Rule of Portugal
The Cortes offers the Portuguese throne to Louis XIII
Historical events in 1641
238 historical records
January 16413 historical events
Articles of Impeachment Sent to Lords
Detailed articles supporting Strafford's impeachment are delivered to the House of Lords.
Appointment as Solicitor General
St John becomes Solicitor General while remaining aligned with parliamentary reformers.
February 164113 historical events
Parliamentary Sessions Reform
Strode supports minimum requirements for the frequency and duration of parliamentary sessions.
Regular Parliament Safeguard
Hampden supports legislation guaranteeing that Parliament must meet regularly.
Support for Triennial Act
Holles votes for the measure preventing another prolonged period of personal rule.
Triennial Act Advocacy
Pym supports statutory limits on the Crown's ability to govern without Parliament.
Legal Defence of Triennial Act
St John defends the constitutional legality of requiring regular Parliaments.
Triennial Act Proceedings
Lenthall presides as the Commons completes the Triennial Act legislation.
Regular Parliaments Required
The Triennial Act limits prolonged government without a Parliament.
Royal Assent to Triennial Act
Charles assents to legislation requiring Parliament to meet at least once every three years.
Regular Parliaments Required
The Triennial Act limits extended periods of government without Parliament.
Regular Parliaments Required
The Triennial Act limits prolonged government without a Parliament.
Royal Assent to Triennial Act
Charles assents to legislation requiring Parliament to meet at least once every three years.
Royal Assent to Triennial Act
The royal assent makes regular parliamentary sessions a statutory requirement.
Triennial Act
Charles assents to legislation requiring Parliament to meet at least once every three years.
March 164112 historical events
Commitment to Tower
Laud is committed to the Tower while Parliament prepares its case against him.
Commons Ready to Prove Charges
The Commons declared that its managers were ready to prove the impeachment charges against Strafford.
Management of Strafford Case
Hampden assists parliamentary managers preparing evidence against Strafford.
Strafford Trial Manager
Holles participates in the Commons management of proceedings against Strafford.
Opening Speech against Strafford
Pym presents Parliament's principal accusations at the opening of Strafford's trial.
Strafford Prosecution
Pym leads the parliamentary case when Strafford's public trial begins.
Legal Argument against Strafford
St John argues that Strafford's cumulative conduct constitutes treason against the kingdom.
Transfer to Westminster Hall
Strafford was brought from the Tower for the opening of his state trial in Westminster Hall.
Trial of Strafford Begins
Strafford's public trial for high treason begins before the Lords.
Strafford Trial Attendance
Charles attends proceedings against his chief minister, the Earl of Strafford.
Strafford Trial Attendance
Charles attends proceedings against his chief minister, the Earl of Strafford.
Strafford Trial Manager
Maynard assisted the Commons managers in presenting the legal and factual charges against Strafford.
April 16418 historical events
Introduction of Bill of Attainder
Pym introduced a bill of attainder when conviction through the impeachment process appeared uncertain.
Strafford Defends His Conduct
Strafford delivers a forceful defence against the parliamentary accusations.
Strafford Attainder Debate
Strode supports parliamentary action intended to secure Strafford's conviction.
Strafford Attainder Support
Haselrig supports replacing the difficult impeachment with a bill of attainder.
Commons Attainder Proceedings
Lenthall presides during decisive Commons proceedings against Strafford.
Bill of Attainder Advances
The Commons advances a bill of attainder after difficulties proving statutory treason.
Disclosure of Council Notes
Vane the Younger helped Parliament obtain notes from his father's record of the royal council meeting.
Privy Council Notes Evidence
Notes from Vane's council papers were used to support the allegation that Strafford proposed using the Irish army in England.
May 164143 historical events
Princess Mary's Marriage
Charles attends the marriage of Princess Mary to William II, Prince of Orange.
Princess Mary's Marriage
Charles attends the marriage of Princess Mary to William II, Prince of Orange.
Marriage to William II of Orange
Princess Mary marries William II, Prince of Orange, at the Chapel Royal.
Marriage to Princess Mary
William II marries Mary, eldest daughter of Charles I.
Petition against New Evidence
Strafford petitioned the Lords for an opportunity to answer new allegations supporting the attainder.
Lords Pass Strafford Attainder
The Lords approve the bill of attainder against Strafford.
Lords Consider Strafford Attainder
Manchester participates as the Lords decide the bill of attainder.
Support for Strafford Attainder
Essex supports parliamentary action against Strafford.
Warwick Supports Attainder
Warwick supports the Lords' approval of Strafford's attainder.
Protection from Dissolution
Hampden backs the act requiring Parliament's consent before dissolution.
Continuance Act Support
Holles supports the measure securing the Long Parliament's institutional survival.
Long Parliament Continuance Bill
Pym supports statutory protection against dissolution of the Long Parliament.
Continuance Act Proceedings
Lenthall oversees Commons proceedings on protection of the Long Parliament.
Strafford Advises Royal Assent
Strafford tells Charles that he will not obstruct assent intended to preserve public peace.
Act against Dissolving Parliament
Charles accepts that the Long Parliament cannot be dissolved without its own consent.
Royal Assent to Strafford Attainder
Charles reluctantly assents to the bill of attainder against Strafford.
Strafford's Final Appeal
Charles receives Strafford's letter accepting sacrifice for the peace of the kingdom.
Act against Dissolving Parliament
Charles accepts that the Long Parliament cannot be dissolved without its own consent.
Act against Dissolving Parliament
Charles assents to legislation preventing dissolution of the Long Parliament without its consent.
Continuance of Long Parliament
Legislation gives the Long Parliament control over the timing of its dissolution.
Long Parliament Protected
The King accepts that the Long Parliament cannot be dissolved without parliamentary approval.
Parliament Controls Dissolution
Members secure statutory protection against dissolution without their own consent.
Royal Assent to Strafford Attainder
Charles reluctantly assents to the bill of attainder against Strafford.
Strafford's Final Appeal
Charles receives Strafford's letter accepting sacrifice for the peace of the kingdom.
Request for Mercy
Charles asked the Lords to consider mercy for Strafford after giving assent to the attainder.
Strafford Execution Aftermath
Pym's campaign removes the King's most powerful minister from government.
Strafford Execution Recorded
Evelyn records the solemn public execution on Tower Hill.
Witnesses Strafford's Execution
Evelyn witnesses Strafford's execution and records the event in his diary.
Farewell to Strafford
Laud gave Strafford a final blessing from the Tower as the condemned Earl passed toward execution.
Burial after Execution
Strafford's remains are buried following his execution.
Death of Thomas Wentworth
Thomas Wentworth dies by beheading following his conviction through attainder.
Execution of Strafford
Strafford is executed after Parliament obtains royal assent to his attainder.
Speech from the Scaffold
Strafford addresses the crowd before his execution on Tower Hill.
Loss of Inheritance through Attainder
Strafford's attainder prevented his son William from immediately inheriting the earldom and family honours.
Root and Branch Bill
Pym supports legislation intended to abolish episcopal government in the Church of England.
Abolition of Episcopacy Proposal
Cromwell promotes complete removal of bishops from the Church of England.
Root and Branch Bill Introduced
Cromwell supports introduction of legislation seeking abolition of episcopacy.
Root and Branch Bill Support
Vane supports introduction of the bill against episcopacy.
Church Reform Programme
Pym connects church reform with broader safeguards against arbitrary government.
Root and Branch Petition Follow-Up
Rous supports parliamentary legislation following the petition against episcopal government.
Episcopal Authority Challenged
The Root and Branch Bill directly challenges the church structure Laud defended.
Root and Branch Campaign
The Root and Branch Bill threatens the episcopal system associated with Laud.
Army Plot Investigation
Pym investigates attempts to use army officers against the Long Parliament.
June 16417 historical events
Tonnage and Poundage Reform
Pym supports parliamentary control over customs revenue.
Tonnage and Poundage Settlement
Charles accepts statutory regulation of customs duties formerly collected without full parliamentary authority.
Tonnage and Poundage Settlement
Charles accepts statutory regulation of customs duties formerly collected without full parliamentary authority.
Moderate Episcopal Reform
Williams supports limited reform rather than complete abolition of bishops.
Defence of Episcopacy
Hall publishes arguments defending the historic government of the Church by bishops.
Defence of Church Government
Charles resists parliamentary proposals for eliminating bishops.
Defence of Church Government
Charles resists parliamentary proposals for eliminating bishops.
July 164116 historical events
Star Chamber Act Supported
Hampden backs legislation removing Star Chamber jurisdiction.
High Commission Act Supported
Cromwell backs abolition of the court enforcing controversial church policies.
High Commission Abolition Supported
Holles supports legislation ending the ecclesiastical High Commission.
Star Chamber Abolition Supported
Pym supports abolition of the prerogative court associated with arbitrary royal punishment.
Star Chamber Act Legal Case
St John supports the statutory case for abolishing Star Chamber.
High Commission Abolished
Legislation removes the ecclesiastical Court of High Commission.
Star Chamber Abolished
Charles assents to legislation abolishing the Court of Star Chamber.
High Commission Abolished
Legislation removes the ecclesiastical Court of High Commission.
Star Chamber Abolished
Charles assents to legislation abolishing the Court of Star Chamber.
Prerogative Courts Abolished
Pym supports legislation abolishing Star Chamber and related prerogative jurisdiction.
High Commission Abolished
Parliament abolishes the ecclesiastical court closely associated with Laud's policies.
Loss of Ecclesiastical Courts
Laud's system loses its principal enforcement institution when High Commission is abolished.
Star Chamber Abolished
The abolition of Star Chamber removes another institution used against religious opponents.
Battle of Marfee
The Comte de Soissons wins a victory, but is killed in battle
Invasion of France
The Comte de Soissons wins a victory but is killed in battle
Invasion of France
The Comte de Soissons invades France with Spanish help
August 164120 historical events
Ship Money Judgment Reversed
Hampden sees legislation overturn the fiscal principle used against him.
Ship Money Abolition Supported
Pym supports legislation declaring ship money unlawful without parliamentary authority.
Ship Money Legislation
St John supports the legal measure invalidating non-parliamentary ship money.
Ship Money Act Proceedings
Lenthall presides as the Commons completes legislation against ship money.
Ship Money Declared Illegal
Parliamentary legislation declares ship money unlawful without parliamentary consent.
Ship Money Declared Illegal
Parliamentary legislation declares ship money unlawful without parliamentary consent.
Journey to Scotland
Charles leaves London for Scotland amid continuing conflict with the English Parliament.
Journey to Scotland
Charles leaves London for Scotland amid continuing conflict with the English Parliament.
Arrival in Edinburgh
Charles arrives in Edinburgh to negotiate with the Scottish political leadership.
Arrival in Edinburgh
Charles arrives in Edinburgh to negotiate with the Scottish political leadership.
Covenanters
Leslies Army leaves Newcastle & the Covenanters begin to disband their armies
Invasion of England
Leslies Army leaves Newcastle & the Covenanters begin to disband their armies
Covenanters
Leslies Army leaves Newcastle & the Covenanters begin to disband their armies
Siege of Newcastle
Leslies Army leaves Newcastle & the Covenanters begin to disband their armies
Forest Boundary Reform
Hampden supports restrictions on fiscal exploitation of expanded royal forest boundaries.
Knighthood Fines Restricted
Holles supports legislation limiting coercive fines for refusing knighthood.
Scottish Constitutional Concessions
Charles accepts major limitations on royal power within the Scottish kingdom.
Scottish Constitutional Concessions
Charles accepts major limitations on royal power within the Scottish kingdom.
Religious Images Debate
Cromwell supports measures against ceremonial practices regarded as idolatrous.
Clerical Political Power Debate
Pym argues that bishops should not exercise coercive political power.
September 16411 historical events
Ordination as Priest
Arnauld is ordained a priest while beginning the period that establishes his intellectual reputation.
October 164111 historical events
Response to Irish Rebellion
Strode joins demands for safeguards over military appointments.
Response to Irish Rebellion
Hampden backs parliamentary measures responding to reports from Ireland.
Response to Irish Rebellion
Cromwell supports stronger parliamentary control during the Irish emergency.
Response to Irish Rebellion
Haselrig supports parliamentary authority over forces raised for Ireland.
Response to Irish Rebellion
Pym argues that Parliament must influence any army sent to Ireland.
News of Irish Rebellion
Charles receives reports of the Irish uprising while staying in Scotland.
Response to Irish Rebellion
The Irish rebellion creates an immediate crisis over raising and commanding an army.
News of Irish Rebellion
Charles receives reports of the Irish uprising while staying in Scotland.
Response to Irish Rebellion
The Irish rebellion creates an immediate crisis over raising and commanding an army.
Lord Mayor of London
Gurney enters office as Lord Mayor and supports the royalist interest.
Royalist Lord Mayor
Gurney uses the mayoralty to support royal authority during growing City opposition.
November 164126 historical events
Grand Remonstrance Drafting
Pym circulates proposals that develop into the Grand Remonstrance against royal government.
Irish Relief Forces Debate
Hampden supports parliamentary oversight of troops intended for Ireland.
Military Appointments Debate
Holles backs parliamentary influence over commanders chosen for the Irish campaign.
Army for Ireland Debate
Pym demands guarantees that forces raised for Ireland cannot be used against Parliament.
Grand Remonstrance Introduced
Pym formally introduces the lengthy catalogue of grievances against royal government.
Ministerial Responsibility Proposal
Pym argues that the King should appoint counsellors trusted by Parliament.
Grand Remonstrance Support
Strode supports the Remonstrance and its programme of parliamentary safeguards.
Grand Remonstrance Support
Hampden supports passage of the Remonstrance in the closely divided Commons.
Grand Remonstrance Support
Holles votes with the parliamentary majority for the Remonstrance.
Opposition to Grand Remonstrance
Culpeper rejects the Remonstrance despite earlier criticism of royal financial policies.
Grand Remonstrance Support
Haselrig backs the document's criticism of royal ministers and church policy.
Opposition to Grand Remonstrance
Hyde opposes the Remonstrance as dangerously divisive and constitutionally excessive.
Demand for Recorded Protest
Palmer seeks a formal protest by members who voted against the Remonstrance.
Protest against Grand Remonstrance
Palmer proposes that opponents of the Grand Remonstrance formally record their protest.
Grand Remonstrance Passed
Pym secures passage of the Grand Remonstrance by 159 votes to 148.
Irish Army Control Debate
Pym links the Irish rebellion with Parliament's demand for influence over military command.
Grand Remonstrance Division
Lenthall presides over the division decided by eleven votes.
Opposition to Grand Remonstrance
Falkland opposes the measure and moves toward constitutional royalism.
Commitment to Tower
The Commons commits Palmer after his challenge to the Grand Remonstrance proceedings.
Return from Scotland
Charles returns to London as the Grand Remonstrance crisis intensifies.
Return from Scotland
Charles returns to London as the Grand Remonstrance crisis intensifies.
Appointment as Secretary of State
Charles I appoints Nicholas as Secretary of State.
Irish Rebellion Correspondence
Nicholas manages royal communications concerning the uprising and military response.
Puritan Preaching Campaign
Rous promotes further reformation of worship and church discipline.
Reballion of Phelim ONeill
Leads a rebellion in Ulster, claiming support from Charles I
Arrest of James Graham
Arrested by Argyll
December 164136 historical events
Delivery of Grand Remonstrance
Hopton joins the deputation carrying the Remonstrance to the King.
Grand Remonstrance Presented
A parliamentary deputation formally presents the Grand Remonstrance to Charles.
Grand Remonstrance Received
Charles receives the parliamentary document at Hampton Court.
Grand Remonstrance Presented
A parliamentary deputation formally presents the Grand Remonstrance to Charles.
Grand Remonstrance Received
Charles receives the parliamentary document at Hampton Court.
Militia Bill Support
Strode supports the Commons bill challenging exclusive royal command.
Militia Bill First Reading
The Commons gives Haselrig's Militia Bill its first reading by 158 votes to 125.
Militia Bill Presented
Haselrig presents a bill placing militia and naval appointments under parliamentary control.
Militia Control Proposal
Haselrig proposes parliamentary nomination of militia and naval commanders.
Militia Bill Proceedings
Lenthall presides over the Militia Bill's first Commons reading.
Demand for Irish War Supplies
Charles asks the Lords for resources to protect subjects threatened by the Irish rebellion.
Demand for Irish War Supplies
Charles asks the Lords for resources to protect subjects threatened by the Irish rebellion.
Publication of Grand Remonstrance
Pym supports publication of the document to appeal directly to public opinion.
Appointment as Tower Lieutenant
Lunsford's appointment alarms Londoners who distrust his royalist reputation.
Thomas Lunsford Appointed Tower Lieutenant
Charles appoints Thomas Lunsford as Lieutenant of the Tower, provoking public opposition.
Thomas Lunsford Appointed Tower Lieutenant
Charles appoints Thomas Lunsford as Lieutenant of the Tower, provoking public opposition.
Grand Remonstrance Rejected
Charles answers the Remonstrance and refuses its central accusations.
Response to Grand Remonstrance
Charles rejects key accusations and defends his religious and constitutional policies.
Grand Remonstrance Rejected
Charles answers the Remonstrance and refuses its central accusations.
Response to Grand Remonstrance
Charles rejects key accusations and defends his religious and constitutional policies.
Lunsford Appointment Withdrawn
Charles withdraws Lunsford's appointment following protests in the City.
Lunsford Appointment Withdrawn
Charles withdraws Lunsford's appointment following protests in the City.
Appointment after Lunsford
Byron replaces Lunsford as Lieutenant of the Tower.
John Byron Appointed Tower Lieutenant
Charles appoints John Byron as the new Lieutenant of the Tower.
John Byron Appointed Tower Lieutenant
Charles appoints John Byron as the new Lieutenant of the Tower.
Essex Trained Bands Proposal
Cromwell proposes that the Earl of Essex command trained bands during the emergency.
Military Command Dispute
Cromwell challenges exclusive royal control of armed forces during the Irish emergency.
Trained Bands Proposal
Cromwell proposes placing London's trained bands under the Earl of Essex.
City Parliamentary Campaign
Penington helps organise City support for Parliament against royal military appointments.
Royalist Reply to Remonstrance
Hyde helps articulate the constitutional case against Pym's programme.
Proposed Trained Bands Commander
Essex is proposed as a commander trusted by parliamentary leaders.
London Demonstrations
Crowds demonstrate around Westminster as political language divides into royalist and parliamentary camps.
Royal Control of Militia Defended
Charles rejects parliamentary attempts to control military appointments.
London Demonstrations
Crowds demonstrate around Westminster as political language divides into royalist and parliamentary camps.
Royal Control of Militia Defended
Charles rejects parliamentary attempts to control military appointments.
Arrest of Rupert of the Rhine
Released by Emperor Ferdinand III at the instigation of Archduke Leopold William
Speaker during Long Parliament
Lenthall presides over the Commons throughout the constitutional conflicts of 1641.
Opposition to Grand Remonstrance
Hyde opposes the Grand Remonstrance and helps prepare the King's answer.
Third Objections to Descartes Meditations
Hobbes's objections are published with Descartes's Meditations, setting out major disagreements over mind, matter and method.
Laudian Reforms Reversed
Parliament dismantles many ceremonial and disciplinary changes associated with Laud.
Military Service in Ireland
Monck serves with Lord Leicester's regiment during the Irish uprising.
I think therefore I am
Publication of "Meditations on First philosophy", states "I think therefore I am"
Meditations on First philosophy
Publication of "Meditations on First philosophy", states "I think therefore I am"
Meditations on
Publication of "Meditations on First philosophy", states "I think therefore I am"
Parliament
Forbids Parliament to take part in the affairs of State
Treaty Negotiations at Paris
The Marquise de Cinq-Mars makes a secret Treaty with Spain
Fourth Objections to Descartes
Arnauld writes the Fourth Objections to Descartes's Meditations and enters major European philosophical debate.
Fifth Objections to Descartes
Gassendi contributes the Fifth Objections to Descartes's Meditations, challenging Cartesian metaphysics.
Descartes Answers Arnauld On Circular Reasoning
Antoine Arnauld questioned whether Descartes relied circularly on divine reliability and clear perception. Their exchange became a key source for later discussion of the Cartesian circle.
Descartes Debates Gassendi About The Mind
Pierre Gassendi pressed objections from an empiricist perspective to Descartes's metaphysical arguments. The dispute revealed competing accounts of how knowledge of the self is possible.
Descartes Defends Clear And Distinct Perception
The Meditations treats clear and distinct understanding as a candidate standard of truth. Descartes connected its reliability with the idea that a perfect God would not systematically deceive.
Descartes Distinguishes Thinking From Extension
Descartes characterized mind through thought and body through spatial extension. This distinction became foundational for subsequent disputes over consciousness and physical causation.
Descartes Introduces Evil Demon Hypothesis
The First Meditation asks readers to imagine a deceiver powerful enough to undermine apparent knowledge. This thought experiment sharpens methodological doubt before the search for secure conclusions.
Descartes Responds To Hobbes Materialist Objections
Thomas Hobbes challenged Cartesian arguments about mind and existence in objections circulated with the Meditations. Descartes's replies defended the difference between thinking substance and corporeal explanation.
Descartes Uses Wax Example For Intellect
The Second Meditation examines how a piece of wax remains recognized despite changing sensible qualities. Descartes used it to argue that intellectual judgment is not reducible to the senses.
First Meditation
Descartes uses systematic doubt to question beliefs derived from sensation and ordinary experience.
Foundations of Science
Descartes presents metaphysical arguments intended to secure the possibility of reliable scientific knowledge.
Meditations on First Philosophy
The first Latin edition of the Meditations on First Philosophy is published in Paris.
Mind and Body
The Meditations distinguishes thinking mind from extended matter and reshapes later metaphysical debate.
Second Meditation
Descartes argues that the certainty of thinking establishes the existence of the thinking self.
Il Ritorno Dulisse In Patria
Composes, "Il Ritorno Dulisse In Patria"
Birth of Ietsuna
Birth of Ietsuna, son of Iemitsu
Capture of Malacca
The Netherlands captures Malacca from the Portuguese
Marriage
Marries Mary, daughter of Charles I of England
Rear Admiral
Appointed Rear Admiral
Battle of Cape St Vincent
Distinguishes himself at the Battle of Cape St Vincent
Rear Admiral
Appointed Rear Admiral
Gdansk Observatory
Establishes an observatory on the roofs of his Gdansk houses.
Private Astronomical Observatory
Builds a major European centre for naked-eye astronomical observation.
Alliance John IV and Sweden
Signs a Treaty of friendship & commerce with Sweden
Privy Councillor
Appointed a Privy Councillor
Peerage
Created Lord Balgonie
Peerage
Created Earl of Leven, 1st
Invasion of England
Occupies North Eastern England
Treaty of Spain
The Marquise de Cinq-Mars makes a secret Treaty with Spain
Lord High Chancellor
Appointed Lord High Chancellor
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief of the Swedish army in Germany
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief of the Swedish army in Germany