1561 in History

Katherine Grey is imprisoned for marrying Edward Seymour without royal permission

Prince Bayezid is executed after Safavid extradition to Ottoman agents

Tahmasp hands the fugitive Ottoman prince Bayezid to Suleyman's agents

Knox's proposed discipline for the reformed church faces political resistance

Philip II establishes Madrid as the main seat of his government

Guise joins Montmorency and Saint Andre in a Catholic triumvirate

Guise forms a Catholic triumvirate with Montmorency and Saint Andre

Montmorency joins Guise and Saint Andre in a Catholic triumvirate

Saint Andre joins the Catholic triumvirate opposing Protestant concessions

Beza presents Calvinist arguments at the Colloquy of Poissy

Religious conference is held under the authority of young Charles IX

Cardinal of Lorraine represents Catholic interests in debate with Protestants

Supports attempts to achieve a Protestant Catholic compromise at Poissy

Catherine opens talks seeking reconciliation between Catholics and Protestants

Pius IV reopens the final sessions of the Council of Trent

Baz Bahadur is defeated by Mughal forces and flees Malwa.

Mary leaves France to return to Scotland after widowhood

Kettler becomes Duke of Courland and Semigallia

Edict of Orleans suspends persecution of Huguenots pending wider settlement

Persecution of French Huguenots is suspended by the Edict of Orleans

Elizabeth refuses safe conduct after Mary declines to ratify the Treaty of Edinburgh

Mary makes her formal entry into Edinburgh after returning from France

Erik XIV expands Swedish influence toward Estonia

Knox meets Mary and defends Protestant preaching against royal criticism

Elizabeth manages diplomacy after the death of Francis II and Mary of Scots widowhood

The Edict of Orleans eases pressure on French Huguenots

Elizabeth orders Katherine Grey confined after her secret Seymour marriage is discovered

Livonian lands are attached to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Akbar sends forces to conquer Malwa from Baz Bahadur

Marries Anna of Saxony after the death of his first wife Anna of Egmont

Elizabeth monitors Mary of Scots return to Scotland without English safe conduct

Mary hears Catholic Mass at Holyrood and alarms Protestant reformers

Catherine seeks a moderate religious settlement to prevent civil war

Knox condemns Catholic worship at Mary's court after her return

Livonian estates accept Polish Lithuanian protection against Russia

Created Earl of Warwick during Elizabeth I's reign

Royal policy temporarily suspends persecution of Huguenots

Mary forms a council balancing Protestant nobles and royal authority

Mary arrives at Leith to begin personal rule in Scotland

Reval and northern Estonian nobles submit to Swedish protection

Charles IX rules as a minor under Catherine de Medici's regency

Elizabeth refuses to recognize Mary of Scots as heir without treaty guarantees

William marries Anna of Saxony strengthening German Protestant connections

Swedish authority begins in Reval during the Livonian War

L'Hospital advocates moderation toward French Protestants

Refused passage through England because she will not ratify the Treaty of Edinburgh

The Catholic triumvirate organizes opposition to concessions for French Protestants

Accepts Livonia under Polish Lithuanian protection after the Livonian Order collapses

Birth of Edward Seymour Lord Beauchamp son of Hertford and Katherine Grey

Birth of Francis Bacon at York House near the Strand

Kansuke dies during the Fourth Battle of Kawanakajima

Bayezid is killed after losing the Ottoman succession struggle

Mughal forces defeat Baz Bahadur and take Malwa.

Adham Khan commands Mughal forces against Baz Bahadur.

Kenshin clashes with Takeda Shingen in the fiercest Kawanakajima battle

Shingen survives the major clash with Uesugi Kenshin at Kawanakajima

Erik XIV is crowned King of Sweden