95 Theses
Burns the papal bull condemning his 95 theses & is excommunicated by Pope Leo X
Historical events in 1521
149 historical records
January 15216 historical events
Excommunication
Burns the papal bull condemning his 95 theses & is excommunicated by Pope Leo X
Papal Bull
Burns the papal bull condemning his 95 theses & is excommunicated by Pope Leo X
Reformation, The
Burns the papal bull condemning his 95 theses & is excommunicated by Pope Leo X
Diet of Worms
Summoned to appear at the Diet of Worms
Diet of Worms
Conducted from 28 January to 25 May 1521, with the Emperor Charles V presiding. Transfers the hereditary Habsburg lands within the Empire to his brother Ferdinand. Luther is tried before the Emperor at the Diet of Worms & given an Empire ban
April 15219 historical events
Buckingham Arrested for Treason
Edward Stafford is arrested on suspicion of treason after accusations that he entertained prophecies concerning Henry VIII's death and his own royal prospects.
Diet of Worms
The German Princes come out in Luthers favour. Rejects the belief that bread & wine can become the body & blood of Christ. Charles V opens a Diet to discuss what to do with Luther. Challenges the papal claim to be the sole authority on the scriptures
Battle of Mactan
Marks the first organized resistance of the Filipinos against foreign invaders, Raha Lapu-Lapu, a chieftain of Mactan Island, defeats Spanish sailors under Portuguese sea captain and explorer Ferdinand Magellan
Arrest of Edward Stafford
Wolsey has Buckingham arrested for "compassing" the death of Henry VIII
Arrest of Buckingham
Edward Stafford is arrested after allegations that he discussed prophecies and the succession, placing one of England's highest-ranking nobles under royal investigation.
Arrest of Edward Stafford
Wolsey has Buckingham arrested for "compassing" the death of Henry VIII
Execution
Execution of Edward Stafford for high treason
Treason
Execution of Edward Stafford for high treason
Trial
Tried before the Emperor at the Diet of Worms & put under the ban of the Empire
May 152127 historical events
Wartburg Protection
Protects Martin Luther at Wartburg Castle after the Diet of Worms.
Wartburg Refuge
Arranges Luther's protective custody at Wartburg Castle.
Treason
Stafford is found guilty & condemned to death for treason
Trial
Stafford is found guilty & condemned to death for treason
Treason
Condemned to death for treason
Trial
Condemned to death for treason
Trial of Buckingham
Buckingham is tried by his peers for high treason on evidence concerning dynastic ambitions and prophetic claims, and the court finds him guilty.
Bill of Attainder
A bill of attainder against Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, proceeds before his execution for treason.
Death of Edward Stafford
Death of Edward Stafford, executed
Execution
Executed under a trumped up charge of disloyalty to Henry VIII
Execution of Buckingham
Edward Stafford is beheaded on Tower Hill after his treason conviction, removing a nobleman whose royal ancestry had made Henry VIII deeply suspicious.
Execution
The title of Buckingham is made forfeit. Execution of Edward Stafford the Duke of Buckingham for high treason
Treason
Execution of Edward Stafford the Duke of Buckingham for high treason
Edict of Worms
Charles issues the Edict of Worms, declaring Martin Luther an outlaw, banning his writings, and requiring his arrest: "We want him to be apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic"
Edict of Worms
The Papal nuncio at the Diet, Girolamo Aleandro, draws up and proposes the fierce denunciations of Luther embodied in the edict, which permitted anyone to kill Luther without legal consequence
Diet of Worms
On the contrary, we want him to be apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic, as he deserves, to be brought personally before us, or to be securely guarded until those who have captured him inform us, whereupon we will order the appropriate manner of
Diet of Worms
The Edict of Worms was a decree issued on 25 May 1521 by Emperor Charles V, declaring: For this reason we forbid anyone from this time forward to dare, either by words or by deeds, to receive, defend, sustain, or favour the said Martin Luther.
Diet of Worms
Those who will help in his capture will be rewarded generously for their good work
Diet of Worms
proceeding against the said Luther.
Edict of Worms
Charles issues the Edict of Worms, declaring Martin Luther an outlaw, banning his writings, and requiring his arrest: "We want him to be apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic"
Arrest of Martin Luther
Despite the agreement at the Diet of Worms that Luther could return home safely, it was privately understood that Luther would soon be arrested and punished. To protect him from this fate, Prince Frederick seized him on his way home and hid him in Wartburg Castle. It was during his time in Wartburg that Luther began his German translation of the Bible
Diet of Worms
Despite the agreement at the Diet of Worms that Luther could return home safely, it was privately understood that Luther would soon be arrested and punished. To protect him from this fate, Prince Frederick seized him on his way home and hid him in Wartburg Castle. It was during his time in Wartburg that Luther began his German translation of the Bible
Trial
Presides at the trial of Buckingham
Edict of Worms
When Luther eventually reemerged from the Wartburg, the emperor, distracted with other matters, did not press for Luther's arrest. Ultimately, because of rising public support for Luther among the German people and the protection of certain German princes, the Edict of Worms was never enforced in Germany
Diet of Worms
Martin Luther's powerful testimony of faith at the Diet of Worms in 1521 made an indelible impression upon the mind of George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, who turned his eyes to the new faith earlier than any other German prince or any other member of the House of Hohenzollern
Edict of Worms
When Luther eventually reemerged from the Wartburg, the emperor, distracted with other matters, did not press for Luther's arrest. Ultimately, because of rising public support for Luther among the German people and the protection of certain German princes, the Edict of Worms was never enforced in Germany
Invasion of Hungary
Launches an invasion of Hungary
July 15211 historical events
Capture of Shabotz
The Turks capture Shabotz
August 152128 historical events
Alliance Thomas Wolsey and Emperor Charles V
Discusses an alliance with Emperor Charles V, under instructions from Henry VIII
Peace Negotiations at London
1st session to negotiate peace with the French
Alliance Charles V and Wolsey in Bruges
Meets Wolsey in Bruges where the terms of a possible alliance are discussed
Capture of Mexico City
Captures Mexico City from the Aztecs
Capture of Tenochtitlan
Captures Tenochtitlan from the Aztecs
Alliance Thomas Wolsey and Emperor Charles V
Reaches Bruges to discuss an alliance with the Emperor Charles V
Bruges Invasion Timetable
Negotiates a secret timetable for coordinated Anglo-Imperial action against France if wider peace efforts fail.
Bruges Secrecy Provisions
Accepts provisions requiring the anti-French alliance to remain secret while papal approval and military preparations are arranged.
Breakdown of Treaty of London
Authorizes the Treaty of Bruges alliance with Charles V against France, undermining the universal peace system created in 1518.
Secret Treaty of Bruges
Henry VIII commits England to an alliance with Charles V against France.
Treaty of Bruges
The Treaty of Bruges binds Henry VIII and Charles V to an anti-French alliance.
Treaty of Bruges
The agreement prepares the ground for Henry VIII's Great Enterprise against France.
Treaty of Bruges
The treaty commits England to war against France in support of the Habsburg position.
Treaty of Bruges
Wolsey helps arrange the treaty with Imperial representatives while England moves away from neutrality.
Imperial Marriage Clause
Is designated for marriage to Charles V under the secret Anglo-Imperial alliance, replacing earlier French dynastic arrangements.
Great Enterprise
Signs a secret Treaty with Charles V to launch a "great enterprise" against France
Treaty Signed at Bruges
Signs a secret Treaty with Charles V to launch a "great enterprise" against France
Treaty of Bruges
Signs a secret Treaty with Charles V to launch a "great enterprise" against France
Treaty of Charles V
Signs a secret Treaty with Charles V to launch a "great enterprise" against France
Treaty of Bruges
Charles V agrees an anti-French alliance with Henry VIII's representatives.
Treaty Diplomacy
Margaret of Austria represents Habsburg interests in Bruges diplomacy.
Treaty Negotiation
Wolsey negotiates with Habsburg representatives at Bruges.
Calais Peace Mediation
Mediates between Imperial and French representatives at Calais while publicly presenting England as an arbiter in the European war.
Alliance Great Britain and Austria and France
Wolsey represents England in negotiations with Margaret of Austria for the anti-French alliance.
Great Enterprise
English and Imperial representatives negotiate the secret Treaty of Bruges for war against France.
Great Enterprise
The agreement envisages Henry VIII invading northern France while Charles V attacks French interests elsewhere.
Treaty of Bruges
English and Imperial representatives negotiate the secret Treaty of Bruges against Francis I of France.
Treaty of Bruges
The Treaty of Bruges plans an Anglo-Imperial campaign against Francis I of France.
September 15211 historical events
Great Enterprise
Henry VIII accepts plans for a major war with France in alliance with Charles V.
October 15215 historical events
Award
Pope Leo X grants Henry VIII the title Fidei Defensor, Defender of the Faith.
Defender of the Faith
Pope Leo X grants Henry VIII the title Fidei Defensor, Defender of the Faith.
95 Theses
Pope Leo X wishes for Martin Luther to recant 41 of these theses, which Luther famously refused to do before the Diet of Worms in 1521, thus symbolically initiating the Protestant reformation
Diet of Worms
Pope Leo X wishes for Martin Luther to recant 41 of these theses, which Luther famously refused to do before the Diet of Worms in 1521, thus symbolically initiating the Protestant reformation
Reformation, The
Pope Leo X wishes for Martin Luther to recant 41 of these theses, which Luther famously refused to do before the Diet of Worms in 1521, thus symbolically initiating the Protestant reformation
November 15213 historical events
Award
Pope Leo X confers "Fidei Defensor" on Henry VIII, used today by the monarchy. Awarded "Defender of the Faith" for his "Defence of the Seven Sacraments" by Leo X
Honours
Pope Leo X confers the title "Fidei Defensor" on Henry VIII
Capture of Milan
Captures Milan
December 15215 historical events
Death of Sixtus V
Birth of Sixtus V, Felice Peretti di Montalto, in the Papal States
Death of Leo X
Death of Leo X
Edict of Worms
In December 1521, Jacob Probst, prior of the Augustinian monastery in Antwerp, was the first Luther-supporting cleric to be arrested and prosecuted under the terms of the Worms Edict.
Edict of Worms
In the Low Countries (comprising modern-day Belgium, Luxembourg, and The Netherlands), the Edict was initially enforced against Luther's most active supporters.
Edict of Worms
This could be done because these countries were under the direct reign of Emperor Charles V and his appointed regent, Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy (and Charles's aunt).
Succession
Succeeds as Emperor of China
Burial
Buried in a tomb at Kangling, Shisanling, Hebei
Death of Zhengde
Death of Zhengde
Chief Justice
Appointed Chief Justice of the Common Pleas
Alliance Thomas Wolsey and Emperor Charles V
Concludes an alliance with Emperor Charles V against France
Mobilization
Orders the preparation of 6,000 archers for war
Alliance England and Emperor Charles V
Assists Wolsey with discussions for an alliance between England & Emperor Charles V
Accompanies Wolsey to Bruges
Accompanies Wolsey to Bruges
Accompanies Wolsey to Calais
Accompanies Wolsey to Calais
Diplomatic Mission
After a diplomatic mission to the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, More is knighted and made under-treasurer
Knighthood
After a diplomatic mission to the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, More is knighted and made under-treasurer
Under Treasurer
Appointed Under Treasurer of England
Field of Cloth of Gold
Involved in arrangements for the "Field of Cloth of Gold" meeting between Henry and the new French King France's I
Involved in arrangements for the Field of Cloth of Gold meeting between
Involved in arrangements for the "Field of Cloth of Gold" meeting between Henry and the new French King France's I
Alliance Henry VIII and Emperor
Francis I invades Navarre & entrusts Wolsey to discuss an alliance with the Emperor
Defence of the Seven Sacraments
After writing Assertio Septem Sacramentorum (Defence of the Seven Sacraments) in opposition to Luther, Henry VIII is rewarded with the title Fidei Defensor (Defender of the Faith) by Pope Leo X
Defence of the Seven Sacraments
Publishes the Assertio Septem Sacramentorum, defending the seven sacraments against Luther.
Defender of the Faith
After writing Assertio Septem Sacramentorum (Defence of the Seven Sacraments) in opposition to Luther, Henry VIII is rewarded with the title Fidei Defensor (Defender of the Faith) by Pope Leo X
Papal Dedication
Dedicates the Defence of the Seven Sacraments to Pope Leo X as a statement of Catholic orthodoxy.
Reformation, The
After writing Assertio Septem Sacramentorum (Defence of the Seven Sacraments) in opposition to Luther, Henry VIII is rewarded with the title Fidei Defensor (Defender of the Faith) by Pope Leo X
Royal Style
Henry VIII begins using Defender of the Faith as part of his royal style.
Buckingham Treason Accusation
Charles Knyvet gives evidence against Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, helping transform court suspicion into a formal treason case against the powerful nobleman.
Birth of Thomas Wyatt the Younger
Thomas Wyatt the Younger is born into a prominent Kent family and later leads the 1554 rebellion against Mary I's proposed Spanish marriage.
Knighthood
Thomas More is knighted after entering increasingly senior royal service.
Under-Treasurer of the Exchequer
More is appointed under-treasurer of the Exchequer.
Assists Henry VIII with writing the Defence of
Assists Henry VIII with writing the Defence of the Seven Sacraments, a polemic response to Martin Luthers On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church
Seven Sacraments
Assists Henry VIII with writing the Defence of the Seven Sacraments, a polemic response to Martin Luthers On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church
Abbot
Appointed Abbot of St Albans
Bishop
Appointed Bishop of Lincoln
Assertio Septem Sacramentorum
Possible author of the royal treatise against Luther, published 1521, entitled Assertio septem sacramentorum which wins the title Fidei Defensor for Henry VIII
Defender of the Faith
Possible author of the royal treatise against Luther, published 1521, entitled Assertio septem sacramentorum which wins the title Fidei Defensor for Henry VIII
Defence of the Seven Sacraments
Publication of "Defence of the Seven Sacraments", attacks Martin Luther
Defender of the Faith
After writing Assertio Septem Sacramentorum (Defence of the Seven Sacraments) in opposition to Luther, Henry VIII is rewarded with the title Fidei Defensor (Defender of the Faith) by Pope Leo X
Reformation, The
After writing Assertio Septem Sacramentorum (Defence of the Seven Sacraments) in opposition to Luther, Henry VIII is rewarded with the title Fidei Defensor (Defender of the Faith) by Pope Leo X
Invasion of Navarre
Invades Navarre which had been conquered by Ferdinand of Spain in 1512
Arrest of Martin Luther
Captured for his own safety by Duke Frederick of Saxony
Diet of Worms
Luther appears at the Diet before Charles V to to answer charges of heresy
Diet of Worms
On refusing to recant Luther is declared a heretic and is excommunicated by Pope Leo X
Diet of Worms
The Papal nuncio at the Diet, Girolamo Aleandro, draws up and proposes the fierce denunciations of Luther embodied in the edict, which permitted anyone to kill Luther without legal consequence
Excommunication
On refusing to recant Luther is declared a heretic and is excommunicated by Pope Leo X
Papal Nuncio
The Papal nuncio at the Diet, Girolamo Aleandro, draws up and proposes the fierce denunciations of Luther embodied in the edict, which permitted anyone to kill Luther without legal consequence
Reformation, The
Luther appears at the Diet before Charles V to to answer charges of heresy
Reformation, The
On refusing to recant Luther is declared a heretic and is excommunicated by Pope Leo X
Translation of Bible
Prince Frederick seizes Luther and hides him in Wartenberg Castle, during his time in Wartenberg Luther begins his German translation of the Bible
Machiavelli Publishes The Art Of War
Machiavelli published The Art of War as a dialogue concerning military training and command. He presented disciplined citizen forces as essential to durable political authority.
Machiavelli Uses Dialogue For Military Critique
The Art of War placed arguments about contemporary warfare in the mouths of conversational participants. This literary structure linked Renaissance humanist discussion with practical questions of arms and logistics.
Papal Nuncio
The Papal nuncio at the Diet, Girolamo Aleandro, draws up and proposes the fierce denunciations of Luther embodied in the edict, which permitted anyone to kill Luther without legal consequence
Excommunication
Excommunicates Martin Luther
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, Imperial forces in Italy
Invasion of Philippines
Arrives at Cebu
Succession
Succeeds as King of Portugal, son of Manuel I
Capture of Riazan
Moscow captures Riazan
Exile of Archibald Douglas
Returns to Scotland with the help of Henry VIII
Treaty of Rouen
Renogiates the Aulde Alliance with France
Invasion of England
Allowed by Francis I to return to Scotland to harass the northern English border
Treaty of Rouen
Negotiates a Treaty under which James V is able to marry a daughter of the French King
Diet of Worms
Transfers the hereditary Habsburg lands within the Empire to his brother Ferdinand. Presides over the Diet of Worms but Luther refuses to retract his protests. Establishes the Austrian branch of the Dynasty
Succession
Charles transfers the hereditary Habsburg lands to his brother Ferdinand. Charles establishes the Austrian branch of the Habsburg Dynasty at the Diet of Worms
Trial
Luther is tried before the Emperor at the Diet of Worms & given an Empire ban
Independence of Sweden
Gustavus I Vasa breaks free from the Kalmar Union & establishes the Swedish state
Independence of Sweden
The Army of Dalarna elected him Regent of Sweden, where after two years of war followed, whereby the Danish troops are gradually defeated. Gathers a small army in Dalarna and becomes its leader
Regency
The Army of Dalarna elected him Regent of Sweden, where after two years of war followed, whereby the Danish troops are gradually defeated
Capture of Belgrade
The Austro-Hungarians besiege Buda but are unsuccessful. Suleyman I the Magnificent captures Belgrade
Siege of Belgrade
Suleyman I the Magnificent captures Belgrade