1560 in History

Charles IX succeeds Francis II as King of France

Erik XIV succeeds Gustav I as King of Sweden

Allows Elizabeth to protect Scotland

Forces the French to leave the Forth

Concludes an alliance with the Scottish Lords

The settlement confirms England's new understanding with Protestant Scottish lords

Conspiracy seeks to remove Guise influence from the young king

The "Amboise conspiracy", or "Tumult of Amboise", the attempt on the part of a group of disaffected nobles (led by Jean du Barry, seigneur de la Renaudie) to abduct the young king and eliminate the Guise faction, is foiled

Guise helps suppress the Amboise conspiracy against royal government

Guise helps suppress the Amboise conspiracy against the royal government

Louis Prince of Conde is arrested on suspicion of leading the Amboise conspiracy

Louis Prince of Conde is arrested on suspicion of leading the Amboise conspiracy

The King dies & Louis death sentence is commuted, the Queen Mother needs his support

English assault on Leith fails with heavy casualties

The treaty sharply reduces French political and military influence in Scotland

Norfolk's Treaty of Berwick leads to English intervention before Edinburgh settlement

Horne is appointed Bishop of Winchester under the Elizabethan settlement

Cecil protects Elizabeth's claim over Calais while accepting Scottish peace terms

Russian forces capture Fellin during the Livonian War

Furstenberg is captured when Russian forces take Fellin

Charles Borromeo becomes a cardinal under Pope Pius IV

The treaty preserves peace between England and France after Cateau Cambresis

L'Hospital becomes Chancellor and supports a policy of moderation

Pius IV promotes his nephew Charles Borromeo to the cardinalate

Francis II's death prevents Conde's execution and changes the political balance

Pius IV issues a bull recalling the Council of Trent

Scottish government is to be placed in the hands of a council of nobles

Cecil supports arrangements for Scottish government by a council of nobles

Maitland supports government by a council after the treaty

The English try to help Scottish Protestant Lords overthrow the Catholic Mary of Guise

Amy Robsart's death damages prospects for any marriage between Elizabeth and Dudley

The campaign that began under the Treaty of Berwick ends after Edinburgh terms

Treaty terms end the siege and prepare for English withdrawal

Treaty requires Mary and Francis to cease bearing the arms of England

Lord Grey is ordered to send the Army to join the Scots against the French

Grey leads English forces into Scotland against French troops at Leith

Wotton serves as an English commissioner for the Treaty of Edinburgh

Elizabeth commits forces to aid Scottish Protestants against French influence

The Scots provide a force for an invasion of Scotland by France

The English army withdraws from Scotland

English troops withdraw after the Treaty of Edinburgh

Grey withdraws English troops after the peace settlement

Knox and other ministers prepare a plan for the reformed Scottish kirk

Clinton supports operations against French supply lines near Leith

Lands at Forth & sails for the communication line between Leith & the French

English naval forces prepare to leave Scottish waters after the treaty

Coligny presents Protestant grievances at the Assembly of Notables

Elizabeth's forces withdraw after the treaty requires foreign troops to leave Scotland

Portuguese forces capture the French fort in Guanabara Bay

Portuguese attack weakens the French colonial project in Brazil

La Brosse participates in French negotiations at Edinburgh

Monluc helps negotiate French withdrawal from Scotland

Mary of Guise relies on French troops defending Leith against English and Scottish forces

French representatives agree to withdraw troops from Scotland

Argyll's party benefits as French troops leave Leith

Cardinal of Lorraine defends Guise influence during the Amboise crisis

Inquest finds Amy Robsart's death accidental

Elizabeth ends the Scottish intervention once French troops agree to depart

Elizabeth's forces suffer a costly failure during the assault on Leith

English military operations end under the Edinburgh settlement

Elizabeth takes over the protection of Scotland during Marys marriage with the Dauphin

Marries Elizabeth of Valois, daughter of Henry II of France

Treaty terms require Francis and Mary to stop using English royal arms

The Scottish Parliament prohibits Mass, under pain of death for a 3rd offence

Scottish Parliament prohibits the Mass under the Protestant settlement

Borromeo receives responsibility for the archdiocese of Milan

Norfolk coordinates English military support from the northern border

Nobunaga strengthens control of Owari after victory at Okehazama

Reformation Parliament rejects papal jurisdiction in Scotland

The Scottish Parliament carries out the Scottish Reformation

The Scottish Parliament carries out the Scottish Reformation

Akbar ends Bairam Khan's regency and begins exercising direct personal authority over the Mughal Empire.

Cecil briefs the Privy Council on the consequences of the Edinburgh settlement

Argyll and other Protestant lords gain power after French withdrawal

The Scottish Parliament carries out the Scottish Reformation. Elizabeth I is made Protector of the Scottish Church

The Scottish Parliament promulgates a Protestant confession of faith

The Scottish Parliament prohibits Mass, under pain of death for a 3rd offence. The Scottish Parliament abolishes the Popes jurisdiction

The Scottish Parliament carries out the Scottish Reformation. Elizabeth I is made Protector

Knox's party gains strength after the treaty removes French troops

The Scottish Parliament carries out the Scottish Reformation

Knox helps organize the emerging Protestant Church of Scotland

Catherine de Medici becomes regent for the young Charles IX

Guise influence declines after the death of Francis II

Motoyasu returns to Mikawa after Imagawa power collapses

An inquest says Dudleys wifes death was accidental

Scottish Parliament approves a Protestant confession of faith in Mary's absence

Knox helps draft the Scots Confession for the Reformation Parliament

Randolph continues English diplomatic work in Scotland after the treaty

Knollys supports council policy after the treaty settlement in Scotland

After the treaty the Scottish Parliament proceeds with Protestant reform

Katherine Grey secretly marries Edward Seymour without royal permission

Seymour secretly marries Lady Katherine Grey

Mary of Guise relies on French troops besieged by English and Scottish Protestant forces

English troops besiege Leith, held by the queen regent, in aid of the "reformers"

English and Scottish Protestant forces begin formal operations against Leith

After the accession of Charles IX, Francois de Guise lives in retirement on his estates

An inquest says Dudleys wifes death was accidental

Possible suicide caused by Dudleys advances to Elizabeth

The Christian fortress on Djerba surrenders to Ottoman forces

Elizabeth accepts settlement while remaining cautious over Calais and Mary Stuart's claims

Cecil helps shape the treaty terms for withdrawal of foreign forces

Maitland helps secure terms between England France and the Scottish lords

Cecil helps shape English policy supporting the Scottish Protestant lords

Elizabeth authorizes support for the Scottish Lords of the Congregation

The English try to help Scottish Protestant Lords overthrow the Catholic Mary of Guise. England agrees to send Scotland support to preserve "their old freedom & liberty". Concludes an anti French Treaty with the Scottish Lords of the Congregation

Norfolk negotiates terms with the Scottish Lords of the Congregation

England agrees to send Scotland support to preserve "their old freedom & liberty"

Signed by Lord James & Norfolk, England can intervene to help the "reformers"

Mary of Guise opposes the English alliance with the Lords of the Congregation

Argyll supports the settlement that removes French troops from Scotland

Cecil secures terms requiring French troops to leave Scotland

Glencairn supports the treaty settlement made by the Protestant lords

Elizabeth's commissioners agree terms ending English and French intervention in Scotland

Treaty of Edinburgh ends English and French intervention in Scotland

Under the Treaty of Edinburgh Francis & Mary recognize Elizabeth I. France & England will not interfere & hand over Government to a Scottish Council of 12. English & French troops will withdraw from Scotland. Confirms the Treaty of Cateau Cambresis

French representatives accept terms for withdrawal from Scotland

French commissioners act for Francis II in making peace terms

Maitland supports settlement between England France and the Scottish lords

Treaty asks Mary and Francis to stop using English royal arms

Treaty terms are made in Mary's name but she later refuses ratification

Under the Treaty of Edinburgh Francis & Mary recognize Elizabeth I. English & French troops will withdraw from Scotland

Ruthven backs terms ending French regency military power

James Stewart supports peace terms ending French military control

James Stewart supports treaty terms ending French military control

Elizabeth withholds ratification because Mary and Francis do not renounce English arms

Haliburton represents burgh support for the Protestant settlement

Rothes supports the Lords of the Congregation during the treaty settlement

Sentenced to death for his part in the Conspiracy of Amboise

The "Amboise conspiracy", or "Tumult of Amboise", the attempt on the part of a group of disaffected nobles (led by Jean du Barry, seigneur de la Renaudie) to abduct the young king and eliminate the Guise faction, is foiled

Mary of Scots is widowed by the death of Francis II

Yoshimoto is killed during Nobunaga's surprise attack

Mary of Guise dies before the Treaty of Edinburgh is concluded

Dudley's wife Amy Robsart dies after falling down stairs

Announces the death of Dudleys wife

Francis II dies after a short reign dominated by Guise influence

Death of Francis Talbot, 5th Earl of Shrewsbury

Gustav I dies after founding the hereditary Vasa monarchy

Jean du Barry seigneur de la Renaudie is killed during the Amboise conspiracy

Mary of Guise dies as the siege and political crisis continue

Mary of Guise dies during the crisis of the Scottish Reformation

Dudleys wife dies under suspicious circumstances

Conde is sentenced to death before Francis II dies

Medinaceli's expedition is defeated by the Ottoman fleet

Doria withdraws after the Ottoman attack on the Christian fleet

Piyale Pasha defeats a Christian naval coalition near Djerba

Spanish-led Christian forces suffer a major naval defeat at Djerba

Turgut Reis supports the Ottoman victory at Djerba

Ottoman forces confront a Christian fleet near Djerba

Russian forces defeat the Livonian Order at Ergeme

Kettler's order suffers a serious defeat during the Livonian War

Nobunaga defeats the larger army of Imagawa Yoshimoto