1654 in History

Advances as far as the River Berezina

Loses effective control as Russian and Cossack forces secure Kiev

Russian forces secure Kiev during the opening campaign

Advances into Lithuania after Russian successes

Loses Smolensk to Tsar Alexis after a siege

Captures Smolensk after a lengthy siege

Takes overall command of the English army in Scotland after the Cromwellian conquest.

Tells Parliament that sovereignty is not a mere feather in the hat

The first Protectorate Parliament meets for the first time

Serves as Speaker when the First Protectorate Parliament assembles

Consolidates English military government in Scotland after Royalist resistance is suppressed.

Defends the constitutional settlement connected with the Instrument of Government

Cromwell opened the First Protectorate Parliament under the new constitutional system.

Marries Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp

Pascal experiences an intense religious conversion recorded in his Memorial.

Advises within the Protectorate political settlement during the Parliament

Supports Cromwellian interests during the Protectorate Parliament

Joins critics of the Protectorate settlement in Parliament

Challenges the Protectorate's constitutional basis

Opposes Cromwellian constitutional arrangements in the Protectorate Parliament

Recognizes the suzerainty of Moscow on behalf of the Cossack host

Leads a Cossack force that devastates areas near the Pripet Marshes

Sits in the first Protectorate Parliament during debates over the regime

Supports the Protectorate cause in the first Parliament

Addresses the first Protectorate Parliament at its inaugural meeting

Compels the Dutch surrender in Brazil, ending Dutch rule there

Supports the Protectorate regime during parliamentary conflict over recognition

Accepts the Cossack submission to Moscow

Faces the Russian offensive into Lithuania

Russian forces begin the siege of Smolensk

Begins the Russian siege of Smolensk

Succeeds Queen Christina after her abdication

Becomes Habsburg heir after the death of Ferdinand IV

Works within Commonwealth diplomacy during the settlement with the Dutch

The Cossack alignment with Moscow draws the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth into war

Places the Cossack host under the protection of the Tsar

Accepts Cossack Ukraine under Russian protection

Concludes peace with the Dutch Republic, ending the First Anglo-Dutch War

Prepares to command the naval force for Cromwell's Western Design

Prepares to command the land forces for the Western Design

Serves as a commissioner accompanying the Western Design expedition

Sails as a civilian commissioner for the Western Design

Faces Russian advances after a Polish-Lithuanian force is defeated near Borisov

Defeats a Polish-Lithuanian force near Borisov

Leads a royalist force for Charles II but is defeated during Glencairn's rising

Is crowned King of Sweden after Christina's abdication

Is crowned King of France at Reims.