Execution of John Hotham
Hotham is executed after a court martial convicts him over his wartime dealings with the Royalists.
Historical events in 1645
238 historical records
January 16458 historical events
Death of William Laud
Death of William Laud, executed for treason
Execution
Beheaded for treason
Treason
Death of William Laud, executed for treason. Beheaded for treason
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant General of the Horse & Foot. Appointed 2nd-in-Command for Manchester
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant General of the Horse & Foot
Peace
Signs a brief truce but breaks it when he refuses to accede to Parliaments terms
Treaty of Uxbridge
Signs a brief truce but breaks it when he refuses to accede to Parliaments terms
February 16454 historical events
Battle of Inverlochy
Wins a Battle at the head of a Royalist Army invading Scotland, destroys Argylls Army
Royalist Army
Wins a Battle at the head of a Royalist Army invading Scotland, destroys Argylls Army
New Model Army Command
Fairfax is appointed to command the New Model Army and begins organising Parliament's new national field force.
New Model Army Legislation
St John supports Parliament's programme for reorganising its armies as the New Model Army is established.
March 16458 historical events
Battle of Jankau
Defeats the Imperialists & Bavarians under von Werth while advincing towards Prague
Siege of Taunton
Gorings men lay siege to Taunton
Commander in Chief
Goring gets a commission as Commander in Chief of all western forces and so can only receive orders directly from the King
Result of Surrender of Royalist Forces in the West
Royalist resistance in the west collapses further, leaving Oxford as the principal remaining Royalist threat.
Surrender of Royalist Forces in the West
The Royalists are defeated in the West, only Oxford remains as a serious threat. Sir Ralph Hopton signs articles of surrender at Exeter
Battle of Stow-on-the-Wold
Charles I surrenders to the Scots rather than to Parliament. Charles final field force is crushed
Result of Surrender of Charles I
Charles I places himself in Scottish hands rather than surrendering directly to Parliament.
Surrender of Charles I
Charles I surrenders to the Scots rather than to Parliament
April 164520 historical events
Self-Denying Ordinance
Cromwell is exempted from resignation pressure and continues military service with Parliament's army.
Second-in-Command
Appointed 2nd-in-Command of the New Model Army under Sir Thomas Fairfax
Dismissal
Removes the existing Generals
Lieutenant
Fairfax succeeds Essex as Captain General & Cromwell becomes Lt General
Self-Denying Ordinance
Removes the existing Generals. Creates a New Model Army becoming 2nd-in-Command under Sir Thomas Fairfax. All MPs except Cromwell must relinquish military commissions within 40 days
Self-Denying Ordinance
A modified Self-Denying Ordinance is passed by the Lords
New Model Army
Fairfax becomes commander of the New Model Army created to improve Parliament's war effort.
Second-in-Command
Appointed 2nd-in-Command of the New Model Army
Lieutenant
Fairfax succeeds Essex as Captain General & Cromwell becomes Lt General
Capture of Dundee
Captures Dundee
Civil War
Captures Dundee
Siege of Dundee
Captures Dundee
Battle of Islip
Cromwell routs a detachment of Royalist horse at Islip during his raid against the king's artillery train.
Alliance Charles I and the Scots
Leaves to Royalist stronghold of Oxford to negotiate with the Scots
Mobilization
Marches out from Windsor prior to the Battle of Naseby
New Model Dragoon Regiment
Okey receives command of the New Model Army's dragoon regiment as Parliament forms its national field army.
New Model Cavalry Regiment
Whalley receives command of a cavalry regiment in the New Model Army during Parliament's military reorganisation.
New Model Army Cavalry Command
Ireton receives senior cavalry command in the New Model Army as Parliament reorganises its field forces.
New Model Army Appointment
Skippon becomes Major-General of Foot in the New Model Army and encourages experienced soldiers to enter the reorganised force.
Resignation of Edward Montagu
Anticipating the Self-denying Ordinance, Manchester resigned his command
May 164527 historical events
Battle of Faringdon
Defeated in battle by the Earl of Norwich, George Goring
Skirmish at Faringdon
Royalist forces under Goring damage part of Cromwell's regiment near Faringdon after his Oxfordshire raid.
Battle of Mergentheim
Invades central Germany but is defeated by Mercy & withdraws to the Rhine
Mobilization
Reaches Blandford & detaches 6 regiments for the relief of Taunton
Siege of Oxford
Charles I and Goring evade Parliamentarian forces and leave Oxford during the campaigning season.
Battle of Auldearn
Hurry tries to surprise Montose but is trapped by MacDonald & defeated by Montrose
Civil War
Hurry tries to surprise Montose but is trapped by MacDonald & defeated by Montrose
Civil War
Hurry tries to surprise Montose but is trapped by MacDonald & defeated by Montrose. Hurry is defeated & 2,000 to 3,000 Covenanters perish in the battle
Covenanters
Hurry is defeated & 2,000 to 3,000 Covenanters perish in the battle
Battle of Auldearn
Helps Montrose defeat Hurry at Auldearn
Battle of Auldearn
Resigns after John Hurrys defeat at Auldearn over interference in command
Resignation of William Baille
Resigns but quickly returns to his command
Mobilization
Reaches Droitwich & leaves it 14th May
Siege of Chester
Reaches Market Drayton & recieves news that Brereton has raised the siege of Chester
Mobilization
Arrives at Nuneham near Oxford & is joined by Cromwell
Council of War
Charles decides to send Goring south west while he & Rupert head nth
Mobilization
Advances toward Kenilworth before parliamentary orders redirect forces during the Oxford operations.
Mobilization
Joins Fairfax near Nuneham as Parliamentarian forces press operations around Oxford.
Siege of Oxford
Siege of Oxford by Fairfax and the New Model Army
Mobilization
Serves with Fairfax near Oxford as Parliamentarian forces try to contain Charles I's army.
Siege of Leicester
Rupert captures and ransacks Leicester in an attempt to draw Fairfax away from Oxford
Siege of Oxford
Rupert captures and ransacks Leicester in an attempt to draw Fairfax away from Oxford
Battle of Preston
Wins victory over the Scots under Hamilton. The 1st Battle over which Cromwell has independent command
Battle of Worcester
Royalist victory, diverts Fairfax from Oxford, Charles then proceeds safely to Oxford
Mobilization
Arrives in Cambridge to gather horse and reinforce the Eastern Association before rejoining the main campaign.
Defence of Taunton
Blake maintains the Parliamentarian defence of Taunton despite blockade, bombardment and repeated Royalist pressure.
Siege of Leicester
Charles I sacks Leicester, followed by his defeat at Naseby. Charels I captures Leicester waiting for Goring & Gerard to join forces with him
June 164558 historical events
Capture of Leicester
With the help of Prince Rupert captures & sacks Leicester
Capture of Leicester
Helps Charles I to capture Leicester, there is much slaughter
Siege of Leicester
Helps Charles I to capture Leicester, there is much slaughter
Capture of Leicester
After Royalists take Leicester Fairfax is ordered nth
Siege of Oxford
Marches to Newport Pagnell on his way to besiege Oxford
Mobilization
Fairfax arrives at Newport Pagnell where is joined by Vermuyden & his 2,500 horse
Mobilization
Charles reaches Daventry where he learns that Oxford is no longer under siege
Commander of New Model Army
The Commons approves Cromwell's appointment as 2nd in Command of the New Model Army
Commander of New Model Army
The Commons approves Cromwell's appointment as 2nd in Command of the New Model Army
Lieutenant
The Commons approves Cromwell's appointment as Lieutenant General of the Horse
Mobilization
Cromwell moves toward Fairfax before the Naseby campaign as Parliament concentrates forces against Charles I.
Mobilization
Cromwell joins forces with Fairfax & Parliament has an Army of more than 13,000 men
Battle of Borough Hill
Initial contact between Fairfax and the King's army at Borough Hill
Mobilization
Cromwell joins forces with Fairfax & Parliament has an Army of more than 13,000 men
Mobilization
Fairfax arrives 12 miles from where Charles is at Daventry to the latters surprise
Mobilization
Leads a cavalry at the Battle of Naseby against the Royalists
Capture of Gainsborough
Leads his main force into Gainsborough while his main scouts enter Naseby
Battle of Naseby
Stands on high ground on East Farndon over Great Oxendon, 2 miles south of Harborough
Mobilization
Charles avoids Battle by marching from Borough Hill to Belvoit Castle
Battle of Farndon
Stops the retreat & stands on high ground from East Farndon towards Great Oxendon. After defeat Rupert advises the royalists to sue for peace. Advises Charles against fighting, the Royal Army is virtually destroyed
Siege of Farndon
Stops the retreat & stands on high ground from East Farndon towards Great Oxendon
Battle of Naseby
Commands a brigade of the Royalist Army
Battle of Naseby
Commands a Royalist Army, Charles I is defeated
Royalist Army
Commands a Royalist Army, Charles I is defeated
Battle of Naseby
Commands a brigade of the Royalist Army
Battle of Naseby
Commands a brigade of the Royalist Army
Battle of Naseby
Commands the right wing of the Royalist cavalry
Battle of Naseby
Parliamentary victory, Charles has 7,500 men & Parliamentary forces number 13,500. Contributes to Charles downfall & the ascendancy of Cromwell & the independents
Battle of Naseby
Commands a Parliamentary regiment in a victory over the Royalists
Sulby Hedges at Naseby
Okey's dragoons use the hedges on the Parliamentarian flank to fire on Royalist cavalry during the Battle of Naseby.
Battle of Naseby
Fights at the Battle of Naseby for Parliament against Charles I
Battle of Naseby
Commands the Dragoons of the Parliamentary Army during a victory against the Royalists
Battle of Naseby
Fairfax directs the New Model Army at Naseby and wins the decisive victory over Charles I's main field army.
Wounding at Naseby
Ireton is wounded in the thigh and face and is briefly captured during the fighting at Naseby.
Battle of Naseby
Commands the infantry centre of the Parliamentary Army during their victory
Cavalry Command at Naseby
Cromwell commands the New Model Army's horse at Naseby and turns his victorious cavalry against the Royalist infantry.
Royalist Infantry Flanked at Naseby
After defeating the Royalist cavalry, Cromwell redirects his horsemen against the Royalist foot and helps decide the battle.
Wounded at Naseby
Skippon is seriously wounded while commanding the New Model infantry but refuses to leave the field before victory is secured.
Battle of Naseby
Commands a Royalist Army, Charles I is defeated
Royalist Army
Commands a Royalist Army, Charles I is defeated
Battle of Naseby
With Cromwell's help defeats Charles force of 7,500. Leaves Guilsborough in the early hours & by sunrise the Army is ready on Naseby Bridge. A decisive victory over the royalists
Battle of Naseby
Ireton leads Parliamentarian cavalry on the left and is captured during the early fighting at Naseby.
Battle of Naseby
Commands the King's Horseguards of the Royalist Army
Battle of Naseby
Commands a Royalist Army, Charles I is defeated
Royalist Army
Commands a Royalist Army, Charles I is defeated
Battle of Naseby
The 1st Civil War lingers for another year until capitulation at Oxford 1 year later. Decisive victory for Parliamentary forces
Council of War
Calls a Council of War & decides to fight against Fairfax south of Market Harborough
Battle of Naseby
Commands Parliamentarian cavalry on the right and helps Fairfax defeat the king's main field army.
Battle of Naseby
Commands the infantry of the Royalist Army
Battle of Naseby
Rupert's cavalry drives back part of the Parliamentarian line but cannot prevent Royalist defeat.
Battle of Naseby
Fairfax commands the New Model Army in the decisive defeat of Charles I at Naseby.
Battle of Naseby
Has command in the field of the Royalist forces & leads the right wing of the cavalry
Siege of Oxford
Establishes quarters around Holton while preparing pressure on the Royalist capital at Oxford.
Battle of Naseby
Commands levies for the Royalists against Parliament
Battle of Naseby
Commands the Lifeguard for Parliament against the Royalists
Battle of Naseby
Commands a regiment for Parliament against the Royalists
Battle of Naseby
Commands a Regiment for Parliament against the Royalists
Capture of Leicester
Fairfax takes back Leicester
July 164517 historical events
Civil War
Helps defeat a Covenant & anti-Royalist Armt led by Baille
Battle of Alford
Defeated by the Royalist Army led by Montrose
Royalist Army
Defeated by the Royalist Army led by Montrose
Civil War
Fights for Covenanters & anti-Royalists who are defeated by Royalists led by Montrose
Covenanters
Fights for Covenanters & anti-Royalists who are defeated by Royalists led by Montrose
Civil War
Helps defeat a Covenant & anti-Royalist Army led by Baille but is killed in battle. Helps defeat a Covenant & anti-Royalist Armt led by Baille
Civil War
Helps defeat a Covenant & anti-Royalist Armt led by Baille
Battle of Alford
Defeats a Covenant & anti-Royalist Army led by Baille
Capture of Dorchester
Fairfax meets the Clubmen of Dorset and Wiltshire at Dorchester
Battle of Langport
Fairfax defeats the last major Royalist field army in the west at Langport and continues the New Model Army's advance.
Battle of Langport
Fairfax boldly attacks Gorings strong defences at the Battle of Langport
Battle of Langport
Suffers a defeat by Fairfax & Cromwell. Fairfax boldly attacks Gorings strong defences at the Battle of Langport
Battle of Langport
Cromwell's cavalry contributes to Parliament's victory over Goring's forces at Langport.
Battle of Langport
Fairfax defeats Goring's Royalist army and opens the west of England to Parliamentarian advance.
Capture of Bridgewater
Fairfax takes Bridgewater
Siege of Bridgewater
Fairfax takes Bridgewater
Capture of Bath
Captures Bath from the Royalists
August 164525 historical events
Battle of Nordlingen
Turenne & Enghein invade Bavaria & defefeat Mercy
Battle of Nordlingen
Turenne & Enghein invade Bavaria & defefeat Mercy
Battle of Hambledon Hill
Cromwell routs Dorsetshire clubmen at Hambledon Hill
Death of Lionel Cranfield
Death of Lionel Cranfield
Siege of Perth
Moves past Perth to Stirling with the Covenanter Army under Baille in persuit
Siege of Stirling
Moves past Perth to Stirling with the Covenanter Army under Baille in persuit
Capture of Sherborne Castle
Fairfax assaults and captures Sherborne Castle
Siege of Sherborne Castle
Fairfax assaults and captures Sherborne Castle
Invasion of England
Decides to fight Montrose without waiting for Lanark
Civil War
Decides to engage the Covenanters, the Royalists & Covenanters are just 3 miles apart
Covenanters
Decides to engage the Covenanters, the Royalists & Covenanters are just 3 miles apart
Civil War
Helps the Royalists defeat the Covenanters
Covenanters
Helps the Royalists defeat the Covenanters
Civil War
Helps the Royalists under Montrose defeat the Covenanters under Baille
Covenanters
Helps the Royalists under Montrose defeat the Covenanters under Baille
Battle of Kilsyth
Commands the Covenanter Army which is defeated by the Royalists under Montrose who becomes master of Scotland. Baillie and his army were at Perth attending the meeting of the Scottish Estates, he given command of 6,000 foot and 800 horse
Civil War
Helps the Royalists under Montrose defeat the Covenanters under Baille
Covenanters
Helps the Royalists under Montrose defeat the Covenanters under Baille
Battle of Kilsyth
Commands a Royalist defeat of the Covenanters & wrecks the army of Baille & Argyll
Covenanters
Commands a Royalist defeat of the Covenanters & wrecks the army of Baille & Argyll
Siege of Bristol
Fairfax begins Parliament's campaign to retake Bristol.
Siege of Bristol
Siege of Bristol by Fairfax begins
Civil War
The Covenanter Army has been destroyed. Leads a force against the Covenanters. Leads 4,400 infantry & 500 cavalry against 6,000 infantry & 800 horse. In 11 months Montrose has defeated a superior army 6 times & become master in Scotland
Covenanters
Leads a force against the Covenanters
Rule of Scotland
Montrose has defeated a superior army 6 times & become master in Scotland
September 164520 historical events
Battle of Bristol
Prince Rupert is forced to return to Oxford, his forces intact. Defeats Prince Rupert & captures Bristol
Capture of Bristol
Defeats Prince Rupert & captures Bristol
Siege of Bristol
Defeats Prince Rupert & captures Bristol
Storming of Bristol
Ireton returns to active service after Naseby and takes part in the New Model Army's successful assault on Bristol.
Capture of Bristol
Fairfax captures Bristol for Parliament.
Capture of Bristol
Prince Rupert surrenders Bristol to Parliament under Fairfax
Assault on Bristol
Cromwell helps command Parliamentarian assaults on Bristol's defences.
Siege of Bristol
Commands part of the Parliamentarian assault around Prior's Hill fort during the storming of Bristol.
Capture of Bristol
Forced to surrender Bristol to a Parliamentary force under Fairfax
Siege of Bristol
Forced to surrender Bristol to a Parliamentary force under Fairfax
Surrender of Bristol
Rupert surrenders Bristol to Fairfax after Parliamentarian attacks.
Civil War
Defeats the Royalist Army of Montrose
Royalist Army
Defeats the Royalist Army of Montrose
Civil War
Captured in battle during the defeat of the Royalists
Battle of Philipaugh
Montroses Army is destroyed, he spends the following winter building it up again. Defeated trying to join Charles I after his defeat at Naseby, flees to the Highlands. Defeated by David Leslie while trying to join Charles I after his defeat at Naseby, flees to the Highlands. Defeated by David Leslie
Civil War
Montroses Army is destroyed, he spends the following winter building it up again
Battle of Devizes
Cromwell captures Devizes
Battle of Winchester
Cromwell captures Winchester
Siege of Bristol
Present at Stapleton near Fairfax's headquarters during Parliament's siege of Bristol.
Siege of Bristol
Present near Keynsham during Parliament's siege operations against Bristol.
October 16457 historical events
Battle of Wittsock
The Imperial Saxon Army is forced to make peace. Jointly commands the Imperial Saxon Army which is defeated by Sweden
Battle of Wittsock
Jointly commands the Imperial Saxon Army which is defeated by Sweden
Battle of Basingstoke
Secures the last major obstacle between London & the West Country. Defeats the Marquise of Winchester
Storming of Basing House
Cromwell takes part in the storming of Basing House, removing a major Royalist stronghold controlling routes west of London.
Storming of Basing House
Cromwell storms Basing House and ends one of the strongest Royalist garrisons in southern England.
Fall of Basing House
Winchester's Royalist stronghold falls after Cromwell's assault on Basing House.
Petition
A petition signed by more than 2,000 London citizens helps secure Lilburne's release after his imprisonment for denouncing comfortable Members of Parliament while common soldiers suffered
November 16451 historical events
Battle of Denbigh
Brereton defeats Royalist forces under Sir William Vaughan at Denbigh, cutting another route of support into Cheshire.
Siege of Corfe Castle
Ordered to besiege Corfe Castle, the only Royalist stronghold between Exeter & London
Birth of Sydney Godolphin
Birth of Sydney Godolphin, 3rd son of Sir Francis Godolphin
Good Thoughts in Bad Times
Fuller publishes Good Thoughts in Bad Times during the Civil War.
Levellers
John Lilburne is imprisoned for denouncing Members of Parliament who lived in comfort while the common soldiers fought and died for the Parliamentary cause
Siege of Chester
Conducts the succesful siege of Chester on behalf of Parliament
Captain
Appointed Captain General of the Parliamentary forces
Independents
Leads the Independents, a sect demanding religious toleration & prosecution of the war
New Model Army
The New Model Army is created by Oliver Cromwell & Thomas Fairfax. The Committee of Both Kingdoms recommends a new army of 22,000 run by Parliament. Persuades Parliament to adopt a new militia, maintained by impressment & taxation. Modeled after Cromwell's Ironsides
Dismissal
Relieved of command by the Self-Denying Ordinance
Military Adviser
Appointed Military adviser to Charles I
Captain
Appointed Captain General of the New Model Army
New Model Army
Organised into 12 infantry & 11 cavalry regiments & 1 dragoon regiment. Becomes the 1st Commander of the New Model Army
Resignation of Robert Devereux
Resigns as Commander of the Parliamentary Army after defeat in Cornwall
Siege of Oxford
Cromwell prevents Charles joining forces with Prince Maurice & Prince Rupert
Siege of Oxford
Helps blockade Oxford to prevent Charles I joining forces with Prince Rupert and Prince Maurice.
Captain
Appointed Captain General of the Parliamentary forces
Military Adviser
Appointed Military adviser to Charles I
Captain
Appointed Captain General of the New Model Army
Descartes Advises Elisabeth On Moral Contentment
Descartes corresponded with Elisabeth about the management of emotions and the pursuit of happiness. He connected ethical well being with the proper use of judgment under uncertain circumstances.
Professor of Mathematics at the College Royal
Gassendi is appointed professor of mathematics at the College Royal.
Inverse-Square Gravity
Suggests that solar influence would vary inversely with the square of distance.
Dismissal
Dissmissed as Commander in Chief after the defeat at Naseby & the loss of Bristol
Battle of Magdeburg
The Imperial Army is defeated by forces under Lennart Tortenson & Count Konigsmark
Imperial Army
The Imperial Army is defeated by forces under Lennart Tortenson & Count Konigsmark
Peace
Allows religious freedom in Hungary
Capture of Moravia
Supports Torstenson in his Capture of Moravia from the Imperialists
Treaty of Linz
The Habsburgs are made to grant religious freedom to Protestants & Catholics
Governor
Aurangzeb serves as governor of Gujarat before later receiving other provincial commands.
Succession
Succeeds as Tsar of Russia. Alexiss tutor, Morozov, runs the Government, 1645-1659
Civil War
Knighted by Montrose after the Battle of Kilsyth
Commander of Scotland
Appointed Commander of Scotland
Invasion of England
Returns to Scotland after a string of victories by Montroses invading Army
Montrose Royalist Army
Joins forces with Montroses Royalist Army, provides 250 cavalrymen
Royalist Army
Joins forces with Montroses Royalist Army, provides 250 cavalrymen
Battle of Kilsyth
Captures Edinburgh after the Battle of Kilsyth
Capture of Edinburgh
Captures Edinburgh after the Battle of Kilsyth
Civil War
Captures Edinburgh after the Battle of Kilsyth
Siege of Edinburgh
Captures Edinburgh after the Battle of Kilsyth
Commander of Scotland
Appointed Commander of Scotland
Treaty of Bromsebro
Negotiates peace with Denmark
Battle of Jankau
Wins a victory at the Battle of Jankau
Capture of Moravia
Allies with Gyorgy Rakoczi & captures Moravia
Potala Palace Construction
Construction begins on the Potala Palace under the fifth Dalai Lama.