Council of Trent Reopens
Pius IV reopens the final sessions of the Council of Trent
Historical events in 1561
120 historical records
January 156113 historical events
Birth of Francis Bacon
Birth of Francis Bacon at York House near the Strand
Birth of Francis Bacon
Francis Bacon is born at York House in London.
Edict of Orleans
Edict of Orleans suspends persecution of Huguenots pending wider settlement
Edict of Orleans
Persecution of French Huguenots is suspended by the Edict of Orleans
Huguenot Relief
The Edict of Orleans eases pressure on French Huguenots
Persecution Suspended
Royal policy temporarily suspends persecution of Huguenots
French Diplomacy
Elizabeth manages diplomacy after the death of Francis II and Mary of Scots widowhood
Scottish Succession Question
Elizabeth refuses to recognize Mary of Scots as heir without treaty guarantees
Tolerance Policy
L'Hospital advocates moderation toward French Protestants
Moderation Policy
Catherine seeks a moderate religious settlement to prevent civil war
Royal Minority
Charles IX rules as a minor under Catherine de Medici's regency
Book of Discipline Debated
Knox's proposed discipline for the reformed church faces political resistance
March 15614 historical events
Battle of Sarangpur
Adham Khan commands Mughal forces against Baz Bahadur.
Defeat at Sarangpur
Baz Bahadur is defeated by Mughal forces and flees Malwa.
Battle of Sarangpur
Mughal forces defeat Baz Bahadur and take Malwa.
Malwa Campaign
Akbar sends forces to conquer Malwa from Baz Bahadur
April 15615 historical events
Catholic Triumvirate
Montmorency joins Guise and Saint Andre in a Catholic triumvirate
Catholic Triumvirate
Saint Andre joins the Catholic triumvirate opposing Protestant concessions
Catholic Triumvirate
Guise joins Montmorency and Saint Andre in a Catholic triumvirate
Catholic Triumvirate
Guise forms a Catholic triumvirate with Montmorency and Saint Andre
Triumvirate
The Catholic triumvirate organizes opposition to concessions for French Protestants
May 15611 historical events
Capital at Madrid
Philip II establishes Madrid as the main seat of his government
June 15614 historical events
Reval Submits to Sweden
Reval and northern Estonian nobles submit to Swedish protection
Coronation
Erik XIV is crowned King of Sweden
Swedish Control of Reval
Swedish authority begins in Reval during the Livonian War
Estonian Policy
Erik XIV expands Swedish influence toward Estonia
August 156113 historical events
Departure from France
Mary leaves France to return to Scotland after widowhood
Mary Returns to Scotland
Elizabeth monitors Mary of Scots return to Scotland without English safe conduct
Return to Scotland
Mary arrives at Leith to begin personal rule in Scotland
Marriage to Anna of Saxony
Marries Anna of Saxony after the death of his first wife Anna of Egmont
Second Marriage
William marries Anna of Saxony strengthening German Protestant connections
Mass at Holyrood
Mary hears Catholic Mass at Holyrood and alarms Protestant reformers
Opposes Royal Mass
Knox condemns Catholic worship at Mary's court after her return
Arrest of Katherine Grey
Katherine Grey is imprisoned for marrying Edward Seymour without royal permission
Hertford Imprisoned over Secret Marriage
Edward Seymour is imprisoned after his unauthorised marriage to Catherine Grey becomes known, reflecting the crown's concern over uncontrolled succession alliances.
Catherine Grey Pregnancy Revealed
Catherine's pregnancy exposes her secret marriage and alarms Elizabeth because a child could strengthen a competing Protestant claim to the throne.
Katherine Grey Imprisoned
Elizabeth orders Katherine Grey confined after her secret Seymour marriage is discovered
English Safe Conduct Refused
Elizabeth refuses safe conduct after Mary declines to ratify the Treaty of Edinburgh
Treaty of Edinburgh
Refused passage through England because she will not ratify the Treaty of Edinburgh
September 156116 historical events
Entry into Edinburgh
Mary makes her formal entry into Edinburgh after returning from France
Colloquy of Poissy Opens
Catherine opens talks seeking reconciliation between Catholics and Protestants
Colloquy of Poissy
Beza presents Calvinist arguments at the Colloquy of Poissy
Colloquy of Poissy
Cardinal of Lorraine represents Catholic interests in debate with Protestants
Colloquy of Poissy
Religious conference is held under the authority of young Charles IX
Fourth Battle of Kawanakajima
Shingen survives the major clash with Uesugi Kenshin at Kawanakajima
Fourth Battle of Kawanakajima
Kenshin clashes with Takeda Shingen in the fiercest Kawanakajima battle
Death at Kawanakajima
Kansuke dies during the Fourth Battle of Kawanakajima
Birth of Edward Seymour
Birth of Edward Seymour Lord Beauchamp son of Hertford and Katherine Grey
Birth of Edward Seymour Beauchamp
Catherine gives birth to Edward Seymour while imprisoned, creating a male descendant of Mary Tudor with a potentially important future claim.
Death of Bayezid
Bayezid is killed after losing the Ottoman succession struggle
Bayezid Executed
Prince Bayezid is executed after Safavid extradition to Ottoman agents
Colloquy of Poissy
Supports attempts to achieve a Protestant Catholic compromise at Poissy
Bayezid Handed Over
Tahmasp hands the fugitive Ottoman prince Bayezid to Suleyman's agents
Privy Council Formed
Mary forms a council balancing Protestant nobles and royal authority
First Interview with Mary
Knox meets Mary and defends Protestant preaching against royal criticism
November 15614 historical events
Duchy Created
Kettler becomes Duke of Courland and Semigallia
Livonia Attached
Livonian lands are attached to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Union of Vilnius
Accepts Livonia under Polish Lithuanian protection after the Livonian Order collapses
Pacta Subiectionis
Livonian estates accept Polish Lithuanian protection against Russia
December 15611 historical events
Peerage
Created Earl of Warwick during Elizabeth I's reign
The Schoolmaster Drafting
Ascham develops educational ideas later published in The Schoolmaster
Lord Keeper Continues
Nicholas Bacon continues as Lord Keeper under Elizabeth I
President of Council of the North
Appointed President of the Council of the North
Scottish Policy
Cecil manages correspondence on Mary of Scots return and Scottish affairs
Papal Envoy
Pius IV sends an envoy urging Elizabeth to return England to Catholic obedience
Arrest of Edward Seymour
Imprisoned for marrying Lady Katherine Grey without the Queen's permission
Marriage Annulment Case
Seymour faces proceedings after his secret marriage to Katherine Grey
Church Commissioners Enforce Settlement
Royal ecclesiastical commissioners investigate clergy and parishes that resist the supremacy, prayer book and injunctions.
Edition of Chaucer
Stow publishes an edition of the works of Geoffrey Chaucer.
Parker's Bible Planning
Parker continues shaping the Elizabethan church settlement
London Visitation
Grindal enforces Protestant order in the London diocese
Exile Scholarship
Harding continues Catholic polemic from exile in the Low Countries
Exile of William Allen
Goes into exile at Louvain after refusing the Elizabethan settlement
Border Security
English border officials watch Scottish politics after Mary returns
Ethiopian Resistance
Menas continues defending Ethiopia during regional Red Sea conflict
Huguenot Influence
Coligny supports Protestant petitions during the regency government
Governor of Picardy
Appointed Governor of Picardy
Return to Court
Guise returns to political prominence amid the religious crisis
Reformed Preaching
Viret supports Calvinist preaching as French tensions rise
French Reformed Churches
Calvin encourages French Reformed churches during the Poissy negotiations
Edict of January Prepared
Supports negotiations that lead toward limited toleration for Huguenots
Huguenot Patronage
Conde becomes increasingly associated with the Huguenot political cause
Maham Anga Influence
Akbar's court is influenced by Maham Anga and her faction
Ambassadorial Service
Serves in Scotland in the household of the Italian ambassador
Royal Household Service
Enters Mary Queen of Scots household through court service
Private Secretary of Mary of Scots
Becomes closely associated with Mary Queen of Scots foreign correspondence
Valet de Chambre
Serves as valet de chambre in Mary Queen of Scots household
Tridentine Reform
Borromeo supports papal reform during the Council of Trent
Papal Envoy to England
Pius IV attempts to draw Elizabeth I back toward Catholic obedience
Observation of Fallopian Tubes
Publishes anatomical work describing the uterine tubes later named after him
Observationes Anatomicae
Falloppio's anatomical work is published and advances reproductive anatomy
Mino Diplomacy
Nobunaga consolidates power after Okehazama and looks toward Mino
Regency Continues
Margaret governs the Netherlands for Philip II
Netherlands Policy
Philip governs the Netherlands from Spain through Margaret of Parma
Belgic Confession
Guido de Bres prepares the Belgic Confession for Reformed believers
Viceroyalty Ends
Braganza leaves office after campaigns strengthening Portuguese India
Viceroy Takes Office
Francisco Coutinho becomes Viceroy of Portuguese India
Portuguese Estado da India
Portuguese authorities maintain Indian Ocean rivalry with Ottoman power
Livonian War Continues
Ivan IV continues military pressure on Livonia after the order's collapse
Secretary Continues
Maitland serves as Mary's chief diplomatic secretary
Secretary of State
Appointed Secretary of State to Mary Queen of Scots
Chief Adviser
Becomes a leading adviser after Mary Queen of Scots returns
Council Service
Keith serves among nobles involved in Mary's returning government
Mental Health Crisis
Arran's political role weakens during a period of mental distress
Earl of Moray Created
Mary grants her half brother the earldom of Moray
Court Influence
Bothwell participates in Mary's early Scottish court politics
Council of Mary Stuart
Appointed member of Mary Stuart's council
Privy Council
Appointed Privy Councillor during Mary's personal rule
Privy Council
Appointed Privy Councillor under Mary Queen of Scots
Protestant Noble
Argyll supports Protestant influence in Mary's early reign
Marriage
Marries Edward Crichton Lord Crichton of Sanquhar
Northern Power
Huntly remains a powerful Catholic noble in northern Scotland
Mission to France
Sent by the Scottish estates to invite Mary back to Scotland
Return Invited
Scottish estates invite Mary to return from France to Scotland
Reformed Ministry
Craig becomes an important minister in the reformed kirk
Marriage Hopes Fade
Arran's hopes of marrying Elizabeth or Mary fade amid political instability
Royal Administration at Madrid
Philip strengthens Madrid as the administrative centre of the monarchy
Netherlands Government
Rules the Spanish Netherlands through regency and councils from Madrid
Rule of Netherlands
Continues central oversight of the Netherlands from Spain