Arrest of Charles I
Parliament pays a 400,000 pounds ransom to Charles Scottish captors
Historical events in 1647
215 historical records
January 16473 historical events
Arrest of Thomas Fairfax
Charles I is deliverred by the Scots to the commissioners of Parliament, Fairfax meets the King beyond Nottingham, and accompanies him during the journey to Holdenby
Civil War
Turns Charles I over to Parliament
February 16471 historical events
Capture of Torrington
Captures Torrington from the Royalists
March 164710 historical events
Peace
Driven back to Truro, Hopton offers peace terms with the Parliamentary forces
Peace Treaty
Signs a peace Treaty with Lord Ralph Hopton who agrees to disband his forces
Peace Treaty
Signs a peace Treaty with Fairfax in Truro
Peerage
Makes the Earl of Glamorgan Duke of Somerset
Battle of Stow-on-the-Wold
Astley takes up a defensive position on a hillside below Stow-on-the-Wold
Battle of Stow-on-the-Wold
Intercepts Lord Astley & stops him marching from Wales to join Charles I in Oxford
Battle of Stow-on-the-Wold
Intercepts Lord Astley & stops him marching from Wales to join Charles I in Oxford
Battle of Stow-on-the-Wold
Taken prisoner during the royalist defeat
Battle of Stow-on-the-Wold
Attempts to transfer forces from Wales to Oxford but is defeated by Morgan & Brereton. Astley is forced to surrender himself to the Parliamentarians
Negotiations
Returns to Oxford after negotiating peace with Parliament but Charles I rejects it
April 164711 historical events
Alliance Charles I and the Scots
Sends Montreuil to Newark to prepare the Scots for his reception
Covenanters
The French send Montreuil to Scotland to negotiate peace with the Covenanters
Peace
The French send Montreuil to Scotland to negotiate peace with the Covenanters
Sent by Charles I to Newark to help prepare the Scots for
Sent by Charles I to Newark to help prepare the Scots for his reception
Result of Surrender of John Berkley at Exeter
The surrender at Exeter allows Fairfax to declare the western campaign effectively finished.
Surrender of John Berkley at Exeter
Surrenders at Exeter, Fairfax declares that the Western War is over
Capture of Exeter
Captures the garrison ar Exeter & Princess Henrietta becomes a prisoner of Parliament
Arrest of Princess Henrietta
Princess Henrietta is surrendered to Parliament
Result of Surrender of John Berkley and Princess Henrietta
The surrender ends Royalist resistance in the west and places Princess Henrietta in Parliamentarian hands.
Surrender of John Berkley and Princess Henrietta
John Berkley surrenders & surrenders Princes Henrietta to Parliament. John Berkley surrenders & ends the war in the west
Arrest of Princess Henrietta
Princess Henrietta is surrendered to Parliament
May 16471 historical events
Army Grievances
Ireton helps turn the soldiers' complaints over pay, indemnity and disbandment into a coordinated Army political programme.
June 164711 historical events
Arrest of Charles I
Taken prisoner by the Army from Holmby House in Northamptonshire
Agitators
Sexby is associated with the soldier representatives who press the Army's grievances as the New Model Army refuses disbandment until arrears, indemnity and political safeguards are secured
Agitators
Allen acts among the Agitators as elected soldier representatives help bind the Army to the Solemn Engagement against disbandment on Parliament's terms
Solemn Engagement
Ireton supports the Army's Solemn Engagement, binding the soldiers together against disbandment before their grievances are settled.
Army Council
Cromwell is associated with the Army leadership as officers and Agitators commit the Army not to disband until soldiers' pay, indemnity and political security are addressed
Grandees
Cromwell acts among the Army Grandees as the New Model Army refuses disbandment on Parliament's terms and insists that the soldiers' political and military grievances must be settled
Army Council
The Army Council supports the Solemn Engagement of the Army, drawn up because Parliament seeks to disband the New Model Army before settling arrears, indemnity and the soldiers' grievances
Grandees
Fairfax stands at the head of the New Model Army Grandees as officers and Agitators adopt the Solemn Engagement, resisting parliamentary disbandment until soldiers' arrears, indemnity and grievances are secured
Army Council
Joyce's seizure of Charles I strengthens the Army Council's position by placing the King under Army control during the dispute with Parliament over the postwar settlement
Army Council
Sexby represents rank-and-file pressure within the Army Council, where Agitators insist that the Army's grievances must be treated as matters of public justice rather than mutiny
Army Council
Ireton helps shape the Army's political position as the Army Council issues a declaration explaining why the soldiers will not submit to disbandment on Parliament's terms
July 16477 historical events
Heads of the Proposals
Wildman is involved among the Army's radical civilian allies as the Heads of the Proposals are debated, but later criticises the plan for reflecting the King's interests too strongly
Heads of the Proposals
Petty takes part in the wider radical pressure around the Army Council, seeking stronger constitutional guarantees than those finally contained in the Heads of the Proposals
Heads of the Proposals
Walwyn is connected with the radical civilian circle consulted during the Army's settlement discussions, but the resulting Heads fall short of Leveller demands for popular sovereignty
Grandees
Ireton helps shape the Grandees' moderate constitutional programme, drafting the Heads of the Proposals to secure limited monarchy, parliamentary reform and protection for the Army
Heads of the Proposals
Ireton presents a draft settlement to the General Council of the Army, seeking a constitutional agreement after the First Civil War that would limit monarchy while avoiding the harsher Newcastle Propositions
Grandees
Lambert works with Ireton and the senior officers on the Heads of the Proposals, giving the Grandees an alternative settlement to both Parliament's Newcastle Propositions and Leveller radicalism
Heads of the Proposals
Lambert helps shape the Army's proposed settlement, working with Ireton on terms intended to reconcile King, Parliament and Army after the defeat of Charles I
August 16476 historical events
Army Council
Ireton's Heads of the Proposals are advanced as the Army leadership's constitutional settlement, aiming to restore Charles I under limited monarchy while protecting Parliament and the Army
Heads of the Proposals
Cromwell supports the Heads of the Proposals as a moderate Army settlement that would preserve limited monarchy while securing parliamentary and religious safeguards
Heads of the Proposals
Fairfax's Army leadership approves the completed Heads of the Proposals as the New Model Army's official basis for a national settlement
Siege of London
Enters London with an Army & forces Parliament to take him & the other MPs back
Chief Minister
Appointed Chief Minister of Okayama
Custody of Charles I
Whalley commands guards responsible for Charles I at Hampton Court while Parliament and the Army seek a political settlement.
September 16474 historical events
Heads of the Proposals
Charles I expresses preference for the Army's Heads of the Proposals over Parliament's Newcastle terms, hoping to use the Army settlement to gain more favourable conditions
Levellers
Prince becomes associated with the London Leveller organisation, helping support the movement's petitions, publications and links with soldiers opposed to settlement without constitutional guarantees
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant General for Scotland, 2nd term, by Charles II
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant General for Scotland, 2nd term, by Charles II
October 164776 historical events
Manifesto
Wildman is associated with the radical soldiers who present "The Case of the Army Truly Stated", pressing the Army leadership for constitutional reform
Case of the Army Truly Stated
Wildman helps Army radicals prepare a written constitutional challenge to the senior officers before the Putney discussions begin.
Constitution of England
The Levelllers demand a dissolution of Parliament within a year and substantial changes to the constitution of future Parliaments, which were to be regulated by an unalterable "law paramount"
Dissolution of Parliament
The Levelllers demand a dissolution of Parliament within a year and substantial changes to the constitution of future Parliaments, which were to be regulated by an unalterable "law paramount"
Levellers
The Levellers demand a dissolution of Parliament within a year and substantial changes to the constitution of future Parliaments, to be regulated by an unalterable law paramount. At least five regiments of cavalry elect new unofficial agitators and produce "The Case of the Army Truly Stated", which is presented to Sir Thomas Fairfax
Putney Debates
Ireton argues against immediate manhood suffrage and defends property-based political rights.
Putney Debates
Cromwell attends Army Council debates over political settlement, representation and the army's demands.
Putney Debates
The Agitators are assisted by some civilians, notably John Wildman and Maximillian Petty, who had been connected to the Army as civilian advisers
Putney Debates
The Agitators are assisted by some civilians, notably John Wildman and Maximillian Petty, who had been connected to the Army as civilian advisers
Agreement of the People
Sexby explains that soldiers and their civilian advisers have come to the Army Council to press the Agreement of the People because the Army's sacrifices require a secure public settlement
Levellers
Sexby represents the Army radical side of the Leveller cause, arguing that the soldiers' sacrifices in the war require a settlement based on liberty, indemnity and political security
Putney Debates
Sexby says the Army and kingdom require speedy relief, making soldiers' arrears, indemnity and constitutional security part of the reason the debates take place
Putney Debates
Sexby takes part for the Army radicals, explaining that soldiers and their advisers have come to present their constitutional demands to the General Council of the Army
Agreement of the People
Wildman and other radical representatives press the Agreement of the People before the Army Council during the Putney Debates
Agreement of the People
Allen takes part among the soldiers' representatives supporting the Agreement of the People, seeking constitutional guarantees before the Army accepts any settlement with Parliament or the King
Putney Debates
Allen takes part as one of the Agitators, helping represent soldiers who believed the Army's sacrifices entitled them to a voice in the political settlement
Presentation of Agreement
Wildman helps present the Agreement of the People to the Army Council as an alternative constitutional settlement.
Agitators
Wildman assists the Agitators and New Agents by presenting radical arguments for the Agreement of the People against the Grandees' more moderate settlement
Agreement of the People
Wildman and other radical representatives press the Agreement of the People before the General Council of the Army during the Putney Debates
Agreement of the People
Wildman helps present the Agreement of the People before the General Council of the Army, arguing that England's settlement should rest on the people's consent rather than on King, Lords and Commons alone
Army Council
Wildman takes part before the Army Council as radical soldiers and civilian Leveller advisers press the Agreement of the People against the more moderate Heads of the Proposals
Levellers
Wildman assists the Army radicals and New Agents at Putney, helping press the Leveller Agreement of the People against the Grandees' more moderate constitutional settlement
Putney Debates
The Agitators are assisted by civilians including John Wildman and Maximilian Petty, who had been connected to Army affairs as civilian advisers
Putney Debates
Wildman takes part as a civilian adviser to the Army radicals, helping press the Agreement of the People as an alternative to settlement by King, Lords and Commons
Agreement of the People
Petty supports the Agreement of the People as a written constitutional settlement, pressing the case that political authority should be founded on the birthright and consent of the people
Putney Debates
Petty takes part as a civilian adviser connected with the Army radicals, supporting proposals for a written constitutional settlement based on popular consent
Putney Debates
The Agitators are assisted by civilians including John Wildman and Maximilian Petty, who had been connected to Army affairs as civilian advisers
Putney Debates
Whalley's regiment is represented through the soldier known as the Bedfordshire Man, showing that regimental agents helped force the constitutional dispute onto the Army Council's agenda
Putney Debates
Rainsborough takes part as the highest-ranking officer sympathetic to the Leveller position and challenges continued negotiation with the King
Putney Debates
Ireton explains that The Case of the Army had been referred to a committee, creating the immediate reason for inviting the New Agents to state their principles at Putney
Putney Debates
Ireton supports committee examination of The Case of the Army, because the Grandees want the New Agents' demands tested before the Army accepts any radical settlement
Grandees
Cromwell chairs the Army Council at Putney for the Grandees, attempting to preserve Army unity while allowing Agitators and Leveller advisers to present their constitutional demands
Putney Debates
Cromwell argues that the meeting should receive the radicals' proposals in orderly fashion so that the Army can judge their intentions and preserve unity
Putney Debates
Cromwell chairs the opening session because Fairfax is absent and invites officers, soldiers and civilian advisers to speak on the public settlement after the First Civil War
Putney Debates
Fairfax is absent through illness, but the debates take place under the authority of the Army command that sought to prevent division between officers and rank-and-file soldiers
Levellers
Senior officers in the Army, nicknamed the Grandees, are angered by The Case of the Armie Truly Stated and invite the New Agents and their civilian supporters to debate their proposals before the General Council of the Army at the Putney Debates
Putney Debates
Senior officers in the Army, nicknamed the Grandees, are angered by The Case of the Armie Truly Stated and invite the New Agents and their civilian supporters to explain their principles before the General Council of the Army at the Putney Debates
Agitators
Weale is associated with the New Agents who help carry the soldiers' demands into the Putney Debates, where the Army Council is forced to examine the Agreement of the People
Putney Debates
Weale, probably the Bedfordshire Man from Whalley's regiment, is associated with the New Agents who brought the soldiers' constitutional case before the General Council
Agitators
Everard, known as Buff Coat, speaks for the radical soldier representatives as the Agitators and New Agents bring their constitutional demands before the General Council of the Army
Agreement of the People
Everard, known as Buff Coat, represents the New Agents who bring the Agreement of the People into the Army Council as the soldiers' alternative to the Grandees' Heads of the Proposals
Levellers
Everard, known as Buff Coat, presents the Agreement of the People to the General Council of the Army and helps bring Leveller constitutional demands into the Army debates
Putney Debates
Everard, identified in the record as Buff Coat, presents the soldiers' request for advice on the Agreement of the People and joins the debate over the Army's political programme
Putney Debates
Clarke records the proceedings for the General Council, preserving the arguments of the officers, Agitators and civilian advisers who took part
Levellers
Senior officers in the Army, nicknamed the Grandees, are angered by "The Case of the Army Truly Stated" and order the unofficial Agitators to explain their principles before the General Council of the Army at the Putney Debates
Putney Debates
Senior officers in the Army (nicknamed "Grandees") were incensed by the "Case of the Army" and ordered the unofficial Agitators to give an account of their principles before the General Council of the Army, known as the Putney Debates
Putney Debates
Sexby speaks for rank-and-file soldiers pressing for a broader political settlement.
Putney Debates
Captain Bishop says the Council has met to seek a way to preserve the kingdom from destruction, showing the debates' purpose as both military and constitutional
Putney Debates
John Clarke speaks after prayer, framing the debates as a search for divine guidance before the Council continues its political deliberations
Putney Debates
Wildman criticises the Heads of the Proposals, arguing that restoring the King's personal rights before securing the people's liberties would betray the Army's cause
Agitators
Petty supports the Agitators' case for a wider franchise, arguing that political voice should rest on birthright rather than property alone
Levellers
Petty argues for a broad male franchise during the Putney Debates, supporting the Leveller claim that political voice should rest on birthright rather than property alone
Putney Debates
Petty states that all inhabitants who have not lost their birthright should have an equal voice in elections, putting the radical franchise case plainly before the Council
Grandees
Rich supports the Grandees' concern that a broad franchise might allow men without property to vote against property, reinforcing the officer case against the Leveller Agreement
Putney Debates
Rich warns that giving equal voting power to masters and servants might allow men without property to choose representatives hostile to property
Agitators
Rainsborough supports the Agitators' radical position by arguing that the poorest man in England should have a voice in choosing the government he must obey
Agreement of the People
Rainsborough defends the broad franchise implied by the Agreement of the People, arguing that the poorest man in England should have a voice in choosing the government he must obey
Army Council
Rainsborough argues before the Army Council that political consent should not be limited to property holders, making the franchise dispute central to the Army's constitutional debate
Heads of the Proposals
Rainsborough challenges the moderate settlement represented by the Heads of the Proposals, arguing that the Army should secure broader political rights rather than settle mainly with King and Parliament
Levellers
Rainsborough becomes the leading senior officer sympathetic to the Levellers, arguing that the poorest man in England should have a voice in choosing the government he must obey
Putney Debates
Rainsborough argues at the Putney Debates that political rights should not be limited to men of property
Putney Debates
Rainsborough argues that even the poorest man in England has a life to live and should not be bound by a government to which he has not consented
Agitators
Ireton opposes the Agitators' demand for a broad male franchise, warning that giving political power to men without property could endanger civil order and property rights
Agreement of the People
Ireton opposes the Agreement of the People's broad franchise, warning that political power without a fixed interest in the kingdom could threaten property and civil order
Grandees
Ireton becomes the leading spokesman for the Grandees at Putney, opposing universal or near-universal male suffrage and arguing that political power should rest with those who have a fixed interest in the kingdom
Heads of the Proposals
Ireton defends the Heads of the Proposals during the Army debates at Putney, presenting them as a lawful and balanced alternative to the Leveller Agreement of the People
Levellers
Ireton opposes the Leveller demand for a broad franchise, warning that political power without a fixed interest in the kingdom could threaten property and civil order
Putney Debates
Ireton opposes the Leveller demand for a broad male franchise, arguing that political power should rest with those who have a fixed interest in the kingdom
Putney Debates
Ireton replies that voting rights should belong to those with a permanent fixed interest in the kingdom, because otherwise property and civil order might be endangered
Putney Debates
Cowling contributes to the religious and political discussion, reflecting the belief that the Army's constitutional choices should follow providential guidance
Agreement of the People
Cromwell seeks to manage the dispute over the Agreement of the People, allowing the radicals to speak while trying to preserve Army unity and prevent a break with constitutional order
Putney Debates
William Rainsborough supports a broader franchise by arguing that government must preserve persons as well as estates
Putney Debates
William Rainsborough urges the Council to examine the rights and freedoms of the people before settling lesser questions of Army discipline and negotiation
Putney Debates
Peter intervenes during the franchise dispute, suggesting that a smaller group might work toward compromise after prolonged argument
Putney Debates
Saltmarsh's writing is requested for reading to the General Council, reflecting the religious language and providential arguments surrounding the Putney proceedings
Army Radical Leadership
Rainsborough emerges as the most prominent senior officer supporting the Army radicals' demand for a wider political settlement.
November 164737 historical events
Putney Debates
Allen argues from his religious experience that the task before the Army is to remove the negative voice of the King and Lords
Putney Debates
Carter says he no longer feels moved to pray that the King should become a blessing to the kingdom, showing radical distrust of Charles I during the debates
Putney Debates
Wildman objects that restoring the King's rights would leave the people's grievances insecure and would weaken the constitutional purpose of the Agreement
Putney Debates
Rich seeks a middle course on representation, accepting concern for the poor while still warning that equal suffrage could threaten property
Putney Debates
Rainsborough presses the case that soldiers who risked their lives in the war should not be left without political voice in the settlement
Putney Debates
Ireton defends the Army's earlier proposals and argues that peace must be settled through a lawful authority rather than by the Army alone
Putney Debates
Cowling argues that the sword has recovered the people's rights, linking the soldiers' wartime service to the claim that political rights must be secured
Putney Debates
Henry Lilburne challenges some historical claims about ancient liberties, showing that even radical religious and political arguments were disputed within the Council
Grandees
Cromwell urges caution over breaking with monarchy, reflecting the Grandees' preference for a controlled settlement with Charles I rather than immediate adoption of the Leveller programme
Putney Debates
Cromwell discusses the King's negative voice and treats kingship as contractual, while resisting proposals that would immediately overthrow the monarchy
Agreement of the People
Lambert's moderate Army settlement is challenged by the Agreement of the People, which offers the radicals' alternative to the Heads of the Proposals drafted by Ireton and Lambert
Putney Debates
Lambert's regiment is reported to have been approached by Agitators, underlining the Grandees' fear that the debate might spread into wider Army disorder
Putney Debates
Peter encourages continued discussion and possible compromise after the Council becomes stuck over the franchise and the balance between liberty and property
Putney Debates
Sexby and the Agitators remain concerned that any compromise must satisfy soldiers who believed the Army had fought for liberty as well as pay and indemnity
Putney Debates
Allen represents the rank-and-file demand that the Agreement be taken seriously by the General Council rather than buried by the officers' committee
Putney Debates
Petty's arguments for birthright and equal voice help define the radical side of the debate, though the result does not secure full manhood suffrage
Putney Debates
Ireton supports modifying the Agreement rather than adopting the Leveller draft unchanged, producing a limited result short of the radicals' full programme
Putney Debates
Cromwell joins the effort to have proposals refined by committee, aiming to turn the dispute over the Agreement into a controlled constitutional programme
Putney Debates
Everard's participation shows that the debates resulted from pressure by New Agents elected from radical cavalry regiments rather than from officers alone
Putney Debates
Clarke's detailed transcription becomes patchier after this point, so later sessions of the Putney Debates are known less completely than the first days
Putney Debates
Sexby and the Agitators fail to secure adoption of the Leveller Agreement, but the debates leave a lasting record of soldiers demanding political consent
Putney Debates
Wildman's radical constitutional programme is not adopted at Putney, and the result is a modified officer-led approach rather than immediate popular sovereignty
Putney Debates
Ireton's moderate constitutional line prevails over the Leveller demand for the Agreement to become the Army's official settlement programme
Agitators
Cromwell supports ending the open Army Council debates after the Agitators' demands threaten discipline and expose deep division between radical soldiers and senior officers
Putney Debates
Cromwell backs suspension of the Army Council meetings because the Grandees fear that continued debate over the King and the Agreement will damage military discipline
Agreement of the People
Fairfax's authority is used as the Army Council meetings are suspended, leaving the Agreement of the People unadopted as the Army's official constitutional programme
Army Council
Fairfax's authority is used as the Army Council meetings are suspended and the Agitators are ordered back to their regiments, limiting the Leveller challenge to the officer leadership
Grandees
Fairfax's authority is used by the Grandees to suspend the Army Council meetings and send Agitators back to their regiments, ending the open phase of the Putney Debates
Putney Debates
Fairfax's authority is used as the Army leadership orders Agitators and representative officers back to their regiments, bringing the debates to a temporary close
Exile of Charles I
Hosted by the Governor of Carisbrooke Castle
Exile of Charles I
Escapes to the Isle of Wight
Army Council
Cromwell helps restore discipline at the Corkbush Field rendezvous after soldiers resist the Army Council's settlement, resulting in arrests and the execution of a mutineer
Grandees
Cromwell helps enforce the Grandees' settlement at the Corkbush Field rendezvous, suppressing Leveller-influenced resistance and restoring discipline within the New Model Army
Levellers
Cromwell suppresses Leveller-influenced resistance at the Corkbush Field rendezvous, restoring Army discipline after soldiers reject the Grandees' settlement and display slogans for England's freedom and soldiers' rights
Agitators
Fairfax's authority is used at the Ware rendezvous to suppress Leveller-influenced Agitator resistance, restore Army discipline and end the immediate challenge to the Grandees
Corkbush Field Mutiny
Arnold is executed after soldiers at the Corkbush Field rendezvous resist the Army leadership and display papers supporting soldiers' rights and Leveller demands
Birth of Pierre Bayle
Pierre Bayle is born at Le Carla in southern France into a Huguenot family.
December 16473 historical events
Alliance Charles I and the Scots
The Scots promise to restore Charles if he restores Presbyterianism. Signs a secret Treaty at the Isle of Wight with the Scots. Promises to impose Presbyterianism for 3 yrs to gain Scottish support
Reballion of Rebels in London
Parliament renounces its allegiance to the King
Restoration
Promises to impose Presbyterianism for 3 yrs to gain Scottish military support
Speaker
Appointed Speaker of the House of Lords
Service to Charles I
Harrington serves in the household surrounding the captive Charles I.
Revised De Cive Edition
A revised and more widely distributed edition of De Cive is published with a new preface and notes.
Birth of George Fox
Birth of George Fox
Quakers
Founds the "Friends of the Truth", later becomes the Quakers
Constitution of England
A radical group within the New Model Army, the Levellers, calls for constitutional reform
Franchise
The Levellers call for a broader franchise under a republican government
Levellers
The Levellers call for a broader franchise under a republican government. The Levellers emphasise popular sovereignty, extended suffrage, equality before the law and religious toleration, ideas expressed in the manifesto "Agreement of the People". A radical group within the New Model Army calls for constitutional reform
Manifesto
The Levellers, a political movement during the English Civil Wars which emphasised popular sovereignty, extended suffrage, equality before the law, and religious tolerance, all of which were expressed in the manifesto "Agreement of the People"
Reform of Electoral System
The Levellers call for a broader franchise under a republican government
Mobilization
Flees Parliament & joins an Army with 100 members of the House of Commons
Army of the North
Appointed Commander of the Army of the North for Parliament
Commander of Army of the North
Appointed Commander of the Army of the North for Parliament
Arrest of Charles II
Orders the abduction of Charles II at Holmby
Battle of Marston Moor
Leads the Parliaments cavalry
Exile of Holles
Takes up exile in France
Impeachment
Impeached by the Parliamentary Army
Offers to repeal all the penal laws if the Vatican assists him
Offers to repeal all the penal laws if the Vatican assists him to victory
Peace
Offers a seperate peace with the Independents in Parliament but they do not respond
Eastern Ulster Command
Appointed to command Parliamentarian forces in eastern Ulster after leaving Royalist captivity.
Major General for Ulster
Takes senior command in Ulster as Parliament reorganises its Irish military position.
Army of the North
Appointed Commander of the Army of the North for Parliament
Commander of Army of the North
Appointed Commander of the Army of the North for Parliament
New Experiments Concerning the Vacuum
Pascal publishes experimental findings supporting the existence of a vacuum.
Descartes Receives French Royal Pension
Descartes received recognition from the French crown during a period of growing intellectual reputation. The support acknowledged his scholarly work without requiring him to abandon his Dutch research base.
Restoration
Prevents Charles II arriving at Calais to join William of Orange & restore his throne
Peace
Forces the Truce of Ulm on Maximilian but Maximilian breaks the truce
Birth of John George III
Birth of John George III, son of Elector John George II
Death of Matthias Gallas
Death of Matthias Galllas
Siege of La Bassee
Succesfully defends La Bassee
Governor
Aurangzeb is appointed to command Mughal operations in Badakhshan.
Governor
Aurangzeb takes responsibility for Mughal operations around Balkh during the Central Asian campaign.
Rule of Badakhshan
Shah Jahan makes Aurangzeb governor of Balkh and Badakhshan (near modern Turkmenistan and Afghanistan), replacing Aurangzebs ineffective brother Murad Baksh
Rule of Balkh
Shah Jahan makes Aurangzeb governor of Balkh and Badakhshan (near modern Turkmenistan and Afghanistan), replacing Aurangzebs ineffective brother Murad Baksh
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief in Balkh & Badakhstan
Parliamentarian Service
Serves Parliament in Ulster after changing sides from the Royalist cause.
Mayoral Term
Concludes service as Mayor of Amsterdam after the 1626-1647 municipal term.
Mobilization
With the Duke of Lorraine raises a force of 1,000 for his father-in-law Charles I
Succession
Succeeds as Stadholder of The Netherlands, Stadholder of the northern provinces
Detailed Lunar Atlas
Introduces influential names and drawings for visible features of the Moon.
Selenographia
Publishes a detailed study and atlas of the lunar surface.
Civil War
Supports Charles I
Civil War
Confers with Charles I & gains the Engagement from him
Reballion of Masaniello in Naples
Defeats a rebellion led by Masaniello in Naples, put down by Don John of Austria
Reballion of Masaniello in Naples
Defeats a rebellion led by Masaniello in Naples, put down by Don John of Austria