Death of Christian III
Christian III dies and the Danish throne passes to Frederick II
Historical events in 1559
179 historical records
January 155928 historical events
Accession
Frederick II succeeds Christian III as King of Denmark and Norway
Coronation Eve City Entry
Elizabeth enters the City of London in a carefully staged public procession on the day before her crowning.
Coronation Procession
Elizabeth rides through London in a public coronation procession before her crowning
Coronation
A Coronation procession is held in the streets of the City of London
Elizabeth I Cheapside Coronation Pageant
Elizabeth pauses at a major Cheapside display where civic symbolism links the queen with good government and national renewal.
Elizabeth I Cornhill Coronation Pageant
A pageant at Cornhill forms part of the city's elaborate welcome and reinforces expectations for the new reign.
Fenchurch Coronation Pageant
A civic pageant greets Elizabeth near Fenchurch, beginning a sequence of symbolic displays along the route.
Gracechurch Coronation Pageant
Elizabeth encounters another London pageant presenting political and religious imagery to the new queen.
Truth and Time Pageant
A pageant using the figures of Time and Truth presents Elizabeth with symbolic religious and political messages before her coronation.
Oglethorpe Anoints Elizabeth
Oglethorpe anoints Elizabeth during the sacred central section of the service.
Oglethorpe Chosen as Coronation Bishop
Owen Oglethorpe conducts the coronation because Canterbury is vacant and the Archbishop of York declines to perform the service.
Coronation
Elizabeth is crowned Queen of England at Westminster Abbey
Elizabeth I Crowned
Elizabeth is crowned queen in Westminster Abbey as the Tudor succession passes to Henry VIII's younger surviving daughter.
Elizabeth Receives Coronation Regalia
Elizabeth receives the traditional regalia of sovereignty before the formal crowning.
Elizabeth's Coronation Banquet
A formal feast follows the Abbey service and concludes the public coronation celebrations of the new queen.
Elizabeth's Coronation Oath
Elizabeth takes the coronation oath as the religious and constitutional inauguration of her monarchy proceeds.
Elizabeth's Coronation Recognition
Oglethorpe presents Elizabeth before the Abbey congregation, marking the public recognition of the new queen before her oath.
Mixed Latin and English Coronation Service
Parts of Elizabeth's coronation are conducted in Latin and parts in English, reflecting the unsettled religious position at the start of the reign.
Elizabeth's First Parliament Assembles
Elizabeth's first Parliament meets to establish the legal foundations of the new reign and reverse key features of Mary's religious policy.
Reform of Parliament
Parliament supports Elizabeth's reforms even though the Bishops do not
Death of Christian II
Death of Christian II former King of Denmark Norway and Sweden
Parliament
Attends the opening of a Reformation Parliament
Reformation, The
Attends the opening of a Reformation Parliament
First Parliament Opens
Elizabeth opens her first parliament to settle religion and succession
Cecil Confirmed
William Cecil becomes Elizabeth's principal adviser in the early reign
Privy Council Reformed
Elizabeth reshapes the Privy Council around trusted Protestant and moderate advisers
Thomas Gargrave Chosen Speaker
Thomas Gargrave becomes Speaker of Elizabeth's first Parliament as the new government introduces its religious and constitutional settlement.
February 15598 historical events
Succession
The Government drafts a petition requesting the Queen to marry & provide an heir
Marriage Petition
Meets Elizabeth I & presents a petition requesting the Queen marry & provide an heir
Marriage Petition
Gargrave presents Commons petition urging Elizabeth to marry and provide an heir
Petition
Meets Elizabeth I & presents a petition requesting the Queen marry & provide an heir
Marriage Petition Answered
Elizabeth answers parliamentary pressure by refusing to be hurried into marriage
Marriage
Parliament addresses Elizabeth & urges her to marry
Act of Supremacy Introduced
Government introduces legislation restoring royal authority over the English church
Birth of Johan Tserclaes Graf von Tilly
Birth of Johan Tserclaes Graf von Tilly
March 15593 historical events
Dynastic Marriage Negotiations at Cateau Cambresis
Philip II decides to marry Elizabeth of Valois rather than Elizabeth I
Treaty of Cateau Cambresis
Philip II decides to marry Elizabeth of Valois rather than Elizabeth I
Truce with Livonian Order
Ivan IV accepts a temporary truce during the Livonian War
April 155918 historical events
Anglo French Peace
Elizabeth accepts peace with France and temporary French possession of Calais
Calais Clause
Treaty provides that Calais may be restored after eight years or compensated
Calais Eight-Year Compensation Clause
Accepts a peace formula allowing France to retain Calais subject to a future compensation arrangement if the town is not restored.
French Hostilities Formally Ended
Concludes a separate peace with France that ends the war inherited from Mary's reign and stabilises Elizabeth's new government.
Rule of Calais
Under the Treaty of Cateau Cambresis Calais is ceded to France for 8 yrs
Treaty of Cateau Cambresis
Agrees an Anglo-French truce over Scotland
Treaty of Cateau Cambresis
Elizabeth I cedes Calais to France for 8 yrs
Treaty of Cateau Cambresis
Philip II marries Henry II's daughter Elizabeth. Henry II's sister marries Emmanuel Comte de Savoy. Ends war between the Valois of France & the Habsburg Empire
Treaty of Cateau Cambresis
Henry II ends the long Habsburg Valois war by treaty with Spain and England
Treaty of Cateau Cambresis
Spain retains Franche-Comte, Milan, Naples & Sicily. Philip II marries Henry II's daughter Elizabeth. Ends war between the Valois of France & the Habsburg Empire
Rule of Franche-Comte
Under the Treaty of Cateau Cambresis Spain retains Franche-Comte
Rule of Milan
Under the Treaty of Cateau Cambresis Spain retains Milan
Rule of Naples
Under the Treaty of Cateau Cambresis Spain retains Naples
Rule of Sicily
Under the Treaty of Cateau Cambresis Spain retains Sicily
Treaty of Cateau Cambresis
Philip II makes peace with France after decades of Habsburg Valois warfare
Treaty of Cateau Cambresis
Spain retains Franche-Comte, Milan, Naples & Sicily. Philip II marries Henry II's daughter Elizabeth. Henry II's sister marries Emmanuel Comte de Savoy. Ends the war between the Valois of France & the Habsburg Empire
Elizabethan Supremacy Restored
Parliament restores royal authority over the English Church and gives Elizabeth the title Supreme Governor rather than Supreme Head.
Supreme Governor Title Adopted
Elizabeth adopts the title Supreme Governor of the Church of England, framing royal ecclesiastical authority in language acceptable to a broader constituency.
May 155912 historical events
Return to Scotland
Knox returns from exile and becomes a leading voice of the Scottish Reformation
Act of Supremacy Passed
Act of Supremacy restores the crown's authority over the Church of England
Act of Uniformity Passed
Act of Uniformity restores a revised English prayer book
Reform of Church Governance
Restores the anti-papal laws of Henry VIII
Supreme Governor Title
Elizabeth takes the title Supreme Governor rather than Supreme Head of the Church
Perth Sermon
Knox preaches at Perth and religious unrest spreads
Bonner Deprived for Refusing Settlement
Edmund Bonner is deprived of the bishopric of London after refusing the Elizabethan supremacy and uniformity settlement.
Battle of Konya
Suleyman's forces defeat Prince Bayezid in the Ottoman succession struggle
Elizabethan Act of Uniformity Passed
Parliament requires use of a revised Book of Common Prayer and establishes penalties for clergy or worshippers who reject the authorised service.
Lords of Congregation
Argyll supports the Protestant Lords of the Congregation
Lords of Congregation
James Stewart supports Protestant lords opposing the regency
Perth Disturbances
Mary of Guise faces Protestant unrest after Knox's preaching
June 15595 historical events
Marriage Alliance
Henry II's daughter Elizabeth marries Philip II as part of the peace settlement
Marriage to Elizabeth Valois
Philip II marries Elizabeth of Valois under the Cateau Cambresis settlement
Revised Prayer Book Introduced
The revised prayer book becomes the standard liturgy of the Elizabethan Church, combining the 1552 structure with selected modifications.
Prayer Book Restored
The revised Book of Common Prayer comes into use under Elizabeth
Tournament Injury
Henry II is fatally wounded during a tournament celebrating the peace
July 155912 historical events
Succession
The accession of Francis II and his consort, Mary Stuart, niece of Francois de Guise, is a triumph for the Guise family
Guise Ascendancy
Francis of Guise gains influence under the young Francis II
Death of Henry II
Death of Henry II, mortally wounded in a tournament
Accession
Francis II succeeds his father Henry II as King of France
Guise Faction Ascendant
Francis II's accession strengthens the political influence of the Guise family
Death of Henry II
Henry II dies from wounds suffered in a tournament
Royal Adviser
Charles Cardinal of Lorraine becomes a leading adviser to Francis II
French Queen Consort
Mary of Scots becomes Queen Consort of France and links Scotland to Guise influence
Queen Consort of France
Mary of Scots becomes queen consort of France after Francis II succeeds
Royal Injunctions of 1559 Issued
Elizabeth's injunctions regulate preaching, images, clerical conduct and parish worship while enforcing the new religious settlement.
Royal Injunctions
Royal Injunctions direct clergy and parishes to follow the new settlement
Bayezid Flees
Prince Bayezid flees toward Safavid Persia after defeat by Suleyman's supporters
August 15595 historical events
Death of Paul IV
Paul IV dies after a severe and controversial pontificate
Visitations Ordered
Elizabeth's government orders church visitations to enforce religious conformity
Stadholder Appointed
William of Orange is appointed stadholder in the Habsburg Netherlands
Regency Begins
Margaret of Parma begins governing the Spanish Netherlands for Philip II
Margaret Regent Appointed
Philip appoints Margaret of Parma as regent in the Netherlands
September 15594 historical events
Coronation
Francis is crowned King of France
Audiencia of Charcas Created
Philip II creates the Royal Audiencia of Charcas for Upper Peru
Audiencia of Charcas
Creates the Royal Audiencia of Charcas to govern Upper Peru
Returns to Spain
Philip II returns to Spain after leaving the Netherlands
October 15591 historical events
Defects to Congregation
Maitland joins opponents of Mary of Guise and supports the Protestant cause
December 155911 historical events
Parker Consecrated Archbishop
Matthew Parker is consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury and begins rebuilding an episcopate committed to Elizabeth's religious settlement.
Archbishop of Canterbury
Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury
Archbishop of Canterbury
Consecrated after all the Marian Bishops had been removed from office
Archbishop
Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury
Consecration
Consecrated after all the Marian Bishops had been removed from office
Lord Keeper Appointed
Bacon serves as Lord Keeper during the first year of Elizabeth's reign
Alliance Thomas Howard Norfolk, 3rd and Scots
The Privy Council instructs Norfolk to assist the Scots against the French
Support for Scottish Protestants
Elizabeth's council moves toward aiding Scottish Protestants against French influence
Invasion of Scotland
The Privy Council instructs Norfolk to assist the Scots against the French
Pope Elected
Giovanni Angelo Medici is elected Pope Pius IV
Birth of Robert Rich
Birth of Robert Rich, 1st Earl of Warwick, 3rd Baron Rich, son of Robert Rich, 2nd Baron Rich and Elizabeth Baldry
Death of Christian III
Death of Christian III
Arrest of Nicholas Heath
Confined to the Tower of London for opposition to the Acts of Supremacy
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor
Chief Baron of the Court of Exchequer
Appointed Chief Baron of the Court of Exchequer
Chief Justice
Appointed Chief Justice of the Common Pleas
Chief Justice
Appointed Chief Justice of the King's Bench
Royal Favourite
Dudley becomes a leading courtier and favourite of Elizabeth I
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for Arundel
State Papers Organized
Cecil begins organizing the new queen's correspondence and state papers
Speaker of House of Commons
Appointed Speaker of the House of Commons
Household Office
Knollys strengthens his position in Elizabeth's household and council
Ambassador
Appointed Ambassador of France
Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis
Present at the peace negotiations between England and France which led to the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of 1559. He personally informed Elizabeth of its ratification
Privy Council
Appointed Privy Councillor
Supreme Governor
Appointed Supreme Governor of the Church
Marriage
Marries Elizabeth Berkley
Peerage
Created Baron Beauchamp, by Elizabeth I
Peerage
Created Earl of Hertford, by Elizabeth I
Oath of Supremacy Required from Clergy
Clergy and many officeholders are required to acknowledge Elizabeth's ecclesiastical supremacy as Supreme Governor.
Return to England
Foxe returns to England after the accession of Elizabeth I.
The Book of Homilies
Publication of "The Injunctions". Publication of "The Book of Homilies", for use in the pulpit
The Injunctions
Publication of "The Injunctions". Publication of "The Book of Homilies", for use in the pulpit
Bishop
Appointed Bishop of London
Bishop
Appointed Bishop of Salisbury
Book of Common Prayer
Under Elizabeth I, a more permanent enforcement of the reformed Church of England was undertaken and the 1552 Book of Common Prayer is republished, scarcely altered, in 1559
Protestant Prayer Book
The Protestant Prayer Book of 1552 is re-introduced, the black rubric is omitted
Reform of Church Governance
Begins to restore the predominant position of the Church of England.
Reform of Church Governance
Elizabeth becomes the "Supreme Governor" not the "Head" of the Church of England
Reform of Church Governance
Enforces the Protestant religion by law.
Reform of Church Governance
Issues a proclamation permitting certain parts of the service to be read in English.
Reform of Church Governance
Supreme power is vested in the Crown.
Reform of Church Governance
The Act of Uniformity is passed, the worst penalty is imprisonment.
Reform of Church Worship
The Act of Uniformity, restores the 2nd Edwardian Prayer Book.
Reform of Church Worship
The Protestant Prayer Book of 1552 is re-introduced, the black rubric is omitted.
Reform of Church-State Relations
The Act of Supremacy, Mary's legislation is swept away.
Supremacy
Begins to restore the predominant position of the Church of England.
Supremacy
Enforces the Protestant religion by law.
Supremacy
Issues a proclamation permitting certain parts of the service to be read in English.
Supremacy
Supreme power is vested in the Crown.
Supremacy
The Act of Supremacy, Mary's legislation is swept away.
Supremacy
The Act of Uniformity is passed, the worst penalty is imprisonment.
Supremacy
The Act of Uniformity, restores the 2nd Edwardian Prayer Book.
Supremacy
The Protestant Prayer Book of 1552 is re-introduced, the black rubric is omitted.
Lord High Admiral
Appointed Lord High Admiral of England, 2nd term
Succession
At the accession of the Guise King appoints himself military protector of the Huguenots
Huguenot Protector
Louis of Conde emerges as a leading noble protector of the Huguenots
Treaty of Cateau Cambresis
Drafts the Treaty of Cateau Cambresis for Philip II of Spain
Stadholder
Appointed Stadholder of The Netherlands
Succession
Succeeds as Count of Nassau
Bishopric of Ypres
Becomes first bishop after Ypres is made a diocese.
Reballion of Maitland
Joins the Lords of the Congregation against the Regent
Lords of the Congregation
Hamilton changes allegiance again, joining the Protestant Lords of the Congregation to oppose the regency of Mary of Guise
Regency
Hamilton changes allegiance again, joining the Protestant Lords of the Congregation to oppose the regency of Mary of Guise
Calvinism
Introduces a militant type of Calvinism to Scotland. Churches & Abbeys eg Perth, Scone, Stirling, Edinburgh & Linlithgow are destroyed
Edinburgh Abbey
Churches & Abbeys eg Perth, Scone, Stirling, Edinburgh & Linlithgow are destroyed
Linlithgow Abbey
Churches & Abbeys eg Perth, Scone, Stirling, Edinburgh & Linlithgow are destroyed
Perth Abbey
Churches & Abbeys eg Perth, Scone, Stirling, Edinburgh & Linlithgow are destroyed
Stirling Abbey
Churches & Abbeys eg Perth, Scone, Stirling, Edinburgh & Linlithgow are destroyed
Reballion of Maitland
Joins the Lords of the Congregation against the Regent
Madrid Government
Philip increasingly governs his monarchy from Madrid
Regency
Appointed Regent in the Spanish Netherlands
Marriage
Marries Margaret, sister of Henry II of France, secures peace between Savoy & France
Rule of Savoy
Governs Savoy as an absolutist Prince
Capital
Rules from Madrid for the rest of his reign
Douai University
A Papal Bull establishes the foundation of the University of Douai at Walloon Flanders
Papal Bull
A Papal Bull establishes the foundation of the University of Douai at Walloon Flanders
Regency
Appoints Margaret of Austria, the Duchess of Parma & his half sister, as Regent
Rule of Netherlands, The
Appoints Granvelle to head the Council of State which governs The Netherlands
Battle of Konya Aftermath
Suleyman defeats Prince Bayezid during the Ottoman succession struggle
Bayezid Flees
Prince Bayezid flees toward Safavid Persia after defeat by Suleyman supporters
Battle of Konya
Suleyman & his son Selim defeat his other son Bayazid. Death of Bayazid, killed by the Shah of Persia after a payment from Suleyman
Battle of Konya
Suleyman & his son Selim defeat his other son Bayazid. Death of Bayazid, killed by the Shah of Persia after a payment from Suleyman