Death of Edward Confessor
Edward the Confessor dies without a direct heir and the English succession becomes contested
Historical events in 1066
413 historical records
January 106620 historical events
Deathbed Designation
Edward the Confessor entrusts the kingdom to Harold on his deathbed, strengthening Harold's immediate claim to the throne.
Death of Edward the Confessor
Edward the Confessor dies, opening the succession crisis in which William asserts his claim to the English throne.
Death of Edward the Confessor
The Bayeux Tapestry depicts the death and funeral of Edward the Confessor.
Death of Edward the Confessor
Death of Edward the Confessor
Death of Harold II
Death of Edward, he nominates Harold his successor on his deathbed
Coronation of Harold II
Harold Godwinson is crowned king after the death of Edward the Confessor
Coronation
Harold Godwinson is crowned king after the death of Edward the Confessor
Royal Authority Assumed
Harold assumes royal authority after Edward's death and the rapid decision of the English political leadership.
Harold Crowned King
Harold Godwinson is crowned king, and William treats the accession as a rejection of his claimed right to succeed Edward.
Coronation of Harold II
The embroidery depicts Harold receiving the English crown after Edward's death.
Coronation of Harold II
Ignores the oath made to William Duke of Normandy in 1064. Crowned King of England, on the same day Halleys comet is seen, an ominous portent
Coronation
Ignores the oath made to William Duke of Normandy in 1064. Crowned King of England, on the same day Halleys comet is seen, an ominous portent
Succession
Succeeds as King of England. Harold Godwinson is chosen by the Witan to succeed Edward the Confessor
Coronation of Harold II
Harold ignores the oath made to William Duke of Normandy in 1064
Coronation
Harold ignores the oath made to William Duke of Normandy in 1064
Coronation of William I the Conqueror
Harold ignores the oath made to William Duke of Normandy in 1064
Coronation
Harold ignores the oath made to William Duke of Normandy in 1064
News of Harold's Coronation
William learns that Harold Godwinson has taken the English crown and begins preparing to enforce his own claim.
Succession
The Witanagemot elects Harold Godwinson, the man best placed to defend the country against the competing foreign claimants, to succeed Edward
April 10661 historical events
Halley's Comet
The Bayeux Tapestry shows a comet interpreted by onlookers as a threatening omen for Harold's reign.
May 106612 historical events
Mobilisation
Harold II calls out land and sea forces to guard the south coast against William
Invasion of England
Baldwin V provided Tostig with a fleet and he landed in the Isle of Wight in May 1066, where he collected money and provisions
Invasion of England
Raids the coast as far as Sandwich but is forced to retreat when King Harold called out land and naval forces
Invasion of England
Assembles forces "larger than any king had assembled before in this country"
Response to Tostig's Raids
Harold's government responds to Tostig's coastal attacks while Edwin of Mercia defeats the exiled earl's invasion.
Southern Coast Watch
Harold maintains forces along the southern coast while expecting a possible invasion from Normandy.
Defeat of Tostig's Raiders
Edwin helps defeat Tostig's attempted invasion of eastern England before the larger Norwegian threat develops.
Flemish Support Secured
Tostig obtains ships and assistance in Flanders before launching attacks against the kingdom ruled by his brother Harold.
Isle of Wight Foraging
Tostig's force takes money and provisions on the Isle of Wight during the opening phase of his 1066 campaign.
Sandwich Coastal Raid
Tostig raids the English coast near Sandwich before Harold's mobilisation forces his ships away.
Invasion of England
Tostigs forces land on the Isle of Wight
Invasion of England
Tostigs forces invade Kent
June 10664 historical events
Exile of Tostig
The Earls Edwin and Morcar defeat Tostig decisively, deserted by his men, he fled to his sworn brother, King Malcolm III of Scotland
Invasion of England
The Earls Edwin and Morcar defeat Tostig decisively, deserted by his men, he fled to his sworn brother, King Malcolm III of Scotland. Moves north and after an unsuccessful attempt to get his brother Gyrth to join him, raids Norfolk and Lincolnshire
Lincolnshire Reverse
Tostig's raiding force is defeated by local opposition in Lincolnshire and continues north seeking stronger allies.
Invasion of England
Defeated by the local levies of Lincolnshire, moves north to wait for Haardraade
August 106616 historical events
Fleet Assembly at Dives
William gathers ships and troops at Dives while waiting for conditions suitable for crossing the Channel.
Invasion of England
Sets sail for St Valery-sur-Somme but loses some ships blown ashore by a westerly wind. Moves his fleet from Dives to St Valery at the mouth of the River Somme
Invasion of England
Moves his fleet from Dives to St Valery at the mouth of the River Somme
Channel Defence Maintained
Harold keeps land and naval forces ready against William while the Norman fleet remains delayed across the Channel.
Expedition Support
Odo supports his half-brother William during the organisation of the invasion and helps sustain the Norman war effort.
Coalition Service
Eustace of Boulogne joins William's multinational expedition and contributes forces to the campaign for the English throne.
Breton Forces Join
Breton allies join William's army and are later assigned to the left division at Hastings.
Dives Army Assembly
William concentrates troops near the mouth of the Dives as the invasion army gathers during late summer.
Fleet
William gathers ships and supplies on the Norman coast while waiting for favourable winds
Flemish Forces Join
Flemish allies assemble with William's expedition and later fight with the right division at Hastings.
Frankish Forces Join
Frankish troops join William's coalition and strengthen the non-Norman elements of the invasion army.
Horse Transport Preparations
William's expedition prepares ships and loading arrangements so mounted troops and their horses can cross the Channel together.
Invasion Shipbuilding
William directs preparations for a large transport fleet capable of carrying cavalry, infantry, horses, weapons and supplies.
Invasion Supplies Collected
William's forces collect armour, weapons, food and other supplies needed to sustain the cross-Channel expedition.
Fleet
Harald Hardrada prepares a Norwegian fleet for the invasion of England
Invasion of England
Makes contact with King Harald III Hardrada of Norway and persuaded him to invade England
September 106696 historical events
Invasion of England
Forced to disband his army & order his fleet back to London
Scarborough Raid
Harald's invading force attacks Scarborough while moving down the north-eastern coast toward Yorkshire.
River Ouse Advance
Harald sails up the River Ouse and establishes his fleet base at Riccall before advancing toward York.
Battle of Fulford
King Harald III of Norway Hardrada and Tostig Godwinson, his English ally, fought and defeated the Northern Earls Edwin and Morcar
Battle of Fulford
Tostig & Hardrada defeat Morcars army at Gate Fulford
Battle of Fulford
Hadraada & Tostig defeat Edwin & Morcar then capture York
Defence
Edwin of Mercia joins Morcar in resisting the Norwegian advance near Fulford
Retreat from Fulford
Edwin survives the defeat at Fulford and withdraws as the Norwegian victory places York under immediate pressure.
Defence
Morcar of Northumbria commands English forces against Harald Hardrada at Fulford
Fulford Line Command
Morcar helps command the English line at Fulford against the combined forces of Harald Hardrada and Tostig.
Survival after Fulford
Morcar survives the defeat at Fulford as York faces the consequences of the Norwegian victory.
Battle
Tostig fights beside Harald Hardrada against the northern earls at Fulford
Battle
Harald Hardrada defeats the northern English army at the Battle of Fulford
Northern Earls Defeated
Harald defeats the forces of Edwin and Morcar at Fulford, opening the way to the submission of York.
Battle of Fulford
With Tostig defeats Edwin, Earl of Mercia, & Morcar, Earl of Northumbria. Wins the Battle of Fulford & occupies York
Capture of York
Wins the Battle of Fulford & occupies York
Siege of York
Occupies York after success at the Battle of Fulford
Capture of York
Tostig & Hardrada defeat Morcar & capture York
Siege of York
Tostig & Hardrada defeat Morcar & capture York
Arrival at Tadcaster
Harold's army reaches Tadcaster after a rapid march of roughly two hundred miles toward the Norwegian forces.
Battle of Stamford Bridge
Tostig & Hardrada are killed in battle by Harold
Death of Tostig
Death of Tostig, killed at the Battle of Stamford Bridge
Battle of Stamford Bridge
Defeats Hardrada & his brother Tostig, near York, Hardrada & Tostig are killed
Death of Tostig Godwinson
Tostig Godwinson is killed fighting beside Harald Hardrada
Refusal to Abandon Hardrada
Tostig remains with Harald Hardrada during the final battle and is killed after the Norwegian position collapses.
Approach to Stamford Bridge
Harold advances rapidly from York and catches the Norwegian army by surprise near Stamford Bridge.
Norwegian Army Routed
Harold's forces break the Norwegian army after fierce fighting and destroy Hardrada's attempt to seize the English throne.
Surprise
Harold II surprises the Norwegian army near Stamford Bridge
Victory
Harold II defeats the Norwegian invasion at Stamford Bridge
Death of Harald III Hardrada
Killed in battle at Stamford Bridge by forces commanded by Harold Godwinson
Death of Harald Hardrada
Harald Hardrada is killed during the Battle of Stamford Bridge
Final Stand
Harald fights in the Norwegian line until he is killed and the invasion loses its principal commander.
Hostage Rendezvous
Harald moves to Stamford Bridge expecting hostages and supplies from York instead of an immediate English attack.
Surprised without Full Armour
Harald's army is surprised by Harold II while many Norwegian troops are away from the fleet without their full armour.
Retreat
Olaf Haraldsson survives and helps lead remnants of the Norwegian fleet home
Losses
The Norwegian army suffers heavy losses and its English campaign collapses
Battle of Stamford Bridge
Believing that King Harold was prepared to surrender and the English to accept his claim to the throne, Harald took about two thirds of his army to collect tribute from the local people, carrying light weapons and wearing only light armour
Battle of Stamford Bridge
Both Harald and Earl Tostig are killed & Haralds army was so heavily beaten that only 24 of the 300 longboats used to transport his forces to England were used to carry the survivors back to Norway.
Battle of Stamford Bridge
Godwinsons forces surprised Haralds as they collected the tribute from the locals, Godwinsons forces are heavily armed and armoured, and greatly outnumbered Haralds.
Battle of Stamford Bridge
Invited by Tostig Godwinson to capture England from Harold II. Harald sails with 300 ships but is defeated at the Battle of Stamford Bridge.
Norwegian Threat Ended
Harold emerges from the northern campaign with the principal Norwegian claimant dead and the invasion decisively defeated.
Aftermath
Harold II restores English control in York after the Norwegian defeat
Channel Wind Changes
A favourable wind finally allows William's invasion fleet to leave Saint-Valery-sur-Somme for England.
Mora Leads Invasion Fleet
William sails aboard the Mora, which leads the invasion fleet across the Channel during the night.
Crossing of English Channel
The Bayeux Tapestry depicts William's fleet crossing the Channel toward England.
Invasion of England
The invasion force sets sail, William leads the fleet out of the harbour in the Mora
Channel Departure
William's fleet leaves Normandy after the wind changes, beginning the invasion crossing toward the English coast.
Mora Leads the Fleet
William sails aboard the Mora as the ducal ship leads the invasion fleet across the Channel at night.
Night Channel Crossing
William's fleet crosses the Channel during the night without interception by an English naval force.
Landing at Pevensey
William lands unopposed at Pevensey with his army and begins establishing a secure base on the Sussex coast.
Landing at Pevensey
The embroidery shows Norman troops, horses, weapons, and supplies landing on the English coast.
Invasion of England
During the morning the invaders are off Beachy Head
Invasion of England
Lands at the old Roman castle & harbour at Pevensey. Lands at Pevensey, Sussex without any opposition, he commands a force of about 10,000
Landing
William lands at Pevensey after crossing the Channel from Normandy
Occupation
The Norman army occupies the old Roman fortification at Pevensey
Pevensey Defensive Ditch
William's troops strengthen the landing position by adapting the Roman fortifications and cutting defensive earthworks.
Pevensey Fortification
William establishes a temporary fortified position within the Roman defences at Pevensey immediately after landing.
Advance to Hastings
William moves his army from Pevensey toward Hastings and secures a stronger operating base.
Invasion of England
The invasion force heads off for Hastings where there is an unguarded road to London
Advance
William moves his army from Pevensey toward Hastings
March from Pevensey
William moves his army east from Pevensey toward Hastings after securing the initial landing area.
Result of Surrender of York
York passes under the control of the victors after the northern earls are defeated at Fulford.
Surrender of York
York submits after the defeat of the northern earls at Fulford
Death of Morcar
Death of Morcar, killed during the siege of York
Invasion of Mercia
Tostig invades Mercia, after mounting raids further south, but is repulsed by Edwin and Morcar and fled to Scotland
Fleet Moves to Saint-Valery
William transfers the invasion fleet to Saint-Valery-sur-Somme after prolonged delays caused by unfavourable winds.
Hastings Fortification
William establishes defensive works at Hastings while awaiting Harold's approach from the north.
Battle of Hastings
After the death of Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings, Edwin and Morcar threw their support behind the Edgar the Atheling, who was proclaimed king, but they failed to muster an effective military response to the invading forces of William
Siege of York
Tostig & Harald Hardrada defeat Morcar who had replaced Tostig as Earl of Northumbria
Invasion of England
Tostig makes an alliance with Hardrada & they launch an invasion with 300 ships
Siege of Scarborough
Tostig & Hardrada burn Scarborough
Fleet Returns to London
Harold orders the English fleet back toward London as the long summer coastal watch comes to an end.
Fyrd Stood Down
Harold releases much of the seasonal army after prolonged mobilisation exhausts supplies and the expected Norman landing is delayed.
News of Norwegian Landing
Harold learns that Harald Hardrada and Tostig have entered northern England and redirects his attention from the Channel coast.
News
Harold II receives news that William has landed in the south
Northern Army Concentration
Edwin joins Morcar in assembling regional forces to block Harald Hardrada's advance toward York.
Northumbrian Defence Mobilised
Morcar mobilises Northumbrian forces with Edwin of Mercia as the Norwegian invasion moves toward York.
Norwegian Forces Joined
Tostig joins Harald Hardrada's expedition and contributes English knowledge and political support to the Norwegian campaign.
Raid
Tostig supports northern raids intended to weaken Harold IIs position
York Submission Campaign
Tostig participates in the pressure on York after the allied victory over Edwin and Morcar at Fulford.
Forced March North
Harold leads a rapid march north to confront the Norwegian invasion before it can consolidate control around York.
March
Harold II moves rapidly north to confront the Norwegian army
Embarkation
The Norman fleet waits at Saint Valery before crossing the Channel
Fleet Transfer to Saint-Valery
William shifts his invasion fleet to Saint-Valery-sur-Somme while waiting for winds suitable for the Channel crossing.
Waiting for a Favourable Wind
William keeps the invasion force concentrated at Saint-Valery while persistent contrary winds delay departure.
Advance
The Norwegian army advances inland as York becomes the main northern objective
Alliance Norway and Great Britain
Harald Hardrada gathers allies in the northern seas before landing in England
Hostages
Harald Hardrada demands hostages from York after the Norwegian victory
Landing
Norwegian forces appear off the north east coast and move toward Yorkshire
Occupation
Haralds fleet anchors at Riccall while the army advances toward York
Sailing
The Norwegian invasion fleet sails across the North Sea toward northern England
York Capitulation
Harald secures York's submission after Fulford and requires hostages and support for his campaign.
Expedition
Olaf Haraldsson accompanies the Norwegian fleet during the invasion campaign
Invasion of England
Harald III Hardrada arrives with an invasion fleet of 300 ships
Siege of York
Hadrada & Tostig capture York after victory at the Battle of Fulford
Invasion of England
Sails north with 60 ships & enters the Humber before being driven away by Morcar
October 1066100 historical events
Invasion of England
Hears news of the Norman landing while at a banquet in York
Invasion of England
Marches south as soon as he hears of Williams landing
Invasion of England
Arrives in London from York in an attempt to head off the Norman invasion
Battle of Hastings
Marches from London with about 5,000 men in an effort to surprise the Norman invaders
Invasion of England
Gathers his forces & leaves for the Sussex Downs to cut William off from his ships
Battle of Hastings
Harold & his armies assemble near Battle after Harold has marched 58 miles from London. Arrives in battle after 58 mile march from London which had taken its toll in infantry
Battle of Hastings
Arrives in battle after marching 58 miles from London
Advance
Harold II advances into Sussex to confront Williams army near Hastings
Arrival before Hastings
Harold reaches the ridge near Battle and camps opposite William's army on the evening before the decisive engagement.
Death of Leofwine Godwinson
Killed alongside his brothers Harold and Gyrth in the Battle of Hastings
Battle of Hastings
The embroidery identifies Gyrth among Harold's brothers killed during the Battle of Hastings.
Battle of Hastings
The embroidery identifies Leofwine among Harold's brothers killed during the Battle of Hastings.
Death of Harold II
The final battle scenes portray Harold's death and the collapse of English resistance.
Death of Harold II
Death of Harold II, killed at the Battle of Hastings
Battle of Hastings
Fights with his brother Harold I at the Battle of Hastings, killed in battle
Death of Gyrth
Death of Gyrth, killed at the Battle of Hastings
Battle of Hastings
Killed alongside his brothers Harold and Gyrth in the Battle of Hastings
Army Deploys at Senlac
William deploys his army below the English position at Senlac with archers, infantry and cavalry arranged for a combined assault.
Death of Harold at Hastings
Harold is killed during the final fighting, and the English army loses the leadership needed to continue organized resistance.
Norman Feigned Retreats
Norman forces exploit English pursuit during retreats and counterattack troops drawn away from the defensive ridge.
Norman Victory at Hastings
William wins the Battle of Hastings, eliminating Harold's field army but not yet securing control of England.
William Rallies His Army
William raises his helmet and rides among his troops after a rumour spreads that he has been killed.
Battle of Hastings
The embroidery portrays William lifting his helmet to show his troops that he remained alive.
Norman Victory
The Bayeux Tapestry ends with English troops fleeing after William's victory at Hastings.
Death of Gyrth Godwinson
Gyrth Godwinson is killed during the Battle of Hastings
Death of Leofwine Godwinson
Leofwine Godwinson is killed during the Battle of Hastings
Shield Wall
The English housecarls hold a dense shield wall against repeated Norman attacks
Battle of Hastings
Victory goes to the Normans whose cavalry overcomes the Anglo Saxon foot soldiers. The Battle takes place just 3 days after the Battle of Stamford Bridge. Harold is killed in batlle
Battle of Hastings
Hears of Williams advance & forms a defensive position on Senlac ridge
Battle of Hastings
Harold loses his element of surprise & the Normans attack
Battle of Hastings
Marches from Hastings & reaches Telhan Hill 1 mile from Harold. Marches 7 miles from north of Hastings to confront Harold & catch him by surprise. Fields 4,000 Normans, 1,500 Flemings & 2,000 Bretons. Commands the Norman centre. Carries a mace & wears the relics upon which Harold had sworn his oath. Battle commences at 9 am when William orders his archers to fire at the English line
Battle of Hastings
Harold loses his element of surprise & the Normans attack
Death in Final Assault
Harold is killed during the final phase of the Battle of Hastings, leaving the English army without its king.
Death of Harold Godwinson
Harold II is killed and the English army collapses at Hastings
Deployment
Harold II deploys the English shield wall on the ridge above the battlefield
English Ridge Defence
Harold's troops hold their hilltop position through repeated Norman attacks during many hours of fighting.
Shield Wall Formed
Harold deploys his army on the ridge in a dense shield wall designed to resist Norman infantry and cavalry.
Defeat
The English army is defeated after a day of fighting near Hastings
Battle of Hastings
Commands some of William the Conquerors forces at the Battle of Hastings
Battle of Hastings
Commands some of William the Conquerors forces at the Battle of Hastings
Battle of Hastings
Assists his half-brother William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings
Battle of Hastings
Commands some of William the Conquerors forces at the Battle of Hastings
Army Rally at Hastings
Odo is depicted rallying Norman soldiers during the Battle of Hastings as the fighting becomes uncertain.
Battle
Odo of Bayeux takes part in the Norman victory at Hastings
Battlefield Leadership
Odo remains with William's army during the decisive engagement and is shown among the leaders encouraging the troops.
Victory alongside William
Odo survives the Battle of Hastings and shares in the victory that opens the road to William's coronation.
Battle
Eustace of Boulogne fights with the French and Norman forces at Hastings
Norman Coalition Victory
Eustace fights on William's side at Hastings and survives the battle that defeats Harold's English army.
Battle of Hastings
The Bayeux Tapestry depicts Odo rallying Norman soldiers with a club during the battle.
Archers Open the Battle
William sends archers forward at the opening of the battle before infantry and cavalry attack the English ridge.
Counterattack on Pursuers
William's cavalry turns on English soldiers who have left the protection of the shield wall during the pursuit.
Deployment
William deploys infantry archers and cavalry against the English position
English Line Breaks
William's army finally penetrates the weakened English position after prolonged fighting throughout the day.
Feigned Retreat
Norman cavalry tactics draw some English fighters away from the ridge
Final Combined Assault
William combines renewed archery with cavalry attacks during the final phase of the struggle against Harold's line.
First Assault Repulsed
William's first attacks fail to break the English shield wall defending the ridge above the battlefield.
Norman Centre Command
William personally commands the Norman centre while allied contingents occupy the flanks of his battle line.
Pursuit after Hastings
William's troops pursue fleeing English forces after Harold's death ends organised resistance on the battlefield.
Repeated Feigned Withdrawals
William's forces use further withdrawals to draw English fighters downhill and weaken the defensive shield wall.
Rumour of William's Death
A rumour that William has been killed spreads during a retreat and threatens the cohesion of the Norman army.
Three-Division Battle Plan
William divides his army into Breton, Norman, and Frankish-Flemish divisions before the Battle of Hastings.
Victory
William wins the Battle of Hastings and opens the way to the English throne
William Reveals His Face
William removes or raises his helmet so retreating troops can see that he remains alive and in command.
Battle of Hastings
Assists his half-brother William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings
Battle
Breton troops fight on Williams flank during the Battle of Hastings
Battle
William FitzOsbern serves among Williams leading commanders at Hastings
Casualties
The Norman army suffers losses but holds the field after the battle
Battle of Hastings
Commands some of William the Conquerors forces at the Battle of Hastings
Battle of Hastings
Identifies the remains of Harold II, she was his mistress
Burial
Harold an oath-breaker had lost claim for a decent burial & is buried on the sea-shore
Council
Stigand is among the English leaders facing the problem of succession after Hastings
Negotiation
Edwin of Mercia considers resistance and negotiation after the defeat at Hastings
Post-Hastings Support for Edgar
Edwin supports Edgar Atheling after Harold's death while English leaders consider continued resistance to William.
Edgar Atheling Supported
Morcar supports Edgar Atheling as a possible successor after Harold's death at Hastings.
Negotiation
Morcar of Northumbria joins English leaders assessing whether to oppose William
Post-Hastings Royal Candidate
Edgar becomes the leading surviving royal candidate considered by English leaders after Harold's death at Hastings.
Proclamation
Edgar Atheling is briefly recognised by some English leaders after Harolds death
Submission
Dover submits to William during his advance after Hastings
Succession
Following Harolds death at the Battle of Hastings against the invading Normans in October, the Witanagemot assembled in London and elected Edgar king
Submission
Canterbury comes under Norman pressure after the defeat of Harold II
Canterbury Submission
Canterbury submits as William advances through Kent after his victory at Hastings.
Dover Submission
Dover submits to William, giving the Normans control of a strategically important Channel port.
Advice
Gyrth Godwinson is associated with counsel about how to meet the Norman threat
Support
Leofwine Godwinson joins the English army preparing to face the Normans
Capture of Canterbury
After the Battle of Hastings Canterbury surrenders without a fight
Capture of Dover
After the Battle of Hastings Dover surrenders without a fight
Council
Harold II pauses in London to collect reinforcements before facing William
Forced March South
Harold leads the core of his army south from Yorkshire to confront William before the Normans can advance farther inland.
London Reinforcements Gathered
Harold pauses briefly in London to collect additional troops before continuing toward the Norman position near Hastings.
March
Harold II returns south from Yorkshire after defeating the Norwegian invasion
Mobilisation
Harold II gathers forces after learning of the Norman landing
News of Norman Landing
Harold receives news that William has landed in Sussex only days after the victory at Stamford Bridge.
Advance
William moves from Dover toward Canterbury to extend control in Kent
Advance
William advances toward Dover after the victory at Hastings
Battlefield Reconnaissance
William's forces study the ground around Hastings while awaiting the English army returning from the north.
Castle
Norman forces secure Dover as a key Channel stronghold
Castle
Norman forces build a temporary castle at Hastings to secure the landing area
Hastings Base Established
William establishes Hastings as the main fortified base for his army while waiting for Harold's approach.
Pressure on Harold
William's occupation and ravaging of the Hastings area puts political and military pressure on Harold to seek battle.
Sussex Foraging Operations
William allows troops to obtain supplies from the surrounding countryside while keeping the army close to its ships.
November 106622 historical events
Homage at Wallingford
Stigand meets William at Wallingford and pays homage as the Norman army manoeuvres around London.
Capture of Winchester
William captures Winchester from Queen Edith
Siege of Berkhampstead
Crosses the Thames at Wallingford & moves to Berkhampstead
Siege of Berkshire
Attacks Edgars forces while laying siege to Southwark & moves upstream to Berkshire
Siege of London
William I the Conqueror crosses the Thames at Wallingford & moves to Berkhampstead. Crosses the Thames at Wallingford & moves to Berkhampstead
Siege of London
Cannot attack London directly so decides to surround it
Siege of London
Attacks Edgars forces while laying siege to Southwark & moves upstream to Berkshire
Siege of London
Crosses the Thames at Wallingford & moves to Berkhampstead
Siege of Southwark
Attacks Edgars forces while laying siege to Southwark & moves upstream to Berkshire
Siege of Wallingford
Crosses the Thames at Wallingford & moves to Berkhampstead
Defence
Londoners resist immediate Norman entry after Williams approach
Battle of Southwark
William attacks some of Edgars forces & then moves upstream to Berkshire
Invasion of England
William cannot attack London directly so to decides to isolate it
Siege of London
William cannot attack London directly so to decides to isolate it
Siege of London
William attacks some of Edgars forces & then moves upstream to Berkshire
Siege of Southwark
William attacks some of Edgars forces & then moves upstream to Berkshire
Succession
When William crossed the Thames at Wallingford he was met by Stigand, who now abandoned Edgar and submitted to the invader
Capture of Winchester
William captures Winchester from Queen Edith
Advance
Norman forces threaten London from the south bank of the Thames
Crossing at Wallingford
William uses the Thames crossing at Wallingford to continue a western encirclement of London instead of attacking the city directly.
Illness
William is reported to have delayed after illness during the advance toward London
Thames Valley Advance
William advances through the Thames Valley after failing to secure an immediate submission from London.
December 106643 historical events
Kingship
William I begins his reign over England after the conquest
Accession to English Kingship
William becomes King of England after his coronation at Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day.
Coronation Oath
At his coronation William promises to uphold the laws and customs of his new kingdom.
Coronation of William I the Conqueror
Crowned King of England on Christmas day, the 1st coronation in the Abbey
Coronation
Crowned King of England on Christmas day, the 1st coronation in the Abbey
Coronation of William the Conqueror
Ealdred of York performs the coronation of William as king of England
Coronation
Ealdred of York performs the coronation of William as king of England
William Presented for Coronation
Ealdred presents William to the congregation and conducts the English part of the Christmas Day coronation ceremony.
Coronation of William I the Conqueror
Crowns William I the Conqueror as the King of England
Coronation
Crowns William I the Conqueror as the King of England
Coronation Acclamation
William is acclaimed in both English and French during his Christmas Day coronation at Westminster Abbey.
Coronation Completed amid Disorder
William and the clergy complete the coronation service while smoke and disorder drive many people from the abbey.
Coronation Fire
Norman guards mistake the coronation acclamation for an attack and set nearby buildings on fire outside Westminster Abbey.
Coronation of William the Conqueror
William is crowned king of England at Westminster Abbey
Coronation
William is crowned king of England at Westminster Abbey
Ealdred Officiates
William receives the crown from Ealdred, Archbishop of York, because Archbishop Stigand does not perform the ceremony.
English Coronation Rite
William is crowned according to the established English coronation rite, reinforcing the legitimacy of his new kingship.
Disturbance
A disturbance outside Williams coronation causes Norman guards to set nearby buildings on fire
Submission
Edwin of Mercia submits to William as English resistance weakens
Submission
Morcar of Northumbria submits to William at Berkhamsted
Claim Abandoned
Edgar's supporters abandon effective resistance and he accepts William's authority before the Norman coronation.
Submission
Edgar Atheling submits to William at Berkhamsted
English Leaders Submit at Berkhamsted
Leading English nobles submit to William at Berkhamsted, clearing the way for his accession in London.
Stigand Pays Homage
Archbishop Stigand meets William at Wallingford and submits as English resistance around London weakens.
Coronation
In early December the remaining members of the Witan in London met and resolved to take the young uncrowned king out to meet William to submit to him at Berkhamsted, quietly setting aside Edgars election
Election
In early December the remaining members of the Witan in London met and resolved to take the young uncrowned king out to meet William to submit to him at Berkhamsted, quietly setting aside Edgars election
Succession
In early December the remaining members of the Witan in London met and resolved to take the young uncrowned king out to meet William to submit to him at Berkhamsted, quietly setting aside Edgars election
Submission
Stigand submits to William along with other English leaders
Siege of London
Submits to William after William isolates London
Crossing at Wallingford
William crosses the Thames at Wallingford while manoeuvring around London.
Siege of London
Edgar, the Earls of Northumbria & Mercia & the Archbishops of Canterbury & York submit to William I the Conqueror. Edgar, the Earls of Northumbria & Mercia & the Archbishops of Canterbury & York submit
Capture of London
Edgar, the Earls of Northumbria & Mercia & the Archbishops of Canterbury & York submit to William I the Conqueror
Coronation
In early December the remaining members of the Witan in London met and resolved to take the young uncrowned king out to meet William to submit to him at Berkhamsted, quietly setting aside Edgars election
Election
In early December the remaining members of the Witan in London met and resolved to take the young uncrowned king out to meet William to submit to him at Berkhamsted, quietly setting aside Edgars election
Homage
Edgar, the Earls of Northumbria & Mercia & the Archbishops of Canterbury & York submit to William I the Conqueror
Invasion of England
Edgar, the Earls of Northumbria & Mercia & the Archbishops of Canterbury & York submit to William I the Conqueror
Siege of London
Edgar, the Earls of Northumbria & Mercia & the Archbishops of Canterbury & York submit to William I the Conqueror. Edgar, the Earls of Northumbria & Mercia & the Archbishops of Canterbury & York submit
Succession
In early December the remaining members of the Witan in London met and resolved to take the young uncrowned king out to meet William to submit to him at Berkhamsted, quietly setting aside Edgars election
Succession
As the Normans closed in on London, Edgars key supporters in the city began negotiating with William
Crown Accepted
William agrees to take the English crown after the leading men of London and other magnates submit to his authority.
English Leaders Submit
William receives the submission of leading English nobles at Berkhamsted as organised resistance around London collapses.
Entry
William enters London after securing the submission of leading English nobles
March
William circles west of London to pressure the city into submission
Battle of Stamford Bridge
Killed in battle defending his brother Harold II of England
Allegiance
Edwin of Mercia weighs support for Harold II as royal authority shifts after Edwards death
Support
Gyrth Godwinson supports Harold II and helps maintain the Godwinson power base
Support
Leofwine Godwinson supports Harold II in the south east during the invasion scare
Allegiance
Morcar of Northumbria accepts Harold II while northern loyalty remains uncertain
Claimant
Edgar Atheling remains a royal claimant but lacks the military support needed to take the throne
Dynasty
Queen Edith links the old royal house and the Godwin family during the succession dispute
Alliance Tostig Godwinson and foreign supporters
Tostig Godwinson seeks foreign support after his exile from Northumbria
Alliance with Hardrada
Tostig encourages Harald Hardrada to pursue the English crown and joins the Norwegian invasion project.
Invasion Preparations
The Bayeux Tapestry depicts William receiving news of Harold's accession and preparing an invasion.
St Etienne
Constructs Eglise Saint-Etienne
Succession
After Edward's death William asks Harold to honour his oath to him, Harold refuses
Burial
Harolds mother offers William I equivalent weight in gold for Harolds body, refused
Succession
Edward is succeeded by his brother in law, Godwins son Harold
Burial
Believes William I buries Harold II on the sea-shore
Burial
Ealdgyth buries her former husband at Waltham Abbey
Halleys Comet
Halleys comet is seen over England, a portent of great things to happen
News of Norman Fleet
The embroidery shows Harold receiving reports about the comet and a fleet of ships.
Succession
After Edward's death William asks Harold to honour his oath to him, Harold refuses
Homage
Forced to submit to William the Conqueror
Succession
Chosen King by Morcar & his brother Edwin after the Battle of Hastings
Succession
Following Harolds death at the Battle of Hastings against the invading Normans in October, the Witanagemot assembled in London and elected Edgar king.
Succession
The Witanagemot elects Harold Godwinson, the man best placed to defend the country against the competing foreign claimants, to succeed Edward.
Succession
When King Edward died in January 1066 Edgar was still in his early teens, too young to be an effective military leader. Supported by the Archbishops of Canterbury & York after the Battle of Hastings.
Burial
Ealdgyth buries her former husband at Waltham Abbey
Marriage
Marries King Harold
Church
Stigands position as archbishop becomes important in the legitimacy debate around Harold II
Burial
Tradition associates Waltham Abbey with the recovery and burial of Harold II
Coronation of Harold II
Crowns Harold II as King of England
Coronation
Crowns Harold II as King of England
Coronation of Harold II
Stigand appears beside the enthroned Harold in the Bayeux Tapestry's coronation scene.
Papal Support for English Claim
William obtains papal support for his campaign, giving his invasion a powerful religious and political justification.
Battle of Fulford
Hadraada & Tostig defeat Edwin & Morcar then capture York
Invasion of England
Tostig is forced to seek proptection in Scotland. Tostig invades the coast with a fleet of 60 ships but is defeated by Edwin
Capture of Scarborough
Tostig & Hardrada capture Scarborough
Exile of Tostig
Tostig is forced to seek proptection in Scotland after his defeat in the Humber
Exile of Harold II
Hadrada is rumoured to be in in Isle of Wight preparing for an invasion
Rule of Isle of Wight
William Fitz Osbern becomes first Lord of the Island
Invasion Preparations
William begins organizing ships, supplies and troops for an invasion intended to enforce his claim to England.
Construction of Hastings Castle
The embroidery shows Norman soldiers building a fortified base at Hastings.
Construction of Invasion Fleet
The embroidery shows shipwrights cutting timber and constructing vessels for William's invasion fleet.
Invasion of England
Tostig is forced to seek proptection in Scotland after his defeat in the Humber
Siege of Humber
Tostig invades the coast with a fleet of 60 ships but is defeated by Edwin
Invasion of England
Follows William the Conqueror to England
Invasion of England
Tostig is forced to seek proptection in Scotland. Tostig invades the coast with a fleet of 60 ships but is defeated by Edwin
Invasion of England
Assembles forces "larger than any king had assembled before in this country". Lands on the Isle of Wight to confront William the Conqueror but he does not arrive. Hadrada is rumoured to be in in Isle of Wight preparing for an invasion
Invasion of England
Harold mobilizes to confront Tostig at the Isle of Wight but Tostig lands in the north
Invasion of England
Harald III Hardrada arrives with an invasion fleet of 300 ships
March to Hastings
The Bayeux Tapestry depicts Harold moving south to confront William's invading army.
Invasion of England
Receives the banner of St Peter from the Pope to bless his expedition against England
Invasion of England
Sets sail for St Valery-sur-Somme but loses some ships blown ashore by a westerly wind. Moves his fleet from Dives to St Valery at the mouth of the River Somme. Receives a banner from the Pope in support of his invasion of England. Builds a fleet at Dives on the River Dives, by August sufficient ships are assembled
Reballion of Mercia
Mercia rebels against Williams victory at the Battle of Hastings
Reballion of Northumbria
Northumbria rebels against Williams victory at the Battle of Hastings
Succession
Supported by the Archbishops of Canterbury & York after the Battle of Hastings. Chosen King by Morcar & his brother Edwin after the Battle of Hastings
Battle of Hastings
At the news of Harolds death, Ealdgyths brothers went to London to fetch her and immediately sent her to Chester for shelter
Capital
Edwards widow keeps control of the West Saxon capital after the Battle of Hastings
Reballion of Rebels in Winchester
Edwards widow keeps control of the West Saxon capital after the Battle of Hastings
Appeal for Papal Support
William seeks papal approval for his expedition, strengthening the religious and political case presented for invading England.
Challenge to Harold's Kingship
William rejects Harold's accession and presents himself as the rightful successor to Edward the Confessor.
Claim
William of Normandy asserts that Edward promised him the English throne
Papal Blessing Received
William obtains papal support for his claim and incorporates the blessing into the justification for his English expedition.
William presents Harolds earlier oath as evidence supporting the Norman claim to
William presents Harolds earlier oath as evidence supporting the Norman claim to England
Stewart Dynasty
A senechsal of the Earl of Dol, joins in William & becomes a founder of the Stewarts
Sanction
Papal support is reported for Williams expedition against Harold II
Feast before Hastings
The Bayeux Tapestry depicts Odo blessing food at a feast before the Battle of Hastings.
Invasion of England
Supplies William with 120 ships to invade England
Invasion of Scotland
A senechsal of the Earl of Dol, joins in William & becomes a founder of the Stewarts
Recruitment
Odo of Bayeux helps mobilise Norman knights and resources for the invasion
Alliance Eustace Boulogne and French and Norman coalition
Eustace of Boulogne joins the French and Norman coalition supporting Williams invasion
Invasion Preparations
Odo helped provide resources and support for William's preparations to invade England.
Battle of Hastings
Present at the Battle of Hastings
Allied Contingents Summoned
William summons Norman, Breton, Frankish and Flemish allies to provide men, ships, horses and equipment for the invasion.
Command
William organises his army into Norman Breton Flemish and French contingents
Logistics
Horses weapons and provisions are collected for a large amphibious invasion
Invasion of England
Supplies William with 100 ships to invade England
Reward
French speaking knights expect land and status after supporting Williams victory
Alliance Alan Brittany and Norman expedition
Breton forces join the Norman expedition and strengthen Williams cavalry arm
Recruitment
French and Norman knights seek land and reward by joining Williams campaign
Command
Robert of Mortain prepares to support his half brother William in the English expedition
Command
Roger of Montgomery helps secure Norman interests while the expedition is assembled
Recruitment
William FitzOsbern assists the Norman preparations and gathers men for the cross Channel campaign
Claim
Harald Hardrada claims the English throne through earlier Scandinavian royal agreements
English Crown Claim
Harald advances a claim to the English throne based on earlier Scandinavian agreements and the legacy of Danish rule.
Succession
Olaf Kyrre emerges as ruler in Norway after the death of Harald Hardrada
Alliance Harald III Hardrada and Tostig
Allies with Tostig after Harold Godwinson is elected King of England by the Witan
Succession
Succeeds as King of Norway
Landwaster Banner
Harald takes the raven battle standard known as Landwaster on his final expedition toward England.
Tostig Alliance Confirmed
Harald accepts Tostig Godwinson as an ally in a joint attempt to overthrow Harold II and conquer England.
Return
Survivors of the Norwegian invasion return home after the failure at Stamford Bridge
Capture of Scarborough
Tostig & Harald Hardrada capture Scarborough
Invasion of England
Will restore Tostig as Earl of Northumberland for support in his invasion of England. Harald lands in northern England with a force of around 15,000 men and 300 longships
Invasion of England
Joins forces with Tostig
Invasion of England
Lands at Riccall & then marches on York
Exile of Malcolm III
Tostig gains exile from Nortumbria in Malcolms court
Rule of Northumbria
Malcolm plots with Tostig to recapture Northumbria
Invasion of England
Tostig lands at Orkney & sails down the eastern coast to the Humber estuary
Exile of Malcolm III
Malcolm III gives sanctuary to Tostig Godwinsson when the Northumbrians drive him out
Invasion of England
Tostig lands at Orkney & sails down the eastern coast to the Humber Estuary
Succession
Succeeds as King of Sweden