin second invasion of Serbia
Siege of Nancy
Calls off Prince Ruprechts siege of Nancy
Second Belgian Sortie Opens
Albertโs field army launches a second sortie from Antwerp toward the German flank in central Belgium. The attack aims to disrupt communications and force German reinforcements to remain in Belgium.
Battle of Marne, 1st
Counter-attacks against von Bulow & forces him to retire, the German advance is halted
Battle of Masurian Lakes
Leads the XVIII Corps
Battle of Marne, 1st
Orders a retreat of 65 km to the River Aisne. Establishes a new line of defence & ends hope of a short war
Battle of Marne, 1st
Kluck & Bulow retreat when the British begin to cross the Marne
Battle of Marne, 1st
The French 5th & the BEF move between Bulow & von Kluck forcing Bulows retreat. Kluck & Bulow retreat when the British begin to cross the Marne. Forced back by Joffre, leads to the collapse of the Schlieffen Plan
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
The French 5th & the BEF move between Bulow & von Kluck forcing Bulows retreat
Disabled Soldiers and Widows Provision Reviewed
Addresses provision for disabled servicemen and for the widows and dependants of men killed in service.
Battle of Masurian Lakes
The invasion of Prussia fails with the loss of 250,000. The First Army retreats but loses 100,000. Rennenkampf personally retreats across the Russian border. Rennenkampf orders a general retreat
First Army
The First Army retreats but loses 100,000
Invasion of Germany
The invasion of Prussia fails with the loss of 250,000
Diplomatic Expulsion
German and Austrian representatives expelled from Egypt
Belgian Cavalry Reaches Leuven Approaches
During the second sortie, Belgian cavalry advances toward Leuven as other formations secure crossings over the Demer and Dyle. The movement puts pressure on German rear-area routes.
German Reserves Redirected against Belgian Sortie
Belgian advances from Antwerp prompt German commanders to recall reserve units and bring additional troops into the threatened sector. These deployments help check the Belgian offensive.
Battle of Marne, 1st
The British & the French fail to pursue the Germans
Additional Five Hundred Thousand Troops Requested
Asks Parliament to authorise up to 500,000 additional land forces for wartime service.
Naval and Military Allowances Reviewed
Reviews allowances and pensions available to servicemen and their dependants.
Recruiting Progress Reviewed
Reports on recruiting progress as the Government seeks a much larger wartime Army.
Battle of Tannenberg
The last Russian troops are forced out of East Prussia
Invasion of Prussia
The last Russian troops are forced out of East Prussia
Battle of Rava Ruska
The Austrians are decisivly defeated & forced back into the Carpathian Mountains
German Counteroffensive Checks Antwerp Sortie
German forces oppose Belgian advances near Aarschot and the roads toward Leuven. The counteroffensive denies the Belgian army a sustained breakthrough beyond Antwerpโs defensive perimeter.
Belgian Second Sortie Returns to Antwerp
German reinforcements check the Belgian offensive, and the field army withdraws to its fortified base at Antwerp. The operation has nevertheless compelled German commanders to divert forces.
Battle of Marne, 1st
Defeats von Kluck, the German Army retreats from Paris to the Soissons-Rheims line
Capture of Amiens
France recaptures Amiens
Capture of Rhiems
France recaptures Rheims
Cap Trafalgar Destruction Reported
The Admiralty receives news that HMS Carmania has sunk the German auxiliary cruiser Cap Trafalgar.
Dependants Allowances Expanded
Addresses improved financial support for the dependants of men serving in the armed forces.
Laws of War Violations Condemned
Addresses reported violations of the laws of war during the German invasion of Belgium.
Battle of Marne, 1st
Marwitzs cavalry protects the flank of First Army during its retreat in the wake of the First Battle of the Marne
First Army
Marwitzs cavalry protects the flank of First Army during its retreat in the wake of the First Battle of the Marne
Battle of Marne, 1st
Trench warfare begins. The front is established alog the Aisne, Vesle, Argonne, Meuse hills, Moselle & Vosges
Battle of Marne, 1st
Trench warfare begins. The front is established alog the Aisne, Vesle, Argonne, Meuse hills, Moselle & Vosges
Irish and Welsh Suspensory Bill Defended
Defends delaying the operation of major Irish and Welsh constitutional legislation during the war.
Death of De la Rey
Is killed by police before the rebellion spreads.
Maritz Rebellion
Resigns from command before joining anti-government rebellion.
Birth of Creighton Abrams
Birth of Creighton Abrams
Indian Forces War Costs Addressed
Addresses parliamentary questions concerning expenditure connected with Indian troops serving in the war.
British Naval Mission Leaves Ottoman Service
The British naval mission withdraws from Ottoman service as relations deteriorate before Turkey enters the war.
Belgian Sympathy Reply Reported
Reports the response of King Albert to British expressions of sympathy and support for Belgium.
Increased Wartime Provision Requested
Seeks increased parliamentary provision for the expanding military demands of the war.
Battle of Albert, 1st
1st day of the Battle of Albert between the Germans & French for the "race to the sea"
Eastern Mediterranean Squadron Command Assumed
Carden assumes command of the Eastern Mediterranean Squadron during the opening months of the First World War.
First RNAS Raid on Germany
Royal Naval Air Service aircraft attack Zeppelin sheds at Dusseldorf and Cologne from their Belgian base.
Loss of Aboukir Hogue and Cressy
The sinking of three British cruisers by German submarine U-9 exposes the growing danger from submarines.
Invasion of Tsingtau
Japanese forces land in Shantung to attack Tsingtau
Anti-Submarine Review after U-9 Attack
Churchill reviews protective measures after U-9 sinks three British armoured cruisers in rapid succession.
Invasion of Tsingtau
British force joins Japanese army before Tsingtau
Health of Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel
Put in hospital with a leg injury for 3 months
Final Antwerp Sortie Attempted
Belgian troops advance against German forces near Dendermonde in a final attempt to protect Antwerpโs western communications. German counterattacks and artillery support soon halt the operation.
Federal Trade Commission Act
The Act creates the Federal Trade Commission to police unfair methods of competition.
Battle of Dardanelles
The Ottomans close the Dardanelles to Allied shipping after an incident when the British Dardanelles squadron had seized a Ottoman torpedo boat
German Siege Bombardment Begins at Antwerp
German artillery opens a sustained bombardment against Antwerpโs outer ring of forts. The attack marks the beginning of the decisive siege and focuses on breaking the southeastern defences.
Fort Wavre-Sainte-Catherine Under Heavy Fire
German super-heavy artillery pounds Fort Wavre-Sainte-Catherine, damaging its protective structures and undermining the Belgian defence sector southeast of Antwerp.
German Artillery Attacks Fort Lier
Heavy German guns direct bombardment against the fort at Lier as part of a coordinated effort to disable Antwerpโs southeastern defensive works.
Battle of Albert, 1st
The 6th Army comes to Klucks assistance & the French are driven back. The French consolidate & become entreched in a line from Albert to Nyon
Sixth Army
The 6th Army comes to Klucks assistance & the French are driven back
Battle of Albert, 1st
The 6th Army comes to Klucks assistance & the French are driven back. The French consolidate & become entreched in a line from Albert to Nyon
Sixth Army
The 6th Army comes to Klucks assistance & the French are driven back
Battle of Rava Ruska
Army almost surrounded
Dismissal
Dismissed after Rava Ruska
Antwerp Defence Lines Reinforced
Belgian field formations and fortress troops strengthen the positions between Antwerpโs outer forts during early September. Their preparations anticipate a renewed German assault on the national redoubt.
General
Appointed General of the Division after the Battle of the Marne
German Marine Units Assigned to Antwerp Sector
German naval infantry formations are assigned duties in the region around Antwerp, reinforcing troops responsible for containing the Belgian fortress and securing nearby lines of communication.
Heavy Siege Artillery Reaches Antwerp Front
After earlier fortress battles, German heavy and super-heavy siege pieces are concentrated against Antwerpโs outer fortifications. Their destructive firepower threatens defences designed for a different era of warfare.
German Staff Reviews Troop Transfers from Belgium
German headquarters considers transferring forces from Belgium to the main western front while preserving enough troops to contain Antwerp. Repeated Belgian sorties complicate the allocation of reserves.
Battle of Dardanelles
Entertains plans of capturing the Dardanelles as early as September 1914
RNAS Antwerp Air Detachment
Supports deployment of Royal Naval Air Service aircraft to Belgium for reconnaissance and attacks against German airship bases.
Scapa Flow Fleet Inspection
Visits the Grand Fleet and meets senior officers while inspecting naval readiness at northern bases.
Mediterranean Squadron Wartime Patrols Directed
Carden directs British naval patrol and readiness duties in the eastern Mediterranean as regional tensions increase.
North Sea Battlecruiser Sweeps Continued
Beatty continues aggressive sweeps intended to locate German heavy ships beyond their defended waters.
Indian Army Reinforcements Sent to France
Supports deployment of Indian Army formations to reinforce the British Expeditionary Force in France.
New Army Training Camps Expanded
Expands training camps to accommodate the huge influx of inexperienced wartime volunteers.
Volunteer Officer Shortage Addressed
Expands officer recruitment and training to provide leadership for rapidly forming New Army battalions.
Volunteer Uniform Shortage Managed
War Office arrangements improvise clothing and equipment while uniform production struggles to match recruitment.
Dismissal
Zhilinsky is dismissed after Russias failure to capture Prussia
After American outrage, Germany officially stops sinking passenger vessels without
After American outrage, Germany officially stops sinking passenger vessels without warning
Chief of Imperial General Staff (CIGS)
Appointed Chief of the Imperial General Staff
Dismissal
Dismissed after the Tsar takes personal charge of STAVKA
Chief of Imperial General Staff (CIGS)
Appointed Chief of the Imperial General Staff
Dismissal
Dismissed after the Tsar takes personal charge of STAVKA
Dismissal
Dismissed after Nicholas II takes charge of Stavka
Dismissal
Dismissed & replaced by Nicholas II
Duma
The Duma is prorogued
Mounted Division Composite Brigades Formed
Heavy losses force Peyton's 2nd Mounted Division to reorganise its depleted mounted brigades into two composite formations.
Bolshevik Party
On the eve of the conference Lenin organizes a group of socialist internationalists, the Zimmerwald Left
Conference of Zimmerwald
On the eve of the conference Lenin organizes a group of socialist internationalists, the Zimmerwald Left
Zimmerwald Left
On the eve of the conference Lenin organizes a group of socialist internationalists, the Zimmerwald Left
Bolshevik Party
Lenin appeals to all soldiers to lay down their arms. Calls for the "self determination of peoples". Calls for "peace without indemnities & without annexations". Calls for open civil war & the organisation of a new revolutionary international
Bolshevik Party
The Second International dissolves during World War I, in 1916, following the 1915 Zimmerwald Conference of anti-war socialists. The "internationalists" open their Conference in Switzerland. Opening day of a Conference of European anti-war Socialists.
Bolshevik Party
The Zimmerwald Conference sees the beginning of the end of the coalition between left-wing socialists (communists) and right-wing socialists (social democrats) in the Second International.
Conference of Zimmerwald
Lenin appeals to all soldiers to lay down their arms. Calls for the "self determination of peoples". Calls for "peace without indemnities & without annexations". Calls for open civil war & the organisation of a new revolutionary international
Conference of Zimmerwald
The Second International dissolves during World War I, in 1916, following the 1915 Zimmerwald Conference of anti-war socialists. The "internationalists" open their Conference in Switzerland. Opening day of a Conference of European anti-war Socialists.
Conference of Zimmerwald
The Zimmerwald Conference sees the beginning of the end of the coalition between left-wing socialists (communists) and right-wing socialists (social democrats) in the Second International.
International, 2nd
The Zimmerwald Conference sees the beginning of the end of the coalition between left-wing socialists (communists) and right-wing socialists (social democrats) in the Second International. The Second International dissolves during World War I, in 1916, following the 1915 Zimmerwald Conference of anti-war socialists
Zimmerwald Conference
Presses for revolutionary defeatism at the anti-war socialist conference.
Zimmerwald Conference
Joins anti-war socialists opposing the imperial war.
Zimmerwald Conference
Attends the international socialist anti-war conference at Zimmerwald, which meets from 5 to 8 September.
Conference of Zimmerwald
Calls for "peace without indemnities & without annexations"
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander of the Russian armed forces
Zimmerwald Manifest
Drafts the Zimmerwald Manifest, adopted by the international socialist conference opposing the continuation of the war.
New Zealand Infantry Withdrawn to Lemnos
Godley's depleted New Zealand infantry units leave ANZAC temporarily for rest on Lemnos.
National Service Debate Addressed
Addresses competing proposals for national service and military compulsion.
Mounted Rifles Withdrawn to Lemnos for Rest
Russell's exhausted mounted rifle brigade is withdrawn from ANZAC to Lemnos for rest and reinforcement.
New Culture Movement
The magazine "New Youth" initiates the New Culture Movement, promotes science, democracy, and Vernacular Chinese literature. Chen Duxiu is one of the key figures in starting the New Culture Movement, publishing a journal called New Youth. He began with the intention of promoting individual freedom, science, democracy and the emancipation of women
New Youth
The magazine "New Youth" initiates the New Culture Movement, promotes science, democracy, and Vernacular Chinese literature. The magazine is started by Chen Duxiu in Shanghai on 15 September 1915 in Shanghai. Chen Duxiu is one of the key figures in starting the New Culture Movement, publishing a journal called New Youth. He began with the intention of promoting individual freedom, science, democracy and the emancipation of women
Wartime Situation Review Delivered
Gives Parliament a broad review of the military and political situation.
Recruiting and Compulsory Service Reviewed
Reviews recruiting figures and the continuing debate over compulsory military service.
British Land Forces Position Reviewed
Addresses the strength and deployment requirements of British land forces.
Parliamentary War Committees Explained
Answers questions about the organisation of parliamentary and Cabinet bodies directing the war.
Loos Assault Opened
Haig's First Army attacks at Loos and initially penetrates parts of the German defensive system.
Loos Reserves Requested Forward
Haig presses for reserve divisions to exploit the initial breakthrough before German defences recover.
Reballion of Rebels in Crete
Flees to Crete & proclaims a revolution
Loos Second-Day Attacks Continued
Haig continues offensive operations as German reinforcements strengthen the threatened sector.
Mediterranean Expeditionary Force Reviewed
Addresses parliamentary concerns about the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force.
National Recruiting Appeal Issued
Issues a further appeal for men to volunteer before the Government turns to stronger measures.
Commander of 6th Corps
Appointed Commander of 6th Corps when Italy enters the war
Commander of 6th Corps
Appointed Commander of 6th Corps when Italy enters the war
Invasion of Galicia
Leads the Austrian Army into Galicia during the Gorlice-Tarnow Offensive
Battlecruiser Signals Procedures Practised
The fleet practises signalling procedures intended to improve control of fast-moving battlecruiser formations.
First Army Gas Preparations for Loos Approved
Haig supports preparations to use chlorine gas during the planned autumn offensive at Loos.
Loos Offensive Plan Confirmed
Haig confirms First Army plans for a major attack supporting the wider Allied autumn offensive.
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
Guillemont Attacks Continued
Haig continues attacks around Guillemont to improve the British position before renewed larger operations.
Bolshevik Party
The Second International dissolves during World War I, in 1916, following the 1915 Zimmerwald Conference of anti-war socialists
Conference of Zimmerwald
The Second International dissolves during World War I, in 1916, following the 1915 Zimmerwald Conference of anti-war socialists
International, 2nd
The Second International dissolves during World War I, in 1916, following the 1915 Zimmerwald Conference of anti-war socialists
Capture of Silistra
Captures Silistra
Capture of Turtukai
Captures Turtukai
Battle of Turtucaia
Romania suffers a severe defeat in Dobruja.
Ginchy Capture Exploited
Haig orders pressure maintained after British troops capture Ginchy during the Somme offensive.
Battle of Flers-Courcelette
Commands Canadian Corps as Canadian troops enter the Somme battle and attack toward Courcelette.
Battle of Flers-Courcelette
Commands German First Army forces resisting the British and Dominion attacks on the Somme front.
Birth of Margaret Lockwood
Birth of Margaret Lockwood
Battle of Flers-Courcelette
Commands British Fourth Army during the attack against Flers, Martinpuich and Courcelette.
Battle of Flers-Courcelette
British tanks are used in battle for the first time during the Somme offensive.
Battle of Flers-Courcelette
Orders the Somme offensive to continue as tanks are used in battle for the first time.
Tank Commitment at Flers Approved
Haig approves the first battlefield use of tanks during the attack at Flers-Courcelette.
Battle of Flers-Courcelette
Raymond Asquith, son of Prime Minister H. H. Asquith, is killed during the attack near Ginchy.
New Zealand Division Enters Somme Battle
Russell's New Zealand Division enters the Somme offensive near Flers.
Switch Trench Captured by New Zealanders
Russell's division captures its objectives around the Switch Trench during the Flers-Courcelette attack.
Battle of Flers-Courcelette
Leads New Zealand Division in its first major Western Front action during the Somme offensive.
Battle of Cambrai
Haig reinforces Byngs command with the entire Tank Corps
Brusilov Offensive
The Russians had taken 450,000 prisoners but lost 1,000,000. The offensive is called off
Commission
Cromer informs Churchill the Commission will meet secretly & Churchill cannot examine
Brusilov Offensive
The Offensive is halted, the Russians had taken 450,000 prisoners but lost 1,000,000
Battle of Morval
British Fourth Army attacks Morval, Gueudecourt and Lesboeufs while French forces move toward Combles and Rancourt.
Sixth Army
Supported by Fochs 6th Army but 20,000 British perish on the first day of the battle
Thiepval Ridge Assault Opened
Haig's forces attack Thiepval Ridge and secure important positions overlooking the Ancre valley.
Battle of Hermannstadt
The German Ninth Army pushes back the Romanian forces during the Romanian Campaign
Ninth Army
The German Ninth Army pushes back the Romanian forces during the Romanian Campaign
Commission
Says there was full authority & at the time there was a reasonable prospect of success. Appears at the enquiry to defend the Dardanelles Campaign
Battle of Sibiu
Battle of Sibiu ends, the city is retaken by Austrian forces
Capture of Sibiu
Battle of Sibiu ends, the city is retaken by Austrian forces
National Defence Government Established
Venizelos establishes a provisional government supporting the Allied war effort.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Mesopotamia
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Mesopotamia
Battle of Carso, 1st
Gains ground before being stopped by a the Austrian artillery & bad weather
Battle of Flamanda
Leads a failed attack across the River Danube
Battle of Flamanda
Commands the Army Unit South against the combined Bulgarian & Turkish forces across the Danube at Flamanda, he is defeated
Commander of Army Unit South
Appointed Commander of the Army Unit South
Capture of Transylvania
The Romanian army captures Transylvania
Expulsion from France
Is expelled from France after sustained anti-war journalism and political activity during the First World War.
Southwestern Front
Serves again on the Southwestern Front after returning to duty.
Battle of Riga
Prepares the German artillery for the attack on Riga. Hutier & Bruchmuller use artilley on to break holes in the defensive line
Battle of Riga
Hutiers Eighth Army attacks Russian positions around Riga to clear the coastal salient. Hutier & Bruchmuller use artilley to break holes in the defensive line
Battle of Riga
Establishes a bridgehead over the Dvina & the Russian Twelfth Army flees
Twelfth Army
Establishes a bridgehead over the Dvina & the Russian Twelfth Army flees
Kornilov Affair
Bolshevik supporters use the aftermath of the crisis to press for greater influence in the Petrograd Soviet.
Arrest after Kornilov Affair
Kornilov is arrested after the failure of his confrontation with Kerensky and is later confined at Bykhov.
Kornilov Affair
Orders action against senior officers associated with Kornilov after the attempted military challenge collapses.
Kornilov Affair
Remains at army headquarters while government authorities prepare to remove and detain officers connected with the affair.
Arrest of Kornilov
Is arrested after the failure of the Kornilov Affair.
Kornilov Surrenders
Accepts arrest after the affair collapses.
Commander in Chief
Appointed as Commander in Chief, 2nd term, recalled
Commander in Chief
Appointed as Commander in Chief, 2nd term, recalled
Battle of Riga
Riga is evacuated
Kornilov Affair
Begins reorganising the government after the crisis while facing growing distrust from both left and right.
Bykhov Prison
Is held with other officers after his arrest.
Battle of Riga
Bruchmuller & Hutier capture Riga, remains in German hands until the end of the war
Capture of Riga
Bruchmuller & Hutier capture Riga, remains in German hands until the end of the war
Battle of Riga
Riga remains in German hands until the end of the war. Bruchmuller & Hutier capture Riga
Capture of Riga
Bruchmuller & Hutier capture Riga, remains in German hands until the end of the war
Rule of Riga
Riga remains in German hands until the end of the war
Kornilov Affair
Tries to stabilise political authority after the Kornilov confrontation exposes deep divisions within revolutionary Russia.
Brusilov Offensive
The Germans capture Riga
Battle of Carso, 4th
The Auastrians discover plans to attack San Gabriele & mount a spoiling attack
Release after Kornilov
Is released as Bolsheviks gain prestige after the crisis.
Bolshevik Recovery
Bolshevik recovery inside Soviets strengthens his position.
Bykhov Officers
Is imprisoned alongside Denikin and other senior officers.
Gold Export Embargo
Wilson subjects gold exports to federal licensing to protect wartime reserves.
Gold Export Licensing
The United States introduces licensing controls on gold exports during wartime, temporarily restricting the free international movement of monetary gold.
Bolshevik Majority
Bolsheviks win major influence in the Petrograd Soviet.
Bolshevik Majority
Kamenev supports increasing Bolshevik influence in the Petrograd Soviet.
Kornilov Affair
Kerensky denounces Kornilov's advance toward Petrograd as a military revolt.
Kornilov Affair
Kerensky dismisses Kornilov and assumes emergency authority during the crisis.
Kornilov Affair Aftermath
Becomes a symbol for anti-Bolshevik military circles.
Coup
Writes to the Central Committee saying that the time is ripe for the seizure of power
Resignation of Mikhail Vasilevich Alexeiev
Resigns as Commander in Chief after 12 days after being recalled
Resignation of Mikhail Vasilevich Alexeiev
Resigns as Commander in Chief after 12 days after being recalled
Democratic Conference
Seeks broader socialist support through the Democratic Conference.
Directory Government
Heads a temporary directory after the coalition breaks down.
All Power to the Soviets
Revives the slogan "all power to the Soviets"
Coup
Revives the slogan "all power to the Soviets"
Democratic Conference
Avksentiev presides over the Democratic Conference convened to determine the political basis of a new government.
Battle of Isonzo
Plays a key part in the capture of Bainsizza, Yugoslavia
Death of Mata Hari
Death of Mata Hari, executed for espionage
Execution
Shot in Paris by the Germans for espionage
Coup
Writes to the Central Committee a for a 2nd time urging it to seize power. Does not receive a reply from the Central Comm & threatens to resign
Bykhov Detention
Detention at Bykhov preserves future White commanders.
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff
Battle of Cambrai
Approves the plan for the offensive on the plain of Cambrai
Alliance Louis Loucher and Winston Churchill
Churchill agrees with Louis Loucher to set up an Inter Allied Munitions Council
AMC
Churchill agrees with Louis Loucher to set up an Inter Allied Munitions Council
Alliance Louis Loucher and Winston Churchill
Churchill agrees with Louis Loucher to set up an Inter Allied Munitions Council
AMC
Churchill agrees with Louis Loucher to set up an Inter Allied Munitions Council
Bavarian Service Cross
Awarded the Bavarian Service Cross
Alliance Winston Churchill and Louis Loucher
Churchill agrees with Louis Loucher to set up an Inter Allied Munitions Council
Meeting with The French to discuss munitions
Meets the French to discuss munitions
All Power to the Soviets
Stalins article "All Power to the Soviets!" appears in Rabochy Put, No. 13
Rabochy i Soldat
Stalins article "All Power to the Soviets!" appears in Rabochy Put, No. 13
Menin Road Bite-and-Hold Attack Conducted
Plumer uses limited objectives and heavy artillery support during the successful Menin Road attack.
Menin Road Ridge Attack Supported
Haig supports Plumer's limited-objective attack that gains ground along Menin Road Ridge.
Battle of Menin Road Ridge
Plumer uses step-by-step tactics near Ypres.
Army Discipline Debate
His programme remains associated with demands for military discipline.
Bolshevik Party
The Party Central Committee approves the list of Bolshevik candidates to the Constituent Assembly, which includes Lenin and Stalin
Election
The Party Central Committee approves the list of Bolshevik candidates to the Constituent Assembly, which includes Lenin and Stalin
Battle of Caporetto
Victory enables the German March offensive on the Western Front. Bombards Caporetto & crosses the River Isonzo. 300,000 Italians are taken prisoner
Battle of Caporetto
Bombards Caporetto & crosses the River Isonzo
Siege of River Isonzo
Ludendorf crosses the River Isonzo
Petrograd Soviet Leadership
Trotsky strengthens Bolshevik influence within the Petrograd Soviet before the October uprising.
Bolshevik Soviet Strategy
Supports Bolshevik efforts to dominate Soviet politics.
Bolshevik Soviet Strategy
Works within the party as Trotsky leads the Soviet.
Chairman of Petrograd Soviet
Is elected chairman after the Bolshevik majority grows.
Chairman of Petrograd Soviet
Is elected chairman of the Petrograd Soviet.
Chairman of Petrograd Soviet
Replaces moderate leadership as Bolshevik strength grows.
Battle of Polygon Wood
Monash commands Australian troops near Ypres.
Polygon Wood Attack Conducted
Plumer continues the step-by-step advance with another carefully prepared attack around Polygon Wood.
Polygon Wood Offensive Supported
Haig continues the step-by-step offensive as British and Australian troops attack Polygon Wood.
Bolshevik Soviet Organisation
Builds party organisation linked to Soviet power.
Insurrection Letters
Urges Bolsheviks to prepare seizure of power through Soviet organs.
Train Attack
Attacks Ottoman railway traffic as part of the Arab guerrilla campaign.
Gold Export Embargo
Japan prohibits gold exports during the First World War, suspending the external operation of the pre-war gold standard while retaining the legal parity.
Bolshevik Majority
Lenin's party benefits as the Petrograd Soviet moves leftward.
Bolshevik Majority
The Bolsheviks win control of the Petrograd Soviet.
Bolshevik Majority
The Bolsheviks win majority influence within the Petrograd Soviet.
Petrograd Soviet
Bolshevik influence grows after the July repression weakens moderate socialists.
Petrograd Soviet
Lenin's party gains influence as the Soviet moves toward Bolshevik control.
Bolshevik Majority
Faces a Bolshevik majority in the Petrograd Soviet.
Bolshevik Majority
The Bolsheviks win control of the Petrograd Soviet.
Petrograd Soviet Pressure
Kerensky faces growing pressure as Bolshevik influence expands inside the Soviet.
Petrograd Soviet
Bolshevik control of the Soviet increases pressure on Kerensky.
Petrograd Soviet
Faces the Bolshevik majority in the Petrograd Soviet.
Petrograd Soviet
The Soviet's shift left weakens Kerensky's authority.
Kornilov Affair
Bolshevik propaganda portrays the Kornilov episode as proof that the revolution remains threatened by military counter-revolution.
Kornilov Affair
The party's standing rises sharply after the affair, weakening moderate socialist influence among workers and soldiers.
Labour Service
States that after capitalism "universal labour service" is the order of the day
Kornilov Affair
The affair damages Kerensky's relationship with senior army officers and further isolates the Provisional Government.
Kornilov Affair
The defeat of Kornilov removes an immediate military threat but strengthens radical opposition to Kerensky's government.
Kornilov Affair
His failed challenge becomes a major turning point in the political decline of the Provisional Government.
Kornilov Affair
The collapse of the affair destroys Kornilov's command position and deepens hostility between conservative officers and Kerensky.
Battle of Bapaume
The 2nd Australian Div captures Mont St Quentin & removes a central German strongpoint
Cheka
The Petrograd Cheka Chief is assassinated
Reballion of Rebels in Petrograd
The Red Army search for suspects & Kronstadt sailors shoot 500 hostages. The Petrograd Cheka Chief is assassinated
Red Army
The Red Army search for suspects & Kronstadt sailors shoot 500 hostages
Reballion of Grigory Yevseyevich Zinoviev
Incites the soldiers. Announces, "bourgoisie kill separate individuals but we kill whole classes"
Battle of Bapaume
The 2nd Australian Div captures Peronne
Drocourt-Queant Line Broken
Haig's First Army breaks the Drocourt-Queant defensive system and forces further German withdrawal.
Death of Fanya Kaplan
Death of Fanya Kaplan, executed
Execution
Commandant of Kremlin, Malkov, executes Kaplan for attempting to assassinate Lenin
Execution
Malkov executes Kaplan for attempting to assassinate Lenin
Battle of the Somme, 2nd
By 4th September the German forces had withdrawn to the Hindenburg Line, the position from which they had advanced to make the offensives in the earlier part of the year
Hindenburg Line
By 4th September the German forces had withdrawn to the Hindenburg Line, the position from which they had advanced to make the offensives in the earlier part of the year
Hundred Days Offensive
By early September German forces fall back toward the Hindenburg Line after Allied pressure following Amiens and the Somme battles.
Bolshevik Party
Launch of the red terror to massacre prisoners & hostages throughout Bolshevik Russia
Red Terror Decree
The Soviet government formally announces the Red Terror amid civil-war violence and attacks on Bolshevik leaders.
Red Terror
Launch of the red terror to massacre prisoners & hostages throughout Bolshevik Russia
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland, 2nd term
Capture of Kazan
Commands the re-capture of Kazan from the White Army
Battle of Epehy
Leads the First Army attack on the Hindenburg line after German defeats at Papua & Arras
First Army
Leads the First Army attack on the Hindenburg line after German defeats at Papua & Arras
Hindenburg Line
Leads the First Army attack on the Hindenburg line after German defeats at Papua & Arras
Battle of Epehy
Leads the 4th army over the Hindenburg line after German defeats at Bapaume & Arras
Hindenburg Line
Leads the 4th army over the Hindenburg line after German defeats at Bapaume & Arras
Battle of Havrincourt
The Battle of Havrincourt (12th September 1918) was launched as a successful attack by the British 3rd Army with three divisions against four German Army divisions holding the fortified town of Havrincourt
Capture of Havrincourt
The Battle of Havrincourt (12th September 1918) was launched as a successful attack by the British 3rd Army with three divisions against four German Army divisions holding the fortified town of Havrincourt
Meuse-Argonne Offensive
The Battle of Havrincourt (12th September 1918) was launched as a successful attack by the British 3rd Army with three divisions against four German Army divisions holding the fortified town of Havrincourt
Third Army
The Battle of Havrincourt (12th September 1918) was launched as a successful attack by the British 3rd Army with three divisions against four German Army divisions holding the fortified town of Havrincourt
Battle of Epehy
Leads the 3rd Army over the Hindenburg line
Third Army
Leads the 3rd Army over the Hindenburg line
Capture of Simbirsk
Commands the re-capture of Simbirsk from the White Army
Bombing of Damascus
Sept 16-Sept 18 the Damascus Campaign, aircraft bombard Turkish command centres
Damascus Air Bombardment
Sept 16-Sept 18 the Damascus Campaign, aircraft bombard Turkish command centres
Battle of Epehy
Following the success at Havrincourt, three corps of the British 4th Army, one corps of the British 3rd Army and units of the French First Army.
Battle of Epehy
The Battle of Epehy (18th September 1918) was launched against a 20 mile section of outpost positions for the Hindenburg Line.
Battle of Epehy
The left and right wings of the advance progressed with difficulty, but the two Australian divisions in the centre of the advance were successful in achieving an advance of three miles.
Battle of Epehy
The success of this attack showed to the Allies that the German defence, even on the fortified Hindenburg Line positions, was not impossible to break through
First Army
Following the success at Havrincourt, three corps of the British 4th Army, one corps of the British 3rd Army and units of the French First Army.
First Army
The Battle of Epehy (18th September 1918) was launched against a 20 mile section of outpost positions for the Hindenburg Line.
First Army
The left and right wings of the advance progressed with difficulty, but the two Australian divisions in the centre of the advance were successful in achieving an advance of three miles.
First Army
The success of this attack showed to the Allies that the German defence, even on the fortified Hindenburg Line positions, was not impossible to break through
Fourth Army
Following the success at Havrincourt, three corps of the British 4th Army, one corps of the British 3rd Army and units of the French First Army.
Fourth Army
The Battle of Epehy (18th September 1918) was launched against a 20 mile section of outpost positions for the Hindenburg Line.
Fourth Army
The left and right wings of the advance progressed with difficulty, but the two Australian divisions in the centre of the advance were successful in achieving an advance of three miles.
Fourth Army
The success of this attack showed to the Allies that the German defence, even on the fortified Hindenburg Line positions, was not impossible to break through
Hindenburg Line
Following the success at Havrincourt, three corps of the British 4th Army, one corps of the British 3rd Army and units of the French First Army.
Hindenburg Line
The Battle of Epehy (18th September 1918) was launched against a 20 mile section of outpost positions for the Hindenburg Line.
Hindenburg Line
The left and right wings of the advance progressed with difficulty, but the two Australian divisions in the centre of the advance were successful in achieving an advance of three miles.
Hindenburg Line
The success of this attack showed to the Allies that the German defence, even on the fortified Hindenburg Line positions, was not impossible to break through
Meuse-Argonne Offensive
Following the success at Havrincourt, three corps of the British 4th Army, one corps of the British 3rd Army and units of the French First Army.
Meuse-Argonne Offensive
The Battle of Epehy (18th September 1918) was launched against a 20 mile section of outpost positions for the Hindenburg Line.
Meuse-Argonne Offensive
The left and right wings of the advance progressed with difficulty, but the two Australian divisions in the centre of the advance were successful in achieving an advance of three miles.
Meuse-Argonne Offensive
The success of this attack showed to the Allies that the German defence, even on the fortified Hindenburg Line positions, was not impossible to break through
Third Army
Following the success at Havrincourt, three corps of the British 4th Army, one corps of the British 3rd Army and units of the French First Army.
Third Army
The Battle of Epehy (18th September 1918) was launched against a 20 mile section of outpost positions for the Hindenburg Line.
Third Army
The left and right wings of the advance progressed with difficulty, but the two Australian divisions in the centre of the advance were successful in achieving an advance of three miles.
Third Army
The success of this attack showed to the Allies that the German defence, even on the fortified Hindenburg Line positions, was not impossible to break through
Battle of Megiddo
Supports the Arab northern advance during Allenby's Megiddo offensive.
Arab Communications Raids
Arab forces disrupt Ottoman lines of communication as Allenby's Megiddo offensive begins.
Desert Mounted Corps Exploitation
Sends the Desert Mounted Corps through the breakthrough into the Ottoman rear.
Megiddo Combined Arms
Coordinates infantry, cavalry, artillery, armoured vehicles and aircraft at Megiddo.
Megiddo Offensive Opens
Launches the Battle of Megiddo on 19 September 1918.
Ottoman Escape Routes Blocked
Plans the Megiddo attack to trap Ottoman formations and close their principal escape routes.
Sharon Artillery Barrage
Uses a powerful creeping barrage to support the infantry attack at Sharon.
Sharon Infantry Breakthrough
Twenty-First Corps infantry punches openings through Ottoman defences at Sharon.
Nablus Ottoman Collapse
Ottoman forces around Nablus are broken during the Megiddo offensive.
Jisr ed Damieh Crossing Captured
Chaytor's force captures the important Jordan crossing at Jisr ed Damieh.
Es Salt Captured in Final Offensive
Chaytor's force captures Es Salt during the pursuit east of the Jordan.
Ufa Directory Formed
Avksentiev becomes chairman of the five-member Directory created at Ufa to unite major anti-Bolshevik governments.
Battle of Epehy
The area is taken back into Allied hands
Battle of Epehy
By 25 Sept the Epehy is in Allied hands but there are 72,000 British casualties
Battle of Epehy
By 25 Sept the area is in Allied hands but there are 72,000 British casualties
Amman Captured by Chaytor's Force
Chaytor's force captures Amman and large numbers of Ottoman prisoners.
Death of Mikhail Alexeiev
Alexeiev dies while serving as a senior leader of the anti-Bolshevik Volunteer Army in southern Russia.
Advance on Damascus Ordered
Orders an advance on Damascus
Capture of Deraa
Assists Arab forces operating around Deraa during the Ottoman retreat.
Battle of Canal du Nord
The Battle of Canal du Nord (27th September - 1st October 1918) took place against a section of the canal and the outskirts of Cambrai. The British First Army was to cross the canal continuing the advance following on from the Battle of the Drocourt-Queant Line and advance towards Cambrai
Battle of the Drocourt-Queant Line
The Battle of Canal du Nord (27th September - 1st October 1918) took place against a section of the canal and the outskirts of Cambrai. The British First Army was to cross the canal continuing the advance following on from the Battle of the Drocourt-Queant Line and advance towards Cambrai
Canal du Nord Crossing Supported
Haig supports the First Army crossing that opens the approach toward Cambrai.
Final Flanders Offensive Opens
Albert's army group attacks across Flanders as the Allies begin the final liberation offensive.
Houthulst Forest Positions Captured
Belgian forces capture major German positions in Houthulst Forest during the opening phase of the final offensive.
Flanders Advance
Belgian forces advance near Ypres in 1918.
Hundred Days Offensive
Foch coordinates Allied attacks including Ypres.
Battle of Flanders
1st day of the Battle of Flanders
Battle of the Peaks of Flanders
The Flanders Advance is also known as the Fifth Battle of Ypres.
Hindenburg Line
The Meuse Argonne Offensive (26th September - 11th November 1918) was an Allied offensive with the aim of pushing the German Armies further east from their positions at the Hindenburg Line, cutting the Germans off from their important rail routes supplying their front line sectors
Meuse-Argonne Offensive
The Meuse Argonne Offensive (26th September - 11th November 1918) was an Allied offensive with the aim of pushing the German Armies further east from their positions at the Hindenburg Line, cutting the Germans off from their important rail routes supplying their front line sectors
Flanders Advance
Haig orders advances through the Ypres sector.
Battle of Ypres, 5th
Plumer attacks during the Fifth Battle of Ypres.
Ypres-Lys Offensive
The 27th Division fights near Ypres in 1918.
Ypres-Lys Offensive
The 30th Division fights near Ypres in 1918.
Hindenburg Line Assault Coordinated
Monash coordinates Australian operations against the Hindenburg Line around Bellicourt.
Armistice
It is agreed to offer an armistice & form a new Government
Fourth Army
Quentin and Vendhuille had been incorporated into the German defences of the Hindenburg Line. The German defences on the canal comprised not only barbed wire entanglements and traps, but generally this stretch of canal was in a deep cutting of about 50 to 80 metres.
Fourth Army
The Battle of the St. Quentin Canal (29th September - 2nd October 1918) was an attack launched on 29th September by US, French and British forces. A north-south stretch of this canal between St.
Fourth Army
The British 4th Army and the French First Army had reached the canal sector in mid September, and were tasked with crossing the canal at the tunnel section or by the bridge
Fourth Army
The canal ran through a tunnel at Bellicourt and there was a bridge further south of the tunnel at Bellenglise.
Hindenburg Line
Quentin and Vendhuille had been incorporated into the German defences of the Hindenburg Line. The German defences on the canal comprised not only barbed wire entanglements and traps, but generally this stretch of canal was in a deep cutting of about 50 to 80 metres.
Hindenburg Line
The Battle of the St. Quentin Canal (29th September - 2nd October 1918) was an attack launched on 29th September by US, French and British forces. A north-south stretch of this canal between St.
Hindenburg Line
The British 4th Army and the French First Army had reached the canal sector in mid September, and were tasked with crossing the canal at the tunnel section or by the bridge
Hindenburg Line
The canal ran through a tunnel at Bellicourt and there was a bridge further south of the tunnel at Bellenglise.
St Quentin Canal Breakthrough Supported
Haig's Fourth Army helps rupture the Hindenburg Line around the St Quentin Canal.
Bulgarian Armistice Welcomed
Welcomes Bulgaria's armistice as the first collapse among Germany's principal allies.
Peace
Bulgaria agrees an armistice with the Allies
Result of Surrender of Bulgaria
Bulgaria leaves the war, opening the Balkans further to Allied advance.
Surrender of Bulgaria
Bulgarian hostilities cease as Bulgaria agrees to the Allied terms
Resignation of Georg von Hertling
Resigns as Chancellor at the request of the German Generals
Feed The Guns Campaign
Bonar Law ops the "Feed The Guns Campaign" to raise a 2nd 1 billion pounds war loan
Advance on Damascus
Moves with Arab forces during the final advance toward Damascus.
Feed The Guns Campaign
Bonar Law ops the "Feed The Guns Campaign" to raise a 2nd 1 billion pounds war loan
Suffrage
Wills tells the Senate that womens suffrage is "a vitally necessary war measure"
Womens Suffrage
Wills tells the Senate that womens suffrage is "a vitally necessary war measure"
Army Group of Flanders Command Assumed
Albert takes command of the multinational Army Group of Flanders for the final Allied offensive.
Allied Flanders Offensive Staff Coordination
Degoutte coordinates operational planning for the French, Belgian and British forces in the Flanders army group.
Thule Society
Helps found the Thule Society, a centre of resistance to the Munich Soviet Republic
Hindenburg Line
Breaks through the Hindenburg Line
Battle of Ypres, 5th
The Flanders Advance is also known as the Fifth Battle of Ypres.
Meuse-Argonne Offensive
From September a series of Allied offensives on the Western Front were launched in sequence at about the same time as the main Meuse-Argonne Offensive
Western Front
From September a series of Allied offensives on the Western Front were launched in sequence at about the same time as the main Meuse-Argonne Offensive
Hindenburg Line Offensive Monitored
Reviews Allied attacks breaking through the German defensive system on the Western Front.
Afulah Captured
Forces under his command capture the strategic stronghold of Afulah.
Amman Captured
Chaytor's Force captures Amman during the collapse of Ottoman resistance.
Beisan Captured
Mounted forces under his command secure Beisan during the Megiddo pursuit.
Carmel Defiles Secured
The Desert Mounted Corps secures key defiles through the Carmel Range.
Coastal Deception Plan
Conceals the main coastal concentration while deception points Ottoman attention toward the Jordan Valley.
Coastal Force Concentration
Secretly concentrates striking forces on the coastal sector before the Megiddo offensive.
Damascus Pursuit
Orders the rapid pursuit north toward Damascus after the Megiddo breakthrough.
Es Salt Captured
Chaytor's Force captures Es Salt as Ottoman Fourth Army formations retreat.
Haifa Secured
British Empire forces secure Haifa during the post-Megiddo advance.
Jenin Captured
British Empire mounted troops capture Jenin during the rapid advance.
Jordan Crossings Captured
Chaytor's Force captures important Jordan River crossings during Megiddo.
Jordan Valley Feint
Uses a feint toward the Jordan Valley to mislead Ottoman commanders before Megiddo.
Megiddo Decisive Victory
Megiddo becomes the decisive victory of Allenby's Palestine and Syria campaign.
Megiddo Ottoman Losses
The Megiddo victory inflicts catastrophic losses on the Ottoman armies.
Megiddo Surprise Plan
Plans a surprise offensive designed to trap Ottoman armies and block their escape.
Mobile Pursuit to Syria
Directs a fast-moving pursuit from Palestine into Syria after Megiddo.
Nablus Offensive
Twentieth Corps attacks the Ottoman line in the Judean Hills at Nablus.
Nazareth Secured
His forces secure Nazareth during the exploitation after the Sharon breakthrough.
Ottoman Encirclement
Mounted forces encircle Ottoman formations and restrict their routes of escape.
Samakh Secured
Mounted troops secure Samakh as Ottoman forces collapse in northern Palestine.
Wadi el Fara Air Attack
Allied aircraft devastate retreating Ottoman columns along the Wadi el Fara road.
Ziza Surrender
Ottoman troops at Ziza surrender to ANZAC mounted forces during the pursuit.
Demonstrations
Forced to resign after demonstrations in the provinces
Resignation of Matasake Terauchi
Forced to resign after demonstrations in the provinces
Jordan Valley Force Commanded
Chaytor commands a composite force protecting the Jordan Valley during the final Palestine offensive.
Red Terror
Leads Petrograd politics during the harsh civil war climate.
Meuse-Argonne
Wins the Distinguished Service Cross for Heroism. Commands 345 during tanks the Meuse-Argonne Operation
Birmingham Municipal Bank
The municipal savings institution begins operating under its permanent Birmingham Municipal Bank name.
Polish Affairs Commission Recommendation
The Commission on Polish Affairs recommends recognizing complete Polish sovereignty west of its proposed eastern line while leaving claims beyond it unresolved.
Capture of Kiev
The White Army is forced back to the Black Sea. The White armies capture Kiev advancing within 250 miles of Moscow. Kiev is later recaptured by the Red Army
Awareness Society
Founds the "hard core" Awareness Society due to "demonstration fatigue"
Birth of Peter Alexander Rupert Carington
Birth of Peter Alexander Rupert Carington
President of South Korea
Appointed President of Korea of the Shanghai Provisional Government
Provisional Government
Appointed President of Korea of the Shanghai Provisional Government
Steel Strike
Foster helps organise a nationwide steel strike seeking union recognition and shorter hours.
Resignation of Karl Eduard Wilhelm Groener
Resigns from the Army, Groener earned the enmity of much of the military leadership, much of whom sought the retention of the monarchy
DAP
Appointed Member of German Workers Party
NSDAP
Appointed Member of German Workers Party
Deutsche Arbeiter Partei
After hearing Feder speak Hitler joins the Deutsche Arbeiter Partei, NSDAP foreunner
NSDAP
After hearing Feder speak Hitler joins the Deutsche Arbeiter Partei, NSDAP foreunner
Commander of White Army
Appointed Commander of the White Army in the Baltic
Commander of White Army
Appointed Commander of the White Army in the Baltic
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
City of Birmingham Orchestra
Birmingham's new municipal orchestra gives its first public concert.
First Cerny Government
Begins the First Cerny Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Second Tusar Government
The Second Tusar Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Brussels Financial Conference
The international conference recommends balanced budgets and eventual restoration of stable convertible currencies.
Bad Nauheim Relativity Debate
Publicly debates critics including Philipp Lenard at the German scientists' meeting in Bad Nauheim, defending the physical basis and interpretation of relativity.
Resignation as Prime Minister
Resigns as Bavarian prime minister after losing the struggle to preserve the Einwohnerwehr and its armed strength.
Arrest of Adolf Hitler
Hitler and SA disrupt speech by Otto Ballestedt of the Bayernbund; beaten badly; Hitler with others arrested
Benes Government
Begins the Benes Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
First Cerny Government
The First Cerny Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Economy of USA
Presides over the National Conference on Unemployment, estimated at 5.7 million
National Conference on Unemployment
Presides over the National Conference on Unemployment, estimated at 5.7 million
Economy of Germany
An economic crisis grips Germany which causes runaway inflation and ends additional reparations installments
Inflation
An economic crisis grips Germany which causes runaway inflation and ends additional reparations installments
Reparations
An initial payment of $250 million reparations is made. An economic crisis grips Germany which causes runaway inflation and ends additional reparations installments
Return to Regional Presidency
Returns to his position as regional president of Upper Bavaria after leaving the Bavarian premiership.
Third Dail Government
Becomes President of Dail Eireann as the provisional and Dail administrations are brought together.
September Revolution
Military officers establish a revolutionary committee after the Asia Minor defeat.
Strike
Mao leads An-Yuan miners on strike
Transjordan Mandate
The Council of the League of Nations approved the British memorandum applying Article 25 of the Palestine Mandate to Transjordan. This permitted a separate administrative system and the withholding of specified mandate provisions east of the Jordan.
Fordney-McCumber Tariff
The tariff raises duties on many agricultural and manufactured imports.
Wallal Eclipse Relativity Test
A total solar eclipse expedition at Wallal obtains measurements of gravitational light deflection that provide another observational test of Einstein's relativity prediction.
Abdication
Abdicates for the 2nd time after the Greek defeat by Turkey
Second Abdication of Constantine I
Constantine abdicates following the military revolution and leaves Greece.
Accession of George II
George II succeeds Constantine I during the revolutionary crisis.
Transjordan Mandate
The League-approved settlement gave Abdullah a clearer legal framework for governing Transjordan. His government exercised local executive responsibilities while Britain remained internationally accountable for the mandate.
League of Nations Membership
Represents an Irish government that secures admission of the Irish Free State to the League of Nations.
Coup
Supports the coup & subsequent military dictatorship under Primo de Rivera
Coup
A mutiny takes place at the garrison in Barcelona
Coup
Supports the coup & subsequent military dictatorship under Primo de Rivera
Coup
Captures Barcelona & institutes martial law
Coup
Assumes power after a coup
Foreign Policy Statement at London
Makes a speech at the Council of the League of Nations in favour of Russian membership
Passive Resistance Ends
Ends passive resistance in the Ruhr.
Passive Resistance
Chancellor Stresemann ends the passive resistance in the Ruhr
General State Commissioner
Is appointed General State Commissioner of Bavaria and receives extensive executive authority during the political crisis.
Emergency Powers
Declares a state of emergency while ending passive resistance.
Occupation
New Chancellor Gustav Streseman ends the passive resistance during French occupation of the Ruhr
Reparations Resumption
Declares the resumption of reparations payments.
Reparations and Ruhr
Resumes reparations while ending passive resistance in the occupied Ruhr.
Reparations
New Chancellor Gustav Streseman ends the passive resistance during French occupation of the Ruhr
Ruhr Occupation Policy
Links the end of passive resistance to policy during the French Ruhr occupation.
Ruhr Policy Reversal
Ends passive resistance during the French occupation of the Ruhr.
State of Emergency
Declares resumption of reparations payments & a state of emergency. Declares an end to passive resistance in the Ruhr
State of Emergency
Declares a state of emergency in Bavaria and assumes executive power amid conflict with the Reich government.
State of Emergency
Declares a state of emergency in Bavaria
State of Emergency
A state of emergency is declared in Bavaria
Incident-Corfu
Greece is forced to pay Italy a large indemnity
Incident-Corfu
Italy withdraws from Corfu after pressure from France & Britain. Greece has to pay Italy a large indemnity
Rule of Corfu
Italy withdraws from Corfu after pressure from France & Britain
Withdrawal Negotiations at Corfu
Italy withdraws from Corfu after pressure from France & Britain
League of Nations
Against British advice but supported by Italy and France
League of Nations
Takes Ethiopia into the League of Nations
Black Reichswehr Coup
A coup attempt by the Black Reichswehr is crushed in Thuringia.
Coup
Major Fedor von Bock crushes a coup attempt by the Black Reichswehr
Reballion of Rebels in Thuringia
Major Fedor von Bock crushes a coup attempt by the Black Reichswehr
Black Reichswehr
Major Fedor von Bock crushes a coup attempt by the Black Reichswehr
Coup
Major Fedor von Bock crushes a coup attempt by the Black Reichswehr
Reballion of Rebels in Thuringia
Major Fedor von Bock crushes a coup attempt by the Black Reichswehr
Left-Wing Organisation Bans
Uses his emergency authority to prohibit left-wing organisations and newspapers in Bavaria.
Deutscher Kampfund
Forms a coalition, the Deutscher Kampfund, with other extremist Bavarian organisations
Corfu Crisis
Supports League involvement in the Corfu crisis.
Transjordan Mandate
Abdullahโs government faced the Adwan revolt, which challenged the emirateโs political and administrative direction. The confrontation exposed tensions over central authority, local influence, and British involvement.
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
Noise of Sabres
Faces military pressure as officers protest delays in passing social legislation.
Social Legislation
Promulgates major labour and social insurance laws after military pressure on Congress.
Departure from Chile
Leaves the country after Congress grants him temporary constitutional leave.
Constitution of Great Britain
Adopted "Constitutional & Anti-Socialist" candidate for Epping
Member of Parliament
Adopted "Constitutional & Anti-Socialist" candidate for Epping
Birth of Daniel Toroitich arap Moi
Birth of Daniel Toroitich arap Moi
Election
Birth of Daniel Toroitich arap Moi
Michael
Directs Michael for UFA in Germany.
Capture of Taif
Commands Ikhwan forces during the capture of Taif.
Capture of Taif
Supports the Saudi advance into the Hejaz through Taif.
Reform of Religious Orders
Religious orders are suppressed
Interim Presidency
Guzman assumes interim authority during the presidential succession crisis.
Birth of BB King
Birth of BB King
Promulgation of Constitution
Promulgates the Constitution of 1925 and ends the parliamentary constitutional system.
Separation of Church and State
Promulgates the new constitutional order separating church and state.
Government Defence
Kerensky records his position on government defence in exile.
German Cabinet Authorizes Locarno Negotiations
Luther's government authorizes participation in the conference intended to convert the security proposals into formal agreements.
Reform of Marriage Law
Civil marriage is made compulsory
Capture of Hankow
Nationalist forces take Hankou during the Northern Expedition, strengthening Chiangโs military campaign in central China.
Briand Welcomes Germany into League
Briand welcomes Germany's admission to the League as a further step in the reconciliation associated with Locarno.
League of Nations
Germany joins the League of Nations
German League Council Seat Secured
Germany enters the League of Nations and receives a permanent seat on the Council.
Germany Admitted to League of Nations
Stresemann leads the German delegation as Germany enters the League of Nations with a permanent Council seat.
Spirit of Locarno Consolidated
Germany's League admission is widely presented as a major consequence of the diplomatic reconciliation achieved at Locarno.
Germany Joins League
Germany enters the League with a Council seat.
League of Nations
Germany enters the League of Nations, the vote is unanimous
Germany Joins League
His government secures Germany's admission to the League.
Britain Welcomes Germany into League after Locarno
Chamberlain welcomes Germany's League membership as a major fulfilment of the diplomatic process begun at Locarno.
Germany enters League of Nations
Germany enters League of Nations
League of Nations
Germany enters League of Nations
League of Nations
Leaves the League of Nations in protest at Germany joining
Belgium Implements Locarno Guarantee System
Belgium becomes fully covered by the Locarno guarantee system when the treaties enter into force.
Locarno Security System Becomes Operative
Briand treats the activation of Locarno as confirmation that Franco-German reconciliation now has a functioning international framework.
Five-Power Rhineland Pact in Force
The five-power Rhineland Pact becomes operative after Germany joins the League and ratifications are deposited.
Locarno Treaties Enter into Force
The Locarno agreements enter into force after the ratifications are deposited and Germany has joined the League of Nations.
Ratifications Deposited at Geneva
The ratifications of the Locarno Treaty of Mutual Guarantee are deposited at Geneva.
Baldwin Government Implements Locarno Obligations
Baldwin's government assumes the treaty obligations after Locarno enters into force.
Poor Law Relief
Raises the administration and adequacy of Poor Law relief.
Demonstrations
Appeals to the rank & file & addresses a demonstration staged at an aircraft factory
Reballion of Rebels in Moscow
Appeals to rank & file party cells & addresses a demonstration at an aircraft factory
Berlin Symphony of a Great City
Directs Berlin: Symphony of a Great City.
Capture of Shantou
Leads Communist forces which capture the port of Shantou
Capture of Shantou
Nationalist forces retake Shantou after troops from the failed Nanchang uprising move through eastern Guangdong.
Complementarity Principle
Presents complementarity as a principle for interpreting quantum phenomena.
Quantum Measurement Interpretation
Argues that mutually exclusive experimental descriptions can both be necessary.
Education
Studies at Chatham House Grammar School and develops academic and musical interests.
Constitution of Albania
Albania is declared a Kingdom & Zog elected King
Kingdom Proclaimed
Albania is declared a kingdom and Zog is proclaimed king
Election
Albania is declared a Kingdom & Zog elected King
Election as King
Constituent Assembly elects Ahmet Zog as King of Albania
King Takes Office
Succeeds as King Zog I after the republic becomes a monarchy
Royal Succession
Zog begins royal rule as King Zog I of Albania
Kellogg-Briand Pact
An act formulated by the League of Nations embodying the Pact is signed by 23 nations
Kellogg-Briand Pact
The Pact in implemented by the League of Nations
League of Nations
An act formulated by the League of Nations embodying the Pact is signed by 23 nations
Legislation
An act formulated by the League of Nations embodying the Pact is signed by 23 nations
NSDAP
The NSDAP speeking ban in Prussia is lifted
Birth of Elie Wiesel
Birth of Elie Wiesel
Kellogg-Briand Pact
The pact is implemented by the League of Nations
Wall Street Crash
After a six-year run when the world saw the Dow Jones Industrial Average increase in value fivefold, prices peaked at 381.17 on September 3, 1929, the market then fell sharply for a month, losing 17% of its value on the initial leg down
Portuguese Treaty
Portuguese Treaty with South Africa regulates transport & labour recruitment
Truppenamt Operations Branch
Manstein moved into the operations branch of the Truppenamt, the Reichswehr organisation that performed general-staff functions. His work involved military planning despite the restrictions imposed on Germany after the First World War.
1st Transatlantic Flight
Completes the first nonstop flight from Paris to New York in 37 hours & 18 minutes
Capture of Beijing
Rebels take power in Peking under Yen Hsi-chan
Capture of Beijing
Opposition warlords establish a rival political center in Beiping during the Central Plains War.
President of Argentina
Appointed de facto President of Argentina after the 1930 coup
Election
After the election Bruning attempts to reform the devastated state without a majority in Parliament, governing with the help of the Presidents emergency decrees
Weimar Republic
After the election Bruning attempts to reform the devastated state without a majority in Parliament, governing with the help of the Presidents emergency decrees
Election
6.4 Million votes, 18%, 107 of 577 seats in the Reichstag go to the Nazi Party.
Election
And this encourages the supporters of the Nazis.
Election
The Nazi party becomes the 2nd largest party.
Election
The Reichstag general elections result in an enormous political shift, 18.3% of the vote goes to the Nazis, five times the percentage compared to 1928.
Election
The increased representation of the NSDAP has devastating consequences for the Republic, there was no longer a moderate majority in the Reichstag even for a Great Coalition of moderate parties.
Weimar Republic
The Reichstag general elections result in an enormous political shift, 18.3% of the vote goes to the Nazis, five times the percentage compared to 1928. The increased representation of the NSDAP has devastating consequences for the Republic, there was no longer a moderate majority in the Reichstag even for a Great Coalition of moderate parties, and this encourages the supporters of the Nazis
Election
Hitler is denied a seat because he is Austrian, not German
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 5th term
Central Plains War Counteroffensive
Shifts Nationalist forces between major fronts as the Central Plains War turns increasingly in favor of the Nanjing government.
Education
Attends Cheam School
Expenditure
Announces cuts in unemployment relief & pay for all Government employees
Birth of Anne Bancroft
Birth of Anne Bancroft, Anna Maria Louisa Italiano
Invasion of China
Japan launches the Manchurian invasion after the Mukden Incident, confronting Chiangโs government with a major external crisis.
Siege of Mukden
Japanese forces occupy Mukden after the September 18 incident and expand control across Manchuria.
Mukden Incident
The Nationalist government appeals to the League of Nations after Japan occupies Manchuria.
Invasion of Mukden
Japan invades Mukden
Mukden Incident
His government faces crisis after the Kwantung Army moves in Manchuria.
Capture of Changchun
The Japanese Kwantung army captures Changchun, prelude to capturing Manchuria
Capture of Mukden
The Japanese Kwantung army captures Mukden, prelude to capturing Manchuria
Invasion of Manchuria
The Japanese begin to invade Manchuria
Gold Standard Suspension
Emergency legislation suspends sterling's convertibility into gold during the financial crisis.
Economy of Great Britain
Snowden supports emergency legislation ending the Bank of England's obligation to provide gold for sterling.
Gold Standard Amendment Act
Snowden presents the measure suspending the statutory gold standard during the sterling crisis.
Economy of Great Britain
Britain's departure from gold allows sterling to float and ends the interwar return begun in 1925.
Gold Standard
Parliament suspends sterling's gold convertibility after a severe run on Britain's reserves.
Gold Standard Abandoned
Norway suspends gold redemption as the Scandinavian currencies come under intense pressure following Britain's departure from gold.
Gold Standard Abandoned
Sweden suspends gold convertibility six days after Britain leaves gold, allowing the krona to depreciate rather than defending the former parity.
Birth of Angie Dickinson
Birth of Angie Dickinson
Special Foreign Affairs Commission
Uses a special foreign affairs commission to coordinate the Nationalist response and international appeals after the Mukden Incident.
Gold Standard Abandoned
Denmark abandons gold convertibility after sterling leaves the standard, ending the restored interwar gold parity of the krone.
Manchurian Invasion
Commands Japanese forces during the Manchurian occupation.
President of Ecuador
Appointed acting President of Ecuador
Party Fuhrer
Assumes the position of supreme SA leader
Lytton Report
The Lytton Report concludes that Japan acted as the aggressor in Manchuria and rejects Manchukuo as genuinely independent.
Government Report
The Lytton Report on the conflict between China and Japan accuses Japan of being the aggressor
Lytton Report
The Lytton Report on the conflict between China and Japan accuses Japan of being the aggressor
Lytton Report
The Lytton Report on the conflict between China and Japan accuses Japan of being the aggressor
Birth of Malcolm Bradbury
Birth of Malcolm Bradbury
Death of Faisal I
Death of Faisal I, succeeded by his son, Ghazi, but there was much popular support among the Iraqi people for leadership under General Bakr Sidqi
Death of Ghazi
Death of Faisal I, succeeded by his son, Ghazi, but there was much popular support among the Iraqi people for leadership under General Bakr Sidqi
Battle of Boqueron
Marzana commands Bolivian defenders during the siege of Boqueron
Chaco War Start
Leads Paraguay as war begins against Bolivia over the Chaco Boreal.
Constitution of Spain
The statute of autonomy becomes law & the Catalan Government is restored
Recognition of Manchukuo
Japan recognizes Manchukuo, followed only by Italy & Germany
Death of Peg Entwistle
Death of Peg Entwistle
Unification Decree
Supports the royal administration preparing the unified kingdom.
Unification Decree
Issues the decree unifying his territories as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Proclaimed
Becomes king of the newly named Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Proclaimed
Supports the royal house as the unified kingdom is proclaimed.
Birth of Manmohan Singh
Birth of Manmohan Singh
Ryutin Affair
A hastily assembled Presidium of the Central Control Commission was convened to investigate and deal with the Ryutin group
Imperial Preference
National Liberal free traders resign from Government over Imperial preference
Resignation of National Liberal free traders
National Liberal free traders resign from Government over Imperial preference
Leticia Dispute
Turns to League diplomacy during the Leticia conflict.
Boqueron Campaign
Directs Paraguayan operations during the early Chaco War campaign.
Enigma Machine
Joins the Polish Cipher Bureau team attacking German Enigma traffic.
Enigma Machine
Joins Rejewski and Zygalski in the Polish Cipher Bureau's German-cipher section.
Economy of USA
9 March-16 June, 1st phase of the "Hundred Days" to reform the economy
Hundred Days
9 March-16 June, 1st phase of the "Hundred Days" to reform the economy
New Deal
9 March-16 June, 1st phase of the "Hundred Days" to reform the economy
Sergeants' Revolt
Helps lead the Sergeants' Revolt against the officer corps.
Sergeants' Revolt
Is overthrown after the Sergeants' Revolt.
Hundred Days Government
Takes office in the revolutionary Hundred Days Government.
Neutron Chain Reaction Concept
Conceives a neutron-driven nuclear chain reaction after reading about Rutherford comments on atomic energy.
Alliance Turkey and Greece
Turkey signs a 10 year non-aggression pact with Greece
Turkey signs a 10 year non-aggression pact with Greece
Turkey signs a 10 year non-aggression pact with Greece
Reich Chamber of Culture
Establishes the Reich Chamber of Culture to control writers, artists, musicians, theatre, press, radio and film.
Death of Paul Ehrenfest
Death of Paul Ehrenfest
Hereditary Farm Law
Promotes the Reich Hereditary Farm Law, tying Nazi rural policy to race, landholding and peasant ideology.
Fifth Encirclement Campaign
Launches the fifth encirclement campaign against Communist base areas, relying on large troop concentrations and fortified blockhouses.
Coup
During a second coup, led by sergeants most notably Fulgencio Batista, Cespedes is overthrown, leading to the formation of the first Ramon Grau San Martin Government
Coup
During a second coup, led by sergeants most notably Fulgencio Batista, Cespedes is overthrown, leading to the formation of the first Ramon Grau San Martin Government
Coup
During a second coup, led by sergeants most notably Fulgencio Batista, Cespedes is overthrown, leading to the formation of the first Ramon Grau San Martin Government
President of Cuba
During a second coup, led by sergeants most notably Fulgencio Batista, Cespedes is overthrown, leading to the formation of the first Ramon Grau San Martin Government
Bishop
Appointed Bishop of the Reich
Chamber of Culture
The Reichs Chamber of Culture is founded under the new Minister of Propaganda
Chancellor
Ludwig Muller is appointed Bishop of the Reich
Concordat
Ludwig Muller becomes Bishop of the Reich
Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler (LSSAH)
The Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler (SS-LAH) becomes Adolf Hitler's personal Bodyguard Regiment ("Leibstandarte" being the German word for "bodyguard")
Chamber of Culture
The Reichs Chamber of Culture is founded under the new Minister of Propaganda
Reform of Government
The Reichs Chamber of Culture is founded under the new Minister of Propaganda. All manuscripts need to be submitted to the ministry before publication
Education
Attends Kurt Hahns school at Salem in Germany
Cortes
The Cortes is dissolved
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador, 1st term
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant Colonel in the General Staff, advocate of tank blitzkriegs
League of Nations
Litvinov also actively facilitates the acceptance of the USSR into the League of Nations where he represents his country from 1934-1938
League of Nations
Russia joins the League of Nations
USSR Admission
Represents the USSR as it enters the League.
League of Nations
Russia takes its seat on the Council of the League of Nations
League of Nations
The USSR is admitted into the League of Nations
USSR Admission
The USSR joins the League and gains a Council seat.
Birth of Brian Epstein
Birth of Brian Epstein
Birth of Brian Epstein
Birth of Brian Epstein, later manager of the Beatles and part of Birmingham-linked touring culture.
Birth of Brian Epstein
Birth of Brian Epstein, future manager of the Beatles.
Birth of Leonard Norman Cohen
Birth of Leonard Norman Cohen
Launch of Queen Mary
Bates oversees Cunard's programme when Queen Mary launches the new express liner.
League of Nations
Afghanistan joins the League of Nations during Zahir Shah's reign.
Rule of Jehol
Jehol is added to the empire of Manchukuo
Rule of Mongolia
Inner Mongolia is added to the empire of Manchukuo
Rule of Manchukuo
The League of Nations refuses to recognize Japan's new "empire" in Manchukuo
Rule of Manchukuo
The League of Nations refuses to recognize Japan's new "empire" in Manchukuo. Manchukuo is placed under the supervision of the Japanese military police
Collective Security
Declares Britain will use collective resistance against aggression
Collective Security
Supports League collective security during the Abyssinia crisis.
Collective Security
Declares Britain will use collective resistance against aggression
Sanctions
Hood & Renown arrive in Gibraltar to impose sanctions & uphold collective security
United Nations
Hood & Renown arrive in Gibraltar to impose sanctions & uphold collective security
World Record
Sets a new speed record, taking a plane to 352 mph
Constitution of Germany
Creates Reichsburger of "pure German blood"
Constitution of Germany
Jews lose legal equality as Germany is divided into "subjects"& "citizens"
Legislation
Jews lose legal equality as Germany is divided into "subjects"& "citizens"
Long March
Defeats nationalist troops in Kansu Province
Birth of James Christopher Jimmy Armfield
Birth of James Christopher "Jimmy" Armfield
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain
President of Ecuador
Appointed Supreme Chief exercising presidential authority in Ecuador
Long March
Zhang Guotao chooses a southern route after separating from Mao's forces.
Employment Figures
Can claim that unemployment had fallen from 6 million to 1 million
Abyssinia Crisis
Presses for League resistance to Italian aggression.
Abyssinia Crisis
Presses for League action as Italy prepares aggression against Abyssinia
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain
Issues a public warning that a general war would shatter our civilization
Issues a public warning that a general war would "shatter our civilization"
Neutrality
Issues a public warning that a general war would "shatter our civilization"
Civil War
A Non-intervention committee is held in London, Italy & Germany ignore it
A Non-intervention committee is held in London, Italy & Germany ignore it
A Non-intervention committee is held in London, Italy & Germany ignore it
Civil War
A Non-intervention committee is held in London, Italy & Germany ignore it
Tripartite Monetary Agreement
After franc devaluation, France joins Britain and the United States in a monetary agreement intended to reduce competitive devaluations and stabilise exchange relationships without restoring gold convertibility.
Gold Standard
France suspends the franc's former gold parity and permits devaluation.
Tripartite Monetary Agreement
Britain joins France and the United States in coordinating exchange policy and gold dealings after the collapse of the interwar Gold Bloc.
Tripartite Agreement
The United States joins Britain and France in coordinating exchange stability without restoring classical gold convertibility.
Tripartite Monetary Agreement
The United States joins Britain and France in pledging currency cooperation while retaining the 35-dollar official gold price for international monetary purposes.
Purge
Yezhov is made Commissar for Internal Affairs to unmask the Trotsky-Zinoviev plot
Gold Standard
The Netherlands abandons the gold standard after sustained pressure on the guilder and its reserves.
Popular Army
A decree is issued militarising the militias, creates the Popular Army
Economy of Germany
Directs the 4 year economic plan in preparation for War
Four Year Plan
Hitler announces the 2nd 4 Year Plan with Goring as plenipotentiary. Directs the 4 year economic plan in preparation for War
Civil War
Hitler announces the 2nd 4 Year Plan with Goring as plenipotentiary
Visit to Berchtesgaden
Visits Hitler, repoorts back that Hitler is arming for defence not attack. Impressed by Hitler's conquest of unemployment
Princeton University Research
Travels to Princeton University for advanced research in mathematical logic under Alonzo Church.
Arrest of Nikolai Bukharin
Arrested for counter-revolutionary activities, released due to insufficient evidence
Swiss Franc Devaluation
Switzerland devalues the franc and leaves the remaining Gold Bloc after France abandons its former parity, ending one of Europe's last major interwar gold-standard commitments.
Birth of Dick Clement
Birth of Dick Clement
April Crisis
Kerensky records his position on april crisis in exile.
Treaty of Versailles
Calls an end to the Treaty of Versailles
Conference of Nyon
Italy & Germany refuse to attend the conference, Eden promises to keep them informed
Conference of Nyon
Nine powers agree Britain & France will patrol Mediterranean trade. Eastern countries will patrol their own shores. Britain will provide 60 destroyers in the Meditteranean
Conference of Nyon
Mediterranean Powers discuss protection of shipping during the Spanish Civil War
Conference of Nyon
The Eastern countries will patrol their own shores. 9 powers agree Britain & France will patrol Mediterranean trade with 60 destroyers
Death of Thomas Garrigue Masaryk
Death of Thomas Garrigue Masaryk at Lany.
Conference of Nyon
The Nyon powers sign decisions agreed at the conference, without Mussolini. Proposes submarine patrols to protect neutral vessels off Spain, France & Spain agree
Neutrality
Proposes submarine patrols to protect neutral vessels off Spain, France & Spain agree
Conference of Nyon
The Nyon powers sign their apporoval of their decisions
Alliance Chiang Kai-Shek and resistance
The Chinese Communist Party publicly supports resistance under a renewed united front against Japan.
Invasion of China
The Communist-Nationalist united front strengthens as both sides prepare resistance to Japan.
Meeting with Hitler
The Duke & Duchess of Windsor begin their visit to Germany & meet Hitler. Hitler receives Mussolini, he tries to prize Italy away from its support of Austria. Hitler meets Mussolini in front of an SS Parade & a rally of 800,000
Political Support at Munich
Hitler receives Mussolini, he tries to prize Italy away from its support of Austria
Exile of Bruno Kreisky
When the Austrian state is incorporated into Germany Kreisky emigrates to Sweden, where he remains until 1945
Invasion of China
Japan mobilizes & begins major expansion in northern & central China
International Conference at Moscow
Proposes staff talks & a conference to condemn German aggression. Proposes staff talks & a conference to allow Russian troop access to Czech
National Assembly
The Hatay National Assembly is opened
Rule of Hatay
The Hatay National Assembly is opened
Visit to Berlin
Pays a State visit to Mussolini in Rome
Meeting with Sudetenland leaders demands knowing they cannot be
Promises to meet Sudetenland leaders demands knowing they cannot be met. Henlein rejects Benes offer of full autonomy for Sudetenland
Independence of Germany
Henlein rejects Benes offer of full autonomy for Sudetenland
Independence of Sudetenland
Henlein rejects Benes offer of full autonomy for Sudetenland
Will
Ataturk asks for his will to be written
President of Turkey
Appointed President of Turkey
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey
Abdication
Abdicates after making territorial concessions
Diplomatic Negotiations at Sudetenland, The
The Sudetenland leaders break off negotiations with Benes
Border Security Measures
The Hodza government introduced martial law as a security measure after unrest spread through the affected Sudeten border districts.
Government Response to Sudeten Disturbances
Hodza responded to violent Sudeten German disturbances by imposing martial law in the affected border areas.
Martial Law in Border Districts
Hodza's government imposed martial law in affected border districts after violent Sudeten German disturbances intensified the crisis.
Treaty of Munich
Hodza's government imposed martial law in affected border districts after violent Sudeten German disturbances.
Birth of Arthur Smith
Birth of Arthur Smith, son of a head teacher
Reballion of Sudetenland is crushed
The 24 hour rebellion of Sudetenland is crushed
Treaty of Munich
Henlein broke off negotiations with the Czechoslovak government and moved into Germany.
Invasion of Czech
Receives Chamberlain & confirms his determination to annex the Sudetenland
Invasion of Sudetenland, The
Receives Chamberlain & confirms his determination to annex the Sudetenland
Receives Chamberlain & confirms his determination to annex the Sudetenland
Receives Chamberlain & confirms his determination to annex the Sudetenland
Treaty of Munich
Hitler demanded recognition of Sudeten German self-determination during his first meeting with Chamberlain.
Berchtesgaden Meeting with Hitler
Chamberlain met Hitler at Berchtesgaden and heard the demand that German-majority districts of Czechoslovakia should be transferred to Germany.
Berchtesgaden Meeting with Hitler
Meets Hitler at Berchtesgaden and discusses transferring predominantly German-speaking Sudeten areas of Czechoslovakia to Germany.
First Personal Meeting in the Czech Crisis
The Berchtesgaden talks marked Chamberlain's first meeting with Hitler in the crisis and centred on German claims to Czechoslovak territory.
Sudeten German Self-Determination Demand
During his first meeting with Hitler, Chamberlain was confronted with a demand for recognition of Sudeten German self-determination.
Sudetenland Transfer Discussion
Chamberlain discussed the proposed transfer of predominantly German-speaking Sudeten areas while meeting Hitler at Berchtesgaden.
Treaty of Munich
Chamberlain met Hitler at Berchtesgaden and heard his demand that German-majority districts be transferred from Czechoslovakia.
Visit to Berchtesgaden
Visits Hitler who tells Chamberlain that he will annex the Sudetenland
Berchtesgaden Report Review
Halifax reviewed Chamberlain's report of the Berchtesgaden meeting as the British government assessed Hitler's demands.
Consultation with France after Berchtesgaden
Chamberlain's report from Berchtesgaden formed part of British consultations with France over the developing Czechoslovak crisis.
Treaty of Munich
Halifax reviewed Chamberlain's Berchtesgaden report and coordinated consultations with France.
Recommends to cabinet the transfer of Sudetenland to Germany without a plebiscite
Recommends to cabinet the transfer of Sudetenland to Germany without a plebiscite
Britain and France persuade the Czechs to hand over areas greater than
Britain and France persuade the Czechs to hand over areas greater than 50% German
Treaty of Munich
Bonnet supported Anglo-French proposals intended to avert war through territorial concessions by Czechoslovakia.
Treaty of Munich
Daladier joined British ministers in developing proposals to transfer German-majority areas of Czechoslovakia.
Britain & France wish to persuade Czech to cede areas greater than
Britain & France wish to persuade Czech to cede areas greater than 50% to Germany
Anglo-French Sudeten Proposals
Works with the French government on proposals pressing Czechoslovakia to cede predominantly German-speaking territory.
Britain & France urge Czech to transfer Sudeten areas to Germany
Britain & France urge Czech to transfer Sudeten areas to Germany. Britain & France persuade Czech to hand over areas greater than 50% German
Rule of Sudetenland, The
Britain & France urge Czech to transfer Sudeten areas to Germany
Anglo-French Plan Received
Benes received the Anglo-French proposal in Prague requiring Czechoslovakia to surrender districts with German majorities.
Territorial Proposal Presented
The Anglo-French plan presented to Benes required the transfer of German-majority districts from Czechoslovakia.
Treaty of Munich
Benes received the Anglo-French plan requiring Czechoslovakia to surrender districts with German majorities.
Anglo-French Proposals Rejected
Hodza's government initially rejected the Anglo-French territorial proposals because it considered them incompatible with Czechoslovak national security.
National Security Objection
Hodza opposed the proposed territorial concessions on the grounds that they would undermine the security of Czechoslovakia.
Prague Rejects Territorial Plan
The government led by Hodza rejected the Anglo-French territorial plan in Prague before later political pressure forced a change of course.
Treaty of Munich
Hodza's government initially rejected the Anglo-French territorial proposals as incompatible with national security.
Acceptance after Allied Warning
After warnings from Britain and France about the absence of military support, Benes accepted the territorial plan in Prague.
Anglo-French Pressure on Prague
Benes accepted the Anglo-French plan after Britain and France warned that Czechoslovakia could not rely on their military support.
Bad Godesberg
Benes accepted the earlier Anglo-French transfer plan only after intense pressure from Britain and France.
Decision under British and French Pressure
Benes accepted the Anglo-French proposals under pressure created by warnings that Czechoslovakia would face the crisis without expected British or French military backing.
Godesberg
Benes accepted the earlier Anglo-French transfer plan only after intense pressure from Britain and France.
Treaty of Munich
Benes accepted the Anglo-French plan after Britain and France warned that Czechoslovakia could not expect military support.
Alliance Declares Russias commitment to and France and Czech
Declares Russias commitment to support its Treaty obligations with France & Czech
Treaty Negotiations at Geneva
Declares Russias commitment to support its Treaty obligations with France & Czech
Resignation of Milan Hodza
Milan Hodza resigned in Prague as the political crisis surrounding the Munich dispute brought his government to an end.
Resignation of Milan Hodza
Resigns after the Treaty of Munich
First Syrovy Government
Begins the First Syrovy Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Bad Godesberg
Krofta warned foreign diplomats that Hitler might enlarge his demands during the Godesberg meeting.
Godesberg
Krofta warned foreign diplomats that Hitler might enlarge his demands during the Godesberg meeting.
Hodza Resigns during Political Crisis
Hodza resigned as prime minister after public anger and political crisis followed acceptance of the Anglo-French plan.
Treaty of Munich
Hodza resigned after public anger and political crisis followed acceptance of the Anglo-French plan.
Bad Godesberg
Syrovy formed a new government as the Godesberg negotiations intensified the national emergency.
Czechoslovak Government under Military Threat
Syrovy's government took shape while Czechoslovakia faced an escalating military threat from Germany.
Emergency Government Formation
Syrovy established a new government in the emergency created by the mounting German invasion threat.
Godesberg
Syrovy formed a new government as the Godesberg negotiations intensified the national emergency.
Government Change amid Invasion Crisis
The growing threat of German invasion coincided with Syrovy forming a new Czechoslovak government in Prague.
Government Formation during Sudeten Crisis
Syrovy formed a new government as the Sudeten crisis was accompanied by the growing danger of German invasion.
Government Formed before Munich Conference
Syrovy formed a new government before the Munich Conference as German invasion threats placed Czechoslovakia under severe pressure.
Government Formed during Invasion Threat
Syrovy formed a new government in Prague while the threat of German invasion was increasing.
Government Formed under Invasion Threat
Syrovy formed a new government in Prague as the threat of a German invasion of Czechoslovakia intensified.
Government Response to German Invasion Threat
Syrovy's new government was formed in response to the rapidly worsening danger of a German invasion.
Leadership Change during Czech Crisis
A new government led by Syrovy took office as the Czech crisis developed into a direct threat of German invasion.
Leadership Change in Prague
The worsening international crisis brought Syrovy to the head of a new government in Prague.
New Cabinet during German Threat
A new cabinet was formed under Syrovy while German actions created a mounting threat to Czechoslovakia.
New Government amid German Pressure
Syrovy took charge of a newly formed government as German pressure created an immediate threat to Czechoslovakia.
New Government during German Threat
Jan Syrovy became prime minister and formed a new government during the mounting danger of German military action.
Prague Government Reorganisation
The Czechoslovak government was reorganised under Syrovy as German pressure raised the immediate threat of invasion.
Prime Minister during Invasion Threat
Syrovy assumed leadership of a new government while the possibility of a German invasion was mounting.
Syrovy Government Formation
Syrovy formed a new government as Czechoslovakia faced an increasingly serious threat of invasion from Germany.
Syrovy Leads Government in Crisis
Syrovy led the newly formed government as the danger of a German invasion became central to the Czechoslovak crisis.
Syrovy Takes Office amid German Pressure
Syrovy formed his government while German pressure on Czechoslovakia was creating the prospect of invasion.
Treaty of Munich
Syrovy formed a new government during the mounting threat of German invasion.
Bad Godesberg
Ribbentrop attended the talks and supported Hitlerโs rejection of the Anglo-French proposals.
Godesberg
Ribbentrop attended the talks and supported Hitlerโs rejection of the Anglo-French proposals.
Alliance Agreement at Bad Godesberg
Chamberlain visits Hitler & offers peaceful inclusion of Sudetenland within the Reich. Chamberlain offers the dissolution of the Czech alliances with France & Russia
Alliance Chamberlain and France and Russia
Chamberlain offers the dissolution of the Czech alliances with France & Russia
Bad Godesberg Meeting
Chamberlain offers the dissolution of the Czech alliances with France & Russia
Bad Godesberg
Hitler claimed that conditions had changed since the Berchtesgaden meeting one week earlier.
Bad Godesberg
Hitler demanded immediate evacuation of Czechoslovak authorities from the territories marked on his map.
Bad Godesberg
Hitler rejected a prolonged international process for transferring Sudeten German areas to Germany.
Bad Godesberg
Hitler rejected the Anglo-French transfer plan presented by Chamberlain as inadequate and outdated.
Bad Godesberg
Hitler insisted that German troops, rather than international forces, occupy the ceded districts.
Godesberg
Hitler claimed that conditions had changed since the Berchtesgaden meeting one week earlier.
Godesberg
Hitler demanded immediate evacuation of Czechoslovak authorities from the territories marked on his map.
Godesberg
Hitler rejected a prolonged international process for transferring Sudeten German areas to Germany.
Godesberg
Hitler rejected the Anglo-French transfer plan presented by Chamberlain as inadequate and outdated.
Godesberg
Hitler insisted that German troops, rather than international forces, occupy the ceded districts.
Invasion of Czech
Chamberlain visits Hitler & offers peaceful inclusion of Sudetenland within the Reich
Invasion of Sudetenland, The
Chamberlain visits Hitler & offers peaceful inclusion of Sudetenland within the Reich
Rule of Saarland
Chamberlain visits Hitler & offers peaceful inclusion of Sudetenland within the Reich
Treaty of Munich
Hitler rejected the earlier transfer timetable and demanded rapid German military occupation of the Sudetenland.
Bad Godesberg Meeting
Horace Wilson advised Chamberlain during the negotiations and helped assess the German response.
Godesberg
Horace Wilson advised Chamberlain during the negotiations and helped assess the German response.
Alliance Agreement at Bad Godesberg
Offers Hitler the Sudetenland. Chamberlain offers the dissolution of the Czech alliances with France & Russia
Alliance Chamberlain and France and Russia
Chamberlain offers the dissolution of the Czech alliances with France & Russia
Anglo-French Transfer Plan Presented
At Godesberg, Chamberlain put the accepted Anglo-French transfer proposals before Hitler as a basis for settlement.
Bad Godesberg Meeting
Hitler receives Chamberlain & demands the immediate cession of all Sudetenland
Bad Godesberg Meeting
Offers Hitler the Sudetenland. Chamberlain offers the dissolution of the Czech alliances with France & Russia
Bad Godesberg Meeting
Chamberlain presented the Anglo-French transfer plan that Czechoslovakia had accepted under pressure.
Bad Godesberg Meeting
Chamberlain arrived near Cologne before continuing by train and motorcade to Bad Godesberg.
Bad Godesberg Meeting
Chamberlain flew from Heston to Germany for his second personal meeting with Hitler.
Godesberg Meeting with Hitler
Chamberlain met Hitler again at Bad Godesberg and presented the Anglo-French proposals that Czechoslovakia had accepted.
Godesberg Meeting with Hitler
Meets Hitler again at Godesberg and is confronted with demands going beyond the earlier Anglo-French proposals.
Godesberg Negotiations
Chamberlain continued direct negotiations with Hitler at Godesberg after the earlier Berchtesgaden discussions failed to settle the crisis.
Godesberg
Chamberlain presented the Anglo-French transfer plan that Czechoslovakia had accepted under pressure.
Godesberg
Chamberlain arrived near Cologne before continuing by train and motorcade to Bad Godesberg.
Godesberg
Chamberlain flew from Heston to Germany for his second personal meeting with Hitler.
Peace Mediation at Godesberg
Hitler receives Chamberlain & demands the immediate cession of all Sudetenland
Rule of Sudetenland, The
Hitler receives Chamberlain & demands the immediate cession of all Sudetenland
Rule of Sudetenland, The
Offers Hitler the Sudetenland
Second Meeting with Hitler
Chamberlain's second meeting with Hitler focused on whether the Sudeten dispute could be settled through the Anglo-French plan.
Sudetenland Proposal at Godesberg
The Godesberg talks placed Chamberlain's proposed transfer of German-majority areas against Hitler's continuing demands over the Sudetenland.
Treaty of Munich
Chamberlain met Hitler again and presented the Anglo-French proposals accepted by Czechoslovakia.
Second Hodza Government
The Second Hodza Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Bad Godesberg
Benes approved general mobilization when the Godesberg talks failed to produce an acceptable settlement.
Godesberg
Benes approved general mobilization when the Godesberg talks failed to produce an acceptable settlement.
Bad Godesberg
Syrovyโs government ordered general mobilization after German pressure and frontier threats increased.
General Mobilization Ordered
Syrovy's government ordered general mobilization after the Godesberg negotiations failed to produce a settlement.
Godesberg
Syrovyโs government ordered general mobilization after German pressure and frontier threats increased.
Military Mobilization during Crisis
The Syrovy government placed the country on a general mobilization footing as the diplomatic crisis worsened after Godesberg.
Mobilization after Godesberg Failure
Following the failure of the Godesberg talks, Syrovy's government responded by ordering a general mobilization.
Prague Orders General Mobilization
From Prague, Syrovy's government ordered nationwide mobilization in response to the breakdown of the Godesberg negotiations.
Treaty of Munich
Syrovy's government ordered general mobilization after the Godesberg negotiations failed.
Treaty of Munich
Krejci directed the mobilization of Czechoslovak forces and occupation of the fortified frontier positions.
Bad Godesberg
Ribbentrop presented the German memorandum and its accompanying territorial map to the British delegation.
Godesberg
Ribbentrop presented the German memorandum and its accompanying territorial map to the British delegation.
Treaty of Munich
Ribbentrop presented the Godesberg memorandum and map setting out Germany's expanded territorial demands.
Bad Godesberg
Hitler claimed prompt German occupation was necessary to protect Sudeten Germans from Czechoslovak authority.
Bad Godesberg
Hitler refused to guarantee Czechoslovakiaโs remaining frontiers without Polish and Hungarian participation.
Bad Godesberg
Hitler required Czechoslovak troops, police, and officials to withdraw from designated districts by October 1.
Bad Godesberg
Hitler stated that Germany would become a satisfied continental power after settlement of the Sudeten question.
Bad Godesberg
Hitler supplied a map identifying territories for immediate occupation and areas proposed for plebiscites.
Bad Godesberg
Hitler demanded plebiscites in additional areas not assigned directly to Germany by the population map.
Bad Godesberg
Hitler linked settlement of German claims to unresolved Polish and Hungarian minority demands.
Bad Godesberg
Hitler allowed Chamberlain to soften the memorandumโs wording but refused changes to its essential demands.
Bad Godesberg
Hitler approved a written memorandum defining Germanyโs expanded demands and accelerated occupation timetable.
Bad Godesberg
Hitler demanded immediate release of ethnic Germans held in Czechoslovak prisons.
Bad Godesberg
Hitler demanded that German-speaking soldiers be released from the Czechoslovak armed forces.
Bad Godesberg
Hitler required evacuated territory to retain fortifications, factories, rail equipment, food, and livestock.
Godesberg
Hitler claimed prompt German occupation was necessary to protect Sudeten Germans from Czechoslovak authority.
Godesberg
Hitler refused to guarantee Czechoslovakiaโs remaining frontiers without Polish and Hungarian participation.
Godesberg
Hitler required Czechoslovak troops, police, and officials to withdraw from designated districts by October 1.
Godesberg
Hitler stated that Germany would become a satisfied continental power after settlement of the Sudeten question.
Godesberg
Hitler supplied a map identifying territories for immediate occupation and areas proposed for plebiscites.
Godesberg
Hitler demanded plebiscites in additional areas not assigned directly to Germany by the population map.
Godesberg
Hitler linked settlement of German claims to unresolved Polish and Hungarian minority demands.
Godesberg
Hitler allowed Chamberlain to soften the memorandumโs wording but refused changes to its essential demands.
Godesberg
Hitler approved a written memorandum defining Germanyโs expanded demands and accelerated occupation timetable.
Godesberg
Hitler demanded immediate release of ethnic Germans held in Czechoslovak prisons.
Godesberg
Hitler demanded that German-speaking soldiers be released from the Czechoslovak armed forces.
Godesberg
Hitler required evacuated territory to retain fortifications, factories, rail equipment, food, and livestock.
Bad Godesberg Meeting
Wilson participated in discussions over the wording and implications of the German memorandum.
Godesberg
Wilson participated in discussions over the wording and implications of the German memorandum.
Bad Godesberg Meeting
Chamberlain continued discussions while British officials sought written clarification of Hitlerโs expanded demands.
Bad Godesberg Meeting
Chamberlain received the German memorandum and accompanying map during the final Godesberg discussions.
Godesberg
Chamberlain continued discussions while British officials sought written clarification of Hitlerโs expanded demands.
Godesberg
Chamberlain received the German memorandum and accompanying map during the final Godesberg discussions.
Bad Godesberg
Syrovyโs cabinet received the Godesberg memorandum and map from British and French representatives.
Godesberg
Syrovyโs cabinet received the Godesberg memorandum and map from British and French representatives.
Bad Godesberg
Bonnet focused on the dispute over whether German occupation should begin immediately or after an international process.
Godesberg
Bonnet focused on the dispute over whether German occupation should begin immediately or after an international process.
Bad Godesberg
Daladier examined the Godesberg memorandum after Chamberlain returned from Germany without an agreement.
Godesberg
Daladier examined the Godesberg memorandum after Chamberlain returned from Germany without an agreement.
Treaty of Munich
Daladier rejected Germany's demand for immediate military occupation and supported French precautionary mobilization.
Treaty of Munich
Gamelin supervised French military preparations as the prospect of war over Czechoslovakia increased.
Bad Godesberg
Weizsacker helped manage diplomatic communications after Chamberlain departed from Godesberg.
Godesberg
Weizsacker helped manage diplomatic communications after Chamberlain departed from Godesberg.
Bad Godesberg Meeting
Chamberlain left Godesberg after failing to secure Hitlerโs acceptance of the Anglo-French plan.
Bad Godesberg Meeting
Chamberlain reported that the negotiations had ended without agreement and that the danger of war had increased.
Bad Godesberg Meeting
Chamberlain returned to London and placed the Godesberg memorandum before the Cabinet.
Cabinet Review of German Demands
Chamberlain brought the German memorandum before the Cabinet so ministers could assess the demands that had prevented agreement at Godesberg.
Failure of the Godesberg Talks
Chamberlain reported back in London after leaving Godesberg without securing Hitler's acceptance of the Anglo-French proposals.
Godesberg Memorandum Submitted to Cabinet
After returning from Germany, Chamberlain submitted Hitler's Godesberg memorandum to the British Cabinet for consideration.
Godesberg
Chamberlain left Godesberg after failing to secure Hitlerโs acceptance of the Anglo-French plan.
Godesberg
Chamberlain reported that the negotiations had ended without agreement and that the danger of war had increased.
Godesberg
Chamberlain returned to London and placed the Godesberg memorandum before the Cabinet.
Return from Godesberg
Chamberlain returned to London from Godesberg without an agreement after the negotiations with Hitler failed to produce a settlement.
Treaty of Munich
Chamberlain returned from Godesberg without agreement and submitted Hitler's memorandum to the Cabinet.
Bad Godesberg
Halifax examined the Godesberg memorandum with Chamberlain after the British delegation returned to London.
Godesberg
Halifax examined the Godesberg memorandum with Chamberlain after the British delegation returned to London.
Bad Godesberg
Benes described the Godesberg demands as destructive of the remaining Czechoslovak state.
Godesberg
Benes described the Godesberg demands as destructive of the remaining Czechoslovak state.
Bad Godesberg
Syrovy prepared Czechoslovakia to resist if Germany attempted to enforce the memorandum by force.
Bad Godesberg
Syrovyโs government rejected immediate military occupation and the abandonment of fortified territory.
Godesberg
Syrovy prepared Czechoslovakia to resist if Germany attempted to enforce the memorandum by force.
Godesberg
Syrovyโs government rejected immediate military occupation and the abandonment of fortified territory.
Bad Godesberg
Daladier joined Chamberlain in emergency consultations on the German demands and the risk of war.
Godesberg
Daladier joined Chamberlain in emergency consultations on the German demands and the risk of war.
Bad Godesberg Meeting
Chamberlain considered whether a revised timetable and international supervision could bridge the remaining dispute.
Godesberg
Chamberlain considered whether a revised timetable and international supervision could bridge the remaining dispute.
Bad Godesberg
Hitler publicly repeated his territorial demands and threatened action if the Sudetenland was not transferred.
Bad Godesberg
Hitler rejected Horace Wilsonโs attempt to reopen negotiations on terms less severe than the memorandum.
Godesberg
Hitler publicly repeated his territorial demands and threatened action if the Sudetenland was not transferred.
Godesberg
Hitler rejected Horace Wilsonโs attempt to reopen negotiations on terms less severe than the memorandum.
Treaty of Munich
Hitler told a Sportpalast audience that the Sudetenland was his final territorial demand in Europe.
Treaty of Munich
Roosevelt appealed to the governments involved to continue negotiations and avoid a European war.
Treaty of Munich
Hull supported Roosevelt's appeal for peaceful negotiation without committing the United States to the settlement.
Bad Godesberg
Hitler maintained the Godesberg demands while German military preparations continued near Czechoslovakia.
Godesberg
Hitler maintained the Godesberg demands while German military preparations continued near Czechoslovakia.
Invasion of Poland
Troops pass before Hitler to the indifference of the Berliners, in contrast to 1914
Mobilization
Appeals to Hitler not to begin a war
Launch of Queen Elizabeth
Bates oversees Cunard's expansion when Queen Elizabeth launches at Clydebank.
Appeal for Continued Negotiation
In his broadcast, Chamberlain argued that diplomatic negotiation should continue while a peaceful settlement of the crisis could still be pursued.
Argument against Immediate War
Chamberlain publicly presented continued diplomacy as preferable to entering an immediate war over the unresolved Czechoslovak dispute.
Bad Godesberg Meeting
Chamberlain addressed the British public as Europe prepared for a possible war over Czechoslovakia.
Broadcast on the Czechoslovak Crisis
Chamberlain broadcast to the British public that Britain should not rush into war over the Czechoslovak dispute while negotiations remained possible.
Broadcast on the Czechoslovak Crisis
Addresses the British public by radio during the crisis and explains his continuing effort to prevent a European war.
Godesberg
Chamberlain addressed the British public as Europe prepared for a possible war over Czechoslovakia.
Treaty of Munich
Chamberlain broadcast that Britain should not rush into war over a distant dispute while negotiations remained possible.
Treaty of Munich
Duff Cooper argued within the Cabinet that further concessions would strengthen Hitler and weaken British credibility.
Treaty of Munich
Halifax coordinated diplomatic warnings and Cabinet preparations during the final days before the Munich conference.
Conference of Munich
Draws up the draft for the memorandum which Mussolini uses for the Munich Agreement
Munich Agreement
Draws up the draft for the memorandum which Mussolini uses for the Munich Agreement
Treaty of Munich
Draws up the draft for the memorandum which Mussolini uses for the Munich Agreement
Conference of Munich
Helps draw up a draft memorandum which Mussolini uses for framing the Munich Agreement
Munich Agreement
Helps draw up a draft memorandum which Mussolini uses for framing the Munich Agreement
Conference before Invasion
Before the threatened invasion took place, Hitler postponed the deadline and invited three other leaders to negotiate in Munich.
Conference of Munich
Hitler wants a conference to settle the Czech crisis, Mussolini chooses Munich
Conference of Munich
Holds a conference with Mussolini & the Prime Minister's of France & Britain
Crisis
Hitler wants a conference to settle the Czech crisis, Mussolini chooses Munich
Four-Power Conference Called
Hitler called Chamberlain, Daladier and Mussolini to Munich after deciding to postpone the invasion deadline.
International Agreement at Berlin
Mussolini sends his Ambassador of agree the action Hitler wants in the Sudetenland
International Agreement at Sudetenland, The
The French Ambassador visits Hitler & agrees occupation of the Sudetenland 10th Oct
Invasion Deadline Postponed
Hitler postponed the planned invasion deadline and invited Chamberlain, Daladier and Mussolini to a conference in Munich.
Invasion Delay and Conference Proposal
The invasion deadline was postponed by Hitler as he proposed a conference with the British, French and Italian leaders.
Invasion Threat Paused for Talks
Hitler paused the immediate invasion timetable and invited Chamberlain, Daladier and Mussolini to talks in Munich.
Military Deadline Deferred
Hitler deferred the invasion deadline and issued invitations for the leaders of Britain, France and Italy to meet him in Munich.
Munich Conference Invitation
From Berlin, Hitler invited Chamberlain, Daladier and Mussolini to Munich after postponing the invasion deadline.
Munich Conference Proposed
Hitler proposed the Munich Conference after postponing the deadline for military action against Czechoslovakia.
Munich Meeting Arranged
Hitler arranged a Munich meeting with Chamberlain, Daladier and Mussolini after temporarily delaying military action.
Postponement before Munich
Hitler delayed the invasion deadline and opened the way for a four-power conference at Munich.
Treaty of Munich
Hitler postponed the invasion deadline and invited Chamberlain, Daladier, and Mussolini to Munich.
Conference of Munich
Helps draw up a draft memorandum which Mussolini uses for framing the Munich Agreement
Munich Agreement
Helps draw up a draft memorandum which Mussolini uses for framing the Munich Agreement
Acceptance of the Munich Conference
Chamberlain accepted the opportunity for a four-power meeting intended to seek a negotiated settlement of the Sudeten crisis.
Bad Godesberg Meeting
Chamberlain received Hitlerโs invitation to a four-power conference after the Godesberg crisis approached war.
Commons Statement Before Munich
Chamberlain reported to the House of Commons on the Czechoslovak crisis shortly before accepting an invitation to a four-power conference at Munich.
Commons Statement Before Munich
Reports to the House of Commons on the Czechoslovak crisis before accepting the invitation to the four-power conference at Munich.
Conference of Munich
In the Commons announces an invitation to attend a 4 power conference
Four-Power Conference Invitation
Chamberlain received an invitation to meet Hitler, Daladier and Mussolini at Munich after Hitler postponed the threatened invasion deadline.
Godesberg
Chamberlain received Hitlerโs invitation to a four-power conference after the Godesberg crisis approached war.
Munich Conference Announcement
Chamberlain announced in the House of Commons that he had been invited to attend a four-power conference on the Czechoslovak crisis.
Postponed Invasion Deadline
The postponement of Hitler's invasion deadline opened the way for Chamberlain to travel to Munich for another attempt at settlement.
Czechoslovak Crisis Statement
Responds to Chamberlain's Commons statement during the final days of the Czechoslovak crisis.
Treaty of Munich
Mussolini relayed a request for Hitler to postpone military action and proposed a four-power conference.
Treaty of Munich
Ciano coordinated Italian communications concerning the proposed Munich conference.
Conference of Munich
Sends an Ambasador to Hitler who wants a conference, Mussolini chooses Munich. Helps draw up a draft memorandum which Mussolini uses for framing the Munich Agreement
International Conference at Munich
Hitler decides to hold a conference, Mussolini chooses Munich
Munich Agreement
Helps draw up a draft memorandum which Mussolini uses for framing the Munich Agreement
Munich Agreement
Czechoslovakia was informed by Britain and France that it could either resist Nazi Germany alone or submit to the prescribed annexations
Munich Agreement
The German army was to complete the occupation of the Sudetenland by 10 October, and an international commission would decide the future of other disputed areas.
Treaty of Munich
Daladier represented France at the conference and accepted the transfer of the Sudetenland to Germany.
Munich Agreement
Follows policy of appeasement & signs the Munich agreement
Treaty of Munich
Follows policy of appeasement & signs the Munich agreement
Treaty of Munich
Ribbentrop advised Hitler during the negotiations and opposed concessions beyond Germany's territorial objectives.
Bad Godesberg Proposals
The Treaty of Munich confirms the Godesberg Proposals agreed between Hitler & Chamberlain
Conference of Munich
Boards Mussolinis train prior to the Munich Conference, discusses invading Czech
Czech Invasion Discussed before Munich
The possibility of invading Czechoslovakia was discussed by Hitler and Mussolini at Kufstein before the Munich negotiations.
Czechoslovak Invasion Topic at Kufstein
The question of invading Czechoslovakia formed part of Hitler's discussion with Mussolini at Kufstein.
Godesberg Proposals
Substantially the same as the Godesberg Proposals agreed between Hitler & Chamberlain
Hitler Meets Mussolini at Kufstein
Hitler joined Mussolini's train at Kufstein and discussed military action against Czechoslovakia before the conference.
Invasion Discussion with Mussolini
Hitler boarded Mussolini's train at Kufstein before the Munich Conference and discussed the possibility of invading Czechoslovakia.
Invasion Plans Discussed at Kufstein
Hitler and Mussolini discussed the possibility of an invasion while meeting at Kufstein ahead of the Munich Conference.
Invasion of Czech
Boards Mussolinis train prior to the Munich Conference, discusses invading Czech
Kufstein Meeting before Munich
Hitler met Mussolini at Kufstein immediately before the Munich Conference and raised the subject of invading Czechoslovakia.
Kufstein Talks on Czech Invasion
At Kufstein, Hitler met Mussolini on his train and discussed an invasion of the Czech state before travelling to Munich.
Military Discussion on Mussolini's Train
While aboard Mussolini's train at Kufstein, Hitler discussed the possible invasion of Czechoslovakia.
Munich Agreement
The Sudetenland is ceded to Germany under the terms of the Munich Agreement
Munich Conference
Boards Mussolinis train prior to the Munich Conference, discusses invading Czech
Munich Journey Invasion Discussion
On the journey before the Munich Conference, Hitler met Mussolini at Kufstein and discussed invading Czechoslovakia.
Pre-Conference Invasion Discussion
Before the Munich Conference, Hitler spoke with Mussolini at Kufstein about the prospect of invading Czechoslovakia.
Rule of Sudetenland, The
The Sudetenland is ceded to Germany under the terms of the Munich Agreement
Rule of Sudetenland, The
Under the Treaty of Munich The Sudetenland is ceded to Germany
Treaty of Munich
Hitler pledges that the Sudetenland is his final demand
Treaty of Munich
The Treaty of Munich confirms the Godesberg Proposals agreed between Hitler & Chamberlain
Treaty of Munich
The Treaty of Munich confirms the Godesburg Proposals agreed between Hitler & Chamberlain
Treaty of Munich
Under the Treaty of Munich The Sudetenland is ceded to Germany
Treaty of Munich
Weizsacker supported the German delegation during preparation and drafting of the agreement.
Conference of Munich
Attends the Conference at the Fuhrerhaus with Hitler, Mussolini & Daladier
Conference without Czechoslovak Participation
Chamberlain took part in the four-power negotiations even though representatives of Czechoslovakia were not present at the conference table.
Czechoslovak Loss of Teschen
The settlement at Munich was followed by the loss of the Teschen district from Czechoslovakia to Poland.
Four-Power Munich Conference
Chamberlain met Hitler, Mussolini and Daladier at Munich to negotiate a settlement of the Sudeten crisis.
Four-Power Munich Conference
Meets Hitler, Mussolini and Daladier at Munich to settle the Sudeten crisis without Czechoslovak participation in the negotiations.
Godesberg Proposals Confirmed at Munich
The Munich settlement substantially confirmed the Godesberg proposals that had formed part of Chamberlain's earlier negotiations with Hitler.
Meeting with Hitler Daladier and Mussolini
Chamberlain attended the conference at Munich with Hitler, Daladier and Mussolini as the four governments sought to resolve the crisis.
Munich Settlement and Teschen
Chamberlain's participation in the Munich settlement coincided with the cession of Teschen to Poland in the wider territorial reordering.
Munich Territorial Settlement
The settlement negotiated at Munich provided for the Sudetenland to pass to Germany and also recorded further territorial changes affecting Czechoslovakia.
Polish Gain of Teschen
Chamberlain was present at the Munich settlement after which Poland obtained the Teschen district from Czechoslovakia.
Polish Territorial Gain after Munich
The Munich agreement was followed by a Polish territorial gain in Teschen, which was taken from Czechoslovakia.
Sudetenland Settlement Negotiation
At Munich, Chamberlain participated in negotiations that accepted the transfer of the Sudetenland to Germany.
Territorial Settlement Affecting Teschen
At Munich, Chamberlain participated in the territorial settlement that included the cession of Teschen to Poland.
Teschen Ceded to Poland
As part of the territorial consequences recorded in the Munich settlement, the Teschen district was ceded to Poland.
Teschen Cession under Munich Settlement
The Munich settlement associated Chamberlain with an agreement under which the Teschen district was ceded to Poland.
Teschen Included in Post-Munich Changes
The agreement reached at Munich formed part of the territorial changes in which Teschen passed from Czechoslovakia to Poland.
Teschen Territorial Change
The Munich territorial arrangements were followed by the transfer of the Teschen district to Poland.
Teschen in the Munich Territorial Settlement
Teschen was among the territories affected by the settlement associated with Chamberlain's participation at Munich.
Treaty of Munich
The Sudetenland is ceded to Germany & Teschen is ceded to Poland. Ruthenia & a part of Slovakia is ceded to Hungary
Treaty of Munich
Chamberlain attended the four-power conference without representatives of Czechoslovakia present at the negotiations.
Treaty of Munich
Mussolini presented proposals closely reflecting German demands and acted publicly as a mediator.
Treaty of Munich
Ciano accompanied Mussolini and recorded the conference discussions in his diary.
Conference of Munich
Hitler boards Mussolinis train at Kufstein prior to the Munich Conference
Conference of Munich
Acts as an interpreter between Hitler & the British & French Prime Minister's
Munich Agreement
The Czechoslovak Government, realizing the hopelessness of fighting the Nazis alone, reluctantly capitulated (30 September) and agreed to abide by the agreement
Munich Agreement
The settlement gave Germany the Sudetenland starting 10 October, and de facto control over the rest of Czechoslovakia as long as Hitler promised to go no further.
Munich Agreement
With Sudetenland gone to Germany, Czecho-Slovakia lost its defensible border with Germany and its fortifications.
Czechoslovak Protest after Munich
As foreign minister, Krofta formally objected to the Munich settlement after Prague received terms decided without Czechoslovak representation.
Munich Settlement Received in Prague
Krofta received the Munich settlement in Prague after it had been negotiated without Czechoslovak participation.
Protest against Imposed Settlement
Krofta protested the settlement imposed on Czechoslovakia because the country had not participated in the negotiations that determined the terms.
Terms Imposed without Participation
Krofta received and protested terms that had been imposed on Czechoslovakia by the Munich powers without its participation at the conference.
Treaty of Munich
Krofta received and protested the settlement imposed on Czechoslovakia without its participation.
Munich Terms Accepted without Military Support
Benes accepted the imposed Munich settlement rather than order resistance without the expected support of Britain or France.
Prague Accepts Imposed Settlement
Benes accepted the Munich settlement in Prague after concluding that Czechoslovakia could not resist with the support it had expected.
Resistance Not Ordered after Munich
Benes chose not to order armed resistance after the Munich terms were imposed and expected British and French support was unavailable.
Treaty of Munich
Benes accepted the imposed settlement rather than order resistance without expected French or British support.
Czechoslovakia Accepts Munich Terms
Syrovy's government accepted the Munich settlement in Prague rather than continue resistance under the intense international pressure surrounding the crisis.
Four-Power Pressure on Prague
The government led by Syrovy accepted the imposed settlement after pressure from all four powers involved in the Munich negotiations.
Government Acceptance of Imposed Agreement
The Syrovy government accepted the agreement imposed at Munich after Britain, France, Germany and Italy pressed Prague to comply.
Munich Terms Accepted under Pressure
Syrovy's government accepted the Munich terms under intense pressure from Britain, France, Germany and Italy.
Treaty of Munich
Syrovy's government accepted the Munich terms under intense British, French, German, and Italian pressure.
Treaty of Munich
Daladier signed the agreement requiring Czechoslovakia to evacuate designated Sudeten territories.
Treaty of Munich
Daladier returned to Paris and received a large public welcome despite his doubts about the agreement.
Conference of Munich
Signs the Munich Agreement
Munich Agreement
Signs the Munich Agreement
Treaty of Munich
Hitler signed the agreement authorizing German occupation of the Sudetenland between October 1 and October 10.
Treaty of Munich
Hitler signed the bilateral declaration with Chamberlain after concluding the four-power agreement.
Post Munich Strategic Assessment Recorded
After Munich, Jodl records approval of Hitler's success in neutralising Czechoslovakia without immediate war.
Anglo-German Declaration
After the four-power agreement, Chamberlain and Hitler signed a separate declaration expressing an intention to resolve future Anglo-German disputes through consultation.
Anglo-German Declaration
Signs a separate declaration with Hitler stating an intention to use consultation in future Anglo-German disputes.
Evacuation Timetable Settlement
Chamberlain joined the other leaders in settling an evacuation timetable that formed part of the final Munich Agreement.
Munich Agreement Signature
Chamberlain signed the Munich Agreement in the early hours after the four powers settled the terms governing the Sudetenland transfer.
Peace for Our Time Statement
At Downing Street, Chamberlain told the crowd that he believed the Munich settlement meant peace for their time.
Peace with Honour Statement
Chamberlain presented the separate declaration with Hitler as evidence that the Munich settlement had secured what he called peace with honour.
Return to Heston Aerodrome
On returning to Britain, Chamberlain displayed the Anglo-German declaration at Heston Aerodrome and described the outcome as peace with honour.
Terms Communicated to Czechoslovakia
After the agreement was reached, Chamberlain and Daladier faced the task of communicating the imposed settlement to the Czechoslovak representatives.
Treaty of Munich
Chamberlain displayed the Anglo-German declaration after returning to Britain and described the settlement as peace with honour.
Treaty of Munich
Declares from 10 Downing St there will be "peace for our time". Brings "peace with honor"
Treaty of Munich
Chamberlain told the crowd at Downing Street that he believed the settlement meant peace for their time.
Treaty of Munich
Agreed in the early hours, Chamberlain & Daladier must break it to the Czechs
Treaty of Munich
Chamberlain and Hitler signed a separate Anglo-German declaration expressing a desire to resolve future disputes through consultation.
Treaty of Munich
Chamberlain signed the Munich Agreement in the early hours after the four powers settled the evacuation timetable.
Treaty of Munich
Mussolini signed the agreement and its annexes concerning guarantees and minority questions.
Peace Mediation at Teschen
Demands immediate Czech withdrawal from Teschen
Treaty Negotiations at Warsaw
Warsaw denounces the 1925 military Treaty with Czechoslovakia
Diplomatic Pressure over Teschen
Beck's government applied diplomatic pressure for the surrender of Teschen before Polish forces occupied the district.
Polish Demand for Teschen
Beck's government used the immediate post-Munich crisis to press its demand for the transfer of Teschen.
Polish Territorial Demand at Teschen
Beck's government pursued a territorial demand for Teschen while Czechoslovakia was dealing with the immediate consequences of Munich.
Post-Munich Teschen Claim
Beck's government advanced Poland's claim to Teschen as the territorial consequences of Munich were unfolding.
Pressure for Teschen
Beck's government pressed Czechoslovakia to surrender the Teschen district during the immediate aftermath of the Munich settlement.
Teschen Demand after Munich
Following the Munich settlement, Beck's government demanded that Czechoslovakia give up the Teschen district to Poland.
Teschen Surrender Demand
The Polish government led by Beck demanded that Czechoslovakia surrender Teschen in the aftermath of the Munich agreement.
Teschen Territorial Pressure
From Warsaw, Beck's government applied pressure on Czechoslovakia to surrender the Teschen district after Munich.
Teschen Ultimatum Pressure
Beck's government increased pressure on Czechoslovakia over Teschen in the period leading to the Polish ultimatum.
Treaty of Munich
Beck's government pressed Czechoslovakia to surrender the Teschen district during the immediate aftermath of Munich.
Warsaw Presses Teschen Claim
Under Beck, the Polish government pressed Czechoslovakia to accept the transfer of the Teschen district.
Treaty of Munich
Litvinov criticized the exclusion of the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia from the Munich conference.
Munich Crisis Staff Duties
During the Munich Crisis, Manstein served in a senior staff role under General Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb. The assignment involved preparing German army operations amid the confrontation over Czechoslovakia.
Czechoslovakia Attack Planning Participation
Jodl participates in detailed planning connected with a possible German attack on Czechoslovakia.
Sudeten Crisis Operational Timing Discussed
Jodl discusses operational timing requirements for a manufactured incident before any planned attack on Czechoslovakia.
Enigma Machine
Takes his Enigma team to Bletchley Park during the GC&CS wartime rehearsal.
Enigma Machine
Leads service-section staff, including the Enigma team, during the Bletchley Park wartime rehearsal.
Marrakech Stay
Travels to Morocco for health and writing.
Commander of 4th Army
Appointed Commander of the 4th Army in Poland
Polish Campaign Operational Coordination
Jodl serves in the OKW operations leadership as Germany begins the invasion of Poland.
Commander of 4th Army
Appointed Commander of the 4th Army in Poland
Invasion of Poland
Has the task of seizing the Polish Corridor & threatening Warsaw from the north
Polish Corridor
Has the task of seizing the Polish Corridor & threatening Warsaw from the north
Invasion of Poland
Has the task of destroying Polish forces on the border before approaching Warsaw
Siege of Warsaw
Has the task of destroying Polish forces on the border before approaching Warsaw
Invasion of Poland
Commands XIX Panzer Corps, perfects his blitzkrieg technique
Invasion of Poland
The invasion begins one week after the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, and ends October 6, 1939, with Germany and the Soviet Union occupying the entirety of Poland
Rule of Poland
The invasion begins one week after the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, and ends October 6, 1939, with Germany and the Soviet Union occupying the entirety of Poland
Invasion of Poland
The Luftwaffe attacks Polish airfields and supports the German invasion of Poland
Invasion of Poland
The Luftwaffe make a preemptive strike against Polish airfields. The Luftwaffe gains air superiority but loses 500 aircraft during a 4 week campaign
Luftwaffe
The Luftwaffe make a preemptive strike against Polish airfields. The Luftwaffe gains air superiority but loses 500 aircraft during a 4 week campaign
General Staff
At the outbreak of the Second World War Quirnheim serves as a staff officer in the organisational division of the German General Staff
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Asks Churchill to join the Cabinet as First Lord of the Admiralty
Adjutant
Appointed Adjutant General of the British Expeditionary Force
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Appointed Adjutant General of the British Expeditionary Force
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Appointed Chief of Staff of the British Expeditionary Force
Chief of General Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of the British Expeditionary Force
Chief of Imperial General Staff (CIGS)
Appointed Chief of Imperial General Staff
Adjutant
Appointed Adjutant General of the British Expeditionary Force
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Appointed Adjutant General of the British Expeditionary Force
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Appointed Chief of Staff of the British Expeditionary Force
Chief of General Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of the British Expeditionary Force
Invasion of Poland
Demands Hitler halt his Invasion of Poland
Chief of Imperial General Staff (CIGS)
Appointed Chief of Imperial General Staff
Mobilization
Full mobilization of the 3rd Division is ordered
Invasion of Poland
Commands the Polish forces during the German invasion of Poland
War in Europe
Observes the outbreak of the Second World War from exile.
Invasion of Poland
The German Army crosses the Polish border
Invasion of Poland
Slovakia joins Germany's invasion of Poland.
Continued Gravitational Contraction
With Hartland Snyder, models continued stellar collapse and shows a sufficiently massive star can become cut off from communication with distant observers.
First Constitutional Amendment
Leads the government when the Constitution is amended to broaden emergency powers during wartime.
National Emergency
Leads the government as Ireland declares a national emergency at the outbreak of the Second World War.
Alliance Jan Smuts and the Commonwealth
Smuts supports a Commonwealth alliance to fight World War II. Puts the case in Cabinet for South African neutrality, defeated by Smuts
Commonwealth
Smuts supports a Commonwealth alliance to fight World War II
Neutrality
Puts the case in Cabinet for South African neutrality, defeated by Smuts
Neutrality
The cabinet is split, 7 vote for war & 6 against
Declaration of War
Australia declares war
Winnipeg Refugee Arrival
Welcomes the arrival of Spanish Republican refugees transported to Chile aboard the Winnipeg.
Declaration of War
Polands western allies, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand declare war on Germany, soon followed by France, South Africa and Canada
Invasion of Poland
The Polish airforce is destroyed
First Lord of Admiralty
Appointed First Sea Lord of the Admiralty & Member of Cabinet
Legislation
Parliament passes the National Services (Armed Forces) Act
Dominions Secretary
Returns to government as Dominions Secretary at the outbreak of the Second World War
Broadcast
Makes a broadcast to the nation after the declaration of war
Chain Home
Chain Home forms part of Britain's wartime air defence system.
Armament
Parliament passes the National Services (Armed Forces) Act
Declaration of War on Germany
Announces that Britain is at war with Germany after Germany invades Poland and fails to meet the British ultimatum.
Declaration of War
Declares war on Germany, at 11 AM
Declaration of War
Present at Antibes when Britain declares war
Emergency Hospital Service
Uses wartime powers to organise emergency hospital provision.
Visit to To Mussolini in Rome
Hitler pays a State visit to Mussolini in Rome
Neutrality
On the day Britain declares war on Germany Hertzog supports neutrality
Birth of Michael Cimino
Birth of Michael Cimino
Invasion of Poland
Crosses the Polish corridor
Cordell Hull proclaims American neutrality
Cordell Hull proclaims American neutrality. Australia and New Zealand are at war with Germany
Neutrality
Cordell Hull proclaims American neutrality
First Lord of Admiralty
1st day at the Admiralty
Civil Defence
Launches a program to build "Anderson" shelters. Given responsibility for interning enemy aliens, evacuations & building shelters
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary
Enigma Machine
The day after the UK declared war on Germany, Turing reports to Bletchley Park, the wartime station of GC&CS
Alliance James Hertzog and neutrality supporters
Forwards a motion in the House Assembly to remain neutral but defeated by 13 votes
Neutrality
Forwards a motion in the House Assembly to remain neutral but defeated by 13 votes
Capture of Roznan
Roznan is captured by the Germans
Invasion of Poland
The Polish Corridor is breached
Battle of Polish Corridor
The Battle had cost 150 killed from 4 Divisions
Treaty of Lithuania
Vilna is transferred from Poland to Lithuania & becomes its capital
Treaty of Mutual Assistance
Russia signs Treaty of Mutual Assistance with Latvia giving Russia occupation rights
Neutrality
Makes a speech in Senate comparing Hitler's efforts with the struggle for Afrikaaners. Hertzogs motion for South African neutrality is defeated by the Senate. Hertzog is forced to resign when his policy of neutrality in World War II is defeated
Resignation of James Hertzog
Hertzog is forced to resign when his policy of neutrality in World War II is defeated
Prime Minister of South Africa
Appointed Prime Minister of South Africa, 2nd term
Resignation of James Hertzog
Hertzog is forced to resign when his policy of neutrality in World War II is defeated
Capture of Cracow
The Germans capture Cracow
Invasion of Poland
Watches the destruction of a Polish Army Corps from a special train
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Germany
South Africa severs relations with Germany
Prime Minister Appointment
Becomes prime minister after Parliament rejects Hertzog's neutrality policy.
Smuts Government Formed
Forms a government committed to participation in the war.
Pro-War Faction Prevails
Leads supporters committed to entering the war against Germany.
United Party Leadership
Takes control of the United Party after Hertzog's resignation.
Imperial War Cabinet
Appointed Member of Imperial War Cabinet as the most senior South African in favour of war
Declaration of War
South Africa declares war
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Germany
South Africa severs relations with Germany
South Africa Enters War
Forms a government committed to war against Germany.
War Policy Implemented
Directs South Africa's entry into the Second World War.
Invasion of Germany
France enters the Saar but does not advance further than a few miles
Invasion of Saar
France enters the Saar but does not advance further than a few miles
SS
Appointed Head of the SS
Invasion of Poland
The German Tenth Army are within 40 miles of Warsaw
Tenth Army
The German Tenth Army are within 40 miles of Warsaw
Invasion of Germany
France crosses into the Saar but only advances a few miles
Massacre
Orders the, "Polish Ruling Class is to be put out of harms way as far as possible"
SS
Appointed Head of the SS
Invasion of Poland
The 4th Panzer Div launches the 1st attack on Warsaw
Siege of Warsaw
The 4th Panzer Div launches the 1st attack on Warsaw
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
The 1st units of the BEF embark for France under Lord Gort
Invasion of France
The 1st units of the BEF embark for France under Lord Gort
Invasion of Poland
Launches a short lived counter-attack along the River Bzura
Invasion of Poland
The 4th Panzer Div launches the 1st attack on Warsaw
Siege of Warsaw
The 4th Panzer Div launches the 1st attack on Warsaw
Declaration of War
Canada declares war on Germany after parliamentary approval.
Declaration of War
Canada declares war on Germany
Canada declares war on Germany
Canada declares war on Germany
Graf Spee Waits East of Bahia
Graf Spee begins an extended wait roughly 900 miles east of Bahia while Berlin withholds permission to attack Allied merchant shipping.
Capture of Silesia
Upper Silesia is captured by the Germans
Invasion of Poland
Upper Silesia is captured by the Germans
Mobilization
Advises the Anglo-French War Council it should distract Germany's invasion of Poland
Supreme War Council
Hosts the first Anglo-French Supreme War Council after Poland is invaded.
Supreme War Council
Advises against large-scale offensive action after the Saar advance stalls.
Invasion of West
Informs his adjutant that he intends to invade te West as soon as Poland is captured
Supreme War Council
Attends the first Anglo-French Supreme War Council meeting.
Supreme War Council
Meets Daladier at the first Anglo-French Supreme War Council.
Supreme War Council
Represents British defence coordination at the first meeting.
Battle of Bzura
Attempts to attack the German Eighth Army in the flank
Invasion of Poland
All French operations against the Germans are halted
Foreign Secretary of France
Appointed Foreign Minister
War Cabinet
The French follow Britains example & set up a War Cabinet
Foreign Secretary of France
Appointed Foreign Minister
War Cabinet
The French follow Britains example & set up a War Cabinet
Bombing of Warsaw
Warsaw is heavilly bombed
Bombing of Warsaw
Artillery bombardment of a city is introduced for the 1st time against Warsaw
Siege of Warsaw
Warsaw is surrounded by German troops, Hitler orders its bombardment
Battle of Nomonhan
Japan suffers a major defeat by the Russians on the Manchurian frontier. A ceasefire forces Ueda to call off his counter-attack against the Russians
Ceasefire
A ceasefire forces Ueda to call off his counter-attack against the Russians
Invasion of Poland
Warsaw is surrounded by German troops, Hitler orders its bombardment
Siege of Warsaw
Warsaw is surrounded by German troops, Hitler orders its bombardment
Invasion of Poland
The Bzura "pocket" is contained by the German Army Group South
Siege of Warsaw
The Poles refuse to surrender Warsaw
Invasion of Poland
The Bzura "pocxket" is contained by the German Army Group South
Siege of Warsaw
The Poles refuse to surrender Warsaw
Capture of Brest Litovsk
Commands a Panzer force which captures Brest Litovsk
Invasion of Poland
The Soviet Red Army invades the eastern regions of Poland in cooperation with Germany. Russian troops march into eastern Poland
Red Army
The Soviet Red Army invades the eastern regions of Poland in cooperation with Germany
Resignation of Ignacy Mosciki
Resigns & goes into exile in Romania
Exile of Ignacy Mosciki
Resigns & goes into exile in Romania
Resignation of Ignacy Mosciki
Resigns & goes into exile in Romania
Capture of Brest Litovsk
The Germans capture Brest Litovsk
Invasion of Poland
The Soviets carry out their part of the secret appendix of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact dividing Eastern Europe into Nazi and Soviet spheres of influence. The Polish Government flees to Romania. Russia gives the order to invade eastern Poland which is undefended. Facing the second front, the Polish Government decides the defense of the Romanian bridgehead is no longer feasible and orders the evacuation of all troops to neutral Romania
Invasion of Poland
The Germans capture Brest Litovsk
Neutrality
Facing the second front, the Polish Government decides the defense of the Romanian bridgehead is no longer feasible and orders the evacuation of all troops to neutral Romania
Invasion of Poland
The Soviets carry out their part of the secret appendix of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, which divided Eastern Europe into Nazi and Soviet spheres of influence. The Russians invade Poland for 1 week. Russia gives the order to invade eastern Poland which is undefended
Sinking of HMS Courageous - Carrier Patrol Loss
U-29 torpedoed HMS Courageous southwest of Ireland on 17 September 1939; the aircraft carrier sank in about seventeen minutes.
Sinking of HMS Courageous
The Corageous is sunk with the loss of over 500 lives
Invasion of Poland
The Poznan Army collapses
Capture of Vilnyus
The Russians capture Vilnyus
Invasion of Poland
The remains of the Polish Government & military High Command flee to Hungary
Capture of Danzig
Takes the march past in Danzig. Refers to "Almighty God, who has now given our arms his blessing"
Invasion of Poland
The Red Army & German troops join up at Brest Litovsk
Invasion of Poland
Hitler triumphantly enters Danzig & offers concilliation with France & Britain
Red Army
The Red Army & German troops join up at Brest Litovsk
Rule of Danzig
Takes the march past in Danzig
Invasion of Norway
Proposes an invasion of Norway to intercept Germany's supply of iron-ore from Sweden
Hitler triumphantly enters Danzig & offers concilliation with France & Britain
Hitler triumphantly enters Danzig & offers concilliation with France & Britain
Invasion of Poland
Hitler triumphantly enters Danzig & offers concilliation with France & Britain
Narvik Iron Ore Debate
Argues that Narvik is vital because Swedish iron ore reaches Germany through the port in winter.
Battle of Bzura
Defeated during the German invasion of Poland. 19 Polish Divisions are encircled in the 1st pocket of the war, 170,000 captured
Invasion of Poland
The Ref Army & German troops join up at Brest Litovsk
Invasion of Poland
The Red Army & German troops join up at Brest Litovsk
Red Army
The Red Army & German troops join up at Brest Litovsk
Decree
Signs a secret decree legitimizing the murder of Germans deemed to be "incurably ill"
Independence of Germany
Germany & Russia declares that Poland no longer exists
Invasion of Poland
Hitler watches his troops cross the River San
Independence of Poland
Germany & Russia declares that Poland no longer exists
Assassination of Armand Calinescu
Iron Guard assassins kill Calinescu in Bucharest.
Argesanu Government
Argesanu forms an emergency government after Calinescu's assassination.
Independence of Russia
Germany & Russia declares that Poland no longer exists
Supreme War Council
Works on Franco-British economic coordination linked to the council.
Supreme War Council
Represents French munitions planning at the council meeting.
Supreme War Council
Represents French naval concerns during Anglo-French discussions.
Capture of Lvov
Lvov is captured
Supreme War Council
Supports British diplomatic work at the Hove meeting.
Supreme War Council
Records British cabinet coordination around the Hove meeting.
Supreme War Council
Attends discussions on Italy and Allied strategy.
Health of Sigmund Freud
A heavy cigar smoker, Freud endured more than 30 operations during his life due to oral cancer, he prevailes on his doctor and friend Max Schur to assist him in suicide
Suicide
A heavy cigar smoker, Freud endured more than 30 operations during his life due to oral cancer, he prevailes on his doctor and friend Max Schur to assist him in suicide
Death of Sigmund Freud
Death of Sigmund Freud. A heavy cigar smoker, Freud endured more than 30 operations during his life due to oral cancer, he prevailes on his doctor and friend Max Schur to assist him in suicide
Suicide
A heavy cigar smoker, Freud endured more than 30 operations during his life due to oral cancer, he prevailes on his doctor and friend Max Schur to assist him in suicide
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Head of the Polish Government in exile
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, Polish Army in exile
Agreement on Stalins new demands
After the Russian invasion of Poland Hitler agrees to Stalins new demands
Invasion of Poland
After the Russian invasion of Poland Hitler agrees to Stalins new demands
Burial
Freuds body is cremated at Golders Green Crematorium in England during a service attended by Austrian refugees, including the author Stefan Zweig
Communist Party
Bans the Communist Party in both France & its colonies
Commerce Raiding Orders Received
Langsdorff receives orders authorising attacks on Allied merchant shipping and begins active commerce raiding.
RSHA Created
Moves into the Reich Security Main Office structure.
Security Agencies Consolidated
His work becomes part of the centralized Nazi security bureaucracy.
Head of Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA)
Appointed Head of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA)
International Agreement
Sent to agree Stalins latest demands after the Russian invasion of eastern Poland
Invasion of Poland
Sent to agree Stalins latest demands after the Russian invasion of eastern Poland
Capture of Warsaw
Warsaw surrenders to the Germans
Invasion of France
Hitler informs some of his commanders that he intends to invade France
Military Aid Agreement
Given Polish & Russian food & raw materials in exchange for RM1 billion military aid
Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA)
Created by Himmler. The Reich Main Security Office Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA) was an organization subordinate to Heinrich Himmler in his dual capacities as Chef der Deutschen Polizei (Chief of German Police) and Reichsfuhrer-SS, the head of the Nazi Party's Schutzstaffel (SS). The organization's stated duty was to fight all "enemies of the Reich" inside and outside the borders of Nazi Germany
Invasion of Poland
Warsaw finaly capitulates, 160,000 are taken prisoner
Siege of Warsaw
Warsaw finaly capitulates, 160,000 are taken prisoner
Partition
The Germans are given land between the Vistula & western Bug. Ribbentrop & Molotov meet & split Poland in 2
Rule of Poland
The Germans are given land between the Vistula & western Bug
Partition
Ribbentrop & Molotov meet & split Poland in 2
Rule of Poland
Ribbentrop & Molotov meet & split Poland in 2
Partition
Ribbentrop & Molotov meet & split Poland in 2
Rule of Poland
Ribbentrop & Molotov meet & split Poland in 2
Siege of Modlin
The 10 encircled Divisions at Modlin finaly capitulate
Partition
Russia is given land east of the Narew-Bug-San line. Russia is given a free hand in Lithuania. Ribbentrop & Molotov meet & split Poland in 2
Rule of Lithuania
Russia is given a free hand in Lithuania
Rule of Poland
Russia is given land east of the Narew-Bug-San line. Ribbentrop & Molotov meet & split Poland in 2
Partition
Ribbentrop & Molotov meet & split Poland in 2
Rule of Poland
Ribbentrop & Molotov meet & split Poland in 2
Nazi-Soviet Pact
The Soviet Germany Boundary & Friendship Treaty is signed
Nazi-Soviet Pact
The Soviet Germany Boundary & Friendship Treaty is signed
Graf Spee
The Admiral Graf Spee sinks the steamship Clement
Sinking of SS Clement - Graf Spee Commerce Raid
Clement became Admiral Graf Spee's first wartime merchant victim when the German raider sank her southeast of Pernambuco on 30 September 1939.
Sinking of SS Clement
The Admiral Graf Spee sinks the steamship Clement
Exile of Wladyslaw Sikorski
Heads the Polish Government in exile, 1939-1943
Treaty of Mutual Assistance
Russia signs Treaty of Mutual Assistance with Estonia to occupy 4 Estonian naval bases
Treaty of Munich
The Munich Treaty makes Russias offer of military support to Czech academic. Russia, like the United States, is excluded from the Treaty & the conference
Neutrality
Zahir Shah's government declares neutrality after the outbreak of the Second World War.
Chief of Staff
Appointed Commander in Chief of the Allied Forces
Chief of Staff
Appointed Commander in Chief of the Allied Forces
Rule of Danzig
The Germans construct the Stutthof camp in a wooded area west of Stutthof, a town about 22 miles east of Danzig
Invasion of Poland
Predicts that Britain will not attack in the west while Germany invades Poland
Diplomatic Mission
Uses his position as the most senior ambassador in Moscow to allow Polish diplomats (including ambassador Waclaw Grzybowski) to leave the Soviet Union, when the Soviets tried to arrest them
Enigma Machine
Rejoins GC&CS as head of the German Naval subsection, whose principal cipher challenge is Naval Enigma.
Enigma Machine
Joins Bletchley Park and begins work on the large-scale problem of German Army and Luftwaffe Enigma.
Third Division Deploys to France
Takes 3rd Division to France with the British Expeditionary Force after the outbreak of war.
Iran declares itself neutral
Iran declares itself neutral
Neutrality
Iran declares itself neutral
Military Neutrality
Maintains a policy of military neutrality throughout the Second World War.
Peace
Germany invades Poland & Japan & Russia agree a cease-fire
Battle of Nomonhan
Driven back to Nomonhan by Zhukov. Border dispute with Russia located between Manchuria & Outer Mongolia
Ceasefire Agreement
Germany invades Poland & Japan & Russia agree a cease-fire
Transjordan Mandate
At the outbreak of the Second World War, Transjordan remained under the British mandate framework. Abdullahโs government continued local administration as British military and strategic concerns became increasingly important in the region.
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland, 2nd term, in exile
Exile of Edward Rydz-smigly
Exiles himself in Romania when Germany invades Poland
Western Ukraine Sovietization
Oversees party measures accompanying Soviet control of territories incorporated into the Ukrainian Soviet republic.
Peace
Germany invades Poland & Japan & Russia agree a cease-fire
Battle of Nomonhan
Victory over Japan at Nomonhan means that Russia does not have to fight a 2 front war. After Nomonhan transfers 1700 tanks, 3 cavalry Divs, 15 rifle Divisions & 1500 aircraft
Ceasefire Agreement
Germany invades Poland & Japan & Russia agree a cease-fire
Alliance James Hertzog and for Britain in World War II
The Fusion Government breaks up over Herzogs support for Britain in World War II
Invasion of Switzerland
The entire country is fully mobilized in only three days, the Swiss Government began to fortify positions throughout the country, the total strength of the army and militias grew to over 500,000
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
Battle of Britain
Continues communications duties during attacks on RAF Biggin Hill.
Battle of Britain
Her courage under bombing later brings the Military Medal.
Battle of Britain
Continues working during repeated attacks on RAF Biggin Hill.
Battle of Britain
Her service under fire later earns the Military Medal.
Battle of Britain
Marks unexploded bombs while the station is under attack.
Battle of Britain
Remains at her post during bombing of RAF Biggin Hill.
Battle of Britain
Begins the combat sequence that makes him a leading Allied scorer.
Battle of Britain
Claims a Bf 109 destroyed while flying with No. 303 Squadron.
Destroyers for Bases
Welcomes the deal bringing American destroyers to Britain.
Legislation
Congress agrees to lend 50 destroyers to Britain in return for 99 yr naval base leases
Lend-Lease
Congress agrees to lend 50 destroyers to Britain in return for 99 yr nave base leases
Alliance United States and Great Britain
Congress agrees to lend 50 destroyers to Britain in return for 99 yr naval base leases
Armament
Congress agrees to lend 50 destroyers to Britain for 99 yr leases on naval bases
Battle of Britain
Claims another Bf 109 destroyed.
Battle of Britain
Continues his rapid series of victories with No. 303 Squadron.
Invasion of Great Britain
The OKW issues a command saying the earliest date for sailing will be Twentieth Sept. Issues a directive with the decision to invade England be taken by 11th September
Operation Sea Lion
Issues a directive with the decision to invade England be taken by 11th September
Abdication of Carol II
Comes to power on the abdication of King Carol II
Head of State
Appointed Pro-German Head of State
Appointment as Prime Minister
Carol II appoints Antonescu prime minister with broad political powers.
Battle of Britain
Adds two more victories during heavy September fighting.
Battle of Britain
Claims a Bf 109 and a Ju 88 destroyed.
Battle of Britain
Claims another Bf 109 destroyed.
Battle of Britain
His combat success continues as Luftwaffe pressure remains intense.
Operation Sea Lion
Goering arrives at Kesselrings HQ to take command of Operation Sea Lion
Battle of Britain
The Germans have lost 308 aircraft to the British 273. End of the 3rd phase of the Battle of Britain
Bombing of London
London is bombed, marking the beginning of the London blitz
Possesses 8 of 50 destroyers from America agreed under the Lend-Lease scheme
Possesses 8 of 50 destroyers from America agreed under the "Lend-Lease" scheme
Abdication of Carol II
Carol abdicates after territorial losses and political collapse.
Second Accession of Michael I
Michael returns to the throne after Carol II's abdication.
Bombing of London
The Germans begin their 1st large scale bombing of London
Battle of Britain
The Luftwaffe diverts its forces from destroying the RAF to bombing London
Battle of Britain
London becomes the target for incessant bombing
Bombing of London
Fighter Command concentrates its dwindling force after Goerings change of strategy
Bombing of London
The Luftwaffe diverts forces from destroying the RAF to bombing London
Luftwaffe
The Luftwaffe diverts its forces from destroying the RAF to bombing London
Battle of Britain
Shifts the main Luftwaffe effort toward large-scale attacks on London.
Battle of Britain
The change reduces pressure on Fighter Command's sector stations.
Bombing of London
The Luftwaffe begin to systematically bomb London, the blitz
Luftwaffe
The Luftwaffe begin to systematically bomb London, the blitz
The Blitz Begins
Faces the start of sustained German bombing of London.
Battle of Britain
Is wounded while flying with No. 242 Squadron during the London raids.
Battle of Britain
Returns safely despite facial injuries caused during combat.
Battle of Britain
Directs fighter defence as major Luftwaffe formations attack London.
Battle of Britain
No. 11 Group contests the first sustained mass assault on the capital.
President of Paraguay
Assumes power after Estigarribia dies in an aircraft crash.
Bombing of London
The Chancellor agrees with Churchill & air-raid damage is charged to the state
Battle of Britain
Adds two victories while No. 303 Squadron defends southern England.
Battle of Britain
Claims a Bf 109 and a He 111 destroyed.
Bombing of London
A bomb falls on the garden of Buckingham Palace
Invasion of Russia
A memo is issued to increase the Army from 143 to 180 Divisions
Operation Barbarossa
A memo is issued to increase the Army from 143 to 180 Divisions
Battle of Britain
Claims two Bf 109s and a He 111 destroyed.
Battle of Britain
Records three victories during one day of Battle of Britain fighting.
Invasion of Great Britain
Hitler postpones his order for invasion from 11th Sept to 14th Sept
Operation Sea Lion
The 11th Septmber deadline is passed & the invasion of England is cancelled. Postpones Operation Sea Lion by 3 days to the 24th September
Commander of Northern Front
Replaces Marshal Voroshilov on the Northern Front
Commander of Northern Front
Replaces Marshal Voroshilov on the Northern Front
Siege of Leningrad
Takes over the defense of Leningrad
Invasion of Egypt
Rodolfo Graziani and the Italian Army make a rapid advance into Egypt
Capture of Sollum
Italy captures Sollum, Egypt
Invasion of Egypt
Rodolfo Graziani and 5 Italian divisions began a rapid advance into Egypt
Invasion of Egypt
Orders the Italian advance from Libya into Egypt, beginning a campaign aimed at threatening British positions guarding the Suez Canal.
Invasion of Great Britain
Raeder advises Hitler that there is not enough air cover for an invasion of Britain
Operation Sea Lion
Postpones Operation Sea Lion awaiting orders to be issued September 17. Postpones Operation Sea Lion
Invasion of Great Britain
Raeder advises Hitler that there is not enough air cover for an invasion of Britain
Operation Sea Lion
Says Germany does not enough air superiority over England to launch Sea Lion
National Legionary State
Antonescu proclaims a National Legionary State with the Iron Guard.
Battle of Britain
Claims a Bf 110 destroyed on Battle of Britain Day.
Battle of Britain
Contributes to No. 303 Squadron's strong record during the battle.
Battle of Britain
Bomber command destroys 200 barges in France & Low Country ports
Operation Sea Lion
Suspends operation Sea Lion scheduled for 27 September
Adlertag
The Operation begins on Adlertag ("Eagle Day") by German forces, elimination of British air cover had been set as one of the prerequisites for Sea Lion - the amphibious assault of Britain
Battle of Britain
Initial Luftwaffe estimates are that it will take four days to defeat the RAF Fighter Command in southern England
Battle of Britain
Bombing on London peaks. Believing the RAF is broken Goering bombs London, 1,300 sorties are flown. 56 German planes are downed compared with 26 British. 1,000 bombers & 700 fighters rage over the London
Bombing of London
Believing the RAF is broken Goering bombs London, 1,300 sorties are flown
Luftwaffe
Initial Luftwaffe estimates are that it will take four days to defeat the RAF Fighter Command in southern England
Operation Eagle Attack
The Operation begins on Adlertag ("Eagle Day") by German forces, elimination of British air cover had been set as one of the prerequisites for Sea Lion - the amphibious assault of Britain
Operation Sea Lion
The Operation begins on Adlertag ("Eagle Day") by German forces, elimination of British air cover had been set as one of the prerequisites for Sea Lion - the amphibious assault of Britain. Initial Luftwaffe estimates are that it will take four days to defeat the RAF Fighter Command in southern England. Believing the RAF is broken Goering bombs London, 1,300 sorties are flown
Battle of Britain
Coordinates Fighter Command during the decisive September air battles.
Battle of Britain
The day's German losses undermine hopes of defeating Fighter Command.
Battle of Britain
Oversees defence during the decisive daylight air battle.
Battle of Britain
Observes Fighter Command committing its available squadrons against the raids.
Battle of Britain
Visits No. 11 Group headquarters during the climactic daylight attacks.
Battle of Britain
Leads fighters from Duxford during the major September battles.
Battle of Britain
Supports the use of large Big Wing formations against Luftwaffe bombers.
Battle of Britain
Commits available fighter squadrons against two large Luftwaffe assaults on London.
Battle of Britain
Directs No. 11 Group during the major attacks later called Battle of Britain Day.
Legislation
Burke-Wadsworth Bill, passed to provide for limited conscription
Mobilization
Burke-Wadsworth Bill, passed to provide for limited conscription
Conscription
Burke-Wadsworth Bill, passed to provide for limited conscription
Battle of Britain
Is awarded the Distinguished Flying Medal.
Battle of Britain
The award recognizes his exceptional combat record with No. 303 Squadron.
Battle of Britain
Failure to gain air superiority prevents the planned invasion of Britain.
Battle of Britain
Postpones Operation Sea Lion until further notice.
Operation Sea Lion
Operation Sea Lion is postponed indefinitley
Operation Sea Lion Alert
Maintains invasion readiness while Germany threatens a cross-Channel landing.
Invasion of Great Britain
Hitler orders ships in ports to be disperesed to avoid further loss. Hitler orders further assembly of the invasion fleet to cease
Operation Sea Lion
Invasion fleets in the Channel & North Sea are dispersed to prevent damage by the RAF
Tizard Mission
Supports technological cooperation with the United States.
Battle of Britain
Receives his Distinguished Flying Medal from King George VI.
Battle of Britain
The presentation takes place at RAF Northolt.
Invasion of Egypt
Plans to attack the Italians now he has superior forces. Mussolini calls off the invasion
George Cross
Initiates the George Cross as the highest award for bravery for citizens
Operation Menace
Authorises the failed Allied expedition against Dakar.
Jud Suss
Directs Jud Suss, a notorious antisemitic Nazi propaganda film.
Battle of Britain
More than 450 British fighters are destroyed & 103 pilots killed. Attacks are shifted to main inland RAF bases
George Cross
The George Cross is instituted King George VI, during the height of the Blitz, designed by Percy Metcalfe
George Cross
The George Cross is instituted King George VI, during the height of the Blitz, there was a strong desire to reward the many acts of civilian courage
Siege of Dakar
Churchill decides to abandon the attempt to capture the port of Dakar
Dakar Failure
Accepts withdrawal from Dakar after Vichy resistance holds.
Battle of Britain
Adds two victories during late-September air fighting.
Battle of Britain
Claims two He 111 bombers destroyed.
Battle of Britain
Claims a He 111 and a Bf 110 destroyed.
Battle of Britain
Continues his sequence of victories with No. 303 Squadron.
Pact between Germany, Italy and Japan
The Tripartite Pact is signed by Germany, Italy & Japan
Battle of Britain
Tells the country that invasion danger remains despite RAF success.
Tripartite Pact
The Tripartite Pact is signed by Germany, Italy & Japan
Commander of 6th Corps
Appointed Commander of 6th Corps when Italy enters the war
Vichy Government
Appointed Delegate-General to the North African colonies
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, West
Commander of Army Group D
Appointed Commander of Army Group D
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, West
Mobilization
Commands Army Group A & has tactical Command over Army Group D
Commander of Army Group D
Appointed Commander of Army Group D
Occupation
Army Group D occupies France after A, B & C are moved to the Eastern Front
Invasion of France
Army Group D is formed to occupy France
Invasion of Russia
Army Groups A, B & C are moved to the Eastern Front
Operation Barbarossa
Army Groups A, B & C, are moved to the Eastern Front
Tizard Mission
Brings radar knowledge and the cavity magnetron to America.
Tizard Mission
Carries British radar secrets to the United States.
Military Service
Serves in the Royal Artillery during the Second World War.
Radar Defence
Praises Fighter Command while radar remains vital to defence.
Capture of Sidi Barrani
The Italian forces invade Egypt in September 1940, and advance some 60 miles (97 km) to occupy Sidi Barrani
Invasion of Egypt
The Italian forces invade Egypt in September 1940, and advance some 60 miles (97 km) to occupy Sidi Barrani
Invasion of Egypt
The Italians invade Egypt
Defence of Egypt
Directs British Middle East forces defending Egypt, the Nile Delta and the Suez Canal against Italian pressure from Libya.
Battle of Britain
Buckingham Palace is hit by 6 bombs while George VI is in residence
Invasion of Egypt
Leads the Italian Tenth Army, nearly 250,000, into Egypt
Tenth Army
Leads the Italian Tenth Army, nearly 250,000, into Egypt
Alliance Konoe Fumimaro and Axis powers
A military alliance is signed with the Axis powers
Invasion of Indochina
Japan completes the invasion of northern French Indochina
Alliance Hirohito and Japan
Thailand is forced to become an ally of Japan
Capture of Japan
Japan captures Indo, with the agreement of the Vichy Government
International Sanctions
The US applies sanctions against Japan for closing the "Open Door" policy in Asia
Invasion of Indochina
After the fall of France Japan stations troops north Indo
Peace
Japan agrees peace with Russia in Berlin, after joining the Tripartite Pact
Tripartite Pact
Japan makes an alliance with Russia & Germany
Vichy Government
Japan captures Indo, with the agreement of the Vichy Government
Commander of West Desert Force
Appointed Commander of the Desert Force
Crusader
Charged with carrying out operation Crusader to relieve Tobruk & re-capture Cyrenaica
Capture of Cyrenaica
Charged with carrying out operation Crusader to relieve Tobruk & re-capture Cyrenaica
Commander of West Desert Force
Appointed Commander of the Desert Force
Commander of Western Desert
Charged with carrying out operation Crusader to relieve Tobruk & re-capture Cyrenaica
Invasion of Cyrenaica
Alan Cunningham is charged with relieving Tobruk & the re-conquest of Cyrenaica
North Africa
Alan Cunningham is charged with relieving Tobruk & the re-conquest of Cyrenaica
Siege of Cyrenaica
Alan Cunningham is charged with relieving Tobruk & the re-conquest of Cyrenaica
Siege of Tobruk
Charged with carrying out operation Crusader to relieve Tobruk & re-capture Cyrenaica
Invention of Zykon B
600 Russian prisoners of war are gassed, 1st experiment with Zykon B
Massacre
600 Russian prisoners of war are gassed, 1st experiment with Zykon B
Birth of Otis Reading
Birth of Otis Reading
Invasion of Iran
The Allies demand that Iran expel all Axis Nationals within 48 hrs, an impossible task
President of Panama
Appointed President of Panama
Commander of Eleventh Army
Appointed Commander of the Eleventh Army
Invasion of Crimea
Manstein is given the task of capturing the Crimea
Siege of Leningrad
By the end of the month the Germans give up storming the City & dig in for a siege. Arrives in Leningrad to co-ordinate its defenses
Democratic Action
Political organizers founded Democratic Action as a national reformist party.
Abdication
Abdicates in order to prevent a Russian invasion
Succession
Succeeds as Shah of Iran. Reza Shah is deposed and his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, is installed by an invasion of allied British and Soviet troops
Abdication
Abdicates in order to prevent a Russian invasion
Invasion of Iran
Russian & British troops occupy Tehran
Siege of Tehran
Russian & British troops occupy Tehran
Abdication
The Allies have occupied Tehran forcing the Shah to abdicate in favor of his son
Capture of Tehran
The Allies have occupied Tehran forcing the Shah to abdicate in favor of his son
Dismissal
Replaced by Marshal Timoshenko just before the capture of Kiev
Siege of Kiev
Stalin evacuates Kiev but Halder says the Germans should have concentrated on Moscow
Siege of Kiev
Rundstedt & Guderian complete the encirclement of Kiev
Siege of Kiev
Rundstedt & Guderian complete the encirclement of Kiev
Siege of Kiev
Stalin evacuates Kiev, Hitler calls it "the greatest Battle in world history"
Siege of Kiev
Orders the evacuation of Kiev, 665,000 Russian prisoners are captured
Atlantic Charter
Czechoslovakia supports the Inter-Allied resolution on common principles.
Atlantic Charter
The Czechoslovak government in exile adheres to the Atlantic Charter.
Atlantic Charter
Free French representatives adhere to the Atlantic Charter principles.
Atlantic Charter
His movement joins Allied support for the joint declaration.
Death of Gottfried Feder
Death of Gottfried Feder
Obergruppenfuhrer
Appointed SS-Obergruppenfuhrer und General der Polizei
Reich Central Security Office
Appointed SS-Obergruppenfuhrer und General der Polizei
Sicherheitspolizei
Appointed SS-Obergruppenfuhrer und General der Polizei
Atlantic Charter
Participates as Allied governments formally adhere to Atlantic Charter principles.
Atlantic Charter
Supports the Inter-Allied resolution adopting the charter's common principles.
Atlantic Charter
The Dutch government in exile adheres to Atlantic Charter principles.
Atlantic Charter
The Netherlands joins the Allied resolution supporting the declaration.
Atlantic Charter
Poland joins the Inter-Allied resolution supporting the declaration.
Atlantic Charter
The Polish government in exile adheres to Atlantic Charter principles.
Atlantic Charter
States Soviet policy during the Inter-Allied meeting in London.
Atlantic Charter
The Soviet government joins the resolution adhering to Atlantic Charter principles.
Commander of Eighth Army
Appointed Commander of the Eighth Army
Commander of Eighth Army
Appointed Commander of the Eighth Army
Eighth Army
The Eighth Army comprises the XIII & XXX Corps
Offensive
The Australian Brigade in Tobruk is relieved by British troops
Rule of Czech
Heydrich becomes, for all intents and purposes, military dictator of Bohemia and Moravia, changes to the Governments structure leaves President Emil Hacha and his cabinet virtually powerless
Protector
Appointed "protector" of Bohemia & Moravia
Protector
Appointed acting Reichsprotektor in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (the part of Czechoslovakia incorporated into the Reich on 15 March 1939)
Rule of Bohemia
Appointed acting Reichsprotektor in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (the part of Czechoslovakia incorporated into the Reich on 15 March 1939)
Rule of Czech
As the governor of Bohemia and Moravia, Heydrich applies "carrot-and-stick" methods, the black market is suppressed, food rations and pensions are increased, and unemployment insurance is established for the first time
Rule of Czech
Heydrich becomes, for all intents and purposes, military dictator of Bohemia and Moravia, changes to the Governments structure leaves President Emil Hacha and his cabinet virtually powerless.
Rule of Czech
Those associated with the resistance movement or the black market are tortured or executed, under Heydrich, conditions in Prague and the rest of the Czech lands are relatively peaceful and industrial output goes up.
Rule of Moravia
Appointed acting Reichsprotektor in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (the part of Czechoslovakia incorporated into the Reich on 15 March 1939)
Siege of Moscow
Provides air support for Guderians panzer groups
Siege of Moscow
Guderian takes Yeremenko by surprise when he begins to attack Moscow
Siege of Moscow
The Germans begin their final offensive to take Moscow
Siege of Moscow
Guderian takes Yeremenko by surprise when he begins to attack Moscow
Siege of Moscow
The Germans begin their final offensive to take Moscow
Commander of Army Group A
Appointed Commander of Army Group A
Invasion of Switzerland
Heinrich Himmler discussed the suitability of various personalities for the position of Reichskommissar for the re-union of Switzerland with Germany and its subsequent Reichsstatthalter with his subordinate Gottlob Berger
Commander of Army Group A
Appointed Commander of Army Group A
Operation Typhoon
Ordered by Hitler to invade Moscow, 200 miles away
Massacre
Sonderkommando 4a slaughter 33,771 Jews, within the 6th Armys Area of responsibility
Perekop Isthmus Offensive
Manstein directed Eleventh Army operations against the Soviet defences at the Perekop Isthmus. Breaking through this narrow entrance was a prerequisite for the German advance into Crimea.
Invasion of Switzerland
Heinrich Himmler discussed the suitability of various personalities for the position of Reichskommissar for the re-union of Switzerland with Germany and its subsequent Reichsstatthalter with his subordinate Gottlob Berger
Operation Typhoon
Orders Operation Typhoon, an attack on Moscow
Invasion of Switzerland
Heinrich Himmler discussed the suitability of various personalities for the position of Reichskommissar for the re-union of Switzerland with Germany and its subsequent Reichsstatthalter with his subordinate Gottlob Berger
Defence of Egypt
Takes command of the new Eighth Army, formed to defend Egypt and restore the western desert front before the Suez Canal.
Battle of Cape Matapan
Serves on board the Valiant during the Battle of Cape Matapan
Siege of Moscow
Part of the administration is moved but Stalin stays in Moscow
Commander of XXX Corps
Appointed Commander of XXX Corps in the Eighth Army by Montgomery
Commander of XXX Corps
Appointed Commander of XXX Corps in the Eighth Army by Montgomery
Battle of Alam Halfa
Helps defeat Rommels attack on Alam Halfa Ridge
Battle of Alam Halfa
Rommels attack is turned back, Cairo & Alexandra are safeguarded
Battle of Alam Halfa
Rommel calls off the Alam Halfa attack after heavy losses in men, tanks, vehicles and guns.
Battle of Alam Halfa
Rommel is forced to retreat after the failure of the Axis attack at Alam Halfa.
Axis Alam Halfa Offensive Repulsed
Eighth Army stops the Axis attack and preserves the defensive position protecting Egypt.
Command of Brescia
Predieri assumes command of the Brescia Division on the El Alamein front.
Battle of Stalingrad
After defeating the last Soviet counter-attacks, 6th Army resumed its offensive on 2 September, linking up with 4th Panzer Army the following day. On 12 September, the Germans entered Stalingrad
Fourth Panzer Army
After defeating the last Soviet counter-attacks, 6th Army resumed its offensive on 2 September, linking up with 4th Panzer Army the following day. On 12 September, the Germans entered Stalingrad
Invasion of Russia
After defeating the last Soviet counter-attacks, 6th Army resumed its offensive on 2 September, linking up with 4th Panzer Army the following day. On 12 September, the Germans entered Stalingrad
Operation Case Blue
After defeating the last Soviet counter-attacks, 6th Army resumed its offensive on 2 September, linking up with 4th Panzer Army the following day. On 12 September, the Germans entered Stalingrad
Sixth Army
After defeating the last Soviet counter-attacks, 6th Army resumed its offensive on 2 September, linking up with 4th Panzer Army the following day. On 12 September, the Germans entered Stalingrad
Battle of Edson's Ridge
Kawaguchi directs a major night assault against the American positions protecting Henderson Field.
Electromagnetic Pilot Plant Recommendation
The S-1 Executive Committee recommends a Tennessee pilot plant based on Lawrence's electromagnetic isotope-separation work.
Project Y
At a meeting of the S-1 Executive Committee, it is decided that a centralized laboratory should be established to study fast neutrons, code-named "Project Y"
Manhattan Project
At a meeting of the S-1 Executive Committee, it is decided that a centralized laboratory should be established to study fast neutrons, code-named "Project Y"
Project Y
At a meeting of the S-1 Executive Committee, it is decided that a centralized laboratory should be established to study fast neutrons, code-named "Project Y"
Battle of Guadalcanal
Begins to build up ground forces at Guadalcanal, reaches 20,000
Battle of Guadalcanal
Sent to support the defence of Guadalcanal
National Liberation Movement
Helps organize the National Liberation Movement against occupation
Exile of Pahlavi
Moves to South Africa
Return to Command of Ariete
Arena returns to command Ariete as the division rebuilds for the next British offensive.
Command of Pasubio
Olmi takes acting command of the Pasubio Division while it serves with the Italian 8th Army in Russia.
Manhattan Engineering District
Colonel Leslie Groves is assigned command of the Manhattan Engineering District
Manhattan Project
Colonel Leslie Groves is assigned command of the Manhattan Engineering District
Manhattan Project
Takes command of the Manhattan Project.
Belgian Congo Uranium Purchase
Groves purchases about 1,250 tons of high-grade Belgian Congo uranium ore stored on Staten Island.
Return to Command of Littorio
Bitossi resumes command of the Littorio Armoured Division before the decisive autumn fighting at El Alamein.
Promotion to Brigadier General
Groves is promoted to brigadier general shortly after taking command of the Manhattan Engineer District.
Manhattan Project
Groves purchases 52,000 acres (210 km) of land in Tennessee for "Site X", which will become the Oak Ridge, Tennessee laboratory and production site
Site X
Groves purchases 52,000 acres (210 km) of land in Tennessee for "Site X", which will become the Oak Ridge, Tennessee laboratory and production site
Prime Minister of Norway
A puppet of the German Reichskommissar, Josef Terboven. Appointed Minister of President of the State Council the Germans
Prime Minister of Norway
A puppet of the German Reichskommissar, Josef Terboven. Appointed Minister of President of the State Council the Germans
Manhattan Project
The Manhattan Project is given permission to use the highest wartime priority rating by the War Production Board
War Production Board
The Manhattan Project is given permission to use the highest wartime priority rating by the War Production Board
Atlantic Wall
Orders that the construction of the Atlantic Wall be completed by 1st May 1943
Atlantic Wall
Holds a meeting where he asks for 15,000 strong points to be defended by 300,000 men
Invasion of Russia
In the Chancellery says Russia will be defeated in 1943 by a push in the Spring
Battle of Stalingrad
Advances across the Volga into the southernmost suburb of Stalingrad
Dismissal
Fails to capture the Black Sea & the oilfields of the Caucasus & is dismissed
Commander of 10 Corps
Appointed Commander of 10 Corps of the Eighth Army by Montgomery
Alliance Great Britain and Soviet Union
Churchill agrees to send Stalin Arctic convoys
Commander of 10 Corps
Appointed Commander of 10 Corps of the Eighth Army by Montgomery
Eighth Army Re-Equipment Programme
Builds up tanks, artillery, ammunition and transport before the planned offensive at El Alamein.
Premature Alamein Attack Rejected
Refuses pressure for an early offensive while Eighth Army is still training and accumulating supplies.
Formation of the Indian National Army
Mohan Singh organizes Indian prisoners of war in Southeast Asia into the first Indian National Army.
Consolidation of Don Front
Gariboldi reorganises ARMIR's defensive deployment after the August fighting and maintains the army along the Don.
Alpine Corps Takes Don Sector
Nasci's Alpine Corps takes responsibility for the northern sector of the Italian 8th Army line on the Don.
Battle of Stalingrad
Chuikov had witnessed firsthand the blitzkrieg tactics the Nazis had used to sweep across the Russian steppe, so he used the Germans carpet-bombing of the city to draw panzer units into the rubble and chaos, where their progress was impeded.
Battle of Stalingrad
Here they could be destroyed with Molotov cocktails and Russian artillery operating at close range. This tactic also rendered the German Luftwaffe ineffective, since Stuka dive-bombers could not attack Red Army positions without endangering their own forces
Battle of Stalingrad
It was at Stalingrad that Chuikov developed the important tactic of hugging the enemy, Guerrilla warfare, by which under-armed Soviet soldiers kept the German army so close to them as to minimize the superior firepower enjoyed by the Wehrmacht.
Battle of Stalingrad
Put in charge of defending Stalingrad.
Result of Surrender of Italian Government
The Italian government accepts Allied armistice terms and prepares to leave the Axis war effort.
Surrender of Italian Government
The Italian Government agrees to the Allied terms of surrender
Invasion of Italy
The Allies invade Italy, Hitler decides only the north can be held & forms Army Group B
Result of Surrender of Italy
Italy leaves the Axis war effort and enters an armistice with the Allies.
Surrender of Italy
Italy surrenders to the Allies
Result of Surrender of Italy
Italy's surrender removes a major Axis partner from active war against the Allies.
Surrender of Italy
Italy surrenders to the Allies
Baytown
Some of the Eighth Army cross the Straits of Messina & land on the Calabrian Coast
Calabria Landing Directed
Directs Eighth Army's crossing of the Strait of Messina into Calabria during Operation Baytown.
Capture of Reggio
13 Corps capture Reggio during the Allied invasion of Italy
Capture of San Giovanni
13 Corps capture San Giovanni during the Allied invasion of Italy
Invasion of Italy
Some of the Eighth Army cross the Straits of Messina & land on the Calabrian Coast
Invasion of Italy
13 Corps lands on the beaches between Reggio & Villa San Giovanni
Armistice Authority
Receives authority from the Badoglio government to sign the short military armistice terms.
Armistice Approval
Authorizes acceptance of the Allied short armistice terms and empowers Castellano to sign them.
Armistice of Cassibile
Signs the short military armistice with the Allies on behalf of Marshal Badoglio.
Armistice Signed
Authorizes General Giuseppe Castellano to sign the military armistice with the Allies at Cassibile.
Birth of Roger Waters
Birth of Roger Waters, later bassist, lyricist and conceptual leader of Pink Floyd
Award
Receives an honarary degree from Harvard University
Capture of Germany
The Germans capture Rome after the surrender of the Italian Government to the Allies
Capture of Rome
The Germans capture Rome after the surrender of the Italian Government to the Allies
Italian Armistice Crisis Planning
Jodl's operations staff helps coordinate German measures following Italy's armistice with the Allies.
Armistice
Italy announces an armistice
Armistice
Italy signs an armistice with the Allies in secret
Armistice
Italy announces an armistice
Armistice Broadcast
Broadcasts the armistice announcement to the Italian people after the Allied declaration becomes public.
Italian Fleet Armistice Orders
As Navy Minister, transmits orders requiring major Italian naval units to comply with the armistice and sail to Allied-controlled ports.
Armistice Naval Instructions
Orders the Italian fleet to avoid self-destruction and comply with the Allied armistice terms.
Armistice Announced
Broadcasts the announcement that Italy has accepted an armistice with the Allied powers.
Armistice Crisis
Faces the collapse of Italian military authority after the public announcement of the armistice.
Armistice
Italy announces an armistice
Result of Surrender of Italy
Italy's surrender removes the country from the Axis war effort and opens the peninsula to further Allied operations.
Surrender of Italy
Italy surrenders to the Allies
Capture of Salerno
Tries to resist the US landings at Salerno
Royal Government Leaves Rome
Leaves the capital with Badoglio and senior military officials as German forces threaten the royal government.
Defence of Rome
Commands forces involved in the confused defence of Rome as German units move against the capital after the armistice.
German Attack on Rome
Faces German attacks on the capital while commanding the motorized corps responsible for Rome's defence.
Allied Landing at Salerno
Leads the royal government as Allied forces land at Salerno during the opening of the mainland Italian campaign.
Flight from Rome
Leaves Rome with the King and senior officials as German forces move to seize the capital.
Italian Fleet Sails
Leads the main Italian battle fleet from La Spezia after the armistice orders are received.
Sinking of Roma
Dies when the battleship Roma is sunk by German guided bombs while the Italian fleet sails toward Allied control.
Fleet Command after Roma
Assumes senior command responsibilities after the loss of Admiral Bergamini and the battleship Roma.
Departure from La Spezia
Takes the main Italian fleet to sea after receiving orders connected with the armistice.
German Air Attack
Comes under German air attack while leading Italian capital ships away from their bases.
Flight to Brindisi
Leaves Rome with Badoglio and reaches Allied-controlled southern Italy as German forces occupy the capital.
Capture of Salerno
The 5th US Army lands in the Gulf of Salerno as part of an operation to capture Naples
Capture of Salerno
Units of the 5th Army land on the Italian mainland at Salerno
Dora
Approves the "Central Works" or "Dora" for the production of V2 rockets
V2 Rocket
Approves the underground Harz Mountain site to produce V2 Rockets
Invasion of Italy
Pins German forces down to divert them from the US 5th who are moving towards Naples
Siege of Naples
Pins German forces down to divert them from the US 5th who are moving towards Naples
Rome Defence Collapses
Sees organized defence of Rome collapse as German forces take control of the city.
German Occupation of Rome
Loses control of Rome as German forces overcome Italian resistance following the armistice announcement.
Invasion of Italy
Launches the German counterattacks after the Allied landings at Salerno
Capture of Crotone
Capture Crotone to divert the Germans from the US 5th who are moving towards Naples
Arrest of Benito Mussolini
A German commando unit led by Colonel Skorzeny captures Mussolini from the Italians
Invasion of Italy
Drives the British back to Molina Pass after the Allied invasion at Salerno
Arrest of Benito Mussolini
A German commando unit led by Colonel Skorzeny captures Mussolini from the Italians
Gran Sasso Rescue
Is freed from detention at Gran Sasso during a German airborne and commando operation.
Oak
Lands on the Abruzzi Appenines & rescues Mussolini from captivity
Capture of Salerno
Reduces the US bridgehead to less than 2 miles
Invasion of Italy
Requested to push on & threaten the German forces attacking the US 5th Army
Medal
Awarded the Oak Leaf to the Knights Cross by Adolf Hitler
Battle of Convoy HX229
March 15-March 19, 37 U-boats chase 98 merchant ships sinking 21 & losing 1 U-boat
Republican Fascist Party Announced
Announces the re-creation of a Fascist political organization as the Republican Fascist Party.
Party Secretary Appointment
Takes leadership of the Republican Fascist Party as Mussolini rebuilds a Fascist regime under German protection.
Republican Fascist Party Secretary
Is appointed secretary of the newly reconstituted Republican Fascist Party.
Invasion of Italy
The head of the Eighth Army joins with the right flank of the 5th US Army
First Gun Assembly Test Shot
The Los Alamos gun-assembly programme fires its first test shot while concentrating on a high-velocity plutonium gun design.
Republican Fascist Broadcast
Broadcasts a speech announcing his return to political leadership and the restoration of Fascist rule.
Capture of Salerno
Joins up with the US forces at Salerno
Invasion of Italy
Links up with the 5th Army & British 1st Airborne Division
Implosion Compression Insight
Von Neumann visits Los Alamos and emphasises the large compression attainable by implosion, strengthening interest in the method.
Birth of Sani Abacha
Birth of Sani Abacha
Agriculture Ministry Appointment
Joins the Italian Social Republic government with responsibility for agriculture and forests.
Communications Ministry Appointment
Joins the Italian Social Republic cabinet as Minister of Communications.
Corporate Economy Ministry Appointment
Joins the first Italian Social Republic cabinet with responsibility for corporate economy.
Education Ministry Appointment
Joins the Italian Social Republic cabinet as Minister of National Education.
Finance Ministry Appointment
Joins the Italian Social Republic cabinet as Minister of Finance.
Foreign Affairs Appointment
Becomes the senior undersecretary handling foreign affairs under Mussolini.
Foreign Affairs Portfolio
Retains direct control of foreign affairs while heading the Italian Social Republic.
Italian Social Republic Government
Forms a new Fascist government that becomes known as the Italian Social Republic.
Justice Ministry Appointment
Joins the Italian Social Republic cabinet as Minister of Justice.
Interior Ministry Appointment
Takes responsibility for the Interior Ministry of the Italian Social Republic.
Popular Culture Ministry Appointment
Joins the Italian Social Republic as Minister of Popular Culture.
Public Works Ministry Appointment
Joins the Italian Social Republic cabinet as Minister of Public Works.
Defence Ministry Appointment
Accepts responsibility for rebuilding armed forces loyal to the Italian Social Republic.
German Recognition of RSI
Heads the new Italian Social Republic as Germany recognizes and supports the regime.
Italian Social Republic
Heads the German-backed Italian Social Republic established in northern and central Italy.
Kistiakowsky Recruitment Proposal
Oppenheimer proposes recruiting explosives expert George Kistiakowsky to strengthen the expanding implosion programme.
Execution on Cephalonia
Is executed by German forces after the Acqui Division's resistance on Cephalonia is crushed.
Italian Peninsula Defence Strategy Reviewed
Jodl advises on German strategy for holding Italy after the collapse of Mussolini's alliance.
Operation Walkure
Colonel Henning von Tresckow found Olbrichts revision inadequate and greatly expanded the Valkyrie plan and drafted new supplementary orders
Invasion of Italy
Commands 8 German Divisions in Italy against the Allied invasion
Invasion of France
The South of France is occupied by the 1Ninth Army & the Italian 4th Army is relieved
Invasion of Italy
Commands German Divisions near Rome
Invasion of Italy
Commands German Divisions in the south of Italy
Republic
Mussolini is answerable to the German plenipotentiary in Italy, Rudolf Rahn
Enigma Machine
Becomes head of Machine Coordination and Development, overseeing mechanised support for Enigma cryptanalysis.
Enigma Machine
Sees the specialised Abwehr-Enigma Bombe Eureka installed as ISK expands mechanised attacks.
Invasion of Italy
Prevents the Germans from separating the American & British forces
Wants operations in the eastern Mediterranean to tempt Turkey into joining the
Wants operations in the eastern Mediterranean to tempt Turkey into joining the Allies
Adriatic Advance toward Foggia
Pushes Eighth Army along the Adriatic side of Italy toward the important Foggia airfields.
Capture of Foggia
The Eighth Army captures the Foggia airfield
Capture of Naples
The Eighth Army captures the Naples airfield
Siege of Bari
Ousts the Germans from Bari
Siege of Belvedere
Ousts the Germans from Belvedere
Siege of Cosenza
Ousts the Germans from Cosenza
Minister of the Interior
Joins the Italian Social Republic as Minister of the Interior.
Presidency Undersecretary
Serves as undersecretary to the presidency of the Italian Social Republic.
Minister of National Defence
Joins Mussolini's Italian Social Republic as Minister of National Defence.
Royal Government Re-established
Re-establishes functioning royal authority from Brindisi in territory controlled by Italian and Allied forces.
Fleet Compliance with Armistice
Works to preserve the Italian fleet by ensuring compliance with Allied armistice instructions.
Committee of National Liberation
Represents liberal anti-fascist politics in the Committee of National Liberation established after the armistice.
Anti-Fascist Political Organization
Works with liberal anti-fascists in the political organizations that emerge after the armistice.
Committee of National Liberation
Participates in anti-fascist liberal activity associated with the Committee of National Liberation after the armistice.
Acqui Division Fights Germans
Leads the Acqui Division in resistance against German forces after attempts at negotiation fail.
Cephalonia Resistance
Commands the Acqui Division during the confrontation with German forces on Cephalonia after the Italian armistice.
German Ultimatum on Cephalonia
Receives German demands concerning the disarmament of the Acqui Division after the armistice.
Arrival in Germany
Travels to Germany after his rescue and meets Hitler before returning to political leadership under German protection.
German-backed Return to Italy
Returns to German-occupied Italy to head the new Fascist state created after his rescue.
German Occupation of Central and Northern Italy
Leads the royal government after German forces rapidly occupy most of central and northern Italy.
Cassibile Negotiations
Negotiates final details before signing the short military armistice on behalf of Badoglio.
Government at Brindisi
Re-establishes the royal Italian government in Allied-controlled southern Italy after leaving Rome.
Siege of Leningrad
Ordered to plan the Russian recapture of Leningrad
Invasion of Rhodes
Allied commanders agree to postpone an invasion of Rhodes in order to hold Italy
Operation Overlord
Ordered by the CCS to take "necessary executive action" to implement Overlord
Operation Ratweek
RAF & Yugoslav partisans attack roads & railways to prevent Germans escape Yugoslavia. A series of coordinated attacks launched on by Yugoslav partisans and the Balkan Air Force against German forces retreating from the Soviets
Promoted Field Marshal after Normandy
Is promoted field marshal as Eisenhower assumes direct command of Allied ground operations.
Direct Command of Allied Ground Forces
Assumes direct operational command of Allied ground forces in northwest Europe as the campaign advances beyond Normandy.
Operation Ratweek
Tito & his Partisans pour into Serbia & attack the Chetniks. RAF & Yugoslav partisans attack roads & railways to prevent Germans escaping. A series of coordinated attacks launched on by Yugoslav partisans and the Balkan Air Force against German forces retreating from the Soviets
Finns give Germany 14 days to evacuate an army of 250,000
The Finns give Germany 14 days to evacuate an army of 250,000
Occupation
Russia demands German withdrawal from Finland
Armistice Agreement
The Finns announce an armistice with Russia & will break off relations with Germany
Capture of Brussels
British troops occupy Brussels
Antwerp Captured by Eleventh Armoured Division
Troops of 21st Army Group capture Antwerp and its docks largely intact during the rapid advance through Belgium.
Ceasefire
A ceasefire is agreed between the Finns & the Soviet Forces on the Finnish front
Peace
A ceasefire is agreed between the Finns & the Soviet Forces on the Finnish front
Commander of Army Group B
Reverts to just Commanding Army Group B
Commander of Army Group B
Reverts to just Commanding Army Group B
Declaration of War
Russia declares war on Bulgaria. Bulgaria declares war on Germany then declares an armistice with Russia
Peace
Bulgaria decides to agree an armistice with Russia & declare war on Germany
Bombing of Britain
Germany fires the first V2 rockets at Britain
Bombing of London
London is hit by V-2 rockets for first time, missiles falling on Epping and Chiswick
Carpathian-Dukla Operation
Begins offensive toward Slovakia through the Carpathians.
Metro
Services on the Parisian metro are resumed
Liberation of Bruges
Allied forces liberate Bruges from German occupation.
Arrest of Benito Amilicare Andrea Mussolini
Rescued by daring German parachute jump from his place of internment in the Apennines
Battle of Aachen
Despite the attempt to surrender the city, von Schwerin is ordered to counterattack against penetrating American forces southwest of Aachen, and he did so with elements of his panzergrenadier forces
B Reactor Uranium Loading
Participates in startup work at Hanford as uranium loading begins in B Reactor, the first full-scale plutonium-production reactor.
Liberation of Maastricht
Commands the division that liberates Maastricht from German occupation.
Old Hickory Advance
Directs Old Hickory troops advancing across the southern Netherlands.
Death of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
Approves a plan to shoot Nazi leaders without trial
Execution
Approves a plan to shoot Nazi leaders without trial
Battle of Arnhem
1st day of the Battle of Arhem
Battle of Arnhem
Lieutenant Jack Grayburn led an attempt to secure the southern end of the bridge but was unsuccessful, and a later attempt using a flame thrower only succeeded in setting the freshly painted girders of the bridge alight. However, the British were able to make good their position and quickly repulsed the 10th SS Reconnaissance Battalion and other German units when they arrived to secure the bridge
Battle of Arnhem
Additionally, Major General Williams-commander of IX Troop Carrier Command-decided that it would only be possible for one air lift per day, meaning it would take three days to deliver the entire Division and Polish Brigade to the area
Battle of Arnhem
However, Urquhart was severely restricted in how he could prepare and deploy his troops.
Battle of Arnhem
Meanwhile, the first lift suffered only light losses as the aircraft and gliders flew from British bases to the target area.
Battle of Arnhem
Required to secure the road, rail and pontoon bridges over the Lower Rhine and hold them for two to three days until relieved by XXX Corps.
Battle of Arnhem
The US IX Troop Carrier Command were limited in their availability; with two more major drops taking place at the same time, there were insufficient carrier aircraft available to fly the entire division to The Netherlands in one lift.
Battle of Arnhem
The first arrivals were the 21st Independent Parachute Company at 12:40, who marked the landing zones for the gliders and parachutists in advance of the main landings.
Battle of Arnhem
The first lift was preceded by intense bombing and strafing raids made by the British Second Tactical Air Force and the American Eighth and 9th Air Forces. These targeted the known flak guns and German garrisons and barracks across the area.
Battle of Arnhem
The task of securing the Rhine Bridgehead fell to the 1st Airborne Division under the command of Major General Roy Urquhar.
Operation Market Garden
In a bid to open the Belgian port of Antwerp to facilitate the shipment of supplies to Allied armies in France and cross the Lower Rhine river, American, British and Polish forces launch Operation Market Garden
Battle of Arnhem
Secures the Nijmegen Bridge & the South Bank of the Lek
Market Garden Airborne Landings Begin
Airborne divisions land along the route to Arnhem as XXX Corps begins the ground advance.
Operation Market Garden
In a bid to open the Belgian port of Antwerp to facilitate the shipment of supplies to Allied armies in France and cross the Lower Rhine river, American, British and Polish forces launch Operation Market Garden
Operation Market Garden
Airborne troops were dropped in The Netherlands to secure key bridges and towns along the Allied axis of advance.
Operation Market Garden
Farthest north, the British 1st Airborne Division, supported by men of the Glider Pilot Regiment and the 1st Polish Parachute Brigade, landed at Arnhem to secure bridges across the Nederrijn.
Operation Market Garden
Initially expecting a walkover, British XXX Corps planned to reach the British airborne forces within two to three days. After sweeping through France and Belgium in the summer of 1944, the Allies were poised to enter The Netherlands.
Operation Market Garden
Montgomery favoured a single thrust north over the Lower Rhine River, allowing the British Second Army to bypass the Siegfried Line and attack the Ruhr. To this end, the Allies launched Operation Market Garden
Second Army
After sweeping through France and Belgium in the summer of 1944, the Allies were poised to enter The Netherlands. Montgomery favoured a single thrust north over the Lower Rhine River, allowing the British Second Army to bypass the Siegfried Line and attack the Ruhr. To this end, the Allies launched Operation Market Garden
Invasion of Germany
The Western Allies reach the German border, which is protected by the extensive Siegfried Line
Siegfried Line
The Western Allies reach the German border, which is protected by the extensive Siegfried Line
Hyde Park Aide-Memoire
Churchill and Roosevelt sign the Hyde Park aide-memoire pledging continued Anglo-American cooperation on atomic technology.
Peace
The Russian offensive on the Karelian Front stops. Mannerheim negotiates Finlands withdrawal from the war
Nijmegen Crossing Opens Route North
The capture of Nijmegen bridges allows the ground advance to continue toward Arnhem.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Battle of Arnhem
Model arranged for units to be sent straight to the units in action in order to avoid long-winded logistics, and rushed in specialist street fighting and machine gun battalions. Each day of the battle, the German military strength increased whilst the British supplies diminished. By 21 September, the fifth day of the battle, German forces outnumbered the British by 3:1 and continued to increase
Battle of Arnhem
Arnhem was a victory for the Germans (albeit tempered by their losses further south) and a major defeat for the British army. The Allies withdrew from the southern bank of the Rhine and the front stabilised on "the island" between the Rhine and Waal rivers
Battle of Arnhem
The Glider Pilots would organise the routes to the river and the whole operation would be covered by an intense artillery barrage from XXX Corps. South of the river the evacuation was organised and staffed by men of the Royal Engineers of 43rd Division and Royal Canadian Engineers, using rafts
Battle of Arnhem
Urquhart formulated his withdrawal plan on the successful method used in the evacuation of Gallipoli during the First World War. The northernmost units would fall back first, moving through the more southerly groups who would then follow behind.
Battle of Arnhem
and storm boats.
Battle of Arnhem
Arnhem was a victory for the Germans (albeit tempered by their losses further south) and a major defeat for the British army. The Allies withdrew from the southern bank of the Rhine and the front stabilised on "the island" between the Rhine and Waal rivers
Arnhem Bridge Objective Fails
Accepts withdrawal of the surviving British airborne force after the Arnhem bridge cannot be held.
Battle of Arnhem
Montgomery orders a retreat, the British lose 1,130 killed & 6,000 taken prisoner
Battle of Arnhem
Halts the Allied advance
Battle of Arnhem
The 1st airborne retreats, 2,200 are evacuated, 7,000 are captured, killed or wounded
Caserta Agreement
Greek armed formations are placed under a unified command before liberation.
Battle of Arnhem
Orders are given to join up with the Second Army on the south bank of the Rhine
Second Army
Orders are given to join up with the Second Army on the south bank of the Rhine
Independence of India
Talks break down with Jinnah over a Hindu-Moslem settlement
Conference of Dumbarton Oaks
Chinese representatives join the Dumbarton Oaks discussions on plans for the future United Nations organization.
Capture of Calais
Calais is liberated by the Canadian 3rd Division
Reballion of Rebels in Warsaw
Captured by the Germans
Reballion of Home Armys
The Home Armys rebellion in Warsaw is crushed by an SS massacre of the insurgents. Captured by the Germans
Xenon-135 Reactor Poisoning
The cause of B Reactor's unexpected shutdown is identified as xenon-135, a powerful neutron absorber produced during fission.
Solid Core Implosion Design
Christy proposes a solid plutonium core compressed to supercritical density, simplifying the implosion concept and reducing instability problems.
Battle of Hurtgen Forest
Hurtgen Forest is defended by the German 275th and 353rd Infantry Divisions, understrength but well prepared - 5,000 men (1,000 in reserve) - and commanded by General Hans Schmidt
Battle of Hurtgen Forest
The Germans fiercely defended the area for two reasons: it served as a staging area for the Ardennes Offensive (what became the Battle of the Bulge) that was already in preparation, and the mountains commanded access to the Schwammenauel Dam.
Battle of Hurtgen Forest
The Germans were able to hold the region until they launched their final major, last-ditch offensive on the Western Front, into the Ardennes.
Western Front
The Germans were able to hold the region until they launched their final major, last-ditch offensive on the Western Front, into the Ardennes
Battle of Arnhem
Arnhem was a victory for the Germans (albeit tempered by their losses further south) and a major defeat for the British army.
Battle of Arnhem
Model moved his headquarters to Arnhem and was re-establishing defences in the area and co-ordinating the reorganisation of the scattered units so that by the time the Allies launched Market Garden there would be several units opposing them.
Battle of Arnhem
The Allies withdrew from the southern bank of the Rhine and the front stabilised on "the island" between the Rhine and Waal rivers.
Operation Market Garden
Model moved his headquarters to Arnhem and was re-establishing defences in the area and co-ordinating the reorganisation of the scattered units so that by the time the Allies launched Market Garden there would be several units opposing them
Siegfried Line
German defenses along the Siegfried Line continued to increase, and were able to establish a defensive depth of an average of 4.8 kilometers (3.0 miles). During September, Wehrmacht high command reinforced the Siegfried Line and brought total troop strength to an estimated 230,000 soldiers, including 100,000 fresh personnel
Wehrmacht
During September, Wehrmacht high command reinforced the Siegfried Line and brought total troop strength to an estimated 230,000 soldiers, including 100,000 fresh personnel
Battle of Aachen
The city of Aachen was defended by the 116th Panzer Division, under the command of General Gerhard von Schwerin
Operation Market Garden
The failure of Operation Market Garden and an acute supply problem brought about by the long distances involved in the quick Allied advance through France brought to an end the advance towards the city of Berlin
Market Garden Plan Approved
Secures approval for the airborne and ground operation intended to cross major Dutch rivers rapidly.
Operation Comet
Proposes a bold plan to head north through the Dutch Gelderland, bypassing the German Siegfried Line defences and opening a route into the German industrial heartland of the Ruhr. Initially proposed as a British and Polish operation codenamed Operation Comet, the plan was soon expanded to involve most of the First Allied Airborne Army and a set piece ground advance into The Netherlands, codenamed Market Garden
Operation Market Garden
The failure of Operation Market Garden and an acute supply problem brought about by the long distances involved in the quick Allied advance through France brought to an end the advance towards the city of Berlin
Operation Market Garden
Proposes a bold plan to head north through the Dutch Gelderland, bypassing the German Siegfried Line defences and opening a route into the German industrial heartland of the Ruhr. Initially proposed as a British and Polish operation codenamed Operation Comet, the plan was soon expanded to involve most of the First Allied Airborne Army and a set piece ground advance into The Netherlands, codenamed Market Garden
Single Thrust to Ruhr Proposed
Advocates concentrating Allied supplies on a northern thrust through the Netherlands toward the Ruhr.
Commander of 34th Army
Appointed Commander of the 34th Army
Commander of 34th Army
Appointed Commander of the 34th Army
Invasion of Bulgaria
Russia invades Bulgaria
Battle of Aachen
General Hodgess First Army is ordered to breakthrough the front near the German city of Aachen
Battle of Hurtgen Forest
The Germans are able to hold the region until they launched their final major, last-ditch offensive on the Western Front, into the Ardennes
First Army
General Hodgess First Army is ordered to breakthrough the front near the German city of Aachen
Invasion of Germany
General Hodgess First Army is ordered to breakthrough the front near the German city of Aachen
Siegfried Line
Breaches the Siegfred Line
Western Front
The Germans are able to hold the region until they launched their final major, last-ditch offensive on the Western Front, into the Ardennes
First Army
Pattons 3rd Army is given the task of occupying the French region of Lorraine, General Hodgess First Army is ordered to breakthrough the front near the German city of Aachen
Invasion of Germany
Pattons 3rd Army is given the task of occupying the French region of Lorraine, General Hodgess First Army is ordered to breakthrough the front near the German city of Aachen. Decides the next target would be the occupation of the Ruhr, the heartland of Germany's industrial capabilities
Third Army
Pattons 3rd Army is given the task of occupying the French region of Lorraine, General Hodgess First Army is ordered to breakthrough the front near the German city of Aachen
Invasion of Germany
Pattons 3rd Army is given the task of occupying the French region of Lorraine
Third Army
Pattons 3rd Army is given the task of occupying the French region of Lorraine
Operation Overlord
Arrives in England to organize a US tactical air force in the United Kingdom
Result of Surrender of Japan
The signed surrender document formally ends Japan's war with the Allied powers.
Surrender of Japan
The surrender of Japan is signed
Result of Surrender of Yamashita's Japanese Forces
Yamashita's forces enter American custody, ending his command's resistance in the Philippines.
Surrender of Yamashita's Japanese Forces
Surrenders to the Americans after belated news of the Emperors death reaches him
Surrender Delegation
Shigemitsu leads the Japanese delegation aboard USS Missouri and signs for the Japanese government.
Result of Surrender of Japanese Empire
The Japanese government and armed forces accept the formal Allied surrender terms.
Surrender of Japanese Empire
Signs the surrender on behalf of the Emperor & Japanese Government on USS Missouri
Signing of Japanese Surrender
Umezu signs the Instrument of Surrender on behalf of the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters aboard USS Missouri.
Result of Surrender of Japanese Empire
The Japanese Empire formally accepts Allied terms aboard USS Missouri.
Surrender of Japanese Empire
Formal surrender of the Japanese Empire aboard the USS Missouri
Result of Surrender of Japan
The formal ceremony aboard USS Missouri legally records Japan's capitulation.
Surrender of Japan
Japan formally surrenders aboard the USS Missouri
Minister of Interior
Joins the first revolutionary government as Minister of Interior
Constitution of Vietnam
Proclaims the independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
Independence of Vietnam
Proclaims the independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
Independence of Vietnam
Japan surrenders to the Allies & Ho declares independence
Result of Surrender of Japanese Forces in the Philippines
Japanese forces in the Philippines formally cease organised resistance.
Surrender of Japanese Forces in the Philippines
Signs the surrender of the Japanese forces in the Philippines
Result of Surrender of Japan
MacArthur formally receives Japan's capitulation on behalf of the Allied powers.
Surrender of Japan
Formally accepts the surrender of Japan on the aircraft-carrier Missouri
Result of Surrender of Japan
Chinese representatives formally receive Japan's capitulation, ending Japanese military authority in China.
Surrender of Japan
Formally accepts the surrender of Japan
Japanese Surrender in China
Nationalist China formally receives the surrender of Japanese forces in the China theater at Nanjing.
Invasion of Vietnam
Chinese troops move down to the 16th parallel, as agreed with the Allies
Courtroom 600 Reconstruction Prepared for IMT
Work enlarges the principal courtroom, adds galleries and creates space for judges, prosecutors, defendants, interpreters and international press.
Result of Surrender of Japanese Eighth Army
The Japanese Eighth Army ceases resistance with only a fraction of its original strength remaining.
Surrender of Japanese Eighth Army
Surrenders the 8th Army with only 13,500 from an original 65,000
Result of Surrender of Japan
Japan accepts Allied authority and ends national military resistance.
Surrender of Japan
Japan surrenders to the Allies
Independence of Great Britain
Promises India independence
Independence of India
Promises India independence
Return to Korea
Returns to Korea after Japanese surrender.
Martial Law
Exceeds his authority & declares martial law in Vietnam
Martial Law
Appeals in vain for calm as French paratroopers go on the rampage in Saigon
Trial
Instructs the creation of an international war tribunal to try Japanese war criminals
Strike
In response to French violence in Saigon the Vietminh abandon their policy of pacifism
Death of Bela Viktor Janos Bartok
Death of Bela Viktor Janos Bartok
Death of Peter Dewey
Death of Peter Dewey, 1st American to die in Vietnam
Treaty of Surrender
Signs the Italian Treaty of unconditional surrender to the Allies
Education
John Lennon starts at Doverdale Primary School
Arrest of Masaharu Homma
Arrested by the Americans & tried for war crimes
Trial
Tried for atrocities during the Bataan "Death March". Arrested by the Americans & tried for war crimes
Tribunal Adjourns to Prepare Judgment
Lawrence adjourns the court after final statements so the judges can complete deliberations on guilt, organizations and sentences.
Referendum
A Plebiscite favours the monarchy & George II returns to Greece
Restoration
A Plebiscite favours the monarchy & George II returns to Greece
First Elections
Presides as Cambodia holds its first parliamentary elections under French reforms
Interim Government
Jawaharlal Nehru becomes Vice President of the Viceroy's Executive Council and leads the Interim Government.
Interim Government
Nehru leads the interim government of India as Britain moves toward transfer of power and partition negotiations continue.
Speech
Gives a speech at the University of Zurich calling for a "United States of Europe", similar to the United States of America
United States of Europe
Gives a speech at the University of Zurich calling for a "United States of Europe", similar to the United States of America
United States of Europe Speech
Calls for a United States of Europe and helps shape postwar debate on European unity.
Birth of Tommy Lee Jones
Birth of Tommy Lee Jones
Reform of Labour Relations
Labor Relations Adjustment Law
CIB
Orders the launch the Communist Information Bureau in response to the Marshall Plan
Monarchy Restored after Referendum
George II returns to Greece following a referendum on the monarchy.
Judgment Reading Begins
Lawrence opens the public reading of the Tribunal's judgment, which continues into the following day.
Executive Yuan
T. V. Soong helps manage National Government administration during the civil war crisis
National Government
Soong Tse-ven serves in the National Government during the transition back to Nanjing
US Marine Withdrawal
US Marines begin withdrawing from parts of North China after postwar occupation and repatriation duties
Covington Elementary Enrollment
Lee enrolled at Covington Elementary School in September 1946 and repeated first grade because he had not completed the previous year's work.
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
President of Ecuador
Appointed acting President of Ecuador
Birth of Kjell Magne Bondevik
Birth of Kjell Magne Bondevik
Hans Wagner Testifies in IG Farben Case
Hans Wagner gives testimony as prosecutors develop documentary evidence about IG Farben's wartime organisation and activities.
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 1st term
John Morgan Testifies in IG Farben Case
General John Morgan appears as a prosecution witness during presentation of evidence concerning industrial operations in occupied Europe.
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
Einsatzgruppen Trial Arraignment
Blobel pleaded not guilty during his arraignment in the Einsatzgruppen Case.
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
Hanneken Testifies in IG Farben Case
Hermann von Hanneken gives evidence about wartime industrial administration and the relationship between the German state and major companies.
Birth of Don Felder
Birth of Don Felder, later Eagles guitarist and co-writer of Hotel California.
Constitution of Burma
Helps guide the constitution approved before independence
Einsatzgruppen Trial Opens
The Einsatzgruppen Case opened before a United States military tribunal.
Leaves Ministerial Office
Leaves the Attlee government after serving as Minister without Portfolio during 1947.
Board of Trade
Appointed President of the Board of Trade, first term
Board of Trade
Appointed President of the Board of Trade in Clement Attlee's Labour Government.
Board of Trade
Becomes the youngest member of the Cabinet in the Twentieth century
Cabinet
Becomes the youngest member of the Cabinet in the twentieth century.
President of Board of Trade
Appointed President of the Board of Trade, first term
President of Board of Trade
Becomes the youngest member of the Cabinet in the Twentieth century
President of Board of Trade
Takes charge of the Board of Trade at the age of thirty one.
Einsatzgruppen Case Targets Mobile Killing Commanders
The Einsatzgruppen proceeding prosecutes commanders and officers accused of directing systematic mass shootings in occupied eastern Europe.
Wyatt Presides as Einsatzgruppen Trial Opens
Wyatt presided when the Einsatzgruppen Case opened against commanders and officers of mobile killing units responsible for mass shootings in occupied eastern Europe.
O'Connell Takes Seat in Einsatzgruppen Case
O'Connell joined the bench at the opening of the Einsatzgruppen trial and began hearing documentary and testimonial evidence concerning systematic mass murder.
Crawford Joins Einsatzgruppen Tribunal
Crawford served on the three-judge panel that heard the Einsatzgruppen prosecution against senior members of the mobile killing formations.
RuSHA Tribunal Constituted
Military Tribunal I was reconstituted to hear the RuSHA Case against racial and resettlement officials.
Elias Testifies in IG Farben Case
Nathaniel Elias testifies as the Tribunal hears evidence concerning wartime corporate operations and occupied property.
Birth of Marc Bolan
Birth of Marc Bolan.
Cominform
Cominform was a Soviet-dominated organization of Communist parties founded at a conference of Communist party leaders in Szklarska Poreba, Poland
International Conference at Szklarska Poreba
Cominform was a Soviet-dominated organization of Communist parties founded at a conference of Communist party leaders in Szklarska Poreba, Poland
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
Law for Permanent Defense of Democracy
Promulgates legislation outlawing the Communist Party and removing many members from electoral rolls.
Death of Eduard Benes
Death of Eduard Benes.
Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea
Proclaims the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea.
Supreme Peoples Assembly
Becomes first head of state under the new constitution.
Death of Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Muhammad Ali Jinnah dies after thirteen months as Governor-General.
Death of Mohammed Ali Jinnah
Spends many months at his official retreat in Ziarat, but dies from a combination of tuberculosis and lung cancer
Death of Mohammed Ali Jinnah
Spends many months at his official retreat in Ziarat, but dies from a combination of tuberculosis and lung cancer
Governor-General of Pakistan
Khwaja Nazimuddin succeeds Jinnah as Governor-General.
Birth of Kenney Jones
Birth of later Who drummer Kenney Jones.
Western European Unions Defence Organization
The Treaty of Brussels and the Soviet Berlin Blockade led to the creation of the Western European Union's Defence Organization in September 1948
Integration of Hyderabad
Patel oversees the political integration of Hyderabad into the Indian Union after Operation Polo.
Invasion of Vietnam
France releases 1,700 POWs to fight the Vietminh. France attempts to recover Vietnam from communist resistance led by Ho Chi Minh
President of Paraguay
Takes office before the internal crisis that leads to Stroessner's coup.
Rotation
Directs Rotation, examining German life under Nazism.
Political Lectures
Kerensky records his position on political lectures in exile.
Sterling Devaluation
Cripps announces devaluation of sterling from 4.03 to 2.80 United States dollars.
Sterling Devaluation
Britain devalues sterling from 4.03 to 2.80 dollars while remaining inside the Bretton Woods fixed-rate system anchored to the dollar's official gold value.
Prime Minister of China
Appointed Prime Minister of the Peoples Republic of China
Foreign Secretary of China
Appointed Foreign Minister
First CPPCC Session
Participates in the opening of the first Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Peoples Republic of China
Constitution of China
Proclaims the establishment of the Peoples Republic of China
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Peoples Republic of China
Birth of Bruce Frederick Joseph Springsteen
Birth of Bruce Frederick Joseph Springsteen, later known as a songwriter and rock performer from New Jersey.
Birth of Bruce Springsein
Birth of Bruce Springsein, Freehold, New Jersey
University College Hospital
Moves to University College Hospital in London.
Ridglea West Elementary Transfer
Oswald transferred to Ridglea West Elementary School in September 1949 and remained there for three school years.
Capture of Inchon
Put ashore near Inchon to gain information about the harbour prior to the US landings
Bombing of Quemoy
China begins to bomb Quemoy
Chromite
The Inchon landing force sets out from Japan to invade Korea, 260 ships & 70,000 men
Defense Production Act
The Act authorises priorities, allocations and financial support for national-defence production.
United Nations
Measures are passed in the House of Commons for more British participation in the war
Death of Jan Christian Smuts
Death of Jan Smuts, on his family farm of Doornkloof, Irene, near Pretoria, South Africa at the age of 80
Death of Jan Christiaan Smuts
Death of Jan Christiaan Smuts
Secretary
Appointed Secretary of State for Defence
Battle of Pusan
British troops take up their position near Taegu
Chromite
MacArthur boards the Mount McKinley
Capture of Inchon
US destroyers & cruisers shell enemy positions 2 days before the landings
New Constitution
New constitution confirms Osorio as President under a modernized state structure
President Takes Office
Oscar Osorio becomes constitutional President after the 1950 election
Reform of Armed Forces
National Service is extended to two years
UN Command Counteroffensive
UN forces land at Incheon and reverse North Korean gains.
Capture of Inchon
The US forces launch a surprise landing at Inchon 150 miles north of the Pusan perimeter
Mobilization
Lands a United Nations force behind the lines to cut North Korean supply lines, only 20 marines die
Capture of Inchon
Directs the Inchon landings
Capture of Inchon
Turns on a lighthouse beacon to help guide the X corps to their beacheads
Capture of Inchon
US forces capture Inchon
Capture of Kimbo Airport
The 5th Marines capture Kimbo Airport, South Koreas largest airport
Le Hong Phong II
Launches the Border Campaign against French positions near Dong Khe
Siege of Dong Khe
Viet Minh assault Dong Khe during the Border Campaign
Capture of River Han
The US reaches the Han River near Seoul
Capture of Inchon
North Korean units begin withdrawing to the nth
Siege of Seoul
The 1st Marine Division & the 7th Infantry Division surround Seoul
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief
Capture of Pusan
North Korean forces around the Pusan perimeter retreat. Communist supply lines are broken
Capture of Seoul
The 2 week struggle to take Seoul ends, 130,000 north Koreans had been captured. Seoul is captured by the 1st Cavalry Division & the 7th Infantry Division. MacArthur formally restores Seoul to President Rhee as the seat of Government
Invasion of Korea
MacArthur is authorized by the Pentagon to cross the 38th Parallel
Invasion of Korea
President Truman authorizes General MacArthr to operate north of the 38th Parallel
Invasion of North Korea
President Truman authorizes General MacArthr to operate north of the 38th Parallel
38th Parallel
President Truman authorizes General MacArthr to operate north of the 38th Parallel
Siege of Seoul
The 2 week struggle to take Seoul ends, 130,000 north Koreans had been captured
Magic Carpet
Operation Magic Carpet completed; 47,000 Yemeni Jews brought to Israel
Operation Magic Carpet Completed
The main Operation Magic Carpet airlift is completed.
Yemeni Jewish Airlift Concludes
Tens of thousands of Yemeni Jews have been transported to Israel.
Invasion of Korea
Organizes a counter-offensive & drives the communists across 38th parallel
Chromite
Launches Operation Chromite to achieve victory in South Korea before the winter
Pacific Security Agreement
The USA, Australia & New Zealand sign the Pacific Security Agreement
Peace Treaty
The San Francisco Peace Treaty talks begin
Birth of Michael Keaton
Birth of Michael Keaton, Michael John Douglas
Succession
King Abdullahs eldest son, King Talal, assumed the throne
San Francisco Peace Treaty Exclusion
The San Francisco Peace Treaty is signed without Republic of China participation, creating new diplomatic challenges for Chiangโs government.
Treaty Signed at San Francisco
The US & Japan sign a mutual security Treaty
Treaty of Security
Japan & Washington sign the Japan Security Treaty
Treaty of Security
US troops are given bases in Japan for any confrontation with Russia. The SDF is created to protect Japan
Independence of Japan
Japan regains its status as an independent country
Peace Treaty
Japan signs the international Peace Treaty, officially ending the war for Japan. Japan regains its status as an independent country. Japanese reparations are abolished. 48 nations sign the peace Treaty
Reparations
All Japanese reparations are abolished
Peace Treaty
The US & 49 other powers sign a peace Treaty with Japan, Russia boycotts the session
Parliament
Visits George VI with a request to dissolve Parliament
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Health of George VI
Operated on at Buckingham Palace
Discovery of Ananke
Discovers Ananke, another distant retrograde moon of Jupiter.
Point Reyes Plane Crash
Survives a military aircraft crash into the Pacific near Point Reyes and swims to shore.
Dissolution of Parliament
Agrees to the Prime Minister's request to close Parliament
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador, 3rd term
Women Vote in Presidential Election
Oversees the first Chilean presidential election in which women participate on equal national voting terms.
Agrarian Reform Law
Promulgates a land reform law limiting individual agricultural holdings.
Checkers Speech
The New York Post claims Nixon is supported by an illegal slush fund
Press
The New York Post claims Nixon is supported by a secret & illegal slush fund
Visit to Of King Faisal of Iraq
Visit of King Faisal of Iraq
Checkers Speech
Successfully denies a fund raising scandal on TV. First to successfully use TV during a Presidential election. During the election Nixon makes his Checkers Speech denying a secret slush fund
Election
First to successfully use TV during a Presidential election. During the election Nixon makes his Checkers Speech denying a secret slush fund
Constitution of Romania
Gheorghiu-Dej's government introduces a new Stalinist constitution.
Public School 117 Enrollment
Lee enrolled in seventh grade at Public School 117 on September 30, 1952, after leaving the Lutheran school.
Independence of Cyprus
Calls upon "a new stage of passive resistance"
General
Appointed General Secretary of the Arab League
Education
John Lennon starts at Liverpool College of Art where he meets Cynthia Powell, his future wife, and Stuart Sutcliffe
Education
John Lennon starts at Quarry Bank High School. John Lennon starts at Liverpool College of Art where he meets Cynthia Powell, his future wife, and Stuart Sutcliffe
Liverpool College of Art
John Lennon starts at Liverpool College of Art where he meets Cynthia Powell, his future wife, and Stuart Sutcliffe
Education
John Lennon starts at Liverpool College of Art where he meets Cynthia Powell, his future wife, and Stuart Sutcliffe
Education
Enters the Law Faculty of Moscow State University
Trinity Lutheran School Enrollment
Lee attended Trinity Evangelical Lutheran School briefly before irregular attendance led to his withdrawal in September 1952.
Victory-Liston
Liston makes his professional debut knocking out Don Smith in the first round in St. Louis
Victory-Liston
Liston makes his professional debut knocking out Don Smith in the first round in St. Louis
Prime Minister of Afghanistan
Mohammad Daoud Khan becomes prime minister and begins a decade of centralized government.
Land Reform
Implements land reform limiting large estates and redistributing agricultural land.
Fourth Olafur Thors Government
Begins the Fourth Olafur Thors Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Steingrimur Steinthorsson Government
The Steingrimur Steinthorsson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Marriage
Marries Jacqueline Bouvier
First Secretary of CPSU
Is elected First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
First Secretary
Appointed First Secretary of the CPSU
Public School 44 Eighth Grade
Lee entered eighth grade at Public School 44 on September 14, 1953, while still under juvenile-court supervision.
Real Madrid Friendly Debut
Makes his first appearance for Real Madrid in a friendly against Nancy and scores.
Marriage
Marries Mikhail Gorbachev, then a student at Moscow University
Marriage
Marries Raisa Titorenko, a philosophy student at Moscow University
Real Madrid Competitive Debut
Makes his competitive debut against Racing Santander and scores in a league victory.
Labour Party Chairman
Chairs the Labour Party conference at Margate and urges delegates to conduct political disagreement without rancour.
Death of Edwin Powell Hubble
Edwin Powell Hubble dies in San Marino, California.
Eriksen Government
The Eriksen Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Second Hedtoft Premiership
Begins the Second Hedtoft Premiership in Copenhagen and serves as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Social Security Coverage Expansion
Social Security coverage is expanded to millions of additional workers, including farmers and many self-employed professionals.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Claims that the CIA has been infiltrated by Communists
Government
Claims that the CIA has been infiltrated by Communists
Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty
The Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty is signed, creating the framework for SEATO.
Wheelus Air Base Agreement
Libya concludes an agreement governing continued United States use of Wheelus Air Base.
Arrival in Mexico City
Guevara reaches Mexico City after leaving Guatemala and begins rebuilding contacts with Cuban exiles.
Debut
Armfield makes his Blackpool debut at Portsmouth
Medical Work in Mexico
Guevara finds medical and research work in Mexico City while maintaining contact with political exiles.
CERN Theory Leadership Handover
Hands leadership of CERN's Copenhagen theoretical study group to Christian Moller as the new European laboratory begins transferring theoretical activities toward Geneva.
First Visit to People's Republic of China
Visits Beijing and reaches agreements expanding Soviet economic assistance to China.
Trade Agreement at Beijing
Khruschev visits China & concludes a favourable trade agreement to the Chinese
Beauregard Ninth Grade
Lee entered ninth grade at Beauregard Junior High School and earned mediocre but generally acceptable marks.
First Real Madrid European Cup Goal
Scores Real Madrid's first goal in European Cup competition against Servette.
Election Victory
Sangkum wins national elections and establishes Sihanouk's post-abdication dominance
UN Membership
Cambodia becomes a member of the United Nations under Sihanouk's political leadership
Exile of Juan Domingo Peron
Seeks exile after the Revolucion Libertadora and first finds asylum in Paraguay.
Revolucion Libertadora
The Revolucion Libertadora, Liberating Revolution) is a military uprising that ends the second presidential term of Juan Peron
Provisional Government
A new uprising, led by General Eduardo Lonardi, General Pedro E. Aramburu and Admiral Isaac Rojas, deposed Peron and established a provisional Government
Revolucion Libertadora
A new uprising, led by General Eduardo Lonardi, General Pedro E. Aramburu and Admiral Isaac Rojas, deposed Peron and established a provisional Government
Provisional Government
a new uprising, led by General Eduardo Lonardi, General Pedro E. Aramburu and Admiral Isaac Rojas, deposed Peron and established a provisional Government
Revolucion Libertadora
The rebellion at Corrientes was led by Pedro Eugenio Aramburu, who later became one of the main players of the future Government. a new uprising, led by General Eduardo Lonardi, General Pedro E. Aramburu and Admiral Isaac Rojas, deposed Peron and established a provisional Government
Coup
An uprising, led by General Eduardo Lonardi, General Pedro E. Aramburu and Admiral Isaac Rojas, depose Peron and establish a provisional Government
Provisional Government
An uprising, led by General Eduardo Lonardi, General Pedro E. Aramburu and Admiral Isaac Rojas, depose Peron and establish a provisional Government
Coup
An uprising, led by General Eduardo Lonardi, General Pedro E. Aramburu and Admiral Isaac Rojas, depose Peron and establish a provisional Government
Provisional Government
An uprising, led by General Eduardo Lonardi, General Pedro E. Aramburu and Admiral Isaac Rojas, depose Peron and establish a provisional Government
Coup
An uprising, led by General Eduardo Lonardi, General Pedro E. Aramburu and Admiral Isaac Rojas, depose Peron and establish a provisional Government
Provisional Government
An uprising, led by General Eduardo Lonardi, General Pedro E. Aramburu and Admiral Isaac Rojas, depose Peron and establish a provisional Government
Coup
The Revolucion Libertadora (Spanish, Liberating Revolution) is a military uprising that ends the second Presidential term of Juan Domingo Peron. An uprising, led by General Eduardo Lonardi, General Pedro E. Aramburu and Admiral Isaac Rojas, depose Peron and establish a provisional Government
Coup
Juan Peron is overthrown
Provisional Government
An uprising, led by General Eduardo Lonardi, General Pedro E. Aramburu and Admiral Isaac Rojas, depose Peron and establish a provisional Government. a new uprising, led by General Eduardo Lonardi, General Pedro E. Aramburu and Admiral Isaac Rojas, deposed Peron and established a provisional Government
Revolucion Libertadora
Is deposed by a military uprising and leaves Argentina for asylum in Paraguay.
Revolucion Libertadora
The city of Mar del Plata is subjected to naval bombardment
Revolucion Libertadora
Navy and Air Force fighters bombed the Plaza de Mayo, wounding or killing several hundreds of civilians
Independence of Cyprus
The British Institute is burnt down
Deputy PM Appointed
Appointed Deputy Prime Minister while retaining major military responsibilities
Coup
General Lonardi assumed the presidency and gave a speech from the balcony of the Casa Rosada, saying that there would be "neither victors nor vanquished"
President of Argentina
Lonardi assumes the Presidency and gives a speech from the balcony of the Casa Rosada, saying there would be "none either victorious or defeated"
Revolucion Libertadora
Greeted by chants of Cristo Vence ("Christ is Victorious") when arriving in Buenos Aires. General Lonardi assumed the presidency and gave a speech from the balcony of the Casa Rosada, saying that there would be "neither victors nor vanquished"
President of Argentina
Appointed de facto President of Argentina after the overthrow of Juan Domingo Peron
Coup
Lonardi assumes the Presidency and gives a speech from the balcony of the Casa Rosada, saying there would be "none either victorious or defeated"
Presidential Heart Attack
Suffers a serious heart attack while in Colorado and temporarily reduces his official schedule.
Prime Minister Appointed
Becomes Prime Minister after Sangkum's election victory
Czechoslovak Arms Agreement
Announces an arms agreement with Czechoslovakia that reduces Western influence over Egyptian defence procurement.
Death of James Dean
Death of James Dean
Governor
Appointed Governor of Cyprus
Warren Easton High School Enrollment
Lee entered tenth grade at Warren Easton High School in the fall of 1955 but remained there only about a month.
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
Cairo Mission Opens
Menzies begins talks with Nasser on proposals for international management of the canal.
Beyond a Reasonable Doubt
Directs Beyond a Reasonable Doubt.
Cairo Mission Fails
Menzies leaves Cairo without agreement after Nasser rejects international control of the canal.
International Management Proposal Rejected
Nasser rejects the five-nation committee's proposal for international management of the canal.
Canal Users Association Proposal Developed
Dulles develops the Suez Canal Users Association proposal as a non-military alternative to confrontation.
People-to-People Programme Launched
Launches the People-to-People initiative to encourage citizen-level international exchanges.
Suez Canal Users Association
Backs plans for a users association to challenge Egyptian control of canal operations
Prime Minister of Pakistan
Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy becomes Prime Minister.
Presidency Ends
Osorio leaves office after completing his presidential term
President Takes Office
Jose Maria Lemus becomes President of El Salvador
Canal Pilots Crisis Reviewed
Eden reviews contingency plans as foreign canal pilots prepare to leave Egyptian service.
Egyptian Pilots Keep Canal Operating
Younis helps keep canal traffic moving after many foreign pilots leave their posts.
Canal Navigation Maintained after Pilot Walkout
Nasser's government demonstrates that Egyptian personnel can continue operating the canal after the pilot resignations.
September Premiership
Begins a further short term as Prime Minister
Second London Conference Attended
Lloyd joins renewed talks on the canal and the proposed users association.
Second London Conference Strategy
Dulles presses for the users association while trying to restrain British and French moves toward force.
Suez Canal Users Association
Promotes the Suez Canal Users Association as an alternative to immediate military action over the canal dispute.
Security Council
Takes the Suez dispute to the United Nations Security Council after diplomatic proposals fail
Security Council
Submits the Suez dispute to the United Nations Security Council
Suez Canal
Submits the Suez dispute to the United Nations Security Council
Washington Talks on Suez Strategy
Macmillan discusses Suez policy and economic consequences with American officials during his Washington visit.
Arlington Heights High School Dropout
Lee left Arlington Heights High School on September 28, 1956, less than a month before entering the Marine Corps.
Arrest of Karl Doenitz
Doenitz is released from prison
Treaty of Rome
Snoy leads Belgian participation as detailed treaty negotiations continue at Val Duchesse near Brussels.
26th of July Movement
Camilo Cienfuegos reaches Mexico and joins the Cuban exile group preparing an armed expedition against the Batista government.
Treaty of Rome
Faure leads the French negotiating delegation as disagreements over agriculture, overseas territories and safeguards are worked through.
Treaty of Rome
Ophรผls directs German negotiating work at Val Duchesse as the treaty articles are developed in detail.
Military Planning
Authorises military planning with France for intervention against Egypt
Port Said Replaces Alexandria as Main Objective
Stockwell adapts land-force planning after the principal landing objective is changed from Alexandria to Port Said.
Treaty of Rome
Benvenuti leads Italian negotiating work as the conference drafts detailed provisions for the common market and Euratom.
Treaty of Rome
Linthorst Homan leads Dutch negotiating work during the detailed Val Duchesse discussions.
First Secretary
Appointed First Secretary of the Stravropol City Komsomol Committee
Komsomol
Appointed First Secretary of the Stravropol City Komsomol Committee
Gwadar Agreement
Noon's government completes negotiations for Pakistan to acquire Gwadar from Oman.
Civil Rights Act of 1957 Signed
Signs the Civil Rights Act of 1957, the first federal civil-rights law enacted since Reconstruction.
Yokosuka Arrival
The USS Bexar reached Yokosuka on September 12, after which Lee joined Marine Air Control Squadron 1 at Atsugi.
Faubus Little Rock Conference
Meets Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus for two hours over the Little Rock school integration crisis.
Ambush at Pino del Agua
Guevara's column ambushes government forces at Pino del Agua in the Sierra Maestra.
The Devil Strikes at Night
Directs Nachts, wenn der Teufel kam.
Birth of Kevin Michael Rudd
Birth of Kevin Michael Rudd
Executive Order 10730 Little Rock
Federalizes the Arkansas National Guard and directs federal forces to enforce school desegregation in Little Rock.
MACS-1 Radar Assignment
After arriving in Japan, Oswald was assigned to Marine Air Control Squadron 1 at Atsugi as a radar operator.
Twelve-Mile Fishery Limit
The government extends Iceland's exclusive fishery limit from four to twelve nautical miles, triggering a prolonged dispute with British fishing interests.
Apartheid
Withdraws from the commonwealth rather than abandon Apartheid
Commonwealth
Withdraws from the commonwealth rather than abandon Apartheid
Prime Minister Appointment
Becomes prime minister after Strijdom's death.
Prime Minister of South Africa
Appointed Prime Minister of South Africa
Verwoerd Government Begins
Takes national leadership of the apartheid government.
National Party Leadership
Wins National Party leadership following Strijdom's death.
Prime Ministerial Selection
Moves from Native Affairs administration to national political leadership.
National Defense Education Act Signed
Signs the National Defense Education Act to expand federal support for science, mathematics, languages and higher education.
Column 8 Reaches Camaguey
Guevara's Column 8 reaches Camaguey during its difficult westward march across Cuba.
Debut
Moore joins West Ham United as a player in 1956, and after advancing through their youth set-up and played his first game on 8 September 1958 against Manchester United
Integrated Circuit Demonstration
Demonstrates a working integrated circuit, combining multiple electronic functions on one semiconductor piece.
French Membership of NATO
De Gaulle protested against the USA's strong role in the organization and what he perceived as a special relationship between it and the United Kingdom.
French Membership of NATO
Eisenhower and Prime Minister Harold Macmillan on 17 September 1958, he argued for the creation of a tripartite directorate that would put France on an equal footing with the US and the UK.
French Membership of NATO
In a memorandum sent to President Dwight D.
French Membership of NATO
NATO's unity was breached early in its history with a crisis occurring during Charles de Gaulle's presidency of France.
Presidential Inauguration of Fuad Chehab
Fuad Chehab takes the constitutional oath as President of Lebanon and begins a presidency centred on restoring national unity after the political and security crisis of 1958.
Prini Nets Cup Final Winner
Maurilio Prini scores against Fiorentina in the Coppa Italia final, delivering the goal that earns Lazio a historic first major domestic cup.
Formation of National Unity Government
President Fuad Chehab announces a new government led by Rashid Karami, creating an administration intended to calm factional tensions and begin reconstruction after the 1958 crisis.
Mobile Isotope Laboratory Accepted
Accepts a mobile isotope laboratory presented to the IAEA by the United States Atomic Energy Commission.
Battle of Santa Clara
Three columns under the command of Che Guevara, Camilo Cienfuegos and Jaime Vega proceeded westward toward the provincial capital of Santa Clara
Capture of Contramaestre
Rebel forces capture Maffo during the final offensive.
Capture of Maffo
Rebel forces capture Maffo during the final offensive.
Central Oriente Campaign
Rebel forces capture Maffo during the final offensive.
Battle of Santa Clara
Three columns under the command of Che Guevara, Camilo Cienfuegos and Jaime Vega proceeded westward toward the provincial capital of Santa Clara
Cauto Plains Campaign
Consolidates rebel control after the failure of Operation Verano.
Cauto Plains Campaign
Castro expands rebel operations onto the Cauto plains after Operation Verano fails.
Passport Application
Oswald applied for a United States passport on September 4, 1959, while preparing to leave active Marine service.
International Goodwill Tour Ends
Guevara returns to Cuba after a three-month government mission through Europe, Africa and Asia.
Election
Calls for n election to be held Eighth Oct
Defence Minister Appointed
Begins a long term as Minister of National Defence
Release from Active Duty
Oswald was released from active Marine duty on September 11, 1959, and transferred to the Marine Corps Reserve.
Luna 2 Moon Impact
Luna 2 becomes the first human-made object to reach the surface of the Moon.
First Spacecraft on the Moon
The achievement marks first spacecraft on the moon as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Luna 2 Lunar Impact
Directs the mission whose probe becomes the first human-made object to reach the Moon.
Arrival at Andrews Air Force Base
Arrives for his official American tour and is welcomed by President Eisenhower.
Official Visit to United States
Begins the first visit to the United States by a Soviet leader, meeting President Dwight Eisenhower.
Khrushchev United States Visit
Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev begins an unprecedented visit to the United States.
European Passage Booking
Oswald booked passage from New Orleans to Le Havre aboard the freighter SS Marion Lykes on September 17, 1959.
Liberty Hotel Registration
Before sailing to Europe, Lee registered at the Liberty Hotel in New Orleans on the evening of September 17.
United Nations General Assembly Address
Addresses the United Nations General Assembly during his visit to the United States.
Hollywood Visit
Visits a Hollywood studio during his widely publicized tour of the United States.
SS Marion Lykes Departure
The SS Marion Lykes sailed from New Orleans early on September 20, 1959, carrying Oswald as one of four passengers.
San Francisco Visit
Tours San Francisco during his American visit and meets civic and business representatives.
Iowa Farm Visit
Visits an Iowa farm and studies American maize production during his agricultural tour.
Roses for the Prosecutor
Directs Rosen fur den Staatsanwalt.
Pittsburgh Industrial Visit
Visits Pittsburgh to inspect American industrial facilities before continuing to Camp David.
Camp David Talks with Khrushchev
Begins talks with Nikita Khrushchev at Camp David on Berlin and wider East-West tensions.
Camp David Talks with Eisenhower
Holds extensive private and formal talks with Eisenhower on Berlin, disarmament and bilateral relations.
Camp David Joint Communique
Concludes talks with Eisenhower by affirming that international disputes should be settled through peaceful negotiations.
Seibersdorf Laboratory Construction Inaugurated
Pours the first concrete for the IAEA laboratory at Seibersdorf, beginning construction of the Agency's research facility.
Beijing Anniversary Visit
Visits Beijing for the tenth anniversary of the People's Republic amid worsening Sino-Soviet relations.
Arms Control Talks at Berlin
Khrushchev & Eisenhower stated jointly that the most important issue in the world was general disarmament & Berlin to be resolved by negotiation
Camp David Understanding on Berlin
Agrees with President Eisenhower that negotiations on Berlin should continue without a fixed Soviet deadline.
Crisis
Khrushchev & Eisenhower stated jointly that the most important issue in the world was general disarmament & Berlin to be resolved by negotiation
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador, 4th term
First Intercontinental Cup
Coaches Real Madrid to a 5-1 second-leg victory over Penarol and the Intercontinental Cup.
Dismissal of Lumumba
Kasa-Vubu announces Lumumba's dismissal amid a constitutional struggle over executive authority.
Counter-Dismissal of Kasa-Vubu
Rejects his dismissal and announces that President Kasa-Vubu has instead been removed from office.
Head of State Role
Senghor assumes the head of state role after independence
President Takes Office
Senghor becomes first President of independent Senegal
Head of State
Appointed Head of State for the GDR, 2nd term
Parliamentary Support
Parliament rejects the competing dismissal orders and confirms support for Lumumba's government.
Plot
The OAS attempt to assassinate de Gaulle as a last hope to save French Algeria
Supply Overflight Coordination
Parrott coordinates Special Group notification procedures for approved supply flights over Cuba.
Head of State
Appointed Head of State for the GDR
Marine Reserve Undesirable Discharge
The Marine Corps Reserve changed Lee's discharge status to undesirable on September 13, 1960, while he was living in the Soviet Union.
Mobutu Coup
Mobutu announces political neutralisation and establishes a temporary College of Commissioners.
Removal from Government
Mobutu's coup neutralises Lumumba's government as United States covert support shifts toward the new authorities.
The Thousand Eyes of Dr Mabuse
Directs Die tausend Augen des Dr Mabuse, his final film.
OPEC Founded
Represents Saudi Arabia at the conference establishing OPEC.
OPEC Founded
Supports Saudi Arabia joining the five founding members of OPEC.
Indus Waters Treaty
Nehru and Pakistani President Ayub Khan sign the Indus Waters Treaty governing the use of the Indus river system.
Indus Waters Treaty
Ayub Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru sign the Indus Waters Treaty.
College of Commissioners
Kasa-Vubu formally appoints the temporary College of Commissioners backed by Mobutu.
Proclamation of Republic of Mali
Keita proclaims the independent and sovereign Republic of Mali after Senegal leaves the federation.
General and Complete Disarmament Proposal
Uses his United Nations appearance to advocate general and complete disarmament under international arrangements.
United Nations Colonialism Speech
Addresses the United Nations and attacks colonialism while promoting Soviet support for newly independent states.
United States Recognition
Keita's government receives United States recognition and establishes formal diplomatic relations.
Coup
A coup endorsed by the CIA and organized by Colonel Joseph Mobutu removes Lumumba from office
Coup
Lumumba is placed under informal house arrest at the Prime Minister's residence, United Nations troops are positioned around the house to protect him. A coup endorsed by the CIA and organized by Colonel Joseph Mobutu removes Lumumba from office
Election
During a televised debate with Kennedy Nixon appears drawn & makes the mistake of using "lazy shave" face powder
TV Debate
During a televised debate with Kennedy Nixon appears drawn & makes the mistake of using "lazy shave" face powder
Admission to United Nations
Mali is admitted to United Nations membership shortly after proclaiming the republic.
Chairman of College of Commissioners
Bomboko leads the technical administration established after Mobutu neutralises rival political authorities.
Expulsion of Soviet Advisers
Orders Soviet and Eastern Bloc advisers to leave after his political neutralisation of rival civilian authorities.
Economy of Japan
Announces plans to double Japans income over the decade
ANC
The ANC decides to go underground & dispense with its constitutional procedures
Constitution of South Africa
The ANC decides to go underground & dispense with its constitutional procedures
Banned Organisation Reorganised
Works within clandestine structures as legal political activity closes.
Underground ANC Activity
Helps reorganise ANC activity after the organisation is banned.
ANC Reorganisation
Supports clandestine political structures under intensified repression.
Underground Organisation
Helps maintain ANC organisation after the April banning.
Prime Minister of Zaire
Prime Minister Lumumba is dismissed from Government by President Joseph Kasa-Vubu, an act of dubious legality
Prime Minister of Zaire
Prime Minister Lumumba is dismissed from Government by President Joseph Kasa-Vubu, an act of dubious legality
Non-Aligned Diplomacy
Represents neutral Cambodia within the emerging Non-Aligned Movement
Democratic Programme
Kerensky records his position on democratic programme in exile.
Post-Invasion Trade Restrictions Considered
Kennedy receives authority to impose broader trade restrictions against Cuba.
Inaugural League Cup Victory
Villa defeats Rotherham United 3-2 on aggregate in the first League Cup final.
Pakistan Border Closure
Pakistan closes its border after relations deteriorate over Daoud's support for Pashtunistan.
The Bread of Those Early Years
Directs Das Brot der fruhen Jahre.
Nuclear Power
The United States nuclear testing moratorium ends
Arrest of Venessa Redgrave
Arrested with 800 others during a CND march in London
Demonstrations
Arrested with 800 others during a CND march in London
Arrest of John Collins
Arrested with 800 others during a CND march in London
Arrest of John Osborne
Arrested with 800 others during a CND march in Londond
Ndola Ceasefire Mission
Dies in an aircraft crash while travelling to negotiate a ceasefire in the Katanga conflict.
NASA
NASA Administrator James E. Webb announced the site of the NASA centre dedicated to human space flight would be Houston, Texas, this becomes the Manned Spacecraft Center, renamed the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in 1973
McCloy-Zorin Accords
The United States and the Soviet Union sign a "Joint Statement of Agreed Principles for Disarmament Negotiations," the McCloy-Zorin Accords
Nuclear Power
The United States and the Soviet Union sign a "Joint Statement of Agreed Principles for Disarmament Negotiations," the McCloy-Zorin Accords
Peace Corps
Signs a law making the Peace Corps permanent
Peace
Signs a law making the Peace Corps permanent
Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Established
Signs legislation creating the United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency.
Council Reply to British Application
As Council President-in-Office, informs Britain that the EEC Council agrees to begin accession negotiations.
DCI Selection Announced
President Kennedy announced that he intended to appoint McCone to succeed Allen Dulles as Director of Central Intelligence.
Syrian Secession
Continues using the United Arab Republic name after Syria withdraws from the union.
New York Times Review
Publishes a New York Times review that helps Dylan's reputation.
Amnesty International
The leadership decide that the Amnesty appeal would form the basis of a permanent organisation, which on 30 September 1962 is officially named "Amnesty International"
OECD Membership
Iceland becomes an original member of the OECD when the new organization succeeds the OEEC and its convention enters into force.
Amnesty International
The leadership decide that the Amnesty appeal would form the basis of a permanent organisation, which on 30 September 1962 is officially named "Amnesty International"
Belgrade Non-Aligned Summit
Nehru participates in the first summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in Belgrade.
Coup
Deposed by the army
Death of Adnan Menderes
Death of Adnan Menderes, executed
Execution
Had taken dictatorial powers, was deposed by the army & hanged for treason
Treason
Had taken dictatorial powers, was deposed by the army & hanged for treason
Siege of Berlin
Increases the US garrison in Berlin by 1,500
Cuban Missile Crisis
Pliyev commanded the Soviet Group of Forces in Cuba as missile, air-defense, armored, and support units arrived under Operation Anadyr.
Birth of Keir Starmer
Keir Starmer is born in London and later grows up in Oxted, Surrey.
First Krag Premiership
Begins the First Krag Premiership in Copenhagen and serves as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Prime Minister of Denmark
Appointed Prime Minister of Denmark, 1st term
Kampmann Premiership
The Kampmann Premiership ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy publicly warned that offensive weapons introduced into Cuba would create the gravest consequences.
Cuban Missile Crisis
From France, McCone warned that extensive Soviet defensive preparations in Cuba could be intended to conceal the later installation of medium-range ballistic missiles.
Beatles, The
The Beatles 1st recording session leads to their 1st single "Love Me Do"
Beatles, The
The Beatles 1st recording session leads to their 1st single "Love Me Do"
University of Jordan Trustees Chairmanship
Al-Rifai was selected to chair the board of trustees of the newly established University of Jordan. The appointment connected his public service to the development of higher education in the kingdom.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy repeated that the United States would act if Cuba became a significant offensive military base.
NASA
Deke Slayton called Armstrong and asks if he was interested in joining the NASA Astronaut Corps as part of what the press dubbed "the New Nine", without hesitation, Armstrong says yes
NASA
Deke Slayton called Armstrong and asks if he was interested in joining the NASA Astronaut Corps as part of what the press dubbed "the New Nine", without hesitation, Armstrong says yes
New Nine
Deke Slayton called Armstrong and asks if he was interested in joining the NASA Astronaut Corps as part of what the press dubbed "the New Nine", without hesitation, Armstrong says yes
Return From European Honeymoon
McCone returned from France after sending warnings that Soviet defensive preparations in Cuba could be masking an offensive missile deployment.
The Cadre: Backbone of the Revolution
Guevara publishes an essay describing the political and organizational role of revolutionary cadres.
Churchill Farms Threat Allegation
The HSCA examined an allegation that Carlos Marcello threatened President Kennedy at Churchill Farms in September 1962, but it did not establish direct evidence linking Marcello to the assassination.
Jose Aleman Allegation
Jose Aleman later alleged that Santos Trafficante said President Kennedy was going to be killed, although Trafficante denied making such a statement and the HSCA noted unresolved credibility questions.
Death of Jean-Baptiste Nicolas Robert Schuman
Death of Jean-Baptiste Nicolas Robert Schuman
Warning over Anti-Castro Assassination Plots
Castro publicly warns that American leaders could face danger if the United States continued supporting attempts to eliminate Cuban leaders.
Appointed Archbishop of Armagh
Conway is appointed Archbishop of Armagh and becomes Primate of All Ireland during a period of major church and political change.
Cuban Source Contact
FBI records show DeBruey contacted a confidential Cuban source while the New Orleans office continued investigating Fair Play for Cuba Committee activity.
Sealey Receives Liverpool Opportunity
John Sealey joined Liverpool from Warrington Town for a nominal fee, reflecting Shanklyโs willingness to examine talent outside the top divisions.
Debut
Best makes his Manchester United debut, aged 17against West Bromwich Albion at Old Trafford in a 1-0 victory
16th Street Baptist Church Bombing
Is killed in the racist bombing of Birminghamโs 16th Street Baptist Church.
16th Street Baptist Church Bombing
Is killed in the Birmingham church bombing.
16th Street Baptist Church Bombing
Is killed in the Birmingham church bombing. This record concerns Cynthia Wesley and 16th Street Baptist Church Bombing.
16th Street Baptist Church Bombing
Is killed in the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing.
Vietnam Mission Authority Dispute
McCone resisted proposals that would weaken CIA control of its Saigon station while officials debated Ambassador Lodge's authority and possible leadership changes.
Mexican Tourist Card
The Mexican consulate in New Orleans issued Oswald a tourist card on September 17, 1963, for travel to Mexico City.
Mexico Tourist Card Application
Oswald applied for a Mexican tourist card as he prepared a trip that he hoped would enable travel through Cuba to the Soviet Union.
Birth of Jarvis Cocker
Jarvis Cocker is born in Sheffield, Yorkshire.
Third Siroky Government
The Third Siroky Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Letter to Ambassador Lodge
McCone wrote Henry Cabot Lodge, opposing Edward Lansdale as Saigon station chief while agreeing to find a replacement for John Richardson if required.
Lenart Government
Begins the Lenart Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
September New Orleans Trip
Paine arrived in New Orleans on September 20 to visit Marina and prepare for Marina and her child to return with her to Texas.
Return with Marina to Irving
Paine returned to Irving with Marina Oswald and her child on September 24, 1963.
FPCC New Orleans Investigation
A New Orleans FBI communication identified DeBruey as an agent contacting Cuban sources during the continuing investigation of Oswald and the FPCC.
Fourth Einar Gerhardsen Government
Begins the Fourth Einar Gerhardsen Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Prime Minister of Norway
Appointed Prime Minister of Norway, 3rd term
John Lyng Government
The John Lyng Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Austin Appearance Allegation
The Warren Commission later rejects an allegation that Oswald appeared at an Austin Selective Service office during his journey.
Continental Trailways Bus 5121
The Warren Commission reconstruction places Oswald on the afternoon Continental Trailways service from New Orleans toward Houston.
Departure for Mexico
Oswald left New Orleans by bus for Mexico, carrying documents intended to support his efforts to obtain Cuban and Soviet travel permission.
Departure from New Orleans for Mexico
Oswald left New Orleans by bus on September 25, 1963, beginning his journey toward Mexico City.
Fair Play Claim to Twiford
Oswald tells Mrs. Twiford that he belongs to the Fair Play for Cuba Committee while trying to arrange a meeting with her husband.
Mexico Flight Claim
Oswald tells Mrs. Twiford that he cannot wait for her husband's return because he says he is flying to Mexico.
Mexico Trip Funds
After cashing the unemployment check, Oswald has about $200 available for his trip through Mexico.
No Austin Airline Record
The Commission finds no airline record supporting the claim that Oswald diverted from his bus journey to visit Austin.
Twiford Contact Question
Oswald asks Mrs. Twiford how her husband obtained his name and address from Socialist Labor Party contacts.
Twiford Telephone Call
During the journey west, Oswald telephones the home of Socialist Labor Party member Horace Elroy Twiford.
Unemployment Check Cashed
Oswald cashes his unemployment check at a store near Magazine Street, increasing the funds available for his journey.
Unemployment Check Collected
Oswald collects a $33 Texas unemployment compensation check from his New Orleans post office box before beginning his Mexico trip.
New Orleans Departure Recollection
Mrs. McFarland hears information indicating that Oswald had left New Orleans during the previous afternoon.
Bus Seat Association
The Commission concludes that Osborne probably occupied the seat beside Oswald during part of the Mexico-bound bus journey.
No Prior Oswald Contact
The Commission finds no evidence that Osborne and Oswald knew each other before sharing the bus journey.
Mexico Route Conversation
McFarland hears Oswald say that he is traveling to Cuba through Mexico City during the bus journey toward Laredo.
Baggage Claim 320435
Oswald checks his larger bag through toward Mexico City under baggage claim number 320435.
Bus Stop Meals
During the long bus trip, Oswald gets off at stops to eat and is repeatedly observed dining alone.
Continental Trailways Bus 5133
Oswald boards Continental Trailways bus 5133 at 2:35 a.m. for Laredo by way of Corpus Christi and Alice.
Fair Play Secretary Claim
Oswald tells fellow passengers that he is secretary of the New Orleans branch of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee.
Fidel Castro Meeting Hope
During the bus journey, Oswald says that he hopes to meet Fidel Castro after reaching Cuba.
Flecha Roja Bus 516
Oswald boards Flecha Roja bus 516 at Nuevo Laredo for the overnight journey to Mexico City.
Hotel Cuba Recommendation
Oswald tells two Australian passengers that the Hotel Cuba in Mexico City is inexpensive and clean.
Laredo Border Crossing
Oswald crosses from Laredo into Nuevo Laredo between about 1:30 and 2 p.m. during his journey south.
Limited Spanish Ability
Witnesses conclude that Oswald speaks little or no Spanish, consistent with notes later found among his travel materials.
Previous Mexico Stay Claim
Oswald tells Australian passengers that he had stayed at the Hotel Cuba before, a claim the Commission considered false.
Spanish Phrase Request
Oswald asks another passenger how to say a simple offer of help in Spanish when two women board with heavy luggage.
Consul Called to Visa Dispute
Duran calls Cuban consul Eusebio Azcue to speak with Oswald after the visa discussion becomes contentious.
Heated Argument with Oswald
Azcue and Oswald engage in a heated argument over Oswald's demand for immediate Cuban travel permission.
Visa Refusal
Azcue tells Oswald that he will not grant him a visa and criticizes his conduct as harmful to the Cuban Revolution.
Argument with Oswald
Azcue argues with Oswald over the visa request and refuses to approve it without the Soviet documentation required for onward travel.
Contact Details Given to Oswald
Duran writes her name and the Cuban diplomatic office telephone number for Oswald in case further contact is necessary.
Cuban Visa Form Prepared
Duran records Oswald's information and prepares the Cuban visa application during his first-day consular contacts.
Soviet Embassy Visa Check
Duran telephones the Soviet Embassy to determine the status of Oswald's request for permission to enter the Soviet Union.
Visa Application Forwarded to Havana
Duran forwards Oswald's completed Cuban visa application to Havana for consideration by the Cuban authorities.
Visa Application Interview
Duran receives Oswald's application for a Cuban in-transit visa intended to permit travel onward toward the Soviet Union.
Handles Oswald Visa Application
Duran processes Oswald's Cuban visa application and later identifies the applicant as the same Lee Harvey Oswald shown in post-assassination photographs.
Possible Oswald Consular Contact
The Warren Commission reports that Oswald spoke with either Yatskov or Valeriy Kostikov while seeking a Soviet visa.
Four-Month Visa Delay
Cuban consular staff are told that processing a Soviet visa for Oswald would require approximately four months.
Possible Oswald Consular Contact
Kostikov is identified as one of the Soviet consular officials who may have dealt directly with Oswald's visa request.
Arrival in Mexico City
Oswald arrived in Mexico City and quickly began visiting Cuban and Soviet diplomatic offices in pursuit of transit permission.
Communist Party Membership Claim
According to evidence reviewed by the Commission, Oswald claims Communist Party membership while presenting documents to Cuban officials.
Cuba-Restricted Passport
Oswald carries his 1963 United States passport, which is stamped invalid for travel to Cuba.
Cuban Airline Address Book Entry
Oswald carries the address and telephone number of a Cuban airline in his address book.
Cuban Consulate Visa Application
Oswald sought a Cuban transit visa and represented his Fair Play for Cuba Committee activity as evidence that he was friendly to the Cuban Revolution.
Cuban Embassy Visa Request
Oswald visited the Cuban Embassy on September 27, 1963, seeking permission to travel through Cuba on his way to the Soviet Union.
Duran Details Copied to Address Book
Oswald copies Silvia Duran's name and the Cuban diplomatic telephone number into his address book.
Friend of Cuban Revolution Claim
Oswald presents his Fair Play for Cuba Committee activity as evidence that Cuban officials should regard him as friendly to the revolution.
Hotel Occupation Entry
At the Hotel del Comercio, Oswald registers his occupation simply as photo.
Hotel Room Cost
Oswald's room at the Hotel del Comercio costs $1.28 per day, consistent with his economical travel arrangements.
Hotel del Comercio Registration
Within about an hour of arriving in Mexico City on September 27, 1963, Oswald registered at the Hotel del Comercio.
Hotel del Comercio Room 18
Oswald is assigned room 18 at the Hotel del Comercio, where he remains throughout his Mexico City stay.
Kostin Reference
Oswald later refers to a Soviet official as Kostin, which the Commission interprets as a reference to Valeriy Kostikov.
Marriage Evidence Presented
Oswald uses proof of marriage to Soviet citizen Marina Oswald as evidence supporting his request for onward travel.
Mexico City Bus Arrival
The bus carrying Oswald reaches Mexico City at about 10 a.m., roughly fifteen minutes behind schedule.
No Cuban Airline Office Visit
The Commission finds evidence that Oswald never visited the Cuban airline office whose details appeared in his address book.
No Cuban Entry Visa
On reaching Mexico City, Oswald has neither a regular Cuban visa nor an in-transit Cuban visa.
Odessa Visa Reference
During a recorded consular telephone exchange, Oswald says that he needs visas in order to go to Odessa.
Passport Photographs Returned
Oswald returns to the Cuban diplomatic compound later in the day carrying passport photographs for his application.
Planned Cuba Entry Date
Oswald tells Cuban consular staff that he intends to travel to Cuba on September 30.
Planned Cuba Stay
Oswald states that he expects to remain in Cuba for about two weeks or longer before continuing toward the Soviet Union.
Russian Letters Presented
Oswald presents letters written in Russian as part of the documentary case supporting his visa application.
Soviet Consular Contact
Oswald visits the Soviet diplomatic compound and seeks a visa for entry into the Soviet Union.
Soviet Embassy Telephone Call
A caller later identified as Oswald telephones the Soviet Embassy at about 10:37 a.m. seeking consular assistance for visas.
Soviet Embassy Visa Request
During his Mexico City visit, Oswald went to the Soviet Embassy and unsuccessfully sought a Soviet visa.
Soviet Residence Evidence Presented
Oswald presents his previous Soviet residence as supporting evidence while seeking permission to travel through Cuba.
Soviet Visa Not Issued
Oswald fails to obtain a Soviet visa during his initial visit to the Soviet diplomatic compound.
Soviet Work Permit Presented
Oswald shows a Russian-language work permit from his Soviet residence while pressing his Cuban visa request.
Visa Delay Anger
Oswald becomes angry when informed that the Cuban visa cannot be issued before Soviet entry permission is obtained.
Cuban Visa Application
Oswald visits the Cuban consulate and applies for an in-transit visa to Cuba while claiming that he intends to continue to the Soviet Union.
Pro-Castro Documents Presented
Oswald presents documents intended to demonstrate his Marxist and pro-Castro credentials while seeking permission to travel through Cuba.
Repeated Embassy Contacts
Oswald again contacts the Soviet and Cuban diplomatic establishments after failing to secure the required visas on his first day.
Second-Day Visa Failure
By the end of September 28, Oswald has still failed to obtain either Soviet entry permission or a Cuban in-transit visa.
Bullfight Visit Recounted
Marina later recalls Oswald saying that he attended a bullfight while in Mexico City, most plausibly on Sunday afternoon.
H O Lee Reservation Entry
The return-bus reservation is recorded as H. O. Lee, apparently from the name order shown on Oswald's tourist card.
Return Ticket Purchase
Oswald purchases international exchange orders for bus travel from Mexico City to Laredo and onward to Dallas.
Return Travel Cost
The travel orders for Oswald's return journey cost $20.30, covering Mexican and United States bus segments.
Seat 12 Reservation
Oswald's travel agency reservation assigns seat 12 for the northbound Transportes del Norte journey.
Transportes del Norte Bus 332 Reservation
A travel agency reserves Oswald a seat on Transportes del Norte bus 332 scheduled to leave Mexico City on October 2.
Guerrilla Warfare: A Method
Guevara publishes an essay arguing for guerrilla warfare as a revolutionary method under specified political conditions.
Alleged Bishop and Oswald Meeting
Veciana later claims that he saw Lee Harvey Oswald with his adviser, known as Maurice Bishop, during a Dallas meeting in 1963.
Alleged Visit by Leon Oswald
Odio reports that two men identifying themselves as anti-Castro Cubans visited her with an American introduced as Leon Oswald shortly before the assassination.
Reported Telephone Call after Visit
Odio states that one visitor later telephoned and attributed violent anti-Kennedy remarks to the American she believed was Lee Harvey Oswald.
Cinema Visit Evidence
The Commission concludes that Oswald apparently attended one or more motion pictures during his Mexico City stay.
Cuban Consulate Dispute
Oswald became agitated during unsuccessful visa discussions, and Cuban consul Eusebio Azcue rejected his demand for immediate permission to enter Cuba.
Cuban Visa Condition
Cuban officials told Oswald that a Cuban transit visa depended on his obtaining Soviet permission for onward travel to the Soviet Union.
Economical Mexico Meals
Restaurant evidence indicates that Oswald chose low-cost lunches and spent roughly forty to forty-eight cents per meal.
Embassy Travel Across City
Because the Soviet and Cuban diplomatic compounds were distant from his hotel, Oswald repeatedly crossed a substantial part of Mexico City.
Hotel Morning Absences
The Hotel del Comercio maid recalls that Oswald was generally gone by the time she arrived for work at about 9 a.m.
Jai Alai Plan
Notes in Oswald's dictionary and city map suggest that he considered attending a jai alai match but probably did not go.
Late Hotel Returns
The Hotel del Comercio night watchman recalls that Oswald usually returned to the hotel around midnight.
Mexico City Sightseeing
Oswald later describes sightseeing during the period when he was no longer occupied continuously with visa applications.
Museum Visits Recounted
After returning to Texas, Oswald tells Marina that he visited museums during his stay in Mexico City.
No Hotel Companion Observed
Witnesses at the hotel and nearby restaurant report seeing Oswald alone rather than in the company of known associates.
Requested Records Not Purchased
Despite a reminder in his dictionary, Oswald does not buy the Mexican phonograph records Marina had asked him to obtain.
Restaurant Lunch Routine
Oswald eats several inexpensive lunches at a small restaurant immediately beside the Hotel del Comercio.
Restaurant Menu Pointing
Unable to communicate comfortably in Spanish, Oswald orders food at a nearby restaurant by pointing to the menu.
Souvenir Bracelet
Oswald brings Marina a bracelet bearing her name, although the Commission doubts that the item was actually purchased in Mexico.
Tourist Postcards Purchased
Oswald buys postcards showing bullfights and tourist attractions and later brings them back to Marina.
Transport of Oswald Possessions
Paine's station wagon carried the Oswald family's possessions from New Orleans to Texas when Marina returned to live in Irving.
Unaware of Rifle in Possessions
Paine testified that she did not know a rifle was among the Oswald possessions stored in her garage after the move from New Orleans.
FBI
Concludes for the FBI that Oswald is sole member of the FPC Committee in New Orleans
Fair Play for Cuba Committee (FPCC)
Concludes for the FBI that Oswald is sole member of the FPC Committee in New Orleans
Oswald Alias
Discovers Oswald has been using an alias, AJ Hidell
Alfredo Mirabal Identification
Cuban diplomat Alfredo Mirabal states that he observed Oswald at the consulate and later recognized him as the man photographed being shot by Jack Ruby.
Azcue Description of Alleged Impostor
Azcue describes the man he remembers as about thirty years old, approximately five feet six inches tall, with a long face and pointed nose.
Consulate Closure Date Question
HSCA investigators examine conflicting evidence over whether someone identifying himself as Oswald met Silvia Duran on a day the Cuban consulate was closed.
Duran Identifies Visa Applicant as Oswald
Despite descriptive discrepancies, Duran states that the man who applied for the Cuban transit visa was Lee Harvey Oswald.
Duran Identifies Visa Photograph
Duran identifies the photograph attached to Oswald's visa application as depicting the same man who personally visited the Cuban consulate.
Eusebio Azcue Impersonation Claim
Former Cuban consul Eusebio Azcue later states that the man seeking a Cuban transit visa did not resemble the Oswald identified after the assassination.
Silvia Duran Physical Description
Silvia Duran identifies the consulate visitor as Oswald but gives a physical description that differs in several respects from Oswald's documented appearance.
Visa Signature Comparison
HSCA handwriting experts later determine that the signatures on the original and carbon-copy Cuban visa applications were written by Lee Harvey Oswald.
FBI
Concludes for the FBI that Oswald is sole member of the FPC Committee in New Orleans
Fair Play for Cuba Committee (FPCC)
Concludes for the FBI that Oswald is sole member of the FPC Committee in New Orleans
President of Panama
Flag crisis in the Canal Zone produces deaths and transforms canal diplomacy
President of Panama
Flag riots in the Canal Zone trigger deaths and a major diplomatic crisis with the United States
CORONA Contracting Decision
McCone told the National Reconnaissance Program Executive Committee that he wanted CIA to retain its existing contracting responsibility for the CORONA satellite program.
Wilderness Act
Signs the Wilderness Act, creating the National Wilderness Preservation System.
Io Control of Jupiter Radio Emission
Shows that Io strongly influences the occurrence of Jupiter's decametric radio emission.
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
A television commercial called Daisy, promotes Democratic candidate Lyndon Johnson's presidential candidacy, invoking the fear of a nuclear war and is an element in Johnson's subsequent election
You Really Got Me Number One
You Really Got Me reaches number one in Britain.
CORONA West Coast Management Plan
McCone briefed reconnaissance officials on plans to strengthen CIA's West Coast component and consolidate Agency contracting and support functions for CORONA.
Harrisongs Ld
George Harrison forms his own publishing company called Mornyork Ltd, later to become Harrisongs
Turner Joy Action Report
Barnhart submitted Turner Joy's formal action report describing the destroyer's movements, radar contacts, defensive maneuvering, and gunfire during the disputed night engagement.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Coup
The South Vietnamese Air Force, under the leadership of Air Marshall Nguyen Cao Ky, crushes a coup plot against General Nguyen Khanh
Coup
The South Vietnamese Air Force, under the leadership of Air Marshall Nguyen Cao Ky, crushes a coup plot against General Nguyen Khanh
Coup
The South Vietnamese Air Force, under the leadership of Air Marshall Nguyen Cao Ky, crushes a coup plot against General Nguyen Khanh
Marriage to Anne-Marie
King Constantine II marries Princess Anne-Marie of Denmark in Athens.
September Tonkin Report Skepticism
When another possible Gulf incident was reported in September, Johnson expressed serious doubt that hostile vessels had actually been present and resisted treating the reports as proof of an attack.
September Tonkin Evidence Review
McNamara reviewed radar reports, eyewitness claims, and intercepted communications concerning a new Gulf alarm while senior officials debated whether the evidence justified another military response.
September Tonkin Memorandum
Bundy recorded the administration's review of the September Gulf episode, noting that the evidence of hostile vessels and an intentional attack remained thin and uncertain.
Independence of Great Britain
Malta is given independence after 140 years of British colonial rule
Independence of Malta
Malta is given independence after 140 years of British colonial rule
Presidential Inauguration of Charles Helou
Charles Helou succeeds Fuad Chehab as President of Lebanon and takes office at the start of a six-year term during a period of growing regional pressure on the Lebanese state.
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Council of Minister's for the GDR, 1st term
FPCC Assassination Link Finding
The Commission concluded that Oswald's Fair Play for Cuba Committee contacts were not shown to be related to the assassination of President Kennedy.
Final Report Submission
Warren signed the commission's letter transmitting its completed report to President Lyndon B. Johnson on September 24, 1964.
Foreign Government Finding
The Warren Commission reported that it found no evidence that a foreign government employed, persuaded, or encouraged Oswald to assassinate Kennedy.
Report Presentation
Warren presented the completed assassination report to President Johnson at the White House on September 24, 1964.
Warren Report Submission
Johnson received the Warren Commission's final report on September 24, 1964, after the commission completed its investigation of President Kennedy's assassination.
Warren Commission
Johnson receives the Warren Commission report on the assassination of President Kennedy.
Warren Commission
The 889-page final report is presented to President Johnson on September 24, 1964. Concludes that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the killing of Kennedy and the wounding of Texas Governor John Connally
Warren Commission
Fears of possible Soviet or Cuban foreign involvement in the assassination necessitated the establishment of a bipartisan commission that, in turn, sought to depoliticize Oswald's role by downplaying his Communist affiliations
Warren Commission
He insisted that the commission report should be unanimous, and so he compromised on a number of issues in order to get all the members to sign the final version.
Warren Commission
It was an unhappy experience for Warren, who did not want the assignment. As a judge, he valued candor and justice, but as a politician he recognized the need for secrecy in some matters.
Warren Commission
Many conspiracy theorists have attacked the commission's findings ever since, claiming that key evidence is missing or distorted and that there are many inconsistencies in the report. The Commission concluded that the assassination was the result of a single individual, Lee Harvey Oswald, acting alone.
Warren Commission
The 888-page final report is presented to President Johnson and made public three days later
Warren Commission
The 889-page final report is presented to President Johnson on September 24, 1964. President Johnson demanded in the name of patriotic duty that Warren head the governmental commission that investigated the assassination of John F. Kennedy.
Chief of State
The Vietnamese Revolutionary Council elect Phan Khac Suu as Chief of State and the former Mayor of Saigon, Tran Van Huong, as Premier, but General Nguyen Khanh retains real power under the title of Commander in Chief of the armed forces
Constitution of Vietnam
The Vietnamese Revolutionary Council elect Phan Khac Suu as Chief of State and the former Mayor of Saigon, Tran Van Huong, as Premier, but General Nguyen Khanh retains real power under the title of Commander in Chief of the armed forces
President of Vietnam
The Vietnamese Revolutionary Council elect Phan Khac Suu as Chief of State and the former Mayor of Saigon, Tran Van Huong, as Premier, but General Nguyen Khanh retains real power under the title of Commander in Chief of the armed forces
Revolutionary Military Council
The Vietnamese Revolutionary Council elect Phan Khac Suu as Chief of State and the former Mayor of Saigon, Tran Van Huong, as Premier, but General Nguyen Khanh retains real power under the title of Commander in Chief of the armed forces
Prime Minister of Vietnam
The Vietnamese Revolutionary Council elect Phan Khac Suu as Chief of State and the former Mayor of Saigon, Tran Van Huong, as Premier, but General Nguyen Khanh retains real power under the title of Commander in Chief of the armed forces
President of Vietnam
The Vietnamese Revolutionary Council elect Phan Khac Suu as Chief of State and the former Mayor of Saigon, Tran Van Huong, as Premier, but General Nguyen Khanh retains real power under the title of Commander in Chief of the armed forces
President of Vietnam
The Vietnamese Revolutionary Council elect Phan Khac Suu as Chief of State and the former Mayor of Saigon, Tran Van Huong, as Premier, but General Nguyen Khanh retains real power under the title of Commander in Chief of the armed forces
Warren Commission
The Warren Report is made public. The Warren Report concludes that President Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald and that Oswald acted entirely alone and also concludes that Jack Ruby also acted alone when he killed Oswald two days later
Peng Ming-min Arrest
Authorities arrest Peng Ming-min and associates after they prepare a declaration advocating political reform and Taiwanese self-determination.
Simba Government in Stanleyville
Heads a rebel administration in Stanleyville as Simba forces control large areas of eastern Congo.
Final Report Approval
Warren and the other commissioners completed and approved the commission's final report after reviewing the investigation, testimony, exhibits, and staff analyses.
Assassination of Jack Ruby
The Warren Commission finds that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the murder of Kennedy, and that Jack Ruby acted alone in the murder of Oswald
Commission Explains Hosty Address Book Data
The Commission reported that Paine supplied Hosty's contact information to Oswald and that Marina supplied the license number recorded in his notebook.
Commission Records No Dallas Oswald Interview
The Warren Commission found that Hosty and other Dallas FBI agents did not interview Oswald between his October return to Dallas and November 22.
Commission Rejects FBI Informant Claim
The Warren Commission concluded that Oswald had not served as an FBI informant, consistent with Hosty's testimony and the Bureau files it reviewed.
Commission Reviews Secret Service Nonreferral
The Warren Commission examined whether the FBI should have referred Oswald to the Secret Service and recorded Hosty's explanation of Bureau procedures.
No Oswald-Tippit Relationship
The Warren Commission reported that it found no credible evidence that Oswald and Tippit knew each other before their encounter on November 22.
No Ruby-Tippit Relationship
The Warren Commission reported that it found no credible evidence that Jack Ruby and Tippit knew each other before the assassination.
Warren Commission Tippit Finding
After reviewing eyewitness and physical evidence, the Warren Commission concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald killed Dallas Patrolman J. D. Tippit.
Commission Reconstruction Finding
The Warren Commission used timing tests involving Truly and Baker in concluding that Oswald could have reached the second-floor lunchroom before they arrived.
Commission Finding
The Warren Commission concludes that Jack Ruby acted alone when he killed Lee Harvey Oswald.
Warren Commission
The Warren Commission finds that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the murder of Kennedy, and that Jack Ruby acted alone in the murder of Oswald. In late September 1964, after a 10-month investigation, the Warren Commission Report is published
Operation Grand Slam
Akhtar Hussain Malik launches Operation Grand Slam and advances through the Chhamb sector toward Akhnoor.
Operation Grand Slam
Ayub Khan's government opens Operation Grand Slam against the Akhnoor sector after fighting expands in Kashmir.
Declaration of War
Says the Vietnamese will defeat the US. Advocates a "peoples war" for rural areas to take over the cities
Command Transfer
Akhtar Hussain Malik is removed from command of Operation Grand Slam after its initial advances.
Operation Grand Slam
Yahya Khan takes command of Operation Grand Slam after Akhtar Hussain Malik is replaced.
World Pacific Demo
Records a six-song demo at World Pacific Studios.
World Pacific Demo
Plays bass on the early Doors demo session.
Court of Appeals
Appointed Member of US Court of Appeals for the 6th Circuit
Declaration of War
India expands the conflict across the international border after fighting intensifies in Jammu and Kashmir.
Defence of Lahore
Musa Khan directs army operations as Indian forces cross the international border toward Lahore.
Operation Piranha
Walt directs Marine operations against Viet Cong forces on the Batangan Peninsula
Battle of Asal Uttar
Abdul Hamid destroys Pakistani tanks at Asal Uttar before being killed in action and later receives the Param Vir Chakra.
Battle of Phillora
A. B. Tarapore leads his armoured regiment during the Battle of Phillora and is later awarded the Param Vir Chakra for his actions.
Ogston Added as Scottish Goalkeeper
John Ogston arrived from Aberdeen in September 1965 as Liverpool reinforced their goalkeeping options during a period of domestic and European competition.
Department of Economic Affairs (DEA)
The Department of Economic Affairs releases its 1st National Plan
Economy of Great Britain
The Department of Economic Affairs releases its 1st National Plan
Labour's National Plan is published
Labour's National Plan is published
Gemini VIII
The crew assignments for Gemini 8 were announced with Neil Armstrong as Command Pilot with Pilot David Scott
Gemini VIII
The crew assignments for Gemini 8 were announced with Neil Armstrong as Command Pilot with Pilot David Scott
Battle of Dograi
Desmond Hayde commands 3 Jat during the hard-fought capture of Dograi near Lahore in the closing days of the war.
Tokyo General Conference
Attends the first IAEA General Conference held outside Vienna, convened in Tokyo.
Ceasefire with Pakistan
India accepts a United Nations-backed ceasefire that ends the main fighting of the 1965 war with Pakistan.
Ceasefire
Lal Bahadur Shastri accepts the United Nations-backed ceasefire that ends the main fighting between India and Pakistan.
Ceasefire
Ayub Khan accepts the United Nations-backed ceasefire that halts major fighting between Pakistan and India.
Out of Our Heads
The Rolling Stones release the UK version of Out of Our Heads.
National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities Act
Signs legislation creating the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Humanities.
Parliamentary Elections
Afghanistan holds its first nationwide parliamentary elections under the 1964 Constitution.
Comedy
Tellls the BBC he does not want to do another Steptoe and Son series and in September goes to New York to appear in the Broadway musical Kelly at the Broadhurst theatre, however it closes after just one perfomance
Economy of Great Britain
The National Plan aimed to achieve a 25 per cent increase in the national product between 1964 and 1970 at a growth rate of 3.8 per cent per annum compound
Economy of Great Britain
The National Plan is a summary of action required to improve the balance of payments & secure rapid and sustained growth, (I) Government spending overseas on defence has to be cut quite drastically and aid to developing countries restrained until the deficit is eliminated, (2) Private investment abroad to be
Economy of Great Britain
cent in real terms from 1964 to 1970 to achieve the increase in capacity and the growth of productivity required for the additional exports and import reduction.
Economy of Great Britain
cut, reducing the net outflow of private capital by pounds 150 million next year (3) The Little Neddies have to work out schemes by which output per head can be increased, imports saved and exports boosted, fiscal restraints on imports (4) Manufacturing investment to be increased by about 7 per
National Plan
(4) Manufacturing investment to be increased by about 7 per cent in real terms from 1964 to 1970 to achieve the increase in capacity and the growth of productivity required for the additional exports and import reduction.
National Plan
Private investment abroad to be cut, reducing the net outflow of private capital by pounds 150 million next year (3) The Little Neddies have to work out schemes by which output per head can be increased, imports saved and exports boosted, fiscal restraints on imports
National Plan
The National Plan aimed to achieve a 25 per cent increase in the national product between 1964 and 1970 at a growth rate of 3.8 per cent per annum compound. The DEA is tasked with the preparation of a National Plan for the economy, published in September 1965
National Plan
The National Plan is a summary of action required to improve the balance of payments & secure rapid and sustained growth, (I) Government spending overseas on defence has to be cut quite drastically and aid to developing countries restrained until the deficit is eliminated, (2)
Indo-Pakistani War
Shastri leads India during the 1965 war with Pakistan, which ends after a United Nations-backed ceasefire.
Indian Air Force Operations
Arjan Singh directs Indian Air Force operations during the 1965 conflict and coordinates air support across the western front.
Army Operations
J. N. Chaudhuri serves as Chief of Army Staff while Indian forces conduct major operations against Pakistan during the 1965 war.
Western Command Defence
Harbaksh Singh commands the Western Army during the 1965 war and directs operations against Pakistani forces in Punjab and Kashmir.
Air Defence
Nur Khan directs Pakistan Air Force operations from a force centered on important bases including Sargodha.
Air War
Nur Khan commands the Pakistan Air Force throughout the September war and personally flies operational missions.
Sialkot Front
Musa Khan oversees Pakistani ground operations as heavy fighting develops around Sialkot.
Advance toward Akhnoor
Yahya Khan continues the Grand Slam advance toward Akhnoor, but the operation fails to achieve its main objective.
September Economic Reform
Supports economic reforms that restore central ministries while giving enterprises limited profitability incentives.
1st Cavalry Division
Westmoreland deploys the 1st Cavalry Division to the Central Highlands as US ground forces expand
1st Cavalry Division
Kinnard commands the newly arrived 1st Cavalry Division at An Khe
Yesterday Girl
Directs Abschied von gestern, a major New German Cinema film.
Prime Minister of South Africa
Appointed Prime Minister of South Africa, acting
Death of Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd
Death of Hendrik Verwoerd
Netherlands Debut
Makes his senior Netherlands debut against Hungary and scores in a 2-2 draw.
Motor Vehicle Safety Act
Signs the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act to establish federal automobile safety standards.
Prime Minister Appointment
Becomes prime minister after Hendrik Verwoerd's assassination.
Vorster Government Begins
Continues National Party rule during intensified regional conflict.
Beatles, The
John Lennon makes his first appearance away from the Beatles in the role of Private Gripweed in Richard Lesters film How I Won the War, he writes "Strawberry Fields Forever" during the filming
Commonwealth
The Commonwealth Conference at Lagos attacks Wilson's handling of Rhodesia's UDI
Conference of Commonwealth
The Commonwealth Conference at Lagos attacks Wilson's handling of Rhodesia's UDI
Independence of Great Britain
Wilson agrees to recognise Ian Smith & negotiate with him. OAU countries will break off relations if Smith's regime is not broken by December
Independence of Rhodesia
Wilson agrees to recognise Ian Smith & negotiate with him. OAU countries will break off relations if Smith's regime is not broken by December
OAU will sever relations with Britain if Smith's regime is not broken
OAU will sever relations with Britain if Smith's regime is not broken by December
Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI)
The Commonwealth Conference at Lagos attacks Wilson's handling of Rhodesia's UDI
Assassination of Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd
A Parliamentary messenger stabs Verwoerd during a session in the House Assembly
Assassination of Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd
A Parliamentary messenger stabs Verwoerd during a session in the House Assembly
Death of Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd
Death of Hendrik Verwoerd, assassinated
Beatles, The
John Lennon writes "I Am the Walrus" while under the influence of LSD. John Lennon anonymously sponsors Yoko Onos Half a Wind Show (subtitled Yoko Plus Me) at London's Lisson Gallery
Beatles, The
John Lennon anonymously sponsors Yoko Onos Half a Wind Show (subtitled Yoko Plus Me) at London's Lisson Gallery
Presidential Election
Elected president of South Vietnam under the new constitution
Vice Presidency
Elected vice president on Nguyen Van Thieu's ticket
Referendum
The people of Gibraltar vote to remain British
Rule of Gibraltar
The people of Gibraltar vote to remain British
Invasion of Vietnam
In a secret memo to Johnson states US status would not be too damaged by withdrawal
Magical Mystery Tour
George Harrison & John Lennon direct a scene in the, "Magical Mystery Tour" film
Magical Mystery Tour
George Harrison & John Lennon direct a scene in the, "Magical Mystery Tour" film
Something Else by The Kinks
The Kinks release Something Else by The Kinks.
HMS Resolution
HMS Resolution is commissioned as Britain's first Polaris ballistic missile submarine
Ed Sullivan Show
Performs Light My Fire on national television.
Sullivan Controversy
Refuses to alter Light My Fire lyrics for television.
Occupation of Alto Seco
Guevara's diminished guerrilla force enters Alto Seco while attempting to evade pursuing Bolivian troops.
Strange Days
Releases the second album Strange Days.
Ambush at Quebrada de Batan
Guevara's guerrilla unit is ambushed by Bolivian Army forces near La Higuera.
Continuance and Venue Request
On September 27, 1967, Shaw requested a continuance or a change of venue because of concerns surrounding the prosecution.
San Antonio Formula
Offers to stop bombing North Vietnam if talks can begin productively
People Are Strange
Releases People Are Strange as a single.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
CIA monitors and responds to Jim Garrison's New Orleans investigation.
CIA Evidence
Helps circulate CIA material defending the Warren Report against criticism during the Garrison investigation.
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador, 5th term
Appointment as Prime Minister
King Idris appoints al-Qaddafi as the monarchy's final prime minister.
Economy of Great Britain
The TUC rejects Statutory Incomes Policy & approves voluntary wage restraint
Statutory Incomes
The TUC rejects Statutory Incomes Policy & approves voluntary wage restraint
German Occupation
Dubcek bans political clubs
Scandinavian Tour
Plays the first Scandinavian date under the New Yardbirds name.
Scandinavian Tour
Drums on the first New Yardbirds Scandinavian performances.
Scandinavian Tour
Plays bass and keyboards on the first Scandinavian dates.
Scandinavian Tour
Performs on the first New Yardbirds Scandinavian tour.
Nine-Year Compulsory Education
Implements nine-year compulsory education, extending the previous six-year system and broadening access to secondary schooling.
German Occupation
At the 14th KSC Party Congress (conducted secretly, immediately following the intervention), it was emphasised that no member of the leadership had invited Russian intervention
Prague Spring
At the 14th KSC Party Congress (conducted secretly, immediately following the intervention), it was emphasised that no member of the leadership had invited Russian intervention
Evans Arrives in Six-Figure Deal
Liverpool signed Alun Evans from Wolverhampton Wanderers for ยฃ100,000 in September 1968, then a notable fee for a teenage forward.
Prime Minister of Portugal
Appointed Prime Minister of Portugal, succeeds Salazar
Resignation of Antonio Salazar
Resigns as Prime Minister of Porrtugal
Europe Tour
Tours Europe with The Doors during their rising fame.
MBE
John Lennon returns his MBE, he says it is to protest the British Governments involvement in Biafra, its support of the US in Vietnam and the poor chart performance of his latest single, "Cold Turkey"
Libyan Arab Republic Proclaimed
The Revolutionary Command Council abolishes the monarchy and proclaims the Libyan Arab Republic.
Revolutionary Command Council Takes Power
Young army officers seize state institutions and establish the Revolutionary Command Council.
Constitution of Libya
King Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi had been formally deposed by the revolutionary army officers and put under house arrest; they abolish the monarchy and proclaime the new Libyan Arab Republic
Coup
A small group of military officers led by Gaddafi stage a bloodless coup against King Idris I, while he is in Kammena Vourla, a Greek resort, for medical treatment
Coup
King Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi had been formally deposed by the revolutionary army officers and put under house arrest; they abolish the monarchy and proclaime the new Libyan Arab Republic.
Coup
The Revolutionary Command Council initiates the takeover of the country, they take to the airwaves and notified the Libyan people that they were finally free of the corrupt, pro-western Kingdom of Idris.
Libyan Arab Republic
King Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi had been formally deposed by the revolutionary army officers and put under house arrest; they abolish the monarchy and proclaime the new Libyan Arab Republic
Revolutionary Command Council
The Revolutionary Command Council initiates the takeover of the country, they take to the airwaves and notified the Libyan people that they were finally free of the corrupt, pro-western Kingdom of Idris
Coup
A small group of military officers led by Gaddafi stage a bloodless coup against King Idris I, while he is in Kammena Vourla, a Greek resort, for medical treatment
Death of Chou En-Lai
"he was my fiend, my teacher...I knew him since 1922 when we were together in Paris"
Death of Ho Chi-Minh
Death of Ho Chi Minh, age 79
Death of Ho Chi Minh
Death of Ho Chi Minh
Post-Ho Leadership
Emerges as the dominant leader after Ho Chi Minh's death
Death of Ho Chi Minh
Dies while North Vietnam continues the war
Official Languages Act
Makes English and French official languages of federal institutions.
Government
The American Ambassador in Brazil is kidnapped & exchanged for 15 Brazilian terrorists
Kosygin Airport Meeting
Meets Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin at Beijing airport to reduce tension after border clashes.
Border Agreement
En-Lai & Kosygin meet at Beijing airport to agree to discussions on border disputes
Toronto Rock n Roll Revival
John Lennon appears at the Toronto Rock n Roll Revival concert, accompanied by Eric Clapton, Klaus Voormann, Alan White and Yoko
Constitution of Bolivia
Ovando launches a coup that removes President Siles Salinas.
Coup
Ovando takes power in a military coup and begins a nationalist government.
Constitution of Bolivia
Ovando's coup ends the brief constitutional presidency of Siles Salinas.
Coup
Siles Salinas is overthrown by Army Commander Alfredo Ovando.
Abbey Road
Produces Abbey Road after the Beatles return to a more disciplined studio collaboration.
Second Cernik Government
The Second Cernik Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Third Cernik Government
Begins the Third Cernik Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
United Nations
Informed Washington will open talks with China & support its admittance to the UN
Alliance China and North Vietnam
Attends Ho Chi Minhs funeral & assures Van Dong China will provide weapons
Burial
Reassures Van Dong China will continue to provide weapons. Attends Ho Chi Minhs funeral
Diplomatic Negotiations
Informed Washington will open talks with China & support its admittance to the UN
Delta Lady UK Top Ten
Releases Delta Lady, which becomes a UK top-ten single.
Second-in-Command
Dee leaves the band to become a solo artist and reaches No 42 in the charts with his single "My Womans Man"
Resignation of John Winston Lennon
John Lennon is the 1st member of The Beatles to quit the band
McGovern-Hatfield Amendment
Co-sponsors an amendment calling for US withdrawal from Vietnam
McGovern-Hatfield Amendment
Co-sponsors an amendment calling for US withdrawal from Vietnam
Arnold Signed from Crewe
Steve Arnold joined Liverpool from Crewe Alexandra in September 1970 as the club continued searching the lower divisions for promising players.
Black September
Hijackers from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine diverted international passenger aircraft to an airstrip near Zarqa. The seizure of planes on Jordanian soil sharply intensified King Husseinโs confrontation with armed Palestinian factions.
Final Concert
Performs his final concert at the Isle of Fehmarn Festival
Coup
Gaddafi is announced to the Libyan people as the new Commander in Chief of the Libyan Armed Forces
President of Libya
Gaddafi is announced to the Libyan people as the new Commander in Chief of the Libyan Armed Forces
First Pictorial Banknote Issued
Harry Norman Eccleston designs the first Bank of England pictorial banknote, a twenty-pound note featuring William Shakespeare.
Black September
The aircraft hijacking crisis drew international attention to Jordan and to divisions among Palestinian organizations. The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine led the hijackings, and its actions increased pressure on the broader movement represented by Yasser Arafat.
Black September
Palestinian hijackers destroyed three empty airliners at Dawsonโs Field after removing their passengers. The spectacle challenged Jordanian sovereignty and contributed to King Husseinโs decision to confront guerrilla organizations militarily.
Coup
It was announced to the public that Gaddafi is the Chairman of the RCC
Revolutionary Command Council
It was announced to the public that Gaddafi is the Chairman of the RCC
Five Easy Pieces
Stars as Bobby Dupea in Five Easy Pieces
Five Easy Pieces
Directs Five Easy Pieces
Constitution of Jordan
Black September is King Hussein of Jordan declares military rule in response to an attempt by the Fedayeen to seize his kingdom, resulting in the deaths or expulsion of thousands
Black September
Black September is named after the conflict known as Black September when.
Black September
King Hussein of Jordan declares military rule in response to an attempt by the Fedayeen to seize his kingdom, resulting in the deaths or expulsion of thousands.
Black September
The BSO begins as a small cell of Fatah men determined to take revenge on King Hussein and the Jordanian army, recruits from the PFLP, as-Saiqa, and other groups also join.
Black September
King Hussein appointed Brigadier Muhammad Daoud to head a military government amid an escalating confrontation with Palestinian fedayeen. The appointment accompanied the imposition of emergency military authority throughout Jordan.
Black September
King Hussein named Field Marshal Habis al-Majali commander-in-chief and military governor as the government prepared to suppress armed guerrilla positions. The command changes placed the response under senior Jordanian military leadership.
Fedayeen
Black September is King Hussein of Jordan declares military rule in response to an attempt by the Fedayeen to seize his kingdom, resulting in the deaths or expulsion of thousands
PFLP
The BSO begins as a small cell of Fatah men determined to take revenge on King Hussein and the Jordanian army, recruits from the PFLP, as-Saiqa, and other groups also join
PLO
The PLO is driven out of Jordan and forced to move to Lebanon
Black September
Jordanian troops launched a large offensive against Palestinian guerrilla strongholds in Amman and other urban areas. Fighting around refugee camps and neighborhoods caused extensive civilian suffering and displacement.
Black September
Yasser Arafat and Palestinian guerrilla forces faced a sustained Jordanian army assault during the opening days of the civil war. The clashes undermined the PLOโs ability to operate independently inside the kingdom.
Paranoid
Drums on Paranoid, anchoring one of heavy metal's foundational albums.
Paranoid
Sings on Paranoid, the album that gives Black Sabbath its early commercial breakthrough.
Paranoid
Creates the guitar riffs for Paranoid, Iron Man and War Pigs during the band's breakthrough year.
Black September
Jordanian forces fought Palestinian armed groups around Irbid as combat expanded beyond Amman. The struggle for northern Jordan became a critical part of the confrontation between the monarchy and fedayeen organizations.
Death of Jimi Hendrix
Dies in London after taking sleeping pills and asphyxiating
After the Gold Rush
Releases After the Gold Rush, combining acoustic songs, electric rock and environmental imagery.
After the Gold Rush
Releases After the Gold Rush
Ain't No Mountain High Enough
Tops the US singles chart with Ain't No Mountain High Enough
Mary Tyler Moore Show
Co-founds MTM Enterprises as The Mary Tyler Moore Show premieres
Mary Tyler Moore Show
Stars in The Mary Tyler Moore Show as it premieres
Black September
Syrian armored forces entered northern Jordan during the civil war in support of Palestinian militants. Their intervention increased the danger that the domestic conflict would become a wider regional war.
Black September
The Syrian armored intervention faltered after resistance from Jordanian forces and mounting international pressure. The withdrawal of Syrian troops improved King Husseinโs military position during the crisis.
Presidential Inauguration of Suleiman Frangieh
Suleiman Frangieh takes the constitutional oath and assumes the presidency after a closely contested election, succeeding Charles Helou as Lebanon enters a more unstable political period.
Luna 16 Sample Return
Leads the programme returning lunar soil to Earth without a crew.
Robotic Lunar Sample Mission
The achievement marks robotic lunar sample mission as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Vietnam Withdrawal Bill
Proposes legislation requiring withdrawal of US troops from Vietnam by the end of the year
Scranton Commission Report
Chairs the commission reporting that divisions over campus unrest are deep and dangerous
Black September
King Hussein and Yasser Arafat accepted an Arab-mediated ceasefire following days of intense fighting. The agreement sought to stop hostilities and regulate the presence of Palestinian armed organizations in Jordan.
Black September
Yasser Arafat joined Arab leaders in Cairo for negotiations intended to halt the fighting in Jordan. Egyptian mediation produced a ceasefire agreement between Arafat and King Hussein, although their underlying political dispute remained unresolved.
Cairo Ceasefire with Jordan
Arafat and King Hussein accept an Arab-brokered ceasefire intended to end the fighting between Jordanian forces and Palestinian organizations.
Death of Gamal Abdel Nasser
Gamal Abdel Nasser dies in Cairo and is succeeded by Anwar Sadat.
Acting Presidency
Assumes presidential responsibilities after Gamal Abdel Nasser's death.
Death of Gamal Abdel Nasser
Death of Gamal Abdel Nasser
Arab Nationalist Leadership
Gaddafi seeks a wider Arab leadership role following the death of Gamal Abdel Nasser.
CPSF
Creates the Central Policy Review Staff, "think tank" to advise the Cabinet
Red Army Faction
Once Baader escaped, the three, along with Ulrike Meinhof, commit a series of bank robberies. Mahler conceives of an audacious plan to rob four Berlin banks simultaneously
Mad Dogs and Englishmen Live Album
Releases the live album Mad Dogs and Englishmen, documenting the large touring ensemble.
Oil Price Negotiations
Gaddafi's government secures higher prices and improved revenue terms from foreign oil companies.
Federation of Arab Republics
Wins referendum approval for Egypt to join the Federation of Arab Republics with Libya and Syria.
Bundeskriminalamt
Horst Herold is selected to be Chief Commissioner of the Bundeskriminalamt he goes about centralizing efforts to track down the Baader-Meinhof Gang & builds a computer system which contains every singe fact or bit of evidence relating the gang
Watergate
Howard Hunt burglarizes the office of the psychiatrist of Daniel Ellsberg, the leaker of the secret "Pentagon Papers" about the Vietnam War.
Special Investigations Unit
Hunt's first assignment for the White House (Special Investigations Unit) was a covert operation to break into the Los Angeles office of Daniel Ellsberg's psychiatrist, Dr. Lewis J. Fielding. In July 1971, Fielding had refused an FBI request for psychiatric data on Ellsberg. Hunt and Liddy cased the building in late August. The burglary, on September 3, 1971, was not detected, but no Ellsberg files were found
Watergate
Everette Howard Hunt organizes the bugging of the Democratic National Committee at the Watergate office building and was also found to be responsible for a break-in at the office of Ellsberg's psychiatrist.
Watergate
Howard Hunt burglarizes the office of the psychiatrist of Daniel Ellsberg, the leaker of the secret "Pentagon Papers" about the Vietnam War.
White House Plumbers
Hunt's first assignment for the White House (Special Investigations Unit) was a covert operation to break into the Los Angeles office of Daniel Ellsberg's psychiatrist, Dr. Lewis J. Fielding. In July 1971, Fielding had refused an FBI request for psychiatric data on Ellsberg. Hunt and Liddy cased the building in late August. The burglary, on September 3, 1971, was not detected, but no Ellsberg files were found
Special Investigations Unit
Hunt's first assignment for the White House (Special Investigations Unit) was a covert operation to break into the Los Angeles office of Daniel Ellsberg's psychiatrist, Dr. Lewis J. Fielding. In July 1971, Fielding had refused an FBI request for psychiatric data on Ellsberg. Hunt and Liddy cased the building in late August. The burglary, on September 3, 1971, was not detected, but no Ellsberg files were found
White House Plumbers
Hunt's first assignment for the White House (Special Investigations Unit) was a covert operation to break into the Los Angeles office of Daniel Ellsberg's psychiatrist, Dr. Lewis J. Fielding. In July 1971, Fielding had refused an FBI request for psychiatric data on Ellsberg. Hunt and Liddy cased the building in late August. The burglary, on September 3, 1971, was not detected, but no Ellsberg files were found
Watergate
Howard Hunt burglarizes the office of the psychiatrist of Daniel Ellsberg, the leaker of the secret "Pentagon Papers" about the Vietnam War.
Watergate
Everette Howard Hunt organizes the bugging of the Democratic National Committee at the Watergate office building and was also found to be responsible for a break-in at the office of Ellsberg's psychiatrist.
Watergate
Howard Hunt burglarizes the office of the psychiatrist of Daniel Ellsberg, the leaker of the secret "Pentagon Papers" about the Vietnam War.
Fielding Break-In Authorization
Krogh authorizes the operation that leads White House operatives to burglarize psychiatrist Lewis Fielding's office.
Fielding Break-In
Participates in the burglary of psychiatrist Lewis Fielding's office as White House operatives search for information that could discredit Pentagon Papers source Daniel Ellsberg.
Fielding Office Burglary
Hunt participates in the burglary of Lewis Fielding's office while seeking information that could be used against Ellsberg.
Pentagon Papers
The White House plumber's unit named for their orders to plug leaks in the administration burglarizes a psychiatrist's office to find files on Daniel Ellsberg, the former defense analyst who leaked the Pentagon Papers.
Pentagon Papers
Howard Hunt burgals the office of the psychiatrist of Daniel Ellsberg, the leaker of the secret "Pentagon Papers" about the Vietnam War
Watergate
Howard Hunt burgals the office of the psychiatrist of Daniel Ellsberg, the leaker of the secret "Pentagon Papers" about the Vietnam War
Watergate
Everette Howard Hunt maintains that the reason for the break-in was the belief they would find records proving the Democrats had received illegal campaign contributions from the Castro regime.
Watergate
Everette Howard Hunt organizes the bugging of the Democratic National Committee at the Watergate office building and was also found to be responsible for a break-in at the office of Ellsberg's psychiatrist.
Watergate
Howard Hunt burgals the office of the psychiatrist of Daniel Ellsberg, the leaker of the secret "Pentagon Papers" about the Vietnam War.
Government
Helps supervise a "national-security" based burglary of Ellsbergs office
Watergate
Howard Hunt burgals the office of the psychiatrist of Daniel Ellsberg, the leaker of the secret "Pentagon Papers" about the Vietnam War
Watergate
Everette Howard Hunt maintains that the reason for the break-in was the belief they would find records proving the Democrats had received illegal campaign contributions from the Castro regime.
Watergate
Everette Howard Hunt organizes the bugging of the Democratic National Committee at the Watergate office building and was also found to be responsible for a break-in at the office of Ellsberg's psychiatrist.
Watergate
Howard Hunt burgals the office of the psychiatrist of Daniel Ellsberg, the leaker of the secret "Pentagon Papers" about the Vietnam War.
China Opening and Vietnam
Links the opening to China with wider strategy over Vietnam
Pentagon Papers
The White House plumber's unit named for their orders to plug leaks in the administration burglarizes a psychiatrist's office to find files on Daniel Ellsberg, the former defense analyst who leaked the Pentagon Papers
Arthur Burns Schedule
Discusses Federal Reserve Chairman Arthur Burns's schedule and a possible meeting with Nixon before Burns travels to Europe.
Civil Rights Polling
Reviews polling concerning civil rights and race relations as part of a wider assessment of public opinion.
Connally Economic Coordination
Reviews coordination with Treasury Secretary John Connally on economic policy and communication across the administration.
Cost of Living Council Meeting
Reviews scheduling and preparation for a Cost of Living Council meeting during Nixon's economic-policy discussions.
Cost of Living Council
Reviews the role of the Cost of Living Council and White House staff in implementing and explaining the administration's economic program.
Economy Polling
Discusses polling on the economy and the wage and price freeze as factors affecting public approval.
Governors Conference Schedule
Discusses presidential scheduling connected with the Governors' Conference and other meetings on the day's agenda.
Labor Union Meeting Preparation
Discusses Nixon's forthcoming meeting with labor representatives and the political presentation of the administration's economic measures.
Post-Freeze Economic Policy
Discusses with Nixon the next phase of economic policy as the ninety-day wage and price freeze approaches its eventual conclusion.
Presidential Approval Polling
Discusses Gallup and White House polling on Nixon's approval and disapproval ratings and the timing of poll releases.
Speech Draft Review
Discusses revisions to a presidential speech draft, including work by Raymond Price, John Connally and William Safire.
Vietnam Polling
Reviews polling information concerning public attitudes toward the Vietnam War and troop withdrawals.
White House Worship Service
Reviews invitations and arrangements for a White House worship service involving Billy Graham.
Arab Republic of Egypt
Adopts the official name Arab Republic of Egypt under the new constitution.
Constitution of Egypt
Promulgates a new constitution and changes the country's official name to the Arab Republic of Egypt.
Constitutional Referendum
Promulgates the permanent constitution after referendum approval.
Death of Nikita Khruschev
Dies in Moscow at age seventy-seven after several years outside public political life.
Exile of Lin Biao
Crosses the Chines border on his way to Russia to set up an opposition to Mao
Lin Biao Incident
Lin Biao flees after alleged coup plotting against Mao
Death of Mao Tse-Tung
Maos rival & Vice Chairman of the Party dies & many of his supporters are arrested
Coup
After trying to overthrow Maos Government, Lin Biao dies in an airplane crash in Mongolia on his way to exile
Death of Lin Biao
Dies on board a plane in Outer Mongolia as it skids on uneven ground. After trying to overthrow Maos Government, Lin Biao dies in an airplane crash in Mongolia on his way to exile
Death of Lin Biao
Lin Biao dies in a plane crash in Mongolia during his attempted flight from China
Burial at Novodevichy Cemetery
Is buried at Novodevichy Cemetery rather than receiving burial in the Kremlin Wall necropolis.
Mutual Force Reduction Talks
Discusses possible mutual force reductions in Europe with Willy Brandt.
Oreanda Meeting with Willy Brandt
Meets West German Chancellor Willy Brandt for extensive talks on European security and East-West relations.
European Security Conference Proposal
Presses Willy Brandt for progress toward a Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe.
Birth of Lance Armstrong
Born as Lance Edward Gunderson to Linda Walling and Eddie Charles Gunderson, named after Lance Rentzel, a Dallas Cowboys wide receiver
Gravitational Waves in Closed Universes
Gowdy publishes exact cosmological solutions containing gravitational waves in closed inhomogeneous universes, broadening the theoretical settings in which gravitational radiation can be studied.
T.Rex
The cover artwork for Electric Warrior was designed by British art design group Hipgnosis, based on a photo taken by Kieron "Spud" Murphy at a T. Rex concert at the Albert Hall, Nottingham on 14 May 1971
Electric Warrior
Releases Electric Warrior, a landmark album in the development of glam rock.
Hipgnosis
Electric Warrior uses cover artwork by Hipgnosis, based on a photograph by Kieron Spud Murphy.
Lane Recruited as Goalkeeping Cover
Frank Lane moved from nearby Tranmere Rovers to Liverpool in September 1971 to provide additional options in goal.
Nuclear Risk Reduction Agreement
Signs the nuclear risk reduction agreement with the United States.
Nuclear Arms Control
Agreement on Measures to Reduce the Risk of Outbreak of Nuclear War Between the US and USSR is signed in Washington and enters into force
Treaty of Reduction of Nuclear War
Agreement on Measures to Reduce the Risk of Outbreak of Nuclear War Between the US and USSR is signed in Washington and enters into force
President of United Nations
Appointed President of the United Nations
President of United Nations
Appointed President of the United Nations
Federation of Arab Republics
Referenda in Egypt, Libya & Syria approve Federation of Arab Republics
Life Magazine
Hunt's White House duties included assassinations-related disinformation. In September 1971, Hunt forged and offered to a Life magazine reporter two top-secret U.S. State Department cables designed to prove that President Kennedy had personally and specifically ordered the assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem and his brother Ngo Dinh Nhu
Trial
The Rolling Stones sue their former manager Alan Klein for "falsely representing the group with intent to deceive"
Fifty-Mile Fishery Limit Takes Effect
Iceland's fifty-nautical-mile exclusive fishery limit takes effect despite objections from Britain and West Germany, intensifying the Second Cod War.
Liddy and Hunt Flight Report
Bernstein and Woodward report that G. Gordon Liddy and E. Howard Hunt fled their nearby command location after the Watergate burglary team was arrested.
Liddy and Hunt Flight Report
Woodward and Bernstein report that G. Gordon Liddy and E. Howard Hunt fled their nearby command location after the Watergate burglary team was arrested.
Live at Pompeii
Maben's Pink Floyd concert film Live at Pompeii is released
National Assembly Election
Social Republican Party dominates National Assembly elections
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Siege of Munich
Fencing coach Andre Spitzer, who spoke fluent German, and shooting coach Kehat Shorr, the senior member of the Israeli delegation, had a brief conversation with German officials while standing at the second-floor window of the besieged building
Siege of Munich
Fencing coach Andre Spitzer, who spoke fluent German, and shooting coach Kehat Shorr, the senior member of the Israeli delegation, had a brief conversation with German officials while standing at the second-floor window of the besieged building
Black September
Black September gunmen entered the Olympic Village and took members of the Israeli team hostage. Prime Minister Golda Meirโs government confronted an international crisis as German authorities negotiated with the attackers.
Black September
Meir appeals to other countries to "save our citizens and condemn the unspeakable criminal acts committed"
Massacre
Massacre of 11 Israeli athletes
Siege of Munich
Terror strikes the Munich Olympic games in West Germany as Arab guerrillas attack the Israeli delegation, Palestinian terrorists kill 2 athletes and take 9 others and their coaches hostage. Meir appeals to other countries to "save our citizens and condemn the unspeakable criminal acts committed"
Black September
The Munich attack is widely condemned around the world, with King Hussein of Jordan - the only leader of an Arab country to publicly denounce the Olympic attack - calling it a "savage crime against civilization. perpetrated by sick minds"
Siege of Munich
The Munich attack is widely condemned around the world, with King Hussein of Jordan - the only leader of an Arab country to publicly denounce the Olympic attack - calling it a "savage crime against civilization. perpetrated by sick minds"
Black September
An attempted rescue at Fรผrstenfeldbruck air base ended with the deaths of the remaining Israeli hostages and a German police officer. The outcome intensified Israeli demands for action against the network behind the Olympic attack.
Black September
Israeli planes bomb Palestinian targets in Syria and Lebanon
Bombing of Lebanon
Israeli planes bomb Palestinian targets in Syria and Lebanon
Bombing of Syria
Israeli planes bomb Palestinian targets in Syria and Lebanon
Justice Department Investigation
Bernstein and Woodward report that the Justice Department has completed a major phase of its Watergate investigation as federal prosecutors prepare the burglary case.
Justice Department Investigation
Woodward and Bernstein report that the Justice Department has completed a major phase of its Watergate investigation as prosecutors prepare the burglary case.
Olympic Final Double
Kazimierz Deyna scores both Polish goals in a 2-1 victory over Hungary in the Olympic football final, delivering Poland its first Olympic gold medal in the sport.
Bugging Participant Account
Bernstein and Woodward report details supplied by a participant in the Watergate surveillance operation, adding information about how the bugging effort was organized.
Bugging Participant Account
Woodward and Bernstein report details from a participant in the Watergate surveillance operation, adding information about how the electronic eavesdropping effort was organized.
Cod War
Icelandic gunboats sink 2 British trawlers in the North Sea in a Cod War
Close to the Edge
Drums on Close to the Edge, his final studio album before leaving Yes.
Close to the Edge
Sings on Close to the Edge, one of the band's central progressive rock works.
Trial
Hunt, Liddy, and the 5 Watergate burglars were indicted by a federal grand jury
Trial
Hunt, Liddy, and the 5 Watergate burglars were indicted by a federal grand jury.
Trial
Hunt and fellow operative G. Gordon Liddy, along with the five burglars arrested at the Watergate, were indicted on federal charges
Trial
Hunt, Liddy, and the 5 Watergate burglars were indicted by a federal grand jury
Trial
Hunt, Liddy, and the 5 Watergate burglars were indicted by a federal grand jury.
Trial
Hunt, Liddy, and the 5 Watergate burglars were indicted by a federal grand jury.
Trial
Hunt and fellow operative G. Gordon Liddy, along with the five burglars arrested at the Watergate, were indicted on federal charges.
Trial
Hunt, Liddy, and the 5 Watergate burglars were indicted by a federal grand jury.
White House Tape 779-002
H. R. Haldeman appears with Richard Nixon and John Dean in the 48-minute White House recording numbered 779-002; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 779-002
John Dean appears with Richard Nixon and H. R. Haldeman in the 48-minute White House recording numbered 779-002; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
White House Tape 779-002
Richard Nixon appears with H. R. Haldeman and John Dean in the 48-minute White House recording numbered 779-002; the Watergate Special Prosecution Force later included the recording in its transcript collection.
Watergate Indictment
Is indicted for his role in planning and supporting the Watergate burglary and bugging operation.
Secret GOP Fund Structure
Woodward and Bernstein report that money for the Watergate intelligence operation came from a secret Nixon campaign fund controlled by senior campaign officials.
Secret GOP Fund Links
Bernstein and Woodward report that two senior Nixon campaign officials withdrew substantial sums from a secret fund used for intelligence-gathering activities against Democrats.
Secret GOP Fund Withdrawals
Woodward and Bernstein report that Jeb Magruder and Herbert Porter each withdrew more than $50,000 from a secret fund used for political intelligence activities.
Assassination of Ami Shehori
A Black September letter bomb kills Ami Shehori, a Israeli attache at the embassy in London
Black September
A Black September letter bomb kills Ami Shehori, a Israeli attache at the embassy in London
Assassination of Ami Shehori
A Black September letter bomb kills Ami Shehori, a Israeli attache at the embassy in London
Black September
A Black September letter bomb kills Ami Shehori, a Israeli attache at the embassy in London
Black September
A letter bomb sent during a campaign targeting Israeli diplomatic missions killed embassy agricultural attachรฉ Ami Shachori in London. The attack formed part of the violence attributed to the Black September Organization in the aftermath of Munich.
FBI Watergate Record Opened
FBI records formally reflected Hunt's Watergate charges after his indictment for conspiracy and unlawful electronic-surveillance offenses.
FBI Watergate Record Opened
FBI records formally reflected Hunt's Watergate charges after his indictment for conspiracy and unlawful electronic-surveillance offenses.
Watergate Data Destruction
Woodward and Bernstein report that Nixon campaign officials directed destruction of financial and intelligence records after the Watergate break-in.
Birth of Liam Gallagher
Birth of Liam Gallagher, William John Paul Gallagher
Volume 4
Drums on Volume 4 as Black Sabbath expands its sound beyond the first three albums.
China-Japan Joint Communique
Participates in the joint communiquรฉ establishing diplomatic relations between China and Japan.
Diplomatic Ties with Japan Severed
The Republic of China severs diplomatic relations with Japan after Tokyo establishes formal diplomatic relations with the Peopleโs Republic of China.
Trial
it was revealed that Attorney General & Nixon campaign chairman John Mitchell had controlled a secret Republican fund used to pay for spying on the Democrats
Watergate
It was revealed that Attorney General & Nixon campaign chairman John Mitchellll had controlled a secret Republican fund used to pay for spying on the Democrats.
Watergate
it was revealed that Attorney General & Nixon campaign chairman John Mitchell had controlled a secret Republican fund used to pay for spying on the Democrats
Trial
It was revealed that Attorney General & Nixon campaign chairman John Mitchellll had controlled a secret Republican fund used to pay for spying on the Democrats.
Watergate Burglars
John Mitchellll, while serving as attorney general, controlled a secret Republican fund used to finance widespread intelligence-gathering operations against the Democrats, The Post reports.
Mitchell Secret Fund Control
Bernstein and Woodward report that John Mitchell controlled a secret Republican fund used to finance intelligence-gathering operations against Democratic political opponents.
Mitchell Secret Fund Control
Woodward and Bernstein report that John Mitchell personally controlled a secret Republican fund used to finance political intelligence operations against Democrats.
Political Intelligence Fund
Reporting identifies Mitchell as controlling a secret Republican fund used to finance political intelligence operations directed against Democrats.
Japan-China Normalization Talks
Hosts Japanese Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka for negotiations on diplomatic normalization.
Black September
After the killings in Munich, Golda Meirโs government authorized covert operations against people Israeli intelligence identified as involved in Palestinian militant attacks. The ensuing campaign became widely known as Operation Wrath of God.
Exile of Milton Obote
Obote takes refuge in Tanzania, from where he attempts to regain the country through a military invasion in without success
Invasion of Uganda
Obote takes refuge in Tanzania, from where he attempts to regain the country through a military invasion in without success
Social Contract
Becomes TUC general secretary as Labour and unions discuss a new political compact.
Majority Oil Interests Nationalised
Libya takes majority ownership in the operations of several foreign oil companies.
Director of Central Intelligence
Appointed Director of the CIA
Federal Detention Transfer
Hunt passed through federal detention in New York while being transported under custody for continuing Watergate proceedings.
Federal Detention Transfer
Hunt passed through federal detention in New York while being transported under custody for continuing Watergate proceedings.
Over-Nite Sensation
Releases Over-Nite Sensation, combining intricate ensemble playing with more direct rock songs and satirical lyrics.
Death of Salvador Allende
Dies inside La Moneda during the coup; later official investigations conclude that he took his own life.
Military Coup
Remains in La Moneda during the military coup that ends his government.
Government Junta
Assumes leadership of the military junta after the armed forces overthrow the constitutional government.
Military Junta
Leads the military junta established after the armed forces overthrow President Salvador Allende.
Death of Salvador Allende
Death of Salvador Allende
Coup
The Armed Forces and Carabineros of Chile assume control of the Government
The Wild the Innocent and the E Street Shuffle
Releases The Wild the Innocent and the E Street Shuffle, deepening his Asbury Park storytelling style.
War Planning
Meets President Hafez al-Assad in Cairo to secretly discuss the joint Egyptian-Syrian war plan.
War Planning
Meets Ahmed Ismail Ali and Anwar Sadat in Egypt to discuss joint plans for war.
War Planning
Meets Egyptian leaders to coordinate the timing of the joint attack.
Syria and Israel engage in a dogfight over the Mediterranean Sea
Syria and Israel engage in a dogfight over the Mediterranean Sea
Succession
Succeeds as King of Sweden
Dissolution of Congress
The military junta dissolves the National Congress and assumes legislative authority.
Coup
New elections are held twelve days after the Chilean coup, later designated as Argentine ambassador to Mexico
Diplomatic Mission
New elections are held twelve days after the Chilean coup, later designated as Argentine ambassador to Mexico
Election
New elections are held twelve days after the Chilean coup, later designated as Argentine ambassador to Mexico
Senate Watergate Testimony Begins
Hunt testified publicly before the Senate Watergate Committee about his CIA background, White House assignments, political intelligence work, and the Watergate break-ins.
September Watergate Hearings Resume
Presides as the committee resumes public Watergate hearings after the summer sessions, continuing its examination of evidence gathered during the investigation.
Warning
Secretly warns Golda Meir that Egypt and Syria may be preparing for war.
Senate Watergate Testimony Continues
Hunt continued answering Senate questions about Charles Colson, G. Gordon Liddy, campaign intelligence operations, and his understanding of White House authority.
Phase I Final Evidence Session
Participates in a late Phase I hearing as the committee completes additional public examination of Watergate evidence before shifting emphasis to campaign practices.
Mobilization
Egypt and Syria publicly describe troop concentrations as routine maneuvers while preparing for war.
Death of Anna Magnani
Death of Anna Magnani
Mobilization
Syria and Egypt publicly describe troop concentrations as routine maneuvers while preparing for war.
Campaign Practices Phase Opens
Leads the committee as hearings move into the campaign-practices phase, broadening the inquiry beyond the burglary to political intelligence and election conduct.
Pompidou Visit to China
Hosts French President Georges Pompidou during the first visit to China by a French head of state.
Marriage
John Lennon and Yoko Ono begin an 18-month separation, during which Lennon embarks on his infamous "lost weekend" in Los Angeles
Selsdon Declaration
The "Selsdon Declaration", to which all members must subscribe, was adopted at the Selsdon Groups first meeting at the Selsdon Park Hotel in September 1973
Selsdon Group
The "Selsdon Declaration", to which all members must subscribe, was adopted at the Selsdon Groups first meeting at the Selsdon Park Hotel in September 1973
Selsdon Declaration
The "Selsdon Declaration", to which all members must subscribe, was adopted at the Selsdon Groups first meeting at the Selsdon Park Hotel in September 1973
Selsdon Group
The "Selsdon Declaration", to which all members must subscribe, was adopted at the Selsdon Groups first meeting at the Selsdon Park Hotel in September 1973
Marriage
John Lennon and Yoko Ono begin an 18-month separation, during which Lennon embarks on his infamous "lost weekend" in Los Angeles
Employee Retirement Income Security Act
ERISA establishes federal standards for private pension and employee-benefit plans.
Death of Creighton Abrams
Death of Creighton Abrams
Second Constitutional Amendment
Parliament adopts the Second Amendment defining the constitutional status of Ahmadis.
Watergate
Nixon receives a "full, complete & absolute pardon" from Gerald Ford.
Pardon
Given a pardon by Gerald ford for involvement in Watergate
Pardon
Nixon receives a full presidential pardon from Gerald Ford for federal offenses he committed or may have committed while president.
Pardon Accepted
Accepts President Ford's pardon and states that he hopes the decision will help lift the burden of Watergate from the country.
Watergate
Nixon receives a "full, complete & absolute pardon" from Gerald Ford.
Pardon
Given a pardon by Gerald ford for involvement in Watergate
Pardon
Receives a "full, complete & absolute pardon" from Gerald Ford.
Nixon Pardon
Grants Richard Nixon a full, free and absolute pardon for federal offenses he committed or may have committed while president.
Roxy & Elsewhere
Releases Roxy & Elsewhere, combining live performances with extensive studio editing and overdubbing.
Clemency Program
Announces conditional clemency for Vietnam-era draft evaders and military deserters
Election
The general election date is announced for October 10
Second Mercury Flyby
Mariner 10 returns to Mercury for a second flyby because its solar orbit is resonant with Mercury's orbital period.
Ulster Public Meeting
Addresses a public meeting in Banbridge on Ulster's constitutional position within the United Kingdom.
Nuclear Safety Standards Programme Launched
The IAEA launches the NUSS programme to develop internationally agreed safety standards for nuclear power plants.
Exttra Texture
Releases album, "Exttra Texture" in the UK
Return Visit
Allowed to visit Phnom Penh after five years in exile
Wish You Were Here
Pink Floyd release Wish You Were Here in the United Kingdom
Head of State Begins
Elizabeth II becomes monarch and head of state when Papua New Guinea gains independence
Prime Minister Takes Office
Michael Somare becomes first Prime Minister of independent Papua New Guinea
Governor-General Takes Office
John Guise becomes first Governor-General of independent Papua New Guinea
Execution
5 Basque separatists are sentenced to death for killing policemen
Fame
Fame tops the US singles chart, co-written by Bowie, John Lennon and guitarist Carlos Alomar.
Fame
"Fame," a song from David Bowies Young Americans album, tops the US singles charts, it is cowritten by Bowie, John Lennon and guitarist Carlos Aloma
Fame
Reaches number one in the United States with Fame, co-written with John Lennon and Carlos Alomar.
Budget
Proposes a Public Accounts Committee for the European Parliament to control expenditure
Peace
Orders the French troops out of Chad
Execution
5 Basque separatists are executed for killing policemen
Birth of Rolan Bolan
Gloria Jones gives birth to Bolan's son, Rolan Bolan.
Pink Floyd
Wish You Were Here is released; black, shrink-wrapped, anonymous
Pink Floyd
Wish You Were Here is released; black, shrink-wrapped, anonymous
Nuclear Power
After the nuclear reactor deal with France declares there will be an Arab atomic bomb
President of Uruguay
Appointed president by the military-dominated regime
Pay Policy
The National Union of Seamen votes for industrial action over a 6 pounds claim, breaching pay policy.
Succession
Hua Guofeng becomes Mao's chosen successor during the final crisis of the Cultural Revolution
Death of Mao Tse-Tung
Death of Mao Tse-Tung, age 82
Death of Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong dies, leaving the Cultural Revolution radicals vulnerable
Death of Mao Zedong
Death of Mao Zedong
Home Office Departure
Leaves the Home Office before taking up the European Commission presidency.
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary
Lord Privy Seal
Appointed Lord Privy Seal
Minister of Education
Appointed Secretary of State for Education & Science
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Makes a Cabinet reshuffle
Secretary of State for Northern Ireland
Appointed Secretary of State for Northern Ireland
Death of Paul
Prince Paul dies in Paris, aged 83, without ever returning to Yugoslavia
HSCA Established
The House created the Select Committee on Assassinations to conduct a new investigation of the Kennedy and King assassinations.
HSCA Formation Role
The House established the Select Committee on Assassinations after sustained congressional pressure for a new inquiry, including efforts led by Downing.
HSCA Creation
Supports the new committee investigation into the Kennedy and King assassinations.
HSCA Chairman
Becomes first chairman of the House Select Committee on Assassinations.
HSCA Creation
Sponsors the House resolution creating the assassination investigation committee.
Visit to London
Returns after an 8 day visit to Canada
Meeting with Vorster to discuss a resolution to the
Meets Vorster to discuss a resolution to the Rhodesian problem
Majority Rule Principle Accepted
Smith publicly accepts the principle of transition to majority rule.
Long May You Run
Releases Long May You Run with Stephen Stills as the Stills-Young Band.
Direct Elections Act
Supports the act establishing direct universal elections to the European Parliament.
Constitution of Great Britain
9 EC Foreign Minister's sign documents authorizing elections to a European Parliament
Election
9 EC Foreign Minister's sign documents authorizing elections to a European Parliament
Direct Elections Act
Heads the Irish government when member states establish direct European Parliament elections.
Direct Elections Act
Supports the agreement enabling citizens to elect European Parliament representatives directly.
Direct Elections Act
Heads the Italian government as the member states sign the act introducing direct European Parliament elections.
Clash
The Clash perform at the 100 Club Punk Festival, sharing the bill with the Sex Pistols, Siouxsie and the Banshees and Subway Sect
Clash
The Clash perform at the 100 Club Punk Festival, sharing the bill with the Sex Pistols, Siouxsie and the Banshees and Subway Sect
100 Club Punk Festival
Appears at the 100 Club Punk Festival, helping define the London punk scene.
Strike
The executive of the National Union of Seamen call off the strike. The executive of the National Union of Seamen accept fringe benefits
Henry Kissinger has discussions with James Callaghan
Henry Kissinger has discussions with James Callaghan after his 10 day tour of Africa
Inauguration of Elias Sarkis
Elias Sarkis takes the constitutional oath and formally begins his presidential term, declaring the restoration of security and the rebuilding of national institutions to be central priorities.
Orbit
Returns after orbiting the Earth in Soyuz 22 for 8 days
Orbit
Returns after orbiting the Earth in Soyuz 22 for 8 days
Henry Kissinger has discussions with James Callaghan
Henry Kissinger has discussions with James Callaghan after his 10 day tour of Africa
Independence of Great Britain
Smith accepts Kissingers proposals for 2 yr transition to black majority rule
Independence of Rhodesia
Smith accepts Kissingers proposals for 2 yr transition to black majority rule
Ian Smith announces aceptance of Kissingers 2 yr transition to black majority
Ian Smith announces aceptance of Kissingers 2 yr transition to black majority rule
Majority Rule Commitment
Smith accepts transition to majority rule within two years.
Technical Ecstasy
Records Technical Ecstasy as the band experiments with a more varied hard rock style.
Independence of Great Britain
Britain agrees a 5 African nation request for a conference for transitional Government
Independence of Rhodesia
Britain agrees a 5 African nation request for a conference for transitional Government
Transitional Conference Accepted
Smith accepts British proposals for a conference on transitional government.
Devaluation
The pound falls to $1.68.
Economy of Great Britain
The pound falls to $1.68
Acting PM Appointed
Nuon Chea becomes Acting Prime Minister during Pol Pot's temporary absence
Devaluation
The pound falls to $1.67.
Heathrow Return - Economic Policy
Economic-policy record linked to the IMF crisis: Abandons his journey to an IMF meeting and returns to London as sterling comes under severe pressure.
Heathrow Return - Government Response
Government response under Denis Winston Healey: Abandons his journey to an IMF meeting and returns to London as sterling comes under severe pressure.
Heathrow Return - IMF
IMF context: Abandons his journey to an IMF meeting and returns to London as sterling comes under severe pressure.
Heathrow Return
Abandons his journey to an IMF meeting and returns to London as sterling comes under severe pressure.
Heathrow Turnaround
Healey abandons his journey to an IMF meeting and returns to London as sterling comes under severe pressure.
Heathrow
Healey turns back from Heathrow during the sterling crisis to manage emergency talks in London.
Sterling Emergency - Economic Policy
Economic-policy record linked to the IMF crisis: Returns from Heathrow during the sterling emergency rather than continuing to the IMF meeting.
Sterling Emergency - Government Response
Government response under Denis Winston Healey: Returns from Heathrow during the sterling emergency rather than continuing to the IMF meeting.
Sterling Emergency - IMF
IMF context: Returns from Heathrow during the sterling emergency rather than continuing to the IMF meeting.
Sterling Emergency
Returns from Heathrow during the sterling emergency rather than continuing to the IMF meeting.
Pay Policy
Warns Labour that inflation cannot be solved by spending alone.
Social Contract
Tells Labour that spending cannot simply buy full employment.
Acting Cabinet Lead
Nuon Chea leads the Council of Ministers in an acting capacity
Victory-Ali
Muhamid Ali defeats Ken Norton on points in a 15 round championship fight
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Economy of Great Britain
Britain applies to the International Monetary Fund for a loan of $3.9 billion.
IMF Crisis Response - Economic Policy
Economic-policy record linked to the IMF crisis: Responds to the sterling crisis by pursuing an IMF loan.
IMF Crisis Response - Government Response
Government response under Denis Winston Healey: Responds to the sterling crisis by pursuing an IMF loan.
IMF Crisis Response - IMF
IMF context: Responds to the sterling crisis by pursuing an IMF loan.
IMF Crisis Response
Responds to the sterling crisis by pursuing an IMF loan.
IMF Financing Request - Economic Policy
Economic-policy record linked to the IMF crisis: Requests IMF financial support as pressure on sterling intensifies.
IMF Financing Request - Government Response
Government response under Denis Winston Healey: Requests IMF financial support as pressure on sterling intensifies.
IMF Financing Request - IMF
IMF context: Requests IMF financial support as pressure on sterling intensifies.
IMF Financing Request
Requests IMF financial support as pressure on sterling intensifies.
IMF Loan Application - Economic Policy
Economic-policy record linked to the IMF crisis: Announces that Britain will seek a 3.9 billion dollar standby loan from the International Monetary Fund.
IMF Loan Application - Government Response
Government response under Denis Winston Healey: Announces that Britain will seek a 3.9 billion dollar standby loan from the International Monetary Fund.
IMF Loan Application - IMF
IMF context: Announces that Britain will seek a 3.9 billion dollar standby loan from the International Monetary Fund.
IMF Loan Application
Announces that Britain will seek a 3.9 billion dollar standby loan from the International Monetary Fund.
IMF Loan Application
Healey announces that Britain will seek a 3.9 billion dollar standby loan from the International Monetary Fund.
IMF Standby Request - Economic Policy
Economic-policy record linked to the IMF crisis: Seeks a standby loan from the International Monetary Fund during the sterling crisis.
IMF Standby Request - Government Response
Government response under Denis Winston Healey: Seeks a standby loan from the International Monetary Fund during the sterling crisis.
IMF Standby Request - IMF
IMF context: Seeks a standby loan from the International Monetary Fund during the sterling crisis.
IMF Standby Request
Seeks a standby loan from the International Monetary Fund during the sterling crisis.
International Monetary Fund
Britain applies to the International Monetary Fund for a loan of $3.9 billion. Britain appeals to the International Monetary Fund for a stand-by loan of 2,300 million pounds.
Pay Discipline - Economic Policy
Economic-policy record linked to the IMF crisis: Defends continued pay discipline while facing the IMF crisis.
Pay Discipline - Government Response
Government response under Denis Winston Healey: Defends continued pay discipline while facing the IMF crisis.
Pay Discipline - IMF
IMF context: Defends continued pay discipline while facing the IMF crisis.
Pay Discipline
Defends continued pay discipline while facing the IMF crisis.
Pay Policy
Healey faces the IMF loan application as sterling pressure intensifies.
Social Contract and IMF - Economic Policy
Economic-policy record linked to the IMF crisis: Faces the IMF crisis while defending the Social Contract and pay discipline.
Social Contract and IMF - Government Response
Government response under Denis Winston Healey: Faces the IMF crisis while defending the Social Contract and pay discipline.
Social Contract and IMF - IMF
IMF context: Faces the IMF crisis while defending the Social Contract and pay discipline.
Social Contract and IMF
Faces the IMF crisis while defending the Social Contract and pay discipline.
Social Contract
Healey faces the IMF crisis while defending continued pay discipline.
Sterling Pressure - Economic Policy
Economic-policy record linked to the IMF crisis: Faces intensifying sterling pressure as the IMF loan application is made.
Sterling Pressure - Government Response
Government response under Denis Winston Healey: Faces intensifying sterling pressure as the IMF loan application is made.
Sterling Pressure - IMF
IMF context: Faces intensifying sterling pressure as the IMF loan application is made.
Sterling Pressure
Faces intensifying sterling pressure as the IMF loan application is made.
Economy of Great Britain
Britain applies to the International Monetary Fund for a loan of $3.9 billion
Economy of Great Britain
Britain applies for an International Monetary Fund loan of 2,300 million pounds
International Monetary Fund
Britain applies to the International Monetary Fund for a loan of $3.9 billion
Economy of Great Britain
Healey defends his measures to support the pound at the annual party conference.
Burial
300,000 Chinese file past Maos body in the Great Hall of the People
Sex Pistols
Following a showcase gig held during London's first punk festival, at the 100 Club in Oxford Street, in September 1976, the Sex Pistols sign to the major label EMI
Sex Pistols
Following a showcase gig held during London's first punk festival, at the 100 Club in Oxford Street, in September 1976, the Sex Pistols sign to the major label EMI
Sex Pistols
Following a showcase gig held during London's first punk festival, at the 100 Club in Oxford Street, in September 1976, the Sex Pistols sign to the major label EMI
Bad Reputation
Produces Bad Reputation for Thin Lizzy, strengthening his work with hard rock bands.
German Autumn
Terrorists try to force the release of Baader and ten other imprisoned RAF members by kidnapping Hanns Martin as part of the sequence of events known as the "German Autumn"
German Autumn
Terrorists try to force the release of Baader and ten other imprisoned RAF members by kidnapping Hanns Martin as part of the sequence of events known as the "German Autumn"
Voyager 1 Launch
Voyager 1 launches from Cape Canaveral to begin its outer-planet mission.
Arrest of Andraes Baader
Deprives the Baader-Meinhof prisoners of all contact with each other as well as with the outside, all visits, including those of lawyers and family members, being forbidden. Deprives the Baader-Meinhof prisoners are deprived of their access to post, newspapers, magazines, television, and radio
German Autumn
An official statement is released in which the state declared that the prisoners would not be released under any circumstances, and on the same day a Kontaktsperre ("communication ban") was enacted against all political pris
Kontaktsperre
Deprives the Baader-Meinhof prisoners of all contact with each other as well as with the outside, all visits, including those of lawyers and family members, being forbidden. An official statement is released in which the state declared that the prisoners would not be released under any circumstances, and on the same day a Kontaktsperre ("communication ban") was enacted against all political pris
Watergate
Liddy was released on September 7, 1977, after serving a total of four and a half years of incarceration.
Kidnap
Kidnapped in Cologne with 3 of his bodyguards killed by Baader-Meinhof
Death in Detention
Dies in custody after being transported to Pretoria.
Fatal Injuries in Custody
His death becomes an international symbol of apartheid-era police abuse.
Earth-Jupiter Cruise Phase
Voyager 1 completes near-Earth activities and begins its cruise toward Jupiter.
Death of Marc Bolan
Dies as a passenger in a Mini driven by Gloria Jones, two weeks before his thirtieth birthday.
Your Generation Chart Entry
Your Generation enters the Official Singles Chart and reaches number thirty-six.
Earth-Moon Single-Frame Image
Voyager 1 records the first spacecraft image showing Earth and the Moon together in a single frame.
Heroes
Releases Heroes, recorded partly in Berlin and centred on one of his most enduring songs.
Skytrain
Sir Freddie Laker begins his cut-rate "Skytrain" service from London to NY
Bryukhanov Unit One Grid Connection
Heads the station when Unit 1 first supplies electricity to the grid through Turbine Generator 2.
Death of Hanns-Martin Schleyer
Death of Hans Martin Schleyer, assassinated by Baader-Meinhof
Burial
A swan-shaped floral tribute is displayed at Bolan's funeral in recognition of Ride A White Swan.
Church Committee
Shortly after Chief Counsel Richard Sprague declined to sign CIA secrecy oaths and began asking pointed questions about Oswald's visit to Mexico City, he began to be denounced in the press and by his own committee chairman, Henry Gonzalez.
Church Committee
The Church Committee's unfinished business fell to the House Select Committee on Assassinations.
Church Committee
The committee was almost terminated before it got started, rescued only by the resignations of Gonzalez and Sprague, and the apparent suicide of key witness George de Mohrenschildt
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
Shortly after Chief Counsel Richard Sprague declined to sign CIA secrecy oaths and began asking pointed questions about Oswald's visit to Mexico City, he began to be denounced in the press and by his own committee chairman, Henry Gonzalez.
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
The Church Committee's unfinished business fell to the House Select Committee on Assassinations.
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
The committee was almost terminated before it got started, rescued only by the resignations of Gonzalez and Sprague, and the apparent suicide of key witness George de Mohrenschildt
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
Shortly after Chief Counsel Richard Sprague declined to sign CIA secrecy oaths and began asking pointed questions about Oswald's visit to Mexico City, he began to be denounced in the press and by his own committee chairman, Henry Gonzalez.
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
The Church Committee's unfinished business fell to the House Select Committee on Assassinations.
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)
The committee was almost terminated before it got started, rescued only by the resignations of Gonzalez and Sprague, and the apparent suicide of key witness George de Mohrenschildt
Geir Hallgrimsson Government
The Geir Hallgrimsson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Second Olafur Johannesson Government
Begins the Second Olafur Johannesson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Camp David Agreement
US President Carter, Menachem Begin of Israel and Anwar Sadat of Egypt meet at Camp David
Meeting with At Camp David
US President Carter, Menachem Begin of Israel and Anwar Sadat of Egypt meet at Camp David
Death of Keith Moon
Keith Moon dies of an overdose of the drug prescribed to control his alcoholism
Death of Keith Moon
Dies in London after a drug overdose.
Stage
Releases Stage, a live album documenting his late-1970s touring band and Berlin-era material.
Buzzcocks
The Buzzcocks release "Ever Fallen in Love?"
Black Friday
The clerical leadership declared that "thousands have been massacred by Zionist troops"
Demonstrations
The clerical leadership declared that "thousands have been massacred by Zionist troops"
Black Friday
The Shah introduced martial law, and banned all demonstrations but on September 8 thousands of protesters gathered in Tehran, security forces shot and killed dozens, in what became known as Black Friday
Demonstrations
The Shah introduced martial law, and banned all demonstrations but on September 8 thousands of protesters gathered in Tehran, security forces shot and killed dozens, in what became known as Black Friday
Martial Law
The Shah introduced martial law, and banned all demonstrations but on September 8 thousands of protesters gathered in Tehran, security forces shot and killed dozens, in what became known as Black Friday
Voyager 1 Asteroid Belt Crossing
Voyager 1 completes its passage through the asteroid belt while continuing toward Jupiter.
Birth of Eulogio Cantillo
Death of Euilogio Cantillo
Political Reform
ibn Shaker participates in political reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Federal Government
Zia assumes the presidency while retaining military authority.
President of Pakistan
Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq becomes President after Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry leaves office.
Accords of Camp David
Signs the Camp David frameworks with Menachem Begin and Jimmy Carter after thirteen days of negotiations.
Camp David Agreement
Accepts frameworks covering Egyptian-Israeli peace and proposed Palestinian self-government.
Palestinian Autonomy
Accepts a framework calling for negotiations on Palestinian self-government in the West Bank and Gaza.
Peace
Concludes the Camp David Accords establishing a framework for an Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty.
Rule of Sinai
Secures a framework requiring phased Israeli withdrawal from Sinai.
Death of Willy Messerschmitt
Death of Willy Messerschmitt
Camp David Agreement
US President Carter, Menachem Begin of Israel and Anwar Sadat of Egypt sign agreements at Camp David. Israel promises to withdraw gradually from Sinai and to establish some form of autonomous Palestinian territory on the West Bank. Agrees to withdraw from Sinai & for elections in the West Bank & Gaza Strip
Election
Agrees to withdraw from Sinai & for elections in the West Bank & Gaza Strip
Rule of Sinai
Israel promises to withdraw gradually from Sinai and to establish some form of autonomous Palestinian territory on the West Bank
Rule of West Bank
Israel promises to withdraw gradually from Sinai and to establish some form of autonomous Palestinian territory on the West Bank
Withdrawal Negotiations at West Bank
Israel promises to withdraw gradually from Sinai and to establish some form of autonomous Palestinian territory on the West Bank
Camp David Accords
Mediates the Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel, building on the post-1973 diplomatic process.
Peace Negotiations at Camp David
Hosts Anwar Sadat and Menachem Begin at Camp David to negotiate a peace framework.
Rule of Sinai
The Camp David framework sets out the return of Sinai to Egypt in exchange for peace with Israel.
Tormato
Drums on Tormato, the final studio album before Anderson and Wakeman leave.
Tormato
Plays guitar on Tormato during the last album by the late-1970s line-up.
Ever Fallen in Love
Ever Fallen in Love enters the Official Singles Chart and becomes Buzzcocks' best-known 1970s hit.
Never Say Die
Drums on Never Say Die, the last studio album of the original Ozzy-era line-up.
Camp David Agreement
The Israeli Knesset endorses the Camp David accord
Death of John Paul I
Death of John Paul I, after being Pope for 34 days
Botha Government Begins
Takes control of government during the Information Scandal.
National Party Leadership Victory
Defeats rival candidates during the National Party leadership contest.
Prime Minister Appointment
Is elected prime minister after John Vorster resigns.
Prime Minister Appointment
Becomes prime minister after John Vorster resigns.
Governing Party Leadership
Takes control of the governing party during the Information Scandal.
National Party Leadership
Becomes leader of the National Party alongside the premiership.
National Party Leadership
Wins the National Party leadership contest after Vorster resigns.
Party Caucus Victory
Takes control of both the governing party and premiership.
HSCA Testimony
Trafficante testified before the HSCA on September 28, 1978, denying foreknowledge of or participation in President Kennedy's assassination and denying that he had threatened the President.
Coup
Deputy Prime Minister of Afghanistan Hafizullah Amin seizes power after a palace shootout that results in the murder of President Taraki
Wet Dream
Rick Wright releases "Wet Dream", his first solo album
IRC
The Islamic Revolutionary Council is formed in Iran at Khomeinis behest
Islamic Revolutionary Council
The Islamic Revolutionary Council is formed in Iran at Khomeinis behest
Black Friday
Government troops fire on demonstrators, Black Friday
Demonstrations
The army was sent in, dispersing the demonstrations and killing several students (two to nine according to the Government, 70 or more according to the opposition). Government troops fire on demonstrators, Black Friday
Exile of Ruhollah Khomeini
Leaves for Paris where Khomeini forms an opposition movement in exile
IRC
The Islamic Revolutionary Council is formed in Iran at Khomeinis behest
Islamic Revolutionary Council
The Islamic Revolutionary Council is formed in Iran at Khomeinis behest
Martial Law
Martial Law is declared
Death of John Paul II
Death of John Paul I
Election
The United Nations passes another resolution for free & open elections in South West Africa
Rule of Namibia
The United Nations passes another resolution for free & open elections in South West Africa
World Champion
Ali regains his title after winning the rematch against Leon Spinks
World Youth Final Goal
Scores Argentina's third goal in the 3-1 World Youth Championship final victory over the Soviet Union.
Tomorrow's Girls Chart Entry
Tomorrow's Girls enters the Official Singles Chart and reaches number twenty-eight.
Something That I Said
Something That I Said enters the Official Singles Chart and reaches number twenty-nine.
Death of Mahmoud Taleghani
Taleghani dies in Tehran, removing a prominent revolutionary cleric with broad popular appeal
Removal from Office
Amin removes Taraki from government and party leadership after a violent power struggle.
Arrest of Nur Muhammad Taraki
President Taraki tries to have Amin assassinated but fails, Amin has him arrested
Quadrophenia Film
Directs the film adaptation of Quadrophenia.
Head of State
Amin assumes control of the Revolutionary Council and the PDPA.
Rule of Shatt al-Arab
Iraq breaks its 1975 Treaty with Iran & declares sovereignty over Shatt al-Arab
Cueca Declared National Dance
Issues a decree recognizing the cueca as Chile's national dance.
UN Seat Retained
Anti-Vietnam Cambodian representatives retain international recognition after the fall of Phnom Penh
President of Angola
Appointed President of Angola, 1st term
Cut Chart Entry
Cut enters the UK albums chart during the Slits' major commercial breakthrough.
Third Republic Inaugurated
Limann takes office as president when the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council transfers authority to the elected government of the Third Republic.
The Long Run
Records The Long Run, the final Eagles studio album before the band's long breakup.
Adventures of the Hersham Boys
The Adventures of the Hersham Boys reaches the UK Top Ten albums chart.
Mittageisen Single
Mittageisen enters the Official Singles Chart during a turbulent year for the Banshees.
Papal Visit to Ireland
ร Fiaich helps receive Pope John Paul II during the first papal visit to Ireland, including the major peace appeal delivered at Drogheda.
Dismissal
Rick Wright is dropped from the Pink Floyd Partnership during final sessions for "The Wall", the move is Waters idea but he is backed by Gilmour
Pink Floyd
Rick Wright is dropped from the Pink Floyd Partnership during final sessions for "The Wall", the move is Waters idea but he is backed by Gilmour
KCP
The party founded the Patriotic and Democratic Front of the Great National Union of Kampuchea as a united front in September 1979 to fight the PRK and the Vietnamese, led by Khieu Sampan. The armed forces under the command of the party, what remained of the erstwhile Peoples National Liberation Armed Forces of Kampuchea, were renamed National Army of Democratic Kampuchea
National Army of Democratic Kampuchea
The armed forces under the command of the party, what remained of the erstwhile Peoples National Liberation Armed Forces of Kampuchea, were renamed National Army of Democratic Kampuchea
United Nations
Pol Pot takes the United Nations seat as the legitimate representitive of Kampuchea
Political Reform
al-Rifai participates in political reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Prime Minister of China
Hua Guofeng is replaced by Zhao Ziyang (an ally of Deng Xiaoping) as premier of Communist China. Appointed Prime Minister of China
Constitution of Chile
The government declares approval of a new constitution in a plebiscite conducted without normal electoral registers.
Constitutional Plebiscite
Holds a plebiscite approving a new constitution without established democratic electoral safeguards.
Scary Monsters and Super Creeps
Co-produces Scary Monsters and Super Creeps, Bowie's last studio album before the 1980s pop breakthrough.
Constitution of Turkey
With the coup, comes the National Security Council (Milli Gevenlik Konseyi) as the ruling body
Coup
With the coup, comes the National Security Council (Milli Gevenlik Konseyi) as the ruling body
National Security Council
With the coup, comes the National Security Council (Milli Gevenlik Konseyi) as the ruling body
President of Turkey
Appointed President of Turkey, 1st term
Coup
Leads the military coup in Turkey
Agreement of Algiers
Makes a speech in the National Assembly declaring the agreement with Iraq null & void
National Assembly
Makes a speech in the National Assembly declaring the agreement with Iraq null & void
Assassination of Anastasio Somoza Debayle
Is assassinated in Paraguay after exile from Nicaragua.
Death of Anastasio Somoza Debayle
Dies after an armed attack on his vehicle in Paraguay.
Death of Anastasio Somoza Debayle
Death of Anastasio Somoza Debayle
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey
Invasion of Iran
Iraq launches an all out attack on Iran, hoping for a quick victory
Bombing of Iran
Iraq bombs 10 Iranian airbases
Invasion of Iran
Invades Iran & begins the Gulf War
Bombing of Abadan
Iraq bombs the Abadan refinery
Invasion of Iran
Orders tank commanders to lead the invasion of Iran
The Elephant Man
Opens on Broadway in The Elephant Man, earning praise for his stage performance as John Merrick.
Death of John Henry Bonzo Bonham
Bonham dies, leaving Led Zeppelin unable to continue with its original line-up.
Death of John Henry Bonzo Bonham
Dies at Jimmy Page's house after rehearsals for a planned American tour.
Blizzard of Oz
With his new manager and wife Sharon, Osbourne releases the first album, "Blizzard of Ozz," with his new band, Ozzy Osbourne & Blizzard of Ozz - guitarist Randy Rhoads, bassist Bob Daisley and drummer Lee Kerslak
Zimbabwe Settlement
Lancaster House negotiations shape the constitutional settlement leading to Zimbabwean independence.
Bombing of Dezful
The Iranian town of Dezfuk is heavilly bombed
Capture of Khorramshahr
Iraq gets off to a succesful start to the war
Invasion of Iran
Wants a quick war to capture the east bank of the Shatt al-Arab & parts of Khuzistan
Lenin Shipyards
Solidarity was founded at the Lenin Shipyards, where Lech Walesa and others formed a broad anti-communist social movement ranging from people associated with the Catholic Church to members of the anti-communist Left
Solidarity
Solidarity was founded at the Lenin Shipyards, where Lech Walesa and others formed a broad anti-communist social movement ranging from people associated with the Catholic Church to members of the anti-communist Left
Death of Berthold Konrad Hermann Albert Speer
Death of Berthold Konrad Hermann Albert Speer
President of Uruguay
Appointed president during the final phase of the civic-military dictatorship
Interim Government
Mahdavi-Kani becomes interim prime minister after the deaths of Rajai and Bahonar
Interim Government
Mahdavi-Kani is appointed interim prime minister after the deaths of Rajai and Bahonar
Prime Minister of Iran
Mahdavi-Kani serves as prime minister during the short interim government after the August bombing
Interim Government
Mahdavi-Kani leads an interim government after the Rajai-Bahonar assassination
Prime Minister of Iran
Mahdavi-Kani serves as prime minister during the emergency transition after August 1981
Military Presidency
Torrelio succeeds Garcia Meza as head of the military government.
Paymaster General Tenure
Completes his tenure as Paymaster General as ministerial responsibilities are reorganised during the September 1981 government changes.
Appointment as Lord President and Commons Leader
Appointed Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons, formally taking responsibility for coordinating government business in the Commons.
Secretary
Nigel Lawson is promoted to Secretary of State for Energy on 14 September 1981.
Cabinet
Lawson, Tebbit & Parkinson join the Cabinet & Prior becomes the Northern Ireland Sec
Resignation of Gilmour, Carlisle & Soames
Gilmour, Carlisle & Soames leave the Government
Abacab
Plays on Abacab as Genesis adopts a cleaner and more modern early-1980s sound.
IRGC Command
Rezaei becomes commander-in-chief of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps during the war
IAEA Director General Inauguration
Is inaugurated as Director General of the IAEA.
IAEA Leadership Begins
Begins sixteen years leading the international nuclear agency.
Deputy Leadership Challenge
Healey retains the Labour deputy leadership after defeating Tony Benn in the electoral-college ballot.
Election
Healey defeats Tony Benn with just over 50 percent of the electoral-college vote.
Tony Benn Challenge
Healey defeats Tony Benn by a narrow margin and retains the Labour deputy leadership.
Operation Samen-ol-A'emeh
Fakouri supports the Abadan offensive through Iranian air force command
Operation Samen-ol-A'emeh
Khomeini backs the offensive that breaks the Iraqi siege of Abadan
Operation Samen-ol-A'emeh
Fallahi helps direct the Iranian operation to relieve Abadan
Operation Samen-ol-A'emeh
Jahanara is associated with IRGC field activity in Khuzestan during the operation to break the Abadan siege
Operation Samen-ol-A'emeh
Namjoo is involved in the command review of the successful Abadan operation
Siege of Abadan
Iran relieves its besieged port of Abadan
Death of Bill Shankly
Bill Shankly died at the age of 68, prompting tributes from Liverpool supporters and the wider football community for his achievements as a player and manager.
C-130 Crash
Fakouri is killed in the Iranian Air Force C-130 crash after returning from the front
C-130 Crash
Fallahi is killed when a returning Iranian military C-130 crashes near Kahrizak
C-130 Crash
Jahanara is killed in the C-130 crash while returning from the southwest war front
C-130 Crash
Namjoo is killed in the C-130 crash with other senior military commanders
Commonwealth
Arrives in Melbourne for the Commonwealth Conference
Conference of Commonwealth
Arrives in Melbourne for the Commonwealth Conference
European Cup Debut
Villa begins its first European Cup campaign with a decisive victory over Valur.
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of Solidarity
Congress of Solidarity
Solidaritys 1st national congress
Phoebe Close Imaging
Voyager 2 obtains the mission's first useful close spacecraft views of distant Phoebe.
Nationalization
Announces nationalization of the banking system during the debt and currency crisis
Political Reform
I participates in political reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
It's Hard Album
Release It's Hard.
Second Jรธrgensen Premiership
The Second Jรธrgensen Premiership ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Prime Minister of Denmark
Appointed Prime Minister of Denmark
Schlรผter Premiership
Begins the Schlรผter Premiership in Copenhagen and serves as Prime Minister of Denmark.
President of Lebanon
Appointed President of the Lebanon after the death of his brother
Assassination of Beshir Gemayel
Killed in a bomb explosion at his party HQ in Beirut
Death of Beshir Gemayel
Death of Beshir Gemayel, assassinated
Death of Grace Patricia Kelly
Death of Grace Patricia Kelly
Capture of Beirut
The Israeli army occupies Beirut
Invasion of Lebanon
The Israeli army occupies Beirut
Misgav
The Jewish town of Misgav was built on land seized from the Palestinians over 3 decades, its 7,000 Jewish residents have jurisdiction over 183,000 dunams (a quarter-acre), while the areas 200,000 Arabs reside on 200,000 dunams
Rule of Beirut
The Israeli army occupies Beirut
Siege of Beirut
The Israeli army occupies Beirut
Invasion of Lebanon
The Israeli army occupies Beirut
Massacre
Palestinians are massacred by "Christian Falangists"
Massacre
The bloodshed brings calls for Begins resignation
Occupation
Occupies West Beirut
Siege of Beirut
Occupies West Beirut
Visit to Hong Kong
Begins a Far East visit to Hong Kong
Agreement on Oppose Soviet hegemony
Meets the Chinese Prime Minister Zhao Ziyang. China & Britain agree to oppose Soviet hegemony
Rule of Hong Kong
The Chinese insist on regaining Hong Kong by 1997
Inauguration of Amin Gemayel
Amin Gemayel takes the constitutional oath as President of Lebanon after the assassination of his brother Beshir and begins his term amid foreign military deployments and continuing civil conflict.
Reballion of Rebels in Tehran
Street battles lead to defeat of the Mujaheddin by the Revolutionary Guard
Reballion of Rebels in Tehran
Street battles lead to defeat of the Mujaheddin by the Revolutionary Guard
Nebraska
Releases Nebraska, a stark solo album recorded largely on a home cassette recorder.
Vice President
Apointed Vice President of the United Malayas National Organisation
PLO Headquarters Established in Tunis
Arafat establishes the PLO's principal headquarters in Tunis after the organization's evacuation from Beirut.
Valley Girl Top Forty Single
Reaches number 32 on the Billboard Hot 100 with Valley Girl, recorded with his daughter Moon.
Resignation of Menachem Begin
Yitzhak Shamir, the Foreign Minister of Israel, is elected to succeed PM Menachem Begin as leader of the governing Herut Party
Party Leader
Yitzhak Shamir, the Foreign Minister of Israel, is elected to succeed PM Menachem Begin as leader of the governing Herut Party
Party Leader
Yitzhak Shamir, the Foreign Minister of Israel, is elected to succeed PM Menachem Begin as leader of the governing Herut Party
Born Again
Returns to record drums on Born Again before leaving again due to personal problems.
Born Again
Sings on Born Again after joining Black Sabbath from Deep Purple.
Resignation of Menachem Begin
Resigns due to ill health
Peerage
Created Baron Wilson of Rievaulx as a life peer
Budget
Meets Khohl, they agree to forward CAP reforms from Stuttgart to the Athens Summit
Conference of Stuttgart
Meets Chancellor Khohl, they agree to forward CAP reforms to the Athens Summit
Coal Wage Offer Dispute
The Coal Board's pay offer became a central issue in disputes with the NUM about wages overtime and future closures.
Coal Wage Negotiations
The Coal Board and NUM disputed a wage offer amid wider arguments about future mine closures.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Visited by Margaret Thatcher who tries to persuade him to tighten his links with NATO
Visited by Margaret Thatcher
Visited by Margaret Thatcher who tries to persuade him to tighten his links with NATO
Meeting with Margaret Thatcher
Meets Margaret Thatcher
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Visited by Margaret Thatcher who tries to persuade him to tighten his links with NATO
National Coal Board (NCB)
Informs the Government he intends to cut the workforce by 64,000 over 3 yrs
Reform of Government
Informs the Government he intends to cut the workforce by 64,000 over 3 yrs
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Visits Canada attempting to increase their involvement in NATO & open up more trade
Visit to London
Visits Canada attempting to increase their involvement in NATO & open up more trade
Visit to Reagan
Visits Reagan, objects to Russia including British & French nuclear arms in SALT
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Visits Canada attempting to increase their involvement in NATO & open up more trade
Nuclear Power
Visits Reagan, objects to Russia including British & French nuclear arms in SALT
Russians shoot down a South Korean civilian airliner
The Russians shoot down a South Korean civilian airliner
Government
Visited by Margaret Thatcher. The Russians shoot down a South Korean civilian airliner
New Constitutional System
Black South Africans remain excluded from national parliamentary representation.
Tricameral Constitution Begins
The new tricameral constitutional system comes into force.
Election
The Progressive Conservative Party wins 211 of the 282 seats in the House of Commons
Prime Minister of Canada
Appointed Prime Minister of Canada
Death of Adam Malik
Death of Adam Malik
Health of Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko
Makes 1st public appearence for 7 weeks
Executive State Presidency
Becomes executive State President under the new constitution.
Executive State President
Is elected South Africa's first executive state president.
New Constitution Takes Effect
The office of prime minister is abolished.
State Presidency Begins
The premiership is abolished under the new constitution.
Strike
Miners & police clash at Kellingley
Dismissal
Relieved of all duties
Blue Jean
Releases Blue Jean, one of the major singles from Tonight.
Reform Debate
Presents views on changing economic management mechanisms
Prime Minister of Israel
The Knesset votes for a coalition Government. Appointed Prime Minister of Israel for 25 months followed by 25 months for Shamir
Burial
Re-interred in a Russian orthodox chapel at Brookwood cemetery, Surrey
Burial
Edwards bones are returned to the custody of the Midland Bank where they remain
Prime Minister of Canada
Forms a Progressive Conservative majority government.
Strike
Miners & police clash at Maltby
Hong Kong Negotiations Conclude
Oversees the final stage of negotiations as Britain and China reach agreement on the remaining issues concerning Hong Kong's future.
Government
Appears at the United Nations & appeals for a thaw in relations with Russia
Visit to By Gromyko in the Oval office for
Reagan hosts a visit by Gromyko in the Oval office for more than 3 1/2 hrs
Political Reform
Rifai participates in political reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Strike
A Judge rules that the miners strike is illegal
Strike
A Judge rules that the miners strike is illegal
Dooge Committee
Chairs the Ad Hoc Committee on Institutional Affairs established to propose reforms to European cooperation.
Visit to Washington
Reagan hosts a visit by Gromyko in the Oval office for more than 3 1/2 hrs
NUM Court Ruling
A court ruling against union strike procedures increased legal pressure on the NUM.
Rule of Hong Kong
Howe & Thatcher sign Declaration handing over Hong Kong to China by 1st July 1997
Deputy Chairman
Appointed Deputy Chairman of the Conservative Party
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary
Cabinet
Rees, Jenkin & Gowrie leave the Government. Clarke, MacGregor & Baker join the Cabinet
Conference of SDP
Opening day of the SDP Conference in Torquay
Broadcast
1st member of the Royal Family to appear on a live radio phone in on BBC Radio 4
Purge
Britain orders 25 Russian spies to leave the country
Flies out to Cairo to begin a tour of the Middle East
Flies out to Cairo to begin a tour of the Middle East
Men
Directs Manner, an international breakthrough for West German comedy.
PMRC Senate Testimony
Testifies before a United States Senate committee against proposed record-labelling and rating measures promoted by the PMRC.
Farm Aid
Co-founds Farm Aid with Willie Nelson and John Mellencamp to support family farmers.
Sanctions
Howe tells the United Nations General Assembly that Britain supports agreed European Community measures intended to increase pressure on South Africa over apartheid.
Prime Minister of Russia
Appointed Prime Minister of Russia, Chairman of the Council of Minister
Death of Simone Signoret
Death of Simone Signoret
A0620-00 Black Hole Mass
With Ronald Remillard, measures a mass function for A0620-00 whose compact object exceeds plausible neutron-star masses, strongly implying a black hole.
A0620-00 Black Hole Mass
With John McClintock, establishes strong dynamical evidence that the compact object in A0620-00 is a stellar-mass black hole.
Assassination Attempt
Survives an armed ambush in which five members of his security detail are killed.
Security Measures
Tightens security measures after surviving the armed attack in Cajon del Maipo.
Tarakanov Liquidator Roof Deployment
Directs the start of short-duration soldier deployments to remove radioactive graphite and fuel debris from reactor roofs.
Political Reform
Arif participates in political reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Telyatnikov Hero of Soviet Union Award
Receives the title Hero of the Soviet Union for leadership and courage during the Chernobyl firefighting operation.
Nuclear Accident Notification Convention
Supports Soviet participation in new international arrangements for rapid notification of nuclear accidents with possible cross-border consequences.
Nuclear Emergency Assistance Convention
Supports international agreements improving cooperation and assistance during nuclear and radiological emergencies.
Assistance Convention
The Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency opens for signature in response to lessons from Chernobyl.
Early Notification Convention
The Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident opens for signature after Chernobyl exposes weaknesses in international accident reporting.
Emergency Assistance Convention
Oversees adoption of the Convention on Emergency Assistance.
Nuclear Accident Notification Framework
The treaty creates rapid international reporting after nuclear accidents.
Radiological Assistance Framework
The treaty strengthens international help after nuclear or radiological emergencies.
Death of Cliff Burton
During the European leg of their Damage Inc. tour, Cliff Burton dies near Ljungby, Sweden when Metallicas tour bus skids off an icy road
Metallica
During the European leg of their Damage Inc. tour, Cliff Burton dies near Ljungby, Sweden when Metallicas tour bus skids off an icy road
Minister of Social Security
Appointed Minister of Social Security
Kostin Reactor Roof Photography
Photographs soldiers removing radioactive debris from roofs near the destroyed reactor during the cleanup.
Fomin Pretrial Detention
Remains in custody while investigators prepare the criminal case against senior Chernobyl managers and operating personnel.
Tarakanov Roof Cleanup Planning
Plans a human roof-cleaning operation after remotely operated machines prove unreliable in the most radioactive areas.
Tarakanov Roof Exposure Controls
Uses tightly limited work periods and protective equipment to reduce radiation exposure during roof-cleaning missions.
Samoilenko Human Cleanup Transition
Supports the transition to tightly timed human roof work after high radiation disables or limits robotic equipment.
Samoilenko Robot Cleanup Attempts
Participates in attempts to use remotely controlled machines for debris removal in areas with extreme radiation.
Plot
Attempts to assassinate Pinochet
A Momentary Lapse of Reason
Pink Floyd release A Momentary Lapse of Reason without Roger Waters
Big Generator
Sings on Big Generator during the final album of the 1980s Yes line-up.
Big Generator
Plays guitar and contributes songwriting to Big Generator.
1988 Campaign Withdrawal
Withdraws from the 1988 presidential race.
Letter Requesting Release from Politburo Role
Writes to Mikhail Gorbachev asking to be released from candidate membership of the Politburo and criticizing conservative resistance to reform.
Shift to Political Strategy
Khmer Rouge announce a greater focus on political struggle
Berlin Festival
"The Wall - Live In Berlin" is released
Martial Law
Lifts martial law in Rangoon & releases 1700 political prisoners
Premiership Ends
Tun Tin's premiership ends with the military coup
Head of State Takes Power
Saw Maung seizes power as chairman of the military council
Coup
Leads a military coup & seizes power
Brexit
Delivers the Bruges speech criticising centralising tendencies in Europe.
Bruges Speech
Thatcher delivers a major speech criticising European centralisation.
Prime Minister Takes Office
Saw Maung becomes Prime Minister under the military council
Joint Nuclear Liability Protocol Adopted
The Joint Protocol linking the Vienna and Paris nuclear liability conventions is adopted.
Transfer to Transitional Military Government
With parliament unable to elect a successor, outgoing President Amin Gemayel appoints a transitional military government headed by army commander Michel Aoun shortly before the presidential term expires.
Chairman
Governmet opposition unites & forms a new alliance with Gyi as its Chairman
Manager
Appointed manager of Leeds United
Second Steingrimur Hermannsson Government
Begins the Second Steingrimur Hermannsson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Thorsteinn Palsson Government
The Thorsteinn Palsson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Retirement
Retires as President of the USSR
Pink Floyd
Roger Waters issues a High Court writ against the band for breach of copyright, he claims $ 35,000 compensation for illegal use of the inflatable pig, one of his concepts, which has been used on their latest tour
Pink Floyd
Roger Waters issues a High Court writ against the band for breach of copyright, he claims $ 35,000 compensation for illegal use of the inflatable pig, one of his concepts, which has been used on their latest tour
International Caps
First called up to the full England squad by Bobby Robson for a friendly against Denmark
Perestroika
Andrey Gromyko retired from the Politburo, Yegor Ligachev was relieved of the ideology portfolio within the Politburos Secretariat, and Boris Pugo replaced Politburo member Mikhail Solomentsev as chairman of the powerful CPSU Party Control Committee
Perestroika
Andrey Gromyko retired from the Politburo, Yegor Ligachev was relieved of the ideology portfolio within the Politburos Secretariat, and Boris Pugo replaced Politburo member Mikhail Solomentsev as chairman of the powerful CPSU Party Control Committee
Perestroika
At an unprecedented emergency Central Committee plenum called by Gorbachev in September 1988, three stalwart old-guard members left the Politburo or lost positions of power
Leipzig Protest Crisis
Faces the first regular Monday demonstration in Leipzig as opposition protests grow.
Soyuz TM-8 Launch
Launches with Aleksandr Serebrov to resume long-duration Mir operations after the station's temporary uncrewed interval.
Constitution of South Africa
Wins an election to offer representation for all elements of the population
Election
Wins an election to offer representation for all elements of the population
President of South Africa
Appointed President of South Africa
Manual Soyuz TM-8 Docking
Completes a manual docking with Mir after an automatic Kurs rendezvous problem interrupts the spacecraft's final approach.
Second Steingrimur Hermannsson Government
The Second Steingrimur Hermannsson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Third Steingrimur Hermannsson Government
Begins the Third Steingrimur Hermannsson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Arab League Headquarters
Welcomes the decision to return the Arab League headquarters from Tunis to Cairo.
Oh Mercy
Releases Oh Mercy, produced by Daniel Lanois.
Visit to Japan
Thatcher visits Japan
Beit Sahour Tax Enforcement
Rabin backs enforcement measures as troops and tax officials restrict Beit Sahour and confiscate property during the town's tax revolt.
Beit Sahour Tax Resistance
Andoni becomes a prominent advocate of Beit Sahour's organized refusal to pay Israeli taxes as a form of nonviolent resistance.
De Klerk Presidency Begins
Begins the presidency that leads into constitutional negotiations.
State President Inauguration
Is inaugurated as State President at the Union Buildings.
Leipzig Demonstrations Expand
The Leipzig protests expand to several thousand participants despite continued SED pressure.
Vietnam Withdrawal
Vietnam completes troop withdrawal from Cambodia
Hamas Designated Terrorist Organization
Shamir's government formally designates Hamas a terrorist organization as Israeli authorities expand measures against the movement.
Confederation Ends
Senegambia Confederation ends during Diouf's presidency
Conference of UNGA
Attends the United Nations General Assembly Conference
Politburo
Appointed Candidate Member of Politburo
Inauguration
Innaugarated as President of South Africa
President Takes Office
Mircea Snegur becomes President of the Moldovan SSR
General
Appointed General Secretary of the Arab League
Resignation of Geoffrey Palmer
Resigns as Prime Minister of New Zealand
Prime Minister of New Zealand
Appointed Prime Minister of New Zealand
Ragged Glory
Releases Ragged Glory with Crazy Horse, renewing his reputation for loud electric guitar rock.
Assassination of Samuel Doe
Beaten to death by rebel troops
Death of Samuel Doe
Death of Samuel Doe
During a speech in a special joint session of the US Congress
During a speech in a special joint session of the US Congress given on 11 September 1990, US President George H.
George Herbert Walker Bush International Relations
W.
It was then that I decided to act to check that aggression
It was then that I decided to act to check that aggression.".
Visit to To Saudi Arabia where King Fahd requested
US Defense Secretary Dick Cheney made the first of several visits to Saudi Arabia where King Fahd requested US military assistance.
Joint Session Gulf Address
Addresses Congress on the international response to Iraq.
Joint Session Gulf Speech
Explains coalition objectives to a joint session of Congress.
Kuwait Liberation Objectives
Insists Iraq must withdraw and Kuwait's government be restored.
During a speech in a special joint session of the US Congress
During a speech in a special joint session of the US Congress given on 11 September 1990, US President George H.
It was then that I decided to act to check that aggression
It was then that I decided to act to check that aggression.".
Richard Bruce Dick Cheney International Relations
W.
Visit to To Saudi Arabia where King Fahd requested
US Defense Secretary Dick Cheney made the first of several visits to Saudi Arabia where King Fahd requested US military assistance.
Treaty of Moscow
Britain joins the Allies & east & West Germany in a final settlement with Germany
Humanitarian Food Arrangements
Food assistance is tied to verified humanitarian need.
UN Resolution 666
Security Council addresses humanitarian food supplies for Iraq and Kuwait.
ANC
The National Peace Accord is a critical step toward formal negotiations, signed by representatives of 27 political organisations and national and homeland Governments, and prepares the way for the CODESA negotiations
CODESA
The National Peace Accord is a critical step toward formal negotiations, signed by representatives of 27 political organisations and national and homeland Governments, and prepares the way for the CODESA negotiations
Magellan Radar Mapping
Magellan begins its first radar mapping cycle, imaging the cloud-hidden surface of Venus at far higher resolution than previous missions.
Diplomatic Missions Protected
Iraq is ordered to protect diplomats and release detained foreigners.
UN Resolution 667
Security Council condemns attacks on diplomatic premises in Kuwait.
Visit to Czechoslovakia
Thatcher visits Czechoslovakia
Visit to Hungary
Thatcher visits Hungary
Economic Assistance Consultation
Affected countries are encouraged to seek economic assistance.
UN Resolution 669
Security Council considers hardship suffered by states enforcing sanctions.
Air Embargo Enforcement
States are required to restrict flights serving Iraq and occupied Kuwait.
UN Resolution 670
Security Council extends sanctions enforcement to air transport.
Restoration of Diplomatic Relations with Iran
Britain resumes diplomatic relations with Iran after the Rushdie affair
Ajax First-Team Debut
Makes his Ajax first-team debut and becomes a long-serving defender for club and country.
Constitution of South Africa
Announces proposals for a new constitution that will provide black suffrage. Announces a new constitution that will provide suffrage for black people
Reform of Constitution
Announces proposals for a new constitution that will provide black suffrage. Announces a new constitution that will provide suffrage for black people
Suffrage
Announces a new constitution that will provide suffrage for black people
US Presidential Nuclear Initiatives
Announces unilateral reductions and withdrawals of numerous United States tactical nuclear weapons.
Nuclear Power
Announces cuts in nuclear weapons
Serb Autonomous Regions
The SDS bgins to establish various "Serb Autonomous Regions" throughout Bosnia and Herzegovina
Army Mutiny and Kinshasa Looting
Struggles to restore order after unpaid soldiers mutiny and widespread looting erupts in Kinshasa.
Ajax First-Team Debut
Makes his senior debut for Ajax and becomes an energetic central midfielder.
Bryukhanov Early Release from Prison
Is released on parole after serving about half of his ten-year sentence for safety violations connected with the disaster.
Reform of Government
Ends all party & political activities in the MVD
Colonel
Appointed Colonel General
Peace Conference
Calls a conference attended by the Inkatha Freedom Party, the ANC & the National Party
Peace Conference
Calls a conference attended by the Inkatha Freedom Party, the ANC & the National Party
Constitution of Slovakia
Slovak parliament adopts a new constitution.
Amused to Death
Waters releases "Amused to Death", about the corrupting, desensitising nature of television
ANC
Troops open fire on 70,000 ANC demonstrators, 28 are killed
Demonstrations
Troops open fire on 70,000 ANC demonstrators, 28 are killed
Black Wednesday
Britain suspends sterling's membership of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism.
Black Wednesday
The decision to leave the ERM is agreed after emergency discussions involving Lamont, Prime Minister John Major, Foreign Secretary Douglas Hurd, President of the Board of Trade Michael Heseltine and Home Secretary Kenneth Clarke.
Black Wednesday
By 7:00PM Norman Lamont announces Britain will leave the ERM and rates would remain at the new level of 12 percent
Black Wednesday
In 2005, documents released under the Freedom of Information Act indicated that the cost of Black Wednesday was ยฃ3.3 billion
Black Wednesday
The Bank of England attempts to prop up their currency as per the decision made by Norman Lamont and Robin Leigh-Pemberton, the and Governor of the Bank of England respectively
Black Wednesday
The Bank of England's intervention was ineffective because Soros' Quantum Fund was dumping pounds far faster. The Bank of England continued to buy and Quantum continued to sell until Lamont told Prime Minister John Major that their pound purchasing was failing to produce results
Black Wednesday
The decision to withdraw had been agreed at an emergency meeting during the day between Norman Lamont, Prime Minister John Major, Foreign Secretary Douglas Hurd, President of the Board of Trade Michael Heseltine, and Home Secretary Kenneth Clarke (the latter three pro-Europeans)
Economy of Great Britain
At 10:30 AM on 16 September, the British Government announced a rise in the base interest rate from an already high 10 to 12 percent to tempt speculators to buy pounds.
Economy of Great Britain
By 7:00 that evening, Norman Lamont, then Chancellor, announced Britain would leave the ERM and rates would remain at the new level of 12 percent
Economy of Great Britain
Despite this and a promise later the same day to raise base rates again to 15 percent, dealers kept selling pounds, convinced that the Government would not stick with its promise.
Economy of Great Britain
The United Kingdom is forced to leave the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) on "Black Wednesday" when billions of pounds are lost defending the currency's value.
European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)
At 10:30 AM the Government announces a rise in the base interest rate from 10 to 12 percent to tempt speculators to buy pounds but base rates again to 15 percent but dealers keep selling pounds. By 7:00PM Lamont announces Britain will leave the ERM and rates would remain at 12 percent
European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)
The UK is forced to leave the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) on "Black Wednesday" just five months into the new Parliament when billions of pounds were spent in a futile attempt to defend the currency's value
Black Wednesday
The Bank of England attempts to prop up their currency as per the decision made by Norman Lamont and Robin Leigh-Pemberton, the and Governor of the Bank of England respectively
Black Wednesday
The Bank of England's intervention was ineffective because Soros' Quantum Fund was dumping pounds far faster. The Bank of England continued to buy and Quantum continued to sell until Lamont told Prime Minister John Major that their pound purchasing was failing to produce results
Black Wednesday
Major keeps his economic team unchanged for seven months after Black Wednesday before he replaced Norman Lamont with Kenneth Clarke as Chancellor of the Exchequer
Black Wednesday
The British Conservative Government is forced to withdraw the pound sterling from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) after it was unable to keep the pound above its agreed lower limit in the ERM.
Black Wednesday
The UK Treasury estimates the cost of Black Wednesday at 3. 4 billion pounds.
Black Wednesday
The United Kingdom is forced to leave the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) on "Black Wednesday" just five months into the new Parliament, when billions of pounds were spent in a futile attempt to defend the currencys value.
Devaluation
The UKs forced withdrawal from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) is succeeded by a partial economic recovery with a new policy of flexible exchange rates, allowing lower interest rates and devaluation - increased demand for UK goods in export markets
Economy of Great Britain
The Government announces a rise in the base interest rate from an already high 10 to 12 percent in order to tempt speculators to buy pounds, despite this and a promise later the same day to raise base rates again to 15 percent, dealers keep selling
European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)
Suspends Britains membership of the ERM.
European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)
The UKs forced withdrawal from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) is succeeded by a partial economic recovery with a new policy of flexible exchange rates, allowing lower interest rates and.
European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)
The United Kingdom is forced to leave the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) on "Black Wednesday" just five months into the new Parliament, when billions of pounds were spent in a futile attempt to defend the currencys value.
European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)
devaluation - increased demand for UK goods in export markets.
European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)
The Government announces a rise in the base interest rate from an already high 10 to 12 percent in order to tempt speculators to buy pounds, despite this and a promise later the same day to raise base rates again to 15 percent, dealers keep selling
Black Wednesday
Sterling leaves the Exchange Rate Mechanism, damaging Conservative European policy credibility.
Black Wednesday
The most high profile of the currency market investors, George Soros, makes over US$1 billion profit by short selling sterling
Economy of USA
The most high profile of the currency market investors, George Soros, makes over US$1 billion profit by short selling sterling
Black Wednesday
Interest rates are set at 10 percent, the day after Black Wednesday
The Yellow Shark Concerts
Conducts Ensemble Modern during The Yellow Shark performances, presenting late orchestral works to European audiences.
French Maastricht Referendum
French voters narrowly approved the Maastricht Treaty in a referendum backed by Mitterrand.
Debut
Joins Lazio for a fee of 5.5 million pounds, making his debut on 27 September 1992 in a match against Genoa which was televised in Britain as well as Italy
Transfer
Joins Lazio for a fee of 5.5 million pounds, making his debut on 27 September 1992 in a match against Genoa which was televised in Britain as well as Italy
Exile of Burhannudin Rabbani
The Taliban exiles President Rabbani and executes Najibullah
Taliban
The Taliban exiles President Rabbani and executes Najibullah
Election
The MPLA wins 58% of the congessional seats
Election
UNITA rejects the official results of the 1992 presidential elections as rigged and renewed their guerrilla war
Mobilization
Japan sends 1st mission since World War II, logistical support for the United Nations in Kampuchea
Japan Visit Postponed over Kurile Dispute
Postpones a planned visit to Japan amid disagreement over the disputed southern Kurile Islands.
Faraway, So Close!
Directs Faraway, So Close!, sequel to Wings of Desire.
Brexit
Founds the UK Independence Party to campaign for withdrawal from the European Union.
International Accord
PLO leaders and Israel agree to recognize each other, clearing the way for a peace accord
PLO
PLO leaders and Israel agree to recognize each other, clearing the way for a peace accord
Israel Recognizes PLO
Rabin signs Israel's reciprocal recognition of the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people ahead of the Oslo signing.
Declaration of Principles
Works with the PLO leadership as mutual recognition letters and the Declaration of Principles prepare the way for interim self-government.
PLO Recognition Letter to Israel
Arafat signs a letter recognizing Israel's right to exist in peace and security and committing the PLO to negotiated conflict resolution.
Accords of Oslo
Peres signs the Declaration of Principles on behalf of Israel
Accords of Oslo
Rabin signs the Declaration of Principles with the PLO in Washington
Gaza Jericho First
The Oslo framework sets the principle that Israeli withdrawal will begin with Gaza and Jericho
Independence of Israel
Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat shake hands after signing an accord granting limited Palestinian autonomy, Arafat has control of most of the Gaza Strip and 27% of the West Bank
Independence of Palestine
Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat shake hands after signing an accord granting limited Palestinian autonomy, Arafat has control of most of the Gaza Strip and 27% of the West Bank
International Accord
Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat shake hands after signing an accord granting limited Palestinian autonomy, Arafat has control of most of the Gaza Strip and 27% of the West Bank
PLO
Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat shake hands after signing an accord granting limited Palestinian autonomy, Arafat has control of most of the Gaza Strip and 27% of the West Bank
Rabin Arafat Handshake
Rabin shakes hands with Arafat after the signing ceremony on the White House lawn
Rule of Gaza Strip
Leaders of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) signed the Oslo Accords calling for Palestinian administration of the Gaza Strip, implemented in May 1994. Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat shake hands after signing an accord granting limited Palestinian autonomy, Arafat has control of most of the Gaza Strip and 27% of the West Bank
Rule of West Bank
Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat shake hands after signing an accord granting limited Palestinian autonomy, Arafat has control of most of the Gaza Strip and 27% of the West Bank
Declaration of Principles
Signs related correspondence and supports the Declaration of Principles after secret negotiations produce the Oslo framework.
Declaration of Principles
Signs the Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements at the White House, recognizing the PLO as Israel's negotiating partner.
Oslo Accords
Signs the Declaration of Principles with Yasser Arafat and recognizes the PLO as a negotiating partner.
Palestinian Authority
Signs the Declaration of Principles with the PLO, committing both sides to establish interim Palestinian self-government.
Oslo Accords
Arafat signs the Declaration of Principles in Washington, helping close the main phase of the First Intifada.
Oslo Accords
Shakes hands with Rabin after signing the Declaration of Principles.
Palestinian Authority
Accepts the Oslo framework under which an interim Palestinian Authority will administer parts of the Gaza Strip and West Bank.
Declaration of Principles
Attends the White House ceremony and accepts the Declaration of Principles as the framework for Palestinian interim self-government.
Declaration of Principles
Signs the Declaration of Principles for the PLO, committing to an interim self-government process in Gaza and the West Bank.
Palestinian Authority
The Oslo framework anticipates an elected Palestinian council and an interim self governing authority
Accords of Oslo
Abbas signs the Declaration of Principles on behalf of the PLO
Accords of Oslo
Abbas signs the Declaration of Principles on behalf of the PLO at the White House
Accords of Oslo
Arafat signs the Declaration of Principles with Israel in Washington
Gaza Jericho First
The PLO accepts Gaza and Jericho as the first areas for Palestinian self rule under the Oslo process
Rabin Arafat Handshake
Arafat shakes hands with Rabin in a public symbol of the new peace process
Declaration of Principles
Represents Russia, one of the witnesses to the Declaration of Principles signed in Washington.
Accords of Oslo
Kozyrev represents Russia as a witness at the signing ceremony for the Declaration of Principles
Accords of Oslo
Clinton hosts the White House ceremony for the signing of the Declaration of Principles
Rabin Arafat Handshake
Clinton stands with Rabin and Arafat during the symbolic handshake after the Oslo signing
Declaration of Principles
Hosts the White House signing ceremony for the Declaration of Principles between Israel and the PLO.
Oslo Accords
Hosts the signing ceremony for the Israel-PLO Declaration of Principles.
Declaration of Principles
Represents the United States as the Declaration of Principles is signed and witnessed in Washington.
Accords of Oslo
Christopher attends the White House ceremony as the United States witnesses the agreement
Peace Negotiations
Israel and Jordan sign a framework for negotiations, a day after the signing of a PLOi peace accord
Decree 1400 Dissolves Parliament
Issues Decree 1400 dissolving the Supreme Soviet and Congress of People's Deputies, triggering a constitutional confrontation.
Federal Assembly Elections Called
Calls elections for a new bicameral Federal Assembly while dissolving the existing Soviet-era legislature.
Health Reform
Announce a mandate for employers to provide health insurance coverage to all of their employees through competitive but closely-regulated health maintenance organisations (HMOs)
Reform of Royal Succession
Announce a mandate for employers to provide health insurance coverage to all of their employees through competitive but closely-regulated health maintenance organisations (HMOs)
Health of William Jefferson Bill Clinton
Announce a mandate for employers to provide health insurance coverage to all of their employees through competitive but closely-regulated health maintenance organisations (HMOs)
International Accord
The Israeli Parliament ratifies the Israel-PLO accord
PLO
The Israeli Parliament ratifies the Israel-PLO accord
SOC Premiership Ends
Hun Sen's State of Cambodia premiership ends with restoration of the kingdom
Constitution of Great Britain
1 member 1 vote is carried at the Labour Conference
Deputy President
Apointed Deputy President of the United Malayas National Organisation
Death of June Ellen Child
Death of June Child, heart attack in Turkey
Establishment of Diplomatic Relations with Israel
Morocco establishes low-level diplomatic relations with Israel
Death of William Ambrose Billy Wright
Death of Billy Wright
Peace
Reynolds, Gerry Adams & John Hume shake hands in the Government Buildings at Dublin
Meeting with Hamas Leaders
Arafat meets Hamas leaders at the Islamic University in Gaza while attempting to draw the movement into the emerging Palestinian political process.
Basic Radiation Safety Standards Approved
The IAEA Board approves international Basic Safety Standards for protection against ionizing radiation.
Legislation
Signs the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, includes banning the manufacture of 19 specific semi-automatic "assault weapons"
Defections Begin
Large-scale defections from Khmer Rouge ranks begin
Convention on Nuclear Safety Opened
The Convention on Nuclear Safety opens for signature following international negotiation under IAEA auspices.
Convention on Nuclear Safety
Welcomes the opening for signature of the Convention on Nuclear Safety after years of international work intensified by Chernobyl.
Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act
Clinton signs legislation containing the Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act, giving the Federal Reserve rule-writing authority aimed at abusive practices in certain high-cost home mortgage lending.
United States State Visit
Begins a state visit to the United States for talks with President Bill Clinton.
UN General Assembly Address
Addresses the United Nations General Assembly during his state visit to the United States.
Health Reform
Senate Majority Leader George Mitchell announces that Clintons health plans are dead, at least for that session of Congress
Reform of Health Policy
Senate Majority Leader George Mitchell announces that Clintons health plans are dead, at least for that session of Congress
Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act
Clinton signs the Riegle-Neal Act, removing major barriers to interstate banking and branching and changing the competitive structure of the banking industry supervised in part by the Federal Reserve.
Addresses the South African Parliament
Addresses the South African Parliament
Clinton Health Care Plan
The plan is quickly derided as "Hillarycare" by its opponents; some protesters against it become vitriolic, and during a July a bus tour to rally support for the plan, she is forced to wear a bulletproof vest. The plan does not receive enough support for a floor vote in either the House or the Senate, although both chambers are controlled by the Democrats, the proposal is abandoned in September
Cold War
Japanese-American relations are strained after the rape of a 12 yr schoolgirl by two US marines and a sailor, citing the end of the cold war, critics question the need to keep 45,000 US troops in Japan
Independence of Japan
Japanese-American relations are strained after the rape of a 12 yr schoolgirl by two US marines and a sailor, citing the end of the cold war, critics question the need to keep 45,000 US troops in Japan
Japanese-American relations are strained
Japanese-American relations are strained after the rape of a 12 yr schoolgirl by two US marines and a sailor, citing the end of the cold war, critics question the need to keep 45,000 US troops in Japan
Cold War
Japanese-American relations are strained after the rape of a 12 yr schoolgirl by two US marines and a sailor, citing the end of the cold war, critics question the need to keep 45,000 US troops in Japan
Japanese-American relations are strained
Japanese-American relations are strained after the rape of a 12 yr schoolgirl by two US marines and a sailor, citing the end of the cold war, critics question the need to keep 45,000 US troops in Japan
Nuclear Power
Resumes nuclear tests at Mururoa Atoll in French Polynesia. France conducts nuclear tests beneath atolls southeast of Tahiti in French Polynesia, breaking a 1992 test moratorium despite worldwide protests from environmentalists
Siege of Sarajevo
Serb forces resume their attacks on Sarajevo
Kanama Killings Response
Visits Kanama after civilians are killed by government soldiers.
RPA Excesses Acknowledged
Acknowledges RPA abuses and promises punishment of those responsible.
The Great Escape Number One Album
Blur's The Great Escape enters the UK albums chart at number one, extending the band's Britpop-era success.
Rule of West Bank
Rabin and the PLO under Arafat, sign a pact, Oslo II, in Taba, Egypt, ending nearly three decades of Israeli occupation of West Bank cities
Rule of West Bank
Rabin and the PLO under Arafat, sign a pact, Oslo II, in Taba, Egypt, ending nearly three decades of Israeli occupation of West Bank cities. Israel and the PLO initial an agreement for the withdrawal of Israeli troops from the West Bank following US mediation
Treaty of Oslo
Rabin and the PLO under Arafat, sign a pact, Oslo II, in Taba, Egypt, ending nearly three decades of Israeli occupation of West Bank cities
Rule of West Bank
Israelis and Palestinians agree on transferring the West Bank to Arabs
Rule of West Bank
Israel and the PLO initial an agreement for the withdrawal of Israeli troops from the West Bank following US mediation
Oslo II
Participates in final talks at Taba that complete the text of the Interim Agreement before the Washington signing.
Oslo II
Helps negotiate the Interim Agreement after his role in the earlier Oslo channel.
Oslo II
Takes part in negotiations over West Bank redeployment, elections and Palestinian Authority powers.
Outside
Releases Outside, reuniting with Brian Eno for a dark concept album about art, crime and identity.
Trial
Seven-time Italian Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti goes on trial on charges that he secretly acted as political godfather for the Sicilian Mafia
Oslo II
Represents Egyptian diplomatic backing as a witness to the Interim Agreement.
Oslo II
Supports the Interim Agreement as Egypt encourages Israeli-Palestinian implementation and regional stability.
Oslo Two
Peres supports the second major Oslo agreement as it divides West Bank authority into administrative areas
Oslo Two
Rabin signs the Interim Agreement at the White House
Rule of West Bank
The Israeli Parliament approves a pact with Palestine by a slim 61-to-59 margin, Israels religious right has insisted that God gave "Judea" and "Samaria" to the Jewish people 2,000 years ago and Rabin is a traitor for giving it away. Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat sign an accord to transfer much of the West Bank to the control of its Arab residents
Oslo II
Supports the signing of the Interim Agreement as part of the Oslo process and its planned transfer of powers.
Oslo II
Signs the Interim Agreement dividing West Bank areas and extending Palestinian Authority powers.
Oslo II
Signs the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement, extending Palestinian self-government and dividing the West Bank into Areas A, B and C.
Oslo II
Represents Jordanian backing for the Interim Agreement at the Washington signing ceremony.
Oslo II
Backs the Interim Agreement after Jordan's peace treaty with Israel and its support for regional negotiations.
Oslo II
Represents Norwegian support as a witness to the Interim Agreement following Norway's Oslo mediation role.
Oslo II
Supports the agreement as a senior PLO negotiator and advocate of the Oslo process.
Oslo II
Supports the agreement as a Palestinian Authority minister involved in diplomacy and institution-building.
Oslo II
Signs the Interim Agreement expanding Palestinian Authority responsibilities.
Oslo II
Signs the Interim Agreement, expanding Palestinian Authority responsibilities in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.
Palestinian Authority
Signs the Interim Agreement expanding Palestinian Authority powers and responsibilities in populated West Bank areas.
Oslo Two
Arafat signs the Interim Agreement expanding the Oslo framework
Oslo II
Represents Russian support as a witness to the Interim Agreement and co-sponsor of the Madrid peace framework.
Oslo II
Represents European Union support for the Interim Agreement at the Washington signing ceremony.
Oslo II
Advises the Clinton administration as it backs the Interim Agreement and broader Oslo process.
Oslo Two
Clinton hosts the Washington ceremony for the signing of Oslo Two
Oslo II
Hosts the White House ceremony for the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement.
Oslo II
Hosts the signing of the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement.
Oslo II
Witnesses and supports the Interim Agreement as Secretary of State.
Oslo II
Helps US mediation around the interim arrangements and implementation timetable.
Oslo II
Supports Egyptian diplomatic efforts encouraging implementation of the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement.
Oslo II
Prepares Israeli military arrangements for staged redeployment and security coordination under the Interim Agreement.
Oslo II
Backs the interim agreement after helping sustain Israeli support for the Oslo negotiating track.
Oslo II
Supports Jordanian diplomatic engagement as the Interim Agreement is signed and implementation begins.
Oslo II
Continues supporting Israeli-Palestinian contacts around the Oslo process and interim implementation.
Oslo II
Critiques and explains the Interim Agreement as Palestinians debate the new institutional framework.
Return to Palestinian Territories
After decades in exile, Abbas returned to the Palestinian territories during the implementation of the Oslo process. He established a political presence in Gaza and Ramallah while continuing his senior work within the PLO.
Oslo II
Supports US diplomatic follow-up in Israel as the Interim Agreement moves toward implementation.
England Debut in World Cup Qualifier
Makes his England debut in a 3-0 World Cup qualifying victory over Moldova.
First Meeting with Benjamin Netanyahu
Arafat meets Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu for the first time and discusses implementation of existing interim agreements.
Second Galileo Ganymede Flyby
Galileo makes another close Ganymede encounter, passing much nearer the surface than during its first targeted flyby.
UN Adopts Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
The United Nations General Assembly adopts the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty.
Manager
Appointed manager of Leeds United
Coming Up Number One
Suede's Coming Up enters the UK albums chart at number one and renews the band's commercial momentum.
Death of Spiro Agnew
Death of Spiro Agnew
STS-79 Mir Crew Handover
Takes over the American long-duration research role from Shannon Lucid during the STS-79 docked crew exchange.
Tunnel Riots
Opens a tunnel exit near the Western Wall, triggering Israeli-Palestinian clashes.
Oslo Crisis
Palestinian protests and clashes create one of the first major security crises after Oslo Two
United States Signs CTBT
Signs the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty on the day it opens for signature.
Siege of Kabul
The Taliban with military support by Pakistan and financial support by Saudi Arabia, prepared for another major offensive against the capital Kabul, Massoud orders a full retreat from the city
Taliban
The Taliban with military support by Pakistan and financial support by Saudi Arabia, prepared for another major offensive against the capital Kabul, Massoud orders a full retreat from the city
Arrest of Mohammad Najibullah
Captured by the Taliban
Evacuation of Kabul
Rabbani's government withdraws from Kabul as Taliban forces enter the capital.
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
The Taliban names the state the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan after taking Kabul.
Taliban Administration
Mohammad Rabbani heads the Taliban's governing council in Kabul under Mullah Omar's authority.
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
The Taliban seize Kabul and establish the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
Siege of Kabul
The Taliban seize Kabul and establish the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
Taliban
The Taliban seize Kabul and establish the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
Siege of Kabul
Kabul falls to the Taliban
Taliban
Kabul falls to the Taliban
The Circle Top Ten
The Circle reaches number six on the UK singles chart, extending Ocean Colour Scene's successful 1996 run.
Northern Alliance
From the Taliban conquest of Kabul in September 1996 until November 2001 the United Front controlled roughly 30% of Afghanistans population in provinces such as Badakhshan, Kapisa, Takhar and parts of Parwan, Kunar, Nuristan, Laghman, Samangan, Kunduz, Ghr and Bamyan
Execution
Captured by the Taliban
Execution
The Taliban exiles President Rabbani and executes Najibullah
Taliban
The Taliban exiles President Rabbani and executes Najibullah
Mercury Prize for Different Class
Wins the Mercury Music Prize with Pulp for Different Class.
Independence of Italy
Proclaims the independence of Padania, northern Italian states, in Venice
Fortieth IAEA General Conference Address
Addresses the IAEA's fortieth General Conference on safeguards, nuclear safety, technical cooperation and the need for efficient international institutions.
Calling All Stations
Sings on Calling All Stations, the only Genesis studio album with Ray Wilson.
Calling All Stations
Continues Genesis with Mike Rutherford and Ray Wilson on Calling All Stations.
Death of Aldo Rossi
Death of Aldo Rossi
Burial
Diannas funeral is broadcast and watched by an estimated 2.5 billion people worldwide
Burial
Diana is buried, The Prince of Wales, her sons, her mother, siblings, a close friend, and a clergyman are present, in an ornamental lake known as The Round Oval within Althorp Parks Pleasure Garden
Death of Dianna
Diannas funeral is broadcast and watched by an estimated 2.5 billion people worldwide
Spektr Damage Inspection EVA
Conducts a spacewalk with Anatoly Solovyev to inspect external damage to Spektr caused by the June Progress collision.
Death of Mobutu
Dies in exile in Morocco several months after being driven from power by the First Congo War.
Death of Sese Seko Nkuku Ngbendu Banga Mobutu
Death of Sese Seko Nkuku Ngbendu Banga Mobutu, in exile in Rabat, Morocco, from prostate cancer which had been developing since 1962
Death of Mobutu Sese Seko
Death of Mobutu Sese Seko
Constitution of Great Britain
"Yes-Yes" vote in referendum on Scottish Parliament
Independence of Great Britain
"Yes-Yes" vote in referendum on Scottish Parliament
Independence of Scotland
"Yes-Yes" vote in referendum on Scottish Parliament
Referendum
"Yes-Yes" vote in referendum on Scottish Parliament
Devolution
Scotland backs devolution by referendum
Referendum
Scotland backs devolution by referendum
High Commissioner
Appointed High Commissioners for Human Rights for the United Nations
Politics
Appointed High Commissioners for Human Rights for the United Nations
The Drugs Don't Work Number One
The Drugs Don't Work becomes The Verve's first UK number one single.
Arsenal Goalscoring Record
Scores a hat-trick against Bolton Wanderers and surpasses Cliff Bastin as Arsenal's all-time leading goalscorer.
Governor Appointed
Tony Abbott becomes Governor of Montserrat during volcano recovery
Callisto September Flyby
Galileo performs another targeted Callisto encounter late in its primary mission.
Constitution of Great Britain
"Yes" vote in the referendum on Welsh Assembly. A majority of 50.3% in Wales vote in favour of a Welsh assembly
Independence of Great Britain
"Yes" vote in referendum on Welsh Assembly
Independence of Wales
"Yes" vote in referendum on Welsh Assembly
Referendum
"Yes" vote in the referendum on Welsh Assembly. "Yes" vote in referendum on Welsh Assembly
Devolution
Wales backs devolution by referendum
Referendum
Wales backs devolution by referendum
Candle in the Wind
Releases the single, "Candle in the Wind" as a tribute to Princess Diana
Life Thru a Lens
Releases Life Thru a Lens, his debut solo studio album.
Crafoord Prize Ceremony
Hoyle received the Crafoord Prize for pioneering work on nuclear processes in stars and stellar evolution.
Time Out of Mind
Releases Time Out of Mind.
Clinton Moscow Summit
Hosts Bill Clinton for a summit focused on nuclear security, arms control and the Russian financial crisis.
Strategic Arms Talks with Clinton
Discusses strategic arms reductions and nuclear security with Bill Clinton during the Moscow summit.
Historic Genocide Judgment
The judgment is the first international conviction for genocide.
ICTR Genocide Conviction
Is found guilty of genocide by the ICTR.
Guilty Plea to Genocide
He becomes the first former head of government convicted of genocide.
ICTR Life Sentence
Receives life imprisonment after pleading guilty to genocide.
NDC Chairman Reconfirmed
Is reconfirmed as National Defence Commission chairman.
Death of Akira Kurosawa
Death of Akira Kurosawa
Duma Rejects Chernomyrdin Return
Faces parliamentary rejection of Viktor Chernomyrdin's return as prime minister during the aftermath of the financial crisis.
Ceasefire
The real IRA announce a ceasefire
IRA - Ceasefire
Government record concerning the IRA: The real IRA announce a ceasefire
IRA - Ceasefire
Historical IRA record under Labour Party Government: The real IRA announce a ceasefire
IRA - Ceasefire
IRA context for Anthony Charles Lynton Blair: The real IRA announce a ceasefire
IRA
The real IRA announce a ceasefire
Peace
The real IRA announce a ceasefire
Primakov Confirmed as Prime Minister
Accepts Yevgeny Primakov as prime minister after the Duma rejects Yeltsin's preferred return of Viktor Chernomyrdin.
Duma
President Yeltsin yields to pressure from the communist-dominated Duma to appoint Yevgeny Primakov as Prime Minister
Prime Minister of Russia
President Yeltsin yields to pressure from the communist-dominated Duma to appoint Yevgeny Primakov as Prime Minister
Siege of Bamian
The Taliban take over the city of Bamian
Taliban
The Taliban take over the city of Bamian
Goal on Arsenal Debut
Scores on his Arsenal debut in a 3-0 Premier League victory over Manchester United.
Long-Term Capital Management Private Rescue
After concerns that a disorderly collapse of Long-Term Capital Management could destabilise financial markets, the New York Federal Reserve facilitates discussions that lead major private financial firms to recapitalise the hedge fund without Federal Reserve funds.
Europa September Flyby
Galileo passes Europa again, continuing the extended survey of its geology and space environment.
Fatwah
The Fatwah on Rushdie is lifted after talks between Robin Cook & Kamal Kharrazi
Diplomatic Negotiations
The Fatwah on Salman Rushdie is lifted after talks between Robin Cook & Kamal Kharrazi
Fatwah
The Fatwah on Rushdie is lifted after talks between Robin Cook & Kamal Kharrazi
Diplomatic Negotiations
The Fatwah on Rushdie is lifted after talks between Robin Cook & Kamal Kharrazi
Fatwah
The Fatwah on Rushdie is lifted after talks between Robin Cook & Kamal Kharrazi
Sharm el Sheikh Memorandum
Signs a memorandum with Arafat to revive delayed Oslo implementation.
Sharm el Sheikh Memorandum
Signs a memorandum intended to revive Oslo implementation.
Sharm el Sheikh Memorandum
Hosts and supports renewed implementation talks between Barak and Arafat.
Accords of Oslo
Albright participates in efforts to revive implementation of the Oslo agreements
Death of Alan Clark
Death of Alan Clark
Sirte Declaration
African leaders adopt the Sirte Declaration proposing creation of the African Union.
Movement for Democratic Change Formed
Tsvangirai becomes leader of a new opposition movement rooted in labour and civic groups.
Movement for Democratic Change Formed
The Movement for Democratic Change is formed as a major opposition party.
First-Team Goalkeeping Debut
Begins a long senior career as the club's goalkeeper.
Real Madrid League Debut
Makes his Spanish league debut for Real Madrid.
Death of Charles Crichton
Death of Charles Crichton
INTERFET Authorized
Security Council authorizes international force for East Timor
Callisto September Flyby
Galileo completes the final Callisto encounter in the sequence used to prepare for close Io flybys.
Direct Presidential Election
Wins Yemen's first direct presidential election.
Saleh Wins National Vote
Secures a new mandate as president of the unified republic.
Election
Wins a fourth presidential term through an uncontested referendum.
Presidential Referendum
Receives referendum approval for a fourth presidential term.
BepiColombo Mission Naming
ESA names its planned Mercury mission BepiColombo in honour of Giuseppe Colombo's pioneering work on Mercury and planetary flyby trajectories.
National Service Framework for Mental Health
The first National Service Framework for mental health sets national standards for adult services, crisis care, community support and treatment quality.
Manager
Following the resignation of Ruud Gullit at Newcastle United, Robson moved to St James Park
Second Chechen War Presidency
Backs the federal military campaign that expands from Dagestan into Chechnya during the final months of his presidency.
Operation Barras
British forces rescue captured soldiers from the West Side Boys
West Side Boys Defeated
West Side Boys militia suffers defeat during British rescue operation
Credit Crunch
Alistair Darling suggests the Government is planning a 100,000 pounds guarantee to cover all savers
Benfica Managerial Debut
Takes charge of Benfica for his first competitive match as a senior head coach.
Death of Pierre Elliot Trudeau
Death of Pierre Elliot Trudeau
Death of Pierre Elliott Trudeau
Death of Pierre Trudeau
Haram as Sharif
Palestinians initiate riots after Israeli opposition leader Ariel Sharon visits the Temple Mount, which is also the location of the Haram as Sharif holy to Muslims
Demonstrations
Palestinians initiate riots after Israeli opposition leader Ariel Sharon visits the Temple Mount, which is also the location of the Haram as Sharif holy to Muslims
Haram as Sharif
Palestinians initiate riots after Israeli opposition leader Ariel Sharon visits the Temple Mount, which is also the location of the Haram as Sharif holy to Muslims
Temple Mount Visit
Visits the Temple Mount Haram al Sharif before the outbreak of the Second Intifada.
Haram as Sharif
Palestinians initiate riots after Israeli opposition leader Ariel Sharon visits the Temple Mount, which is also the location of the Haram as Sharif holy to Muslims
Demonstrations
Palestinians initiate riots after Israeli opposition leader Ariel Sharon visits the Temple Mount, which is also the location of the Haram as Sharif holy to Muslims
Haram as Sharif
Palestinians initiate riots after Israeli opposition leader Ariel Sharon visits the Temple Mount, which is also the location of the Haram as Sharif holy to Muslims
Intifada, 2nd
The Second Intifada begins after Ariel Sharon visits the Temple Mount and violence spreads across Jerusalem, Gaza and the West Bank.
Intifada, 2nd
Faces spreading clashes after the Temple Mount visit and the collapse of peace talks.
Haram al-Sharif Clashes
Barak's government confronts rapidly escalating clashes in Jerusalem one day after Ariel Sharon's controversial visit to the holy-site compound.
Muhammad al-Durrah Shooting
Jamal al-Durrah is filmed sheltering with his son Muhammad during gunfire in Gaza, and the images become an enduring symbol of the conflict.
Marriage
Liam Gallagher and Patsy Kensit divorce
NHS Cancer Plan
Richards helps lead implementation of the NHS Cancer Plan, which expands specialist services, screening, equipment, workforce and national cancer-care standards.
Meeting with Iranian Foreign Minister Kamal Kharrazi at United
Mrs Albright meets Iranian Foreign Minister Kamal Kharrazi at United Nations in New York - the first such talks since diplomatic ties were severed in 1979
Bombing of Israel
An outbreak of prolonged Palestinian violence against Israel
Benfica Head Coach
Becomes Benfica head coach, beginning his senior managerial career.
Tenet Mission
Reviews security conditions with Israeli counterparts as part of American efforts to stabilize the ceasefire process.
Al-Qaeda Attack
The assassination removes the leading military commander of the anti-Taliban Islamic State.
Assassination of Ahmad Shah Massoud
Al-Qaeda suicide attackers posing as journalists assassinate Ahmad Shah Massoud.
Death of Ahmad Shah Massoud
Massoud dies from injuries caused by a bomb hidden in a television camera.
Magnification
Sings on Magnification, recorded with orchestral arrangements and no regular keyboardist.
Counterterrorism Cooperation after September Attacks
Libya condemns the attacks and offers cooperation against Al-Qaeda.
Diplomatic Opening after September Attacks
Gaddafi uses counterterrorism cooperation to pursue improved relations with Western governments.
Al-Qaeda
Al-Qaeda hijack aeroplanes & destroy the Twin Towers, nearly 3,000 are killed
Bombing of New York
Al-Qaeda hijack aeroplanes & destroy the Twin Towers, nearly 3,000 are killed
Bombing of New York
Al-Qaeda hijack aeroplanes & destroy the Twin Towers, nearly 3,000 are killed
Love and Theft
Releases Love and Theft.
Bombing of Twin Towers
Al-Qaeda hijack aeroplanes & destroy the Twin Towers, nearly 3,000 are killed
Blood Donation after September 11 Attacks
Arafat publicly donates blood for victims of the September 11 attacks and condemns the attacks in the United States.
Party Leader
Elected Leader of the Conservative Party.
Bombing of Twin Towers
Bush vows to "lead the world to victory" over terrorism
Bombing of Twin Towers
Bush leads 4 former presidents for national prayer at the National Cathedral
State of Emergency
Bush declares a national emergency
Agreement on Support the US in any invasion of
Pakistan agrees to support the US in any invasion of Afghanistan
Invasion of Afghanistan
Pakistan agrees to support the US in any invasion of Afghanistan
Government
Cheney warns thos who harbour terrorists will face "the full wrath of the US"
Economy of USA
The Federal Reserve cuts interest rates to help prevent a recession
Federal Reserve
The Federal Reserve cuts interest rates to help prevent a recession
Ceasefire Declaration
Arafat declares a ceasefire and calls for enforcement of the truce as international pressure increases after months of sustained violence.
Declaration of War
Rumsfeld says preparations are being made against countries with terrorists
Musharraf publicly defends a foreign-policy reversal toward the Taliban
Musharraf publicly defends a foreign-policy reversal toward the Taliban.
Post-September 11 Policy
Musharraf explains Pakistan's decision to support the United States after the September attacks.
Bush Doctrine
After 9/11 the phrase "Bush Doctrine" described the policy that the United States had the right to secure itself against countries that harbor or give aid to terrorist groups, which was used to justify the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan.
Bush Doctrine
Bush declared that any nation continuing to harbour or support terrorism would be regarded by the United States as a hostile regime.
Bush Doctrine
Every nation, in every region, now has a decision to make. Either you are with us, or you are with the terrorists.
Bush Doctrine
George Walker Bush announces the doctrine of pre-emptive military action, later termed the Bush Doctrine.
Bush Doctrine
President Bush makes an an aggressive restatement of this principle in his address to a Joint Session of Congress, "We will pursue nations that provide aid or safe haven to terrorism.
Bush Doctrine
Shortly after 11 September 2001 (on 20 September), Bush addressed a joint session of Congress (simulcast live to the world), and announced his new "War on Terror".
Bush Doctrine
The "Bush Doctrine" phrase was first used by Charles Krauthammer in June 2001 to describe the Bush Administrations "unilaterally withdrawing from the ABM Treaty and rejecting the Kyoto protocol.
Bush Doctrine
This announcement was accompanied by the doctrine of "pre-emptive" military action, later termed the Bush Doctrine.
Invasion of Iraq
President Bush addresses a joint session of the US Congress (which was simulcast live to the world), and announces his new "War on Terrorism". Announces the doctrine of pre-emptive military action, later termed the Bush Doctrine
War on Terror
George Walker Bush announces the doctrine of pre-emptive military action, later termed the Bush Doctrine.
War on Terror
President Bush addresses a joint session of the US Congress (which was simulcast live to the world), and announces his new "War on Terrorism."
War on Terror
Shortly after 11 September 2001 (on 20 September), Bush addressed a joint session of Congress (simulcast live to the world), and announced his new "War on Terror."
War on Terror
This announcement was accompanied by the doctrine of "pre-emptive" military action, later termed the Bush Doctrine.
Thinktank Birmingham Science Museum
Thinktank opens at Millennium Point with science, industry and transport collections.
1st Goal
Gerrard scores his first international goal in a 5-1 victory over Germany in a 2002 World Cup qualifier.
International Sanctions
The United States lifts sanctions imposed on India after the 1998 nuclear tests.
UNAMSIL Expansion
UNAMSIL expands deployment and disarmament supervision across rebel areas
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
A report by CIA accuses Iran of having one of the worlds most active programmes to acquire nuclear weapons
Government Report
A report by CIA accuses Iran of having one of the worlds most active programmes to acquire nuclear weapons
Report on By CIA accuses Iran of having one of
A report by CIA accuses Iran of having one of the worlds most active programmes to acquire nuclear weapons
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
A report by CIA accuses Iran of having one of the world's most active programmes to acquire nuclear weapons
Nuclear Power
A report by CIA accuses Iran of having one of the world's most active programmes to acquire nuclear weapons
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
Blair announces he will publish a dossier on Iraq's weapons of mass destruction
Luanda Agreement with Uganda
Signs an agreement covering Ugandan troop withdrawal and normalization of relations with the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Bombing of New York
Ramzi Binalshibh is arrested in Karachi on the anniversary of the attacks on America. He is accused of being a leading member of alQaeda and one of the main planners of the 11 September attacks
High Commissioner
Appointed High Commissioners for Human Rights for the United Nations
Politics
Appointed High Commissioners for Human Rights for the United Nations
Bush begins formally making his case to the international community for an
Bush begins formally making his case to the international community for an invasion of Iraq in his September 12, 2002 address to the United Nations Security Council
Invasion of Iraq
Bush begins formally making his case to the international community for an invasion of Iraq in his September 12, 2002 address to the United Nations Security Council. Bush begins formally making his case to the international community for an invasion of Iraq in his 12 September 2002 address to the United Nations Security Council
UN Security Council
Bush begins formally making his case to the international community for an invasion of Iraq in his September 12, 2002 address to the United Nations Security Council
War on Terror
Bush begins formally making his case to the international community for an invasion of Iraq in his September 12, 2002 address to the United Nations Security Council
International Support
UN and Cambodia continue negotiations over tribunal support
Second Muqata Siege
Israeli forces again surround and damage Arafat's Muqata headquarters while demanding the surrender of militants sheltering inside the compound.
Crab Pulsar Dynamics
Hubble and Chandra observations reveal rapidly changing shocks and structures around the energetic pulsar inside the Crab Nebula.
Bush Doctrine
The Bush Doctrine was used to indicate a willingness to unilaterally pursue US military interests.Some of these policies were codified in a National Security Council text entitled the National Security Strategy of the United States published on September 20, 2002. Announces the doctrine of pre-emptive military action, later termed the Bush Doctrine
UN Security Council Resolution 1435
Receives Council demand that Israel end measures in Ramallah and withdraw from Palestinian cities
WPSU
Britain publishes dossier on Iraq that says Saddam could launch weapons of mass destruction in 45 minutes, Dossier is criticized for overplaying certainty of intelligence. A 50 page dossier claims Iraq can deploy chemical & biological weopons within 45 mins
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
Britain publishes dossier on Iraq that says Saddam could launch weapons of mass destruction in 45 minutes, Dossier is criticized for overplaying certainty of intelligence
Ambassador
Appointed Ambassador of Iran
Invasion of Iraq
Both the US ambassador to the UN, John Negroponte, and the UK ambassador, Jeremy Greenstock, publicly confirmed the reading of the resolution, assuring that Resolution 1441 provided no "automaticity" or "hidden triggers" for an invasion
Invasion of Iraq
Both the US ambassador to the UN, John Negroponte, and the UK ambassador, Jeremy Greenstock, publicly confirmed the reading of the resolution, assuring that Resolution 1441 provided no "automaticity" or "hidden triggers" for an invasion.
Invasion of Iraq
UN Resolution 1441 gives Iraq "a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations" and set up inspections by the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
UN Resolution 1441
UN Resolution 1441 gives Iraq "a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations" and set up inspections by the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
UN Resolution 1441 gives Iraq "a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations" and set up inspections by the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
Invasion of Iraq
Both the US ambassador to the UN, John Negroponte, and the UK ambassador, Jeremy Greenstock, publicly confirmed the reading of the resolution, assuring that Resolution 1441 provided no "automaticity" or "hidden triggers" for an invasion.
Invasion of Iraq
UN Resolution 1441 gives Iraq "a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations" and set up inspections by the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
UN Resolution 1441
UN Resolution 1441 gives Iraq "a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations" and set up inspections by the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
Nuclear Power
Russian technicians begin construction of Irans first nuclear reactor at Bushehr despite strong objections from US
Invasion of Iraq
UN Resolution 1441 gives Iraq "a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations" and set up inspections by the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
UN Resolution 1441
UN Resolution 1441 gives Iraq "a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations" and set up inspections by the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
UN Resolution 1441 gives Iraq "a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations" and set up inspections by the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
Invasion of Iraq
UN Resolution 1441 gives Iraq "a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations" and set up inspections by the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
UN Resolution 1441
UN Resolution 1441 gives Iraq "a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations" and set up inspections by the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
UN Resolution 1441
UN Resolution 1441 gives Iraq "a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations" and set up inspections by the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
UNMOVIC
UN Resolution 1441 gives Iraq "a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations" and set up inspections by the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
Russian technicians begin construction of Irans first nuclear reactor at Bushehr
Russian technicians begin construction of Irans first nuclear reactor at Bushehr despite strong objections from US
Coup
UN Security Council members France and Russia made clear that they did not consider these consequences to include the use of force to overthrow the Iraqi Government
Invasion of Iraq
Both the US ambassador to the UN, John Negroponte, and the UK ambassador, Jeremy Greenstock, publicly confirmed the reading of the resolution, assuring that Resolution 1441 provided no "automaticity" or "hidden triggers" for an invasion
Invasion of Iraq
The United Nations Security Council adopted a compromise resolution, United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441, which authorized the resumption of weapons inspections and promised "serious consequences" for non-compliance.
Invasion of Iraq
UN Resolution 1441 gives Iraq "a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations" and set up inspections by the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
Invasion of Iraq
UN Security Council members France and Russia made clear that they did not consider these consequences to include the use of force to overthrow the Iraqi Government.
UN Resolution 1441
UN Resolution 1441 gives Iraq "a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations" and set up inspections by the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
UN Security Council Resolution 1441
The United Nations Security Council adopted a compromise resolution, United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441, which authorized the resumption of weapons inspections and promised "serious consequences" for non-compliance
UN Security Council
UN Security Council members France and Russia made clear that they did not consider these consequences to include the use of force to overthrow the Iraqi Government. The United Nations Security Council adopted a compromise resolution, United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441, which authorized the resumption of weapons inspections and promised "serious consequences" for non-compliance
Invasion of Iraq
Both the US ambassador to the UN, John Negroponte, and the UK ambassador, Jeremy Greenstock, publicly confirmed the reading of the resolution, assuring that Resolution 1441 provided no "automaticity" or "hidden triggers" for an invasion
Nuclear Power
Russian technicians begin construction of Irans first nuclear reactor at Bushehr despite strong objections from US
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
UN Resolution 1441 gives Iraq "a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations" and set up inspections by the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
Invasion of Iraq
Both the US ambassador to the UN, John Negroponte, and the UK ambassador, Jeremy Greenstock, publicly confirmed the reading of the resolution, assuring that Resolution 1441 provided no "automaticity" or "hidden triggers" for an invasion
Invasion of Iraq
The United Nations Security Council adopted a compromise resolution, United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441, which authorized the resumption of weapons inspections and promised "serious consequences" for non-compliance.
Invasion of Iraq
UN Resolution 1441 gives Iraq "a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations" and set up inspections by the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
UN Resolution 1441
UN Resolution 1441 gives Iraq "a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations" and set up inspections by the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
UN Security Council Resolution 1441
The United Nations Security Council adopted a compromise resolution, United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441, which authorized the resumption of weapons inspections and promised "serious consequences" for non-compliance
UN Security Council
The United Nations Security Council adopted a compromise resolution, United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441, which authorized the resumption of weapons inspections and promised "serious consequences" for non-compliance
UNMOVIC
UN Resolution 1441 gives Iraq "a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations" and set up inspections by the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
Commonwealth Sanctions Debate
Commonwealth leaders fail to agree additional measures against Zimbabwe.
National Defence Commission Re-election
Is re-elected chairman of the National Defence Commission.
Supreme People's Assembly Presidium
Is re-elected chairman of the Supreme People's Assembly Presidium.
Dismissal
The National Assembly votes to dismiss Home Affairs Minister Kim Doo Kwan
National Assembly
The National Assembly votes to dismiss Home Affairs Minister Kim Doo Kwan
New Bullring
The redeveloped Bullring opens with new retail streets and the Selfridges building.
Resignation as Prime Minister
Abbas resigns after disputes over authority and security powers weaken his ability to implement the Road Map and confront armed factions.
Hamas
Yassin further promised that Hamas would teach Israel an "unforgettable lesson" as a result of the assassination attempt. An Israeli Air Force (IAF) F-16 fired several missiles on a building in Gaza City, the Gaza Strip, Yassin was in the building at the time but survived
Prime Minister of Syria
President Bashar al-Assad accepts the resignation of Prime Minister Muhammad Mustafa Meros cabinet and appoints Muhammad Naji al-Otari as new Prime Minister
Prime Minister of Syria
President Bashar al-Assad accepts the resignation of Prime Minister Muhammad Mustafa Meros cabinet and appoints Muhammad Naji al-Otari as new Prime Minister
Prime Minister of Syria
President Bashar al-Assad accepts the resignation of Prime Minister Muhammad Mustafa Meros cabinet and appoints Muhammad Naji al-Otari as new Prime Minister
Foreign Secretary of Honduras
Leonidas Rosa Bautista is named Foreign Minister
IAEA Enrichment Suspension Request
The IAEA Board calls on Iran to suspend further uranium-enrichment-related activities as a confidence-building measure.
United Nations Sanctions Lifted
The Security Council formally lifts sanctions imposed over the Lockerbie dispute.
Reality
Releases Reality and begins what becomes his final major concert tour.
Reality
Produces Reality with David Bowie, continuing their renewed early-2000s collaboration.
US Trade Agreement
Supports steps toward a bilateral trade agreement with the United States
Home Secretary of South Korea
Huh Sung Kwan is appointed Home Secretary
Galileo Mission End
Galileo is deliberately sent into Jupiter to prevent possible contamination of Europa.
Minister of Finance
Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi names a new cabinet, including Sadakazu Tanigaki as finance minister and Taro Aso as home affairs minister
Minister of Home Affairs
Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi names a new cabinet, including Sadakazu Tanigaki as finance minister and Taro Aso as home affairs minister
Labour Conference Speech
Brown urges Labour to remain bold, united and rooted in its political identity.
Government Report
A report suggests Blair overrode security concerns invasion could increase terrorism
Invasion of Iraq
A report suggests Blair overrode security concerns invasion could increase terrorism
International Accord
Washington says Iran is not complying with non-proliferation accords but agrees to support proposal from Britain, France and Germany to give Iran until end of October fully to disclose nuclear activities and allow surprise inspections
Nuclear Power
Washington says Iran is not complying with non-proliferation accords but agrees to support proposal from Britain, France and Germany to give Iran until end of October fully to disclose nuclear activities and allow surprise inspections
Resignation of Mahmoud Abbas
Abbas resigns as Prime Minister after disputes over authority and security powers
Invasion of Iraq
As of February 2003, the IAEA "found no evidence or plausible indication of the revival of a nuclear weapons program in Iraq".
Invasion of Iraq
UNMOVIC "did not find evidence of the continuation or resumption of programs of weapons of mass destruction" or significant quantities of proscribed items.
Invasion of Iraq
the IAEA concluded that certain items which could have been used in nuclear enrichment centrifuges, such as aluminum tubes, were in fact intended for other uses.
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
As of February 2003, the IAEA "found no evidence or plausible indication of the revival of a nuclear weapons program in Iraq".
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
the IAEA concluded that certain items which could have been used in nuclear enrichment centrifuges, such as aluminum tubes, were in fact intended for other uses.
Extension of Emile Lahoud Presidency
Parliament approves a constitutional amendment extending President Emile Lahoud's term by three years, a decision that becomes a major focus of domestic and international political dispute.
Hostages
Beslan school hostage crisis, Russian police and soldiers storm the school, 344 civilians and 31 of 32 hostage-takers are killed
Genesis Solar Wind Samples Return
Recovers scientifically valuable Genesis solar-wind samples after the return capsule makes a hard landing in Utah when its parachute system fails.
Selection as Permanent Eurogroup President
Euro-area finance ministers chose Juncker as the first permanent president of the Eurogroup, changing the forum from rotating chairmanship to more continuous leadership.
Constitution of Russia
Creates the Public Chamber of Russia & launches an initiative to replace the direct election governors & presidents of Federal subjects of Russia proposed by the President & approved by the legslature
Election
Creates the Public Chamber of Russia & launches an initiative to replace the direct election governors & presidents of Federal subjects of Russia proposed by the President & approved by the legslature
Public Chamber of Russia
Creates the Public Chamber of Russia & launches an initiative to replace the direct election governors & presidents of Federal subjects of Russia proposed by the President & approved by the legslature
Trial
Prosecution of Russias richest man, Mikhail Khodorkovsky, President of Yukos oil company, for fraud and tax evasion
Fourth David Oddsson Government
The Fourth David Oddsson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Halldor Asgrimsson Government
Begins the Halldor Asgrimsson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Downfall
Directs Downfall.
Death of Brian Clough
Death of Brian Clough
EDUSAT
G. Madhavan Nair leads ISRO when EDUSAT launches as India's first satellite built specifically to support distance education.
Election
Blair says would serve third term as Prime Minister if Labour win another general election, but that he would not fight a fourth general election as Labour leader
Resignation of Anthony Charles Lynton Blair
Blair says would serve third term as Prime Minister if Labour win another general election, but that he would not fight a fourth general election as Labour leader
Operation Days of Penitence
Israeli forces begin a prolonged northern Gaza operation after repeated rocket attacks, producing heavy fighting around Jabalia and nearby communities.
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act creates a legal guarantee of rural wage employment.
Constitution of Egypt
Oversees Egypt's first multi-candidate presidential election under institutions controlled by the ruling establishment.
Election
Wins the first multi-candidate presidential election with an official majority.
Presidential Referendums
Ends the previous referendum system by contesting a multi-candidate presidential election.
Multi-Candidate Presidential Election
Wins Egypt's first presidential election allowing multiple approved candidates.
Election
Wins the presidential election as opposition candidate Ayman Nour disputes the official result.
Election
Dr. Ayman Nour, a dissident and candidate for the Al-Ghad party - Tomorrow party, contested the election results, and demanded a repeat of the election
Prime Minister of Albania
Appointed Prime Minister of Albania
Prime Minister Appointed
Appointed Prime Minister after the Democratic Party returns to government
Reform of Prisons
The responsibility for the federal prisons is transferred from the Interior Ministry to the Ministry of Justice
Summit
At a United Nations high-level summit, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad states Iran had the right to develop a civil nuclear-power program within the terms of the 1970 Treaty on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons
Nuclear Power
At a United Nations high-level summit, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad states Iran had the right to develop a civil nuclear-power program within the terms of the 1970 Treaty on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons
Summit
At a United Nations high-level summit, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad states Iran had the right to develop a civil nuclear-power program within the terms of the 1970 Treaty on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons
United Nations
At a United Nations high-level summit, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad states Iran had the right to develop a civil nuclear-power program within the terms of the 1970 Treaty on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons
R2P Endorsed
World Summit endorses the Responsibility to Protect principle
Election
Merkels CDU/CSU and Schrโders SPD went head-to-head in the national elections, with the CDU/CSU winning 35.3% (CDU 27.8%/CSU 7.5%) of the second votes to the SPDs 34.2%
Iraq Annual Material Verification
IAEA inspectors complete the annual physical inventory verification of declared nuclear material remaining in Iraq.
New Horizons
The New Horizons spacecraft arrives in Florida for final testing and launch preparations for its journey to Pluto.
โฌa Ira
Releases 16 yr work, "โฌa Ira"
Prairie Wind
Releases Prairie Wind, recorded after a health scare and centred on memory, family and mortality.
IRA - IRA
Government record concerning the IRA: The Irish Republican Army (IRA) officially disarms in front of independent weapons inspectors
IRA - IRA
Historical IRA record under Labour Party Government: The Irish Republican Army (IRA) officially disarms in front of independent weapons inspectors
IRA - IRA
IRA context for Anthony Charles Lynton Blair: The Irish Republican Army (IRA) officially disarms in front of independent weapons inspectors
IRA
The Irish Republican Army (IRA) officially disarms in front of independent weapons inspectors
Third Term as IAEA Director General
The General Conference approves Mohamed ElBaradei for a third four-year term as Director General.
Tour de France
In response to calls from the International Olympic Committee and the World Anti-Doping Agency ("WADA") for an independent investigation, UCI appoints Dutch lawyer Emile Vrijman to conduct an independent investigation of the handling of urine tests.
Tour de France
Vrijmans report "clears" Lance Armstrong because of improper handling and testing, the report says that tests on urine samples were conducted improperly and fell so short of scientific standards that it was "completely irresponsible".
Tour de France
Vrijmans report "clears" Lance Armstrong because of improper handling and testing, the report says that tests on urine samples were conducted improperly and fell so short of scientific standards that it was "completely irresponsible"
First Topolanek Government
Begins the First Topolanek Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czech Republic.
DPI NGO Conference Address
Addresses the United Nations DPI-NGO Conference on the Commission's recommendations for renewed multilateral disarmament and non-proliferation efforts.
NGO Strategy Meeting on WMD Report
Leads a strategy discussion with non-governmental organizations on ways to turn the Commission's proposals into sustained political advocacy.
Pluto Classification
The Minor Planet Center assigns Pluto the permanent minor-planet number 134340 following its dwarf-planet reclassification.
Dublin WMD Report Programme
Begins a series of Dublin events presenting the report to officials and public audiences, including discussions with Ireland's foreign minister.
Brexit
Becomes leader of UKIP for the first time.
Reform of Government
In his Annual speech Putin proposes increasing maternity benefits and prenatal care for women
Perfume
Directs Perfume: The Story of a Murderer.
European Policy Centre Presentation
Explains the Commission's disarmament proposals to diplomats, journalists, academics and civil-society representatives at the European Policy Centre.
Presidential Re-Election
Wins another presidential election.
Saleh Wins Another Term
Remains in office amid growing opposition and regional unrest.
Manager
Appointed manager of Leeds United
Yale WMD Report Presentation
Presents the Weapons of Terror report at Yale University and discusses practical routes toward stronger arms control and non-proliferation.
United States Congress Testimony
Testifies before the United States Congress while promoting the WMD Commission's recommendations on nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation.
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
The last US military personnel leave the Keflavik base, ending a military presence dating back to 1951, the US says it will defend Iceland as a NATO ally
last US military personnel leave the Keflavik base, ending a military
The last US military personnel leave the Keflavik base, ending a military presence dating back to 1951, the US says it will defend Iceland as a NATO ally
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
The last US military personnel leave the Keflavik base, ending a military presence dating back to 1951, the US says it will defend Iceland as a NATO ally
Public Outreach
Public outreach and victim participation work expand around the tribunal
Tour de France
Frankie Andreu and another unnamed teammate were reported to have made recent statements that they used EPO during the 1999 Tour de France
TVs Greatest Stars
Voted by the general public as number 1 in ITVs poll of TVs Greatest Stars
Blair's Final Conference Announcement
Tony Blair confirms that the Labour conference will be his last as party leader.
Resignation of Anthony Charles Lynton Blair
Blair signals that he will retire within 1 year
Visit to To neighbouring Iran
Al-Maliki makes his first official visit to neighbouring Iran
Frances president Jacques Chirac awards Vladimir Putin the dignity of the Grand
Frances president Jacques Chirac awards Vladimir Putin the dignity of the Grand Cross of the Legion dHonneur, the French highest decoration, to celebrate his contribution to the friendship between the two countries
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
Frances president Jacques Chirac awards Vladimir Putin the dignity of the Grand Cross of the Legion dHonneur, the French highest decoration, to celebrate his contribution to the friendship between the two countries
Trade Union Protest Suppressed
Police break up a union protest and detain its leaders.
Exile of Benazir Bhutto
Bhutto vows to return to Pakistan "very soon", regardless of whether or not she reached a power-sharing deal with Musharraf before then
Arrest of Sheikh Hasina Wajed
Detained former Bangladesh PM Sheikh Hasina Wajed is charged in a new graft case as part of the emergency Governments corruption crackdown
Arrest of Khaleda Zia and her son
Former Bangladesh PM Khaleda Zia and one of her sons are arrested on charges of corruption and misuse of power
Basra Palace Handover
British forces withdraw from Basra Palace to the airport base.
Invasion of Iraq
Petraeus tells the House Foreign Affairs and Armed Services committees that the US military needs more time to meet its goals in Iraq, he says troops in Iraq may be reduced from 20 brigades to 15, or from troops to 130,000, beginning in July 2008
Invasion of Iraq
Senator Carl Levin, Democrat from Michigan, says, "Year after year, the president and the administration have touted progress in Iraq and called for patience. It has been a litany of delusion"
Invasion of Iraq
Petraeus and Ryan Crocker face more intense and critical questioning from members of the Senate Foreign Relations and Armed Services committees, they failed to answer definitely repeated questions about how long US troops would be in Iraq
Senate Foreign Relations and Armed Services Committee
Petraeus and Ryan Crocker face more intense and critical questioning from members of the Senate Foreign Relations and Armed Services committees, they failed to answer definitely repeated questions about how long US troops would be in Iraq
Al-Qaeda
Abdul Sattar Buzaigh al-Rishawi, a leader of Sunni tribes in Anbar Province that have joined forces with the US. to fight Sunni militants, such as al-Qaeda in Mesopotamia, dies in a bombing
Death of Abdul Sattar Buzaigh al- Rishawi
Abdul Sattar Buzaigh al-Rishawi, a leader of Sunni tribes in Anbar Province that have joined forces with the US. to fight Sunni militants, such as al-Qaeda in Mesopotamia, dies in a bombing
Blackwater
17 Iraqi civilians, including a couple and their infant, are killed when employees of private security company Blackwater USA reportedly fire on a car that fails to stop, Nuri al-Maliki threatens to evict Blackwater employees from Iraq
Blackwater
17 Iraqi civilians, including a couple and their infant, are killed when employees of private security company Blackwater USA reportedly fire on a car that fails to stop, Nuri al-Maliki threatens to evict Blackwater employees from Iraq
Invasion of Iraq
n a nationally televised address, President Bush outlines a plan for withdrawing troops from Iraq, he says by July 2008 troop levels would drop from the current high of 169,000 to 130,000
Northern Rock Liquidity Support
Mervyn King leads the Bank of England when it provides a collateralised liquidity support facility to Northern Rock during severe funding pressure.
Credit Crunch
Panicked Northern Rock savers rush to empty their accounts as shares in the bank plummet
Northern Rock
Panicked Northern Rock savers rush to empty their accounts as shares in the bank plummet
Northern Rock Deposit Guarantee
The Government guarantees existing Northern Rock retail deposits to stop the run.
Northern Rock Guarantee
Darling guarantees existing Northern Rock retail deposits to halt depositor withdrawals.
Credit Crunch
In an unprecedented move, the Chancellor says the Government will guarantee all savings of Northern Rock customers
Northern Rock
In an unprecedented move, the Chancellor says the Government will guarantee all savings of Northern Rock customers
Political Crisis
Benazir Bhutto accuses Musharraf's allies of obstructing democratic reform and power sharing.
Constitution of Pakistan
Benazir Bhutto accuses Pervez Musharrafs allies of pushing Pakistan into crisis by their refusal to permit democratic reforms and power-sharing
Exile of Benazir Bhutto
Bhutto accuses Musharrafs allies of pushing Pakistan into crisis by their refusal to permit democratic reforms and power-sharing
APC Presidency Begins
Begins APC presidency after Kabbah leaves office
President Sworn In
Sworn in as President after winning the 2007 election
Federal Funds Rate Cut as Crisis Deepens
The Federal Open Market Committee lowers the federal funds target by one-half percentage point to 4.75 percent, responding to tighter credit conditions and the risk that financial disruption could weaken economic growth.
Credit Crunch
The Federal Reserve lowers the federal funds target by half a percentage point as housing losses and financial-market strains threaten economic growth.
Credit Crunch
The Bank of England announces a ten-billion-pound money-market operation as the Government seeks to ease severe pressure in interbank lending.
Chelsea Departure
Leaves Chelsea by mutual consent after more than three successful seasons as manager.
Credit Crunch
Alistair Darling suggests the Government is planning a ล100,000 guarantee to cover all savers
Magic
Releases Magic with the E Street Band, combining bright rock arrangements with darker political themes.
Benjani Hat Trick Against Reading
Benjani scores a hat-trick as Portsmouth beats Reading 7โ4, one of the Premier League's highest-scoring matches.
Arrest of Ahmed Akbar Sobhan
Ahmed Akbar Sobhan, a property tycoon and one of Bangladeshs richest men, his wife and three sons are sentenced in absentia to five years each in jail as part of a Government anti-corruption drive
Legislation
Obama and Senator Feingold introduce a corporate jet provision to the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act, which is signed into law
Open Government Act
Obama and Senator Feingold introduce a corporate jet provision to the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act, which is signed into law
Google Chrome
Google releases the Chrome web browser for Windows
Economy of Georgia
A US Navy ship loaded with humanitarian aid steamed through the Dardanelles on its way to Georgia, as the Bush administration prepared to roll out a $1 billion economic aid package for the ex-Soviet republic
Invasion of Georgia
A US Navy ship loaded with humanitarian aid steamed through the Dardanelles on its way to Georgia, as the Bush administration prepared to roll out a $1 billion economic aid package for the ex-Soviet republic
Invasion of Georgia
In Georgia US Vice President Dick Cheney condemned Russia for what he called an "illegitimate, unilateral attempt" to redraw this US allys borders by force
Republican Convention
Accepts the Republican presidential nomination at the party convention
Cuba politely declined a US offer to send a disaster assessment team
Cuba politely declined a US offer to send a disaster assessment team to the island after Hurricane Gustav, saying it would rather Washington suspend restrictions on travel and the sale of food and other materials it needs to recover
Economy of Cuba
Cuba politely declined a US offer to send a disaster assessment team to the island after Hurricane Gustav, saying it would rather Washington suspend restrictions on travel and the sale of food and other materials it needs to recover
Hurricane
Cuba politely declined a US offer to send a disaster assessment team to the island after Hurricane Gustav, saying it would rather Washington suspend restrictions on travel and the sale of food and other materials it needs to recover
Nuclear Suppliers Group Waiver
The Nuclear Suppliers Group grants India a waiver permitting civilian nuclear commerce despite India remaining outside the Non-Proliferation Treaty.
Fannie Mae Conservatorship
FHFA announces that Fannie Mae has been placed into federal conservatorship.
Freddie Mac Conservatorship
FHFA announces that Freddie Mac has been placed into federal conservatorship.
Housing Enterprise Support
Treasury establishes financial-support agreements for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.
Credit Crunch
Paulson announces that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are being placed into federal conservatorship with Treasury support to stabilize mortgage finance.
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac
Announces Treasury support for the housing finance agencies after the conservatorship decision
Economy of Cuba
Deadly Hurricane Ike roared across Cuba, blowing buildings to rubble and sending waves surging over homes, 900,000 Cubans evacuated from its path, which forecasters said could take it to Louisiana or Texas
Hurricane
Deadly Hurricane Ike roared across Cuba, blowing buildings to rubble and sending waves surging over homes, 900,000 Cubans evacuated from its path, which forecasters said could take it to Louisiana or Texas
Invasion of Georgia
French President Nicolas Sarkozy pressed Moscow to honor its pledge to withdraw troops from Georgia, while Russian soldiers prevented international aid convoys from visiting Georgian villages in a tense zone around the breakaway province of South Ossetia
Economy of Cuba
Hurricane Ike roared south of Havana, Cuba, after tearing across the island nation, ravaging homes, killing at least four people and forcing 1.2 million to evacuate
Hurricane
Hurricane Ike roared south of Havana, Cuba, after tearing across the island nation, ravaging homes, killing at least four people and forcing 1.2 million to evacuate
Invasion of Georgia
Russia said it will station 7,600 troops in South Ossetia and in Abkhazia, announcing an imposing long-term presence less than a day after agreeing to pull forces back from areas surrounding the provinces
Rule of Abkhazia
Russia said it will station 7,600 troops in South Ossetia and in Abkhazia, announcing an imposing long-term presence less than a day after agreeing to pull forces back from areas surrounding the provinces
Rule of South Ossetia
Russia said it will station 7,600 troops in South Ossetia and in Abkhazia, announcing an imposing long-term presence less than a day after agreeing to pull forces back from areas surrounding the provinces
President of Pakistan
Asif Ali Zardari begins his first presidential term.
Hurricane
Hurricane Ike barreled across the warm, energizing waters of the Gulf of Mexico on its way toward the Texas coast after crashing through Cuba's tobacco country and toppling aging Havana buildings
Large Hadron Collider First Beam
Leads the project as the first proton beam successfully circulates around the full 27-kilometre Large Hadron Collider ring.
Saturday Night Live
Begins a widely watched impersonation of Sarah Palin on Saturday Night Live
The Hunger Games
Publishes The Hunger Games, the first novel in the dystopian young adult series
Death of Rick Wright
Death of Rick Wright
Merrill Lynch Takeover
Bank of America agrees to purchase Merrill Lynch as financial-market turmoil intensifies.
Lehman Brothers Bankruptcy
Lehman Brothers files for bankruptcy after failing to obtain a buyer or government rescue.
Merrill Lynch Sale
Merrill Lynch agrees to be acquired by Bank of America during the market panic.
Credit Crunch
Lehman Brothers files for bankruptcy after Treasury and Federal Reserve efforts fail to produce a private-sector rescue over the preceding weekend.
Power-Sharing Agreement Signed
Tsvangirai signs the agreement creating a framework for a government of national unity.
Global Political Agreement Signed
Mugabe signs a power-sharing agreement with the two MDC formations.
Invasion of Georgia
Georgias Government said intercepted mobile phone calls show that Russian tanks and troops invaded before Georgia unleashed its offensive against South Ossetia, pressing its claim that Russia was the aggressor in the war last month
Gerrard Champions League Goals Against Marseille
Gerrard scores twice in Liverpool's comeback victory at Marseille during the Champions League group stage under Benรญtez.
AIG Emergency Lending
The Federal Reserve authorises emergency credit to prevent the disorderly failure of AIG.
AIG Rescue
AIG accepts emergency federal lending after severe collateral and liquidity demands.
Credit Crunch
The Federal Reserve authorizes emergency support for AIG after the insurer cannot meet escalating collateral demands linked to credit-default swaps.
Rule of Abkhazia
Russian President Dmitry Medvedev signed friendship treaties with Georgias breakaway regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia and promised them the backing of Russias armed forces
Rule of South Ossetia
Russian President Dmitry Medvedev signed friendship treaties with Georgias breakaway regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia and promised them the backing of Russias armed forces
Credit Crunch
Brown's Government supports the Lloyds TSB takeover of HBOS and removes competition obstacles because of the severe threat to financial stability.
Large Hadron Collider Incident
Sees an electrical connection failure cause serious damage in one Large Hadron Collider sector, forcing an extended repair programme.
Asset-Backed Commercial Paper Money Market Facility
The Federal Reserve announces a facility to finance purchases of high-quality asset-backed commercial paper from money market mutual funds, helping those funds meet redemptions without forcing disruptive asset sales.
Money Market Guarantee
Treasury announces a temporary guarantee programme for eligible money-market mutual funds.
Credit Crunch
Paulson proposes a broad federal program to purchase troubled financial assets as officials confront a rapidly spreading systemic banking crisis.
TARP Proposal
Proposes a large rescue plan to stabilize banks and purchase troubled financial assets
Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley Become Bank Holding Companies
The Federal Reserve approves Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley as bank holding companies, bringing the two major investment banks under Federal Reserve consolidated supervision during the financial crisis.
Credit Crunch
The Federal Reserve approves Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley as bank holding companies, giving the investment banks access to broader central-bank support.
The Baader Meinhof Complex
Directs The Baader Meinhof Complex.
Washington Mutual Failure
The FDIC closes Washington Mutual in the largest bank failure in United States history.
Washington Mutual Purchase
JPMorgan Chase purchases most Washington Mutual assets and deposits from the FDIC.
Credit Crunch
Washington Mutual fails and its banking operations are sold to JPMorgan Chase, marking the largest bank failure in United States history at the time.
Age of Irresponsibility Speech
Brown calls for an end to irresponsible behaviour in global financial markets.
Death of Paul Leonard Newman
Death of Paul Leonard Newman
Death of Paul Newman
Death of Paul Newman
Presidential Debate
Debates John McCain in the first presidential debate during the financial crisis
Global Cooperation Speech
Brown argues that international cooperation is essential during the global financial crisis.
UN Resolution 1835
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1835 reaffirms earlier resolutions concerning Iran's enrichment-related and nuclear activities.
Hubble Servicing Mission 4 Delayed
A failure in Hubble's Science Instrument Command and Data Handler causes NASA to delay Servicing Mission 4 until a replacement can be flown.
Falcon 1
SpaceX's Falcon 1 reaches orbit after earlier failed attempts
Credit Crunch
The Government takes Bradford and Bingley's mortgage business into public ownership while its deposits and branch network transfer to Abbey National.
Credit Crunch
Haarde's Government announces an agreement to acquire a seventy-five-percent stake in Glitnir after the bank loses access to international funding.
Credit Crunch
The House of Representatives rejects the proposed financial rescue legislation, and United States equity markets fall sharply after the vote.
Bailout Vote
The House rejects the first financial rescue bill, triggering another stock market fall
Hurricane
Gustav swelled to a fearsome Category 3 hurricane with winds of 120 mph (195 kph) as it shrieked toward the heartland of Cuba's cigar industry on a track to hit the US Gulf Coast, three years after Hurricane Katrina
Bank Guarantee
Announces a state guarantee covering major liabilities of Irish domestic banks during the financial crisis.
Leadership Challenge
Several Labour MPs publicly question Brown's leadership during the financial crisis.
HPV Vaccination Programme
The NHS introduces routine HPV vaccination for school-age girls to reduce future cervical-cancer risk through prevention of the principal cancer-causing virus types.
Death of Aage Bohr
Dies in Copenhagen aged eighty-seven after a career devoted to nuclear structure, collective motion, theoretical physics and international scientific collaboration.
Chief Minister Appointed
Reuben Meade returns as Chief Minister before the new constitution changes the title
Acting President Takes Office
Mihai Ghimpu becomes acting President as President of Parliament
Presidency Ends
Voronin leaves office after two presidential terms
Acting Prime Minister Takes Office
Vitalie Pirlog becomes acting Prime Minister during the government transition
Premiership Ends
Greceanii leaves office after the 2009 political crisis
Death of Patrick Swayze
Death of Patrick Swayze
Election
Norwegian Prime Minister Jens Stoltenbergs red-green alliance wins a second four-year term in office
Prime Minister of Norway
Norwegian Prime Minister Jens Stoltenbergs red-green alliance wins a second four-year term in office
War Crimes
A United Nations commission headed by South African judge Richard Goldstone charges both Israel and Palestinian militant groups with committing war crimes in Gaza
Prime Minister of Japan
Japans new Government under Democratic Party of Japan leader Yukio Hatoyama takes office
Diplomatic Plan
US President Barack Obama informs the Czech Republic and Poland that his administration has shelved Bush-era, Moscow-opposed plans to build missile shield bases on their territories
Missile Bases
US President Barack Obama informs the Czech Republic and Poland that his administration has shelved Bush-era, Moscow-opposed plans to build missile shield bases on their territories
Interim Assisted Suicide Policy
Starmer publishes interim factors guiding prosecution decisions in assisted-suicide cases.
King Abdullah University Opened
Chairs the university's founding board during its establishment.
King Abdullah University Opened
Opens King Abdullah University of Science and Technology.
The White Ribbon
Directs The White Ribbon, a German-language drama set before the First World War.
German Lisbon Ratification Deposit
Germany deposits its instrument of ratification for the Treaty of Lisbon with the Italian government.
Acting Premiership Ends
Pirlog's acting premiership ends when Vlad Filat forms a new government
Prime Minister Takes Office
Vlad Filat becomes Prime Minister and leads the Alliance for European Integration
Chancellor
German Chancellor Angela Merkel re-elected to 2nd term at head of new, centre-right coalition
Election
German Chancellor Angela Merkel re-elected to 2nd term at head of new, centre-right coalition
Election
Portuguese Prime Minister Jose Socrates wins 2nd term in Parliamentary elections
Prime Minister of Portugal
Portuguese Prime Minister Jose Socrates wins 2nd term in Parliamentary elections
Third Mercury Flyby
MESSENGER makes its third and final Mercury flyby before orbit insertion, further matching the spacecraft's path to Mercury's orbit.
World Statesman Award Address
Brown uses his award speech to advocate cooperation, human rights and interfaith understanding.
World Statesman of the Year
Brown receives the Appeal of Conscience Foundation's World Statesman award.
Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging
Addresses a 3-day convention attended by 300 Afrikaners intended to develop a strategy for "Boer liberation", he reinforces earlier claims for land in Northern Natal and the Eastern Transvaal
Washington Direct Peace Talks
Abbas entered direct negotiations with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu in Washington under United States sponsorship. The talks aimed to revive a final-status process after a prolonged period without sustained direct negotiations.
Economy of Cuba
President Barack Obama extended the embargo through September 14, 2011, determining that the embargo "is in the national interest of the United States
Sanctions
President Barack Obama extended the embargo through September 14, 2011, determining that the embargo "is in the national interest of the United States
Sanctions
President Barack Obama extends the Cuban embargo, determining that the embargo "is in the national interest of the United States"
Trade Embargo
President Barack Obama extends the Cuban embargo, determining that the embargo "is in the national interest of the United States"
Labour Leadership Result
Burnham finishes fourth in the Labour leadership election won by Ed Miliband.
Public Succession Debut
Appears in senior party roles before succession.
First Aadhaar Number
The first Aadhaar identification number is issued as India begins building a nationwide biometric identity system.
Breakdown of Direct Negotiations
The 2010 direct negotiating round stalled after the Israeli settlement-construction moratorium expired. Abbas declined to continue substantive talks without movement on the settlement issue, leaving the renewed process suspended.
Libya Campaign Review
Reports to Parliament on the collapse of Qadhafi's rule and Britain's role in the international campaign.
Fixed-term Parliaments Act
The Fixed-term Parliaments Act receives royal assent.
Maturity Extension Program
The Federal Open Market Committee launches a maturity extension program that sells or redeems shorter-term Treasury securities while purchasing an equal amount of longer-term securities, putting downward pressure on longer-term interest rates.
First UN General Assembly Address
Addresses the United Nations General Assembly as Prime Minister for the first time.
UN Full Membership Application
Abbas submitted Palestine's application for full membership of the United Nations to Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. He then addressed the General Assembly and argued that Palestinian statehood should be recognised on the basis of the pre-1967 lines.
Return from Saudi Arabia
Returns after medical treatment in Saudi Arabia.
Saleh Returns to Sanaa
Political negotiations over transferring power continue.
Constitution of Russia
At the United Russia Congress Medvedev officially proposed that Putin stand for the Presidency in 2012, an offer Putin accepted. Given United Russias near-total dominance of Russian politics, many observers believed that Putin was all but assured of a third term
United Russia Congress
At the United Russia Congress Medvedev officially proposed that Putin stand for the Presidency in 2012, an offer Putin accepted. Given United Russias near-total dominance of Russian politics, many observers believed that Putin was all but assured of a third term
Women's Electoral Participation Announced
Prepares municipal institutions for expanded electoral participation.
Women's Electoral Participation Announced
Announces that women may vote and stand in future municipal elections.
Constitutional Head of State
New constitution retains the British monarch as head of state
Premier Title Begins
Reuben Meade becomes first Premier when the new constitution replaces the Chief Minister title
IAEA Action Plan on Nuclear Safety
The IAEA General Conference endorses the Action Plan on Nuclear Safety developed after Fukushima.
PSV First-Team Debut
Makes his senior debut for PSV after progressing through the club's academy.
Tempest
Releases Tempest.
Jupiter Impact Flash
Captures video of a brief meteoroid impact flash in Jupiter's atmosphere.
Hillsborough Apology
Apologises after the Hillsborough Independent Panel report exposes failures and altered police statements.
Hillsborough Evidence Review
Starmer orders prosecutors to review newly disclosed Hillsborough evidence for possible offences.
Hillsborough Independent Panel Report
Burnham welcomes official acknowledgement that Hillsborough victims and supporters were wrongfully blamed.
Selection as Prime Minister-Designate
Congress selects Shagur to form a government, but his proposed cabinet later fails.
Dark Energy Camera First Light
Flaugher leads the Dark Energy Camera project as DECam obtains official first-light images, preparing the primary instrument for the Dark Energy Survey.
Open-Ended Mortgage-Backed Securities Purchases
The Federal Open Market Committee announces purchases of 40 billion dollars of agency mortgage-backed securities per month and states that asset purchases can continue and be adjusted until the labour-market outlook improves substantially.
First Premiership Ends
Massimov leaves his first term as Prime Minister
Prime Minister Takes Office
Serik Akhmetov becomes Prime Minister
Hubble eXtreme Deep Field
Illingworth helps assemble the eXtreme Deep Field from a decade of Hubble exposures, revealing thousands of exceptionally faint galaxies.
Large Hadron Collider Data Target
Sees the Large Hadron Collider reach its 2012 target of delivering 15 inverse femtobarns of data to ATLAS and CMS.
Prime Minister Takes Office
Aminata Toure becomes Prime Minister after Abdoul Mbaye leaves office
Mesut Ozil Record Transfer
Wenger strengthened Arsenalโs attack by signing Mesut Ozil from Real Madrid, completing a club-record transfer at the close of the summer window.
Library of Birmingham
Malala Yousafzai opens the Library of Birmingham in Centenary Square.
Presidential Inauguration
Keita assumes office after the election restoring constitutional presidential government.
Appointment as Prime Minister
Keita appoints Ly to lead his first government.
President of Pakistan
Mamnoon Hussain becomes President of Pakistan.
100 Caps
Lampard became only the eighth English player to earn his 100th England cap, doing so in a World Cup qulifier against Ukraine.
National Food Security Act
The National Food Security Act establishes legal entitlements to subsidised food grains for a large share of India's population.
Voyager 1 Announcement
NASA announces evidence that Voyager 1 has entered interstellar space.
Syria Deposits CWC Accession
Syria deposits its instrument of accession to the Chemical Weapons Convention with the United Nations.
Champions League Goal against Chelsea
Scores Basel's equalising goal at Stamford Bridge as the Swiss champions come from behind to defeat Chelsea in the Champions League.
UN Security Council Resolution 2118
The Security Council adopts Resolution 2118 establishing an international framework for eliminating Syria's declared chemical weapons.
Wales NATO Summit
Hosts NATO leaders in Wales for talks on Russia, defence spending, Afghanistan and emerging security threats.
Premier Appointed
Donaldson Romeo becomes Premier after the People's Democratic Movement election victory
Policy Normalization Principles and Plans
The Federal Open Market Committee publishes principles for eventually normalizing monetary policy, explaining how it expects to raise short-term interest rates and later reduce the Federal Reserve's enlarged securities holdings.
Scottish Independence Referendum
Holds the Scottish independence referendum, which produces a No vote.
Scottish Referendum Response
Responds to the Scottish referendum result and promises further devolution.
Political Reform
Arif participates in political reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Houthi-Government Agreement Signed
The accord seeks a ceasefire and renewed political cooperation.
Peace and National Partnership Agreement
Supports the Peace and National Partnership Agreement.
Interim Government Approved
The House of Representatives approves al-Thani's eastern-based interim government.
National Team Coaching Role
Takes responsibility for guiding Portugal toward Euro 2016.
Portugal Manager Appointment
Is appointed manager of the Portugal senior national team.
Mars Orbit Insertion
India's Mars Orbiter Mission enters Martian orbit during K. Radhakrishnan's tenure, succeeding on the country's first attempt to reach Mars.
Phoenix
Directs Phoenix.
UN General Assembly Security Speech
Addresses the United Nations on Ukraine, Ebola, the Middle East and the threat posed by ISIL.
UKIP Defection
Defects from the Conservatives to UKIP before winning a by-election.
Scottish Referendum Intervention
Brown campaigns for Scotland to remain within a reformed United Kingdom.
First Danish Astronaut
Launches to the International Space Station as Denmarks first astronaut.
Iriss Mission
Conducts Danish and European experiments during the short Iriss mission.
MINURSO Force Command
The United Nations approves Muhammad Tayyab Azam of Pakistan as Force Commander of MINURSO in Western Sahara.
Labour Leadership Result
Burnham finishes second in the Labour leadership election won by Jeremy Corbyn.
Labour Leadership
Elected Leader of the Labour Party.
GW150914 Black Hole Merger
As LIGO Scientific Collaboration spokesperson, helps lead the collaboration when LIGO records GW150914, the first direct gravitational-wave detection and first observed binary black hole merger.
Shadow Home Secretary Appointment
Burnham becomes Shadow Home Secretary after the leadership election.
Gravitational Waves
Thornes black hole and gravitational wave theory helps interpret the first LIGO detection
Gravitational Waves
Weiss sees the interferometer concept vindicated when LIGO detects gravitational waves from merging black holes
Shadow Immigration Appointment
Starmer joins Labour's front bench as Shadow Minister for Immigration.
Second Tsipras Government
Tsipras returns as Prime Minister after winning the September election.
Pluto
A New Horizons methane map shows that methane ice is distributed unevenly across Pluto's surface.
Five Goals in Nine Minutes
Robert Lewandowski comes off the bench against Wolfsburg and scores five goals in approximately nine minutes during Bayern Munichโs 5-1 Bundesliga victory.
Five Goals in Nine Minutes
Robert Lewandowski comes off the bench against Wolfsburg and scores five times in nine minutes during Bayernโs 5-1 Bundesliga victory.
Grand Central and New Street
The rebuilt New Street station and Grand Central shopping centre open to the public.
Pluto
Enhanced-color imagery reveals the unusual ridged and scaly terrain of Tartarus Dorsa, nicknamed Pluto's snakeskin terrain.
Pluto
High-resolution New Horizons images reveal rugged mountains, faulted blocks and detailed textures along the edge of Sputnik Planitia.
AstroSat
AstroSat launches during A. S. Kiran Kumar's chairmanship as India's first dedicated multi-wavelength space observatory.
Palestinian Flag Raised at United Nations
Abbas attended the ceremony at which the Palestinian flag was raised at United Nations Headquarters for the first time. The event followed a General Assembly decision allowing the flags of non-member observer States to be displayed at UN premises.
Syrian Refugee Resettlement Expansion
Announces an expansion of UK resettlement for vulnerable Syrian refugees.
Fukushima Comprehensive Accident Report
Publishes the IAEA's comprehensive report and technical volumes on the Fukushima Daiichi accident.
JCPOA Verification Mandate
The Board authorizes the IAEA to undertake verification and monitoring of Iran's nuclear-related commitments under the JCPOA.
Transfer to Southampton
Joins Southampton from Celtic and establishes himself in the Premier League.
Second Premiership Ends
Massimov leaves government leadership for security council duties
Prime Minister Takes Office
Bakytzhan Sagintayev becomes Prime Minister
Fifth Nuclear Test
North Korea conducts its fifth nuclear test.
North Korea Fifth Nuclear Test
North Korea conducts its fifth announced nuclear test explosion.
Resignation as MP
Resigns as Member of Parliament for Witney.
First Polymer Banknote Issued
Mark Carney serves as Governor when the Bank of England issues its first polymer banknote, a five-pound note featuring Winston Churchill.
Political Reform
II participates in political reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Born to Run Memoir
Publishes Born to Run, a memoir about his life, music and struggles with depression.
Death of Shimon Peres
Death of Shimon Peres
Ajax First-Team Debut
Makes his Ajax first-team debut as a seventeen-year-old defender.
Seven-Year Term Reform
Constitutional changes lengthen future presidential terms to seven years
School Readiness Pledge
Burnham proposes coordinated action so more children begin school ready to learn.
Sixth Nuclear Test
North Korea conducts its sixth nuclear test.
North Korea Sixth Nuclear Test
North Korea conducts its sixth and largest announced nuclear test explosion.
Pluto
The International Astronomical Union approves the first official names for surface features discovered on Pluto by New Horizons.
Pluto
Tombaugh Regio and Burney crater become official Pluto feature names honoring Clyde Tombaugh and Venetia Burney.
Free Senior High School Programme Launched
Akufo-Addo launches the Free Senior High School programme, removing tuition charges for eligible students in Ghana's public secondary schools.
Abortion Law Reform
Promulgates legislation permitting abortion in three narrowly defined circumstances.
Coalition Government Collapses
The governing coalition loses its majority after Bright Future withdraws, leading to preparations for another early parliamentary election.
Nuclear Ban Treaty Opens for Signature
The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons opens for signature at United Nations Headquarters.
Balance Sheet Normalization Announced
The Federal Open Market Committee announces that its balance-sheet normalization program will begin in October, allowing increasing amounts of maturing Treasury and agency securities to run off rather than be fully reinvested.
Brexit
Delivers the Florence speech on the Brexit transition and future relationship.
Women Driving Royal Order
Supports social and economic reforms associated with women's mobility.
Women Driving Royal Order
Issues the royal order permitting driving licences for women.
President of Pakistan
Arif Alvi begins his presidential term.
Political Reform
al-Bakhit participates in political reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Brexit
EU leaders criticise the Chequers plan at the Salzburg summit.
FIFA Puskas Award
Wins the FIFA Puskas Award for his curling goal against Everton in the Merseyside derby at Anfield.
Tariff Escalation with China
Announces further tariffs on Chinese imports.
Trade Deal USMCA Announcement
Announces agreement on the USMCA trade deal replacing NAFTA.
Unemployment Low
Celebrates unemployment rate reaching 3.5 percent, a 50-year low.
Extradition Bill Withdrawn
Announces the withdrawal of the extradition bill.
Independent Police Complaints Council Appointments
Lam's administration appoints additional members to the Independent Police Complaints Council as scrutiny of policing during the protests intensifies.
Second Conte Government
Forms a second government backed by the Five Star Movement and Democratic Party.
Death of Robert Mugabe
Former President Robert Mugabe dies in Singapore.
Prisoner Exchange with Russia
Welcomes home thirty-five Ukrainians released in a mutual exchange with Russia.
Joker
Joker wins the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival.
Benn Act
Sponsors legislation requiring an extension request to avoid no deal.
Benn Act
The European Union Withdrawal No 2 Act receives royal assent.
Water Vapor on K2-18b
Tsiaras leads analysis of Hubble spectra detecting water vapor in the atmosphere of habitable-zone exoplanet K2-18b.
Aramco Attack
Faces attacks on Saudi oil facilities at Abqaiq and Khurais.
Presidential Election, First Round
Tunisia held the first round of an early presidential election.
Second Election
Leads Likud in a second Israeli general election after coalition talks fail.
Champions League Debut Hat-Trick
Haaland scored three goals before half-time against Genk in a 6-2 victory, announcing himself on his UEFA Champions League debut.
System Crasher
Directs System Crasher.
Confirmatory Referendum Policy
Starmer supports placing a negotiated Brexit outcome before voters in a referendum.
Supreme Court Ruling
The Supreme Court rules that prorogation of Parliament was unlawful.
Prorogation Judgment
Rules that the prorogation of Parliament was unlawful.
Impeachment Inquiry
Faces a formal impeachment inquiry opened by the House of Representatives.
Impeachment Inquiry Launched
House opens formal impeachment inquiry over Ukraine dealings.
Community Dialogue Arrangements Announced
The Government announces arrangements for its first community dialogue session as part of an effort to engage directly with residents during the crisis.
Trump New York Meeting
Meets Donald Trump during the United Nations General Assembly and discusses security, energy and reforms.
First Community Dialogue Session
Lam attends the first community dialogue session and hears questions and criticism from members of the public about governance and the continuing unrest.
The Irishman
The Irishman premieres at the New York Film Festival.
Universal Community Testing Launched
Hong Kong launches free universal community testing at centres across the territory, with Lam inspecting operations on the programme's first day.
Head of Government of Tunisia
Hichem Mechichi became head of government following parliamentary approval.
Typhoon Recovery Campaign
Mobilizes recovery work after typhoon damage.
One Hundred International Goals
Scores his one hundredth senior international goal against Sweden.
Portugal Scoring Milestone
Becomes the first European man reaching one hundred international goals.
Political Reform
ibn Shaker participates in political reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Abraham Accords
Signs the Abraham Accords with Israel.
Third Anti-Epidemic Fund Announced
The Government announces a third round of Anti-epidemic Fund measures to support sectors and residents affected by continuing pandemic restrictions.
Abraham Accords
Signs the Abraham Accords normalisation agreement with the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain.
Abraham Accords
Signs the Abraham Accords with Israel.
Abraham Accords
Hosts the signing of the Abraham Accords.
Prime Minister
Becomes Prime Minister of Japan after Shinzo Abe resigns.
Death of Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Death of Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg.
Reyna First Bundesliga Goal
Scores his first Bundesliga goal as Borussia Dortmund defeats Borussia Mรถnchengladbach 3-0 in its season opener.
Seventy-Fifth UN General Debate
Uses the UN General Debate to call for withdrawal of Russian-backed forces and restoration of Ukraine's borders.
Transitional Presidential Inauguration
N'Daw is sworn in to lead an eighteen-month political transition.
Amy Coney Barrett Nomination
Nominates Amy Coney Barrett to the Supreme Court.
Rose Garden Maskless Event
Hosts event later linked to COVID-19 cases among attendees.
Supreme Court Nomination
Nominates Amy Coney Barrett to the Supreme Court.
Nagorno-Karabakh War
Armenia enters renewed war with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh.
Nagorno-Karabakh War
Azerbaijani forces enter a new war over Nagorno-Karabakh.
Appointment as Transitional Prime Minister
N'Daw appoints former foreign minister Ouane to head the transitional government.
First Presidential Debate
Debates Donald Trump in the first presidential debate.
Biden White House Meeting
Meets Joe Biden at the White House and discusses security, reform and Russian aggression.
Real Madrid Presentation
Is presented as a Real Madrid player after joining from Rennes.
One Hundred Arsenal Goals
Scores her 100th Arsenal goal during a Women's Champions League victory over Slavia Prague.
Vaccine Mandate Plan
Announces vaccine requirements for federal workers.
District Council Oath-Taking Begins
The Government begins administering statutory oaths to District Council members under the new legal requirements for public officers.
Iran Surveillance Equipment Servicing
Agrees arrangements allowing IAEA inspectors to service specified monitoring equipment and replace storage media in Iran.
100 Premier League Goals
Scores against Leeds United to become the fifth-fastest player in Premier League history to reach 100 career goals in the competition.
One Thousandth Match as Manager
Marks his 1,000th match as a manager with Roma's dramatic Serie A victory over Sassuolo.
AUKUS Announcement
Announces the AUKUS security partnership.
Death of Spurs Goalscoring Legend
Greaves died aged eighty-one, prompting tributes to England's extraordinary post-war league goalscorer.
Election Committee Poll Held
Hong Kong holds the first Election Committee subsector poll under the revised electoral system, with the committee gaining expanded constitutional functions.
General Election - General Election
Wins another Liberal minority government.
General Election Election Outcome
General election outcome recorded for Justin Trudeau: Wins another Liberal minority government.
General Election Government
Government context for this general election: Wins another Liberal minority government.
General Election
Wins another Liberal minority government.
The Last Domino Tour
Performs with Genesis on The Last Domino tour in Birmingham.
The Last Domino Tour
Opens Genesis's The Last Domino tour in Birmingham.
WHO Appointment
The World Health Organization appoints Brown Ambassador for Global Health Financing.
Presidential Decree 117
Presidential Decree 117 reorganized public powers and expanded presidential authority during the exceptional measures.
Seventy-Sixth UN General Assembly Speech
Warns the UN that occupied Ukrainian territories remain a threat to international law and collective security.
100 League Goals for Liverpool
Scores his 100th league goal for Liverpool during a 3-3 draw with Brentford, reaching the club milestone faster than any previous player.
Parliamentary Election of 2021
Iceland holds a parliamentary election after which the three governing parties negotiate a renewed coalition under Katrin Jakobsdottir.
First In-Person Conference Leadership Speech
Starmer presents a programme centred on work, care, equality and security.
District Council Oaths Declared Invalid
The Government confirms that ten District Council members took invalid oaths after reviewing their submissions under the revised allegiance requirements.
Appointment as Head of Government
Kais Saied designated Najla Bouden to form a government, making her Tunisia's first female head of government.
IAEA Mission Established at Zaporizhzhya
Establishes the IAEA Support and Assistance Mission to Zaporizhzhya and a continuing Agency presence at the nuclear plant.
Constitutional Referendum
Accepts the referendum result rejecting the first proposed replacement constitution.
Two-Pound Bus Fare Cap
Burnham introduces capped adult single fares of two pounds across Greater Manchester.
Zaporizhzhya Protection Zone Proposal
Calls at the UN Security Council for a nuclear safety and security protection zone around the Zaporizhzhya plant.
Kharkiv Counteroffensive
Oversees the surprise Ukrainian counteroffensive in Kharkiv Oblast
Kharkiv Counteroffensive
Ukraine launches a counteroffensive in Kharkiv Oblast.
Head of State Begins
Charles III becomes monarch and head of state after the death of Elizabeth II
Head of State Begins
Charles III becomes monarch and head of state after the death of Elizabeth II
Nuclear Forces Law
North Korea codifies nuclear weapons policy in law.
Balakliia Liberation
Announces Ukrainian advances as Balakliia is retaken during the Kharkiv counteroffensive.
XXV
Releases XXV, reworking major songs with orchestral arrangements to mark twenty-five years solo.
Izium Liberation
Welcomes the recapture of Izium as Russian forces retreat during Ukraine's Kharkiv counteroffensive.
Izium Visit
Visits liberated Izium after Ukrainian forces retake the city.
Capital Renamed Astana
Capital name is changed back from Nur-Sultan to Astana
Prime Minister Takes Office
Amadou Ba becomes Prime Minister when the office is restored
Nationalization
Germany agrees to nationalize Uniper during the European energy crisis
Partial Mobilization
Announces partial mobilization after Russian battlefield setbacks.
Partial Mobilization
Announces a partial mobilization of Russian reservists
UN Peace Formula Framework
Presents five conditions for peace, including punishment for aggression, protection of life and restoration of territorial integrity.
Webb Neptune Ring Imaging
Webb obtains the clearest view of Neptune's rings in more than three decades, including faint dusty bands.
Bee Network Bus Design
Burnham unveils the yellow-and-black design for the first Bee Network buses.
UN General Assembly Full Membership Appeal
Abbas used his address to the United Nations General Assembly to renew the demand for full Palestinian membership of the organisation. He argued that Palestine had demonstrated the qualifications for membership and called for stronger international action on the occupation.
Green Prosperity Plan
Starmer outlines investment intended to expand clean energy and industrial employment.
Temporary Gilt Market Intervention
Andrew Bailey leads the Bank of England as it begins temporary purchases of long-dated government bonds to restore orderly conditions in the gilt market.
All Quiet on the Western Front
Directs the German film adaptation of All Quiet on the Western Front.
Europa Flyby
Juno makes a close flyby of Europa.
Juno Europa Flyby
Juno makes a close flyby of Europa, collecting high-resolution imagery and science data.
Annexation Declarations
Declares the annexation of Donetsk, Luhansk, Zaporizhzhia and Kherson regions
Annexation Claims
Claims annexation of Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia regions.
NATO Fast-Track Request
Signs Ukraine's request for accelerated accession to NATO.
Resignation of Oleksii Reznikov
Resigns as Ukraine's defence minister
Defence Minister Dismissal
Zelensky announces Reznikov will be replaced as defence minister.
Second Presidential Inauguration
Mnangagwa is inaugurated for another presidential term.
Defence Minister
Appointed defence minister of Ukraine
Defence Minister Appointment
Parliament approves Umerov as defence minister.
Foreign Interference Inquiry
Announces a public inquiry into foreign interference.
G20 New Delhi Summit
India hosts the G20 leaders' summit in New Delhi during its presidency of the group.
Alliance of Sahel States Charter
Goita joins Burkina Faso and Niger in establishing the Alliance of Sahel States.
UN General Assembly New York Address
Addresses the United Nations General Assembly in person and urges countries to oppose Russian aggression.
First Bee Network Buses
Burnham launches the first franchised Bee Network bus services in western Greater Manchester.
UAW Picket Line Visit
Joins a United Auto Workers picket line.
BepiColombo Mercury Flyby
BepiColombo completes its fourth Mercury flyby, continuing the sequence required to slow the spacecraft for orbital capture.
UK-Ireland Reset Summit
Starmer and Taoiseach Simon Harris begin a programme of renewed bilateral cooperation.
NHS Reform Response to Darzi
Starmer responds to the Darzi investigation by setting out the government's intention to develop long-term NHS reform rather than rely solely on short-term measures.
NHS Reform Speech
Starmer responds to the Darzi investigation and calls for fundamental NHS reform.
Independent Investigation of the NHS
Darzi publishes his independent investigation of the NHS in England, assessing access, quality, productivity, workforce pressures, infrastructure and wider health-system performance.
Resident Doctors Pay Deal Accepted
Resident doctors vote to accept the government's negotiated pay offer, ending the long-running national industrial dispute and opening further work on training and rotations.
Resident Doctors Accept Pay Deal
BMA members accept the Government's offer and end fifteen months of national strike action.
First Labour Conference Speech as Prime Minister
Starmer defends difficult early decisions and promises long-term national renewal.
School-Based Nursery Programme
The Government announces the first funding round for nurseries using spare primary-school space.
United Nations General Assembly Address
Starmer presents Britain's international priorities to the United Nations General Assembly.
Voyager 2 Plasma Science Shutdown
Engineers switch off Voyager 2's plasma science instrument to conserve the spacecraft's declining power.
Ukraine Diplomacy
Presses allies for weapons, sanctions and accountability.
Government Confidence Vote
Loses a confidence vote and resigns as prime minister.
Prime Minister of France
Is appointed prime minister after Bayrou's resignation.
Fiftieth Independence Anniversary
Marape leads national commemorations for fifty years of independence
Akatsuki Mission End
JAXA ends Akatsuki operations after more than eight years of Venus orbital observations and major advances in planetary meteorology.
Benfica Return
Returns to Benfica as head coach nearly twenty-five years after his first managerial spell there.
Men's Volleyball World Championship
Italy win the men's volleyball world championship.
Further and Higher Education Reform
Starmer announces reforms linking post-sixteen education more closely with national skills needs.