1066
Accession to English Kingship
William becomes King of England after his coronation at Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day.
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Browse historical records dated to 1066. Records are rendered from the World History Database into this page's initial HTML.
William becomes King of England after his coronation at Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day.
Harold II advances into Sussex to confront Williams army near Hastings
The Norwegian army advances inland as York becomes the main northern objective
William moves his army from Pevensey toward Hastings
William moves from Dover toward Canterbury to extend control in Kent
William advances toward Dover after the victory at Hastings
Norman forces threaten London from the south bank of the Thames
William moves his army from Pevensey toward Hastings and secures a stronger operating base.
Gyrth Godwinson is associated with counsel about how to meet the Norman threat
Harold II restores English control in York after the Norwegian defeat
Harald Hardrada gathers allies in the northern seas before landing in England
Harold advances rapidly from York and catches the Norwegian army by surprise near Stamford Bridge.
William deploys his army below the English position at Senlac with archers, infantry and cavalry arranged for a combined assault.
Odo is depicted rallying Norman soldiers during the Battle of Hastings as the fighting becomes uncertain.
Harold's army reaches Tadcaster after a rapid march of roughly two hundred miles toward the Norwegian forces.
Harold reaches the ridge near Battle and camps opposite William's army on the evening before the decisive engagement.
Odo remains with William's army during the decisive engagement and is shown among the leaders encouraging the troops.
William's forces study the ground around Hastings while awaiting the English army returning from the north.
Breton allies join William's army and are later assigned to the left division at Hastings.
Harold an oath-breaker had lost claim for a decent burial & is buried on the sea-shore
Canterbury submits as William advances through Kent after his victory at Hastings.
After the Battle of Hastings Canterbury surrenders without a fight
After the Battle of Hastings Dover surrenders without a fight
Edgar, the Earls of Northumbria & Mercia & the Archbishops of Canterbury & York submit to William I the Conqueror
William captures Winchester from Queen Edith
William captures Winchester from Queen Edith
Wins the Battle of Fulford & occupies York
Tostig & Hardrada defeat Morcar & capture York
Norman forces secure Dover as a key Channel stronghold
Norman forces build a temporary castle at Hastings to secure the landing area
The Norman army suffers losses but holds the field after the battle
Harold keeps land and naval forces ready against William while the Norman fleet remains delayed across the Channel.
William's fleet leaves Normandy after the wind changes, beginning the invasion crossing toward the English coast.
A favourable wind finally allows William's invasion fleet to leave Saint-Valery-sur-Somme for England.
Edgar's supporters abandon effective resistance and he accepts William's authority before the Norman coronation.
Eustace of Boulogne joins William's multinational expedition and contributes forces to the campaign for the English throne.
Stigand is among the English leaders facing the problem of succession after Hastings
Harold II pauses in London to collect reinforcements before facing William
William's cavalry turns on English soldiers who have left the protection of the shield wall during the pursuit.
William uses the Thames crossing at Wallingford to continue a western encirclement of London instead of attacking the city directly.
William crosses the Thames at Wallingford while manoeuvring around London.
The Bayeux Tapestry depicts William's fleet crossing the Channel toward England.
William agrees to take the English crown after the leading men of London and other magnates submit to his authority.
Edward the Confessor entrusts the kingdom to Harold on his deathbed, strengthening Harold's immediate claim to the throne.
The English army is defeated after a day of fighting near Hastings
Edwin helps defeat Tostig's attempted invasion of eastern England before the larger Norwegian threat develops.
Londoners resist immediate Norman entry after Williams approach
Edwin of Mercia joins Morcar in resisting the Norwegian advance near Fulford
Morcar of Northumbria commands English forces against Harald Hardrada at Fulford
Harold II deploys the English shield wall on the ridge above the battlefield
William deploys infantry archers and cavalry against the English position
A disturbance outside Williams coronation causes Norman guards to set nearby buildings on fire
William concentrates troops near the mouth of the Dives as the invasion army gathers during late summer.
Dover submits to William, giving the Normans control of a strategically important Channel port.
William receives the crown from Ealdred, Archbishop of York, because Archbishop Stigand does not perform the ceremony.
Morcar supports Edgar Atheling as a possible successor after Harold's death at Hastings.
In early December the remaining members of the Witan in London met and resolved to take the young uncrowned king out to meet William to submit to him at Berkhamsted, quietly setting aside Edgars election
In early December the remaining members of the Witan in London met and resolved to take the young uncrowned king out to meet William to submit to him at Berkhamsted, quietly setting aside Edgars election
The Norman fleet waits at Saint Valery before crossing the Channel
William receives the submission of leading English nobles at Berkhamsted as organised resistance around London collapses.
Leading English nobles submit to William at Berkhamsted, clearing the way for his accession in London.
William's army finally penetrates the weakened English position after prolonged fighting throughout the day.
Harold's troops hold their hilltop position through repeated Norman attacks during many hours of fighting.
William enters London after securing the submission of leading English nobles
The Earls Edwin and Morcar defeat Tostig decisively, deserted by his men, he fled to his sworn brother, King Malcolm III of Scotland
Olaf Haraldsson accompanies the Norwegian fleet during the invasion campaign
Odo supports his half-brother William during the organisation of the invasion and helps sustain the Norman war effort.
Norman cavalry tactics draw some English fighters away from the ridge
William combines renewed archery with cavalry attacks during the final phase of the struggle against Harold's line.
Harald fights in the Norwegian line until he is killed and the invasion loses its principal commander.
William's first attacks fail to break the English shield wall defending the ridge above the battlefield.
Harald Hardrada prepares a Norwegian fleet for the invasion of England
William gathers ships and supplies on the Norman coast while waiting for favourable winds
William gathers ships and troops at Dives while waiting for conditions suitable for crossing the Channel.
William transfers the invasion fleet to Saint-Valery-sur-Somme after prolonged delays caused by unfavourable winds.
Harold orders the English fleet back toward London as the long summer coastal watch comes to an end.
William shifts his invasion fleet to Saint-Valery-sur-Somme while waiting for winds suitable for the Channel crossing.
Flemish allies assemble with William's expedition and later fight with the right division at Hastings.
Tostig obtains ships and assistance in Flanders before launching attacks against the kingdom ruled by his brother Harold.
Harold leads a rapid march north to confront the Norwegian invasion before it can consolidate control around York.
Harold leads the core of his army south from Yorkshire to confront William before the Normans can advance farther inland.
Frankish troops join William's coalition and strengthen the non-Norman elements of the invasion army.
Morcar helps command the English line at Fulford against the combined forces of Harald Hardrada and Tostig.
Harold releases much of the seasonal army after prolonged mobilisation exhausts supplies and the expected Norman landing is delayed.
The Bayeux Tapestry shows a comet interpreted by onlookers as a threatening omen for Harold's reign.
William establishes Hastings as the main fortified base for his army while waiting for Harold's approach.
William establishes defensive works at Hastings while awaiting Harold's approach from the north.
Edgar, the Earls of Northumbria & Mercia & the Archbishops of Canterbury & York submit to William I the Conqueror
Stigand meets William at Wallingford and pays homage as the Norman army manoeuvres around London.
William's expedition prepares ships and loading arrangements so mounted troops and their horses can cross the Channel together.
Harald moves to Stamford Bridge expecting hostages and supplies from York instead of an immediate English attack.
Harald Hardrada demands hostages from York after the Norwegian victory
William is reported to have delayed after illness during the advance toward London
William cannot attack London directly so to decides to isolate it
Edgar, the Earls of Northumbria & Mercia & the Archbishops of Canterbury & York submit to William I the Conqueror
Harald III Hardrada arrives with an invasion fleet of 300 ships
Assembles forces "larger than any king had assembled before in this country"
Forced to disband his army & order his fleet back to London
Hears news of the Norman landing while at a banquet in York
Marches south as soon as he hears of Williams landing
Arrives in London from York in an attempt to head off the Norman invasion
Gathers his forces & leaves for the Sussex Downs to cut William off from his ships
Baldwin V provided Tostig with a fleet and he landed in the Isle of Wight in May 1066, where he collected money and provisions
Raids the coast as far as Sandwich but is forced to retreat when King Harold called out land and naval forces
Tostigs forces land on the Isle of Wight
Tostigs forces invade Kent
The Earls Edwin and Morcar defeat Tostig decisively, deserted by his men, he fled to his sworn brother, King Malcolm III of Scotland. Moves north and after an unsuccessful attempt to get his brother Gyrth to join him, raids Norfolk and Lincolnshire
Defeated by the local levies of Lincolnshire, moves north to wait for Haardraade
Makes contact with King Harald III Hardrada of Norway and persuaded him to invade England
Tostig makes an alliance with Hardrada & they launch an invasion with 300 ships
Sails north with 60 ships & enters the Humber before being driven away by Morcar
Sets sail for St Valery-sur-Somme but loses some ships blown ashore by a westerly wind. Moves his fleet from Dives to St Valery at the mouth of the River Somme
Moves his fleet from Dives to St Valery at the mouth of the River Somme
The invasion force sets sail, William leads the fleet out of the harbour in the Mora
During the morning the invaders are off Beachy Head
Lands at the old Roman castle & harbour at Pevensey. Lands at Pevensey, Sussex without any opposition, he commands a force of about 10,000
The invasion force heads off for Hastings where there is an unguarded road to London
Tostig invades Mercia, after mounting raids further south, but is repulsed by Edwin and Morcar and fled to Scotland
William directs preparations for a large transport fleet capable of carrying cavalry, infantry, horses, weapons and supplies.
William's forces collect armour, weapons, food and other supplies needed to sustain the cross-Channel expedition.
Tostig's force takes money and provisions on the Isle of Wight during the opening phase of his 1066 campaign.
William I begins his reign over England after the conquest
Norwegian forces appear off the north east coast and move toward Yorkshire
William lands at Pevensey after crossing the Channel from Normandy
William lands unopposed at Pevensey with his army and begins establishing a secure base on the Sussex coast.
The embroidery shows Norman troops, horses, weapons, and supplies landing on the English coast.
Tostig's raiding force is defeated by local opposition in Lincolnshire and continues north seeking stronger allies.
Harold pauses briefly in London to collect additional troops before continuing toward the Norman position near Hastings.
The Norwegian army suffers heavy losses and its English campaign collapses
Harold II moves rapidly north to confront the Norwegian army
Harold II returns south from Yorkshire after defeating the Norwegian invasion
William circles west of London to pressure the city into submission
William moves his army east from Pevensey toward Hastings after securing the initial landing area.
Harold II calls out land and sea forces to guard the south coast against William
Harold II gathers forces after learning of the Norman landing
William sails aboard the Mora, which leads the invasion fleet across the Channel during the night.
William sails aboard the Mora as the ducal ship leads the invasion fleet across the Channel at night.
Edwin of Mercia considers resistance and negotiation after the defeat at Hastings
Morcar of Northumbria joins English leaders assessing whether to oppose William
Harold II receives news that William has landed in the south
Harold receives news that William has landed in Sussex only days after the victory at Stamford Bridge.
Harold learns that Harald Hardrada and Tostig have entered northern England and redirects his attention from the Channel coast.
William's fleet crosses the Channel during the night without interception by an English naval force.
William personally commands the Norman centre while allied contingents occupy the flanks of his battle line.
Eustace fights on William's side at Hastings and survives the battle that defeats Harold's English army.
Norman forces exploit English pursuit during retreats and counterattack troops drawn away from the defensive ridge.
The Bayeux Tapestry ends with English troops fleeing after William's victory at Hastings.
William wins the Battle of Hastings, eliminating Harold's field army but not yet securing control of England.
Edwin joins Morcar in assembling regional forces to block Harald Hardrada's advance toward York.
Harald defeats the forces of Edwin and Morcar at Fulford, opening the way to the submission of York.
Morcar mobilises Northumbrian forces with Edwin of Mercia as the Norwegian invasion moves toward York.
Harold's forces break the Norwegian army after fierce fighting and destroy Hardrada's attempt to seize the English throne.
Tostig joins Harald Hardrada's expedition and contributes English knowledge and political support to the Norwegian campaign.
Harold emerges from the northern campaign with the principal Norwegian claimant dead and the invasion decisively defeated.
Haralds fleet anchors at Riccall while the army advances toward York
The Norman army occupies the old Roman fortification at Pevensey
William's troops strengthen the landing position by adapting the Roman fortifications and cutting defensive earthworks.
William establishes a temporary fortified position within the Roman defences at Pevensey immediately after landing.
Edgar becomes the leading surviving royal candidate considered by English leaders after Harold's death at Hastings.
Edwin supports Edgar Atheling after Harold's death while English leaders consider continued resistance to William.
William's occupation and ravaging of the Hastings area puts political and military pressure on Harold to seek battle.
Edgar Atheling is briefly recognised by some English leaders after Harolds death
William's troops pursue fleeing English forces after Harold's death ends organised resistance on the battlefield.
Tostig supports northern raids intended to weaken Harold IIs position
Tostig remains with Harald Hardrada during the final battle and is killed after the Norwegian position collapses.
William's forces use further withdrawals to draw English fighters downhill and weaken the defensive shield wall.
Harold's government responds to Tostig's coastal attacks while Edwin of Mercia defeats the exiled earl's invasion.
York passes under the control of the victors after the northern earls are defeated at Fulford.
Olaf Haraldsson survives and helps lead remnants of the Norwegian fleet home
Edwin survives the defeat at Fulford and withdraws as the Norwegian victory places York under immediate pressure.
Harald sails up the River Ouse and establishes his fleet base at Riccall before advancing toward York.
Harold assumes royal authority after Edward's death and the rapid decision of the English political leadership.
The Norwegian invasion fleet sails across the North Sea toward northern England
Tostig raids the English coast near Sandwich before Harold's mobilisation forces his ships away.
Harald's invading force attacks Scarborough while moving down the north-eastern coast toward Yorkshire.
The English housecarls hold a dense shield wall against repeated Norman attacks
Harold deploys his army on the ridge in a dense shield wall designed to resist Norman infantry and cavalry.
Crosses the Thames at Wallingford & moves to Berkhampstead
Attacks Edgars forces while laying siege to Southwark & moves upstream to Berkshire
William cannot attack London directly so to decides to isolate it
William attacks some of Edgars forces & then moves upstream to Berkshire
Edgar, the Earls of Northumbria & Mercia & the Archbishops of Canterbury & York submit to William I the Conqueror. Edgar, the Earls of Northumbria & Mercia & the Archbishops of Canterbury & York submit
Submits to William after William isolates London
William I the Conqueror crosses the Thames at Wallingford & moves to Berkhampstead. Crosses the Thames at Wallingford & moves to Berkhampstead
Cannot attack London directly so decides to surround it
Attacks Edgars forces while laying siege to Southwark & moves upstream to Berkshire
Crosses the Thames at Wallingford & moves to Berkhampstead
Edgar, the Earls of Northumbria & Mercia & the Archbishops of Canterbury & York submit to William I the Conqueror. Edgar, the Earls of Northumbria & Mercia & the Archbishops of Canterbury & York submit
Tostig & Hardrada burn Scarborough
William attacks some of Edgars forces & then moves upstream to Berkshire
Attacks Edgars forces while laying siege to Southwark & moves upstream to Berkshire
Crosses the Thames at Wallingford & moves to Berkhampstead
Occupies York after success at the Battle of Fulford
Hadrada & Tostig capture York after victory at the Battle of Fulford
Tostig & Harald Hardrada defeat Morcar who had replaced Tostig as Earl of Northumbria
Tostig & Hardrada defeat Morcar & capture York
Harold maintains forces along the southern coast while expecting a possible invasion from Normandy.
Archbishop Stigand meets William at Wallingford and submits as English resistance around London weakens.
Edgar Atheling submits to William at Berkhamsted
Canterbury comes under Norman pressure after the defeat of Harold II
Stigand submits to William along with other English leaders
Dover submits to William during his advance after Hastings
Edwin of Mercia submits to William as English resistance weakens
Morcar of Northumbria submits to William at Berkhamsted
The Witanagemot elects Harold Godwinson, the man best placed to defend the country against the competing foreign claimants, to succeed Edward
Following Harolds death at the Battle of Hastings against the invading Normans in October, the Witanagemot assembled in London and elected Edgar king
When William crossed the Thames at Wallingford he was met by Stigand, who now abandoned Edgar and submitted to the invader
In early December the remaining members of the Witan in London met and resolved to take the young uncrowned king out to meet William to submit to him at Berkhamsted, quietly setting aside Edgars election
In early December the remaining members of the Witan in London met and resolved to take the young uncrowned king out to meet William to submit to him at Berkhamsted, quietly setting aside Edgars election
As the Normans closed in on London, Edgars key supporters in the city began negotiating with William
Succeeds as King of England. Harold Godwinson is chosen by the Witan to succeed Edward the Confessor
Leofwine Godwinson joins the English army preparing to face the Normans
Harold II surprises the Norwegian army near Stamford Bridge
Harald's army is surprised by Harold II while many Norwegian troops are away from the fleet without their full armour.
York submits after the defeat of the northern earls at Fulford
Morcar survives the defeat at Fulford as York faces the consequences of the Norwegian victory.
William allows troops to obtain supplies from the surrounding countryside while keeping the army close to its ships.
William advances through the Thames Valley after failing to secure an immediate submission from London.
Harold II defeats the Norwegian invasion at Stamford Bridge
William wins the Battle of Hastings and opens the way to the English throne
Odo survives the Battle of Hastings and shares in the victory that opens the road to William's coronation.
William keeps the invasion force concentrated at Saint-Valery while persistent contrary winds delay departure.
William raises his helmet and rides among his troops after a rumour spreads that he has been killed.
William removes or raises his helmet so retreating troops can see that he remains alive and in command.
Harald secures York's submission after Fulford and requires hostages and support for his campaign.
Tostig participates in the pressure on York after the allied victory over Edwin and Morcar at Fulford.
Harold is killed during the final phase of the Battle of Hastings, leaving the English army without its king.
Edward the Confessor dies without a direct heir and the English succession becomes contested
The Bayeux Tapestry depicts the death and funeral of Edward the Confessor.
Death of Edward the Confessor
Edward the Confessor dies, opening the succession crisis in which William asserts his claim to the English throne.
Death of Gyrth, killed at the Battle of Hastings
Gyrth Godwinson is killed during the Battle of Hastings
Harald Hardrada is killed during the Battle of Stamford Bridge
Killed in battle at Stamford Bridge by forces commanded by Harold Godwinson
Harold is killed during the final fighting, and the English army loses the leadership needed to continue organized resistance.
Harold II is killed and the English army collapses at Hastings
Death of Edward, he nominates Harold his successor on his deathbed
The final battle scenes portray Harold's death and the collapse of English resistance.
Death of Harold II, killed at the Battle of Hastings
Killed alongside his brothers Harold and Gyrth in the Battle of Hastings
Leofwine Godwinson is killed during the Battle of Hastings
Death of Morcar, killed during the siege of York
Death of Tostig, killed at the Battle of Stamford Bridge
Tostig Godwinson is killed fighting beside Harald Hardrada
A rumour that William has been killed spreads during a retreat and threatens the cohesion of the Norman army.
William sends archers forward at the opening of the battle before infantry and cavalry attack the English ridge.
Odo of Bayeux takes part in the Norman victory at Hastings
Eustace of Boulogne fights with the French and Norman forces at Hastings
Breton troops fight on Williams flank during the Battle of Hastings
William FitzOsbern serves among Williams leading commanders at Hastings
Tostig fights beside Harald Hardrada against the northern earls at Fulford
Harald Hardrada defeats the northern English army at the Battle of Fulford
With Tostig defeats Edwin, Earl of Mercia, & Morcar, Earl of Northumbria. Wins the Battle of Fulford & occupies York
Hadraada & Tostig defeat Edwin & Morcar then capture York
King Harald III of Norway Hardrada and Tostig Godwinson, his English ally, fought and defeated the Northern Earls Edwin and Morcar
Tostig & Hardrada defeat Morcars army at Gate Fulford
Commands some of William the Conquerors forces at the Battle of Hastings
Commands some of William the Conquerors forces at the Battle of Hastings
The embroidery identifies Gyrth among Harold's brothers killed during the Battle of Hastings.
The embroidery identifies Leofwine among Harold's brothers killed during the Battle of Hastings.
Killed alongside his brothers Harold and Gyrth in the Battle of Hastings
Fights with his brother Harold I at the Battle of Hastings, killed in battle
Marches from London with about 5,000 men in an effort to surprise the Norman invaders
Harold & his armies assemble near Battle after Harold has marched 58 miles from London. Arrives in battle after 58 mile march from London which had taken its toll in infantry
Arrives in battle after marching 58 miles from London
Victory goes to the Normans whose cavalry overcomes the Anglo Saxon foot soldiers. The Battle takes place just 3 days after the Battle of Stamford Bridge. Harold is killed in batlle
Hears of Williams advance & forms a defensive position on Senlac ridge
Harold loses his element of surprise & the Normans attack
After the death of Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings, Edwin and Morcar threw their support behind the Edgar the Atheling, who was proclaimed king, but they failed to muster an effective military response to the invading forces of William
The Bayeux Tapestry depicts Odo rallying Norman soldiers with a club during the battle.
Assists his half-brother William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings
Commands some of William the Conquerors forces at the Battle of Hastings
Assists his half-brother William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings
Commands some of William the Conquerors forces at the Battle of Hastings
Identifies the remains of Harold II, she was his mistress
Marches from Hastings & reaches Telhan Hill 1 mile from Harold. Marches 7 miles from north of Hastings to confront Harold & catch him by surprise. Fields 4,000 Normans, 1,500 Flemings & 2,000 Bretons. Commands the Norman centre. Carries a mace & wears the relics upon which Harold had sworn his oath. Battle commences at 9 am when William orders his archers to fire at the English line
Harold loses his element of surprise & the Normans attack
The embroidery portrays William lifting his helmet to show his troops that he remained alive.
William attacks some of Edgars forces & then moves upstream to Berkshire
Believing that King Harold was prepared to surrender and the English to accept his claim to the throne, Harald took about two thirds of his army to collect tribute from the local people, carrying light weapons and wearing only light armour
Both Harald and Earl Tostig are killed & Haralds army was so heavily beaten that only 24 of the 300 longboats used to transport his forces to England were used to carry the survivors back to Norway.
Godwinsons forces surprised Haralds as they collected the tribute from the locals, Godwinsons forces are heavily armed and armoured, and greatly outnumbered Haralds.
Invited by Tostig Godwinson to capture England from Harold II. Harald sails with 300 ships but is defeated at the Battle of Stamford Bridge.
Defeats Hardrada & his brother Tostig, near York, Hardrada & Tostig are killed
Tostig & Hardrada are killed in battle by Harold
William divides his army into Breton, Norman, and Frankish-Flemish divisions before the Battle of Hastings.
Crowns William I the Conqueror as the King of England
In early December the remaining members of the Witan in London met and resolved to take the young uncrowned king out to meet William to submit to him at Berkhamsted, quietly setting aside Edgars election
In early December the remaining members of the Witan in London met and resolved to take the young uncrowned king out to meet William to submit to him at Berkhamsted, quietly setting aside Edgars election
Harold Godwinson is crowned king after the death of Edward the Confessor
Ignores the oath made to William Duke of Normandy in 1064. Crowned King of England, on the same day Halleys comet is seen, an ominous portent
Harold ignores the oath made to William Duke of Normandy in 1064
William is crowned king of England at Westminster Abbey
Harold ignores the oath made to William Duke of Normandy in 1064
Crowned King of England on Christmas day, the 1st coronation in the Abbey
Ealdred of York performs the coronation of William as king of England
William is acclaimed in both English and French during his Christmas Day coronation at Westminster Abbey.
William and the clergy complete the coronation service while smoke and disorder drive many people from the abbey.
Norman guards mistake the coronation acclamation for an attack and set nearby buildings on fire outside Westminster Abbey.
At his coronation William promises to uphold the laws and customs of his new kingdom.
Harold Godwinson is crowned king after the death of Edward the Confessor
The embroidery depicts Harold receiving the English crown after Edward's death.
Ignores the oath made to William Duke of Normandy in 1064. Crowned King of England, on the same day Halleys comet is seen, an ominous portent
Harold ignores the oath made to William Duke of Normandy in 1064
Crowns William I the Conqueror as the King of England
Harold ignores the oath made to William Duke of Normandy in 1064
Crowned King of England on Christmas day, the 1st coronation in the Abbey
William is crowned king of England at Westminster Abbey
Ealdred of York performs the coronation of William as king of England
William is crowned according to the established English coronation rite, reinforcing the legitimacy of his new kingship.
Harold Godwinson is crowned king, and William treats the accession as a rejection of his claimed right to succeed Edward.
William learns that Harold Godwinson has taken the English crown and begins preparing to enforce his own claim.
Ealdred presents William to the congregation and conducts the English part of the Christmas Day coronation ceremony.
Provenance
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