Foreign Office Restriction
Secures a marriage clause preventing Philip from filling English offices with foreign appointees and protecting native control of royal administration.
Historical events in 1554
214 historical records
January 155430 historical events
Marriage Sovereignty Safeguard
Accepts treaty provisions reserving the effective government of England to Mary and limiting the independent political authority of Philip.
No Automatic Habsburg War Clause
Agrees that marriage to Philip will not automatically compel England to fight in the wider wars of Charles V.
Spanish Marriage Articles Agreed
Agrees detailed marriage articles with Philip of Spain intended to protect English sovereignty while permitting a dynastic union.
Succession Protection Clause
Accepts terms preventing Philip from retaining the English crown if Mary dies without a surviving child of their marriage.
Wyatt Rebellion
Warns Mary's council about suspected rebellion against the Spanish marriage.
Wyatt Rebellion
Questions Courtenay after Renard warns of the plot.
Wyatt Rebellion
Reveals details of the conspiracy after questioning by the council.
Wyatt Rebellion
Prepares to raise support in the Midlands.
Wyatt Rebellion
Is named among conspirators expected to raise western support.
Wyatt Rebellion
Is suspected of involvement in the anti-Spanish marriage conspiracy.
Wyatt Rebellion
Plans resistance in Devon against Mary's Spanish marriage.
Wyatt Rebellion
Prepares the Kentish rising from his family base at Allington.
Wyatt Rebellion
Is implicated in plans against Mary during the rebellion crisis.
Wyatt Rebellion
Orders action against suspected conspirators as the plot becomes known.
Wyatt Rebellion
Faces the Kentish rising as Wyatt raises his standard of revolt.
Wyatt Rebellion
Raises the standard of revolt in Kent against Mary's Spanish marriage.
Wyatt Rebellion
Marches against Mary's Spanish marriage and the perceived threat to English autonomy.
Wyatt Rebellion
Raises his standard in Kent against the Spanish marriage.
Arrest of Elizabeth I
Mary orders Elizabeth to London for her own safety
Arrest of Elizabeth I
Mary orders Elizabeth to London for her own safety
Wyatt Rebellion
Occupies Rochester and gathers support from Kentish rebels.
Wyatt Rebellion
Occupies Rochester and issues a proclamation to Kent.
Wyatt Rebellion
Royal troops sent against Wyatt suffer defections near Rochester.
Wyatt Rebellion
Defects from Norfolk's force to Wyatt's rebels.
Wyatt Rebellion
Comes under suspicion because rebels discuss replacing Mary with her.
Wyatt Rebellion
Refuses to flee London despite news of Wyatt's advance.
Wyatt Rebellion
Supports Mary and helps organise defence of London.
John Rogers Committed to Newgate
John Rogers is committed to prison after refusing to abandon Protestant teaching when Mary I restores Catholic worship and heresy proceedings.
Spanish Marriage Debated
Mary’s proposed Spanish marriage is defended as Catholic policy continues.
February 155450 historical events
Wyatt Rebellion
Supports Mary's appeal to London against Wyatt.
Wyatt Rebellion
Rallies London with a speech defending her crown and marriage plans.
Wyatt Rebellion
Rallies London against Wyatt with a speech at the Guildhall.
Wyatt Rebellion
Mary's Guildhall speech turns London against Wyatt's demands.
Siege of London
Makes a speech in the Guildhall & raises a force of 25,000 to defend London
Wyatt Rebellion
Her supporters hold London Bridge against Wyatt's army.
Wyatt Rebellion
Her supporters hold London Bridge against Wyatt's rebels.
Wyatt Rebellion
Prevents Wyatt's rebels from entering the City through Southwark.
Wyatt Rebellion
Threatens to fire on Southwark from the Tower guns unless Wyatt withdraws.
Wyatt Rebellion
Threatens to fire Tower guns on Southwark if Wyatt remains.
Wyatt Rebellion
Finds London Bridge strongly defended against his rebel army.
Wyatt Rebellion
Reaches Southwark but cannot force entry across London Bridge.
Wyatt Rebellion
Crosses at Kingston after failing to enter London by Southwark.
Wyatt Rebellion
Crosses the Thames at Kingston after failing to enter by Southwark.
Wyatt Rebellion
Commands loyal forces blocking Wyatt's advance into London.
Wyatt Rebellion
Keeps London loyal as Wyatt reaches the city with rebel forces.
Wyatt Rebellion
Resists Wyatt's rising against her proposed marriage to Philip of Spain.
Wyatt Rebellion
Survives the rebellion and keeps control of the capital.
Wyatt Rebellion
Thomas Wyatt reaches London but is defeated
Thomas Wyatt Captured after London Advance
Thomas Wyatt is captured after his rebel force fails to break through London and the Kentish rising against Mary's marriage collapses.
Wyatt Rebellion
Is defeated at Ludgate and captured near Temple Bar.
Wyatt Rebellion
Is stopped at Ludgate as London remains loyal to Mary.
Wyatt Rebellion
Surrenders after his advance into London fails.
Wyatt Rebellion
Demands control of the Tower and custody of the queen.
Wyatt Rebellion Defeated
The defeat of Wyatt strengthens Mary’s authority to continue restoration.
Arrest of Jane Grey
Taken prisoner after the uprising, executed at Tower Green for treason
Execution
Taken to the Tower & executed. Taken prisoner after the uprising, executed at Tower Green for treason
Treason
Taken prisoner after the uprising, executed at Tower Green for treason
Execution
Jane Grey is executed after her father supports rebellion against Mary
Wyatt Rebellion
Is executed because the rebellion renews succession fears.
Wyatt Rebellion
Lady Jane Grey is executed after her father's support for the Wyatt Rebellion.
Execution of Guildford Dudley
Guildford Dudley is beheaded for treason after the failure of the Jane Grey succession and renewed rebellion against Mary I.
Wyatt Rebellion
Is executed after Wyatt's rising makes Jane Grey dangerous.
Wyatt Rebellion
Guildford Dudley is executed after the Wyatt Rebellion makes Jane Grey politically dangerous.
Wyatt Rebellion
Authorises Lady Jane Grey's execution after Wyatt's rebellion.
Jane Grey Executed
Jane Grey is executed after rebellion renews fears over Protestant succession.
Execution of Henry Grey
Henry Grey is beheaded after joining the rebellion against Mary's Spanish marriage and reviving the danger posed by his daughter's claim.
Wyatt Rebellion
Is executed after joining the rebellion against Mary.
Wyatt Rebellion
Henry Grey is executed for supporting the Wyatt Rebellion against Mary's Spanish marriage.
Henry Grey Captured after Wyatt Rising
Henry Grey is captured after joining the rebellion against Mary's Spanish marriage and attempting to raise support in the Midlands.
Wyatt Rebellion
His failed rising helps seal Lady Jane Grey's fate.
William Thomas Arrested in Wyatt Aftermath
William Thomas is arrested during the investigation into plots against Mary and is accused of involvement in plans for political violence.
James Croft Arrested after Wyatt Conspiracy
James Croft is arrested for involvement in the wider conspiracy intended to organise regional risings against Queen Mary's government.
Wyatt Rebellion
Is imprisoned after the rebellion collapses.
Wyatt Rebellion
Flees abroad after the western rising fails.
Wyatt Rebellion
The rebellion ruins the Wyatt family, which loses lands and Allington Castle.
Wyatt Rebellion
Is imprisoned for involvement in the rebellion.
Nicholas Throckmorton Arrested after Wyatt Rising
Nicholas Throckmorton is arrested and sent for trial after the government alleges that he helped coordinate the conspiracy behind Wyatt's rebellion.
Wyatt Rebellion
Is imprisoned and later tried for treason.
Arrest of Elizabeth I
Questioned for 3 weeks in Whitehall, no links found between Elizabeth & the rebellion
March 155411 historical events
Arrest of Elizabeth I
Rowed through traitors gate
Wyatt Rebellion
Is sent to the Tower while her links to the rebellion are examined.
Wyatt Rebellion
Orders Elizabeth imprisoned during the investigation.
Wyatt Rebellion
Elizabeth is imprisoned while Mary investigates links to the Wyatt Rebellion.
Elizabeth Imprisoned
Gage receives Elizabeth into custody at the Tower
Wyatt Rebellion
Holds Elizabeth in custody after the rebellion.
Wyatt Rebellion
Conspirators plan coordinated risings before events force an early revolt.
Elizabeth Investigated
Elizabeth is investigated while Mary defends the Catholic settlement.
Wyatt Rebellion
Takes part in council action after the rebellion.
Transfer to Oxford
Is sent to Oxford for disputation with Cranmer and Ridley.
Transferred to Oxford
Is sent to Oxford with Cranmer and Latimer for disputation.
April 155416 historical events
Wyatt Rebellion
Orders the execution of Thomas Wyatt after the rebellion fails.
Wyatt Rebellion
Is executed after refusing to implicate Elizabeth conclusively.
Wyatt Rebellion
Is executed after the failure of the Wyatt Rebellion.
Wyatt Rebellion
Leads the main Kentish rising against Mary's planned Spanish marriage.
Regency Begins
Mary of Guise replaces Arran as regent for Mary Queen of Scots
Oxford Disputations
Faces formal disputation over Protestant doctrine.
Wyatt Rebellion
Is acquitted of treason despite government suspicion.
Oxford Disputation
Defends Protestant doctrine during public disputations at Oxford.
Disputation on Eucharist
Rejects Catholic teaching on the mass.
Condemnation
Is condemned after the Oxford disputations.
Marriage Articles Ratified
Parliament accepts marriage terms limiting Philip's independent authority in England
Regnal Power Act Confirms Female Sovereignty
Parliament confirms that royal authority belongs fully to a reigning queen, rejecting doubts that government powers require a male monarch.
Robert Brooke Chosen Commons Speaker
Robert Brooke becomes Speaker during the Parliament debating Mary's Spanish marriage and the political terms surrounding Philip's position.
Philip Marriage Prepared
Mary’s marriage settlement with Philip supports Catholic diplomacy.
Condemnation
Is condemned after refusing to recant Protestant doctrine.
Real Presence Debate
Rejects Catholic doctrine on transubstantiation.
May 155414 historical events
Marriage Treaty Parliamentary Settlement
Helps secure parliamentary approval for the royal marriage while preserving restrictions designed to prevent Spanish domination of English government.
Execution of William Thomas
William Thomas is hanged, drawn and quartered for treason after involvement in conspiracy against Mary I during the Wyatt rebellion crisis.
Wyatt Rebellion
Is executed for involvement in the rebellion.
Arrest of Elizabeth I
Jubillant crowds mistakenly believe Elizabeth has been freed
Wyatt Rebellion
Is moved from the Tower to house arrest at Woodstock.
Arrest of Elizabeth I
Moves to Richmond en route to Woodstock after 2 months in the Tower. Jubillant crowds mistakenly believe Elizabeth has been freed
Elizabeth Leaves Tower
Elizabeth leaves the Tower and is placed under guard
Released from Tower
Elizabeth leaves the Tower but remains under close guard
Wyatt Rebellion
Elizabeth is moved from the Tower to Woodstock after Wyatt's execution.
Custody Begins
Bedingfield is assigned to escort and guard Elizabeth
Arrest of Elizabeth I
Refuses to allow Elizabeth to make an appeal to the Council. Given custody of Princess Elizabeth at Woodstock in Oxfordshire
Elizabeth Sent to Woodstock
Mary's government sends Elizabeth to house arrest at Woodstock
House Arrest at Woodstock
Elizabeth is placed under guard at Woodstock after leaving the Tower
Prison at Bocardo
Is held in Oxford prison while proceedings continue.
June 15541 historical events
Woodstock Custody
Bedingfield supervises Elizabeth's confinement at Woodstock
July 155418 historical events
Birth of France's Brandon
Birth of France's Brandon, future mother of Lady Jane Grey. Birth of France's Brandon, daughter of Charles Brandon & Mary Tudor
Marriage
Philip of Spain lands in England
Philip Lands
Philip of Spain lands in England before marrying Mary
Philip Arrives
Philip arrives in England before marriage to Mary.
Marriage
Arrives in Southampton on his way to marry Mary I
Arrives in England
Philip arrives in England before his marriage to Mary
Wyatt Rebellion
Marries Mary despite the earlier rebellion against the match.
Marriage
The marriage causes 3 insurrections. Parliament forbids Philips coronation even though he is co-ruler
Marriage
Marries her Spanish cousin the future Philip II of Spain, in Winchester cathedral
Marriage Settlement
Mary's marriage settlement limits Philip's authority and prevents his independent coronation
Marriage to Philip
Mary marries Philip of Spain at Winchester Cathedral
Mary Marries Philip of Spain
Mary marries Philip of Spain, making the birth of an heir the central dynastic objective of the new Anglo-Spanish royal marriage.
Philip Made King Consort
Philip receives the style of king during Mary's lifetime under the marriage treaty
Philip Marriage Alliance Completed
Marries Philip of Spain at Winchester, bringing the negotiated Anglo-Spanish dynastic settlement formally into operation.
Wyatt Rebellion
Marries Philip after the rebellion has been suppressed.
Mary Marries Philip
Mary marries Philip of Spain, strengthening England’s Catholic alliance.
Marriage Treaty
Philip marries Mary and becomes king consort of England
Marriage
Mary I marries her cousin the future Philip II of Spain, in Winchester cathedral
August 15545 historical events
Battle of Renty
Defeated by the French who end Charles invasion of Picardy
Battle of Renty
Francis of Guise fights in the French victory at Renty
Royal Entry with Philip
Mary and Philip enter London after their marriage
Marriage
Philip & Mary are greeted with a pageantry in the City of London after their marriage
Marriage
Philip returns to Spain
November 155417 historical events
Pole Attainder Repealed
Parliament repeals Cardinal Pole’s attainder before reconciliation with Rome.
Cardinal Pole Returns
Cardinal Pole returns to England as papal legate.
Papal Legate Arrives
Pole arrives as papal legate to restore England to Roman obedience
Pole Addresses Parliament
Pole presents his legatine authority before Mary’s parliament.
Pole Grants National Absolution
Reginald Pole grants absolution to the realm, ceremonially ending the schism with Rome under Mary I.
Papal Reconciliation Approved
England is formally reconciled with Rome after Parliament and the Crown accept restoration of papal communion.
Birth of Philip Sidney
Philip Sidney is born at Penshurst Place and later becomes a leading Elizabethan courtier, soldier, diplomat and writer.
Monastic Lands Compromise
Mary accepts that former monastic lands will not be restored to the church.
Papal Authority Restored
Parliament accepts reconciliation with Rome and papal authority.
Reconciliation with Rome
England is formally reconciled with the papacy under Mary's parliament.
Papal Reconciliation
England is formally reconciled with Rome under Mary's government
Parliament
Parliament listens to Poles absolution of itself & the nation
Cardinal Pole's Attainder Repealed
Parliament reverses Reginald Pole's attainder, allowing the papal legate to return legally and participate in England's reconciliation with Rome.
Mary Reports Signs of Pregnancy
Mary and her court interpret physical changes as evidence of pregnancy, raising expectations that a Catholic Tudor heir will soon be born.
Clement Heigham Chosen Speaker
Clement Heigham becomes Speaker during the Parliament completing England's formal reconciliation with papal authority.
Catholic Restoration
Gardiner supports legislation restoring papal authority in England
Pregnancy
Announces she is pregnant & that the Te Deum should be sung in all churches
December 15544 historical events
Heresy Statutes Revived by Parliament
Parliament restores medieval heresy laws, providing the legal machinery later used against Protestants who refuse Catholic doctrine.
Heresy Acts Revived
The old heresy laws are revived as Catholic orthodoxy is enforced.
Heresy Laws Restored
Parliament restores medieval heresy laws under Mary's Catholic settlement.
Second Act of Repeal
Parliament reverses Henrician religious legislation and restores papal obedience.
Discovery of Guinea
Makes his 1st expedition to Guinea
Chief Justice
Appointed Chief Justice of the Common Pleas
Speaker of House of Commons
Appointed Speaker of the House of Commons
Speaker of House of Commons
Appointed Speaker of the House of Commons
Ambassador
Appointed Amassador to Philip of Spain
Arrest of Williams
Give control of Princess Elizabeth
Reform of Parliament
Parliament will scrap the anti-papal laws if land is not returned to the Church
Divorce
Divorces Catherine Grey after Jane Greys execution
Execution
Divorces Catherine Grey after Jane Greys execution
Peerage
Created the Duke of Norfolk, 4th
Peerage
Created Baron of Effingham
Wyatt Rebellion
Assists royal efforts against Wyatt's supporters in Kent.
Wyatt Rebellion
Is sent by Mary to confront Wyatt, but many troops defect at Rochester.
Wyatt Rebellion
Goes into exile after involvement in Protestant opposition.
Wyatt Rebellion
Takes exile after involvement in the Wyatt Rebellion.
Wyatt Rebellion
Supports Mary I's government during the Wyatt Rebellion crisis.
Marriage Treaty Defines Children's Inheritance
The marriage settlement defines rights for any children of Mary and Philip while restricting Philip's independent authority over England.
Arrest of Elizabeth I
Phillip decides if Mary dies childless he should have a hold over Elizabeth
Arrest of Elizabeth I
Sent to the Tower but no implication in the Wyat rebellion is found
Execution
Lady Jane Grey, Nortumberlands nine day puppet Queen, is executed
Arrest of Elizabeth I
Saved from execution by Philip who wants a hold over England should Mary die childless
Arrest of Elizabeth I
Imprisoned for 3 months. Convinced she will be executed, asks for a French swordsman with a sharp sword
Execution
Saved from execution by Philip who wants a hold over England should Mary die childless
Elizabeth Question
Philip considers Elizabeth's importance if Mary dies childless
Wyatt Rebellion
Faces Wyatt's rebellion against her marriage to Philip of Spain.
Wyatt Rebellion
Uses the rebellion's defeat to strengthen her authority.
Wyatt Rebellion
Orders Elizabeth detained while links to Wyatt's rebellion are investigated.
Exile on the Continent
Foxe leaves England during the Marian restoration of Catholicism and begins a period of Protestant exile.
Dismissal
Dismissed from all offices by Queen Mary for supporting Queen Jane & goes into hiding
Death of John Rogers
The first of many to be executed for heresy in an attempt to restore Catholicism
Execution
The first of many to be executed for heresy in an attempt to restore Catholicism
Bishop
Appointed Bishop of Lincoln
Cardinal
Appointed Papal Legate to Queen Mary on her accession to the throne
Birth of Francis of Alencon
Birth of Francis of Alencon, youngest son of Catherine de Medici
Montaigne Begins Work In Judicial Administration
Montaigne entered service as a judicial officer in Perigueux. His legal experience acquainted him with institutional judgment and the tensions between law and ordinary life.
Court of Aids
Montaigne becomes a councillor at the Court of Aids in Perigueux.
Battle of Renty
Defeats the Imperial troops again at the Battle of Renty
Regency
Hamilton gives up the Regency on the condition that he would be next in line after Queen Mary, if she died childless, but the Scottish succession had been secretly promised to France. Arran surrenders the Regency to Mary of Guise, Mary Queen of Scots mother
Rule of Scotland
Hamilton gives up the Regency on the condition that he would be next in line after Queen Mary, if she died childless, but the Scottish succession had been secretly promised to France
Regency
Succeeds the Earl of Arran as Regent for her daughter, Mary Queen of Scots
Keeper of Edinburgh Castle
Appointed Keeper of Edinburgh Castle
Dynastic Marriage Negotiations at Madrid
Sends de Feria to Elizabeth I to arrange a marriage, the mission fails
Rule of Naples
Given the Government of Naples & Sicily
Rule of Sicily
Given the Government of Naples & Sicily
Capture of Erzerum
Captures Erzerum which had been occupied by the Persians
Capture of Georgia
Captures Georgia & establishes a Turkish foothold on the Caspian Sea
Capture of Erzerum
Captures Erzerum which had been occupied by the Persians
Capture of Georgia
Captures Georgia & establishes a Turkish foothold on the Caspian Sea