Withdrawal from Salses
The French withdraw from Salses in Rousillon
Historical events in 1640
313 historical records
January 16404 historical events
Lord Lieutenant Appointment Confirmed
Strafford receives the senior title of Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.
Created Baron Raby
Wentworth received the additional title Baron Raby when he became Earl of Strafford.
Created Earl of Strafford
Wentworth is created Earl of Strafford and elevated within the English peerage.
February 16402 historical events
Short Parliament Summoned
Charles issues the summons for a Parliament to meet in April.
Short Parliament Summoned
Charles issues the summons for a Parliament to meet in April.
March 16402 historical events
Return to Ireland
Strafford returned to Ireland to obtain money and troops for the Scottish war.
Four Irish Subsidies
Strafford secured four subsidies from the Irish Parliament for the King's military programme.
April 164038 historical events
Election to Short Parliament
Ashley-Cooper sits for Tewkesbury when the Short Parliament assembles.
Short Parliament Counsel
Strafford urged the Short Parliament to grant supplies before debating wider political grievances.
First Parliament in Eleven Years
Charles addresses his first English Parliament since dissolving Parliament in 1629.
Short Parliament Opening Address
Charles asks both Houses to provide rapid financial support against Scotland.
Short Parliament Opens
Charles summons Parliament after eleven years to seek funds for war against the Covenanters.
Short Parliament Recalled
Charles ends eleven years of Personal Rule by meeting the Short Parliament.
Short Parliament Seeks War Funds
The King asks the Commons to finance military operations against the Scottish Covenanters.
First Parliament in Eleven Years
Charles addresses his first English Parliament since dissolving Parliament in 1629.
Short Parliament Opening Address
Charles asks both Houses to provide rapid financial support against Scotland.
Short Parliament Opens
Charles summons Parliament after eleven years to seek funds for war against the Covenanters.
Short Parliament Recalled
Charles ends eleven years of Personal Rule by meeting the Short Parliament.
Short Parliament Seeks War Funds
The King asks the Commons to finance military operations against the Scottish Covenanters.
Election to Short Parliament
St John enters the Short Parliament after his prominent legal opposition to ship money.
Election for Buckinghamshire
Hampden returns to Parliament as a prominent opponent of ship money.
Short Parliament
Hampden opposes granting subsidies before the Commons examines national grievances.
Election to Short Parliament
Holles is returned for Dorchester when Parliament meets in April.
Short Parliament Opposition
Holles participates in opposition to unconditional subsidies during the Short Parliament.
Election to Short Parliament
Pym is returned for Tavistock and prepares to lead opposition in the Commons.
Leadership of Short Parliament
Pym emerges as a leading Commons spokesman when the Short Parliament opens.
Election as Speaker
The Commons elects Glanville to preside over the Short Parliament.
Short Parliament Proceedings Begin
Glanville opens Commons business during the first Parliament held since 1629.
Commons Refuses Immediate Supply
The Commons insists that grievances must be addressed before voting money for war.
Pym Challenges War Policy
Pym links the Commons refusal of supply to abuses committed during Personal Rule.
Commons Refuses Immediate Supply
The Commons insists that grievances must be addressed before voting money for war.
Pym Challenges War Policy
Pym links the Commons refusal of supply to abuses committed during Personal Rule.
Ship Money Debate
St John supports parliamentary opposition to taxation imposed without parliamentary approval.
Opposition to Immediate Subsidies
Hampden supports examining grievances before granting the King new taxation.
Catalogue of Grievances
Pym identifies religious innovation, arbitrary taxation and ministerial misconduct as national grievances.
Grievances before Supply
Pym argues that constitutional grievances must precede any grant of taxation.
Long Speech to Short Parliament
Pym catalogues political, financial and religious grievances before discussing supply.
Short Parliament Supply Speech
Pym delivers the central Commons argument against voting subsidies before redress.
Warning to Commons
Charles presses the Commons to decide quickly whether it will grant subsidies.
Warning to Commons
Charles presses the Commons to decide quickly whether it will grant subsidies.
Lords Support Immediate Supply
Arundel supports the Lords recommendation that the Commons grant money before debating grievances.
Commons Rejects Lords Intervention
Pym opposes the Lords attempt to influence taxation proceedings in the Commons.
Legal Case against Ship Money
St John explains the constitutional objections to ship money during parliamentary debate.
Irish Government under Wandesford
Wandesford administered Ireland after Strafford returned to England for the parliamentary and military crisis.
Raising Irish Army
Strafford raised an Irish army intended to support Charles against the Scottish Covenanters.
May 164021 historical events
Petition against Dissolution
Pym urges Charles to negotiate with Scotland and continue parliamentary deliberation.
Commons Deputation to King
Pym joins efforts asking the King to delay dissolution and address grievances.
Decision to Dissolve Short Parliament
Charles decides that continuing debate will not produce the requested subsidies.
Decision to Dissolve Short Parliament
Charles decides that continuing debate will not produce the requested subsidies.
Advice after Short Parliament
Strafford supported continued royal action after Charles dissolved the Short Parliament.
Short Parliament Dissolved
Charles dissolves the Short Parliament after the Commons refuses immediate war subsidies.
Short Parliament Dissolved
Charles dissolves the Short Parliament after the Commons refuses immediate war subsidies.
Short Parliament Ends
Glanville’s brief speakership ends when Charles dissolves Parliament.
War Finance Parliament Dissolved
Charles dissolves Parliament after failing to obtain money for the renewed Scottish war.
War Finance Parliament Dissolved
Charles dissolves Parliament after failing to obtain money for the renewed Scottish war.
Convocation Continues after Dissolution
Laud continues Convocation after the Short Parliament has been dissolved.
Convocation Remains in Session
Laud keeps Convocation sitting after Parliament ends by issuing a new royal commission.
Capture of Aberdeen
Captures Aberdeen for the Royalists
Siege of Aberdeen
Captures Aberdeen for the Royalists
Capture of Aberdeen
Captures Aberdeen for the Covenanters
Covenanter Campaign
Captures Aberdeen for the Covenanters
Lambeth Palace Mob
Laud escapes an armed crowd that attacks Lambeth Palace during the night.
Commander of Army
Appointed Commander of the Swedish army in Germany
Canons of 1640 Adopted
Convocation adopts new canons asserting royal authority and stricter religious conformity.
Clerical Subsidies Granted
Convocation grants six clerical subsidies to help finance the King’s Scottish war.
Et Cetera Oath Introduced
The new canons require clergy and professionals to swear the disputed Et Cetera Oath.
June 164011 historical events
Scottish Parliament Session Begins
The Scottish Parliament begins its second session amid constitutional conflict with Charles.
Scottish Parliament Session Begins
The Scottish Parliament begins its second session amid constitutional conflict with Charles.
Corpus de Sang
Is killed during the Corpus de Sang uprising in Barcelona
Catalan Revolt
Faces rebellion in Catalonia after tensions with royal troops and taxation
Scottish Constitutional Challenge
Scottish legislation proceeds without the King’s assent during the constitutional confrontation.
Scottish Parliamentary Acts
The Scottish Parliament asserts that its measures may become law without royal assent.
Scottish Parliamentary Session Ends
The second Scottish parliamentary session ends after challenging royal authority.
Scottish Constitutional Challenge
Scottish legislation proceeds without the King’s assent during the constitutional confrontation.
Scottish Parliamentary Acts
The Scottish Parliament asserts that its measures may become law without royal assent.
Scottish Parliamentary Session Ends
The second Scottish parliamentary session ends after challenging royal authority.
Scottish Constitutional Challenge
Helps frame the legal arguments behind Scotland's parliamentary challenge
July 164010 historical events
Scottish Parliament Resumes
A further Scottish parliamentary session begins without normal royal direction.
Scottish Parliament Resumes
A further Scottish parliamentary session begins without normal royal direction.
Battle of Cadiz
Defeats a Spanish fleet under Gomez de Sandoval
Battle of Cadiz
Defeated by the French fleet
Battle of Cadiz
Is defeated by Jean Armand de Breze's French fleet near Cadiz
Royal Army Command
Northumberland held nominal command of the royal army while illness limited his active service.
Lieutenant General of Royal Army
Strafford became lieutenant general under the Earl of Northumberland for the second campaign against Scotland.
Northern Army Command
Strafford works to organise and discipline the English army assembled against Scotland.
Army Assembles at York
Charles concentrates poorly supplied English forces in northern England.
Army Assembles at York
Charles concentrates poorly supplied English forces in northern England.
August 164044 historical events
Capture of Arras
Louis XIII captures Arras
Loss of Arras
Serves in Spanish Habsburg military command during the French capture of Arras
King Travels North
Charles leaves London to supervise the English war effort in northern England.
Scottish Invasion of England
The Covenanter army crosses into England and advances through Northumberland.
King Travels North
Charles leaves London to supervise the English war effort in northern England.
Scottish Invasion of England
The Covenanter army crosses into England and advances through Northumberland.
Invasion of England
Launches an invasion of North East England & reaches Durham
Invasion of England
Crosses into England & begins the 2nd Bishops War
Twelve Peers Petition
Mulgrave supports summoning Parliament to address war, finance and religious grievances.
Twelve Peers Petition
Bedford signs the peers petition urging Charles to summon Parliament and negotiate peace.
Twelve Peers Petition
Bristol urges the King to seek parliamentary assistance during the national emergency.
Twelve Peers Petition
Essex joins peers requesting a Parliament after the defeat at Newburn.
Twelve Peers Petition
Warwick signs the request for Parliament and an end to arbitrary government.
Twelve Peers Petition
Howard of Escrick signs the peers petition seeking parliamentary government.
Twelve Peers Petition
Wharton joins the petitioners demanding Parliament and investigation of grievances.
Twelve Peers Petition
Brooke joins the aristocratic opposition demanding constitutional consultation.
Twelve Peers Petition
Paget urges Charles to call Parliament and settle the Scottish conflict.
Twelve Peers Petition
Hertford supports the petition for parliamentary advice and a negotiated settlement.
Twelve Peers Petition
Mandeville supports the peers appeal for Parliament after military defeat.
Twelve Peers Petition
Saye and Sele signs the petition demanding a Parliament and redress of grievances.
Aftermath of Battle of Newburn
Strafford attempted to restore order after the English defeat at Newburn opened northern England to Scottish occupation.
Battle of Newburn
Scottish Covenanters defeat the English army at Newburn.
Battle of Newburn
The Covenanter army defeats English forces attempting to defend the River Tyne crossings.
Battle of Newburn
Scottish Covenanters defeat the English army at Newburn.
Battle of Newburn
The Covenanter army defeats English forces attempting to defend the River Tyne crossings.
Artillery Withdrawal at Newburn
Monck helps preserve English artillery during the retreat from Newburn.
Retreat from Newburn
Monck organises part of the English withdrawal after the position collapses.
Defence of Tyne Crossings
Conway commands English troops defending the River Tyne crossings against the Covenanters.
English Infantry at Newburn
Astley commands infantry supporting the English defensive position near Newburn.
Battle of Newburn
Two days after the battle the city of Newcastle is surrendered to the Scots. Leads to the Treaty of Ripon
Capture of Newcastle
Scottish forces occupy Newcastle after victory at Newburn.
Capture of Newcastle
The Scottish Covenanter army occupies Newcastle after the English defeat at Newburn.
Covenanter Entry into Newcastle
The city admits the Covenanter army after English commanders withdraw.
Capture of Newcastle
Scottish forces occupy Newcastle after victory at Newburn.
Capture of Newcastle
The Scottish Covenanter army occupies Newcastle after the English defeat at Newburn.
Covenanter Entry into Newcastle
The city admits the Covenanter army after English commanders withdraw.
Covenanter Army
Serves in the Scottish army during the occupation of Newcastle
Capture of Newcastle
The Covenanters capture Newcastle
Covenanter Campaign
The Covenanters capture Newcastle
Siege of Newcastle
The Covenanters capture Newcastle
English Army Retreats to York
Charles’s defeated northern army withdraws toward York after abandoning Newcastle.
English Army Retreats to York
Charles’s defeated northern army withdraws toward York after abandoning Newcastle.
Illness at York
Strafford's illness restricted his ability to organise the demoralised royal army.
Battle of Newburn
Commands the cavalry under Lord Leven against the forces of Charles I
September 164020 historical events
Scottish Army Enters Durham
Scottish troops extend their occupation southward into County Durham.
Scottish Army Enters Durham
Scottish troops extend their occupation southward into County Durham.
Catalan Revolt
Leads Catalan resistance to Spanish royal authority
Diet
Wants peace without concessions based on the Peace of Prague
Capture of Edinburgh
The Covenanters capture Edinburgh
Covenanter Campaign
The Covenanters capture Edinburgh
Long Parliament Announced
Charles announces that a new Parliament will meet in November.
Peers Recommend Parliament
The Great Council advises Charles to summon Parliament and continue peace negotiations.
Long Parliament Announced
Charles announces that a new Parliament will meet in November.
Peers Recommend Parliament
The Great Council advises Charles to summon Parliament and continue peace negotiations.
Great Council of Peers
Vane advises Charles during the emergency meeting of peers at York.
Peace Negotiations Recommended
Vane participates in discussions recommending negotiation with the Scottish army.
Great Council of Peers
Charles convenes a Great Council of Peers after military defeat in the north.
Great Council of Peers
Charles convenes a Great Council of Peers after military defeat in the north.
Council of Peers at York
Strafford attended the Great Council of Peers convened to address the military and financial emergency.
Great Council at York
Charles asks assembled peers for advice following the Scottish invasion.
Great Council at York
Charles asks assembled peers for advice following the Scottish invasion.
Scottish Advance to Durham
The Scottish army advances beyond Newcastle and occupies parts of Durham.
Scottish Advance to Durham
The Scottish army advances beyond Newcastle and occupies parts of Durham.
Death of Francine Descartes
Descartes's daughter Francine dies during childhood, causing him profound personal grief.
October 164031 historical events
English Peace Commissioner
Arundel serves among the English commissioners negotiating with the Covenanters.
Negotiations with Covenanters
Charles authorises negotiations with Scottish commissioners after the English military collapse.
Ripon Negotiations Open
English and Scottish commissioners begin formal negotiations at Ripon.
Negotiations with Covenanters
Charles authorises negotiations with Scottish commissioners after the English military collapse.
Ripon Negotiations Open
English and Scottish commissioners begin formal negotiations at Ripon.
Scottish Maintenance Payments Accepted
Charles accepts daily payments supporting the occupying Scottish army.
Scottish Maintenance Payments Accepted
Charles accepts daily payments supporting the occupying Scottish army.
Durham Retained by Scots
Scottish forces retain Durham as security until a final peace settlement.
Northumberland Retained by Scots
The treaty leaves Scottish forces occupying Northumberland while negotiations continue.
Ripon Settlement Ends Fighting
The treaty suspends the Second Bishops War and establishes temporary occupation arrangements.
Scottish Army Quartered in Durham
The Ripon settlement allows Scottish forces to remain quartered in County Durham.
Scottish Occupation of Durham
The Treaty of Ripon permits the Scottish army to remain in Durham pending settlement.
Scottish Occupation of Northumberland
The Ripon agreement recognises continued Scottish occupation of Northumberland.
Treaty of Ripon Signed
English and Scottish commissioners sign the treaty ending active hostilities.
Treaty of Ripon Terms
Charles agrees to pay the Scottish army eight hundred and fifty pounds daily.
Durham Retained by Scots
Scottish forces retain Durham as security until a final peace settlement.
Northumberland Retained by Scots
The treaty leaves Scottish forces occupying Northumberland while negotiations continue.
Ripon Settlement Ends Fighting
The treaty suspends the Second Bishops War and establishes temporary occupation arrangements.
Scottish Army Quartered in Durham
The Ripon settlement allows Scottish forces to remain quartered in County Durham.
Scottish Occupation of Durham
The Treaty of Ripon permits the Scottish army to remain in Durham pending settlement.
Scottish Occupation of Northumberland
The Ripon agreement recognises continued Scottish occupation of Northumberland.
Treaty of Ripon Signed
English and Scottish commissioners sign the treaty ending active hostilities.
Treaty of Ripon Terms
Charles agrees to pay the Scottish army eight hundred and fifty pounds daily.
Occupation of Durham
The Treaty of Ripon allows the Scots to keep control of Northumberland and Durham
Occupation of Northumberland
The Treaty of Ripon allows the Scots to keep control of Northumberland and Durham
Treaty of Ripon
The Treaty of Ripon allows the Scots to keep control of Northumberland and Durham. Ends the Second Bishops War between Charles I & the Scots
London Demonstrations for Parliament
Public demonstrations urge the King to summon another Parliament.
Writs for Long Parliament
Royal writs initiate elections for the Parliament scheduled to meet in November.
London Demonstrations for Parliament
Public demonstrations urge the King to summon another Parliament.
Writs for Long Parliament
Royal writs initiate elections for the Parliament scheduled to meet in November.
Treaty of Ripon Crisis
Strafford opposed concessions that would leave the Scottish army occupying northern counties at English expense.
November 164061 historical events
Election to Long Parliament
Ashley-Cooper enters the Long Parliament as member for Downton.
Long Parliament Called for War Debts
Charles seeks parliamentary funds for English troops and payments owed to the Scots.
Long Parliament Convenes
Charles opens the Parliament later known as the Long Parliament.
Long Parliament Meets under Financial Pressure
Payments required by the Ripon treaty make parliamentary taxation unavoidable.
Long Parliament Named
The Parliament beginning in November later becomes known for its exceptional duration.
Long Parliament Opens after Bishops War
The military and financial crisis forces Charles to recall Parliament.
Long Parliament Seeks Finance
Charles assembles Parliament because war and occupation have exhausted royal finances.
Opening Speech to Long Parliament
Charles asks Parliament to finance the armies and relieve counties occupied by the Scots.
Parliament Summoned after Ripon
Financial obligations under the Ripon settlement compel Charles to meet Parliament.
Parliament after Bishops Wars
Charles calls the Long Parliament following defeat and settlement in the Bishops Wars.
Parliamentary Grievances Renewed
Members begin challenging taxation, religious policy and ministers associated with Personal Rule.
Long Parliament Called for War Debts
Charles seeks parliamentary funds for English troops and payments owed to the Scots.
Long Parliament Convenes
Charles opens the Parliament later known as the Long Parliament.
Long Parliament Meets under Financial Pressure
Payments required by the Ripon treaty make parliamentary taxation unavoidable.
Long Parliament Named
The Parliament beginning in November later becomes known for its exceptional duration.
Long Parliament Opens after Bishops War
The military and financial crisis forces Charles to recall Parliament.
Long Parliament Seeks Finance
Charles assembles Parliament because war and occupation have exhausted royal finances.
Opening Speech to Long Parliament
Charles asks Parliament to finance the armies and relieve counties occupied by the Scots.
Parliament Summoned after Ripon
Financial obligations under the Ripon settlement compel Charles to meet Parliament.
Parliament after Bishops Wars
Charles calls the Long Parliament following defeat and settlement in the Bishops Wars.
Parliamentary Grievances Renewed
Members begin challenging taxation, religious policy and ministers associated with Personal Rule.
Election to Long Parliament
Strode returns to Parliament after imprisonment following the 1629 confrontation.
Election to Long Parliament
Hampden is re-elected and helps coordinate parliamentary opposition.
Election to Long Parliament
Vane enters the Long Parliament with access to sensitive government information.
Election for Cambridge
Cambridge electors return Cromwell to the Long Parliament.
Election to Long Parliament
Cromwell is returned as member for Cambridge in the Long Parliament.
Election for Kent
Culpeper enters the Long Parliament as a representative of Kent.
Long Parliament Begins
Culpeper serves during debates over taxation, religion and royal authority.
Election to Long Parliament
Haselrig is elected for Leicestershire and joins the parliamentary opposition.
Long Parliament Begins
Haselrig enters the Long Parliament as a determined opponent of royal policies.
Election for Oxford University
Oxford University returns Selden to the Long Parliament.
Legal Limits on Royal Government
Selden argues that established law limits exercises of royal prerogative.
Election to Long Parliament
Hyde is elected for Saltash and supports early constitutional reforms.
Long Parliament Begins
Hyde enters the Long Parliament and initially supports constitutional reform.
Commons Reform Programme Begins
Pym coordinates attacks on ministers, taxation and religious innovations.
Contact with Scottish Covenanters
Pym maintains discreet communication with Scottish opponents of royal religious policy.
Election to Long Parliament
Pym again represents Tavistock and assumes leadership of the Commons reform programme.
Long Parliament Strategy
Pym seeks systematic remedies for abuses associated with the King’s Personal Rule.
Election for Westminster
Glynne is elected for Westminster and becomes active in legal proceedings.
Long Parliament Begins
Glynne joins parliamentary efforts to investigate abuses committed during Personal Rule.
Election for Colchester
Grimston is returned for Colchester and becomes a leading critic of Personal Rule.
Accepts Speakership
Lenthall assumes the chair and begins presiding over the Long Parliament.
Election as Speaker
The Commons elects Lenthall as Speaker at the opening of the Long Parliament.
Long Parliament Chair
Lenthall begins presiding over a Commons determined to investigate Personal Rule.
Long Parliament
Montagu enters the Long Parliament as a prominent critic of Personal Rule.
Parliamentary Opposition
Montagu joins peers seeking ministerial accountability and regular parliamentary government.
Grand Committee for Religion
Pym supports creation of a grand committee to examine religious grievances.
Speech against Personal Rule
Grimston condemns illegal taxation, religious corruption and mistreatment of political opponents.
Arrival in London
Strafford returns to face the hostile Long Parliament despite warnings from allies.
Preparation of Strafford Impeachment
Pym and his allies prepared to strike against Strafford before the Earl could act against them.
House of Lords Custody
The Lords ordered Strafford into custody after the Commons delivered its impeachment accusation.
Impeachment of Strafford
The Commons impeaches Strafford for high treason and attacks his conduct of government.
Strafford Impeachment Motion
Pym moves rapidly to impeach Strafford as the principal architect of arbitrary government.
Committed to Tower of London
Strafford is committed to the Tower after the Commons presents its impeachment.
Strafford Taken to Tower
Strafford enters the Tower while the Lords consider the impeachment accusations.
Triumphal Return to London
Crowds welcome Prynne back from imprisonment imposed by the prerogative courts.
Return to London
Bastwick receives a popular welcome after release from island imprisonment.
Return from Imprisonment
Burton returns publicly after punishment for attacking episcopal religious policy.
Petitions Received by Long Parliament
Pym encourages committees to hear petitions from people harmed during Personal Rule.
Strafford Charges Prepared
Glynne assists parliamentary preparation of the legal case against Strafford.
Treaty of Ripon
The Treaty of Ripon ends hostilities, present at the signing
December 164017 historical events
Portuguese Restoration
Loses Portugal when the Braganza revolt proclaims John IV king
Portuguese Restoration
Is killed during the Portuguese coup against Spanish rule
Presentation of Root and Branch Petition
Penington presents a mass London petition calling for abolition of episcopacy.
Root and Branch Petition Presented
A mass petition asks Parliament to abolish episcopacy within the Church of England.
Root and Branch Petition Presented
A mass petition asks Parliament to abolish episcopacy within the Church of England.
Advocacy of Church Reform
Rous supports comprehensive reform of church government after the petition arrives.
Root and Branch Petition
Rous supports the petition demanding abolition of episcopal church government.
Scottish Commissioners Complaint
Scottish commissioners submitted accusations concerning Strafford's role in the wars and his actions against Scots in Ireland.
Impeachment of Archbishop Laud
The Commons impeaches Laud for high treason and attacks his religious policies.
Parliamentary Accusations against Wren
Parliament investigates Wren’s enforcement of Laudian religious practices.
Impeachment Proceedings against Finch
The Commons prepares charges over ship money judgments and abuses of judicial authority.
Flight from England
Finch flees abroad to avoid parliamentary prosecution for conduct during Personal Rule.
Annual Parliaments Bill
Cromwell moves the second reading of a bill proposing annual parliamentary sessions.
Investigation of Ship Money Judges
Hampden supports inquiries into judges who upheld the national ship money levy.
Strafford Council Notes Revealed
Vane supplies notes used to argue that Strafford advocated government beyond legal restraint.
Parliamentary Reform Activity
Cromwell supports measures intended to prevent another prolonged suspension of Parliament.
Debate on Episcopacy
Dering criticises abuses by bishops while initially favouring reformed episcopal government.
Covenanter Army
Serves with the Scottish forces advancing into northern England
Catalan Campaign
Leads royal forces into Catalonia after the revolt breaks out
Birth of Leopold I
Birth of Leopold I, 2nd son of Emperor Ferdinand III
Catholic Court Suspicions
The presence of Marie de Medici and her household intensifies fears of Catholic influence.
Catholic Court Suspicions
The presence of Marie de Medici and her household intensifies fears of Catholic influence.
Diary Begins
The sequence of notes and memoir material later known as Evelyn's Diary begins.
Long Parliament
Hyde is elected to the Long Parliament.
Comments on Descartes Discourse and Optics
Hobbes sends Marin Mersenne comments on works by Rene Descartes, beginning a direct philosophical exchange.
Departure for Paris in Political Crisis
As political conflict deepens in England, Hobbes leaves for Paris and remains on the Continent for more than a decade.
Elements of Law
Hobbes circulates The Elements of Law, Natural and Politic.
Scottish Occupation of Northern Counties
Scottish troops remain in northern England pending a permanent settlement.
Scottish Occupation of Northern Counties
Scottish troops remain in northern England pending a permanent settlement.
Reballion of Rebels in Lisbon
Supports the Portuguese rebellion against Spain
Essay on Conic Sections
Pascal circulates an essay presenting important results concerning conic sections.
Descartes Revises Proofs Of Divine Existence
While preparing his metaphysical work Descartes refined arguments concerning God and the certainty of clear perception. These arguments were intended to answer the problem of radical doubt.
Publication Preparations
Descartes returns to Leiden to supervise preparation of the Meditations for publication.
Augustinus
Augustinus is published after Jansenius dies at Ypres.
Augustinus
Publication of "Augustinus", the outlines of Jansenism
Jansenism
Lays down the foundations of Jansenism, conflicting with the Jesuits and the state
Cardinal
Appointed Cardinal
Reballion of Rebels in Lisbon
Supports the Portuguese rebellion against Spain. John IV becomes King & founds the Braganza Dynasty
Reballion of Rebels in Normandy
A rebellion over a salt tax is crushed by the army & by use of military terror
Capture of Arras
The French capture Arras
Capture of Turin
The French capture Turin
Reballion of Rebels in Lisbon
Supports the Portuguese rebellion against Spain. John IV becomes King & founds the Braganza Dynasty
Reballion of Rebels in Normandy
A rebellion over a salt tax is crushed by the army & by use of military terror
Capture of Turin
Captures Turin
Succession
Succeeds as King of Prussia
Succession
Prepares for the growth in Prussian power by successful wars with Sweden & Poland
Succession
Succeeds as King of Portugal
Covenanter Clergy
Provides clerical leadership to the Covenanting movement
Covenanter Diplomacy
Acts as a leading Covenanter negotiator during the crisis
Covenanter Politics
Supports the Covenanter political position in the Scottish crisis
Covenanter Leadership
Supports the Scottish Covenanting movement during the Bishops War
Covenanter Leadership
Supports the Covenanter leadership against royal religious policy
Covenanter Support
Aligns with the Covenanter political coalition during the 1640 crisis
Covenanter Leadership
Backs the Covenanter cause against Charles I's religious policies
Covenanter Campaign
Surrenders Berwick to the Covenanters
Covenanter Campaign
Holds Edinburgh Castle for Charles I against the Covenanters
Siege of Berwick
Surrenders Berwick to the Covenanters
Siege of Edinburgh
Holds Edinburgh Castle for Charles I against the Covenanters
Union of Arms Crisis
His centralising policies intensify opposition in Catalonia and Portugal
Invasion of Brazil
Organizes an Armada to attack the Dutch in Brazil but it is defeated
Reballion of Portugal
Attempts Castilianization of the Spanish monarchy & provokes the rebellion of Portugal
Reballion of truce during Portugals
The Dutch sign a 10 year truce during Portugals rebellion against Spain
Brazil Expedition
Associated with Spanish naval efforts during the wider struggle over Brazil and Portugal
Capture of Arras
Spain surrenders Artois to France
Reballion of truce during Portugals
The Dutch sign a 10 year truce during Portugals rebellion against Spain
Reballion of Catalonia
Catalonia rebels & declares allegiance to Louis XIII
Portuguese Restoration
Portugal becomes independent from Spain
Reballion of Catalonia
Catalonia rebels & declares allegiance to Louis XIII
Succession
Succeeds as Sultan of Turkey