Birth of Francis II
Birth of Francis II
Historical events in 1544
138 historical records
January 15441 historical events
March 154411 historical events
Invasion of Scotland
Henry VIII issues instructions blaming Cardinal Beaton and Scottish opponents of the marriage alliance.
Dissolution of Parliament
Henry VIIIs Eighth Parliament closes. Delivers a speech in Parliament for religious unity & ends the Parliamentary session
King's Style Act
Parliament confirms Henry VIII's royal style including King of Ireland, Defender of the Faith and Supreme Head of the Church of England and Ireland.
King's Style Act
Parliament confirms Henry VIII's style as Defender of the Faith and Supreme Head of the Church of England and Ireland.
King's Style Act
The King's Style Act makes it treason to attempt to deprive Henry VIII of his royal titles and religious style.
Third Succession Act Enacted
Parliament restores Mary and Elizabeth to the succession after Edward while leaving questions surrounding their legitimacy formally unresolved.
Third Succession Act
Elizabeth is restored to the line of succession after Mary, without reversing her illegitimacy.
Third Succession Act
Mary is restored to the line of succession after Edward, without reversing her illegitimacy.
Third Succession Act
The Act places Prince Edward first in the line of succession as Henry VIII's male heir.
Third Succession Act
The Third Succession Act receives royal assent, revising the Tudor succession settlement.
Treason Act
The Treason Act allows treasons committed outside the king's dominions to be tried within England.
April 15447 historical events
Rough Wooing
The Privy Council issues instructions for Hertford's punitive expedition against Scotland.
Battle of Certesole
The Imperial Army of Charles V is defeated by the French south of Turin
Imperial Army
The Imperial Army of Charles V is defeated by the French south of Turin
Resignation of Thomas Audley
Resigns the Great Seal
Death of Thomas Audley
Death of Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden
Invasion of Scotland
Edward Seymour, Lord Hertford, gathers English forces for the invasion of southern Scotland.
Fleet Sails for Scotland
Seymour assembles troops and shipping at Tynemouth before sailing north with the invasion force ordered to devastate Scottish centres and compel the royal marriage.
May 154427 historical events
Burning of Edinburgh
Hertford's army lands at Leith during the punitive expedition ordered by Henry VIII.
Siege of Edinburgh
Major hostilities began with an attack on Edinburgh, led by the Earl of Hertford and Viscount Lisle. Hertford had instructions to burn Edinburgh and issue Henry's proclamation of 24 March 1544, which laid the blame on Cardinal Beaton's "sinister enticement" of Regent Arran
Burning of Edinburgh
Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford, commands the English expedition that lands at Leith.
Burning of Edinburgh
Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford, lands at Leith with an English expeditionary force during the Rough Wooing.
Invasion of Scotland
Hertford's expedition lands at Leith to punish Scotland for rejecting Henry VIII's marriage policy.
Siege of Edinburgh
Major hostilities begin with an attack on Edinburgh, led by the Earl of Hertford and Viscount Lisle
Landing at Leith
Seymour lands the English invasion army at Leith, securing a coastal base from which his forces can attack Edinburgh and the surrounding countryside.
Siege of Edinburgh
The troops entered Edinburgh's Canongate, and set the city on fire. Edinburgh Castle was defended by cannon fire commanding the Royal Mile. Hertford decided not to lay siege but thoroughly burn the city. According to the English contemporary account, all the houses within the suburbs and city walls were burnt including Holyroodhouse and the Abbey
Burning of Edinburgh
English forces take Leith as the expedition advances toward Edinburgh.
Burning of Edinburgh
Hertford's army enters Edinburgh during Henry VIII's punitive campaign against Scotland.
Burning of Edinburgh
Hertford's troops damage Holyrood and nearby religious buildings during the attack on Edinburgh.
Burning of Edinburgh
English forces sack and burn Edinburgh as part of Henry VIII's Rough Wooing policy.
Burning of Edinburgh
Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford, sacks and burns Edinburgh during the Rough Wooing.
Burning of Edinburgh
English forces sack and burn Edinburgh during the Rough Wooing.
Invasion of Scotland
The burning of Edinburgh is intended to force Scotland to accept the Edward and Mary marriage.
Burning of Edinburgh
Seymour's troops burn large parts of Edinburgh after failing to take the castle, carrying out Henry VIII's punitive invasion strategy against Scotland.
Burning of Edinburgh
Holyrood Abbey and nearby buildings suffer destruction during Hertford's raid.
Capture of Leith
Seymour captures & burns Leith
Siege of Leith
Seymour captures & burns Leith
Burning of Edinburgh
Hertford withdraws after devastating Edinburgh, Leith and nearby settlements.
Burning of Edinburgh
The destruction of Edinburgh becomes one of the most notorious actions of Henry VIII's Rough Wooing.
Burning of Edinburgh
The raid is intended to punish Scotland for rejecting the Treaty of Greenwich and the proposed Edward and Mary marriage.
Burning of Edinburgh
Holyrood Abbey and buildings around the abbey are damaged during Hertford's raid.
Invasion of Scotland
The invasion is designed to intimidate Scottish political leaders and weaken resistance to English terms.
Burning of Dunbar
Seymour's returning army burns Dunbar and other settlements while marching south, extending the devastation of the 1544 invasion into the Scottish Borders.
Destruction of Leith
English forces destroy and burn much of Leith before withdrawing, damaging Scotland's principal east-coast port during the invasion.
English Burning of Edinburgh
Mary faces English attacks during the Rough Wooing
June 15443 historical events
English Litany Introduced
Cranmer prepares an English litany authorised for public worship, one of the first major English-language services used throughout the realm.
Invasion of France
English forces gather in the Pale of Calais for a two-pronged campaign against France.
Invasion of France
Orders Norfolk toward Montreuil and Suffolk toward Boulogne during the French campaign.
July 15447 historical events
Appointment of John Cheke
John Cheke is summoned from Cambridge to help educate Prince Edward in languages, scripture, philosophy and the liberal sciences.
Siege of Calais
Henry joins his troops in Calais
Invasion of France
Henry VIII crosses the Channel with an invasion force during the renewed war against France.
Siege of Boulogne
The Duke of Suffolk begins the English siege of Boulogne-sur-Mer.
Siege of Montreuil
Norfolk's army begins operations against Montreuil but fails to take the town.
Siege of Montreuil
Norfolk leads the second English army against Montreuil while Henry attacks Boulogne, dividing the invasion into two major siege operations.
Siege of Boulogne
Henry concentrates his main invasion army around Boulogne, making the fortified port the central objective of his renewed war against France.
August 15443 historical events
Siege of Boulogne
English artillery bombards Boulogne as Henry VIII takes personal command of the siege.
Invasion of Austria
Suleyman I the Magnificent makes peace with Ferdinand. Suleyman I the Magnificent gives up plans to invade Austria
Peace
Suleyman I the Magnificent makes peace with Ferdinand
September 154421 historical events
Siege of Boulogne
The French garrison agrees to surrender after English mining and bombardment breach the defences.
Capture of Boulogne
Boulogne falls to Henry VIII and becomes an English possession on the French coast.
Capture of Hardelot
Involved in negotiating the surrender of the French town of Hardelot
Siege of Hardelot
Involved in negotiating the surrender of the French town of Hardelot
Capture of Boulogne-sur-Mer
Clinton helps Henry VIII capture Boulogne-sur-Mer
Siege of Boulogne-sur-Mer
Clinton helps Henry VIII capture Boulogne-sur-Mer
Capture of Boulogne-sur-Mer
English forces capture Boulogne-sur-Mer during Henry VIII's war with France.
Capture of Boulogne-sur-Mer
Henry VIII besieges & takes Boulogne-sur-Mer, his only success in the French campaign
Invasion of France
Henry VIII besieges & takes Boulogne-sur-Mer, his only success in the French campaign
Siege of Boulogne-sur-Mer
Henry VIII besieges & takes Boulogne-sur-Mer, his only success in the French campaign
Capture of Boulogne
Boulogne surrenders after siege operations directed by Henry VIII, giving England a costly continental possession that must then be defended against France.
Siege of Paris
Charles V is joined by English troops in his assault on Paris
Treaty of Crepy
Charles V makes separate peace with France, leaving Henry VIII isolated in the war.
Holy Roman Empire
Francis I promises help against the Protestant Estates of the Empire & gives up Naples
Peace
Francis I promises help against the Protestant Estates of the Empire & gives up Naples. Charles V returns Burgundy
Rule of Burgundy
Under the Treaty of Crespy Charles V renounces his claim to Burgundy
Rule of Milan
Keeps Under the terms of the Peace of Crespy Charles V keeps Milan
Rule of Naples
Under the Peace of Crespy Francis I gives up Naples
Treaty of Crepy-en-Valois
Ends The Treaty of Crespy ends the Schmalkaldic wars. Charles V renounces his claim to Burgundy but keeps Milan
Return from France
Henry VIII leaves France after ordering Boulogne to be held against French counter-attack.
Peace
France is defeated & Francis is forced to send a representitive to a council
October 15441 historical events
Siege of Boulogne
A French assault nearly retakes Boulogne but is repulsed by the English garrison.
November 15445 historical events
Battle of Lothian
The troops of Mary of Guise & the Earl of Arran make a stand against the English
Siege of Lothian
The troops of Mary of Guise & the Earl of Arran make a stand against the English
Battle of Lothian
The troops of Mary of Guise & the Earl of Arran make a stand against the English
Battle of Lothian
The troops of Mary of Guise & the Earl of Arran make a stand against the English
Papal Bull
Issues the Laetare Jerusalem summoning a general council to unite against Turkey
Lord Chancellor
Appointed Lord Chancellor
Treasurer
Appointed Treasurer of Court of Augmentations
Legislation
The 3rd Act of Succession restores Mary & Elizabeth to the succession after Edward
Legislation
Under the 3rd Act of Succession a Regency Council will be established if Henry dies during Edward's minority
Reform of Regency
The 3rd Act of Succession restores Mary & Elizabeth to the succession after Edward. A Regency Council will be established if Henry dies during Edward's minority
Legislation
The 3rd Act of Succession restores Mary & Elizabeth to the succession after Edward
Reform of Royal Succession
The 3rd Act of Succession restores Mary & Elizabeth to the succession after Edward
Legislation
The 3rd Act of Succession restores Mary & Elizabeth to the succession after Edward
Succession
The 3rd Act of Succession restores Mary & Elizabeth to the succession after Edward
Burial
Buried at Saffron Walden
Admiral
Appointed Admiral to the Fleet to guard the Channel
Ordinance
Appointed Master of the Ordnance
Education of Edward VI
Edward receives an intensive humanist education centred on Latin, Greek, scripture, rhetoric and classical authors.
Assured Scots
Henry VIII cultivates Scottish nobles willing to support the English marriage alliance.
Regency Council Named
Mary is included among potential heirs under Henry VIII's later succession arrangements
Reform Network
Maintains links with reform-minded clergy and courtiers.
Capture of Boulogne-sur-Mer
Brandon captures Boulogne-sur-Mer
Siege of Boulogne-sur-Mer
Brandon helps capture Boulogne-sur-Mer
Capture of Edinburgh
Seymour captures & burns Edinburgh
Invasion of Scotland
Seymour leads an invasion of Scotland
Siege of Edinburgh
Seymour captures & burns Edinburgh
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant General of the Army in France
Capture of Boulogne-sur-Mer
Captures Boulogne-sur-Mer under Edward Seymour
Siege of Boulogne-sur-Mer
Dudley helps capture Boulogne-sur-Mer under Edward Seymour
Knighthood
Knighted in Edinburgh by Edward Seymour for his role in the capture of Edinburgh
Siege of Edinburgh
Knighted in Edinburgh by Edward Seymour for his role in the capture of Edinburgh
Siege of Boulogne-sur-Mer
Edward Seymour takes part in Henry VIII's campaign against Boulogne-sur-Mer.
Charles V comes to terms with Francis I without consulting his English
Charles V comes to terms with Francis I without consulting his English ally
Invasion of France
Henry invades France, carried in a litter at the head of an army of 40,000. Charles V comes to terms with Francis I, without consulting his English ally
Invasion of France
Henry VIII is forced to retreat from France when Charles V & Francois I make peace
Invasion of Scotland
The invasions of 1544 and 1545 are led by Edward Seymour (Earl of Hertford; later Duke of Somerset)
Invasion of Scotland
Henry VIII supports assured Scots who promise to back the English marriage alliance and oppose the French faction.
Peace
Henry VIII is forced to retreat from France when Charles V & Francois I make peace
Siege of Edinburgh
Henry burns Edinburgh in revenge for the annullment of the Treaty of Greenwich
Siege of Firth of Forth
Sends an armada to the Firth of Forth
Treaty of Greenwich
Henry burns Edinburgh in revenge for the annullment of the Treaty of Greenwich
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant General of the Army in France
Battle of Ceresole Alba
Conducts a 3rd war against the Empire & wins a victory at the Battle of Ceresole Alba
Peace
Gives up Naples to the Empire & Charles V returns Burgundy
Peace
Promises help against the Protestant Estates of the Holy Roman Empire
Rule of Burgundy
Gives up Naples to the Empire & Charles V returns Burgundy
Rule of Burgundy
Under the Peace of Crespy Charles V returns Burgundy. Under the Peace of Crespy Charles V gives up Burgundy to Francis I
Rule of Naples
Gives up Naples to the Empire & Charles V returns Burgundy
Rule of Naples
Under the Peace of Crespy Francis I gives up Naples to the Empire. Under the Peace of Crespy France gives up its claim to Naples
Treaty of Crepy-en-Valois
Charles V & Francois I make peace in the Treaty of Crepy-en-Valois
Konigsberg
Helps found the University of Konigsberg
Succession
Succeeds as Stadholder of The Netherlands
Marriage
Margaret Douglas marries a Scottish exile, Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, who was Regent of Scotland in 1570-1571
Privy Seal
Appointed papal legate, persecutes the Protestants
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant General of southern Scotland
Colonial Power Struggle
Emerges as the dominant colonial leader after conflict with Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca.
Treaty of Crepy-en-Valois
Charles V & Francois I make peace in the Treaty of Crepy-en-Valois