Civil War
The Covenanter Army gathers at Harlaw, Berwickshire, 18,000 foot & 3,000 horse
Historical events in 1644
266 historical records
January 164419 historical events
Capture of Arundel Castle
Waller receives the surrender of Arundel Castle, checking Royalist attempts to penetrate Sussex and Kent.
Civil War
The Covenanter Army crosses the border at Berwick
Oxford Parliament Opens
Charles summons a rival Parliament at Oxford after the Civil War has divided the kingdom.
Oxford Parliament Opens
Charles summons a rival Parliament at Oxford after the Civil War has divided the kingdom.
Oxford Parliament
Attends the opening of Charles Is Parliament in Oxford
Peerage
Created Duke of Cumberland
Peerage
Created Earl of Holderness
Battle of Nantwich
Joins forces with Fairfax & helps defeat Royalists led by Lord Byron
Battle of Nantwich
Fairfax helps defeat Byron's Royalist army at Nantwich, relieving the town and weakening Royalist control in Cheshire.
Relief of Nantwich
Brereton joins Fairfax in breaking the Royalist siege of Nantwich and restoring Parliament's position in Cheshire.
Battle of Nantwich
Defeats Irish Royalists & local troops who have laid siege to Nantwich
Arrest of George Monck
Captured at Nantwich while serving the Royalists, Monck is sent as a prisoner to London.
Battle of Nantwich
Monck is captured by Parliamentarian forces after the Royalist defeat at Nantwich.
Battle of Nantwich
Forced to retreat to Chester
Battle of Nantwich
Defeated by Fairfax. Byrons infantry join the Parliamentarians
Arrest of James Hamilton
Imprisoned at Pendennis Castle by Charles I
Capture of Northumbria
The Covenanter Army occupies Northumbria
Invasion of England
The Covenanter Army occupies Northumbria
February 16447 historical events
Lieutenant
Signs the Covenant enabling him to take up the position of Lieutenant Colonel
Lieutenant
Signs the Covenant enabling him to take up the position of Lieutenant Colonel
Battle of Corbridge
The Covenanters are defeated by the Royalist horse under Newcastle at Corbridge
Covenanters
The Covenanters are defeated by the Royalist horse under Newcastle at Corbridge
Battle of Corbridge
The Covenanters are defeated by the Royalist horse under Newcastle at Corbridge
Covenanters
The Covenanters are defeated by the Royalist horse under Newcastle at Corbridge
Eastern Association Cavalry Command
Cromwell receives command of the Eastern Association cavalry and develops the disciplined mounted force later associated with his military reputation.
March 164423 historical events
Battle of Boldon Hills
Covenanters under Leven get the better of Royalists under Newcastle outside Sunderland
Battle of Boldon Hills
Covenanters under Leven get the better of Royalists under Newcastle outside Sunderland
Covenanters
Covenanters under Leven get the better of Royalists under Newcastle outside Sunderland
Siege of Sunderland
Covenanters under Leven get the better of Royalists under Newcastle outside Sunderland
Civil War
The Covenanters fail in their attempt to capture the Royalist Fort at South Shields
Covenanters
The Covenanters fail in their attempt to capture the Royalist Fort at South Shields
Covenanters
Leads a siege of Aberdeen & captures some leading Covenanters
Siege of Aberdeen
Leads a siege of Aberdeen & captures some leading Covenanters
Siege of Bingham
Arrives at Bingham with forces gathered from Chester, Shrewsbury & the Midlands
Civil War
The Covenanters succeed in their attempt to capture the Royalist Fort at South Shields
Covenanters
The Covenanters succeed in their attempt to capture the Royalist Fort at South Shields
Battle of Newark
Begins the attack on Meldruns Parliamentary forces
Siege of Newark
Surrenders Parliamentary forces to Rupert of the Rhine & retreats to Hull
Capture of Newark
The Midlands falls into royalists hands after the siege of Newark
Siege of Newark
Successfully relieves Newark & the Countess of Derby. Rupert of the Rhine forces Meldrum's Army to surrender
Siege of Newark
The Midlands falls into royalists hands after the siege of Newark
Battle of Hilton
Covenanters under Leven & Royalists under Newcastle clash but the result is indecisive
Covenanters
Covenanters under Leven & Royalists under Newcastle clash but the result is indecisive
Battle of Hilton
Covenanters under Leven & Royalists under Newcastle clash but the result is indecisive
Covenanters
Covenanters under Leven & Royalists under Newcastle clash but the result is indecisive
Victory at Cheriton
Waller defeats Hopton's Royalist army at Cheriton and gains control of much of Hampshire for Parliament.
Capture of Aberdeen
Captures Aberdeen from the Covenanters
Covenanters
Captures Aberdeen from the Covenanters
April 164423 historical events
Battle of Selby
Fairfax defeats Royalist forces at Selby, helping open the way for Parliamentarian pressure on York.
Battle of Selby
Defeats the Royalists under Lord Bellasis & captures Selby
Battle of Selby
Lord Newcastles Royalist force of 5,000 is trapped in York
Covenanters
The Covenanters & Parliament join forces at Tadcaster
Mobilization
The Covenanters & Parliament join forces at Tadcaster
Civil War
The Covenanters & Parliament join forces at Tadcaster
Covenanters
The Covenanters & Parliament join forces at Tadcaster
Capture of Montrose
Captures most of Montrose for the Royalists
Siege of York
Begins the siege where Newcastle is stranded with 5,000 men but is relieved by Rupert
Covenanters
Covenanters & Parliament raise the siege of York to destroy Devonshires army
Siege of York
Covenanters & Parliament raise the siege of York to destroy Devonshires army
Civil War
The Covenanters & Parliament raise the siege & threaten to destroy Newcastles army
Civil War
Jons the Parliamentarians under Fairfax at York
Covenanters
The Covenanters & Parliament raise the siege & threaten to destroy Newcastles army
Death of Chung Chen
The Ming Dynasty, which has dominated China since the 1380s, comes to an end
Exile of Henrietta Maria
Leaves her husband for the safety of the West Country, never sees him again
Civil War
Arrives at the Highlands with 1,100 Irish to join up with Montroses Royalist army
Civil War
Assists Montroses invasion of Scotland for the Royalists
Battle of Morepeth
Routes the Covenanter garrison at Morpeth & takes the town
Capture of Dumfries
Captures Dumfries for the Royalists but later forced out by Argyll
Siege of Dumfries
Captures Dumfries for the Royalists but later forced out by Argyll
Siege of Morepeth
Routes the Covenanter garrison at Morpeth & takes the town
Invasion of England
Leads a Royalist force of 1,300 militia from Cumberland & Northumberland
May 164412 historical events
Battle of Faringdon
Defeats Cromwell but is kept in check by him
Siege of Lincoln
Captures Lincoln
Siege of York
Gathers together a force of 27,000 outside York
Mobilization
Charles Is Cavalry Leader accompanies his King on his way from Oxford
Battle of Dundee
Wins a small Battle at the head of a Royalist Army invading Scotland
Siege of Dundee
Wins a small Battle at the head of a Royalist Army invading Scotland
Siege of Bolton
1st of the Cavaliers to enter then take Bolton
Capture of Bolton
Captures Bolton from the Roundheads
Siege of Bolton
Captures Bolton from the Roundheads
Mobilization
Joins forces with Prince Rupert
Advance on Oxford
Waller advances against Oxford from the south while Parliamentarian armies attempt to trap the King's field force.
Defence of Lyme Regis
Blake helps defend Lyme Regis against a prolonged Royalist siege and preserves an important Parliamentarian foothold in the west.
June 16447 historical events
Capture of Leicester
Leicester is sacked by Charles I & Prince Rupert
Siege of Newark
Joined by Lord George Goring
Battle of Aberdeen
Montrose expels the Covenentors from Aberdeen
Battle of Aberdeen
The Battle of Aberdeen is fought between Royalist & Covenanter forces
Siege of Aberdeen
Montrose expels the Covenentors from Aberdeen
Parliament
The new Parliament includes 100 members of the Commons & 30 peers. Opens his own Parliament in Christ Church Hall
Battle of Cropredy Bridge
Waller attacks across the Cherwell at Cropredy Bridge but is driven back and loses artillery to the Royalists.
July 164455 historical events
Battle of Marston Moor
Arrives at Marston Moor, 6 miles west of York on the Knaresborough Rd
Battle of Marston Moor
Reluctant to fight at all but persuades Rupert to postpone the battle 1 day
Siege of York
Rupert of the Rhine succesfully relieves York
Battle of Marston Moor
As a 2nd to Goring commands some of the Royalist cavalry, taken prisoner by the Scots
Battle of Marston Moor
Colonel Charles Fairfax is killed in action at the Battle of Marston Moor
Death of Charles Fairfax
Colonel Charles Fairfax is killed in action at the Battle of Marston Moor
Battle of Marston Moor
Commands the Scottish dragoons on the side of the English Parliament
Battle of Marston Moor
Sweeps away Gorings horse by attacking the Royalists from the rear. Defeats the Royalists near York, leaving 4,000 dead & taking 1,500 prisoners. Cromwell's first major victory, personally commands 2,500 men
Cavalry Command at Marston Moor
Cromwell commands the Parliamentarian left-wing cavalry and helps turn the fighting at Marston Moor into a decisive Royalist defeat.
Battle of Marston Moor
Fights at Marston Moor on the side of the English Parliament
Battle of Marston Moor
Commands Manchesters Foot & for a time takes charge of Cromwell's cavalry
Reballion of City Brigades
Writes complaining of the rebellion of the City Brigades
Siege of York
The city of York is taken after the Battle of Marston Moor, and nearly the whole of the north submits to the Parliament
Battle of Marston Moor
A gathering of eager national forces within a few square miles of ground naturally led to a battle, and Marston Moor proves decisive for the struggle in the north.
Battle of Marston Moor
Cromwell relieves Fairfax and Parliament is victorious.
Battle of Marston Moor
Fairfax's horse meets Gorings 1st line and charges them successfully.
Battle of Marston Moor
The city of York is taken after the Battle of Marston Moor, and nearly the whole of the north submits to the Parliament.
Battle of Marston Moor
Thomas Fairfax Cameron, 3rd commands the right suffering heavy losses from Goring.
Battle of Marston Moor
Fights for the Royalists at Marston Moor, on the losing side
Battle of Marston Moor
Commands a Parliamentary regiment at the Battle of Marston Moor
Battle of Marston Moor
Commands the Royalist horse on the left flank
Battle of Marston Moor
Totally defeated Newcastle departs for Hamburg. Commands the Royalist "whitecoats" but only 30 survive
Battle of Marston Moor
Royalist defeat near York which loses Charles stronghold in the nth. 4,000 Royalists are killed & 1,500 taken prisoner
Battle of Marston Moor
Cromwell commands Eastern Association cavalry as Parliament and the Scots defeat Prince Rupert.
Battle of Marston Moor
Commands the Royalist Horse
Battle of Marston Moor
Rupert commands the Royalist army defeated by Parliamentarian and Scottish forces at Marston Moor.
Battle of Marston Moor
Fairfax fights on the Parliamentarian side during the major victory at Marston Moor.
Battle of Marston Moor
Fights for Parliament
Battle of Marston Moor
Stabs Cromwell in the neck & is made Viscount Dungannon. Commands a regiment under Lord Byron
Reballion of City Brigades
Writes complaining of the rebellion of the City Brigades
Battle of Marston Moor
Leaves York to engage the Roundheads on Marston Moor. Leads the Royalist cavalry, the Royalists are defeated outside York. Almost captured but manages to beat a retreat to York
Battle of Marston Moor
Serves as a Lieutenant General of foot in Lord Levens Army winning great distinction. Commands the bulk of the Scottish Foot
Battle of Marston Moor
Fights for the Royalists at Marston Moor
Battle of Marston Moor
Commands the Scottish horse on the side of the English Parliament. Acts as Cromwell's 2nd-in-command & marshalls the line of battle
Battle of Marston Moor
Command the largest contingent & takes over supreme command for Parliament
Battle of Marston Moor
Commands regiments of Parliaments foot
Battle of Marston Moor
Warned by Fairfax that Rupert is advancing, Leven then engages in battle
Cromwells Plump
Sets up HQ by a clump of trees now known as Cromwell's Plump
Battle of Marston Moor
Leslie's Scottish cavalry supports Cromwell's wing and helps secure the Parliamentarian victory.
Battle of Marston Moor
Arrives too late to support Prince Rupert at Marston Moor
Siege of York
Returns to York after the Battle of Marston Moor. Collects 6,000 of his cavalry & marches into Lancashire
Siege of York
Resumes the siege of York after victory at Marston Moor
Siege of York
Resumes the siege of York after victory at Marston Moor
Siege of York
Serves as a Lieutenant General of Foot in Lord Levens Army at the siege of York
Reballion of Rebels in London
Wounded by his own men
Capture of York
Leads the "Ironsides" & captures York
Capture of York
Parliament captures York
Siege of York
Parliament captures York
Siege of Newcastle
Serves as a Lieutenant General of foot in Lord Levens Army at the siege of Newcastle
Governor
Appointed Governor of York
Command at Taunton
Blake takes command at Taunton and prepares the town to withstand repeated Royalist attempts to recover it.
Exile of Henrietta Maria
Sails from Falmouth to Brest
Peerage
Created Viscount Dungannon after the Battle of Marston Moor
Dedication to Princess Elisabeth
Descartes dedicates the Principles of Philosophy to Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia.
Principles of Philosophy
Descartes publishes the Principles of Philosophy as a systematic presentation of metaphysics and natural philosophy.
August 16443 historical events
Battle of Blair Atholl
Raises the Royalist Standard at Blair Atholl in the Highlands
Battle of Blair Atholl
Defeats a small Irish force led by Alasdair Macolla MacDonald
Battle of Tarvin
Brereton defeats Royalist forces near Tarvin and frustrates efforts to reinforce the Royalist position around Chester.
September 164411 historical events
Battle of Tippermuir
Routs Lord Elchos Army
Siege of Tippermuir
Routs Lord Elchos Army
Battle of Lostwithiel
Defeated by Royalists 30 miles west of Plymouth. Charles I marches westwards from Oxford & intercepts Devereux. Charles I captures 8,000 of Devereuxs infantry
Battle of Lostwithiel
Defeated by Royalists 30 miles west of Plymouth, saves most of the cavalry
Battle of Lostwithiel
The Royalists defeat Essex & capture 8,000 infantry. After their victory the Royalists are in a position to march on London
Siege of London
After victory at Lostwithiel the Royalists are in a position to march on London
Battle of Aberdeen
Wins a small Battle at the head of a Royalist Army invading Scotland
Invasion of Scotland
Wins a small Battle at the head of a Royalist Army invading Scotland
Royalist Army
Wins a small Battle at the head of a Royalist Army invading Scotland
Siege of Aberdeen
Wins a small Battle at the head of a Royalist Army invading Scotland
Mobilization
Fills the gap left by William Waller who is supporting Essex in Cornwall
October 164413 historical events
Battle of Fehmarn
The Swedish Commander Wrangel defeats the Danish fleet under Pros Mund in the Baltic
Battle of Fehmarn
Wrangel defeats the Danish fleet under Pros Mund in the Baltic
Capture of Newcastle
Commander of "Ironsides" during Parliaments capture of Newcastle
Battle of Newbury, 2nd
Fights at the Battle of Newbury
Battle of Newbury, 2nd
Commander for the Royalists at the 2nd Battle of Newbury
Battle of Newbury
Fights an inconclusive Battle at Newbury
Second Battle of Newbury
Cromwell fights at Second Newbury and later urges a stronger pursuit of the withdrawing Royalist army.
Second Battle of Newbury
Skippon's infantry helps recover artillery lost earlier in Cornwall during Parliament's attack at Second Newbury.
Second Battle of Newbury
Waller shares command in the Parliamentarian attack at Second Newbury and later argues for stronger pursuit of the King.
Battle of Banbury
Fails to join forces with Waller. Charles I is able to retreat safely to Donnington Castle & to join Rupert in Oxford
Battle of Banbury
With 10,000 men faces Cromwell with 22,000. The Battle is inconclusive & Charles retreats to Oxford. Manages to avoid capture & defeat, returns to Donnington Castle
Second Battle of Newbury
Charles I escapes after the Second Battle of Newbury despite Parliamentarian attempts to trap his army.
Second Battle of Newbury
Cromwell criticises missed opportunities after the Parliamentarian attack fails to destroy the king's army.
November 16445 historical events
Council of War
Advises a military defeat of the King after Manchester fails to persue him in battle
Council of War
"if we beat the King 99 x he would be King still, if he beat us we should be hanged"
Criticism of Manchester
Cromwell criticises Manchester's conduct of the war and presses Parliament for a more vigorous military strategy.
Lieutenant
Appointed Commander in Chief, Royalist forces
Lieutenant
Appointed Commander in Chief, Royalist forces
Death of John Bankes
Death of John Bankes, Royalist supporter & owner of Corfe Castle
Ching Dynasty
Founds the Ching Dynasty
Succession
Succeeds as Emperor of China
Death of Chung Chen
Hangs himself after the rebel leader Li Dzucheng captures Beijing
Death of Zicheng
Beijing is recaptured & the Zicheng Dynasty comes to an end, Li is killed in battle
Capture of Beijing
The rebel leader Li Dzucheng captures Beijing
Capture of Beijing
Captures Beijing & Shenxi then proclaims himself Emperor
Areopagetica", in support of freedom of the press
1st publication of "Areopagetica", in support of freedom of the press
Areopagetica
1st publication of "Areopagetica", in support of freedom of the press
Lord President
Appointed Lord President of the Council
Governor
Appointed Governor of Chester
Peerage
Negotiated the marriage between Prince Charles & Henrietta Maria of France
Peerage
Created Earl of Glamorgan
Tractatus Opticus
Hobbes completes a Latin optical treatise associated with his work in Mersenne's scientific circle.
Capture of Tickhill
Captures Tickill Castle for Parliament, against orders
Siege of Taunton
Takes & holds Taunton for 2 years for the Parliamentary forces
Independents
Appointed Leader of the Independents
Reform of Religious Toleration
Leads an Army sect demanding religious toleration & prosecution of criminals
Battle of Cheriton
Prevents the advance of Royalists under Sir Ralph Hopton
Siege of Alton
Captures Alton for the Parliamentarians
Alliance Parliament and Scotland
Appointed to to co-ordinate the war with between Parliamentary & Scotish Allies
Committee of Both Kingdoms
Appointed Member of Committee of Both Kingdoms
Alliance Parliament and Scotland
Helps form an alliance between Parliament & Scotland
Committee of Both Kingdoms
Appointed Member of Committee of Both Kingdoms
Alliance Scotland and Parliament
Helps form an alliance between Scotland & Parliament
Committee of Both Kingdoms
Appointed Member of Committee of Both Kingdoms
Alliance Parliament and Scotland
Helps form an alliance between Parliament & Scotland
Committee of Both Kingdoms
Appointed Member of Committee of Both Kingdoms
Joint War Strategy
Vane works through the Committee of Both Kingdoms to coordinate Parliamentarian and Scottish military policy.
Gloucestershire Campaign
Massey conducts mobile operations from Gloucester against Royalist garrisons and communications across the surrounding counties.
Second in Command
Appointed 2nd-in-Command of the Parliamentary Army
Imprisonment
Held in the Tower of London from 1644 to 1646 after his capture at Nantwich.
Observations on Military Affairs
While in prison Monck writes observations on military and political affairs.
Royalist Service
Commands a Royalist regiment before the defeat and capture at Nantwich.
Lord Lieutenant
Appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland by Charles I, replaces the Earl of Leicester
Defection
Joins the Parliamentarians
Committee of Both Kingdoms
Appointed a member of the Committee of Both Kingdoms
Mobilization
Joins up with Waller & Essex & forms a force of 18,000 outnumbering the King's by 2:1
Battle of Andover
Fights for the Royalists
Result of Surrender of Robert Devereux's Army
Essex's field army in Cornwall is lost, severely weakening the Parliamentarian position in the region.
Surrender of Robert Devereux's Army
Forced to surrender his army in Cornwall
Exile of William Cavendish
Goes into exile after defeat at Marston Moor & loss of the nrth to Parliament
Lord Lieutenant
Appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland by the Oxford Parliament
Capture of Donnington
Captures Donnington Castle north west of Newbury
Invasion of Ireland
Withdraws his troops from Ireland & recruits Irish reinforcements. Makes peace with the Irish Confederation
Irish Confederation
Makes peace with the Irish Confederation
Battle of Cropredy Bridge
Fights at the Battle of Cropredy Bridge
Council of Advisers
Given a Council of Advisers including Sir Edward Hyde, Sir Arthur Capel & Lord Hopton
General
Appointed General of the Western Association & Generlissimo of the King's forces. Appointed Commander, under the control of Sir Edward Hyde
Peerage
Created Baron Astley
Exile of Henrietta Maria
Forced into exile, 1644-60, due to her unpopularity & Catholicism
Committee of Both Kingdoms
Appointed Member of Committee of Both Kingdoms
Committee of Both Kingdoms
Appointed Member of Committee of Both Kingdoms
Committee of Both Kingdoms
Appointed Member of Committee of Both Kingdoms
Committee of Both Kingdoms
Appointed Member of Committee of Both Kingdoms
Second in Command
Appointed 2nd-in-Command of the Parliamentary Army
Lord Lieutenant
Appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland by Charles I, replaces the Earl of Leicester
Lord Lieutenant
Appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland by the Oxford Parliament
General
Appointed General of the Western Association & Generlissimo of the King's forces. Appointed Commander, under the control of Sir Edward Hyde
Journey to Italy
Mersenne travels in Italy and strengthens the exchange of scientific and philosophical information across Europe.
Disquisitio Metaphysica
Gassendi publishes Disquisitio Metaphysica, extending his criticism of Descartes.
Descartes Describes Matter As Extension
The Principles of Philosophy defined the essential attribute of material substance as extension. This doctrine underpinned Cartesian attempts to explain physical phenomena without occult qualities.
Descartes Develops Vortex Account Of Heavens
Descartes presented a cosmology in which circulating matter accounts for celestial movements. Though later displaced, the vortex theory influenced seventeenth century scientific debate.
Battle of Frieburg
Defeats the Imperial army & captures Mainz & Worms
Capture of Mainz
Captures Mainz
Capture of Worms
Captures Worms
Imperial Army
Defeats the Imperial army & captures Mainz & Worms
Battle of Newark
After Ruperts success at Newark Parliament withdraws from York
Siege of York
After Ruperts success at Newark Parliament withdraws from York
General
Appointed as General of the Royalist army
Alliance Gyorgy I and Sweden to invade Austria
Allies with Sweden to invade Austria
Pope
Appointed Pope, Giambattista Pamfili
Discovery of Australia
Completes a map of the west & north coast of Australia
Birth of Godert de Ginkell
Birth of Godert de Ginkell, 1st Earl of Athlone
Peerage
Created a Marquess by Charles I after Leven invades England
Siege of Corbridge
Langdale takes the Royalist quarters at Corbridge
Siege of Newcastle
The Scots fail to capture the Royalist stronghold of Newcastle
Battle of Carlisle
Captures Carlisle after victory at Marston Moor
Siege of Carlisle
Captures Carlisle after victory at Marston Moor
Siege of Newcastle
Conducts a siege of Newcastle after victory at Marston Moor
Civil War
Takes part in the siege of Newcastle
Civil War
Leads a Scottish army across the River Tweed to support Parliament
Scottish Parliamentary Army
Appointed Commander of the Scottish Parliamentary Army
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant General for Scotland by Charles I
Battle of Blair Atholl
Joins with Alasdair MacDonalds 1,100 Irishman & forms a combined army of 2,000 men
Commander of Scottish Army
Appointed Commander of the Scottish Parliamentary Army
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant General for Scotland by Charles I
Battle of Juterborg
Wins a victory at the Battle of Juterborg